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THE
CENTURY DICTIONARY
AND /"^ ^m^ii/
CYCLOPEDIA
A WORK OF UNIVERSAL REFERENCE
IN ALL [Departments of knowledge
WITH A NEW atlas OF THE WORLD
IN TEN VOLUMES
VOLUME III
PUBLISHED BY
Cf)e Centurg Co.
NEW YORK
■ ?£
(0(0 i
C!opyright, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901,
By The Century Co.
J.II RigMs Beserved.
PUBLISHERS' NOTE ON THE COMPLETED WORK
With the publication of the Alias which is incorporated in the present edition The Century Diction-
ary and Cyclopedia has been brouglit to completion. As the Cyclopedia of Names grew out of the Dic-
tionary and supplemented it on its encyclopedic side, so the Atlas has grown out of the Cyclopedia, and
serves as an extension of its geographical material. Each of these works deals with a different part of the
great field of words, — common words and names, — while the three, in their unity, constitute a work of
reference which practically covers the whole of that field. The total number of words and names defined
or otherwise described in the completed work is about 450,000.
The special features of each of these several parts of the book are described in the Prefaces which will
be found in the first, ninth, and tenth volumes. It need only be said that the definitions of the common
words of the language are for the most part stated encyclopedically, with a vast amount of technical,
historical, and practical information in addition to an unrivaled wealth of purely philological material ;
that the same encyclopedic method is applied to proper names — names of persons, places, characters in
fiction, books — in short, of everything to which a name is given; and that in the Atlas geographical
names, and much besides, are exhibited with a completeness and serviceableness seldom equaled. Of
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia as a whole, therefore, it may be said that it is in its own field
the most complete presentation of human knowledge — scientific, historical, and practical — that exists.
Moreover, the method of distributing this encyclopedic material under a large number of headings,
which has been followed throughout, makes each item of this great store of information far more acces-
sible than in works in which a different system is adopted.
The whole represents fifteen years of labor. The first edition of The Century Dictionary was com-
pleted in 1891, and that of TheCentury Cyclopedia of Names in 1894. During the years that have elapsed
since those dates each of these works has been subjected to repeated careful revisions, in order to include
the latest information, and the results of this scrutiny are comprised in this edition.
January, 1899.
THE
CENTURY DICTIONARY
AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, Ph.D., LL.D.
PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT
IN YALE UNIVERSITY
PUBLISHED BY
CJe Century Co.
NEW YORK
Copyright, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1901, by The Century Co.
All Rights Reserved.
By permission of Messrs. Blackie & Son, publishers of The Imperial Dictionary by Dr. Ogllvie and
Dr. Annandale, material from that English copyright work has been freely used in the preparation of
The Century Dictionary, and certain owners of American copyrights having claimed that undue use of
matter so protected has been made in the compilation of The Imperial Dictionary, notice is hereby
given that arrangement has also been made with the proprietors of such copyright matter for its use
in the preparation of The Century Dictionary.
THE DEVINNE PRESS.
ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS.
a., ad] adjective.
abbr. abbreviation.
abl ablative.
ace accasative.
accom. acoommadated,acooin-
modation.
act. active.
adv. adverb.
AF. Anglo-French.
ngrt agriculture.
AL. Anglo- Latin.
alg. algebra.
Amer American.
anat. anatomy.
anc ancient.
antiq. antiquity.
•or. aoriat.
»VV- apparently.
Ar. Arabic.
arcli. architecture.
archsol archieology.
arith. arithmetic.
art. article.
AS. Anglo-Saxon.
astroL aatrology.
astron. (itronomy.
attrib. attributive.
aog. augmentative.
Bav Bavarian.
Beng. Bengali
bloL biology.
Bohem. Bohemian.
bot. botany.
Braa. Brazilian.
BreL Breton.
bryoL bryology.
Bulg. Bulgarian.
carpi carpentry.
Cat Catalan.
Cath. CathoUc.
caoa. cauBative.
ceram. ceramlca.
et L. confer, compam
ch. church.
ChaL Chaldee.
ehem. chemical, cbemiatry.
Chin. Chineae.
chron. chronology.
coUoq. eoUoqoialiColloqnially.
com. commerce, oommer-
cial.
comp. compodtion, com-
pound.
compar. comparative.
conch. concbology.
oonj conjunction.
oontr. contracted, contrao.
tlon.
Com- Comlah.
cranlol cranlology.
cranlom. craniometry.
cryttaL cryatallography.
D. Dutch.
Dao. Danlah.
dat. daUvek
def. definite, definition.
deriv derivative, derivation.
dial dialect, dialectal.
dW. difierent.
dim diminutive.
diitrib diitribntlve.
dram. dramatic.
dynam dynamic*.
E. Eait
E. Engllah(«ni<iavin«an.
<nj7modem English).
eccL, eocle*. eeclqpiaaticaL
econ. economy.
e-g. L. exempli gratia, tar
example.
Egypt Egyptian.
E. Ind. Eaat Indian.
elect electricity.
embryoL embryology,
Eng. EngUab.
engin. engineering.
entom. entomology.
Epfs Episcopal.
equiv equivalent
cap especially.
Eth. Ethiopic.
ethnog. ethnography.
ethnoL ethnology.
etym etymology.
Eur. European.
exclam exclamation.
f., fern. feminine.
F. French (itfuaUy mean-
ing modem French).
Flem Flemish.
fort fortiflcation.
(req frequentative.
Friea. Frieaic.
fnt future.
G. QermuiiusttallymMin'
ing New High Ger^
manX
OaeL Gaelic
galv. galvanism.
gen. genitive.
geog. geography.
geoL geology.
gMm. geometry.
Goth. Gothic (Moesogothic).
Gr. Greek.
gram. grammar.
gun. gunnery.
Heb Hebrew.
her. heraldry.
hetpet berpelology.
Bind. HindoatanL
hiat history.
horol horology.
hort horticulture.
Hung Hungarian.
hydraul hydraulics.
hydros. bydroatatica.
IceL Icelandic (luuaUy
meaning Old Ice-
landlc,<i(A<rw<wea<l-
ed Old None)L
iobtb. Ichthyology.
Le. L. M «(, that la.
Impers. impersonaL
impf imperfect
impv imperative.
Improp improperly.
Ind Indian.
Ind. indicative.
Indo-Eor. Indo-European.
indef indefinite.
Inf. infinitive.
Inatr. InstrumentaL
inter] interjection.
intr., intrana. ..intransitive.
Ir Irish.
Irreg Irregular, Irregularly.
It Italian.
Jap. Japanese.
L. Latin (tmially mean-
ing claasical LatinX
Lett Lettish.
LO Low German.
UchenoL lichenology.
lit literal, literally.
lit literature.
Lith. Lithuanian.
lithog lithography.
llthoL llthology.
LL Late Latin.
m. , maso masculine.
M. Middle.
mach machinery.
mammal mammalogy.
manuf. manufacturing.
math mathematics.
MD, Middle Dutch.
U Middle English (other-
vriu eaOed Old Eng.
Ush).
mech. mechanics, mechani-
caL
med. medicine.
mensor. mensuration.
metal. metallurgy.
metaph. metaphysics.
meteor. meteorology.
Hex. Mexican.
MGr. Middle Greek, medie-
val Greek.
MHG. Middle High German.
mUit military.
mineraL mineralogy.
ML. Middle Latin, medie-
val Latin.
ULG. Middle Low German.
mod. modem.
mycoL mycology.
myth. mythology.
n. noun.
n., neut neuter.
N, New.
N. North.
N. Amer. North A merica.
nat natural.
naut nauticaL
nav. navigation.
HGr, New Greek, modem
Greek.
NHG. New High German
(umatty simply G.,
German).
JTL, New Latin, modem
Latin.
Doni. nominative.
Norm. Norman.
north. northern.
Norw, Norwegian.
nomia. nnmismatics.
O. Old.
oh*. obaolete.
obstet obstetrics.
OBolg. Old Bulgarian (other-
wise called Church
Slavonic Old Slavic,
Old SlavonicX
OCat. Old Catalan.
OD. Old Dutch.
ODan. Old Danish.
odontog. odontography.
odontoL odontology.
OF Old French.
OFlem. Old Flemish.
OOaeL Old Gaelic.
OHG. Old High German.
Olr. Old Irish.
Olt OldltalUn.
OL. Old Latin.
OLG. Old Low German.
ONorth Old Northumbrian.
OPraaa. Old Prussian.
orlg. original, originally.
ornltb. ornithology.
08. Old Saxon.
06p Old Spanish.
oateol osteology.
08w, Old Swedish.
OTeot Old Teutonic.
p, a. participial adjective,
paleon paleontology.
part participle.
paaa. passive.
pathol pathology.
pari. perfect
Fen. Fershm.
pera, person.
perap perspective.
Peruv. Peruvian.
petrog. petrography,
Fg. Portuguese.
phar. pharmacy.
Phen Pheniclan.
philol philology.
phllos. philosophy.
phonog. phonography.
photog photography.
phren phrenology.
phys physical.
physlol physiology.
pi., plnr. plural.
poet ..poetical.
polit politlcaL
Pol Polish.
poas. possessive.
pp. past participle.
ppr. present participle.
Pr. Provencal (-uguaU^
meaning Old Pro.
venijal).
pref prefix.
prep preposition,
pres. present.
pret preterit.
priv. privative.
prob probably, probable.
pron. pronoun.
pron pronounced, pronun-
ciation.
prop properly.
proa, prosody.
Prot Protestant.
prov. provincial.
paychol psychology,
q. V L. quod (or pi. qvcB)
vide, which see.
refl reflexive.
reg regular, regularly.
repr representing.
rhet rhetoric.
Bom Roman.
Bom. Romanic, Romance
(lauguagesX
Bnsa. Buaaian.
8 South.
S. Amer. Sonth American.
80 L. scilicet, understand,
supply.
Sc Scotch.
Scand Scandinavian,
Scrip Scripture,
sculp. sculpture.
8erv. Servian.
ilng. singular,
8kt Sanskrit
Slav. Slavic, Slavonic.
Sp. Spanish.
anb] subjunctive.
Buperl auperlative.
surg surgery,
aurv surveying,
8w. Swedish.
■yn synonymy.
Syr. Syriac.
technol technology,
teleg telegraphy,
teratoL teratology,
term termination.
Tent. Teutonic.
theat theatrical.
tbeoL theology.
tberap therapeutics.
toxicol toxicology.
tr., trana, transitive.
trigon trigonometry.
Turk. Turkish.
typog. typography.
alt ultimate, ultimately,
V, verb.
Tar. variant.
ret veterinary.
T, L intransitive verb.
T. t transitive verb,
W. Welsh.
Wall Walloon.
Wallach Wallachian.
W. Ind West Indian.
aoSgeog zoogeography.
nXfl, zoology,
loOt zootomy.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
a as in fat, man, pang,
a as in fate, mane, dale,
a as in far, father, guard.
& as in fall, talk, naught.
& as iu ask, fast, ant.
a as in fare, hair, bear.
e as in met, pen, bless.
e as in mete, meet, meat.
6 as in her, fern, heard.
i as in pin, it, biscuit.
i as in pine, fight, file.
o as in not, on, frog.
6 as in note, poke, floor.
6 as in move, spoon, room.
6 as in nor, song, off.
as in tub, son, blood,
as in mute, acute, few (also new,
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. ix, x).
as in pull, book, could.
German u, French u.
oi as in oil, joint, boy.
on as in pound, proud, now.
A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented
syllable indicates its abbreviation and lighten-
ing, without absolute loss of its distinctive qual-
ity. See Preface, p. xi. Thus :
a as in prelate, courage, captain.
§ as in ablegate, episcopal. ,
o as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat.
u as in singular, education.
A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented
syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of
the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and
in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the
short ((-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface,
p. xi. Thus:
a as in errant, republican,
e as in prudent, difference,
i as in charity, density.
g as in valor, actor, idiot.
& as in Persia, peninsula.
e as in the book.
u as in nature, feature.
A mark (^) under the consonants t, d, s, z in-
dicates that they in like manner are variable to
ch, j, sh, zli. Thus :
t as in nature, adventure.
d as in arduous, education,
s as in pressure.
z as in seizure.
th as in thin.
TH as in then.
ch as in German aeh, Scotch loch.
n French nasalizing n, as iu ton, en.
ly (in French words) French liquid (mouill6) 1.
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A
secondary accent is not marked if at its regular
interval of two syllables from the primary, or
from another secondary.)
SIGNS.
< read /rojn; i. e., derived from.
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived.
+ read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix.
= read cognate loith; i. e., etymologieally parallel with.
y/ read root.
* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed,
or asserted but unverified, form.
f read obsolete.
SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS,
A superior figure placed after a title-word in-
dicates that the word so marked is distinct
etymologieally from other words, following or
preceding it, spelled iu the same manner and
marked with different numbers. Thus :
back^ (bak), n. The posterior part, etc.
back^ (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc.
back^ (bak), V. To furnish with a back, etc.
back^ (bak), adv. Behind, etc.
backet (bak), n. The earlier form of bat^.
back^ (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat,
etc.
Various abbreviations have been used in the
credits to the quotations, as " No." for number,
" gt." for stanza, " p." for page, " 1." for line,
f for paragraph, " fol." tor folio. The method
used in indicating the subdivisions of books
will be understood by reference to the follow-
ing plan :
Section only } 5.
Chapter only xiv.
Canto only xiv.
Book only ill.
Book and chapter
Part and chapter
Book and line
Book and page ) iii. 10.
Act and scene . . ;
Chapter and verse ...
No. and page
Volume and page II. 34.
Volume and chapter rv. iv.
Part, book, and chapter II. iv. 12.
Part, canto, and stanza II. iv. 12.
Chapter and section or. IT vii. § or H 3.
Volume, part, and section or IF I. i. $ or H 6.
Book, chapter, and section or H. .1. i. § or IT 6.
Different grammatical phases of the same
word are grouped under one head, and distin-
guished by the Roman numerals I., II., III.,
etc. This applies to transitive and intransi-
tive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used
also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives,
to adverbs used also as prepositions or con-
junctions, etc.
The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or
all of the words in a synonym-list indicates
that the words so distinguished are discrimi-
nated in the text immediately following, or
under the title referred to.
The figures by which the synonym-lists are
sometimes divided indicate the senses or defi-
nitions with which they are connected.
The title-words begin with a small (lower-
case) letter, or with a capital, according to
usage. When usage differs, in this matter,
with the different senses of a word, the abbre
viations leap.'} for "capital" and [/. c] for
" lower-ease " are used to indicate this varia-
tion.
The difference observed in regard to the
capitalizing of the second element in zoologi-
cal and botanical terms is in accordance with
the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus,
in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of
two words the second of which is derived from
a proper name, only the first would be capi-
talized. But a name of similar derivation in
botany would have the second element also
capitalized.
The namfes of zoological and botanical classes,
orders, families, genera, etc., have been uni-
formly italicized, in accordance with the pres-
ent usage of scientific writers.
droop
droop (diSp); P- [< ME- droupen, rarely dropen,
drupen, droop, e8p. from sorrow, < leel. drupa,
droop, esp. from sorrow, a secondary verb, <
drjupa = AS. 'dreopan, drop : see drop and drip.']
L intrans. 1. To sink or hang down; bend or
hang downward, as from weakness or exhaus-
tion.
Wei cowde he dre»ae hU takel yemanly ;
HU anres drounede nought with fetheres lowe.
Chatuxr, Gen. ProL to C. T., L 107.
The CTenlng comes, and every little flower
Droopt now, as well aa L
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, iii. 3.
Hampden, with hia head drooping, and his hands lean-
ing on his horse's neclj, moved feebly out of the battle.
Macatdayt Nugent's Uampden.
>'ear the lalse where drooped the willow,
Long time ago. 6. P. Morris.
2. To languish from grief or other cause ; fall
into a state of physical weakness.
Conceiving the dishonour of his mother,
He straight declin'd, droop'd, took it deeply.
Shai., W. T., il. S.
After this King Lelr, more and more drooping with
Yean, became an easy prey to his Daughters and thir Hus-
bands. Milton, Hist. Eng., L
Wc had not been at Sea long before onr Men Ijegan to
droop, in a sort of a Uistsraper that stole insensibly on
theiu. Dampier, Voyage^ I. 524.
One day she drooped, and the next she died ; nor was
there the distance of many hours tjetween her being very
easy in this world, and very happy in another.
Bp. Attrrbury, Sermons, I. vt
3. To fail or sink ; flag; decline; be dispirited:
as, the courage droops; the spirits droop.
Myche fere had that fre, & full was of thoght,
AU droupond in drede and in dol lengyt.
Dettruction nf Troy (E. £. T. 8.), L O03.
But wherefore do you droop f why look so sad?
Be great in act, aa you have been in thought.
Shak., K. John, t. 1.
Why droopt my lord, my love, my life, my Cnaar?
How 111 this dulness doth comport with greatness !
Fletcher {and another^). Prophetess, v. 1.
4. To tend gradually downward or toward a
eloae. [Poetical.]
Then day dnopt ; the chapel bells
Call'd ns : we left the walks.
Tennyton, Princess, ii.
6. To drip ; be wet with water. [Prov. Eng.]
I was drooping wet to my very skinne.
Coryat, Crudities, I. ST.
"They've had no rain at all down here," said he.
"Then," said she, demurely regarding her drooping
•kirts, "theyll think I must have fallen Into the river."
W. Black, Harper's Mag., UCXVI. SOL
n. trans. To let sink or hang down: as, to
droop the head.
The lilylike Melissa droop'ii her brows.
Tmnyton, Frioceas, Iv.
Great, sulky gray cranes dronp their moUonleas beada
over the still, salt pools along the shore.
R. T. Cooke, .Someliody's Neighbors, p. U.
droop (drOp), n. [< droop, r.] The act of droop-
ing, or of bending or hanging down ; a drooping
position or state.
With his little insinuating Jury droop.
DickenM, Little IKirrit, I. 21.
dxoopOT (drO'p^r), n. One who or that which
droops.
If he [the historian] be pleasant, he la noted for a lester ;
It be be graue, be is reckoned for a drooper.
Stamhunt, To Sir H. Sidney, in Hulinshed.
drooplngly (dr6'ping-li), adv. In a drooping
manner; langnisningly.
They [duties) are not accompanied with such sprlghtli-
ness of allectlons, and oTerOowinga of Joy, as they were
wont, bat are performed dfeeciiMH and beavUy.
Sharpe, Works, III. iii.
drop (drop), r. ; pret. and pp. dropped, ppr.
dropping. [Early mod. E. also droppe; < ME.
droppen, < AS. droppan, also dropian and drop-
petian, dropjietan = D. droppen = G. tropfen =
8w. droppa, drop; secondary forms of the orig.
strong verb, AS.'dredpan (.pret. 'dredn, pl.'rfn*-
pon, pp. 'dropen; occnrring, if at all, only in
doubtful passages), ME. drepen (= OS. driopan
= OF'ries. driapa = D. druipen = OH6. triufan,
MHG. G. triefen = Icel. drjupa = Norw. drjupa),
drop, whence also ult. drop, n., drip, r., drihhl)^,
etc., and (through Icel.) droop, r.J I. intrans.
1. To fall in small portions or globules, as a
liquid.
The quality of mercy la not strain'd ;
It droppetk as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place lieneath. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
8. To let drops fall ; drip ; discharge in drops.
The faesTen* also dropped at the presence of Ood.
Ps. Uvlli. 8.
Mine na* may drop for thee, bat thine own beart will
■cbe for Itaelf. B. Jotuon, Poetaater, L 1.
112
1777
It was a loathsome herd, . . . half bestial, half human,
dropping with wine, bloated with gluttony, and reeling in
obscene dances. Macaulay, Miltuii.
3. To fall ; descend ; sink to a lower position
or level.
From morn
To noon he fell, . . . and with the setting sun
Dropp'd from the zenith like a falling star.
Milton, P. L, 1. 745.
The curtain drops on the drama of Indian history about
the year 650, or a little later.
J. Fergmson, Hist Indian Arch., p. 209.
4. Specifically, to lie down, as a dog. — 5. To
die, especially to die suddenly; fall dead, as in
battle.
It was your presurmise.
That in the dole of blows your son might drop.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1.
They see indeed many drop, but then they see many
more aUve. Steele, Spectator, No. 162.
6. To come to an end; be allowed to cease;
be neglected and come to nothing.
I heard of threats, occasioned by my verses ; I sent to
acquaint them where I was to be found, and so it dropped.
Pope,
7t. To fall short of a mark. [Rare.]
Often it drops or overshotjts. Collier.
8. To fall lower in state or condition ; sink ;
be depressed; come into a state of collapse or
quiescence.
Down dropl the breeie, the sails dropt down.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, ii.
9. Naut., to have a certain drop, or depth from
top to bottom : said of a sail.
Her main top-sail drops seventeen yards. ifor. Diet.
A dropping tloOnUU.X a continuous irregular discharge
of smatrarms.— To drop astern (.naut.), to pass or move
toward the stern : move liaciv ; let another Teasel pass
ahead, either by slacki'iiing the speed of the vessel that is
passed or because of the superior speed of the vessel pass-
ing.— To drop away or off. to depart; disam>ear; be
lost sight of : as, all my friends dropped away from me ;
the guests dropped of one by one.
If the war continued much longer, America would most
certainly dro;> away, and lYance, and perhaps Spain, be.
come banknipt. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, xv.
To drop down a stream, a coast, etc., to sail, row, or
move down a river or toward the sea, downward along a
coast, etc. — To drop in, to happen in ; come in as if cu.s-
ually, or without previous agreement as to time, as for a
calL
Captain Knight with as many Men as he could Incon-
rage to march, came in about 6, but be left many Men tired
on the Road ; these, as is usual, came dropping in one or
two at a time, as they were able.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 219.
Othen of the household soon dropped in, and clustered
round the board. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 3.1.
To drop ont, to withdraw or disappear from one's (or its)
place : as, he dropped out of the ranks.— TO drop to shot,
to drop or charge at the discharge of the gun : said of a
field-dog. — To drop to wing, to drop or charge when the
bird fludies : saiil of a Held^ug.
n. trans. 1 . To pour or let fall in small por-
tions, globules, or drops, as a liquid: as, to
drop a medicine.
His besTMU shall drop down dew. Deut xxxUL 28.
Their eyes are like rocks, which still <frop water.
Burton, Anat of Mel., p. 492.
2. To sprinkle with or as if with drops; varie-
gate, as if by sprinkling with drops ; bedrop :
as, a coat dropped with gold.
This rumoured the day following about the City, num-
liers of people Rockt thither ; who found the n>ome all to
Iw dropt with torches in confirmation of this relation.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 151.
3. To let fall; allow to sink to a lower position;
lower : as, to drop a stone ; to drop the muz-
zle of a gun.
I saw him with that lily cropp'd
Impatient swim to meet
My quick approach, and soon be dropp'd
The treasure at my feet
Cowper, Dog and Water-lily.
Hence — 4. To let fall from the womb; give
birth to : said of ewes, etc. : as, to drop a lamb.
The history of a new colt that my lonl's mare Thetis had
dropjied last week. //. Kingstey, Oeoffry Hamlyn, xvii.
B. To cause to fall ; hence, to kill, especially
with a firearm. [Colloq.]
A yoimg grouse at this season [October] offers an easy
shot, and he was dropped without diftlculty.
T. Boosevell, Hunting Trips, p. 79.
He had the luck
To drop at fair-play range a ten.tined buck.
Lowell, Fits Adam's .Story.
6. To let go; dismiss; lay aside; break off
from; omit: as, to drop an affair or a contro-
versy ; to drop an acquaintance ; to drop a let-
ter from a word.
He Is now under prosecution ; but they think it will he
dropped, oat of pity. Sw(ft, Joomal to Stella, xlix.
drop
Upon my credit, sir, were I in your place, and fonnd my
father such very bad company, I should certainly drop his
acquaintance. Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.
It [the cave] has also a semicircular open-work mould-
ing, like basket-work, which ... is evidently so unsuited
for stone-work that it is no wonder it was dropped very
early. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 116.
The member, whether church or minister, can be tried,
expelled, dropped, or transferred to a co-ordinate body,
as facts may warrant. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLIII. 418.
7. To utter as if casually: as, to drop a word in
favor of a friend.
They [the Arabs] had dropt some expressions as if they
wonld assault the boat by night if I staid, which, with-
out doubt, they said that they might make me go away.
Pococke, Description of tlie East, I. ii. 105.
To my great surprise, not a syllable was dropped on the
subject. Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies.
8. To write and send (a note) in an offhand
manner : as, drop me a line. — 9. To set down
from a carriage.
When Lord Howe came over from Twickenham to see
him [the King], he said the Queen was going out driving,
and should **drop him " at his own house,
Gremlle, Memoirs, July 18, 1830.
To drop a courtesy, to courtesy.
The girls, with an attempt at simultaneousness, dropped
"curcheys " of respect The Century, XXXVI. 85.
To drop a line, (a) To fish with a line. (&) To write a
letter or note.— To drop anchor, to anchor.— To drop
the curtain, .See c«r(oi«.— To drop or weep mill-
stones. See millstone.
drop (drop), n. [Early mod. E. also droppe; <
ME. drope, < AS. dropa (= OS. dropo = D. drop
= MLG. drope, drape, LG. druppen, drapen =
OHG. iropfo, troffo, MHG. iropfe, 6. tropfen
= Icel. dropi = Sw. droppe = Dan. draabe),
a drop, < AS., etc., 'dredpan, pp. *dropen,
drop: see drop, r.] 1. A mass of water or
other liquid so small that the surface-tension
brings it into a spherical shape more or less
modified by gravity, adhesion, etc. ; a globule:
as, a drop of blood ; a drop of laudanum.
One or two rfrop* of water perce not the flint stone, but
many and often droppings doo.
Puttenkam, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 164.
O, now you weep ; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity ; these are gracious drops.
Shak., 3. C, ill. 2.
Madam, this grief
Yon add unto me is no more than drops
To seas, for which they are not seen to sweU.
Beau, ami Fl., Philastcr, iii. 2.
2. Something that resembles such a drop of
liquid, aa a pendent diamond ornament, an ear-
ring, or a glass pendant of a chandelier: spe-
cifically applied to varieties of stigar-plums and
to medicated candies prepared in a similar form:
as, lemon-rfrops; cough-drop*.
The flntt'ring fan be Zephyretta's care ;
The drops to thee, Brillante, we consign ;
And, MomentiUa, let the watch be thine.
Pope, E. of the L., ii. 113.
Specifically. In her., the representation of a drop of 11-
quld, usually globular Ijelow and tapering to a point
aljove. Drops of different colors are considered as tear-
drops, drops of blood, etc., and are blazoned accordingly.
.See guttA.
3. Any small quantity of liquid: as, he had
not drunk a drop.
Water, water everywhere.
Nor any drop to drink.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, 1.
Hence — 4. A minute quantity of anything : as,
he has not a drop of honor, or of magnanimity.
But if there be
Yet left In heaven aa small a drop of pity
As a wren's eye, fear'd gods, a part of it !
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2.
6. pi. Any liquid medicine the dose of which
consists of a certain number of drops.
Lydia. Give me the sal volatile.
Lucy. Is it in a blue cover, ma'am ?
Lydia. My smelling-bottle, you .simpleton !
lAtey. O, the drops I — here, ma'am.
Sheridan, The Rivals, L 2.
6. A piece of gut used by anglers on casting-
lines. A fly-hook is attached to the loose end of the
drop, the other end being fastened to the casting-line.
7. A Scotch unit of weight, the sixteenth part
of an ounce, nearly equal to 30 grains English
troy weight. — 8. The act of dropping; drip.
[Rare.]
Can my slow drop of tears, or this dark shade
About my brows, enough describe her loss?
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, I. 2.
9. In mech., a contrivance arranged so as to
drop, fall, or hang from a higher position, or
to lower objects. Specifically- (a) A trap-door in
the scaffold of a tisual form of gallows, upon which the
criminal about to be executed is placed with the halter
about hia neck, and which is suddenly dropped or swung
open on its hinges, letting liim fall, (b) A contrivance
for lowering heavy weiglits, as bale-goods, to a ship's
drop
deck, (c) The eart«ln which is dropped or lowered be-
tween the acts to conceal the stage of a theater from the
audience. Also called drop-curtain, drop-scene, (d) The
movable plate which covers the keyhole of a lock, (e) A
piece of cut glass, sometimes prism-shaped, sometmies
Hat, as if cut out of a sheet of plate-glass, used with others
like it as a pendent ornament on girandoles, chandeliers,
etc. (/) A drop-press, (j;) A swaging-hammer which falls
between guides.
10. In arch., one of the small cylinders or trun-
cated cones depending from the mutule of the
Doric cornice and the member upon the archi-
trave immediately tmder the triglyph of the
same order; a trimnel. — 11. In mach., the in-
terval between the base of a hanger and the
shaft below. — 12. Naut., the depth of a sail
from head to foot in the middle: applied to
courses only, hoist being applied to otlier square
sails. — 13. in fort., the deepest part of a ditch
in front of an embrasure or at the sides of a
caponiere. — 14. In entoni., a small circular
spot, clear or light, in a semi-transparent sur-
face : used principally in describing the wings
of Diptera.—A drop in the bucket, an exceedingly
small proportion.
The bulk of his [Congreve's] accumulations went to the
Duchess of Marlborough, in whose immense wealth such
a legacy was as a drop in the bucket.
Macaulay, Leigh Hunt.
Drop Of stock, in firearms, the bend or crook of the
stock below the line of the barrel.— Drop serene (a
literal translation of Latin (jutta serena), an old medical
name for amaurotiis. — Prince Rupert's drop. Same as
detonating bulb (which see, under detonating). — To get
the drop, to be prepared to shoot before one's antagonist
is ready ; hence, to gain an advantage. [Colloq., western
U.S.]
These desperadoes always try to get the drop on a foe —
that is, to take him at a disadvantage before he can use
his own weapon. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 504.
To have a drop in one's eye, to be drunk. [Slang.)
O faith. Colonel, you must own you had a drop in your
eye; for when I left you, you were half seas over.
Swift, Polite Conversation, i.
dropaz (dro'paks), n. [< Gr. SpCma^, a pitch-
plaster, < Spiiretv,_ pluckj pluck off.] A prepa-
ration for remo'ving hair from the skin ; a de-
pilatory. [Bare or unused.]
drop-bar (drop'bar), n. In printing, a bar or
roller attached to a printing-press for the pur-
pose of regulating the passage of the sheet to
impression. In the rotary press the bar drops at a fixed
time on the edge of the sheet, and with an eccentric re-
volving motion draws it forward. In some forms of the
cylinder-press the bar drops on the edge of the sheet and
holds it firmly in position until it is seized by the grippers.
Also called drop-voller.
drop-black (drop'blak), n. See hlaclc.
drop-bottom (drop'bofum), n. A bottom, as
of a ear, which can be let fall or opened down-
ward : a common device for unloading certain
kinds of railroad-cars.
drop-box (drop'boks), n. In a figure-weaving
loom, a box for holding a number of shuttles,
each carrying its own color, and so arranged
that any one of the shuttles can be brought into
action as required by the pattern.
drop-curls (drop'kferlz), n. pi. Curls dropping
loose from the temples or sides of the head.
drop-curtain (drop'ker'''tan), n. Same as drop,
9 (c).
drop-drill (drop'dril), n. An agricultural im-
plement which drops seed and manure into the
soil simultaneously. See drilft, 3.
drop-fingers (drop'fing''g6rz), «. pi. In print-
ing, two or more finger-like rods attached to
some forms of cylinder printing-presses for the
purpose of holding the sheet in fixed position
until it is seized by the grippers.
drop-fly (drop'fli), n. In angling, same as drop-
per, 4.
(Urop-forging (drop' for 'jing), n. A forging
produced by a drop-press.
drop-glass (drop'glas), n. A dropping-tube or
pipette, used for dropping a liquid into the eye
or elsewhere.
drop-bammer (drop'ham''er), n. Same as drop-
press.
drop-handle (drop'han'dl), n. A form of
needle-telegraph instrument in which the cir-
cuit-making device is operated by a handle
projecting downward.
drop-keel (drop'kel), n. Naut., same as center-
board. [Eng.]
droplet (drop'let), n. [< drop + -let.} A little
drop.
Though thou abhorr'dst in us our human griefs,
Scorn dst our brain's flow, and those our droplets which
From niggard nature fall. Shak., 1. of A., v. 6.
drop-letter (drop'let'''' 6r), n. A letter intended
for a person residing within the delivery of the
post-office where it is posted. [U. S.]
1778
drop-light (drop'lit), n. A portable gas-burn-
er, generally in the form of a lamp, connected
with a chandelier or other gas-fixture by a
metallic or flexible tube.
dropling (drop'ling), n. [< drop + -ling'^.'] A
little drop. Vavies. [Rare.]
Rightly to speak, what Man we call and count,
It is a beamling of Diuinity,
It is a droptinrr of tli' Eternall Fount,
It is a moatling hatcht of th' Vnity.
Sylvester, Quadrains of Pibrac, St. 13.
dropmealt (drop'mel), adv. [< ME. dropemele,
< a8. dropmMum, by drops, < dropa, drop, -I-
mwlmn, dat. pi. of mal,'a portion, time, etc.:
see mcal^.} Drop by drop; in small portions
at a time.
Distilling drop-meale a little at once in that proportion
and measure as thirst requireth.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvii. 2.
drop-net (drop'net), n. 1. A kind of light
cross- woven lace. — 2. A net suspended from
a boom and suddenly let fall on a passing school
of fish.
dropper (drop'er), TO. [< drop -I- -erl.] 1. One
who or that which drops. Specifically— (o) A glass
tube with an elastic cap at one end and a small orifice at
the other, for drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops ;
a pipette. Alsodropping-tube. (6) A reaping-machine that
deposits the cut grain in gavels on the ground : so called
to distinguish it from one that merely cuts, or cuts and
binds. See reaper.
It causes a Westerner to laugh to see small grain being
cut with a dropper or a self-raking reaper.
Set. Ajner., N. S., LV. 373.
(c) Among fiorists, a descending shoot produced byseedling
bulbs of tulips, instead of a renewal of the bulb upon the
radical plate, as in the later method of reproduction.
2. In mining, a branch or spur connecting with
the main lode : nearly the same as feeder, ex-
cept that the latter more generally carries the
idea of an enrichment of the lode with which it
unites. — 3. A dog which is a cross between a
pointer and a setter. — 4. An artificial fly ad-
psted to a leader above the stretcher-fly, used
in angling. Also called bobber and drop-fly.
See vthip.
And observe, that if your droppers be larger than, or
even as large as, your stretcher, you will not be able to
throw a good line. /. Walton, Complete Angler, ii. 5, note.
dropping (drop'ing), n. [< ME. droppynge, <
AS. dropung, a dropping, verbal n. of dropian,
drop: see drop, u.] 1. The act of falling in
drops ; a falling.
A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a conten-
tious woman are alike. Prov. xxvii. 15.
2. That which drops or is dropped: generally
in the plural.
Like eager droppings into milk. Skak., Hamlet, i. 5.
All the Countrey is overgrowne with trees, whose dro2>-
pings continually turneth their grasse to weeds, by reason
of the rancknes of the ground, which would soone be
amended by good husbandry.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 121.
Specifically — 3. pi. Dung: especially said of the
dung of fowls : as, the droppings of the henroost.
— 4. In glass-making, one of the lumps or glob-
ules formed in the glass by the glazing of the
clay cover of the melting-vessel and its com-
bination with the volatilized alkalis. The crude
glass thus formed on the cover drops into the molten glass
in the vessel, rendering it defective.
dropping-bottle (drop'ing-bot''''l), n. An instru-
ment for supplying small quantities of water to
test-tubes, etc.; an eduleorator.
dropping-tube (drop'ing-tub), n. Same as
dropper, 1 (o).
drop-press (drop'pres), n. A swaging-, stamp-
ing-, or f orging-machine having either a regular
or an intermittent motion, it is essentially a power-
hammer moving between vertical guides, and delivering a
dead-stroke blow either from its own weight or by weight
combined with power. In simple machines the weight is
raised above the anvil by hand by means of a cord, and let
fall; but as these macliines are wasteful of labor they
have been largely superseded by power-machines, in which
the weight is raised by a strap wound over a drum, or by
a wooden slat pressed between two pulleys revolving in
opposite directions, or by direct connection with a wrist
on a disk-wheel. The weight is either released at any
f)oint of its path by some simple device controlled by a
ever within reach of the operator's hand or foot, or it
descends by the movement of the disk. If a spring is
interposed between the weight and the lifting apparatus,
whatever its form, to absorb the recoil, it is called a dead-
stroke hammer or press. In the drop-presses employing
a strap or other lifting device that is released at the will
of the operator, the blows are intermittent. Where the
connection with a wheel is direct, the blows are regular
and uniform so long as the machine works. All things
shaped from hot metals on a drop-press, such as small
parts of machines, are called drop-forgings. The drop-
press is sometimes called simply press, and sometimes
drop-hammer. It should not be confounded with the
stamping-press, which, while it is allied to the drop-press,
differs essentially in its manner of working.
Drosera
drop-ripe (drop'rip), a. So ripe as to be ready
to drop from the tree. Davies. [Rare.]
The fruit was now drop-ripe, we may say, and fell by a
shake. Carlyle, ilisc., IV. 274.
drop-roller (drop 'ro'''16r), n. 1. Sameasrfrop-
bar. — 2. In press-work, an inking-roUer which
drops at regulated intervals, with a supply of
printing-ink, on the distributing-table or dis-
tributing-rollers. Also known as the ductor or
ductor-roller.
drop-scene (drop'sen), n. Same as drop, 9 (c).
dropseed-grass (drop'sed-gras), n. A name
given to fipecies o{ ^iporobolus ?ind Muhlenbergia.
drop-shutter (drop'shufer), n. In photog., a
device for rendering the exposure of a plate in
a camera very brief: used in instantaneous
photography. The most simple form, also known as
the guillotine shutter, and the one that gives a name to
all other appliances of the kind, consists of two opaque
pieces, each pierced with a hole, and ananged to slide
one over the other. One of the pieces is fitted over the
lens-tube, and when the openings in the two pieces are in
line, the shutter admits light to the camera. When it is
desired to make a very short exposure, the movable slide
is raised till the opening of the tube is closed. On let-
ting the slide fall, the opening in it passes before that in
the fixed piece, and for an instant light is admitted to
the plate behind the lens. To accelerate the fall of the
slide, various devices are used, as springs or elastic bands.
Improved drop-shuttera have the form of revolving disks
actuated by springs, etc., or that of flap-shutters controlled
by a pneumatic device, etc.; and in many the opening is
made to take place eccentrically, or the holes in the shut-
ters are cut of various shapes, with the object of distrib-
uting the light, and giving a greater volume of light to the
foreground or the lower portion of the picture, which is
naturally not so well lighted as the higher portions.
dropsical (drop'si-kal), a. [< dropsy + -ic-al.'i
1. Affected with dropsy ; inclined to dropsy.
Laguerre towards his latter end grew dropsical and in.
active. Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, IV. i.
2. Resembling or partaking of the nature of
dropsy.
dropsicalness (drop'si-kal-nes), TO. The state
of being dropsical. Bailey, 1727.
dropsied (drop'sid), a. [< dropsy + -ed?.'] Dis-
eased with dropsy; unnaturally swollen; ex-
hibiting an unhealthy inflation.
Where great additions swell, and virtue none,
It is a dropsied honour. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3.
dropstone (drop'ston), ». A stalactitio variety
of calcite. See stalactite.
dropsy (drop'si), «. [Early mod. E. also dropsie ;
< ME. dropsy, dropcsye, abbr. by apheresis of
ydropsie, hydropsie: seehydropsy.l 1. In med.,
a morbid accumulation of watery liquid in any
cavity of the body or in the tissues. See edema,
anasarca, and ascites.
And lo a man syk in the dropesye was bifore him.
Wyclif, Luke liv.
But the sad Dropsie freezeth it extream,
Till all the blood be turned into fleam.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Furies.
2. In bot., a disease in succulent plants caused
by an excess of water. — 3. In fish-culture, a
disease of young trout. Before the food-sac is gone
the trout are often affected with a swelling over the sac,
where a membrane forms, swells out, and is filled with a
watery substance. An incision is sometimes made in the
swelling to let out the water. Also called blue swelling.
drop-table (drop'ta'''bl), to. a machine for
lowering weights, and especially for removing
the wheels of locomotives.
drop-the-handkerchief (drop ' the -hang ' ker-
ehif), n. A children's game in which one player
having a handkerchief drops it behind any one
of the others, who are formed in a ring, and
tries to escape within the ring before being
kissed.
drop-tin (drop'tin), TO. Tin pulverized by be-
ing dropped into water while melted.
drop'wise (drop'wiz), adv. [< drop + -wise.l
After the manner of drops; droppingly; by
drops. [Rare.]
In mine own lady palms I cuU'd the spring
That gather'd trickling dropwise from the cleft.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
drop-'WOrm (drop'werm), TO. The larva of one
of many insects. Specifically- (a) Of any geometrid
moth. Also called span-worm, inch-worm, measuring-
worvi, etc. (b) Of Thyridopteryz ephemeroeformis. Also
called hang-worm, and bag-worm.
drop'WOrt (drop'wert), n. An English name for
the Spircea Filipcndula False dropwort, an Amer.
lean book-name for Tiedcmannia teretifotia, an umbellifer-
ous plant of the Atliintic States. — Hemlock- and water-
dropwort, common book-names for species of (Enanthe,
droschka, n. Same as droshky.
drose, v. i. See droze.
Drosera (dros'e-ra), TO. [NL., < Gr. Spoacpd^,
dewy, < (5/)(}(Tof,"dew, water, jnitfe, prob. ult. <
(Skt.) •/ dru, run.] A genus of plants giving
name to the order Droseracem. There are about
100 species, found iu all parts of the globe exceptUig the
Stmdew iZ>rcsfra rotHHdi-
fotia).
Drosera
Pmciflc Islands, and most abundantly in ertratropical Aus-
tralia. Their leaves are tovered with glandular hairs,
which exude dmps of a clear glutinous fluid that ulitler
in tlie sun ; hence the name Drotera, and in English sun-
dew. These glandular hairs retain small insects that touch
them, and other hairs around
those actually touched by tl>e AQ
insect bend over and inclose it, JT
ITie excitement of the glands M
induces the secretion of a di- «
gestive fluid, under the opera- ^
tion of which the nutritious
nitrogenous matter of the in-
sect is dissolved and absorljed.
Tlie common European species
have long had a popular repu-
tation as a remedy for bronchi-
tis and astlinia.
Droseraceae (<lros-e-ra'-
86-e), n. pi. [XL., < Dro-
sera + -acete.^ Anattiral
order of polypetalous in-
sectivorous herbs, grow-
ing in marshy localities
in temperate and tropi-
cal regions, having their
leaves mostly circinate
in vernation and covered
with numerous glandu-
lar viscid hairs. Of the « genera, Drosera (which see)
ia by far the largest. Of the others, Dioncea is character-
ized by having foliaceous petioles bearing a two-lobed lam-
ina which closes quicldy when touched, and Aldrovanda
by having pitcher-shaped leaves. See cut under Dionaa.
droshky, drosky (drosh'-, dros'ki), m. ; pi.
droshkien, dioskks (-Idz). [Also written dro:h-
ki, etc. ; = F. droschki = D. droschke = Dan.
droske =: Sw. droska, < G. droschke, a droshky,
cab, etc., = Pol. dro:hka, dorozhka, < Buss.
dro^hki (= Little Russ. arnzhky), a droshky,
dim. of droffi, a carriage, a hearse, prop. pi. of
drog/i, the pole or shaft of a carriage. Not con-
nected with Kuss. dormja, a road (= Pol. droga
= Boheqi. draija, dralui, a road, = OBulg. Serv.
draga, a valley), dim. dorozhka ( > Pol. dorozhkd),
a little road, though the second Pol. form simu-
lates such a connection.] A kind of light four-
wheeled carriage used in Russia and Prussia.
The droAhky proper is without a U>\t. and consists of a kind
of lung narrow Iwnch, on which the passengers ride as on
a swldle ; but the name is now applied to various kinds of
vehicles, as to the common cabs plying in the streets of
some German cities, etc.
Z>nMiiu — the smallest carriage* In the world, mere
sledges on wheels, with drivers like old women in low.
crowned hatoand long blue dressing-gowns buttonetl from
their throate to their feet. A. J. C. Uare, Kussia, ii.
drosnet, ". [>rE.: see rfro**.] Dregs; dross.
drosometer (dro-som'e-ter), II. [< Gr. ifxiaof,
dew, + iiirpin; & measure.] An instrument
for a-icertaiiiitig tht- quiiutity of dew that con-
denses on a body which ha.s been exposed to
the open air during tlie niglit. it consists of a
balance, one end of which is fnniished wiih a plate Otted
Im receive the dew, and the other with a weight protected
fn>m it.
DrosopUla (dro-sof'i-la), M. [NL., < Gr. dp&iof,
dew, + 9iy-n^, loving.] A genus of flies, of the
family ilunHHte, one species of which, Drogo-
pliiltt flam (the yellow turnip-leaf miner), is
very destructive to turnips, the maggots eating
into the pulp and prodncing whitish blisters on
the iij)iier side. I). cfUarix attacks potatoes.
drosophore (dros'o-for), «. [< Gr. Apoaoc, dew, +
-Sxi/i'it, < ipepiii; bear.] A device for spraving
1779
drove
3. In galvano-elect, an alloy of zinc and iron droilghti, drouth (drout, drouth), n. [In the
■ " ■ ■ ' ..... . . first form (with t/i altered to ^, as also in fteJi/At,
liight, highth), < ME. drought, drowght, drugt,
drogt; in the second, the more orig. form, early
mod. E. also drougth, < ME. drougth, druhth,
drogthe, drugthe; < AS. drugath, drugoth (= D.
droogte), dryness, < dryge, orig. *druge (= D.
droog),diry: aeo dry. i)roM</t is thus equi v. to
dry-ih (which form is occasionally used, like
warvi-th, etc.). Drouth is etymologically the
more correct spelling. Both forms have been
in concurrent use since the ME. period, but
drought has been the more common.] If. Dry-
ness.
With the drowghte of the daye alle drj'e ware the flores !
ilorte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3250.
The Asp, says Gesner, by reason of her exceeding
drou'jht, is accounted deaf ; but that one Asp ^ deafer
than another I read not. Cotcfrave.
2. Dry weather; want of rain or of moisture;
such a continuance of dry weather as injtiri-
ously affects vegetation ; ariduess.
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 2.
In a drought the thirsty creatures cry,
And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain.
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.
In the dust and drouth of London life
She moves among my visions of the lake.
Tennyson, .Edwin Morris.
3. Thirst; want of drink.
As one, whose drouth
Yet scarce allay'd, still eyes the current stream.
Milton, P. L., vii. 66.
4. Figuratively, scarcity; lack.
A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all his-
Fuller.
formed in the zinc-bath, partly by the solvent
action of the zinc on the iron of the pot, but
chiefly from the iron articles dipped, and from
the dripping off of the superfluous amalgam
as they come from the bath. W. H. Wahl. —
3. Figuratively, a worthless thing; the value-
less remainder of a once valued thing.
The world's glory is but dross unclean. Spenser.
The past gain each new gain makes a loss.
And yesterday's gold love to-day makes dross.
William, Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 340.
dross (dros), V. t. [< dross, n.] To remove
dross from.
Drossing is performed with a lai'ge perforated iron spoon
or ladle, through the openings of which the fluid zinc runs
off, while the dross is retained, packed into shallow moulds
so as to fonu slabs of alxiut seventy-five pounds weight,
and in this form is usually sold to the smelters and refin-
ers, who gain the zinc it contains either by distillation or
by special patented procedures.
H'. H. Wahl, Galvanoplastic Manipulations, p. 529.
drossardt (dros'Srd), n. [< D. drossaard, MD.
drossacrt (with accom. term, -aard, -aert = E.
-ard), earlier MD. drossaet, D. drost = OFries.
drusta = MLG. drossete (> ML. drossatus), drot-
zete, drucsete, droste, druste, LG. droste = OHG.
'truhtsdzo, truhsd^o, trutsdzo, truhsazzo, MHG.
truhtseze, truhts(eze, trochtsaze, truhsteze, trueh-
seze, G. truchsess — Icel. drottseti = Sw. drot-
tsdt, drozet, drozt, drots = Dan. drost (< LG.),
an oflicer whose duty it was to set the meat on
the table of his prince or sovereign, a steward,
server, grand master of the kitchen, hence in
extended use a steward, bailiff, constable, pre-
fect, chief officer, appar. (as best shown in
OHG.) < OHO. tru/i«(= OS. druM = AQ.dryht,
1. Char-
(in'At), the people, multitude, company, follow- y>^- .,,,, ,,
ing (see drtght), + OHG. sdzo (= AS. sceta, etc. : droughts, „. A dialectal form of (?ra/«l, draughts
see cotset) one who sits or settles : the com- droughtiness, drouthiness (drou'ti-nes, -thi-
pound appar. meaning orig. the officer who as- nes), n. The state of being droughty; dry
signed a prince's guests or followers their seats ness
at table. Less prob. the first element is OHG.
truht, a load, draught, provisions (akin to E.
drafts, draught^), the lit. meaning of the com-
pound suiting then its first known actual use,
one who sets the meat on the table.] A stew-
ard; a bailiff; a prefect.
There is ... * drostard of Limburgh near this place
(to whom I g«ve an Exemplar of R. B. s Apology) very de-
sirous to speak with some of the friends.
Penn, Travels in Holland, etc.
drOSSelt (dros'el), n. [Also written drazel ; per-
haps the same as drolchel, appar. < Sc. dratch,
dretch = E. dretch^, loiter, delay : see dretch^.}
An idle wench ; a glut.
That when the time's expir'd, the drazel*
For ever may become his vassals.
S. Butler, Hudibru, III. i. 867.
Now dwels ech drosset in her glass.
Warner, Albion's England, ix. 47.
drosser (dros'fer), «. See the extract.
The weight of so many tables pressing one against an-
other would cause the hlndermost to bend j but this Is pre-
vented by the invention of iron frames or drostert, which
divide the tables into sets. QUu»-making, p. 12.'i.
dressiness (dros'i-nes), n. The quality or state
of being drossy ; foulness; impurity.
The furnace of affliction being meant but to reBne us
from our earthly drostinets, and soften ns for the impres-
sion of liod's own stamp ami image. Boyle, Works, 1. 275.
wate'r into air to increase ite humidity ; a kind droggieaa (dros'les), a. [< dross + -less."] Free
of iitornizer.
dross (dros), n. [Early mod. E. also drossc; <
ME. ilniHse, earlier dros, < AS. dros = MLG.
dros = MD. droes, dregs. The more common
AS. word is 'drosen (or 'drosen), always in sjTi-
copated pi. drosna (or 'drosna) (= mD. droes-
sem, D. droe-tem = MLG. druse = OHG. tnuana,
trusna, drusena, drusina, MHG. drusene, dnuine,
drussene, OHO. also truosana, truoaena, tmotina,
truogen, dmosaiut, MHO. truosen, druosene, 0.
dnum), lees, dregs, < dre6san (pp. droren for
'drosen) = OS. driosan = Norw. drjosa = Goth.
driusan (LG. drusen, etc.), fall: see drizzle, and
Refuse or impure or for-
frora dross.
drossy (dros'i), a. [< dross + -yt.] Like dross;
pertaining to dross; abounding with dross, or
waste or worthless material: applied to metals,
and figuratively to other things.
So doth the Are the drossy gold refine.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul. Int
A wise man, like a good refiner, can gather gold out of
the drossiest volume. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 21.
Many more of the same bevy, that, I know, the drossy
age doats on. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
The heart restor'd and purg'd from drossy nature
Now finds the freedom of a new-bom creature.
<iwtrles. Emblems, IL 15.
et. drozc, droicni'.'\ 1. ..^...^ „. .„^,..v, j o
eign matter which separates from a liquid and drot (drot), r. (. ^me as drat^.
falls to the bottom or rises to the top, as in drond (droud), n. [8c., ongm obscure.]
wine or oil or in molten metal; sediment; lees; codfish. Jamieson.
dregs; scum; any refuse or waste matter, as
chaff; especially, and now chiefly, the slag,
scales, or cinders thrown off from molten metal.
Gold and sUner clenseth ham of hore dros i the furc [in
the flrej. Ancren llitcie, p. 284.
Dtons of roetalle, scorlnm ; drosse of come, seas, cri-
ballum, mscum ; droue of f yithe where of hyt be, ruscum,
rusculuni. Prompt. Parv., p. 133.
Some acumil the drosse that from the metall came,
stlrd the molten owre with ladles great.
Spenser, V. Q., IL vU. 36.
1. A
The fish are awful ; half a guinea for a cod's head, and
no bigger than the drotirf* the cadgers bring from Ayr, at
a shilling and eigbteen-pence a piece.
Dlachroods Mag., June, 1820, p. 209.
2. A kind of wattled box for catching herrings.
Jamieson. — 3. A lazy, lumpish person. Jamie-
son.
Folk pitied her heavy handful of such a drovd.
Gait, Annals of the Parish, p. 336.
drought.
of dravn.
n. The state
ariduess.
droughty, drouthy (drou'ti, -thi), a.
acterized by drought ; dry.
Oh ! can the cloud.s weep over thy decay,
Yet not one drop fall from thy droughty eyes?
Drayton, The Barons' Wars, ii.
When the man of God calls to her "Fetch me a little
water," ... it was no easy suit in so droughtie a season.
Bp. Hall, Elijah.
The sun of a drouthy summer . . . was shining on the
heath. R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv.
2. Thirsty; dry; requiring drink.
If the former years
Exhibit no supplies, alas ! thou must
With tasteless water wash thy droughty throat
Philips.
And at his elbow Souter Johnny,
His ancient, trusty, drouthy cronie.
Burns, Tam o' Shanter.
There are capital points in the second [picture], which
depicts the consternation excited in a village inn on dis-
covering the single ale-cask dry, and the house full of
drouthy customers. Saturday liec, July 8, 1805.
The rustic politicians would gather round Philip, and
smoke and drink, and then question and discuss till they
were drouthy again. Mrs. Oaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xli.
drouk, drook (drok), v. t. [Sc. , < ME. 'drouken,
'dniukncn (see droukening), < Icel. drukiia =
Dan. driikne, be drowned: see drown, where
the k is lost in the «.] To drench; wet thor-
oughly. Also dratck.
And aye she took the tither souk
To drouk the stowrie tow.
Burns, The Weary Pund o' Tow.
droukeningt, droukningt, »• [ME., also drouk-
ing, < 'drouken, 'droukiieii, drench: see drouk.'\
1. A slumbering; slumber; a doze.
Ais I lay in a winteris nyt in a droukening before the day.
Debate of Body and Soul, I. 1. (Lat. Poems attrib. to
[W. Mapes, ed. Wright)
2. A swoon.
Alle thel seiden thei weore sort,
For-doiled in a drouknyng dred.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. ».), p. 141.
droukit, drooket (dro'kit, -ket), p. a. [Pp. of
drouk, q. v.] Drenched. [Scotch.]
The last Halloween I was-waukln'
My droukit sark-sleeve, as ye ken.
Bums, Tarn Glen.
The cart gaed ajee and they baith fell into the water ;
twa puir drouitif-Ilke bodies they were when they cam out.
Petticoat Tales, I. 237.
droukningt, «■ See droukening.
droumyt (drou'mi), a. [E. dial. (Devonshire) ;
cf. drumty.] Troubled ; turbid ; muddy.
That . . . protestation of Catiline, to set on fire and
trouble states, to the end to fish In droumy waters.
Bacon, Advancement of l.,earning, il. 3.'>0.
drouth, drouthiness, etc See drought}, etc.
A Middle English form of the preterit drove^. Preterit and obsolete and dialectal
past participle of drive.
drove
droTS" (drov), n. [< ME. drore, earlier drof, <
AS. dr^, a drove, < drifan (pret. drdf), drive:
see drive.1 1. A niimber of oxen, sheep, or
swine driven in a body ; cattle driven iu a herd :
lay extension, a collection or crowd of other
animals, or of human beings, in motion.
Of moistfull matter,
God made the people that frequent the Water ;
And of ail Earthly stuff the stubborn droue^
That haunt tlie HUs and Dales, and Downs and Groues.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas"s Weeks, i. 4.
The sounds and seas, with all their fluny drove.
Mow to the moon in wavering morrice move.
Milton, Comus, 1. 115.
Where droves, as at a city gate, may pass.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
2. A road or drive for sheep or cattle in droves.
[Great Britain.] — 3. A narrow channel or
drain,' used iu the irrigation of land. [Great
Britain.]
drove^ (drov), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dr<rved, ppr.
droving. [Sc, usually in pp. droved; prob. a
secondary form (after drovei, drove^) of drive;
cf. D. drijven, drive, also engrave, emboss.] In
masonry, to tool roughly.— Droved and broached,
a phrase applied to worlc that has been first rouy:h-liewn,
and then totaled clean. — Droved and striped, a plirjise
applied to work tliat is first rouj^li-t^oled, and then formed
into shallow grooves or stripes with a lialf- or three-quar-
ter-im-h rliisel. liavin^ the droved interetioes prominent.
— Droved ashler, .see ashler.
drove-* (drov), «. [See rfrorcS, «.] Achisel,from
two to four inches broad, usedin making droved
work.
drove^t, drevet, »■. t. [ME. drovcn, drevcn, <
AS. drcfan (for *dr6fian), trouble, agitate, dis-
turb (the mind), = OS. drobhian = MLG. dro-
ven, LG. driiven = MD. droeven = OHG. trnobun,
truohen, MH6. triioben, triicbeu, G. triibcn, troti-
ble, = Sw. be-drofva = Dan. be-drme, grieve,
trouble, = Goth, drobjan, cause trouble, excite
an uproar; connected with the adj., AS. drof,
etc., troubled: seedrof^.] To trouble; afflict;
make anxious.
Welthe his lif trobles and droves.
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 1309.
drovent. An obsolete and improper form of
driven, past participle of drive.
drover (dro'ver), )/. l<. drove^,n., + -er^.} 1.
One who drives cattle or sheep to market ; one
who buys cattle in one place to sell in another.
The temple itself was pr«faned into a den of thieves,
and a rendezvous of higlers and drovers.
' South, Sermons, III. .Sll.
2t. A boat driven by the wind: probably only
in the passage cited.
He woke
And saw his drover drive along the streame.
Spetiser, F. Q., III. viii. 22.
drovingl (dro'ving), 71. [< drove^ + -ing^.']
The occupation of a drover. [Rare.]
droving^ (dro'ving), n. [Verbal n. of drove^, «.]
A method of hewing the faces of hard stones,
similar to random-tooling or boasting. See
drove^, v — Droving and striping, in stone-cutting,
the making with the chisel of shallow parallel channels
or grooves alon^ the leniith of a l-ough-hewn stone.
drovyt (dro'vi), a. [The reg. mod. form would
be *droovy = E. dial, druvy, druivy, thick, mud-
dy, overcast (cf. druve, a muddy river), Sc.
drowie, moist, muddy, < ME. drovy, drovi, tur-
bid, muddy, < AS. drof, drofi (rare), turbid,
muddy, also troubled (in mind), = OS. drobhi,
druobhi = D. droef, droevig = MLG. drove, LG.
druv, drove = OHG. truobi, G. trube, troubled,
gloomy, sad : see drove^.'] Turbid.
He is like to an hors that seketh rather to drynke drovy
water and trouble than for to drinke water of the welle
that is cleer. Chaucer, Pjirson's Tale.
drow^, V. t. [E. dial., var. of dry : see dry."] To
dry. Grose. [Prov. Eng. (Exmoor).]
drow^ (drou), n. [Sc, aj>par. developed from
the adj. drowie, moist, misty, > E. drovy, q. v.]
A cold mist; a drizzling shower.
drow^ (drou), n. [Sc, also trow, var. of troll^.
Cf . droll.'\ One of a diminutive elfish race sup-
posed by superstitious people in the Shetland
islands to reside in hills and caverns, and to be
curious artificers in iron and precious metals.
I hung about thy neck that gifted chain, which all in
our isles know was wrought by no earthly artist, but by
the Draws in the secret recesses of their caverns.
Scott, Pirate, x.
drowghtt, n. An obsolete form of drought^.
drown (droun), v. [Early mod. E. a\so droun;
< ME. drownen, drounen, contr. of earlier rfrttnc-
nen, druncnien, < GNorth. druncnia (= leel.
drukna = Sw. drunkna = Dan. drukne, intr.,
drown, sink, = AS. druncnian = OHG. <r«»-
1780
kanen, drunkmien, become drunk, be drunk),
< AS. druncen, pp. of drincan, drink : see drinl:
Cf. drench^, drown, and drouk, of same ult. ori-
gin.] I. intrans. To be suffocated by immer-
sion in water or other liquid.
O Lord I raethought what pain it was to dr&um 1
Shak., Rich. III., i. 4.
II. trans. 1. To suffocate by immersion in
water or other liquid ; hence, to destroy, extin-
guish, or ruin by or as if by submersion.
The sea cannot drown me : I swam, ere I could recover
the shore, five-and-thirty leagues, off and on.
Shak., Tempest, iii. 2.
I feel I weep apace ; but Where's the flood,
The torrent of my tears to drown my fault in ?
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 2.
I try'd in Wine to droicn the mighty Care ;
But wine, alas, was Oyl to th' Fire.
Cowley, The Mistress, The Incurable.
The barley is then steeped too much, or, as the maltster
expresses it, is drowned. Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 281.
2. To overflow ; inundate : as, to drown land.
To dew the sovereign flower, and drown the weeds.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 2.
If it ftlie storm] had continued long without y« shifting
of yo wind, it is like it would have drowned some parte of
yo cuntrie. Brati/ord, riymontli Plantation, p. 337.
The trembling peasant sees his country round
Covered with tempests, and in oceans drowned.
Addison, The Campaign.
A weir is said to be drowned when the water in the
channel below it is Ingher than its crest.
Rankine, Steam Engine, § 137.
3. Figuratively, to plunge deeply ; submerge ;
overwhelm: as, to drown remorse in sensual
pleasure.
Both man and child, both maid and wife,
Were drown'd in pride of Spain.
Qkc c?i Eleanor's Fall (Child's Ballads, VII. 293).
My private voice is drowned amid the senate.
Addison, Cato.
To drown out, to force to come out, leave, etc., by influx
of water ; drive out by flooding or by fear of drowning.
Chilion fished, hunted, laid trapsforfoxea, [Sind]drowned
out woodcbuclvs. S. Judd, Margaret, i. 3.
dro'wnage (drou'naj), n. [< drown + -age.l
The act of drowning. Carlyle. [Rare.]
dro'vmer (drou'ndr), n. One who or that which
drowns.
The nourse of dyse and cardes is werisome idlenesse,
enemy of virtue, droumer of youthe. Aschain, Toxophilus.
drO'WSe (drouz),i). %. ; pret. andpi). drowsed, ppr.
drowsing. [Also drowse, formerly drouse, drouge,
prob. < ME. *drotisen (not found), < AS. drusan,
drusian, sink, become slow or sluggish (rare)
(= MD. droosen, slumber, doze; cf. LG. driin-
sen, driinseln, slumber, drunsen, low, as a cow,
drawl in speech), < dredsan (= Goth, driusan,
etc.), fall: see drizzle, dross, droee.'] To be
heavy with sleepiness ; be half asleep ; hence,
to be heavy or dull.
He drowsed upon his couch. South, Sermons, IV. 78.
Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse, or prove
The Danaid of a leaky vase. Tennyson, Princess, ii.
In the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees.
Lowell, Sir Launfal, i.
= Syn. Doze, Slumber, etc. See sleep.
drowse (drouz), n. [< droiDse, ».] A state of
somnolency; a half -sleep.
But smiled on in a drowse of ecstasy. Browniny.
Many a voice along the street.
And heel against the pavement echoing, burst
Tlieir drowse. Tennyson, Geraint.
He gave one look, then settled into his drowse again.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 128.
drowsed (drouzd), J), o. 1. Sleepy; overcome
with sleepiness ; drowsy.
I became so drowsed that it required an agony of exer-
tion to keep from tumbling off my horse.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 272.
2. Heavy from somnolency ; dull ; stupid.
There gentle sleep
First found me, and with soft oppression seized
My drowsed sense. Milton, P. L., viii. 280.
drowsihead, n. See drowsyhead.
drowsily (drou'zi-li), adv. 1 . In a drowsy man-
ner; sleepily; heavily: as, he drowsily raised
his head. — 2. Sluggishly; languidly; slothful-
ly; lazily.
Droivsily the banners wave
O'er her that was so chaste and fair. Praed.
drowsiness (drou'zi-nes), n. 1. Sleepiness;
disposition to sleep ; lassitude.
'Tis like the murmnnng of a stream, which, not varying
in the fall, causes at first attention, at last drowsiness.
Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
He bore np against drowsiness and fever till his master
was pronounced convalescent. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
2t. Sluggishness; sloth; laziness.
Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. Frov. xxiii. 21.
drudge
drowsy (drou'zi), a. [Formerly also droitsie;
< rfrott'«c + -j/i.] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy;
heavy with sleepiness.
Drowsy am I, and yet can rarely sleep. Sir P. Sidney.
They went till they came into a certain country, whose
air naturally tended to make one drow«y. . . . Here Hope-
ful began to be very dull and heavy of sleep ; wherefore
he said unto Cliristian, I do now begin to grow so drowsy
that I can scarcely hold up mine eyes ; let us lie down
here and take one nap.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i., Enchanted Ground.
2. Resulting from or affected by drowsiness ;
characteristic of or marked by a state of drows-
ing.
The rest around the hostel fire
Their drowsy limbs recline.
Scott, Marmion, iiL 26.
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense. Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
3. Disposing to sleep; lulling; soporific: as, a
drowsy couch.
The hoary willows waving with the wind,
In drowsy murmurs luU'd the gentle maid.
Addison.
The bowl with drowsy juices filled
FYom cold Egyptian drugs distilled.
Addisfni, Kosamond, iii. 3-
I hate to learn the ebb of time
From yon dull steeple's drowsy chime.
Scott, L. of the L., vi. 24.
4. Dull; sluggish; stupid.
I would give you a drowsy relation, for it is that time of
night, though I called it evening. Donne, Letters, Ixii.
Those inadvertencies, a body would think, even our
autlior, with all his drowsy reasoning, could never have
been capable of. Bp. Atterbury.
drowsyhead (drou'zi-hed), «, [In Spenser
drowsihed; < drowsy + -hend.] Drowsiness;
sleepiness; tendency to sleep. [Archaic]
A pleasing land of drowsf/head it was, •
Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye.
Thomson, Castle of Inijolence, i 6.
These hours of drowsihead were the season of the old
gentlewoman's attendance on her brother.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix.
drowsy-headed (drou'zi-hed'''ed), a. [< drow-
sy + head + -cd^.'] Having a sleepy or slug-
gish disposition; sleepy-headed.
droylet, "• and »?. See droil. Spenser.
droze, arose (droz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. drozed,
ppr. drozing. [E. dial., also freq. drosle; prob.
connected -with dross and drowse, ult. < AS.
dredsan, fall: see drizzle, dross, dtowse."] To
melt and drip down, as a candle. Grose; Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng.]
drub (drub), V. t. ; pret. and pp. drubbed, ppr.
drubbing. [Appar. orig. dial, form (= E. dial.
(Kent) drab for *drob), a var. or secondary form
of "drop, "drop (E. dial, dryp and drih : see
drib^), beat, < ME. drepen (pret. drop, drop,
drape), strike, kill, < AS. drepan (pret. *drwp,
drep, pp. dropen, drepen), strike, = LG. drapen,
drdpen = OHG. treffan, MHG. G. treffen,\\t,
touch, concern, = Icel. drepa = Sw. drdpa =
Dan. drwbe. Mil, slay (cf. Sw. drabba, hit).]
To beat with a stick; cudgel; belabor; thrash;
beat iu general.
Captain Swan came to know the Business, and marr'd
all ; undeceiving the General, and druhbiny the Noble-
man. Dampier, Voyages, L 362.
Must I be drubb'd with broom-staves ?
Steele, Lying Lover, Iv. 1.
Admiral Hawke has come up with them [the French]
and dniMed them heartily.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, vL, ed. note.
If any of the under officers behave so as to provoke the
people to drub them, promote those to better offices.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 411.
drub (drub), n. [< drub, i'.] A blow with a
stick or cudgel; a thump ; a knock.
By setting an unfortunate mark on their followers they
have exposed them to innumerable drubs and contusions.
Addison.
drubber (dmb'Sr), n. One who dmbs or beats.
These two were sent (or I'm no Dritbber).
Prior, The Mice.
drubbing (drub'ing), n. [Verbal n. of drub, ».]
A cudgeling ; a sound beating.
drudge^ (dmj), v. i. ; pret. and pp. drudged, ppr.
drudging. [< ME. druggen, work hard ; said to
be of Celtic origin ; cf. Ir. drugairc, a slave
or drudge, drugaireachd, slavery, drudgery;
but these forms are prob. of E. origin. Cf.
drug^, a drudge, So. drug, pull forcibly, drug,
a rough pull, E. dial, drug, a timber-carriage,
drudge'^, a large rake, as a verb, harrow, = E.
dredge^. The word is thus prob. ult. < AS.
dragan, E. draw : see draw, drag, dredge^."] To
work hard, especially at servile, mechanical,
or uninteresting work ; labor in tedious, drag-
drudge
ging tasks; labor with toil and fatigue, and
without interest.
He profreth hia servyse
To dniijge aud drawe.
Ckaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 658.
Fair are your Words, as fair your Carriage ;
Let me l)e free, drud'je you in Marriage.
Prior, Tlie Mice.
Cui it be that a power of Intellect so unmeasured and
exhaustless in its range has been brought into being
merely to drudge for an animal existence ?
Channiny, Perfect Life, p. 159.
drudge^ (druj), «. [< drudge^, v. See dritg^.'}
One who toils, especially at servile or mechan-
ical labor; one who labors hard in servile or
uninteresting employments ; a spiritless toiler.
Another kind uf bondman they have, when a vile drudge,
l)eing a poor labourer in another country, doth choose of
hid own free will to be a bondman among them.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by RobinsouX U. 8.
I can but wait upon you.
And be your drudge ; keep a poor life to serve you.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, iU. 2.
How did the toiling ox his death deserve,
A downright simple drudge, and lx>m to serve?
l>r3/</<-n,"^ Pythagorean Philos., L 177.
drudge'-' (dmj), n. [E. dial., ult. = dredge^, n.]
1. A large rake. UaUiwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 2.
A dredge.
drudge* (druj), r. t. ; pret. and pp. drudged,
ppr. drudging. [E. dial., ult. = dredge^, v. t]
To harrow. HalUicell. [Prov. Eng.]
dirudge-* (druJ), n. [Origin obscure.] Whisky
in the raw state, as used in the manufacture
of alcohol. [U. S.]
drudger'^ (dmj'fer), «. A drudge ; one who
drui%es.
drudger'^ (dmj'fer), «. [Var. of dredj/er^.] 1.
A dredging-box.
To London, and there among other things did look over
■ome pictures at Cade's for my house, and did carry home
a silver drudger for my cupboard of plate.
J'epye, l>iary, Feb. i, 1986.
2. A bonbon-box in which comfits (drag^es)
are kept.
drudgery (druj'6r-i), n. [< drudge^ + -«ryt.]
Thelabor of a drudge ; ignoble, spiritless toil ;
hard work in servile or mechanical occupations.
One that is aboue the world and its drudgery, and can-
not pull duwne bis thoughts to the pelting bnsinesaes of
It llilcj.
Bp. Earlt, Micro-cosmographie, A High-spirited Man.
Those who can tnm their hands to any thing besides
drudgery live well enough by their indostry.
Dampier, Voyages, IL L 141.
Paradise was a place of bliss, . . . without drudgery,
and without sorrow. Locke.
=8yiL Lalxtr, Toil, etc. See vork, n.
drudgical fdmj'i-kal), a. [Irreg. < drudge^ +
-ic-aJ.] Of or pertaining to a drudge ; of the
nature of a drudge or of drudgery. Carlyle.
drudging-boxt (draj'ing-boks), n. See aredg-
ing-h'ij'.
drudgingly (druj'ing-li), adv. With labor and
fati^rm-: laboriously.
drudgism (druj'izm), n. [< drudge + -i»m.]
l)ni(U;ery. Carlyle.
druerlet.drueryt, "• Same as drury.
drug^ (drug), n. [Early mod. E. also drugg,
'Iriigge (JlE. druggcs, droggea, is doubtful m
this sense, as in the only passage cited (Chau-
cer) it alternates with dragges, stomachic com-
fits: see dredge'^); = G. droge, drogue = 8p. Pg.
It. droga, < OF. drogue, F. drogue, a drug,
mod. also stuff, rubbish, < D. droog = E. dry :
"druoghe icaere, droogh kruyd, droogherije (dfiy
wares, dry herb, 'druggery'), phannaca, aro-
raata" (kilian, who explains that "drags vio-
lently dry up and cleanse the body, but afford
it no nourishment"); " droogen, gedroogde
kruyden en wortels (dried herbs and roots),
druggs" (Sewel). See dry."] 1. Any vege-
table, animal, or mineral substance used in
the composition or preparation of medicines;
hence, also, any ingredient used in chemical
preparations employed in the arts.
Full redy hadde he his apotecarles.
To send him dragget [var. drogget, drugget] and his letua-
ries.
For ecbe of hem nude other for to winne.
CAaucer, Oen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 428.
2. A thing which has lost its value, and is no
longer wanted ; specifically, a commo<lity that
is not salable, especially from overproduction :
as, a drug in the market (the phrase in which
the word is generally used).
Dead they He.
As these were times when loyalty's a drug.
And seal in a subordinate too cheap
And oonuDOO to be saved when we spend life
1781
«
drug^ (drug), V. ; pret. and pp. drugged, ppr.
drugging. [< drug^, «.] I. trans. 1. To mi.x
with drugs ; narcotize or make poisonous, as a
beverage, by mixture with a drug: as, to drug
wine (in order to render the person who drinl^
it insensible).
Tlie surfeited grooms
Do mock their charge with snores : I have drugged their
possets. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2.
2. To dose to excess with drugs or medicines. —
3. To administer narcotics or poisons to ; render
insensible with or as with a narcotic or anes-
thetic drug; deaden: as, he was drugged and
then robbed.
A sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things.
Drug thy memories, lest thou learn it, lest thy heart be
put to proof. Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
' With rebellion, thus sugar-coated, they have been drug-
ging the public mind of their section for more than thirty
years. Lincoln, in Eaymoud, p. 145.
4. To surfeit ; disgust.
With pleasure drugg'd, he almost long'd for woe.
Byron, Childe Harold, i. 6.
H. intrans. To prescribe or administer drugs
or medicines, especially to excess.
Past all the doses of your drugging doctors.
B. Jtmion, Alchemist, ii. 1.
drug^t (drug), ji. [See drudge'^.'] A drudge.
Hadst thou, like us, from our first swath proceeded
The sweet degrees that tills brief world affords
To such as may the passive drugs of it
Freely command, thou wouldst have plung'd thyself
In general riot. Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
drugS (drug), n. Same as drogue.
drugge • t, V. i. A Midtlle English form of drudge^.
drugge'-'t, n. An obsolete form of drug^.
drugger (dmg'^-r), ». [< drug + -eri. Cf. F.
drogueur, Sp. droguero.'\ If. A druggist.
Fraternities and companies I approve of — as merchants'
burses, colledges of druggerjt, physicians, musicians, *Vc.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Header, p. ti:t.
2. One who administers drugs; especially, a
physician who doses to excess. Dunglison.
druggennant (drug'6r-man), n. An obsolete
form of dragoman.
You druggerman of heaven, must I attend
Your droning prayers? Dryden, Don Sebastian.
spen
Brmming, King and Book, II. SSO,
Pity you was not druggerman at BabeL
Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 83.
druggery (drug'er-i), n. ; pi. druggeries (-iz).
[<Or'. droguerie, F. droguerie (cf. MD. droo-
glierije), < drogue, drug : see drug'^ and -«ry.] 1 .
Drugs collectively. [Kare.] — 2. A druggist's
shop. [Humorous.]
dn^get (driig'et), H. [= G. dr'>guett =Sp. Pg.
droguile = It. droghetto, < F. droguet, drugget,
formerly a kind of stuff half silk, half wool.
Origin unknown. There is nothing to show a
connection with dn/^i.] 1. A coarse woolen
material, felted or woven, either of one color or
printed on one side, aud used as a protection
for a carpet, as a carpet-lining, or, especially
in summer, as a rug or carpet, generally cov-
ering only the middle portion of a floor. A
finer fabric of the same sort is used for table-
and piano-covers. — 2. A striped woolen or
woolen and cotton fabric, commonly twilled,
formerly used in some parts of Great Britain,
especially for women's clothing.
He is of a fair complexion, light brown lank hair, hav-
ing on a dark brown frieze coat, double-breasted on each
side, with black buttons and buttonholes ; a light drug-
get waistcoat.
Advertisement, 1708 (Malcolm's Manners and Customs
(of London in luth Cent.).
They rthe Gauls] wove their stuffs for summer, and
rough felts or drujggett tor winter wear, which are said
to have been prepaced with vinegar, and to have been so
tongh as to rMist the stroke of a sword.
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 114.
druggist (drug'ist), n. [= MD. drooghist = F.
droijuiste (appar. later than the E.) ; as drug"^ +
-ist.'] 1 . One who deals in drugs ; one whose oc-
cupation is the buying and selling of drugs.
- This new corporation of druggists ha^l inflamed the bills
of mortality and puzzled the* College of Physicians with
diseases for which they neither knew a name or cure.
Tatler, No. 131.
Specifically — 2. One who compounds or pre-
pares drugs according to medical prescriptions ;
an apothecary or pharmacist ; a dispensing
chemist. [U. S.] — ciliemist and druggist. See
chemist.
drugstert (drug'stfir), n. [< drug + -ster.'\ A
druggist.
They place their ndnisters after their apothecaries ; that
is, the physician of the soul after the druqster of the bmly.
South, Works, I. iv.
druld (dro'id), 71. [= G. druide = F. druide =
Sp. Pg. druida = It. druido, < L, druida, pi.
drum
druida, also druis (fern, druias)^ pi. druides (usu-
ally in pi.), = Gr. dpvid?/c, a druid; of Old Celtic
origin : < Olr. drui, gen. druad, dat. and ace.
druid, nom. pi. and dual druad, later Ir. and
Gael, drairi, gen. dri<ad/(, a magician (L. magus);
also later nom. druidh = W. derwydd (orig. nom.
*dryv!), a druid. Cf . AS. dry, a magician, < Olr.
drui, a magician. The W. form shows a forced
simulation of W. dcrw, an oak; so Xi. drttidw
was thought to be connected with Gr. dpif , a tree,
esp. an oak (=E. tree) ; but this is guesswork. Cf.
OL-. dair (gen. daracli), daur (geu. daro, dara)
= OGael. dair = W. ddr, an oak. ] 1 . One of an
order of priests or ministers of religion among
the ancient Celts of Gaul, Britain, and Ireland.
The chief seats of the druids were in Wales, Brittany, and
the regions around the modern Dreux and Chartres In
France. The druids are believed to liave possessed some
knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, etc. They
superintemled the affairs of religion and morality, and
performed the oltice of judges. The oak is said to have
represented to tlieni the one supreme God, and the mis-
tletoe when growing upon it the dependence of man
upon him; and they accordingly held these in the highest
veneration, oak-groves being their places of worship. 'They
are said to have had a ctmimon superior, who was elected
by a majority of votes from their own members, aud who
enjoyed his dignity for life. The druids, as an order, al-
ways opposed the Romans, but were ultimately extermi-
nated by them. [Very commonly written with a capital.]
As those Druids taught, which kept the British rites.
And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with
sprites. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 35.
Thir Religion was governd by a sort of Priests or Magi-
cians call'd Dnddcs from the Greek name of an Oke, which
Tree tliey had in grcate reverence, and the Missleto espe-
cially growing theron. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
2. [cap."} A member of a society called the
United Ancient Order of Druids, founded in
London in 1781, for the mtitual benefit of the
members, and now counting numerous lodges,
called groves, in America, Australia, Germany,
etc. — 3. In entom., a kind of saw-fly, a hyme-
nopterous insect of the family Tentliredinidce. —
Druid's foot, a flve-i)Ointed figure supposed to have had
mystical meaning among the druids, and still in use in
some parts of Europe as a charm.
dmidess (dro'id-es), n. [= F. druidesse; as
druid + -ess.} A female druid; a druidio
prophetess or sorceress.
The Dmidess has offended Heaven In giving way to
love. The American, IV. 232.
druidlc, druldical (drS-id'ik, -i-kal), a. [< druid
+ -ic, -ic-al.'i Of or pertaining to the druids:
as, druidical remains.
The Druid followed him, and suddenly, we are told,
struck him with a druidic wand, or, according to one ver-
sion, flung at him a tuft of grass over which he had pro-
nounced a druidical Incantation. O'Curry, Anc. Irish, I. x.
Druldical bead. Same as adder-sfonc— Druidical cir-
cles, the name popularly given to circles fornietl of targe
upright stones, eonsistingin some cases of a single round,
in others of several rounds, and concentric, from the as-
sumption that they were druidical places of worship,
though there is no sufhcient proof that this was their des-
tination. The most celeljrated tlruidlcal circle in England
is tiiat at Stonehenge in Wiltshire. — Druldical patera,
a name given to bowls, commonly of stone, and usually
with one handle, found in the Isle of Man and elsewhere,
and !iow thought to have been used as lamps. Similar
bowls are still in use for tills purpose in the Faroe islands.
druldlsh (dro'id-ish), a. [< drxdd + -isK^.I
Pertaining to or like the druids.
druidism (dro'id-izm), n. [= F. druidisme = Bp.
fg. druidistno ; as druid + -ism.} The religion
of the druids; the doctrines, rites, and cere-
monies of the sacerdotal caste of the ancient
Celts. See druid, 1.
.still the great and capital objects of their [the Saxons']
worship were taken from Druviiftm.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., i. 2.
Their religion [that of the ancient Britons] was Druid-
ism; and Britain is said to have been the parent-seat of
that creed. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 23.
druid-stone (dro'id-ston), n. Same as gray-
wetlier.
drum^ (drum), n. [Early mod. E. also drumme;
= Dan. tromme = Sw. trumma (cf. Ir. Gael.
druma, < E.), a drum, < D. troni = LG. truvime
= G. tromme, dial, irumme, trumm, tromm,
dromm, late MHG. trumme, trumbe, drumbe,
drumme, trum, a drum (also in dim. form : Dan.
tromle = Sw. trumla, < D. trommel = G. trom-
mel, formerly also drummel, MHG. trummel,
trumpet, drompel, trumel, a drum) ; orig. identi-
cal with MHG. trumme, trumbe, < OHG. trumba,
trumpa, aimroTp, trumpet: see trumiA&nA trum-
pet^. It thus appears that drum^ and trurnfA
are ult. identical, though applied to unlike in-
struments. The diverse use is prob. due to the
(supposed) imitative origin of the name. See
drumi, t'.] 1. A musical instrument of the per-
cussive class, consisting of a hollow wooden or
metallic body and a tightly stretched head of
membrane which is struck with a stick. Three
dmm
principal tomu are used : (1) cylindrical, with one head
aud an open bottom, usually called a tambouritit or
^nptian arum ; (2) heniisphorieat, with one head, usually
called a ktttUdrum ; (3) cylindrical, with two heads, one
of which can be struck, as" in a side-drum or snare-drum,
or both of which can Ite struck, as in the bass drum. All
these (onus ai-e used to some extent in orchestral music,
but the kettledrum only is important, because it alone can
be perfectly tuned. Orchestral drums ai-e generally used
in pai», and tuned to ditferent pitches. The third form
iu all itfi varieties is much used in military music, prin-
cipally to emphasize rhythm.
I would wish them rather to be chosen out of all partes
of the realme, either by discretion of wise men thereunto
appoyuted, or by lott, or by the drumuie^ as was tlie old
use iu sending f oorthe of colonyes.
Spen$cr, State of Ireland.
The dmmnm crie dub a dub. Qaxoigne, Flowers.
Your nether party fire must,
Then beat a Hving dnan.
Battle of I'hitiphautih (Child's Ballads, VII. 134).
2. In arch. : (a) The solid part of the Corinthian
and Composite capital, otherwise called bell,
vase, or basket. (6) One of the blocks of nearly
cylindrical form of which the shafts of many
columns are constructed, (c) An upright mem-
ber under or above a dome. — 3. In mack., a
term applied to various contrivances resem-
bling a drum in shape. Specifically— (a) A cylin-
der revolving on an axis for the purpose of turning wheels
by means of t>elts or bands passing round it. {b) The
tHirr«l of a crane or windlass, (c) A cylinder on which
wire is wound, as in wire-drawing, (d) The grinding cyl-
inder or cone of some mills. (*') The cast-iron case winch
holds the coiled spring of a spring car-brake. (./") A cir-
cular radiator for steam or hot air ; a stove-drum or steam-
drum, (p) In water-heaters or steam-boilers, a chamber
into which heated water is made to tlow in order to afford
room for other bodies of water from parts of the boiler nut
so near the fire, (h) A steam-tight cask in which printed
fabrics are submitted to the action of steam to tix the col-
ors, (t) A washing-tub for cleaning rags iu paper-making,
(j) A doffer in a carding-machine.
4. In a vase or similar vessel, that part of the
body which approximates to a cylindrical form.
— 5. In attat. and eool. : (a) The tympanum
or middle ear. (6) The tracheal tympanum or
labyrinth of a bird. See tijmpanum, 4. (c) One
of the tympanic organs seated in two deep
cavities on the first abdominal segment of cer-
tain Homoptera, and said to be used in produ-
cing sounds. Kirby. {d) The large hollow hyoid
bone of a howling monkey. See Mycetirue. — 6.
A membrane drawn over a rotrnd frame, used
for testing the delicate edges of eye-instruments.
— 7. A receptacle having the form of a drimi,
or the quantity packed iu such receptacle : as, a
driitn of figs. — 8. Milit., a party accompanied
by a drum sent under a tlag of truce to confer
with the enemy.
I believe I told you of Lord John Drummond sending a
drum to Wade to propose a cartel.
Walpole, Letters, II. 2.
9t. [With allusion to drumming up recruits.]
A fashionable and crowded evening party, at
which card-playing appears to have been the
chief attraction; a rout. The more riotous of
such assemblies were styled drum-majors.
They were all three to go together to the opera, and
thence to Lady Thomas Hatchet's druin.
FUlding, Tom Jones.
All your modern entertainments, routs, drums, or as-
semblies. Qoldsmith, The Goddess of Silence.
10. An afternoon tea. Also called kettledrum,
with a punning allusion to tea-kettle. — 11. In
ichth., a name of several seiKnoid fishes: so
called from the drumming noise they make,
said to be due, in part at least, to the grinding
of the pharyngeal bones upon each other, (a)
The salt-water drum, Poi/onias chroiais, the largest of the
SeieenidAZ, ranging from '20 to nearly 100 pounds in weight,
J.^^,
-^
Sal^water Drum (,Ptf£Onias chromis).
of a silvery-gray color when adult, and with numerous
bartiels on the chin. It ranges along the Atlantic coast
of the United States from Florida to M,issachusetts. It
feeds much upon shellfish, and is very destriictive to oys-
ter-beds. («) The fresh-water drum, Ilaplodinotus grun-
nient, a smaller fish than the foregoing, without barbels.
It is an inhabitant of the great lakes, and of the Mississip-
pi river and its larger tributaries. Also called sheepgtiead.
(<:)The branded drum, or beardless dnmi, Scioma ocellata,
the redflsh of the south Atlantic and Gulf States. It is
recognized by the black spot margined with light color
forming an ocellus on each side of the base of the tail-fln.
It is a game-fish valued for the table, averaging about
10 ponnds in weight, but sometimes attaining upward of
40 pounds. Also called organ-Jith, red-horae, tpatUd-bau,
1782
red-hass, gea-btus. See cut under redjish. — Bass drum,
a musical instrument, the largest of the drmn family,
having a cylindrical body and two heads of membrane,
the tension of which may be altered by hoops. It is struck
with a soft-headed stick. It is conunonly used in mili-
tary bands, and occasionally in full orchestras. Formerly
called toi,7dram.~Beat or tuckof drum. Seebeat^.—
Circulating drum, in water-heatei-s or steam-boilers, a
chamber dispo.sed to receive a flow of heated water in
order to alluid room near tlie heating surface for other
bodies of water from parts of the boiler remote from the
Are. — Double drum, a former name of the bass drum. —
Drum of cod, a lai-ge cask or hogshead, containing from
f>(K) to 1,000 pounds, into which the cod are packed tight-
ly and pressed down with a jack-screw and shipped. —
Drum of the ear. Same as tympanum. — Muffled drum,
a drum having the cord which is used for carrying the
drum over the shoulder passed twice through the cords
which cross the lower diameter of the drum, to prevent a
sharp sound, or to render the sound grave and solemn.
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like viu^ed drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.
Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
dnun^ (drum), V. ; pret. and pp. drummed, ppr.
drumming. [= I), trommen = Dan. tromme =
Sw. trumma, drum; also freq. E. drumble, q. v.;
from the noun, bu* felt to be in part imitative.
See drum^, «., andcf. thrutn^.'] I. intrans. 1. To
beat a drum ; beat or play a tune on a drum. —
2. To beat rhythmically or regularly with the
fingers or something else, as if using drum-
sticks: as, to drum on the table.
He drummed upon his desk with his ruler and medi-
tated. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 274.
There was no sound but the druinming of the General's
fingers on his sword-hilt.
G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 281.
3. To beat, as the heart ; throb.
His drumming heart cheers up his burning eye,
His eye commends the leading to his hand.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 435.
4. To attract recruits, as by the sound of the
drum; hence, in the United States, to sue for
partizans, customers, etc. : followed by for. —
5. To sound like a drum; resound.
This indeed makes a noise, and drums in popular ears.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici.
6. To produce a sound resembling drumming :
said of partridges, blackcock, and other birds.
It is done by quivering the expanded feathers
of the wings.
The bird [snipe] never drummed except when on the
stoop, and whenever it performed this manoeuvre the
<iuill feathers of the wings were always expanded to their
utmost width, so that the light could be seen between
them, and quivered with a rapid, tremulous motion that
quite blurred their outlines.
J. O. Wood, Out of Doors, p. 17L
II. trans. 1. To perform on a drum, as a tune.
— 2. Milit., to expel formally and accompany
in departure with the beat of the drum : often
used figuratively, and usually followed by out:
as, the disgraced soldier was drummed out of the
regiment.
A soldier proved unworthy was drummed out.
Lowell, Tempora Mutantur.
One by one the chief actors in it [the prosecution of the
Whisky Ring] were called before the lines, despoiled of
their insignia, and drummed out of the administration
camp. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 321.
3. To summon as by beat of drum.
But, to confound such time.
That drums him from his sport, and speaks as loud
As his own state, and ours — 'tis to lie chid
As we rate boys. Shak., A. and C, i. 4.
4. To force upon the attention by continual
iteration ; din : as, to drum something into one's
ears.— To drum up,' to assemble as by beat of drum;
assemble or collect by influence and exertion : as, to drum,
up recruits or customers.
driim^ (drum), n. [< Ir. and Gael, druim, also
druman, the back, a ridge, 'summit.] 1. A
ridge; a hill. Drum enters into the composition of
many Celtic place-names, especially in Ireland and Scot-
land, as Drwrttcondra, jDrwwglass, Drmnsheugh, Drum-
lanrig, /)r«moak ; and it is frequently found alone as the
name of a farm, an estate, a village, etc.
Specifically — 2. A long narrow ridge or mound
of sand, gravel, and boulders : a name given by
Irish geologists to elevations of this kind be-
lieved to have been the result of glacial agen-
cies. See eskar, horseback, and kame. Also
called drumlin.
It [the glacial drift] is apt to occur in long ridges
(" drums " or drumlins) which run in the general direc-
tion of the rock- striation — that is, in the path of the ice
movement. Geikie.
The long parallel ridges, or "sowbaoks" and drums,
as they are termed, . . . invarial)ly coincide in direction
with the valleys or straths in which they lie.
Qeikie, Ice Age, p. 17.
druin-anuature (drum'ar'''ma-tur), n. A dy-
namo-armature constructed so" as to resemble
a drum in form.
drumbelo (drum'be-16), n. [E. dial. : see drum-
ble'^, c] A dull, lieavy fellew.
drumblelf (drum'bl), v. i. [Appar. freq. of
drum, v., after D. trommelen = G. trommeln =
Dan. tromle = Sw. truvda, drum (see drum, v.);
but perhaps in part of other origin. Cf. drum-
ble'^.] 1. To sound like a drum.
The whistling pipe and drumbling tabor.
Drayton, Nymphidia, viii.
2. To mumble. HalUwell.
drumble^t (drum'bl), v. i. [Cf. drumble^ and
dumble^.'] To drone ; be sluggish.
Go take up these clothes here, quickly ; . . . look, how
you drumble. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
drumble-drone (drum'bl-dron), n. [E. dial,
also drumble-drane; < drumble -I- drone; cf. dum-
hlcdnrc.~\ 1. A drone. — 2. A bumblebee. —
3. A dor-beetle. Eingsley.
dnunblert (drum'bl6r), n. [< MD. drommeUr, a
kind of ship (Kilian). Cf. MD. D. drommeler, a
man of square and compact build, < drommel,
things packed close together, < drom, a thread,
= E. thrum'^, q. v.] A kind of ship.
She was immediatly assaulted by diuers English pinas-
ses, Iioyes, and drumblers. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 001.
drum-call (drum'kal), n. In milit. music, a call,
signal, or command given upon the drum.
drum-curb (drum'kerb), n. A wooden or iron
cylinder set in the opening of a shaft, at the
beginning of its construction, to sustain the
lining. The eai"th is cut away under the edges of the
drum, and as it settles down courses of brick are added to
the lining at the top.
drum-cylinder (drum'si^'in-dSr), n. In a print-
ing-press, a large cylinder making one revolu-
tion to each impression. See cylinder-press.
drumfish (drum'fish), n. Same as drum^, 11.
drum-guard (drum'gard), n. A device on a
threshing-machine to prevent the operator,
while feeding it, from falling into the throat,
the feeder being at the top : used only on Eng-
lish machines.
drumhead (drum'hed), n. 1. The membrane
stretched upon a drum, by striking which the
tone is produced. Its tension and the pitch of the
tone are determined by rings or hoops fitted round the
edge of the drum-body.
2. The top part of a capstan, which is pierced
with a number of holes to receive the ends of
the levers or bars employed to turn it round.
See capstan. — 3. In anal., the membrana tym-
pani. — 4. A vajiety of cabbage having a large
rounded or flattened head Drumhead court
martial. See court martial, under court.
drumin, drumine (dmm'in), n. [< Drmn{mon-
dii) (see def.) + -in^, -ine^.'] An alkaloid from
Euphorbia Drummondii, said to produce local
anesthesia like cocaine.
drumlin (drum'lin), n. Same as drum^, 2.
drumly (drum'li), a. [E. dial, and Sc, also
drumblcd. Cf . droumy. Perhaps altered from
equiv. ME. drubly, drobly, turbid, muddy, con-
nected with drublen, droblen, trouble, make
turbid, as water, perhaps allied to equiv. droien
(see drove^), or possibly a mixture of droven
with eqtuv. trublen, troblcn, trouble. Cf. drum-
ble^, and LG. drummelig, drummig, musty, ap-
plied to gi'ain, bread, etc.] 1. Turbid; full of
grounds, dregs, or sediment ; dreggy ; muddy ;
holding foreign matter in mechanical solution.
Draw me some water out of this spring. Madam, it is
all foul, ... it is all drumly, black, muddy.
Wodroeph'e, Fr. and Eng. Gram., p. 210.
Then bouses drtcmly German water.
To mak' himser look fair and fatter.
Burns, The Twa Dogs.
2. Troubled; gloomy.
Dismal grew his countenance,
And drumlie grew his ee.
The Daemon Lover (Child's Ballads, I. 203).
drum-major (drum'ma''jor), n. 1. The chief
or first drummer of a regiment. — 2. One who
directs the evolutions of a band or drum-corps
in marching. [U. S.] — Sf. A riotous evening
assembly. See druni^, 9.
drummer (drum'Sr), n. l. One who plays the
drum; especially, one who beats time on the
drum for military exercises and marching.
We caried with vs a fifer & a drummer.
Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 437.
2. One who solicits custom ; a traveling sales-
man ; a commercial traveler. [U. S.]
The energy and wiles of business drummers.
The Century, XXVIII. 631.
3. A local name of a large West Indian cock-
roach, Blatta gigantea, which, in old frame
houses, makes a noise at night, by knocking
dmmmer
its head against the wood.
much resembles a smai-t knocking with the
knuckle upon the wainscoting.
drumming (dmm'ing), n. The sport of fishing
for dniuitish.
(immming:-log (drum'ing-log), ». A log to
which a bird, as a grouse, resorts to drum,
dnimmock (drum'ok), n. [Sc, also written
(Iniminock, dramock, drammach, etc., < Gael.
dramaige, a foul mixture.] A mixture of un-
cooked oat-meal and cold water.
To tremble uiuler Fortune's crumniock.
Oil scarce a bellyfu' o' drummock,
Wi' his proud, indepemlent stouiach
Could ill agree.
Burm, On a .Scotch Bard.
The sound very drunkard (drung'kard),». [First in 16th cen
tury, also written drunkerd; < drunk + -ard.]
One given to an excessive use of strong drink ;
a person who is habitually or frequently drunk ;
an inebriate.
The drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty.
Prov. xxiii. 21.
Avoid the company of drunkards and busylwdies.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 404.
Dnmkard's cloakt. See cloak,
drunkelewt, <'. and n. [ME. drunkelew, dron-
kiliu-e, drunken, < drunken, dronken, drunken,
-t- -lew, < leel. -legr = AS. -lie, E. -«y2.] I. a.
Given to drink ; drunken. Chaueer.
Voide alle drunkdew folk, . . .
And alle hem that vsen suche vnthriftynesse.
And also dijs pleiera.
Babeei Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 56.
«. A drunkard.
n.
Dmmmond light. Sameasca/ciu»»Z»<//i< (which
.sec, iiiiili-i' cnlcium).
dmm-roomt (drum'rom), 11. The room where
a drum or crowded evening party is held. See
drum'^, n., 9. j v /^H 'V A
The l«nuy housemaid begin, to repair the di«,rdered "5!!fl:t.®?ir^f 1 iyfl-„";
drum-room. Fielding, lom Jones, xl. 9.
drum-saw (drum'sa), w. Same as cylindrical
»■««■ (which see, under cylindric).
dmm-sieve, «. See gicve.
drum-skin (drum'skin), n. [= Dan. tromme-
skiiid z= Sw. trumskinn.} A drumhead.
A yonge man to be a dronkelewe,
Gouxr, Conf. Amant, vi.
His heart
Beat* like an iU-played drum-tUn quick and slow.
Library Mag., III. 801.
dmmsladet, « . [Found in the 16th century, and
appar. earlier; also spelled drumslet, 'drumsled
(cited as drumsted), drombinlade, drumlade,
drouHslate; appar. of D. or LG. origin, like
drHmglager, but no corresponding form appears;
cf. MD. trommeUlayh, D. trommeUlag = G. trom-
melsMag = Dan. trommeslag = Sw. trumsla-
^are, a drum-beat. Seedntnuiajfer.] 1. A drum.
The dmmmen and the drumdada (tympanotrilwX as
alio the trumpeters, call to anas, and inflame the soldiers,
i/ewfc, VUible World.
2. A dniinraer. Minakeu.
drumslagert, n. [< MD. trommeUlager, trom-
Diil-sliiiihir, D. trommeUlaqer (= O. trommel-
schUi'ivr. earlier trommen-aeklSger, trMmpe^leger,
druuime-ncliUiger = D»n. trommeslager = 8w.
trumslagare), < trommel, D. trommel and Irum (=
Q. trommel and tromme, etc.), a drum, + glager
(= G. sehldger, etc.), beater (= E. slayer), <
^ ^ ,^ [The older form of
drunk, now used chielly as an attributive, the
predicative use, as in senses 1 and 4, being
archaic or technical.] 1. Afiected by or as if
by strong drink; intoxicated; drunk.
Drunken men imagine everything tumeth round. Bacon.
He stares, he sighs, be weeps and now seems more
With sorrow drunken than with Wine before.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iiL 188.
Let the earth be drunken with our blood.
Shak., S Hen. VI., ii. 3.
2. Given to drunkenness ; habitually intemper-
ate: as, he is a drunken, worthless fellow.
Aton. Is not this Stephano, my drunken butler?
Sell. He is drunk now. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
3. Proceeding from intoxication ; done in a
state of drunkenness : as, a drunken quarrel.
When your carters, or your waiting vassals.
Have done a drunken slaughter, and defac'd
The precious image of our dear Redeemer,
You straight are on your knees for pardon, pardon.
Shak., Kich. III., ii. 1.
4. Acting as if drunk : applied by workmen to
a screw the thread of which is uneven and pro-
duces an unsteadiness of motion in the nut.
If the tool is moved irregularly or t>ecomes checked in
Its forward movement, the thread will become drunken,
that Is, it will not move forward at a uniform si>eed.
J. Rote, l*ractical Machinist, p. 106.
Drunken cutter. See cutter^
slagen (= O. sehlagen, etc., beat, strike) = E. drtinkenheadt (drung'kn-hed), ». [ME. drmi
slay : see drum and slayer.
drummer.
Cf. drumslade.] A keuhui, drunkinhed, dronkehed, < drunken + -hed,
-head.] Dnmkcnness.
For thel two through her dronkenkede.
Of witles excitaclon
Oppressed all the nacion
Of Spayne.
Be was daine and aU bis oompuiie, there being bat
one man, the drumtUgtr, left tUue, who by swUtnesse
of his (oot« ««caped.
Holinthed, Cliron., Ireland, an. ISM.
drumstick (drum'stik), «. [= Dan. tromme- drunkenly (dning'kn-li), adv.
Ktik.] 1. One of the sticks used in beating a maniur. [Kare.]
drum. That used for the bass dram has a soft, stuffed Th»' '''"°'' »'"*''>'• '"'* **'5 !>«"«".
head. Dnmisticks are generaUy used in pairs, one Ui each Hast thou tapp d out, and dnmtCTUy^arousd.
Oover, Conf. Amant
In a drunken
hand of the performer.
Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1
2. Hence, from its shape, the lower or outer drunkenness (drung'kn-nes), n. [< ME. drun-
joint of the leg of a dressed fowl, as a chicken,
duck, or turkey. Anatoaiically, It Is the leg from the
knee to the heel, the leg proper, or cms, intervening Ije-
twecn tlie thigh and the slunk, which latter is usually
cut off when the fowl is dresseti for the table.
3. The stilt-sandpiper or bastard dowitcher,
Miiri>i,iiliimii liimantopus. [Local, U. 8.]
drumstick-tree (dmm'stik-tre). ». The Ca»-
Kui Fistula : so called from the shape of its pods.
drum- wheel (drum'hwel), n. In hydraulus en-
(/in., a tympanum.
drmnwobd (dmm'wud), n. The Turpinia oc-
cidrntiilis, a small sapindaceous tree of Jamai-
ca and other parts of tropical North America.
It has pinnate leaves and white flowers, which
are followed by dark-blue drupes.
drunk idrunxk). The regular past participle
and a former preterit of drink.
drunk(drungk), |7. a. [Pp. of drtnt, r.] 1. In-
toxicated; inebriated; overcome, stupefied, or
frenzied by alcoholic liquor : used chiefly in the
prsdicato.
Be not drumk with wine, wherein Is excess. Eph. v. 18.
Sfaice drunk with Vanity yon fell.
The thiagi tarn round to you that steadfast dwell.
kennestu, drunkcnesse, dronkenesae, etc., < AS. j - . j
druHcennes, < druneen, drunken: see drunken "^'^'y'' *"7®J7t' ", •• j .
and-MCT«.] 1. The8tateofbelngdnink,orover- <lrouenj; < Uh. drury, drun
powered by intoxicants ; the habit of indulg-
ing in intoxicants; intoxication; inebriation.
Sum men seye that he sloughe one* an Heremyte in
his Dronkeneue, that he loved ml wel.
MandemUe, Travels, p. 71.
Let us walk honestly, as in the dajr ; not In rioting and
drunkennett. Rom. xlii. 13.
2. Disorder of tha faculties resembling intoxi-
cation ; intense excitement ; frenzy ; rage.
Passion is the drunkennese of the mind.
South, Sermons, II. 362.
drunkenship (drung'kn-ship), n. [< ME. drun-
k([H'\iihi)i, ilrunkeshipjie, dronkeskip (AS. 'drun-
cenncipe, not verified); < drunken + -*/iip.] Drun-
kenness.
For dronkeehip in euery place.
To whether side that it turne.
Doth harme. Gower, Conf. Amant, vi.
dmnkerdt, "• An obsolete spelling of drun-
dnmkwort (dmngk'wtrt), n. An old name drusei (dr8z), n.
for tobacco. Minsheu
druse
Drupacese (dro-pa'se-e), n. pi. [Nil., fem. pi.
of drupaceus: see drupaceous and -ace«p.] A
name given by some botanists to that division
of rosaceous plants which comprehends the al-
mond, peach, cherry, plum, and similar fruit-
bearing trees. More generally called Amygda-
leie, from Latin amygdala, almond.
drupaceous (dro-pa' shins), a. [< NL. drupaceus,
< drujia, a drupe : see drupe, and cf. Drupacew.^
1. Producing drupes: as, drupaceous trees. —
2. Resembling or relating to a drupe ; con-
sisting of drupes. See drupe.
drupe (drop), n. [= F. drupe = Sp. Pg. It.
drupa, < NL. drupa, a drupe, < L. drupa, drup-
pa (with or without olira), > LGr. ipmna, an
overripe olive, < Gr. dptrnmi]^, ripened on the
tree, quite ripe, a form alternating with dpvire-
TtK, ready to fall, overripe, < fipvq, tree, + rri-
TTT-ecv, cook, ripen, and Tri-TTT-eiv (■/ "tet), fall,
respectively.] In bot., a stone-fruit; a fruit in
which the outer part of the pericarp becomes
fleshy or softens like a berry, while the inner
hardens like a nut, forming a stone with a ker-
nel, as the plum, cherry, apricot, and peach.
The stone in-
closing the
kernel is call-
ed the puta-
men (or eudo-
carp), while the
pulpy or more
succulent part
is callett the
aarcocarp (or
mesocarp), and
the outer cov-
ering the epi-
carp. The true
drupe consists
of a single one-
celled and usu-
allyone-seeded
carpel, but the
tenu is applied
to similar fruits resulting from a compound pistil, in which
there may be several separate or separable putamens.
Many small drujies, like the huckleberry, are in ordinary
usage claaseil with Ixrriis. f)n the other hand, some
druiie-like fruits, as that of the hawtliorn, arc technically
referred to the pome, and the cocoanut and walnut, be-
ing inlenuediate tietween a nut and a drupe, are described
as drupaceous nuts.
dmpel (drO'pel), n. [< NL. "drupella, dim. of
drupa, a drupe: see drupe.'] A little drupe,
sucn as the individual pericarps which together
form the blackbeiry.
drapelet (drop'let), n. [< drupe +'-tef.] Same
as drupel,
drupeole (dro'pe-ol), «. [< NL. 'drupeola, dim.
of drupa, a drupe: see dru2>e and -ole."] Same
as drupel.
vi. drupetum (drS-pe'tum), «.; pi. drupeta (-ta).
[NL., < drupa, a drupe : see drupe and -etum.]
In bot,, an aggregation of drupes, as in the
blackberry.
drupose (drS'pos), ». [< drupe -1- -o«e.] A
compound (CiQHgoOg) formed by treating the
stony concretions found in pears with dilute
hydrochloric acid at a boiling heat.
[Early mod. E. also drounj,
druery, druerir,
druwerie, driwerie, etcT, < OF. druerie = Pr. dru-
daria = It. druderia, love, gallantry, < OF. dru,
drud, druc = Pr. druz = It. drudo, amorous,
gallant, < OHG. trut, drut (> G. traut, a.), a
mend, lover.] 1. Love; gallantry.
Drupe.
I. Cherries, a. Section of a cherry : a, fleshy
sarcocarp ; b, stony wall of the putameo, inclos-
ing the seed.
CowUy, The HUtcees, Called Inconstant ^^^^ (jrunt), V. i. [Also drou7it, drant ; < Dan.
I Rare Patrick balf-a-crown for hi* Christniaslmx, on
condition he would tie good ; and lie came home drunk at
miiluigl\,t Su7(/t, Journal to Stella, Dec. 24, 1711.
2. Drenched or saturated.
I will make mine arrows drunk with blood.
Dent xuii. 42.
drunk (drungk), n. l< drunk, a.] 1. A spree;
a drinking-bout. — 2. A case of drunkenness ;
a drimken person. [Slang.]
drunte, drynte (rare), lag, loiter.] To drawl.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.]
drunt (drunt), n. [Also drant, draunt; from
the verb.] 1. A slow and dull tone; a drawl-
ing enunciation. — 2. A fit of ))ettishnes8; the
dumps ; the huff. [North. Eng. and Scotch in
both senses.]
An' Mary, nae doubt, took the drunt.
To be compared to Willie. Bums, Halloween.
Of ladys love and dretvery.
Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 184.
The druuxriet of ladies and damesels make knyghtes to
vndirtake the hardynesse of armes that thei don.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 641.
2. A mistress.
Lady, where is your drury/
Bonnie House o' Airly (Child's Ball.ids, VL 186).
3. A love-token ; a gift, especially a jewel or
other precious object.
Thenne dressed he his drurye double hym aboute.
Sir Qawayne aiui the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), L 2033.
Hit (truth] Is as der worthe a druwerji as dere god hlm-
selue. Pierg Plowman (C), ii. 88.
^ __ [< G. druse (as in def.), <
Bohem. drvza, in same sense, orig. a brush, =
Russ. druaa (obs.), a brush.] A rock-cavity
lined with crystals ; a geode, or, as miners call
it, a vug. A common word in Ocrnmny, adopted from
the .Slavic : the most important mining region of Germany
being the Eragebirge, on the liorders of Bohcniia. 1'he
word originally meant (in Slavic) brush,' and was applied
to surfaces covered with projecting crystals like teeth, just
as aimb has been in English. Hence it also came to mean
the cavities where snih druses are found to occur. In
English the word dnijie is little used lit the present time
except by mineralogisU, and then chiefly in the adjective
form drtuy (which see). See also geodt.
Druse
Dmse2 (drOz), n. [Turk. /)n(n.] One of a
people and religious sect of Syria, living chiefly
in the mountain regions of Lebanon and Anti-
libanus and the district of Hauran. The only
name they aeknowledpe is I'nitariang {Muahidin): that
by which they are known to others is probably from Ismail
I^razi or I>urzi, wlio was tlieir first apostle in Syria. They
are fanatical and warlike, and have had bloody conflicts
with their uei^hbors the Maronites.
Dnisian' (dro'si-an), a. [< L. Dri(sia7itis, <
J}nii!Hg (see def.).] Pertaining to Nero Clau-
dius Drusus, called Drusus Senior (38-9 B. c),
stepson of the emperor Augustus, who govern-
ed Germany — Druslan foot, an ancient German long
niejisure, eiinal to about 13 English inches.
Drusian- (dro'zi-an), a. [< I>rusc- + -jaw.] Of
or pertaining to the Druses.
The full exposition of the Drusian creed . . . would
require a volume of considerable size.
Eneyc. Brit., VII. 484.
dmsy (dro'zi), o. [< druse^ + -i/i.] In mineral.,
covered or lined with very minute crystals. The
surface of a mineral is said to be dmsy when composed
of very small prominent crystals of nearly uniform size ;
as, drwsy quartz.
The dnuy, crystalline cavities of quartz and amethyst
that enhance the beauty of the material [silicifled wood]
BO much. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 382.
druve, n. [Seedrouw.] Amuddy river. Grose.
[Cumberland, Eng.]
druvyt, "• See drovy. Brockett.
druxy, dnixey (druk'si), a. [Also droxtj, and
tormeily *drixi/,dricksie; origin obscure.] Part-
ly decayed, as a tree or timber ; having decay-
ed spots or streaks of a whitish color.
dry (dri), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also drie; <
ME. drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, druyc, etc., <
AS. dryge, drige, orig. *driige = D. droog = ML(}.
droge, druge, LG. dreuge, drog, drege, dree, dry;
allied to OS. drukno, drokno, adv., druknian, v.,
make dry, = OHG. trucchan, trocchan, MHG.
trucken, trocken, G. trocken, adj., dry. Cf. Icel.
draugr, a dry log, from the same Teut. •/ *drug.
Hence ult. drought^, drouth, dryth, and drug'^,']
I. a. ; compar. drier, superl. driest (sometimes
dryer and dryest). 1. Without moisture; not
moist; absolutely or comparatively free from
water or wetness, or from fluid of any kind: as,
dryland; dry clothes; dry weather; a dry day;
dry wood ; dry bones.
When 'tis fair and dry Weather North of the Equator,
'tis blustering and rainy Weather .South of it.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. iil. 77.
It is a very dry country, where they have hardly any
other supply but from the rain water.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 136.
Upon the reading of this letter, there was not a dry eye
in the club. Addison, Spectator, No. 617.
Nor vainly buys what Gildor sells.
Poetic buckets for dry wells.
M. Green, The Spleen.
Specifically — 2. In geol. and mining, free from
the presence or use of water, or distant from
water: as, dry diggings; dry separation. — 3.
Not giving milk: as^ a dry cow. — 4. Thirsty;
craving drink, especially intoxicating drink.
None so dry or thirsty . . . will touch one drop of it.
Shak., T. of the 8., v. 2.
Believe me, I am dry with talking ; here, boy, give us
here a l)ottle and a glass.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 259.
I suspected nothing but that he had rode till he was dry.
Walpole, Letters, II. 346.
5. Barren; jejune; destitute of interest; in-
capable of awakening emotion : as, a dry style ;
a dry subject ; a dry discussion.
As one then in a dreanie, whose dryer braine
Is tost with troubled sights and fancies weake,
He mumbled soft, but would not all his silence breake.
Spenser, i\ Q., I. i. 42.
Their discourses from the pulpit are generally dry, me-
thodical, and unatfecting. Goldsmith, English Clergy.
Long before he reached manhood he knew how to baffle
curiosity by dry and guarded answers.
Macaiday, Hist. Eng., vil.
Macaulay'8 memory, like Niebuhr's, undoubtedly con-
founded not infrequently inference and fact ; it exagger-
ated ; it gave, not what was in the book, but what a vivid
imagination inferred from the book. Sir George Lewis
had none of this defect ; his memory was a dry memory,
just as his mind was a dry light ; if he said a thing was at
page 10, you might be sure it was at page 10.
W. Hac/ehot, On Sir O. C. Lewis.
6t. Severe; hard: as, a dry blow.
Dro. S. I pray you eat none of it [meat].
Ant. S. Your reason?
Dro. S. Lest It make you choleric, and purchase me an-
other dry basting. Shak., C. of E., ii. 2.
If I should have said no, I should have given him the
He, uncle, and so have deserved a dry beating again.
Ford, 'Tis Pity, ii. 6.
7. Lacking in cordiality; cold: as, his answer
was very snort and dry.
1784
Wyth stume chere ther he stod, he stroked his berde,
tt wyth a countenaunce dry;^e he dro3 doun his cote.
Sir Gaxpayne and the Green Kniyht (E. E. T. S.), 1. 335.
Full cold my greeting was and dry.
Tennyson, The Letters.
8. Humorous or sarcastic, apparently without
intention ; slily witty or caustic : as, a dry re-
mark or repartee.
He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body. Irving.
Mark ... is exceedingly calm ; his smile is shrewd ;
he can say the driest, most cutting things in the quietest,
tones. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ix.
9. In painting, noting a hardness or formal
stiffness of outline, or a want of mellowness
and harmony in color; frigidly precise; harsh.
The Fall of the Angels, by F. Floris, 1554 ; which has
some good parts, but without masses, and dry.
Sir J. Reynolds, Journey to Flanders and Holland.
No comparison can be instituted between his [Verro-
chio's] dry uninspired manner and the divine style of his
scholar [Leonardo da Vinci].
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 136.
10. In sculp., lacking or void of luxuriousness
or tenderness in form. — 11. Free from sweet-
ness and fruity flavor : said of wines and, by
extension, of brandy and the like, it is said also
of artificially prepared wines, as champagnes, in which a
diminished amount of sweetening, or liciueur, as it is
called, is added, as compared with sweet wines.
12. In metal., noting a peculiar condition of a
metal undergoing metallurgic treatment. The
epithet is chiefly used in reference to copper which is be-
ing refined. Dry copper contains a certain proportion of
oxygen in combination, and to eliminate this it is subject-
ed to the process of poling.
During the ladling out the refiner takes an assay at
short intervals, as the metal is liable to get out of pitch,
or become dry, as under-poled copper is termed.
Eiiajc. Brit., VI. 350.
13. In American jiolitical slang, of or belong-
ing to the Prohibition party ; in favor of or
adopting prohibition of the sale or use of intoxi-
cating liquors : opposed to wet : as, a dry town,
county, or State — Cut and dryt. See cut, p.a.—
Dry bob, casting, color. See tlie nouns.— Dry con-
fections. See confection.— JiTy cooper. See cooper.—
Dry cupping. See cuppiwj, i.— Dry digging, distilla-
tion, exchange, mass, measure, pile, etc. See the
nouns.— Dry plate, in 2j/to?o<7., a sensitized plate of which
the sensitive film is hard and dry, so that it can be packed
away, and, if protected from light, will keep for a con-
siderable time before being used to make a negative or
a positive picture. Various processes for preparing dry
plates have been experimented with almost since the ear-
liest diffusion of photography ; but most of these processes
afforded plates of very uncertain quality, slow in opera-
tion, and exceedingly tmreliable in their property of keep-
ing. Dry plates have comparatively recently come into
general use, in great measure superseding the old wet
plates, owing to the adoption of gelatin as a medium for
the sensitizing agent (bromide of silver), which is formed
into an emulsion with the gelatin, and spread in a thin
film upon some support, as glass, paper, or metaL Such
plates require a remarkably short exposure to make a
picture, are very convenient to handle, since the operator
can make a number of exposures at one time and place,
and can perform the chemical operations of development,
etc., at his convenience, weeks afterward, if necessary, at
any other place, instead of being forced, as with wet
plates, to finish his picture at once. Moreover, the gela-
tin film is so tough that it is hardly necessary to varnish
a dry-plate picture, as is indispensable with the tender
collodion film ; and these plates can be prepared conmier-
cially at small cost and of even quality. Their chief defect
is that they cannot, as now made, be trusted to keep un-
impaired in warm, damp weather, while unexposed or un-
developed, unless carefully protected from the air (in air-
tight boxes). — Dry process. See process. — Dry season,
a fishing season during whicli tish are scarce. [Local, New
England.] — Dry service. See dry mans, under massi.
— Dry way, a method of assaying by tlie aid of fire, or in
a furnace or nmffle ; the opposite of assaying in the humid
way, when the conil)ination to be assayed, or, more prop-
erly, analyzed, exists in solution, or in the liquid form. —
High and dry. See AiirA.-To boll dry. See6ot(2.
n. n.; pi. dries (driz). 1. A place where
things are dried; a drying-house.
In the tanks it [clay] is allowed to settle until it acquires
a thick creamy consistency, when it is transferred to the
drying-house or dry. Kncyc. Brit., XIV. 1.
2. In American political slang, a member of
the Prohibition party. — 3. In masonry, a fis-
sure in a stone, intersecting it at various angles
to its bed and rendering it unfit to support a
load.
dry (dri), V. ; pret. and pp. dried, ppr. drying.
[< ME. dryen, drien, drigen, dry gen, etc., < AS.
drygan, drigan, tr., dry, drugian, intr., become
dry (= D. droogen = LG. drdgen, driigen, dry),
(.dryge, dry: see dry, a.] I. tran^. 1. To make
dry ; free from water or from moisture of any
kind, and by any means, as by wiping, evapo-
ration, exhalation, or drainage; desiccate: as,
to dry the eyes; to dry hay; 'svind dries the
earth ; to dry a meadow or a swamp.
After drie hem in the Sonne, a nyghtes
Leve hem not tliroute, and then in places colde
Lette bonge hem uppe.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.),p. 117.
dry-as-dust
With eyes scarce dried, the sorrowing dame
To welcome noble Marmion came.
Scott, Marmion, iv. 12.
2. To cause to evaporate or exhale ; stop the
flow of: as, to dry out the water from a wet
garment.
Chang'd Peace and Pow'r for Rage and Wars,
Only to dry one Widow's Tears. Prior, Alma, 1.
3. To wither; parch.
A man of God, by Faith, first strangely dri'd.
Then heal'd again, that Khigs vnholy hand.
Sylvester, tr. of Du liartas's Triumph of Faith, iiii. 8.
This wasted body.
Beaten and bruis'd with arms, dri^d up with troubles.
Is good for nothing else but quiet now, sir.
And holy prayers. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, i. 3.
Cut and dried. See cut, p. o.— Dried alum. Same as
burnt alum (which see, under- aium). — To diy up. (a)
To deprive wholly of moisture ; scorch or parch with arid-
ity.
Their honourable men are famished, and their multi-
tude dried up with thirst. Isa. v. 13.
(b) To evaporate completely; stop the flow of: as, the
fierce heat dried up all the streams.
Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemary
On this fair corse. Shak., R. and J., iv. 5.
II. intrans. 1. To lose moisture; become
free from moisture. — 2. To evaporate; be ex-
haled ; lose fluidity : as, water dries away rap-
idly; blood dries quickly on exposure to the
air.— To dry up. (a) To become thoroughly dry ; lose
all moisture. (6) To be wholly evaporated ; cease to flow.
(c) To wither, as a limb, (ti) To cease talking ; be silent.
[Low.]
Dry up :— no, I won't dry up. I'll have my rights, if I
die for 'em, ... so you had better dry up yourself.
P. Reeves, Student's Speaker, p. 79.
dryad (dn'ad), n. [= D. G. Dan. dryade = Sw.
dryad = F. dryade = Sp. driade, driada = Pg.
dryas = It. driada, driade, < L. dryas (dryad-),
< Gr. ipvd( (dpvad-), a wood-nymph, < Spl(, a
tree, esp. and commonly the oak, = E. tree,
q. V. Cf. hamadryad.'] 1. In myth., a deity or
nymph of the woods ; a nymph supposed to re-
side in trees or preside over woods. See hama-
dryad.
Soft she withdrew, and, like a wood-nymph light.
Oread or Dryad, or of Delia's train.
Betook her to the groves. MUton, P. L., ix. 387.
Thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees, . . .
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
Knock at the rough rind of this ilex-tree, and summon
forth the Dryad. Hawthorne, Marble Faun, ix.
2. In zoiil., a kind of dormouse, Myoxus dryas.
Dryades (dri'a-dez), «. pi. [NL.] A group of
butterflies, named from the genus Dryas. Hiih-
ner, 1816.
dryadic (dn-ad'ik), a. [< dryad + -jc] Of or
pertaining to dryads.
He could hear the woods declaiming in vibrant periods,
although he could translate none of these dryadic tones
that came from the trees. The Atlantic, LXI. 669.
Dryandra (dri-an'dra), «. [NL., named after
Jonas Dryander, a Swedish-English botanist
(1748-1810).] A large genus of Australian
shrubs, natural order Proteacto?, with hard, dry,
evergreen, generally serrated leaves, and com-
pact cylindrical clusters of yellow flowers. A
few species are occasionally cultivated in green-
houses.
Dryas (dri'as), n. [NL., < L. dryas, a dryad:
see dryad.'] 1. A small genus of rosaceous
plants, found in alpine and arctic regions of the
northern hemisphere. They are small prostrate
shrubs with large white or yellow fiowers, followed by a
number of long feather-awned achenes. The mountain
avens, D. octopetala, is amphigean, and from it the arctic
D. inteyri/olia is hardly distinct. The only other species,
D. DrtnnmoTidii, is peculiar to the Rocky Mountains of
British America.
2. In entom.: (a) A genus of butterflies, of
which D. paphia is the type and sole species.
(6) Another genus of butterflies. Also called
Aculhua. Hiibtier, 1816; Felder, 1865.
dry-as-dust (dri'as-dusf), a. and n. [That is,
dry as dust; used as the name of "Dr. Dryas-
dust," the feigned editor or introducer of some
of Scott's novels, and by later -writers in allu-
sion to this character.] I. a. Very dry or un-
interesting; prosaic.
That sense of large human power which the mastery
over a great ancient language, itself the key to a magnifi-
cent literature, gave, and which made scholarship then a
passion, while jvith us it has almost relapsed into an anti-
quarian dry-as-dust pursuit.
R. //. Ilutton, Modern Guides of English Thought, p. 193.
So much of the work is really admirable that one the
more regrets the large proportion of the trivial and the
dryasdust. Athenceum, No. 3084, p. 739.
H. n. A dull, dry, prosaic person.
Not a mere antiquarian dryasdust.
British Quarterly Rev., LXXXIII. 17a.
dry-beat
dry-beatf (dri'bet), r. t. To beat (a thing) till
it becomes dry ; hence, to beat severely.
1 will dry-beat you with an iron wit.
Shak., R. auJ J., Iv. 5.
Rng, Xot one word more, my maids ; break off, break off.
Biron. By heaven, all dry-beaten with pure scoff !
Shak., L. L. L., V. 2.
He by dry-beating him mi^lit make him at least sensible
of blcjws. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. S;J4.
dry-bone (dri'bdn), n. In mining, the ore of
zinc, chiefly the silicate, which occurs, mixed
with lead ore, in the mines of the upper Missis-
sippi lead re^on.
dry-boned (dri'bond), a. Having dry bones;
without Hesh. Imp. Diet.
dry-castor (dri'kas'tor), ». A species of bea-
ver. Sometimes c&WeA parchment-bearer,
dry-cup (dri'kup), r. t. To apply the cupping-
glass to without scarification.
£y-cupping (dri'kup'ing), n. See cupping.
dry-Ctire (ili-i'kiir), r. t. To cure (fish, meat,
hides, etc.) by salting and drying, as distin-
guished from pickling.
£y-ditcht (dri'dich), i'. t. To labor at without
result, as one who digs a ditch in which no
water will flow.
There would be no end to repeat with how many quar-
rels this unfttrtunate Bishop was pruvok"d, yet his adver-
saries did but dry-ilitck tlieir matters, and digged in vain,
though they still cast up earth.
Bp. Uaekel, Abp. Williams, iL 98.
dry-dock (dii'dok), n. See dock^.
dryer, «. See drier.
dry -eyed (dri'id), a. Tearless; not weeping.
si;.'ht so deform what heart of rock could loiif;
Dni ei/.'d behold? MUton, p. L., xi. 495.
dry-fatt (dri'fat), n. Same as dry-vat.
diy-flstt (dri'flst), n. A niggardly person. Ford.
dry-fisted (dri'fis'ted), a. Niggardly.
lirit-Jitted patrons. Newtt/rom Pamastus.
dryfoot (dri'fut), adr. [< ME. drye foot, dru
fot, drtii fot, drigefot, adverbial aeo. ; AS. dat.
pi. drygum Jotum, on dry feet.] 1. With dry
feet; on dry land. — 2. In the manner of a
dog which piursues game by the scent of the
foot.
A hound that nuu coanter, and yet drawi dry-foot well.
Shak., C. of E., Iv. 2.
My old muter intends to follow my young master, dry-
/<Kit. over Moorflelds to Ixjndon.
B. Jonton, Erery Man in his Humour, ii. 2.
dry-foundered (drl'fonn'dferd), a. Foundered,
as a horse.
If he kick thus 1' the dog-days, he will be dry-fourtder'd.
Brau. ami Ft., King and Ho King, r. 3.
dry-goods (dri'gudz), n. pi. Te.xtile fabrics,
and related or analogous articles of trade (as
cloth, shawls, blankets, ribbons, thread, yam,
hosiery, etc.), in distinction from groceries,
hardware, etc.
Hi hone* were laden on the beach near Benacre with
dry ffoodt, . . . and on the aoth of the same month 40
horses were laden with dry yood* at Kartley by riders well
armed. Rep. of llotue o/ Commont on Smugfflinff, 1745.
dry-house (dri'hous), n. Same as drying-house.
To twive woollen )>o)>)iins retain their size and shape after
they are put int^j a hot mill, tlie wood moat be thoroughly
seasoned In a good, well heated dry house.
Maart/aeturer^ Rev., XX. 217.
drying (dri'ing). a. [Ppr. of dry, r.] 1. Serv-
ing to diy; adapted to exhaust moisture: as, a
drying wind or day. — 2. Having the quality of
rapidir becoming dry and hard: as, a drying
oil. See inl.
drying-box (dn'ing-boks), n. In photog., an
oven or a <'iipl)oard neated by a gas- or oil-stove,
or otherwise, and used to dry and harden gela-
tin plates, phototypes, et«.
drying-case (dri'ing-kas), ». A copper case
inclosed in a bot-water chamber, employed in
drying tissues and hardening balsam prepara-
tions for tlio microscope.
drying-chamber (dri'ing-cham'btr), n. See
elm mill r.
drying-floor (dri'inp-flor), n. See floor.
drying-house (dri'ing-bous), n. A building,
room, etc., in eatablidbments of many different
kinds, as gunpowder-works, dye-houses, fruit-
drying establishments, etc., where goods orma-
^ terials are dried in an artificially raised tem-
perature ; a drying-chamber. Abo dry-house,
drijinii-ronm.
drying-machine (dri'ing-ma-shen'), n. Ama-
chine uscil in bleaching, dyeing, and laundry
establishments, consisting of two concentric
drums or cylinders, one within the other, open
at th<! top, and having the inner cylinder per-
forated with holes. The goods to be dried are placed
1785
within the inner cylinder, and the machine is then made
to rotate with great velocity, when, by the action of cen-
trifugal force, the water escapes through tlie lioles. The
action of the drying-maclline is the same in principle as
that witnessed when a person trundles a mop to dry it.
Also called extractor.
drying-off (dri'ing-of), n. The process by
wnich an amalgam of gold is evaporated, as in
gilding.
drying-plate (dri'ing-plat), n. One of a series
of frames in a malt-kiln, covered with woven
wire, and placed one over the other, so that
the hot air from the flues beneath may ascend
through them and dry malt placed in them,
drying-tube (dn'ing-tub), ». A tube filled
with some material having a great avidity for
moisture, such as calcium
chlorid, sulphuric acid, or
phosphoric anhydrid, and used
to dry a cxirrent of gas which
is passed through it, or to
retain the moisture evolved
from a substance so that it
can be weighed.
Dryininae (dn-i-ni'ne), ». pi.
[NL., < l>ryinus + -ina.'] A
subfamily of parasitic hyme-
nopterous insects, of the fam-
ily Froctotrupidw, founded by
Drying-tube. Haliday in 1840. They are dis-
tinguished by having a tongue-like
addition to the hind wings, or, when the wings are want-
ing in the female, by enlarged raptorial front feet. The
wingless species resemble ants.
Dryinus (dri'i-nus), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804),
< Gr. dpvtvoi (of a tree, esp. of the oak) (= E.
treen), < ipvc, a tree, the oak: see dryad.'] 1.
In entom., the typical genus of I>ryinin<e, hav-
ing the vertex impressed and the wings ample.
It is wide-spread, and the species appear to be parasitic
upon leaf-hoppers. D. alriventrui of North America is an
example.
2. In herpet., a genus of whip-snakes, of the
family Dryophidte, distinguished from Dryophis
(which see) by having smooth instead of keeled
scales. J/errcm, 1820; Wagler.
dryly, drily (dri'li), adc. [< dry + -lyK] 1.
without moisture.
It looks ill, it eats drily; marry, 'tis a withered pear.
SAo*., Alls Well, L 1.
2. Without embellishment; without anything
to enliven, enrich, or entertain.
Tlie poet either drily dldactive gives us rules which
might appear abstruse even in a system of ethics, or tri-
tlingly volatile writes up<m the most unworthy subjects.
Goldtmilh, The Augustan Age in England.
3. Coldly; frigidly; without affection.
Virtue is but dryly praised and starves.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
4t. Severely; harshly; inconsiderately.
Conscious to himself how dryly the king had been used
by his council. Baeon, Henry VII.
6. With apparently unintentional or sly hu-
mor or sarcasm.
Drymodes (dri-mo'dez), «. [NL. (Gould, 1840),
< <ir. ApvfiudrK, woody (of the wood), < dpv/ioc, a
coppice, wood, an oak-coppice (< dpv^, a tree,
esp. the oak), + fi(5of, form.] A genus of Aus-
tralian turdoid passerine birds. Its position is
uncertain ; by some it is referred to a family
Timeliida;. Also written Drymaaedus.
Drymoeca (dn-me'kft), n. [NL. (Drymoica —
Swainson, 1827), < Gr. dpvp6c, a coppice, +
oucof, house, > o'lKeiv, dwell.] 1. A genus of
small dentirostral oscine passerine birds, con-
taining numerous characteristic African spe-
cies known as grans-tcarblers : now commonly
merged in Cisticola. — 2. [J. c] A member of
this genus.
Also Drymoica.
Drymomys (drim'o-mis), n. [NL. (Tschudi,
l,s4r)), < dr. Spv/id^, a coppice, -I- //iif, a mouse.]
A notable genus of South American sipmodont
rodents, of the family Muridai and subfamily
Murinee, They have the upper lip cleft, the ears large,
the tail long and scaly, the lncis<jrs furrowed on the sides,
and the molars small, the flrst of them with S pairs of tu-
bercles, the second with 2 pairs, and the third with 1 pair.
dry-multure (dri'mul'tur), «. In iScots laio, a
sum of money or quantity of com paid yearly
to a mill, whether those liable in the payment
grind their grain at the mill or not. See tliirl-
age.
dryness (dri'nes), n. [Formerly also driness;
< ME. drynesse, < AS. drygnes, drignes, etc., <
dryge, dry: see dry and -ness.] The character or
state of being dry. Specifically — (o) Freedom from
moisture; lackof water or other fluid; aridity; arldness.
(fi) Barrenness; Jejuneness; want of that which interests,
enlivens, or entertains: as, the drynesn of style or expres-
sion ; the dryness of a subject, (c) Want of feeling or
Dryolestes
sensibility in devotion; want of ardor; as, dryness of
spirit. ((0 In paintinij, harshness and formality of out-
line, or want of mellowness and harmony in color, (e)
In sctUp., want of tenderness in form.
dry-nurse (dri'ners), ». 1. A nurse who at-
tends and feeds a child, but does not suckle it.
Compare wet-nurse. — 2. One who stands to an-
other in a relation somewhat similar; hence, es-
pecially, an inferior who instructs his superior
in his duties. [Slang.]
Grand caterer and dry-nurse of the Church. Cowper.
dry-nurse (dri'ners), v.t. 1. To feed, attend,
and bring up without suckling. — 2. To in-
struct in the duties of a higher rank or position
than one's own. [Slang.]
When a superior officer does not know his duty, and is
instructed in it by an inferior ofticer, he is said to be dry-
nursed. The inferior nurses the superior as a dry-nurse
rears an infant. Brewer.
Dryobalanops (dri-o-bal'a-nops), n. [NL., <
Gr. (!pi«,iu>.ai'of, an acorn (< Spvq, a tree, esp.
the oak, -1- (ia^Mvoq, an acorn or any similar
fruit), + uTp, face, appearance.] A small ge-
Flowerijig Branch of Cajnphor-trec { Dryebalanofs arofna/t'ea).
nns of trees, belonging to the natural order Dip-
terocarpew, natives of the Malay archipelago.
The principal species, D. aroiiieUica, is remarkable as the
source of the B<^meo or .Sumatra camphor, which is found
filling cracks or cavities in the wood. See camphor.
Dryocopus (dri-ok'o-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. rfpif, a
tree, esp. the oak, + -ko-oc, < Kometv, cut.] 1. A
genua of woodpeckers, of which the great black
Great Black Woodpeclcer {Dryocpfiuj martius).
woodpecker of Europe, Dryocopus martius, is
the type. This bird Is one of the largest of Its tribe,
black with a scarlet crest, and resembles somewhat the
Ivory-billed and pileated woodpeckers of the I'nited States.
It inhabits northerly portions of Europe. Bote, 1826.
2. A genus of South American tree-creepers.
Also Dendrocincla. Maximilian, 1831.
Dryodromas (dri-od'ro-mas), n. [NL. (Hart-
laiib and Finsch, 1869), < Gr. Spvc, a tree, esp.
the oak, -t- fipopa^, running, < Spapelv, run,] A
genus of African warblers, the dryodromes, as
1). fulricnpilla of South Africa.
dryodrome (dn'o-drom), «. A bird of the genus
Dryodrrnnas.
Diryolestes (dri-o-les'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. ('piT,
a tree, esp. the oak, -I- Iriarr/^, a robber.] A
genus of fossil pantotherian mammals of the
Dryolestes
Jurassic ago, remains of which are found in the
Atlantosaurus beds of the Rocky Mountain re-
gion of North America, indicating an animal
related to the opossum.
Dryolestidse (dri-o-les'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Dryolestes + -idrt'.] A family of extinct mar-
supial mammals, represented by the genus Dry-
olestes.
Dryoptaidse (dri-of'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dry-
ophis + -i(f<p.] A family of aglyphodont or
colubriform serpents; the whip-snakes. They
have an extremely slender form and a greenish color ;
their haitits are arboreal, and they inhabit warm countries.
The pupil is horizontal, and the dentition characteristic;
the snout is sometimes prolonged into a flexible appen-
daiie. There are several genera.
Dryophis (dri'o-fis), n. [NL., < Gr. <5piic, a tree,
esp. the oak, -f- 6(j>i^, snake.] A genus of colu-
briform serpents, typical of the family Dryophi-
dai, or whip-snakes, having no nasal appendage
and keeled scales. D. acuminata ana D. ar-
gentea are two Sotith American species.
Dryopithecus (dri'o-pi-the'kus), n. [NL., <
Gr. Apvc, a tree, esp. the oak, = E. tree, + Ttidr/-
(cof, an ape.] A genus of extinct anthropoid
apes from the Miocene of France, of large size
and among the highest simians, regarded by
Gervais and Lartet as most closely related to
the early ancestors of man. These apes were
of nearly human stature, and were probably
arboreal and frugivorous.
Dryoscopus (dri-os'ko-pus), n. [NL. (Boie,
1826), < Gr. dpic, a tree, esp. the oak, -1- anoirelv,
view.] An extensive genus of shrikes, of the
family Laniidee, containing about 22 species,
all confined to Africa. The type is D. mbla. The
bill is always hooked and notched, but varies in propor-
tion of height to width in diJferent species. The nostrils
are oval and exposed, the wings and tail rounded and of
about equal lengths, and the tarsi scutellate. The plu-
mage of the back and rump is extremely fluffy ; the colora-
tion is black and white, sometimes with an ochraceous
tinge but without any bright colors, and is alike in both
sexes. Also called Hapalonotu^, Chawtuyiiotus, and Rhyn-
chantatng.
dry-point (dri' point), n. and a. I. re. 1. A
steel instrument or etching-needle with a sharp
point, used by etchers to cut delicate lines on
copperplates from which the etching-ground
has been removed. The bur raised by the cutting of
the metal is either left standing on one side of the furrow
to catch the printing-ink and produce a mezzotint etfect
of more or less deep tone, or removed with the burnisher
so that the line may yield a clean impression.
2. The process of engraving with the dry-point.
H. a. In engraving, an epithet applied to a
line made with the dry-point, or to an engrav-
ing produced by means of that instrument.
dry-pointing («iri'poin''ting), n. The grinding
of needles aud table-forks.
Drypta (di-ip'ta), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1801), ir-
reg. < Gr. dph-zTtiv (?), tear, strip.] A genus of
adephagous beetles, of the family Carabidce.
They are of small size and slend'er, graceful form. There
are 20 to 30 species, confined to the old world, especially
well repj;esenteti in the East Indies and Africa ; only 2 are
European. D, rnurffinata of Europe is the type.
Dryptidaet (drip'ti-de), n. pi. [NL. (Laporte,
1834), < Drypta + -idee.] Afamilyof Coleoptera,
named from the genus Drypta, now merged in
Carabidce.
dry-rent (dri'rent), n. In laic, a rent reserved
without clause of distress.
dryrihedt, »»• A false spelling of drearihead.
dry-rot (dri 'rot), «. 1. A decay affecting
timber, occasioned by various species of fun-
gi, the mycelium of
which penetrates the
timber, destroying
it. Potyporux hyhridus
causes the dry-rot of oak-
built ships ; Meruliua la-
cryiiums is the most com-
mon and roost formida-
ble dry-rot fungus, found
chiefly in fir- and pine-
wood. Poly porus destruc-
tor is common in Ger-
many. Damp, unventilated situations are most favorable
to the development of dry-rot fungi. Dry wood is not
attacked. Various methods have been proposed for the
prevention of dry-rot; that most in favor is to thoroughly
saturate the wood with creosote, which makes it unfit for
vegetation. (See A:yanizi?i*7.) Animal dry-rot is also found
to be occasioned by the attack of fungi.
2. Figuratively, a concealed or unsuspected in-
ward deoajf or degeneration, as of public mor-
als or public spirit.
dry-ruD (dri' rub), v. t. To make clean by rub-
bing without wetting.
dry-salt (dri' salt), v. t. To cure (fish, meat,
hides, etc. ) by salting and drying ; dry-cure.
drysalter (dri'sal'tfer), «. [< dry-salt, v., +
■eri.] If. A dealer in salted or dried meats,
pickles, sauces, etc.
Dry-rot Fungus {Merulius tacry-
fftans).
1786
I Iwcame a merchant — a wholesale trafficker ... in
everything, from barrels of gtinpowder down to a pickled
herring. In the civic acceptation of the word, I am a
merchant ; amongst the vulgar, I am called a drysalter.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, III. ii.
2. A dealer in dyestuffs, chemical products,
etc. [Great Britain.]
drysaltery (dri'sal't^r-i), «. [< dry-salt + -ery."]
1. The business of a diysalter. — 2. The articles
kept by a drysalter.
dry-shod (dii'shod), a. Having dry shoes or
feet.
Dry-shod to passe she parts the flouds in tway.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 20.
Those Feet, that dry-shod past the Crimsin Gulf,
Now dance (alas !) before a Molten Calf.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Lawe.
dry-stone (dri'ston), a. Composed of stones
not cemented with mortar: as,'' dry stone vraUB,"
Scott.
dry-stove (dri'stov), n. A glazed structure for
containing plants which are natives of dry cli-
mates.
drytht, n. [< dry + -th; a mod. formation, as
a var. of drouth, with direct ref. to dry. See
drought^, drouth.'] Same as drought^.
dry-vatt (dri'vat), n. A basket, box, or pack-
ing-case for containing articles of a dry kind.
Also dry-fat.
I am a broken vessel, all runs out :
A shrunk old dry/at.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, iii. 2.
Charles has given o'er the world ; I'll undertake
... to buy his birthright of him
For a dry-fat of new books.
Fletcher {and another). Elder Brother, i. 2.
D. S. -An abbreviation of dal segno,
d/s. An abbreviation of days' sight, common in
commercial writings : as, a bill payable at 10
d/s. (that is, ten days after sight).
D. Sc. An abbreviation of Doctor of Science.
dso, n. [E. Ind.] A valuable hybrid between
the yak and the common cow. Encyc. Brit.,
XIV. 197.
D-string (de'string), re. The third string on
the vioUn, and the second on most other in-
struments played with a bow ; the third string
on the guitar.
duad (du'ad), re. [Var. of dyad, after L. d«o,
two : see dyad, dual.] 1 . Same as dyad. — 2. In
math., an unordered pair; two objects consid-
ered as making up one, and as the same one
whichever is taken first.
duadic (dii-ad'ik), a. 1. Same as dyadic. — 2.
In math., composed of unordered pairs.
dual (du'al), a. and re. [< L. dualis, of two (in
gram. tr. Gr. SvM;), < duo = Gr. 6vo = E. two,
q. v.] I. a. 1. Relating to two ; specifically,
in gram., expressing two, as distinguished from
singular, expressing one, and from plural, ex-
pressing more than two. The languages of our fam-
ily originally had a dual number, both in declension and in
conjugation ; it is preserved in Sanskrit and Gfreek, and
less fully in other tongues, as Gothic. Dual forms also
occur in other families.
2. Composed or consisting of two parts, quali-
ties, or natures, which may be separately con-
sidered ; twofold ; binary ; dualistic : as, the
dual nature of man, spiritual and corporeal.
Faint glimpses of the dual life of old.
Inward, grand with awe and reverence ; outward, mean
and coarse and cold. Whittier, Garrison of Cape Ann.
II. n. In gram., the nupiber relating to two ;
the dual number.
The employment of a dual for the pronouns of the first
and second persons marks an early date.
Genesis and Exodus i^. E. T. S.), Pref., p. xiv.
dualin (dii'a-lin), n. [< dual, of two, + -i»2.]
A mixture of 30 parts of fine sawdust, 20 of
saltpeter, and 50 of nitroglycerin, used as an
explosive. Also called dualin-dynamite.
dualism (da'a-lizm), «. [= F. dualisme = Sp.
Pg. It. dualismo = D. G. dualismus =Dan. dua-
lisme = Sw. dualism; a.s dual + -ism.'] 1. Divi-
sion into two; a twofold division; duality.
An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing
is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole : as,
spirit, matter ; man, woman ; odd, even ; subjective, ob-
jective ; in, out ; upper, under ; motion, rest ; yea, nay. . . .
The same dualism underlies the nature and condition of
man. Emerson, Compensation.
2. In philos., in general, that way of thinking
which seeks to explain all sorts of phenomena
by the assumption of two radically independent
and absolute elements, without any continuous
gradation between them : opposed to monism.
In particular, the term is applied — (a) To the doctrine
that spirit and matter exist as distinct substances, thus
being opposed both to idealism and to materialism.
Berkeley then is right in triumphing over Realism and
Dualunn. Kight in saying that if lie were to accord them
dub
the existence of matter they could make no use of it. The
sutjject would remain as dark as before. G. H. Lewes,
(b) 'I'o the doctrine of a double absolute, especially a prin-
ciple of good aud a principle of evil, or a male and a fe-
male principle.
Rudimentary forms of DuaZism, the antiigonism of a Good
and Evil Deity, are well known among the lower races of
mankind. E. B. Tylor, ITim. Culture, II. 287.
3. In theol. : (a) The doctrine that there are two
independent divine beings oreternal principles,
one good and the other evil : characteristic es-
pecially of Parsism and various Gnostic sys-
tems. (6) The heretical doctrine, attributed
to Nestorius by his opponents, of the twofold
personality of Christ, the divine logos dwelling
as a separate and distinct person in the man
Christ Jesus, and the union of the two natures
being somewhat analogous to the indwelling
of the Holy Spirit in the believer; that view of
the personality of Christ which regards him as
consisting of two personalities. — 4. In chem.,
a theory advanced by Berzelius which assumed
that every compound, whether simple or com-
plex, must be constituted of two parts of which
one is positively and the other negatively elec-
trified. Thus, for example, sodium sulphate is put toge-
ther not from sulphur, oxygen, aud sodium, but from sul-
phuric acid and soda, which can themselves be separated
into positive and negative constituents. Muir, Principles
of Chemistry.
5. In general, any system or theory involving
a duality of principles Creatural dualism. See
creatural. — Hypothetic dualism, ^et! hypothetic. — Nat-
ural dualism, the doctrine of a real suijject and a real
object in cognition accepted unreflectively. — Persian
dualism, the doctrine of a good and an evil active princi-
ple struggling against each other in the government of
human affairs and destiny, — Realistic dualism, the
doctrine that the universe consists of two kiiuls of reali-
ties, spirit and matter.
dualist (du'a-list), n. [= F. dualiste = Sp. Pg.
It. dualista = D. Dan. Sw. dualist; as dual +
-ist.] One who holds the doctrine of dualism
in any of its forms ; an opponent of monism ;
especially, one who admits the existence both
of spirit and of matter. Craig.
dualistic (dii-a-lis'tik), a. [= F. dualistiquc (cf.
D. G. dualistisch — Dan. Sw. dualistisk) ; as du-
alist + -ic. ] 1 . Consisting of two ; characterized
by duality. — 2. Of or pertaining to dualism;
not monistic.
The dualistic doctrine of a separate mind is therefore
based upon an artificial and impassible separation of the
two necessarily co-existent sides of thought-life, namely,
the plastic and the functional.
ilaudsley, Body and Will, p. 118.
In the Mazdean orZoroastrian religion we have the best
example of a dualistic faith. Faiths oj the World, p. 350.
duality (du-al'i-ti), re. [< ME. dualitie = F. du-
alite= Pr. duatitat = Sp. dualidad = Pg. duali-
dade = It. dualitA, < L. as if *dualita{t-)s, < du-
alis, dual : see dual.] The state of being two,
or of being di-vided into two; twofold division
or character; twoness.
Tliis dualitie after determission is founden in euery
creature, be it neuer so single of onhed.
Testament of Love, ii.
Though indeed they be really divided, yet are they so
united as they seem but one, and make rather a duaiity
than two distinct souls.
Sir T. Browne, Eeligio Medici, iL 6.
To the schoolmen the duality of the universe appeared
under a different aspect.
Huxley, Nineteenth Century, XXI. 192.
The principle of duality, in rjeom., the principle that
in any pro]iosition not involving measure, if for "point"
be everywhere substituted '-plane," and vice versa, the
latter proposition will be as true as the former.
Upon this supposition of a positive curvature, the whole
of geometry is far more complete and interesting ; the
principle of duality, instead of iialf breaking-down over
metric relations, applies to all propositions without ex-
ception. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 323.
duan (dii'an), re. [< Gael, duan, a poem, canto,
ode, song, ditty, oration, = Ir. duan, a poem,
song. Cf. Ir. duar, a word, saying, duas, a
poet.] A division of a poem; a canto; also, a
poem or song. Burns; Byron.
duarcby (du'ar-ki), re.; pi. duarchies (-kiz).
[Prop. *dyarchy, < Gr. dvo, =: E. two, + -apx'",
< apxeiv, rule.] Government by two persons;
diarchy (which see).
Siam is practically a monarchy, although nominally a
duurehy, the second king hardly holding the power of a
vice-king. Harper's Weekly, XXVIII. 330.
dubi (dub), V. t.; pret. and pp. dubbed, ppr.
dubbing. [< ME. dubben, rarely dohben, doub-
hen, dub (also in comp. adubben : see aduh), <
late AS. "duhban (only once in pret. dubbade :
" Se oyng [William the Conqueror] dubbade his
sunn Henric to ridere," the king dubbed his
son Henry a knight) (whence the equiv. Icel.
dubba til riddara, Sw. dubba till riddare; Icel.
dubba, also, equip with arms, dress), < OF.
dub
'doitber, "doher, duher, in comp. adouher, ado-
ber. aduber, adubber, adoubber, adobber, equip
with arms, invest with armor, dress, prepare,
repair, adjust, mod. F. adoubir, adjust (a piece
in chess), adouber, radoubcr, repair (a ship, etc.)
(= Sp. adobar, prepare, dress, pickle, cook, tan,
et«. (hence Sp. and E. adobe), = OPg. adubar
= It. addobbare, dress, deck, adorn; so ML.
adobare, equip with arms, invest with armor,
dub as knight, dress, repair, adorn, etc.), < a-,
L. (id-, to, + douber, duber, adjust, arrange.
1787
dnb^ (dub), n. [E. dial, and Sc. : see *62.] A
puddle ; a small pool of foul, stagnant water.
They rudely ran with all their might,
Spared neither dud nor mire.
Bebin Hood and the Beggar (CUUs Ballads, V. 196).
Tarn skelplt on thro' dub and mire.
Despising wind, and rain, and fire.
Surns, Tam o' Shanter.
dub-a-dub (dub'a-dub'). [Seedu62. Ct. rub-a-
dub.] An imitation of the sound of a drum.
See second extract under dritm^, 1.
dubasb (do'bash), «. Same as dohhash.
[Ar. (>Pers.)du6&, abear.] A
Syrian bear.
dubbeh (dub'e), «. [Ar. ddbba.'} The mod-
ern Egyptian name of the common wooden
lock used in Cairo and elsewhere in the East.
It has a square bolt of wood, sometimes as much as two
feet long, in which are a numl>er of holes arranged in a
pattern ; a movable block, above and resting upon the
lK)lt, has iron pcfis corresponding to the holes in the bolt.
The key, also of wood, has also pegs or pins by means of
which the pins of the lock ai-e pushed up, allowing the bolt
to Klide. Also spelled dahbeh.
repair, prob. of OLG. origin, meaning orig. O^gasfl do Da:
•strike' (whence, in two independent appliea- aUDD i,uuu;, «.
tious, (a) 'strike, give the accolade,' with refer- ."l"?^^'/?!?;
ueetothatpartof the ceremony of knighting, ""f""*" i<mn >
.vhence, in general, equip with arms, invest
with armor, dress, adorn, etc., and (6) 'strike,
beat, dress, prepare,' in various mechanical
uses; not found in ME.); cf. OF. dober, dauber,
beat, swiuge, thwack (In part identical with
dober, dauber, piaster, daub: see daub); < East
Fries, dubba, beat, slap (Koolman), = OSw. ^
dubba, strike (Ihre), appar. orig. in part imita- dxxbber^t, «• A furbisher of old clothes. York
tive; cf. dub^. Cf. also <ta6l.] 1. To strike Plnus, Int., p. Ixxv.
with a sword in the ceremony of making one dubber^ (dub'fer), n. [Bepr. Gujerati dabaro
a knight; hence, to make or designate as a
knight ; invest with the knightly character.
He lokede
As is the kynde of a knyght that cometh to be doubed.
Piers Plowman (C), xxL 11.
He. [the Xayro) Is dul/bed or created by the king, who
commaundeth to gird him with a sword, and laying his
ri>!ht hand vjion his head, muttereth certaine wordeg soft-
ly, and afterward dubbeth him.
Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 495.
The king stood up under his cloth of state, took the
sworil from the lord protector, and dubbed the lord mayor
of Londou knight Uayminl.
Moiuieur Mingo for qnafflng doth •orpaa*,
In cup, or can, or glass;
God Bacchus do me right.
And dub mo knight
Domingo.
Niuh, Summer's Lut Will and Testament
(TUs catch, a scrap of which is also put into the mouth of
SneDoe Id Shakxpere's 2 ileury IV., v. 3, alludes to a con-
TiTial ciutoni, according tu which he who drank a large
potation of wine or i>tber liquor, on his knees, to the health
of his mistress, was jocularly said to lie dubbed a knight,
and retained his title for the evening.)
Hence — 2. To confer a new character or any
dignity or name upon ; entitle ; speak of its.
O Poet : thou had'st been discreeter, . . .
If thou had'st duMd thy Star a MeU-or,
That did but blaze, and rove, ami die.
Prior, On the Taking of Namur, st li
A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth.
Pope, Imit of Horace, I. tL 81.
Tka setUefB have dubbed this the cabhaKc-tree.
The Century, X.VVII. 98).
8t. To invest with the dress and insignia of a
knight, or with any distinctive character; in
general, to dress; ornament; embellish.
He llbe Lord) dubbed him wit oar liknes.
Kng- Heir. HomUiet (ed. J. Small), p. 12.
(It was) dubbed oner with dyamondea, that were dare
holdyn.
That wllh lemys of light as a lamp shone.
Dettruetion of Troy (E. E. T. 8.X L 1083.
(cerebral d), a leathern vessel, bottle, etc.] In
India, a large leathern vessel made of imtanned
hide of the buffalo or the goat, and used for
holding oil, ghee, etc. Also written dupper.
Did they not hoil their Butter it would be rank, but af-
ter it lias passed the Fire they kept it in Duppers, the year
round. Fryer, East India and Persia, p. 118.
dubbing (dub'ing), n. [< ME. dubbing, dob-
bijng ; verbal n. of daftl, ».] 1. The act of
making a knight ; the accolade.
A prince longeth for to do
The gode knistes dobbyng.
Shoreham, Poems, p. 15,
The dubbyng of my dlngnite may nojt be done downe,
Nowdlr with dnke nor duzeperes, my dedis are so dreste.
York Play; p. 219.
2t. Dress; ornament; trappings.
Bis corown and his kinges array
And his dubbing he did oway.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. 8.), p. 130.
3. The act of striking, cutting, rubbing, or
dressing, so as to make smooth or otherwise
adapted to a pur])Ose. (a) Dressing by means of an
adz. (6) Kubbing with grease, as leather when being cur-
ried. .See dipping, 4. (c) Raising a nap on cloth by means
of teazels.
Hence — 4. A preparation of grease for use in
cnrrying leather. — 6. The materials used for
making the liody of a fishing-fly. The term Is ap
plied more particularly to material of short fiber used in
making the body of the tly, as fur, pig's wool, or pig's
down. It is spun sparsely around the waxed wrapping-silk
anil wound on with it Tlie materials commonly used are
mohair, seal's wool, pig's wool, floss silk, and hurls of pea-
ciK'k-featber* or of oatrlch-plumes. Wool Is least used for
dubbing, especially in trout-flshing, as It absorbs too much
water and makes the fly soggy ; it is used, however, for sal-
mon-tliea, seal's wool being preferable.
Take your duMn'ni; which is to make the body of your fly,
a* much as you think convenient
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, 11. 245.
dubbing-tool (dnb'ing-tol), n. A tool for par-
ing or smoothing off an irregular surface ; an
adz.
See
And alle tho Kobes ben orfrayed alleabout«n, and duUed
falle of preciooa Stonea and ol grete oryent Perles, fulle dubh. [Ir. and Gael., black. See dAu.]
richely. MandevOU, TraveU, p. 233. ^^|^,^
4. To strike, cut, rub, or dress so as to make dubhash (de'bash), n. Same as dobhash.
smooth, or of an equal surface, (o) To cut down or dubiety (du-bl'e-ti), n. [=: Sp. dubicdad = Pg.
nduce with an adz. dubkdade= It. dubbirU), dubbietade, dubbietate.
If I wanted a board, I had no other way bnt to cut down a < h. duhietait-)^ < f/uWiM, doubtful: see rfuW-
tree, set it on an edge hi'fore me, and hew It flat on either ous.] Doubtfulness ; dubiousness.
?.
edge I
aide with ray axe, till I had brought It to be as thin as a
plank, and then dub it smooth with my adze. De Foe,
b) To nib with grease, as leather when lieing curried, (c)
^o ralaa a nap on, as cloth, by striking it with teazels, (d)
To cat aff the comb and wattles, and si^mctlmes the ear-
lobca ol (a game-cock) ; trim, (e) To dress (a flshlng-llyX
Some dub the Oak-fly with black wool, and Isabella-col-
oured mohair, and bright brownish bear's hair, warped on ,J- X.. f i-\ 1 J 7,- -J.- / f \
with yellow ilik. /. rotom. Complete Angler, p. 106, note. duWosity (du-bl-08 l-ti), n.; p\.dubwgittes{-tiz).
r= It. dubbiogttd, dubbiosilade, dubbiositate, <
A state of dubiety and suspense is ever accompanied by
nneaslness. Hiehardton,
The twilight of dubiety never falhi upon a Scotchman.
Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies.
Had the antagonist left dubiety.
Here were we proving murder a mere myth.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 75.
It Is no time to be dubbing when yon ought to be fishing.
R. B. Bootenelt, Game Fish, p. 266.
To dub out, in ptaater-vpork, to bring oat (a surface) to a
'evcl plane by pieces of wood, tiles, slate, plaster, or the
Bb^ (dnb), V. {.; pret. and pp. dubbed, ppr. certainties.
L. as if 'dubiogitd(t-)a, < duhiosus, dubious: see
dubious.'] 1. Dubiousness; doubtfulness. — 2.
Something doubtful.
Men often awaUow falsities for troths, dubiontiet for
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err.
dubUng. [Prob. orig. 'strike' (see dutA). but dubious (du'bi-us), o. [= It. dubbioso, < LL
in duh-a-ilub, rub-a-dub, considered imitutiye, ,;„/,jo,f„j, an extension of L. dw " ~
like Ar. dabdaba (a pron. like E. u), tho uoi.st
of a drum, of horses' feet, etc. The noun dub'^
isratherduetodaftl, 4 (a), dress with an adz.]
To make a quick noise, as by hammering or
drumming.
"llb2 (dub), n. [See rf«ft2, f.] A blow.
As skilful coopers hmip their tubs
'With Lydian and with Phrygian rftiAs.
S. Sutitr, Uudlbras, U. L 8fia
iininiAiiw, iuic<.i/cuuiuuuL u. dubiUS OPg. duMO,
= It. duhio, dubbio), doubtful: see doubt^.] 1.
Doubting; hesitating; wavering or fluctuating
in opinion, but inclined to doubt.
At first he seemed to be very dubtout in entertaining
any discourse with us, and gave very Impertinent answers
to the questions that we demanded of him.
Vampier, Voyages, I. 12.
Dubiout still whose word to take.
Brmminy, Ring and Book, I. 121.
dubitative
Wedderbum, the Attorney-General, was restless and du-
bious, and was anxious to oblige the Chief Justice of Com-
mon Pleas to retire, in order that he might obtain his place.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
2. Doubtful ; marked by or occasioning doubt
or uncertainty ; diflieult to determine or relieve
of uncertainty; not distinct or plain; puzzling:
as, a dubious question; a dubious light.
Sometimes the manner of speaking, even concerning
common things, is dark and dubious.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. ix.
For dubious meanings learn'd polemics strove,
And wars on faith prevented works of love.
Crabbe, Works, I. 147.
Looked to it probably as a means of solving a dubious
problem. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., xvi.
The world is full of hopeful analogies and handsome du-
bious eggs called possibilities.
George Eliot, Middleniarch, I. 91.
3. Of uncertain event or issue: as, a dubious
undertaking.
His utmost power with adverse power opposed
In dubious battel on the plains of heaven,
And shook his throne. Milton, P. L., 1. 104.
4. Liable to doubt or suspicion; of doubtful
quality or propriety ; questionable : as, a man
of dubious character; a dubious transaction;
his morals or his methods are dubious. =Syzi. 1.
Unsettled, undetermined.— 2. Doubtful, Ambiguous, etc.
(see obscure, a.); questionable, prolilematical, puzzling.
dubiously (du'bi-us-li), adv. Doubtftilly ; un-
certainly; questionably.
For first, Albertus Magnus speaks dubiously, confessing
he could not confirm the verity hereof.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 5.
dubiousness (dii'bi-us-nes), n. 1. The state of
being dubious, or inclined to doubt; doubtful-
ness.
She [Minerva) speaks with the dubiousness of a man,
not the certainty of a Goddess. Pope, Odyssey, i., note.
2. Uncertainty; the quality of being difficult
to determine, or open to doubt or question : as,
the dubiousness of a problem.
Let us therefore at present acquiesce in the dubiousness
of their antiquity. J. Philips, Splendid Shilling, Ded.
dubitable (du'bi-ta-bl), a. [< OF. dubitable =
Sp. dubitable = Pg" dubitavcl = It. dubitabile, <
li. dubitabilis, < dubitare, doubt: see dubitate,
dotibt, u.] Liable to be doubted ; doubts ; un-
certain.
All the did}itable hazards
Of fortune. Middleton, Game at Chess, ilL 1.
The ground of invocation of saints or angels being at
least dubitable, their invocation is sin.
Dr. II. More, Antidote against Idolatry, p. 25.
dubitably (dii'bi-ta-bli), adv. In a dubitable
manner. [Rare.] Iiui). Diet.
dubitancy (dii'bi-tan-si), n. [< OF. dubitance
= It. dubitanza, < ML. dubitantia, doubt, < L.
dubitaH(t-)s, ppr. of dubitare, doubt: see dubi-
tate, doubt, r.J Doubt ; uncertainty. [Eare.]
Running headlong and wilfully after the old impurities,
even then when they are most fully without all dubitaiwy
resolved, that all the joys of heaven are forfeited by this
choice. Hammond, Works, IV. 505.
dubitate (du'bi-tat), ». «'. ; pret. and pp. dubi-
tated, ppr. dubitating. [< L. dubitatus, pp. of
dubitare, doubt : see doubt, v.] To doubt ; hesi-
tate. [Bare.]
If, for example, he were to loiter dubitating, and not
come ; if he were to come, and fail.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 1.
How largely his statements are to be depended on, I
more than merely dubitate.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d sen, p. 7.
dubitatingly (du'bi-ta-ting-li), adv. Hesitat-
inglv. Carlyle.
dubitation (du-bi-ta'shon), n. [< OF. and P.
dubitation, = Pr. dubitaiio = Sp. dubitacion =
Pg. dubita^do = It. dubitazione, < L. duhita-
tio{n-), < dubitare, doubt: see dubitate, douhfl.']
"The act or state of doubting; doubt; hesitation.
In the scholastic disputations, dubitation was the condi-
tion of a disputant who had pronounced a matter to be
doubtful and was Ijound to sustain that ixisition.
Dubitation Is the beginning of all Knowledge.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 20.
The ordinary effects . . . might for' ever after be con-
fidently expected, without any dubitation.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 255.
In states of dubitation under impelling elements, the in-
stinct pointing to courageous action is, besides the man-
lier, conjecturably the right one.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 461.
dubitative (du'bi-ta-tiv), a. [= F. dubitaHf
= Pr. dubitatiu = Sp. Pg. It. dubitativo, < LL.
dubitativus, < L. dubitare, doubt: see dubitate.]
Tending to doubt ; doubting. [Rare.]
They were engaged. She had been niMilcd at. all but
eaten up, while he hung dubitaticf ; and lliough that was
the cause of his winuiug her, it olTeuded his niceuess.
O. Meredith, The Egoist, Ui.
dnbs^ (dubz), n,pL [An abbr. of doublets.^
Doublets at marbles. A player knocking two marbles
dubitatively
dubitatively (du'bi-ta-tiv-li), adv. Hesitat-
ingly; doubtingly; as'if in doubt. [Rare.]
"But oujrht I not to tell Ezra that I have seen my
father?" said Mirah, with deprecation in her tone. *'No,"
Mrs. Meyrick answered, dubitativeli/, "1 don't know that
it is necessary to do that."
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, lii.
Dnboisia (du-boi'si-a), «. [NL., named after
F. N. A. DuboiSf a French botanist and ecclesi-
astic (1752-1824).] 1. A solauaeeous genus of
plants, of Australia and New Caledonia, in-
cluding two shrubby or arborescent species.
D. myoporoides is employed in surgery for the dilatation
of the pupil, and yields an alkaloid, duboisine, identical
with hyoscyaniine. The wood is white and very soft, but
close and tirui, and excellent for carving. Tlie leaves and
twigs of the itituri. Z>. Hopicoodii, are chewed by the na-
tives as a stiniuhiting tonic.
2. [^ c] Same as duboisine,
duboisilie (du-boi'sin), ?^. [< Duboisia + -inc2.]
An alkaloid obtained from Duboisia myoporoideSj
a shrub or small tree which is a native of Aus-
tralia. In its chemical reactions and its physiological
effects it presents strong resemblances to hyoscyamine.
Also dubotsia.
• .pi. [
bles. A. .
out of the ring cries "du6«," and thereby claims both.
The ground was beaten by many feet to the liardness of
a floor, and the village boys delighted to play marbles in
this convenient spot. Their cries of "rounses," "taw,"
*'dtibs," "back licks," and "vent" might often be heard
there before and after school hours.
The Century, XXXVI. 78.
dnbs^ (dubz), n.pl. [Cf. equiv. dibs: see difts.]
Money : same as dib^, 3. [Slang.]
ducal (du'kal), a. [= F. ducal = §p. Pg. ducal =
It. ducale, C\Aj. ducalis, < L. dux (due-), a lead-
er, general, ML. duke : see duke^.l 1. Pertain-
ing to a duke : as, a dueal coronet.
Oil, salt, even flour and bread, were subject to monopoly,
and could only be sold by the ducal agents. Broughain.
2, In ornith., a term applied to certain large
terns of the subgenus Thalasseus, as Sterna
{Thalasseus) cantiaca. Cones.
dncally (dti'kal-i), adv. After the manner of
a duke; with a duke or a ducal family: as,
dueally connected.
dncape (dii'kap), «. A heavy silk, especially
black or of plain color, usually corded.
ducat (duk'at), n. [Altered in spelling from
earlier duck'at, ducket, < ME. duket (= D. du-
kaat, G. dukat, Dan. Sw. dukat), < OF. and F.
ducat = Pr. ducat = Sp. Pg. ducado = It. du-
cato, < ML. dueatus, a ducat; so called, it is
said, from the motto "Sit tibi, Christe, datus,
quem tu regis, iste dueatus" (let this duchy
which thou rulest be dedicated to thee, O
Christ), impressed on a coin struck by Roger
II. of Sicily as duke of Apulia ; < ML. dueatus,
a duchy, < L. dux {due-), a leader, ML. duke : see
duke^. Cf. dnehy, ult. a doublet of dacat] 1.
A gold coin of varying form and value, formerly
in use in several European countries. A ducat
was first issued io Apulia, alwut the middle of the twelfth
1788
3. pi. Money; cash. [Slang.] — 4. An Aus-
trian weight for gold, which has been deter-
mined by Vienna authorities to be 3.490896
grams. This unit is supposed to have been derived
through the Jews from the I'tolemaic drachma of 3,56
grams. — Ducat gold, in ceram., a name given to gilding
of brilliant color slightly in relief above the glaze, espe-
cially in the painting of fine iwrcelain.
ducatoon (duk-a-ton'), n. [Also formerly dueka-
toon, ducadoon; < F. dueaton = Sp. dueaton =
Pg. dueatdo, < It. dueatonr, aug. of ducato, a
Ducat of Ladislaus Postumus, Kinf of Hungary, A- D. 1453- 1457. —
British Museum. (Size of tile original.)
century, by the Norman duke Koger II. In 1283 a gold
ducat was struck in Venice, but the piece was afterward
called a zeccAino (sequin), the ducat becoming only a money
of account. (See def. 2.) The earliest gold coins of Ger-
many seem to have been called ducats, and this name was
applied to German gold coins of the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. Gold coins called ducats were also is-
sued in the Netherlands, in Hungary, and elsewhere. ITie
value of the ducat varied but little, the coin usually con-
tahiing from 3.42 to 3.44 grams of fine gold, worth from
$2.27 to ¥2.32.
If every du^at in six thousand ducata
Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,
I would not draw them. Shak., M. of v., iv. 1.
Take you a ducket, or your chequin of gold, and apply
to the place affected. Ji. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
After It grew tributary to the Tiirke ; yet was it gov-
erned and possessed by the Genoese, who paid for their
immunities the Annuall sum of fourteen thousand duck-
aU. Sandys, Travailes, p. 11,
2. An old money of account in the Venetian
republic.
Now whereas the Venetian d^ickat is much spoken of,
you must consider that this word duckat doth not signifie
any one certaine coyne ; but many severall liieces do con-
cnrre to make one duckat. Coryat, Crudities, II, en.
Ducatoon struck by Antonio Priuli, Dojje of Venice, A. D. r6r8- 1623. —
Britisii Museum. ( Size of ttie oriijinal.)
ducat : see ducat."] .The English name of the
dueatone, a silver coin (also called giustina) for-
merly current in the republic of Venice, and
containing nearly 398 grains of fine silver, equal
to 0.965 of the United States silver dollar.
Some gae her crowns, some ducadoons.
Oighfs Lady (Child's Ballads), VIII. 290).
The duckatoone, which containeth eii^ht livers, that is,
six shillings. This piece hath in one side the effigies of
the Duke of Venice and the Patriarch, . . . and in the
other, the figure of St. Justlna, a chast I'atavine [Paduan]
virgin. Coryat, Crudities, II. 68.
duces, n. Plural of dvj:.
duces tecum (dii'sez te'kum). [L., you will
bring with you : duces, 2d pers. sing. fut. ind.
of dueere, lead, bring (see duet) ; te, abl. of tu
= E. thou; cum, with (appended to personal
pronouns).] In law, a writ commanding a per-
son to appear in court, and to bring with him
specified documents or other things in his cus-
tody, which may be required as evidence. More
fully called subpoena duces tecum. See subpoena.
Ducnet, a. and n. An obsolete form of Dutch.
duchess (duch'es), re. [Formerly also dutchess;
< ME. duchesse, duches (also dukes, i. e., dukess),
< OF. duchesse, F.. duchesse = Pr. duquessa =
Sp. duquesa = Pg. duqueza = It. duehessa,^. ML.
dueissa (the orig. hard sound of c being retain-
ed in Rom., after the masc. form), fem. of dux
(due-), > OF. due, etc., E. duke: see duke^.'] 1.
The consort or widow of a duke, or a woman
who holds the sovereignty or titles of a duchy.
Ich am hus dere douheter, duchesse of heuene.
Piers Plowman (C), iii. 33.
The dictionary definition is far from being exhaustive,
since, obviously, where so created, or where the terms of
the patent so run, a duchess may be duchess in her own
right. There is no antinomy to resolve in the case of a
princess being also a duchess. JV. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 229,
2. A variety of roofing-slate two feet long and
one foot wide. — 3. A part of ladies' head-dress
in the seventeenth century, apparently a knot
of ribbon.
duchy (dueh'i), n. ; pi. duchies (-iz). [Also for-
merly dutchy ; < ME. duchie, duchee, duehe, <
OF. duchee, duehet, f., F. ducM, m., = Pr. ducat
— Sp. Pg. dueado = It. dttcato, < ML. dueatus,
a duchy, territory of a duke, L. dueatus, military
leadership, command, < dux (due-), a leader,
duck
ML. a duke: see duke\ and cf. ducat, dogate.^
The territory or dominions of a duke ; a duke-
dom. See duke^, 3.
duchy-court (duch'i-kort), n. The court of a
duchy ; especially, in England, the court of the
duchy of Lancaster, held before the chancellor
of the duchy or his deputy, concerning equi-
table interests in lands held of the crown in
right of this duchy.
ducipert, «• In her., same as cap of maintenance
(which see, under maintenance).
duck^ (duk), V. [< ME. "dukken (= MD. dueken
= LG. dueken, > G. dueken z= Dan. dukke, also
dykke), duck, dive, stoop; a secondary verb,
partly displacing its orig., E. dial, and Sc. douk,
dook, < ME. douken, diiken, < AS. 'ducan (found
only in deriv. duce, a duck : see duck'^) = MD.
duycken, D. duiken= MLG. daken, LG. duken =
OHG. tuhhan, MHG. tuchen, G. iauchen = Sw.
dyka, orig. intr., duck, dive, stoop.] I. intrans.
1. To plunge the head or the whole body into
water and immediately withdraw ; make a dip.
They shot marvellously at him, and he was driven some-
times to duck into the water.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 609.
Well, my dear brother, if I scape this drowning,
'Tis your turn next to sink ; you shall duck twice
Before I help you.
Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, ii. 2.
2. To nod or bob the head suddenly ; bow.
Because I cannot flatter, and look fair, . . .
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy,
I must be held a rancorous enemy.
Shak., Eich. III., i. 3.
You shall have
A Frenchman ducking lower than your knee.
At th' instant mocking even your very shoe-ties.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, L 1.
Hence — 3. To give way; yield; cringe.
"What, take the credit from the Law?" you ask?
Indeed, we did ! Law ducks to Gospel here.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 107.
Wig ducked to wig, each blockhead had a brother, and
there was a universal apotheosis of the mediocrity of our
set. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 338.
H. trans. 1 . To dip or plunge in water and
immediately withdraw : as, to duck a witch or a
scold.
So strait they were seizing him there
To duck him likewise.
Robin Hood and Little John (Child's Ballads, V. 220).
I say, duck her in the loch, and then we will see whether
she is witch or not. Scott, Abbot, ii.
2. To lower or bend down suddenly, as in dodg-
ing a. missile or an obstacle, or in saluting awk-
wardly: as, to duck the head.
ducfcl (duk), ». [< duek^, v.l A diving incli-
nation of the head.
As it is also their generall custome scarcely to salute
any man, yet may they neither omitte crosse, nor carved
statue, without a religious duck.
Discov. of New World, p. 128.
Here lie, without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod
Of lighter toes. Milton, Comus, 1. 960.
duck^ (duk), n. [= Se. duik, duke, dook, < ME.
ducke, dukke, doke, dokke, douke, duke, < AS. diiee
(found only in gen. ducan), a duck, lit. a ducker,
< *duean (pret. pi. *dueon, pp. *ddccn), duck,
dive : see duck^, v. Cf . ducker, 3 ; Dan. duk-and,
dyk-and, a sea-duck (and, duck: see drake^);
Sw. dyk-fdgel, diver, plungeon (fdgcl = ^1. fou-l).
So diier, dipper, dopper, etc., names applied to
diving birds.] 1. A. lamellirostral natatorial
bird of the family Anatidw and subfamily Ana-
tinee or FuliguUnce (which see). The technical dis-
tinction between any duck and other birds of the same fam-
ily, as geese and mergansers, is not clear ; but a duck may
usually be recognized by the broad and flat bill, short
legs, scutellate tarsi, and entirely feathered head. The
common wild duck or mallard is Anas boscas, the feral
stock of the domestic duck. The species of ducks are
numerous, about 125, divided into some 40 modern genera,
and found in nearly all parts of the world. Most ducks
fall in one or the other of two series, fresh-water ducks or
river-ducks, Anatince, and salt-water ducks or sea-ducks,
Fuligidince; and from the latter a few are sometimes
detached to form a third subfamily, Krismaturince ; but
the implied distinction in habits by no means holds good,
since some or any river-ducks may be found in salt wa-
ter, and few if any sea-ducks are entirely maritime. The
mallard and closely related species now form the restrict-
ed genus Anas. Teal are small ducks, chielly of the ge-
nus Querquedula ; Q. circia is ihe garganey. The widgeons
form the genus 3/ (Treca ; thegadwalls, Chaidflas7nus; the
spoonbills, Spatula ; the pintails or sprigtails, Dajila. Cer-
tain arboreal ducks of various parts of the world consti-
tute the genus Detidrocygna. The muscovy duck or musk-
duck is Cairirta moschata. The celebrated mandarin-
duck of China and the wood-duck or summer duck of the
United States are two species of the genus Aix, A. galeri-
cnlata and A. sponsa. Sheldrakes or burrow-ducks are
of the genus Casarca or Tadoma. A number of sea-ducks
with black or red heads are placed in ifenera variously
named Fuliimla, Fulix, Aithitia, \proca, etc.; such are
the scaups and pochards, the canvashack, and others. The
buflleheads, goldeueyes, and whistlewings belong to a ge-
duck
DOS variously called Clafu;iUa, Giaucion, and Bueephala.
The harle«|iiiii duck is HistrionieushistrionicusoT H. minn-
(u*. Tlic idd-wife or long-tailed duck is Harelda glacialis.
The I^ibmdor duck, Camptolamus labradoriu^, is notable
as beiuL; prolmidy on the point of extinction; it is a near
relative of the steamer-duck of South America, Microp-
terug cinereus. Eiders are large sea-ducks of the genus
So)iifiuria and some related genera. Scoters and surf-
ducks, also called sea-coota, are large black sea-ducks of
the ;;enus (Edemia and its subdirisious. The ruddy ducks
belunp to the genus ErUmatura, and some related gen-
era. Kishiug-ducks, so called^ are not properly ducks, but
mergansers (MerffiiuB).
The duck and mallard first, the falconers only sport.
Drayton^ Polyolbion, xxv.
2. The female duck, as distinguished from the
male, or drake (which see). — 3. Some -web-
footed bird likened to or mistaken for a duck:
as, the cobbler's-awl duck (that is, the avoset). —
4. One of the stones used in playing the game
of duck on drake Acom-duclL the summer duck
orwmxl-duck, Aix spimsa. [Maryland, Carolina, U. S.J —
American scaup dude, a variety of the common scaup
I*t'citli:ir to Xm^ncti^AithyitimaTilanearctica. — Blmacu-
lated duck. See bimnrulate.—'Biaxik duck, (a) Tlie
dusky duck. (6) Tlie vt-lvct scoter, (c) The surf-scoter.
(l>ocal, U. S.J — Black En^rlish duck, the dusky duck.
[.■^'luthcm r. S.] — Blaten duck, the gudwall — that is,
the l.Litant or Ideating duck. |Ncw.lci->sc.\, I'.S.] — Bom-
bay duck. See hmnnuil'i — Rrahminy riiirV See frraA-
m ,ni/. - BufTalo-headed, buffel-betul, buffel's-head, or
buffle-headed duck, ^ame as ftujXei, 2.— Butter-duck.
(n) TliL- liUtterl.Hll. (lieon-'ia, V. S.J (fc) The ruddy duck.
lVir;;iiiiii, I. s.j — Cayuga duck, a large black vaiiety of
the domestic duck. It hiis \teen recently introduced into
Euiihitid.— Channel-duck, the velvet scoter. Sharvtegg,
;-:«. iihcsapciike itiy, I. s. ] - Cobbler's-awl duck.
-■-e c(y>W'-r I. — Cock- robin duck, tlie h'H-ded merganser.
New Jersey, I'. S.] —Conjuring duck, the buffle or
npirit-duck ; al-so, the goldeiieyu or whistlewing: from
their quickneiss in diviuu'. Sir J. Richardaon. (British
America.] — Creek-duck, the gadwall. G. Trumbull. [At-
lantic coa-st, r. s.j — Created wood-duck, the wood-
duck. H^l/ctiap, 17»4. [New- Haniiishire, l". S.J — Crow
duck, .''ee i'uiica.— Cuthbert duck, or St Cutb-
bert's duck, the cummuu eider, Somotoria fnUliuiina,
— Daub-duck, the ruddy duck, Erimatura rubida. G.
Traiuhull. [Rangeley lakes, Maine, U.8.1— Deaf-duck.
.Same as daui-duec. [Michi^n, U. S.] — Buck on drake,
a game In which one player places upon a large stone (the
drake) a small stone (the ditck), which the other players
try to knock off with their ducks and return to the pitch-
ing-Une without liaWng been touched. If the player
whose duck is on the drake succeeds in touching one of the
other players while his duck is In his hand, the latter takes
his place, and tlie game continues as before. — DuclalT
duck, a French variety of the domestic duck, the result
of crossing white and colored varieties. — Dumpllng-
duck. Same as dault^aek. [(Jeorgia, l'. S. j — Dunter
duck. See dunter.— Dntkr and spotted duck, the
harlequin duck. O. Bdwardt, 1747.— Dusky duck, .l"""
obteura, a large duck closely related to the uialluni. <if va-
ried dnrk coloration, with white under the wings and pur-
l>li - :>-cnlum, abundant along the eastern coast of
t ites, and highly esteemed for food. Avariety
T' iorida Is Anas obteura fulviffuia, — Bngl1«h
duck til iiiiillard. O.Trumbull. [Local, southern T'. ».[
— Fall duck, the American redhead or pochard. School-
crnft, Isxi; Tuinrr, 1830.— Fan-CreSted dUClC, the hood-
I Barto»,l799.— Fish- or llslllng-duck,a
v '1 mergansers, from their food or haltits.—
I'i Seojlocin'ii^-/owi.— Fool-duck, the ruddy
dii ^ I, ,firurarubida. O.TruinbuiL [Michigan, U. .S.J
—French duck, the mallard. JLoulsiaDa, U. S.]— Oer-
manduck,tbegadwalL Alsocalled WeUharake. Oiraud,
\rA4. [.NewJersey, U.S.) — Cbray duck, (a) Properly, the
grayoraadwall, .kmustrepenior ChauUlarmug ttreperut,
(h) The female mallard, (e) The female pintalL [Local,
r. S. I -Harle duck, .^amu as Aarfi;. JUv. C. Sufainton,
\-.<,. [iirkiiey isliii. Is.] -Harlequin duck. See Aarfa-
7><i/i.— Heavy-tailed duck, the ruddy duck. Also
cilled britUetaU, pinlaU, quOUaa, ttiektaO, tti/taa,
■iii»e(aU, etc, in reference to the pecnllar tail-fealhei*.
sharpUn. 183a [Chesapeake Bay, U. & ] — BcnUd dnck:
the herald, a merganser. [Shetland Mea.) — Isle* of
Sboals dnd^ the American elder.— labrador duck,
f' ' f^ymius labradoriuM, a species of sea-duck of the
I last of .Vorth America. See <lef. 1 . Lame
(1 I'. — Little black and white duck, the
I I'.'iicardg, 1747. — Little brown duck, the
I .il tj II!! . C<K«6y,173l.— IaOIlK-taileddUCk,//<ir'U<>
''tcialU iiv Ctanffula hyenuUis. See hareLl and Ilarelda.
Maiden duck, the shoveler. Bev. C. Siraiwon. [Wex-
I I — Kandarin-dael^ a beantUul kind of
Heuiata, baring a pnrple, gnen, white, and
i:.'e,andavarle<lgreenanapiirplecrest. It
' and is regarded In that empire as an
iHecUoiL It Is a near relative of the
I' k or wood-duck of the United .States,
Hire-, mow-, or mulr-duck, the mallard.
' ■•»». (Loosl, Eng.l — Moimtaln duck, the
I r.f.Riekardmji. (Ilud.^m s l»ay.] — Mussel-
duck, til A merican scaup. O. Trumbull. [Shinnecock
l.in. .\. w V .rk, U. S.) — Noisy duck, the long-Uilcd duck.
./ / I " ' .' » —Painted duck, (o) The Chinese man-
rieulata. (6) The harletiuin. |Hiid<
iiln-dnck. a variety of the domestic
u itserect attitude.- Fbeasant-dnck.
\>\iiViil, Oafilaaeuta, Also called sea-vA«a«a7U and
IfAuant. A related nedea is technically known
' 'nurophagiana. [Local, U.S.] (b) The hooded mer-
Jaiiier. Also called ?flfl(rr-pA*a«iiil. Lawmm.VIQO. [New
ersey, (J. S.j — Pled dudC, the Labrador duck. Camp-
tni^Kmug labrn^l''r:n^. — Pled gray duck, tlie male pintAil.
O.Trumbull. 1, New Y.irk. r.S.) — Puddle-
dttCk, the co^ ■ I.- duck, of no slHN-inl l.reed. —
SaAdnck. -' Red-headed duck. scer«r(-
Aeoci.— Bing-neckedduck. seerinffn^c*.— Eock-duck,
the harlequin duck. Jti-rJ. II. Lanffille. (Nova Scotia. I —
Bonen dock, a large variety of domestic duck, colored like
1789
the mallard. — Round-crested duck, the hooded mergan-
ser.— Ruddy duck, the most general name of Erismatura
rubida : so called fiom the i)rev;iiling reddish color of the
adult male, first by A. Wilson, lsl4. It has many popu-
lar and more or less local names in the United States, de-
rived from some peculi.arity of its aspect or habits.— St.
Cuthbert's duck. See Cuthbert due*.- Scale-duck, the
red-hreiisted merganser. (Strangford Lough.] — Scotch
duck^ the bulHe. Also called Scotchynan. Scotch dip-
per, Scotch teal. G. Trumbull. (North Carolina, U. S.] —
Scoter duck. See «co<er.— Sharp-tailed duck, the
long-tailed duck. Eev. C. Swain-mn. (Orkney and Shet-
land.]—Shoal-duck, the American eider. (New Eng-
land.]—Sleepy duck, the ruddy duck.— Sleigh-bell
duck, the .•Vmericanidack scoter. G. Trumbull. [lUiiigeley
lakes, Maine, l'. s. ] — Smoklng-duck, the Americtm wid-
geon. [Fur countries.) — Squam-duck, the American
eider: so called from a locality in Loni; Island, New York.
Giraud, 1844. — Squaw-duck, the American eider: a mis-
print for Kiiuain-iiuck. l)e Kay, lh44; Trumbull, 1SS8. —
Stock-duck, the mallard. — Suinmer duck, a duck which
summers or breeds in a given place or region. Specifical-
ly—(o) The wood-duck (which see). See Aix. [U.S.] (6)
The garganey or summer teal, Querquedu2a eircia. [Eng.j
— 8OTf-du<i, a sea-duck of the genus (Edemia; a sco-
ter ; a sea-coot : specifically, (E. perspieiUata, inhabiting
North America at large, especially coastwise, the male of
which is black with a white patch on the nape and an-
other on the poll, iuid the bill pinkish-white, orange, and
black.— Swallow-tailed duck, the long-tailed duck.
Siraingtiii and J:irhnrth"ii, lfe31. (Hudson's bay.] — TO
make or play tat) duck and drake, to make or play
ducks and drakes. (« ) To cast or shy a flat stone, a piece
of slate, etc., along the surface of water so as to cause it
to strike and rebound rejH'atedly.
-^liat watered slates are best to make
On watery surface duck-and^rake.
S. Butler, Hudibras.
Duek and Drake is a very silly pastime, though inferior
to few in point of aiitif)uity, . . . and was anciently
played with flat shells, testulam inarinani, which the hoys
threw into the water, and he whose shell rebounded most
fretjuently from the surface liefore it finally sunk was the
conqueror. Strutt, Sports and Tastimes, p. 494.
Hence — (6) To handle or use a thing recklessly ; scatter ;
sqmiudcr ; throw into confusion : with with or of.
He (the unscientific etymrdogist] has now added to his
marvellous capacity for philological blundering the power
of wandering into the flelcl of comparative philology and
of there playing duckt and drakeg with the Aryan roots
and their permutations. y.andQ.,7lh ser., III. 312.
My fortune is nae Inheritance — a' mine ain acquisition
— I can make duckg and drakeg qf It. So don't provoke
me. U. Mackenzie, Man of the World, iv. 1.
Tree-duck, (a) Any dnck of the genus Dendrocyrma
(which seeX (6) The wood-duck or summer duck, which
breeds In trees, (c) The hooded merganser : so called from
breeding in trees, R, Ridgway. (Indiana, Illinois, l^ S.]
— Tufted duck, the ring-necked scaup, Aith;/ia coUarig
or PuUguta rujUortjueg. A. IFi'fsim.— Velvet duck, the
velvet or white-wingedacoter. Seenroter. — Wheat-duck,
the American widgeon. D.Crary. |iires.'on,l-. s.j — Whls-
tle-dnck. See »rti»«f«rin</.— -Whistling duck or coot,
the American black scoter.— White-faced duck or teal,
the blue-winged teaL See f«if. —White- winged surf-
duck, the velvet scoter. See «cor<T.— Wild duck, specifi-
cally, the mallard.— Winter duck, the lung. tailed duck.
( I'. S.l — Wood duck. See urofKl duck.
dnck* (duk), «. [Prob. a familiar use of duck^,
like dorr, c/iiVA-1 =zchurk'^, mouse, lamb, F.poide,
and other zoOlogit-al terms of endearment ; but
pf. Dan. dukke = Sw. docka = East Fries, dokke,
dok = O. docke, etc., a doll, puppet: see dock^.
Cf. also doxy.] A sweetheart; a darling: a
word of endearment, fondness, or admiration.
It is sometimes also applied to things: as, a
duck of a bonnet. [Colloq.]
Will you buy any tape
(h- lace for your cape.
My dainty duck, my dear-aT
Shak., W. T., It. S (song).
Prithee goc In (my duck) ; lie bnt speak to 'em.
And return instantly. FUteher, Spanish (Torate, 11. 2.
duck-* (duk), Ji. [< D. doek, linen cloth, a towel,
light canvas, = MLG. dok = OHG. tuoh, MHG.
tuoch, G. tuch, cloth, = Icel. duk-r, any cloth or
te.xture, a table-cloth, a towel, = Sw. duk = Dan.
dug, cloth.] 1. A strong linen fabric simply
woven without twill, lighter than canvas, and
used for small sails, sails for pleasure-boats, and
for men's wear. Duck is usually whit« or un-
bleached, but is sometimes made in plain col-
ors.— 2. A cotton fabric sometimes considered
the second grade, for strength and durability,
after double-warp (which see, under warp). —
Russia duck, a white linen canvas of fine quality.
dnck-ant (duk'&nt), n. In Jamaica, a species
of Tcrmci or white ant, whieh, according to P.
H. Gosse, constructs its nest on the branches
or trunlcH of trees, where clusters of them may
be seen forming large, black, round masses,
often as liii; as a lingshead.
duckatt, dnckatoont. Obsolete forms of ducat,
iluraionn.
duckbill (duk'bil), B. 1. The duck-billed pla-
tyjius, Ornithnrhifnchus paradoxus, a monotre-
matous oviparous mammal of Australia, hav-
ing a homy beak like a duck's, whence the
name. Also duck-mole. 8ce Ornithorhynchus.
— 2. Same as duck-billed speculum (which gee,
ducking
Duckbill, or Duck-billed Platypus [UrmtHoynym-nus faradoxus'^
under speculum), — 3. [In allusion to the shape
of the toe.] A broad-toed shoe of the fifteenth
century.
duck-billed (duk'bild), a. Having a bill like a
duck's, as that of the Orjiithorhyjichtts.—'Dxitk-
billed cat, the tlsh Polyodon spatvla, or pad^lle-fish. Also
called gpoon-billed crt(.— Duck-biUed speculum. See
spemhiiii.
ducket (duk'^r), n. [=E. dial, doukcr, douckeVj
< ME. doukere^ a ducker, a bird so called, =
B. dtiiker = OHG. tuhhari, MHG. tucker, G.
taucher = Dan. dukker, a diver (bird), dykker,
a plunder, = Sw. dykarcy a diver.] 1, One
who ducks ; a plunger or diver.
They haue Oysters, in which the Pearles are found,
which are fished for by Uuckers, that diue into the water,
at least ten, twenty, or tliirty fathom.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 505.
2. A cringer ; a fawner.
No, dainty duckers,
I'p with your three pil'd spirits, yotn- wrought valours.
Beau, and FL, Philaster, iv. 1.
3. A bird that ducks or dives; specifically, the
European dipper, Cinclus aquaticus. MacgilH-
vraxf, [Local, British.]
duckery (diik'^r-i), «. ; pi. duckeries (-iz). [<
ducU^ T -cry,'] A place for breeding ducks.
Every city and village has fish ponds and dtickeries.
ISouthom China.] i'. S. Cmu. Jtep., No. Iv. (1885), p. 583.
ducket^, «. An obsolete spelling of ducat.
ducket-, «. A corruption of dowcotc^ variant of
dovtc'ifr. BrockcU.
duck-hawk (duk'h^k), n, 1. In England, the
moor-buzzard or marsh-harrier, Circus ctrugi-
nosus. — 2. In the United States, the great-foot-
ed hawk or peregrine falcon, FaJco peregrinuSf
var. anatum : so called from its habitually prey-
ing upon ducks, it is very closely related to and not
specifically distinct from the peregrine falcon of the old
world. It la a bird of great strength and spirit, a true
falcon, little in-
ferior to the ger-
falcon in size,
and about as
large as the lan-
ner or prairie-
falcon. The fe-
male, which is
larger than the
male, ia 17 to 19
inches long and
about 45 In ex-
tent of wings.
In both sexes,
when adult, the
upper parts are
slaty-blue or
dark-bluish ash,
darker on the
head, the sides
of which have
a characteristic
curved black
stripe; the un-
der parts are
whitL'ih or Imff,
variously spot-
ted or barred
with blackish ;
the wings and tail are also spotted or barred ; the bill is
blue-black; the cere and feet are yellow. The duck-hawk
is widely but irregularly distributed throughout North
America; it nests indifferently on trees, cliffs, or the
ground, and usually lays 3 or 4 heavily colored e^rs.
ducking^ (duk'ing), «. [Verbal n. of duck\ v.]
1. The act of plunging or the being plimged
into water: as, to get a ducking.
At length, on the 18th of September, we crossed the line
in the longitude of 8° west; after which the ceremony of
duekirur, Ac., generally practised on this occasion, was not
omitted. CooAr, Voyages, III. iL 1.
2. The act of bowing stiffly or awkwardly.
For my kneeling down at my entrance, to begin with
prayer, and after to proceed with reverence, I did bnt my
duty in that ; let hint scolfingly call it cringing or duck-
ing, or what he pleases. State Trialu, Abp. Laud, an. 1640.
ducking^ (duk'ing), n. [< duck'^ + -ing^,"] The
sport of shooting wild ducks.
Duck-hawk {Falco fere£Tinus,\ax. anatum).
ducking
For water service of any kind, and especially for duck-
ing, he (the Chesapeake Bay dog] is the dog par excel-
ienee. Sportsinnn's Gazetteer, p. 424.
ducking-gun (duk'ing-gun), «. A very heavy
fowling-piece used for shooting ducks, and usu-
ally mounted upon a fixture in a punt or skiff.
ducking-sink (duk'ing-singk), n. A boat used
iu hunting ducks and other water-fowl.
ducking-stool (duk'ing-stol), )!. A stool or
chair in which common scolds were formerly
tied and plunged into water. They were of differ-
ent forms, uut that most commonly in use consisted of
an upright post and a traosvefse pivoted beam on whicli
Duclcing-stool.
the seat was fitted or from which it was suspended liy a
chain. The ducking-stool is mentioned in the Doomsday
survey ; it was extensively in use throughout Great Brit-
ain from tlie fifteenth till tlie beginning of tlie eigliteenth
century, and in one rare case at least— at Leominster —
was used as recently as 1809. See cucking-stool. Also
called castigatory-
If he be not fain before he dies to eat acorns, let me
live with nothing but pollerd, and my mouth be made a
ducking-atool for every scold. .
G- Wilkins, Miseries of Inforst Marriage, ui.
dnckins (duk'inz), n. [Origin obscure.] A
name in Berwick, England, of the sea-stickle-
hack, Si)inachia vulgaris.
duckish (duk'ish), n. [A dial, transposition of
ditsk.'] Dusk. Ualliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
duck-legged (duk'leg"ed), a. Having short
legs, like a duck.
Dmh-h'rig'd, short-waisted, such a dwarf she is,
That slie must rise on tiptoes for a kiss.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vi.
duckling (duk'ling), 11. [< ME. dokelyng, dooke-
lyiige; <duck^ + dim. -ling'':] A young duck.
I must have my capons
And turkeys brought me in, with my green geese
And ducklings i' th' season. , „ .. .
Fletcher, Beggars Bush, i. 1.
So have I seen, within a pen,
Young ducklings foster'd by a hen.
Swift, Progress of Marriage.
duck-meat, duck's-meat (duk'-, duks'met), n.
The popular name of several species of Lemna
and Wolffia, natural order Lemnacece, plants
growing in ditches and shallow water, floating
on the surface, and eaten by ducks and geese.
See Lemna. Also called duckweed.
duck-mole (duk'mol), n. Same as duckbill, 1.
ITie dui-k-mole, on the other hand, lays two eggs at a
time, and does not carry them about, but deposits them
in her nest, an underground burrow like that of the mole.
Pop. Sci. Ho., XXVII. 666.
duckoyt, n. [See decoy, v."] Same as decoy.
duck's-bill (duks'bil), n. In printing, a pro-
jecting lip (0) of stiff paper or cardboard
pasted on the tympan of a hand-press to sus-
tain and keep in place the sheet to be printed.
— Duck's-blU bit. SeeW(i.— Duok's-blllllmpet. See
limpet.
duck's-egg (duks'eg), n. In cricket, the zero (0)
which marks in the score the fact that a side
or a player makes nothing; hence, a score of
nothing: as, to win a duck's-egg.
duck's-foot (duks'fut), n. In some parts of
England, the lady's-mantle, Alehemilla vulgaris,
from the sliape of the leaf. The name is said
to be given in the United States to the May-
apple, Podophyllum peltatum.
duck-shot (duk'shot), n. Large shot used for
shooting wild ducks.
duck's-meat, n. See duck-meat.
duck-snipe (duk'snip), n. The semipalmated
tattler or willet, Symphemia semipalmata. Dr.
Ilenni lirmnt, 1859. [Bahamas.]
duckweed (duk' wed), «. Same as duck-meat.
duck-weight (duk'wat), n. A stone figure of a
duck, used as a weight in ancient Assyria and
Babylonia, it was usually inscribed with a legend, giv-
ing the name of the king and the value of the weight in
mina, as "30 manahs. Palace of Irba Merodach, King of
Babylon."
Duclair duck. See duck^.
duct (dukt), n. [Also, as L., ductus; = OF.
duit, doit, doet = Pg. ducto = It. dutto, < L. duc-
tus, a leading, a conduifc-pipe (of. aqueduct,
ductor
lymphatic duct, conveying the great mass of lymph and
chyle directly into the venous circulation : so called from
its course tlirough the cavity of the thorax. In man this
duct is from 15 to 18 inches long ; it begins opposite the
second lumbar vertebra, by a dilated sac or cyst (the
receptaculum chyli or cistern of Pecquet), and runs up to
the root of the neck, alongside the vertebral column, pass-
ing through the aortic orifice of the diaphragm. It ends
in the venous system at or near the junction of the left
internal jugular and subclavian veins. It is composed of
3 coats, and is provided with valves. Its caliber varies
between that of a crow-(|uill and of a goose-quill.— Whar-
ton's or Whartonlan duct (ductus Whartoni; named
for Tllumas W harton, an Englisli physician, author of
"Adenographia," lC5Ci), the duct of the submaxillary
gland, conveying saliva into the mouth, about 2 inches
long, opening on a papilla at the side of the frenum lin-
gua;, or bridle of the tongue,— Wolflan duot. See ductus
be or canal by which a fluid is con- ^li'Se Tdtfk'tilbl), a. [< L. as if ^ductibilis
TaSil iXn^tL-l.\tl3!'chyTe: "If- ^abim, < W*«U- °' 'Ti' ^
■ - • • see rf«c«.] Capable of bemg drawn out; ductile.
[Rare.]
The purest gold is most ductible.
Feltham, Resolves, ii. 2. .
ductile (duk'til), a. [= F. ductile = Sp. ductil =
Pg. ductil = It. duttile, < L. ductilis, that may be
led, extended, or hammered out thin, < ductus,
pp. of dwcere, lead : see duct.'] 1. Susceptible
of being led or drawn ; tractable; complying;
yielding to persuasion or instruction: as, the
ductile mind of youth ; a ductile people.
The sinful wretch has by her arts defiled
The ductile spirit of iny darling child.
Crabbe, Works, IV. 139.
Says he, " while his mind's ductile and plastic,
I'll place him at Dotheboys Hall,
Where he'll learn all that's new and gj-mnastic."
Bartiam, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 166.
The overwhelming popularity of " Guzman de Alfarache "
. . . rendered this form of fiction sp generally welcome in
Spain that it made its way into the ductile drama.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 106.
2. Flexible; pliable.
The ductile rind and leaves of radiant gold.
Dryden, ^neid.
The toughest and most knotty parts of language became
ductile at his touch. Macaulay, Dryden,
3. Capable of being dra-wn out into -wire or
threads : as, gold is the most ductile of the
metals.
All bodies, ductile and tensile, as metals, that will be
1790
con(iu»<l, douche), < dueere, pp. ductus, lead,
conduct, draw, bring forward, etc. (in a great
variety of uses), = Goth, tiuhan = OHG. ziohan,
MHG. G. Ziehen = AS. teon, draw, > ult. E.
tow, fug: see toic^, tug, tuck'-, etc. The L.
dueere is the ult. source of very many E. words,
as abduce, adduce, conduce, deduce, educe, in-
duce, introduee, produce, reduce, seduce, traduce,
abduct, conduct, etc., conduif-, conduit^, aque-
duct, viaduct, etc., cndue^, subdue, etc., educate,
etc., ductile, etc., dulce, doge, ducat, duchy, etc.]
It. Leading; guidance; direction; bearing.
According to the dtict of this hypothesis.
Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, p. 146.
Any tube
ducted or convi
of the vessels . .
lymph, secretions, etc., are conveyed. See ductus.
The little ducts began
To feed thy bones with lime, and ran
Their course, till thou wert also man.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
(b) In bot. : (1) A long continuous vessel or canal, form-
ed by a row of cells which have lost their intervening
Eartitions. Tiie walls are variously marked by pits and
y spiral, annular, or reticulated thickenings, and the
cavity may be filled with air or water, or they may be
lactiferous. (2) In bryology, the narrow continuous cells
whicli surround tlie utricle's in tlie leaves of Spltagnum.—
Aberrant duct of the testis. See aterrane.- Acous-
tic duct. See acoustic and a udifori/.— Annular duct.
See awmiiar.- Archinephrlc duct, the duct of the ar-
chinephron, or primitive kidney.— Arterial duct, audi-
tory duct, branchial duct. See tlie adjectives.— Bili-
ary duct, one of the raniilied systems of ducts which col-
lect tlie bile from tlie liver and by their union form the
hepatic duct.— Cystic duct, the duct of the gall-bladder
conveying bile into the intestine, cither directly or, as m
man, by uniting with the hepatic duct in a ductus com-
munis choledochus.— Duct or canal of Bartholin, one
of the ducts of the sublingual gland, running alongside of
■Wharton's duct, and opening into it or close to its orifice
into the mouth.— Duct of Gartner. Same as Gaertnman
canaHwhichsee,undercr(/(ail).— Duct or canal of Muller
(ductus Muclleri), tlie iiriiiiitive oviduct, or passage in the
female from the ovary to the exterior, which sulisequently
becomes converted, as in mammals, into the Fallopian
tube, uterus, etc. One Miillerian duct may be obliterated,
or botli may persist, in different animals ; or the two may
be united in one in most of their extent, giving rise to
a single uterus and vagina with a pair of Fallopian tubes.
—Duct or canal of Wharton. See Wharton's duct, be-
low.—Duct or canal of Wirsung. See pancreatic duet.
— Ducts or canals of Rivinus (ductus Riviniam), those
ducts of the sulilingual gland which open apart from one
drawn into wires.
Bacon.
another and from Wharton's duct.— Ducts or canals Of J„p*npl v fduk'til-li). adv. In a ductile manner.
bson's organ witli the tAu^^^^^j \ '?
Stenaon, the communication of Jacobson's organ
buccal cavity.— Efferent duct. Same as deferent canal
(which see, under ((cA'/rnO—EJaculatory duct orcanal.
See ductus ejaculalorius, under ductus.- Galactopho-
rouB duct, one of the lactiferous ducts of the mamillary
gland which terminate in the nipple. — Genito-urinary
duct. See the extract.
In the Urodela, the vasa eflerentia of each testis enter the
inner side of the corresponding kidney, and traverae it, ,. , ,. ^ r -ci j
leavingitsouterside to enter a f7e«ito-«rtjia)-!/di«;(, which ductilimcter (duk-ti-lim'e-ter), n. [= t . auc-
lies on the outer side of the kidney, ends blindly in front, fin,^^ffg < L. ductilis, ductile, -I- metrum, mea-
and opens behind into the cloaciL^^_^^ ^_^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^-^ j^^ instrument for showing with preci-
Hepatlc duct, the duct of the liver, conveying bile to the /'°i?. |.^.l'^^'=l!^i^L°!:?'f ^^t-- F duetilite - Sd
"tfsthie, either directly or, as in man, by uniting with^the ductlllty (duk-tiU.-tl),_m.^^[= * • duCtlUte-ii^.
Imp. Diet.
ductileness (duk'til-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing ductile ; capability of recei-ving extension
by drawing; ductility. [Rare.]
I, when I value gold, may think upon
The ductileness, the application.
Donne, Elegies, xviii.
cystic duct to form the ductus communis choledochus.
It is formed in man of two main branches which issue
from the liver at the transverse fissure, one from the
right, the other from the left lobe, and unite in one trunk
before joining the cystic duct.
All the ducts from the liver
and gall-bladder are sometimes
known as biliarjj ducts, collec-
tively.—Lactiferous duct.
Same as galactophorous duct.
—Lymphatic duct. See
lymphatic, n. — Nasal duCt,
the membranous tube leading
from the lacrymal sac to open
into the inferior meatus of the
nose.— Obliterated duct.
See o!)(i(erate,— Pancreatic
duct, the duct of the pancre-
as, discharging the pancreatic
secretion into the intestine.
In man the principal pancre-
atic duct is also called duct or
canal of Wirsung. — Parotid
duct. HsLTaeSia ductus Steyumis
(which see, under ductits). —
Secondary archinephrio
duct. See the extract.
In both sexes the products
escape by an app.ar,atus which
is homologous with the Miil-
lerian duct, consisting of a
canal of varying length, and
provided with an infundibular
orifice, which is attached to the
ureter (secondary archinepliric
duct) ; this takes up the gene-
rative products.
Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat.
[(trans.), p. 610.
Steno's duct. See ductus
Stcnonis, under ductus. —
Thoracic duct, the ductus
thoracicns, the common trunk
of all the lymphatics, except-
ing those which form the right
ductilidad = Pg. ductilidade = It. duttilita, <
as if *dtictilita(t-)s, < diictilis, ductile: see duc-
tile.} 1. That property of solid bodies, particu-
larly metals, which renders them capable of
being extended by drawing, with correlative
diminution of their thickness or diameter, -with-
out any actual fracture or separation of parts.
On this property the wire-drawing of metals depends. It
is greatest in gold and least in lead. Dr. 'Wollaston suc-
ceeded in obtaining a wire of platinum only j^J,, of an
inch in diameter.
The order of ductility is — Gold, Silver, Platinum, Iron,
Copper, Palladium, Aluminium, Zinc, Tin, I,ead.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 232.
2. Flexibility; adjustability; ready compli-
ance.
It is to this dwlUily of the laws that an Englishman
owes the freedom he enjoys.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the W orld, i.
In none of Dryden's works can be found passages more
pathetic and magnificent, greater ductility and energy of
language, or a more pleasing and various music.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
ductiont (duk'shon), n. [< L. ductio{n-), < duc-
ttis, pp. of dueere, lead: see duct.'] Leading;
guidance.
The but meanly wise and common ductions of bemisted
nature. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 66.
ductless (dukt'les), a. [< duct -t- -less.] Hav-
ing no duct: as. a ductless gland. The so-called
ductless glands of man are four — the spleen, thymus,
thyroid, and adrenal. The last is a pair, and the others
thoracic and lumbar lynipnatK are single. See jriand. ., -r J , ,„„J /•
glands; A.A.a shortportionof HuCtOT (duk tOr), «. [< L. dUCtOr, & ieauer, <>
Vein's nrn''?I?aiJ;uh''aXfo"^ duccrc, pp. ductus, lead : see duct.:] It. A leader.
each side of the duct, until (j,-_ 7' jjrowne — 2 An iiiking-roUer on a print-
;5'j!,1nr/%S'"The'lt';u?: ing-press which takes printing-ink from the
tures represented rest nearly juk-fountain and oonducts it (whcncc the name)
upon tnc D&Cic*DOiic*
Human Thoracic Duct and
Azygous Veins.
a, receptacle of the chyle ;
*, trunk of the thoracic duct,
opening at c into root of left
innominate vein at junction of
/, left jugular, and f*. left sub-
clavian vein ; e, rignt innomi-
nate vein ; rf, d, d, several
thoracic and lumbar lymphatic
TU woimdy cold, sore. I dodder and shake like an
aspen leaf, every joint of me.
Ford and Dekker. Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1.
dnctor
to the distributing-table and -rollers. Improp-
erlv called doctor bv many pressmen.
duc'tor-roller (duk'tor-ro'ler), n. Same as
drop-roller.
ductule (duk'tul), n. [< KL. "ductulus, dim. of
L. ductus, a diict: see d«ct.] A little duct.
[Rare.]
As the duetuUs grow longer and become branched, vas*
cnlar processes grow in between thera.
Foiter, Embryology, L vi. 18. _ , —
ducturet (duk'tur), n. [< ML. as if *ductura, duddery (dud'6r-i), n. ; pi. dudderies (-iz).
< L. ductus, pp'.'oi dueere, lead: see duct and du<l + -crw.] A place where duds or rags
-«re.] Guidance; direction. kept for sale. Gmt. Mag.; Grose. [Colloq. or
Interest and design are a kind of force open the soul, j_jj-{._. „ _. ■n,,j_ pnhi^nfnn SoT^nrvTia
btaring a man oftentimes besides the diKture of his native duddlest, M. pJ. ^D^ds. FlUangton, bermons
propensities. South, Works, VIII. 1. (Parker Soc). [North. Eng.]
ductus (duk'tu8),«.; p\.ducttis. [L.: 8eed««<.] duddy^dud^i), a. [Sc., also d«dd»e;
In anat., any duct, tube, pipe, canal, or other
n. trans. To shock with noise; deafen; con-
fuse; confound; amaze. Halliwell. [Prov.Eng.]
dndder'- (dud'er), ». [< dudder\ t'.] Confu-
sion ; amazement : as, all in a dudder (that is,
quite confounded). Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
dudder^ (dud'6r), n. [< dud + -er.] Same as
.d«/^l,2.
are
Grose.
, ,, ^ , . ^ ^^^ "*"
-1^1.]' Ragged; tattered; having a disreputable
appearance.
Nae tawted tyke, though e'er sae duddxe,
But he wad stan't, as glad to see him.
Bums, The Twa Dogs.
Their goods were contained in certain duddy pokes.
Carlyle, in Froude, I. 271.
conduit. (In technical use the Latin form is com-
monly pre8erve<l.]— Ductus ad nasum (duct to the
nose), the nasal or lacrvmal duct, cinveyini; tears from
till- ive ta the nrse. — Ductus arteriosus. Same as
'I " r !/ duct (whiih see, under arterioQ.— DnctUB Bel-
llnlani (duct ut Bellini), the excretory tubes of the kid-
! 1 . -Ductus BotalU (duct of Botalli), a ductus arteri-
;. trttwecii the fourth aortic arch and the nfth; in mam- duddy (dud'i), «. ; pi. duddies (-iz)
li-. the couiniiinicatiou which persists during fetal life j„w 1 A little rnir Mnrknu
ui.nthearchof theaortaand thepulmonar>arten\ J jJ,.A! ^ r^', , *• -a t \.
on the ciosur^ of whLh passage, after birth, the duct dudo (dud), n. [A slang term said to have on-
ijcconies a tli)rou8 cord, the ligamentum Botalli. Tl)e ginated in London, hngland. It trst became
term is sometimes extended to the corresponding ductus known in general colloquial and newspaper use
arteri.«i of uthj^r primitive aortic arches. So uMied from ^ ^j^ ^j^ ^f ^y^g so-called " esthetic '^move-
Lojuardo BoUlli. of I*iedraont, bom at Asti about 1530, . „„ „„j „„ „..„ ;„ laao a
- - ■ - ment m dress and manners, in loo^-S.
[Dim. of
who descrilwd it in IS&i. — Ductus choledochus, a bile-
duct ; the common bile-duct. Also called iluHut eomiiiu-
nin choUdoehu$. See choledoch. — DuCtUB COChlearis,
til i,i..,ir i-anal (which see, under conai').— Ductus
C .)f Cuvler),s short traasvetse venous trunk,
!i side of a vertebrate embryo by the June-
t .'ir and posterior cardinal veins ; the primi-
t >r superior vena cava, both of which may
I . precaval veins, or, aa usual in higher I'rrte-
' .i. hi,!, may be more or less obliterated, when
I cava superior persists.— Ductus
( ilat-jry duct), in both V'trteAroto and
1 , ... . , . .. the duct conveying semen from the
tt^sticies or auociate structures to the canal of the intro-
niittent oncan. especially from the seminal vesicles to the
,,r. ,i,r.. _ Dnctns endolymptiatlcns, a tubular process
• ::inous labyrinth of the ear which passes
t : iu»ductus vestitiiili into the cranial cavity,
U..V..V.. .^....ukates in a blind enlargement l>elow the dura
mater, the aacculus endolymphaticus. See lalmrinlh, and
reeetaut veMibuli. uniler recetsus. — DnctOS Qaertnerl.
s "^ /.'.,..w,..-, ^i (which see, under cauall).^
r !S, a bile-duct in general; aduc-
• lit duct conveying the hepatic
Ductus nasolacrTinaUs,
t. I't the lacr>'mat sac ana
1,1 icutaneus, a duct which
' -"•ri with tlic bran-
horae fishes, as
The
term has no antecedent record, and is prob.
merely one of the spontaneous products of pop-
ular slang. There is no known way, even in
slang etymology, of "deriN-ing" the term, in
the sense used, from duds (formerly sometimes
spelled dudes : see dud), clothes, in the sense of
'fine clothes'; and the connection, though ap-
parently natural, is highly improbable.] A fop
or exquisite, characterized by affected refine-
ments of dress, speech, manners, and gait, and
a serious mien ; nence, by an easy extension,
and with less of contempt, a man given to ex-
cessive refinement of fashion in dress.
There was one young man from the West, who would
have been flattered with the appellation of dude, so at-
tractive In the flt of his clothes, the manner in which he
walked and used his cane and his eyeglass, that Mr. King
wanted very much to get him and bring him away in a
cage. C. D. Warner, Tlieir Pilgrimage, p. 180.
The elderly club dvde may lament the decay of the good
old code of honor. llarjiert Mag., LXVII. 632.
The social dude who affect* English dress and the Eng-
lish drawl. The American, VII. 151.
'.?^V^P,""TSny dudeen (du-den'), n. fOf Ir. origin.] Ashort
f the tobacco-pipe ; a clay pipe with a stem only two
or three inches long.
It is not the descendant* of the " Mayflower," in short,
who are the representative Americans of the present day ;
it is the Micks and the Fats, the Hanses and the Wilhelms,
redolent still of the dudetn and the sauerkraut barret
The Century, XXXV. 807.
See dudism.
\ fU»p-
-, lu- ..1 ...-..,, .,.1 i...-^.._- n .,i .4 tKxly,
Ductus Rlvinl or KlTlnlanl. the
hiih see, under (/i>W).— Ductus Bte-
' }. the duct uf the parotid gland, con.
le mouth : so called from the Danish
"teno. of Copenhagen (1638-80)1 Also
Ductus thoradciu (thoracic dudeism (du'dizm), n
.; vessel of the body^ conveying dudgeon' (duj'on), I., and o. [Early mod. E.
OS circulat on. See cat under """6^"" v i j ■ o j "■ y \fv j ■
also dudgen, dudgtn, 8c. dugeon; < ME. dojoun,
dojon, dogon (as a noun : see def. 3 and quot.) ;
perhaps, through an unrecorded OF. 'dojon,
*dogon, dim. of OF. (and F.) douve = Pr. Cat.
df>ga = It. doga, dial, rfotvi (ML. doga), a stave
(of a hogshead or other cask), < MD. dut/ghe,
D. duig = MHO. duge, G. dauoe, a stave ; fur-
ther origin unknown.] I. n. If. A stave of a
barrel or cask. [Recorded only in the com-
pound dudgeon-tree: see def. 2 and dudgeon-
tree.^ — 2. Wood for staves: same as dudgeon-
tree. Jamieson. [Scotch.] — 3t. Some kind of
wood having a mottled grain; or the wooden
hilt of a dagger, ornamented with graven lines.
Bcnnyn [\. e., run, as lines interwoven] a* dojoun or
masere (maple : see maur] or other lyke.
Prompt. Part., p. 438.
4f . The hilt of a dagger. See dudge<m-haft.
And on thy blade and dudoeon gout* of blood.
Shak., Macbeth, IL 1.
6t. A dagger. See dudgeon-dagger.
n.t a. Ornamented with graven lines ; full
of wavy lines ; curiously veined or mottled.
Now for the l)OX.tree : . . . seldome hath it any graine
crisped damaake wise, and never but about the root, the
which is dud^n and full of wnrke.
UoUand, it. of Pliny, xvi. 16.
dudgeon^ (duj'on), n. [By apheresis from the
orig. form endugine, appar. < W. "endygen, < en-,
an enhancing prefljt, + dygen, malice, resent-
ment. Cf. dychan, a jeer, dygas, hatred, Com.
dur.han, duwhan, grief, sorrow.] A feeling of
offense; resentment; sullen anger; ill will; dis-
cord.
is vetiubua (venous duct), the communlcat-
■■ fetus, between the inferior vena cava and
: vein, obliterate*! s*jon after birth. — Dnc-
tus viieuiuus, or ductus yltello-lntestlnaUs (vitel-
line i,r vii.-ll.» intestinal duct), in a vertelirate eml)r>o.
the (-unitnuni<-ati-ii) between the primitive intestine and
the eavjty o( tlie yolk sac or nmbilieal vesicle. — Duc-
tus Wirsun^lanus, the duct of Wirsung. the principal
pan-r-iiti. .iii.t, -Ductus Wolffll (Wolfflan duct), tlic
' t of tlie Wolffian bo«ly or primitive kidney,
soon disappearing for the most part, In tlie
j^ the pennanent va* deferens, or excretory
<i < - >>i 111- testicla. (See also eano/l.)
dud Mud), n. [< MK dudd, dudde, a coarse
C'loiik; said to be of Celtic origin. Cf. brat^.]
If. A coarse cloak or mantle.
X>t<dd<, clothe, (L) amphibilu* bimu.
Prompt. Pan., p. U4.
Laetma «i( palUmitJlmbriatum, a conle, or a dudd* or
a govne. Prompt Parv., p. U4, note (Uarl. MS., Ko. 2257).
2t. A rag. — 3. pi. [Formerly also spelled
dudes, as in Barman's "Caveat" (1567), where
the word is erroneously set down as "pedlar's
French" — that is, tlueves' cant.] Clothes;
especially, poor or ragged clothing; tatters:
used in contempt. [Cofloq. or humorous.]
I se warrant it was the tae half of her fee and bountith,
for she wared (spent) the ither half on pinners and pearl-
lugs; . . , shell ware 't a' on du/i« and nonsense.
Scott, Old Mortality, xiv.
Away I went to sea, with my duds tied in a han'kercher.
JTrs. Stoux, Oldtown, p. 84.
At some windows hnng lace curtains, flannel duds at
Home. a. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 181.
dudder^ (dud't-r), v. [Var. of dodder'^ and did-
il'T, q. v.] I. intrans. To didder or dodder;
shiver or tremble.
due
The Archbishop of Canterbury, writing a Letter to
him [Wolsey], subscribed Your Brother William of Can-
terbury ; he took it in great Dudgeon to be termed his
Brother. Baker, Chronicles, p. 285.
I drink It to thee in dudgeon and hostility. .Scoe*.
Mrs, W. was in high dudgeon; her heels clattered on
the red-tiled floor, and she whisked about the house like
a parched pea upon a drum-head.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 365.
dudgeou^t (duj'on), a. [Origin uncertain ; ME.
doron, explained by L. degener, degenerate,
worthless, occurs in " Prompt. Parv." (p. 125) in
the alphabetical place of and appar. intended
for "dogon, *doion, but another manuscript has
in the same place "doion, dogena" (p. 436),
which seems to refer to dudgeon^, the hilt of a
dagger: see dudgeoii^.'] Eude; unpolished.
By my troth, though I am plain and dudgeon,
I would not be an ass. Beau, and Ft., Captain, ii. 1.
dudgeon-daggert (duj'on-dag"fer), n. A dagger
having an ornamental hilt of wood ; hence, a
dagger of any sort, but especially one carried
by a civilian, and not a weapon of war.
An his justice be as short as his memory,
A dudgeon dagger will serve him to mow down sin withall.
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, v. 1.
dudgeon-haftf (duj'on-haft), «. [Early mod.
E. also diidgiii hafte;< dudgeon^ + haft] The
haft or liilt of a dagger ornamented with graven
lines.
A dudgeon haft of a dagger, [F.] dague a roeUes.
Shxricood,
dudgeon-tree, «. [Sc. dugeon-tree ; < dudgeon^
+ trcf.} Wood for staves. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
dudish (dii'dish), a. Like a dude.
dudism (dfl'dizm), n. [< dude + -ism.'] The
dress, maimers, and social peculiarities of the
class known as dudes.
I suppose it to be the efflorescence of that pseudo-res-
theticism which has had other outcome in sun-flowers, and
Dnde-igm, and crazy quilts, and crushed strawberry tints.
D. (J. Mitchell, Bound Together.
Dudley limestone, trilobite. See limestone,
trilohitc.
dudman (dud'man), n. ; pi. dudmen (-men). [<
dud + man.] A rag man, or a man made of
rags — that is, a scarecrow made of old gar-
ments. Mackay. [Prov. Eng.]
duel (dii), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also dew; <
ME. due, dewe, duuie, < OF. deu, deut, m., dene,
f., mod. F. du, m., due, f. (pp. of devoir: see
rf«r*r, devoir), = It. debuto, < ML. as if "dehutus
for L. debitus, owed (neut. debitum, fem. debita,
a thing due or owed, a debt), pp. of dehere (>
It. devere = P. deroir, etc.), owe : see debt."] I, a.
1. Owed ; payable as an obligation ; that may
be demancwd as a debt: as, the interest falls
due next month.
The penalty,
Which here appeareth due upon the bond.
Shak., M. of V., Iv. 1.
Then there was Computation made, what was due to
the King of Great Britain, and the Lady Elizabeth.
Iloicell, Letters, I. vi. 6.
In another [inscription] there is a sort of table of the
fees or salaries due to the several officers who were em-
ployed about the games.
Poeocke, Description of the East, II. ii. 71.
2. Owing by right of circumstances or condi-
tion; that ought to be given or rendered ; prop-
er to be conferred or devoted : as, to receive
one with due honor or courtesy.
Do thou to euery man that is due,
As thou woldist he dide to thee.
Ilyinne to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 63.
We receive the due reward of our deeds. Luke xxiii. 41.
Hapless the lad whose mind such dreams invade,
And win to verse the talents due to trade. Crabbe.
With dirges diu in sad array.
Slow through the churchyard path we saw him borne.
Gray, Elegy.
3. According to requirement or need ; suitable
to the case ; determinate ; settled ; exact : as,
he arrived in d^ie time or course.
Mony dayes he endurit, all in due pes.
And had rest in his rewme right to his dethe.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 13386.
They cannot nor are not able to make any due proofe
of our letters of coquet. Haktuyte Voyaget, I. 211.
Last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of
dt«i time. 1 Cor. xv. 8.
To ask your patience.
If too much zeal hath carried him aside
From the dite path. B. Jongon, Alchemist, iii. 2.
4. That is to be expected or looked for ; un-
der engagement as to time; promised : as, the
train is due at noon ; he is due in New York to-
morrow.— 6. Owing ; attributable, as to a cause
or origin ; assignable : followed by to : as, the
delay was due to an accident.
dna
lUi effect U due to the attraction of tbe sun and moon.
J. D. Forbes.
In the mind of the savage every effect is believed to be
due to a special worker, because special workers have been
observed to precede effects in a multitude of instances.
li. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 330.
That which is most characteristic of us [Americans] is
unmistakably a political education due to English origin
and English growth. StilU, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 191.
6. In laic : (a) Owing, irrespective of whether
the time of payment has arrived: as, money
is said to be due to creditors although not
yet payable. (6) Presently payable; already
matured: as, a note is said to be diie on the
third day of grace — Due and payable, said of a sub-
sisting debt the time for payment of which has arrived. —
Due notice, due diligence, such as the law requires
under tlie circumstances. — Due process of law, in
Amer. const, law, the due course of legal proceedings ac-
cording to those rules and foi-ms which have been estab-
lished for the protection of private rights. Constitutional
provisions securing to citizens due process of law imply
judicial proceeding with opportunity to be heard, as dis-
tinguished from a legislative act. They refer generally
to those processes which the American law inherited from
the English common law, as part of the law of the land
secured by M:igna Charta ; but they may include any new
form of legal proceeding devised and sanctioned by legis-
lative act, provided it be consonant with the recognized
general principles of lilwrty and justice.
H. n. 1. That which is owed ; that which is
required by an obligation of any kind, as by
contract, by law, or by official, social, or reli-
gious relations, etc. ; a debt ; an obligation.
And unto me addoom that is my dew.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 66.
I'll give thee thy due, thou hast paid all there.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
Measuring thy course, fair Stream ! at length I pay
To my life's neighbour dues of neighbourhood.
Wordsworth, The River Eden, Cumberland.
For I am but an earthly Muse,
And owning but a little art.
To lull with song an aching heart.
And render human love his dues.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xxxvii.
Specifically — 2. Any toll, tribute, fee, or other
legal exaction : as, custom-house dues; excise
dues.
Men that cleave the soil,
Sow the seed, and reap the harvest with enduring toil.
Storing yearly little dues of wheat and wine and oil.
Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters (Choric Song).
3. Right ; just title.
The key of this infernal pit by due . . .
I keep. Milton, P. L., ii. 860.
Easter dues. See Easter^.—Tor a full due (naut.), so
that it need not be done again.
The stays and then the shrouds are set up for a full
due. Luce, Seamanship, p. 116.
Sound dues, a toll or tribute levied by Denmark from
an early date (it is mentioned as early as 1319) until 1857,
on merchant vessels passing through the Sound between
Denmark and Sweden. These dues were an important
source of revenue for Denmark ; they were sometimes par-
tially suspended, were regulated by various treaties, and
continued until abolished for a compensation fixed by
treaties with the maritime nations. — TO give the devU
his due. See devil.
duel (dii), a«f». \(,due,a.'\ Directly; exactly:
only with reference to the points of the com-
pass : as, a due east course.
Due west it rises from this shrubby point.
Milton, Comus, 1. 306.
The Danube descends upon the Euxine in a long line
running diie south. De Quincey, Herodotus.
due^t, V. t. [Early mod. E. also dewe; < ME.
dtwn, by apheresis from enduen, endewen, en-
dowen: see endue'^, endow.'] To endue; endow.
For Fraunces founded hem [religious orders] nougt to
faren on that wise,
Ne Domynik dued hem neuer swiche drynkers to worthe
[become], fiers Plowman's Credo (E. E. T. S.), 1. 776.
This is the latest glory of thy praise,
That I, thy enemy, d!t« thee withal.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2.
due-bill (dti'bil), n. A brief written acknow-
ledgment of indebtedness, differing from a
promissory note in not being payable to or-
der or transferable by mere indorsement.
due corde (do'e kor'de). [It. : due, fern, of duo,
< L. duo = E. two; corde, pi. of corda, < L.
chorda, cord, chord: see chord.'i Two strings:
in music, a direction to play the same note si-
multaneously on two strings of any instrument
of the violin class.
due-distant (du'dis'tant), a. Situated at a
suitable distance. [A nonce-word.]
A seat, soft spread with furry spoils, prepare ;
Due-distant, for us both to speak and hear.
Poj^e, Odyssey, xix.
duefult (du'ful), a. [Formerly also dewful; <
duc^ + -ful.'i Pit ; becoming.
But thee, 0 Jove ! no equall Judge I deeme.
Of my desert, or of my dewfull Eight.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vl. 35.
1792
duel (du'el), n. [= D. Dan. duel = G. Sw. duell,
< F. duel, < It. duello = Sp. duelo = Pg. duello,
< ML. duellum, lit. a combat between two, a
restored form of h. helium, OL. duellum, war
(see bellicose, etc.), < duo = B. too.] 1. A sin-
gle combat : specifically, a premeditated and
prearranged combat between two persons with
deadly weapons, and usually in the presence of
at least two witnesses, called seconds, for the
purpose of deciding a quarrel, avenging an in-
sult, or clearing the honor of one of the com-
batants, or of some third party whose cause he
champions. The origin of the modern practice of duel-
ing was doubtless the judicial combat or wager of battle
resorted to in the middle ages as a means of settling dis-
putes. The practice was formerly common, but has gener-
ally been suppressed by adverse public opinion in civilized
countries. In England and the United States dueling is
illegal, death resulting from this cause being regarded as
murder, no matter how fair the combat nmy have been ;
and the seconds are liable to severe punishment as acces-
sories. DelitKrate dueling is where both parties meet
avowedly with intent to murder. In law the offense of
dueling consists in the invitation to fight ; and the crime
is complete on the delivery of a challenge.
They then advanced to fight the duel
With swords of temper'd steel.
Sir Hugh le Blond (Child's Ballads, III. 268).
A certain Saracen . . . challenged the stoutest Christian
of all the army to a duell. Coryat, Crudities, I. 119.
Modern war, with its innumerable rules, regulations,
limitations and reflnementa, is the Duel of Nations.
Sumner, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1846.
A duel is a fighting together of two persons, by previous
consent, and with deadly weapons, to settle some antece-
dent quarrel. 2 Bishop, Cr. L. (7th ed.), 313.
2. Any fight or contest between two parties ;
especially, a military contest between parties
representing the same arm of the service.
The Son of God,
Now entering his great dtiel, not of arms,
But to vanquish by wisdom hellish wiles.
Milton, P. R., i. 174.
The long-range artillery duels so popular at one time
in the war. The Century, XXXVI. 104.
duel (du'el), V. ; pret. and pp^ dueled, duelled,
ppr. dueling, duelling. [= D. duelleren = G. du-
clliren = Dan. duellere = Sw. duellera ; from
the noun.] I. intrans. To engage in single
combat ; fight a duel.
With the king of France duelled he.
Metrical Romances, ill. 297.
II. trans. To meet and fight in a duel ; over-
come or kill in a duel.
Wlio, single combatant,
Duell'd their armies rank'd in proud array.
Himself an army. Milton, S. A., 1. 345.
He must at length, poor man ! die dully of old age at
home ; when here he might so fashionably and gentilely,
long before that time, have been duell'd or flux'd into an-
other world. South, Works, II. vi.
The stage on which St. George duelled and killed the
dragon. Maundrelt.
duelert, duellert (dii'el-6r), n. A combatant
in single fight ; a duelist.
You may also see the hope and support of many a flour-
ishing family untimely cut off by a sword of a drunken
dueller, in vindication of something that he miscalls his
honour. South, Works, VI. iii.
dueling, duelling (du'el-ing), n. [Verbal n. of
duel, U.J The fighting of a duel ; the practice
of fighting duels.
duelist, duellist (du'el-ist), n. [= D. duellist, <
F. duclliste = Sp. duelista = Pg. It. duellista ; as
duel + -ist.'] One who fights m single combat ;
one who practises or promotes the practice of
dueling.
You imagine, perhaps, that a contempt fop your own life
gives you a right to take that of another ; but where, sir,
is the difference between a duellist who hazards a life of
no value, and the murderer who acts with greater security ?
Goldsmith, Vicar.
duello (du-el'o), ». [< It. duello : see duel.'] 1.
A duel ; a single combat.
This being well forc'd, and xn-g'd, may have the power
To move most gallants to take kicks in time.
And spurn out the duelloes out o' th' kingdom.
Fletcher (and another 1), Nice Valour, iii. 1.
2. The art or practice of dueling, or the code
of laws which regulate it.
The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have one
bout with you : he cannot by the duello avoid it.
Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
duelsome (du'el-sum), a. [< duel + -some.'] In-
clined or given to dueling ; eager or ready to
fight duels. [Rare.]
Incorrigibly ditelsome on his own account, he is for oth-
ers the most acute and peaceable counsellor in the world.
Thackeray, Paris Sketch-Book, ii.
due&a (do-a'nya), n. [Sp.] See duenna.
dueness (du'nes), n. [< (fuel + -ness.] Fit-
ness; propriety; due quality. [Rare.]
duffer
That dueness, that debt (as I may call it), that obliga-
tion, which, according to the law of nature, in a way of
meetness and comeliness, it was fit for God as a creator to
deal with a creature. Goodwin, Works, I. ii. 199.
duenna (du-en'a), n. [Sp., formerly duenna,
now spelled dueka, vernacular form of dofta,
mistress, lady (fem. corresponding to masc.
duerlo, master, don, sir), < L. domina, mistress,
fem. of dominus, master: see dominus, doifl,
donna, etc.] 1. The chief lady in waiting on
the (Jueen of Spain. — 2. An elderly woman
holding a middle station between a governess
and a- companion, appointed to take charge of
the girls of a Spanish family.
How could I know so little of myself when I sent my
duenna to forbid your coming more under my lattice ?
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, Slawkenbergius's Tale.
3. Any elderly woman who is employed to
guard a younger; a governess; a chaperon.
You are getting so very pretty that you absolutely need
a duenna. Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, ix.
duet (du-ef), n. [Also, as It., duetto; =: D. Dan.
duet = G. Sw. duett = Sp. dueto = Pg. duetto, <
It. duetto, < duo, < L. duo = E. two.] A musical
composition either for two voices or for two
instruments, or for two performers on one in-
strument, and either with or without accom-
paniment.
duetet, n. A Middle English form of duty.
duettino (do-et-te'no), M. [It., dim. of duetto,
duet.] A short, unpretentious duet.
Ariettas and duettinos succeed each other.
Longfellow, Hyperion, p. 329.
duetto (do-et'to), n. [It. : see duet.] A duet.
Scott, Monastery, xviii.
due volte (do'e Vai'te). [It. : due, fem. of duo,
< L. duo = E. two; volte, pi. of volta, turn: see
vault, n.] Two times; twice: a direction in
musical compositions.
duffl (duf), n. [Another form of dough (with/
< </A, as in draft = draught, dwarf, etc.): see
dough.] 1. Dough; paste of bread. [Prov.
Eng.] — 2. Naut., a stiff flour pudding boiled
in a bag or cloth : as, sailors' plum duff.
The crew . . . are allowed [on Sunday] a pudding, or,
as it is called, a duff. This is nothins; more than flour
boiled with water, and eaten with molasses.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 19.
3. Vegetable growth covering forest-ground.
[Local. U. S.]
This rfw^ (composed of rotten spruce-trees, cones, nee-
dles, etc.) has the power of holding water almost equal to
the sponge, and, when it is thoroughly dry, burn.s like
punk, without a blaze. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 289.
I have seen the smoke from fires in the duff even after
the snow has fallen.
Rep. of Forest Commission of State of New York, 1886,
[p. 102.
4. Fine coal.
duff2 (duf), V. i. [Scotch.] In golf, to hit the
ground behind the ball.
Ouffar, n. Same as duffer^, duffart.
duffart (duf'art), «. and a. [Sc, also dowfart,
doofart, < dowf, q. v., + -art, -ard.] I. «. A
dull, stupid fellow.
II. a. Stupid ; dull ; spiritless.
duff-day (duf 'da), n. The day on which duff is
served on board ship; Sunday.
duffel, n. and a. See duffle.
duffer 1 (duf'^r), H. [Origin obscure.] 1. A
peddler; specifically, one who sells women's
clothes.
A cl.ass of persons termed '^duffers," "packmen," or
"Scotchmen," and sometimes " tallymen," traders who go
rounds with samples of goods, and take orders for goods
afterwards to be delivered, but who, carrying no goods for
immediate sale, were not within the scope of the existing
charge, were in 1861 brought within the charge by special
enactment and rendered liabla. to duty. These duffers
were numerous in Cornwall.
S. Dmeell, Hist. Taxation, HI. 38
2. A hawker of cheap, flashy, and professedly
smuggled articles ; a hawker of sham jewelry.
[Eng. in both uses.]
duffer^ (duffer), «. [Appar. a var. of duffart,
q. v.] A stupid, dull, plodding person ; a fogy;
a person who only seemingly discharges the
functions of his position ; a dawdling, useless
character: as, the board consists entirely of
old duffers.
Duffers (if I may use a slang term which has now be-
come classical, and which has no exact equivalent in Eng-
lish proper) are generally methodical and old. Fosset cer-
tainly was a duffer. Hood.
"And do you get £800 for a small picture?" Mackenzie
asked severely. " Well, no," Johnny said, with a laugh,
" but then I am a duffer."
W. Black, Princess of Thule, xxv.
The snob, the cad, the prig, the duffer — >lu Maurier has
given us a thousand times the portrait of such specialties.
No one has done the duffer so well.
if. James, Jr., The Century, XXVI. 55.
dnffil
duffilfi "• An obsolete spelling of duffle.
duffing (dufing), n. In angling, the body of
an artilieial fly.
duffle, duffel (dnf'l), n. and a. [< D. duffel
= Hi. (/«;?>/, a kind of coarse, thick, shaggy
wooleu cloth, = W. Flem. duffel, any shaggy
material for wrapping up ; cf. duffelen, wrap
up, < duffel, a bundle or bunch (of rags, hay,
straw, etc.) (Wedgwood). Usually referred to
Duffel, a town near Antwerp. ] I. n. 1 . A coarse
woolen cloth having a thick nap or frieze,
generally knotted or tufted.
And let it be of duflt grey
As wwtn a cloak as man can sell.
Wordnmrth, Alice Fell.
They secured to one corporation the monopoly to con-
tinue to introduce . . . trade guns, fishing and trapping
gear, calico, duJU, and gewgaws.
W. Barrom, Oregon, p. 09.
2. Baggage; supplies; specifically, a sports-
man's or camper's outfit.
Erery one has gone to his chosen ground with too much
impedimenta, too much duJU.
0. W. Sean, Woodcraft, p. 4.
n. a. Made of duffle.
She was going ... to buy a bran-new dufU cloak.
Mrt. OiukeU, .Sylvia's Lorera, U.
dnfoil (du'foil), n. and a. [< L. duo (= E. two)
+ E./oi71, < \j. folium, a leaf. Cf. trefoil, etc.]
L n. In ker., a head of two leaves growing out
of a stem. Otherwise called twifou.
n. a. In her., having only two leaves,
dnfrenite (du-fren'it), n. [Prom the French
miii.ralogistP. A. Dufrinoy (1792-1857).] A
native hydrous iron phosphate, generally mas-
sive with radiated fibrouH structure. It has a
dark-green color, but changes on exposure to
vellow or brown.
dnfrenoysite (du-fre-noi'zit), n. [< Dufrfnoy
(see def.) + -ile^.] A sulphid of arsemo and
lead, found in small prismatic crystals of a lead-
gray color in the dolomit« of the Binnenthal,
Switzerland : named for the French mineralo-
gist P. A. Dufr^noy.
dog^ (dog), n. [Early mod. E. dugge; cf. E.
dial, ducky, dukky, the female breast; prob.
ult. connected with 8w. dagna = Dan. dtrgge,
suckle. See dairy, cby^.] The pap or nipple
of a woman or a female animal; the breast,
with reference to Boekling. It is now applied
to that of a haman female only in contempt.
It was a laitbleas squire that was the sooroe
(>f all my sorrow and ot these sad tears ; '
With whom, from tender dug ot common noorae.
At once I was up brought. Spetutr, r. Q.
She wildly breaketb from their strict enibraoe,
like a mllcb doe, wboae sweUlng dugt do aebe,
Uastlac to feed bar fawn hid in aome brake.
SMk., Venus and Adooia, L 878.
dug- <'<lug). Preterit and past participle of dig.
dugong (du'gong), ». [Also duyong; < Malay
' Javanese duyunn.'] A large aquatic
•roos mammal of the order •Virmta, Hali-
■■"■■•. of the Indian seas, in general con-
"lables a cetacean, baring a tapering llsh-
.' in flukes like a whale's, with two tore
flippenand nohindliniha. It is known to attatai a length
of for 8 (eat, and is said to be sometimes mnch longer.
The laab ts adlUe, and not unlike beet Other prodncU
of tha daym tn leather, twiry, and ofl. Ikadagaacaod
tiie ■naaalM.at the old and new world iMpaetlraly, are
the best-known sbenlana, and leadins IMag icpnscnla-
HTca of the order Simia (which isei They may hare
eontriboted to the myth o( the '--"~" flee Halieor*.
dugout (dug'out), n. 1. A boat consisting of
a Totr with the interior dug out or hollowed. It
is a common form of the primitive canoe.
Onr boat was a rery aosafe dmf-out with no oat-i1(geis,
in which we eonld not dare to bafaUe a part of the way
la sleep, (or fear of rapahlag It ^ an nnmardcd Bore-
ment U. O. nirikeTtnitai ii Arcfatpclago, p. m.
The sun was lost riafaic, as a nan stepped (torn his
slender du>/-<mt and drew half Its length out npon the
oosy bank of a pretty bayon.
O. W. CaU4, The Century, XXXV. at.
113
1798
2. A shelter or rough kind of honse excavated
in the ground, or more generally in the face of
a bluff or bank. Whole dtigouta are entirely exca-
vated ; hal/ dugoutg are partly excavated and partly built
of logs. The latter kind ia frequently used in Montana for
dwellings ; the whole dugouts are chiefly built for storing
the crops and other things and as a refuge from cyclones
and tornadoes. (Western U. S.]
The small outlying camps are often tents or mere dug-
outa in the ground. T. RooatxxU, The Century, XXXV. 499.
People must resort to dug.out» and cellar caves.
JouT. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 259.
DugungUS, n. [NL. (Tiedmann), < dugong, q.
vTj A genus of sirenians: same as Halicore.
Also called Platystotnus.
dug- way (dug'wa), n. A way dug along a
precipitous place otherwise impassable ; a road
constructed for the passage of vehicles on the
side of a very steep hill, along a bold river-
front, etc. [Western U. S.]
dul-. [Accom. form of Skt. dvi (= E. tvi-), < dta
= L. duo = E. tmo : noting a supposed second
following element.] A prefix attached to the
name of a chemical element and forming with
it a provisional name for a hypothetical ele-
ment, which, according to the periodic system
of Mendelejeff, should have such properties as
to stand in the same group with the element to
which the prefix is attached and next but one
to it. For instance, dui-Jiuorine is the name of a sup-
posed element not yet discovered, belonging in the same
group ss Uttorine snd separated from it in the group by
manganese.
Dnjardinia (du-jar-din'i-S), n. [NL., named
after Dujardin.'} A genus of chtetopodous an-
nelids, of the family Syllidte.
duke^ (duk). n. [< ME. duke, dewke, duk, due,
douk, dove, < OF. due, dues, dux,F. due = Sp. Pg.
duquezslt. duca (Venetian doge: see doge) =
MOr. Ax'f, < L. dux (due-), a leader, general,
ML. a duke, < L. dueere, lead : see duet. Cf. G.
herzog = D. hertog = Dan. hertug = 8w. hertig,
a duke, = AS. heretoga, a general, lit. 'army-
leader' ; the second element (G. -eog, AS. 'toga)
being ult. akin to L. dux, as above. Cf . duehess,
dueky, dueat, etc.] If. A chief; a prince; a
commander; a leader: as, " the diMre« of Edom,"
Ex. XV. 15.
" What lord art thu ! " quath Lucifer ; a voys aloud seyde,
" The lord of myght snd of mayn, that made alle thynges.
Jhite of this dymme place, a-non vndo the jates."
PUr$ />(owman(C), xxi. 3ti.
Wlth-ynne the Cite were iij'" men defsosable, that of
the i>idfcs made arete ioye when thei hym sangh.
Jffrlin (K. E. T. 8.X U. 188.
Hannibal, dute of Carthage. Sir T. Klyot.
S. In Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, and
Portugal, a hereditary title of nobility, ranking
next below that of prince, but in some' instances
a sovereign title, as in those of the dukes of
Burgtmdy, Normandy, Lorraine, etc. (see 3, be-
low), or borne as bis distinguishing title by a
prince of the blood royal. I'he first English duke
was Edward the Black Prince, created
linke of OomwaU bi ISST. Inke^
whMi Brltiah peer% alt In the Boose
o( Lords by right o( Urth ; Scotch
and Irish dukes hsve a right of elec-
tioo to it, in common with other
pean ot tliose coonlries, in certain
praportloaa; la other countries, ex-
cept Oermaay (see belowX the title
conveys no prescriptive political
power. In Oreat Britain a duke's
coronet consists of a richly chased gold circle, having on
Its upper edge ei^t strawberry -leaves, with or without a
cap of crimson velvet, closed st the top with a gold tassel,
lined with sarcenet, snd turned np wfth emiine.
His grandfather was Lionel duk* of Clarence,
Third son to the third Edward king of England.
Skak., 1 Hen. VI., U. 4.
Next In rank (to the sovereign] among the lords tem-
poral were the duiru. SttiUt, Const. Uist, I 42H.
8. A sovereign prince, the roler of a state
eiklled a ducky, in the middle sges, on the continent
of Europe, sU dukes were hereditary territorial rulers,
generally in subordination to a king or an emperor, though
often independent ; now only Oerman dukes retsin that
status, snd of these there sre but five, those of Anhalt,
Bmnswtck, 8axe- Altenburg. .Saxe-Coburg-Ootha, and Saze-
Melningen. Uodena and Parma, in Italy, were ruled by
sovereign dnkes nntfl their Incorporation with the king-
dom of Italy In isaa
4t. A name of the great eagle-owl of Europe,
Bubo niaximiw, called otoimWhc by the French.
— 6. pi. The fists. [Slang.] -Duke of Exeter's
daughtert. .See frroln-^ 12. -Duke palatine. fieejMfa-
tiiie. —To dine with Duke Humphrey. ■■<«« dine.
duke^ (duk), V. i. ; pret. auil pp. duked, ppr. duk-
ing. [< duke^, n.] To play the duke. [Kare.]
Lord Angelo dukee it well in his absence.
Sltai.,U.tarii.,ULi.
dnke^, H. A dialectal (Scoteh) form of duok^.
Cofoaet of an Englisli
Duke.
dulcamon
Thr^ dayis in dub amang the dukii
He did with dirt him hyde.
Bannatyne Poenu, p. 22.
dukedom (diik'dum), n. [< duke^ -t- -dom.'] 1.
The jurisdiction, territory, or possessions of a
duke.
Is not a dukedom, sir, a goodly gift ?
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. I.
Edward III. founded the dukedom of Cornwall as the
perpetual dignity of the king's eldest son and heir appa-
rent. Stubbs, Const. Hist., S 428.
2. The rank or quality of a duke.
dukeliug (duk'ling), n. [< duke^ + dim. -Hng.^
A petty, mean, insignificant, or mock duke.
This dukelinff mushroom
Hath doubtless charm'd the king.
Ford, Perkiii Warbeck, ii. 3.
dukely (duk'li), a. [< duke^ + -ly^.l Becom-
ing a duke. Southey.
dukery (du'kfer-i), n.; pi. dukeries (-iz). [<
duke^ + -ery.'\ A ducal territory, or a duke's
seat : as, the bakeries (a group of ducal seats in
Nottinghamshire, England). Davies. [Humor-
ous.]
The Albertlne line, electoral though it now was, made
apanages, sutxlivisions, unintelligible little dukes and du-
keriet of a similar kind. Carlyle, Misc., IV. S59.
England is not a dukery. Nineteenth Century.
dukeship (dflk'ship), «. [< duke^ + -ship."] The
state or dignity of a duke.
Will your dukeehip
Sit down and eat some sugar-plums ?
Mageinfjer, Great Duke of Florence, iv. 2.
duke's-meat, ». Same as duck-meat.
dukesst, ". [ME. dukes, a var. of duches: see
rfiK'/ica's.] A duchess.
Dukhobortsl (do-ko-b6rt'8i), n. pi. [Buss.
dukhnbtinUiU, pi. ilukhobortsi, one who denies
the di'vinity of the Holy Ghost {dukhoborstvo,
a sect of such deniers), < dukhu, spirit (Srya-
tuiX DukhH, Holy Ghost), -t- boretsU, a contend-
er, wrestler, < boroti, overcome, refl. con-
tend, -wrestle, fight.] A fanatical Russian sect
founded in the early part of the eighteenth
century by a soldier named Procope Loupkin,
who pretended to make known the true spirit
of Christianity, then long lost. Tliey have no
stated places of worship, observe no holy days, reject the
use of Imagea and all rites and ceremonies, have no or-
dained clergy, and do not acknowledge the divinity of
Christ or the authority of the .Scriptures, to which they
give, in so far as they accept thcni, a mystical interpreta-
tlon. Owing to their murders ami cruelties, they were re-
moved to the Caucasus In 1841 ami subseijucnt years; they
now form a community there of seven villages.
dulcamara (dul-ka-ma'rft), n. [= F. douce-
aniire = Sp. dulcamara,
duhamara = Pg. It.
duccamara, < NL. dul-
camara, lit. bitter-
sweet, < L. dulcis, sweet,
+ amarus, bitter.] A
pharmaceutical name
for the bittersweet,
Solanum Dulcamara, a
common hedge-plant
through Europe and the
Mediti'rranean region,
and naturalized in the
United States. The root
and twigs have a peculiar
bitter-sweet taste, and have
been used in decoction for
the cure of diseases of the
skin.
dulcamarin (dul-ka-ma'rin), n. [= V.duU
camarine; as dulcamara + -in^.] A glucoside
obtained from the Solanum Dulcamara or bit-
tersweet, forming a yellow, transparent, resin-
ous mass, readily soluble in alcohol, sparingly
so in ether, and very slightly soluble in water.
duJc&niOIlt, 1. A word occurring in the phrase
to be at diifcarnon — that is, to bo at a loss, to
be uncertain what course to take. It is found
in the following passage from Chaucer :
" I am, til Ood me bettcre niynde sende.
At duteamon, right at my wfttes ende.'
Quod Pandarus, " Ve, nece, will yc here?
Dulcamon oUled is * flemyng of wreches ' ;
It semeth hard, for wreches wol nought lere,
For veray slouthe, or other wilful teches."
TroUue, ill. 9S1.
Duteamon represents the Arabic dhil 'I kamein, 'lord of
the two horns,' a name applied to Alexander, either be-
cause he boasted himself the son of Jupiter Anmion, and
therefore had his coins stamped with horned images, or,
as some say, because he had In his power the eastern and
western world, si«ntfled in the two horns. (.Selden's
Preface to Drayton's Polyolblon.) But the epithet was
also applied to the 47th iin>position of Euclid, in which
. the squares of the two sides of the right-angled triangle
stand out something like two horns. Tlits j>n)po8ition
was confounded by Chaucer with the &th proposition, the
Bittersweet ISctamum Dultm-
inara).
dalcarnon
famous pmu asinoruin. This, for some reason, was in the
nii<l<lle Httes termed Klefuga, which is explained as mean-
ing flight ol the miseral)le,' or, as Chaniir renders it.
'flemyng of wreches.' Ele was supptised to be derived
from tUgi^ meaning miserable, and this latter was itself
derived from elegia, meaning sorrow. The passage from
Chaucer was first thus explained in the Loudon Athenceum,
Sept. 23, 1871, p. 393.
dnice (duls), a. and n. [Altered to suit the orig.
L. ; early mod. K. doulcc, earlier douce, < ME.
dcmce, doicce, sweet, < L. duleis, sweet: see
douce.'] I. a. Sweet; pleasant; soothing.
Nevertheless with much doulce and gentle terms they
make their reasons as violent and as vehement one against
the other as they may ordinarily.
Quoted in Slubbe's Const. Hist., § 443.
n. ». Sweet wine ; must. See the extract.
Sweetness is imparted by the addition of *' dulce," — that
is, must, frequently made from grapes dried for some days
in the sun. lire, Diet., IV. 950.
dulcet, »'• '• [< dulce, a.] To make sweet; ren-
der pleasant ; soothe.
Severus . . . (because he would not leave an enemie
behind at his baclie) . . . wisely and with good foresight
dutceth and kindly intreateth tlie men.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 68.
dnlcenesst (duls'nes), n. [< 'dulce, a. (see
douce, a.); < L. duleis, sweet, + -ness.] Sweet-
ness ; pleasantness.
Too much diUceness, goodness, and facility of nature.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 338.
dlllcet (dul'set), a. and n. [Altered, after L.
duleis, from ME. doucet, sweet, < OF. doucet,
F. doucet (= Pr. dosset, dousset), dim. of doux,
fem. douce, < L. duleis, sweet. Cf. doucet.]
I. a. 1. Sweet to the sense, especially of taste;
luscious ; exquisite ; also, melodious ; harmo-
nious.
Dainty lays and diUcet melody. Spenser.
Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose, like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet.
Milton, P. L., i. 712.
So mild and dufcet as the flesh of young pigs.
Lamb, Roast Pig.
2 Agreeable to the mind.
They have . . . styled poesy a dulcet and gentle phi-
losophy. B. Jonson, Discoveries.
Il.t n. The sweetbread.
Thee stagg upbreaking they slit to the dulcet or inche-
pyn. Stanikurst, jEneid, i. 218.
dulcetness (dul'set-nes), n. Sweetness.
Be it so that there were no discommodities mingled
with the commodities ; yet as 1 before have said, the
brevity and short time that we have to use them should
assuage their dulcetness.
J. Bradford, Writings (Parker Soc), I. 338.
dulciant, n. [= Dan. Sw. duleian = OF. doul-
foine, doufainne, douceine, also doulcine, dou-
cine, a flute, = Sp. dulzaina = Pg. dulqairm, do-
gaina, dogainha, < ML. dulciana, a kind of bas-
soon, < L. duleis, sweet: see dulce.] A small
bassoon.
dulciana (dul-si-an'ft), «. [ML., a kind of bas-
soon: see duleian.] In organ-building, a stop
having metal pipes of small scale, and giv-
ing thin, incisive, somewhat string-like tones.
The word was formerly applied to a reed stop
of delicate tone. See duleian. Also called
dolcan.
dulcification (dul'si-fi-ka'shon), n. [= F. dul-
cification = Sp. duleifieaeion = Pg. dulcifieagito
= It. doleificazione, < L. as if *duleifieatio(^n-), <
duleificare, sweeten: see dulcify.] The act of
sweetening ; the act of freeing from acidity,
saltness, or acrimony. E. Phillips, 1706.
dulcifluous (dul-sif 'lij-us), a. [< ML. duleifluus,
< L. duleis, sweet, -I- -Jluus, (.Jluere, flow.] Flow-
ing sweetly. Bailey, 1727.
dlUcifT (dvd'si-fi), V. t. ; pret. and pp. dulcified,
ppr. dulcifying. [< F. dulcifier, < LL. duleificare,
sweeten, < L. duleis, sweet, -t- facere, make.]
1 . To sweeten ; in old chemistry, to free from
corrosive and sharp-tasting admixtures ; render
more agreeable to the taste.
Can you sublime and dulcify J calcine?
B. Jonson, Alchemist, li. 1.
Other beneflclal inventions peculiarly his ; such as the
dulcifying sea-water with that ease and plenty.
Evelyn, To Sir. Wotton.
2. To render more agreeable in any sense,
llis harshest tones in this part came steeped and dulci-
fied in good-humour, Lainb, Artificial Comedy.
Dulcified spirit, a compound of alcohol with mineral
acids : as, dulcified spirits of niter.
dnlcilOQUyt (dul-sil'o-kwi), n. [= Pg. It. dul-
eiloquo. It. also doleiloquo, < LL. duleiloquus,
sweetly speaking, < L. duleis, sweet, + loqui,
speak.] A soft manner of speaking. Bailey,'
1731.
1794
dnlcimelt, n. An obsolete form of dulcimer.
dulcimer (dul'si-mtr), n. [Formerly also dulci-
mel (alter Sp. and It.); < OF. douleemer (Roque-
fort), < Sp. dulcemele = It. doleemele, a musical
instrument, < L. dulecmelos, a sweet song: dulce,
neut. of duleis, sweet; melos, < Gr. iitlo^, a song:
se^ melody.] 1. A musical instrument consist-
ing of a body shaped like a trapezium, over
which are stretched a number of metallic
strings,having a compass — sometimes diatonic,
sometimes chromatic — of from 2 to 3 octaves.
The tones are produced by striking the strijigs with ham-
mers, the heads of which have both hard and soft sides,
80 that different qualities and degrees of force are possi-
ble. The dulcimer is a very ancient instrument. It is
specially notable because it was the prototype of the
pianoforte, which is essentially a keyed dulcimer — that
is, a dulcimer whose hammers are operated by keys or
levers. The immediate precursor of the pianoforte, how-
ever, the harpsichord, was a keyed psaltery. See harpsi-
chord, psaltery, pianoforte.
Here, among the fiddlers, I first saw a dulcimere played
on witli sticks knocking of the strings, and is very pretty.
Pepys, Diary, I. 283.
It was an Abyssinian maid.
And on her dulcimer she played.
Coleridge, Khubla Khan.
2t. A kind of woman's bonnet.
With bonnet trimmed and flounced withal,
Which they a dulcimer do call.
Warton, High Street Tragedy.
dulcin (dul'sin), n. [< L. duleis, sweet, + -in^.]
Same as duleitol.
dulcinesst (dul'si-nes), n. [< dulce + -y +
-ncss.] Softness ; easiness of temper. Bacon.
Dulcinist (dul'si-nist), n. [< ML. Dulcinistw,
pi., < Duleinus, a proper name (It. Dolcino), <
L. duleis, sweet.] A follower of Duleinus or
Dolcino (bom at Novara, Italy; burned alive
in 1307), a leader of the .Apostolic Brethren of
northern Italy. With that sect, the Dulcinists rejected
the authority of the pope, oaths, marriage, capital punish-
ment, and all rites and ceremonies. They held that all
law and all rights of property should be abolished, and
that the rite of marriage should be superseded by a
merely spiritual and celibate union of man and wife.
dulcitamine (dtil-sit-am'in), m. [< duleite +
amine.] In chem., a compound of dulcitan with
ammonia, having the formula C6Ha(OH)KNH2.
dulcitan (dul'si-tan), n. [< duleite + -an.] The
anhydrid of duleitol (CeHi205), an alcohol pre-
pared by heating duleitol.
oulcite (dul'sit), n. [< L. duleis, sweet, + -ite"^.]
Same as duleitol.
duleitol (dul'si-tol), n. [< duleite + -ol.] A
saccharine substance (CgHiiOg), similar to and
isomeric with mannite, which occurs in various
plants, and is commercially obtained from an
unknown plant in Madagascar, and in the crude
state is called Madagascar manna. Also called
duleite, dulcin, dulcose.
dulcitudet (dul'si-tM), n. [< L. dulcitudo,
sweetness, < duleis, sweet: see dulee, douce.]
Sweetness. E. Phillips, 1706.
dulcoratet (dul'ko-rat), V. t. [< LL. didcoraius,
pp. of dulcorare, sweeten, < dulcor, sweetness,
< L. duleis, sweet: see dulce.] To sweeten;
make less acrimonious.
The ancients, for the duleorating of fruit, do commend
swines-dung above all other dung.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 465.
dulcorationf (dul-ko-ra'shgn), n. [< ML. dul-
coratio{n-), < LL. dulcorare, sweeten: see duU
corate.] The act of sweetening.
The fourth is in the dulcoration of some metals ; as
saccharum Saturni, &c. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 358.
dulcose (dul'kos), n. [< L. duleis, sweet, +
-ose.] Same as duleitol.
dule (dol), n. Same as dool, a dialectal form of
dolc'i.
duledge (du'lej), n. [Origin not ascertained.]
In mech., a peg of wood which joins the ends of
the six fellies that form the round of the wheel
of a gun-carriage.
Dules (du'lez), n. [NL. (Cuvier, 1829), irreg. <
Gr. SoiiTiOi, a slave. Prop. Dulus, as applied to
a genus of birds.] A genus of serranoid fishes,
characterized by a lash-like extension of a spine
of the dorsal fin, the body being thus tmder the
lash, whence the name.
dule-tree, n. See dool-tree.
dulia (du-li'a), «. [ML., < Gr. dov^in, service,
servitude, < ooiXof, a slave.] An inferior kind
of worship paid to saints and angels in the Ro-
man Catholic Church. Also duly, doulia.
Catholic theologians distinguish three kinds of cultus.
Latria, or supreme worship, is due to God alone, and can-
not be transferred to any creature without the horrible
sin of idolatry. Dulia is that secondary veneration which
Catholics give to saints and angels as the servants and
special friends of God. Lastly, hypenlulia, which U only
dnU
a subdivision of dulia, is that higher veneration which we
give to the Blessed \'irgin as the mr)st exalted of mere
creattires, though, of course, infinitely inferior to God, and
incomparably inferior to Christ in liis human nature.
Cath. Diet.
DulicUa (du-lik'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. 6ov2.tx6(,
Ionic form of do/uxic, long : see Dolichos.] The
typical genus of the family DuUchiidw.
Dulichiidae (du-li-ki'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Duli-
chia + -«i<i'.] A family of amphipod crusta-
ceans.
Dulinse (dil-li'ne), n. pi. [NL. , < Dulus + -in(B.]
A subfamily of West Indian dentirostral oscino
passerine birds, commonly referred to the fart-
ily Vireonida; sometimes to the Ampelidw. It
is represented by the genus Dulus (which see).
duUl (dul), a. [Early mod. E. also dul, dulle; <
ME. dul, dull, also dyll, dill, and in earlier use
dwal, < AS. "dwal, *dwol, found only in contr.
form dol, stupid, foolish, erring (= OS. dol =
OFries. dol = D. dol = MLG. dwal, dwel, dol,
LG. dol, dul = OHO. MHG. tol, G. toll, mad,
= leel. dulr, silent, close, = Goth, dtcals, fool-
ish), < *dwelan, pret. *dwal, pp. gedwolen, mis-
lead, = OS. fordwelan, neglect. From the same
root come AS. dwelian, err, dwola, dwala, error,
gcdwola = OHG. gitwola, error, etc., and ult. E.
dwell and dwale, q. v. Cf. also dilV^ and dolt.]
1 . Stupid ; foolish ; doltish ; blockish ; slow of
understanding : as, a lad of dull intellect.
The murmur was mykell of the mayn pepull.
Lest thai dang bir to dethe in hor dull hate.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 11904.
If our Ancestors had been as dull as we have been of
late, 'tis probable we had never known the way so much
as to the East Indies. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 102.
Among those bright folk not the didlest one.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 366.
2. Heavy ; sluggish ; drowsy ; inanimate ; slow
in thought, expression, or action : as, a surfeit
leaves one dull; a dull thinker; a dull sermon;
a dull stream ; trade is dull.
Their hands and their minds through idleness or lack of
exercise should wax dtdl.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.
It can never be known, till she is tried, whether a new
ship will or will not be a good sailer ; for the model of a
good-sailing ship h.as been exactly followed in a new one,
which has been proved, on the contrary, remarkably dtdl.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 262.
3. Wanting sensibility or keenness; not quick
in perception : as, dull of hearing ; dull of seeing.
And yet, tho' its voice be so clear and full,
You never would hear it ; your eai-s are so duU.
Tennyson, The Poet's ilind.
4. Sad; melancholy; depressed; dismal.
If thi herte be dulle and myrke and felis nother witt ne
sauour ne deuocyone for to thynke.
Hamjiole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.),p. 40.
5. Not pleasing or enlivening; not exhilarat-
ing; causing dullness or ennui; depressing;
cheerless: as, duM weather; a (i«H prospect.
He from the Rain-bow, as he came that way,
Borrow'd a Lace of those fair woven beams
Which clear Heavens blubber'd face, and gild dtdl day.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 59.
Fly, fly, profane fogs, far hence fly away ;
Taint not the pure streams of the springing day
With your dull influence. Crashaw, A Foul Morning.
There are very few people who do not find a voyage
which lasts several months insupportably didl.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
DuU, dreary flats without a bush or tree.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
6. Gross ; inanimate ; insensible.
Looks on the dull earth with disturbed mind.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 340.
7. Not bright or clear; not vivid; dim; ob-
scure : as, a dull fire or light ; a dull red color ;
the mirror gives a dull reflection.
One dxdl breath against her glass.
D. G. Bossetti, Love's Noctum.
By night, the interiors of the houses present a more dull
appearance than in the day.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 188.
8. Not sharp or acute; obtuse; blunt: as, a
dull sword ; a dull needle.
The murtherous knife was dull and blunt.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4
I wear no dull sword, sir, nor hate I virtue.
Beau, and FL, Knight of Malta, ii. 3.
Wielding the dull axe of Decay.
Whittier, Mogg Megone.
0. Not keenly felt ; not intense : as, a dull pain.
= Syn. 1. Silly, etc. See simple.
dulll (dul), V. [= E. dial, dill: < ME. dulkn,
dyllcn, dillen, make dull; < duW^, a.] I. trans.
1. To make dull, stupid, heavy, insensible, etc. ;
duU
lessen the vigor, activity, or sensitiveness of;
render inanimate ; damp : as, to dull the wits ;
to dull tlie senses.
How may ye thus meane you with malis, for shame !
Youre dedis me duUit, & dos out of hope.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11314.
I hate to heare, lowd plaints have duld mine eares.
SpenseTy Daphna'ida, v.
Those [drugs] she has
Will stuplfy and dxUl the sense awhile.
Shak., Cymbellne, 1.9.
The nobles and the people are all dxdl'd
With this usurping king.
Beau, and Fl.. Philaster, iii.
DvU not thy days away in slothful supinity and the
tediousness of doing nothing.
Sir T. Brotme, Christ. Mor., I. xxxiii.
2. To render dim; sully; tarnish or cloud: as,
the breath dulls a mirror.
She deem'd no mist of earth could dutt
Those spirit-thrilling eyes so keen and beautiful.
Tennyatm^ Ode to Memory.
3. To make less sharp or acute; render blunt
or obtuse: as, to dull a knife or a needle. — 4.
To make less keenly felt ; moderate the inten-
sity of : as, to dull pain.
Weep ; weeping duUt the inward pain.
Tennyton, To J. S.
n. intrans. If. To become dull or blunt ; be-
come stupid.
Right nought am 1 thurgh youre doctrine,
I duiU under youre discipline.
Horn. 0/ tite Sou, 1. 47»2.
Which [wit] mst« and dvU, except it subiect Dnde
Worthy it's worth, whereon it self to grinde.
SylKster, tr. of Uu Bartaa's Weeks, i. 6.
2. To become calm; moderate: as, the wind
dulled, or dulled down, about twelve o'clock.
[Kare.] — 3. To become deadened in color;
lose brightness.
The day had duUed somewhat, and far out among the
western Isles that lay along the horizon there was a faint,
still mist that inaile them sliadowy and vague.
W. BUtek, A Daughter of Heth, u.
dull'' (dul), n. [Oriijin obscure ; there is no
evidence to connect it with dole^, < L. dolus, a
device, artifice, snare, net, < Gr. 66>j>c, a bait
for fish, a snare, net, device, artifice.] A noose
of string or wire used to snare fish; usually,
a noose of bright copper wir" attached by a
short string to a stout pole. [Southern U. 8.]
dllll2 (dul), r. ». [< dulP, «.] To fish with a
dull : as, to dull for trout. [Southern U. 8.]
I hope that the barbarous practice called duUing has
gone out of fashion. Forest and Stream, March 11, 1880.
dullard (durjlrd), n. and a. [< ME. duUarde;
< dull + -ard.] I, n. A dull or stupid person;
a dolt ; a blockhead ; a dunce.
They which cannot doe it are hulden duUardt and
blockea. Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. Mi.
n. a. Dull; doltish ; .stupid.
But would I bee a poet if I might.
To rub my browes three days, and wake three nights,
And bite my nails, and scratch my dullard head?
Bp. HaU, Satire*, L iv.
dnllardism (dul'Sr-dizm), n. [< dullard +
-ixni.] Siiipidity;dolti.shne88. Maunder. [Rare.]
dull-brained (dul'brand), a. Having a duU
brain; being slow to understand or compre-
hend.
Tbla am of mine hath chastised
The petty rebel, duU-trrain'd Buckingham.
Shak., Klcb. UI., ir. 4.
dull-browed (dul'broad), a. Having a gloomy
brow or look.
Let us screw our pampered hearta a pitch beyond the
reach of dtiZI-frrvuM sorrow.
QuarUt, Judgment and Mercy.
dnller (dul'6r), It. One who or that which makes
dull.
Your grace most fly phlebotomy, fresh pork, conger,
and clarifled whey ; they are all dultem of the vital spirits.
Beau, and Ft., Philaster. il. 1.
dulleryt (dul'6r-i), n. [= MLG. duUerie; as
dull + -eryl.] Dullness; stupidity.
Master Antltns of Creaseplota was licentlated, and had
passed his degrees In all duUery and blocklshness.
Urr/ukart, tr. of Rabelais, IL II.
doll-eyed (dul'id), a. Having eyes dull in ex-
pression ; being of dull vision.
111 not he made a soft and duU-eifd fool.
Shak.. M. of v., ill. 3.
|dullhead (dul'hed), n. A person of dull under-
^ sttuidiiiK ; a dolt ; a blocknead.
This people (sayth he) he fooles and diUhede* to all
gondnes. A$eham, The Scholeroaater, p. 76.
dullish ((lul'ish), a.
what dull.
1796
They are somewhat heavy in motion and dullish, which
must be imputed to the quality of the clime.
Howell, Parly of Beasts, p. 12.
dullness, dulness (dul'nes), n. [< ME. dul-
tiesse, dullnes, dotnesse, dolnes; < dull + -ness.']
The state or quality of being duU, in any sense
of that word.
Thou art inclin'd to sleep ; 'tis a good dulness,
And give it way. Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
Dulruas, that in a playhouse meets disgrace.
Might meet with reverence in its proper place.
Dryden, Troiius and Cressida, Pro!., 1. 25.
Nor is the didness of the scholar to extinguish, but
rather to inflame, the charity of the teacher.
South, Sermons.
And gentle Dulness ever loves a joke.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 34.
^^Tien coloured windows came into use, the comparative
dulness of the former mode of decoration [fresco] was im-
mediately felt. J. Fergtisson, Hist. Arch., I. 520.
Cardiac dullness. See cardiac. =8yn. Baldness, Heavi-
ness, etc. (in style). Hee /rigidity.
dully (dul'li), adr. In a dull manner; stupid-
ly; sluggishly; without life or spirit; dimly;
bluntly.
She has a sad and darkened soul, loves duUy.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 1.
The dome dully tinted with violet mica.
L. Wallace, BenHur, p. 317.
dully (dul'i), a. [< dull + -y.] Somewhat
dull. [Poetical.]
Far off she seem'd to hear the duUy sound
Of human footsteps fall. Tennyson, Palace of Art,
dulness, n. See dullness.
dulocracyt (du-lok'ra-si), n. [Also written dou-
locrucy ; < Gr. Sov/onfiaTia, < doi?.oc, a slave, +
•Kparia, < Kpareiv, rule. ] Predominance of slaves ;
a government of or by means of slaves. E.
Phillips, 1706.
dulse (duls), n. [Also dial, dullis, dilse, dills,
dillisk; < Gael, duileasg, duileosg = Ir. duileasg,
duilUasg, dulse, perhaps < Gael. Ir. duille, a leaf,
+ (Ir.) uisge, water: see usquebaugh, whisky.^
A seaweed, Khodymenia palmata, belonging to
the order Florideie. it has bright-red, broadly wedge-
shaped fronds, from 6 to 12 Inches long and 4 to 8 inches
broad. Irregularly cleft or otherwise divided, and. often
bearing frondleta on the margin. It is common between
tide-marks, and extends into deeper waters, mlhcnng to
the rocks and to other algte. It is eaten in New England
and in Scotland ; in Iceland It is an important plant, and
is stored In casks to be eaten with fish ; in Kamtchatka a
fermented liquor is made from it. In the south of England
this name Is given also to another alga of the same order,
Iriden edulu.
Wliat dost thoQ here, voting wife, by the water-side.
Gathering crimson dvlte I Celia Tkaxter, All's Well.
Craw dulse, V!Ao<fyn«nui cUiata. [Scotch.] — Pepper
dulse, haureneia pinnatifida. [Scotch.)
Dulus (du'lus), n. [NL. (Vieillot, 1816), < Gr.
ioiAof, a slave. The bird used to be called Tan-
gara esclave.} A genus of probably vireonine
[< dull + -Mftl.] Some-
Ihtliu dptmimtcMj.
dentirostral oscine birds of the West Indies,
representing a subfamily Dulinte, the position
of which is unsettled. In some respects it re-
sembles Icteria. D. dominieus is the only es-
tablished species.
dulwllly (dul'wil-i), «. [E. dial.] The ring-
plover, ACgialites hiaticula. Montagu.
duly! (du'li), adr. [< ME. dtiely, dewly, dieicly,
ducliche; < rfuel -1- -ly^.'] In a due manner;
when or as due; agreeably to obligation or
propriety; exactly; fitly; properly.
Vnto my dygnyte dere sail diewly be dyghte
A place full of plente to my plesyng at ply.
} ork Plays, p. 1.
Tliat they may have their wages duly paid them.
And something over to remember me by,
Shak., Hen. VIII., Iv. 2.
As our Saviour, during his forty days' stay on earth,
fully enabled his ap6stles to attest bis resurrection, so did
he qualify them duly to preach bis doctrine.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. viL
Seldom at church, 'twas such a linsy life ;
But duly sent his family and wife.
Pope, Moral Essays, ill. 382.
dumb-cake
None duly loves thee but who, nobly free
From sensual objects, finds his all in thee.
Cowper, Glory to God Alone.
duly2 (dii'li), «. [< dulia, q. v.] Same as dulia.
Now call you this devotion, as you please, whether dw^j/
or hyperduly, or indirect, or reductive, or reflected or ana-
gogical worship, which is bestowed on such images.
Brevint, Saul and Samuel at Endor, p. 352.
dumf, a. An obsolete spelling of dumb.
dumal (du'mal), a. [< LL. dumalis, < L. du-
mus, OL. dusihus, a thorn-bush, a bramble, per-
haps akin (as if a contraction of "densimus) to
densus = Gr. 6aav(, thick, dense: see dense.'\
Pertaining to briers ; bushy.
dumb (dum), a. [Early mod. E. also dum,
dumbe; < ME. dumb, domb, doumb, < AS. dumb,
mute, = OFries. dumbe, dumi = D. dom =
MLG. LG. dum, dull, stupid, = ORG. tumb,
MHG. tunip, turn, G. (with LG. d) dumm, mute,
stupid, = loel. dumbr, dumbi, mute, = Sw. dumb,
mute, dum, stupid, = Dan. dum, stupid, = Goth.
dumbs. OHG. tumb, G. dumm, is foimd also in
sense of 'deaf (OHG. toup); cf. Gr. Tu^Aiif,
blind; perhaps the two words are ult. con-
nected, the orig. sense being then ' dull of per-
ception.' See deaf.'] 1. Mute; silent; refrain-
ing from speech.
I was dumb with silence ; I held my peace. Ps. xxxix. 2.
Dombe as any ston.
Thou sittest at another booke,
Tyl fully dasewyd is thy looke.
Chaucer, House of Fame, L 658.
To praise him we sould not be dumm.
Battle 0/ Uarlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 189).
Since they never hope to make Conscience dum}}, they
would have it sleep as much as may be.
Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. xi.
2. Destitute of the power of speech ; unable to
utter articulate sounds: as, a deaf and dumb
person; the dMmft brutes. — 3. Mute; notaccom-
panied with or emitting speech or sound : as, a
dumb show; dumb signs.
Such shapes, such gesture, and such sound, expressing
(Although they want the use of tongue) a kind
Of excellent dumb discourse. Shak., Tempest, lit 3.
You shan't come near him ; none of your dumb signs.
Steele, Lying Lover, ill. 1.
Hence — 4. Lacking some usual power, mani-
festation, characteristic, or accomj)animent ;
destitute of reality in some respect; irregular;
simulative: as, dumb ague; dumb craft. See
phrases below. — 6. Dull; stupid; doltish. [Lo-
cal, U. S. In Pennsylvania this use is partly
due to the G. dwinw.] — 6. Deficient in clear-
ness or brightness, as a color. [Bare.]
Her stern was painted of a dtimb white or dun colour.
De/oe.
Deaf and dumb. See deaf-mute.— Dumb afne, a jnipu-
lar name of an irregular intermittent fever, lacking the
usual chill or cold stage; masked fever.— Dumb bors-
holder, an old staff of oflice, serving also as an imple-
ment to lireak open doors and the like in the service of
the law, of whicli an example is preserved at Twyford in
the county of Kent, England, It was made of wood, about
S feet long, with an iron spike at one end and several iron
rings attached, tliroujjh wliich ci.rds could Ik- passed. J.
A. .4, 1.X. 505.— Dumb compass, .'^ic com/wnii — Dumb
craft, Unbtcrs anil Iwat." nut liaving sails.- Dumb cram-
IJO, furnace, etc See the nouns.— Dumb piano. Same
as (/j'/f^'rM((/f. — Dumb spinet, .'^aine as vianichord. —
To strike dumb, to render silent fiom astonishment;
confound; astonisn.
Alas 1 this parting strikes poor lovers dumb.
Shak., T. O. of V., 11. 2.
=8yn. 1 and 2. Mute, etc. See silent.
dumb (dum), V. [< ME. doumben, < AS. d-dum-
bian, intr., become dumb, be silent, < dumb,
dumb: see dumb, a.] I.t intrans. To become
dumb ; be sUent.
I doumbed and meked and was ful stille.
Ps. xxxvlii. 3 (ME. version).
H. trans. To make dumb; silence; over-
power the sound of.
An arm-gaunt steed,
Who neigh'd so high, that what I would have spoke
Was beastly dumlid by him. Shak,, A. and C, i. 5.
dumb-bell (dum'bel), n. One of a pair of
weights, each consisting of two balls joined by
a bar, intended to be swung ip the hands for
the sake of muscular exercise, made of iron, or
for very light exercise of hard wood.
Brandishing of two sticks, grasped in each hand and
loatien with plugs of leaii at either end ; . . . sometimes
practised in the present day, and called "ringing of the
dumb belts." StrutI, Sports and Pastimes, p. 142.
dumb-bidding (dum'bid'ing), n. A form of
bidding at auctions, where the exposer puts a
reserved bid under a candlestick or other cov-
ering, and no sale is effected unless the bidding
comes up to that.
dumb-cake (dum'kak), n. A cake made in si-
lence on St. Mark's Eve, with numerous cere-
dumb-cake
monies, by maids, to discover their future hus-
bands. [Local, Eng.]
dumb-cane (dum'kan), h. An araceous plant
of the West Indies, tUfffenhaehia Scguiiie: so
called from the fact that its acridity causes
swelling of the tongue when chewed, and de-
stroys the power of speech.
dumb-chalder (dum'chal'dfer), «. la ship-build-
ing, a metal cleat bolted to the after part of
the stem-post, for one of the rudder-pintles to
play on.
dumb-craft (dum'kr&ft), n. An instrument
somewhat similar to the screw-jack, having
wheels and pinions which protrude a ram, the
point of which communicates the power.
dumbfound, dumbfounder. See dumfound,
dumfoKiidcr.
dumblel (dum'bl), a. [E. dial., < rfwraft -I- dim.
or freq. term. -te.] Stupid ; very dull. Malli-
well.
dumble^t (dum'bl), n. [E. dial., = dimhle, q. v.]
Same as dimble.
dumbledore (dum'bl-dor), «. [E. dial., also
written dumblcdor; < 'dumble = D. dommelcn,
buzz, mimible, slumber, doze (perhaps ult. imi-
tative, like bumble-, huniblebee), + dore, dor, a
bumblebee, a black beetle, a cockchafer: see
dor^.1 1. The bumblebee.
Betsy called it [the monk's hood] the dumbled(yre'8 de-
light. Soulhey, The Doctor, viii.
2. The brown cockchafer.
dumbly (dimi'll), adv. [< dumb + -ly^.l Mute-
ly; silently; without speech or sound.
Cross her hands liumbly,
As if praying dumbly^
Over lier breast. Hood, Bridge of Sigha.
dumbness (dum'nes), w. 1. Muteness ; silence;
abstention from speech ; absence of sound.
Talte lience that once a Icing ; that sullen pride
That swells to dumbnesg.
Dryden, Don Sebastian, iii. 1.
2. Incapacity for speaking ; inability to utter
articulate sounds. See deafness.
In the first case tlie demoniac or madman was dumb ;
and his dumt/itens probably arose from the natural turn
of his disorder.
Farmer, Demoniacs of New Testament, i. § 6.
dumb-show (dum'sho'), n. 1. A part of a
dramatic representation shown pantomimi-
cally, chiefly for the sake of exhibiting more
of the story than could be otherwise included,
but sometimes merely emblematical. Dumb-
shows were very common in the earlier English
dramas.
Groundlings who, for the most part, are capable of no-
thing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
The Julian feast is to-day, the country expects me ; I
spealc all the dumb-shows : my sister chosen for a nymph.
Fletclier and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 1.
2. Gesture without words ; pantomime : as, to
tell a story in dumb-show.
dumb-waiter (dum'wa'tfer), n. A framework
with shelves, placed between a kitchen and a
dining-room for conveying food, etc. When the
kitchen is in the basement story the dumb-waiter is bal-
' anced by weights, so as to move readily up and down by the
agency of cords and pulleys. The name is also given to a
small table or stand, sometimes with a revolving top, placed
at a person's side in the dining-room, to hold dessert, etc.,
until required.
Mr. Meagles . . . gave a turn to the ditmb-waiter on his
right hand to twirl the sugar towards himself.
Dickens, Little Dorrit, i. 16.
dumetose (du'me-tos), a. [< L. dumetum, dum-
metum, OL. dumectum, a thicket, < dumus, a
bramble : see dumal.'] In bot, bush-like.
dumfotmd, dumbfound (dum-found'), "■ *■
[Orig. a djal. or slang word, < dumb + appar.
-found in confound.] To strike dumb ; confuse ;
■stupefy; confound.
Words which would choke a Dutchman or a Jew,
BumfouTui Old Nick, and which from me or you
Could not be forced by ipecacuanha.
Drop from his oratorio lips like manna. Soulhey.
I waited doggedly to hear him [Landor] begin his cele-
bration of them [pictures], dumfownded between my moral
obligation to be as truthful as I dishonestly could and my
social duty not to give offense to my host.
iMwell, The Century, XXXV. 614.
dumfounder, dimibfounder (dum-foun'der),
V. t. [Another form of dumfound, apparent-
ly simulating founder^, sink.] Same as dum-
found. [Rare.]
There is but one way to browbeat this world,
Dumb/ounder doubt, and repay scorn in kind —
To go on trusting, namely, till faith move
Mountains. Browning, Ring and Book, I. 114.
Dnmicola (du-mik'o-la), 11. [NL. (Swainson,
1831, as Dumecola), < L. dumus, a bramble, +
eolere, inhabit.] A genus of South American
1796
tyrant flycatchers, of the family Tyrannidce,
containing such species as D. diops. Also
called Museiphaga and Uemitriceus.
dummador (dum'a-d6r), «. Same as dumble-
dore.
dummerert (dum'6r-^r), n. [< dumb + double
suffix -fc-cr.] A dumb person; especially, one
who feigns dumbness.
Eciuall to the Cranck in dissembling is the DumiMrar;
for, as the other takes vpon him to haue the falling sick-
nesse, so this counterfets Dunibnes.
Dekker, Belman of London (cd. 1608), sig. D, 3.
Every village almost will yield abundant testimonies
[of counterfeits] amongst us ; we have dummerers, <Sc.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 159.
dumminess (dum'i-nes), n. The character of
being dumb ; stupidity.
A little anecdote . . . which . . . strikingly illustrates
the dumminess of a certain class of the English popula-
tion. C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 292, note.
dummy (dum'i), «. and a. [= Sc. dumbie ;
dim. of dumb, dum.] I. «. ; pi. dummies (-iz).
1. One who is dumb; a dumb person; a mute.
[CoUoq.] — 2. One who is silent ; specifically,
in theat., a person on the stage who appears be-
fore the lights, but has nothing to say. — 3. One
who or that which lacjis the reality, force, func-
tion, etc., which it appears to possess; some-
thing that imitates a reality in a mechanical
way or for a mechanical purpose. Specifically—
(o) »ome object made up to deceive, as a sham package,
a wooden cheese, an imitation drawer, etc. (b) Some-
thing used as a block or model in exhibiting articles of
dress, etc. (e) A specimen or sample of the size and
appearance of something which is to be made, as a book
composed of sheets of blank paper bound together, (d)
.Something employed to occupy or mark temporarily a par-
ticular space in any arrangement of a number of articles.
4. In mech. : (a) A dumb-waiter. (6) A loco-
motive with a condensing-engine, and hence
avoiding the noise of escaping steam : used es-
pecially for moving railroad-cars in the streets
of a city, or combined in one with a passenger-
car for local or street traffic, (c) The name
given by firemen to one of the jets from the
mains or chief water-pipes, (d) A hatters'
pressing-iron. — 5. In card-playing: (a) An ex-
posedhand of cards, as in whist when three play.
(6) A game of whist in which three play, the
fourth hand being placed face up. One player,
■with this and his own hand, plays against the
other two Double dummy, a game at whist with
only two players, each having two hands of cards, one of
them exposed.
II. a. If. Silent; mute. Clarke. — 2. Sham;
fictitious ; feigned : as, a dummy watch.
About 1770 it became fashionable to wear two watches ;
but this was an expensive luxury, and led to the manufac-
ture of dummy watches,
F. Vors, Bibelots and Curios, p. 83.
It is also probable that farms made up in whole or part
of land obtained by dummy entries would, for some time
at least, be returned as having separate ownera and there-
fore as separate farms. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 388.
Dumont's blue. See blue, n.
dumortierite (du-mor'ter-it), n. [After M.
Eugene Dumortier.'] A silicate of aluminium
of a bright-blue color, occurring in fibrous forms
in the gneiss of Chaponost near Lyons, and else-
where.
dumose, dumous (du'mos, dii'mus), a. [< L.
dumosus, dummosus, OL. dusmosus, bushy, < <J«-
»i!<«, a thorn-bush, a bramble : see dumal.] 1.
In bot., having a compact, bushy form. — 2.
Abounding in bushes and briers.
dump^ (dump), n. [< *dun>p, adj., Sc. dumph,
dull, insipid ; prob. < Dan. dump, dull, low, hol-
low, = G. dumpf, damp, musty, dull, esp. of
sound, low, heavy, indistinct, muffled (< MHG.
dimpfen, steam, reek); cf. D. dompig, damp,
hazy, misty, = LG. dumpig, damp, musty, =
Sw. dial, dumpin, melancholy (pp. of dimba,
steam, reek), »w. dumpig, damp : see below.
Cf . D. dampen, quench, put out ; from the same
source as damp, q. v.] 1. A dull, gloomy state
of the mind; sadness; melancholy; sorrow;
heaviness of heart: as, to be in the dumps.
[Regularly used only in the plural, and usually
in a humorous or derogatory sense.]
Some of our poore familie be fallen into such dumpes,
that scantly can any such cumfort as my poore uit can
geue them any thing asswage their sorow.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 3.
Why, how now, daughter Katharine? In your dumps f
Shak., 1. of the S., ii. 1.
■ Gent. But where's my lady?
Pet. In her old dumps within, monstrous melancholy.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 2.
His head like one in doleful dump
Between his knees.
,Sr. nutter, Hudibras, II. i. 106.
I know not whether it was the dumps or a budding ec-
stasy. Thoreau, Waldeo, p, 242.
dump
2t. Meditation; reverie. Locke. — 3. pi. Twi-
light. [Prov. Eng.] — 4t. (a) A slow dance
with a peculiar rhythm.
And then they would have handled me a new way ;
The devil's dump had been dauc'd then.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, v. 4.
(6) Music for such a dance.
Visit by night your lady's chamljer-window
With some sweet concert : to their instruments
Tune a deploring dump. Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 2.
(c) Any tune.
O, play me some merry dump, to comfort me.
Shak., R. and J., Iv. 5.
dump2 (dump), V. [< ME. dumpen, rarely dam-
pen, tr. cast down suddenly, intr. fall down sud-
denly (not in AS.); = Norw. dumpa, fall down
suddenly, fall or leap into the water, = Sw. dial.
dumpa, make a noise, dance clumsily, dampa,
fall downsuddenly,=Icel. «?«»(/)« (once), thump,
= Dan. dumpe, intr. thump, plump, tr. dip, as
a gun, = D. dampen, tr., dip, as a gun, dampelen,
tr., plunge, dip, immerse, = LG. dumi>eln, intr.,
drift about, be tossed by wind and waves ; all
from a strong verb repr. by Sw. dinipa, pret.
damp, pp. neut. dumpit, fall down, plump. Cf.
thump.] I. trans. 1. To throw down violently ;
plunge; tumble. [Obsolete, except as a Col-
loquialism in the United States : as, the bully
was dumped into the street.]
Than sail the rainbow descend. . . .
Witjhj the wind than sail it mell,
And driue th.am dun all vntil hell
And dump the deuls [devils] thider in.
Cursor Mundi, X. 22689.
Kene men sail the kepe.
And do the dye on a day,
And domp the in the depe.
Minot, Poems (ed. RItson), p. 47.
2. To put or throw down, as a mass or load
of anything ; unload ; especially, to throw down
or cause to fall out by tilting up a cart: as, to
dump a stickful of type (said by printers) ; to
dump bricks, or a load of brick. [U. S.]
The equipage of the campaign is dumjted near the store-
cabin, ir. Barrows, Oregon, p. 137.
Dumped like a load of coal at every door.
Lowell, To G. W. Curtis.
3. To plunge into. [Scotch.] — 4. To knock
heavily. [Prov. Eng.]
II. intrans. If. To fall or plunge down sud-
denly.
Vp so doun schal ye dumpe depe to the abyme.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 362.
The folke in the flete felly thai drownen :
Thai dump in the depe, and to dethe passe.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 13289.
2. To unload a cart by tilting it up; dispose
of a refuse load by throwing it out at a certain
place: as, you must not rf«m^ there. [U.S.] —
3. In printing,to remove type from the stick and
place it on the galley: as, where shall I dumpf
durnp^ (dump), n. [= Norw. dump, a sudden fall
or plunge, also the sound of something falling,
also a gust of wind, a squall, = Dan. dump,
the sound of something falling ; from the verb.
Hence dumpy, dumpling.] 1. The sound of a
heavy object falling; a thud.— 2. Anything
short, thick, and heavy. Hence — 3. A clumsy
medal of lead formerly made by casting in
moist sand ; specifically, a leaden counter used
by boys at chuckfarthing and similar games.
The dumps still existing are generally impressed with char-
acters, often letters, perhaps the initials of the maker.
Thy taws are brave, thy tops are rare,
Our tops are spun with coils of care.
Our dumps are no delight.
Hood, Ode on Prospect of Clapham Academy.
4. A small coin of Australia.
The small colonial coin denominated dumps have aU
been called in. Sydney Gazette, January, 1823.
If the dollar passes current for five shillings, the dump
lays claim to fifteen pence value still in silver money.
Sydney Gazette, January, 1823.
5. pi. Money; "chink." [Slang.]
May I venture to say when a gentleman jumps
In the river at midnight for want of the dumps.
He rarely puts on his knee-breeches and pumps?
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 37.
6. A place for the discharge of loads from
carts, trucks, etc., by dumping; a place of de-
Fosit for offal, rubbish, or any coarse material.
U. S.]
A sort of platform on the edge of the dump. There, m
old days, the trucks were tipped and the loads sent thun-
dering down the chute. The Century, XXVII. 191.
We sat by the margin of the dttmp and saw, far below
us, the green tree-tops standing still in the clear air.
The Century, XXVII. 38.
The next point Is to get sufficient grade or fall to carry
away the inmiense masses of dSbris : that is, the miner
has to look out for bis "dump."
Mistier, Mod. High Explosives, p. 278.
damp
7. The pile of matter so deposited ; specifically,
the pile of refuse rook around the mouth of a
shaft or adit-level. [U.S.J — 8. A nail. See
the extract. [Eng.]
Nails of mixed metal being termed dumpt.
Thearle, Xaval Arch., | 216.
dump3 (dump), n. [Cf. Norw. dump, a pit,
pool, also the Dottom of a carriage or sleigh ;
LG. dumpfel, tilmpfel, an eddy, a deep place in
a lake or stream, orig. a place that '•plunges"
down ; ult. from the verb represented by dump^,
r.] A deep hole filled with water. Grose, [Prov.
Eus:.]
dumpage (dum'paj), «. l< dump'^ + -age."] 1.
The privilege oi dumping loads from carts,
trucks, etc., on a particular spot. [U. 8.] — 2.
The fee paid for such privilege. [U. S.]
damp-bolt (dump'bolt), n. la ship-building, a
short bolt used to hold planks temporarily.
dnmp-car (dump'kar), ri. A dumpmg-car.
dump-cart (dump'kart), n. Same as tip-cart.
damper (dum'per), n. One who or that which
dumps ; .specifically, a tip-cart. [U. 8.]— Double
dumper, a cart or wairon the form of which is liko tliat
of a ti]>-cart, except that the neap contains a seat for the
driver ill the rear of the forward axle. (U. S.J
domping-badcet (dum'ping-btik'et), n. See
hurh t.
dumping-car (dum'plng-kar), «. A truck-car
the body of which can be turned partly over to
be emptied. [U. 8.]
dumping-cart (dum'ping-kart), fl. A cart
whose bfxlv can be tilted to discharge its con-
tents. [I''. S.]
dumping-ground (dum'ping-gronnd), n. A
pieee of ground or a lot where earth, offal, rub-
bish, etc., are emptied from carts; a dump.
[V. 8.]
dumpish (dum'pish), a. [< dump^ + -i»ht-.'\
I^ull: stupid; morose ; melancholy ; depressed
in spirits.
Sir knight, why ride ye dMmpUk thns behind T
Sptnter, ¥. Q., IV. it S.
The life which I lire at this age la not a dead, dumpUh,
and sour life ; but chearful, Ureljr, and pleasant.
Lord Uerbert^ Memoirs.
She will either be dumpiMh or tmnelgbboorlf, or talk of
such matters as no wise body can abide.
Bunyan, PUgrlm's Progress, p. 2S7.
dumpishly (dum'pish-li), adv. In a didl, mop-
in>,'. or morose manner. Bp. Hall.
dnmpishness (<linn'pish-nes), n. The state of
being dull, moping, or morose.
The dnke deniaundid of him what should slsnUIe that
dumpishnes of myniie. UaU, £dw. IV., an. 15.
domple (dum'pl), r. (. ; pret. and pp. dumpled,
ppr. dumpling. [Appar. freq. of dump^, c.J To
fold; b«'nd; douole. iScott.
dumpling (dump'ling), n. [< dump^, n., 2, +
dim. -/iji>/.] 1. A kind of pudding or mass of
boiled paste, or a wrapping of paste in which
fruit is boiled.
Onr banest neighliour's gooae and dumpUtu' *■" "Be.
eaUnstt*, Vlau, x.
8. A dwarf. [Prov. Eng.1 — scotch dumpling,
the stomach of a obd stuffed with cho|>|ie<l cod-liver ami
eom-mral, and boiled.
dumpling-duck, n. See duek^.
dumpy' (ilum'pi), a. [< dtimpl + -yl.] Dimip-
ish; sad; soiky. [Bare.]
Tbe nreet, ooorteoaa, amiable, and good-natured Satur-
day Keriew baa dumpf miaglvingi upon the same point
Sev York Trilmiu.
dnmpy^ (dnm'pi), a. and n. [< dumj>2, n., +
-yt.J L a. Short and thick ; sqnat.
ller stature tall — I hate a dumpy woman.
Aynm, Don Joan, L 61.
Be had a round head, snngly-trimmed beard slightly
dashed with gray, was short and a trifle stout — King
thooght, dumpy. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 185.
H. n. ; pi. dumpies (-piz). 1. A specimen of
a breed of the domestic hen in which the bones
of the legs are remarkably short. Also called
rrrepfT. — 2. Same as dumpy-level.
dumpy-level (dum'pi-lev'el), n. A form of
Mpint-levol much used in England, esx>ecially
for rough and rapid work. lu superiority consisu
principally in its sininliclty and cunipactneas. The tele-
scope is of Short local length, whence the name dumpy-
ImN, or simply dumpy, as It Is frequently called. It is
■bo called the Gracatt level, after the name of the in-
ventor. In tbe dampy the lerel Is placed upon the tele-
scope (not under it, as in the Y-level), and Is fastened at
one end with a hlnfce, and at the other with a capstan-
beail>~l w-rew. See YUvtl.
dumreicherite (dOm'ri-6h6r-it), n. p^amed
after Huron von DMmreicher of Lisbon.] A hy-
drous sulphate of magnesium and aluminium,
related to the alnms, found in the volcanic
rocks of the Cape Verd islands.
1797
dnn^ (dun), a. and w. [< ME. dunne, donne, dun,
< AS. f/««, dunn, < W. dicn, dun, dusky, swarthy,
= Ir. and Gael, donn, dun, brown. Not related
to G. dunkel, dark. Hence dunling, dunnocl;
donkey.'] I, a. 1. Of a color partaking of brown
and black; of a dull-brown color; swarthy.
And shote at the donne dere
As I am wont to done.
LyteU Gente o/ Robyn Mode (Child's Ballads, IV. 256).
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun ;
Coral is far more red than her lips' red ;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxx.
They [sea-lions] have no hair on their bodies like the
seal ; they are of a dun colour, and are all extraordinary
fat. Dumpier, Voyages, an. 1683.
And deer-skfns, dappled, dun, and white.
Scott, L. of the lu, i. 27.
2. Dark; gloomy.
" O is this water deep," he said,
'* As it is wondrous dun ? "
Sir Roland (Child's Ballads, I. 226).
He then sitfvey'd
Hell and the foilt between, and Satan there
Coasting the wall of heaven on this side night
In the dim air sublime. Milton, P. L., ill. 72.
Fallow-dun, a shade between cream-color and reddish
hrowii, which grailiiates into light bay or light chestnut.
/>aruiii.— Mouse-dun, lead- or slate-color which gradu-
ates int<i an ash-color.
H. "• A familiar name for an old horse or
jade : used as a quasi-proper name (Uke dobbin).
— Don In the mire, a ]>r<>verliia1 plirase used to denote
an embarrasM.*d or straitened position.
Syr, what i>unn« is in the mire!
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, Prol.
dnn^ (Jun), V. ; pret. and pp. dunned, ppr. dun-
ning. [< ME. dunnen, donnen, make of a dim
color, < AS. dunnian, darken, obscure (as the
moon does the stars), < dun, dunn, dark, dun :
see dvnl, a.] I. trans. 1. To make of a dun or
dull-brown color.
Dmutyd of colour, subniger. Prompt. Pare, p. 1S5.
I sail yow gytfe twa gad grewhnndes
Are dotuMoala any doo (doej.
MS. in HaUiwtU, p. 310.
Especially — 2. To cure, as cod, in such a man-
ner as to impart a dun or brown color. See
dunflsh. [New Eng.]
Theproceseof dunning, which made the [laleeof] Shoals
flab so famoiu a century ago. Is almost a lost art, though
the chief flsherman at star still (funs a few yearly.
Crlia Thaxter, Isles of Shoals, p. 83.
n. intrans. To become of a dun color.
Thin hew [hue] dunnet.
PaiUieal Poemt, etc. (ed. Fumivali), p. 221.
dun^ (dun), r. ; pret. and pp. dunned, ppr. dun-
ning. [< ME. dunnen, make a loud noise (ver-
bal n. dunning, a loud noise), var. of dynnen,
dynning, dinnen, etc., earlier ME. dunien, < AS.
dunian, make a din. Dun^ is thus another form
of din, V. Cf. dunt = dint, dulll- = dilf^, etc. The
use of the wonl as in II. is modern, and may
be of other origin.] I.t intrans. To make a
loud noise ; din.
H. trans. To demand payment of a debt
from ; press or urge for payment or for fulfil-
ment 01 an obligation of any kind.
I scorn to push a lodger fur his pay ; so I let day after
day pass on without dumtitiff the old gentleman for a far-
thing. Irving, Kiiickerbocker, p. 19.
dnn^ (dun), n. [< dun^, r.] 1. One who duns ;
an importunate creditor, or an agent employed
to collect debts.
It grieves my heart to be pulled by the sleeve by some
rascally dun, "Sir, remember my bllL '
Arbuthnot, BUt. John Bull.
Has his distresses too, I warrant, like a lord, and affects
credlton and dum. Sheridan, School for Scandal, liL 2.
2. A demand for the payment of a debt, espe-
cially a written one; a dimning-letter : as, to
send one's debtor a dun.
dnn* (dun; AS. and Ir. pron. dSn), n. [Of Cel-
tic origin ; Ir. dun = Gael, dun, a hill, fort, town,
W. din, a hill-fort ; > AS. dun, E. downi, a hill :
see dotrni.] A hill; a mound; a fortified emi-
nence. This word enters into the composition of many
place-names in Great Britain, frequently under the modi-
fled forms dum-, don., -don (as well as doirn, which see): as,
Dunstable, i>unmow, Dundee, Dunbar, jTumfries, Dum-
barton, Z>oncaster, i>onegal, etc.
The Dun was of the tame form as the Rath, bnt consist-
ing of at least two concentric circular mounds or walls,
with a deep trench full of water lM?twcen them. They
were often encircled by a third, or even l)y a greater num-
licr of wails, atlncreaslngdlstances; but this circumstance
made no alteration in the form or in the signiflcation of
the name. O'Curry, Anc. Irish, II. xix.
dunbird(dun'b6rd),n. 1. The common pochard
or red-headed duck, Fuligula ferina. — 2. The
ruddy duck, Krismatura rubida. Nuttall, 18.34.
— 3. The female scaup duck, FuXigula marila.
[Essex, Eng.]
dunche-do'wn
duncan(dung'kan), H. A half -grown cod. Gor-
don. [Scotch (Moraj- Frith).]
dunce (duns), n. [Early mod. E. also dunse,
tliiK.i, Duns (> G. Duns), ori^. in the phrase
Duns man, Duns-matt, that is, a follower of
Duns (also written Dunse, Dunce), whose full
name was John Duns Scotus, a celebrated scho-
lastic theologian, called the " Subtle Doctor."
He died in 1308. His followers, calledScofiste,
held control of the imiversities till the reforma-
tion set in, when the reformers and humanists,
regarding them as obstinate opponents of
sound learning and of progress, and their phi-
losophy as sophistical and barren, applied the
term Duns man, which at first meant simply a
Seotist, to any caviling, sophistical opponent;
and so it came finally to mean any dull, obsti-
nate person.] If. [cap.] A disciple or fol-
lower of John Duns Scotus (see etymology);
a Dunce-man ; a Seotist. Tyndale.
Scotista [It.], a follower of Scotus, as we say a Dunce.
Florio.
Hence — 2. A caviling, sophistical person; a
senseless caviler.
AVboso surpasseth others either in cavilling, sophistry,
or subtle philosophy^ is forthwith named a Duns.
Stanihitrst, m Holinshed's Chron. (Ireland), p. 2.
3. A dull-witted, stupid person ; a dolt ; an ig-
noramus.
What am I better
For all my learning, if I love a dunce,
A handsome dunce! to what use serves my reading?
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.
Graue clothes make dunces often seeme great clarkes.
Cotgrave (s. v./of.X
Or I'm a very Dunce, or Womankind
Is a most unintelligible thing.
Cowley, The Mistress, Women's Superstition.
How much a dunce that has been sent to roam
Excels a dunce that has been kept at home.
Courper, Progress of Error, I. 415.
The interval between a man of talents and a dunce is as
wide as ever. Macautay, Loni Bacon.
duncedom (duns'dum), n. [< dunce + -dom.]
The domain of dunces; dtinces in general.
C'arlyle.
It [dignity] is at once the thinnest and most effective of
all the coverings under which du ncedom sneaks and skulks.
Whipple, Lit. and Lite, p. 142.
duncelyt, dunslyt (duns'li), adv. [< Dunce (def .
1), Duns, + -/y''^.] In the manner of a follower
of Duns Scotus, or of Duns Scotus himself.
He is wilfully witted, Duimly learned, Moorly affected,
bold not a little, zealous mure than enough.
Latiuter, .Sermons and Kcniains, II. 374.
Dnnce-mant, Duns-mant (duns'man), n. [See
dunce.] A disciple of Duns Scotus; a Seotist;
hence, a subtle or sophistical reasoner (see
dunce, etymology).
Now would Aristotle deny such speakyng, & a Duna
man would make xx. distinctions. Tyndale, Works, p. 8S.
How thinke you ? is not this a likely answere for a great
doctoiir of diuinitle? for a great Du»s man! fur so great
a preaclier ? Barnes, Works, p. 232.
duncepoll (duns'pol), n. A dunce. [Prov. Eng.]
Duncert, "• [< I>unce, Duns (i. e.. Duns Scotus :
see dunce), + -eri.] A Dunce-man. Becon.
dnncery (dun'sfer-i), n. [Formerly dunsery and
dunstery ; < duttce -V -ery.J Dullness ; stupidity.
T-et every indignation make thee zealous, as the dunnttry
of tlie monks made Erasmus studious.
S. Ward, Sermons, p. 8S.
The land had once infranchls'd her self from this Imper-
tinent yoke of prclaty, under whose inqtiisitoriiis and ty-
rannical duticen/ no free and splendid wit can flourish,
Milton, Cliurch-tiovernment, Prcf., iU
With the occasional duncery of some untoward tyro
serving for a refreshing interlude.
Lamb, Old and New Schoolmaster.
dunce-table (duns'ta'bl), »i. An inferior table
provided in some inns of court for the poorer
or duller students. Dyce. [Eng.]
A phlegmatic cold piece of stuff : his father, methinks,
should be one of the dunce-tabU-, and one that never drunk
strong beer in 's life but at festival-times.
Dekkerand Ford, Sun's Darling, v. 1.
dunch^ (dunch), V. t. or i. [Also written dunsh ;
< ME. dunchen, push, strike, < Sw. dunka, beat,
throb, = Dan. duukc, thump, knock, throb, =
Icel. dunka (Haldorsen), give a hollow sound.]
To push or jog, as with the elbow; nudge.
[Scotch and prov. Eng.]
" Ve needna lie duTwhin that gate [way], John," contin-
ued the old lady ; " naelx)dy says that ye ken whar the
brandy comes from." Scott, Old Mortality.
dunch* (dunch), a. [Appar. a 'var. of dunce.]
Deaf. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
dunche-downf, dunse-downt, «• [So called
"bycauso the downo of this herbe will cause
one to be deafe, if it happens to fall into the
dnnche-down
ears, as Matthiolus writeth" (Lyte, 1578); <
duHch''^ + dowiiS.'] The herb reed-mace, Typlia
iatifoUa.
dnncicalt (dun'si-kal), a. [Formerly also duti-
cieall, diiiisieal, duintical; < dunce + -ic-al.']
Tiike a dunce.
The most dull and duneicaU commissioner,
PlUler, Ch. Hist., VIII. ii. 26.
I have no patience with the foolish duncical dog.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, VIII. 100.
dnncifyf (dun'si-fi), v. t. [< dunce + -i-fy,
make.] To make dull or stupid ; reduce to the
condition of a dunce.
Here you have a fellow ten thousand times more dunci-
Jied than dunce Webster.
Warburton, To Hurd, Letters, cxxx.
dnncisll (dun'sish), a. [< dunce + -ishK] Like
a dunce; sottish. Imp. Diet.
duncislmess (dun'sish-nes), n. The character
or quality of a dunce ; folly. Westminster Rev.
dun-cow (dun'kou), n. In Devonshire speech,
the shagreen ray, Baia fullonica, a batoid fish.
duncur (dung'kfer), n. The pochard or dun-
bird. Also duiiker. [Prov. Eng.]
Dundee pudding. See pudding.
dunder^ (dun'der), n. A dialectal variant of
thutider.
dnnder^ (dun'dfer), n. Lees; dregs; eiSpecially,
the lees of cane-juice, which are used in the
West Indies in the distillation of rum.
The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the
purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour. Edwards.
dunderbolt (dun'dSr-bolt), n. [A dial. var. of
thunderbolt.'} A fossU belemnite; a thunder-
stone. Davies.
For "the reumatis" boiled dunderbolt is the sovereign
remedy, at least in the West of Coniwall,
Polwhele, Traditions and Recollections (1826), II, 607.
dnnderfunk (dun'dfer-fungk), n. The name
given by sailors to a dish made by soaking ship-
biscuit in water, mixing it with fat and mo-
lasses, and baking in a pan. Also called dandy-
funk.
Ounderhead (dun'd6r-hed), n. [Orig. E. dial.,
appar. < dunder^, = thunder (cf. Sc. donnard,
stupid, appar. of same ult. origin), + head. Cf.
equiv. dunderpate, dunderpoU.'] A dunce; a
numskull.
I mean your grammar, O thou dunderhead.
Fletcher (and another). Elder Brother, ii. 4.
Here, without staying for my reply, shall I be called as
many blockheads, numskulls, dotldypoles, dunderheads,
nimiy-liammers, Ac. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 25.
dunderheaded (dun ' d6r - hed " ed), a. Like a
dunderliead or dunce. G. A. Sola.
dunderpate (duu'der-pat) n. [< dunder''- (see
dunderliead) + pate.'\ Same as dunderhead.
Many a dunderpate, like the owl, the stupidest of birds,
comes to be considered the very type of wisdom.
IrciTiff, Knickerbocker, p. 148.
dunderpoU (dun'd6r-p61), n. [< dunder^ (see
dunderhead) + poll^.] Same as dunderhead.
BalHwell. [Prov. Eng. (Devonshire).]
dnnder-whelp (dun'dfer-hwelp), n. [< dunder^
(see dunderhead) + whelp.'] A dunderhead;
a blockhead.
What a puiblind puppy was I ! now I remember him ;
All the whole cast on 's face, though it were umber'd,
And mask'd with patches : what a dunder-whelp,
To let him domineer thus 1
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.
dun-diver (dun'di"v6r), n. 1. The female mer-
ganser or goosander, Mergus merganser: so
called from the dun or brown head. — 2. The
ruddy duck, Erismatura rubida. [New York,
U.S.] J. E.DeEay,\Ui^.
Dundubia (dun-du'bi-a), n. [NL. (Amyot and
Serville, 1843) (so called from the resonant
drumming sound which these insects emit), <
Hind. 8kt. dundubhi, a drum, < Hind, dund.']
A remarkable genus of homopterous insects,
containing the largest and most showy species
of the family Cicadidce, or cicadas. D. im-
peratoria is the largest hemipteran known,
expanding 8 inches, of a rich orange-color, and
is a native of Borneo.
dunei (dun), n. [Partly a dial, form (also dene) of
down^, and partly < P. dune = Sp. Pg. It. duna, a
dune, = Or. dune, a dune, = Dan. Sw. dyner, pi.,
< LG. diinen, pi., = Fries, diinen (also diininge,
dum) = D. duin, a dune, = E. down^, a hill : see
dojcni.] A mound, ridge, or hill of loose sand,
heaped up by the wind on the sea-coast, or rare-
ly on the shore of a large lake, as on Lake Su-
perior. Hills of loose sand at a distance from the coast,
or in the interior of a cormtry, are soinetinies called by
French authors dune»; but this is not the usage in Eng-
llah. Jkiaodoum.
1798
The Spaniards neared and neared the fatal dunes which
fringed tlie shore for many a dreary mile.
Kiwjsley, Westward Ho, xxxi.
Then along the sandy margin
Of the lake, the Big-Sea- Water,
On he sped with frenzied gestures, . . .
Till the sand was blown and sifted
Like great snowdrifts o'er the landscape.
Heaping all the shore with Sand Dunes.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, xl.
The long low dune, and lazy-plunging sea.
Tennyson, Last Tournament.
dune^ (diin), re. [See dMw3.] An ancient fort
with a hemispherical or conical roof. [Scotch.]
dunfish (dun'fish), n. [< rf««i, a. and v. t., +
fish.'i Codfish cured by dunning, especially for
use on the table uncooked. The fish are first slack-
salted and cured, then taken down cellar and allowed to
"give up," and then dried again. Great pains are taken
in this mode of preparation, even to the extent of cover-
ing the "fagots" with bed-quilts to keep them clean.
[New Eng.]
dungl (dung), n. [< ME. dung, dong, rarely
di7ig, < AS. dung, also dyng (in glosses badly
written dingc and dinig) =OFries. dung.Fries.
dong = OHGr. tunga, MHG. tunge, dung, G. dung
(with LG. d) (at. MHG. tunger, G. diinger, ma-
nure) = Sw. dynga, muck, = Dan. dynge, a heap,
hoard, mass. Hence dingr^l.] The excrement
of animals ; ordure ; feces.
Thei that kepen that Hows coveren hem with Hete of
Hors Doti^, with outen Henne, Goos, or Doke, or ony other
Foul. MandemUe, Travels, p. 49.
For over colde doo [put] douves dounge at eve
Aboute her roote.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 189.
Pigeon dung approaches guano In its power as manure.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 233.
dtingl (dung), V. [< ME. dungen, dongen (with
restored vowel), < AS. ge-dyngan = OPries.
donga, denga = MHG. tungen, G. dungen, dung,
manure (cf. Dan. dynge = Sw. dynga, heap,
hoard, amass); from the noun.] I. trans. 1.
To cover with dung; manure with or as with
dung.
And, warring with success.
Dung Isaac's Fields with forrain carcasses.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii,. The Schisme.
And he answering said unto him. Lord, let it alone this
year also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it.
Luke xiii, 8,
This ground was dunged, and ploughed, and sowed.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 254.
2. In calico-printing, co immerse in a bath of
cow-dung and warm water in order to remove
the superfluous mordant.
II, intrans. To void excrement.
dung2 (dung). Preterit and past participle of
dungaree (dung-ga-re'), «. [Anglo-Ind., low,
common, vulgar.] " A coarse cotton stuff, gen-
erally blue, worn by sailors.
The crew have all turned tailors, and are making them-
selves new suits from some dungaree we bought at Val-
paraiso. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. xii.
dung-bath (dung'bath), n. In dyeing, a bath
used in mordanting, composed of water in
which a small proportion of cows' or pigs' dung,
or some substitute for it, has been dissolved,
with a certain amount of chalk to remove the
acetic acid from the printed material. See
dunging.
dung-beetle (dung'be'tl), ». 1. A common Eng-
lish name of the dor or dor-beetle, Geotrypes
stercorariiis. — 2. pi. A general name of the
group of scarabs or scarabseoid beetles which
roll up balls of dung; the tumblebugs or dung-
chafers, as the sacred beetle of the Egyptians.
See cuts under Copris and Scarabceus.
dung-bird (dung'berd), n. Same as dung-hunt-
er. See badoch. [Prov. Eng.]
dung-chafer (dung'cha^ffer), n. A name given
to various coleopterous insects of the family
ScarabceidcB, and especially of the genus Geo-
trypes, which frequent excrement for the pur-
pose of depositing their eggs; a dung-beetle.
dungeon (dun'jun), n. [Also archaically in
some senses donjon ; < ME. dongeon, dongeoun,
dongon, dongoun, donyon, donioun, etc., a dun-
geon (in both uses), < OF. dongeon, dongon,
donjon, etc., F. donjon = Pr. donjon, dompnhon,
domejo (ML. reflex dunjo{n-), dungeo(n-), don-
jio(n-), dangio{n-), domgio(n-), etc.), < ML.
domnio(n-), a dungeon (tower), contr. from
and a particular use of ML. dominio(n-), do-
main, dominion, possession: see dominion, do-
main, demain, demesne.'] 1. The principal tow-
er of a medieval castle, it was usually raised on a
natural or artificial mound and situated in the innermost
court or bailey, and formed a last refuge into which the
garrison could retreat la case of necessity. Its lower or
dtmite
underground part was often used aa a prison. Also called
keep, dungeon-keep, or tower. See cut under castle. [In
this sense also written donjon, a spelling preferred by
some English writers ; but there is no historical distinc-
tion.]
Hence — 2. Aolosec^ll; a deep, dark place of
confinement.
A-twene theis tweyn a gret comparison ;
Kyng Alysaunder, he conqueiTyd alle ;
Dyogenes lay in a smalle dongeon,
In sondre wedyrs which turnyd as a balle.
Political Poenis, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 27.
They brought him [Joseph] hastily out of the dungeon.
Gen. xli. 14.
The King of Heaven hath doom'd
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat.
Milton, P. L., ii. 317.
dungeon (dun'jun), v. t. [< dungeon, n.] To
confine in or as in a dungeon.
Dungeoned up in the darkness of our ignorance.
Bp. Hall, Kemains, p. 128.
You said nothing
Of how I might be dungeoned as a madman.
Shelley, The Cenci, Ii. 1.
dungeoner (dun'jim-er), n. One who impris-
ons or keeps in jail; a jailer. [Poetical.]
That most hateful land,
Dungeoner of my friend. Keats, To .
dung-fly (dung'fli), n. A dipterous insect of
the genus Scatophaga.
dung-fork (dung'f6rk), n. 1. A fork used in
moving stable-manure. Also muck-fork. — 2.
In entom., a pointed or forked process upon
which the larva; of certain coleopterous insects
carry about their own excrement, as in the
genera Cassida, Coptocycla, and the Uke. See
cut under Coptocycla.
dunghill (dung'hil), n. and a. [Early mod. E.
also dunghil, dunghille; < ME. donghyll, donghel,
etc.; < dung + hill^.] I. n. 1. A heap of dung.
Salt is good, but if salt vanysche, in what thing schal
it be sauered ? Neither in erthe, neither in donghilte it is
profitable. Wyclif, Luke xiv.
Shine not on me, fair Sun, though thy brave Ray
With safety can the foulest dunghils kiss.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 135.
Hence — 2. Figuratively — (a) A mean or vile
abode. (6) .Any degraded situation or condition.
He . . . lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill.
1 Sam. ii. 8.
(c) A man meanly bom: a term of abuse.
Out, dunghill ! dar'st thou brave a nobleman ?
Shak., K, John, Iv. 3.
II, a. Sprung from the dunghill; mean;
low; base.
Unfit are dunghill knights
To serve the town with spear in field. Qooge.
You must not suffer your thoughts to creep any longer
upon this dunghill earth.
Bp. Beveridge, Works, II, cxxxvii.
Dunghill fowl, a mongrel or cross-bred specimen of the
common hen ; a barn-yard fowl,
dunghill-raker (dung'hil-ra'kfer), n. The com-
mon dunghill fowl. [A nonce-word.]
The dunghill-raker, spider, hen, the chicken too, to me
have taught a lesson, Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii.
dung-hook (dung'huk), n. An agricultural im-
plement for spreading manure.
dung-hunter (dung'hun'ter), n. One of the
species of jaeger or skua-gull, of the genus Ster-
corarius. The birds are so called from their supposed
habits ; but in reality they harass other gulls and terns to
make them disgorge their food, not to feed upon their ex-
crement. ■ Also called dung-bird and dirty-alien.
dunging (dung'ing), n. [Verbal n. of dung^, v.]
In dyeing, the mordanting of goods by passing
them through a dung-bath (which see). In mod-
ern practice substitutes are used.
dungiyah (dung'gi-ya), n. A coasting-vessel
in use in the Persian gulf, on the coasts of
Arabia, and especially in the gulf of Cutch.
The dungiyahs sail with the monsoon, and arrive often in
large companies at Muscat, celebrating their safe arrival,
witli salvos of artillery, music, and flags. They are flat-
bottomed and broad-beamed, have generally one mast, fre-
quently longer than the vessel, and are in other respects
rigged like the baggala. The model is supposed to date
from the expedition of Alexander,
dungmere (dung'mer), ». A pit where dung,
weeds, etc., are mixed, to rot together for ma-
nure. E.Phillips,yiO<i; Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
dungy (dung'i), a. [< dung + -y^. Cf . dingyi.]
Full of dung; foul; vile.
There's not a grain of it [honesty], the face to sweeten
Of the whole dungy earth. Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
dung-yard (dung'yard), m. A yard or inclosure
where dung is collected.
dunite (dun'it), «. [So called from l>un Moun-
tain, near Nelson, New Zealand.] A rock con-
sisting essentially of a crystalline granular mass
of olivin with chromite or picotite, containing
dnnlte
also frequently more or less of various other
minerals, alteration products of the olivin.
Dunite appears to be frequently more or less
altered into .seqjentine.
dmuwassal, dunniewassal (diin-i-was'al), «.
[Bepr. Gael. </«i«' «<'*«/, a gentleman : duirie, a
man ; i«i»a/, gentle.] Among the Highlanders
of Scotland, a gentleman, especially one of sec-
ondary rank; a cadet of a family of rank.
His bonnet had a short feather, which indicated his
cUlm to be treated as a Duinhe-WattUl, or sort of gentle-
man. Seott, Warerley, xvi.
dnnkadoo (dung-ka-dS'), u. [Imitative.] The
Aimriean bitteru,\Boto«r«s mugitans or lenti-
qinnsiis. [Local, New Eng.]
I)tmkard (dung'kard), «. Same as Dunker^.
Near at hand was the meeting.house of a sect of German
Quakers— Tonken or Dunkanbt, as they are differently
named. *. A. Rev., CXXVI. S155.
Dnnker^ Ttmker (dung'-, tung'kfer), n. [< G.
tuiiLvr, a dipper, < tunken, MHG. tunken, dunken,
OHG. tUHchoH, duncMn, thunkon, dip, immerse,
perhaps ult. = L. tingere = Gr. riyyetv, wet,
moisten, dye, stain : see tinge.'] A member of
a sect of German- American Baptists, so named
from their manner of baptism. Their proper
church-name ia Brethren. Driven from Germany t»y per-
•ecution early in the eighteenth centur>', they took ref-
nge in Pennsylvania, and thence extended tlieir societies
Into neightiorinK .States, and are especially found in Ohio.
They condemn all war and litigation, acknowledge the au-
thority of the Bible, administer baptism by triple immer-
sion, and only to adults, practise washing of the feet liefore
Che Lord's supper, use the kias of charity, Uyingon of hands,
and anointing with oil, and oljeerve a severe simplicity in
dreM and speech. They have bishops, elders, and teachers,
and are oommoDly soppoeed to accept the doctrine of uni-
Tenal redemption. Also called Dipper.
dnnker- (dung'k^r), n. Same as duncur.
Dvinkirk lace. Seie kiee.
dunlin (dun'lin), n. [A corruption of E. dial.
dunlintj, the proper form, < dun^ + dim. -ling^.
Cf. dunbird, dunnoek.'j The red-backed sand-
piper, Tringa (Pelidna) alpina, widely dispersed
and very abundant in the northern hemisphere,
especially along sea-coasts, during the extensive
Ullilli sii Dnalia {Peti^tui paei/leu ), tai imniiMr pjiilsgr.
migrations it performs between its arctic breed-
ing-grounds and its temperate or tropical win-
ter resorta. TIm dnnlin i« 8 Inches long, the bill an
Inch or more, slightly decurved ; in fnll drMS the belly Is
Jet-black, tbe npper puts varied with brown, gray, and
reddish. The American dunlin Is a dilTerent variety, some-
what larger with a longer w more decnrved bill, the Pe-
Urfna paeinea of Cones. The dunlin is also called etint,
pvm^ oxJtini, indl9.eye, ua-mipe, pickerel, etc.
dnnling (dun 'ling), n. A dialectal (and origi-
niiUy more correct) form of dunlin.
donlop fdun'lop), n. A rich white kind of
cheese made in Scotland out of unskimmed
milk: so called from the parish of Dunlop in
Ayrshire.
dnniutge (dun'aj), n. [Origin unknown.] 1.
Fagots, boughs, or loose wood laid in the hold
of a ship to raise heavy goods above the bot-
tom ana prevent injury from water ; also, loose
artielefl of lading wedged between parts of the
cargo to hold them steady and prevent injury
from (rietion or collision.
We covered the bottom of the hold over, tore and aft,
wtth dried bmab for duisna<7r.
A a. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. a04.
2. Baggage.
Bnt Barnacle soaneated, as some of the dtmntioe and
the tent would need to be dried before being packed, that
we build a &re ontsida.
C. A. SeiM, Cmlse of Aurora 08S5), p. lOS.
dnnnage (dun'aj), r. (. ; pret. and pp. dunnaged,
PX>T. dunnaging. [(. dunnage, n."] Tostowwith
fagots or loose wood, as the bottom of a ship's
hold ; wedge orehock, as cargo. See dunnage, n.
Vessels traadnlentlydunnafleif for the purpose of redu.
dag their tonnaga. The Amerieam, VUL <82.
179»
dnnner (dun'fer), n. One who duns; one em-
ployed in soliciting payment of debts.
They are ever talking of new silks, and serve the owners
in getting them customers, as their common duntterg do
in making them pay. Spectator.
dunniewassal, «. See duniwassal.
dnnniness (<lun'i-nes), n. [< dunny + -ness.']
Deafness. Bailey, 1731. [Kare.]
dunning (dun'ing), n. [Verbal n. of rfunl, r.]
The process of curing codfish in a way to give
them a particular color and flavor. See dioii,
r. t., and dunfish.
dnnnish (dun'ish), a. [< dun^ + -»«7»l.] In-
clined to a dun color; somewhat dun.
dtumock (dun'ok), n. [E. dial. (Northampton)
also doney; < ME. donek, < donnen, dunnen, dun,
+ dim. -ek, -ock. Cf. donkey.] The hedge-
sparrow, Accentor modularis. Also dick-dun-
nock. MacgilUvray.
Hareton has been cast out like an unfledged duniwck.
E. Bronte, Wuthering Heights, iv.
dunny (dun'i), a. [E. dial.; origin obscure.
Cf. aonnerd.'] Deaf; dull of apprehension.
[Local, Great Britain.]
My old dame, Joan, is something dunny, and will scarce
know how to manage. Scott.
dunpickle (dun'pikl), n. The raoor-buzzard.
Circus wruginosus. Montagu. [Local, Eng.]
dunrobin (dim'rob'in), n. A superior kind of
Scotch pliiid.
dunst, dunset, «. Obsolete forms of dunce.
dunse-downt, «■ See dunche-down,
dunseryt, "■ An obsolete form of duncery.
dnnsett (dun'set), «. [A book-form repr. AS.
dunsSte, dUnsete, pi., a term applied to a cer-
tain division of the Welsh people, lit. hill-dwell-
ers, < din, a hill (see (toirnl), + steta (= OHG.
sdio), a dweller, settler, < sittan (pret. stet), sit.
Cf. coteef.] One of the hill-dwellers of Wales;
a settler in a hill country.
dunsh, <°. '■ See dunch^.
dunaicalt, a. See dundcal.
dunslyt, Duns-mant. See duncely. Dunce-man.
dunst (dunst), II. Akiudof flour; flue semolina
without bran or germs. The Miller (London).
dunstable (duu'sta-bl), a. and n. [In allusion
to Dunstable in England, the adj. use (as in
def.) being derived &om the word as used in the
phrase Dunstable road or icny.] I,t a, [cap.]
Plain; direct; simple; downright.
Your uncle Is an odd, but a very honest, Dunstable soul.
liichardton, .Sir Charles Grandison, VI. 177.
Dnnatable road, way, "r blgbway, the way to Dun-
stable : used proverbially as a symlKU of plainness or di-
rectness.
"As plain as DumtabU road." It is applied to things
plain and simple, wlthoat welt or guard to adorn them, as
slso to matters easie and obvious to be found.
Fuller, Worthies, Bedfordshire.
There were some good walkers among them, that walked
in the Idngs hii^ way ordinarily, uptlghtljr, plaine Z>t/n-
(foMs way. hatxmer, Hermons.
n. n. A fabric of woven or plaited straw,
originally made at Dunstable in England. Also
used attributively: as, a dunstableh&t or bon-
net.
dnnstert (dun'st^r), n. 1. A kind of broad-
cloth : so cidled in the seventeenth century. —
2. Casdmere.
dnnt (dnnt), n. [A var. of dint, dent, < ME.
dunt, dynt, etc.: see dint and dent^.] 1. A
stroke ; a blow. [Scotch and prov. Eng.]
I hae a gude braid sword,
I'll t»k <funf< frae naelmdy.
BurTu, I ha'e a Wife o* my Aln.
2. A malady characterized by staggering, ob-
served particularly in yearling lambs. [Prov.
Eng.] — 3. Palpitation. Dunglison. [Scotch.]
dunt (dunt), r. [A var. of dint, dent^: see dint,
dent^, p.] I. trans. 1. To strike; give a blow
to ; knock. [Scotch and prov. Eng.]
Fearing the wrathful ram might dunt out . . . the
brains, if he had any, of the yoons cavalier they opened
the door. OaU, Rtngan Gilhaize, ll. 220.
2. In packing herrings, to jump upon (the head
of the barrel) in order to pack it more tightly.
[Local, Canadian J — 3. To confuse by noise;
stupefy. [Prov. Eng.]
n. intrans. To beat ; palpitate, as the heart.
[Scotch.]
While my heart wi' life-blood dutUed,
I'd bear't in mind.
Burm, To Mr. Mitchell.
dunter (dun't^r), n. [Sc., perhaps so called
from its waddling gait, < dunt, v.] The eider-
duck, Somateria tnolliasitna. Montagu. [Local,
BriUsh.]
duodenal
dunter-goose (dun'tfer-gos), n. Same as dun-
ter. Symonds.
duntle (dun'tl), V. t. ; pret. and pp. duntled, ppr.
duntliug. [Freq. of dtjni.] To dent; mark with
an indentation. [Prov. Eng.]
His cap is duntled in ; his back bears fresh stains of
peat. Kingdey, Two Years Ago, Int.
duo (dii'6), n. [It., a duet, also two, < L. duo
= E. two.] The same as duet, a distinction is
sometimes made by using d\iet for a two-part composition
for two voices or instruments of the same kind, and duo
for such a composition for two voices or instruments of
different kinds.
(Lord's Day.) Up, and, while I^taid for the barber, tried
to compose a duo of counter point : and 1 think it will do
very well, it being by Mr. Berkenahaw's rule.
Pepyg, Diary, II. 312.
duo-. [li. duo-, duo, = Gr. rfuo-, ivo = E. tioo.]
A prefix in words of Latin or Greek origin,
meaning ' two.'
duodecanedral, duodecahedron (du-o-dek-a-
he'dral, -dj'on). See dodecahedral, dodecalie-
dron.
duodecennial (du'6-de-sen'i-al), a. [< LL.
duodecennis, of twelve years (i L. duodecim,
twelve, + annus, a year), + -al.] Consisting of
twelve years. Ash.
duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), a. and n. [< L.
duodecim (= Gr. Svuieaa, Smcko), twelve (< duo
= E. tKO, + decern = E. ten), + -al. Cf. dozen,
ult. < duodecim, and see decimal.] I. a. Beck-
oning by twelves and powers of twelve: as,
duo^cimal multiplication.
The duodecimal system in liquid measures, which .Is
found elsewhere, appears to be derived from the Babylo-
nians. V(tn Jianke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 19.
Duodedmal arithmetic or scale. See duodenary arith-
viftic or scale, under duodenary.
n. ». 1. One of a system of numerals the
base of which is twelve. — 2. pi. An arithmeti-
cal rule for ascertaining the number of square
feet, twelfths of feet, and square inches in a
rectangular area or surface whose sides are
given in feet and inches and twelfths of inches.
The feet of the multiplier are first multiplied into the
feet, Inches, and twelfths of the multiplicaml, giving
S4|uare feet, twelfths, and inches. The inches of the mul-
tiplier are then multiplied into the feet and inches of the
multiplicand, giving twelfths of feet and square inches,
and finally the twelfths of inches of the multiiilier are
multiplied into the feet of the multiplicand, giving s<]iiaro
Inches. These three partial products are then ndiltd to-
gether to get the product sought. It is used by artificers.
Also called duwiecimal or cross multiplication.
duodecimally (du - o - des ' i - mal - i), adv. In a
duoilocimnl manner; bjr twelves.
duodecimfid (du'o-de-sim'fid), a. [< L. duode-
cim, twelve, + -fiJius, < finderc, cleave, split (=
E. bite) : see fission, etc.] Divided into twelve
parts.
duodecimo (da-o-des'i-mo), «. and a. [Orig.
in L. (NL.) phrase in duodecimo: in, prep., =
E. in; duodecimo, abl. of duodecimus, twelfth,
< duodecim, twelve.] I. n. 1. A size of page
usually measuring, in the United States, about
5i inches in width and 7| inches in length,
when the leaf is uncut, and corresponding to
crown octavo of British publishers. — 2. A book
composed of sheets which, when folded, form
twelve leaves of this size. — 3. In music, the in-
terval of a twelfth. E. D.
H. a. Consisting of sheets folded into twelve
leaves ; having leaves or pages measuring about
5t by 7J inches. Often written 12mo or 12°.
duodecimole (du-o-des'i-mol), «. [< L. duo-
decimus, twelfth: 'see duodecimo.] In music, a
group of twelve notes to be performed in the
time of eight; a dodecuplet.
DuodeciinpennatsB (dii'6-de-sim-pe-na'te),
n. pi. [NL., < L. duodecim, twelve, + penna-
tus, winged, feathered.] In ornith., in Sunde-
vall's system, a cohort of Gallinw, composed of
the American curassows and guans, Crarida;:
so called from the 12 reetriees or tail-feathers.
Also called Sylvicolte.
duodecuple (du-o-dek'u-pl), a. [= F. duodi-
cuple = Sp. duodecuplo' =: Pg. It. duodecuplo, <
L. duo, = E. two, + decupltis, tenfold: see de-
cuple and duodecimal.] Consisting of twelves.
duodena, n. Plural of duodenum.
duodenal^ (du-o-de'nal), a. [= F. duod^al =
Sp. Pg. duodenal = It. duodenale; as duodenum
+ -al.] Connected with or relating to the duo-
denum: as, "duodenal dyspepsia," Copland. —
Duodenal fold, a special loop or duplication of the duo-
denuni. iu which the pancreas is lodged in ninny animals,
especially in liirds, where it forms the most constant
anil characteristic folding of the intestine.— Duodenal
glands. See fftand.
duodenal^ (dii-6-de'nal), a. and n. [< duodene
+ -al.] I. a. I'ertaining to a duodene.
dnodenal
n. n. In musical theory, the symbol of the
root of a duodene.
duodenary (du-o-den'a-ri), a. [= F. dnod6naire
= Sp. Pg. It. duodenario, < L. duodenarius, con-
taining twelve, < duodeni, twelve each, < duo-
decim, twelve.] Relating to the number twelve ;
twelvefold; increasing by twelves Duodenary
or duodecimal ariUimetlc'or scale, that system in
whiL-h the local value of the tigui-es im-reases in a twelve-
fold proportion from right to left, insteail of in the ten-
fold pr^>portion of the common decimal arithmetic.
dtiodene (dii'o-den), K. [< L. duodeni, twelve
each: see duodenary, Cf. duodenum.'] In mu-
sical theory, a group of twelve tones, having pre-
cise acoustical relations with one another, ar-
ranged so as to explain and correct problems in
harmony and modulation. Any tone whatever may
be chosen as the root, and ita symbol is called a dnodenal.
The root, the major third above, and the major third be-
low it constitute the initial trine. The duodene consists
of four such trines, one being the initial trine, one a per-
fect fifth below it, one a perfect fifth above it, and one
two perfect fifths above it. The term and the process of
analysis to which it belongs were first used by A. J. Ellis
in England in 1874. The study of the process is incident
to the attempt to secnre just intonation (pure tempera-
duodenitis (du'o-dMu'tis), w. [NL., < dt/orfc- j„„„„. .i.4.„ , „„vi» o J I-,; ^
num + .itis.-\ liflammatiok of the duodenum. OliPeaDility. dupeable. See dupabthty, dupa-
duodenostomy (du"o-de-nos'to-mi), n. [< NL. ^,'f." ,,^,-,,^.^s „
duodenum, q. v., + (Jr. arS/^a, mouth, opening.] dliperjdu pfer), n.
The surgical formation of an external opening
from the duodenum through the abdominal
wall.
duodenum (du-o-de'num), n. ; pi. duodena (-na).
[NL. (so called because in man it is about twelve
finger-breadths long),< L. duodeni, twelve each :
see duodenary.] 1. In anat., the first portion
of the small intestine, in immediate connection
1800
of (supposed) stupid birds to stupid persons, cf .
booby, goose, gull, and (in Pg.) dodo. Cf. Bret.
houperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.] A person who is
deceived ; one who is led astray by false repre-
sentations or conceptions; a victim of credu-
lity: as, the dujK of a designing rogue ; he is a
dupe to his imagination.
First slave to words, then vassal to a name,
Tlien dupe to party ; child and man the same.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 602.
He that hates truth shall be the dupe of lies.
Cowper, Progress of Error.
When the spirit is not master of the world, then it is its
dupe. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 229.
dupe (dup), V. t. ; pret. and pp. duped, ppr.
duping. [< F. duper, dupe, gull, take in; from
the noun.] To deceive; trick; mislead by im-
posing on one's credulity : as, to dupe a person
by flattery.
Ne'er have I duped him with base counterfeits.
Coleridge.
Instead of making civilization the friend of the poor, it
[the theory of social equality] has duped the poor into
making themselves the enemies of civilization.
W. H. Matlock, Social Equality, p. 211.
■with the Stomach, receiving the hepatic and
pancreatic secretions, and usually curved or
folded about the pancreas, it extends from the
pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. In man it is
from 10 to 12 inches in length. See cuts under alimentary
and intestine.
2. In entom., a short smooth portion of the in-
[< dupe + -crl ; after OF.
(and F.) dupeur, a deceiver.] One who dupes or
deceives ; a cheat ; a swindler.
The race-ground had its customary complement of
knaves and fools — the dupers and the duped.
Bulwer, Pelham, I. xii.
dupery {du'p6r-i), n. [< F. duperie, < dupe, a
dupe : see dupe, «.] The art of deceiving or
imposing upon the credulity of others ; the ways
or methods of a duper.
Travelling from town to town in the full practice of du-
pery and wheedling. /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 304.
It might be hard to see an end to the inquiry were we
once to set diligently to work to examine and set forth
how much innocent dupery we habitually practise upon
ourselves in the region of metaphysics.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 23.
testine, between the ventriculus and the ileum, . . ^ . f"""-^. -""^ »"<'"'". p- •■"■
found in a few coleopterous insects. Some en- dupion. doupion (du -, do pi-on), n. [< F. dou-
• coleopterous insects. Some en
tomotomists, however, apply this name to the
ventriculus.
duodrama (dii-o-dra'ma), n. [= F. duodrame =
It. duodramma, < L. dMoJ'two (= Gr. 6vo = E. two),
+ Gr. dpa/ia, a drama : see drama.] A dramatic
or melodramatic piece for two performers only.
duoliteral (dii-o-lit'6r-al), a. K L. duo, = E.
two, + literal: see literal, letter^.] Consisting
of two letters only; biliteral.
duologue (du'o-log), n. [< L. duo, two (= Gr.
ivo = E. two), + Gr. Mjoc, speech. Cf. mono-
logue, dialogue.] A dialogue or piece spoken
by two persons.
Mr. Ernest Warren's duologue " The Nettle " is simple,
pretty, and effective. Athenaum, No. 8077.
1 do not feel that I shall be departing from the rule I
Srescribed to myself at the commencement of this paper,
I touch upon the duoloffue entertainments.
Fortnightly Jiee., N. S,, XXXIX. 644.
duomo (dwo'mo), n. [It., a dome, cathedral:
see dome^.] A cathedral; properly, an Italian
cathedral. See dome^.
Bright vignettes, and each complete,
Of tower or duomo, sunny-sweet.
Tennyson, The Daisy.
The bishop is said to have decorated the duomo with
pion, < It. doppione, aug. of doppio, double, <
L. duplus, double: see double, and also dou-
bloon and dobrao, doublets of dupion.] 1. A
double cocoon formed by two silkworms spin-
ning together. — 2. The coarse silk furnished
by such double cocoons.
duplation (du-pla'shon), n. [< L. duplus, dou-
ble, + -ation.] Multiplication by two; dou-
bling.
duple (du'pl), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. duplo, < L. du-
plus, double: see double, the old form.] Dou-
ble. [Rare in general use.]
A competent defence of lUyricum was upon a two-fold
reason established, the duple greatnesse of which busi-
ness the emperor having taken in hand affected both.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 101.
Duple ratio, a ratio such as that of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc.
Subduple ratio is the reverse, or as 1 to 2, 4 to 8, etc. —
Duple rhsrthm, in music, a rhythm characterized by two
beats or pulses to the measure ; douide time.
duple (dii'pl), V. t. ; pret. and pp. dupled, ppr.
dupling. [< duple, a.] To double. [Rare.]
duplet (du'plet), n. [< L. duplus, double, + E.
dim. -et.] A doublet. [Rare.]
That is to throw three dice till duplets and a chance be
thrown, and the highest duplet wins.
Dryden, Mock Astrologer, iii.
500 large and 200 small columns brought from Paros for duplCX (du'pleks), a. and n. [< L. duplex, dou-
the purpose.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. rxxv., note.
dupt (dup), V. t. [Contr. of dial, do up, open, <
ME. do up, don up, open : see do\ and of. d!o»i,
doff, dout^.] To open.
What Devell ! iche weene, the porters are drunke ; wil
they not dup the gate to-day?
R. Edwards, Damon and Pythias.
Then up he rose and donn'd his clothes.
And dupp'd the chamber door.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 6.
dupability (du-pa-bil'i-ti), n. [Also written,
less leg., dupeability;"<. dupable: see -bility.]
The quality of being dupable ; gullibility.
But this poor Napoleon mistook ; he believed too much
in the dupaMlily of men. Carlyle.
dupable (du'pa-bl), o. [Also written, less reg..
ble, twofold, < duo, = E. two, + plicare, fold.] I.
a. Double; twofold. Specifically applied in electricity
to a system of telegraphy in which two messages are trans-
mitted at the same time over a single wire: it includes
both diplex and eontraplex. See these words.— Duplex
escapement of a watch. See escapement. — Duplex
Idea, lathe, pelltti. See the nouns.— Duplex querela
(eccles.), a. double quarrel (which see, under quarrel).
II. ». A doubling or duplicating.
duplex (du'pleks), V. [< duplex, a.] I, trans.
In teleg., to arrange (a wire) so that two mes-
sages may be transmitted along it at the same
time.
Four perfectly independent wires were practically cre-
ated. . . . Each of these wires was also duplexed.
G. B. Prescott, Elect. Invent., p. 219.
U. intrans. To transmit telegraphic messages
by the duplex system.
dupeable; < dupe + -able.] Capable of being duplicate (dii'pli-kat), v.; pret. and pp. dupli-
duped; gullible.
Man is adupable animal. Southey, The Doctor, Ixxxvii.
duparted (dii'par-ted), a. [< L. duo, = E. two,
+ parted.] In lier., same as biparted.
dupe (dup), n. [< F. dupe, a dupe, < OF. dtipe,
duppe, F. dial, dube, duppe, a hoopoe, a bird re-
garded as stupid : see hoopoe and Upupa. For
•imilar examples of the application of the namea
cated, ppr. duplicating. [< L. duplica'tus, pp". of
duplicare, make double, (duplex (duplic-), dou-
ble, twofold: see duplex. Cf. double, v.] I.
trans. 1. To double; repeat; produce a second
(like the first) ; make a copy or copies of.
Whereof perhaps one reason is, because there is shewn
in this a duplicated power: a contrary stream of power
Tunuiug across and thwart, in its effects in this.
Goodwin, Works, III. L 668.
duplication
2. In physiol., to divide into two by natural
growth or spontaneous division : as, some in-
fusorians duplicate themselves.
II. intrans. To become double ; repeat or be
repeated; specifically, in ecclesiastical use, to
celebrate the mass or holy communion twice in
the same day. See duplication.
The desires of man, if they pass through an even and in-
different life towards the issues of an ordinary and neces-
sary course, they are little, and within command ; but if
they pass upon an end or aim of difficulty or ambition,
they duplicate, and grow to a disturbance.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 104.
If the Priest has to duplicate, i. e., to celebrate twice in
one day, he must not drink the ablutions, which must be
poured into a chalice and left for liim to consume at the
second celebration. For to drink the ablutions would be
to break his fast.
F. G. Lee, Directorium Anglicanum, 4th ed. (1879), p. 248.
duplicate (du'pli-kat), a. and ti. [= It. dupli-
cato = D. duplikaat = G. Dan. dupUkat, < L.
duplicatus, pp. of duplicare, make double : see
duplicate, vi] I. a. 1. Double; twofold; con-
sisting of or relating to a pair or pairs, or to two
corresponding parts: as, duplicate spines in an
insect; duplicate examples of an ancient coin;
duplicate proportion. — 2t. Consisting of a dou-
ble number or quantity; multiplied by two.
The estates of Bruges little doubted to admit so small a
numbre into so populous a company, yea though the num-
bre were duplicate. Hall, Hen. VII., an. 6.
3. Exactly like or corresponding to something
made or done before; repeating an original;
matched: as, there are many duplicate copies
of this picture ; a duplicate action or proceed-
ing— Duplicate proportion or ratio, the proportion
or ratio of .squares : thus, in geometrical proportion, the
first term is said to be to the third in the dujtlicate ratio of
the first to the second, or as its square is to the square of
the second. Thus, in 9 : 16 :: 15 : 25, the ratio of 9 to 25 is
a duplicate of that of 9 to 15, or as the square of 9 is to
the square of 15 ; also, the duplicate ratio of a to 6 is the
ratio of a a to ft 6 or of a*-^ to W.
II, n. 1. One of two or more things corre-
sponding in everj- respect to each other.
Of all these he [Vertue] made various sketches and notes,
always presenting a duplicate of his observations to Lord
Oxford. Walpole, Life of Vertue.
Specifically, in law and com.: (a) An instrument or writ-
ing corresponding in every particular to a first or original
and of equal validity with it ; an adilitioiial original.
Duplicates of dispatches and of important letters are
frequently sent by another conveyance, as a precaution
against the risk of a miscarriage. The copy which flrat
reaches its destination is treated as an original. Wharton.
In the case of mutual contracts, such as leases, contracts
of marriage, copartnership, and the like, duplicates of the
deed are frequently prepared, each of which is signed by
all tlie contracting parties; and, where this is done, the
parties are bound if one of the duplicates be regularly ex-
ecuted, although the other should be defective in tlie ne-
cessary solemnities. Bell.
(6) A second copy of a document, furnished by authority
when the original has been lost, defaced, or invalidated.
2. One of two or more things each of which
corresponds in all essential respects to an origi-
nal, type, or pattern ; another corresponding to
a first or original ; another of the same kind ; a
copy: as, a duplicate of a bust.
Many duplicates of the General's wagon stand about the
churcli in every direction.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 72.
duplication (dii-pli-ka'shqn), n. [= F. dtipli-
cation = Pr. duplicatio = Sp. dupUeacion = Pg.
duplicagao = It. dupUcasionc, < L. duplicatio(n-),
< duplicare, pp. duplicatus, double : see dupli-
cate, v.] 1. The act of duplicating, or of mak-
ing or repeating something essentially the same
as something previously existing or done.
However, if two sheriffs appear in one year (as at this
time and frequently hereafter), such dujdication cometh
to pass by one of these accidents.
Fuller, Worthies, Berkshire.
2. In arith., the multiplication of a number by
two. — 3. Afolding; adoubling; also, a fold: as,
the duplication of a membrane. — 4. tn physiol.,
the act or process of dividing into two by natural
growth or spontaneous division. — 5. Inmusic,
the process or act of adding the upper or lower
octaves or replicates to the tones of a melody or
harmony. Seedouble,n.a,n<iv. — 6. In 6o/., same
as chorisis. — 7. In admiralty late, a pleading on
the part of the defendant in reply to the replica-
tion. Benedict. [Rare.] — 8. Ecclcs., the cele-
bration of the mass or eucharist twice by the
same priest on the same day. From the sixth cen-
tury to the thirteenth, duplication was in many places
not an unusual practice on a number of days. Since the
fourteenth century it has been forbidden in the Boraan
Catholic Church except on Christmas day. Tn the medi-
eval church in England it was .lUowed on Easter day
also. The (Jreek Clmrcll does not permit duplication. —
DupUcatlon formula, iu mat A., a formula for obtain-
duplication
18e«-
Ing the sine etc., ..( the .loiiMe of an ansle from the duplo- (du'plo). [< L. duplus, double: 866 dou-
functionsof the an^e itsif. — Problem Of thedupllca- hiZl A „_„« „'_L-* ■ 14. e iji °^Y
tlon, or dupUcaUonof the cube, in ^m/Arthe "r. "len, ''''^•J A prefix signifying 'twofold' or 'tw^06 as
toUeteniiine the side of a cube which sliall have double ™uen : as, duplo-carOuret, twofold carburet,
the solid contents of a given cube. The problem is equiv- duply (du-pU'),M.; -pX. duplies (-•pMz'). [i'dunlu,
alent to fluding tlie cube root of 2, which is neither ra- y. (on type of rephj < OF. replier) < OF as if
tional nor rationally expressible in terms of square roots
of integers ; cousetiuently neither an exact numerical so-
lution nor an exact construction with a rule and compaas
is possible. Also called the Ddian problem.
There remain yet some other pages of Mr. Hobbes's dia-
logue, wherein he speaks of . . . the duplicatioa o/ the
cube, and the quadrature of the circle.
Boyle, Works, L 2S4.
The altar of A;
cube
D. WAtter, Speech^ Mechanics'Inst, Nov. 12, 1828.
'duplier, F. only dupUquer = Sp. Pg. duplicar =
It. duplicare, < ML. dupUcare, put in a rebutter,
make a second reply, L. duplicare, double : see
duplicate, n.'] In Scots law, a second reply: a
pleading formerly in use in inferior courts.
Answers, replies, duplits, triplies, quadruplies, followed
thick upon each other. Scott, Ablwt, i.
i altar of Apollo at Athens was a square block, or j„«^«jj„« /j- /j. \ , j j-- / -.
and to doubk it required the d«piKa(.ono/(A€cu««.. duponaiUS (du-pon dl-us), n. ; pi. dupondu (-i).
durante beneplacito
and spinal cord; a dense, tou^h, glistening
fibrous membrane which lines the interior of the
brain-case, but in the spinal column is sepa-
rated from the periosteum lining the vertebfEe
by a space fUled with loose areolar tissue, in
the skull it envelops the brain, but does not send down
processes into the fissures. It forms, however, some main
folds, as the vertical falcate sheet or falx cerebri between
the hemispheres of the cerebrum, and the tentorium or
horizontal sheet between the cerebrum and the cerebel-
lum. Sundry venous channels between layers of the dura
mater are the sinuses of the brain. The term thira mater
is contrasted with pia mater, both these meninges being
so named from an old fanciful notion that they were the
" mothera," or at least the nurses, of the contained parts.
+ pondus, a weight, < pendere, weigh: see
pouHd^.'] A Roman bronze coin, of the value
>
(
Obvene.
Dupondius of Augustus. -
British Museum.
Reverse.
(Si2eof the original.)
of 2 asses (see a**), issued by Augustus and
some of his successors: popularly called by
coin-collectors "second brass," to distinguish
it from the sestertius, the "firet brass" Bomau
coin.
duplicative (du'pli-ka-tiv), a. [= F. duplica-
tif; as diqiUcate + -ire.'] Having the quality of
duplicating or doubling ; especially, in physiol.,
having the quality of duplicating or dividing
into two by natural growth or spontaneous di-
vision.
In the lowest forms of Vegetable life, the primordial
germ midtipliea itself by duplicatire subdivision into an
apparently unlimited number of cells.
H'. B. Carpenter, iu Grove's Corr. of Forces.
duplicatopectinate (du-pll-ka-to-pek'ti-nat),
«. [< duplicate + jieclinate.'] In entom., hav-
ing the branches of bipeetinate antennse on
each side alternately long and short.
dnpllcature (du'pli-ka-tur), n. [= P. duplica-
(((/•< = It. duplicatura, ^ L. as if 'duplicatura,
< duplicare, pp. duplicatus, double: see dupli-
eate,v.'] A doubling; a fold or folding; a du-
plication: as, a duplicature of the peritoneum.
The kidneys and bladder are contained In a distinct rfu- „
^iSl^iri^S'ia^nTS^'o'JSirSSS'o^iSf ^M*:: dupper (dup'er), „. Same ^sduhber^.
BKD. paUp Nat. TheoL xi i^upuvtren 8 Contraction. See contraction.
duplicidentato (du'pli-si-den'tat) a K NL. ^^^^X'mJ^, Saforras'^C ft or C S^'-
ttf'^ f"' i /w' ii X'Tl' 1^' "^ dura (du'rft), n. '[NL., fem! of L. 'durus, hid:
t^ii^llTir."* \l n T ,*, "l*^-^- ^ '"■ 8eed«re.]"l. Same as rfwramen.- 2. Thedura
t^^li^J t />«/''<C'rf«;n<«'.; having four ^^ter (which see). Wilder and Gage.
^^^ llTTdZ iLh- H *r T^ r^'^^J durabiUtv (du-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [= Dan. Sw. du-
^n-h fi. "*"***'^ behind the other two, of rabiUtet,h\durabilitHOV.durelAetc)=.VT.du.
th h,re r^tlbrt' l^^vl C ^^P^"""^' "« "^ rahlctat= Pg. durabilidade = It. durabilitd, <
li^nl ^fn^rflf ^,^^' ^- • 4- ' *-x , LL. durabilita{t.)s, < L. durabilis, durable: see
Duphcidentotl du>li-si-deu-t* ti), «. vl durable.] The quality of being durable ; the
/ , ;■/ nii.;!^?*!.^^-! y^j^^j"*? If- -*"" IX"'" of lasting or contiuuini in the Lame
, >;i^,f, 'i i^' •?'• °'/''/'{«^«<»'«-J«e st*te by resistance to causes of decay or disso-
'Ihj i.nrifjifale.] A prime division of the order lution. cv.»j u* uioou-
' •• fi'»re», containing those rodents, as . „ .Vi .^ j . , .j . j .
t .nH nikaa whiol. Iiairo f/^..i. i..vL>. A Oothlc cathedral rai»c« ideasof grandeur in oorminds
' inaputas, which ha>e four upper by lu .lie, lU height iu antiquity, and iUdur»Wf«i/.
in, 111 I,-,. Ill — that 18, twice as many as ordinary u. Blair, Sbetoric, lii.
rodents, or SimplieidentaH. The group consists durable fdu'ra-bH a r- D Dan 8w dumhrl
of the families Uporidce aud Lagom^. E. B. %*»)^ " pV.' Sp. krablltptduZtL
It. durabile, < L. durabilis, lasting, < durare, last
[L., also dupondium, dipondium, < duo, = E. two, duramen (du-ra'men), n. [NL., < L. duramen,
hardness, also applied to aligneous vine-branch,
< durare, harden, < durns, hard: see dure.] In
bot., the central wood or heart-wood in the trunk
of an exogenous tree, it is harder and more solid
than the newer wood that surrounds it, from the forma-
tion of secondary Liyers of cellulose in the wood-cells. It
is also usually of a deeper color, owing to the presence of
peculiar coloring matters. Called by ship-carpenters the
ipine. See aiburnum. Also dura.
The inner layers of wood, being not only the oldest, but
the most solidilled by matters deposited within their com-
ponent cells and vessels, are spoken of collectively under
the designation duramen or " heart- wood."
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 369.
durance (du'rans), n. [Early mod. E. also dtt-
raunce, duranse; < OF. durance = Sp. duranza
= It. duranza, < ML. as if "durantia, < L. du-
ran(t-)s, ppr. of durare, last: see dure, v. In E.
durance is prob. in part an abbr. by apheresis of
endurance, q. v.] 1. Duration; continuance;
endurance. [Obsolete or archaic]
duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), «. [< ME. duplieite, <
OV. dui'lirite, F. duplicitS = 8p. duplicidad =
Pg. iiu}iliridade = It. duplicitA, < LL. duplid-
" ■ -. doubleness, ML. ambiguity, < L. tluplex
'-), twofold, double: see duplex.] 1. The
ii.!:- of being double ; doubleness. [Bare.]
Thejf neither acknowledge a multitude of unmaile del-
tJea, nor yet that duplieity of them which Plutarch con-
taoded for (one good and tlie other erllX
CudmirfA, Intellectual Sjntem, p. SI.
Thete Intermediate examples need not in the least oon-
fnae oar generally distinct ideas o( the two families of
baildtngs ; the one In which tlie sabstance Is alike through-
oat, ana the forma and conditions of the ornament as-
mne or prore that It is so ; . . . and the other, in which
the sabstance is of two kinds, one internal, the other ex-
temal, and the system of decoration is founded on this
E: 4»plieUy, as pre-eminently in St. Mark's. I have used
K> the word duflicily in no depreciatory sense. Jiutkin.
Loe ! I have made a Calender for every yeare,
That Steele in strength, and time in durance, shall out-
weare. Spenier, .Shep. Cal., Epil.
An antique kind of work, composed of little square pieces
of marble, gilded and coloured, . . . which set together
. . . present an unexpressible statelinesse ; and are of
marvellous durante. Sandys, Travailes, p. 24.
Of how short durance was this new made state !
Dryden, State of Innocence, v. 1.
The durance of a granite ledge. Emernon, Astrroa.
2. Imprisonment ; restraint of the person ; in-
voluntary confinement of any kind.
What bootes it hira from death to be mibownd.
To be captived in endlesse duraunce
Of sorrow aud despeyre without aleggeaunce ?
Spenser, K. Q., III. v. 42.
Tliey (the Flemmings] put their Lord in Prison, till with
long Durance he at last consented.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 122.
I give thee thy liberty, set thee from durance.
Shak., L. L. L., ill. 1.
In durance vile here must I wake and weep.
Burns, Epistle from Esopus to Maria.
3t. Any material supposed to be of remarkable
durability, as buflf-leather ; especially, a strong
< durus, hanl, lasting : see dure, v.] Having the
quality of la.sting, or continuing long in being;
not perishable or changeable; lasting; endur- -v^ , „<, „«.i-.v^^..„..ti , coi>cvj.<»jij, » anuug
ing: as, dura&ie timber; duraote cloth ; durable cloth made to replace and partly Jo imitate
happiness. > -. ..
The monuments of wit and learning are more durable
tlian the monuments of power, or of the hantls.
Baciin, Advancement of Learning, I. 101.
They might take rp their Crosse, and foUqw the second
Adam vnto a durable happtnesse.
Purehat, Pilgrimage, p. 28.
For time, though in eternity, applied
To motion, measures all things duraUe
By present, past, and future.
Milton, P. L., V. 581.
The rery susceptibility that makes him- quick to feel dlirancyt,n. \_As durance.] Continuance; last-
makes him also Incapable of deep and durable feeling. ingness ; durance.
LowiU, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 364.
buff-leather ; a variety of tammy. Sometimes
written durant, and also called ccerlasting.
Your mincing nlceries — diira7>c« petticoats, and silver
bodkins.
Marston, Jonton, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, i. 1.
As the taylor that out of seven yards stole one and a
half of durance. H. Wilson, llirce Ladles of London.
Is not a buff-jerkin a most sweet robe of durance!
Shak., 1 Hen. IV.,
4. A kind of apple.
i.2.
A star in the Northern Crown, . . . (i| Coronie), was
loand to have completed more than one entire circuit
The souls ever duraney I sung before,
Ystruck with mighty rage.
Dr. 11. More, Sleep of the Soul, 1. 1.
= Byn. Permanent, Stable, etc. (see tatting), abiding, con.
Uniiiiiu. Ilriri, -strong, tough.
since Us flrstdtaeoverr: another. T8erpentaril,ha.l closed durableness (du ra-bl-nes), n. The quality of dnranritafdii-ran'iit) « U Durnnnn(«P(,Aff \
•p l«to apparent singleness : wfille in a thlr.I, i orionis, being lasting or enduring; durability : as, the "^ *°5*5^ V "a ^ '' \ L<.^'"-««!3'0 (see def.)
tie eonrerse change had taken pUce. and deceptive sin- duralleness of honest fame "*" ^'.^ ^ fluo-arsenate of aluminium, iron,
gleneas had been transformed Into obrloua duplicity. ....
A. M. Clerke, Astron. In 19th Cent p 58. *» '"•■ ""^ timber of the walnut-tree, It may lie termed
_ _. ,, .^. . , ' an English shlttim-wood lor the fineness, smoothness, and
8. Uonbleness of heart or speech ; the acting duraUeneu thereof. Fuller, Worthies, Surrey.
or speaking differently in relation to the same The duralJrnen of metals Is the foundation of this ex-
thing at different tiroes or to different persons, traordlnary steadiness of price,
jrith intention to deceive ; the practice of de- ^'''"" *""'*• ^™'"» «' Nations, i. ii.
ption by means of dissimulatiou or double- durably (dii'ra-bli), adv. In a lasting manner;
with long contiDuance.
[And shall we even now, whilst we are yet smarting from An error In physical speculations Is seldom productive
'^ consequences of her treachery, become a second time of such coiisequencea, either to one's neighbour or one's
! good easy dupes of her du/ilMlyl self, as are deeply, durably, or extensively injurious.
Anceilotet of Bp. WaUon, I. 273. K. Knox, Essays, 1.
jl think the student of their character shonld also Iw slow dnral(dti'ral), a. [< dura (mater) + -ah] Of
rX!^TZ'iZZ'',^;i'!:it„V!;iTor^^^^^ "■• P^rtaimiig to the dura mater.
■ ! Oppression, in politics and religion. TTie dnral vessels were well injected externally and In-
llmeells, Venetian Life, xxl. ternally. Medical Sews, Lll. 430.
In Uitr, the pleading of two or more dis- dura mater (du'rft ma'tSr). [NL. : L. dura,
net matters together as if constituting but ^s™- of durus, hafcl; mater, mother: see dure,
"e. =8jm. 3. Ouile, deception, hypocrisy, artiOce, chl- mother, and cf. dura.] The outermost membra-
nous envelop or external meuinx of the brain
and sodium, occurring in orange-red monoclinic
crystals, associated with cassiterite (tin-stone),
at Durango, Mexico.
duranset, n. An obsolete form of durance.
durantt (du'rant), «. [< It. rfwran^e, a kind of
strong cloth, <; L. rfi(ran(<-).v, lasting, ppr. of
durare, last: see dure, v.] Same as durance, 3.
Duranta (du-ran'ta), «. [NL., named after
Castor Durante, aiti Italian physician (died
1590).] A genus of verbenaceous shrubs of
tropical America, bearing a great profusion of
blue flowers in racemes. D. Plumieri is found
in greenhouses.
durante beneplacito (du-ran'te be-ne-plas'i-
to). [ML. NL. : \j. durante, a.h\. of duran(t-)s,
during, ppr. of durare, last, dure (see dure, v.,
and during); LL. beneplacito, abl. of benepla-
citum, good pleasure, neut. of beneplacitus, pp.
of beneplacere, bene placere, please well : see 6e-
neplacit.] During good pleasure.
durante vita
durante vita (du-ran'te vi'tii). [L.: durante,
abl. of (luran{t-)s, during (see durante bene-
jiliieilo); n/d, abl.of l'(te,life: seert'toZ.] Dur-
ing life.
duration (du-ra'shon), n. [< ME. duraeion.
Cf. Pr. duracio = Sp."di(rae«"on = Pg. duragao =
It. dura:ioiie, < ML. duratio{n-), continuance,
perseverance, < L. durare, last: see dure, v.]
Continuance in time; also, the length of time
during which anything continues : as, the dura-
tion of life or of a partnership; the duration
of a tone or note in music; the duration of an
eclipse.
The distance between any parts of that succession [of
ideas], or l>etween the appearance of any two ideas in our
minds, is tliat we call duration.
Locke, Human Underatanding, II. xiv. 3.
Is there any thing in human life, the duration of which
can be called long ! Steele, Spectator, No. 153.
It was proposed that the duration of Parliament should
be limited. Macaulay.
Relative, apparent, and common time is duration as es-
timated by the motion of bodies, as by days, months, and
years. Cterk Maxicell, Matter and Motion, art. xvii.
durbar, darbar (der'bilr), ». [< Hind, darbdr,
Turk, derhdr, < Pei-s. darbdr, a court, an audi-
ence-room, < dar, a door, + bar, admittance,
audience, court, tribunal.] 1. An audience-
room in the palace of a native prince of India;
the audience itself.
He was at once informed that a Ilampore citizen had
no right to enter the durbar of Jubbul, and was obliged
to go out in the rain in the court-yard.
W. II. Russell, Diary in India, II. 208.
2. A state levee or audience held by the gov-
ernor-general of India, or by one of the native
princes; an official reception.
On January 1, 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Era-
press of India, at a darbdr of unequalled magnificence,
held on the historic " ridge " overlooking the Mughal capi-
t.-il of Delhi. Encyc. Brit., XII. 811.
duret (dur), o. [Sc. also dour; < OF. dur, F.
dar = 8p. Pg. It. dura, < L. durus, hard, rough,
harsh, insensible, = Ir. dur = Gael, dur, dull,
hard, stupid, obstinate, firm, strong, = W. dir,
certain, sure, of force, dir, force, certainty;
but the Celtic forms, like W. dur, steel, may
be borrowed from the Latin.] Hard ; rough.
What dure and cruell penance dooe
I sustaine for none offence at all.
Palace of Pleasure, I. sig. Q, 4.
duret (dur), V. [< ME. diireu, < OF. durer, F.
durer = Pr. Sp. Pg. durar = It. durare, < L.
durare, intr. be hardened, be patient, wait, hold
out, endure, last, tr. harden, inure, < durus,
hard, rough, harsh, insensible : see dure, a.
Hence endure, perdure, duration, during, etc.]
1. intratis. 1. To extend in time; last; con-
tinue ; be or exist ; endure.
Whyl that the world may dure.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 980.
Vpon a sabboth day, when the disciples were come to-
gether vnto the breakyng of the bread, Paule made a ser-
mon duryng to raydnight. Tyndale, Works, p. 476.
Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while.
Mat. xiii. 21.
The noblest of the Citizens were ordained Priests, which
function dured with their liues.
Purctias, Pilgrimage, p. 332.
2. To extend in space.
Arabye durethe fro the endes of the Reme of Caldee
unto the laste ende of Affryk, and marchethe to the Lond
of Ydumee, toward the ende of Botron.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 43.
"How fer is it hens to Camelot?" quod Seigramor.
** Sir, it is vj mile vnto a plain that duretli wele two myle
fro thens." Jlferfm(E. E. T. S.), ii. 2«0.
II. trans. To abide ; endure.
He that can trot a courser, break a rush.
And, arm'd in proof, dare dure a strawes strong push.
Marston, Satires, i.
durefult (dur'ful), a.
ing : as, dureful brass.
The durefult oake whose sap is not yet dride.
Spenser, Sonnets, vi.
1802
been produced in that branch of art in his day, and pro-
vided free scope for his remarkable sureness and delicacy
of hand. One of the greatest merits of his work lies in
the harmony of composition characterizing even his most
complicated designs. In his early work tlie detail, though
Durio
come, q. v.] A Hindu divinity, the consort of
Siva, other names given her being Devi, Kali,
rarvati, BItavani, Uma, etc. she is generally rep-
resented witli ten arms. In one hand slie holds a spear,
with which she is
piercing Maldsha,
the chief of the
demons, the kill-
ing of whom was
her most famous
exploit : in ano-
ther, a sword ; in
a third, the hair of
the demon chief,
and the tail of a
serpent twined
round him ; and in
others, the trident,
discus, ax, club,
and shield. A great
festival lasting ten
days is celebrated
annually in Bengal
in her honor. Also
spelled Doorr/a.
durgan, dur-
gen (dfer'gan,
-gen), 11. [A
dial. var. of
dwarf (ME.
dwergh, etc.) :
see dwarf.} A
Durga.
{From Coleman's " Hindu Mythology.'
[< dure + -ful.} Last-
durelesst (diir'les), a. [< dure + -less.} Not
lasting; fading; fleeting: as, "dureless plea-
sures," Raleigh, Hist. World.
Diireresque (dU-rfer-esk'), a. [< Diirer (see def.)
+ -csque.} In the manner or style of Albert
Diirer, the most famous Renaissance artist of
Germany (1471-1528), noted for the perfection
of his drawing and the facility with which he
delineated character and passion: as, Diirer-
esque detail. Alljert Diirer was at once painter, sculp-
tor, engraver, and architect ; but his fame is most widely
spread through his admirable engravings, both on wood
and on copper, which far surpassed anything that had
Diireresque Detail, as illustrated in a woodcut by Durer.
(Reduced from the original. )
always rendered with almost unparalleled truth, is some-
what profuse and labored, and often sacrifices beauty to
exactness ; l)ut toward the close of his c.ireer he sought
to attain repose and simplicity of manner and subject.
duress (du'res or dii-res'), n. [< ME. duresse,
duresce, hardship, <; OF. durece, duresce, du-
resse = Pr. duressa = Sp. Pg. dureza = It. du-
rezza, < L. duritia, hardness, harshness, sever-
ity, austerity, < durus, hard: see dure, «.] 1+.
Hardness.
Ye that here an herte of suche duresse,
A faire body formed to the same.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furinvall), p. 67.
2. Hardship; constraint; pressure; imprison-
ment ; restraint of liberty ; durance.
Whan the spaynols that a-spied spakli thei him folwed,
And deden al the duresse that thei do migt.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3632.
Yef I delyuer my moder fro this Inge, shall eny other
do her duresse? Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 19.
Right feeble through the eviU rate
Of food which in her ditresse she had found.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. viii. 19.
After an unsatisfactory examination and a brief duress,
the busy ecclesiastic was released.
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 398.
3. In law, actual or apprehended physical re-
straint so gi'eat as to amount to coercion: a
species of fraud in which compulsion in some
form takes the place of deception in accom-
plishiug the injury. Cooley Duress of goods,
the forcible seizing or withholding of personal property
without sufficient ju.stilicatioii, in order to coerce the claim-
ant.—Duress of Imprisonment, actual deprivation of
liberty. — Duress per minas, coercion by threats of de-
struction to life or limb. A promise is voidable when made
under duress, whether this is exercised immediately upon
the promisor or upon wife, husband, descendant, or ascen.
dant.
duresst (dii-res'), v. t. [< duress, n.} To sub-
ject to duress or restraint ; imprison.
If the party duressed do make any motion. Bacon,
duressort (du-res'or), n. [< duress + -or.} In
law, one who subjects another to duress. Bacon.
durett (dii-ref), n. [Appar. < OP. duret, F.
duret (= It. duretto), somewhat stiff, hard, etc.,
dim. of dur, stiff, hard, etc., < L. durus, hard:
see dure, a.} A kind of dance.
The Knights take their Ladies to dance with them gal-
liards, durets, corantoes, Ac.
Beaumont, Masque of Inner-Temple.
durettat, n. [As if < It. duretto, somewhat
hard: see duret.} A coarse kind of stuff, so
called from its wearing well.
I never durst be seen
Before my father out of duretta and serge ;
But if he catch me in such paltry stutfs.
To make me look like one that lets out money,
Let him say, Timothy was born a fool.
Jasper Mayne, City Match, i. 5.
Durga (dor'ga), n. [Hind. Durga, Skt. Durga,
a female divinity (see def.), prop, adj., lit.
whose going is hard, hard to go to or through,
impassable, as n. difficulty, danger, < dur- for
dus-, hard, bad (= Gr. Sva-, bad : see dys-), +
■y/ ga, another form of ■\/ gam, go, come, = E.
dwarf. E. Phillips, UOC,; ITnlUwcll. [Prov.Eng.]
Durham (dfer'am), n. One of a breed of short-
horn cattle, so named from the county of Dur-
ham in England, where they are brought to
great perfection: also used attributively: as,
the Durham breed ; Durham cattle.
Duria (dii'ri-a), ». See Durio.
durian (du'ri-an), n. [< Malay d«<r!/OTi.] 1. A
tree, the Durio Zibethinus. See Durio. — 2. The
fruit of this tree.
We tasted many fruits new to us; . . . we tried a durt'an,
the fruit of the East, . . . and having got over the first
liorror of the onion-like odour we found it by no means
bad. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xxiv.
durillo (do-rel'yo), n. [Sp., dim. of duro, hard:
see dure, a.} An old Spanish coin, a gold dol-
lar: otherwise called the escudillo de oro and
coronilla.
duringt, «. [< ME. during; verbal n. of dure,
V.} Duration; existence.
And that shrewes ben more unsely if they were of lenger
durinff and most unsely yf they weren perdurable.
Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 4.
duringt, p. a. [< ME. during, ppr. of duren,
last: see dure, v.} Lasting; continuing; en-
during. Chaucer.
Temples and statues, reared in your minds.
The fairest, and most during imagery.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, i. 2.
during (diir'ing), prep. [< ME. duringe, prep.,
prop. ppr. of dure, last (see during, p. a.), like
OF. and F. durant = Pr. duran, durant = Sp.
Pg. It. durante, < L. durante, abl. agreeing with
the substantive, as in durante vita, during life,
lit. life lasting, where durante is the present
participle used in agreement with the noun
vita (E. life), used absolutely: durante, abl. of
ditran(t-)s, ppr. of durare. last: see dure, v.]
In the time of; in the course of; throughout
the continuance of: as, during life; during
our earthly pilgrimage ; during the space of a
year.
Ulysses was a baron of Greece, exceedingly wise, and
during the siege of Troy invented the game of chess.
Quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 405.
During the whole time Rip and his companion had la-
bored on in silence. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 53.
The whole world sprang to arms. On the head of Fred-
eric is all the blood which was shed in a war which raged
during many years and in every quarter of the globe.
Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
Durio (dii'ri-6), n. [NL., also written Duria
and (non-Latinized) Durion,
Dhourra, etc., < Malay dury-
on: see durian.} A genus of
malvaceous trees, of which
there are three species, na-
tives of the Malay peninsula
and adjoining islands. The
durian, D. Zibethinus, the best-
known species, is a tall tree very
commonly cultivated for its fruit,
which is very large, with a thick
hard rind and entirely covered
with strong sharp spines. JJot-
withstanding its strong civet otlor
and somewhat terebinthinate fla-
vor, it is regarded by the natives
as the most delici^s of fruits. The
custard-like pulp in which the
large seeds are embedded is the
Durian (i).,r,v,^.feM.- part eaten; the seeds are also
nils). roasted and eaten, or pounded into
Durio
flour. They may Ije used as vegetable Ivory. It posaeaMs
very marked aphnxlisiac qualities.
durityt (du'ri-ti), «. [= F. duret^ = It. duritd,
liiiritdde, dufitate, < L. durita(t-)8, hardness, <
diirus, hard: see dure, a.] 1. Hardness; firm-
ness.
.\a for irradlancy or sparlilin^. which is found in many
gems, it is not discoverable in this ; for it cometh short of
their eompactnesse and durity.
Sir T. Brotcne, Vnlg. Err., ii. 1.
The ancients did burn their firmest stone, and even frag-
ments of marble, wiiich in time Iwcame almost marble
again, at least of indissoluble duriYw, as appeareth in the
standing theatres. Sir II. Wollun, Elem. of Architecture.
2. Hardness of mind; harshness; cruelty.
Ciickeram.
durjee (d^r'je), n. [Also written dirgee, durzee,
etc., repr. Hind, darzi, vernacularly darji, <
Pers. darsi, a tailor.] In the East Indies, a
native domestic tailor or seamster.
durmast (der'mftst), n. [Origin tmeertain.] A
species of oak ( Quercus sessiUflora, or, according
to some, Q. pubescens) so closely allied to the
common oak (Q. Sobur) as to be reckoned by
some botanists only a variety of it. lu wood Is,
however, darker, heavier, and more elastic, and leas em
comparatireljr ea»jr to bend,
nndis therefore highly ralued by the builder ana the cabl-
to apUt or to break ; but it Is comparatireljr <
net-maker.
dum', dams (dfem, d*mz), n. [E. dial. (Corn-
wall) duni, a door-post, gate-post, < Com. dom,
door-post; cf. W. dor, drtcs, door: see door. J
In rMiNinf/,a "sett" of timbersutamine. Dunn
is >• •met itn''-s made singular and aometimes plural. (Pryee.)
i he term chlelly Used at present, eapeclalljr in the United
.■^lates, is «•(( (which see).
dum-, f. '. See derifi.
duro (dS'ro), n. [Sp.l The Spanish silver dol-
lar, the peso dtiro. See dollar.
durometer (du-rom'e-t*r), n. [< L. rfMi-M, hard,
+ metrum, a measure.] An apparatus invent-
e<I by Behrens for testing the hardness of steel
e -'i-^ I. .,„uisu eiaentlally of a small drill fitted with
'.■ measuring the aniuont of feed under a given
t he drill, and counting the turns of the drill.
I work are conalderea to give relatively the
I : the steel.
lu'ni-i), a. [< L. durus, hard: see
duroust
(Inf..
a.
Ill vary much from their primitive ten-
'l'rii..ft- .... "■■'! w) become more durou*.
./. .^.> s Portraiture of Old Age, p. 180.
doroyt (dti-; [See corduroy.} Sftme as
corduroy.
Western Oooda liad their ahare here alao, and aereral
iKMths were Blied with Seigea, Z>un>|n, Oniggeti, Slud-
loons, Cantaloona, Devonahlre Kenlet, etc.
Dtfot, Tour tbiDugh Great Britala, L M.
dnrra (ddr'S), n. [Also written dura, doura,
(li)urah, dora, dhura, dliourra, dhurra, etc., repr.
Ar. dorra, durra, dora, Turk, dori, millet: cf.
Ar. dorra, Turk. Pers. Hind, diirr, a pearl.]
The Indian millet or Guinea com, Sorghum cul-
gare. See sorghum.
The alwaya icantj crop of doura falls away from the
Nile. TA« Century, XXVL 6&1.
durst (dftrst). A preterit of dare^.
dnmkilll, n. See dottroueouli.
dasack < du'sak), n. [O. diiMA, also duaeek, tu-
mck; UUak, thietiak, ti*zek, < Bohem. tesale, a
short, broad, curved sword.] A rough cutlas
in use in Germany in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. Itiacommonlyrepresentedaaforieed
of a single piece, tlte Bnger* paealng through an opening
made at the end oppoeite the point, lo that the grip con-
siata of a roonded and perhaps leather-covered part of the
blade Itaelt. It la said to have originated In Bohemia.
dnset, )>• -An obsolete spelling of deuee^.
dash (dush), r. [E. dial., < HE. dusghen, duseh-
i,n ; appar. orig. a var. of damhen, dagehen, dash :
see dtt»A.] L trans. To strike or push violently.
[Now only prov. Eng.]
Thel du—hed hym, thel daiahed hym,
Thel Inaabcd hym, thel laaahed bnn.
The! poaalied hym, thel paaahed nym.
All aorowe the! saide that It semed hrm.
York Playt, p. 481.
^K MjBoan then mightely the rooldes did aerche,
^b. OoeitjnMt the toaiea, & the tore wallea
^t All daurt<( Into the diche, doll to l>e-holde.
^K DatruMon i,f Troy (Z. E. T. 8.X L 4T76.
^^B H. inlrann. To full violently; dash down;
^^H move with violence. [Now only prov. Eng.]
^^B Such a daaande drede duxhed to hia herte
^^K That al falewtt Ifallowed) hia face.
^H AUiteraHix Pomt (ed. MorrbX 11. I6S8.
^Blnak(dusk), a. andn. [=E. dial. dueMA^kCtrans-
^^^ posed from dusk) ; < early ME. dosk, dose, deosk,
lUoHC, dark ; not found in AS., but perhaps a sur-
vival of the older form of AS. deorc, ME. deorc,
derk, E. dark, which in its rhotacized form has
no obvious connections, while denxc, dosk, dusk
appears to be related to Norw. dusk, a drizzling
1803
rain, Sw. dial, dusk, a slight shower, 8w. dusk,
chilliness, raw weather (/ Norw. duska = Sw.
duska = Dan. duske, drizzle; Sw. duskig, misty,
etc.), appar. orig. applied to dark, threaten-
ing weather. LG. dusken, slumber, is not re-
lated.] I. a. Dark; tending to darkness ; dusky ;
shaded, either as to light or color; shadowy;
swarthy. [Rare and poetical.]"
A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.
MMon, P. R., i. 29«.
Dusk faces with white silken turbans wreathed.
Milton, P. K, iv. 76.
As rich as moths from dusk cocoons.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
n. n. 1. Partial darkness; an obscuring of
light, especially of the light of day; a state
between light and darkness ; twilight : as, the
dusk of the evening ; the dusk of a dense forest.
He quits
His door in darkness, nor till dusk returns.
Wordsu^rth, Excursion, v.
Prone to the lowest vale th' aerial tribes
Descend : the tempest-loving raven scarce
Dares wing the dubious dusk. Thomson, Summer.
Fortunately the dusk had thrown a veil over us, and in
the exquisite delicacy of the fading light we drifted slowly
up the mysterious river. *
C. W. Stoddard, Masballah, p. 161.
2. Tendency to darkness of color; swarthiness.
Some aprinlded freckles on his face were seen,
Whoae dusk set oS the whiteness of the sUn.
Dryden, PaL and Arc., ill. 77.
dusk (dusk), r. [< ME. dusken, earlier donken,
make dark, become dark ; < dusk, a.] I. trang.
1. To make dusky or dark; obscure; make less
luminous.
After the son la up, that shadow which dusketh the light
of the moon moat needs be under the earth. Holland.
Essex, at all times hit [Raleigh'sl rival, and never his
friend, saw his own lustre dusked by the eminence oi his
Inferior. /. Disraeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 268.
2. To make dim.
Which clothes a dlrknesa of a forletyn and a despised
elde hadde dusked and derked.
Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 1.
The falthfulnes of a wife Is not stained with deceipt,
nor dusked with any dissembling.
Sir r. WilsuH, Art of Rhetoric, p. 56.
n. intrans. 1. To grow dark; begin to lose
light, brightness, or whiteness.
Duskttt hia eyghen two, and faylleth breth.
CAnucer, Knight's Tale, I. 1M8.
3. To cause a dusky appearance; produce a
slightly ruffled or shadowed surface.
Little breezes dusk and shiver
Thro' the wave that rune for ever
By the island In the river
Flowing down to Camelot.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, L
[Rare in all uses.]
doskeo (dug'kn), V. [< dusk + -enl.] L •«-
trans. To grow dusk; dim; beeome darker.
[Bare.]
I have known the male to sing almost uninterruptedly
during the evenings of early summer, till twilight cfiuir-
ened into dark. LouieU.
TL trans. To make dark or obscure. [Bare.]
The layd epigranie was not vtterly defaced, but unely
duskmtd, or so rased that It myght be redde. thoughe that
with aome dilBculty. Mcolts, tr. of Thucydides, fol. 16.1.
duskily (dus'ki-li), adr. With partial dark-
ness ; with a tendency to darkness or somber-
ness. t
The twilight deepened, the ranted battlements and the
low broad oriels [of Haddon Hull glanced duskily from
the foliage, the rooks wheeled and clamored in the glow-
ing sky. '/. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 26.
dxuklliess (dus'ki-nes), n. Incipient or partial
darkness: a moderate degree of darkness or
blackness; shade.
Time had somewhat sullied the colour of It with such a
kind of duskiness, aa we may observe in plcturea tlut have
bung In some amoky room.
Boetius (trans.), p. 3 (Oxf., 1674).
daskish (dus'kish), a. [<dusk+-iahl.'\ Mod-
erately dusky; partially obscure; dark or
blackish.
Sight is not well contented with sudden departmenta
from one eztream to another: therefore let tlieni have
rather a duskish tincture than an absolute black.
Sir U. Walton, Elem. of Architecture.
daskishly (dus'kish-li), adv. Cloudily; darkly;
obscurely; dimly.
The Comet appeared again to-night, but duskishty.
Pepys, Diary, II. 195.
doskishness (dus'kish-nes), n. Duskiness;
slight obscurity ; dimness.
1°he harts uae dictamtu. The swallow the hearbe cele-
donla. The weaaell fennell seede, for the duskishnesse
and blearlaboeaae of her eyes.
Btnttnuto, Paaaengera' Dialogues (1612).
dnst
The divers colours and the tinctures fair.
Which in this various vesture changes write
Of light, of dunkishneme.
Dr. II. More, Psychozoia, i. 22.
dasky (dus'ki), a. l< dusk + -y^.l 1. Rather
dark ; obscure ; not luminous ; dim : as, a dusky
valley.
Here dies the dusky torch of Mortimer,
Chok'd with ambition of the meaner sort.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 5.
He [Daniel is the very man who has heard the torment-
ed spirits crying out for the second death, who has read
the du»ky characters on the portal within which there is
no hope. Macaulay, Milton.
Memorial shapes of saint and sage.
That pave with splendor the Past's ditsky aisles.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
2. Rather black; dark-colored; fuscous; not
li^ht or bright: as, a dttsky brown; the dusky
wings of some insects.
I will take some savage woman, she shall rear my dusky
race. Tennyson, Locksley Hall;
A smile gleams o'er his dusky brow.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, i.
Here were the squalor and the glitter of the Orient —
the solemn dusky faces that look out on the reader from
the pages of the .\rabiHn Nights.
T. B. Aldrich, I'onkapog to Pesth, p. 201.
3. Hence, figuratively, gloomy ; sad. [Rare.]
While he continues in life, this dnxky scene of horrour,
this melancholy prospect of final perdition will frequent-
ly occur to his fancy. Bentley, Sermons.
Dusky duck. See duck.
Dussumiera (dus-u-me'rS), n. [NL. (Cuviei
and Valeneiennesj 1847; also Dussumieria) ;
named for the traveler Dussumier.'i A genus of
fishes, in some systems made type of a family
DiLs-itimhridw,
dassamierid (dus-u-me'rid), n. A fish of the
f am i 1 y 1> «■■■,< ii m icridce.
Dossoinieridse (dus-u-me'ri-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Uwisumiera + -idw.'] A family of malacop-
terygian fishes, represented by the genus Dus-
sumiera. It is closely related to the family Clupeid(r,
but the abdomen is rounded and the ribs are not connected
with a median system of scales. The species are few in
number; r>ne (Dussumiera lereti) is an inhabitant of the
ea.'itcrn cna-st of the I'nited States.
Dossamierina (dus''ii-me-ri'na), n. pi. [NL.,
< Dussumiera + -ina^.] In Giinther's system,
the fourth group of Clupeida; with the mouth
anterior ana lateral, the upper jaw not overlaj)-
ping the lower, and the abdomen neither cari-
nate nor serrate, and without an osseous gular
plate. The group corresponds to the family
Dussumieridte.
dast^ (dust), «. [< ME. dust, doust, < AS. dust
(orig. diist) = OFries. dust = MLG. LG. dust
(> G. dust), dust, = D. duist. meal-dust, = Icel.
dust, dust, = Norw. dust, dust, fine particles,
= Dan. dyst, fine flour or meal ; allied prob.
to OHG. tunu^t, dunist, dunst, breath, storm,
MHG. G. dunst, vapor, fine dust, = Sw. and Dan.
dunst, steam, vapor; and to Goth, dauns, odor;
all prob. ult. from a root repr. by Skt. •\/ dhvans
or •/ dhvas, fall to dust, perish, vanish, in pp.
dhvas-ta (= E. dus-t), bestrewn, covered over,
esp. with dust.] 1. Earth or other matter in
fine dry particles, so attenuated that they can
be raised and carried by the wind; finely com-
minuted or powdered matter: as, clouds of dust
obscure the sky.
Than a-roos the duste and the powder so grete that vn-
nethe oon myght knowe a-nother, no noon ne a-bode his
felowe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), 11. 201.
Tlie ostrich, which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and
wamicth them in dust. Job xxxix. 13, 14.
2. A collection or cloud of powdered matter in
the air; an assemblage or mass of fine particles
carried by the wind : as, the trampling of the
animals raised a great dust; to take the dust
of a carriage going in advance.
By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall
cover thee. Ezek. xxvi. 10.
Hence — 3. Confusion, obscurity, or entangle-
ment of contrary opinions or desires ; embroil-
ment ; discord : as, to raise a dust about an af-
front ; to kick up a dust. See phrases below.
Great contest follows, and much learned dust
Involves the combatants ; each claiming truth.
And truth disclaiming both. Cowper, Task, ill. 161.
4. A small quantity of any powdered substance
sprinkled over something : used chiefly in cook-
ery: as, give it a du-H of ground spice. — 6.
Crude matter regarded as consisting of sepa-
rate particles ; elementary substance.
Many [a day] hade 1 be ded <fe to dust roted,
Xadde it be Gotldes grace & help of that best.
WiUiam qf PaUme (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 4124.
dost
Dwtt thou art, and unto dujit shalt thou return.
Gen. ill. 19.
My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust. . . .
For now shall I sleep iu the dmt. Job vii. 6, 21.
Fair brows
That long ago were dust.
Bryant, Flood of Years.
Hence — 6t. A dead body, or one of the atoms
that compose it ; remains.
The bodies of the saints, what part of the earth or sea
soever holds their dwitg, shall not be detained in prison
when Christ calls for them. . . . Not a dust, not a bone,
can be denied. itep. T. Adams, Works, II. 106.
Hereafter if one Dust of Me
Mix'd with another's Substance be,
Twill leaven that whole Lump with love of Thee.
Cowley, The Mistress, All over Love.
7. A low condition, as if prone on the ground.
He raiseth up the poor out of the dust. 1 Sam. 11. 8.
8. Rubbish; ashes and other refuse. [Eng.]
But when the parish dustman came,
His rubbish to withdraw.
He found more dust within the heap
Than he contracted for I Hood, Tim Turpin.
A string of carts full of miscellaneous street and house
rubbish, all called here ILondon] by the general name of
dust. New York Tril/une, Sept. 9, 1879.
9. Gold-dust; hence, money; cash. See phrases
below. [Slang.] — 10. Sauye as dust-brand cos-
mic dust. See cojnnic— Down With the (his, your)
dust, pay or deliver the money at once.
The abbot down with his dust ; and, glad he had es-
caped so, returned to Reading, as somewhat lighter in
purse, so much more merry in heart than when he came
thence. Fuller, Ch. Hist., II. 218.
Liinb. ni settle two hundred a year upon thee. . . .
Aldo. Before George, son Limberham, you'l spoil all,
if you underbid so. Come, douni with your dust, man ;
what, show a base mind when a fair Lady's in question !
Dtyden, Limberham, ii. 1.
Come, fifty pounds here ; doum with your dttst.
O'Kee/e, Fontainebleau, ii. 3.
Dnst and ashes. See aM^.— Founders' dust. See
/oiinder^.— Metallic duSt, powdered oxids or filings of
metals, used for giving a metallic luster to wall-papers,
lacquered ware, etc. The metal-powders are washed,
treated with chemicals, and heated, to obtain a variety of
colors.— To beat the dust. See beati.— To bite the
dust. See hite.— To kick up a dust, to make a row ;
cause tumult or uproar. [Colloii.] — To make one take
the dust, in driving, to pass one on the road so as to
throw the dust back toward him ; beat one in a race. — To
raise a dust, (a) To cause a cloud of dust to rise, as a
fast-driven carriage, a gustof wind, etc. (b) To make con-
fusion or disturbance; get up a dispute; create discord
or angry discussion. [Colloq.]
The Bishop saw there was small reason to raise such a
dust out of a few indiscreet words.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. 'Williams, 11. 61.
By the help of these [men], they were able to raise a
dust and make a noise ; to form a party, and set them-
selves at the head of it. Bp. Alterburt/, Sermons, 1. iii.
To throw dust in or into one's eyes, to mislead, con-
fuse, or dupe one.
This is certainly the dust of Gold which you have thrown
in the good Man's Eyes. Dryden, Spanish Friar, iii. 1.
dnst^ (dust), V. t. [< ME. dusten, intr., rise as
dust, = Icel. dusta = Norw. dusta, tr., dust,
sprinkle with dust, = Dan. dyste, sprinkle ; from
the noun.] 1. To free from dust; brush, wipe,
or sweep away dust from: as, to dust a table,
floor, or room.
Let me dust yo' a bit, William. Yo've been leaning
against some whitewash, a'li be bound.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xiv.
2. To sprinkle with dust, or ■with something
in the form of dust: as, to dust a cake with
fine sugar; to dtist a surface with white or
yellow.
Especially in one of those stand-stills of the air that fore-
bode a change of weather, the sky is dusted with motes of
fire of which the summer-watcher never dreamed.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 52,
Insects In seeking the nectar would get dusted with pol-
len, and would certainly often transport it from one flower
to another. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 95.
To dust one, ta make one take the dust (which see, under
dust, n.).— To dust one's Jacket, to give one a drubbing;
beat one as if for freeing him from dust, or so as to raise
a dust.
dnst^ (dust), V. [< ME. dusten, desten, throw,
hurl, intr, rush, comp. adusten, throw (a differ-
ent word from diisshen, throw down, dash: see
dush), appar, of Scand. origin: < Icel. dusta,
beat; cf. dmtera, tilt, fight (Haldorsen, Cleas-
by), dust, a blow (Haldorsen), = Sw. (f«s<=Dan.
dyst, a tilt, bout, fight, = MLCJ, dust {zdzist, sust),
a tilt, a dance, Prob, allied to douse'^, beat (see
douse^). Hitherto confused by a natural figure
with dust^, from which, in def. I,, 2, and II,,
it cannot now be entirely separated. It is
gossible that the two words are ult, connected,
f. Gr. Kovieiv, tr. cover with dust, intr. run (as
horses or men), or march (as an army), making
1804
a dust in the act, i. e., 'dust.'] I.t trans. 1.
To throw ; hurl.
This milde meiden ... toe [took] htm bl the at«liche
[grisly] top, ant hef him up ant dtisle him adunriht [down-
right] to ther [the] eorthc.
St. Margherete (ed. Cockayne), p. 12.
He iss Godd self, that dusle death under him.
Legend of St. Katherine, 1. 1093.
2. To strike ; beat.
An engel duste hit a swuch dunt that hit bigon to clat-
eren. Legend of St. Katherine, 1. 2026.
Observe, my English gentleman, that blowes have a won-
derful] prerogative in the feminine sex ; . . . if , . . she
be good, to dust her often hath in it a singular . , . ver-
tue. Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
n. intrans. To run ; leave hastily ; scuttle ;
get out: as, to get up and dust; come, dtist out
of here. [Colloq. or slang.^
"Vrgan lepe vnfain
Oner the bregge [bridge] he deste.
Sir Trintrcm, iii. 9 (Minstrelsy, ed. Scott, \.).
dust-ball (dust'bal), TO. A disease in horses in
which a ball is sometimes formed in the intes-
tinal canal, owing to over-feeding with the dust
of corn or barley, its presence is indicated by a hag-
gard countenance, a distressed eye, a distended belly, and
hurried respiratibn,
dust-bin (dust'bin), TO. A covered receptacle
for the accumulated dust, ashes, and rubbish
of a dwelling, usually placed in a cellar or in a
yard. [Eng.]
Villages, with their rows of hovels sandwiched in be-
tween rows of dustbins. Contemporary Hen., Lll. 128.
dust-brand (dust'brand), TO. Smut. Also dust.
dust-brush (dust'bmsh), TO. A brush made of
feathers, fine bristles, tissue-paper, or the like,
for removing dust, as from furniture, walls,
framed pictures, etc.
dust-cart (dust'kiirt), TO. A cart for conveying
dust, refuse, and rubbish from the streets.
[Eng.]
dust-chamber (dust'cham'^bdr), n. An in-
closed flue or chamber filled with deflectors, in
which the products of combustion from an ore-
roasting furnace are allowed to settle, the
heavier and more valuable portions being left
in the dust-chamber, and the volatile portions
passing out through the chimney or other es-
cape.
dust-collar (dusfkol'^ar), TO. A grooved ring
or flange placed between the hub of a wheel
and the journal, to hold a dust-guard and keep
the axle-box clean.
duster (dus'ter), TO. 1. One who dusts.— 2.
That which is used in dusting or removing
dust, as a piece of cloth or a brush, a kind of
cloth especially for use in the form of dusters is made of
cotton, or of linen and cotton, generally twilled, woven
plain or with a checked pattern, and sold by the yard,
and also in separate squares, like handkerchiefs.
We were taught to play the good housewife in the kitch-
en and the pantry, and were well instructed in the con-
duct of the broom and the duster.
Watts, Education of Children and Youth, § viii.
3. A fine sieve. — 4. A machine for sifting
dry poisons upon plants, to destroy insects.
E. H. Knight. — 5. A light overcoat or -wrap
worn to protect the clothing from dust, espe-
cially in traveling.
With February came the Carnival. . . . Hawthorne
. . . accepted its liberties . . . with great good humor.
He used to stroll along the streets, with a linen duster
over his black coat.
J. Hawthorns, Nathaniel Hawthorne, II. v.
Set duster, a long broom, hearth-brush, or any dusting-
brush.
dust-guard (dust'gard), TO, A thin piece of
wood, leather, or fabric fitted to a journal-box
to exclude dust from the axle and bearings, and
to prevent the escape of the oil and waste from
the box.
The dust-guard is made of sycamore wood, and is either
In one or two parts. Engineer, LXV. 297.
dust-hole (dust'hol), to. A dust-bin.
Our dusthole ain't been hemptied this week, so all the
stuff is running into the sile.
Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 80.
dustiness (dus'ti-nes), to. The state of being
dusty.
dusting-colors (dus'ting-kuHorz), n. pi. In
printing, colors in the form of powder, made to
be spread or dusted over an impression in ad-
hesive varnish. Ultramarine blue and gold bronzes
are common dusting-colors, and by this treatment show
greater depth or brilliancy of color than when mixed with
the varTilsh as a printing-ink.
dustless (dust'les), a. [< dust^ + -less."] Free
from dust.
A dusUess path led to the door.
L. Wallact, B«n-Hur, p. 177.
Dutch
dust-louse (dust'lous), TO. An insect of the
genus I'soctis or family Psocidw.
dustman (dust'man), TO.; pi. dustmen (-men).
1. One whose employment is the removal of
dust, rubbish, or garbage.— 2. The genius of
sleep in popular sayings and folklore: so
named because the winking and eye-rubbing
of a sleepy child are as if he had dust in his
eyes — Running or flying dustman, a man who re-
moved dust from dust-holes, without license, for the sake
of what he could pick out of it. [Eng.]
At Marlborough Street one day early in November,
1837, two of the once celebrated fraternity known as "fly-
ing dust-men "were charged with having emptied a dust-
hole in Frith Street, without leave or licence of the con-
tractor. Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, pp. 78, 79.
dustoori (dus-to'ri), n. Same as dasturi.
dus't-pan (dust'pan), TO. A utensil for collect-
ing and remo-ving dust brushed from the floor,
furniture, etc.
dust-pointt (dust'point), TO. An old rural game,
probably the same as push-pin.
We to nine holes fall.
At dust-point or at quoits.
Drayton, Muse's Elysium, vi.
Then let him be more manly ; for he looks
Like a great school-boy that had been blown up
Last night at dust-point.
Beau, and FL, Captain, ill. 3.
dust-prig (dust 'prig), TO. A dust-hole thief;
one who filched from dust-bins. [Eng.]
The days of "dusting on the sly" seem to be rapidly
passing away. The transportation of the renowned Bob
Bonner, first of dust-prigs, added to the great fall in
breeze, have caused this consummation.
Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 79.
dust-prigging (dusfprig^ing), to. Filching or
stealing from dust-bins. [Eng.]
In the palmy days of dust-prigging, [men] fearlessly en-
countered the perils of Tothill Fields and the treadmill
in pursuit of their unlawful vocation.
Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 79.
dust-shot (dust'shot), TO. The smallest size of
shot. Also called mustard-seed.
Mustard-seed or dust-shot, as it is variously called.
Coues.
dust-storm (dust'storm), TO. A storm of wind
which raises dense masses of dust into the air,
as on one of the great deserts of Africa or Asia.
dustuck, dustuk (dus'tuk), n. [Anglo-Ind,, <
Hind, dastak, a passport, permit, < Hind, dost,
< Pers. dast, the hand,] In India, a customs
permit.
Mir Jafir pledged himself to permit all goods of every
kind and sort to be caiTied dutyfree, under the company's
dusluck. J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 295.
dust-'Whirl (dust'hwerl), TO. A whirl of dust,
made by an eddy of wind.
In defining this phenomenon [the whirlwind] it will l»e
best perhaps that you should be asked to recall the occur-
rence, on any warm day, of the formation of a dust-whirl
as it suddenly bursts upon you iu the open street
Jour. Franklin Inst,, CXXL 247.
dusty (dus'ti), a. [< ME. dusty, dusti, < AS.
dystig, dusty, < dust, dust : see dusf^ and -ji.]
1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust ; re-
duced to dust ; clouded with dust : as, a dusty
road; dusty matter; dusty windows.
All our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Shak., Macbeth, v. 5.
The house thro' all the level shines,
■ CJlose-latticed to the brooding heat,
And silent in its dusty vines.
Tennyson, Maiiana in the South.
Nothing ever gave me such a poignant sense of death
and dwsi.v oblivion as those crumbling tombs overshadow-
ing the clamorous and turbulent life on the hillside.
T. B. Aldrieh, Ponkapog to Pestll, p. 245.
2. Like dust; of the hue of dust ; clouded: as, a
dusty white or red. — 3. Covered with minute,
dust-like scales, as the wings of a butterfly.
Wcstwood.
dusty-foot (dus'ti-fut), TO, Same as piepoudre.
dusty-miller (dus'ti-mil"fer), to, l. The auricu-
la, Primula Auricula: so called from the white
mealiness upon the leaves. — 2. The Senccio
Cineraria, a common cultivated foliage-plant
which is covered with white tomentum.
Dutch (duch), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
Dutche, Doutche, Duche; < ME, Dutehe, Dnchc
(HoUandish or German), < MD, dui/tsch (OD,
dictisc), D. duitsch, Dutch, HoUandish (hoog-
duitsch. High Dutch, German), = MLG. dude.^cli,
LG, diidesk = 08. thiudisk^OHQ. dintisk, MHG,
diiitiKClt, diutscli, diusch, tiutisch, tiiit.^ch, tiuscli,
MG, dudesch, dutisch, tutisch, G, deiitsch, until re-
cently also teutscli, = Icel, Tliythverskr, thytli-
erskr, thyeskr (perverted forms), later and mod,
Icel. thyzkr = Sw. tysk = Dan. tydsk (the Scand.
Dutch
fonns after G.) (ML. theodifteug, iheoiiscus, first
in the 9th century), German, Teutonic, lit. be-
longing to the people, popular, national (sup-
posed to have been tirst applied to the 'popular'
or national language, German, in distinction
from the literary and church language, Latin,
and from the neighboring Romance tongues),
being orig. = Goth, 'thiudisks (in adv. thiudiskv,
translating Gr. i&viKu^, adv. of cOvmog, national,
also foreign, gentile) = AS. iheddisc, n., a lan-
guage, < Goth, thiuda = AS. theod = OS. Ihiod,
thioda, theoda = OFries. thiade = OD. diet =
OHG. dioUi, diot, MHG. diet, people, = Icel.
thjodh, nation, = Lett, tauta, people, nation, =
Lith. tauta, country, = Ir. tuath, people, = Oscan
touto, people (cf. meddix tutictis (Livy), the chief
magistrate of the Campanian towns: meddix,
medix, a magistrate) ; cf. Skt. V (a, grow, be
strong. This noun (Goth, thiuda, OHG. diot,
etc.) appears in several proper names, as in
AS. Theodric, G. Dietrich, D. Dierrijk, whence E.
Derrick, giving name to the mechanical con-
trivance so called : see derrick. The word Dutch
came into E. directly from the MD., but it is
also partly due to the G. form.] I. a. 1. Of or
pertaining to the Teutonic or German race, in-
cluding the Low German (Low Dutch) and the
High German (High Dutch). See U. Specifi-
cally— 2. Of or pertaining to the Low Germans
or to their language, particularly to the inhabi-
tants of Holland; HoUandish; Netherlandish:
formerly called specifically Low Dutch.
Light pretexU drew me ; sometimea & Dutch love
For tuliiK. Tennyton, OardeDer'i Daughter.
The word Dutch in tbia sense came to have in several
phrasea an opprobrious or humorous application^ perhaps
due in part to the aniioosity engendered by the long and
severe contest fur the supremacy of the seas waged by Eng-
lanii and the Netherlands In the seventeenth century. Hee
Dutch auction, eourape, defefue. etc.
3. Of or pertaining to the High Germans or
to their language : formerly called specifically
Hiijh Dutch — Dutch auction, an auction at wlilch the
auctioneer starts with a liigh price, and comes down till
he meets with a bidder; a ni<xk aru-tion. — Dutch bar-
gain. See6a™iii».— Dutch bricks, .•^eefrn.-*-'.— Dutch
cheeaa. SeeeA«««i.— Dutch clover. .•*eell.,7.— Dutcli
collar, a hone-collar. — Dutch concert. See concert.—
Dutch courage, artincial courage ; boldness Inspired by
Intoxicating spirits.
Pull away at the usquebaugh, man, and swallow Dutch
courage, since thine English is oiized away.
Kingttey, Westward Ho, xi.
Dutch cousins, intimate frlentls : a humorotis jHTversitMi
of 'tennan cousiiu or cvusina gcrman. — Dutch d6f6nse,
a sham defense.
I am afraid Mr. Jones maintained a kind of Dutch de-
fence, and treacherously delivered up the garrison without
duly weighing bis allegiance to the fair >k>pbia.
Fielding, Tom Jones, ix. 5.
Dutch fOlL See/oOl.—Dutcll gle«k, drink: a Jocular
alliiition to the game of gleek : as If tippling were the
favorite game of Dutchmen. Saree.
Nor could be partaker of any of the good cheer, except
it were the liquid part of It, which they call DuUh aletk,
where he plaled his cards so well, and vle<l and revled so
often, that he had scarce an eye to see withaL
Oayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 96.
Dutch gold. SeeX>u(cAiM(a<.— DntCblaoe, athiekami
not very open lace, like a coarse Valenciennes lace, niwiein
the .Setherlands, generally by the peaaaiitH. — Dutch leaf.
See Dutch nwtoJ.— Dateh Uanldtso named because first
maiie by an association of Dutch chemists), a thin, oily li-
quid, insoluble In water, having a pleasant, sweetish smell
and taste. It Is a definite compound, ethylene dicblorid
(L'oIIiClj), formed by mixing ethylene or olefiant gas and
chlorln. It also ocean as a by-product In the manufac-
ture of chloral.— -Dntch metU, one of the alloys used as
a cheap imitation of golil, and sold in the form of leaves,
called Dutch ieaj or XeaS-ffotd. It is a kind of brass, con-
tainijlg 11 parts of copper to 2 of zinc, and is one of the
most malleable of alloys. It Is cast in thin plates aitd then
rolle<l, and afterward beaten inti> rer>' thin leaves. It is
used in bookliinding. — Dutch mjrrtle, oven, pink. >k'e
the nouns.— Dutch pins, ■^.••y./i Dutch roller, rush.
.See the noiiiw. — Dutch school, tlw ii;imf iipj.li.tl to a
peculiar style of pinrilm.: whirh :itt;iiii-il its lii^lnst ile-
velopmeiit in the N'-lti- rhtiiil., < li;irri' t- ri/* ■! It) tip- >■'■-
lection of Hiitrjects of a low nr , tniiinMii|iIiii '• 'hara- tcr. iui
boors drinlting, butchers' shops, the mat^-Hals of the lard-
er, etc., but ralaed to the highest popularity by admirable
imitation and general perfection of execution. Rem-
brandt, Brouwer. Ostade, and Jan 8teen are among the
best-known masters of this peculiar school.— Dntch
STTUp. See the extract
A kind of syrup called colonial-syrup or Dutch-gyrup Ia
brought into <-oinmerce from those colonies where sugar
is manufactured from sugar-cane.
Thauting, Beer (trans.), p. 217.
Dutch talent (naut.), any piece of nautical work which,
while it may answer the purpose, and even show a certain
Ingenuity, is not done in clever, shipshape style : defined
by sailors as " main strength ami stupidity^ "— Ihltcb tile.
See tOc.- Dutch White. See wAi/*. — Dutch wife, an
open frame of ratan or cane, used in hot weather in the
butch East Indies and other tropical countries to rest
the arms and legs upon while In bed. — To talk like a
Dutch uncle, to Ulk with great but kindly severity ami
directness, as If with the authority and unsparing frank-
ness of an uucle from whom one ha* expectaUooa.
Mnverton . . . began reasoning with the boys, taZHni;
to them tike a Dutch vwle (I wonder what that expression
means) about their cruelty.
Helps, Animals and their Masters, p. 131.
II. «. 1. The Teutonic or Germanic race;
the German peoples generally : used as a plu-
ral. Specifically — 2. The Low Germans, par-
ticularly the people of Holland, or the kingdom
of the Netherlands ; the Dutchmen ; the Hol-
landers: called specifically the i/OM!l>H<cfe.- used
as a plural. — 3. The High Germans; the in-
habitants of Germany; the Germans: formerly
called specifically the High Dutch: used as a
plural.
Germany is slandered to have sent none to this war (the
Crusades] at this first voyage ; and that other pilgrims,
passing through that country, were mocked by the Dutch,
and called fools for their pains. Fuller.
4t. The Teutonic or Germanic language, in-
cluding all its forms. See 5, 6. — 5. The lan-
guage spoken in the Netherlands ; the Holland-
ish language (which differs very slightlj- from
the Flemish, spoken in parts of the adjoining
kingdom of Belgium) : called distinctively Low
Dutch. — 6. The language spoken by the Ger-
mans; German; High German: formerly, and
still occasionally (as in the United States, espe-
cially where the two races are mingled), called
distinctively High Dutch. — 7t. The common
white clover, TriJ'olium repens : an abbreviation
of Dutch cloier. — 8. [?. c] A kind of linen tape.
-Pennsylvania Dutch, a mixed dialect, consisting of
German intermingled with English, spoken by the de-
scendants of the original German settlers of Pennsylvania.
—To beat the Dutch, to l>e very strange or surprising ;
excel anything Ijefore known or heard of : said of a state-
ment, an occurrence, etc., usually in the form '*That t)eatt
the Dutch.' (Collo<i., northern U. S.)
dutch (duch), V. t. [That is, to treat in Dutch
fashion: in allusion to the fact that quills were
first so prepared in Holland; < Dutch, a.] To
clarify and harden by immersing in heated
.sand, as goose-quills.
dutchesst, "• An obsolete spelling of duchess.
Dutchman (duch'man), M.; pi. Dutchmen (-men).
1. A member of the Dutch race ; a Hollander:
in the United States often locally applied to
Germans, and sometimes to S«an(Unavians.
The Dutch man who sold him this Vessel told him with-
al that the Qoveniment did not allow any such dealings
with the English, tho they might wink at it.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. 1. 111.
2. [/. c] A wooden block or wedge used to hide
the opening in a badly made joint.— Flying Dutch-
maa, (a) a legendary Dutch captain who for some hei-
(a) A legendary
nous olTense was condemned to sail the sea, beating against
head-winds, till the day of judgment. Lisgends dllTer aa
to the nature of his offense. According to one, a murder
was committed on board his ship; according to another,
the captain swore a profane oath that he would weather
the Cape of Good Hope, though it took him till the last
day. It Is said that he sometimes hails vessels with the
request that they will take letters home for him. (/>> The
ship commanded by this captain.— HaUT Dutchman,
the IwMMieil iTow, Cnrnu comix. (Ixicai, F.ng.]
Dutchman's-breeches (duch'manz-brich'ez),
n. The plant Dicentra Cucullaria : so called
from its broadly two-spurred flowers. [U. S.]
Dtttchman's-laadantuii (duch'manz-U''da-
num), n. Bullhoof, the flowers of which are
used in Jamaica as a narcotic.
Dntchman's-pipe (duch'manz-pip), n. The
plant .iristiilochia Sipho, a climber with broad
nandsome foliage: so called from the shape
of the flowers. See cut under Aristolochia.
[U. S.]
dutchyt, »• An obsolete spelling of duchy.
dateons (du'to-us), a. [< duty + -ous (cf. beau-
teous, (. beauty + -ous).} 1. Dutiful; obedient;
subservient. [Rare.]
As duteous to the vices of thy mistress
Aa badneas would desire. Shak., Lear, Iv. 6.
A duteous daughter and a sister kind.
Dryden, On a Lady who Died at Bath.
2. Pertaining to or required by duty. [Rare.]
With mine own tongue deny my sacred state.
With mine own breath release all duteous oaths.
Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1.
My ways ami wishes, looks and thoughts, she knows,
And duteous care by close attention shows.
Oaiiiw, Works, V. 52.
duteously (dii'te-us-li), ctdv. In a duteous man-
ner.
duteousness (dii'te-us-nes), n. The quality of
being duteous.
If piety goes before, whatever duteouxnMS or obaervance
comes afterwards, it cannot easily be amiss.
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, ill. 6.
dutiable (du'ti-a-bl), a. [< duty + -able."] Sub-
jeA't to a customs duty : as, dutiable goods.
dutied (du'tid), a. [< duty + -ed'^.'i Subjected
to duties or customs. [U. S., and rare.]
duty
Breadstuff is dutied so high in the market of Great
Britain us in times of plenty to exclude it, and this is done
from the desire to favor her own farmers.
Ames, Works, II. 13.
dutiful (du'ti-ful), a. [< duty + -/u?.] 1. Per-
forming the duties required by social or legal
obligations; obedient; submissive to natural
or legal superiors ; obediently respectful : as, a
dutiful son or daughter ; a dutiful ward or ser-
vant; St dutiful subject.
The Queen being gone, the King said, I confess she hath
been to me the most dut\ful and loving Wife that ever
Prince had. Baker, Chronicles, p. 276.
Though never exceptionally dutiful in hia filial rela-
tions, he had a genuine fondness for the author of his
being, J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 187.
2. Expressive of a sense of duty; showing
compliant respect ; required by duty : a.s, duti-
ful attentions.
There would she kiss the ground, and thank the trees,
bless the air, and do dutiful reverence to every thing she
thought did accompany her at their first meeting.
Sir P. Sidney.
Surely if we have unto those laws that dutiful regard
which their dignity doth require, it will not greatly need
that we should be exhorted to live in obedience unto them.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ilL 9.
dutifully (dii'ti-ful-i), adv. In a dutiful man-
ner; with regard to duty; obediently; submis-
sively.
I advised him to persevere in dutifully bearing with his
mother's ill humour. Anecdotes of Bp. If a(«on, I. 367.
dutifulness (du'ti-ful-nes), n. The quality of
being dutiful; submission to just authority;
habitual performance of duty.
At his [the Earl of Essex's] landing, Bryan MacPhelym
welcom'd hira. tendering unto him all manner of Dutiful-
ness and Service. Baker, Chronicles, p. 350.
Piety or dutyfulnesa to parents was a most popular vir-
tue among the Romans. Dryden.
duty (dii'ti), n. ; pi. duties (-tiz). [Early mod.
E. also dutie, duetie, dewty, dewtie, < ME. duete,
duetee, deute, dewtee, etc., < due, dewe, due, +
-te, -ty, formed after such words as bewte, beau-
ty, etc.: see due^ and •ty.'] 1. Obligatory ser-
vice ; that which ought to be done ; that which
one is bound by natural, moral, or legal obliga-
tion to do or perform.
It doth not stand with the duty which we owe to our
heavenly Father, that to the ordinances of on/ mother the
Church we should show ourselves disobedient.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 9.
Take care that your expressions be prudent and safe,
consisting with thy other duties.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 664.
In the middle ages fealty to a feudal lord was accounted
a duty, and the assertion of personal freedom a crime.
//. Silencer, Social Statics, p, 265.
2. The obligation to do something ; the bind-
ing or obligatory force of that which is morally
right : as, when duty calls, one must obey.
For the parents iniurie was reuenged, and the duefteof
nature performed or satisfied by the childe,
J'uttenhajn, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 138.
I taught my wife her duty, made her see
What it behoved her see an<l say and do,
Feel in her heart and with her tongue d(-clare.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 227.
O bard, when love and duly clash !
Tennyson, Princess, IL
It is asserted that we are so constituted that the notion
of duty furnishes in itself a natural motive of action of
the highest order, and wholly distinct from all the refine*
nients and modlflcatlons of self-interest.
Lecky, Europ, Morals, I. 189.
D^ity to one's countrymen and fellow-citizens, which is
the social instinct guided by reason, is In all healthy com-
muidties the one thing sacred and supreme.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, 11. 69.
3. Due obedience; submission; compliant or
obedient service.
Every subject's duty is the king's ; but every subject's
soul is his own. Shak., lien. V., iv. 1.
4. A feeling of obligation, or an act manifest-
ing such feeling ; an expression of submissive
deference or respectful consideration. [Ar-
chaic or prov. Eng.]
They both attone
Did dewty to their Lady, as became.
Spenser, F. Q., II. Ix. 28.
There also did the Corporation of Dover and the Earl
of Wlnchelsea do their duties to him, In like sort
England's Joy (Arber's Eng. Gamer, I. 27)t
I mtist entreat you to take a promise that you shall
have the first [copy] for a testimony of that duty which I
owe to your love. Donne, Letters, xiv.
He craved so for news of Sylvia, . . . even though It
was only that she sent her duty to him,
Mrs. Oaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xlx.
6. Any requisite procedure, service, business,
or office ; that which one ought to do ; particu-
larly, any stated service or function: as, the
duties of one's station in life ; to go or be on
duty; the regiment did duty in Flanders.
duty
Fear God, and keep his commandments : for this ts the
whole duty ol man. Eccl. xii. 13.
To employ him on the hardest and most imperative
duty. Hatlam.
6. In mech., the number of foot-pounds of work
done per bushel or per hundredweight of fuel
consumed: as, the duty of a steam-engine. —
7t. That which is due ; an obligation ; com-
pensation; dues.
And right as Judas hadde parses smale
And was a theef, right swiche a theef was he.
His master hadde but half his dttetee.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 6934.
They neither regarded to sette him to schole, nor while
he was at schoole to pale his schoolemaister's auetie.
J. Udall, tr. ol Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 369.
The man shall give unto the woman a ring, laying the
same upon the book, with the accustomed duty to the
Priest and Clerk. Rubric in Carriage (1552).
Do thy duty, and have thy duty. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
8. A tax or impost ; excise or customs dues ; the
sum of money levied by a government upon cer-
tain articles, specifically on articles imported or
exported: as, the stamp duty of Great Britain;
the legacy duty; the duties on sugar; ad valo-
rem and specific duties.
To dames discreet, the duties yet unpaid,
His stores of lace and hyson he convey'd.
Crabbe, Works, I. 55.
The word duties is often used as synonymous with ta.\es,
but is more often used as equivalent to customs ; the latter
being taxes levied upon goods and merchandise which are
exported or imported. In this sense, ditties are equivalent
to imposts, although the latter word is often restrained
to duties on goods and merchandise which are imported
from abroad. Andrews, itevenue Laws, § 133.
Alnage duties. See alnane. — Breach of duty. See
ftmicA. — Countervailing duties. See countervailing,—
Differential duty. .Samo as discriminatintj duty (which
see, un(ier discriminating). — Malls and dutlest. See
»noi7'!.— To do duty for. See dol. = Sya. 8. Custom, Ex-
cise, etc. See tax, n.
duty-free (du'ti-fre), a. Free from tax or duty.
duumvir (du-um' v6r), n. ; pi. duumviri, duumvirs
(-vi-ri, -v6rz). [L., usually, and orig., in pi. du-
umviri, more correctly duoviri (sing.duovir), i.e.,
duo viri, two men : duo = E. two ; viri, pi. of vir =
AS. u?er, a man. Ct. centumvir, decemvir.'] In
Rom. hist., one of two officers or magistrates
united i^j the same public function. The ofBcers
specifically so called were either the highest magistrates
of municipal towns or persons appointed for some occa-
sional service, the kind of duty in ail cases being indicated
by a descriptive term : as, duumviri navales, officers for
equippinu' .iiiii repairing the fleet.
duumviracy (du-um'vi-ra-si),' n. [< duumvi-
rate : see -aoy.] ' The union of two persons in
authority or office. [Rare.]
A cunning complicating of Presbyterian and Indepen-
dent principles and interests together, that they may rule
in their Duumviracy.
Bp. Qauden, Tears of the Church, p. 438.
dnnniTiral (du-um'vi-ral), a. [= F. duumviral
= It. duumvirate, < L. duumviralis, < duumviri :
see duumvir and -al.'] Pertaining to Roman
duumviri, or to a duumvirate.
duumvirate (dii-um'vi-rat), n. [= F. duum-
virat = Sp. duunvirato = Pg. duumvirato = It.
duumvirato, < L. duumviratus, < duumviri: see
duumvir and -afeS.] The union of two men in
the same office, or the office, dignity, or gov-
ernment of two men thus associated, as in an-
cient Rome.
duumviri, n. Latin plural of duumvir.
duvet (dii-va'), »• [F., < OP. duvet, down, wool,
nap.] A quilt or comfortable stuffed with
swans' down or eider-down.
dux (duks), n. ; pi. duces (du'sez). [L., a lead-
er, general, chief : Bee duke^.l 1. A leader; a
chief; specifically, the head or chief pupil of a
class or division m some public schools. Imp.
Diet. — 2. In music, the subject or theme of a
fugue : distinguished from the comes or answer.
duyker, duykerbok (di'kfer, -bok), n. [< D.
duiker, = E. ducker, + bok = E. ftucZ;.] The
diving-buck, or impoon, Cephalophus mergens,
an antelope of South Africa : so called from its
habit of plunging through and under the bushes
in flight instead of leaping over them. There
are several species of Cephalophus, besides the one men-
tioned, to which the name is also applicable. See cut
under Cephalophus.
duyong, n. Same as dugong.
duzine, n, [< D. dozijn, a dozen: see dozen."]
A body of twelve men, governing a village.
[N. Y., colonial, local.]
The patentees are said to have been called the "Twelve
Men" or Duzine, and to have had both legislative and
judicial powers in town affairs.
Johns Hopkins Univ. Stud., IV. 55.
D, V. An abbreviation of the Latin Deo volente,
God willing. See Deo volente.
1806
D-valve (de'valv), n. A valve for opening and
closing the induction and eduction passages
of a steam-en-
gine cylinder: so
called from its
plan resembling
the letter D. The
usual form of the D-
valve is shown in fig.
1, where it is seen
detached, and at a
a, fig. 2, which rep-
resents a section of a
steam-cylinder and
nozles.
dwale (dwal), «.
[< ME. dwale,
dwole, error, de-
lusion, also, in
later use, dwale,
a sleeping-po-
tion, deadly
nightshade, <
AS. dwola (rare-
ly dwala), ge-dwola, error, delusion, heresy; ef .
D. dwaal- (in comp.), delusion, = OHG. twdla,
MHG. twdle, delay ; Icel. dvali, sleep, lethargy
(Haldorsen), dvala, also dviil, pi. dvalar, a short
stay, a stop, pause ; Sw. dvala, a trance, ec-
stasy, = Dan. dvale, torpor, lethargy, a trance
(dvale-drik, a sleeping-potion, dvalc-bcer, man-
drake) : words variously formed and connected
with AS. "dival, *dwol, dol (= Goth, dwals, etc.),
stupid, foolish, dull (see dulP-), and with the
secondary verbs AS. dwelian, mislead, intr.
err, dwelian, hinder, mislead, dwelian, remain,
dwell, etc. ; all ult. from the strong verb rep-
resented by AS. *dicelan, pret. "dwal, "dwol, pp.
ge-dwolen, mislead: see further under dweH, and
cf. dwale, v., dwalm.] If. Error; delusion.
The Goddes lamb than clenge sale
This wreched werld fra sinful duale.
Cursor Mundi, 1. 12840.
2t. A sleeping-potion ; a soporific.
To bedde goth Aleyn, and also Jon,
Ther nas no more, hem needede no dwale.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 241.
The frere with hus fisik this folke hath enchaimted,
And doth men drynke dwale that men dredeth no synne.
Piers Plowman (C), xxiii. 379.
3. The deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna,
which possesses stupefying or poisonous prop-
erties.
Dwale, or sleeping nightshade, hath round blackish
stalkes, &c. This kind of nightshade causeth sleep.
Qerarde, Herball (ed. T. Johnson), ii. 56.
4. Inker., a sable or black color Deadly dwale,
the Acuistus arborescens, a small solanaceous tree of
tropical America, nearly allied to Atropa. It bears yellow
berries.
d'wale (dwal), V. i. ; pret. and pp. dwaled, ppr.
dwaling. [See dwell.] To mutter deliriously.
Dunglison. [Devonshire, Eng.]
dwaun, d'waum (dwam, dwam), n. [Sa.j also
written dualm, dwam; < ME. "dwolme, < AS.
dwolma, a confusion, chaos, hence a gulf, chasm
(cf. OS. dwalm, delusion, = OHG. twalm, stupe-
faction, a stupefying drink), < *dwelan, pp. ge-
dwolen, mislead, lead into error: see dwell,
dwale, and dull^.] A swoon; a sudden fit of
sickness.
Hir Majestic . . . this nicht has had sum dwaumes of
swooning.
Letter of Council of State, in Keith's Hist., App., p. 183.
When a child is seized with some undeflaable ailment,
it is common to say, "It's just some dwaum." Jamieson.
d'Wang (dwang), n. A strut inserted between
the timbers of a floor to stiffen them. [Scotch.]
dwarf (dwarf), n. and a. [< ME. dwarf, dwerf,
where / represents the changed soimd (so in.
LG. below) of the guttural, which also took a
different development in the parallel ME. dwc-
rowe, dwerwe (mod. E. as if *dwarrow ; cf. ar-
row, barrow, etc.), < dwergh, dwerk(whenae also
mod. dial, durgan), a dwarf, particularly as an
attendant, < AS. dweorg, dweorh, a dwarf (def.
1), =D. dwerg, a dwarf, = MLG. dwerch, dwarch,
dwark = LG. dwarf, a dwarf, contr. dorf, an
insignificant person or thing, = OHG. twerg,
MHG. twerc, quereh, swerch, G. zwerg, a dwarf,
= Icel. dvergr = Sw. and Dan. dverg, a dwarf.
The mythological sense appears esp. in Scand.,
and may be the orig. sense.] I. n. 1. A per-
son of very small size ; a human being much
below the ordinary stature. True dwarfs (some of
the most celebrated of whom have been from 3 to less than
2 feet in height) are usually well formed ; but dwarflshness
is often accompanied by deformity or caused by dispro-
portion of parts. In ancient, medieval, and later times,
dwarfs have been in demand as personal attendants upon
ladies and noblemen ; and the ancient Romans practised
methods of dwarfing persons artificially.
dwarfllng
Of that Citee was Zacheus the Dwerf, that clomb up In
to the Sycomour Tre, for to see oure Lord ; be cause he
was so litille, he myghte not seen him for the peple.
Uandeville, Travels, p. 98.
Behind her farre away a Dwarfe did lag.
That lasie seemd, in being ever last.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 6.
Beneath an oak, mossed o'er by eld.
The Baron's X>w'ar/his courser held.
Scott, L. of L. M., ii. 31.
2. An animal or a plant much below the ordi-
nary size of its species. — 3. In Scand. myth.,
a diminutive and generally deformed being,
dwelling in rocks and hills, and distinguished
for skill in working metals.
II. a. Of small stature or size ; of a size
smaller than that common to its kind or spe-
cies: as, a dwa)/ palm ; dwarf trees. Among gar-
deners dwarf is used to distinguish fruit-trees of which
the branches spring from the stem near the ground from
riders or standards, the original stocks of which are several
feet in height.
In the northern wall was a dwarf door, leading by break-
neck stairs to a pigeon-hole.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 92.
Many of the dwar/bicycles now offered for sale, though
they have merits of their own, are anything but safeties.
Bury and Hillier, Cycling, p. 28.
Similar to it [B. Aquifolium], but different in foliage
and dwarfer in growth, is B. repens.
Set. Amer., N. S., LVI. 292.
Dwarf bay, bilberry, cherry, etc. See the nouns. —
Dwarf dove, a small ground-dove of the genus Chamce-
pelia (or Columbifjallina). There are several species, all
American, the best-known being C. pacserina, common in
southern parts of the United States. See cut underground-
dove. — Dwarf lemur, a small lemur of the genus Micro-
cebus (which see).— Dwarf male, in alga; of the group
(Edogoniex, a small, short-lived plant consisting of only
a few cells, developed iu the vicinity of the oogonium
from a peculiar zoospore, and producing antherozooids. —
Dwarf quail, a small quail of the genus Excalfacturia,
as the Chniese dwarf quail, E. sinensis. — Dwarf snake,
a serpent of the family Calamariidte (which see), of dimin-
utive size, and with non-distensible jaws, very generally
distributed over the globe, found under stones and logs.
There are several genera and species. — Dwarf thrush, a
small variety of the hermit-thrush, found in the Western
States ; Turdus nanus. — Dwarf wall, specifically, a wall
of less height than a story of a building. The term is
generally applied to walls which support the sleeper-joists
under the lowest floor of a building.
d'Warf (dwarf), V. [< dwarf, «.] I. trans. 1.
To hinder from growing to the natural size ;
make or keep small ; prevent the due develop-
ment of ; stunt.
Thus it was that the national character of the Scotch
was, in the seventeenth century, dwarfed and mutilated.
Buckle, Civilization, II. v.
The habit of brooding over a single idea is calculated to
dwarf the soundest mind.
Dr. Ray, in Huxley and Youmans' Physiol., § 508.
The window heads have been dwarfed down to mere
framings for masks.
J, Fergusson, Hist Indian Arch., p. 124.
You may dwarf a man to the mere stump of what he
ought to be, and yet he will put out green leaves.
G. W. Cable, Grandissimes, p. 331.
2. To cause to appear less than reality ; cause
to look or seem small by comparison: as, the
cathedral dwarfs the hotises around it.
The larger love
That dwarfs the petty love of one to one.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
The mind stretches an hour to a century, and dwarfs
an age to an hour. Emerson, Old Age.
And who could blame the generous weakness
Which, only to thyself unjust.
So overprized the work of others.
And dwarfed thy own with self-distrust?
Whiltier, A Memorial, M. A. C.
II. intrans. To become less ; become dwarf-
ish or stunted.
As it grew, it dwarfed. Buckle, Civilization, II. ii.
The region where the herbage began to dwarf.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 7.
dwarfish (dwar'fish), a. [< dwarf + -ish^.] 1.
Like a dwarf; below the common stature or
size; diminutive]: as, a dwarfish animal; a
dwarfish Bh.Tab. — 2. Slight; petty; despicable.
The king ... is well prepar'd
To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms,
From out the circle of his territories.
Shak., K. John, v. 2.
dwarflshly (dw&r'fish-li), adv. Like a dwarf ;
in a dwarfish manner.
The painter, the sculptor, the composer, the epic rhap-
sodist, the orator, all partake one desire, namely, to ex-
press themselves symmetrically and abundantly, not dirar/-
ishly and fragmentarily. Emerson, The Poet
dwarflshness (dwar'fish-nes), n. Smallness of
stature ; littleness of size.
Science clearly explains this dwarflshness produced by
great abstraction of heat ; showing that, food and other
things being equal, it unavoidably result^
//. Spencer, Education, p. 247.
dwarfllng (dwarf 'ling), n. [< du-arf + dim.
-Ung^.] A very small dwarf ; a pygmy.
dwarfling
When the Dtcarjiing did perceiae me, . . .
Sklpt he soone into a corner.
Si/ltetter, The Woodman's Bear.
dwarfy (dwar'fl), a. [< dtcarf + -yl.] Small ;
(Iwarlish.
Though I am squint-eyed, lame, bald, dtoarfy, Ac, yet
these deformities are joys.
Waterhoux, Apol. for Learning (1653X p. 65.
dwanm, n. See dwalm.
dwell (dwel), e. ; pret. and pp. dwelled, more
usually dicelt, ppr. dwelUng. [< ME. dtcellen
(pret. dwellede, dwelede, dwelde, dtcalde, dwelte,
dwelt), intr. linger, remain, stay, abide, dwell,
also err, tr. mislead ; < AS. (a) dweUan (pret.
dwealde), tr., mislead, deceive, hinder, pre-
vent; (6) dwelian (also in eomp. gedwelian and
ddicelian) (pret. dwelede, dwelode), tr. mislead,
deceive, intr. err, wander; (c) dwelian (pret.
dwelode), intr., remain, dwell (rare in this
sense) ; (d) dwolian, rarely dwalian, comp. gc-
dwolian, intr., err, wander; = D. dwalen, err, =
MLG. dwelen, dwalen, err, be foolish, LG. dwa-
len, intr. err, tr. mislead, cheat, = OS. bi-dwelian,
hinder, delay, = OHG. twaljan, twellan, MHG.
twellen, ticelen, tr. hinder, delay, intr. linger,
wait, = Icel. ilvelja, intr. wait, tarry, tr. delay,
lefer, refl. dveljaak, stay, make a stay, = 8w.
'.vfiljas, intr., dwell, = Dan. dvcele, intr., linger,
loiter; all secondary verbs, more or less mix-
ed in forms and senses, and with numerous
derivatives, ult. from the strong verb repre-
sented by AS. 'dwelan (pret. 'dical, 'dwol, pp.
gedwolen), mislead, cause to err (pp. as adj.,
perverse, erring), = OS. for-dwelan, neglect, =
OHG. ar-twelan, become dull, stupid, or lifeless,
ga-twelan, stop, sleep (not in Goth, except as
in deriv. dwals, stupid, foolish, etc.: see duVX)\
prob. from a root repr. by Skt. V dhvar, bend
or make crooked. See dwale, dull^, doltJ] I.
intrans. 1. To linger; delay; continue; stay;
remain.
I ne dar no leng dtceUe her.
For ihc wu sent as Mnaager.
King Ham (E. E. T. S.X p. 48.
Sertes, ich hane wonder
Where my doubter to-day dictlUs thus longe.
WMiam tif PaUme (E. E. T. S.X L ISW.
Vat qwat broyer or syster be ded of yl» gylde, ye aldyr-
man and alle ye gylde breyeryn and systen scboUyn be
redl to bere hym to ye chyrcbe, and affyrryn as It uome
•eyde, and dwiiU yer tylle ye meaae be don, and be beryld.
JSngluk OibU (E. E. T. 8.X p. 88.
Oo, and let
The old men of the city, ere they die.
Kiss thee, the matrons dveU about thy ntck.
B. Jomm, Catiline, T. 8.
8. To abide as a permanent resident; reside;
have abode or habitation permanently or for
aome time.
In that Desert dtuUyn manye of Arrabyenes.
MandemUe, Traveli, p. 63.
God shall enlarge Japheth, and be sluUl dwtU in the
tent* of 8hem. Oen. iz. 27.
Nor till her lay was ended coold I more.
But wiib'd to dmtl tor ever in the grore.
Drydeti, Flower and Leaf, L 135.
And Virtue cannot dtcM with slaTea, nor reign
O'er those who cower to take a tyrant's yolce.
Bryant, The Age*.
8t. To live; be; exist: without reference to
plaoe.
There was dwiUyngt somtyme a ryche man, and it is
not loose sitben, *nd men clept him Oatholonabe* ; and he
wa* fnUe of Caatele*. MandemUe, Trarel*, p. 277.
Ttt dwell OB or upon. (<■) To keep the attention Axed
on ; regard with attention or interest.
They stand at a distance duxUint/ on hi* looks and Ian.
gnage, flied in amaxement. Buekminster.
The mind moat abide and dictU upon things, or be always
a stranger to the Inside of them. South.
Do yon not, for Instann, dweO on the tbonght of wealth
and splendoar till yoa coret these tainporat olesaings?
J. n. Semnan, Parochial Sermons, L 89.
Then Lancelot lifted hi* large eye* ; they dwelt
Deep-tranced on hers. Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
(t) To continue on ; occupy a lone time with ; speak or
write about at great length or with great fullness : as, to
litKM on a note in mnsic ; toduM upon a subject.
But I shall not dvell upon apecnUtioii* *o abatracted a*
ihU. SteeU, 8pecUtor, No. 19.
I must not dueU on that defeat of fame.
TVnnyson, Onlnerere.
To dwell under one's vine and flg-tree, to live in
>n«''a own iioine ; enjoy tin- iKJS8eH8i'>ri (-r » home in one's
■ <»n riRlit. 1 Ki. iv, '.a. =8yn. 2. Abidr, Sojourn, Oon-
liniu!. etc. See alfide^.
n.t trans. 1. To inhabit.
We sometimes
Who diesfZ this wild, constrain'd by want, come forth.
To town or Tillage. MUton, P. R., i. 331.
2. To place as an inhabitant ; plant.
The promise of the Father, wh*i uliall dieelt
His Spirit within them. MMon, P. L., xiL 487.
i8or
d'well (dwel), n. [< dwell, r.] In printing, the
brief continuation of pressure in the taking of
an impression on a hand-press or an Adams
press, supposed to set or fasten the ink more
hrmly in the paper.
dweller (dwel'fer), n. [< ME. dwellere, < dwell-
e», dwell: see dwell, vJ] An inhabitant; a resi-
dent of some continuance in a place.
And it was known onto all the dwellers at Jerusalem.
Acts i. 19.
Dweller in yon dungeon dark.
Bums, Ode on Mrs. Oswald.
Dweller on the threshold, in occultism, an imaginary
being or spirit, of frightful aspect and malicious chai'ac-
ter, supposed to be encountered on the threshold of oiie's
studies in psychic science, as a kind of Cerberus guarding
the realm of spirit. Bulwer.
dwelling (dwel'ing), n. [< ME. dwelling, duell-
ing, delay, continuance, an abode, verbal n. of
dwellen, dwell.] If. Delay. Chaucer. — 2f. Con-
tinuance; stay; sojourn.
Therefore euery man bithinke him weel
How litil while is his dwellynge.
Hymns to rirffin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 94.
3. Habitation; residence; abode; lodgment.
Ne no wighte male, by my clothing,
Wete with wtiat folke is my dwelliny.
Bom, of the Rose,
Thy dveUing shall be with the beasts of the Held.
Dan. iv. 32.
The condition of that fardel, the place of your dwelling,
your names? Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
4. A place of residence or abode ; an abiding-
Slace; specifically, a house for residence; a
welling-house.
Haior shall be a dwelling for dragons. Jer. xlix. 33.
There was a neat white <fi«i/in<7 on the hill, which we took
to he the parsonage. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 350.
dwelling-lioase (dwel'ing-hous), n. A house
occupied or intended to be occupied as a resi-
dence.
One Messuage or Jheelliiwe-houMe^ called the Viccaredge
house. Recrrd Soc. of Laneashxre and Ctieshire, I. 13.
dwelling-place (dwel'ing-plas), n. [< ME.
dwellynge place,'] A place of residence; an
abiding-place.
Thei . . . hav not here a dweUynge ptaet for evere.
riA:fi^, Select Work* (ei Arnold), III. 197.
There, where seynt Kateryne was boryed, is nouther
Cbircbe ne Chapellc, ne other duellynge ilaee,
MandemUe, Travels, p. 62.
The Church of Christ hath been hereby made, not " a
den of thieves," but in a manner the very dwelling-place
of foul spirit*. Hooker, Eccle*. Polity, vii. 24.
This wretehed Inn, where we scarce (tay to bait.
We call our Dwelling-plaee,
Cowley, Pindaric Odes, xli. 1.
dwelt (dwelt). Preterit and past participle of
dwell.
dwindle (dwin'dl), v. i. ; pret. and pp. dwindled,
ppr. dwindling^ [Freq. (for 'dwinle) of ME.
dwiften, waste away, dwine : see dtcine.] 1 . To
diminish ; become less ; shrink ; waste or con-
sume away : ■with by or from before the cause,
and to, in, or in to before the effect or result : as,
the body dwindles by pining or consumption;
an estate dwindles from waste ; an object dwin-
dles in size as it recedes from view ; /ro»> its
constant exposure, the regiment dwindled to a
skeleton.
Weary sev'n nights, nine times nine.
Shall he dwincUe, peak, and pine.
Shak., Macbeth, 1. 3.
fiya natural and constant transfer, the one [estate] had
been extended ; the other had dwindled lo nothing.
MaeatUay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
In the common Triton of our ponds, the external lungs
or branchife dwindle away when the internal lungs have
grown to maturity. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 458.
2. To degenerate ; sink ; fall away in quality.
Religious societies ... are said to have dwindled into
factious clubs. Swift.
The flattery of his friend* began to dwindle into simple
approbation. Ooldsmith, Vicar, lii.
= 8yn. 1. Diminish, etc, (see decrease); attenuate, become
attenuated, decline, fall off, fall away.
dwindle! (dwin'dl), n. [< dwindle, e.] Grad-
ual decline or decrease; a wasting away; de-
generacy; decline.
However inferior to the heroes who were bom In better
ages, he might still be great among his contemporaries,
with the hope of growing every day greater in the dimndte
of posterity. Johnson, Milton.
dwindlement (dwin'dl-ment), n. [< dwiitdle
+ 'Mcnt.] A dwindled state or condition; de-
creased size, strength, etc.
It was with a sensation of dreadful dwimtlement that
poor Vincent crossed the street again to his lonely al>o<Ie.
Mrs. Oliphani, Halem Chapel, i.
d'Wine (dwin), v. i.; pret. and pp. dwined, ppr.
dunning. [E. dial, and Sc., < ME. dwinen, <
dyaster
AS. dwinan, pine away, d-windle, = MD. dwy-
nen = LG. dwinen = Icel. dvina, dvina, dvena
= Sw. tvina, pine away, languish; cf. Dan
tvine, whine, whimper. Hence dicindle.'] To
pine; decline, especially by sickness; fade or
waste : usually with away.
DueUulli sche dwiiied awaie bothe dayes & nistes. .
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 678.
Mi loue euere wexinge be.
So that y neuere dwynne.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 27.
He Just divined away, and we hadn't taken but one
whale l>efore our captain died, and first mate took tli'
command. Mrs. Oaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, ix.
d'Wt. A contraction of pennyweight, d. standing
for Latin denarius, a penny, and wt. for weight.
dyad (di'ad), «. and a. [< LL. dyas (dyad-), <
Gr. dva( (dvad-), the number two, < <5io = E.
fico, q. v.] I. ». 1. Two units treated as one ;
a pair ; a couple.
A point answers to a monad, and a line to a dyad, and
a superficies to a triad.
Ciidworth, Intellectual System, p. 376.
2. In chem., an elementary substance each of
whose atoms, in combining with other atoms
or molecules, is equivalent in saturating power
to two atoms of hydrogen. For example, oxygen is
a dyad as seen in the compound HqO (water), where one
atom of oxygen combines with and saturates two atoms
of hydrogen.
3. In morphology, a secondary unit of organi-
zation, resulting from individuation or integra-
tion of an aggregate of monads. See monad. —
4. In math., an expression signifying the oper-
ation of multiplying internally by one vector
and then by another — Pythagorean dyad, the
number two considered as an essence or constituent of
being.
II. a. Same as dyadic.
dyad-deme (di'ad-dem), «. A colony or aggre-
gate of undifferentiated dyads. See monad-
deme.
A secondary unit or dyad, this rising through dyad-
denies into a triad. Encyc, Brit., XVI. 848.
dyadic (di-ad'ik), o. and n. [< dyad + -ic]
I. a. 1. Pertaining or relating to the number
two, or to a dyad; consisting of two parts or
elements: as, a dyarfic metal. — 2. In Gr.pros.:
(a) Comprising two different rhj-thms ormeters:
as, a dyadic epiploce. (6) Consisting of peri-
copes, or groups of systems each of which con-
tams two unlike systems : as, a dyadic poem. —
Dyadic arithmetic. Siune as binarii arithmetic (which
sec, under iiiiian/). — Dyadic dlsyntheme, any combina-
tion of dyads, witli or wittiout repetition, in which each
element occurs twice and no ottener.— Dyadic syn-
tbeme, a similar combination in which each element oc-
curs only once.
Also dyad, duadic.
H. n. 1. In»iafft.,asumof dyads. See dyad.
— 2. The science of reckoning with a system of
numerals in which the ratio of values of succes-
sive places is two — Complete dyadic, i^ec cmnplete.
— Conjugate dyadlcs. See cmhimie.— Cyclic dyadl(L
a (iya<lic u liii h may l>u expres-sed to any (le^ircd dc;;ree of
apjiroxiniation as a rtwt of a unity or universal idemfac-
t<»r.— Linear dyadic, a dyadic reilucible to a dyad. —
Planar dyadic, a dyadic which can be reduced to the sum
of two dyads. — Shearing dyadic, a <lyailic expressing a
simple or complex shear.— Unlplanar dyadic, a planar
dyadic in wliich the plane of the antecedents coincides
witli tliat of the consequents.
Dyak (di'ak), «. One of a native race inhab-
iting Borneo, the largest island of the Malay
archipelago. The Dyaks are numerically the leading
people of the island, and arc usually believed to be its
aliorigines. Also Dajiak, Dayakker,
dyakis-dodecaliedron (di''a-kis-d6'dek-a-he'-
dron), Ji. [< Gr. (iuawf, twice, + iudcKdeSpov, a
dodecahedron: see dodecahedron."] Same as
diploid.
The dyakisdodecahedron, bounded by twenty-four tra-
pezoids "with two sides e<|Ual, has twelve short, twelve
long, and twenty-four intennediate edges.
Jineye. Brit,, XVI. 355.
dyarchy (di'ftr-ki), n.j pi. di/arc*ic« (-kiz). [<
Gr. Svapx'a, dyarchy, i dvo, two, + apxeiv, rule,
govern.] A government by two; a diarchy.
Also duarchy.
The name Dyarchy, given by Dr. Mqmmsen to the Con-
stitution of Augustus, is not yet sufBciently Justified.
The Academy, Feb. 26, 1888, p. 128.
Dyas (di'as), n. [NL. use of LL. dyas, the
number two : see dyad.] In gcol., a name some-
times applied to the Permian system, from its
being divided into two principal groups. Com-
pare Trias. See Permian.
Dyassic (di-as'ik), o. Pertaining or belonging
to the Dyas or Permian.
dyaster (di-as't6r), ». [NL., < Gr. <!{o, = E.
two, + aoT^/p = E. star.] The double-star fig-
ure occurring in or resulting from caryooinesis.
Also spelled diaster.
dye
dye^ ((H), v. t; pret. and pp. dyed, ppr. ,- ^-
[\Formerly also die; < ME. dyen, dien, deyen,<.
AS. dedgian, degian, dye, color, < dcdg, dedh, a
dye, color, < "dedgan, a strong verb found only
once, in pret. deog, dye, tinge, prob. (like tinge,
< L. UHoere), orig. wet, moisten, and allied to AS.
^eiw, E. (feMJ, and so to E. dag"^, dew, and deg,
moisten, sprinkle : seedewi.] 1. To fix a color
or colors iu the substance of by immersion in
a properly prepared bath ; impregnate with col-
oring matter held in solution. The matters used
for dyeing are obtained from vegetables, animals, and
minerals ; and the subjects to which they are applied are
porous materials in general, but especially wool, cotton,
silk, linen, hair, skins, feathers, ivory, wood, and marble.
The great diversity of tint obtained in dyeing is the result
of the combination of two or more simple coloring sub-
stances with one another or with certain chemical re-
agents. To render the colors permanent, the subseqtient
application of a mordant, or the precipitation of the col-
oring matter by the direct use of a mordant, is usually re-
quired ; but when aniline and some other artiflcial dyes
are used, no mordant is necessary. The superficial appli-
catiou of pigments to tissues by means of adhesive vehi-
cles such as oil and albumen, as in painting or in some
kinds of calico-printing, does not constitute dyeing, be-
cause the coloring bodies so applied do not penetrate the
fiber, and are not intimately incorporated with it.
2. To overspread with color, as by effusion;
tinge or stain in general.
I cannot rest
Until the white rose that I wear be dyed
Even in the lukewarm blood of Henry's heart.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 2.
Mony o' Murry's men lay gaspin.
An' dyit thi grund wi theire bleid.
Battle of Corichie (ChUd's Ballads, VII. 213).
Their [maidens'] cheekes were died with vermilion.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 807.
Over the front door trailed a luxuriant woodbine, now
dyed by the frosts into a dark claret.
S, Judd, Margaret, ii. 8.
To dye In grain. See <7raini.— To dye Scarlett, to
drink deep ; drink till the face becomes scarlet.
dyel (di), n. [< ME. *deye, *deghe (not found),
s AS. dedg, dedh, a dye, color: see the verb,
which is orig. from the noun.] 1. Coloring
matter in solution ; a coloring liquor.
A kind of shell-flsh, having in the midst of his jaws a
certain white vein, which containeth that precious liquor :
a die of soveraign estimation. Sandys, Xravailes, p. 168.
Z. Color; hue; tint; tinge.
And creeping shrubs of thousand dyea
Waved in the west winds summer sighs.
Scott, L. of the L., i. 11.
dye^t, V. i. An obsolete spelling of die^.
dye^t, »• An obsolete spelling of die^.
You shall no more deal with the hollow dye
Or the frail card. B. Jonson, Alchemist, 11. 1.
dye-bath (di'bath), n. A bath prepared for use
in dyeing; a solution of coloring matter in
which substances to be colored are immersed.
Oxalic acid, like acetic acid, is used for preparing dye-
baths. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 708.
dye-beck (di'bek), n. Same as dye-bath.
The dye-beck consists of alizarin and tannin.
Ure, Diet., IV. 915.
dye-house'^ (di'hous), «. A building in which
dyeing is carried on.
dye-house^ (di'hous), «. [A dial. var. of dey-
liouse.l A milk-house or dairy. Grose. [Pro v.
Eng.]
dyeing (di'ing), ». [Verbal n. of <Zyei,t;.] The
operation or practice of fixing colors in solution
in textile and other porous substances.
dye-pot (di'pot), n. A dye-vat.
There were clothes there which were to receive diflferent
colors. All these Jesus threw into one dye-pot, . . . and
taking them out, each [piece] was dyed as the dyer wished.
Stowe, Origin of the Books of the Bible, p. 222.
dyer (di'6r), n. [< ME. dyere, diere, deyer, <
dyen, etc., dye : see dye^, v.'] One whose oc-
cupation is to dye cloth, sMns, feathers, etc.
Almost . . . my nature is subdued
To what it works in, like the dyer's hand.
Shak., Sonnets, cxi.
Dyers' spirit, tin tetrachlorid, known in commerce as
oxymuriate of tin (.SnCli -!- 5H2O). It is a valuable mor-
dant.
dyer's-broom (di'^rz-brom), n. The plant Ge-
nista tinctoria, nsed to make a green dye. Also
called dyeweed.
dyer's-greenweed (di'ferz-gren''wed), n. Same
as dyers-broom.
dyer B-moss (di'Srz-mds), n. The lichen Roc-
cella tinctoria. Same as archil, 2.
dyer's-weed (di'6rz-wed), n. The woad, weld, or
yellow-weod, Reseda lutcola, affording a yellow
dye, and cultivated in Europe on that account.
dyester (di'stfer), «. [< dye^ + -ster.'] A dyer.
[Scotch.]
dyestone (di'ston), n. A red ferruginouH lime-
stone occurring in Tennessee, used occasionally
1808
in the place of a dye, although insoluble and
not properly a dye — Dyestone ore, an iron ore of
great economical importance in the United States. Also
called .fossil, dyestone fossil, flaxseed, and Clinton ore.
See Clinton ore, under ore.
dyestuff (di'stnf), n. In com., any dyewood,
lichen, powder, or dye-cake used in dyeing and
staining. The most important dyestuffs are cochineal,
madder, indigo, logwood, fustic, quercitron-bark, and the
various preparations of aniline. Also called dyeware.
dye-trial (di'tri'al), n. An experiment with
coloring matters to determine their value as
dyes. Such experiments are usually performed by dyeing
small pieces of yarn or fabric, of equal size, in Ijcakers, one
of which contains the coloring matter in question, tlie
j>ther a standard of the same colorant.
Never less than two dye-trials should be carried out at
once, viz., one with the new colouring matter, the other
with a colouring matter of known value, which is taken
as the " type." Benedikt, Coal-tar Colours (trans.), p. 57.
dye-vat (di'vat), n. A bath containing dyes,
and fitted with an apparatus for immersing the
fabrics to be colored.
dyeware (di'war), n. Same as dyestuff.
The reaction which ensues is not produced by any other
dye-ware. Ure, Diet., IV. 354.
dyeweed (di'wed), n. Same as dycr's-broom.
dyewood (di'wud), n. Any wood from which
dye is extracted.
dye-works (di'wferks), n. sing. OT pi. An estab-
lishment in which dyeing is carried on.
dygogram (di'go-gram), n. [< 6r. Sv(vafii(),
power, + yu^via), angle, + ypajijia, anything
written.] A diagram containing a curve gen-
erated by the motion of a line drawn from a
fixed origin, and representing in direction and
magnitude the horizontal component of the
force of magnetism on a ship's compass-needle
while the ship makes a complete circuit. The
coui'se of the ship is marked on the curve. There are two
kinds of dygogram, according as it is supposed to be fixed
in space during the rotation of the ship or fixed on the ship.
dying (di'ing), n. [Verbal n. of die\ v.'] The
act of expiring ; loss of life ; death.
Always bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord
Jesus, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest
in our body. 2 Cor. iv. 10.
d3ring (di'ing), j). a. [< ME. dyinge, diyng, with
older term, diend, diand, etc. ; ppr. of die^, v.
In some uses, as dying hour, dying bed, etc. (def s.
4, 5), the word is the verbal noun used attribu-
tively.] 1 . Physically decaying ; failing from
life ; approaching death or dissolution ; mori-
bund: as, a dying man; a dying tree.
The noise of battle hurtled in the air,
. . . and di/i?i5r men did groan. Shak., J. C.,ii.2.
2. Mortal; destined to death; perishable: as,
dying bodies.
I preached as never siu-e to preach again,
And as a dying man to dying men.
Baxter, Love breathing Thanks and Praise.
3. Drawing to a close; fading away; failing;
languishing : as, the dying year ; a dying light.
That strain again ; — it had a dying fall.
Shak.,T.N.,i. 1.
Where the dying night-lamp flickers.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
4. Given, uttered, or manifested just before
death: as, dying words; a dying request; dy-
ing lovB.
I do prophesy the election lights
On Fortinbras ; he has my dying voice.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
Sir, let me speak next.
And let my dying words be better with you
Than my dull living actions.
Beau, and Ft., Philaster, v. S.
5. Pertaining to or associated with death : as,
a dying hour ; a dying bed.
He served his country as knight of the shire to his dy-
ing day. Steele, Spectator, No. 109.
Dying declaration. See declaration.
dyingly (di'ing-li), adc In a dying or languish-
ing manner.
dyingness (di'ing-nes), n. The state of dying;
hence, a state simulating the approach of death,
real or affected ; affected languor or f aintness ;
languishment.
Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you
see that picture. Foible — a swimmingness in the eyes.
Congreve, Way of the World, ilL 5.
dyke, ». and v. A less proper spelling of dike.
dykenopper (dik'hop"6r), «. The wheatear,
Saxicola oenanthe. Swainson. [Local, Eng. (Stir-
ling).]
dynactinometer (di-nak-ti-nom'e-t6r), n. [<
Gr. <5iiv(a/iif), power, + d/cr/f (oktiv-), a ray, +
/lirpov, ameasure.] An instrument for measur-
ing the intensity of actinic power, or for com-
paring the quickness of lenses.
dynamic
dynagraph (di'na^graf), n. [Short for dynam-
ograph, q. v.] A machine for reporting the con-
dition of a railroad-traek, the speed of a train,
and the power (and consumi)tion of coal aud wa-
ter) used in traversing a given distance. The
most important machine of this class was built by Professor
Dudley, and is employed in examining road-beds in all
parts of the United States. It consists of a paper ribbon
arranged to pass under a series of recording pens, and
moved by means of gearing from one of the axles of the
car in which it is placed. The mechanical recording ap-
pliances give the tension on the draw-bar, showing tlie re-
sistance of the car, its speed, the distance traveled abso-
lutely, and in a given number of seconds, minutes, and
hours. The oscillations of the car, also the level of the
rails, the alinement, the condition of the joints of the
rails, and the elevations of the rails at curves, are all me-
chanically traced on the paper band. Besides this, by
Biniple electrical connections, the amount of water and
coal consumed in the engine, the pressure of the steam,
the mile-posts, stations, etc., are recorded from the car
or from the engine, and all these records appear side by
side upon the paper. See seismograph.
dynam (di'nam), «. [< Gr. ivvafiiQ, power,
mi^ht, strength, faculty, capacity, force, etc.,
< 6waa6ai, be able, capable, strong enough (to
do), pass for, signify, perhaps allied to L. du-
rus, hard: see dure, «.] 1. A unit of work,
equal to a weight of one pound raised through
one foot ; a foot-pound. — 2. A force, or a force
and a couple, the resultant of all the forces act-
ing together on a body. Also spelled dyname.
Dynamene (di-nam'e-ne), n. [NL., < Gr. 6vva-
jiivri, fem. of dmajicvo^, ppr. of divaabat, be able
Qdlmauig, -power): see dynam.'] 1. A genus of
brachyurous decapod crustaceans, of the family
Dromiidce. — 2. A genus of calyptoblastic hy-
droids, of the family Sertulariidce. D. pumila
is an example. — 3. A genus of spur-heeled
cuckoos: same as £«rf^na JMi/s. Stephens. [Not
in use.] — 4. A genus of isopods, of the family
Sph(eromidiv. — 5. A genus of lepidopterous in-
sects. Hiibner, 1816.
dynameter (di-nam'e-ter), n. [A contr. of dy-
namometer, which is differently applied: see
dynamometer.'] An instrument for determin-
ing the magnifying power of telescopes, it
consists of a small tube with a transparent plate, exactly
divided, which is fixed to the tube of a telescope, in order
to measure the diameter of the distinct image of the ob-
ject-glass.
dynametric, dynametrical (di-na-met'rik, -ri-
kal), a. [< dynameter + -ic, -ical."} Pertaining
to a dynameter.
dynamic (di-nam'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. SvvafUKd^,
powerful, efficacious, < diva/xi^, power: see dy-
nam.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to mechanical forces
not in equilibrium: opposed to sfndc. — 2. Per-
taining to mechanical forces, whether in equi-
librium or not ; involving the consideration of
forces. By extension — 3. Causal; effective;
motive ; involving motion or change : often
used vaguely.
The direct action of nature as a dynamic agent is pow-
erful on the language of savages, but gradually becomes
insensible as civilization advances.
W. K. Sullivan, Int. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. viii.
Action is dynamic existence.
0. U. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 482.
They [Calvinists] teach a spiritual, real, or dynamic and
effective presence of Christ in the Eucharist for believers
only, while unworthy communicants receive no more than
the consecrated elements to their own judgment.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 165.
4. In the Kantian philos., relating to the reason
of existence of an object of experience Dy-
namic category, in the Kantian j'hilox. , a category which
is the concept of dynamic relation. — Dynamic electri-
city, current electricity. See etectncit!/. — Dynamic
equivalent of heat. See equivalent. — Dynamic geol-
ogy, that branch of the science of geology wliich has as
its object the study of the nature and mode of action of
the agencies by which geological changes are and have
been ellected. See geology.— TyyuamiC he&d. See head.
— Dynamic murmurs, cardiac murmurs not caused by
valvular incompetence or stenosis, but by anemia or an
unusual configuration of the internal surface of the heart,
as where a chorda tendinea is so placed as to give rise to
a murmur.— Dynamic relations, causal relations ; espe-
cially, the relations between substance and accident, be-
tween cause and effect, and between interacting subjects.
— Dynamic synthesis, in the Kantian philos., a synthe-
sis of heterogeneous elements necessarily belonging to-
gether.
When the pure concepts of the understanding are ap-
plied to every possible experience, their synthesis is either
mathematical or dynamical, for it is directed partly to the
intuition only, partly to the existence of the phenomenon.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Muller.
Dynamic theory, a theory by which Kant endeavored
to explain the nature of matter or the mode of its forma-
tion. According to this theory, all niatterwas originated
by two antagonistic and mutually counteracting princi-
ples called attraction and repuhiim. all the predicates of
which are referred to motion. — Dynamic theory of na-
ture, (a) A theory which seeks to explain nature from
forces, especially from forces of expansion and contrac-
tion (as the Stoics did), opposed to a mechanical theory
which starts with matter only, (b) The doctrine that some
dynamic
other original principle besides matter must be supposed
to account for the phenomena of the universe. — Dynkmic
theory of the soul, the metaphysical doctrine that the
soul consists in an action or tendency to action, ami not
in an existence at rest. — Djmamlc theory Of the tides,
a theory of the tides in wliich the general form of the for-
mulas is determined from the solution of a problem in dy-
namics, the valuesof the coefficients of the different terms
bein^ then altered to suit the observations : opposed to
the statical theory, which first suppttses the sea to be in
equilibrium under the forces to which it is subjected, and
then niotiifies the epoch to suit the observations. — Dy-
namic Viscosity. See vixogity.
n. »■ 1. A moral force ; an efficient incen-
tive.
We hope and pray that it may act as a spiritual dynamic
on the churches and upon all the benevolent in our land.
Missionary Herald, Nov., 1879.
2. The science which teaches how to calculate
motions in accordance with the laws of force :
same as dynamics,
dynamical (di-nam'i-kal), a. Same as dynamic.
The dynamical theory [of the tides].
Uncyc. Brit., XXIII. 355.
Dynamical coefficient of viscosity. See axjicient.
dynamically (di-nam'i-kal-i), adv. in a dy-
namic manner ; as regards dynamics.
Dynamically, the only difference between carbonate of
amni'inia and protoplasm which can be called fundamen-
tal, is the greater molecular complexity and consequent
instability of the latter. J. Fiake, Cosmic Philos., I. 433.
dynamics (di-nam'iks), n. [PI. of dynamic: see
-ics. Cf. LL. dynamice, dynamics, < Gr. 6wa-
lUKi] (sc. rixvi, art), fem. of dwaiund^, dynamic]
1. The mathematical theory of force; also
(until recently the common acceptation), the
theory of forces in motion; the science of de-
ducing from ^ven circumstances (masses, po-
sitions, velocities, forces, and constraints) the
motions of a system of particles.
The science of motion is divided Into two parts : the ac-
curate descriptiOQ of motion, and the investigation of the
circnmstancea under which particulariuotions talce place.
. . . That part of the science which tells us about the cir-
cumstances under which particular motions take place is
•emlled dynamics. . . . Dynamics are again divided Into
two branches : the study of those circnmstancea under
which it la poaaible for a body to remain at rest U called
statica, and the study of the circomstances of actual mo-
tion is oUed kinetica. W. K. Cliford.
[What la here called kinetics has until recently been called
dynamics.]
The hope of science at the present day is to express all
pheuomeua in symliols of Dynamics.
G. II . Leices, Proba. of Life and Mind, IL 283.
2. The moving moral or physical forces of any
kind, or the laws which relate to them.
The empirical lava of society are of two kinds ; some
are uniformities of coexistence, aome of succession. Ac-
cording as the science is occupied in ascertaining and
verifying the former sort of uniformities or the latter,
.M. Comta gives it the title of Social SUtics or of Social
Dynamiet. J. S. Miil, Logic, VL x. | S.
These are then appropriately followed by the dynamics
of the subject, or the institution In action In many grave
controversies and many acute crises of history.
Atlantic Monthly, LVIII. 418.
Dynamics of music, the science of the variation and
contrast of force ur loudness In musical sounds. — Qeo-
logical dsmamics, that branch of geology which treats
of the nature and mode of opermtlon of all kinds of physi-
cal agents or forces that have at any time, and In any man-
ner, affertcd the sortace and Interior of the earth.— Blgld
dynamics, the dynamics of rigid bodies, in which only
ordinary differential equations occur,
dynamism (di'na-mizm), n. [< Gr, ii-vafuc,
power (see dytiam), + -urn.'] 1. The doctrine
that besides matter some other material prin-
ciple— a force in some sense — is required to
explain the phenomena of nature. The term Is
applied— (a) to the doctrines of some of the Ionic philos-
ophers, who held to aome such principles as love and hate
to explain the origin of motion ; (6) to the doctrine adopted
by Leibnitz that substance consists in the capacity for ac-
tion; (e) to the doctrine of Talt that mechanical energy is
substance ; and (d) to the widely current doctrine that the
universe contains nothing, not expllcsble by means of the
doctrine of energy.
2. The mode of being of mechanical force or
energy.
Who does not see the contradiction of requiring a sub-
stance for that which by Its definition is not substantial
at all, but pure dynamum ?
(i. U. Urns, Probs. of Life and Mind, L IL I 2.
Dynamism would be more appropriate than Materialism
as a designation of the modem scientific movement, tlie
ideaof inertia having given place to that of an eiinillbrium
of forces. J. M. Rigg, Mind, XII. 657.
dynamist (di'na-mist), fl. [As dynam-ism +
-int.} A believer in dynamism.
Thus I admit, with the pure dynamist, that the material
nniveriv, or successive material universes, as manifesta.
tions of matter and motion, are concatenated with time,
are lH.,rn. run their course, and fade away, as do the clouds
of air. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 80a.
dynamistic (dl-na-mis'tik), a. Pertaining to
the doctrine of force.
It Is usual (and convenient) to speak of two kinds of
_nionarchianism — the dynamistic and the modalistlc.
£ncye. Brit., XVL 7U.
114
I
1809
dynamitard (di'na-mi-tard*), n. [< F. dynami-
tard; AS dynamite + -ard.'i Same a,a dynamiter.
If Ireland is to be turned into a Crown Colony, she must
be put under martial law ; and even that will be no defence
against the attacks of dynamitards by whom we may be
struck at home. British Quarterly Rev., LXXXIII. 411.
The associate guild of assassins — the nihilist and the
dynamitard. iV. A. Rev., CXXXVIII. 344.
dynamite (di'na-mit), n. [< Gr. ihvaiii^, power
(see dynam), -f-"-ite2.] An explosive of great
power, consisting of a mixture of nitroglycerin
^rith some absorbent such as sawdust, or a
certain sUicious earth from Oberlohe in Han-
over, The object of the mixture is to diminish the sen-
sitiveness of nitroglycerin to slight shock, and so to facili-
tate its carriage ^vithout impairing its explosive quality.
The disruptive force of dynamite is estimated at about
eight times thatof gunpowder. Dynamite may be ignited
with a match, and will bum quietly with a bright Ilame
without any explosion. Large quantities have been known
to fall 20 feet on a hard surface without explosion. It
explodes with certainty when ignited by a percussion fuse
containing fulminating mercury.
dynamite (di'na-mit), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dyna-
mited, ppr, dynamiting. [< dynamite, m.] 1.
To mine or charge with dynamite in order to
prevent the approach of an enemy, or for de-
structive purposes.
The military authorities of Pretoria had caused a rumor
to go forth that some of the buildings and roads were dy-
namited, and this deterred the Boers from entering the
town, which, as a matter of fact, was not dynamited at
alL Athenceum, Ho. 3016, p. 201.
2. To blow up or destroy by or as if by dyna-
mite.
It appears from the letters that the American Republic
has been dynamited, and upon its ruins a socialistic re-
public established. Science, X. 92.
Hls[Prince Alexander's of Bulgaria] people . . . are not
at all inclined to dynamite him, which is more than can
be said for the Czar. Times (LondonX April 26, 18S6.
dynamite-gnn (di'na-mit-gun), n. A gun con-
structed for propelling dynamite, nitroglycerin,
or other high explosives, by means of steam or
compressed air under high tension.
dynamiter (di'na-mi-tfer), «. [< dynamite +
-eri.] One who uses, or is in favor of using,
dynamite and similar explosives for tinlawful
purposes ; specifically, a political agitator who
resorts to or advocates the use of dynamite
and the indiscriminate destruction of life and
property for the purpose of coercing a govern-
ment or a party by terror.
Surely no plea of Justiflcation could absolve the dyna-
miter from the eternal consequences of his own Infernal
deeds. .AT. A. Rev., CXL. 387.
The recent explosions on the underground railwsys
were the work of . . . dynamiters.
The American, VII. 93.
Dynamiters subventloned by Parisian fanatics were to
appear In Mets. Nineteenth Century, XXII. 421.
dynamitical (di-na-mit'i-kal), a. [< dynamite
+ -ita/.] Having to do with dynamite; vio-
lently explosive or destructive.
Like certain dynamiticaf critics, he is satisfied with de-
stmctlon, and his attitude towards constitutional for-
mulie Is not unlike that of the dynamitical critic towards
Constitutions — British and other. Sature, XXXI V. 25.
dynamitically (di-na-mit'i-kal-i), adv. By
means, or as by means, of dynamite; with ex-
plosive violence.
The Irish attempts, at New York, Paris, and elsewhere,
dynamitically to blow up England on Iwhalf of Ireland.
The Congregationalist, Feb. 17, 1887.
dynamiting (di'na-mi-ting), n. [Verbal n. of
dynamite, v."] The practice of destroying or
terrorizing by means of dynamite.
The question is, whether the law permits dynamiting,
or whether It will slop dynamiting at the place where It
Is started, which is the only place where it can be stopped.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 426.
dynamitism (Ji'na-ml-tizm), «. [< dynamite
+ -i.im . ] The use of dynamite and similar ex-
plosives in the indiscriminate destruction of
life and property for purposes of coercion ;
any political theory or scheme involving the
use of such destructives.
Uniiuallfled repudiation of assassination and dynamit-
ism. The American, VL 36.
dynamization (di'na-mi-za'shon), n. [< dyna-
mi:e + -ation.'] 1. Cynamio development; in-
crease of power in anything ; dynamogeny : as,
dynamization of nerve-force. — 2. In homeopa-
thy, the extreme trituration of medicines with a
view to increase their efficiency or strength.
dynamize (di'na-miz), v. t. ; j)ret. and pp. dyna-
mised, ppr. dynamizing. [< Gr. diva/i-i(, power
(see dynam), + -ize.] In homeopathy, to in-
crease the efficiency or strength of (medicines)
by extreme trituration.
Dynamostes
dynamo (di'na-mo), V. An abbreviation of
dyuumo-electric' machine. See electric.
The machines were driven by a Cummer engine of about
a hundred horee-power, which furnlslied power for other
dynamos. Science, III. 177.
Characteristic of a dynamo. See characteristic. —
Compound dynamo, a dynamo in which the field-mag*
nets are excited by both series and shunt windings. — Se-
ries dynamo, a dynamo in which the whole current gen-
erated in the armature is passed through the coil of the
field-magnets.- Shunt dynamo, a dynamo in which only
a part of the entire current generated by the rotating
armature is applit-d to excite the lield-magnets.
dynamo-electric, dynamo-electrical (di'na-
mo-e-lok'trik, -tri-kal), a. [< Gr. diva/iic, pow-
er (see dynam), -t- electric, electrical.'^ Produ-
cing force by means of electricity: as, a dyna-
mo-electric machine ; also, produced by electric
force — Dynamo-electric machine. See electric.
dynamogenesis (di"na-m9-Jen'e-sis), n. Same
as dijnamoijcinj.
dynamogenic (dl'na-mo-jen'ik), a. [< dyna-
mogeny + -ic] Pertaining to dynamogeny.
The influence thus manifested Is dynamogenic.
Dr. Brown-S^quard.
dynamogeny (di-na-moj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. 6vva-
/iiC, power (see dynam), + -yevcia, < -ycvrj^, pro-
ducing: see -ycny.'] In psychic science, produc-
tion of increased nervous activity; dynamiza-
tion of nerve-force. Also dynamogenesis.
dynamograph (di-nam'o-grat), n. [< Gr. <5tta-
//(f, power (see dynam), -i- ypaijiciv, write.] An
instrument combining an elliptic spring and a
register to indicate the muscular power exerted
by the hand of a person compressing it.
dTOamometer (di-na-mom'e-t^r), n. [Contr.
dynameter, q. v.; < Gr. iwafu^, power (see dy-
nam), + (itTpov, a measure.] An apparatus for
measuring the amount of force expended by
men, animals, or motors in moving a load, op-
erating machines, towing vessels, etc.; a pow-
er-measurer. Dynamometers use the resistance of
springs, weights, and friction as n test, each comparison
being made with a known weight or force that will over-
come the resistance of the spring, raise the weight, or bal-
ance the friction. One of the simplest forms is a steel-
yard la which the force to be measured is applied to the
Dalance-dynamometer (elevation).
shorter arm while a weight is balanced on the longer grad-
uated arm. The most common form of spring-dynamom-
eter consists of an elliptical spring that may be compressed
or pulled apart in the direction of its longer axis, with an
index and scale, and some-
times a recording pencil, to
indicate the amount of force
exerted. In the apparatus
depending on friction a brake
is applied to the face of a pul-
ley, and the force is mea-
sured by the resistance of the
brake to the motion of the
pulley. In other forms fast
and loose pulleys are placed
side by side and connected by
weighted levers, a certain
amount of force being re-
quired to lift the lever and
communicate motion to both
pulleys. In still other forms
coiled springs are used to test
a direct strain, as in moving a
load or in towing. There are
other forms used to test the
recoil of guns and the explo-
sive force of gunpowder. In
the Batchelder dynamometer
two pairs of bevel-wheels are
interposed between the re-
ceiving and the transmitting pulleys, one pair in line with
the pulleys, the other pair at right angles to them and in
line with a balanced scale-beam. The force and resistance
transmitted through the gears tend to turn the scale-beam
about the line of the pulley-shafts, and this must be re-
sisted by a weight upon the scale-beam, which is the mea-
sure of the force transmitted. The dynamometer is not a
direct indicator of power exerted or of work performed;
bat when the velocity with which resistance is overcome
or force transmitted has been determined by other means,
this velocity, and the measure of the force obtained by the
dynamometer, are the data for computing the power or
work. See balance-dynammnetcr, crushrr-yane, piezometer,
and pr«»»wre-»7o<?«.— Dynamometer coupling, a device
Inserted In a shaft by means of which the jjower transmit
ted may be nu-aaurcu.
dynamometric, dynamometrical (di'na-mi.-
met'rik, -ri-kal), a, [< dynamometer + -ic,
-ical.] Pertaining to or made with the aid of a
dynamometer.
dynamometry (di-na-mom'e-tri), n. [< dyna.
momctcr + -y3.] The act or art of using the
dynamometer.
Dynamostes (di-na-mos'tez), n. [NL. (Pasooe,
1857), < Gr. diivaiui', power, strength.] A genua
Balaace-dynamometer (plan).
Djmamostes
of longicom beetles, of the family Cerambyci-
da. There is but one species, D. audax, of the
East Indies,
dynast (di'nast), ». [= F. dynaste = Pg. dy-
na.sta = Sp. It. dinasta, < L. dynastcs (ML. also
'dynasta), < Gr. dmaanii, a lord, master, ruler,
< SvvaaQai, be able, strong: see dynam.'] A rul-
ing prince ; a permanent or hereditary ruler.
Philosophers, dyncMs, monarchs, all were involved and
overshadowed in this mist. Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 599.
Th' ancient family of Des Ewes, dynasts or lords of the
ditiou of Kessell. A, Wood, Athena) Oxon.
1 his Thracian dynast is mentioned as an ally of the Athe-
nians a^inst Philip in an inscription found some years ago
in the Acropolis at Athens.
B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 241.
dynastat (di-nas'ta), n. [< ML. "dynasta, L.
dynastes, < Gr. dwdaTtj^ : see dynasW] Same as
dyiutst.
Wherefore did bis mother, the virgin Mary, give such
praise to God in her prophetic song, that he had now by
the coming of Christ cut down dynastas, or proud mon-
archs? Milton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.
Dynastes (di-nas'tez), n. [NL.,< Gr. dyvdarrK,
a ruler: see dynast. 1 A genus of lamellicorn
beetles, of the family Scarahmdw or typical of
a family Dynastidce. it is restricted to forms having
the external maxillar lobe with 3 or 4 small median teeth,
no lateral prothoracic projections, and the last tarsal joint
arcuate and clubbed. The type is D. hercules, the Her-
cules-beetle, the largest known true insect, having a length
of about 6 inches, of which the curved prothoracic horn is
nearly one half.
dynastic (di-nas'tik), a. [= F. dynastique =
5p. dindstico; cf. D. G. dynastisch = Dan. Sw.
dynastisk, (, Gr. dwaariKdQ, < dwdarri^, a ruler:
see dynast.'] EelatLug or pertaining to a dy-
nasty or line of kings.
In Holland dynastic interests were betraying the wel-
fare of the republic. Bancroft, Hist. Const,, II. 365.
The civil wars of the Roses had been a barren period in
English literature, because they had been merely dynastic
squabbles, in which no great principles were involved
which could shake all minds with controversy and heat
them to intense conviction.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser,, p. 150.
The dynastic traditions of Europe are rooted and ground-
ed in the distant past.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 15.
dynasticism (di-nas'ti-sizm), n. [< dynastic +
-ism.] Kingly or imperial power handed down
from father to son ; government by successive
members of the same line or family.
In the Old World dynasticism is plainly in a state of de-
cadence. Ooldmiti Smith, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 628.
Bynastidae (di-nas'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dy-
nastes + -id<e.] A family of lamellicorn beetles,
taking name from the genus Dynastes, and con-
taining a few forms remarkable for their great
size and strength. They are chiefly tropical, and
burrow in the ground. The Hercules-beetle, elephant-
beetle, and atlas-beetle are examples^ The group is usually
merged in Scarabceidce.
d3niastidan (di-nas'ti-dan), m. [< Dynastidw
+ -an.] One of the Dynastidw.
dynasty (di'nas-ti), n. ; yX. dynasties {-tiz). [=
f>. G. dynastie = Dan. Sw. dynasti, < F. dynastie
= Sp. dinastla = Pg. dynastia = It. dinastia, <
ML. dynastia, dinastia, < Gr. dwaarda, lordship,
rule, < dmaoTtj^, a lord, master, ruler : see dy-
nast.] If. A government ; a sovereignty. — 2.
A race or succession of sovereigns of the same
line or family governing a particular country :
as, the soccessive dynasties of Egypt or of
France.
At some time or other, to be sure, all the beginners of
dynasties were chosen by those who called them tu govern.
Burke, Rev. in France.
It is to Manetho that we are indebted for that classifi-
cation called by the Greeks Dynastic, a word applied gen-
erally to those sets of kings which belonged to one family,
or who were derived from one original stock. These Dy-
nasties were named as well as numbered, and their names
were derived from the town, or region, whence the found-
er came or where he lived.
H. S. Osborn, Ancient Egypt, p. 49.
dyne (din), n. [Abbr. of dynam, < Gr. 6ovafii(,
power : see dynam. ] In physics, the unit of force
in the centimeter-gram-second system, being
that force which, acting on a gram for one sec-
ond, generates a velocity of a centimeter per
second; the product of a gram into a centi-
meter, divided by the square of a mean solar
second. The force of a dyne is about equivalent to the
weight of a milligram. It requires a force of about 445,000
dynes to suppfjrt one pound of matter on the earth's sur-
face in latitude 45°.
The dyne is about 1.02 times the weight of amilligramme
at any part of the earth's surface ; and the megadyne is
about 1.02 times the weight of a kilogramme.
J, D. Everett, Units and Phya. Const., p. 167.
dyocsetriacontahedron, dyokaitriakontahe-
dron (di'o-se-, di''''o-ki-tri-a-kon-ta-he'dron), n.
1810
[< Gr. 6vo KaX rpiiKovra, thirty-two (Sio = E. tieo;
Kai, and; Tptdmvra = L. triginta = E. thirty), +
cdpa, seat, base.] In geom., a solid having thirty-
two faces.
dyophysitic (di''o-fi-zit'ik), o. [< Gr. dvo, = E.
two, + ipvaif, nature, -I- -ite^ + -ic. Cf. diphy-
site.] Having two natures.
They agree in the attempt to substitute a Christ-person-
ality with one consciousness and one will for a dyophysitic
Christ with a double consciousness and a double will.
Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 94,
dyotlieism (di'o-the-izm), n. [< Gr. dvo, — E.
two, + Ocog, a god, + -ism. Cf. ditheism, the
preferable form.] The doctrine that there are
two Gods, or a system which recognizes such a
doctrine; dualism.
It [Arianism] starts with a zeal for the unity and the
unchangeableness of God ; and yet ends in dyotheism, the
doctrine of an micreated God and a created God.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 68.
dyotlielisni(di-oth'e-lizm), n. [Alsodiothelistn;
< Gr. diio, = E. two, + 6e7uiv, will, -t- -ism.] The
doctrine that Christ had two wills.
dyothelite (di-oth'e-lit), n. and a. [As dyothe-
lism + -itc'^.] I. n, A believer in dyothelism.
II. a. Pertaining to dyothelism.
The reply of the Western Church was promptly given in
the unambiguously dyothelite decrees of the Lateran synod
held by Martin I. in 649. E7icyc. Brit., XVI. 768.
dys-. [< L. dys-, < Gr. 6va-, an inseparable pre-
fix, opposed to ei- (see cu-), much like E. mis-^
or MW-l, always with notion of ' hard, bad, un-
lucky,' etc., destroying the good sense of a
word or increasing its bad sense ; = Skt. dus-
= Zenddush- =: Ir. do- = Goth, tus-, tug- = OHG.
sur- = Icel. tor-, hard, difiBeult.] An insepa-
rable prefix in words of Greek origin, signify-
ing ' hard, difficult, bad, ill,' and implying some
difficulty, imperfection, inability, or privation
in the act, process, or thing denoted by the word
of which it forms a part.
dyssesthesia (dis-es-the'si-'a), n. [NL., < Gr.
ovaaia0r/aia, insensibility, < dvaawBr/roc, insensi-
ble, < Sm-, hard, -H aladr/To^, verbal adj. of alaSd-
vtadai, perceive, feel.] In pathol., impaired,
diminished, or difficult sensation; dullness of
feeling; numbness; insensibility in some de-
gree. Also spelled dysesthesia.
dysaesthetic (dis-es-thet'ik), a. [< dyscesthesia,
after esthetic] Affected by, exhibiting, or re-
lating to dyssesthesia. Also spelled dysesthetic.
dysanalyte (dis-an'a-lit), n. [< Gr. dvaavdlvTo^,
hard to undo, < dva-, hard, + avdP.urof, dissolu-
ble : see analytic] A mineral related to pyro-
chlore, occurring in small black cubic crystals
in limestone at Vogtsburg in the Kaiserstuhl,
a mountainous district of Baden.
dysarthria (dis-ar'thri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-,
hard, -t- apBpov, a joint.] In pathol., inability
to articulate distinctly ; dyslalia.
dysarthric (dis-ar'thrik), a. [< dysarthria +
-ic] Of or pertaining to dysarthria.
Dysaster (dis-as'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. iva-, bad,
+ daTTjp = E. star.] A genus of fossil petalosti-
chous sea-urchins, of the family Cassidulidw or
Collyritidw, or giving name to a family Dysas-
terida;.
Dysasteridse (dis-as-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Dysaster + -idw.] A family of irregular or exo-
cyclio sea-urchins, typified by the genus Dysas-
ter, with ovoid or cordate shell, showing bivi-
um and trivium converging to separate apices,
non-petaloid ambulacra, and eccentric mouth.
dyscnezia (dis-ke'zi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. tFw-,
hard, + ;);£?£«', defecate.] In pathol., difficulty
and pain in defecation.
dyscnroia, dyschroa (dis-kroi'a, dis'kro-a), n.
[NL., < Gr. ova-, bad, + xpoid, Attic also xP^t
color.] In pathol., discoloration of the skin
from disease.
dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-ma-top'si-ii), n.
[NL., < Gr. dva-, bad, + ;t;pu/ia(f-), color, -f ific,
view, sight.] In pathol., feeble or perverted
color-sense. Also dyschromatopsy, dischroma-
topsis,
dysclasite (dis'kla-sit), n. [< Gr. dva-, hard, -t-
KAdcKf, a breaking (< K^dv, break), -t- -ite^.] In
mineral., a mineral, usually fibrous, of a white
or yellowish color and somewhat pearly luster,
consisting chiefly of hydrous silicate of lime.
Also called okenite.
dyscophid (dis'ko-fid), n. A toad-like amphib-
ian of the family Dyscophidai.
Dyscophidae (dis-kof'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dys-
cophus + -id<B.] A family of firmistemial sa-
lient anurous amphibians, typified by the ge-
nus IM/scophus, with teeth in the upper jaw, di-
lated sacral diapophyses, precoracoids resting
Dysidea
upon coracoids, a cartilaginous omostemum
and a very large anchor-shaped eartilaginoui
sternum. There are several genera, chiefly Madagascan
Some of these frogs are remarkable for the beauty of thei:
coloration.
Dyscophus (dis-ko'fus), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva
Kunjioq, stone-deaf, < 6va-, hard, + Ku<p6g, deaf.'
1. A genus of tailless amphibians, typical o:
the family Dyscophida. — 2. In entom.: (a) A
genus of the orthopterous family (Ecanthidce
having the front deflexed and the male elytn
rudimentary, typified by D. saltator of Brazil
Saussure, 1874. (6) A genus of South Americai
Lepidoptera. Burmeister, 1879.
dyscrase (dis'kras), n. [Formerly also dis
erase; < l^li. dyscrasia : see dyscrasia.] Samt
as dyscrasia.
dyscrasia (dis-kra'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dvaKpa
aia, bad temperament, < dvaKparoq, of bad tern
perament, < 6va-, bad, + "Kpardq, verbal adj. o:
Ktpawvvai, mix (> npaatc, mixture): see crater
crasis.] In pathol., a generally faulty condi
tionof thebody; morbid diathesis ; distemper
Also dyscrase, dyscrasy, and formerly discrase
discrasy.
dyscrasic (dis-kras'ik), a. [< dyscrasia + -ic]
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dyscrasia
characterized by dyscrasia: as, dyscrasic de
generation.
It should not be forgotten that the death-rate was greate:
among dyscrasic children. N. Y. Med. Jour., XL. 645
dyscrasite (dis'kra-sit), n. [< Gr. iva-, bad, -i
Kpdaic, a mixture (see dyscrasia), + -ite^.] A
mineral of a silver-white color and metalli(
luster, occurring in crystals, and also massiv<
and granular. It consists of antimony and silver. .\ls(
written discrase, discrasite, and also called antimonial sil
ver (which see, under silver).
dyscrasy (dis'kra-si), n. ; pi. dyscrasies (-siz)
[Formerly also discrasie; < F. dyscrasic, i NL
dyscrasia : see dyscrasia.] Same as dyscrasia
Sin is a cause of dyscrasies and distempers, making ou:
bodies healthless. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 256
A general malaise or dyscrasy, of an undeflned charac
ter, but indicated by a loss of appetite and of stren-jth
by diarrhoea, nervous prostration, or by a general impair
ment of health. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 6
Dysdera (dis'd§-ra), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804)
CGr. dvaSripiQ, hari to fight with, < dva-, hard, 4
dfjpt^, fight.] The typical genus of spiders o:
the family Dysderidfe.
Dysderidae (dis-der'i-de), ». pi. [NL., < Dys
dera + -ida:.] A family of tubitelarian spiders
typified by the genus Dysdera. They are especiall;
distinguished by having two pairs of stigniata, one jus
behind the other, and distributed on each side of the bell;
near its base ; they have but six eyes or fewer. Als<
called Dysderidcs and Dysderoidce.
dysenteric, dysenterical (dis-en-ter'ik, -i-kal)
a. [= F. dyscnteriqxie, dyssenterique = Sp. di
senterico = Pg. dysentcrico = It. disenterico
dissenterico, < Tu.dysentericus, < Gr. dvcevrtpiKo^
KSvaEVTepiajdyBentery: Bee dysentery.] 1. Per
taiuing to, of the nature of, accompanied by
or resulting from dysentery: as, dysmiterii
symptoms or effects. — 2. Suffering from dys
entery: as, a dysenteric patient.
dysenterious (dis-en-te'ri-us), o. [< dysenteri
+ -ous.] Same as dysenteric. [Rare.]
All will be but as delicate meats dressed for a dysente
rious person, that can relish nothing. Gataker
dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n. [Formerly dysen
terie; < P. dysenteric, dyssenterie = Sp. disen
teria = Pg. dysentcria = It. disenteria, dissen
teria = D. dyssenterie = G. dysenteric = Dan
Sw. dysenteri, < L. dysenteria, < Gr. dvacvrepia
dysentery, < dvacprcpo^, suffering in the bowels
< (Stiff-, bad, ill, -1- ivTtpov, pi. evrtpa, the bow
els: see entero-.] A disease characterized bj
inflammation of the mucous membrane of th(
large intestine, mucous, bloody, and difficuli
evacuations, and more or less fever.
dysepulotic (dis-ep-u-lot'ik), a. [< Gr. iva-
hard, + epulotic, q. v.] In surg., not heaUnj
or cicatrizing readily or easily: as, a dysepw
lotic wound.
dysesthesia, dysesthetic. See dyswsthesia.
dysastlictic
dysgenesic (dis-jf-nes'ik), a. [< dysgenesis +
-ic] Breeding with difficulty; sterile; infe-
cund; baiTen. Darwin.
dysgenesis (dis-jen'e-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. dva-,
hard, -I- ycvcaic, generation.] Difficulty in
breeding; difficult generation; sterility; in-
fecundity.
Dysidea (di-sid'e-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dva-, hard,
bad, -I- WtOj form: see idea.] A genus oi
sponges, typical of the family Dysideidw. Also
Duseidcia.
I
r
Dysideidae
Dysideidae (dis-i-de'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Dysi-
(le(( + -i'l<r.] A family of fibrous sponges.
dysidrosis (dis-i-dro'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-,
hard, + i(Sp<Jf , sweat, perspiration, < Mof (-v/ 'orS)
= E. sweat.'] A disease of the sweat-follicles,
in which they become distended with the re-
tained secretion.
dysis (di'sis), H. [ML., also disis, < Gr. iiaic,
setting of the sun or stars {diaic rj'/Aov, the west),
< ivetv, sink, dive, set.] In astrol., the seventh
house of the heavens, which relates to love,
liti^tion, etc.
dys&inesia (dis-M-ne'si-a), «. [NL., < Gr.
oi-cKivr/ata, < (5vf-, hard, + idvTjai^, movement, <
Kiveh; move.] In pathoL, impaired power of
voluntary movement.
dyslalia (dis-la'li-S), «. [NL., < Gr. iva-, hard,
+ '/jt/jiv, speak.] "ia pathol., difficulty of utter-
ance dependent on malformation or imperfect
innervation of the tongue and other organs of
articulation ; slow or difficult speech.
dyslexia (dis-lek'si-a), H. [NL., < Gr. (Jwj-,hard,
+ /i.;(f , a speaking, speech, word : see Jexicon.]
See the extract.
Dr. R. Berlin . . . describes under the name dyslexia
m novel psychic affection related to "alexia," or word-
blindness, but dilfering from it In that the patients can
read a few lines, but apparently get no sense from their
reading and give it up in despair.
A»ur. Jour. Pgyehol.f L 648.
dyslogistic (dis-lo-jis'tik), a. [< duslogy +
-istU- (after eulogistic, < etilogy). Cf. Gr. ivaXd-
yioToc, hard to compute, also ill-calculating,
misguided.] Conveying censure, disapproval,
or opprobrium ; censorious ; opprobrious.
Ask Reus for the motive which gave birth to the prose-
cution on the part of Actor ; the motive of course is the
most odious that can be found : desire of gain, if it be a
case which opens a door to gain ; if not, enmity, tliough
not under that neutral and unimpassioned, but under tne
name of revenge or malice, or some nther such dytloffistie
name. Benlham, Judicial Evidence, 1. 8.
Any respectable scholar, even if dytloffittie were new to
him, would see at a glance that di$loffi»tie must be a mis-
take for it, and that the right word most be the reverse
of eulogistic. The paternity of dyttogutie — no bantling,
but now almoat a centenarian — is adjudged to that ge-
nius of conuDoa-iense, Jeremy Bentbara.
F. IlaU, Mod. Eng., p. SCO.
Gossips came to mean intimate friends; next, gossip
meant the light, familiar talk of such friends ; and, flnal-
ly, with a dyUogittie connotation, any (rirolous convena-
tion. W. e. Hearn, Aryan Uousetaold, p. 291.
s-lo-jis'ti-kal-i), adv. In a
so as to convey censure
or disapproval.
Accordingly he [Kant] Is set down as a " Transcenden-
talist," and all the loose connotation of tliat term, as It Is
now dyittoffUtically employed among us, is thought to l>e
applicable to him. T. II. Green, in Academy.
dyslogy (dis'lo-ji), n. [< Gr. rfwr-. bad, ill, +
-'.oyia, < Xtyttv, speak ; after Gr. evhryia, E. eu-
logy, of opposite meaning.] Dispraise : the op-
posite of eulogy.
In the way of ealosy and dutlogy and snmmlng-np of
character there may doubtless he a great many things set
forth concerning thin MIrabeau. Carlyle, MUc., IV . 117.
dyslnite (dis'l^it), ». [< Gr. dva-, hard, -I-
/.ieiv, loosen, + -<to2.] \ name given to a va-
riety of gahnite, or zinc-spinel, from Sussex
county. New Jersey, containing a small per-
centage of manganese : so nameS because diffi-
cult to dissolve.
dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhosa (dis-men-o-
re'ii), II. [NL. dysmenorrhea, < Gr. 6iv-, hard,
+ //^f, a month, + poia, a flowing.] In pathol.,
difficult or laborious menstrtiation ; catamenial
discharges accompanied with much local pain,
especially in the loins.
dygmenorrheal, dysmenorrhoeal (dis-men-o-
re'al),rt. [< <lysiaetwrrhea,dyi<meiiorrh(eu, + -<il'.'\
Of. pertaining to, or connected with dysmen-
orrhea : as, the dysmennrrheal membrane which
is sometimes discharged from the uterus.
dysmerism (dis'me-rizm), n. [< Gr. dva-, bad,
+ niiKtr, part (division), -^ -ism.] An aggre-
gation of unlike parts; a process or result of
dysmerogenesis ; a kind or merism opposed to
euTnerism.
dysmerlstic (dis-rae-ris'tik), a. [As dysmer-
ism + -ist-ic] Having the character or quality
of dysmerism; irregularly repeated in a set
of more or less unlike parts whose relations to
one another, or origin one from another, is dis-
giiised ; dysmerogenetic : opposed to eumeria-
tir. See extract under dysmerogenesis.
dysmerogenesis (dis'me-ro-jen'e-sis), n. [NL.,
<. (Jr. iSiT-, l«id, + iii/xif, part (division), -f- ycve-
oic, generation.] The genesis, origination, or
Sroduction of many unlike parts, or of parts
1 irregular series or at irregular times, which
1811
together form an integral whole ; dysmeristio
generation ; repetition of forms with adaptive
modification or functional specialization; a
kind of merogenesis opposed to eumerogenesis.
The tendency to bud formation . . . has all along acted
concurrently with a powerful synthetic tendency, so that
new units have from the first made but a gradual and dis-
guised appearance. This is dysmerogenesis, and such ag-
gregates as exhibit it may be called dysmeristic.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 565.
dysmerogenetic (dis'me-ro-jf-net'ik), a. [<
dysnieroiiousis, after genetic.] ' Produced by or
resulting fi'om dysmerogenesis; characterized
by or exhibiting dysmerism ; dysmeristic : op-
posed to eutnerogenetie.
(U^smeromorph (dis'me-ro-m6rf ), Ji. [< Gr. iva-,
bad, + /if/x)f, part (see dysmerism), + /iopiji//,
shape.] An organic form resulting from dys-
merogenesis; a dysmeristic organism : opposed
to eumeromorph.
Synthesized eumeromorph simulates normal dymiero.
morph ; analysized dysineroiuorph simulates normal eu-
meromorph. Bneyc. Brit., XII. 656.
dysmeromorphic (dis''me-ro-m6r'fik), a. [<
dysmcroniorph + -ic] Having the character
or quality of a dysmeromorph ; dysmerogenet-
ic or dysmeristic in form: opposed to eumero-
morphic,
dysnomy (dis'no-mi), n. [< Gr. ivavo/tia, law-
lessness, a bad constitution, < dvavofiof, lawless,
< dva-, bad, -t- v6/ioc, law.] Bad legislation;
the enactment of bad laws.
dysodile (dis'o-dil), n. [< Gr. ivaudri^, ill-
smelling (< 6vo-, ill, + offiv, smell, akin to L.
odor, smell), + -tie.] A kind of greenish- or
yellowish-gray coal occurring in masses made
up of foliaceous layers, which when burning
emits a very fetid odor, it is a product of the de-
composition of combined vegetable and animal matters.
It was first observed at Melili in Sicily, and has also been
found at several places in Germany and France.
^aodont (dis'o-dont), a. [< NL. dysodon(t-)s,
< Gr. dva-, bad, + 6<!ort (odovr-) = E. tooth.] In
conch. , having obsolete or irregular hinge-teeth ;
dyslogistically (dig-]
uysloffistii- manner;
specifically, of or pertaining to the Dysodonta.
Iwsodonta (dis-o-don'ta), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
dysodont : see dysodont.] A group or order of
bivalve moUusks having obsolete or irregular
hinge-teeth, muscular impressions unequal or
reduced to one, and pallia! line entire. It cor-
responds to the ilonomyaria.
Dysodus (dis'o-dus), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr.
oitr-, bad, + mJoif = E. tooth.] A generic name
bestowed by Cope upon the Japanese pug-
dog, called Dysodus pravits, characterized by
such degradation of the dentition that there
may bo in all but 16 teeth (no incisors, 1 ca-
nine in each half-jaw, 1 premolar and 1 molar in
each upper, and 2 premolars and 2 molars in
each lower half-jaw), thus exemplifying actual
evolution of a generic form by "artificial se-
lection " of comparatively few years' duration.
dysodtoda (dis-o-o-to'si-a), «. [NL., < Gr. iva-,
ill, + uoTOKia, a laying of eggs, < ^rdimt, laying
eggs, \ vAv (= L. ovum), egg, + Ti'itrfiv, TCKciv,
produce, bear.] In zool., difficult ovulation.
dysopia (dis-o'pi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Svaumia,
confusion of face (taken in the def. in another
sense), < dva-, bad, ill, + ii^ (ut-), eye, face.]
Same as dysopsia.
dysopsia (dis-op'si-ft), n. [NL., < Gr. dva-, bad,
+ oij'if, view, sight.] In pathol., painful or
defective vision.
dysopsy (dis-op'si), n. [< Gr. dva-, bad, ill, +
ui/'if, sight.] Same as dysopsia.
dysorexia (dis-o-rek'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dva-
opeiia, feebleness of appetite, < dva-, bad, +
Apff If , appetite.] In pathol., a depraved or fail-
ing appetite.
dysorexy (dis'o-rek-si), n. Same as dysorexia.
dyspareimia (dis-pa-r6'ni-S), n. [NL., < Gr.
Jiw-, hard, + napevvo^, lying beside, < jrapi, be-
side, + eirv^, bed.] In pathol., inability to per-
form the sexual act without pain : usually ap-
plied to females.
^spepsia (dis-pep'sia), n. [Also dyspepsy; =
F. dijs]tepsie = 8p. It. ilispepsia = Pg. dyspepsia,
< L. dyspepsia, < Gr. dvaT7£-\j>ia, indigestion, idia-
nr-rof, lianl to digest, < dva-, hard, + irc-rdg,
verbal adj. of ni-Kretv, ripen, soften, cook, digest,
= L. coi/uere, cook: seecooW.] Impaired power
of digestion. The term Is applied with a certain free-
dom to all forms of gastric derangement, whether involv-
ing Impaired power of digestion or not. But it is usually
discarded when some more definite iliagnosis can be made,
as gastric cancer, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastrectasia, or
when it depends on poisonous ingesta or appears as a
feature of some other disease, especially if that is acute.
Functional dytvepeia, also called atonic and nervout dys-
peptia, is gastric derangement, not exclusively neuralgic,
dysteleological
which may involve a diminished or an excessive secretion
of the gastric juice, or diminished or excessive acidity in
that secretion, or an Irritability of the stomach-walls or
an impairment of their motor functions, and which ap-
pears to depend on some defect in the innervation of the
stomach, and not on some grosser lesion.
dyspepsy (dis-pep'si), n. Same as dyspepsia.
dyspeptic (dis-pep'tik), a. and n. [= P. dys-
pcptiquc, < Gr. as if *dva7TC7rTiK6(, < dvcT^tipia,
dyspepsia: see dyspepsia.] I. a. 1. Pertaining
to or of the nature of dyspepsia: as, a dyspeptic
complaint. — 2. Suffering from or afflicted with
dyspepsia or indigestion : as, a dyspeptic person.
—3. Characteristic of one afflicted with chron-
ic dyspepsia; hence, bilious ; morbid; "blue";
pessimistic; misanthropic: as, a dyspeptic ■vie^v
or opinion.
II. n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia.
dy8pepticar(dis-pep'ti-kal), a. [< dyspeptic +
-al?] Troubled with dyspepsia ; hence, inclined
to morbid or pessimistic views of things.
How seldom will the outward capability fit the inward ;
though talented wonderfully enough, we are poor, un-
friended, dyspeptical, bashful ; nay, what is worse than
all, we are foolish. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. S3.
dysphagia (,dis-fa'ji-a), «. [NL., < Gr. as if
*6va(j)ayia, < ova-, hard, -i- (jiaytiv, eat.] Inpathol.,
difficulty in swallowing. Also dysphagy.
dysphagia (dis-faj'ik), a. Pertaining to, of the
nature of, or affected with dysphagia.
dysphagy (dis'fa-ji), n. [= F. dysphagie; < NL.
dysphagia : see dysphagia.] Same as dysphagia.
dysphonia (dis-fo'ni-a), «. [NL., < Gr. dva-
(^via, roughness of sound, < dia<j>uvoc, ill-sound-
ing, < dva-, ill, + (jxjvr/, sound.] Inpathol., dif-
ficulty in producing vocal sounds.
dysphony (dis'fo-ni), n. [= P. dysphonie; < NL.
dijxjihonin : see dysphonia.] Same as dysphonia.
dysphoria (dis-fo'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dva(popia,
pain hard to be borne, anguish, < 6vaij>opoi, hard
to bear, < dva-, hard, + -<t>6po^, < ipkpeiv = E.
6carl.] Inpathol., impatience under affliction;
a state of dissatisfaction, restlessness, fidget-
ing, or inquietude.
dysphuistic (dis-fii-is'tik), a. [< dys-, bad, +
-phuistic as in euphuistic, q. v.] Ill-sounding;
inelegant.
Of A Lover's Complaint ... I have only space or need
to remark that It contains two of the most exquisitely
Shakespearean verses ever vouchsafed to us by Shake-
speare, ami two of the most execrably euphuistic or dyg-
phuittie lines ever Inflicted on us by man.
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 62.
dyronoea (disp-ne'a), n. [L., < Gr. dvairvoia,
aifuculty of breathing, < dvatrvooQ, scant of
breath, short-breathed, < dva-, hard, + -Trviiof ;
cf. irvoi^, breathing, < irvelv, breathe.] In pa-
thol., difficulty of breathing; difficult or labored
respiration.
dyspnoeal (disp-ne'al), a. [< dyspnoea + -al.]
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dyspnoea ;
connected with dyspnoea.
dyspnoeic (disp-ne'ik), a. [< L. dyspnoicus, n.,
one short of breath, < Gr. dvairvolKiq, short of
breath, < dvanvota, dyspnoea: see dyspnoea.]
Affected with or resultmg from dyspncea ; dysp-
noeal.
dysporomorph (dis'po-ro-m6rf), n. One of the
l)ijspi)nn)iiirpha'.
Dysporomorphs (dis'po-r6-m6r'fe), n. pi.
[NL., < Dysporus + Gr. /«)p^v, form.] In Hux-
ley's system of classification (1867), a division
of desmognathous birds, exactly corresponding
to the .Stcgnnopodes, Totipalmati, or oar-footed
natatorial birds. They have all four toes webbed,
the oil-gland surmounted by a circlet of feathers, the
sternum broad and truncate posteriorly, the mandibular
angle truncate, the maxillopalatlnes large and spongy,
the united palatines carinate, and no basipterygold pro-
cesses. The division includes the pelicans, gannets, cor-
morants, frigates, dartei-s, and tropic-birds.
dysporomorphic (dis'po-ro-mfir'fik), a. [<
hysporomorphtv + -ic] Belonging to or re-
sembling the Dysporomorpha: ; totipalmate;
steganopodous.
Dysporus (dis'p6-rus), n. [NL. (lUiger, 1811:
so called with reference to the closure or oblit-
eration of the nostrils), < Gr. dvavopo^, hard to
pass, difficult, < dva-, hard, + irApo^, passage.]
A genus of gannets: same as Sula. it is often
separated from Sula to designate the brown gannets, as
the booby, D. fiber, as distinguished from the white ones,
as S. bassana.
dyssycusCdi-si'kus), n.; pi. rfyswcj (-si). [NL.,
'Gr. dva-, bad, -I- amov, a fig.] Haeckel's name
for a form of sponge also called rhagon.
dysteleological (di8-tel''e-o-loj'i-kal), a. [<
di/slcleology + -teal.] Purposeless; without de-
sifjn; liaving no "final cause" for being; not
teleologieal.
dysteleologist
dysteleologist (dis-tel-e-oro-jist), n. [< dys-
teltolojiii + -(»■?.] One who believes in dystele-
ology." "
Dysleltoloffittt, without admitting a purpose, had not
felt called upon to deny the fact.
L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 173.
dysteleology (dis-tel-e-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. Svn-,
bad, + 7f /Of (7f ^.f-), end, purpose, + -?j}yia, <
/.fjnr, speak: see teleologi/.l The science of
rudimentary or vestigial organs, apparently
fuuctionless or of no use or purpose in the
economy of the organism, with reference to
the doctrine of purposelessness. The idea is that
many useless or even hurtful parts may be present in an
orgauism in obedience to the law of heredity simply, and
that such are evidences of the lack of design or purpose
or "final cause" wliichthe doctrines of teleology presume.
The Doctrine of Purposelessness, or Dt/steleoloffy.
Uaecket, Evol. of Man (trans.), I. 109.
It is no wonderthat >Ir. Romanes should avow his "to-
tal inability to understand why the phenomena of instinct
should be more fatal to the doctrine of Dynteleology than
any other of the phenomena of nature."
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 03.
Dysteria (dis-te'ri-a),'n. [NL., < Gr. <5im-,
hard, + TT/pctv, watch,' have an eye on, keep ; cf .
'—^ijprjToq, hard to keep.] The typical genus of
^jysteriidcB. D. armata of Hu.xley, which inhabits salt
water, has such a structure that it has been supposed by
Gosse to l>e a rotifer.
Dysteriidae (dis-tf-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
hysteria + -idw.l A family of free-swimmiug
animalcules, more or less ovate, cylindrical,
flattened or compressed, and mostly encui-
rassed. They have the carapace simple or consisting of
two lateral, subequal, conjoined, or detached valves; cilia
conflned to the more or less narrow or constricted ventral
surface ; the oral aperture followed by a distinct pharynx,
the walls of which are strengthened by a simple horny
tube, by a cylindrical fascicle of corneous rods, or by
otherwise differentiated corneous elements ; a conspicuous
tail-like style, or compact fascicle of setose cilia present-
ing a style-like aspect, projecting from the posterior ex-
tremity. Most of them inhabit salt water.
Dysterina (dis-te-ri'na), n. pi. [Nil., < Dys-
teria + -iita^.'i A family of cUiate infusorians,
typified by the genus Dysteria. Claparede and
Laehmann, 1858-60. See Dysteriidw.
dysthesia (dis-the'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dvaStaia,
a bad condition, < dvaderoc, in bad condition:
see dysthetin.l iapathol., a non-febrile morbid
state of the blood-vessels ; a bad habit of body
dependent mainly upon the state of the circu-
lating system.
dysthetic (dis-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. 6vaderoq, in
bad ease, in bad condition, < Svc-, bad, + &r(if,
verbal adj. of ri-Oe-vm, put, place.] Of, per-
taining to, or characterized by dysthesia.
dysthymic (dis-thim'ik), a. [< Gr. dvaBvumSc,
melancholy, < 6va6v/iia, despondency, despair,
< (W-, bad, + dv/i6i, spirit, courage.] In pa-
1812
ihol., affected with despondency; depressed in
spirits; dejected.
dystocia (dis-to'si-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. SvcroKia,
a painful delivery, < dioToKO^, bringing forth
with pain, < 6va-, hard, + TCKretv, tekc'cv, bring
forth.] In j^aWio^, difficult parturition. Also
dystokia.
djTStome (dis'tom), a. Same as dystomic.
dystomic, dystomous (dis-tom'ik, dis'to-mus),
o. [< Gr. diarofioc, hard to cut (but taken in
pass, sense 'badly cleft'), < ^'"'-, hard, bad, +
™/;of, verbal adj. of Teuvciv, cut.] In mineral.,
having an imperfect fracture or cleavage.
dystrophic (dis-trof 'ik), a. [< dystrophy + -ic]
Pertaining to a perversion of nutrition.
dystrophy (dis'tro-fl), «. [< Gr. Sva-, hard, ill,
+ rpo^ij, nourishment, < Tpe<jieiv, nourish.] In
patlwl., perverted nutrition.
dysuria (dis-ii'ri-a), m. [LL., < Gr. dvmvpia, <
Ova-, hard, + ovpov, urine.] In patliol., difficulty
in micturition, attended with pain and scald-
ing. Also dysury.
dysuric (dis-u'rik), a. [< dysuria + -ic] Per-
taining to or of the nature of dysuria; affected
with dysuria.
dysury (dis'u-ri), n. Same as dysuria.
Dytes (di'tez), n. [NL. (Kaup, 1829), < Gr.
duTtji;, a diver, < dvav, dive.] A genus of small
grebes, of the family Podicipedidce, containing
such species as the horned and the eared grebe.
Dyticidae, n. jil. See Dytiscidw.
Dyticus, n. See Dytiscus.
dytiscid (di-tis'id), a. and n. I. a. Of or per-
taining to the Dytiscid<e.
II. n. A water-beetle of the family Dytiscidw.
Dytiscidae, Dyticidae (di-tis'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Dytiscus, Dyticus, -\- -idw.'] A family of two-
eyed aquatic adephagous Coleoptcra, or preda-
tory beetles, having the metasternum destitute
of an antecoxal piece, but prolonged in a trian-
gular process posteriorly, the antennre slender,
filiform, or setaceous, and the abdomen with
six segments. The Dytiseidce are related to the ground-
beetles or Carabidce, but differ in the form of the meta-
sternum, and in the structure of the legs, which are nata-
torial. They are water-beetles, mostly of large size, witli
narrowly oval depressed bodies and oar-like hind legs,
found almost everywhere in fresh water.
Dytiscus, Dyticus (di-tis'kus, dit'i-kus), n.
[NL., orig. and commonly Dytiscus (Linnseus),
Dyticus (Geoffrey, 1.764), < Gr. dvriKOQ, able to
dive, < iiiTTK, a diver, < Shuv, dive, sink, get into,
enter.] The typical genus of predaeeous wa-
ter-beetles of the family Dytiscidai, having the
metasternal spiracles covered by the elytra,
the front tarsi five-jointed, and patellate in the
male, and the hind tarsi not ciliate, with the
claws equal. The numerous species are large, but
difficult to distinguish. They are dark olive-green above.
a, Dytiscus fasciventris ; b, pupa of D.
margmalis, (Natural stze.}
dziggetai
the thorax and elytra being often margined with yellow.
The elytra are smooth in tlie male, usually sulcate in the
female. D. mwrgi-
iialis (LinnEcus) is
very abundant in
Europe, inhabit-
ing, like the other
species, large
bodies of stag-
nant water. Some
species are called
tro-ter-butts.
djryour (di '-
vor), ?(. [Sc,
also dyvoTf (Ji-
veVyKF, devoir,
a duty, obliga-
tion, etc.: see
dever and de-
voir.'} In old
Scots lawj a
bankrupt who had made a cessio bonorum to
his creditors.
Louis, what reck I by thee.
Or Geordie on his ocean?
Dyvor, beggar loons to me —
I reign in Jeanie's bosom. Bxn-na.
dzeren, dzeron (dze'ren, -ron), n. [Mongol,
name. J The Chinese antelope, Frocapra guttu-
rosa, a remarkably swift animal, inhabiting the
arid deserts of central Asia, Tibet, China, and
southern Siberia, it is nearly 4^ feet long, and is
2i feet high at tlie shoulder. Wlien alarmed it clears
over 20 feet at one bound. Also called tjoitered antelope
and yellow goat.
dziggetai (dzig'ge-ti), w. [Mongol, name.] The
wild ass of Asia, Equus hemionus, whose habits
are graphically recorded in the book of Job, and
which is believed to be the hemionus of Herod-
otus and Pliny, it is intermediate in appearance
and character between the horse and the ass (hence the
specific name kemio7iufi, )ialf-ass). The males especially
ai'e fine animals, standing as bigli as H hands. It lives
Dziggetai (Equus hcynionus).
in small herds, and is an inhabitant of the sandy steppes
of central Asia, 16,000 feet above sea-level. The dziggetai
or hemione is one of several closely related species, or
more pi-obably varieties, of large wild Asiatic asses which
appear to lack the black stripe across the withers. Two
of these are sometimes distinguished under the names of
kulan (Equiut onager), a wide-ranging form, and kiang(E.
kiang), of Tibet. See onager, ghur, and khur. Also
spelled djiggetai and in other ways.
1 . The fifth letter and sec-
ond vowel in our alphabet.
It has the same place in the order
of the alphabet as the correspond-
ing ^ign or character in the older al-
phabets, Latin and Greek and Phe-
iiician, from which ours is derived
(see A); but the value originally
attached to the sign has undergone
much modiUcation. The compar-
ative scheme of forms (like that given for the preceaing
letters) is as foUowa :
ra UD -^ -^ E
HieroKlri
Egyptian.
jrphic. Hieratic.
Pheni-
cian.
Greek
iarlr
andL
From the capital E have come by gradual mmliflcation and
v:iri:ttion (as in the case of the other letters) all the other
)'rnit<-l and written forms. The value of the sign in the
S' :niM alphabets was and still is that of an aspiration, a
r -th h. But when the alphabet was ailapted
t r ills unnecessary aaplrate-sign was utilized as
:l wel-sound, eithershortor long, being nearly
t : in our two words ni«£ and they. This double
\ >f quantity it bad in all early Greek use, and
n 'ection of the Greek race— and later, after
thfir •.\.uaj»le, in all the others — it was found conve-
tii'Mit to ili-ttiu^uish the long sound by a separate sign,
U (s-,' //), after which the E was restricted to denoting
III -'I irt sound, ai in (Air nut. This distinction was not
1! ' : 1 -ed into the Italican alpha)>ets ; hence the same
'.iiids for both short and long sound in Latin, antl
-•. The name of the sign in Ptienician was he (of
t[ meaning: usually explained as 'window'); in
i r was ffl, and later i ^lAbf , 'simple « ' — it is believed,
iu a^iiithesi^ to the double cu, which then had the same
Boinil. In moat of the languages of Eunpe the sign has
r< t.tin 11 ts original Greek and Lattn value; in the English
i lis only so far as concerns the short sound ;
1 has. in the history of the changes of pro-
■ generally pasMl over Into wliat was origl-
. )'-8ound, that we now call thii sound long e
' /«, n*«a^ etc.). The proper e-sound(iu inet,
tically a medium between the completely
'■'^r and thd close sound i of pique. In its
-On«f,fVv) it constitutes about Ave per cent.
' -ranee. Taidng into account also the numer-
ou-> 'luruplis.as ea, re, ei,et/, tv,ie, o*, in which it is found,
and iu frequent occurrence as a silent letter, e is the most
usetl of our alphatwtic signs. This freiiucncy is due in
considerable measure to the general reduction of the vow-
els of endings to e that coiistltutet a conspicuous part of
the change from Anglo-Saxon to English. The total loss
tli'M fnrTtt' r, of many of these endings in utterance has
1> ft I MM- r I IS cases of silent final e, to which ottiers have
t>*-e:i all I Uy analogy with these. A degree of value in
the economy of our written speech t>elongs to ft, In so far
as its occurrence after a single cons^ntant now almost regu-
larly indicates the long sound of the vowel preceding that
coQSonant, as in msl«, m«(e, mite, mo'e, ntute ; but In many
cases it appears also after a single consonant preceded by
a short vowel, and such cases, MBffiotf, lie^., have, vineitara,
constitute one of the classes where reform in orthography
is most easily made, and has most to recommend it. (See
-e.) E has further come to be used as an orthographic
auxiliary. In some cases after e and ^, where it is conven-
tionally regarded as preserving the scMslIed "soft" sound
of those tetters, as In peoesowe, manof^eabU.
2. As a numeral, 250. I)u Canqe. — 3, As a
symbol : {a) In the calendar, the fifth of the do-
minical letters. (6) In lo<fic, the sign of the
universal negative proposition. See -4l, 2 {b).
(c) In alg.\ (1) [>«/>.] The operation of en-
largement: thus, E.^r = / (r + 1); also, the
greatest integer as small as the quantity which
follows: thus, EJ = 3. (2) [/. r.l The base of
the Napierian system of logarithms; also, the
eecontricitv of a conic. — 4. In mnMc: (a) The
key-note ot the major key of four sharps, hav-
ing the signature (I), or of the minor key of one
sharp, having the signature (2); also, the final
P§^
of the Phrygian modo in medieral music. (6)
In the fixea system of solmization, the third
tone of the scale, called »«» ; hence so named
liy French musicians, (e) On the keyboard of
tlio pianoforte, the white key to the rij^ht of
every eroup of two black keys, (il) The tone
(?ivpn by such a key, or a tone in unison with
such a tone. (<•) The deforce of a staff assigned
to such a key or tone ; with the treble clef, the
lower line and upper space (3). (/) A note on
such a degree, indicating such a key or tone (4).
— 5. As an abbreviation: (a) East: as, E. by
S., east by south. See S. E., E. S. E., etc. (6)
In various phrase-abbreviations. See e. </., i. e.,
E. and O. E., etc E dur, the key of E major.—
E moll, the key of E minor.
e-^^. A prefi.\ of Anglo-Saxon origin, one of the
forms of the original prefix gc-. It remains
unfelt in enough. See i'-.
e-2. [L. e-, e, reduced fonn of ex-, ex : see ej-.]
A prefi.x of Latin origin, a reduced form of ex-,
alternating with ex- before consonants, as in
erode, elude, emit, etc. See ex-, in some scien-
tific terms it denotes negation or privation, like Greek a-
privative (being then conventionally called e- privative):
as, ecaudate, tailless, anurous ; edentate, toothless, eU.\ In
elope the prefix is an accommodated form of Dutch e7^t■,
-e. [ME. -e, -en, < AS. -a, -e, -o, -u, -ati, -en, etc.]
The unpronounced termination of many Eng-
lish words. Silent final e is of various oriKin, Itf ins the
common representative (pronounced in earlier English) of
almost -ill the An«lo-.Saxon, Old French. Latin, etc., in-
flection-endings. In nouns and adjectives of native origin
it may he regarded as representing the original vowel-end-
ing of the nominative (as in ale, tale, stake, rake,^ etc.), or,
more generally, the original obliciue cases (dative, etc.),
which from their greater frequency became in Middle Eng-
lish the accepted form of the nominative also, as in lade,
pole, mile, vnle, etc.; similarly, in words of Latin and oth-
er origin, aa niu, rude, spike, sprite, etc. In verlis of na-
tive origin -« represents the original infinitive (AS. -an,
ME. -m, -e) mixed with the present indicative, etc., as in
make, teake, urite, etc. In a great numl>er of words the -e
hms diasppeared as an actual sound, the letter Ijeing re-
tained, as a resnlt of phonetic and orthographic accident,
as a conventional sign of "length" — an accentetl vowel
followed by a single consonant l)eforo final silent e l>eing
regularly " long," as in rate, write, rode, tube, etc., words
distinguished thus from forms with a "short " vowel, rat,
xtrit, rod, tub, etc. In words of recent intnxluction -e is
used whenever this distinction is to be made. In some
cases the vowel preceding -e is short, as in ffiiv, lire, bade,
hare, Jaeeitn, vineyard, etc., especially in polysyllables in
-i7«, 'ine, -ite, etc., as hostile, jjlyceritu, oj^Msite, etc. ; but
some of these words were fonnerly or are now often spell-
ed without the snperfiuous e, as bad, (jlyeerin, fibrin, de-
ijotrit, etc. Etyniologicilly, final e in modem English has
no weight or value, it l>eing a mere chance whether it rep-
resents an original vowel or syllable.
-i. [P. -^, fem. -^, pp. suffix, < L. -dtus, -dta :
see -«fcl.] A French sulHx, the termination
of perfect i)articiple8, and of adjectives and
nouns thence derived, some of which are used,
though consciously as French words, in Eng-
lish, as protegi, nigligi, retroussf, digage, iearte,
etc. Tne Anglicized fonn is -«el (which see).
ea, A common English digraph, introduced about
the beginning of the sixteenth century, hav-
ing then the sound of a, and serving to distin-
g^sh e or ee with that sound from e or ee with
the sound of e. The original sound i reniain«l in
most of the words having ea until the eighteenth century,
and still prevails in brvak, great, yea, and in a dialectal
(" Irish ") pronunciation otbeast, please, mean, etc. (which
in dialect-writing are spelled so as to represent this pro.
nunciation : see baste*) • it haa become 6 hi breads , dread,
head, meadow, health, tceaith, leather, weather, etc., and,
nKMlifted by the following r, itxbear^, bear^, heart, hearth,
earth, team, etc In most words, however, the digraph
ea now agree* in sounil with ee, namely, e, as in read, jiro-
nounced the same as reed (but the preterit read like red).
The modem digraph ea has no connection with the Anglo-
Saxon and early Middle English diphthong or "breaking"
ed, ea, though it liapiiens to replace it in M-tnie words, as in
breads (.\ngIo-.Saxon t/reiid), feu<f 2 (Anglo-Saxon letid), earl
(Anglo-Saxon edre).
oa. An abbreviation of each.
each (ech), a. and pron. [< (1) ME. ech, eche,
(pche, iche, yche, uche, etc., these being prop,
oblique forms, assibilated, of the proper nom.
etc, Sle, eilc. He, ilk. ylc, ulr (> Sc. illi, ilka), each,
< AS. a-lc (= MI), icghclick, ellick, eick, D. elk
= OFries. elk, ellik, ek, ik = MLG. LG. ellik, elk
= OHG. eogalth, iogelih, MHO. iegelich, O.jeg-
licli), each, orig. 'd-ne-lic, < a, ever, in comp.
indef., + gelic, like, (gc-, a generalizing prefix,
+ lif, body, form': see nyl (= o^), i- (= e-l =
?/-), and li'ke^, like^, -ly^. Mixed in ME. with
(2) ilc, ilk (mod. 8c. ilk'^, ilka, q. v.), assibi-
lated ilche, ich, uch, uich, contr. of earlier iwilc
uwilc, itvilch, < AS. gehwilc, gchwylc (= OHG.
gahvelih), each, every one, any one, < ge-, gen-
1813
etalizing prefix, -t- /iirj7c, who, which (see i- and
which); and with (3) ME. ewilc, < AS. wghwilc
(= OHG. eogihwelih), each, orig. "d-ge-hicilc, <
a, ever, + gehwilc, each, any one, as above. See
every, where -y stands for an orig. each, and
such and tchich, where -ch is of like origin with
-ch in each.'] I. distributive adj. Being either
or any unit of a numerical aggregate consist-
ing of two or more, indefinitely : used in pred-
iaating the same thing of both or all the mem-
bers of the pair, aggregate, or series mentioned
or taken into account, considered individually
or one by one : often followed by one, with of
before a noun (partitive genitive) : as, each
sex; each side of the river; each stone in a
building; each one of them has taken a differ-
ent course from every other.
The! token ech on by liymself a peny.
Wyclif, Mat. xx. 10.
Betheleem is a litylle Cytee, long and narwe and well
walled, and in eche syde enclosed with gode Dyches.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 69.
She her weary limbes would never rest ;
But every hil and dale, each wood and plaine,
Did search. Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 8.
And the princes of Israel, l>eing twelve men : each tyne
was for the house of his fathei-a. Num. i. 44.
Each envious brier his weary legs dotli scratch.
Each shadow makes him stop, each milrnnir stay.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, I. 705.
H. ^iron. 1. Every one of any number or
numerical aggregate, considered individually:
equivalent to the adjectival phrase each oi,e:
as, each went his way ; each had two ; each of
them was of a different size (that is, from all the
others, or from every one else in the number).
Than the! closed hem to-geder straite eche to other.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 398.
And there appeared . . . cloven tongues like as of fire,
and it sat upon each of them. Acts ii. 3.
You found his mote ; the king your mote did see ;
But I a beam do fin*l in each of three.
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3.
Wandering each his several way. Milton, P. L., ii. 523.
Each is strong, relying on his own, and each is betrayed
when he seeks in himself the courage of others.
Emerson, Courage.
2t. Both.
.\nd each, though enemies to either's reign,
Do in consent shake hands to torture me.
5Aaib. , Sonnets, xxviii.
At eacht, joined each to another ; joined end to end.
Ten masts at each make not the altitude
Which thou hast perpendiculaiiy fell.
.SAoi:., Lear, iv. e.
Each Other. («t) Each alternate; every other; every
second.
Each other worde I was a knave.
Up. .Still, Gammer Onrton's Needle.
Living and dying each other day.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, p. 2.
(b) Each the other ; one another : now generally used
when two i>erson8 or things are concerned, but also nsed
more loi)Scly like one anot/ter (which see, under another) :
as, tliey love each other (that is, each loves the other),
eachwheret (ech'hwar), adv. [< each + where.']
Everywhere.
For to entrap the careles Clarion,
That rang'd each where without suspition.
Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 376.
The mountains eachwhere shook, the rivers turned their
streams. L. Bryskett (Arbrer's Eng. Garner, I. 268).
Eacles (e'a-klez), ». [NL. (Htibner, 1816) ; etym.
dubious.] A genus of large, handsome bomby-
MsHtot Hades im/ert-Jis, alx>ulonc half natural size.
Eacles
1814
cid moths, peculiar to North and South Amer-
ica, having short hind wings, short proboscis,
simple anSnniB in the female, and the antennae
of the male pectinate to a greater or less extent.
£. iiBBertoiw 18 one of the lai-gest and handsomest moths . ,., , r/ hit? «^„»;„ ^„^„^i„
of Ko?S America, Ota yellow color, with purpUsh-brown eagerly (e'ger-h), adv. [< ME.egeHy,egurly,
spots on the wiugs. The male is more purplish than the egreliche, eta. ; \ eager'- + -ly^.\ If. With sharp-
men, when the river is in a certain flooded state, call it
Eager; they cry out, "Have a care ; there is the Eager
coming." Carlyle.
A mighty eygre raised his crest.
Jean Ingelow, High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire.
female. The larvie feed on the foliage of various forest-
trees, and pupate in loose cocoons under ground.
Ead-. See EiUK
eadish, «. See eddish.
-ese. [NL., etc., fem. pi. (so. plantce, plants) of
L. -eiis: see -eous, and ef. -acew."] 1. In hot., a
suffix used chiefly in the formation of tribal
names and the names of other groups between
the genus and the order. It also occurs as the
termination of some ordinal names. — 2. In
zool., the termination of the names of various
taxonomic groups: (a) regularly, of groups be-
tween the genus and the subfamily: (6) irreg-
ularly, of different groups above the family.
In both cases -ece is used without implication of
gender.
eager! (e'gdr), a. [< ME. eger, egre, < OF.
egre, aigre, F. aigre = Pr. agre = OSp. agrc,
Sp. agrio = Pg. It. agro, < L. acer (acr-), sharp,
keen : see acid, acerb, etc. Cf. vinegar, alegar.]
It. Sharp; sour; acid.
This seed is eger and hot. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Egrest fruits, and bitterest hearbs did mock
Madera Sugars, and the Apricock.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, il., Eden.
It doth posset
And curd, like eager droppings into milk.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
2. Sharp; keen; biting; severe; bitter. [Ob-
solete or archaic]
A more myghty and more egre medicine.
Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 5.
If so thou think'st, vex him with eager words.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., li. 6.
It is a nipping and an eager air. Shak., Hamlet, I. 4.
The cold mostea<7er and sharpe till March, little winde,
nor snow, except in the end of Aprill.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 405.
3. Sharply inclined or anxious ; sharp-set; ex-
cited by ardent desire; impatiently longing;
vehement ; keen : as, the soldiers were eager to
engage the enemy ; men are eager in the pur-
suit of wealth ; eager spirits ; eager zeal.
Manly he demeyned him to make his men egre.
Bad hem alle be bold & busiliche Ajt.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3636.
All the ardent and daring spirits in the parliamentary
party were eager to have Hampden at their head.
Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden.
As our train of horses surmounted each succeeding emi-
nence, every one was eager to be the first who should
catch a glimpse of the Holy City.
R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 144.
4. Manifesting sharpness of desire or strength
of feeling ; marked by great earnestness : as,
an eager look or manner ; eager words.
She sees a world stark blind to what employs
Her eager thought, and feeds her flowing joys.
Covrper, Charity, I. 405.
5t. Brittle.
Gold itself will be sometimes so eager . . . that it will
as little endure the hammer as glass itself.
Locke, Human Understanding, III. vi. 35.
=Syn. 3. Fervent, fervid, warm, glowing, zealous, for-
ward, enthusiastic, impatient, sanguine, animated.
eagerlf, v. t. [< ME. egren; from the adj.]
To make eager ; urge ; incite.
The nedy poverte of his houshold mihte rather egren
hym to don felonyes. Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 6.
He angurt hym full euyll, & egerd hym with,
flor the dethe of the dere his dole was the more.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 7329.
eager^ eagre (e'g6r), n. [Chiefly dial, or ar-
chaic, and hence of unstable form and spell-
ing, but prop, eager; also written (obs., archa-
ic, or dial.) eagre, eger, egor, egre, eygre, aigre,
ager, higre, hygre, and with alteration of g to
k, aker, acker, etc., < ME. aker, akyr, a cor-
ruption of AS. "eagor, 'egor, only in eomp.
edgor-, egor-stredm, ocean-stream, egor-here, the
'ocean-host,' a flood, = Icel. (egir, the ocean.
ness or keenness ; bitterly ; keenly.
And thannc welled water for wikked werkes,
Egerlich emynge out of mennes eyen.
Piers PioiOTnan (B), xix. 376.
Abundance of rain froze so eagerly as it fell, that it seem-
ed the depth of winter had of a sudden been come in.
KnoUes, Hist. Turks.
2. In an eager manner; with ardor or vehe-
mence ; with keen desire, as for the attainment
of something sought or pursued ; with avidity
or zeal.
[He) rode a-gein hym full egerly, and smote hym with
all his myght. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 158.
And egrelich he loked on me and ther-fore I spared
To asken hym any more ther-of , and badde hym full layre
To discreue the fruit that so faire hangeth.
Pierg Plowman (B), xvi. 64.
How eagerly ye follow my disgraces.
As it it fed ye ! Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
To the holy war how fast and eagerly did men go !
South, Sermons.
eagerness (e'g6r-nes), n. If. Tartness ; sour-
ness; sharpness. — 2. Keen or vehement desire
in the pursuit or for the attainment of some-
thing, or a manifestation of such desire ; ardent
tendency; zeal; fervor: as, to pursue happiness
or wealth with eagerness; eagerness of manner
or speech.
She knew her distance, and did angle for me,
Madding my eagerness with her restraint.
SAo*., All's Well, V. 3.
The eagerness and strong bent of the mind after know-
ledge, if not warily regulated, is often an hinderance to it.
Locke.
What we call our despair is often only the painful eager-
ness of unfed hope. George Eliot, Middlemarch, ii. 81.
= Syil. 2. Earnestness, Avidity, Eagemesit, Zeal, Enthu-
siasm, ardor, vehemence, impetuosity, heartiness, long-
ing, impatience. The first five words may all denote strong
and worthy movements of feeling and purpose toward a de-
sired object. In this field eagerness has either a physical
or a moral application ; with avidity the physical applica-
tion is primary ; earnestness, zeal, and enthusiasm have
only the moral sense. A vidity represents a desire lor food,
primarily physical, figuratively mental : as, to read a new
novel with avidity: it rarely goes beyond that degree of
extension. Eagerness emphasizes an intense desire, gen-
erally for specific things, although it may stand also as
a trait of character; it tends to produce corresponding
keenness in the pursuit of its object. Earnestness de-
notes a more sober feeling, proceeding from reason, con-
viction of duty, or the less violent emotions, but likely to
prove stronger and more permanent than any of the others.
The word has at times a special reference to effort ; it
implies solidity, sincerity, energy, and conviction of the
laudableness of the object sought; it is contrasted with
eagerness in that it affects the whole character. Zeal
is by derivation a bubbling up with heat ; it is naturally,
therefore, an active quality, passionate and yet generally
sustained, an abiding ardor or fervent devotion in any
unselfish cause. Enthusiasm is so tar redeemed from
its early suggestion of extravagance that it denotes pre.
sumably a trait of character more general than eagerness
or zeal, more lively than ear7iestness, a lofty quickness of
feeling and purpose in the pursuit of laudable things un-
der the guidance of reason and conscience ; thus it differs
from zeal, which still generally implies a poorly balanced
judgment.
The nobles in great earnestness are going
All to the senate-house. Shak., Cor., iv. 6.
I lent her some modern works : all these she read with
avidity. Charlotte Bronte, The Professor, xviii.
So Gawain, looking at the villainy done,
Forbore, but in his heat and eagerness
Trembled and quivered.
Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
It was the sense that the cause of education was the
cause of religion itself that inspired Jiltred and Dunstan
alike with their zeal for teaching.
J. It. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 325.
Truth is never to be expected from authoi-s whose under-
standings are warped with enthusiasm; tor they judge all
actions, and their causes, by their own perverse principles,
and a crooked line can never be the measure of a straight
one. Dryden, Ded. of Plutarch's Lives.
There is a certain enthusiasm in liberty, that makes hu-
man nature rise above itself in acts of bravery and heroism.
A. Hamilton, Works, II. 116.
formidable influx and surging of the tide in a
high wave or waves, up a river or an estuaiy ;
a bore, as in the Severn, the Hooghly, and the
Bay of Fundy.
His manly heart . . .
Its more than common transport could not hide ;
But like an eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.
Dryden, Threnodla Augustalis, 1. 134.
Sea-tempest is the Jiitun Aegir ; ... and now to this
day, on our river Trent, as I hear, the Nottingham barge-
,gle (prob.
fem. of aquilus, dark-colored, brown (cf. Lith.
aklas, blind) : see Aquila, aquiline, etc. The na-
tive E. name is earn : see earn^.'] 1. Properly,
a very large diurnal raptorial bird of the iara-
i\y FalconidcBanA genus Aqxtila (whichsee), hav-
ing the feet feathered to the toes, and no tooth
to the bill, which is straight for the length of
the cere. There are about 9 species, all confined to
the old world except the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetus,
Nt%K;
Golden Eagle {Aquila chrysaftus).
eagle
which ranges also in North America. This Is the type-
species, to which the term originally attached ; it is 3 feet
or more in length,
of a dark-brown
color, deriving the
epithet golden
from the ruddy-
brown feathers of
the back of the
neck. It preys on
lambs, hares, rab-
bits, various birds,
such as grouse, and
carrion. Other no-
table species are the
imperial eagle, A.
heliaca; the Rus-
sian eagle, A. mo-
gilnik; the spotted
eagle, A. maculata
(or ncevia). From
its size, strength,
rapacity, and pow-
ers of flight and vi-
sion, the eagle has
been called the king
of birds ; but its
prowess is greatly
exaggerated. By
the ancients it was
called the bird of
Jove, and it was
bonie on the Roman standards. Many nations, as France
under tlie Bonapartes, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, have
adopted it as the national emblem. In heraldic it ranks
as one of the most noble bearings in coat-ai-mor.
There myghte men the ryal egle fynde.
That with his sharpe lok pei-sith the sunne ;
And othere egtis of a lowere kynde,
Of whiche that clerkis wel devyse cunne.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 330.
So the struck eagle, stretched upon the plain.
No more through rolling clouds to soar again,
View'd his own feather on the fatal dart.
And wing'd the shaft that quiver'd in his heart.
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, L 826.
2. Amemberof the genus Haliaetns, which com-
prises the fishing-eagles, sea-eagles, or earns,
resembling the eagle proper in size and form,
but having the shank bare of feathers and
scaly: such as the white- or bald-headed eagle,
or bald eagle, H. leucocephalus, the national
emblem of the United States; the white-tailed
eagle, S. albicilla; the pelagic eagle, H. pela-
gicus, etc. — 3. A name of many raptorial birds
larger than the hawk and the buzzard, only
distantly related, as the harpy eagle, booted
eagle, etc. A number of genera of such large hawks
are sometimes grouped with the true eagles in a sub-
family Aquilince (which see).
4. [cap.'] An ancient northern constellation be-
tween Cygnus and Sagittarius, containing the
bright star Altair. It seems to be shown on Babylo-
nian stones of high antiquity, and the statement still
cuiTcnt that it almost touches the equinoctial refers to
the position of that circle about 2000 B. C. At present
the constellation, enlarged by the addition of AntinoUs
shortly after the Christian era, extends 20° north and 13"
south of tlie equator. See Aquila, 2.
5. A military ensign or standard surmounted
by the figure of an eagle, it is especially associated
with ancient Rome, though borne, with vaiious modifica-
tions, by certain modern nations, as France under the
first and second empires.
This utter'd, overboard he leaps, and with his Eagle
feircly advanc'd runs upon the Enemy.
Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
What ! shall a Roman sink in soft repose,
And tamely see the Britons aid his foes?
See them secure the rebel Gaul supply ;
Spurn his vain eagles and his power defy ?
Langhome, Ceesar's Dream.
6. A lectern, usually of wood or brass, the up-
per part of which is in the shape of an eagle
with outstretched wings supporting a book-rest,
the eagle being the symbol of Saint John the
Evangelist.
[The minister] read from the eagle. Thackeray.
7. A gold coin of the United States, of the
value of 10 dollars, weighing 258 grains troy,
900 fine, and equivalent to £2 Is. Id. sterling.
— 8. In arch., a name for a pediment. — 9. In
the game of roulette, a spot, outside the regu-
lar 36 numbers, upon which is the picture of
If this is the winning number, the bank takes
in all liets except those made on that particular one. See
roulette. Also called eagle-bird.— American eagle. See
bald eagle.— "Bald eagle, or bahi eani. a ct)mnion though
misapplied name for the white-headed eajjle of North
America, Haliaetus leucocephalus. This is the eagle which
has been adopted as the national emblem on the arms of
the United States, and is figured on some of its coins, be-
ing popularly called "the American eagle," "the spread
eagle," "the national bird, " "the bird of freedom," etc.
It is about 3 feet long, dark-brown or blackish when
adult, with pure-white head and tail ; the shank is partly
naked and yellow, by which mark the species may be dis-
tinguished in any plumage from the golden eagle, Aquila
chrysaetus. Also called white- or bald-headed eagle. See
cut on following page.— Black eagle, (a) The golden
eagle, Aquila chrysaetus. (b) The young of the bald
eagle, HaliaHtus leucocephalus.— Calyomi eagle. See
eagle
1815
the jaws are paved with rows of hexagonal teeth, the me-
dian of which are of much greater breadth than length.
2. Any ray of the family Myliobatidce. These
rays are immensely broad, owing to the development of
the pectoral flns, and have a long, flexible tail, armed with
one or more serrated spines. They inhabit for the most
part tropical or warm seas.
eagle-sighted (e'gl-si'ted), o. Having strong
sight, as an eagle.
What peremptory eagle-sighted eye
Dares look upon the heaven of her brow,
That is not blinded by her majesty?
Shak., L. L L, iv. 3.
ear
pret. *e6e (= leel. auka = Goth, aukan), increase,
round only in the pp. edcen : see eke. Cf . the
equiv. yean, which differs from ean only in the
prefix.] To bring forth young; yean. See^ean.
Both do feed.
As either promised to increase your breed
At eamng-time, and bring you lusty twins.
B. Jomon, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
eagles8(e'gles), «.
E. and 0. E. An abbreviation of the commer-
cial phrase errors and omissions excepted, fre-
quently appended to statements and accounts
when rendered.
[< eagle + -e«».] A female eanlingt (en'ling), n. [< ean + dim. -lingK
Kild Eagle (HaliaUHS Uufctfkalut).
eoJKi««.— Fishlng-ea^le. -Same a.5 (wprf;/.— Golden
eagle. See def. 1. — Order of the Black Eagle, a l-nis-
Sau order founded by Frederick I. in 1701. 1 he number
of knlghU is limited to 30, exclusive of the princes of the
blood royal, and all must be of unquestioned nobility.
The badge is a cross of 8 points, having In the center a
circle with the monogram FB (for Fnderieut Rex) ; the
four arms are enameled red, with the eagle of Prussia in
black enamel between each two arms. The ribbon is
orange, but on occasions of ceremony the badge is worn
pendent to a collar, consisting alternately of Idack eagles
holding thunderholta, and medallions bearing the same
monogram as the badge and also the monogram "Snum
cuique.'— Order of the Red Eagle (formerly Order of
the Red Eagle of Baifreuth ; also called Order t^fSitKmty),
an order founded by the Margrave of Bayreuth in 1706, and
or" hen eagle. Sherwood. [Bare.]
eaglestone (e'gl-ston), n. [Tr. of Gr. amVw:
see aetiteii.'\ A variety of argillaceous oxid of
iron, found in masses varying from the size of a
walnut to thatofaman'shead. In form these masses
are spherical, oval, or nearly reniform, or sometimes re-
semble a parallelopiped with rounded edges and angles.
They have a rough surface, and are essentially composed
of concentric layere. The nodules often embrace at the
center a kernel or nucleus, sometimes movable, and always
dilfering from the exterior in color, density, and fracture.
To these hollow nodules the Greeks gave the name of
eaalettonet, from a notion that the eagle transported them
to'her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs. Also called
aetites.
\Miether the aetites or eagUMone hath that eminent
property to promote delivery or restrain abortion, respec-
tively applied to lower or upward parts of the body, we
shall not discourage common practice by our question.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 5.
. - . ,^ . eaglet (e'glet), n. [Earlier mod. E. also eofet;
In 1792 adopted by Frederick WlUtam IL of Pnuaia on "^ aiglette, dim. o£ aigle, eagle : see eajfie.] A
sncceeding to the principality. The present Insignia or ^ ^ i i-in_ „«„i„ , ,. u \. »,
Se orteTare quite dlBeient from those of the original young eagle; a little eagle. In heraldry, when three
the order'are quite' dlBerent from those of the original
order. The badge is an 8-pointed cross, having In the
center a medallion with a red eagle bearing the arms of
the Hohenzollern family. The arms of the croaa are of
white enamel, with an eagle of red enamel between each
two amis. The rilitKin is striped orange-color and white-
— Order of the White Eagle, an order founded at the
besiciiiing of the citthteeuth century by Augustus II. of
Poland and Saxony, or, as is alleged, l«vived by him- It
has been adopted by the Czar of Knssia, and is coropoaed
of one class only. The badge is a crosa of 8 point*, bear-
ing a white eagle in relief and surmounted by an imperial
crown. The ribbou is sky-blue, but on (tate occasions
the b«lge is woni pendent to a collar of white eagle* con_ aoale-vulture (e'gl-vul'tnr), «. A bool
nected by pWn gold links.- Spread ea£e. an ejgle with ea^J«^ Oypohie^oxangolimisot western
young eagl ,
or more eagles are borne on an escutcheon they are usually
called eaglet*, and always so when they are borne upon
an onlinary, as a bend, lease, etc, or another bearing, or
on a mantle.
When like an eglet I first found my love,
For that the virtue I thereof would know.
Upon the nest I set it forth, to prove
If it were of that kingly kind, or no. Drayton.
outspread "wings ; specifically, the cmbTci
ed Sutes of America: often applitd attributively t« any
kmd, bombaaUc, boutfnl, and arrogant display of national
or uihir sentiment*: as,ajpreiKf-«airt<*peecta. Stxfreaa,
, and rpr9ad'*aQl«i9m.
like
p. a., and jpr<oa-*agi*i»w.
eagle-bird (e'gl-b*rd), n. Same as eagle, J
eagle-eyed (e'gl-id), a. 1. Sharp-sighted,
If.— 2. Quick to discern ; having acute eaglewood (e'gl-wftd), n.
My dark tall pines, that . . .
Foster'd the callow eaglet.
Tennyton, (Enone.
A book-name
Africa.
eagle-wiHged (e'gl-wingd), a. Having the
wings of an eagle; swift as an eagle.
The eagle 'Uritiged pride
Of sky-aspiring and ambitious thought*.
Shak., Rich. II., 1. S.
[< eagle + leoodi;
Cf. yeanling.] A lamb just brought forth.
AU the eanlings which were streak'd and pied
Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
earl (er), «. [Early mod. E. eare; < ME. ere,
ire, eare, < AS. edre = OS. ord = OFries. are,
dr = D.oor = MLG. LG. or = OHG. ord, MHG.
ore, or, G. ohr = Icel. eyra = Sw. ma = Dan.
ore = Goth, atiso = L. auris (dim. auricula, ML.
oricula, > It. orecchia = Sp. ormi = Pg. orelha =
Pr. aurelha = F. oreille, ear, = E. auricle : see aw-.
ride, auricular, etc.) = Gr. ovc (ur-), also oi'of
(oiiar-), for "oimg (oioar-) = OBulg. Bulg. Croa-
tian, Serv. ucho = Bohem. Pol. ueho = Russ.
ukho = Lith. ausis = OPruss. ausins (pi. ace.),
ear ; a general Indo-European name, prob. allied
to Gr. uceiv, hear, perceive, L. audire, hear: see
audience, audit, etc., auscultate, etc. Connection
with Aear doubtful: seeAear.] 1. The organ of
hearing; the apparatus of audition ; the acous-
tic sense-organ ; any mechanism by which an
animal receives the impact of sound-waves and
perceives them as sound, in man and mammals
generally the ear consists of an external ear, which com-
prises (1) the more or less funnel-shaped pinna and (2) the
external auditory meatus ; of a middle ear, eardrum, or
tympanum, closed from the external auditory meatus by
the tympanic membrane, traversed by a chain of small
bones, the auditory ossicles, named malleus, incus, and
stapes, and communicating with the pharynx by the
Eustachian tube ; and of an inlental ear, or labyrinth, the
essential organ of hearing, containing the end-organs of
tlie auditory nerve. The labyrinth consists of a complicated
closed sac, the membranous labyrinth, lined with epithe-
iutellectual vision.
I know the fraUtv of my fle*hlT will:
My paaaion's tagle-eifd. Quorlo^ Emblem*, iv. 1.
To be curious and Saf<*-^wl Abroad, and to be Blind
and ignorant at Home, ... I* * Ciuiarity that eanletb
with it more of Affectation tlian any thing elae.
Bomtt, Letter*, IL 66.
eagle-flnt, «. [ME. egrefyn (see quot. ), < F. dial.
(Champagne) aigrefin, also pron. aiglefin (as if
connected with aigle, > E. eagle), a sort of fish ; ,^,^„_„„
origin uncertain.] An alleged old name of the e^gpasa (S'wAs), n. Same as eddish, 1
haddock. eagre, ». See eager^.
Belonina states that Kfnfhfi at JSagU-/bi was formerly gstldt, 1<
like F. bois d'aigle, Q. adlerholi, a translation
of tilt, lignum aquilce, or aquilaria, which is
an accom. (to L. aquila, eagle) of the E. Ind.
name aghil, Hind, agar, < Skt. agaru or aguru
(the latter form accom. to aguru, not heavy, <
a- priv. + guru = Gr. 3aov{ = L. gravis, heavy),
> prob. Gr. ayiMiix'"', NL. agalloehum : see agal-
loehum and Aloe.] A highly fragrant wood,
much tised by Asiatics for incense. See agal-
loehum.
iu [the haddock'*! EocUah name. Day.
eagle-flighted (e'gl-fli'ted), a. Flying like an
ea^'lc: iii"uuting high. [Poetical.]
eagle-hawk (e'gl-hak), n. A hawk of the ge-
nus Morphnus, as the Guiana eagle-hawk, if.
guianensis. O. Cuvier.
eagle-owl (e'gl-oul), n. 1. Aname of the great
horned owl of EuroiMB, Bubo maximus, and hence
of other large species of the same genus, as B.
virginianus, the great horned owl of North
America. See cut under Bubo. — 2. A name of
I eager'
A dialectal variant of eld.
Grose.
ealde'rt, n. .An obsolete (Middle English and
rare Anglo-Saxon) form of elder^.
ealdorman, 1. [AS.: see aWerman.] A chief ;
a leader: the Anglo-Saxon original of o/derman,
used in modem historical works with reference
to its Anglo-Saxon use.
The name of Ealdonnan is one of a large cl*** ; among
a primitive people age implies command and command
implies age ; hence. In a somewhat later stage of language,
the elders are simply the rulers.
£. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, I. 61.
The bishop declared the eccIeaUstical law, as the taldor-
titan did the secular. ...
Stulibt, Medieval and Modem Hist, p. 299.
SSC Afc#
■ pscy -
sundry other large owls. SwaintOH.
eagle-ray (e'gl-ra), n. 1. A large species of
^h-^rl^^ T'*"^ " ^>!° Atwi°/ *^' 'T eamt n. [Formerly eame; < ME. eme.eem, earn,
ily if u?k>6atwte, found in the Atlantic. Tlie side, w*™'} "; „ L^ " „„„f- „# i«-<li«m — (Spripa /t.1
or pectoral fins a^ expanded In a wIng-Uke form, and em, < AS. edm, contr. of caAam, = Uines. m
'^ — D. oom, uncle. = OHG. MHG. ohetm, uncle
(mother's brother), also nephew (sister's son),
G. oheim, ohm, uncle. The first syllable, AS.
ea- (= Goth, au-), is perhaps related to Goth.
atoo, grandmother, Icel. a/i, grandfather, di,
great-grandfather, and to L. av-un-culus, uncle,
av-ns, grandfather; the second syllable is ob-
scure. Jium remains in the surnames Eames
and Ames.] Uncle.
gone to hem of the cite a-sembled he thanne,
A faoat than so ferschell for his eines sake.
Waiiam of Paleme (E. E. T. 8.), L 3428.
Henry Hotspur, and his eame
The earl of Wor'ster.
Drayton, Polyolblon, xxli.
eant (en), v. i. [< ME. enen, bring forth young,
< AS. ednian, oontr. of edcnian, be pregnant, <
EMt>e.,.,n(,n.t.n.aiMtu). edceu, pregnant, Ut. increased, pp. of 'edcan,
Tnmvene Section tlirough Side Wall* of Skull, showing the Inner
Puts of the Ear.
C*. concha or eitemal ear. or pinna ; E.\f, external auditory mea.
tus; TyM, tympanic membrane; Ihc, incus; Matt, malleus; ASC,
PSC, E.'iC, anterior, posterior, and external semicircular canals;
Cpc, cochlea ; Eu, Eustachian tube ; IM. internal auditory meatus,
through which the auditory nerve passes to the organ of bearing.
Hum and lying In a roughly corresponding excavation in the
petrous iMjne, the bony labyrinth. The membranous laby-
rinth contains a limpid fluid, l\ie endolymph, and between
the membranous lal)yrinth and the bony labyrinth is a
similar liquid called perilymph. The auditory nerve, pene-
trating the l)one by the internal auditory meatus, is dis-
tributed to the walls of the membranous labyrinth. The
labyrinth is completely shut off tnm the tympanum, but
there are two fenestra; or openings, closed by membranes.
In the tympanic wall of the bony labyrinth, and the foot of
the stapes is applied to one of them. .Sound-waves which
Impinge u|xin the tympanic membrane are transmitted
across the tympanum by the chain of auditory ossicles,
and thence iuU) the laby.
riuth. In vertebrates lie-
low mammals the ear at
once tiecomes simplifled,
as by lack of an external
ear and reduction of the
ossicles and of the laby-
rinth, the latter being
simply llgulate or strap-
shaped ; and, as In fishes,
the inner ear may con-
tain one or more concre-
tions, sometimes of great
size, called otoliths or
ear-stones. An ear of
some kind is recogniza-
ble in the great majority
of invertebrates. In its
simplest recognizable
expression It is a mere
capsule or vesicle, con-
taining some hard Ixnly
answering to an otolith. External Ear. or Pinna.
and so supposed to have , i. helix; ». fossa <>''""]'''"■"
a„ a,i,lit,,rv fiiiii-tlnti fossa trianKulatis ; 3, fossii of lie IX,
an anil lory luniuon. ^^ ^^^^ K:aphoidea: 4. antihelix ;
See cochlea, labynntti, r 5. concha ; 6, antitragus ; 7. lobule ;
and cut under tympanic, i. tragus.
ear
2. The external ear alone, known as the pinna,
auricle, or concha: as, the horse laid his ears
back.
In another YIe Iwn folk, that han gret Eres and longe,
that hangen doun to here Knees.
MandevUle, Travels, p. 205.
Hollowing one hand against his far.
To list a foot-fall. Tennysmi, Palace of Art
S. In omith.: (a) The auriculars or packet of
auricular feathers which cover the external
ear-passage of a bird. (6) A plumicorn or cor-
niplume; one of the "horns" of an owl. —
4. The sense of hearing; the power of distin-
guishing sounds ; the power of nice perception
of the differences of sound.
The Poet must know to whose eare he maketh his rime,
and accommodate himselfe thereto, and not gine such
niusicke to the rude and barbarous as he would to the
learned and delicate eare.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 72.
5. Specifically, in music, the capacity to appre-
ciate, analyze, and reproduce musical composi-
tions by hearing them ; sensitiveness to musical
intonation and to differences of pitch and qual-
ity in musical sounds : as, a correct ear. Some-
tiines called a musical ear.
Sneer. I thought you had been a decided critic in music,
as well as in literature.
Dangle, So I am — but I have a bad ear,
Sheridan, Tlie Critic, i. 1.
When therefore I say that I have no ear, you will un-
derstand me to mean — for music.
Lamb, Chapter on Eara.
And men who have the gift of playing on an instrument
by ear are sometimes afraid to learn by rule, lest they
should lose it. J. H. Sewman, Gram, of Assent, p. 323.
6. A careful or favorable hearing ; attention ;
heed.
I cried unto God with my voice, . . . and he gave ear
unto me. Ps. Ixxvii. 1.
I gaue as good eare, and do consider as well the taulke
that passed, as any one did there.
Ascham, The .Scholemaster, p. 19.
Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
But the bigots and flatterers who had his ear gave him
advice wliich he was but too willing to take.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
7t. Disposition to listen ; judgment ; taste.
He laid his sense closer, and in fewer words, according
to the style and ear of those times. Sir J. Denham.
8. A part of any inanimate object having some
likeness to the external ear. (n) A projectiim from
the side of a vessel or utensil made to be used as a handle:
as, the ears of a jar, pitcher, or other vessel.
Each iKtttle had a curling ear.
Through which the belt he drew.
And hung a bottle on each side.
To make iiis balance true.
Coioper, John Gilpin.
Over the fireplace were . . . iron candlesticks hanging
by their ears. S. Judd, ilai'garet, ii. 7.
(6) That part of a bell by which it is suspended ; the can-
non. See flret cut under betl. (c) A plate of soft metal at
the mouth of the mouthpipe of an organ, used to qualify
the tone by being bent more or less over the opening, (d)
The loop or ring l>y which the ram of a pile-driver is raised.
(c) In pnntiiui, a projecting piece on the edge of the frisket
or of the composing-rule. K II. Knight. (/) One of the
holes Ixtred in a spherical projectile for the insertion of
the points of the shell-hooks used in manipulating it.
9. In arch., same as crosset, 1 (o) A flea In the
ear. See jlea.—AU ear or ears, listening intently ; giv-
ing close attention to sounds or utterances.
I was all ear,
And took in strains that might create a soul
Under the ribs of death. Milton, Conms, 1. 660.
For at these [pulpit) perfonuances she was all attention,
aUear; she kept her heart fixed and intent on its holy
work, by keeping her eye from wandering.
Bp. Alterbury, Sermons, I. vi.
Ass's ear, a kind of sea-ear, Haliotis asininus, a fine iri-
descent slieli used in the matmfacture of buttons, for in-
laying woodwork, and for other purposes. .See abalone,
Ualiotis, ormer.— At first eart, at firet hearing ; imme-
diately. Davies.
A third cause of common errors is the credulity of men,
that is, an easie assent to what is obtruded, or a believing
atjirgt ear what is delivered by others.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 1. 5.
Barrel of the ear. Same as tympanum. — By the ears,
in a state of discord or contention.
All Heav'n is by the Ears together,
Since first that little Rogue canie hither.
Prior, Cupid and Ganymede.
Cheeks and ears*. See cA^c*.— Dionysius's ear. (a)
The name given to a secret subterranean ear-shaped pas-
saie connecting the palace of Dionysius the Elder, first
tyrant of Syracuse (died 367 B. c), with his stone-quarry
prisons, through which he was able to overhear the con-
versation of his prisoners, (b) An aural instrument for
the use of very deaf persons. It has a large pavilion se-
cured by a swivel to a stand upon the fioor, and an elastic
tnlie with a nozle to be hehl Uy the ear. E. II. Knight.—
Drum of the ear. Same as tymjtanum. — Qy^r head
and ears. See up to the ears, below.— To fall together
by the ears, to go together by the ears, to engage in
a fight or sciiffle ; quarreL
1816
They will, instead of eating peaceably, /oil <w;e(A«r hij
the ears, each single one impatient to iiave all to itself.
Swi/t, tiulliver's Travels, iv. 7.
To give ear to. See give.— to meet the ear. See
meet. — To set by the ears, to make strife between;
cause to quarrel.
Who ever hears of fat men heading a riot, or herding
togetlier in turbulent mobs? — no — no — it is your lean,
hungry men who are continually worrying society, and
setting tlie whole community by the ears.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 157.
To sleep upon both ears, to sleep soundly.
Let him set his iieart at rest ; 1 will remove this scruple
out of his mind, that lie may sleep securely upon both ears.
Abp. Bramhall, Works, III. 618.
Touching the ears, in the early church, a part of the
ceremony of baptizing catechumens, consisting of touching
the ears, and saying "Ephphatha" (be opened), a symbol
of the opening of the inulerstanding. — Up to the ears,
over the earst, over head and ears, deeply absorbed
or engrossed; overwhelmed: as, over head and ears in
debt, or in business.
This Phedria out of hand got him a certain singing
wench, skilful! in musicke, and fell in love with her over
the cares. Terence (trans.), 1614.
A cavalier was up to the ears iu love with a very fine
lady. Sir R. L'Estrange.
When I was quite embarked, discovered myself up to the
ears in a contested election. Walpole, Letters, II. 353.
Venus's ear, an ear-shell qr sea-ear ; a species of Uali-
otis, as the ormer, //. tuberculata: with allusion to the
fable of Aphrodite. — Wine Of one eart, good wine. One
of tlie annotators of Kabelais says : " I have introduced
the same with good success in some parts of Leicester-
shire, and elsewhere, speaking of good ale, ale of one ear ;
bad ale, ale of two ears. Because when it is good we give
a nod witll one ear; if bad, we shake our head, that is,
give a sign with both ears ttiat we do not like it."
0 the fine white wine ! upon my conscience it is a kind
of taffatas wine ; liin, hin, it is of one ear (11 est ^ une
Oreille). Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, i. 5.
earif (er), i'- t- [< eari, »•] To listen to; hear
with attention.
I eared her language, lived in her eye.
Fletcher (and another). Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 1.
ear^ (er), n. [Early mod. E. also eare; < ME.
ere, ear, < AS. ear, contr. of orig. *ealior =
ONorth. eJter, wither = MD. acre, D. aar =
MLG. dr, are, LG. dr = OHG. ahir, ehir, MHG.
eher, G. dhre = Icel. Sw. Dan. ax = Goth, ahs,
an ear, = L. aciis (accr-, orig. *acis-), chaff (see
acerosc); connected with Goth, ahana, chaff,
= E. awiO- ; AS. egJ, a beard of grain, E. dial.
ail; L. acus {acu-), a needle; L. acies = AS.
ecge, E. edge, etc. : see awn'^, ail^, aeiis, aculeate,
aglet, edge, egg'^.'\ A spike or Vead of com or
grain; that part of a cereal plant which eon-
tains the flowers and seed.
The barley was in the ear, and the flax was boiled.
Ex. ix. 31.
Red ear, an ear of maize exceptionally of a deep-red color.
Such an ear, when found, was made a source of sport at
old-fashioned corn-huskings in the United States.
For each red ear a gen'ral kiss he gains.
Joel Barlow, Hasty Pudding.
■Great ardor was evinced in pursuit of the red ear fof
corn], for which piece of fortune the discoverer had the
privilege of a kiss from any lady he should nominate.
S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 6
ear^ (er), v. i. [< ear"^, n.] To shoot, as an ear;
form ears, as corn.
The stalke was first set, began to eare ere it came to
lialfe growth, and the last not like to yeeld any thing at
all. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, II. 236.
ear^t (er), v. t. [Early mod. E. also eare ; < ME.
eren, erien, < AS. eriaii = OFries. era = MD.
eren, eeren, errien, aeren = MLG. eren = OHG.
erran, MHG. eren, em, G. dial, dren, eren = Icel.
erja = Sw. drja = Goth . arjan = L. arare (whence
E. arable, q. v.) = Gr. apdeiv, apovv = Ir. araim =
OBulg. Serv. Bohem. orati = Euss. oraK = Lith.
arti = Lett, art, plow.] To cultivate with a
plow; plow; till.
To sowe and eree npp feeldes fatte and weet,
And weedes tender yette oute of hem geet.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 142.
A rough valley which is neither eared nor sown.
Dent. xxi. 4.
The English were brought so low, that they were fain to
till and eare the Ground, whilst the Danes sate idle, and
eat the Fruit of their Labours. Baker, Chronicles, p. 13.
For this dale men that doo eare the ground there doo
oft plow up bones of a large size, and great store of ar-
mour. Ilolinshed, Descrip. of Britain, i. 11.
ear* (ar), adv. [Sc, < ME. er, or, ear, etc., early,
usually ere, before: see ere and earhj.'] Early.
ear^ (er), n. [E. dial., by misdivisiou of a near,
a kidney, as an ear: see near"^ and kidney.'] A
kidney. Brockett; Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
earablet (er'a-bl), a. [< ear^ + -able. Cf. ara-
ble. ] Capable of being tilled ; being under cul-
tivation; arable.
He |the steward] is further to see what demeanes of Ids
lordes is most meete to be taken into his handes, so well
for meddowe, pasture, as earable, &c.
Order o/ a Nobleman's House, Archajol., XIII. 316.
eared
earache (er'ak), n. Pain in the ear; otalgia.
earalt (er'al), a. [Improp. < earl + -al. Cf.
««)•«?.] Receiving by the ear; aural ; auricular.
They are not true penitents that are merely earal, ver-
bal, or worded men, that speak more than they really in-
tend. Ilncyt, Sermons (1658), p. 34.
earbob (er'bob), «. An ear-ring or ear-drop.
[New Eng.]
I've got a pair o' ear-bobs and a handkerclier pin I'm a.
goin' to give you, if you'll have them.
L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 36.
ear-bone (er'bon), «. l. A bone of the ear;
one of the bones composing the otocrane, otic
capsule, or periotie mass, inclosing the organ
of hearing. — 2. One of the auditory ossicles or
bonelets of the cavity of the middle ear ; an
ossiculum auditus, as the malleus, incus, or
stapes. See first cut under ear. — 3. A hard
concretion in the cavity of the inner ear; an
ear-stone, otosteon, or otolith (which see).
ear-brisk (er'brisk), a. Having ears that mov&
or erect themselves quickly ; attentive. [Rare.]
He [the colt] was an ear-brisk and high-necked critter.
S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 7.
ear-brush (er'brush), n. A brush consisting of
a piece of sponge attached to a handle, used to
clean the interior (external auditory meatus)
of the ear ; an aurilave.
ear-cap (er'kap), n. A cover for the ear against
cold.
ear-cockle (er'kok"l), «. [< ear^ + coekleK] A
disease in wheat caused by the presence in the
grain of worms belonging to the genus Tylelen-
chtts. Called in some parts of England purples.
ear-conch (er'konk), n. The shell of the ear;
the external ear, concha, auricle, or pinna.
ear-COnfessiont (er'kon-fesh'on), ». Auricular
confession. See confession.
I shall dispute with a Greek about the articles of the
faith which my elders taught me and his elders deny, as-
ear-con/ession.
Tyndaie, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc, 18.50), p. 133.
Pardons, pilgrims, ear-confession, and other popish mat-
ters. Bp. Bale, Select Works, p. 57.
ear-cornet (er'k6r''net), n. A small auricle or
ear-trumpet worn in the hollow of the outer ear.
ear-cough (er'kof), «. A cough provoked by
irritation iu the ear.
eard (ard), n. [< ME. erd, cered, eard, home, <
AS. eard, land, country, dwelling-place, home
(= OS. ard, dwelling-place, = OHG. art, a plow-
ing, etc.), connected with erian, E. ear^, plow
(see c«c3); prob. not connected with earth.J
If. Land; country; dwelling-place.
God-bar him into paradis.
An erd al ful of swete blis.
Genesis and Exodus, 1. 209.
2. [PartlyconfusedwithcarWil.] Earth. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
He somnede iscrd [gathered an army] swulc nies nanire
exr on erde. Layamon, I. 177.
ear-drop (er'drop), «. An ornamental pendant
to an ear-ring; an ear-ring with a pendant. —
Lady's ear-drops, the common garden fuchsia: so called
from the formation and pendency of its fiowers.
ear-dropper (eT'drop^er), «. It. An eaves-
dropper. Davies.
It is possible an ear-dropper might hear such tilings
talk'd at cock-pits and dancing schools.
Bp. Ilacket, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. 81.
2. Same as ear-drop. [Colloq.]
Come, we can go down now. I'm as ready as a mawkin
can be — there's notliing awanting to frighten the crows,
now I've got my ear-droppers in.
George Eliot, Silas Mamer, xi.
eardrop-tree (er'drop-tre), n. A lofty legu-
minous tree of Jamaica, Enterolobium cyclocar-
2>um, the pod of which is curved so as to form a
complete circle.
ear-drum (er'drum), n. 1. The middle ear;
the tympanum. See tympanum, and first cut
under ear. — 2. More especially, the tympanic
membrane: as, to burst or puncture the ear-
drutii. See cuts under ear and tympanic.
ear-dust (er'dust), n. The small gritty par-
ticles found in the cavity of the inner ear of
many animals; minute concretions in the laby-
rinth, distinguished from otoliths or otostea by
their fineness ; otoconia. See otoconitim.
eared^ (erd), a. [< earl -t- -erf2.] i_ Having
ears ; having appendages or processes resem-
bling the external ear. in heraldry, animals bonie
in coat-armor witli their ears differing in tincture from
that of the body are blazoned eared of such a metal or
color.
2. In omith., having conspicuous auricular
feathers, as the eared grebe, or having plumi-
oorns, as various species of eared owls. — 3.
In Mammalia, aurieulate ; having large or pe-
eared
enliar outer ears, as eertain bats ; having enter
ears in a group of animals others of which have
them not : as, the eared seals. — 4. In bot., same
as auriculate, 2 — Eared eggs, of insects, those eggs
whiclj have, just before the apex, two short oblique ap-
pendages serving to prevent them from sinking in tlie
semi-liquid substances on which they are deposited.
eared^ (erd), a. [< ear^ + -ecP.'] Having ears
or awns, as grain, in heraldry, grain with the ear
differing in tincture from the stallc or blade is blazoned
eared of such a metal or color : as, a stalk of wheat vert,
eared or.
eaxert, »• [ME. erer, eerer, erere, < eren, plow :
see earS.] A plower; a plowman.
Whether al day shal ere the erere that he sowe.
Wycli/, Isa. xxviii. 24.
ear-flap (er'flap), ». The hanging flap of a
dog's ear.
ear-gland (er'gland), n. The warty glandular
skin or tympanum of a batrachian, as a toad;
the parotid.
ear-hole (er'hol), «. The aperture of the ear;
the outer orifice of the ear; the external audi-
tory meatus or passage.
eariness, ". See eeriness.
earing'^ (er'ing), ». [< earl + -i»<7l.] A small
1817
My thanes and kinsmen.
Henceforth be earls; the ttrst that ever .Scotland
In such an honour nam'd. Shak., Macl)eth, v. 7.
The government was entnisted to a magistrate with the
title of Ealdorman, or its Danish equivalent Earl.
a. A. Freeman^ Norman Conquest, I. 52.
The ancient dignity of the earl has in former chapters
been traced throughout its history. In very few instances
was the title annexed to a simple town or castle.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 428.
Earl marshal, the eighth great officer of state in Great
Britain. He is the head of the College of Arms (see Her-
old* College^ under herald), determines all rival claims to
arms, and grants armorial bearings, through the medium
of the king-at-arms, to persons not possessed of hereditary
arms. It is his duty also to direct all great ceremonies
of state, and to make the formal proclamation of war or
peace. The office was formerly of great importance, and
was originally conferred by grant of the king (as early as
the time of Richard II. ), but is now hereditary in the family
of the Howards, dukes of Norfolk, called the premier earls
of England. (See marthal.) There were formerly also earls
marshals in Scotland. See marUchal.
The list
Of those that claim their offices this day,
By custom of the coronation. . . .
Next, the duke of Norfolk,
He to be earl marshal. Shak., Hen. VIII., Iv. 1.
Earl palatine. See palatitte.
rope attaehed'to the cringle of a sail, by which ear-lap (er'lap), «. [< ME. erelappe, <
it is bent or reefed. When attached to the head- 1"??." ir Oi ries^arleppa, arlippa =^1
cringle for bending, it is called a head-earing; when at-
tached to the reef -cringle, a reej-earin^j.
If the second mate is a smart fellow, he will never let
any one take either of these posts from him ; but if he is
wanting either in seamanship, strength, or activity, some
better man will get the bunt and earinge from him.
R. U. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 28.
From clue to earlsi;. .See due.
AS. ear-
MD. dim.
oorlapken = Norw. orilap, oreUpp = Sw. orlapp
= Dan. drel(ep (Sw. usually orflik or iirtipp,
Dan. oreflip) = G. ohrldpp-ehen), ear-lap, < eare,
ear, + Iteppa, lap: see earl and topi.] 1. The
tip of the ear. — 2. One of a pair of covers for
the ears in cold weather, made of cloth or fur
x.„^..u=.v,c»xx^. .^««,. so as to incase them [U. S.]
earing- (trine), H. f Verbal n. of eara.f.l The ^^'"l^PP®* (*'" '^P^*)' "• 1. An auricular cu-
'■ ^ ' - taneous fold or flesh jf excrescence of a bird;
a kind of wattle hanging from the ear : usually
called ear-lobe.
In the Datch ral)-breed of the Spanish fowl the white
ear-lappett are developed earlier than In the common
Spanish breed. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 263.
2. Same as ear-lap, 2. [Rare.]
earldom (6rl'dum),n. [< JIE.erfdoni, eorldom,
< AS. eorldom (= lce\. jarldomr = Norw. Dan.
jarleaomme = Sw. jarldome), < eorl, earl, +
-dom, -dom.] The seig^niory, jurisdiction, or
dignity of an eari.
forming of ears of corn.
Their winter some call Popanow, the spring Cattapeak,
the sommer Cohattayough. the earing of their Come Ne-
piuough, the harvest and fall of leafe Taquitock.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 128.
earingSf (er'ing), n. [< ME. "ering, < AS. er-
iiitj, eriung, verbal n. of erian, plow, ear: see
ear3.] A plowing of land. See «ar3.
Y( rishes, gresse, or fern In with this walle is.
With ereyng ofte her lyves wol be spende.
faOadiiu, Uusbondrie(E. E. T. 8.), p. 151.
There are Are years. In the which there shall neither be
earing nor harvest Gen. xlv. a.
earing-cringle (er'ing-kring'gl), n. See cringle.
earisht (er'ish), a. [<earl + -<»Al.] Auricular.
Dacies.
His [Antichrbt's] idolatroiu altars, hls«aruA confestlon,
his honsel in one kind for the lay, . . . and all his petting
; pedlary, is utterly banished and driven out of this land
ear-klssing (er'kis'ing), a.
whispiTfd in) the ear.
You have heard of the news abroad ; I mean the whis-
pered ones, for they are yet bat earkitnng arinuuents.
Shak., Lear, ii. 1.
earl (ferl), n. [< ME. erl, earlier eorl, earl, as a
designation of rank, < AH. eorl, an earl, a noble-
man of high rank, nearly equiv. to ealdorman
(see alderman) ; first in the Kentish laws, but
its common use as a title and designation of
offipc Ix-^ins with the Scandinavian inva.sion,
through the influence of the cognate Icel. Sw-
Dan. jaW, Icel. orig. earl, in the earliest Scand
use a man above the rank of a ' carl ' or churl,
Of the eleven earldome, three were now (ISOOl rested In
the king, who, besides being earl of Lancaster, Lincoln,
and Hereford, was also earl of Derby Leicester, and Nortli-
»nipton. Stubiu, Const. Hist, i .103.
earldorman. »i. A false form of Anglo-Saxon
ealdorman, due to confusion with Anglo-Saxon
eorl. Sec alderman.
&i^.. Works, Ili.V earl-duck (trl'duk), v. [Var. of liarle (Ork-
Kissing (that is, ''^y)» name of same bird.] The red-breasted
merganser. SicainaoH. [Prov. Eng.]
earles-pennyt (^rlz'pen'i \ n. [ME. : see arles,
arle-i>eiiiiy.'\ iloney in ratification of a con-
tract ; earnest-money.
earless (er'les), a. [< earl -f- -less.'] 1. De-
prived of ears; having the ears cropped.
Earlett on high stood unabash'd Defoe.
Pope, Dnnclad, IL 147.
2. Destitute of ears; not eared; exauriculate:
as, the earless seals. — 3. Specifically, in omitli.,
having no plumicoms: as, the earless owls. —
4t. Not giving ear; not inclined to hear or lis-
ten.
A surti and earleu generation of men.
Earleaa marmot. See marmot.
Sir T. Browne.
then, esp. as a Norw. and Dan. title, an earl;
the earlier AS. use occurs only in poetry, eorl,
a man, esp. a warrior (pi. earlas, men, warriors, earlet (er'let)"H. [< earl -h dim. -fcf.] 1 A
the i)eople, as an army), z= OS. erl, a man, = small ear.— 2. An ear-ring.
OHG. erl, only in proper names; cf. Heruli,
EruU, the LL. form of the name of a people of
northern Germanv, prob. ' the wamors,' 08.
pi. erlos, AS. eorlas, etc. Further origin un-
known; it is impossible to derive eorl from
ealdor, a chief, as has been suggestod.] A
Britishtitleof nobility designating a nobleman earlid(er'lid),n. [< earl -^ Krf. Ct.eyelid.'] In
of the third rank, being that next below a mar- ' ' ' ■ - ■
qnis and next above a viscount. Earl was the
highest title until 1337, when the Ant dnke was created ■
and it fell to the third rank in 1386, on the creation of the
title of manpiit. The earl formerly had the government
of a shire, and was called Aireman. After the conquest
And he said to them : I desire one reqnest of you : Give
me the eartelt of your spoils. For the Ismaelites were ac-
ciutomed to wear golden earlelt.
Judges vllL 24 (Douay version).
3. In bot., an auricle, as in certain foliose He-
pa tiece.
sool., a valvular external cutaneous ear which
can be shut down upon the auditory opening.
The tympanic membranes (of the crocodile] are exposed,
but a cutaneous valve, or earlid, lies above each and can
!« shut down over It lluxUy, Anat Vert, p. 214.
when their office was' flririiiad7'heredltaryV"«Ss' were ear-lifter (er'lif'tfer), n. [< ear^, v., + lifter.']
tot a time called eouirts and from them shire* took the A jirojccting guide on the knife-bar of a har-
the wife of an earl U sUll called amnt- v„,^.r to assist in lifting fallen or storm-beaten
grnin, so that it can be cut by the machine.
forward-
name of eoun^M.
M». Earl is now a mere title, unconnected wlthlcriiti
rial juriadi' tion, so much so that several earls have taken
astliei
<irrij,
stsU
eirtitl.-stlieirown names with the predxioW. as /Jori earlinesS (6r'li-nes), M. The state or
.harls,,^ncrr.EarlRu-elL An earls coronet con- being early; a state of advance or f
of a r,. bly chased circle of gold,, having on lU upper „„„,? „ .* A' „f >.„:„„ „,.)„, ." .„ ",i.
■e.u"d;ruT,;7wSe"S^e^'^^1?.'."urw'i'2"£Kffi: "««V,b «tft«.''^l'«•°K P"°' to something else.
-ach raiMd on a spire higher than tbeleaVei' and ViUi a O^ '^^ the beginning,
' »P. etc., as in a duke's coronet. See cat under eoronel.
A Dukes Eldest sonnea be Earlet, and all the rest of his
sonns are Lords, with tlie Addltionof there Christen name,
as Lord Thomas, i.»rd Henry.
Boots <{/ Preeedenet (E. B. T. 8., extra ser.), 1. 27.
llie goodness of the crop Is great gain. If the goodness
answers the earlinejte of coming up. Itacon.
Thy earlineu doth me assure,
Tboa art up-roua'd by some distemp'rature.
SAa*..K.aud J., II. 3.
early
I have prayed your son Halbert that we may strive to-
morrow with the sun's earluu'ss to wake a stag from his
lair. Scott, Monastery, xx.
earl-marshal (erl'mar'shal), n. See earl mar-
shal, under carl.
ear-lobe (er'lob), n. 1. The lobe or lobule of
the ear. See lobule, and cut under ear. — 2.
The auricular caruncle or fleshy excrescence
beside the ear of a fowl; an ear-lappet.
ear-lock (er'lok), n. [< ME. *erelokke, < AS.
earlocc, < edre, ear, + locc, lock: see carl and
foci-2.] A lock or curl of hair near the ear,
worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Eliza-
beth and James I. ; a love-lock.
Love-locks, or ear-lockg, in which too many of our na-
tion have of late liegun to glory, . . . are yet . . . but so
raany badges of infamy, effeminacy, vanity. Prynne.
early (er'li), adv. [Early mod. E. also erhj,
erley ; < ME. erly, erli, ereli, north, arly, arely,
ayrly, etc., < AS. "wrlice, ONorth. arlice, early
(rare, the common form being «r, E. ere) (=
Icel. drliga, also contr. aria, adv., = Dan.
aarle, adj. and adv.), < eer, ere, early, + -lice,
E. -Iy2: see erei.] Near the initial point of
some reckoning in time ; in or during the first
part or period of some division of time, or of
some course or procedure: as, come early;
early in the day, or in the century; early in his
career.
And Ewein that gladly roos euer erly more than eny
other. ilerlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 448.
Those that seek me early shall find me. Prov. viil. 17.
Satirday, erUy in the mornyng, we toke our Jorneyne
towardys Jherusaleni.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 25.
Diffuse thy lieneflcence early, and while thy treasures
call thee master. Sir T. Browne, Christ Mor., L 5.
As the city of Thebes was so antient, sciences flourished
In it very early, particularly astronomy and philosophy.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 109.
=Syn. Early, Soon, Betimes. Early is relative, and notes
occurrence before some fixed or usual time, or before the
course of time had far advanced beyond that i>olnt : as,
he rose early (that is, he rose before the usual time of
rising, or before the day had advanced far) ; he came early
in the evening (that is, before the evening was far ad-
vanced) ; while in "come early " the meaning may be only
*' do not be late in your conting, or do not delay your com-
ing beyond the set or accustomed time. ' Soon means
shortly, or in a short time after the present or some fixed
point of time : as, come so<m ; he left soon after my arrivaL
Betimes (by time) means in good time for some speciflc
object or all useful purposes : as, he rose betimes.
early (^r'li), <i. ; compar. earlier, superl. earliest.
[< ME. 'erlich, earlich, found only once as adj.,
and prob. due to the adv. : see eaWy, adv.] 1,
Pertaining to the first part or period of some
division of time, or of some course in time ;
being at or near the beginning of the portion
of time indicated or concerned: as, an early
hour; early manhood; the early times of the
church.
In their early days they had wings.
Bacon, lloral Fables, vl.
The delinquencies of the early part of his administra-
tion had been atoned for by the excellence of the later
part ilacaulay, Warren Hastings.
Vnfortunately blighted at an early stage of their growth.
Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
2. Appearing or occurring in advance of, or
at or near the beg'uning of, some appointed,
usual, or well-understood date, epoch, season,
or event ; being before the usual time : as, an
early riser; early fruit; eaWy (that is, prema-
ture) decay; early marriage.
The early bird catches the worm. Proverb.
The early lark, that erst was mute,
Carols to the rising day
Many a note and many a lay. ,
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, Iv. 4.
3. Occurring in the near future: as, I shall
take an early opportunity of calling on you:
the petitioners asked that a meeting be called
at an early date. — 4. In cmbryol., very young;
very recently formed : as, an early embryo. —
Early EngUslL See JfnyfwA.— Early Eoglisb archi-
tecture, the Pointed style of medieval arcliitecture in
England, which was developed from and succeeded the
Norman at the close of the twelfth and in the early part
of the thirteenth century. It is characterized in gen-
eral by purity and simplicity of lines, combined with
delicacy, reflncment, and grace. The columns and shafts
are more slenilcr than those of the preceding style, and
foliage in some instances sprouts out from the central
pillar Ijetwecn the shafts; the moldings are more deli-
cately curve<i, and are alteniated with hollows so as to
give beautiful effects of light and shade; the capitals
fre<iucntly have the form of an Inverted l)ell. and are
often enriched with foliage, as of the trefoil, rising from
the neck-molding anil swelling outward lieneatli the
abacus ; the towers are loftier and are often crowned by
spires ; the Ijuttrcssis prnjict boldly ; the vaults are grciin-
eil, and the gracifnl wallarcudcs often have their span-
drels tilled with sculpture. The most distinctive features
of the Early English style, however, are the pointed arches
early
and long, narrow, lancet-headed windows, without mul-
ilonx. Toward the end of the period the windows be-
1818
earnestness
Early English Architecture.— Galilee Porch and South Transept of
Lincoln Cathedral.
came grouped in a manner that led to the development
of tracery, and the style passed into the Decorated style.
Also called the First Pointed or Lancet style.
«armark (er'mark), «. [< carl + niarlc.'] 1.
A mark on the ear by which a sheep or other
domestic animal is known. Hence — 2. Figur-
atively, in lato, any mark for identification, as
& privy mark made on a coin. — 3. Any charac-
teristic or distinguishing mark, natural or oth-
■er, by which the ownership or relation of some-
thing is known.
What distinguishing marks can a man fix upon a set of
Intellectual ideas, so as to call himself proprietor of them?
They have no earmarks upon them, no tokens of a par-
ticular proprietor. Burrows.
An element of disproportion, of grotesqueness, earmark
of the barbarian, disturbs us, even when it does not dis-
gust, in them all [songs of the Trouveres).
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 243.
'earmark (er'mark), v. t. [< earmark, m.] To
mark, as sheep, by cropping or slitting the ear.
For feare least we like rogues should be reputed,
And for eare-niarked beasts abroad be bruted.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale.
•earn! (fern), v. t. [< ME. ernen, ernien, earnien,
< AS. earnian, earn, merit, with altered sense,
developed, as indicated by the cognate forms
(the E. dial, sense ' glean,' as in def. 3, being
appar. of later growth), from that of 'work
(reap) for hire,' = MLG. amen, ernen, OHG.
amon, MHG. arnen, reap; from a noun not
found in AS., but represented by OFries. am
= MLG. am, aren, arne, erne, OHG. aran, am,
MHG. erne (< OHG. pi. emi), harvest (whence
OHG. arnot, pi. arnodi, MHG. ernede, ernde, G.
■emde, dmde, erndte, drndte, usually ernte, har-
vest), = Icel. (inn for 'asnu, work, a working
season, = Goth, asans, harvest, harvest-time
(cf . Russ. oseni, harvest, autumn) ; whence
■Goth, asneis = OHG. asni = AS. esne, a hired
laborer.] 1. To gain by labor, service, or per-
formance; acquire; merit or deserve as com-
pensation or reward for service, or as one's real
■or apparent desert ; gain a right to or the pos-
session of: as, to earn a dollar a day; to earn
a fortune in trade; to earn the reputation of
being stingy.
Grant that your stubljomness
Slade you delight to earn still more and more
Extremities of vengeance.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, 11. 119.
Every joy that life gives must be earned ere it is se-
■cured ; and how hardly earned, those only know who have
wrestled for great prizes. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, vii.
What steward but knows when stewardship earns its wage?
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 44.
2. In base-ball, to gain or secure by batting or
base-running, and not by the errors or bad play
of opponents: as, one side scored 5, but had
earned only 3 runs. — 3. To glean. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
«ani2 (6m), V. i. [E. dial, and Sc, < ME. ernen,
eornen, urnen, etc., < AS. irnan, yrnan, eoman,
transposed form of rinnan, etc., run (ME. also
coagulate): see run (of which eam'^ is a dou-
blet), runnet, rennet.] To curdle, as milk.
eam^, ern^, erne^ (6m), «. [< ME. em, erne, earnest^ (fer'nest), «. [With excrescent -t, <
cani, «)•«, earn, < AS. Bcrrn, ONorth. am = D. "" " -'-^ - ' ■■" -i^ _
arend = MLG. am, arne, erne, arnt, arent, LG.
arend = OHG. MHG. am = Icel. Sw. Dan. iirn,
an eagle ; also without the formative -n, OHG.
aro, MHG. ar, G. aar = Icel. ari = Goth, ara,
an eagle (in comp. MHG. adel-am, also adel-ar,
G. adler = D. adelaar, eagle, lit. 'noble eagle'),
akin to OBulg. orilii = Bulg. Slov. orel = Serv.
orao = Bohem. Orel = Pol. orzel, orel (barred 0
= Buss, orelii = OPruss. arelie = Lith. arelis,
erelw = Lett, erglis, an eagle, appar. orig. ' the
bird' by eminence, = Gr. bpviq (stem bpvid-, dial.
opvtx-, orig. bpvi-), also bpvcov, a bird, so called
from its soaring, < bpyvvai {^/ *op) = L. oriri,
rise, soar (> ult. E. orient), = Skt. -/ar, move.]
An eagle. This is the original English name for the
eagle. It is now chiefly poetical or dialectal, or used, as
in zoology, in special designations like bald earn.
That him ne hauede grip [gripe vulture] or em.
Havelok, 1. 672.
An em, in stede of his baner, he set vp of golde.
Robert of Gloucester, p. 215.
Bald earn. See bald eat^e, under eagle.
earn*! (6m), v. i. [A corruption of yearn^, by
confusion with earn", equiv. to yearn^.] To
yearn.
And ever as he rode his hart did eai-ne
To prove his puissance in battell brave.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 3.
eam^t (6rn), v. i. Same as yearn^.
eamesti (er'nest), n. [< ME. ernest, eornest, <
AS. eornest, eornost, eornust, zeal, serious pur-
pose, = OFries. emst, Fries, emste = MD. aernst,
D. ertist = MLG. ernest, emst, LG. emst = OHG.
ernust, MHG. ernest, G. emst, zeal, vigor, seri-
ousness; cf. Icel. er», brisk, vigorous. The OHG.
and MHG. word has, rarely, the sense of 'fight-
ing,' but there is no authority in AS. or ME.
for this sense, on which a comparison with Icel.
orrosta, mod. orosta, orusta, a battle, is found-
ed.] It. Gravity; serious purpose; earnest-
ness.
The hoote ernest is al overblowe.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1287.
Therewith she laught, and did her earnest end in jest.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 23.
2. Seriousness; reality; actuality, as opposed
to jesting or feigned appearance.
Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest.
Sir P. Sidney.
But take it — earnest wed with sport.
ME. ernes, eernes, a pledge, < W. ernes, a pledge,
em, a pledge, emo, give a pledge. Cf. L. arrha,
arra, earnest: see arles and arrha.'] 1. A por-
tion of something given or done in advance as
a pledge ; security in kind ; specifically, in law,
a part of the price of goods or service bai gained
for, which is paid at the time of the bargain
to evidence the fact that the negotiation has
ended in an actual contract. Hence it is said to
hind the bargain. Sometimes the earnest, if trifling in
amount, is not taken into account in the reckoning.
Giving them some money in hand as an earnest of the
rest. Ludlow, Memoirs.
2. Anything that gives pledge, promise, assur-
ance, or indication of what is to follow ; first-
fruits.
Poul tellith in this epistle of fredom of Cristene men,
how thei have ther ernes here, and fully fredom in hevene.
Wycli/, Select Works (ed. Arnold), II. 277.
He who from such a kind of Psalmistry, or any other
verbal Devotion, without the pledge and earnest of suta-
ble deeds, can be perswaded of a zeale and true righteous-
ness in the person, hath much yet to learn.
Milton, Elkonoklastes, 1.
Ev'ry moment's calm that soothes the breast
Is giv'n in earnest of eternal rest.
Covrper, An Epistle.
= Syil. Earnest, Pledge. Earnest, \\^& pledge, \mec\iv\iy
given for the doing of something definite in the future, and
generally returned when the conditions of the contract
have been fulfilled. In 2 Cor. i. 22 and v. 6 we read tliat
the Spirit is given as the earnest of indefinite future favors
from God ; in Blackstone we find " a penny, or any portion
of tlie goods delivered as earnest." Whether literal or
figurative, earnest is always a pledge in kind, a part paid
or given in warrant that more of the same kind is forth-
coming; as in "Macbeth," i. 3, Macbeth is hailed thane
of Cawdor "for an eai'nest of a gi-eater honor." See also
" Cynibeline," i. 6. Pledge is often used figuratively for
that which seems promised or indicated by the actions of
the present, earnest being preferred for that which is of
the same nature with the thing promised, and pledge for
that which is materially different.
Man, if not yet fully installed in his powers, has given
much earnest of his claims.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 15.
Seldom has so much promise, seldom have so great ear-
nestsot great work, been so sadly or so fatally blighted.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 10.
Bright pledge of peace and sunshine.
Vaughan, The Rainbow.
eamest^t (fer'nest), v. t. [< earnest^, «.] To
serve as an earnest or a pledge of.
This little we see is something in hand, to earnest to ua
those things which are in hope.
T. Shepard, Clear Sunshine of the Gospel, Ded.
[< earnest^ +
ful.] Serious; earnest.
Lat us stinte of emestful matere.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1176.
And either sacred unto you.
!re7iny«o?i, Day-Dream, Epil. j.r t /x/ 4.*-i\
in earnest, or in good earnest, with a serious purpose; «^?^f *i^ljt„ fj". T.tlf'' "
seriously; not in sport or jest, noi- in a thoughtless, trifling -*"' ^ s,A-,.,m, = . ^«^c.at
way : as, they set to work in earnest.
What ever he be he shall repente the daye
That he was bold, in earnest or in game.
To do to you this villany and shame.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), I. 610.
He AcitAingoodeamest what Rehoboam did but threat'n.
Milton, Elkonoklastes, xxvii.
earnest! (Er'nest), a. [< ME. "emeste, adj.,
not foimd (only emestful), < AS. eornoste, adj.
and adv., = MLG. ernest, emst, G. emst, adj. ;
from the noun.] 1. Serious in speech or ac-
tion; eager; urgent; importvmate; pressing;
instant : as, earnest in prayer.
He was moat earnest with me, tohaue me say my mynde
also. Ascham, The Scholeniaster, p. 71.
The common people were earnest with this new King
for peace with the Tapanecans.
Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 792.
With much difficulty he suffer'd me to looke homeward,
being very earnest with nie to stay longer.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept 10, 1877.
Some of the magistrates were very earnest to have irons
presently put upon them.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 176.
2. Possessing or characterized by seriousness
in seeking, doing, etc. ; strongly bent; intent:
as, an earnest disposition.
On that prospect strange
' Their earnest eyes they fix'd.
Milton, P. L., x. 663.
3. Strenuous; diligent: as, earnest efforts. — 4.
Serious ; weighty ; of a serious, important, or
weighty nature ; not trifling or feigned.
They whom earnest lets do often hinder.
Hooker, Ecclcs. Polity.
Your knocks were so earnest that the very sound of them
made me start. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 244.
Life is real, life is earnest. Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
eamest^t (fer'nest), v. t. [= G. ernsten, be se-
vere, speak or act severely; from the noim.]
To be serious with ; use in earnest.
Let's prove among ourselves our armes in jest, .
That when we come to earnest them with men.
We may them better use.
Pastor Fido(\Wi), Big. E 1.
earnestly (er'nest-li), adv. [< ME. ernestly, <
AS. eomostlice, earnestly, strictly (also used
conjunctively as a stiff translation of L. ergo,
igitur, itaque, etc., therefore, and so, but, etc.)
(= D. ernstelijk = OHG. emustlihho, MHG. er-
nestliche, G. ernstlicli), < eornost, earnest, + -lice,
E. -Iy2.] In an earnest manner; warmly;
zealously ; importunately ; eagerly ; with real
desire ; with fixed attention.
Thenne euelez on erthe ernestly grewen.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), L 2227-
Being in an agony, he prayed more earnestly.
Luke xxii. 44.
There stood the king, and long time earnestly
Looked on the lessening ship.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 309.
earnest-money (er'nest-mun'^i), ». Money
paid as earnest to bind a bargain or ratify and
confirm a sale. Also called hand^noney.
earnestness (fer'nest-nes), ». 1. Intentness or
zeal in the pursuit of anything ; eagerness ;
strong or eager desire; energetic striving: as,
to seek or ask with earnestness; to engage in a
work with earnestness.
So false is the heart of man, so . . . contradictory are
its actions and intentions, that some men pursue virtue
with great earnestness, and yet cannot with patience look
upon it in another. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 799.
Moderation costs nothing to a man who has no earnest-
ness. II. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 140.
They who have no religious earnestness are at the mercy,
day by day, of some new argument or fact, which may over-
take them, in favor of one conclusion or the other.
J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 414.
2. Anxious care ; solicitude ; strength of feel-
ing; seriousness: as, a man of great earnest-
iiess; the charge was maintained with much
earnestness.
I learn that there is truth and firmness and an earnest-
ness of doing good alive in the world. ,
Donne, Letters, xlvil
=Syn. 1. Zeal, Enthusiasm, etc See eagerness.
1819
earnest-penny
earnest-pennyt (fer'nest-pen'i), n. Same as ear-
nest-money.
Accept this gift, most rare, most fine, most new ;
The eamtit-venny of a love so fervent.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, lu 2.
An argument of greater good hereafter, and an earnest-
vmny of the perfection of the present grace, that is, of the
Hanis of glory. Jer. Taylor, Worl. (ed 1836), i^265_ (er'shot), ». Reach of hearing; the
A covering for the ears of "T^Jrrl. I;^ „i,:_u" i „„ •u„ i,->„wi
park for game: see eddish. The vdt. origin and
the relations of the two words are not clear.]
Stubble; a stubble-field: same as eddish, 1.
ear-shell (er'shel), «. The common name of
any shell of the family iraJiO«d<E; a sea-ear: so
called from the shape Guernsey ear-shell, Hali-
otit liihfrcxdata : same as onner. ,
ear-net (er'net), »K
horses, made of netted cord, to keep out flies,
eamfult (^rn'ful), n. [Avar, of yearn/«7.] FuU
of anxiety; causing anxiety or yearning.
The eorn/W smart which eats my breast.
P. FUtcher, Piscatory Eclogues, T.
distance at which words may be heard.
Gomez, stand you out of earshot. I have something to
say to your wife in private. Dryden, Spanish Friar.
There were numerous heavy oaken benches, which, by
the united efforts of several men, might be brought within
earthot of the pulpit. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvias Lovers, vi.
l<ME.eming,ernung,<. ear-shliftt (er' shrift), «. Aviricular confession.
The Papists' lenten preparation of forty days' earshri/t.
Cartwrigkt, Admonition.
Your earetkrift (one part of your penance) is to no pur-
pose. CaifhiU, Answer to Martiall, p. 243.
A snaU of the family
earning! (fep'ning), n, ^ ^
A.S. earnung, earning (= OHG. arnunc, arnunga),
desert, reward, verbal n. of earnian, earn: see
earn^.] That which is earned ; that which is
gained or merited by labor, servioej or per-
formance; re ward ; wages ; compensation : used ear-snail (er'snal), n.
chiefly in the plural. Otinida.
•mu is the great eipense of the poor that takes up ear-SOret (er'sor), a. and n. I. a. Morose; quar-
almost all their eaminf/s. Locke, relsome ; apt to take offense.
A tax im that part of profits known as earning* of man- H. n. Something that offends the ear.
a>r-meiit. Eiuyc. Brit., XXIII. 88. .^^ perpetual jangling of the chimes too in all the
flamlne^ ffir'ninc) n. TVerbal n. of earrfi, r.] great towns of nanders is no small earsore to us.
fcunet. Brockftt. [Pror. Eng.] r»m Bro«m, Works. I. 306.
eaming-grass (6r'ning-gras), n. The common earstt, adv. An archaic spelling of erst.
butterwort, I'inguicitla vulgaris: so called from ear-Stone (er'ston), n.
An otolith. The sub-
its property of curdling milk. [Prov. Eng.]
ear-pick (er'pik), ». An instrument for elean-
iuj,' the ear.
ear-piece (er'pes), ». [Tr. of F. oreilUre.'] A
name given to the side-piece of the burganet
or open helmet of the sixteenth century, usual-
ly made of splints, and covering a leather strap
or chin-bana to which they are riveted "
pare cheek-piece. Also caUed oreillire.
ear-piercer (er'per'sfer), n. [Tr. of F. perce-
oreille.] The earwig.
ear-piercing (er' per' sing), a. Piercing the ear,
as a shrill or sharp sound.
O, farewell !
Farewell the neighing steed, and the shrill trump.
The spirit-Btirrlng drum, the ear-piereing fife.
SA(ii;.,UtheUo, ill. 3.
ear-pocket (er'pok'et), n. The little pouch
formed by a fold of skin at the root of the outer
ear of some animals, as the cat.
ear-reach (er'rech), n. Hearing-distance ; ear-
shot, [liare.]
The sound of it might have pierced your Mnse* with
gladness, had you been in ear.rtaek of it.
B. Jatum, Epicotne, ii. 2.
Some inviaible eare might be in unbosh within the ear-
T'orh of hii word*. FxdUr, Holy 8Ute.
ear-renti (er'rent), ». Payment made by lacer-
ation or loss of the ears.
A hole to thrust your heads in.
For which you should pay ear-rent. B. Jonton.
ear-ring (er'ring), n. [< ME. erering, eerryng,
< AS. edrhring (= D. oorring = OHG. orring,
MHG. orrinc, G. okrring = 8w. orring = Dan.
■ orenring), < edre, ear, + hring, ring: see ear^
and ringK'] A ring or other ornament, ustially
of gold or silver, and with or without precious
stones, worn at the ear, the usual means of at-
tachment being the ring itself, ora hook or
projection which forms a part of it, passing
through the lobe. Among Oriental* ear-rinntuiTe been
used by both sexea from Um earliest times. In England
they were worn by tlw Komaniied Britons and by Anglo-
gai'ins. After the tenth century the fashion seems to hare
declined throogliout Europe, and ear-rings are neither
found in graves nor seen in paintings or sculptures. The
wearing of ear-rings was reintroduced into England in
the sixteenth century, and Stubbs, writing in the time of
Qneen Elizabeth, says, "The women are not ashamed to
nuke hole* in their ears whereat they hang rings and other
iewels of gold and precious stones.' The use of ear-rings
by women lias continued to the present time. In the
seventeenth centunr they were worn by men ; and sea-
faring men, especially uf the southern nations of Europe,
have retained the use of them, commonly in the form of
gold hoops, down to onr own times. Among women the
sliape of ear-rings clianges completely with the fashions,
long, heavy pendants being succeeded by smaller ones,
and these by single stone* in almost invisible cbatons, set
close to the lobe of the ear.
Without eorinfw of silaer or some other metal . . . you
shall see no Knsse woman, be she wife or maide.
Hakiuyfi Voyage; I. 497.
ear-rivet (er'riv'et), n. One of the otoporpaa
of a hydrozoan. See otoporpa.
Earse, n. See Erse.
earsh, endl (irsh), n. [E. dial., also errish, erige,
aritih, and by contraction ash, < ME. ascke,
stubble, appar. corrupted, by association with
asrhe, ashes, from reg. 'ersch, < AS. *erae, 'terse,
found only in comp. ersc-hen, ar$oJten, equiv.
to edisc-hen, a quail (see eddith-heit), edise, and
presumably 'ersc, 'terse, meaning a pasture, a
stance of these concretions is often called brain
irnry (which see, tmder ivory).
ear-string (er'string), n. An ornamental ap-
pendage worn by men in the seventeenth cen-
tury ; a silk cord, usually black, passed through
the lobe of the ear and hanging in two, four,
or more strands, sometimes so low as to lie
Com- upon the shoulder, sometimes only two or three
inches long. In all the representations of this
fashion it is limited to the left ear.
earthi^ (*rth), n. [Early mod E. also erth; <
ME. erthe, eorthe, < AS. eorthe = OS. crtha,
erdha = OFries. erthe, irthe, erde, NFries. yerd
= MD. erde, aerde, D. aarde = MLG. erde =
OHG. erda, erdha, MHG. G. erde = Icel. jordh
= 8w. jord = Dan. jord = Goth, airtha, earth
(OTeut. 'ertha, in L. as Hertha, as the name of
a goddess) ; allied to OHG. ero, earth, Icel. jiirfi,
gravel, Gr. ipa-l^e, to the earth, on the ground.
Usually, but without much probability, referred
to the ■\/ 'ar, plow, whence ear'^, earUfi, eard,
arable, etc.] 1. The terraqueous globe which
we inhabit, it is one of the planets of the solar system,
being the tlilrd in order from the sun. The figure of the
esrth is approximately that of an ellipsoid of revolution
or oblate spheroid, the axes uf whieh measure 12,756,606
meters and 12,713,042 meters, or 7,926 statute mile* and
1,041 yards, and 7,889 statute miles and 1,023 yards, respec-
tively, thus making the compression 1 : 203. The radius of
the earth, considered as a sphere, is 3,068 mUes. The mean
density of the whole earth Is 6.6, or aboot twice that of the
crust, and its interior is probably metallic. The earth re-
volves upon It* axis in one sidereal day, which is S minutes
snd S6.tl seconds shorter than a mean solar day. It* axis
remains nearly parallel to itself, but has a large but alow
gyration which produces the precession of the equinoxes.
The whole earth reToirea about the sim iu an ellijise in one
sidereal year, which is MS days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 8
seconds. The ecliptic, or plane of the earth's orbit, is In-
clined to the equator by B* 2r 12" .68 mean oliliquity for
January 0, 1880, according to Hansen. The earth is dis-
tant from the sun by about 93,000,000 miles.
A noblll tree, thou secomoure ;
I blisse hym that the on the erthe brought
York Playt, p. 214.
One expression only in the Old Testament gives ns the
word earth in its astronomical meaning,— that in the
twenty-sixth chapter of Job ; —
" He stretched out the north over empty space ;
He hanged the earfAupon nothing."
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 104.
It appears, . . . from what we know of the tides of the
ocean, tliat tlw earth as a whole is more rigid than glass,
and therefore that no very large portion of its interior
can be liquid. Clerk MaxweU, Heat, p. 21.
What are these
So wither'd, and so wild in their attire.
That look not like the inhabitants o' the earfA,
And yet are ou'tT SAoi:., Macbeth, I. 111. 89.
2. The solid matter of the globe, in distinction
from water and air; the materials composing
the solid parts of the globe; hence, the firm
land of the earth's surface; the groimd: as,
he fell to the earth.
God called the dry land earth. Gen. i. 10.
8. The loose material of the earth's surface;
the disintegrated particles of solid matter, in
distinction from rock; more particularly, the
combinations of particles constituting soil,
mold, or dust, as opposed to unmixed sand or
clay. Earth, lieing regarded by ancient philosophers as
simple, was calleil an element ; and in popular hinguiige
we stiU hear of the four elements, fire, air, earth, and
water.
earth
Withinne a litil tyme 3e schal se al the gold withinne
the Mercuric turned into erthe as sotile as flour.
Book 0/ (iuinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 8.
Two mules' burden of earth. 2 KL v. 17.
The majority of the cities and towns [of Greece) com-
plied with the demand made upon them, and gave the
[Persian] king earth and water.
Von Sanke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 165.
4. The inhabitants of the globe ; the world.
The whole earth was of one language. Gen. xi. 1.
She is the hopeful lady of my earth.
Shak., E. and J., i. 2.
5. Dirt; hence, something low or mean.
What ho ! slave ! Caliban 1
Thou earth, thou ! speak. Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
6. The hole in which a fox or other burrowing
animal hides itself.
Seeing I never stray'd beyond the cell.
But live like an old badger in his earth.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
7. In chmn., a name formerly given to certain
inodorous, dry, and uninflammable substances
which are metallic oxids, but were formerly re-
garded as elementary bodies. They are insoluble
\n water, difficultly fusible, and not easily reduced to the
metallic state. "The most important of them are alumina,
zirconia, glucina, yttria, and thorina. The alkaline earths,
baryta, strontia, lime, and magnesia, have more the prop-
erties of the alkalis, being somewhat soluble in water, and
having an alkaline taste and reaction.
8. In elect. : (o) The union of any point of a
telegraph-line, submarine cable, or any system
of conductors charged with or conveying elec-
tricity with the ground. It is generally made by Join-
ing the point at which the earth is to be established by
means of a good conductor with a metallic plate buried
in moist earth, or with metallic water-pipes or gas-pipes,
which, on account of their large surface of contact with
tlie earth, usually afford excellent earth-connections, (ft)
A fault in a telegraph-line or cable, arising out
of an accidental contact of some part of the
metallic circuit with the earth or with more
or less perfect conductors connected with the
earth.— Adamlc earth. See Adatnic— Axis of the
earth, see axisi.— BaA earth, in elect., a connection
with the earth in which great resistance is offered to the
passage of the current. — Black earth, a kind of coal
which is pounded fine and used l>y jiainters in fresco.—
Chlan earth. See CA fan.— Cologne earth, a kind of
light bastard ocher, of a deep-brown color, transparent,
and durable in water-color painting. It is an earthy va-
riety of lignite or partially fossilized wood, and occurs in
an irregular bed from 30 to 60 feet deep neiir Cologne,
whence the name.— Compression of the earth. See
comprroton.- Dead earth, or total earth, in elect., an
eartn-connection offering almost no resistance to the pas-
sage of the current, as when a telegraph-wire falls ui>on
a railroad-track, or when the conductor of a submarine
cable has a consideralde surface in actual contact with
the water. — Earth of alum, a substance obtained by
precipitjiting the earth from alum dissolved in water by
adding .minionia or potassa. It is used for paints.- Earth
of bone,a phosphate of lime existing in bones after calci-
nation.— Ends of the earth. See end.— Figure of the
earth, the shape and size, not of the earth's surface, but
of the mean sea-level continued under the land at the
heights at which water would stand in canals open to the
sea ; also, the generallied figure or ellipsoid which most
nearly coincides with the figure of the sea-level.
If Ijictantius affirm that the Ji<7tire of the earth is plane,
or Austin deny there are antipodes, though venerable fa-
thers of the church and ever to be honoured, yet will not
their authorities prove sufficient to ground a belief there-
on. Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., i. 7.
Oood earth, in elect. . a connection with the earth in which
the current meets witli little resistance in its passage from
the wire or conductor to the earth.- Heavy earth. Same
as 6ary(a.— Intermittent earth, in elect., an earth-con-
nection such as is produced by a wire touching at inter-
vals conducting IkkIIcs in connection with the earth. —
magnetic poles of the earth. See magnetic— faxtial
eajXh, in elect., a poor earth-connection, such as exists
when a telegraphwire rests upon the ground, when its
insulators are defective, or when it touches any conduc-
tor connected with the earth, but offering considerable
resistance.- To bring to the eartht, to bury. Eng.
QiUts. — To put to eaxth, in elect., to join or connect a
conductor with the earth.- To run to earth, in hmUing,
to chase the game, as a fox, to its hole or burrow. = Syn.
1. Earth, World, Globe. Earth is used as the distinctive
name of our planet in the solar system, as Mercury, Ve-
nus, Earth, Mars, etc. It is used not only of soil, but of
the planet regarded as material, and also as the home of
the human race. (See Job i. 7 ; Ps. Iviii. 11.) World has
especial application to the earth as inhabited ; hence we
say, he is gone to a better woWif ; are there other toorldl
besides this 1 It belongs, therefore, especially to the sur-
face of the earth ; hence we speak of sailing around the
teorid, but not the e/irth. Globe makes prominent the
i»undness of the earth : as, to circunmavigate the globe.
The first man Is of the earth, earthy. 1 Cor. xv. 47.
The Sun flies forward to his brother Sun ;
The dark £orf A follows wheel'd In her ellipse.
Tennyson, Golden Year.
Poets, whose thoughts enrich the blood of the world.
Tennyson, Princess, li.
In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an Ameri-
can Itook?
Sydney Smith, Rev. of Seybart's Annals of United States.
On the heail of Frederic is all the blood which was shed
in a war which raged during many years and in every
quarter of the globe. Macaulay, Frederic the Great
eartb
earth^ (^rth), r. [= LG. erden = Icel. jardha
= Sw.jorda = Dan. jorde, trans., earth, bury;
from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To hide in or "as
in the earth.
All you once earth yourself, John, in the barn,
1 hAve no daughter vor you.
JB. Jonsoii, Tale of a Tub, v. 2.
The fox is earthed. Dnjden, Spanish Friar.
S. To put underground; bury; inter.
Upon your prannam's grave, that very night
A\ e earthed her in the shades.
B. Jon^on, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1.
Here silver swans with nightingales set spells,
Which sweetly charm the traveller, and raise
Earth's earthed monarchs from their hidden cells.
John Ropers, To Anne liradstreet.
But now he hath served the sentence out, . . .
Why not earth him and no more words?
T. B. Atdrich, The Jew's Gift.
3. To cover with earth or mold; choke with
earth.
O thou, tlie fountain of whose better part
Is earthed and gravel'd up with vain desire.
Quarteg. Emblems, i. 7.
Earth up with fresh mould the roots of those auriculas
which the frost may have uncovered.
Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense.
4. In elect, to put to earth; place in connec-
tion ■with the earth.
In dry weather they [conductors] are not earthed at all
well, and a strong charge may then surge up and down
them, and light somebody else's gas in the most surpris-
ing way. Science, XII. 18.
n. intrans. To retire underground ; burrow,
as a hunted animal.
Huntsmen tell us that a fox when escaped from the dogs,
after a hard chase, always walks himself cool I)efore be
earths. Bp. Ilorne, Essays and Thoughts.
Hence foxes earthed, and wolves abhorred the day.
And hungry churles ensnared the nightly prey.
Tickelt, Hunting.
earth2 (6rth), n. [E. dial., < earS, plow, + -//(,
noun-formative; early record is wanting, but
card, q. v., in the sense of 'plowing' (OHG. art),
is nearly the same word.] If. The act of plow-
ing ; a plowing.
Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow.
Tusser, Husbandry.
2. A day's plowing. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
earth-auger (6rth'a''g6r), n. Same as earth-
borer.
earth-ball (^^rth'bal), n. The truffle, Tuher ci-
harium, which grows in the soil, and produces
its spores within tuber-like bodies.
earth-bath (erth'bath), n. A remedy occa-
sionally used, consisting of a bath of earth or
mud.
earth-board (ferth'bord), n. The board of a
plow that turns over the earth ; the mold-board.
earth-borer (6rth'b6r"er), n. A form of auger
for boring holes in the grotmd, in which the
twisted shank revolves inside a cylindrical box
■with a valve, which retains the earth till the
tool is withdrawn. Also called earth-auger,
earth-boring auger. See cut under auger.
earth-born (er'th'bom), a. 1. Bom of the
earth ; springing originally from the earth : as,
the fabled earth-born giants.
Creatures of other mould, earth-bom perhaps,
Not spirits. Milton, P. L., Iv. S60.
2. Arising from or occasioned by earthly con-
siderations.
All earth-born cares are wrong. Goldsmith.
3. Of low birth ; meanly bom.
Earth-bom Lycon shall ascend the throne. Smith.
earth-bound (ferth'bound), a. Fastened by
the pressure of earth ; firmly fixed in the earth ;
hence, figuratively, bound by earthly ties or in-
terests.
Who can impress the forest; bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root?
' Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
earth-bred (ferth'bred), a. Low; groveling.
Peaiiiints, I'll curb your headstrong impudence.
And make you tremble when the lion roars,
Ye earthbred worms. A. Brewer (1), Lingua, i. 6.
earth-chestnut (erth'ches"nut), n. The earth-
nut.
earth-closet (ferth'kloz'et), n. A night-stool,
or some convenience of that kind, in which the
feces are received and covered by dry earth.
earth-crab (erth'krab), w. An occasional name
of the mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa vulgaris.
earth-created (6rth'kre-a''ted), a. Formed of
earth.
And an eternity, the date of gods,
Descended on poor earth-created man !
i'oung, Night Thoughts, ix. 220.
1820
earth-current (ferth'kur'ent), n. See current.
earth-dint (ferth'din), n. "[ME. erthedinc, -dijn,
-denr, < AS. eorth-dync, an earthquake, < eorthe,
earth, -I- dyne, a loud sound, din.] An earth-
quake.
Pestilences and hungers sal be,
And eythedytuf in many contre.
Ilampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 4035. .
earth-drake (ferth'drak), n. [< ME. "erthedrake,
< AS. eorlh-draca, < eorthe, earth, -I- draca,
drake, dragon.] In Angto-Saxonmyth., a myth-
ical monster resembling the dragon of chivalry.
He sacrifices his c wn life in destroying a frightful earth-
drake, or dragon. W. Spalding.
earth-eater (^rth'e't6r),n. l. One who or that
which eats earth. — 2. Li ornith., specifically,
Kyctibius grandis, the ibigau (which see).
earthen (6r'thn), a. [< ME. erthen, eorthen (AS.
not recorded) = D. aarden = OHG. erdin, irdin,
MH6. erdin, erden, G. erden. now irden = Goth.
ai'rWfem*, earthen ; as carWj- -1- -e»j2.] Made of
earth ; made of clay or other earthy substance :
as, an earthen vessel.
Go, and tac the erthene litil wyn"/e8sel of the crockere.
Wyclif, Jer. xix. 1.
A beggarly account of empty boxes.
Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds.
Shak., R. and J.,v. 1.
Do not grudge
To pick out treasures from an earthen pot.
Herbert.
eartheu'ware (^r'thn-wSr), «. Vessels or oth-
er objects of clay (whether alone or mixed with
other mineral substances) baked or fired in a
kiln, or more rarely sun-dried or otherwise pre-
pared without firing. The term is often restricted to
the coarser qualities, as distinguislied from porcelain and
stoneware and from terra-cotta. In this sense eartlienware
njay be known from porcelain by its opacity, and from
stoneware by its porosity, wliich latter quality may be rec-
ognized by touching a fracture with tlie tongue, wlieu tlie
tongue will adhere to the porous earthenware, but not to
stoneware. Earthenware may l)e eitlier miglazed, as Ijricks,
ordinary flower-pots, etc., or enameled. See delf^, faience,
majolica.
Earthenware is described as a soft, opaque material
formed of an earthy mixture, refractory, or liard to fuse,
in the kiln.
Wheatley and Delamotte, Art "Work in Earthenware, p. 1.
earth-fall (ferth'fal), n. [= OFries. irthfal, erth-
fel, erdfal = G. erdfall, a sinking of the earth,
= iee\. jardhfall = ban.jordfald = Sw.jordfall,
an earth-fall.] Same as land-slide.
earth-fast (6rth'fa-t), o. [< ME. "erthfeste, <
AS. *corthfmst, eorthfest, < eorthe, earth, + fcest,
fast.] Firm in the earth, and difficult to be re-
moved.
earth-fed (drth'fed), a. Fed upon earthly
things; low; groveling.
Such carthfed minds
That never tasted the true heaven of love.
B. Jonson.
earth-flax (ferth'flaks), v. A fine variety of
asbestos, with long, flexible, parallel filaments
resembling flax.
earth-flea (Srth'fle), n. A name of the chigoe,
Sarco2>sy Ha penetrans : so called from its living
in the earth. See cut under chigoe.
earth-fly (erth'fll), n. Same as earth-flea.
earth-foam (crth'fom), n. Same as aphrite.
earth-gall (erth'gal), n. [< ME. *erthe-galle, <
AS. eorth-gealla,X eorthe, earth, + gealta, gall.]
1. A plant of the gentian family, especially the
lesser centaury, Erythrwa Ceutaurium : so called
from its bitterness. — 2. In the United States,
the green hellebore, Veratrum viride.
earth-hog (erth'hog), n. The aardvark. Also
called earth-pig. See Orycteropus.
earth-holet, n. [ME. eorthehole.'] A cave.
earth-house (erth'hous). n. [Sc. eird-, eard-,
yird-house (see eard, 2) ; < ME. erthhus, eorthhns,
< AS. eorth-hus (= Icei. jardh-ltUs = Dan. Jorrf-
hus = G. erdhaus), a cave, den, < eorthe, earth,
+ has, house.] The name generally given
throughout Scotland to the underground struc-
tures known as "Picts' houses" or "Plots'
dwellings." The e.arth-honse in its simplest form con-
sists of a single irregular-shaped cliamlter, formed of un-
hewn stones, the side walls gradually converging towaid
tlie top until tliey can be roofed by stones 4 or .5 feet in
width, the whole covered in by a mound of earth rising
slightly above the level of tlie suiTounding country. The
more advanced form has two or three chambers. Earth-
houses are fre(iuent in the northeast of Scotland, occa-
sionally thirty or forty being found in the same locality,
as in the Moor of Clova, Kildruminy, Aberdeenshire.
Querns, bones, deers' horns, plates of stone or slate,
earthen vessels, cups and implements of bone, stone celts,
bronze swords, etc., are occasionally uncartliediu or near
tlieni. Similar structures are found in Ireland. See
beehice houxe, under beehim.
earth-inductor (6rth'in-duk"tor), n. In elect.,
a coil of wire arranged so as to be capable of
earth-plate
rotation in a magnetic field, and connected with
a galvanometer by means of which the induced
current of electricity can be measured. It is
used for measuring the strength of magnetic
fields as compared with that of tlie earth.
earthiness (er'thi-nes), n. 1. The quality of
being earthy, or of containing earth.
[He) freed rain-water . . . from its accidental, and as it
were feculent ear^/a'?wss. Boyle, Works, III. 10a.
2. Intellectual or spiritual coarseness; gross-
ness.
The grossness and earthiness of their fancy. Hammfmd.
earthliness (erth'li-nes), n. 1. The quality of
being earthly; grossness. — 2. Worldliness;
strong attachment to earthly things. — 3t.
Want of durability ; perishableness ; frailty.
Fidler.
earthling (erth'ling), n. [Not found in ME.
(ef. AS. eorthling, yrthling, a farmer, a tiller of
the earth) (= G. erdling); < earth^ + -ling'^.'] If.
An inhabitant of the earth; a creature of this
world; a mortal.
Humorous earthlinys will control the stai*s.
B. Jonson, Masque of Hymen.
To earthlinijs, the footstool of God, that stage which he
raised for a small time, seemeth magnificent.
Drummond.
2. One strongly attached to worldly things ; a,
worldling.
earthly (6rth'li), a. [< ME. crthly, ertheli, eorthe-
li, -liche, -lie, < AS. eorthlic (= OHG. erdllh =
loel. jardhligr), < eorthe, earth, -f -He, E. -lyi.]
1. Pertaining to the earth or to this world;
pertaining to the mundane state of existence :
as, earthly objects ; earthly residence.
Eorthliche honeste thynges was offred thus at ones,
Thorgh tlire kynde kynges kneolyng to lesu.
Piers Plowman (C), xxii. 94.
"Wlian the bretheren of Gawein com thider ther be-gai>
the doell and sorowe so grete tliat noon erthly man niyght
devise noon gretter. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. SCO.
Our earthly liou.se of this tabernacle. 2 Cor. v. 1.
2. Belonging to the earth or world; worldly;
carnal, as opposed to spiritual or heavenly;
vile.
How is he born in wliom we did knowe non erthely de-
lyte. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 1.
Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earf Aii/ things*
Pliil. iii. 19.
This earthly load
Of death, call'd life. Milton, Sonnets, ix.
Myself
Am lonelier, darker, earthlier for my loss.
Tennyson, Aylnier's Field.
3t. Made of earth; earthy: as, "earthly sub-
stance," Holland. — 4. Corporeal ; not mental.
Great grace that old man to him given had.
For God he often saw, from heaven hight.
All were his earthly eyen botli blunt and bad.
Spenser, F. Q.
D. Being or originating on earth ; of all things
in the world; possible; conceivable: usedehief-
Jy as an expletive.
What earthly benefit can be the result ? Pope.
It is passing strange that, during the long period of their
education, the rising generation should never hear an
earthly syllalile about the constitution and administration
of their nation. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 29.
= S3m. 1. Terrestrial, mundane, sublunary, etc. See world-
ly.
earthly-minded (erth'li-min"ded), a. Having
a mind devoted to earthly things.
earthly-mindedness (erth'li-min'ded-nes), n.
Grossness ; sensuality ; devotion to earthly ob-
jects; earthliness.
earth-madt (erth'mad), «. [< eartlA + mad^,
a worm.] A kind of worm or grub.
The earth-mads and all the sorts of worms . . . are
witliout eyes. Holland.
earth-moss (6rth'm6s), n. A book-name for a
moss of the genus Phascum.
earthnut (erth'nut), n. [< ME. *erthnote, < AS.
eorth-nutu for *eorth-hnutu (=D. aardnoot = Gt.
crdnuss = Dan. jordiicid = Sw.jordnot), < eorthe,
earth, + 7(»iwte, nut.] 1. The tuberous root of
Bunium flexuosum and B. BuJbocastamtm, com-
mon umbelliferous plants of Europe. See Bu-
nium.— 2. The groundnut, Arachis hypoga:a. —
3. The tuber of Cypcrus rotundiis and some
other species of the same genus.
earth-oil (erth'oil), n. Same as j^etroleum.
earth-pea (erth'pe), «. See pea.
earth-pig (<>rth'pig), n. Same as earth-hog.
earth-pit (erth'pit), n. A trench or pit, cover-
ed with glass, for protecting plants from frost.
earth-plate (erth'plat), n. In elect., a metallic
plate buried in the ground, forming the earth-
connection of a telegraph-wire, lightning-con-
ductor, or other electrical appliances.
earthpuff
A species of Lycoper-
earthturfes, earth-
Komerulator (15So).
1821
Earik-tillingg show themselves by a «loir bending and
unbending of tlie surface, so that a post stucl; in the
ground, vertical to begin with, does not remain vertical,
but inclines now to one side and now to another, the plane
of the ground in which it stands shifting relatively to the
horizon. Enojc. Bt-il., XXI. 626.
earth-tongue (ertU'tung), «. The popular name
given to elub-shaped fungi of the genus Geo-
glossum, fouml in lawns and gi-assy pastures.
earth-treatment (erth'tret'ment), ». A meth-
od of treating wounds with clay (or clayey
earth) dried and finely powdered. It is applied to
the wound as a deodorizing agent, tending at, the same
time to prevent or arrest putrefaction. Thomas, Med.
_ Diet.
menroVvibraHon'of'a part oif the earth's crust, earth-tremor (erth'trem'or), n. A minute
Such niiivenienu are of every degree of violence, from movement of the surface of the earth, resem-
those that are scarcely jKjrceptible without the aid of bljng an earthquake in rapidity of oscillation,
apparatiu specially contrived for the purpose to those ■^^^ accotmt of its small amplitude requir-
which overthrow buiUtmgs, rend the ground asunder, • ■ . * i „ * ■*„ j^t„„t;„„
and destroy thousands of liiman lives. The duration of mg instrumental means for its detection,
earthquakes is as variable as their iuU'nsity. .Sometimes earthward, earthwarOS (erth ward, -wamz),
tliere is a single shoclf, lasting only a second or two ; at „,^j, U. cartlt^ + -Karil, -wafds.l Toward the
other times a great numlier of shocks occur in succes- p~-»i,
aion, si'paratcd by greater or less iutenals of time, the cai u. ,. ., , . . t 7 » :.« ..„«,i
earth not being reduced to complete quiescence for weeks earth- Wire (erth Wir), n. In elect., a -wire used
«arthpufft (erth'puf ), n
don; the puff ball.
Tuberes, mushrooms, tadstooles,
pufftt.
earth-pulsation (crth'pul-sa*shon), ». A slow
wave-like movement of the surface of the earth.
Such movements, in general, escape attention
on account of their long period.
earthquake (erth'kwak), n. [< ME. erthcqicakc,
< crtlu; eartli, + quake, quake. The AS. words
were tortU-hifnng, -heofung (bifung, trembling),
eorth-ditne (dyne, din), eortlistyriing {stynoig,
etirrin^), eortlistyrennis. Cf. eartli-din.'] Amove-
or even months. It is not known that any portion of the
earth's surface is entirely exempt frttm earthquakes ; but
there are large areas where no very destructive ones have
ever occurred, either in the memory of man or as re-
corded in history. The region* most frequently visited
by destmctive shocks are those where active volcanoes ^ ^
exist, those near high mountain-ranges, acid those where earthw'olf f^rtll'wulf ), n
the rocks are of recent geological age, and are much dis- |>,. "T,)*, , ^
turbed or uplifted. Such regions are the vicinity of the ^ iri'"''' , ..., , .,,
Mediterranean, the shores of the Pacific and the adjacent earthWOrK (erth werK), n.
isUmU, the neighlMrhood of the Alpa, and the East India
islands. Regions not liable to seismic disturbances are
the whole of northeastern North America, the east side
of South America, the north of Asia, and a large part
of Africa. An earthquake-shock is a wave-like n>otion of
a part of the earth's crust, and. In the words of Hum-
boldt, is one of the wars in which the reaction of the in-
terior of the earth against ttt exterior makes itself mani-
fest. The most destmctive earthquake of which we have
any knowledge was that of Lisbon. Itbegan .November 1st,
1756, and was felt over that part of the earth s surface in-
cluded between Iceland on the north, Mogatlor in -Moroc-
co on the south, Tdplitx in hohemia on the east, and the
West India Islands on the west. The destruction of life
and property occasioned by this shock was very great.
The disturbance continued, especially in the vicinity of
the Mediterranean, with short intermissions, for several
months. On November 18th, 1755, the moet violent shock
occurred which has been felt in New England since its
settlement by the whites. (Jne of the moet destructive
for joining conductors with the earth : especial-
ly applied to wires placed upon telegraph-poles
for the purpose of conveying the leakage from
the line to the earth, thus preventing interfer-
ence by leakage from one line to another.
"" The aardwolf. See
[< ME. *er<7i«fcrt, <
AS. eorthwcore (= D. aardtcerk = G. erdvoerk =
Dan. jordvcerk), < eorthe, earth, -I- xceorc, work :
see cnrt/il and work.'] 1. In engin., any opera-
tion in which earth is removetl or thrown up,
as in cuttings, embankments, etc. — 2. In fort,,
any oflfensive or defensive construction formed
chieflyof earth: commonlyintheplural. Hence
— 3. Any similar construction, as the ancient
mounds of earth found In various parts of the
United States, of unknown use and origin.
They differ widely in form, but are always well
defined in plan, and sometimes inclose largo
areas.
Anyhow, there the mound Is, an earthwork which, if
artiOcial It be, the Lady of the Mercians hetaelt need Dot
bare been ashamed oL Ji. A. Freeman, Venice, p. SO.
Earwig \,Spcnp>phora
brunnnpeHMU). (Lioe
stiows natural size.)
place 00 the island of lachla near Naples, July 28th, ISiCl,
by which over 2,000 persons perished. By the earthquake
at Menilosa, South America, on the 20th of ilarrb, 18<!1,
orer 12,000 persons lost their lives. A violent earthtiuake,
most destmctive in Charleston, South Carolina, and vicin-
ity, occurred on the night of August 3Ut, 1886. See teU-
snie, teumomeler, and coieaitistn.
Whan the Jewes liadden made the Temple, com an
Enhe ntiakena, and cast It doun (a* God wolde) and de-
stroje
I'>
earthquakes of recent occurrence was that which took earthwomi (ferth'w^rm), «. [= D. aardworm
u ....... v-„,„ ,..,„.^,.. ,.v, ^(j „.rf„„rm;<ear(/ii + icorm.] l.Thecom-
mon name of the worms of the family Lutnbri-
cidte (which see), and especially of the genus
LumhriCM, of which there are several species,
one of the best-known being L. terrestris. They
belong to the order of ollgocha'tous annelids. The earth-
worm has a cylindric vermiform iHxly, tapering at both
ends, segmented into a great numlier of rings, destitute of
legs, eyea, or any appendages visilile on ordinary inspec-
tion. It mores by the contraction of the successive seg-
ments of tlie body, aided by rows of bristles which are ca-
pable of being retracted. It is hermaphrodite, each indi-
vidual of a pair impregtiating the other in copulation, when
the two are jointed In two places by their respective ell-
tella. Earthworms are highly useful, giving a kind of un-
dertlllage to the lanil, hKwenlng the soil, and rendering
It more permealile to the air. Acconllng to Darwin, in
his work on " The Formation of Vegetable Mould," etc.,
earthworms, from their enormous nuuiljers, exercise a
highly Important agency not only In this respect, but In
the creation and aggregation of new soil, the burial and
preserration(as also the original disintegration) of organic
remains of all kinds, etc. They are food for many birds,
mammals, and other animals, and their value for bait is
well known to the angler, whence they are often called
anfjUworms or JiMhwontu. These worms are mostly a few
inchea long, iMit there are species attaining a length of a
yard or more.
The people who Inhabit the highlands of Southern Bra-
zil luive a firm Itelief iti the existence of a gigantic earth-
wrtH fifty yards or more in length, five In breadth, cov-
ered with hones as with acoat-of-mail, and of such strength
as to be able to uproot great pine-trees as thouuli they
were blades of grasa, ana to throw up such quantities of
clay In making its way underground as to dam up streams
and illvert them into new courses. This redoubtable
monster is known as the "Minhocao."
Pop. seL Mo., xm. GOe.
2. Figuratively, a mean, sordid wretch.
Thy vnin contempt, dull earthwortti, cease. Sorrie.
}ed alle that the! bad made.
Mtttuterille, Travels, p. 84.
i .'til the yle ys sor trobled with the seyd erth^ qw^ke
times. TorHiijton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, i>. 18.
ited . . . by Sir C. Lvell that an rnrtA^uaJ-*
1 in Chili In 1822 added to the Soiith-Anieri-
- a mass of rock more than eoual in weight
a huuJicd thousand of the great pyramids of Egypt.
Ilxixley, Physiography, p. 187.
Eartbqiiake-tliadow, that put of the earth's surface
which Is in some degree protected from an advancing
earthquake-wave by the Interposition of a mountain-
range, hill, ravine, or other arrangement of the geological
fonnatiiMi whicii offers an obstacle to Its passage,
earth-shine (irth'shin), ». [< earth^ + thine.
Cf. moontihine, sunshine, starshine.'] In astron.,
the faint light visible on the part of the moon
not illuminated by the sun. it is due to the light
which the earth reflects on the moon, and Is m«rat con-
splcuoiu soon after new mo«m, when the sun-illuminated
part of the disk is smallest. This phenomenon is popularly
descriljed as "the old moon in the new moon's arms."
earth-smoke (irth'smok), n. [A translation
of L. fumus terra: fumus, smoke; terra, gen.
of ferra, earth: see fumitory and terrestrial.']
The plant fumitory, Fumaria officinalis.
earth-star (<-rth'stSr), n. [A translation of
deaitcr.] A fungns of the genus (lea^ter; a
kind of puffball having 8 double peridium, the earthworm-oil (6rth'w6rm-oil), n. A greenish
niiterlayerof which breaksintosefpientswhich """""'"'•"r-f'v . " . "
■ecome reflezed, forming a star-like structure
-ibont the base of 4he fungns.
earth-stopper (frth'stop'tr), n. In hunting,
one who stops up the earths of foxes to i)roveut
t!ieir escape.
The eartk-ttopper is an important functionary In conn-
; ] ies where there are many eartlis. F.ncijc. Dril., XII. 385.
earth-table (^^rth'ti'bl), n. In arch., a project-
ing course or plinth restintr inunediately upon
the foundations. Also called grass-table and
ground-table. See ledgment-tabU.
earth-tilting (ferth'til'ting), n. A slight move-
ment or displacement of the surface of the
ad in some fonns of earthquake. ■
oil obtained from earthworms, used as a rem
edv for earache.
earthy (^r'thi), n. [< earfAi + -yi.] 1. Ofor
pertaining to earth; consisting of earth; par-
taking of the nature of earth; terrene: as,
earthy matter. — 2. Kesembling earth or some
of the properties of earth : as, an earthy taste
or smell.
And catch the heavy earthy scents
That blow from summer shores.
T. B. Atdrich, PIscataqna River.
St. Inhabiting the earth ; earthly.
Those earthy spirits black and envious are ;
1 11 call up other gods of form more fair.
Drydeti, Indian Emperor,
4. Gross ; not refined.
Nor Is my flame
So earthr/ as to need the dull material force
Of eyes, or lips, or cheeks. Sir J. Denham,
5. In mineral., without luster, ordull, andrough-
ish to the touch. — Earthy cobalt. See anbolan.^
Earthy fracture, a fracture wliich exjKjses a rough, dull
surface, with minute elevations .tnd depressions, cliarac-
teristic of some minerals. — Earthy manganese. See
ear-trumpet (er'trum'pet), n. An apparatus
for collecting sound-waves and conveying them
to the ear, used chiefly by the deaf. Tlie most
common form is a simple metallic tube having a flaring
or Ijell-shaped mouth for collecting the waves of sound,
and a smaller end or ear-piece which is inserted in the
ear.
ear-wax (er'waks), )(. Cerumen.
earwig (er'wig), «. [= E. dial, earwike, ear-
tcrig, ycrritcig, erritriggle, etc., < ME. cncygge,
crewygge, ycncygge, < AS. edruicga, also once
improp. coricicga, earwig (translating L. blatta),
< cdre, ear, -I- Kicga, a rare word, occumng but
once (Leechdoms, ii. 134, 1. 4, translated ear-
■wig'), appar. a general term for an insect, lit.
a moving creature, allied to wicg, a horse, uHht,
a creature, a ■B'ight, < wegan, tr. bear, carry,
intr. move, > E. weigh: see weigh, icight^. —
Many languages give a name
to this insect indicating a be-
lief that it is prone to creep
into the human ear : D. oor-
worm = G. ohruurni, ear-
worm; G. o7ir6o/irer, 'ear-bor-
er'; Sw. ormask, ear-worm;
D&n.ormitvist, 'ear-twister';
F. perce-oreille, Pg. fura-
orcWoa,' pierce-ear'; Sp.j/ii-
sano del oitio. It. I'erme auri-
eolare, ear-worm, etc.] 1.
The popular English name of
all the cursorial orthopterous
insects of the family Forji-
culidtv, representing the sub-
order ii'«;>»exo/jtera, which has
several genera and numer-
ous species. There is a iwpular
notion that these insects creep into
theearand cause injur>' to it. They
are mostly nocturnal and |>hytophngou8, though some are
carnlvoi-tms. They have filiform, innuy-joluted antennae,
short, vcinless, leatllery ui»per wings, under wings folded
Iwth lengthwise and crosswise, anal forceps, and no ocelli.
The common earwig is Forjicuta atn-iculari^ ; the great
earwig is LabiUura gigantea; the little earwig is Labia
minor. Another species Is Sponpophora brtimieijjenmg.
2. In the United States, the common name of
any of the small centipeds, such as are found
in houses in most of the States. — 3t. One who
gains the ear of another by stealth and whis-
pers insinuations; a prying informer ; a whis-
perer.
Tliat gaudy earwig, or my lord your patron,
Whose pensioner you are.
Ford, Broken Heart, II. 1.
Ear-wiggt that buzz what they think fit In the retlr'd
closet. Bp. Uacket, Life of Abp. Williams, I. 85.
earwig (er'wig), v. t. ; pret. and pp. earwigged,
ppr. carwigging. [< earwig, «.] To gain the
ear of and influence by covert statements or
insinuations; whisper insinuations in the ear
of against another ; fill the mind of with pre-
judice by covert statements.
He was so sure to lie eannigged In private that what ho
heard or said openly went for little.
Marryat, Snarleyj'ow.
l^p early and down late, for he was nothing of a slug-
gard: daily ear-wigging influential men, for he was a mas-
ter of ingratintion.
K. L. Steventon, A College Magazine, 11.
ear-'witness (er'wit'nes), ji. 1. One who is
able to give testimony to a fact from his own
hearing.
An ear-witneee of all the passages Ijetwixt them. Fuller.
Dante is tlie eye-witness and earwitneti of that which
he relates. Macanlay, Milton.
2. A mediate w^itness; one who testifies to
what he has received upon the testimony of
others. Hamilton.
ear-worm (er'w6rm), ti. 1. Sams as 6oH-icomi.
— 2t. A secret counselor.
There is nothing In the oath to protect such an ear-
worm, but he may Ije appeached.
Bp. Uacket, Life of Abp. Williams, II. 152.
earwort (er'w^rt), «. The liachicallis rupestris,
a low rubiaceous shrub of the West Indies.
ease (ez), n. [Early mod. E. also eaze, ese; <
ME. ese, else, eyse, < AF. me, OF. aise, ayse,
aize, F. aise, f., = Pr. aise, ais (> prob. Basque
aisia) = OCat. aise, ease, = Pg. aeo, aid, mo-
tive, occasion, =OIt. asio, agio, aggio, m., ease,
convenience, exchange, premium, now distin-
guished in spelling: agio, eaae; aggio OF, agio,
ease
> E. a^io.q. v.), exchange, premium. Hence
the adj., OF. aise, ayse, aize ==Pt. ais, easy (mod.
F. aise, p. a., easy) ; the adv. phrase, OF. a
aise, F. d raise = Pr. ad ais = It. ad agio, ada-
gio (> E. adagio), at ease, at leisure, > OF.
aaise, akaisc = OPg. aaso =: It. adagio, ease;
and the compound, F. malaise (> E. malaise),
uneasiness. The Rom. forms are somewhat
irregular, and are certainly of external origin,
perhaps Celtic: ef. (1) Bret, eaz, ez, easy; Gael.
adhais, leisure, ease. There is nothing to prove
a connection with (2) AS. edthe, obs. E. eath
(see eath); or with (3) Goth, azets, easy (in
compar. azetizo), azeti, ease, azetaba, easily ; or
with (4) L. otiuiit, ease (see otiose) ; or with (5)
OHG. essa, MHG. G. esse (> Dan. esse), a forge,
furnace, chimney, orig. a fireplace (akin to
AS. dd, a funeral pyre, dst, a furnace, kiln, >
E. oast, q. v.), whence, as some conjecture,
'to be at one's ease' (F. ^tre A son aise), orig.
'to be at one's hearth, feel at home' ; or with
(6) MLG. esse = G. esse = ODan. esse, Dan. es
= Sw. esse, well-being, comfort, ease (appar.
< L. esse, be, used as a noun) : unless indeed
these last Teut. forms are, like the E.word, from
the F. aise.^ 1. An undisturbed state of the
body ; freedom from labor, pain, or physical an-
noyance of any kind; tranquil rest; physical
comfort: as, he sits at his ease; to taike one's
ease.
Be comfortable to thy friends, and to thyselfe wish ectse.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 99.
Soul, . . . talse thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.
Luke xii. 19,
How blest is he who crowns, in shades like these,
A youth of labour with an age of ease !
Goldsjnith, Des. Vil., 1. 99.
Better the toil . . .
Than waking dream and slothful ease.
Whittier, Seed-time and Harvest.
2. A quiet state of the mind; freedom from
concern, anxiety, solicitude, or anything that
frets or rafles the mind ; tranquillity.
And Gonnore hym praide soone to come a-gein, "ffor
neuer," quod [she], '* sliall I be in ese of herte vn-to the
tyme chat I yow se a-gein." Merlin (E. E. T. S.), it 360.
Oh, did he light upon you ? what, he would have had you
seek for ea«e at the hands of Mr. Legality ?
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 100.
Like a coy maiden, Ease, when courted most,
Farthest retires — an idol, at whose shrine
Who oft'nest sacrifice are favor'd least.
Cowper, Task, i. 409.
Hence — 3t. Comfort afforded or provided; sat-
isfaction; relief; entertainment; accommoda-
tion.
But for the love of God they him bisoght
Of herberwe [harl)orage] and of ese as for hir peny.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 199.
It is an ease to your friends abroad that you are more
a man of business than heretofore ; for now it were an in-
jury to trouble you with a busy letter.
Doniie, Letters, xxxi.
A principal fruit of friendship is .the ease and discharge
of the fulness of the heart, which passions of all kinds do
cause and induce. Bacon, Friendship (ed. 1887).
It is an ease, Malfato, to disburthen
Our souls of secret clogs.
Ford, Lady's Trial, i. 3.
4. Facility; freedom from difficulty or great
labor: as, it can be done with great ease.
"When you please, 'tis done with ease.
Bobin Hood and the Golden .4rrow (Child's Ballads, V. 387).
Lamenting is altogether contrary to reioysing, euery
man saith so, and yet is it a peece of ioy to be able to la-
ment with ease. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 37.
The Mob of Gentlemen who wrote with ease.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 108.
6. Freedom from stiffness, constraint, or for-
mality ; unaffecteduess : as, ease of style ; ease
of manner.
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 362.
At ease, in an undisturl)ed state ; free from pain or anxi-
ety : used also with a qualification of emphasis (well at
ease) or of negation (ill at ease, formerly sometimes evil on
ease, ME. eoele an eyse).
His soul shall dwell at ease. Pa. xxv. 13.
Ther I was well at ese, ffor ther was no thyng that I
Desyred to have but I had it shortly.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 7.
I am very ill at ease.
Unfit for mine own purposes.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
At one's ease, comfortal)le ; free from stiffness or formal-
ity— Cliapel of ease. See chapel. —little ease, a cell
much t4M> small for a prisoner, used as a torture in the
reign of Elizabeth. = Syn. 1- Qaiet, Tranquillity, etc. See
rest. — i, Kase.Katdness, Facility. (Seerrarfi'ne««.) In con-
nection with tasks of any sort, ease is subjective, and de-
notes freedom from labor, or the power of doing things
^vithout seeming effort : as, he reatis with ease. Easiness
U ia this connection generally objective, characterizing
1822
the nature of the task : as, the easiness of the task led him
to despise it. Facility in the objective sense of easiness
of performance or accomplishment is nearly ol)solete ;
properly it is subjective, being sometimes equivalent to
readiness. Like otlier powers, .facility is partly the result
of some special endowment or adaptation, but also is de-
veloped by practice.
Whate'er he did was done with so much ease.
In him alone 'twas natural to please.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 27.
Refrain to-night;
And that shall lend a kind of easiness
To the next abstinence. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
He change<l his faitll and his allegiance two or three
times, with a facility tliat evinced the looseness of liis
principles. irein^j, Sketch-Book, p. 362.
ease (ez), v. t.; pret. and pp. eased, ppr. easing. [<
ME. esen, eisen, < OF. *eiser, aiser, aisier=iPT. ai-
sar = Pg. azar = It. agiare, ease j from the noun. ]
1 . To relieve or free from pain or bodily dis-
quiet or annoyance; give rest or relief to; make
comfortable.
Ther thei rested and esed hem Ithemselves] in the town
as thei that ther-to hadde grete nede.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 172.
Heaven, I hope, will ease me : I am sick.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iv. 3.
The longer they live the worse they are, and death
alone must ease them. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 262.
Thou mayest rejoice in the mansion of rest, because, by
thy means, many living persons are eased or advantaged.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. 9.
2. To free from anxiety, care, or mental dis-
turbance : as, the late news has eased my mind.
Now first I find
Mine eyes true opening, and my heart much eased.
Milton, P. L., xii. 274.
3. To release from pressure or tension; les-
sen or moderate the tension, tightness, weight,
closeness, speed, etc., of, as by slacking, lift-
ing slightly, shifting a little, etc.: sometimes
with off: as, to ease a ship in a seaway by put-
ting down the helm, or by throwing some cargo
overboard; to ease a bar or a nut in machinery.
O ease your hand ! treat not so hard your slave !
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 546).
There may be times no doubt when the pressure by
Russia upon ourselves in India may be eased offhy a dex-
terous diplomatic use of European alliances and compli-
cations. Fortnightly liev., N. S., XLIII. 7.
4. To relieve, as by the removal of a burden or
an encumbrance ; remove from, as a burden :
with of before the thing removed : as, to ease a
porter of his load.
The childeren hem vn-armed and wente to theire log-
gyngis, and hem esed of all thinge that to mannys body
belongeth. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 271.
Will no man ease me of this fool?
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, ii. 1.
I'll ease you o/ that care, and please myself in 't.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, ii. 2.
He was not gone far, after his arrival, but the cavaliers
met him and eased him of his money.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 119.
Sir Thomas Smythe, having reluctantly professed a wish
to be eased of his office, was dismissed.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 118.
5. To mitigate; alleviate; assuage; allay;
aljate or remove in part, as any burden, pain,
grief, anxiety, or disturbance.
Sound advice might ease hir wearie thoughtes.
Gascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 52.
^ofle thou somewhat thegrievousservitudeof thy father.
2 Chron. x. 4.
Strong fevers are not eas'd
With counsel,, but with best receipts and means.
Ford, Broken Heart, ii. 2.
There . . . may sweet music ease thy pain
Amidst our feast.
William Morris, Eartlily Paradise, III. 106.
6. To render less difficult; facilitate.
My lords, to ease all this, but hear me speak.
Marlowe, Edward II., i. 2.
High over seas
Flying, and over lands, with mutual wing
Easing their fliglit. Milton, P. L,, vii. 428.
Ease her ! the command given to reduce the speed of a
steamer's engine, generally preparatory to the command
to "stopher,"or "turn astern." — To ease away (»«w^),
to slack gi-adually, as the fall of a tackle. — To ease the
helm. See hebn^. = Ssti. 2. To quiet, calm, tranquilize,
still, pacify. — 4. 'I'o disburden, disencumber.
easeful (ez'fiil), a. [< ea,^e + -fid.'] Attended
by or affording ease; promoting rest or com-
fort; quiet; peaceful; restful.
To himself, he doth your gifts apply ;
As his main force, choice sport, and easeful stay.
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, 1. 524),
I spy a black, suspicious, threat'ning cloud.
That will encounter with our glorious sun.
Ere he attain ilia eas^xU western bed.
Shak., 3 Heu. Yl., v. 3.
easiness
A high-bred, courtly, chivalrous song; ... a song for
royal parks and groves, and easeful but impassioned life.
The Century, XXVII. 783.
easefully (ez'ful-i), adv. With ease or quiet.
easeftllness (ez'fiil-nes), n. The state of being
easeful, or the quality of promoting ease and
tranquillity.
easel^ (6'zl), n. [< D. ezel = G. esel, an easel,
lit. an ass, = AS. esol, an ass: see ass^. For
the particular meaning, ' a support,' cf . clothes-
horse, saxo-horse, saio-buck, F. chevalet, Sp. caba-
llete, Pe. cavallete de pintor. It. cavalletto, an
easel, clothes-horse, etc.] A frame in the form
of a tripod for supporting a blackboard, paper,
or canvas in drawing and painting ; also, a sim-
ilar frame used as a rest for portfolios, large
books, etc — Easel-picture, easel-piece, (a) a mov-
able picture painted on an easel, as distinguished from a
painting on a wall, ceiling, etc. (b) A picture small enough
to be placed on an easel for exhibition after completion.
easeP (e'sl), adv. [Sc, also written eassel,
eastle, eastilt, appai-. variations of eastlin, 'east-
ling, adv., easterly: see eastling. For the form,
cf. deasil.'] Eastward.
Ow, man ! ye should hae hadden eassel to Kippeltringan.
Scott, Guy Mannering, L
easeless (ez'les), a. [< ease + -less.l Want-
ing ease ; lacking in ease. [Eare.]
Send me some tokens, that my hope may live,
Or that my easeless thoughts may sleep and rest.
Donne, The Token.
I ceaselesse, easelesse pri'd about
In every nook, furious to flnde her out.
Vicars, tr. of Virgil (1632).
easement (ez'ment), «. [< ME. esement, eyse-
ment, < OF. aisement (= Pr. aizimen), < aiser,
ease : see ease and -ment.] 1. That which gives
ease, relief, or assistance ; convenience ; ac-
commodation.
Thei ben fulle grete Schipppes, and faire, and wel or-
deyned, and made with Halles and Chambres, and other
eysementes as thoughe it were on the Lond.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 214.
Here they of force (as fortune now did fall)
Compelled were themselves awhile to rest.
Glad of that easement, though it were but small.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. iv. 15.
He has the advantage of a free lodging, and some other
easements. Swift
2. In law, a right of accommodation in ano-
ther's land; such a right in respect to lands —
as that of passage, or of having free access of
light and air — which does not involve taking
anything from the land ; more specifically, such
a right when held in respect to one piece of
land by the owner of a neighboring piece by
virtue of his ownership of the latter. In refer-
ence to this latter piece, the right is termed an easement;
in reference to the former it is termed a servitude : but by
some writers these terms are used indiscriminately. Ease-
ment, as distinguished from licetise, implies an interest in
the servient tenement itself.
3. In carp., same as ea«e-o_^._ Apparent ease-
ment, an easement ** of such a nature that it may be seen
or known on a careful inspection by a person ordinarily
conversant with the subject" (L. A. Goodeve).
ease-off (ez'of), n. In carp., etc., a curve or
easy transition formed at the junction of two
pieces, moldings, etc., which would otherwise
meet at an angle, as at the junction of the wall-
string of a flight of stairs ■with the base-board
of the wall, either above or below.
easily (e'zi-li), adv. [< ME. esily, esehj, esiliclie;
< easy + -hfi.'] In an easy manner ; with ease ;
without difficulty, pain, labor, anxiety, etc.;
smoothly; quietly; tranquilly: as, a task easily
performed ; an event easily foreseen ; to pass
life easily ; the carriage moves easily.
Than meveth on monday two houres be-fore day, and
goth all esehj oon after a-nother with-oute sore traveile.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 318.
It is but a little abuse, say they, and it may be easily
amended. Latimer, Sei-mon of the Plough,
Coming to Norwich, he [Prince Lewis] takes that City
easily, but Dover cost him a longer Siege.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 72.
Not soon provoked, she easily forgives. Prior.
easiness (e'zi-nes), «. 1. The state of being
easy ; the act of imparting or the state of en-
joying ease , restfulness : as, the easiness of a
vehicle ; the easiness of a seat.
I think the reason I have assigned hath a great interest
in that rest and easiness we enjoy when asleep. Bay.
2. Freedom from difficulty; ease of perform-
ance or accomplishment : as, the easiness of an
undertaking.
Easiness and difflcnlty are relative terms. Tillotson.
3. Flexibility; readiness to comply; prompt
compliance ; a yielding or disposition to yield
without opposition or reluctance: as, easiness
of temper.
easiness
Olve to him, and he shull but laugh at yonr eatinesg.
South.
Thia eannets and credulity destroy all the other merit
he has ; and he has all his life been a sacrifice to others,
without ever receiving thanks, or doing one good action.
Steele, Spectator, >'o. 82.
4. Freedom from stiffness, constraint, effort,
or formality: applied to manners or style.
Abstruse and mystic thoughts you must express
With painful care, but seeming eaidnfsg.
Rogcomnwn, On Translated Verse.
That which cannot without injury l>e denied to yon, is
the eagine«s of your conversation, far from affectation or
pride ; not denying even to enemies their just praises.
Dryden, Ded. of Third Misc.
She had not much company of her own sex, except those
whom she most loved for their eoniioM, or esteemed for
their good sense. Smft, Death of Stella.
= Syn. 2. Facility, etc. See ease.
easing^t (e'zing), H. [< ease + -iiig'>^.'\ An ease-
ment ; an allowance ; a special privilege.
This led unfortunately in later times to many easinga to
the sons of Gild-brothers in learning the trade and acquir-
ing tlie freedom of the Gild.
Engtith Gildt (E. E. T. S.X Iiit., p. cxxxii.
easing^ (e'zing), n. [A dialectal contr. of eaves-
ing, q. v.] The eaves of a house, collectively.
Brocket!. [North. Eng. and Scotch.]
easing-sparrow (e'zing-spar'6), n. The house-
sparrow, Fasfer dome.iticits, which nests under
the easing or eaves of houses. [Prov. Eng.]
easing-swallow (e'zing-swol'o), n. Same as
eates-stcallutc, 2.
east (est), n. and a. [< ME. est, test, test, east,
n., east (ace. est, etc., as adv.), < AS. east, adv.,
orig. the ace. or dat. (locative) of the noun,
used adverbially (never otherwise as a noun,
and never as an adj., the forms so given in the
dictionaries being simply the adv. (east or east-
«H), alone or in comp.), to the east, in the east,
east; in comp. edst- (est-, eest-, etc.), a quasi-
adj., as in edst-dal, the eastern region, the east,
ete. (> E. east, a.) ; = O. cost = IMes. east,
aest = LG. oosi, G. ost = Sw. ost = Dan. ost,
ost, east (as a noun, in other than adverbial use ;
all modem, and developed from the older ad-
verbial uses) (cf. OF. est, hest, F. est = 8p. Pg.
este, Sp. Pg. also with the def. art., teste = It.
est, from the E.): (1) AS. edst = D. oost =
Dan. ost, adv., to the east, in the east, east ; (2)
AS. edstan, edsten, esten = OS. ostan, ostana =
OFries. aesta, dsta, Fries, asta = I£LO. ostene,
osten = OHO. ostana, MHO. ostene, osten, G.
osten = Icel. austan, adv., prop, 'from the east
(hither),' but in MHG. and G. also 'in the
east, east'; hence the noon, D. oosten = MLG.
osten = OHG. ostan, MHO. osten, 0. osten = Sw.
ostan = Dan. iisten, the oast ; (3) AS. 'edstor (not
found, but perhaps the orig. form of edst), ilE.
ester-, E. easter- ( in comp. ) = OS. ostar=: OFries.
aster = D. ooster =z OHG. ostar, MHG. oster, G.
oster (in comp. ) = Sw. iister = Dan. oster = Icel.
austr, adv., to the east, east, Sw. Dan. Icel. also
as noun, the east; (4) AS. edateme, adj., E. east-
ern, q. v. ; (5) AS. edstweard, edsteweard, £. east-
ward, q. V. These are all formed from an orig.
Tent. 'au»-t-a- or 'au»-t-o»-, the dawn, = L. au-
rora for 'ausosa, the dawn (see aurora), = Or.
^, Attic rue, Doric a^, Laconian ajiup, .£olic
oiiur for 'aiiaut (see Eos, Eocene), = Skt. ushas,
the dawn, the personified Dawn, Aurora, = Lith.
auszra, dawn (cf. anszta, the morning star,
auszti, v., dawn, = Lett, oust, dawn); cf. Skt.
usra, bright, pertaining to the dawn, as noun
the dawn, = AS. 'Edstra, dial. Edstra, the god-
dess of dawn or rather of spring (the dawn
of the year), > E. Easter'^, q. v.; < ■/ 'us, Skt.
V •"*, bum, = L. urere, orig. 'usere (perf. ussi,
pp. ustus), born (see adust^, eombusi, etc.), = Or.
avetv, kindle, tietv, singe, etc., a reduced form
of V cos, grow bright, light up, dawn, whence
also nit. Or. ^/mp, orig. 'Fta/tap, day, lap, orig.
'Ftaap, = L. ver, orig. 'veser, spring (> ult. E.
rernal, etc.), L. aurum, gold (> ult. E. auric'^,
aureus, or*, etc.). Cf. vest, north, south, and
northeast, southeast.'] I. n. 1. One of the four
cardinal points of the compass, opposite to the
west, and lying on the right band when one
faces the north ; the point in the heavens where
the sun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the cor-
responding point on the earth, strictly, the term
appliflt to the one point where the sun rises at the equi-
nox ; but originally and in general use It refcn to the gcn-
erml direction. .Specitlcally (ecetes.), the point of the com-
paM toward which one is turned when facing the altar or
high altar from the direction of the nave. As early as the
second century it was the established custom for Chris-
tians to pray facing the east. From this resulted the cus-
Urm of building rburchea with the altar and sanctuary at
the east end and the main entrance at the west end, and of
1823
using the terms in this way even with respect to churches
not so built
In comynge doun fro the Mount of Olyvete, toward the
Egt, is a Castelle, that is cleped Bethanye.
MandeviUe, Travels, p. 97.
Here lies the eatt : Doth not the day break here?
Shak., J. C, ii. 1.
2. The quarter or direction toward the mean
point of sunrise ; an eastward situation or trend;
the eastern part or side : as, a town or country
in the east of Europe, or on the east of a range
of mountains; to travel to the east (that is, in
an eastern direction). — 3. A territory or region
situated eastward of the person speaking, or of
the people using the term. Specifically — (a) [cap.]
The parts of Asia collectively (as lying east of Europe)
where civilization has existed from early times, including
Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, India, China, etc. : as, the riches
of the Eaut; the spices and perfumes of the East; the
kings of the East. Also called the Orient.
The gorgeous east, with richest hand.
Showers on her kings Barbaric pearl and gold.
Miltmi, P. L., ii. 3.
(b) In the Bible, the countries southeast, east, and north-
east of Palestine, as Moab, Ammon, Arabia Deserta, Ar-
menia, Assyria, Babylon, Parthia. The countries desig-
nated by the term in particular passages must be discov-
ered from the context.
Then Jacob went on his journey, and came into the land
of the people of the east. Gen. xxix. 1.
The Midianite* came ap, and the Amalekites and the
children of the eatt. Juoges vi. 3.
(c) leap.] In the United States, in a restricted sense, New
England ; in a more general sense, the whole eastern or
Atlantic portion of the country, as distinguished from the
West.
4. leap.'] In church hist., the church in the
Eastern Empire and countries adjacent, espe-
cially those on the east, as "the West" is the
church in the Western Empire: as, the great
schism between East and W est.
It is idle to keep (as controversialists, and especially
Anglo-Roman controversialiata, love to keep) the East in
the background. J. M. HetUe, Eastern Church, i. 16.
6. The east wind.
The dreaded Eat la all the wind that blows.
Pope, K. of the L., iv. Sa
- As when a field of com
Bows all its ears before the roaring East.
Tennyson, Princess, 1.
Empire of the East. See emfire.
n. a. [< ME. est-, eest-, eest-, east-, < AS. east-,
only in comp., being the adv. (orig. noim) so
used: seeetuf, n.] 1. Situated in the direction
of the rising sun, or toward the point where the
sun rises when in the equinoctial : as, the east
side; an east window.
Tills evening, on the east side of the grove.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii 1.
2. Coming from the direction of the east : only
in the phrase the or an east wind.
Thou breakett the ships of Tarshlsh with an eatt wind.
Pa. xlvilL 7.
3. Eccles., situated beyond or in the direction
of the altar or high altar of a church as seen
from the nave : as, the east end of the choir-
stalls.
Abbreviated E.
East dial. See diof. — East Indies, a name given to the
countries Included in the two great jteninsulas of southern
Asia and Uie adjacent islands, from the delta of the Indus
to the northern extremity of the Philippine islands, com-
prising India. Burma, Siam, etc.
Tliey shall be my East and West Indies, and I will trade
to them both. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 3.
east (est), ade. [< ME. est, eest, <est, east, <
AS. edst, adv.: see east, n. and a.] 1. In an
easterly direction ; eastward: as, he went east.
Like youthful steers unyok'd, they took their course
East, west, north, south. Shak., i Hen. IV., iv. 3.
One gate there only was, and that look'd east.
Milton, P. L., Iv. 178.
2. Eccles., toward the point conventionally re-
garded as the east ; in the direction of or be-
yond the altar as seen from the nave : as, the
chapel e4ist of the choir is commonly called the
Lady Chapel — About east, alwut right ; in a proper
manner. BartUtt. (Slang, New Eng. ) — Down east. See
(fownS, ade.
east (est), v. i. [< east, n. and adv.'] To move
toward the east ; turn or veer toward the east.
[Scarcely used except in the verbal noun east-
ing.]
east-abont (est'a-bouf), adv. Around toward
the east; in an easterly direction.
The cause, whatever it was, gradually spread, moving
tast-about. Set. Amrr., N. S., LIV. 7.
Easter^ (es't^r), n. and a. [< ME. ester, earlier
tester, cestere, also esterne, eesterne (orig. pi. ), <
AS. edsire, generally pi,, norn. edstro, gen. eds-
trena, dat. edatron, edatran, also editor-, edster-
Easter-flower
(only in comp. and in ONorth. gen. edstres),
Easter, = OHG. ostard, pi. ostarun, MHO. oster,
generally pi. astern, O. astern (in comp. oster-),
Easter ; orig. a festival in honor of the goddess
of Spring, = AS. * Edstra, whose name as such is
given by Beda in the dial, form Eostra = OHG.
*Ostard, etc.: see east, ».] I. ji. A festival
observed in the Christian church, from early
times, in commemoration of the resurrection
of Jesus Christ, it corresponds with the Passover of
the Jews, which in the King James version of the Bible
is called once l)y the name of Easter (Acts xii. 4). The
name appears several times in earlier versions. Easter is
observed by the Greek, Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and
Lutheran churches, and by many among the nonliturgi-
cal churches who do not generally regard the church
year. The esteem in which it is held is indicated by its
ancient title, "the great day." Easter is the Sunday
which follows that 14th day of the calendar moon which
falls upon or next after the 21st day of March. This ia
true Iwth of old style and new, and the rule has been
used, though not universally, from a very early day.
The northern Irish and Scottish, together with the
Picts, observed the custom of the Britons, keeping their
Easter upon the Sunday that fell between the xiv. and the
XX. day of the Moon.
Alip. Ussher, Religion of the Anc. Irish, ix., in Words-
(worth's Church of Ireland, p. 64.
Gauss's Rule for finding the date of Easter. First,.
take X and y out of the following table :
X y
Old style 15 6
New style, A. D. 1583-1699 22 2
1700-1799 23 3
1800-1899 23 i
" " 1900-2099 24 5.
Second, calculate the five numbers a, b, c, d, e, by the fol-
lowing rules, where N is the number of the year :
o is the remainder after the division of N by 19.
b is the remainder after the division of N by 4. ,
c is the remainder after the division of N by 7,
d is the remainder after the division of 19a -f a; by 30.
e is the remainder after the division of 26 -H 4c -I- 6d -(- y
by 7.
Tliird, then d -I- « -1- 22 is the day of JIarch, or d + « — 9 ia
the day of April on whicli Easter falls, except that when
this rule gives April 26th the true day is April 19th, and
when the rule gives April 25th, if d = 28 and a > 10, then
the true date is .-Vpril 18th.
H. a. Of or pertaining to Easter.
It were much to be wished . . . that their easter devo-
tions would, in some measure, come up to their easter
dress. South, Works, II. viii.
At Easter pricei, at a cheap rate, flesh being formerly
then at a discount^ Wright. — Easter d&y, the day on
which the festival of Easter is celebrated.
But O, she dances such a way t
No sun upon an Easter.day
Is half s<» fine a sight.
Suckling, Ballad upon a Wedding.
Easter dues or olferlnSS, in the Ch. of Eng., certain
dues paid to the paKH'hial clergy by the parishioners at
Easter as a compensation for personal tithes, or as the
tithe for personal lalior.— Easter eggs, eggs, real or ar-
tificial, ornamented by dyeing, piiititiiig, or otherwise, and
usetl at Easter as decorations or gifts.
Easter eggs, or Paach eggs, are synilmllcal of creation,
or the re-creation of spring. The practice of presenting
eggs to our friends at Easter is Magian or Persian. . . .
Christians adopted the custom to syndwlize the resurrec-
tion. an<l they color the eggs red in allusion to the blood
of their redemption. Brewer.
Easter eve (sometimes Easter axn), the day before Easter
Sunday ; Holy Saturday ; the end of Lent and the prelude
to the festival of Easter. In the early church GoodFriday
and Easter eve were <*b8erved as a strict and continuous
fast till after midnight of the latter, the whole night l>e-
fore Easter day Ix-ing passed in continual worship and In
listening to lections and sennons. During this vigil the
churches, and fretiuently the streets, were brilliantly light-
ed, the worshipers also bringing lamps and tapers with
them. Two ancient ceremonies of Easter eve, still re-
tallied in the Roman Catholic Church, are the benediction
of tlie pasi'hal taper (see paschal and extiltet), a custom
whicli IS said to have originated in the fifth century, and
the benediction of the font. Easter eve was the chief
time for baptism In the early church.
And ioo to Roane the same nyght, where we abode
Ester euyn and Ester daye all daye, and on Ester Monday
that was the .xij. daye of Apryll we departed from Roane
to Cuys to dyner, and to Myny ye same nyght.
Sir R. Guytforde, Pylgryniage, p. 3.
It Is not Easter yet ; but it is Easter eve; all Lent Is but
the vigil, the eve of Easter. Donne, Sermons, xii.
Easter gift, a gift presented at Easter.— Easter term.
(«) In A'n,'/. late, a term of court beginning on the 15th
of April and continuing till about the 8th of May. (&) In
the English universities, a term held in the spring and
lasting for alxiut six weeks after Easter.— Easter weelL
the week following Easter, the days of which are callea
Easter Monday, Easter Tuesday, etc.
easter^t (es'tfer), a. [< ME. ester- (in comp.), <
AS. 'eastor = OS. ostar, etc., adv., east: see
ea.H, n., and cf. eastern, easterly, easterling, from
which easter, a., is in part developed.] Eastern ;
easterly.
Till starrea gan vanish, and the dawning brake.
And all the Easier XMTtx were full of light.
Sir J. tlarington, tr. of Arlosto, xxlil. 8.
Easter-flower (es'tir-flou'^r), n. The flor de
pascua of Brazil, a euphorbiaceous shrub, Eu-
Easter-flower
pMorbia (or Poinsettia) pulcherrima, frequently
cultiTated for ornament, its flowers being s)ir-
rounded by large, bright-colored bracts.
easterling (es'ter-ling), «. and o. [< ME. ester-
ling (first found in the Latinized form Kster-
lingi, pi., a name applied to the Hanse mer-
chants from the East, i.e., from North Germany,
who had special trading and banking privi-
leges, and who appear to have coined money
known by their name : see sterling) (after MLG.
osterlink = G. osterling) ; < caster- (see east, n.
and a., easier^) + -Ung^.l I. n. 1. A native
of some country lying eastward of another; an
Oriental: formerly applied in England to the
Hanse merchants and to traders in general from
parts of Germany and from the shores of the
Baltic.
Having oft in l)atteill vanquished
Those spoylefull Picts, and swarming Easterlings.
Spenser, F. Q., H. x. 63.
Merchants of Norway, Denmarlt, . . . called Easier-
lings. Hotinnhed, Ireland, an. 430.
The merchants of the East-Land parts of Alniain or
High Germany well known in former times by the name
of Easterlings, Fuller, Worthies, xxiv.
It is most likely the Easterliiigs did preserve a record
of many words and actions of the holy Jesus, which are
not transmitted to us.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. IS.^), I. 138.
2. The name given to the English silver i)en-
nies (also called sterlings) of the twelfth, thir-
teenth, and fourteenth centuries ; also to Euro-
pean imitations of the same. See sterling. —
3t. The common widgeon, Mareca penelope.
Latham. — 4. The smew or white nun, Mergel-
lus albellits. Montagu. [Local, British.]
II. a. Belonging to the money of the Easter-
Bngs or Baltic traders. See sterling.
easterly (es't6r-li), a, [= OHG. ostarlilt, MHG.
osterlich, G. osterlich = Icel. austarligr, adj.,
easterly} < easier- (see east, n. and a., easier"^,
eastern) + -ly^.'i 1. Moving or directed east-
ward: as, an costeW^ current; an easier/;/ course.
— 2. Situated toward the east: as, the easterly
side of a lake.
In whiche Lapland he [Arthur] placed the easterly
bounds of his Br'ttish empire. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 2.
3. Looking toward the east : as, an easterly ex-
posure.— 4. Coming from the east: as, an east-
erly wind; an easterly rain.
The winter winds still easterly do keep.
And with keen frosts have chained up the deep.
Drayton, On his Lady not coming to London.
easterly (es't6r-li), adv. [< easterly, a.] On
the east ; in the direction of east.
There seem to have been two adjacent but separate tor-
nadoes, moving easterly about sixty miles an hour.
Science, III. 801.
easter-mackerel (es'tfer-mak'e-rel), n. Same
as chub-mackerel.
eastern (es'tfem), a. and n. [< ME. esterne,
CBsterne, < AS. edsterne (= OS. ostroni = OHG.
ostroni = Icel. austrann, eastern), < "edstor,
edst = OS. ostar, etc., east: see east,n. and a.
Cf. western, northern, southern.'] I, a. 1. Situ-
ated toward the east or on the part toward the
«ast: as, the eastern side of a town or church;
the eastern shore of a bay.
Kight against the eastern gate,
"Where the great sun begins his state.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 59.
2. Going toward the east, or in the direction
of east : as, an eastern route. — 3. Coming from
the east ; easterly. [Rare.]
I woo'd a woman once.
But she was sharper than an eastern wind.
Tennyson, Audley Court.
4. Of or pertaining to the east ; Oriental ; being
or occurring in the east : as, eastern countries ;
eastern manners ; an eastern tour.
The easteme churches first did Christ embrace.
Stirling, Doomesday, The Ninth Houre.
BoMiem Kings, who to secure their reign
Must have their brothers, sons, and kindred slain.
Sir J. Denhain, On Mr. Jolm Fletcher's Works.
£astem Church. Same as Greek Church (which see, iin-
<ier Greek). — Eastern crown, in her., same as antifiue
crown (which see, under antique). — Eastern Empire.
See em/nre. — Eastern hemigpherc. See hemisphere.—
Eastern question, the collective name given to the sev-
eral prolilems or complications in the international poli-
tics of Europe growing out of the presence of the Turkish
power in the southeast.
H. n. 1. A person living in or belonging to the
eastern part of a country or region ; specifically,
one belonging to one of the countries lying east
of Europe ; an Oriental. [Bare.]
The easterns themselves complained of the excessive
lieat of the sun.
Pocockt, Description of the East, II. i. 129.
1824
The instinct of Easterns is to estimate the importance of
a prince very much in a direct ratio to the numl)er of armed
retainers he has about him. A'. A. Rev,, CXXVII. 154.
2. fed/).] A member of the orthodox Oriental
or Greek Church: in contradistinction from a
Latin or Western.
The Easterns contend that the Consecration is not com-
plete without it [the Invocationl.
C. E. Hammond, Liturgies Eastern and Western, Int.,
[p. XXXV.
A large number of Christians, Protestants and Easter lu^
as well as Catholics, profess to receive them [Cln-istian
dogmas] on ecclesiastical authority.
H. y. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 325.
easterner (es'ter-nSr), n. [< eastern + -erl.]
A person from the eastern United States.
[Colloq.,U. S.]
The bulk of the cowboys themselves are South-western-
ers. . . . The best hands are fairly bred to the work and
followit from their youth up. Nothing can be more fool-
ish than for an Easterner to think he can become a cow-
boy in a few months' time.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. Kii.
easternmost (es'tfem-most), a. superl. [< east-
ern + -most.'] Most eastern; situated in the
point furthest east.
Eastertide (es'ter-tid), m. Eastertime; either
the week ushered in by and following Easter,
formerly observed throughout the Christian
world as a holiday and with religious services,
or the fifty days between Easter and Whitsun-
tide, which were observed as a festival and with
religious solemnities. This period is still re-
garded by the church as a special festival sea-
son.
East-Indiaman (est-in'diji-man), «. A ves.sel
employed in the East India trade.
East-Indian (est-in'di-an), a. and n. I. a. Of
or pertaining to the East Indies.
II. H. A native or resident of the East In-
dies.
easting (es'ting), n. [Verbal n. of east, v.]
Naut. and surv., the distance eastward from a
given meridian; the distance made by a ship on
an eastern course, expressed in nautical miles.
We had run down our easting and were well up for the
Strait. Macmillan's Mag.
At noon we were in lat. 54° 27' S., and long. 85° 5' W.,
having made a good deal of easting.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 358.
eas'tland (est'land), n. and a. [< ME. eestlond,
estlond, eastlond, < AS. edstland, < edst, adv.,
east, + land, land.] I. n. The land in the
east; eastern countries ; the Orient. [Rare.]
II.+ a. Eastward-bound; being engaged in
the eastern trade.
Our own eight East India ships . . . and our eastland
fleet, to tlie number of twenty. Boyle, Works, VI. 192.
eastling (est'ling), a. [Se. eastlin; < east +
-Ung^. Cf. hackling, headling, etc. See easel^.]
Easterly.
How do you, this blae eastlin wind,
That's like to blaw a body blind ?
Burns, To James Tennant.
east'Ward (est'ward), adv. [< ME. estward, <
AS. edstweard, edsteweard, adv., < edst, adv.,
east, + -weard, -ward.] Toward the east; in
the direction of east: as, to travel eastward;
the Dead Sea lies eastward of Jerusalem.
Haste hither. Eve, and with thy sight behold,
Eastward among those trees, what glorious shape
Comes this way moving. Milton, P. L., v. 309.
While more eastward they direct the prow,
Enormous waves the quivering deck o'erflow.
Falconer, Shipwreck, iii.
east'Ward (est'ward), a. [(.eastward, adv.'] 1.
Having a direction toward the east.
The eastward extension of this vast tract was unknown.
Marsden, tr. of Marco Polo.
2. Bearing toward the east ; deviating or tend-
ing in the direction of the east : as, the eastward
trend of the mountains Eastward position (cc-
cles.), the position of the celebrant at tlie eucharist, when
he stands in front of tlie altar and facing it : used with
especial reference to sucli Anglican priests as face tlie
altar throughout most of the communion office, in con-
tradistinction from others who place themselves at the
north end of the altar, facing southward.
eastwards (est'wardz), adv. [< eastward +
adv. gen. -s.] Eastward.
.Such were the accounts from the remotest parts east,
wards. Marsden, tr. of Marco Polo.
easy (e'zi), a.; compar. easier, superl. easiest.
[Early mod. E. also easie ; < ME. esy, eesy, < ese,
ease: see ease, n.] 1. Having ease, (o) Free
from bodily pain or discomfort ; (juiet ; comfortable : as,
the patient has slept well and is easy, (b) Fret from
anxiety, care, or f retfulness ; quiet ; tranquil ■, satisfied :
as, an easy mind.
Keep their thoughts easy and free, the only temper
wherein the mind is capable of receiving new informations.
Locke,
easy-chair
(c) Free from want or from solicitude as to the means c?
living; alfording a competence without toil; comfortable:
as, easy circumstances ; an easy fortune.
A marriage of love is pleasant, a niarriage of interest
easy, and a marriage where both meet, happy.
Addison, Spectator, No. 2G1.
The members of an Egyptian family in easy circum-
stances may pass their time very pleasantly.
FJ. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 187.
2. Not difficult; not wearisome; giving or re-
quiring no great labor or effort ; presenting no
great obstacles; not burdensome: as, an easy
task; an easy question; an easy road.
This sikcues is righte easy to endure;
But fewe puple it causith for to dye.
Political Poetns, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 61.
My yoke is easy, and my burden is light. Mat. xi. 30,
'Tis as easy as lying. Shak,, Hamlet, iii. 2.
At last, with easy roads, he came to Leicester.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2.
It is much easier to govern great masses of men through
their imagination than througli their reason.
Lecky, Enrop. Morals, II. 287.
3. Giving no pain, shock, or discomfort: as, aa
easy posture ; an easy carriage ; an easy trot.
!Mr. Bailey, wiping his face on the jack-towel, remarked,
"that arter late hours nothing freshened up a man so
much as an easy shave."
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xxix. .
4. Moderate; not pressing or straining; not ex-
acting; indulgent: as, a ship imder easy sail;
an easy master.
He was an easy man to yeve penance.
Chaucer, Gen. Piol. to C. T., 1. 223.
Stert nat rudely ; konime inne an esy pace.
Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. S.
I have several small wares that I would part with at
easy rates. Steele, Tatler, No. 106.
We made easy Journeys, of not above seven or eight score
miles a day. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 2.
5. Readily yielding; not difficult of persua-
sion ; compliant ; not strict : as, a woman of •
easy virtue.
With such deceits he gained their easy hearts.
Dryden.
So merciful a king did never live.
Loth to revenge, and easy to forgive.
Dryden, Spanish Friar, v. 2.
I am a Fellow of the most cas7f indolent Disposition in
the World. Steele, Tender Husband, i. 1.
6. Not constrained ; not stiff, formal, or harsh ;
facile ; natural : as, easy manners ; an easy ad-
dress ; an easy style of writing.
There is no man more hospitably easy to be withall
than my Lord Arlington. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 16, 1671.
Good manners is the art of making those people easy
with whom we converse. Sicift, Good Planners.
His version is not indeed very east/ or elegant; but it is
entitled to the praise of clearness and fidelity.
Macaulay, Milton.
Dryden was the first Englishman who wrote perfectly
easy prose, and he owed his style and turn of thought to
his French reading.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 340.
7. Easeful; self-indulgent.
Our Blessed Saviour represents in the Paraoie vhls young
Prodigal as weary of being rich and easie at Home and
fond of seeing the Pleasures of the World.
Stillinyjieet, Sermons, III. L
The easy. Epicurean life which he [Frederic] had led,
his love of good cookery and good wine, of music, of con-
versation, of light literature, led many to regard him as a
sensual and Intellectual voluptuary.
Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
8t. Light; sparing; frugal.
And 3it he was but esy of dispence ;
He kepte that he wan in pestilence.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 441.
9t. Indifferent; of rather poor quality.
The maister of the feast had set vpon the table wine
that was but eoi^ie and so-so.
J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. .^48.
10. In com., not straitened or restricted, or dif-
ficult to obtain or manage : opposed to tigh t :
as, the money-market is easy (that is, loans
may be easily procured) Easy circumstances.
See circuvislance. — Free and easy. See /rec— Honors
are easy, in whist-playinrt, honors are equally divided
between the sides ; hence, figuratively, of any dispute or
contention between two parties, there seems to be no
advantage on either side. [U. S.] = Syn. 1. Untroubled,
contented, satisfied.— 5. Pliant, complaisant, accommo-
dating.—6. Unconstrained, graceful,
easy (e'zi), adv.; compar. easier, superl. easiest,
[< easy, a.] Easily.
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.
As those move easiest that have learned to dance.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 363.
easy-chair (e'zi-chSr), «. A chair 80 shaped
and of such material as to afford a comfortable
seat ; especially, an arm-chair upholstered and
stuffed.
easy-chair
1 set the Child an easy Chair
Against the lire, and dry'd his Hair.
Prior, Cupid Tum'd Stroller.
Whether thou clioose Cenantes' serious air,
Or laugh and shake in Kabelais' eajty-chair.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 19.
easy-going (e'zi-go'ing), a. Inelmed to take
matters in an easy way, without jar or friction ;
good-natured.
After the easygoing fashion of his day, he [Gray] was
more likely to consider liis salary as another form of pen-
sion. Lowell, New Princeton Rev., L 1&4.
The flavor of Old Virginia is unmistakable, and life
drops into an easy-going pace under this influence.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 205.
eat (et), r. ; pret. ate (at) or eat (et), pp. eaten
(sometimes eat), ppr. eating. [Early mod. E.
also eate, ete; < ME. eten (pret. et, eet, (ct, pi. ete,
eten, pp. eten), < AS. ctan (pret. a:t, pi. a:ton, pp.
eten) = OS. etan = OFries. ita, eta, NFries. ytten
= MLG. LG. eten = D. eten = OHG. ezan, ezzan,
MHG. ezzen, G. essen = Icel. eta = Sw. ata =
Dan. wde = Goth, itan = L. edere = Gr. iiuv =
Gael, and Ir. ith = Slav. •/ 'jad, *ed = Skt. y/ ad,
eat. Cf. efc/fi, fref^, edible, etc. ; all from the
same ult. root.] I. trans. 1. To masticate and
swallow as nourishment ; partake of or devour as
food: said especially of solids: as, to cat bread.
But he toke hini three Creynes of the same Tree that
his B'adre eet the AppcUe olle. MandeiriUe, Travels, p. 11.
They shall make thee to eat grass as oxen. Dan. iv. 25.
Venator. On my word, master, this Is a gallant Trout ;
what shall we do with him?
Piaeator. Marry, e'en eat him to supper.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 77.
2. To corrode; wear awajr: gnaw into; con-
sume; waste: generally with aicay, out, up, or
into: as, rust has eaten away the surface; lines
eaten out by aqua fortis; these cares cat up all
my time.
A great admirer he Is of the rust of old Monuments, and
Teades onely those Characters where time hath eaten otU
the letters.
Bp. Earle, Micro-coamographle, An Antiquary.
Who eat up my people as they eat bread. Ps. xiv. t.
Which I, in capiUl letters.
Will eat into thy flesh with aquafortis.
And burning corsives, ]1, Janson, Volpoue, iii. 6.
As I scaled the Alps, my Thoughts reflected upon Han-
nibal, who, with Vinegar and Strong Waters, did eatmUK
Passage thro' those Hills. llowM, Letters, L L 4S.
The taxes were so intoUerable that they eatt up the
renta. EMlyn, Diary, Sept. 17, 1655.
The great business of the sea Is . . .' confined to eating/
awap the margin of the coast, and planing It down to u
depth of perhaps a hundred fathoms.
Huxleg, Physiography, p. 183.
To eat crow. See (tomtS.— To eat dirt. See dirt.— To
«at humble-pie. See ItumbUpu.—To Mtt one oat of
house and home, to ruin one by the cost of supporting
or ftitvrtaitiiii'..' others.
Thy wife's friends will eat thee out ofhmtse and home.
Burton, Anat. of Met, p. 544.
To eat one's bMUt oUt, to cost more In feeding Uian one
is wortti : said usoally of an animal, particularly a horse.
My mare has eattn her head of at the Ax In Alderman-
bui7. Country Farmer's Catechism.
To eat one's heart, to brood over one's sorrows or dis-
appointments.
He could not reat ; bat did his stout heart eat.
Spenser, F. Q., L II. S.
I will not eat my heart alone.
Nor feed with sfadu a passing wind.
Tennyson, In Memorlam, cviii.
To eat one's terms, in the English inns of court, to go
through tlic prescribed amount of study preparatory to
being called to the bar : In allusion to the number of din-
ners a student must eat In the public hall of his society
each term la order that the term may count as such.
Together, save for college times,
Or Temple-«affn terms.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
To eat one's words, to take back what one has uttered ;
retract one's a-snertions,
111 eat no words fur you, nor no men.
B. Jonson, Epicoene, v. 1.
Would I were a man,
I'd make Um eat his knave's words .'
Beau, and Ft,, Scornful Lady, Iv. I.
If you find such a man In close and cordial influence
with the masses, write me, and these wordu will be eaten
with pleasure ! H'. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 21.
To eat sonr grapes. See grai>el. = Sm. Fat, Bile, Chev,
Gnair, Demur, OoMe, Consume. Eat is the general
word. To biu lis to set the teeth Into. To eheic is to grind
with the teeth. To gnaw Is to bite off little by little, to
work at with the teeth, where the sultstance is hard or
managed with dilflcnlty and there Is little or nothing t<j
be got ; as, to gnaw a bone. To devour Is to eat up, to eat
eagerly or voraciously. To goMe Is to eat hurriedly or
olTenHively, as in large pieces. To consume Is to eat up,
to eat completely. Bile, cliew, and gnaw do not imiily
swallowing ; the others uo.
One cannot eat one's cake and have It too.
Biekerstag, Thomas and Sally.
Truth has roogti flavours If we bits It through.
Qsorgs Eliot, Armgart, U.
119
1825
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed,
and some few to be chewed and digested.
Bacan, Studies (ed. 1887).
Gnawing with ray teeth my bonds in sunder,
I gain'd my "freedom. Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
The miserable soldiers, after devonriiig all the horses in
the city, are reduced to the degradation of feeding on dogs,
cats, rats, etc. Sumner, Orations, I. 28.
And supper gobbled up in haste. SwI/t, Ladies' Journal.
Tliose few escaped
Famine and anguish will at last coninivie,
Milton, P. L., xi. 778.
II. intrans. 1. To take food; feed.
He did eo( continually at the king's table. 2 Sam. ix. 13.
Why eateth your master with publicans and sinners?
Mat ix. 11.
Their daunces ended, they deuoure the meate, for they
had not eate in three dayes before.
Purchae, Pilgrimage, p. 773.
2. To make way by corrosion; gnaw; pene-
trate or excavate by disorganization or destruc-
tion of substance: as, a cancer eats into the
flesh.
Their word will eat as doth a canker. 2 Tim. IL 17.
The ulcer, eating thro' my skin,
Betray'd my secret penance.
T'ennyKon, St. Simeon Stylites.
3. To taste; relish: as, it eats like the finest
peach. [Colloq.]
The Chub, though he eat well thus dressed, yet as he is
usually dressed, he does not.
I. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 66.
While the tender Wood-pigeon's cooing cry
Has made me say to myself, with a sign,
"How nice you would eat with a steak in a pie I"
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 114,
Soup and potatoes eat better hot than cold. Russell.
Eating days. See dai/i.— To eat up into the wind
{naut.), to gain to windward to an unusual degree.
There are craft that from their model and balance of
sail . . . seem to eat up into the wind.
Quallrough, Boat-Sailer's Manual, p. 9.
eatable (e't»-bl), a. and n. [< eat + -able.']
1. a. Fit to f>e eaten; edible; proper for food;
esculent.
What flsh can any shore, or British sea-town show.
That's eatable to us, that it doth not bestow
Abundantly thereon ? Drayton, Polyolblon, xxv. 158.
H. n. Anjrtjiingthatmay be eaten; thatwhich
is fit for or used as food.
Eatabtcs we brought away, but the earthen vessels we
bad no occasion for. Dampier, Voyages, an. 1685.
eatage (e'taj), n. [A corruption (as if < eat +
-a<jr) of edige, eddish: see eddish.'] Food for
horses and cattle from aftermath. See eddish.
The immense eatage obtained from seeds the same year
they are sown and after the dax Is pulled.
Economist, Feb. 1, 1852.
eat-beet, ». [< eat, «., + obj. 6eei.] Amerope
or bee-eater (which see). Florio.
eaten (e'tn). Past participle of eat.
eater (e'tir), n. [< ME. etere, < AS. etere (= D.
eter = Q. esser = Dan. ader = Sw. atare), eat-
er, < etan. eat.] 1. One who eats; specifical-
ly, a menial; a servant. Compare beef-eater.
Ase byeth the mocbele driukeres and eteres.
Ayentnte qf Inwyt, p. 47.
Be not among wlneblbbers, among riotous eaters of
lleah. Prov. xxilL 20.
Where are all my eaters! my mouths, now?
B. Jonson, Epictene, lit 2,
Menials appear to have been treated formerly with very
little ceremony ; they were stripped and beaten at their
nuuter's pleasure; and cormorants, eaters, and feeders
were among the civilest names bestowed upon them,
Qifford, Note to B. Jonson's Every Man out of his
[Humour, v. 1.
2. That which eats or corrodes; a corrosive,
eatht (t'TH), a. [< ME. eth, oeth, eath, < AS. edthe
= OS. odhi = OHG. odi, easv. Connection of
this word with OHG. odi, MHG. cede. Or. ode,
empty, desolate, = Dan. Sw. ode = Icel. audhr
= Goth, auths, desolate, barren, is doubtful.
There is no connection with ease: see ease.]
Easy.
That kud knljt Is eth to know l>y his kene dedes.
William of Paleme, I. 3571.
More eath It were for mortall wight
To tell the sands, or count the starres on hye.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xl. 53.
All hard assayes esteem I eath and light.
Fair/ax, tr. of Tasso, li. 46.
eatht (eTH), adv. [< ME. ethe, eathe, ythe, < AS.
edthe, ethe, eath, eth, easily, < edthe, easy: see
eath, a.] Easily.
Who thinks him most secnre. Is eathest sham'd.
Fair/ax, tr. of Tasso, x. 42.
eathlyt (eTH'li), adv. Easily. Halliwell.
eating (e'ting), n. [< ME. etynge; verbal n. of
eat. v.] 1. The act of consuining food, espe-
cially solid food.
eaves-drip
Wat turneth a man to beestis kinde
lint etynge & drynking out of sesoun?
IJymns to Virgin, etc. <E. E. T. S.), p. 64.
2. That which may be eaten; food: as, the
birds were delicious eating.
The French love good eating — they are all gourmands.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 17.
And she and I the banquet-scene completing
With dreamy words — and very pleasant eatinq.
T. B. Aldrich, The Lunch,
eating (e'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of eat, v.] Corrod-
ing; caustic.
The eating force of flames, and wings of winds.
B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3.
Ever, against eating cares.
Lap me in soft Lydian airs.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 135.
eating-house (e'ting-hous), n. A house where
food IS served to customers ; a place of resort
for meals ; a restaurant.
Ea'ton code. See code.
eau (6), n. ; pi. eaux (6z). [F., < L. a(^ua, water:
see agua.] Water: a word designating various
spirituous waters, particularly perfumes and
cordials ; it also enters into several French he-
raldic phrases Eau Creole, a highly esteemed cordial
made in Martinique, We.st Indies, by distilling the flowers
of the manimee-ai)plc(.l/a»i»(fail«tcrtc'a)i«) witli spiritof
wine. — Eau de Cologne, Cologne water. See co/of/n*.^
Eau de Javelle, in jtliar., a solution prepared l)y mixing,
in suitable proportions, potassium carbonate, bleaching-
powder, and water. The solution after filtration contains
salt, potassium carbonate, and potassium hypochlorite.
It is used chiefly as an antiseptic and a bleacliing agent.
Alio Jaoelte's water.— Ea,vi de Luce [from Luce, the name
of the inventor], a compound of niastii.-, alcohol, oil of lav-
ender, oil of aniljer, and atjua anunonite. It is stimulant
and antispasmodic. Also called spiritus ammonia' sued-
natus and O'jua Z.uci'(F.— Eau de Paris, a substitute for
eau de Cologne and similar cosmetics. It is sometimea
taiien in sweetened water as a cordial and stimulant.
eau-de-'Vie (6'd6-ve'), n. [F., lit. water of life :
eau, water (see can); de, of; fie, < L, vita, life.]
The French name for brandy: specifically ap-
plied to the coarser and less purified varieties
of brandy, the term cognac being generally ap-
plied to fine grades Eau-de-vie de Dantzlg, a
wliite liqueur or cordial, sweet and strong, in which are
intniduct-d for ornament small particles of gold-leaf, —
Eau-de-vle d'Hendaye, a sweet cordial of which there
are tliree varieties — wliite, which contains the least alco-
hol ; green, whicli is the strongest ; and yellow,
eatlX, ». Plural of eau.
ea'Vet, v. t. [< eaves.] To shelter, as beneath
eaves. Davies. [Kare.]
His hat shap't almost like a cone, . . ,
With narrow rim scarce wide enough
To eave from rain the staring ruff.
T. Ward, England's Reformation, p. 102.
eavedropt, v. See eavesdrop.
eaver (e v6r), n, [E, dial.] Rye-grass. Balli-
icell. [Devonshire, Eng.]
Neither doth it fall behind in rocadow-ground and pas-
turage, clover, eaver, and trefoil-grass.
Di^oe, Tour througli Great Britain, I. 362.
eaves (evz), n. })l. [Early mod. E. also eves; <
ME. evese, eovese, pi. evcscs, eaves of a house,
edge (of a hill, a wood, etc.), < AS. efese, yfese,
eaves, edge, = OFries. ose = MLG. ovese, LG.
oese, esc = OHG. obasa, obosa, obisa, opasa, oposa,
opesa, obsa, MHG. obse, G, dial, obesen, obsen, a
porch (G. dial, ousch, uesch, a gutter along the
eaves), = Icel. up» = Sw. dial, uffs, eaves, =
Goth. iibizKa, a porch, prob. < Goth. «/, under,
= OHG. oba, opa, MHG. obe, G. oben, above (cf .
G. ob-dach, a shelter), etc. : see ot'er, from the
same ult. source. This word is prop, singular,
but, like riches, etc., it is treated as plural, the
formative suffix -es being mistaken for the plu-
ral suffix.] It. Edge; border; margin.
Anne forsothe sat beside the wele echo dal In the euesa
of the hil, Wyctif, Tobit xi. 5 (Oxf.).
Thus laykes this lorde by lynde wodez [llnd-woods) evez.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, \. 1178.
Specifically — 2. The lower edge of a roof; that
part of the roof of a building which projects
beyond the wall and sheds the water that falls
on the roof; hence, figuratively, any projecting
rim.
His tears run down his beard,- like winter's drops
From earns of reeds. Sliak., Tempest, v. 1.
Shrowded under an obscure cloke, and the eves of an old
hat. B. Jonson, Fortunate Isles,
Sombre streets of palaces with overhanging «aw«, that,
almost meeting, form a shelter from tlie fiercest sun.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 283.
eaves-board, eaves-catch (evz'bord, -kach),
n. An arris-fillet, or a thick board with a fea-
ther-edge, nailed across the rafters at the eaves
of a roof to raise the course of slates a little.
Also called caves-lath.
eaves-drip (evz'drip), n. [AfE. not found; <
AS. <fes-, yfes-drypa, yfes-dropa (== Icel. npsar-
eaves-drip
dropi = OSw. opsddrup = OFries. osedropta =
MD. osendrup, oosdrup (also osenloop), D. oos-
druip, eaves-drip, stillicide), < efese, eaves, +
dryppan, drip, dropa, a drop : see eaves and drij),
drop. Ct. caves-drop.^ An ancient custom or law
which required a proprietor to build in such a
manner that the eaves-drop from his house or
buildings should not fall on the land of his
neighbor. It was the same as the urban ser-
vitude of the Bomans, called stillicide (stilUei-
dium).
eaves-drop (evz'drop), n. [Early mod. E. also
eres-drop ; < eaves + drop : see eaves-drip.'\ The
water which falls in drops from the eaves of a
house.
eavesdrop (evz'drop), v. ; pret. and pp. eaves-
dropped, ppr. eavesdropping. [Early mod. E.
also evesdrop (and eavedrop); < eaves-drop, n.]
1. intrans. 1. To lurk under the eaves or near
the windows of a house to listen and learn what
is said within doors.
But truly I cannot blame the gentlewomen ; you stood
evM-dropping under their window, and would not come
up. Beau, and Fl., Captain, v. 3.
Telling aome politicians who were wont to eawsdrop in
disguises. ilillon. Apology lor Sniectymnuus.
2. Figuratively, to lie in wait to hear the pri-
vate conversation of others.
Strozza hath eavesdropp'd here, and overheard ns.
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, ii. 1.
n. trans. To listen to in a clandestine man-
ner. [Rare.]
The jealous eare of night eave-drops our tallce.
Mareton, Antonio and Melllda, I., ii. 1.
It is not civil to eavesdrop him, but I'm sure he tallcs
on 't now. Shirley, Hyde Park, i. 2.
eavesdropper (evz ' drop ' 6r), n. [Early mod.
E. also evesdropper, esen-dropper ; < eavesdrop,
v., + -eri.] One who watches for an opportu-
nity to hear the private conversation of others.
Under our tent^ I'll play the eaves-dropper.
To hear U any mean to shrink from me.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
Eaves-droppers, or such as listen under walls or windows
or the eaves of a house, to hearken after discourse, and
thereupon to frame slanderous and mischievous tales, are
a common nuisance, and presentable at the court leet.
Blackstone, Com., IV. xiii.
eavesdropping (evz'drop'ing), n. [Verbal n.
of eavesdrop, v.'\ The act of one who eaves-
drops ; the doings of an eavesdropper.
Then might the conversations of a Schiller with a
Goethe , , . tempt Honesty itself into eavesdropping.
Carlyle, Schiller.
eavesingt (ev'zing), n. [E. dial, contr. pi. eav-
ings, easingSf < SIE. evesynge, eaves (also, ear-
lier, evesunge, a shearing, < AS. *efesung, a shear-
ing (around the edges), verbal n. of efesian, ef-
sian, shear, = Icel. ^sa, cut), < evese, edge, eaves:
see eaves.l 1. A shearing; what is snom off.
Me sold his eitestinge, theo her the me kerf of.
Aneren liiwle, p. 398.
2. Eaves.
As we may seo a wynter
Iseldes in [on] euesymjes thorgh hete of the Sonne
Melteth ... to myst and to water.
Piers Plovmwn (C), xx. 193.
eaves-lath (evz'lath), n. Same as eaves-hoard.
eaves-swallow (evz'swoFo), n. 1. Same as
cliff-saallow. This name was first used about 1826, when
these birds appeared in settled parts of the eastern Unit-
Eaves-swallow {Petrochtltdan lunifrons).
ed states, and were observed to build their bottle-nosed
nests of mud under the eaves of houses, their natural
nesting- pi aces being on cliffs. Ofteu less correctly writ-
ten eave-sicallow.
2. The house-martin, Chelidon urhica. Also
casing-swallow. [Local, Eng.]
eaTes-trough (evz'trdf ), w. A gutter suspended
immediately under the eaves of a roof to catch
the drip it is made of wood, sheet-tin, zinc, or copper,
and fitted with hangers for adjusting It to the structure.
Also called gutter, leader, or spout.
1826
ea'TlngS (e'vingz), «. pi. [Contr. of eavesings:
seo eavesing.'i Eaves. Cotgrave. [Now chiefly
pro v. Eng.^
^bauchoir (a-bo-shwor'); «• [F., < ihaucher,
sketch, outline, rough-hew: see hosW-, and cf.
debauch.'] 1. A large chisel used by statuaries
to rough-hew their work. — 2. A great hatchel
or beating instrument used by rope-makers.
ebb (eb), ». and a. [Early mod. E. ebhe ; < ME.
ehbe, < AS. ebha = D. eh, ebbe = OFries. ebha =
LG. ebbe (> G. ebbe) = Sw. ebh = Dan. ebbe, ebb.
Prob. related to Goth, ibuks, backward, and per-
haps to Goth, ibns = AS. efen, E. eveii^, q. v.]
1. ». 1. The reflux or falling of the tide; the
return of tide-water toward the sea: opposed
to flood OT flow. See tide.
As sore wondren somme on cause of thonder,
On ebbe, on Hood, on gossomer, and on mist.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 261.
His mother was a witch, and one so strong
That could control the moon, make tlows and ebbs.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Sometimes at a low ebbe they [quicksands] are all un-
covered with water. Coryat, Crudities, I. 2.
[^schylusj was always at high flood of passion, even in
the dead ebb and lowest water-mark of the scene.
Dryden, Grounds of Criticism in Tragedy.
2. A flowing backward or away ; decline ; de-
cay; a gradual falling off or diminution: as,
the ebb of prosperity ; crime is on the ebb.
There have been divers of your Royal Progenitors who
have had as shrewd Shocks ; and 'tis well known how the
next transmarine Kings have been brought to lower ebbs.
Howell, Letters, ii. 63.
I hate to learn the ebb of time
From yon dull steeple's drowsy chime.
Scott, L. of the L., vi. 24.
Moral principle was at as low an ebb in private as in
public life. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 14.
3t. A name of the common bunting, Emberiza
miliaria. Montagu.
n.f a. Not deep ; shallow.
The water there is otherwise verie low and ebb.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxi. 7.
The ebber shore.
Bp. Hall, Works (1648), p. 20. (Haniwell.)
0 how ebb a soul have I to take in Christ's love I
Buther/ord, Letters, viii.
ebb (eb), V. [< ME. ebben, < AS. ebbian = D.
ebben = MLG. LG. ebben (> MHG. eppen, G.
ebben) — Sw. ebba = Dan. ebbe, ebb: see the
noun.] I. intrans. 1. To flow back; return,
as the water of a tide, toward the ocean ; sub-
side : opposed to flow : as, the tide ebbs and
flows twice in twenty-four hours. See tide.
This Watre rennethe, flowynge and ebbynge, be asyde of
the Mountayne. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 199.
But that which I did most admire was, to see the Water
keep ebbing for two Days together, without any flood, till
the Creek where we lived was almost dry.
Dampier, Voyages, II. iii. 66.
2. To return or recede; fall away; decline.
Now, when all is wither'd shrunk, and dry'd.
All virtues ebb'd out to a dead low tide.
Donne, Countess of Salisbury.
Hay
And felt them slowly ebbing, name and fame.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien,
=8yn. To recede, retire, decrease, sink, lower, wane, fall
away.
II. trans. To cause to subside. [Rare.]
That disdainful look has pierc'd my soul, and ebb'd my
rage to penitence and sorrow. Steele, Lying Lover, ii. 1.
ebb-anchor (eb'ang'kor), n. The anchor by
which a ship rides during the ebb-tide.
ebb-tide (eb'tid), n. The reflux of tide-water;
the retiring tide.
ebent, «. An obsolete form of ebon. Johnson.
Ebenacese (eb-e-na'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. ebe-
nus (see ebony") + -a'cew.'] A natural order of
gamopetalous exogens, containing 5 or 6 gen-
era and about 250 species, shrubs or trees,
chiefly inhabiting the tropics, with hard and
heavy wood. Among the valuable timbers yielded by
this order are the eitony, calamander-wood, marblewood,
etc. The largest and most important genus is Diospyros.
See cut under Diospyros.
ebenet, «• An obsolete form of ebon.
ebeneous (e-be'nf-us), a. [< LL. ebeneus, of
ebony, < L. ebenus, ebony: see ebony.] Of or
pertaining to ebony; black; ebony-colored.
Ebenezer (eb-en-e'z&r), «. [Heb., 'the stone of
help.'] A stone erected by Samuel (1 Sam. vii.
12) as a memorial of divine aid in defeating the
Philistines ; hence, any memorial of divine as-
sistance.
Ebionism (e'bi-on-izm), n. Same as Ebionitism.
Ebionite (e'bi-qn-it), n. and a. [< LL. Ebio-
nitw, pi., Gr. 'E/3(uva(o(, < Heb. 'ebjonim (pi.
of 'ebjon), lit. 'the poor'; the ori^n of the
application of the name is uncertain.] I. n.
ebony
A member of a party of Judaizing Christians
which appeared in the church as early as
the second century and disappeared about the
fourth century. They agreed in (1) the recognition of
Jesus as the Messiah, (2) the denial of his divinity, (3)
belief in the universal obligation of the Mosaic law, and
(4) rejection of Paul and his writings. I'he two great divi-
sions of Ebionites were tlie Pharisaic Ebionites, who em-
phasized the obligation of the Mosaic law, and the Esseiiic
El>ionites, who were more speculative and leaned toward
Gnosticism.
II. a. Relating to the heresy of the Ebionites.
Ebionitic (e'''bi-on-it'ik), a. [< Ebionite + -ic]
Of or pertaining' to the Ebionites or Ebionitism.
Ebionitism (e'bi-on-it-izm), n. [< Ebionite +
-ism.] The doctrines or system of the Ebion-
ites. Also Ebionism.
The principal monument of the Essenian Ebionitism is
the pseudo-Clementine writings, whose date is somewhere
in the latter part of the second century.
O. P. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 499.
eblanin (eb'la-nin), n. [Formation not clear.]
Same as pyroxanthine.
Eblis, Iblees (eb'lis, ib'les), n. [Ar. Iblis.]
In Mohammedan myth., an evil spirit or devil,
the chief of the fallen angels or wicked jinns.
Before his fall he was called Azazel or Hharis.
— Hall of Eblis, the hall of demons ; pandemonium.
eboe-light (e'bo-lit), n. [< eboe, appar. W. Ind.,
+ lights.] The Erythroxylon brevipes, a shrub
of the West Indies.
eboe-torch'wood (e'b6-t6rch''wtid), n. Same as
eboe-light.
eboe-tree (e'bo-tre), n. A leguminous tree,
Dipteryx oleifera, of the Mosquito Coast in
Central America, the seeds of which yield a.
large quantity of oil. They resemble the ton-
quin-bean, but are entirely without fragrance.
ebon (eb'gn), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also ehen,
heben, ebene, etc. (cf. D. ebbenhout = G. eben-
holz (> Dan. ibenholt = Sw. ehenholts), 'ebony-
wood'), < OF. benus, ebene, F. ebene = Pr. ebena
= Sp. Pg. It. ebano, < L. ebenus, corruptly hebe-
nus, < Gr. ipevog, i^evTi, the ebony-tree, ebony,
prob. of Phen. origin ; cf. Heb. hobnin, pi., eb-
ony : so called in allusion to its hardness ; < eben,
a stone. Now usually ebony, ebon being chiefly
poetical: see ebony.] I. n. Ebony (which see).
To write those plagues that then were coming on
Doth ask a pen of ebon and the night.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, iv.
Of all those trees that be appropriate to India, Virgil
hath higlily commended tlxe ebene above the rest.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 4.
II. a. 1. Consisting or made of ebony.
A gentle youth, his dearely loved Squire,
His speare of heben wood beliind him bare.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 37.
2. Like ebony in color; dark; black.
Heaven's ebon vault.
Studded with stars unutterably bright,
Througli which the moon's unclouded grandeur rolls.
Shelley, Queen Mab, iv.
Sappho, with that gloriole
Of ebon hair on calmed brows.
Mrs. Brou'ning, Vision of Poets.
ebonist (eb'on-ist), n. [< ebon, ebony, + -isi.] A
worker in ebony.
ebonite (eb'on-it), ». [^<. ebon, ebony, + -ite^.] A
black, hardened compound of caoutchouc or
gutta-percha and sulphur in different propor-
tions, to which other ingi-edients may be added
for specific uses ; properly, black vulcanite, but
used also as a general synonym of vulcanite
(which see).
ebonize (eb'on-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ebonized,
ppr. ebonizing. [< ebon^ ebony, + -ize.] 1. To
stain black, as wood, with a view to the imita-
tion of natural ebony : as, a bookcase of ebon-
izedyiooA. — 2. To make black or tawny ; tinge
with the color of ebony : as, to ebonize the fair-
est complexion.
Also spelled ebonise.
ebony (eb'on-i), n. and a. [Early mod. E. ebonie,
ibonie; an extended form of ebon, q. v.] I,
n. ; pi. ebonies (-iz). A name given to various
woods distinguished in general by their dark
color and hardness, and extensively used for
carving, ornamental cabinet-work, instruments,
canes, etc. The most valuable is the heart-wood of
Diospyros Ebenicm, which grows in great abundance in
the flat parts of Ceylon, and is of such size that logs of
its heart-wood 2 feet in diameter and frtim 10 to 15 feet
long are easily procured. Otlier varieties of valuable
ebony are obtained from D. Ebenaster of the East Indies
and D. melanoxylon of tlie Coromandel coast in Hindu-
stan. The most usual color is black, but the ebonies
from tropical America vary much in this respect. The
green eljony of Jamaica, known also as American or
West Indian elx)ny, the wood of a leguminoift tree, Brya
Ebenus, takes a beautiful polish, and is used for inlaying,
making flutes, etc. The brown ebony of British Guiana,
the source of which is uncertain, is daik-browu- ofteu witli
ebony
1827
Ecaudata
lifter streaks, very hard, and one of the handsomest Mr. Brookfleld presents an amusing type of a prolix and ebnmated fe-b6r'na-tpd> n X<. T. phiimiii nf
woods of that country. The green or yellow ebony of etnUlienl old actor. Athemeuvi, Jali. 14, 1888, p. 60. ;T,^ 5? „<!l 1 %2^ill a V a ^""T'"*' °^
French Guiana, the wood of BwTJiomo teucoii/ioTi, and the , ,,. . . r wory, + -ate'- + -eO^.i Made hard and dense,
red ebony from the same region, are also very hanl and eDUlllOSCOpe (e-bul yo-skop), n. [= F. ebullio- like ivory : said of bone.
''**yy- . Mountain ebony, of the East Indies, is the wood scope, irreg. < L. ebullire, boil up, + 6r. OKOTTtiv, ebumation (eb-er-na'shon), n. [= F. eburna-
'"■""""'"^" view.] An instrument by which the strength tion; <L,. eburnus, ot ivory, + -ation.'i hi pa-
of spirit of wine is determined by the careful ■■' ' , . , . . - .
of Bauhinia varugata.
Our captain counts the image of God, nevertheless the
image, cut in ebony, as if done in ivory.
Fuller, Good Sea^Captain.
SparlcI'd his [the swan's! jetty eyes ; his feet did show
Beneath the waves like Afric's ebont/.
Keats, Imit. of Spenser.
H. a. Of ebony ; made of ebony, or like eb-
ony : as, an ebony cane ; an ebony finish.
6boaIement (F. pron. a-bol'moh), n. [F., <
ebouler, tumble down, < e- (< L. ex-), out of,
down, + "bouler, < boule, bowl, ball: see ftoirP.]
1. In/»rf., the crumbling or falling of the wall
of a fortification. — 2. In geol., a land-slide, or
land-slip ; an avalanche of rock ; the giving way
and sudden fall of a mass of rock, earth, or loose
material of any kind. Sometimes, though rarely, used
by writers in English, as, for instance, in describing the
phenomena of earthquakes and volcanoes.
ebracteate, ebracteated (e-bras'te-at, -a-ted),
a. [< L. e- priv. 4- bractea, a thin plate: see
bracteate.'i In bot., without bracts.
When bracts are absent altogether, as is usually the
case in the plants of the natural order Cruciferse, . . .
such plants are said to be ettracteated.
R. BeiUley, Botany, p. 181.
ebracteolate (e-brak'te-o-lat), a. [< L. e- priv.
-f bracteola, dim. of bractea, a thin plate: see
bracteolate.'] In bot., without braetlets.
Ebraiket, a. A Middle English form of Hebraic.
Ebrewt, «. An obsolete form of Hebrew.
ebriet^ (e-bri'e-ti), n. [Formerly ebrietie; < F.
ebriete = Pr. ebrietat = Sp. ebriedad = Pg. ebri-
edade = It. ebrietd, ehbrield, < L. ebrieta{t-)s,
drunkenness, < ebrius, drunken: see ebriotu.l
Drunkenness; intoxication by spirituous li-
quors; derangement of the mental functions
caused by drink. [Now rare.]
Bitter almonds, ... [as an] antidote against ebriety,
hath commonly failed. Sir T. Bmmt, Vulg. Err., IL «.
We have a very common expreaaton todescribe a roan In
a state of 4briety, that " he is as drunk aa a beast," or that
•' he ja beastly drunk." /. Dliraeli, Curioa. of Ut., lU. 32.
^brillade (F. pron. a-bre-IvW), n. [P., < It.
sbrigliata, a pull of the bridle, check, reproof, <
sbrigliare, unbridle, undo, loosen, < s- (< L. ex-),
out, + briglia, bridle.] In the manege, a check
given to a horse by a sadden jerk of one rein
when he refuses to turn.
ebriosity (e-bri-os'i-ti), n. [Formerly ebrioaitie;
= F. <■ ttriositi, < L. ebriosita( t-)s, < ebriosus, given
determination of its boiling-point.
ebullition (eb-u-li8h'on),». [= OF.ebullicion,F.
ebullition = Pr. ebuUicio = Sp. ebulicion, ebiil-
licion = Pg. ebulli^ao = It. ebulUzione, < LL.
ebulUtio(n-),< L. efiifWire, boil up: see ebullient.]
1. The bubbling up or agitation which results
from the action of heat on a liquid, owing to
the lowest portions becoming gaseous and es-
caping ; a boiling up or over. The temperature
at which ebullition takes place varies with the liquid, and
thol., a morbid change in bone by which it
becomes very hard and dense, like ivory, as in
arthritis deformans.
ebumean (f-ber'ne-an), a. [= F. eburnSen, <
L. eburnens, of ivory: see eburneotis.'] Relat-
ing to or made of ivory.
eburneous (e-ber'ne-us), a. [= Sp. eburneo =
Pg. eburneo = It. eturneo, eburno, < L. ebume-
U3j of ivory, < ebur, ivory: see ivory.'] Resem-
bling ivory in color ; of ivory-like whiteness :
as, the eburneous guU, Larus eburneus.
1 possible to heat water 20" F. above its boiling-point
without ebullition. Clerk Maxwell, Heat, p. 25.
stances into others which have the appearance
^:r^J„^ri:L?fi*t*^°^U^e^!P?."l'„^^^ ^b^i^'ne), n. pi. [NL. (Swain-
son, 1840), < Eburna + -inw.] A subfamily of
gastropods, typified by the genus Eburna, and
to which have been also referred genera now
known to be little related to it. See cut under
Eburna.
ebumine (eb'6r-nin or -nin). a. [= F. ibur-
nin, < L. cbumus, of ivory, < ebur, ivory: see
turbed or seething condition or appearance,
produced by causes other than heat, as when
rapidly flowing water encounters numerous ob-
stacles or contrary currents.
The chafing of the water against these huge obstacles
[rocks of granite), the meeting of the contrary currents
one with another, creates such a violent ebuUition, . . .
that it fills tlie mind with confusion.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 15«.
3. Effervescence occasioned by fermentation
or by any other process which causes the evo-
lution of an aeriform fluid, as in the mixture of
an acid with a carbonated alkali. [In this sense ec-,
ivory.] Made of ivory.
formerly buUition.]
We cannot find It to hold neither in Iron or copper,
which is dissolved with less ebuUilion.
Sir T. Brxmme, Vulg. Err., iv. 7.
4. Figuratively, an outward display of feeling ;
a sudden burst ; a pouring forth ; an overflow-
ing : as, an ebullition of passion.
The greatest ebullitiona of the imagination. Johruon.
Disposed to refer this to inexperience, or the ebuUition
of youthful spirit. yrescoM, Ferd. and Isa., L 3.
It was not an extravagant ebullition of feeling, but
might have been calculated on by any one acquainted with
the spirlta of ourcommunlty.
[Rare.]
All in her night-robe loose, she lay reclined.
And, pensive, read from tablet eftumtne.
Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 19.
[Ii., etc., ec-j < Gr. ck-, Ik, reg. form before
a consonant of £«-, ff, out, etc. : see ex-.] A
prefix of Greek origin, the form of ex- before a
consonant^ as in ec-lipse, ec-logue, ecstasy, etc.
It is sometimes used in scientific terms as equiv-
alent to ecto- or exo-, as opposed to en-, endo-,
or en to-.
6caille-Work (a-kaly'w6rk), n. [< F. ^caille, =
It. scaglia (< G. schale, scale) (see scaled), -i-
E. work.] Decorative work made by sewing
scales cut from quills upon a foundation, as
of velvet or silk, forming patterns in relief.
When skilfully done it resembles mother-of-
pearl work.
Ernermn, Hist. Discoume at Concord, ecalcarato (e-kal'ka-rat), a. [< NL. *ecalcara-
=8yil. Ebullition, Eferwtemet, Fermentation. Ebutti- tus, < L. e- priv. -(-' calcar, a spur : see calca-
(■"^.'.T,^ 5St°-h? 'h"" 'J5!,''k"*.S''' "f fP""*** .1«- '■«'«•] In -ool. and bot. , having no spur or eal.
uraUvely to that which suggests heated or intense activ- „„_;„„„„ ♦„„! :„„i „ ' „^ » Pi, i ^"^ "' ™'
Ity. BferveMence U not the result of heat or of the escape .S^^' 1" "^^y technical sense of the latter word,
of steam, but of the escape of ^m from a liquid. Fer- £caninat (e-ka-ni nil), n. pi.
mentation is a process often invisible, often taking place
in solids, and sotnetimes ]mn\uc\ngeferveaeencein liquids.
to drink, < ebrius, drunken: see ebriom.] Habit- „ilT' „;*'''i,v'''i' /' i'"Hluclng«/m
ual drunkenness. [Bare.] ebulumt. ebulust (eb'u-lum,
Th.,„,i.H,....M.,.-.L..K ■" «r..-K ....-—.._. -lus), ». [L.] The herb wall-
That religion which excuseth . . . Noah in the aged sur-
prizal of six hundred yean . . . will neitber acquit «*n-
otity nor ebriety In their known and intended perversions.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., T. 21.
Of all ebriotUy, who does not prefer to be intoxicated by
the sir he breathes? Thonau, Walden, p. 2S4.
ebrlons (e'bri-ns), a. [= P. ihrieux = Sp. Pg.
ebrioso = It. ebrioso, cbbrioso, < L. ebrius, (uiink-
en.] Given to indulgence in drink ; drunken ;
drunk; intoxicated. [Rare.]
ebucclnatorf (e-buk'si-na-tor), n. [< L. e, out,
+ bue<;irat4/r, prop, bucinator, a trumpeter: see
buccinator.] A tnuupeter. [Bare.]
wort, danewort, or dwarf elder.
E. PhiUips, 1706.
Eboria (e-bii'ri-a), «. prL. (Ser-
ville, 1834), < L. ebur, ivory: see
ivory.] A genus of longicom
beetles, of the family Ceramby-
cidtc, comprising many species,
mostly of Central aiid South
America and the West Indies.
Ten, however, are found in
North America, as the common
E. quadrigeminata.
The ebuceinator ahewer, and declarer of these news, I ebuflne (eb'u-rin), n. [< L. ebur,
the angel and ambassador of God.
Beeon, Worlcs, I. 4X
ebulliatet (e-bul'yat), r. i. [Improp. for *ebul-
late, < LL. etmUatut, pp. of ebuUare, for the more
correct L. MmOire, boil up : see anMient.] To
boil or bubble up ; efferreace.
Whence thU 2» pUy-oppugnlng argmnant wni ebuUiate.
Prynne, aistrlo-Mastix, I. Iv. S.
ebullience, ebulliency (e-bul'yens, -ven-si), n.
[< rhullienl : see -(nice, -eney.] A boiling over;
a bursting forth ; overflow.
The natural and enthnslastick fervour of men's spirits,
and the ebuUieney of their fancy. Cudvmth, Sermons, p. 88.
The absence of leatraints — of severe conditions — in
floe art allows a flush and ebullience, an opulence of pro-
duction, that la often called the highest genius.
A. Bain, Corr. of Forces,
ebullient (f-bul'yent), a. [< L. ebuaien(t-)g,
ppr. of rbullire, boil out or up, < e, out, + bul-
Ure, boil : see boiP, v.] Boiling over, as a liquid ;
overflowing; hence, over-enthusiastic; over-
demongtraave.
The ebullient choler of his refractory and pertinacious
disciple. Lander.
That the ao ebullient enthusiasm of the French was In
this caae perfectly well directed, we cannot undertake to
"y- Carlyk.
Tboie ebullient yean of my adolescence.
Lowell, The Century, XXXV. 611.
Eturia quadri-
-ifea.]
ivory (see irory), -I- -ine^.] An
artificial ivory composed of
bone-dust, gum tragacanth, and
some coloring subst^uice.
eburite (eb'u-rit), «. [< L. ebw, ivory, +
Same as eburine.
Eburna (e-b*r'nS), n. [NL., fem. of L. ebumus,
of ivory, < ebur, ivory: see ivory.] A genus of
gastropods, variously
Umited. (a) By Lamarck it
wasmade to include tbeivory-
ahell E. glabrata, as well as
tnrreted species of the family
Bueeinidte. (b) By most later
writen the typical species
has been referred t« the OH-
rida and the genus restrict-
ed to buccinids, like K. epi-
rata, which are by others des-
ignated as the genus Latrun-
eulut. As thus limited, it is
remarkable for the oblong-
orate form, turreted spire,
and flattish upper or sutural
surface of the whorls, deep
unihlHcus, and thick porcel-
laiious texture. The color is
IwrfihetHE^rna r^ata). also characteristic, reiidish
C< L- C- priv. +
caninus, canine (tooth).] In Blyth's classifi-
cation of Mammalia, a term proposed as a sub-
stitute for the lusectivora of Cuvier.
ecardinal (e-kSr'di-nal), a. [< NL. *ecardina-
lis, < L. e- priv. + cardo (cardin-), hinge : see
t^rdinal.] Hingeless, inarticulate, or lyopo-
matous, as a brachiopod; of or pertaining to
the Ecardines.
Ecardines (e-kar'di-uez), n. pi. [NL., < L. e-
I>riv. + cardo (cardin-), a hinge.] One of the
two oi-ders of the class Brachiopoda. it includes
those >>rachiujiods the bivalve sliell of which has no hinge
and little if any dilTerence between the dorsal and ven-
tral valves, and contains the families Lingulidce, Ditci-
nidce, and Craniidtr, which are thus collectively distin-
guished from the TeMicardines. Tne term issynonymous
with Lfiopomata, Inarticulafa, Pleuropygia, and Sarco-
brot-hiota, all of which are names of this division of
brachiojMxIs.
Ecardinia (e-kar-din'i-ft), n. pi. [NL.] Same
as Ecardines.
ecarinate (e-kar'i-nat), a. [< NL. *ecarinatus,
< L. e- priv. + carina, keel : see carinate] In
ornitli. and bot., without a carina or keel.
6c&Tt6 (a-kiir-ta,'), «. [P., lit. discarded, pp.
of ecarter, discard, set aside, < ^-, < L. ex, out,
+ carte, card : see cardi, and cf. discard.] A
game played by two persons with thirty-two
cards, the small cards from two to six inclusive
being excluded. The players having cut for the deal,
which is decided Ijy the highest card, the dealer gives five
canls to each player, three and two at a time, and turns
up the eleventh card for trump. If he turns up a king,
he scores one ; and if the king of tnimps occurs in the hand
of either player, the liolder may score one by announcing
it lieforo playing. The cards rank as follows : king (high-
est), queen, linave, ace, ten, etc. A player having a higher
canl uf the suit led must take the trick with such a card ;
if he cannot follow suit, he may play a trump or not, as
he rh(H>8es. Three tricks count one point, five tricks (call-
ed a nilf) two points, and five points make game. Before
play liegins the non-dealer may jiroijose — that is, claim
the right to discard (^carter) any of the cards in his hand,
and have them replaced with fresh ones from the pack.
Should he do so, both can discard as many cards as they
choose,
^M,^,r^.,„A „\ n , ..T'" '«"»» Jistributed ui, a Ecaudata (e-ka-da'ta), ». pi [NL., neut. pi.
rvS!^sririV^r^,\y:tfeTd'zl;^r';:^%^he'r: °; ^caudaL: see ec\dai.] "in herpet, L
are about 14 species, found In China, etc. ; some are used Anurit or tailless batrachians: opposed to Cau-
tor food. data or Vrodela.
ecaudate
ecandate (§-k&'dat), a. [< NL. fcaiuUttus, <
h. c- priv. + Cauda, a tail: see caudate.'] 1.
In bot., without a tail or tail-like appendage.
— 2. In roo/., tailless; anurous; not caudate.
Specifically, in entomology, said of the posterior wings of
bntterflies. He, wlitn they are destitute of taillilce niai-
ginal processes.
EcbaUiam (ek-bal'i-um), «. [NL., < Gr. eK3a?.-
>Ltii>, throw out, < CK, out, + ^o/Omv, throw.] A
g^nus of cucurbitaceous plants, closely allied
to JilomordiC41. Tlie only species, E. Elaterium, is the
squirting cucumber, a native of southern Europe : so
Squirtli^ Cucumber {Ecbatlium Elaterium),
named because the fruit when ripe separates suddenly
from its staltc, and at the same moment forcibly expels
the seeds and juice from tlie aperture left at the base. A
precipitate obtained from tlie juice is the elaterium of
medicine, a very powerful hydragogue cathartic. See ela-
terium.
ecbasis (ek'ba-sis), n. [= F. ccbase, < L. ecbasis,
< Gr. CK3aatc,' a going out, issue, event, < iKJiai-
vciv, go out, come out, happen, < t/c, out, + pai-
veiv, go, = E. come : see base^, basis.] An argu-
ment drawn from the relation of cause and
effect; especially, an argument for or against
a certain course of action, such as the passage
of a proposed bill or law, from a consideration
of probable consequences.
ecbatic (ek-bat'ik), a. [< Gr. as if 'eKpaTrndg,
< en.iaiveiv, happen: see ecbasis.] Relating to
an event that has happened; denoting a mere
result or consequence, as distinguished from
telie, which implies purpose or intention. Thus,
the sentence " Events fell out so that the prophecy was
fulfilled" is echatic; but the sentence "Events were ar-
ranged in order that the prophecy might be fulfilled " is
telic.
ecblastesis (ek-blas-te'sis), rt. [NL., < Gr. t/c-
(iAdaniaiq, a shooting or budding forth, < cKJi^Ji-
ardvuv, shoot or sprout out, < in, out, -f- /JAapro-
veiv, sprout.] In bot., axillaryprolification in the
flower: a term applied by Engelmann to the
occurrence of adventitious buds in the axils of
one or more parts of the flower.
ecbole (ek'bo-le), n. [NL., < Gr. EK^>.^,a,
throwing out (£(C/3o/.i^ X6yov, a digression), < h-
pd'AXsiv, throw OTit: see Ecballium.] 1. Inrhet.,
a digression. — 2. In Gr. music, the raising or
sharping of a tone : opposed to eclysis.
ecbolic (ek-borik), a. and n. [= F. ecbolique, <
Gr. eK36?M>v, se. (papiianov, a drug for expelling
the fetus, < £»c;3aAAf:(v, throw out: see ecbole.] I.
a. Promoting parturition ; producing abortion.
H. H. A drug promoting parturition.
ecce homo (ek'se ho'mo). [L. : ecce, a de-
monstrative adv. or interj., here (he or it is)!
lo! behold! prob. orig. 'ece, < *e, locative of
pron. i-s, e-a, i-d, this, he, she, it, -t- demonstra-
tive suffix -ce; homo: see Uomo.] Behold, the
man : a phrase commonly used to denote Christ
crowned with thorns, considered as a subject
for a work of painting or sculptttro, from the
words with which he was presented by Pilate to
the Jews (John xix. 5). This subject has been fre-
quently chosen by artists since the fifteenth century,
among its most celebrated examples being paintings by
Correggio, Titian, H. Caraccl, Ouirto Reni, Van Dyclc, and
Ouercino.
ecceity (ek-se'i-ti), ». [< ML. ecceitas (occurring
in the 16th century as a modiflcation of the
earlier hcecceitas, due to the fact that the for-
mation of the latter word was not understood),
< L. eace, lo ! in LL. and ML. an assistant pron.
or adv., this, here : see ecce Immo.] Same as
hcBceeity.
eccentnc (ek-sen'trik), a. and n. [Formerly
also ecoentnck; = F. excentrique = Pr. excen-
1828
trie = Sp. excSntrieo = Pg. excentrico = It. ec-
ccntrico = D. excentriek (cf. D. cxcentrisch = G.
exccntrisch = Dan. Sw. cxcentrisk), < NL. eccen-
tricus, < LL. ecceiitros, < Gr. iKaevrpo^, out of
the center, < in, out, + Kevrpov, center : see cen-
ter^.] I. o. 1. Not located or situated in the
center; away from the center or axis: as, in
botany, lateral embryos and the stipes of some
hymenomycetous fungi are said to be eccentric.
Jiie astronomers discover in the earth no centre of the
universe, but an eceentric speck.
Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 16.
A complete neural circulation, however, is by no means
the necessary condition of a sensibility independently lo-
cated in ceeentric purtions of the human body such as Mr.
Lewes supposes. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 234.
2. In med., not originating or existing in the
center or central parts ; due to peripheral
causes: as, eccentric irritation; eccentric con-
vulsions (that is, convulsions due to peripheral
irritation). — 3. Not coincident as regards cen-
ter; specifically, in geom., not having the same
center: applied to circles and spheres which
have not the same center, and consequently
are not parallel: opposed to concentric, having
a common center. Hence — 4. Not coincident
as regards course or aim ; tending to a differ-
ent end or result ; devious.
"Whatsoever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crook-
eth them to his own ends, which must needs be often ec-
centric to the ends of his master or State.
Bacon, Wisdom for a Man's Self (ed. 1887).
Women's Affections are eccentrick to common Apprehen-
sion ; wiiereof the two poles are Passion and Inconstansy.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 226.
5. Deviating, or characterized by deviation,
from recognized, stated, or usual methods or
practice, or from established forms, laws, etc. ;
irregular; erratic; odd: as, ecccH^ric conduct ;
an eccentric person.
Still he preserves the character of a humourist, and
finds most pleasure in eccentric virtues.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
So would I bridle thy eccentric soul.
In reason's sober orbit bid it roll.
Whitehead, On Churchill.
6. Of or pertaining to an eccentric : as; the ec-
centric anomaly of a planet ; the eccentric rod
of a steam-engine.
In senses 3 and 6 sometimes written excen-
tric.
Eccentric angle, in (/eom-., an angle connected with an
ellipse and denned as follows: Let ABDE he an ellipse.
Upon the transverse axis
AB as a diameter erect
the circle ABFG. Then,
taking any point on the
ellipse, as H, let fall the
perpendicular HK upon
the transverse axis AB,
and continue this per-
pendicular until it cuts
the circle at the point L
on the same side of the
transverse axis AB. Join
L with the common cen-
ter, C, of the ellipse and
circle. Tlien, the angle
BCL, reckoned from one
determinate end, B, of the
transverse axis, is called
G
Eccentric Angle.
the eccentric angle of the point H. The expression is de-
rived from eccentric anomaly. — Eccentric anomaly. See
anomaly. — Eccentric cam, a circular disk used as a cam,
in which the center of rotation is outside the center of fig-
ure.—Eccentric Chuck. See c/iwcfe*.— Eccentric circle.
Same as II., 1.— Eccentric cutter. SeecH^^cri.— Eccen-
tricequation. Same -ascj uat iono/the ecceyit ric(\v]uch8ee,
under c/'trtf/o/O-— Eccentric equator. Same as egi/anf.
—Eccentric hypertrophy of the heart. See hypertro-
phy.—"EccexitTio place of a planet, its place as seen from
the center of its oi^tit.- Eccentric theory, a theory of
the sun's motion which uses an eccentric in place of an epi-
cycle.—Eccentric wheel, a wheel which is fixed on an
axis that does not pass through the center. Its action is
that of a crank of the same length as the eccentricity. See
IL, 2.=Syn. 5. Eccentric, Sin^jular, Strange, Odd, Queer,
Whimsical, peculiar, erratic. Eccentric is applied to acts
which are the effects of tastes, prejudices, judgments, etc.,
not merely different from those of ordinary people, but
largely unaccountable and often irregular, or to the person
who thus acts. Singular implies that a thing stands alone
in its kind or approximately so ; practically, the word ex-
presses some disapprobation : as, a singular fellow or per-
formance ; while eccentric people are generally the objects
of good-humored interest. Strange implies that the thing
or its cause is unknown : as, a very strange proceeding ; a
strange insect ; but what is strange to one man may not be
so to another; what is strange to most or all is singular.
Odd, unmated,startsfromthesanieideaassinj7MZrtr; when
applied to peraonal appearance, it implies singularity and
grotei^fjueneas : as, an odd figure ; when applied to the mind
or habits, it is nearly equivalent to eccentric, but is some-
what stronger : as, he is very odd ; he has odd ways ; when
applied to actions or conditions, it frequently implies some
degree of wonder, and is then nearly the same as surpris-
ing : as, it is odd that he does not write. Queer often ex-
presses a singularity that is <lroll. Whimsical is nearer to
eccentric, applying to one who often acts upon capricious
and irregular fancies of a rather amusing kind. For con-
nection with quaint, see ancient. See also wondcr/ul, ir-
regular, Janctful.
eccentricity
Yet in all these scores [of Sliakspere's characters] hard-
ly one . . . is to be found which deviates widely from the
conunon standard, and which we should call very ccce/i-
^•ic if we met it in real life. Macaulay, Madame D'Arblay.
The vulgar thus through imitation en*;
As oft the learn'd by being singidar.
Pope^ Essay on Criticism, L 425.
Strange graces still, and stranger flights she had,
Was just not ugly, and was just not mad.
Pope, Moral Essays, li. 49.
■\Vliat can be odder, for example, than the mixture of
sensibility and sausages in some of Goethe's earlier notes
to Frau von Stein, unless, to be sure, the publishing of
them? Lowell, Among my Hooks, Ist ser., p. 290.
But the old three-cornered hat,
And the breeches, and all that,
Are so queer,
O. W. Holmes, Tlie Last Leaf.
Birds frequently perish from sudden changes in our
whimsical spring weather, of which they have no forelXHl-
ing. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 6.
IL n, 1. (a) In arte, astron.^ a circle having
its center remote from the earth and carrying
an epicycle which in its turn was supposed to
carry a planet.
Or if they list to try
Conjecture, he his fabric of tlie heavens
Ilath left to their disputes ; perhaps to move
His laughter at their quaint opinions wide
Hereafter, when they come to model heaven
And calculate the stars; how they will wield
The mighty frame ; how build, unbuild, contrive,
To save appearances; how gird the sphere
With centric and eccentric scribbled o'er,
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton, P. L., viii. S3.
(&) In mod. asfron., a circle described about the
center of an elliptical orbit, with half the ma-
jor axis for radius. — 2, In mecli., a device for
converting a regular circular motion into an ir-
regular reciprocating rectilinear motion, it acts
upon the body moved by it through its perimeter like a
cam, with which it is sometimes classed ; but all its pecu-
liarities of motion are essentially those of a crank-motion,
and it may be considered as a crank having a wrist of
larger diameter than the throw. In the steam-engine it is
a disk fitted to the shaft, with its center placed at one side
of the center of the shaft, and it acts to convert the rotary
motion of the shaft into the reciprocating motion of the
valve-gear of the cylinder, and thus to make the engine
self-acting. (See link-motion, reversing -gear, and cutoff.)
In this sense sometimes written ezcentric.
3. One who or that which is irregular or anom-
alous in action; a person of eccentric habits.
Mr. Farquhar added another to bis gallery of middle-
aged eccentrics. Athenceum, Jan. 14, 18S8, p. 60.
An^lar advance of an eccentric. See angular.— Ec-
centric of the eccentric, a circle whose center is remote
from the earth (in tliu I'tolemaic theory) or from the sun (in
the Copernican), and which carries round its circumference
a second circle, called the eccentric, and this again a third,
called the epicycle, which cames a planet. An eccentnc
of an eccentric was supposed by Ptolemy to explain the
motion of Mercury, and by Copernicus to explain the mo-
tions of Mercury and Venus. Tycho suj^ested such an
explanation for the motions of Mars.— Equation of the
eccentric. See equation.
eccentrical (ek-sen'tri-kal), a. Same as eccen-
tric.
eccentrically (ek-sen'tri-kal-i), adv. With ec-
centricity; in an eccentric manner or position.
Also excentrically.
Swift, Tlab'lais, and that favourite child,
Who, less eccentrically wild.
Inverts the misanthropic plan.
And, hating vices, hates not man.
Lloyd, Familiar Epistle.
eccentric-gear (ek-sen'trik-ger), n. In mecli.j
a terra including all the links and other parts
wliieh transmit the motion of an eccentric.
eccentric-hoop (ek-sen'trik-hop), n. Same as
eccentric-strap.
eccentricity (ek-sen-tris'i-ti), Vi' ; pi. eccentrici-
ties (-tiz). [= F. excentficite = Sp. excentrici-
dad = Pg. excentriddade = It. eccentricitd =D.
excentridteit = G. cxcentricitdt = Dan. Sw. ^.i-
centricitetf < NL. eccentricita{t-)s, < eccentricus,
eccentric: see eccentric.'] 1. Deviation from
a center; the state of a circle with reference to
its center not coinciding with that of another
circle. — 2. In geom. and astron.y the distance
between the foci of a conic divided by the
transverse diameter. The eccentricity of the
earth's orbit is .01677, or about -^.—S. In
anc. astron., the distance of the center of the
equant from the earth. — 4. Departure or de-
viation from that which is stated, regular, or
usual; oddity; whimsicalness: an, the eccentri-
city of a man's genius or conduct.
Akenside was a young man warm with every notion . . .
connected with the sound of liberty, and by an eccentricity
which such dispositions do not easily avoid, a lover of con-
tradiction, and no friend to anything established.
Johnson, Akenside.
6. An eccentric action or characteristic; a
striking peculiarity of character or conduct.
eccentricity
whose [Frederic "WiUiani's] eccentt'icitifg were such aa
had never before been seen out of a mad-house.
ilacaulay, Frederic the Great
Also exccntricifi/ in the literal uses.
Angle of eccentricity, in tjeom., tlte an^jle whose sine is
equal to tl»e eccentricity of an ellipse.— Bisection of tile
eccentricity. See Awccdou.— Temporal eccentricity,
in anc. agtruiu, the eccentricity of the urlnt oi Mercury at
any time. Since the eccentric of ilercury was supposed
itself to he carried on an eccentric, it follows that the ec-
centricity would not be a constant quantity.
eccentric-rod (ek-sen'trik-rod), n. In mec/i., the
main connecting-link by which the motion of
an eccentric is transmitted.
eccentric-strap (ek-sen'trik-strap), n. Inviech.,
the baud of iron which embraces the circum-
ference of an eccentric, and within which it
revolves. The eccentric-rod is attached to it.
Also called ceccntric-hoop.
eccentrometer (ek-sen-trom'e-ter), H. [< LL.
ecceiitros, eccentric, + metrum, measure.] Any
instrument used to determine the eccentricity
of a projectile.
eccepnalosis (ek-sef-a-lo'sis), It. [NL., < Gr.
IK, out, + s.cipa'fJi, head: see cephalic and -osi'».]
In obslet., an operation in which the brain of
the child is removed to facilitate delivery; ex-
cerebration.
ecce signiun (ek'se sig'uum). [L., behold, the
sign : ecre, behold (see ccce homo) ; signum, sign :
see S(V/».] Behold, the sign; hero is the proof.
ecchondroma (ek-on-dro ma), n. ; pi. ecchon-
dromata (-ma-tS). [XL., i Gr. Ik, oat of, +
Xovdpo^, cartilage, -1- -oma.'\ A chondroma or
cartilaginous tumor growing from the surface
of a bone; a chondroma originating in normal
cartilage, and forming an outgrowth from It.
eccbondrosis (ek-on-dro'sis), «. [NL., < Gr.
<\, out of, 4- x^^^fXK, cartilage (cf. CKxampiiew,
make into cartilage), -I- -osis.'] Same as ecchon-
(Iroma. Also ekchondrosis.
ecchymoma (ek-i-mo'mS), «. ; pi. ecchymomata
(-ma-ti). [NL., < Gr. Ik, out of, + .r"/"*?, juice,
+ ^ma.'] A swelling on the skin caused by
o.ttrava.sation of blood.
ecchymosed (ek'i-most), a. [< ccchymos-is +
-<(/-'.] Characterized by or partaking of the
nature of eccbymosis.
The changes which take place in the cnlonrof an ecehy-
motfd spot are worthy of attention, since they may aerve
to aid the witness in giving an opinion nn the probable
time at which a contusion has liecn inflicted.
A. S. Taylor, Med. Jurisprudence, p. 192.
eccbymosis (ek-i-mo'sis), n.: f\. ecchymoses
(-sez). [= F. ecchymose, < NL. ecchymogis, <
Gr. ixxvfi-x'ic, (. tKxviideaOai, shed the blood and
leave it extravasated under the skin, < U, out,
-f- x^fof, juice, animal juice, < x^^'^i I>our : see
rhyme^.] In med., a liWd, black, or yellow spot
produced by extravasated blood. In dermatol-
ogy the word usually denotes an extravasation
of greater extent than the small spots called
petechia;.
M. Tanllen states that he has seen these suhpleural
fcckymotet in the Ixxly of an infant ten mouths after
death 1 A. .S. Taylor, .Med. Jurisprudence, p. 380.
eccbymotic (ek-i-mot'ik), a. [= F. ecchymo-
lirjuc; a.s ecchymogis (-mot-) + -I'c] Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of ecchymosis: as,ec-
chymotic collections.
In purpura heiuorrhafflca the lesions are nsualljr more
numerous, more extensive, eaJiymotie lu cluracter.
DukTing, 8kin Diseases, plate K.
EccL An abbreviation (a) of Eeeletiastet ; (h)
(/, c] o[ ecclesitutical.
eccle, ". See eckle^.
Eccles. An abbreviation (a) of Ecdesiastes;
(li) [/. r.] ot ecclesiastical.
ecclesia (e-kle'zi-ft), n. ; pi. eceUsia, ecclesias
(-e, -az). [= F.~^glisc = Pr. gleiza, glieyza,
iiHi-ia = 8p. iylesia = Pg. igrria = It. ehiesa
(also ecclesia), church, < L. ecclesia, an assem-
bly of the (Greek) people, LL. (also, as in ML.,
fiometimes eclesia) a church, congregation of
Christians, = Ar. kelixr, kenise = Turk. kUise =
Pcrs. kalisa, knnisa, a church, < Gr. iiuhiaia, an
assembly of the people, IXir. an assembly of
Christians, a church. < ckk/jitoc, summoned, <
iKKa>jtv, summon, call out, < ck, out, + Ka>Mv,
call: see ea/ends.] 1. An assembly ; the great
assembly of the people in certain ancient Greek
states, as Athens, at which every free citizen
had a right to vote.
Tli<- (icople in the United States, . . . planted, as they
arc, nvt-r large dominions, cannot meet in one assembly,
and thf-refore nte not exposed U) those tumultuous com-
motions, like the racing waves of the sea, which always
aeltated the tteUtia at Athens.
J. Adaiiu, Works, IV. 401.
1-S29
In ancient Greece and Italy the primitive clan-assembly
or township-meeting did not grow by asjgregiition into the
assembly of the shire, but it developed into the comitia or
ecclesia of the city. J. Fiske, Amcr. Pol. Ideas, p. 67,
2. A society for Christian worship ; a church;
a congregation: the Greek and Latin name,
sometimes used in English writing with refer-
ence to the early church,
ecclesialt (e-kle'zi-al), a. [< ML. ecclemalis, <
LL. ecclesia, the church : see ecclesia.'\ Eccle-
siastical.
Our ecclesial and political choices,
Hilton, Beformation in Eng,, ii.
It is not the part of a King . , . to meddle with i'ccfc-
sial Government. UiUon, Eikonoklastes, xiii.
ecclesian (e-kle'zi-an), n. [< ML. ecclesianus,
a supporter of the church as against the civil
power, also as adj., < LL. ecclesia, the church:
see ecclesia.'] One who maintains the suprem-
acy of the ecclesiastical domination over the
civil power. Imp, Diet.
ecclesiarch (e-kle'zi-Srk), n. [= F. eeclesiarque,
< LGr. iKK/.rjci.apx'K, ^ Gr. eKK?^aia, an assembly,
-I- apxoc, a leader.] 1. A ruler of the church ;
an ecclesiastical mapiate. Bailey, 1727. — 2.
In the Gr. Ch., a sacrist or sacristan; a church
officer who has charge of a church and its con-
tents, and summons the worshipers by seman-
tron or otherwise. In the more important
churches the ecclesiarch formerly had minor
officials under his authority.
ecclesiast (e-kle'zi-ast), 11. [< ME. ecclesiaste;
= F. ecclesiaste, < LL. ecdesiastes, < Gr. t/oi?.)?-
ataorii^, in classical Gr. a member of the assem-
bly (ecclesia), < iiacXriataiciv, sit in the assembly,
debate as an assembly, later call an assembly,
LGr. summon to church, come into the church,
< tKK/j/aia, an assembly of the people, LGr. a
church : see ecclesia. The word kuKJ-riataaTrj^ is
usually translated 'preacher,' but this is an
imperfect rendering, being rather an inference
from the verb iKKXi)aia!lctv in its later sense, 'call
an assembly' (hence, by inference, give it di-
rections or admonitions), or from the Heb. word
of similar import,] 1. An ecclesiastic; one
who addresses the church or assembly of the
faithful ; a preacher or sacred orator ; specifi-
cally, with the definite article, Coheleth, or the
Preacher — that is, Solomon, or the author of
the book of Ecdesiastes.
He was in chirche a noble ttclerioMe,
Chaucer, Gen, ProL to C, T., I. 708.
Though thrice a thousand yean are past
Since David's son, the sad and splendid,
Tlie weary King EeeUtiatt,
I'pon his awful tablets penned It.
Thackeray, Vanitas Vanitatuin.
2t. [cap.'i Ecclesiasticus.
Redeth Eccletiojtle of flaterie
Beth ware, ye lordes, of hire trecherle,
Chaucer, Xuns lYlest's Tale, 1, 607,
Ecdesiastes (e-kle-zi-as'tez), h. [LL., < Gr.
'EKK/t/niaari/it the title in the Septuagint and
hence in the Vulgate version of the book called
in Heb. Qokeleth, lit. ho who calls together an
assembly of the people, the gatherer of the
people, fem. (in use masc.) part. < qahal, call,
call together (otherwise detiued 'heap toge-
ther'). See ccclesiast.'\ One ot the books of
the Old Testament, also called the Preacher.
Kcclegiatles is the GreeIc title in the Septuagint version.
Hut preacher, in its iniMlern signification. Is not synony-
mous with the original. (See the etymology.) Tholnxikis
a dramatic prest-ntation of the fruitlessness of a life de-
voted to worldly pleasure or ambition. It purports to be
a record of the experience and reflections of .s<tlomon, to
whom Its authorwip Is often attributed, but on this
inint Biblical critics disagree. Often abbreviated Eccl.,
Kcclei.
ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik), a. and «. [For-
merly also ccclesiastick ; < F. ecclesiastique =
Sp. eclesidstico = Pg. eedesiastico = It. ecclesias-
tico, eechiesiastico, eeeresiastico = 8w. ecklesias-
tik (cf. G. ecclesiastisch = Dan. ekklcsiastisk =
Sw. eeklesiastisk), < L. ecclesiasticus.^. Gr. iiuc^i)-
aiaaTiK6^, of or for the assembly, LGr. and LL.
of or for the church (as a noun, a church officer,
an ecclesiastic) (cf. iKKh/aiaart/r, a member of
the assembly, etc.), < cKK^.T/niaZeiv, sit in the as-
sembly, LGr. summon to church, etc. : see ee-
clexia, ecclesiast.'] I. a. Ecclesiastical ; specifi-
cally, pertaining to the ministry or adminis-
tration of the church. [Now rare.]
And pulpit, drum eccle»iaiitick,
Was beat with fist instead of a stick.
S, ISutler, lludibras, I, I, 11,
An eedetia^ie person . . . ought not to go in splendid
and vain ornaments. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed, 1836), II, 7.
A church of England man has a true veneration for the
scheme established among us ot eccUgiastick government,
Svci/t.
ecclesiastical
II. 11. 1. In early usage, a member of the
orthodox church, as distinguished from Jews,
pagans, infidels, and heretics.
I must here observe farther that the name of ecclesias-
tics was sometimes attributed to all Christians in general.
Bentham.
2. One holding an office in the Christian min-
istry, or otherwise officially consecrated to the
service of the church: usually restricted to
those connected with an episcopate, and in the
middle ages to subordinate officials.
Among the Homan Catholics, all moiiks, and, in the
Church of England, the various dignitaries who perfonu
the episcopal functions, are entitled ecclt-siastics.
Crabb, Englisll Synonymes, p. 369.
From a humble ecclesiastic, he was subsequently pre-
ferred to the highest dignities of the church, Prescott.
ecclesiastical (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kal), a. [< eccle-
siastic + -al.] Pertaining or relating to the
church; churchly; not civil or secular: a,s, ec-
clesiastical discipline or government ; ecclesias-
tical affairs, history, or polity; ecclesiastical
courts. Sometimes abbreviated eccl., eccles.
There are in men operations, some natural, some ra-
tional, some supernatural, some politic, some Anally ec-
clesiastical. Hooker, Eccles, Polity, I, 16,
A Bishop, as a Bishop, had never any Ecclesiastical
Jurisdiction, Selden, Table-Talk, p, 22.
The Anglo-Saxon sovereigns, acting in the closest union
with their bishops, made ecclesiastical laws which clothed
the spiritual enactments with coercive authority,
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 298.
Ecclesiastical books, in the early church, books allowed
to be read in church, especially those read for edification
and for the instruction of catechumens, but not belonging
in the strictest sense to the canon of Scripture, This name
was applied to such books as those named in the sixth of
the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, after
the canonical lx>oks of the Old Testament, as " the other
Ixjoks," and collected In the King Janu-s liilile under the
heading "Apocrypha,"— Ecclesiastical calendar. See
calendar. —Ecclesiastical colors. See co(or. — Ecclesias-
tical commission, (i) ,\conrt appointed by Queen Eliza-
beth, and invested by her with nearly absolute powers, for
the puriMjse of regulating religiousopinions, and punishing
all departure from the church standards either in doctrine
or in ritual. It was8nl)sequently abolished by Parliament,
(6) A standing commission in England, created by Parlia-
ment in the early part of the iiineteenth century, invested
with important powers for the reform of the established
church. Its idans have to be submitted, after due notice
to persons interested, to the sovereign in council, and be
ratified by ordei-s in council; but after ratification and
due publication they have the same effect as acts of Par-
llaui. nt, - Ecclesiastical councils. See couneil, 7.— Ec-
clesiastical courts, iliurcli courts in which the canon
law is administered and ecclesiastical causes ai'e tried.
In countries in which the church is establisheil by law the
decisions of these courts have a l}inding legal effect, and
the courts constitute a part of the judicial machinery of
the community; in other countries their decisions are
binding only within the church, and enforced only by
church discipline. In England there are several ecclesi-
astical courts, Tliat of primary resort is the Consistory
Court of the diocese; from it appeals go to the Court of
Arches, and from there to the Privy Comicil, In the
Protestant Episcopal Churcli of America the administra-
tion of discipline of lay ineml)ers is wholly in the hands
of tiie rect^ir, an apiH'al lying to the bishop. The method
of proceeding against clergymen in each diocese Is deter-
mined by diocesan canons. A l>ishop is tried by the House
of Blsliops. In the Presbyterian Church the ecclesiastical
courts are the .Session, Presbytery, Symid, and General
As^nibly, the last being the court of last resort; in the
Metlioilist Cluirch trials are had t^fore a cliurch conmiit-
tee, with an appeal to the Conference; in Iwth churches
there are provisions for the constitution of courts for the
trial of clergymen for false doctrine or immoral conduct.
In churches of the Congregational system there are no
ecclesiiistical courts; the local chfirch is the only tribunal
iec<jgnized. In the Koinan Catholic Church there are
bishops' courts for the trial of ordinary church causes,
the trial of bishops l)eing reserved to the pope ; hut the
ntctboiisof procedure differ according to tiie position of
the cliurch in different countries.— Ecclesiastical epis-
tles, in the Horn. Cath. Ch., letters written l>y cliurch
dignitaries ofttcially, and carrying with them ecclesiasti-
cal authority, as ajJostolic epistles written by the Konian
pontiff In virtue of Ilis apostolic authority, commenda-
tory epistles (see commendatorj/X dimis-sory epistles (see
diiiiisttory), encyclical epistles (see encyclic), pastoral epis-
tles, ana epistles of instruction to particular churches,
— Ecclesiastical fast. See/as/'', — Ecclesiastical his-
tory, the bisforyof the church from the Iicgiiiniiig to the
present time, including Ixith Old Testiinieiit and New
Testament history ; more specifically, the histcuy of the
Christian church, including both its interior and its ex-
terior development — that is, its organization and also the
development of itsdoctrinal beliefs.— Ecclesiastical law,
the law of the chiinh as admlnistehed in tlic ecclesiastical
courts; in a more general sense, especially in those cuun-
tiles where there is no church establishment, the whole
boily of the law relating to religion or religious institu-
tions as administered in tiie civil courts.— Ecclesiastical
mode, .See mode— Ecclesiastical moon, or cofoidnr
miMm, a fictitious niontli usci in dctennining the date
of Easter, It is made purp»cly todejwirt from the natural
month, to avoiil the possibility of a coincidence of Easter
with the Jew ihh Passover. — Ecclesiastical notary. See
notaiif,- Ecclesiastical polity, the principles and laws
of church government,— Ecclesiastical statet, the body
of the clergy,
A king , . . in whose time also began that great altera-
tion in the state ecclesiastical.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 131.
ecclesiastically
ecclesiastically (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kal-i), adr. By
the ohuroh ; as regards the constitution, laws,
doctrines, etc., of the church.
It Is both naturally and ecdeMatticaUu good.
Jifr. Taylor^ Rule of Conscience, iii. 5.
ecclesiasticism (e-kle-zi-as'ti-sizm), n. [< ec-
clesiastic + -ism.'\ Strong adherence to the
principles and organization of the church, or
to ecclesiastical observances, privileges, etc. ;
devotion to the interests of the church and the
extension of its influence in its external rela-
tions.
My religious convictions and views have remained free
ftoni any tincture of ecclesiasticism. Westminster Rev.
Puseyites and ritualists, aiming to reinforce ecdesiasli-
eism, betray a decided leaning towai'ds archaic print, as
well as archaic ornaments.
11. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 107.
Ethical forces for all the reforms of society are stored
in the Christian church, but the battery is insulated by
eeeiesiastieism. A. A, Rev., CXLl. 240.
Ecclesiasticus (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kus), n. [1>L.,
prop, adj., of or belonging to the church: see
ecclesiastic,'^ The name in the Latin version
of the Bible, and the alternative name in the
English Apocrypha, of the book called in the
Septuagint "The Wisdom of Jesus, the Son
of Sirach," included in the canon of the Old
Testament by the Roman Catholic and Greek
churches, but regarded as apocryphal by Jews
and Protestants, though occasionally read in
the Anglican Church, in form it resembles the Book
of lYoverbs. It is supposed to have been originally com-
piled in Hebrew or Araniean about 180 B. c, and trans-
luted into Greek alwut 130 B. c. Abbreviated Ecclus.
ecclesiography (e-kle-zi-og'ra-fi), «. [< LGr.
iKKATiaia, the church, + Gr. -ypcupia, < ypa^eiv,
write.] The history of churches, their locality,
doctrines, polity, and condition. The Congrega-
tionalist, July 2, 1879.
ecclesiological (e-kle"zi-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< ec-
clesiologij + -ical.~\ Of or pertaining to eccle-
siology ; treating of ecclesiology.
Colossians is christological, and represents Christ as the
true pleroma or plenitude of the Godhead, the totality of
divine attributes and powers ; Ephesians is ecclesioloffical,
and exhibits the ideal church as the body of Christ, as the
reflected pleroma of Christ, "the fulness of Him who fill-
eth all in all." Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 98.
Mr. Butler candidly admits that in ecclesiological and
ritual knowledge he started with but a scanty outfit.
Edinlnmjh Rev., CLXIII. 27.
ecclesiologist (e-kle-zi-ol'o-jist), n. [< ecclesi-
ology + -ist.'\ One versed in ecclesiology; an
expotmder of ecclesiology.
For the ecclesiologist proper there is a prodigious bal-
dacchino, and a grand display of metal-work behind the
high altar. E. A. Freeiimn, Venice, p. 282.
ecclesiology (e-kle-zi-ol'o-ji), n. [< LGr. inKkri-
aia, the church, + Gr. -Aoyia, < '/syctv, speak : see
-ology.'] 1. The science of the church as an
organized society, and of whatever relates to
its outward expression or manifestation.
Christology naturally precedes ecclesiology in the order
of the system, as Ciirist precedes the church.
Schaf, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 96.
It will furnish future writers in the history and eccle-
siology of Ireland with a most valuable storehouse of in-
formation. Athenceum.
2. The science of church architecture and dec-
oration. It treats of all the details of church furniture,
ornament, etc., and their symbolism, and is cultivated
especially by the High Church party in the Church of Eng-
land.
Eastern Ecclesiology may be divided into two grand
branches, Byzantine and Armenian.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, I. 169.
eccles-tree (ek'lz-tre), n. A dialectal variant
of axletree. [Prov. Eng.]
Ecclus. An abbreviation of Ecclesiasticus.
eccopet (ek'o-pe), n. [NL., < Gr. ckkottti, a cut-
ting out, an incision, < itiK&irTnv, cut out, < t/c,
out, + KOTTTeiv, cut.] In surg., the act of cut-
ting out ; excision ; specifically, a perpendicu-
lar division of the cranium by a cutting instru-
ment.
eccoprotict (ek-o-prot'ik), a. and n. [< NL.
eccoproticus, < Gr. ttmoTTpuTiKdg, < cKnoTrpovv (only
in pass.), clear of dung, < in, out, + Koirpoq,
dung.] I, a. Having the quality of promoting
alvine discharges ; laxative ; loosening ; gently
cathartic.
H. n. A medicine which purges gently, or
which tends to promote evacuations by stool ;
a laxative.
Eccremocarpus (ek're-mo-kar'pus), n. [NL.,
< Gr. iKKpsfir/c, hanging from or upon (< eKKpc-
liaadat, hang from), -I- KapTrog, fruit.] A genus
of climbuig shrubs, natural order Bignonia-
1830
cem, containing three species, natives of South
America. They have twice-pinnatisect leaves with small
membranaceous leaflets, and green or yellow flve-lobed
flowers. A', scaber is cultivated its an ornamental creeper.
eccrinology (ek-ri-nol'o-ji), n. [Irreg. < Gr.
inKpiveiv, separate (< ex, out, -1- Kpivetv, separate),
-I- -/Myia, < 7,t}tiv, speak: see -ology.'] That
branch of physiology which relates to the se-
cretions and the act of secretion.
eccrisist (ek'ri-sis), «. [NL., < Gr. cKKpim^, sep-
aration, < iKKpiTog, separated, < cKKptvew, choose
out, separate, < «, out, -I- Kpiveiv, separate : see
crisis.'} In med. : (a) The expulsion or excretion
of any waste products or products of disease.
(b) The excreted products themselves.
eccritict (e-krit'ik), w. [< Gr. impirmd^, se-
cretive, < iKKpiTOC, secreted, separated : see eccri-
sis.'] A medicine that promotes excretion ; an
eliminative.
oocyesis (ek-si-e'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. as if *m-
KV7/aic, < iKKvelv, bring forth, put forth as leaves,
< «, forth, -t- Kvclv, be pregnant.] Extra-uter-
ine gestation, or the development of the fetus
outside of the cavity of the uterus, as in a Fal-
lopian tube, an ovary, or the abdominal ca\'ity.
eccyliosis (ek-sil-i-6'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ckkv-
Aieadai, be unrolled (develop) (< in, out, + nvXmv,
roll up: see cylinder), + -osis.'] In pathol., a
disease or disturbance of development ; a dis-
order resulting from the process of develop-
ment.
ecderon (ek'de-ron), n. [NL., < Gr. ck, out, +
(Sfpof, skin.] An outer layer of integument, as
the epithelial layer of mucous membrane, or
the epidermal layer of the skin : distinguished
from enderon, the deeper layer.
ecderonic (ek-de-ron'ik), a. [< ecderon + -ic]
Of or pertaining to the ecderon ; epidermal or
epithelial.
Teeth in MoUusca and Annulosa are always ecderonic,
cuticular, or epithelial structures.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 80.
ecdysis (ek'di-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. sKdvai^, a
getting out, < ckSvLv, get out of, strip off, < in,
out, -I- 6i)uv, get into, enter.] The act of put-
ting off, coming out of, or emerging; the act
of shedding or casting an outer coat or integu-
ment, as in the case of serpents and certain in-
sects, or the feathers of birds ; the molt : op-
posed to endysis.
ecgonine (ek'go-nin), n. [< Gr. inyovoq, born
(as a noun, a ctild) (< e/c, out of, + -yov6^, born:
see -gony), + -ine^.] In chem., a base obtained
from cocaine by the action of hydrochloric acid.
It is soluble in water.
^chancnire (F. pron. a-shon-kriir'), n. [F., a
hollowing out, scallop, slope, < 6chancrer, cut
sloping, lit. cut crabwise, < e-, < L. ex, out, +
chancre, < L. cancer, a crab : see cancer.'] In
anat. and zool., a notch, nick, or indentation,
as on the edge or surface of a part ; an emar-
gination ; a shallow fissure. It is more than a
more depression, and less than a furcation or
forfieation.
6chauguette (F. pron. a-sho-get'), «• [P., a
watch-turret, < OF. eschauguette, eschalguette,
oldest form eschargaite (ML. reflex, scaragu-
ayta), orig. a company on guard, then a single
sentinel, then a sentry-box, watch-tutrret (cf.
Walloon scarwaiter, be on the watch), < OHG.
"skarwahta, MHG. scharwate (G. schartcache), <
OHG. skara, MHG. 6. schar, a company, a di-
vision or detail of an army, a crowd, + "walita,
MHG. waclite, G. wacht, a watch, > OF. waite,
guaite, E. wait: see wait.] A bartizan.
eche^t, «• a.nd pron. A Middle English form of
each.
eche^t, V. t. An obsolete form of eke.
eche^t, n. A Middle English form of ache''-.
eche*t, o- [ME., earlier ece, < AS. ece, everlast-
ing, eternal ; cf . OS. ewig = OFries. ewich, Swig
= 1). eeuwig = OHG. ewic, MHG. ewie, ewec, G.
ewig = Dan. Sw. evig, everlasting, eternal, <
OHG. ewa, etc., = Goth, atxcs, an age, eternity:
see ayl, age, etern.] Everlasting; eternal.
Than like song that ever is eche.
Owl and Nightingale, 1. 742.
In helle heo schulle forbeme
On eche sorynesse.
Old Eng. Miscellany (ed. Morris), p. 72.
echelon (esh'e-lon), n. [< F. echelon (= Sp. es-
calon), a round of a ladder, a step, stepping-
stone, echelon, < echelle, OF. eschelle = Pr. Sp.
Pg. escala = It. scala, < L. scala, a ladder: see
scale'^.] A step-like arrangement or order;
specifically, a military disposition of troops of
such a nature that each division, brigade, regi-
Echidna
inent, company, or other body occupies a posi-
tion parallel to, but not in the same alinement
with, that in front, thus presenting the appear-
ance of steps, and capable of being formed into
one line by moving each of the less advanced
divisions, etc., forward until they all aline.
Troops so disposed are said to be in echelon. A fleet is
said to be in echelon when it presents a wedge-form to the
enemy, so that the bow-guns and broadsides of the sev-
eral ships can defend one another.
The beaters moved in echelon by the hill-top as well as
they could. W. U. Russell, Diary in India, II. IW
The friends were standing where the Catskill hills lay
before them in echelon t^jwards the river, the ridges lap-
ping over each other and receding in the distance.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 54.
echelon (esh'e-lon), V. t. [< echelon, ».] To
form in echelon.
The Russian amiy of the Lom in the end of July was
echeloned along the road to Rustchuk, waiting for the
word to surround that fortress.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 128.
echelon-lens (esh'e-lon-lenz), n. A compound
lens used for lighthouses, having a series of con-
centric annular lenses arranged round a central
lens, so that all have a common focus.
echeneidan (ek-e-ne'i-dan), n. A fish of the
family Eehcneididw. Sir J. liichardson.
echeneidid (ek-e-ne'i-did), n. A fish of the
family Echeneididce.
Echeneididae (ek"e-ne-id'i-de), n.pl, [NL., <
Echeneis {-id-) + -ida:.] A family of teleocepha-
lous fishes, representing the suborder Discoce-
phali, and typified by the genus Echeneis. The
Body is elongated, broad in front, and tapering to the cau-
dal tin; the head is flat, horizontal above, and surmounted
by an oval disk. This disk is composed of numerous (10 to
27) transverse bars, pectinated behind, and divided into
pairs by a median longitudinal leathery partition, and
is surrounded by a leathery margin. This formation is
homologous with a set of dorsal spines, and is in fact an
extremely modified dorsal fin. A normal dorsal is devel-
oped on the hinder part of the body, and the anal nearly
corresponds to it. The ventrals are thoracic in position,
and have 5 rays, and a slender spine closely attached to
the adjoining ray. By means of the disk, acting as a
sucker, these fishes attach themselves to other animals.
They are known to sailors and fishermen as suckers or
sucking-Jighes. About a dozen species are known ; the
most common are Echeneis naucrates and Remora remo-
ra. Also Echenidce, Echeneidini. See pilot-fish, remora.
Echeneidini (ek-e-ne-i-di'ni), n. x>l. [NL., <
Echeneis (-id-) + -int.] Same as Echeneididce.
Bonaparte, 1837.
echeneidoid (ek-e-ne'i-doid), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Echeneidixla.
II. n. A fish of the family Echeneididw.
Echeneis (ek-e-ne'is), n. [L., < Gr. ixuvvk
(-iii-), the remora, supposed to have the power
of holding ships back, prop, adj., ship-holding,
< E;t^Mv, hold, -f- vavq = L. navis, a ship.] The
typical genus of the family Echeneididce, hav-
ing on the top of the head a large, flat, lami-
Sucking-fish {Echeneis remora).
nated disk or sucker, composed of numerous
transverse plates set obliquely upward and
backward, forming an adhesive surface by
which the fish attaches itself to various objects,
as a larger fish, a ship's bottom, etc. The type is
the common remora or sucking-fish, E. naucrates. By
some it is extended to include all the species of the fam-
ily, and by others restricted to elongated slender species
with numerous plates to the suckers, like E. naucrates.
echeum (e-ke'um), n. ; pi. echea (-a). [L. echea,
< Gr. i/x^ia, pi. of i/x^'ov, a kind of loud kettle-
drum or gong, < f/xoc, vx'lt a sound, esp. a loud
sound, roar, i/xci^', sound, ring: see echo.] In
arch., one of the sonorous bell-shaped vases of
bronze or clay which the ancients are said to
have introduced in the construction of their
theaters to give greater power to the voices of
the actors. See acoustic vessel, under acoustic.
Echeveria (ech-e-ve'ri-a), n. [NL., named af-
ter Echereri, a botanic artist.] A genus of suc-
culent plants, natural order Crassulacew, chiefly
natives of Mexico. It is now included in the
genus Cotyledon.
echiaster (ek-i-as't&r), n. [NL., prop, eehinas-
tcr (which is used in another application: see
Echinaster), < Gr. ex'ivoQ, hedgehog, + acTijp, a
star.] 1. A kind of stellate sponge-spicule.
Sottas. — 2. [cap.] A genus of coleopterous
insects. Erichson. '
Echidna (e-kid'na). n. [NL., < L. echidna, < Gr.
ixi^va, an adder, viper, < Ix'i, ah ad^er, viper:
seeEchis.] 1. In(<;JiWi.,agenus of anguilliform
fishes : generally accounted a synonym of Murce-
Echidna
no, Jbrster, 1778. [Not in use.] — 2. In Aerpet.,
a genus of reptiles : used by Wagler and otners
for the genus of vipers ( Viperidw) called Bitis by
Gray and Cope. Merrem, 1820. [Not in use.]
— 3, In mammal. : (a) The tj7)ical genus of the
family Echidnid<e, containing the aeuleated ant-
eater or spiny ant-eater of Australia and Tas-
mania, E. hystrix or aculeata, and another spe-
cies, E. latcesi of New Guinea, together with a
fossil one, E. oweni. Tliey have 5 to«8 on each foot;
the snout is straight and moderately developed. Tachy-
riiotaus is the same, and is tlie name properly to be used
for this genus according to zoological rules of nomen-
clature, the name Echidna having been preoccupied in
another sense, though it has most currency in this sense.
See Acanthoglogfui, ant-eater. Cueier, 1797. (&) [J, c.]
A species of the genus Echidna or family Echid-
nidiE. The echidna resemliles a large hedgehog, except-
ing that the spines are much longer, and the snout is long
and slender, with a small aperture at the end for the pro-
trusion of the long, flexible, worm-like tongue. The ani-
mal is nocturnal, fossorial, and insectivorous, and catches
insects with its long, sticky tongue, whence it is known as
the porcupine ant-eater. The echidna is closely related to
the omithorhynchus, or duck-billed platypus, and, like it,
is oW parous.
4. A genua of echinoderms. DeBUtinville, 1830.
Echidnse (e-kid'ne), n. pi. [NL., pi. of echidna,
< L. echidna, an adder, viper: see Echidna.'] A
group of bombycid moths. Hiibner, 1816.
Echionidae (e-kid'ni-de), ». pi. [NL., < Echid-
na + -iVte.] The family of monotrematous or-
nithodelphian or prototherian mammals con-
stituted by the genera Echidna (or Tachyglos-
tm) and Zaglosgus (or Acanthoglossui). They
have, iu addition to the ordinal and superordlual cbarac-
1831
-. -^N
Spiny Rat {EcJtt'mys cnyentunsis
echint, »• [ME.,<L. ecftiniw; seeecA»nu«.] A
sea-hedgehog ; a sea-urchin.
Men . . . knowen whiche strondes habounden moflt of
tendre flashes or of sharpe fisshes that hyxten echynnya.
CAaucer, Boethius, p. 82.
Echinacea (ek-i-na'sf-a), n. [NL. (so called on
account of the long spinescent bracts of the
columnar receptacle), < Gr. f;i:(vof, a hedgehog,
-I- -acea.'] A genus of coarse composite plants
of the prairies of North America, allied to Rud-
beckia, but with long rose-colored rays and
prickly-pointed chaff. There are two species, which
are occasionally cultivated. Their thick black roots liave
a pungent taste, and are used in popular medicine under
the name of btack-gatnpson.
Echinarachnius (e-ki-na-rak'ni-us), n. [NL.
(Leske, 1778), < Gr. ix'voc, a hedgehog, sea-
urchin, -I- apaxvv, a spider.] A ^nus of flat, ir-
regular petalostichous sea-urchms, of the fam-
ily MellitidoB (or ScutelUdce), with no perfora-
tions or lunules. E. parma, of the Paciflc and Atlan-
tic coasts of the United States, is known as the »and-doUar
or cake-urchin. B. excentrieus is the common cake-urchin
of the Pacitlc coast. See cut MQdet cake-urchin.
Echinaater (ek-i-nas'tfer), n. [NL., < Gr. exivoc,
a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + aari/p, a star.] A
genus of starfishes, of the family SoUutridce.
echinococcus
with broad ambulacral spaces bearing tuber-
cles and spines, the latter mostly short and
pyriform, and oral branchiie; the typical sea-
urchins or sea-eggs. The genera are numerous,
such as Echimts, Echinothnx, Toxoptieustes, etc.
echinidan (e-kin'i-dan), n. A sea-urchin ; one
of the Echinidw.
echiniform (e-ki'ni-form), a. In entoni., same
as echinoid.
Echiniscus (ek-i-nis'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. tx^-
TOf, a hedgehog, + -iCKoq, dim. suffix.] A ge-
nus of bear-animalcules or water-bears, of the
family Macrobiotidw : a synonym is Emydium.
E. bellermanni is an example.
echinital (e-kin'i-tal), a. [< echinite + -al,']
Pertaining to an echinite or fossil sea-urchin.
echinite (e-ki'mt), n. [< Gr. ex'voc, a hedge-
hog, sea-urchin, + E. -ite^.l A fossil sea-urchin.
Ecldnites are found in all fossiliferous strata,
but are most abundant and best preserved in
the Chalk. The term is an indefinite one,
these fossils being of various genera, as Go-
niocidaris, Echinothuria, etc. The Paleozoic
echinites form an order Paltechinoidea, repre-
sented by such genera as Pal<echinug, Eoci-
daris, etc. See cut xmder Echinothurixdae.
Echinobothrla (e-ki-no-both'ri-a), n.
pi. [NL. (Eudolphi), pi. of Echino-
bothrium.'] A group named for the
cestoid worms. See Echinobothrium.
Echinobothrium (e-ki-no-both'ri-
um), n. [NL., < Gr. «;f(wc, a hedge-
hog, + jiodpiov, dim. of Ii60po(, a pit,
trench.] A genus of cestoid worms,
or tapeworms, of the family Diphylli-
dce, having on the head two fossettes
with hooks. The separated proglottides
continue to live and $rrow for some time in-
dependently. E. minimutn and E. typus are
examples. Also Echineibothriuin.
Echinobrissidse (e-ld-no-bris'i-de), n.
pi. [NL., < Echinobrissus + -ida;.~\
A family of irregular sea-urchins,
typified by the genus Echinobrissus.
ters which they share with Omithorhyrtehida, convoluted
cerebral hemispheres, perforated acetabulum, as In birds,
the facial region of the skull produced into a long, slen-
der rostrum with the nostrils at its end, stylifomi mandib-
ular rami, vermiform prfjtniaile tongue, no true teeth,
feet not webbed, but furnished with long claws, and no
tibial spur. The family is properly ctdleilTaehygltMtida.
Echidnina (ek-id-m'nS), «. pi. [NL., < Echid-
rui + -ina^.} A group of mammals represented
bv Echidna. Bonaparte, 1837.
ecoidnlne (e-kid'nin), n. [< L. echidna, viper,
+ -ine-.] Serpent-poison; the secretion from
the poison-glands of the viper and other ser-
pents. Echidnine Is a clear, viscid, neutral, yellowish
fluid, containing albumin, mncus, fatty matter, a yellow
coloring principle, and, among it* salts, pliaaphates and
chlorida. Associated with the albamin Is a peculiar ni-
trogenoaa body, to which the name eekidmne is more
particnlailj applied. The poison-bag of a viper seldom
contains more than 2 grains of the poisonous liquid ; ^^
of a grain is snIBcient to kill a small bird.
Echimyidie (ek-i-mi'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Echi-
mys + -iVte.] A family of hystricomorphio ro-
dents, taking name from the genus Echimys.
Also Echinomyida;.
EchlmyinSB (e-M-mi-I'ne), H. pi. [NL., < Echi-
mys + -in(P.] A subfamily of hystricomorphio
rodents, of the family Octodontida, related to
the porcupines ; the hedgehog-rats, it is a large
group of numerous genera, dilTering much in external
form and aspect The African gronnd-pig, Aulacodut
rwindtriamu, belongs to this sobnmQy, as do the West
Indian genera Capromiif and Plagiodan. (See cut under
Auiaeodut.} AH thereat of the genera are South Amer-
ican. Of these the ooypon, Myopotamut eoyput, is the
best-known form, though not a typical one. (See cut
under coypou.) The most repreaentaUTe genera are Echi-
myi and Lonche ret, or the spuv rata proper, of which there
SeM^master teMttu,
are a dozen or more species, narlog prickles In the fur.
Ceremim, Dactyiomyi, and ITssoniHt are other examples
witboaimtnea. OarfsrafonUafoasugeniiafromthebone-
caveaofnadL Also written EchimySta, Eehimyna, Echi-
mt/dina, and, more correctly, Eehinomyinae.
Echimyna (ek-i-mi'n|i), n. pi. [NL., < Eckimys
-(--(/)«'/.] Same as AcMmmiUE.
Echimys (e-ki'mis), n. [XL., oontr. of Echi-
iKiiHi/n, lit. 'hedge-rat' (so called from the fact
that the pelage is bristly or mixed with flattened
spines), < Gr. f;ti»>of, a hedgehog, -f- /ivc = E.
moMte.} The typical genus of the subfamily
StMmyinte; the spiny rats proper. All the species
are South American; E. eayennemis is the best-known.
Otofroy, 1800. Also written Echymy; and properly £cAi-
S. mpoiUtu If an example. E. tenlut Is a West Indian
species, extending northward on the Atlantic coast of the
United States, having the spines sheathed in membrane
an<t occurring only at the angles of the calcareous plates
of the upprr .-urfaVe. CritteUa is a synonym.
EchinasteridsB (e-ld-nas-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NLv
< Echinaster + -id<B.] A family of starfishes
with two rows of tube-feet, a skeletal frame of
lengthened ossicles, and spines on those of the
dorsal surface : a synonym of Solastrida:.
echinate (ek'i-nat), a. [< L. echinatus, set with
prickles, prickly, < ec/«»nM», a hedgehog: see echi-
nus.] Spiny, like a hedgehog; bristling with
sharp points ; bristlv. AnrcAina(<>ur/aceisone thick-
ly covered with sharp elevations like spines bristling, and
Is to be distinguished from a muriealt tur/ace, in which
the elevations are scattered, lower, and not so acute.
echinated (ek'i-na-ted), a. [< echinate + -erf2.]
Keudered prickly or bristly.
Fibre echinated by laterally projecting spicules.
Lendenfeid.
Echini (e-ki'ni), «. pi. [L., pi. of echinus, a
hedgehog, sea-urchin : eee echinus.] 1. InCu-
viers system of classification, the second fam-
ily of pedicellate echinoderms, containing the
sea-urchins : equivalent to several modem fam-
ilies, or to the whole of the order or class Echi-
noidea. — 2. tl. c] Plural of cf«i«««.
echinid (ek'i-nid), n. One of the Echinidw.
Echinida (e-kin'i-dS), n. pi. Same as Echinidce.
Echinidse (e-kin'i-d'e), n. pi. [NL., < Echinus
+ -idtr.] A family of regular desmostichous or
endocyelic sea-urchins, of the order Endocyclica
and class Echinoidea, having a thin round shell
'■ Echinobrissns (e-ki-no-bris'u8)j ^^
[NL., prop. * Eciiinobryssus, < Gr. exi-
voi, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + jSpvaaoc, a kind
of sea-urchin.] The typical genus of the fam-
ily Echinobrisbidce.
Echinocactus (e-ki-no-kak'tus), n. [NL., < Gr.
ix'ifoi, a hedgehog,
+ KcucToc, cactus.]
A genus of cactace-
ous plants, globose
or oval, and some-
times gigantic,
strongly ribbed, or
with tubercles in
vertical or spiral
rows. They are armed
with clusters of short
spines, at the base of
which, upon the younger
parts of the plant, are
Dome the large and Echinocactus viridtscens.
showy flowers. Over 200
species have l)een described, mostly ^lexican, with a con-
siderable number within the limits of the United States.
Echinocardiom (e-ki-no-kar'di-um), n. [NL.,
< Gr. £;tivof, a hedgehog, -t- Kapdia = E. heart.]
A genus of spatangoid
sea-urchins, or heart-ur-
chins, of the family Spa-
tangidw. E. cordatum
occurs on both coasts
of the Atlantic. Leske,
1778. Also called Am-
phidotus.
echinochrome (e-ki'no-
krom), n. [< Gr. ex'^'V,
a hedgehog, sea-urchin,
+ xp<->l"^t color.] See the
extract.
EchinocardiutH cordatum.
Dr. C. A. MacMunn describes the spectroscopic or chemi-
cal characters of the blood of various worms and mollusks.
One of the most interesting pigments which he has de-
tected is that which he CJills crAiHooArom^, . . . obtained
from the perivi^jceral cavity of .Strongylocentrotus lividua.
Jour. Hoy. Micron. Soc., 2d ser., VI. I. 48.
echinococci. n. Plural of echinococcus.
EchinOCOCCifer (e-ki-no-kok'si-f6r), n. [NL., <
echinococcus -¥ h. ferret E. 6earl.] A genus of
tapeworms, in which, in the hydatid state, the
tienia-hcads bud in special brood-capsules in
such a way that their invagination is turned
toward the lumen of the vesicle, as in the
echinococcus of Ttenia echinococcus. Claus.
echinococcus (e-ki-no-kok'us), n. ; pi. echino-
cocci (-si). [NL., < (jr. ix'"^, a hedgehog, +
KoKKOf, & berry: see cocctis.] Tmnia echinococ-
cus in its larval (scolex) stage, which forms
echinococcos
the so-called hydatids occurring in the liver,
lirain, etc., of man and other animals; the
hydatid form of the wandered seolex of Taenia
cchinococcusy having deutoscolices or daughter-
cysts formed by gemmation. This hydatid is that
oi the tapeworm of the dog, having several t^cuia-heads
in the cyst; it may iKcur in man, commonly in the liver,
giving rise to very serious disease. The word was origi-
nally a gemis name, given by Rudolphi before the relation-
ship to Tivnia was known; it is nuw nsed as the name of
the larval stage of the tapeworm wlmse specitio name is
the same. See cut under Tcenia.
In Echinoeoeeus the structure of the cystic worm is
. . . complicated by its proliferation, the result of which
is the formation of many bladder-worms, inclosed one
within the other, and contained in a strong laminated sac
or cyst, apparently of a chitinons nature, secreted by the
parasite. Hrixley, Anat. Invert., p. 186.
Echinoconidse (e-ki-no-kon'i-de), n. fh [NL.,
< Echinoconus + -idw,] A family of i<)ssil reg-
ular sea-urchins. \
Echinoconus (e-ki-no-ko'nus), «. [NL., < Gr.
f;^'ij'Of, a hedgehog, H- Kwrof, a cone: see coae.^
The typical genus of Eckinoconidw. Breyn, '"■
Ecllinocoridffi (e-ki-no-kor'i-de), «. 7?/. [NL.,
< Echinocorus 4- -ute.] A family of irregular
sea-urchins, chiefly of the Cretaceous formation.
Echinocorus (ek-i-nok'o-rus), n, [NL., < Gr.
€xiv<K, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + (?) Kopi^j a
bug.] The typical genus of Echinocoridw,
Schroter,
Echinocrepis (e-ki-no-kre'pis), «, [NL., < Gr.
txn'o^^ a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + Kpijizi^^ a boot.]
A genus of spatangoid sea-urchins, or heart-
urchins, of the fanuly Spatangidw, of a trian-
gular form, with the anal system on the lower
or actinal surface. E. cuneata is a deep-sea
form of southern seas. AgassiZj 1879.
Echinocystis (e-ki-no-sis'tis), n. [NL., < Gr.
kxi^o^i a hedgehog, + Kvaucj a bladder : see cysf]
A cucurbit ace ous genus of plants of the eastern
United States, of a single annual species, E,
lohata. It has numerous white flowers, and an oval,
prickly fruit, which becomes dry and bladdery, and opens
at the top for the discharge of the seeds. It is frequently
cultivated for ornament, and is known as the wild balsam-
apple. By some authorities the genus is extended to in-
clude Menarrhiza and other western and Mexican species.
Echinoderes (ek-i-nod'e-rez), n, [NL., < Gr.
fj^fvof, a hedgehog, + 6ep7j^ neck.] A singu-
lar genus of minute worm-like animals of un-
certain position, supposed to be intermediate
in some respects between the wheel-animal-
cules and the crustaceans. The rounded head is
furnished with recurved hooks, and is succeeded by 10
or 11 distinct segments, the last of which is bifurcated;
Echincderes ditj'ardini, greatly enlarged.
the segments bear paired sette ; there are no limbs, and
the nervous system appears to be rei)resented by a sin-
gle cephalic ganglion ; and eye-spots are present. It is the
typical genus of the family Echinotleridce. E. dujardini
is an example. It is a small marine worm, scarcely half
a millimeter long, with a distinct retractile head, caudal
setje. and ten rings of setfc along the body, giving an ap-
pearaiiL-e of si-triiientation.
Echinoderidse (e-ki-no-der'i-de), n, pL [NL.,
< Echinoderes + -idxe.'] A family of animal-
cules, by some considered related to the roti-
fers, based upon the genus Echinoderes. It is
often located with the gastrotrichous worms.
EchinodeHdcB, which Dujardin and Greef regarded as
connecting links between Vermes and Arthropoda.
Claits, Zoology (trans.), I. 404.
ecliinoderm (e-kl'no-d^rm), a, and «. [< Echi-
noderma.'] I,* a. itaving a prickly covering;
echinodermatous.
H. n. Any one of the Echinodermata.
All echinodenns have a calcareous skeleton, and many
are provided with movable spines. A characteristic ap-
paratus of vessels, termed the ambulacral or water-vascu-
lar system, is present. It is composed of a ring round the
pharnyx, from which proceed a number of radiating, ca-
nals, commonly giving off csDcal appendages (Polian vesi-
cles), as well as branches which enter the retractile tube-
feet, often furnished with a terminal disk or sucker, which
with the spines are the organs of locomotion. The madre-
poric canal connects the i)haryngeal ring with the exte-
rior. Pascoe, Zool. Class., p. 40.
Ecliinodenna (e-ld-no-d6r'ma), n. pi. [NL. :
see Echinodermata.'] Same as Echinodermata.
Owen.
ecMnodermal Ce-ld-no-d6r'mal), a. [< echino-
derm + -«?.] Same as echinodermatous.
The harder, spine-clad or echinodermal species perplex
the most patient and persevering dissecitor by the extreme
complexity and diversity of their constituent parts.
Owen, Anat., x.
1832
Echinodermaria (e-ld^''no-der-ma'ri-n), n. pi.
[NL., as Echinoderwa + -aria.'] A group of
echinodenns. De BlainviJle^ 1830,
Echinodermata (e-ki-no-d6r'ma-ta), n. pi.
[NL., neut. pi. of cchino'dermatus: see echino-
dermatous.'] A phylum or subkingdom of meta-
zoic autmals; the echinodenns. They represent
one of the most distinct types of the animal kingdom,
agreeing with coelenterates in having a radiate or actino-
meric arrangement of parts, usually pentamerous or by
fives or tens, a digestive canal, a water- vascular or ambu-
lacral apparatus, a true blood-vascular system, and the in-
tegument indurated by calcareous deposits, as either gi-an-
ult's, spicules, or hard plates forming a shell. The ali-
mentary canal is distinct from the general body-cavity ;
there is a deuterostomatous oral orifice or moutli, and
usually an anus. The sexes are mostly distinct. The spe-
cies undergo metamorphosis ; the free-swimming ciliated
embryo is known as a pluteus, in some cases as an echi-
nopaedinm (see cut under echinopcedium) ; the adult form
is usually assumed by a complicated kind of secondary
development from the larval form, which is mostly bilat-
eral. J'he Echinodermata were so named by Klein in 1734,
and in Cuvier's system were the fii-st class of his liadiata ;
they are still sometimes reduced to a class with the Ccelen-
terata. As a subkingdom they are divisible into four
■classes: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Asteroidea, and Ilolothu-
rioidea, or the crinoids, sea-urchins, starfishes, and sea-
cue imbers. As a class they are sometimes divided direct-
ly info seven orders : Echinoidea (sea-urchins), Asteroidea
(starh^hes), Ophiuroidea (sand-stars and brittle-stars),
Crinoidci (feather-stars), Cysfoidea (extinct), Blastoidea
(extinct), -ind Holothnrioidea (sea-cucumbers). All are
marine. Aiao Echinoderma.
The organization of the Echinodermata does in fact ap-
pear so different from that of the coelenterates, and seems
to belong to a so much higher grade of development, that
the combination of the two groups as Radiata is inadmis-
sible, and so much the piore so since the radial arrange-
ment of the structure exhibits some transitions towards a
bilateral symmetry. Tlie Echinodermata are separated
from tlie Ccelenterata by the possession of a separate ali-
mentary canal and vascular systein, and also by a number
of peculiar features both of organization and of develop-
ment. Claxis, Zoology (trans.), I. 267.
echinodermatous (e-k!-no-d6r'ma-tus), a. [<
NL. echinodermatus^ < Gr. ex'^^o^y a hedgehog,
sea-urchin, + (Jf/3//a(r-), skin.] Having a spicu-
late or indurated skin ; specifically, of or per-
taining to the echinoderms or Echinodermata.
Also echinodermal.
Echinodes (ek-i-no'dez), n. [NL. (Le Conte,
1869), < Gr. e;t'p(5(5^f, like a hedgehog, prickly, <
k-x'ivoq^ a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + eido^, form.]
1. In entom.f a genus of beetles, of the family
HisteridcB, with two North American species, E.
setiger and E. decipiens. — 2. A genus of insec-
tivorous mammals: same as Hmnicentetcs.
Echinoglossa (e-ki-no-glos'a), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. cx'Wf, a hedgehog, + yXwffffa, the tongue.]
A grade or series of Mollusca, represented by the
gastropods, eephalopods, pteropods, and scaph-
opods, as collectively distinguished from the
Lipoglossa (which see) alone, in E. R. Lankesters
arrangement of Mollusca, the Echinoglmsa are d ivided into
three classes : Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (including Ptero-
poda), and Scaphopoda. Odontophora is a synonym.
echinoglossal (e-ki-no-glos'al), a. and n. [<
Echinoglossa + -aL] t, a. Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Echinoglossa.
II, n. A member of the Echinoglossa.
ecMnoid (e-ki'noid), a. and n. [< Gr. kx'i-^o^, a
hedgehog, sea-urchin, + eMof , form. Cf . Echi-
nodes.'] I. a, 1. Having the form or appearance
of a sea-urchin : in entomology, applied to cer-
tain insect-eggs which are shaped like an echi-
nus, and covered with crowded deei> pits. — 2.
Pertaining to the Echinoidea.
II, «. In jo67., one of the Echinoidea.
The spheroidal echinoids, in reality, depart further from
the general plan and from tlie embryonic form than the
elongated spatangoids do. JIuxley, Lay Sermons, p. 223.
Echinoidea (ek-i-noi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., < Echi-
nus + -oidea.] A class of the phylum or sub-
kingdom Echinodermata; the sea-urchins or
sea-eggs. They have a rounded, depressed (not elongat-
ed) form, subspherical, cordiform, or discoid, inclosed in
a test or shell composed of many calcareous plates closely
and usually immovably connected, studded with tubercles
and bearing movable spines, and perforated in some places
for the emission of tube-feet; an oral and anal orifice
always present, a convoluted intestine, a water-vascular
system, a blood- vascular system, and sometimes respira-
tory as well as ambulatory appendages. The perforated
plates are the ambulacra, alternating with imperfoi*ate in-
terambulacral plates ; there are usually five pairs of each.
The anus is dorsal or superior, the mouth ventral or infe-
rior; the latter in many forms has a complicated internal
skeleton. The general an*angenient of parts is radiate or
actinomeric, with meridional divisions of parts ; hut bilater-
ality is recognizable in many adults, and perfectly expressed
in the larval forms. The Echinoidea are divisible into He-
gularia, Desmosticha, or Endocyclica. containing the ordi-
nary synmietricallyglobose forms, asCidaris, Echinus, and
EchinotnHra ; and the h-regularia, Pcfalosticha, or Exocy-
clica, containiTig the cake-urchins and heart-urchins, or
the clypeastroids and spatangoids (respectively sometimes
erected into the ordei-s Clypeastrida and Spatangida) ; to-
gether with the Paleozoic echinoids, which in some systems
constitute a third order, Palcechinoidea. Also Echinoida.
Echinoneus
Diagram of an Echinus (stripped of its spines),
a, mouth; a',K"bet; d, teeth ; c. lips; rf.aiveoli; «■, falces; ^,/;
auricularise ; jf, retractor, and A, protractor, muscles of Aristotle's lan-
tern ; I, madreporic canal ; A, circular ambulacral vessel ; /, Polian
vesicle; fn, n, o, o, ambulacral vessels; P, p. pedal vesicles; q, q,
pedicels ; »•, r, spines ; s^ tubercle ; j', tubercle to which a spine is
articulated ; /, /, pedicellariae ; », anus ; "v, madreporic tubercle ; x,
ocular spot.
Echinolampadidae (e-ki"no-lam-pad'i-de), «.
pi. [NL., < Jichiiiolamjjas (-pad-) + -idw.'] A
family of irregular sea-urehins. See Cassidur-
Udw^. Also Ecliinolampidw.
Echinolampas (e-ld-no-lam'pas), n. [NL., also
Echinolampus ; < Gr. cxlvoi;, a hedgehog, sea-
urchin, + /'.(j/iTTi?, ?.afiTTd( (-7ra(!-), a torch: seo
lamp.'i A genus of irregular sea-urehins, of the
family Cassidididw, or giving name to a family
Ecliiiiolampadidw.
Echinometra (e-ki-no-met'ra), V. [NL., < Gr.
iximiiijrpa, the largest kincl of sea-urchin, <
ix^'>'<K, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + jJ-^pa, womb.3
Echiitfimetra oblongata, with spines in part removed to show the
plates of the test.
The typical genus of regular sea-urchins of
the family Echinometridce. E. oblongata is an
example.
Ecllinoinetridae (e-ki-no-met'ri-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Eciiinometra -i- -idw.'] A family of reg-
ular desmostichous or endocyelieal sea-urchins,
of the order Endocyclica or Cidaridea, having
a long oval shell, imperforate tubercles, oral
franchise, and ambulacral areas in arcs of more
than three pairs of pores. Echinometra and
Podophora are the leading genera.
Echinomyia (e-ki-no-mi'i-il), n. [NL. (Dum^ril,
1806), < Gr. cx'^og, a hedgehog, + livla, a fly.]
A genus of flies, of the family Tacliinidw, com-
prising large bristly species of a black or black-
ish-gray color, usually with reddish-yellow
sides of the abdomen or with glistening white
bands. Among them are the largest European flies of
the family Mxiscidm in a liroatl sense, hut none have yet
heon found in America. They are parasitic upon cater-
liillars. Also Echinomya.
Echinomyidse (e-ki-no-mi'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Eclunomys + -ida;.'] ' Same as Eclnmyida;.
Echinomyinae (e-ki"no-mi-i'ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Ectiinomys + -ina;.'\ ' Same as Ecliimyiiiw.
Echinomys (e-kl'no-mis), n. [NL., < Gr. ix''i'oc,
a hedgehog, + nvc = I-!, mouse.'] Same as Echi-
mys. h'afliier, 1840.
Ecmnoneidse (e-ki-no-ne'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Echinoneus + -id(r.] A family of irregular sea-
urchins, typified by the genus Echinoneus. Also
written Echinonidw and Echinoneides.
Echinonemata (e-kl-no-ne'ma-tft), n.pl. [NTj.,
< Gr. ex'^og, s, hedgehog, + v^fia, pi. vljfiaTa, a
thread, < vffj, spin.] A subordinal or other
group of cer'atosilicious sponges, having spic-
ules of two or more kinds, there l)eing smooth,
double-pointed ones in the eei'atode, and rough,
single-pointed ones standing partly exposed.
Echinoneus (ek-i-no'ne-us), n. [NL. , < Gr. ixl-
vog, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, -f- vioc = E. neui.]
A genus of irregular sea-urchins, of j:he family
Cassidulido!, or giving name to a family Echino-
neidce.
echinop»dia
echinopsdia, ». Plural of cchinopcedium.
eclunopaedic (e-ki-no-pe'dik), a. [< echinopa:-
(Uiiiii + -ic] Of or' pertaining to the echino-
psedium of an eehinoderm ; auricularian. See
MolothurioifUd.
echinopsdlum (e-ki-no-pe'di-um), n. ; pi. echi-
nopmUa (-a). [NL., < Gr. ixivo^, a hedgehog,
4- :ra«S(Oi', "dim. of r-oif (naii-), a child.] The
early larval stage of an eehinoderm : a name
Diagram of Echinopsedia, much enlarged.
A. coauaoa primitive formof BfAinadfrmara, whence B,B',A veniii-
fonn bolotliurid. and C, C , a pluteiform ophiurid or echinid (pluteus)
larva are derived: a, mouth; *. stomach; c, intestine; rf, anus; e,
ciliated band.
given by Huxley to the primitive generalized
type-form of the Echinodermata, illustrated by
the bilaterally symmetrical embryonic stage of
nearly all members of that class. See the ex-
tract.
In many Echlnoderms, the radial symmetry, even In
the adult, is more apparent than real, inasmuch as a me-
dian plane can be found, the parts on each side of wtiich
are disposed symmetrically in relation to that plane.
With a few exceptions, the embryo leaves the e)ot as
a bilaterally symmetrical larva, provided with ciliated
iMinds, and otherwise similar to a worm-larva, which may
be termed an Echinopadium. The conversion of the
K'-hiwf'Pdium into an Eehinoderm is effected by the de-
\L-lii)(ni' lit of an enteroccele, and Its conversion into the
ptritont;il cavity and the arabulacral system of veins and
nerves, and by Uie metamorphosis of the mesotlerm into
ndially.dlsposed antimeres, the result of which is the
more or less complete obliteration of the primitive bilat-
eral symmetry of the animal.
HuxUy, Anat Invert., p. 4fl6.
=8]m. Echin>p<tdium, Pluletu. Echinopadium Is the
more Keneral term, used by Its proposer to cover any em-
br>-onic or larval sta^e of any eehinoderm from the gas-
trula stage to the assumption of its specific characters. A
plutnu is a specbkl plnteitorni larva of some echlnoderms,
as the holothurians, ophiurians, and echinlds pro^r.
echinoplacld (e-ki-no-plas'id), a. [< Gr. txlvof,
a hiil>;chog, -I- r/dj (jt/mk-), anything flat, a
plate, etc., -f- -id^.'] Having a circlet of spines
on the madreporic plat e,
as a starfish: opposed
to anerhiiioplacid,
f Echinopora (ek-i-nop'6-
rii), ». INL., < Gr. ix'-
vijf , a he<^hog, + v6poc,
a passage: see pore.']
The typical genns of
stone-corals of the fam-
ily Eehinoporidce. La-
marck.
Echinoporldae (e-ki-no-por'i-de), «. pi. [NL.,
< Kchinojiora + -idee.] A family of stone-
corals, of the order Sclerodermata, typified by
the genu.s Kchinopora.
Echinoprocta (e-ki-no-prok'tft), n. pfL., fern.
of erh I iiii/iriKUus : see 'echinopri>ctous.i A genus
of porcujiines:
same as Krcthi-
zon. J. E. Gray,
186.5.
ecMnoproctous
(e-ki-uo-prok'-
tus), a.' [< NL.
eehinof>ro€tu.i, <
fir. f yivor, a
the
rump.] Having
aspinyorprick-
ly rump: spe-
cifically applied
to porcupines
of the genus
Echinoprocta or
Krf'lhi::'>n.
Echiiiops(f-ki'-
nops), n. [NL.,
< Gr. ixivoi, a
hedgehog, +
ity),face.] l.A
genus of cyna-
roid Comriosita:
with a thistle- ScMmtfa Umlunlciu.
1833
like habit, remarkable for having its one-flovr-
ered heads crowded in dense terminal clusters
resembling the ordinary flower-head of the or-
der. There are al)out 75 species, natives of the Mediter-
ranean region and eastward, mostly perennials. A few
species are occ.tsionally cultivated for ornament, and are
known as glohe-thistles.
2. A genus of Madagasoan insectivorous mam-
mals, of the family Centetidw, containing the
sokinali, E. tclfairi. Martin, 1838.
Echinoptilidae (e-ki-nop-tiri-de), n.pl. [NL.,
< Echinoptilum + -idee.'] A family of pennatu-
lid polj-ps, of the section Junciformcs, typified
by the genus Echinoptilum, having no axis.
Eclunoptilum (ek-i-nop'ti-lum), n. [NL., < Gr.
cxivog, a hedgehog, + tttIaov, a feather, wing.]
The typical genus of Echinoptilidec. The type
is E. macintoshii of Japan.
echinorMnid (e-ld-no-rin'id), n. A shark of
the family Echinorhinid(e.
Echinorhinidae (e-ki-no-rin'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinorhinus + -id(e.] A family of sharks,
represented by the genus Echinorhinus. The
body is very stout and surmounted by scattered thom-lilce
tubercles, the anal tin wanting, and the first dorsal rather
nearer tlie pectoral than the ventral fins. Also called
EchiivjrhirU'idtF.
echinorhinoid (e-ld-no-ri'noid), a. and n. [<
Echinorhinus + -oid.]' I. a. Of or relating to
the Echinorhinidce.
n. n. An echinorhinid.
Echinorhinus (e-ki-no-ri'nus), «. [NL., < Gr.
ix^'"K, a hedgehog, -1- pivii^, skin, hide.] A
genus of selachians, or sharks, typical of the
Fragment of a Fossil Echinus
(Echinothuriajtoris).
FchiH9f«ra r»sftla.
Spinous Sharlc {BcktHorhinut spimcsus),
family Echinorhinidw : so called because the tu-
bercles which stud the skin bear spines ; these,
when detached, leave a scar. E. spinosus is the
spinous shark of European, African, and Ameri-
can waters.
Echinorhynchids (o-ki-no-ring'ki-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Echinorhynchus +' -idiE.] The typical
and only family of nematelminth parasitic
worms of the order Acanthocephala (which see ),
having the sexes distinct, no oral orifice or ali-
mentary canal, and the head consisting of a
protnisile proboscis armed with hooks, whence
the name. They are formidable, worm-like internal
parasites, with greirarina-like embryos, becoming encyst-
ed like cestoid worms. Besides Echinorhynchru, tlio
family contains the gentia CoUopg. The species are nu-
merous.
Echinorhynchus (e-ki-no-ring'kus), n. [NL.,
< Gr. ixn<K, a heilgehog, -t- piyx"^, snout.] The
typical genus of the family EchinorhynchidtB.
tiee cut tinder Acanthocephala.
The numerous species of the genus Echinorhynehvt live
principally in the alimentary canal of ditterent vertebrata ;
the gut-wall may tie aa it were sown witli these animals.
Ctaut, Zoology (trans.), I. 302.
In their sexual state, the parasites which constitute the
Kenus Echinorhimehua inhabit the various classes of the
Vertebrata, while they are found in the Invertehrata only
in a sexless condition. lluxletj, Anat. Invert., p. 553.
Echinosoma (e-kl-no-so'mn), n. [NL., < Gr.
^X'^^i * hedgehog, sea-urchin, -t- aijfja, body.]
1 . A genus of apneumonous holothurians, of the
family OncinoUihidfP, having filiform tentacles
and five rows of tube-feet. — 2. In entom.: (a)
A genus of earwigs, of the family ForficuUdw.
Serville, 1838. (6) A genus of weevils, of the
family Curculionidce, containing one Madeiran
species, E. porcelliis. WoUaston, 1854.
Echinostomata (e-ki-no-sto'ma-ta), n.pl. [NL.,
< Gr. '^hoc, a hedgehog, + 076/10(7-), mouth.]
A group of VcrmcK. Eudolphi.
Ecmnostrobus (ek-i-nos'tro-bus), n. [NL., <
Gr. f;fi>of, a hedgehog, + oTpdfio^, a twisting, <
CTpiifetir, turn.] A fossil genus of conifers, insti-
tuted by Schimpcr, and closely allied to Thuya
(which see), and also resembling Arthrotaxis in
its foliation. They occur in the lithographic stones(Ju-
rasslc) of Solenhofen in bavaria, and iu other localities of
Jurassic rocks in Europe.
Echinothuria (e-ki-no-thu'ri-a), «. [NL., <
Gr. » ififof, a hedgehog, + Bipiov, dim. of Oipa
= E. door.] A fossil genus of regular sea-
urcliins, giving name to a family Echinothuriidw.
Echinothurida (e-ki-n6-thii'ri-<la), n.pl. [NL.,
< Ech inothu rin + -ida . ] In Gegenbaur's system
of classification, a subordinal group of desinos-
tichous Echinoidea, having a movable dermal
skeleton and presenting some other points of
6chiauet6
resemblance to the Asterida. The genera Echi-
nothuria, Calveria, and Fhormosoma are exam-
ples.
Echinothuriidae (o-ki"no-thu-ri'i-de), n.pl.
[NL., < Echino-
thuria + -ida;.]
A family of reg-
ular endocycli-
cal or desmos-
tichous sea-ur-
chins, having
the plates of
the shell over-
lapping or mov-
ably connected
by soft parts,
as in the gen-
eiaAsthenosoma
and Fhormosoma. Also written Echinothuridw.
Echinozoa (e-ki-no-zo'a), «. pi. [NL., < Gr.
ix'vo^, a hedgehog, + i<i>ov, pi. C<!>a, an animal.]
Allman's name of the series of animals which
Huxley called Annuloida,
echinulate (e-kin'u-lat), a. [< NL. *echinulus,
dim. of L. echinus, a, hedgehog, + -otel.] Hav-
ing small prickles ; minutely prickly or spiny.
echinus (e-ki'nus), n. ; pi. echitti (-ni). [L., < Gr.
f;f(vof, the hedgehog, urchin, prop, ix'vog x/P-
aaioq, land-urchin, as distinguished from cxi""^
fft/aj-foc, the sea-urchin ; = Lith. ezys = OBulg.
jezi = AS. igil, and eontr. »7 = D. egel = OHG. igil,
MHG. G. igel = MLG. LG. egel = Icel. igull, a.
hedgehog.] 1. A hedgehog. — 2. A sea-urchin.
— 3. [cap.] [NL.] A Linnean genus (1735),
formerly used with great latitude, now the typi-
cal genus of the family Echinida; containing
such sea-urchins or sea-eggs as E. sphara, the
common British species, or the Mediterranean
E. eseulentus, which is extensively used for food,
the ovaries being
eaten. The genus may
be taken to exemplify
not only the family to
which it pertains, bnt
the whole order of reg-
ular sea-eggs, and the
class of sea-urchins it-
self. The shape is de-
pressed-glolMjse, with
centric mouth and
anus ; the shell or test
is hard, immovable, me*
ridionally divided into
five pairs of imperforate
alternating with five
flairs of perforate jilates,
he plates studded with
tubercles, and in life bearing movable spines. The per-
forate plates are the ambulacra, emitting the tube-feet.
The mouth has a complicated system of plates, constittiting
the object known, when detached, as Aristotle's lantern
(which see, under lantern). A sea-urchin is comparable
to a starfish with the five arms bent upward and their
entls brought together in the center over the back of the
aiiiinal, and then soldered to^'ether throughout, with the
mollification of internal structure which such an arrange-
ment of the parts would necessarily entail.
4. In arch., the convex projecting molding
of eccentric curve in Greek examples, support-
ing the abacus of the Doric capital ; hence, the
Sea-urchin l,HcfiiHus fsculentus).
Left side in natural state : right side
with the spines removed, showmg the
bare plates.
A CapiUI of the Parthenon.— E, Echinus.
corresponding feature in capitals of other or-
ders, or any molding of similar profile to the
Doric echinus. Such moldings are often sculp-
tured or painted with the egg-and-dart orna-
ment.
In this instance the abacus is separated from the shaft ;
there is a bold echinus and a beaded necking ; in fact, all
the members of the Grecian order, only wanting the ele-
gance wliich the Greeks added to it.
J. Ferr/ugKon, Hist. Arch., I. 342, note.
6chiciuet6 (a-8he-k6-ta'), a. [F., formerly csc/ij-
(juetc, formed (with prefix cs-, 6- (< L. ex-), out,
off, instead of des-, de-, d4- (< L. dt-), of, ofl')
from ddchiquete, pp. of dechiqucter, divide into
checks, under influence of echiquier, a checker-
board: see chcch^. The regular OF. form is
6chiqnet€
escheque : see ehecly.'] In her., same as cheeky.
Also written echiquette.
Echis (ek'is), H. [NL., < Gr. e;r(f, an adder, vi-
per, akin to L. anguis, a snake : see Anguis and
anger'^.'] A genus of Indian vipers, of the fam-
ily Viperidw, including venomous soleuoglypU
forms of small size, having fewer ventral scutes
than the African \-ipers, simple subcaudal
scutes, imbricated carinate scales on the head,
in two rows between the eyes and the labial
plates, and small nostrils in a large divided
nasal plate. E. carinata is a common species,
20 incnes or less in length. Metrem, 1820.
Called Toxicoa bj; Gray.
Echitoniiun (ek-i-to'ni-um), w. [NL., < L.
echite, a kind of clematis; or < L. echitis, Gr.
CX''"K> * kind of stone ; < Gr. ixic, an adder, vi-
per: see Echi^.'] A genus of fossil plants, in-
stituted by linger. The genus is phanerogamous, and
is said by Schiniper to be analogous to Echites of Linnaeus,
an intertropical boraginaceous genusof plants occurring in
Asia and America. They are found in various localities in
central Europe in the Tertiary.
Echiuin (ek'i-um), M. [NL., < Gr. f;c<ov, a plant
{Echium rubrum), < ex'C, a viper: see Echis.}
A genus of boraginaceous plants, tall hairy
herbs or somewhat shrubby, natives of the old
world. There are alKiut 50 species, chiefly of the Medi-
terranean region and South Africa, of which the conuuon
viper's-bugloss, or blueweed, E. vultjare, with showy blue
flowers, h-os become naturalized in some parts of the
United States.
Echiuridae (ek-i-ii'ri-de), n. j)l. [NL., < Echiii-
rus + -idw.'i The leading family of Echiuroi-
dea or chsetiferous gephyreans, having the oral
end of the body produced into a grooved pro-
boscis, containing the long esophageal com-
missures which meet in front without gangli-
onic enlargement, and having on the ventral
side two hooked setas anteriorly, with some-
times circles of setSB posteriorly, the mouth be-
low the proboscis at its base, and the anus ter-
minal. The leading genera are Echiurus, Boiiellia, and
Thalassejna. The Echiuridoe are made by Lankester a
class of the animal kingdom under the phylum Gepkyrea.
echiuroid (ek-i-ii'roid), a. and n. [< Echiurus
+ -oid.'] I. a. Chsetiferous, as a gephyrean;
of or pertaining to the Echiuroidea.
II. II. A member of the Echiuroidea.
Echiuroidea (ek'i-u-roi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., <
Echiurus + -oidea.'\ An order of Gephyrea,
the chsetiferous gephyreans. They have a terminal
anus, and a mouth at the base of a preoral proboscis. The
group contains the families Echiuridce and Sternagpidce,
and is equivalent to a gephyrean order Choetifera.
The Echiuroidea or chsetiferous gephyrea present no
external segmentation of their elongated and contractile
body; they have, however, in the young state, the rudi-
ments of 15 nietameres. Claun, Zoology (trans.), I. 389.
Echioms (ek-i-ti'ms), to. [NL. (for *Echidurus),
< Gr. ix'i (£;t'<5-), an adder, viper, + ovpa, a tail.]
A genus of cheetopho-
rous gephyreans (one
of the group Chwtiferi
of Gegenbaur), armed
with two strong setee
on the ventral side
(whence the name).
The cuticle develops chiti-
nous processes, and there
is a communication be-
tween the rectum and
the perivisceral cavity by
means of a pair of tubu-
lar organs which are cili-
ated internally and at
their apertures. It is the
typical genus of the family
Eekiurido!. E. paltasi of the Korth Sea is an example.
Also written Echiuris.
echlorophyllose (e-klo-ro-fil'os), o. [< NL.
*echlorophyUosua, < L. e- priv. -1- chlorophyllum,
chlorophyl: see chlorophyl, chlorophj/Uous.]
Without chlorophyl. Braithwaite.
echo (ek'6), TO. ; pi. echoes (-6z). [Altered (after
L.) from earlier spelling; early mod. E. also
echoe, eccho; < ME. ecco, ekko = D. G. echo
= Dan. echo, ekko = Sw. eko = OF. eqo, F.
4cho = Sp. eco = Pg. ecco, echo = It. eco, < L.
echo (ML. also ecco), < Gr. rjx^, a sound, an
echo ; cf . nX'K, ^X'/, a sound, noise, vxdv, sound,
ring, etc.] 1. A sound repeated by reflection
or reverberation from some obstructing sur-
face; soimd heard again at its source; reper-
cussion of sound: as, an echo from a distant
hill. Sound being produced by waves or pulses of the
air, when such waves meet an opposing surface, as a wall,
they are reflected like light-waves (see reflection); the
sound so heard, as if originating behind the reflecting sur-
face, is an echo. The echo of a sound returns U> the point
whence the sound originated if the reflecting surface is
at right anj.'les to a line drawn to it from that point. An
oblique surface reflects the sound in another direction, so
that it may be heard elsewhere, though not at the point
£eHiurMsGaertntri.Ahoal natu-
ral size.
1834
where the sound originated. If the direct and reflected
sounds succeed one another with great rapidity, which
happens when the reflecting surface is near, the echo only
clouds the original sound. l>ut is not heard distinctly ; and
it is such indistinct echoes that interfere with the hearing
in churches and other large buildings. An interval of
about one ninth of a second is necessary to discriminate two
successive sounds; and as sound passes through the at-
mosphere at the rate of about 1,125 feet in a second, A of
1,125, or about 62 feet, will be the least distance at which
an echo can be heard ; and this will be distinct only in
the case of a sharp, sudden sound. The walls of a house
or the ramparts of a city, the surface of a cloud, a wood,
rocks, mountains, mid valleys produce echoes. Some
echoes are remarkable for their frequency of repetition,
and are called midtiple or tautological echoes.
Folweth Ekko, that holdeth no silence.
But ever answereth at the countretaille.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1132.
The babbling echo mocks the hounds,
Replying shrilly to the well-tun'd horns,
As if a double hunt were heard at once.
Shak., Tit. And., ii. 3.
The Scriptures are God's voice ; the church is his echo,
a redoubling, a repeating of some particular syllables
and accents of the same voice. Dontie, Sermons, xiv.
Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying.
And answer, echoes, answer, dying, dying, dying.
Tennyson, Princess, iii. (song).
2. [cop.] In classical myth., an oread or moun-
tain nymph, who, according to a usual form of
the myth, pined away for love of the beautiful
youth Narcissus till nothing remained of her
but her voice.
Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen
Within thy aery shell. Milton, Conms, 1. 230.
3. Figuratively, a repetition of the sentiments
of others ; i-eproduction of the ideas or opinions
of others, either in speech or in writing.
It is the folly of too many to mistake the echo of a Lon-
don coflfeehouse for the voice of the kingdom.
Swift, Conduct of the Allies.
4. In music, the very soft repetition of a short
phrase, particularly in orchestral ororganmusic.
In large organs an echo-organ is sometimes provided for
echo-like effects; it consists of pipes shut up in a tight
box, or removed to a distance from the organ proper, and
controlled by a separate keyboard or by separate stops.
A single stop so used or placed is called an echo-atop.
5 . In arch. , a wall or vault, etc. , having the prop-
erty of reflecting soundsor of producing an echo.
— 6. [cap.'] [NL.] In 2od7., agenusof neurop-
terous insects. Selys,\9i5Z. — 7. Iniohist-playing,
a response to a partner's signal for trumps. —
To the echo, so as to produce a reverberation of sound ;
hence, loudly ; vehemently; so as to excite attention and
response: chiefly used with applaud or similar words.
1 would applaud thci to the very echo,
That would applaud again.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 3.
echo (ek'6), V. [< echo, «.] I. intrans. 1. To
emit an echo ; reflect or repeat sound ; give
forth an answering sound by or as if by echo.
And kiss'd her lips with such a clamorous smack,
That, at the parting, all the church did echo.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2.
Lord, as I am, I have no pow'r at all.
To hear thy voice, or echo to thy call.
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 8.
How often from the steep
Of echoing hill or thicket have we heard
Celestial voices. Milton, P. L., iv. 681.
2. To be reflected or repeated by or as if by
echo ; return or be conveyed to the ear in rep-
etition; pass along by reverberation.
Her mitred princes hear the echoing noise.
And, Albion, dread thy wrath and awful voice.
Sir Ji. Blackmore.
Sounds which echo further west
Than your sires* "Islands of the Blest."
Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86.
In the midst of echoing and re-echoing voices of thanks-
giving. D. Webster, Adams and Jefferson.
3. To produce a reverberating sound ; give out
a loud sound.
Drums and trumpets echo loudly,
Wave the crimson banners proudly.
Longfellow, The Black Knight (trans.).
II. trans. X. To emit an echo of; reflect the
sound of, either directly or obliquely ; cause to
be heard by reverberation: as, the whispering
gallery of St. Paul's in London echoes very faint
sounds.
Never [more shall] the black and dripping precipices
Echo her stormy scream as she sails by.
M. Arnold, Sohrab and Kustum.
2. To repeat as if by way of echo ; emit a re-
production of, as sounds, words, or sentiments ;
imitate the sound or significance of.
Then gan triumphant Trompets sownd on hye.
That sent to heven the ecchoed report
Of their new joy, and happie victory.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 4.
Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng.
Dryden, Mneii.
Eciton
The whole nation was echoing his verse, and ci-owded
theatres were applauding his wit and humour.
/. D'Israeli, Calam. of Authors, I. 159.
They would have echoed the praises of the men whom
they envied, and then have sent to the newspapers libels
upon them. Macaulay.
3. To imitate as an echo; repeat or reproduce
the sounds, utterances, or sentiments of: as,
the mocking-bird echoes nearly all other crea-
tures; to echo a popular author.
And the true .irt for . . . popular display is — to contrive
the best forms for appearing to say something new, when
in reality you are but echoing yourself.
De Quincey, Style, i.
echoer (ek'o-6r), n. One who echoes.
Followers and echoers of other men.
W. Ilowitt, Visits to Kemarkable Places (Amer. ed., 1842),
[p. 131.
echoic (ek'o-ik), a. [= Sp. ec&ico = Pg. echoico,
< LL. echoicus, echoing, riming (of verses), < L.
echo, echo : see echo.] Pertaining to or formed
by echoism ; onomatopoetic. See extract un-
der echoism.
echoicalt (e-ko'i-kal), a. [< echoic + -al.] Hav-
ing the nature of an echo. Nares. [Rare.]
An echoicaU verse, wherein the sound of the last sylla-
ble doth agree with the last save one, as in an echo.
Nomenclator.
echoism (ek'o-izm), to. [< echo + -ism.] In
2>hilol., the formation of words by the echoing
or imitation of natural sounds, as those caused
by the motion of objects, as buzz, whizz, or the
characteristic cries of animals, as cuckoo, chick-
adee, whip-poor-will, etc. ; onomatopoeia. [Re-
cent.]
Onomatopoeia, in addition to its awkwardness, has
neither associative nor etymological application to words
imitating sounds, Itmeans word-makingorword-coining,
and is as strictly applicable to Comte's altruisme as to
cuckoo. Echoism suggests the echoing of a sound heard,
and has the useful derivatives eckoist, echoize, and echoic,
instead of onomatopoetic, which is not only unmanageable,
but, when applied to words like cwc^oo, crack, eiToueous;
it is the voice of the cuckoo, the sharp sound of breaking,
which is onomatopoetic or word-creating, not the echoic
words which they create.
J. A. H. Murray, 9th Ann. Address to Philol. .Soc.
echoist (ek'o-ist), n. [< echo + -dst.] One who
forms words by the imitation or echoing of
sounds. See echoism. [Recent.]
echoize (ek'o-iz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. echoized,
ppr. echoizin'g. [< echo + -ize.] To form words
by echoing or imitating sounds. See echoism.
[Recent.]
echolalia (ek-o-la'li-a), n. [NL., < Gr. vxi), an
echo, + 7jiAia, babbling, < /.oMiv, babble.] In
pathol., the repetition by the patient in a mean-
ingless way of words and phrases addressed to
him. It occurs in certain nervous disorders.
echoless (ek'a-les), a. [< echo + -less.] Giving
or yielding no echo ; calling forth no response.
Its voice is echoless. Byron, Prometheus.
echometer (e-kom'e-tfer), n. [= F. echometre =
Sp. ecometro = Pg. echometro = It. ecomeiro, < Gr.
riX", echo, + nhpov, a measure.] In physics, an
instrument for measuring the duration, the in-
tervals, and the mutual relation of sounds.
echometry (e-kom'e-tri), n. [= F. echometrie
= Sp. ecometria = Pg. echometria = It. ecome-
tria; as echometer + -y.] 1. The art or act
of measuring the duration, etc., of sounds. — 2.
In arch., the art of constructing buildings in
conformity with the principles of acoustics.
echoscope (ek'o-skop), to. [< Gr. t/x", sound,
echo, + (jKovelv, view.] A stethoscope.
echo-stop (ek'o-stop), n. See echo, 4.
Echymys, n. An erroneous form of Echimys.
Wiegmann, 1838.
Eciton (es'i-ton), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804);
formation not obvious.] A genus of ants called
Ecitott drepattophorum. -
a, soldier (line shows natural size) ; b, head of soldier, front
view ; f, head of male, front view.
Edton
ging or army ants, usually placed in the
family ilyrmicidae, as the petiole of the abdo-
men has two nodes, it is now supposed that the ge-
nus Latndiu, of the family Dorytidce, is represented ex-
clusively by the males of KcUon, and the characters of
both groups require revision. These ants are found in
South and Central America, and 3 species of Eciton and 6
of Labidus are known in the United States, from I'tah,
New Mexico, California, and Texas. There are two kinds
of neuters or workers, large-headed and small-headed, the
former of which are called mldien. They are carnivo-
rous, march in vast numbers, and are very destructive.
eckle^, eccle (ek'l), n. [E. dial., also eecle,va,T.
of iekle, ult. < AS. gicel, an icicle: see ickle,
icicle.'] 1. An icicle. — 2. j)l. The crest of a
cock To build eccles In the air, to build castles in
the air. Wriffht. [Prov. Eng. in all uses.l
«ckle^ (ek'i), n. [E. dial. Cf. eckle^.] A wood-
pecker. [Prov. Eng.]
«ckle-^, !'. 1. ; pret. and pp. eckled, ppr. eckling.
[A dial. var. of ettle.'] To aim ; intend ; design.
HalHiceU. [North. Eng.]
Eclair (a-klar'), n. [F., lit. lightning, < iclai-
rer, lighten, illumine, < L. exclarare, light up,
< ex, out, + elarare, make bright or clear: see
clear, r.] A small oblong cake, filled with a
cream or custard, and glazed with chocolate or
sugar.
eclaircise, v. t. See eclaireize.
6claircissenient(a-klar-se8'moh),n. [F. (=Pr.
esclarziment = Sp. esclarecimiento ^ Pg. esclare-
cimento), < eclaircir, clear up: see edairdze.']
Explanation ; the clearing up of something not
before understood.
>'ay, madam, you shall stay ... till he has nuule an
MaircUseiHent of his love to you.
Wycheriey, Country Wife.
Next morning I breakfasted alone with ilr. W[alpolel :
when we had all the eclairciattment I ever expected, and I
left him far better satisfied than I bad been hitherto.
Gray, Letters, I. 124.
eclaircize (e-klSr'siz), v. t.\ pret. and pp. eclair-
cized, ppr. eclaircizing. [s F. iclairciss-, stem
of certain parts of Maircir (= Pr. esclarzir, es-
clarze:ir — Sp. Pg. eselareeer), clear up ; with
suffix, ult. < L. -eacere (see -esce, -ish^), < eclairer,
lighten. Illumine: see eclair.'] To make clear;
explain; clear up, as something not under-
stood or misunderstood. Also spelled eclair-
cise. [Rare.]
eclampsia (ek-lamp'si-ft), n. [= F. ^elampsie
= It. irlnmsia, < >fL. eeiamptia, < Gr. liuaftxl/tt,
a shilling forth, exceeding brightness, < ixM/i-
ireiv, shine forth, < in, forth, + /xt/nreiv, shine:
see lamp.] In ]>athoL, a flashing of light be-
fore the eyes; also, rapid coavukive motions.
The name ii applied to oonTolslons retembllng thoM of
epilepfly. but not of true epilepsy : as, the tetan^tia of
childbirth. Also eclampty.
eclampsic (ek-lamp'sik), a. A less correct
fortii "f irlamptic.
eclampsy (ek-lamp'si), n. Same as eeiamptia.
eclamptic (ek-lamp'tik), a. [= F. ielavtpttque ;
as eclampsia (eclampt-) + -I'c] 1. Pertaining
to or of the nature of eclampsia: as, eclamptic
convulsions; eelamptie idiocy. — 2. Suffering
from eclampsia : as, an eclamptic patient.
*clat (a-kla'), n. [P., < (fctater, burst forth, < OF.
esclater, shine, ^esclater, burst, < OHO. slizan,
MHO. slizen, split, burst, O. sckleissen = AS.
slitan. E. slit, q. v.] 1. A burst, as of applause ;
acclamation ; approbation : as, his speech was
received with great ^lat. — 2. Brilliant effect;
brilliancy of success ; splendor; magnificence:
as, the Mat of a great achievement.
Althonsh we have taken formal posaeaslon of Burmah
with much ielat, the dangers and dlfflcoltles of the enter-
prise are by no means at an end.
Fortnightly Bev., N. 8., XXXIX. 288.
S. Renown; glory.
Yet the felat It gave was enoogh to torn the head of a
man leas presumptuous than Egmoat. Prfeott.
eclectic (ek-lek'tik), a. and n. [= F. icUcHque
= Sp. eclSctico = Pg. eclectico = It. eclettico (cf.
O. eklektisek = Dan. eklektisk), < NL. eclecticus,
< Or. inXiKTiKdi, picking out, selecting, < iitXc-
kt6c, picked out, < i«Xeye<v, pick out (= fi. eligere,
pp. eiectus, > E. elect, q. v.), < tie, out, + ^lyttv,
pick, choose: see legend.] I. a. Selecting;
choosing; not confined to or following any one
model or system, but selecting and appropri-
ating whatever is considered best in alt.
The American mind. In the largest sense eeleetic, strug-
gled for universality, while it asserted freedom.
Banai^ft, HlsU U. S., II. 464.
When not creative, their genius has been tcUctie and
refilling. Strdman, Vict. Poets, p. 2a.
Eclectic medldne, a medical theory and practice based
up4m Fvele'tion of what is esteemeil best in all systems ;
speciflcally, the medical system of a separately organized
school uf physicians In the United States, who make much
1836
use of what they regard as specific remedies, largely or
chiefly botanical.— Eclectic physician, (a) One of an
ancient order of physicians, supjiosed to have been found-
ed by Agathinus of Sparta. (It) A practitioner of the
American school of eclectic medicine.
II. n. One who, in whatever department of
knowledge, not being convinced of the fun-
damental principles of any existing system,
culls from the teachings of different schools
such doctrines as seem to him probably true,
conformable to good sense, wholesome in prac-
tice, or recommended by other secondary
considerations; one who holds that opposing
schools are right in their distinctive doctrines,
wrong only in their opposition to one another.
In philosophy the chief groups of eclectics have been — (1)
those ancient writers, from tlie first century before Christ,
who, like Cicero, influenced by Platonic skepticism, held a
composite doctrine of ethics, logic, etc., aggregated of Pla-
tonist. Peripatetic, Stoic, and even Epicurean elements ;
(2) writers in the seventeenth century who, like Leibnitz,
mingled Aristotelian and Cartesian principles; <3) writ-
ers In the eighteenth century who adopted in part the
views of Leibnitz, in part tliose of Locke ; (4) Schelling and
others, who held beliefs derived from various idealistic,
pantheistic, and mystical pliilosophers ; (5) the scliool of
Cousin, who took a mean position between a philosophy
of experience and one of absolute reason.
Even the eeleetia, who arose about the age of Angtis-
tus, . . . were ... as slavish and dependent as any of
their brethren, since they sought for truth not in nature,
but In the several schools.
Hume, Kise of Arts and Sciences.
My notion of an eclectic is a man who, without foregone
conclusions of any sort, deliberately surveys all accessible
modes of thought, and chooses from each his own " hortus
siccus" of definitive convictions.
J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, II. 331.
Specifically — (a) A follower of the ancient eclectic philos-
ophy. (6) In the early cliurch, a Christian who believed
the doctrine of Plato to be conformable to the spirit of
the gospeL (c) In med., a practitioner of eclectic medi-
cine, either ancient or modem ; an eclectic physician.
eclectlcally (ek-lek'ti-kal-i), adv. By way of
choosing or selecting; in the manner of the
eclectic philosophers or physicians ; as an ec-
lectic.
eclecticism (ek-lek'ti-sizm), n. [= F. iclecti-
ci*me; as eclectic + -ism.] The method of the
eclectics, or a system, as of philosophy, medi-
cine, etc., made up of selections from various
systems.
Sensualism, Idealism, skepticism, mysticism, are all par-
tial and exclusive views of the elements of intelligence.
But each Is false only as it is Incomplete. They are all
true in what they alBrm, all erroneous in what they deny.
Though hitherto opposed, they are, consequently, not In-
capable of coalition ; and, in fact, can only obtain their
consummation in a powerful ecUctieism — a system which
shall comprehend them alt.
Sir W. HamUtoH, Edinburgh Rev., L. 201.
eclectism (ek-lek'tizm), n. [< F. ^clectisme =
Pg. eclectismo, < Or. inXeKTOc, picked out: see
eclectic and -ism.] Same as eclecticism. [Bare.]
The classicists. Indeed, argue for that ecUetimn of taste
which finds suggestive material wherever there is force
and beauty. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, iv.
Eclectus (ek-lek'tus), n. [NL., < Gr. inleicTdi,
picked out, select: see eclectic.] 1. A genus
of trichoglossine parrots related to the lories,
containing several species of the Philippine,
Malaccan, and Papuan islands, as E. linnm,
E. polychtorus, etc. — 2. [/. c] A parrot of the
genus Eclectus.
eclegmt (ek-lem'), n. [Prop, "ecligm; = F.
eclegme, icligme, < L. ecUgma, < Gr. liOieiy/ui, an
electuary, < liUeixetv, lick up, < «, out, + }j:i-
Xtiv, lick. Cf. electuary, from the same ult.
source.] A medicine of syrupy consistency.
eclimeter (ek-lim'e-tfer), n. An instrument to
be held in the hand for measuring the zenith
distances of objects near the horizon.
eclipse (e-klips'), n. [< ME. eclips (more fre-
quent in the abbr. form clips, clyppes, clyppus,
etc. : see clips), < OF. eclipse^, eclipse = Pr.
eclipsis, eclipses, elipse = Sp. Pg. eclipse = It.
eclisse, ecclisse, ecclissi, < L. eclipsis, < Gr. iiAet-
^(C, an eclipse, lit. a failing, forsaking, < kiOxl-
■xtiv, leave out, pass over, forsake, fail, intr.
leave off, cease, suffer an eclipse, < t/c, out, +
Xeiirciv, leave.] 1. In astrcm., an interception
or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or
other heavenly body, by the intervention of an-
other heavenly body either between it and the
eye or between it and the source of its illumi-
nation. An eclipse of the sun is caused by the interven-
tion of the moon between it and the earth, the sun's disk
being thus partially or entirely hidden ; an eclipse of the
moon Is occasioned bf the earth passing between it and
the sun, the earth's shadow obscuring the whole or part of
Its surface, but never entirely concealing it. The number
of eclipses of the sun and moon cannot lie fewer than two
nor more than seven in one year, exclusive of penumbral
eclipses of the moon. The most usual number is four,
seven being very rare. Jupiter's satellites are eclipsed by
passing through his shadow. See oecultation.
ecliptic
For it shal chaungen wonder sooner
And take ectips right as the moone,
Whanne he is from us i-lett
Thurgh erthe, that bitwixe is sett
The Sonne and hir, as it may falle.
Be it in partie or in alle.
Rom. of tlie Rote, I. 5337.
But in y« first watche of ye night, the moone suffred
eclipg. J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. .78.
The sun . . . from behind the moon.
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds
On half the nations, or with fear of change
Perplexes monarchs. Milton, P. L., i. 597.
As when the sun, a crescent of eclipse,
Dreams over lake and lawn, and isles and capes.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin, i.
2. Figuratively, any state of obscuration ; an
overshadowing ; a transition from brightness,
clearness, or animation to the opposite state :
as, his glory has suffered an eclipse.
All the posterity of our first parents suffered a perpetual
eclipse of spiritual life. Raleigh, Hist. World.
Gayety without eclipse
Wearieth me. Tennyson, Lilian.
How like the starless night of death
Our being's brief eclipse.
When faltering heart and failing breath
Have bleached the fading lips !
0. W. Holmes, Agnes.
He [Earl Hakon] was zealous, in season and out of sea-
son, to bring back those who in ih&t eclipse of the old faith
had either gone over to Christianity or preferred to '* trust
in themselves," to what he considered the true fold.
Edinburgh Rev.
Annular, central, partial, penumbral, total eclipse.
See the adjectives.— Eclipse Of a satellite, the oliscu-
ration of it by the shadow of its primary : opposed to an
oecultation, ill which it is hidden by the body of the pri-
mary.— Eclipse of Ttaales, a total eclipse of the sup
which took place .'SSS B. c, May 28th, during a battle be-
tween the Medes and the Lydians, and which is stated to
have been predicted liyThales of Miletus.— Quantity Of
an eclipse, the number of digits eclipsed. See digit, 3.
eclipse (e-klips'), r. ; pret. and pp. eclipsed, -p-jx.
eclipsing. [< ME. eclipsen, < OF. eclipser, F.
Mipser = Pr. Sp. Pg. eelipsar = It. eclissare,
ecclissare; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To
obscure by an eclipse; cause the obscuration
of; darken or hide, as a heavenly body: as, the
moon eclipses the sun.
Within these two hundred yeares found out it was . . .
that the moone sometime was eclipsed twice in five moneths
space, and the sunne likewise in seven.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, it. 9.
2. To overshadow ; throw in the shade ; ob-
scure ; hence, to surpass or excel.
Though you have all this worth, you hold some qualities
That do eclipse your virtues.
Beau, and Fl., King and No King, 1. 1.
Another now hath to himself engross'd
All power, and us eclipsed. Milton, P. L., v. 776.
When he [Christ] was lifted up [to his cross], he did
there crucify the world, and the things of it, eclipse the
lustre, and destroy the power, of all its empty vanities.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xviii.
I, therefore, for the moment, omit all Inquiry how far the
Mariolatry of the early Church did indeed eclipse Christ.
Ruskin,
H, intratts. To suffer an eclipse. [Bare.]
The labouring moon
Eclipses at their charms. Milton, P. L., 11. 666.
ecliptic (e-klip'tik), a. and n. [Formerly eclip-
tick; = F. iclivtique =: Pg. ecliptico = It. eclit-
tico, < LL. eclipticus, < LGr. eitXemTtKii, of or
caused by an eclipse (as a noun, = F. icliptique
= Sp. ecliptica = Pg. ecliptica = It. eclittica, <
LL. ecliptica (sc. linea, line), < Gr. McmTiKo^
(sc. kik'/.o^, circle), the line or circle in the plane
of which eclipses take place), < lK?^c^pig, an
eclipse: see eclipse, n.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to
an eclipse. — 2. Pertaining to the apparent path
of the sun in the heavens : as, ecliptic constel-
lations.
Thy full face in his oblique designe
Confronting Phoebus in th' Ecliptick line,
And th' Earth between.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, I. 4.
Ecliptic conjunction, a conjunction in longitude of the
moon with the sun, the former being within its ecliptic
limits. — Ecliptic digit, one twelfth part of the sun's or
moon's diameter, used as a unit in expressing the quantity
of eclipses. — Ecliptic limits, the greatest distances at
which the moon can be from her nodes (that is, from
the ecliptic), if an eclipse of the sun or moon is to hap-
pen.
n. n. 1. In a,Hron., a great circle of the heav-
ens in the plane of the earth's orbit, or that of
the apparent annual motion of the sun among
the stars. Thejixed ecliptic is the position of the eclip-
tic at any given date. The ynean ecliptic is the position
of the flxed ecliptic relative to the equinoctial, as modified
by precession. Tills is now approaching the equinoctial
at the rate of 47" per century. The true or apparent eclip-
tic is the mean ecliptic as modified by the effects of nuta-
tion. The oUi^ity of (Ae ecliptic is the Incliuatlou of the
ecliptic
ecliptic to tlie equinoctial. Its mean value for A. D. 1900
is ffli' 'r 8".
Satan . . .
Took leave ; and toward the coast of earth beneath,
Down from the ecliptic sped. Milton, P. L., lii. 740.
My lady's Indian kinsnmii. unannounced,
Wltii half a score of swarthy faces came.
His own, tho' keen and bold and soldierly,
Sear'd by the close ecliptic, was not fair.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
2. A great circle drawn upon a terrestrial globe,
tangent to the tropics, it is sometimes said to " mark
the snn's annual path across the surface of the earth " ;
but since its plane is represented as fixed upon the earth,
the rotation of the latter will give it a gyratory motion in-
compatible with its representing any celestial appearance.
It may, however, prove convenient wlien a terrestrial globe
is used instead of a celestial one.
eclog, n. An abbreviated spelling of eclogue.
ecloglte (ek'lo-jit), n. [< Gr. eK/.o/of, picked
out (< K?-r)'£(i','pick out, choose), + -ite^.j The
name given by Haiiy to a rock consisting of
a crystalline-granular aggregate of oinphaoite
(a grantUar, grass-green variety of pyroxene)
with red garnet. With these essential constituenU
cyanite (di8tnene)is often associated, and, less commonly,
silvery mica, quartz, and pyrites. This is one of the most
beautiful of rocks, and of rather rare occurrence. It is
found in the .\Ips. in the Fichtelgebirge in Bavaria, in the
Erzgebirge in Bohemia, and also in Norway. It occurs in
lenticular masses in the older gneisses and schists. To the
variety occurring at .Syra in Greece, consisting largely of
cyanite or disthene, the name cyanite rock or disthene rock
has been given. Also spelled eklogite.
eclo^e (ek'log), n. [Early mod. E. also eclog,
and eglogtie, wijlogtie; = P. eglogue, eclogue, now
eglogue, Mogue = Sp. ecloga = Pg. egloga = It.
egloga, ecloga = G. ekloge = Dan. Sw. eklog, <
li. ecloga, < Gr. iKloyij, a selection, esp. of poems,
"elegant extracts" (cf. iii>j}yoQ, picked out),
< iiikcyciv, pick out, select, < tx, out, + 'keyeiv,
pick, choose ; at. eclectic. The term came to bo
applied esp. to a collection of pastoral poems
(with special ref. to Virgil's pastoral poems
(Bucolica), which were published under tho
title of Eclogce, ' selections '), whence the false
spellings eglogue, wglogue (F. Eglogue, etc.), in
an endeavor to bring in the pastoral associa-
tions of Gr. aj.^ (ah/-), a, goat.] In poetry, a
pastoral composition, in which shepherds are
introduced conversing with one another; a
bucolic : as, the eclogues of Virgil.
Some be of opinion, and the ctdefe of those who haue
written in this Art among the Latines, that the pastorall
Poesie which we conmioidy call by the name of Erilogite
and Bucolick, a tearme brought in by the Sicilian Poets,
should be the first of any other.
I'uttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 30.
eclosion(e-kl6'zhon), n. [< F. eclosion, < 4clos-,
stem of certain parts of eclore, emerge from the
egg, < L. excludere, shut out: see exclude, exclxi-
sion, and cf. closed, close^.'] The act of emerging
from a covering or concealment; specifically,
in entom., the escape of an insect from the pupa-
or chrysalis-ease.
eclysis (ek'li-sis), n. [< Gr. ia/.mtg, a lowering
of the voice through three quarter-tones, a re-
lease or deliverance, < eK/.vew. release, < ex, out,
+ Ivuv, loose.] In Gr. music, the lowering or
flatting of a tone : opposed to ecbole.
ecod (f-kod'), interj. [One of the numerous
variations, as egad, begad, bedad, etc., of the
oath by God."] By God; egad: a minced oath.
[Now rare.]
£cod, you're lu the right of it.
Sheridan (?), The Camp, i. 1.
Ecod ! how the wind blows I what a grand time we shall
have : S. Judd, Margaret, i. 14.
econome (ek'o-nom), 11. [= F. 4conome = Sp.
ecdnomo = Pg. It. ecoiwmo, steward, financial
manager, = D. econoom = G. iikonom, husband-
man, steward, = Dan. iikonom = Sw. ekonom (D.
and Sw. after F.),< LL. (£Conomus,<. Gr. o'ikovo/ioq,
a housekeeper : see economy.'] 1. In the eaW»/
church, a diocesan administrator; the curator,
administrator, and dispenser, under the bishop,
of the diocesan property and revenues. — 2. In
the early and in the medieval church, and to
the present day in tho Greek Church, the finan-
cial officer and steward of a monastery.
Also (econome and ceconomus.
economic (e-ko- or ek-o-uom'ik), a. [Former-
ly also economick, (economic, atconnmick, ceco-
nomique; = F. economique = Sp. economico =
Pg. it. economico (cf. D. economisch = G. oko-
nomisch = Dan. okonomisk = Sw. ekonomisk), <
L. ceconomicus, < Gr. o'lKovofimd^, pertaining to
the management of a household or family,
practised therein, frugal, thrifty, < o'lKovo/iia, the
management of a household: see economy.'}
If. Relating or pertaining to the household;
1830
domestic. — 2. Pertaining to tho regulation of
household concerns. [Obsolete or archaic]
And doth employ her economic art.
And busy cai-e, her household to preserve.
Sir J. Dairies, Immortal, of Soul.
3. Pertaining to pecuniary means or concerns ;
relating to or connected with income and ex-
penditure: as, his economic management was
bad; ho was restrained by economic consider-
ations; the economic branches of government.
— 4. Of or pertaining to economies, or the pro-
duction, distribution, and use of wealth; relat-
ing to the means of living, or to the arts by
which human needs and comforts are supplied:
as, an economic problem; economic disturb-
ances ; economic geology or botany.
The economic ruin of Spain may be said to date from
the expulsion of tlie Moriscoes.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 245.
5. Characterized by freedom from wastefulness,
extravagance, or excess ; frugal ; saving ; spar-
ing: as, economic use of money or of material.
[In this sense more commonly economical.]
The charitable few are chiefly they
Whom Fortune places in the middle way ;
Just rich enough, with economic care.
To save a pittance, and a pittance spare.
Ilarte, Eulogius.
= S3rn. 6. Saving, sparing, careful, thrifty, provident.
economical (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'i-kal), a. [<
economic + -al.] Same as economic. The form
economical is more common than economic in sense 5.
This economical misfortune [of ill-assorted matrimony].
Milton, Divorce.
There was no economical distress in England to prompt
the enterprises of colonization. Palfrey.
But the econwnical and moral caiises that were destroy-
ing agriculture in Italy were too strong to be resisted.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 284.
The life of the well-off people is graceful, pretty, dain-
tily-ordered, hospitable ; but it has a simplicity which in-
cidentally makes it comparatively economical.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 68.
economically (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'i-kal-i), adv.
1. As regards the production, distribution, and
use of wealth ; as regards the means by which
human needs and comforts are supplied. — 2.
With economy; with frugality or moderation.
economics (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'iks), n. [For-
merly also economicks ; pi. of economic (see
-ics), after Gr. to, omovofuKa, neut. pi. (also fem.
sing, ij o'lKovofUKr/, sc. rix''"ij art), the art of house-
hold management.] 1. The science of house-
hold or domestic management. [Obsolete or
archaic] — 2. The science which treats of
wealth, its production, distribution, etc. ; po-
litical economy.
The best authors have chosen rather to handle it (edu-
cation] in their politicks than in their osconomicks.
Sir U. Wotton, Reliquise, p. 78.
Not only in science, but in politicks and economics, in
the less splendid arts which administer to convenience
and enjoyment, much information may be derived, by
careful search, from times which have been in general
neglected, as affording nothing to repay the labour of at-
tention. V. Knox, Essays, No. 73,
Among minor alterations, I may mention the substitu-
tion for tlie name of Political Economy of the single conve-
nient term Economics. Jevons, Pol. Econ. (2d ed.), Pref.
economisation, economise, etc See economi-
zation, etc.
economist (e-kon'o-mist), n. [Formerly also
(economist; = F. economiste = Sp. Pg. It. econo-
mis^a; as economy + -ist.'] 1. One who man-
ages pecuniary or other resources; a manager
in general, with reference to means and ex-
penditure or outlay.
Very few people are pood oscvnoinists of their fortune,
and still fewer of their time. Chesterfield, Letters, ccxvi.
It would be , . . madness to expect happiness from one
who has been so very bad an economist of his own.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xiii.
Ferdinand was too severe an economist of time to waste
It willingly on idle pomp and ceremonial.
Prescntt, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 19.
Specifically — 2. A careful or prudent manager
of pecuniary means ; one who practises frugal-
ity in expenditure: as, ho has the reputation
of being an economist; he is a rigid economist.
— 3. One versed in economics, or the science of
political economy.
So well known an English economist as Malthus has also
shown in a few lines his complete appreciation of the
mathematical nature of economic questions.
Jevons, Pol. Econ. (2d ed.), Pref.
4. An officer in some cathedrals of the Church
of Ireland who is appointed by the chapter to
manage the cathedral fund, to see to the neces-
sary repairs, pay the church officers, etc. —
Bconomist mouse, Arvicola ceconomns, a Siberian vole.
economy
Economite (o-kon'o-mit), n. [As economy +
-/((■'-.] Same as Harmonist, 4.
economization (e-kon'''6-mi-za'shon), n. [<
economize + -ation.'] the act or practice of
economizing, or managing frugally or to tho
best effect ; the result of economizing ; econ-
omy; saving. Also spelled economisation.
[Rare.]
To the extent that augmentation of mass results in a
preater rettjntion of heat, it effects an ecoiwmization of
f(n-ci'. II. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 47.
economize (f-kon'o-miz), v.; pret. and pp.
economized, ppr. economizing. [= F. economi-
ser = Sp. economizar = Pg. economisar = It. eco-
nomizzare = D. cconomiseren = G. okonomisi-
ren = Dan. okonotnisere ; as economy + -ize.'] I.
trans. To manage economically; practise econ-
omy in regard to ; treat savingly or sparingly :
as, to economize one's means or strength ; ho
economized his expenses.
To manage and economize the use of circulating me-
dium. Walsfi.
II. intrans. To practise economy; avoid
waste, extravagance, or excess ; be sparing in
outlay : as, to economize in one's housekeeping,
or in the expenditure of energy.
He does not know how to economize. Smart.
Also spelled economise.
economizer (e-kon'o-mi-z^r), n. 1. One who
economizes; one who uses money, material,
time, etc., economically or sparingly. — 2. In
engin., an apparatus by which economy, as of
fuel, is effected ; specifically, one in which waste
heat from a boiler or furnace is utilized for
heating the feed-water.
Also spelled economiser.
economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. ; pi. economies (-miz).
[Formerly also economic, cecononiy, eeconomie ;
= F. economic = Sp. economia = Pg. It. econo-
mia = D. economic = G. okonomie = Dan. oko-
nomi = Sw. ekonomi (D. and Sw. after F.), < L.
ceconomia, < Gr. oiKovo/ua, the management of a
household or family, or of the state, the public
revenue, < oikov6/io(, one who manages a house-
hold, a manager, administrator, <okof, a house,
household (= L. vicus, a village, > ult. E. wick,
uich, a village, etc. : see wick'^), + vcftecv, deal
out, distribute, manage : see )io«(cl.] 1. Tho
management, regulation, or supervision of
means or resources; especially, the manage-
ment of the pecuniary or other eoncei'ns of a
household : as, you are practising bad economy ;
their domestic economy needs reform.
Fain. lie keeps open house for all comers.
Wid. He ought to be very rich, whose oecononn/ is so
profuse. Mrs. Centlivre, The Artifice, iv.
Hence — 2. A frugal and judicious use of
money, material, time, etc. ; tho avoidance of
or freedom from ■waste or extravagance in tho
management or use of anything ; frugality in
the expenditure or consumption of money, ma-
terials, etc.
I have no other notion of economy than that it is the
parent of liberty and ease. Swift, To Lord Bolingbroke.
Nature, with a perfect economy, tni-ns all forces to ac-
count. //. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 388.
Another principle that serves to throw light on our in-
qtiiry is that which has been called the principle of econ-
omy, viz., that an effect is pleasing in proportion as it i»
attained by little effort and simple means.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 70.
3. Management, order, or arrangement in gen-
eral; the disposition or regulation of the parts
or functions of any organic whole ; an organ-
ized system or method : as, the internal economy
of a nation ; the economy of the work is out of
joint.
This economy must be observed in the minutest parts of
an epic poem. Dryden, .Eneid, Ded.
If we rightly examine things, we shall find that there
is a sort of economy in providence, that one shall excel
where another is defective, in order to make men more use-
ful to each other, and ndx them in society.
Steele, Tatler, No. 92.
Specifically — (a) The provisions of nature for the genera-
tion, mitrition, and preservation of animals and plants ;
the I'egular, harmotnons system in accortlance with which
the functions of living animals and ])lants are perfurmed :
as, the animal economy ; the vegetable economy.
He who hunts
Or harms them there is guilty of a wi-ong.
Disturbs the economy of nature's realm.
Cowper, Task, vi. 577.
If we forget, for an instant, that each species tends to
increase inordinately, and that some check is always in
action, yet seldom perceived by us, the whole economy of
Nature will be utterly obscured. ^
Danvin, Origin of Species, p. 303.
(b) The functional organization of a living body ; as, his
internal economy is badly deranged.
economy
It is necessary to banish from the mind the idea that we
Mre literally besieged by organisms always ready to sow
putrefaction on the mucous tract of our ecoiwiiiies.
Science, III. 620.
(c) Tlie regulation and disposition of the internal allaii-s
of a state or nation, or of any department of government.
The Jews already had a Sabbath, which as citizens and
subjecu of that economy they were obliged to keep, and
did keep. Paley.
The tlieatre was I>y no means so essential a part of the
rconomy of a Roman city as it was of a Grecian one.
*/. Ferffugson, Hist. Arch., I. 323.
4t. Management; control. [Rare.]
I shall never recompose my Features, to receive Sir
Bowlaud with any (Eeonoiny of Kace.
Conffrece, Way of the World, iiL 5.
Domestic economy. See doimwiii:.— Economy of
grace, see jrra<-e. ^Political economy. See political.
=8yn. 2. Frugaiitij, L'coitomn, Thrij't. Fmijality saves
by avoiding )K>th waste and nee<lles3 expense ; its central
idea is that of saving. Economy goes further, and includes
prudent management: as, economy of time. Thrift is a
stronger word for economy; it is a smart, ambitious, and
successful economy.
Lucullus, when frugality could charm,
Had roasted turnips in the Sabine farm.
Pope, Moral Essays, i. 218.
Strict economy enabled him [Frederic William) to keep
up a peace establishment of sixty thousand troops.
3laea%Uay, Frederic the Great.
Thrift, thrift, Horatio ! the funeral bak'd meats
Did coldly lumlsh forth the marriage tallies.
Shak., Uamlet, i. 2.
e converse (e kon-ver'so). [L., lit. from the
converse : e, ex, from ; converso, abl. of conver-
siim, iieut. of convertug, converse: see conrerse^,
a.] On the contrary; on the other hand.
6corch6 (a-kor-sha'), «. [P., lit. flayed, pp.
of ecorclier, OF. escorcher, flay, > ult. t. scorch :
see scorch.] Inpaintiiig and sculp., a subject,
man or animal, flayed or exhibited as deprived
of its skin, go that the muscular system is ex-
posed, for the purposes of study.
ecorticate (e-kor'ti-kat), a. [< NL. "ccorticatus,
< L. e- priv. + cortex (cortic-), bark : see corti-
cate.] In hot., without a cortical layer: applied
especially to lichens.
ifcossaise (a-ko-saz'), «. [F., fem. of £eossais,
.Siiiti'h: see Scotch^.] 1. A species of rustic
dauce of Scotch origin. — 2. Music written for
such a dauce, or in imitation of its rhythm. — 3.
In therapeutics, the douche ficossaise or Scotch
douche, alternating hot and cold douches.
The alternation of hot and cold douches, which for some
unknown reason has got the name of Feouaite, Is a very
powerful remedy from the strong action and reaction which
It produces, and is one of very great value.
Eneyc. Brit., III. 439.
ccostate (e-kos'tat), a. [< NL. ecostatus, < L.
(- priv. + rosta, arib: see costate.] 1. In bot.,
not costate; without ribs. — 2. In ctxil.: (a)
Having no costte, in general ; ribless. (6) Bear-
ing no ribs, as a vertebra.
6cotlte (a-kOf), n. [F., < ^couter, OP. eseouter,
listen, > ult. E. seout^.] In fort., a small gal-
lery made in front of the glacis for the shelter
of troops, designed to annoy or interrupt the
inimrs of the enemy.
Ecpantheiia (ek-pan-the'ri-a), 11. [XL. (HUb-
ner, 1816), so called as being spotted, < Gr. U,
out (here intensive), + navOiip, panther or leop-
ard: see panther.] A genus of arctiid moths
chiefly distinguished by the short hind wings,
and comprising a large number of new-world
species. Most of them are tropical or subtrop-
ical, but E. seribonia is a well-known North
American form.
ccphasist (ek'fa-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. Ik^oi^, a
declaration, < iiu^vai, speak out, < in, out, -I-
^vai = L. fari, speak.] In rhct., an explicit
dcclanition.
Ecphimotes, «. See Ecphymotes.
ecphlysis (ek'fli-sfs), n. fNL., < Gr. as if V«c-
if/.vatr, < tK^'/.v^tiv, spurt out, < in, out, + ly.lil^etv,
ip'/.ietv, bubble up, burst out.] In pnthol., vesic-
ular eruption, confined in its action to the sor-
ecphonemat (ek-fo-ne'mll), n. [NL., < Gr. U-
^vtjua, a thing called out, a sermon, < fKtpuveiv,
cry out, pronounce, < Ik, out, + ^veiv, utter a
sound, < ^uy^, the voice, a sound.] A rhetori-
cal exclamation or ejaculation. See ecpho-
neitis.
ocphoneme (ek'fo-nem), n. [< Gr. hi^uivTiua:
s*'c ifiihiiiiema.] The mark of exclamation (1).
troohl ISfoicn,
ecphonesia (ck-fo-ne'sis), «. ; pi. ecphoneses
(-SCZ). [XL., < dr. Utpuvt/air, pronunciation,
an exclamation. < fKiV"", pronounce, cry out:
see ecphonema] 1. In rhet., a figure which
consists in the use of an exclamation, question,
or ot%r form of words used interjectionally to
1837
express some sudden emotion, such as joy, sor-
row, fear, wonder, indignation, auger, or impa-
tience. Also called cJc/«»ia<iOH. — 2. Inthe&r.
t'A., one of those parts of the service which a»e
said by the priest or officiant in an audible or
elevated voice. The greater part of the litui-gy is said
secretly — that is, in a low or inaudible tone (iutuo-TiKw?, an
adverb e<iuivalent to the secrete or aecreto of the Latin
ChnrchJ. The ecphoneses, on the other hand, are said
aloud (cie<^a)wi>?, an adverb answering to the phrases intel-
lifjibili wee, Clara pocc, of the iloman lAi^3.\, with an audi-
He voice, with a loud voice, in tlie English Prayer-liook).
They generally form the conclusion of a prayer which the
priest has said secretly, and contain a doxology or ascrip-
tion to the Trinity. The lienediction at the Ijeginning of
the Liturgy of tlie Catechumens and that at the c«>mmence-
ment of the Anaphora in the Constantinopolitan liturgies
are said in this way. Also called the exclanuttion.
ecphora (ek'fo-ra), n. [NL., < Gr. ciupopd, a car-
rying out, a projection in a building, < iK(f>iptiv,
carry out, intr. shoot forth, < ik, out, + ^ipew =
E. bear^.] 1. In arch., the projection of any
member or molding before the face of the mem-
ber or molding next below it. — 2. Icaj).] In
conch., same as Fiistts. Conrad, 1843.
ecphractic (ek-frak'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. «-
^poKTiKoc, fit for clearing obstructions (hifipaK-
TIK&, sc. ^p,uaKa, pi., ecphractic medicines), <
imppaaativ, clear obstructions, open up, < en, out,
-I- ^paaanv, inclose.] I. a. In vied,, senang to
remove obstructions ; deobstruent.
H. II. An ecphractic drug.
ecphroniat (ek-lro'ni-a), n. [NL., < Gr. irnpiMV,
out of one's mind, crazy, < iK, out of, + 9P7v,
mind.] In pathol., insanity.
ecphyma (ek-fi'm&), n. ; pi. ecphymata (ek-fim'-
a-til). [NL., < Gf. iK^v/ia, an eruption of pim-
J>le8, (. cKipieoftai, grow out, < in, out, + (jiieailai,
grow.] In pathol., a cutaneous excrescence, as
a wart.
Ecphymotes (ek-fi-mo'tez), 11. [NL., < Gr.
iKtfviia, an eruption of pimples: see ecphyma.]
A genus of pleurodont lizards, of the family
Iguanidce, having a short and flattened form,
and large pointed cariuate scales on the thick
tail : otherwise generally as in Polychrus. Fitz-
inf/cr, 1S26. Also spelled £cp/ii»io?<?«.
ecphysesia (ek-fi-ze'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. cKt^imj-
aiQ, emission of the breath, < Uifvaav, blow out,
breathe out, snort, < Ik, out, + ^vaav, blow,
breathe.] h\ pathol., a quick breathing.
Ecpleopodidse (ck-ple-o-pod'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< F.rpUapus + -i<f<E.] A family of ptychopleu-
ral or cyclosaurian lizards. Also Ecpleopoda.
Ecpleopus(ek-ple'o-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. iKw}.coc,
complete, entire (< in, out, + irXfOf, full), +
roi'f = E. foot.] The typical genus of the fam-
ily Frplcopodida;. Dumeril and Bibron.
ecptomat (ek-to'mft), n. [NL., < Gr. tuiTTuua, a
dislocation, < iK:ri~Tciv, fall out of, be dislo-
cated, < fit, out, + ir/TTTtiy, fall.] In pathol., a
falling down of any part: applied to luxations,
prolapsus uteri, scrotal hernia, the expulsion
of the placenta, sloughing off of gangrenous
I>arts, rtc.
ecpyesis (ek-pi-e'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. CKTzvrioi^,
suppuration, < tKitviuv, suppurate, < «, out, +
-vtiv, suppurate, < t:vov, pus.] In pathol., a
skin-disease with purulent or serous effusion :
now rarely used.
6crasement (a-kraz'mon), n. [F. dcrascinent, a
crushing, < icraser, crush : see craze.] In stirg.,
the operation of removing a part, as a tumor,
by a wire or chain loop gradually tightened so
as to cut slowly through its attachment.
torasenr (a-kra-z6r'), )i. [F., < ^eraser, crush,
bruise: seecrarc] In SKri/., an instrument for
removing tumors. It consists of a fine chain or wire
which is passed around the base of the ])art to be re-
moved, and gradually tightened by a screw or otherwise
until it lias cut through.— Galvanic ^craseur, an ^cra-
seur so constructed that the wire loop can be heated to
redness while in use by the passage through it of an elec-
tric current.
tererlsse (a-kr6-ves'), n. [P. icrevisse, a craw-
fish, a cuirass: see crair_^A, crayfish.] In ar-
mor, a name given to any piece formed of splints,
one sliding over the other, in the manner of the
tail of the crawfish. See garde-reine, great bra-
guette (under hraguette), and splint.
ecrhythmus (ek-rith'mus), ». [NL., < Gr. CK-
livO/inr, out of tune, < CK, out, + pi^/id^, tune,
rhythm : see rhythm.] In med., an irregular
beating of the pulse.
6cra (e-kro' ; F. pron. fi-krU'), a. [F. ^cru, un-
bleached, raw, applied to linen, silk, etc., OF.
escru, < es-, hereunmeaning, + cru, raw, crude,
< L. crudus: see crude.] 1. Unbleached: ap-
]>lied to textile fabrics. — 2. Having the color
of raw silk, or of undyed and unbleached linen ;
hence, by extension, having any similar shade of
ecstatic
^ ■! ■ I I Wll I ^
neutral color, as the color of hemp or hempen
cord.— Ecru lace, a modern lace made with two kinds
of braid, one plain and the other crinkled, and worked
into large and prominent patterns, usually geometrical,
with bai-s or bi-iiles of thread. The term is derived fiom
the co!mnon use of materials of (5cru color.
ecrustaceous (e-krus-ta'shius), a. [< NL.
*ecrustuccus, < L. e- priv. + crusta, a crust :
see cntstaccous.] In bot., without a crustaceous
thallus, as some lichens.
ecstasis (ek'sta-sis), n. [LL., < Gr. eKo-aci^:
see ecstasy.] In pathol., same as ecstasy, 3.
ecstasize (ek'sta-siz), V. t. ; pret. and pp. ecsta-
sized, ppr. ecstasizing. [< ecstasy + -ize.] To fill
with ecstasy or excessive joy. F.Butler. [Rare.]
Rose and Margaret burst from their retreat with a loud
laugh, and gave OI>ed a hearty greeting; which he, be-
mazed and ecstacized, returned as handsomely as he knew
liow. S. Jitdd, Slai-garet, ii. 11.
ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. ; Tpl. ecstasies (siz). [For-
merly spelled variously ecstasie, ecstacy, extasy,
extasie, etc. ; = F. extase = Sp. extasi, extasis =
Pg. extasis = It. estasi (D. extase = G. ekstase =
Dan. extase = Sw. extas, < F.),< LL. ecstasis, ML.
also extasis, < Gr. inaraaK;, any displacement
or removal from the proper place, a standing
aside, distraction of mind, astonishment, later
a trance, < iiurrdvai, 2d. aor. iiiaT7Jvai,-put or place
aside, mid. and pass, stand aside, < j f , tic, out,
-♦• lordvat, place, set, 'icraadai, stand : see stasis.]
1. A state in which the mind is exalted or lib-
erated as it were from the body ; a state in which
the functions of the senses are suspended by the
contemplation of some extraordinary or super-
natural object, or by absorption in some over-
powering idea, most frequently of a religious
nature; entrancing rapture or transport.
Wliether what we call ecstasy be not dreaming with our
eyes open, I leave to be examined. Locke.
Wlien the mind is warmed with heavenly thoughts, and
wrought up into some degrees of holy ecetasy, it stays not
there, but communicates these impressions to the body.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xix.
The Neoplatonists, though they sometimes spoke of
civic virtues, regarded the condition of ecstasy as not only
transcending but including all, and that condition could
only be arrived at by a passive life.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 350.
2. Overpowering emotion or exaltation, in
which the mind is absorbed and the actions are
controlled by the exciting subject; a sudden
access of intense feeling. Speclflcally — (a) Joyful,
delightful, or rapturous emotion ; extravagant delight ; as,
the ecttwty ot love ; he gazed upon the scene with ecstasy.
He on the tender grass
Would sit, and hearken ev'n to ecstasy.
Milton, Comus, 1. 626.
Sweet thankful love his soul did Hit
With utter ecstasy of bliss.
Waiiam ilorris, Earthly Paradise, II. 84.
It is a sky of Italian April, full of sunshine and the hid-
den ecstasy of larks.
Lowell, Among my Dooks. 2d ser., p. 191.
The ecstasies of mirth and teri-or which his gestures
and play of countenance never failed to produce in a
nursery flattered him [GaiTickj <iuite as much as the ap-
plause of mature critics. Macaulay, Madame d'Arblay.
(fr) Grievous, fearful, or painful emotion ; extreme agita-
tion ; distraction : as, the very ecstasy of grief ; an ecstasy
of fear.
Better be with the dead . . .
Than on the torture of the mind to He
In restless ecstacy. Shak., Macbeth, iil. 2.
Come, let us leave him iti his ireful mood.
Our words will but increase his ecstasy.
Marlowe, Jew of ^latta, L 2.
And last, the cannons' voice that shook the skies.
And, as it fares in sudden ecstasies.
At once bereft us both of ears and eyes.
Dnjden, Astraea Redux, L 228.
3. In med., a morbid state of the nervous sys-
tem, allied to catalepsy and trance, in which the
patient assumes the attitude and expression of
rapture. Alsoec«tas»«. — 4t. Insanity; madness.
That noble and most sovereign reason,
Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune a!id harsh ;
That unmatcli'd form and feature of blown youth,
blasted with ecstacy. Shak., Hamlet, iil. 1.
ecstasy (ek'stfirsi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ecstasied,
ppr. ecstasying. [< ecstasy, n.] To fill with rap-
ture or enthusiasm. [Rare.] •
Tile i»ersons . . . then made prophetical and inspired
must needs have dlscoureed like seraphims and the most
ecstasied order of intelligences.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 31.
They were so ecstasied with joy that they made the
heavens ring with triumphant shouts and acclamations.
J. Scott, Christian Life, I. iv. 9 5.
ecstatic (ek-stat'ik). a. and n. [Formerly ec-
statick, extatick; = F. extatiqtte = Sp. cxtdtico
= Pg. extatieo = It. estatico, < Gr. haTariKSi, <
eKOTaat^, ecstasy: see ecstasy.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to or resulting from ecstasy; entran-
cing; overpowering.
ecstatic
In penxive trance, and anguish, and eestaiick fit.
Miiton, The Passion, 1. 42.
To gain Pescennius one employs his schemes ;
One grasps a Cecrops in eatatick dreanis.
Pope, To Addison.
1838
ecto-entad
The Sonnets (Mrs. Browning's] reveal to us that Love ecthoraea, «. Plural of ecthorceum.
which is the most ecttatic o£ human emotions and worth ecthoraeal, ecthoreal (ek-tho-re'al), a. \< ec-
all other gifts in life. Stednwn, Vict. PoeU. p. 138. tlwrmim + -(,l.:\ Pertaining to an ecthorieum :
2. Affected by ecstasy; enraptured; entranced, as, an ccthoraal protrusion.
By making no responses to ordinary stimuli, the fcsdXic ecthoraBUm (ek-tho-re 'um), n.; pi. ecthorcea
subject sliows that he is "not himself. " (-a). [NL., < Gr. CK, out, out of, + dnpalof, cou-
//. Spetuer, Prin. of Sociol., § 77. taming the seed, < dopoq, seed, semen.] In :ooL,
n. ». 1. One subject to ecstasies or raptures; tlje thread of a thread-cell; the stinging-hair
final vowel and consonant in a syllable ending ectochona (ek-to-ko'na), n. ; pi. ectochonw (-ne).
in »/, as iu the line [NL., < Gr. fxrof, outside, + x"vr/, a funnel : see
MonstrK?nhorrend«Mj, informcingens, cui lumen aiienip- cho)i€.^ An ectochone,
*""■ Vtrffil, ^neid, III. 60S. ectOchone (ek'to-kon), n. [< NL. ectochona.
an extravagant enthusiast. [Rare.]
Old Hereticks and idle Ec$taticks, such as the very primi-
tive times were intlnitely pestred withal.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 201.
2. pi. Ecstasy ; rapturous emotion.
ecstatical (ek-stat'i-kal), a. [Formerly extati-
cal; < ecstatic + -a?.] Same as ecstatic.
With other extaticail furies, and religious frencies, with
ornaments of gold and jewels. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 66.
ecstatically (ek-stat'i-kal-i), adv. In an ec-
static manner ; rapturously ; ravishingly.
ectad (ek'tad), adv. [< Gr. t/crof, without, out-
side, -I- -arfS, < L. ad, to. ] In anat., to or to-
ward the outside or exterior; outward; out-
wardly.
Tlie dura mater may be described as ectad of the brain,
but entad of the cranium.
Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 27.
ectal (ek'tal), a. [< Gr. ckt6(, without, -t- -a?.]
In anat., outer; external; superficial; periph-
eral : opposed to ental.
The suggestion to employ ental and ectat was welcomed,
and they were published |by Wilder iu 1881].
Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 27.
ectasia (ek-ta'si-a), n. [NL. : see ectests.] 1.
Eetasis. — 2. Aneurism Alveolar ectasia. Same
as vegicidar emphysema (which see, under emphysema).
eetasis (ek'tfi-sis), n. [LL., < Gr. eicraaiq, ex-
tension, < laxeivuv (= L. exten-d-ere), extend, <
«, out, + Tcivew, stretch: see extend, tend^.J 1.
In ajw. orthoepy and pros. : (a) The pronuncia-
tion of a vowel as long. (6) The lengthening
or protraction of a vowel usually short. See
diastole. — 2. Inane, rhet.: (a) The use of along
vowel or syllable in a part of a clause or sen-
of a enida ; a cnidocil.
cut under cnida.
Also ecthoreum. See
q. v.] The outer division of a chone.
In many sponges (Geoilia, Stelletta) the cortical domes
are constricted near tlieir communication with the sub-
dermal cavity (subcortical crypt) by a transveree muscu-
lar sphincter, which defines an outer division or ectochone
from an inner or endochone. Jincyc. Brit., XXII. 415.
ectoclinal (ek-to-kli'nal), a. [< Gr. ckto^, out-
side, -1- K?.iveiv, lean: see clinic, clinode.) Ib,
6o<., having the clinode (hymenium) and spores
exposed upon the surface of the receptacle. Le
Maout and Decaisne, Botany (trans.), p. 938.
,«+v,«mHo,. /„!, fA o;;'i; „„N „ [< Gr. f((r<if, out-
The mner wall of the sac [cnida] is produced into a ectOCOelian (ek-to-se'li-an), a
slieath terminating in along thread (MjAorctwn); this is oiilo -I- in,5,v,i, n' l,^" " "
usually twisted in many coils round its sheath, and nils "^'^^K^ i^of-'ov, a no
up the open end of the sac. Pascoe, Zool. Class., p. 16.
ecthyma (ek-tlu'ma), n.; pi. ecthymata (ek-
thim'a-ta). [NL., < Gr. Indv/ia, a pustule, pap-
ula, < ckUvciv, break out, as heat or humors, < ea,
out, -I- dbetv, rage, boil, rush.] In pathoL, a
large pustule intermediate in character between
a furuncle or boil and an ordinary pustule.
ecthymiform (ek-thi'mi-f6rm), a. [< Gr. eKdv/ia
(iKdvfiaT-), a pustule, papula (see ecthyma), +
L. forma, form.] Having the form of or re-
sembling an ecthyma.
ecto-. [NL. ecto-, < Gr. cKrdg, adv. and prep.,
without, outside (opposed to hrog, within: see
eiito-), < f/c, out, + quasi-superl. suffix -ro-f.]
A prefix in words (chiefly biological) of Greek
origin, signifying ' outside, without, outer, ex-
tricular; situated outside of the cavities of the
brain : applied to that part of the corpus stri-
atum (the nucleus lenticularis) which appears
embeddedin the wall of the hemisphere. Wilder.
ectocoelic (ek-to-se'lik), a. [As ecioccel-ian -(-
-ic] Situated on the outside of the common
cavity of a ccelenterate.
A misleading appearance of ectoccelic septa is produced
by the fact that some pairs of mesenteries die out after a
very short course.
O. H. Fmcler, Micros. Science, XXVIII. 5.
ectocon(^le (ek-to-kon'dil), n. [< Gr. hrdc, out-
side, -1- E. condyle.'] The outer or external con-
dyle of a bone, on the side away from the body :
said especially of the condyles at the lower
end of the humerus and of the femur respec-
tively: opposed to ewtocowdyZe. Seeepicondyle.
ternal, lying upon' : as, ectoderm, the outer skin ; ectocoracoid (ek-to-kor'a-koid), a. [< Gr. eKTdg,
Ectozoa, external parasites: opposed to endo-, outside, -I- NL. coracoideus, the coracoid.] In
«« to-- the dipnoan fishes, the element of the shoulder-
ectobasidium (ek"t6-ba-sid'i-um), n. ; pi. ecto- girdle outside of that with which the pectoral
basidia (-ii). [NL., < Gr. eKrdg, outside, + NL. limb articulates. Also called clavicle,
hasidium, q. v.] In mycol., a basidium that is ectocranial (ek-to-kra'ni-al), a. [< Gr. inrdi,
externally placed, as^in Mymenomycetes. Le outside, + /(pawov, skull: see crani«?».] Of or
Maout and Decaisne, Botany (trans.), p.
Ectobia (ek-to'bi-ii), «. [NL., < Gr. cKTi
,.954.
iiiT6(, out-
side, -I- /3t'of, life.] A genus of cursorial orthop-
terous insects, of the family Slattidce, or cock-
roaches, containing a number of small species,
as E. germanica, the croton-bug (which see) :
sometimes synonymous with Blatta in a re-
stricted sense. Westwood, 1839.
tenee where it will produce a special rhythmical ectoblast (ek'to-blast), n. [< Gr. hurdg, outside.
effect. (6) The use of a form of a word longer
than that commonly employed. This is gener-
ally called paragoge.
ectaster (ek-tas't6r), n. [NL. , < Gr. eicT6(, with-
out, -1- aarr/p, star.] A kind of sponge-spicule.
Sollas.
ectatic (ek-tat'ik), a, [< Gr. cKrard^, capable
of extension, < eKTelveiv, extend: see ectasia.]
Exhibiting or pertaining to eetasis
+ p.aaTog, a bud, germ.] 1. In hiol., the outer-
most recognizable structure of a cell ; a cell-
wall, in any way distinguished from mesoblast
or other more interior structures. The ecto-
blast is to a cell what the epiblast is to a more
complex organism. — 2. In embryol., the outer
primary layer in the embryo of any metazoan
animal; the epiblast; the ectoderm. See cut
under Mastoccele.
ectene, ectenes (ek'te-ne, -nez), n. [< Gr. mre- ectoblastic (ek-to-blas'tik), a. [< ectoblast +
wfc (LGr. also enrevr/, n.), prop, adj., extended,
continued (sc. iaeaia, al-r^aig, evxi, or npoaevx>/,
supplication, prayer), < CKTuvew, stretch out,
prolong: see eetasis and extend.] In the Gr.
Ch., one of the litanies recited by the deacon
and choir, it follows the gospel, and is introduced by
the words '*Let us all say with our whole soul, and with
our whole mind let us say." The choir responds with
Kyrie Eleison, once after this invitation and the first peti-
tion, and thrice after the other petitions. See litany.
ectental (ek-ten'tal), a. [< Gr. t/trdf, without,
+ evTdg, within, +"-al.] In embryol., of or per-
taining to the outer and the inner layer of a gas-
ic. ] Pertaining to the ectoblast ; consisting of
ectoblast; ectodermal.
ectoblioLUUS (ek-tob-li'kwus), «. ; pi. ectobliqui
(-kwi). [NL., < Gr. ckt6^, outside, -f L. obli-
quus, oblique.] In anat., the external oblique
muscle of the abdomen, the obliquus abdomi-
nis extemus. Also called extrobliquus. See cut
under muscle.
ectocardia (ek-to-kar'di-a), «. [NL., < Gr. ck-
t6(, outside, -t- napdia, heart.] In teratol., a mal-
formation in which the heart is out of its nor-
mal position
trula: specifically said of the line of primitive ectocarotid (ek"t6-ka-rot'id), n. [< Gr. tard^,
juncture of the ectoderm and endoderm cir- outside, + E. carotid.] In anat., the external
cumscribing the mouth of a gastrula. Also carotid artery; the outer branch of the com-
ecto-ental. mon carotid.
ecteron (ek'te-ron), n. An erroneous form of Ectocarpaceae(ek''to-ltar-pa'se-e),n.p?. [NL.,
ecderon. Mii'art. < Eetocarptis + -acece.] A family of pheeo-
ecteronic (ek-te-ron'ik), a. An erroneous form fporie marine alg» having filamentous branch-
of eederonic. Mivart. i^g fronds, chiefly monosiphonous, with little
ecthesis (ek'the-sis), n. [< Gr. iKBi:m;, a setting o'' ^o cortex,
forth, an exposition, < Ik0cto^, verbal adj. of Ectocarpeae (ek-to-kar'pe-e), n. pi. [NL., <
hrtdivat, put out, set forth, < t/c, out, -I- ridevai, Ertocarpus + -ea;.] 1. In bot., same as Ec-
put, set.] An exposition, especially of faith, tocarpaccie. — 2. In zoiil., a division of nema-
In chnrch history the Ecthexis is the decree of the emperor
Heraclius, about A. I>. 638, declaring that the controversy
as to whether Christ has two wills or one will with a two-
fold or theandric operation (a view acceptable to the Mono-
thelites) was to l>e left an open question.
The [first] I.ateran synod, by which not only the Mono-
thelite doctrine but also the moderating ecthesis of Hera-
clius and typus of Constans II. were anathematized.
Encyc. Brit., XV. 646.
ecthlipsis (ek-thlip'sis), n. [LL., < Gr. IkOX
tophorous Ccelenterata, containing those hydro-
zoans whose genitalia are developed from the
ectoderm : opposed to Endocarpece. The group
is equivalent to the Hydromedusce.
ectocarpous (ek-to-kiir'pus), a. [< 1^. ecto-
carpus, < Gr. tKrd'^, outside, -t- KaprcA^, fruit.]
Having external genitals, or developing sexual
products from the ectoderm, as a hydromedu-
of or pertaining to the Ectocarpew.
pertaining to the outer walls or surface of the
skull ; forming a part of the cranial parietes, as
a bone.
There is a large bony tract . . . between the squamosal
and the large interparietal, which is not one of the ordi-
nary ectocranial bones.
W. K. Parker, Proc. Eoy. Soc, XXXVIII. 135.
ectocuneifonu (ek-to-ku'ne-i-f6rm), a. and n.
[< NL. ectocuneiforme, q. v.] I. a. In anat.,
pertaining to the outermost cuneiform bone;
eetosphenoid.
Union of the navicular and cuboid, and sometimes the
ectocuneiiform bone, of the tarsus.
W. H. Flower, Encyc. Brit, XV. 430.
II. n. The outermost one of the three cunei-
form or wedge-shaped bones of the distal row
of tarsal bones ; the eetocuneiform or eetosphe-
noid bone of the foot. See cut underfoot.
ectocuneiforme (ek-to-lrii"ne-i-f6r'me), n. ; pi.
ectocuneiformia (-mi-a). [Nt., < Gr. f/irof, with-
out, -f- NL. cuneifor'me, the cuneiform bone.]
Same as eetocuneiform.
ectocyst (ek'to-sist), n. [< Gr. IktSq, outside,
-t- Kvarig, a bladder: see cyst.] In Polyzoa, the
external tegumentary layer of the coenceeium,
forming the common cell or cyst in which each
individual zooid is contained. See the extract,
and cuts under Polyzoa and PlumateUa,
As a rule the colonies [of polyzoans] possess a homy or
parchment-like, frequently also calcareous, exoskeleton,
which arises from the hardening of the cuticle around the
individual zooids. Each zooid is accordingly surrounded
by a very regular and symmetrical case — the ectocyst or
cell ; through the opening of which the anterior part of
the soft body of the contained zooid with its tentacular
crown can be protruded. Claus, Zoology (trans.), II. 71.
ectoderm (ek'to-derm), n. [< Gr. f ktoc, outside,
-I- depua, skin: see derm.] The completed outer
layer of cells, or outer blastodermic membrane,
in all metazoan animals, formed by the cells of
the epiblast, and primitively constituting the
outer wall of the whole body, as the endoderm
does that of the body-cavity ; an epiblast, ecto-
blast, or external blastoderm. The term is chiefiy
used in embryology, or of certain lower animals whose bod-
ies consist essentially of an outer and an inner layer, and
not as a synonym of the epidermis or cuticle of the higher
animals. See cut under gastrula.
ectodermal (ek-to-dSr'mal), a. [< ectoderm +
-«?.] Pertaining to the ectoderm; consisting
of ectoderm : as, the ectodermal layer of a cce-
lenterate.
The ovary bursts its ectodermal covering.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 515.
[< ectoderm +
san _ _
V'f, ecthUpsis, lit. a squeezing out, < eiMXpuv, Ectocarpus\ek-t6-ki&'pus), n. [NL.: see ecto- ectodermic (ek-to-dfer'mik), a.
squeeze out, < £K, out, + e>.i/fev, squeeze. Cf. carpous.] In 6o<., the principal genus of -Ecto- -«■.] Same a» ectodermal,
elmon.] In Gr. and Lat. gram., omission or carpacew, including a largo number of olive- ecto-entad (ek"t6-en'tad), adv. [<,Gr. h-rdg,
suppression of a letter ; especially, in Lat. brown fllamentous species, many of which grow ivithout, + fvrof, within. -t- -nrfS. Cf. ectad, en-
tad,] In anat., from without inward. [R^'e.}
gram., elision or suppression in utterance of a, attached to larger algae.
ecto-«ntad
A part may be divided by cutting either eeto-mtad, from
without inward, or ento-ectad, from witliin outward.
Wilder and Gage, AnaL Tecll., p. 27.
ecto-ental (ek'to-en'tal), a. Same as ectental.
The mesoderm puws out from the ecloental line.
C. S. Minol, .Medical News, XLIX. 249.
ectogastrocnemius (ek-to-gas-trok-ne'mi-us),
«. : pi. cctiHiastroaiemii (-i). [NL., < Gr. iia-d^,
outside, + -,aaTi/t), stomach, + Kvijiiri, the lower
leg, tibia.] The outer gastroenemial muscle,
or outer head of the gastrocnemius ; the gas-
trocnemius cxtemus. See cut under muscle.
ectpgenous (ek-toj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. exrof, out-
side, + --jniK, producing: see -genous.'] Origi-
nating or developed outside of the host; exter-
nally parasitic : opposed to endogenous.
Some of the pathogenous bacUria are accustomed to
derelope and multiply without the body, while others
only do so within it The former kind we may describe
as tctogenoui, the latter as endogenous.
ZiegUr, Pathol. Anat (trans.), i. § 203.
ectoglntaeus (ek-to-gl6'te-us), n.; pi. cctoglutwi
(-i). [XL., < Gr. t/crof, without, + jXotn-of, the
rump, buttocks: see glutwus, gluteal.'] Inanat,
the outer or great gluteal muscle; the glute-
us maximus. Also ectogluteus. See cut under
muscle.
ectoglnteal (ek-to-glo't^-al), a. [< ectogluUeus
+ -al.] Pertaining to the eetoglutaeus. Also
ectogluUeal.
ectolecithal (ek-to-les'i-thal), a. [< Gr. Urdc
outside, -I- /i«&f, yolk, + -a/.] In embryol'
noting those ova which have the food-yolk pe-
ripheral in positiou, and thus exterior to the
formative yolk. The cleavage or segmentation is con-
sequently lonftned at first to the inner parts of the ovum
and it 18 only in later stages, when the foodyolk has shift-
ed to the center, that the cleavage becomes peripheral
laoUMI^ *° example. See centroUeUkcU,
The first proce»««« of legmenUtion In these at lint erto-
Ui^hal ova are withdrawn from obMnration, dnco they
take place In the centre of an egg corered by a supertlcial
layer of food yelk. Claru, Zo«logy (trmn«.ri. ll"
Ectolithia (ek-ta-lith'i-S), n. pi. [NL., < Gr ck-
ru^, outside + >.,6iof, Stone.] Those radiolari-
ans which have an external silicious skeleton
or exoskeleton : distinguished from Endolithia.
Only a few (radiolarians) remain naked and without firm
, , -."■■-J ...utMui ii&Acuaiiu wiinout nmi
deposiU: as a rule, the soft body pooeaaet a alUciOM
skeleton which either Ilea entirely 'ouSdTthecent.S
capsule (BdolUhia), or U partially iithlnlt (Endomhl?)
Claut, Zodlogy (trans.), I. lea.
ectollttlc (ek-to-lith'ik), a. [As Ectolithia +
-ic. J fcxtraeapsular or exoskeletal, as the skel-
^L- ,°,°f .* '■adiolarian; of or pertaining to the
ArWiWiw; not endolithic.
ectomere (ek'to-mer), «. [< Gr. eicrdc, outside,
+ f-eix>f, part.] In embryol., the less granular
of the two blastomeres into which the mamma-
ban ovum divides: also appUed to a descen-
dant of this blastomere in the flist stages of
development. See blagtomere, entomereT
ertomerlc (ek-to-mer'ik), (1. \<eeUmere-¥-ic.-\
Having the character of an ectomere
ectoparasite <ek-t6-par'a-mt), n. [< Gr. tKri^,
outsKlf, + Tapaanot, a parasite: see parasite.]
An external parasite; a parasite living upon
the exterior of the host, as distinguish^ from
^"^r SSnT" "° •'••"iflctory significance Inl^iS.
ectoparadtic (ek-to-par-a-sit'ik), a. [< ecto-
parastte + -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature
or an ectoparasite or of ectoparasites ; epizoic.
In the entoparasiOc forma of this division the »Uual or-
T.t^^'lR^T' ""^ "" '^'"*"' "■ ">"/^the
Otgenbaur, Comp. AnaL (trans.), p. 154
ectopectoralls (ek-to-pek-td-ra'lis), n. ; pi. ec-
topectorales (-Igz). [? Gr. iKric, outside; + L.
pectorahs, pectoral: see jpeetoran In anat
the outer or great pectoral muscle; thepeoto^
rali.s major (which see, vaxAer iiectoralisS.
ectopia (ek-fo'Di-S), n. [NL., < Or. ^irAr.of,
t/tro^of, away from a place, out of place, out
of the way, <r^«, out, -f- t6wo^, pUce: lee ulpie.-]
In pathol., morbid displacement of parts, usu-
fi^K,"".'^''""*';,''^' '"'^''y^'" o' tte heart or of
the bladder. Also cctopy.
ectopic (ek-top'ik), a. [< ectopia + .ic.] Char-
actenzed by ectopia. j v- »r
mi'l'oSi^' -h.'V^'"^.-.'!;*' •»• Vt»«xAlng in an abiior-
mal locality, which is unfit for the office imposed upon it.
_ *■ Bama, DU. of Women, p. 370.
Ectopistes f ek-to-pis'tez), n. [NL.. < Gr. Urn.
■''."», wander migrate, < /arojrof, away from a
place, < « + rAiTor place.] A genus of pigeons,
of the family Columhida. They have short Un.
SI'orwarS'H ""^ ""*■' '■' '™"'' • .h»rt Wll ferth^rrj
ttr forward, the wing, .cutely p«lnte<l by the first tliree
183»
primaries, a long cuneate UU of 12 tapering acuminate
feathers, wing-coverts with black spots, partv?colorea tail-
feathers, an iridescent neck, and the sexes distinguishable
oy color, h. migratorius is the common wild piseon or
passenger-pigeon of North America. See cut under vas-
senger-pigeon. ^^
ectoplasm (ek'to-plazm), n. [< Gr. £/c7<if, with-
out,-I- TT/jia/ia, a thingformed, < nMaaetv, form.]
1. In zool., the exterior protoplasm or sarcode
of a cell; the ectosarc: applied to the denser
exterior substance of inf usorians and other uni-
cellular organisms, or of a free protoplasmic
body, as a zoospore.
In the Infusoria, which are covered by a firm cuticle
whTh f. HUH'„"Tf'™"Il:"'* """^ "' ^"«^°''« (ei.doplasm)
which is distinct from the more compact peripheral layer
of sarcode (.ectoplasm). Claus, 2^1o^(trans ), I 54!^
2. In 6o<. , the outer hyaUne layer or film of the
protoplasmic mass within a cell.
ectoplasBUC (ek-to-plaz'mik), a. [< ectoplasm
+ -ic.J Pertaining to or consisting of ecto-
plasm.
ectoplastic (ek-t«-plas'tik), a. Same as ecto-
plasmtc.
nJ^*fnl?*'*'!''*"i'", "'*'■'' cortical substance (which is
not a frequent or striking phenomenon in tissue-cells) may
^Holfff fh " ^" r'"'^^"' ('• «■■ peripheral) modifl
. ,i^^?^ the protoplasii,, comparable to the entoplastic
(central) mo<iitkation which produces a nucleus.
£. Jt Lanketter, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 833.
ecto;>opliteal (ek'to-pop-Ut'e-al), a. r< Gr
«rof, otitside + Upoples (po'plit.), hock, knee':
seepop/iteaZ.] In anat., situated upon the outer
side of the popliteal space or region : as, the ec-
topophteal nerve.
Ectoprocta (ek-to-prok'tS), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. otectoiiroctus.] A division of the Foluzoa
established by Nitsche, characterized by hav-
ing tue anus outside of the circlet of tentacles-
opposed to Endoprocta. See the extract.
I.^J""! ^'•'^•^<'i ■ ■ ■ the eiidocyst constats 01 two
layers, an outer and Inner; of which the former is the
rege«nutlve of the ectoderm in other anirals T^e
fl^ .h?„ ''*,ri.*''' "'i''" Perivisceral cavity, and is re-
Ifc^ i^T?nl'";K"r.'^'r™""'''^' over the tentacular
•heath and Into the interior of the tentacula, whence it
8 continued on to the alimentary canal, of which it forms
inme'n.T,"" '"'■';»'?'«'''■ The endoderi,, which lines thi
alimentary canal is of course continuous, through the
oral opening, with the ectoderm. "
Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 671.
ectoproctotis (ek-to-prok'tus), a. [< NL. ecto-
priH-tus, < (ir. f/crof, outside, -I- wpuKT6^, the
anus, posteriors.] Pertaining to or having the
characters of the Ectoprocta: si>eciHeally ap-
plied to those polyzoans, as the Gymnolamat'i,
which have the anus situated outside the cir-
clet of tentacles : opposed to cndoproctous.
„»'.'i.'"' J^" Po'n'S'iout that the characterUtlcpolypide
of the ectvproctou, Polyioa is a structure developed from
ine cystld. Uuzley, Anat Invert., p. 896.
ectopterygoid (ek-top-ter'i-goid), a. and n. [<
SUectophrygoideus, q. v.] I. a. Pertaining
to tlie external pterygoid bone or muscle.
*¥u ",• }■ ^^ external pterygoid bone; one
of the lateral bones of the palate of some ani-
-— ■ — .^^.^ V* vn^j j'uiaLt, ui Buiue ani-
mals, as reptiles. It i.s highl v developed for in-
stance, in the crocodile. See Crocodilia.—2.
in typical fishes, the external of two bones just
behind the palatine, generally called nteruootrf.
t»ee cut under paUito.quadrate.—Z. In anat.
the ectoptervgoid muscle. '
ectopterygoweua (ek-top-ter-i-goi'de-ns), n •
pi. cct»ptrryg„i,lei (-i). [NL., < Gr. f'-crdf, outi
»vle, + lil,. pterygoideus : see pterygoid.] In
anat., the external pterygoid muscle. See
pterygoideus.
ectopy (ek'to-pi), n. Same as ectopia.
ectosarc (ek'to-sttrk), n. [< Gr. eicTd^, outside
u] T' ■ '
ectropic
ectosome (ek'to-som), «. [< Gr. «r<if, outside,
+ au,m, body.] In sponges, the outer region
forming the roof and walls of the subdermai
chambers, composed of ectoderm and a super-
ficial layer of endoderm; the cortex: distin-
guisned trom choanosome and endosome.
ul Jt'ion''n?ZT""' '"T " ™''*'^''= '"y^"' between a retic-
ulation of ectosome on the one s de and of endoderm and
mesoderm, i. e., endosoiiie, on the other '""'°''^™' ""«*
SollcK, Encyc. Brit., XXII. 415
ectosphenoid (ek-to-sfe'noid), n. [< Gr. Ut6c
without, -I- (T^TvoEid^f, wedge-shaped: see sphe-
nota.] bame as ectocuneifortn. [Rare 1
ectosporOUS (ek-to-sp6'rus), a. [< Gr. etcrdc,
outside, + oTTopoc, seed: see spore.] Forminff
spores exteruaUy ; exosporous.
ectOSteal (ek-tos'te-al), a. [< Gr. hroc, ont-
side, + oGT(ov, bone, -t- -al] Relating to or
situated on the outside of a bone; proceeding
from without inward, as a growth of bone,
ectosteally (ek-tos'te-al-i), adv. In an ectos-
teal manner or position.
ectostosiS (ek-tos-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. hrSc,
outside, -I- o<7Tcov, bone, -I- .osis.] That form
of ossification of cartilage which begins in or
immediately under the perichondrium ; also
growth of bone from without inward; perios-
teal ossification.
ectothecal (ek-to-the'kal), a. [< Gr. f/cr<if, out-
side, + drjK^, case: see theca.] In hot, having
thecffl or asci exposed, as in discomycetoul
tungi and gj-mnocarpous lichens; discomyce-
tous; gymnocarpous.
ectotriceps (ek-tot'ri-seps), n. : pi. ectotricepites
(ek-tot-n-sep'i-tez). [fo,., < Gr. itcrdc, out-
side, -I- Nh. triceps.] In anat., the outer head
or external division of the triceps muscle of the
arm, considered as a distinct muscle. Also ex-
tra triceps.
Ectozoa (ek-to-z6'a), n. pi. [NL., pi. of ecto-
zoon, q. v.] External parasites in general, as
distingmshed from Entozoa, or internal para-
^}ht^l■ '"',"\*''n flsh-Iice, or £pizoa, are Ectozoa, as are
other lice, ticks, fleas, etc. The term is a vague one, hav-
f.Vm ■? ''*'"''^.?:'^"'''™""' ""'• implying no struc-
tural affinity among the creatures designated by it AUo
called ectoparantes.
ectozoan (ek-to-zo'an), n. [< Ectozoa + ..an.]
One of the Ectozoa; an epizoan; an ectopara-
site. ^
ectpzoic (ek-to-zo'lk), a. [< Ectozoa + -ic] Fer-
tamm^ to the Ectozoa; epizoic; ectoparasitio.
ectozodn (ek-to-z6'on), «. [NL., < &r. Ikt6<;,
outside, -t- fvov, animal.] One of the Ectozoa ;
an ectozoan.
Ectrephes (ek'tre-fez), ,1. [NL. (Pascoe, 18(36),
< hr.jKTpf^iv, bring up, breed, produce, < m,
?^\ X'^i"' """"sli-] A genus of beetles, of
the family Pttmdte, containing a few Australian
species. Also Anapcstus.
^i^o^w°^* .<«''-t"-V'^-^)' "• [NL- (ServiUe,
/fit'/ ^•••,'''' o^t. + rpix^drit, like hair, hairy,
< I'P'i {rpix-), hair, -f tlSot, form.] A genus of
bugs, of the family Reduviidw and subfamily
Ectrtchodiina: jy. crucfo-
la is a generally distributed
species in the I'nited States,
abor
+ cap, (aapK-), flesh.] The ectoplasm of a
protozoan; the exterior substance of the body
of an animal of low organization, as an amceba
or other rhizopod or protozoan, in any way dis-
tinguished from an endosarc ; the usually thick-
er, denser, tougher, or otherwise modified pro-
toplasm which forms un envelop of the body as
differentiated from the interior substance' or
«m!lh."H' JP" tf.™ '»»»«'» <=hlefly in connection with
rj??, Y?',?"'*';,'"'''??^!;^'' '" ""ich, though tliere may
be no deflnltc cell-wall, the outer sarcode is differentiated
In ».,„„. ,vuy fr,„„ the inner substance, or endosarc
ectosarcode (ek-to-siir'kod), n. Same as ecto-
sarc
ectosarcodoos (ek-to-sar'ko-dus), a. [< ecto-
sarcode + -«»«.] Consisting of external sar-
code ; constituting an ectosarc ; ectoplasmic.
ectosarcons (ek-to-sar'kus), a. [< ectosarc +
-mis.] Of or pertaining to the ectosarc.
ectpsomal (ek'to-s6-mal), a. [< ectosome + -al.]
Of or pertaming to the ectosome ; cortical, as
the extenor region of a sponge.
— lilt half an inch long, of a
shining brightred color, va-
riegate'd with black, short,
stout, hairy antennae of a
dusky color, and thick, pice-
nus nostrum.
Ectrichodides (ek-tri-
kod'i-dez), n.7)Z. [NL.]
A group of hemipterous
insects, represented by
the genus Ectrichodia.
Same as EctrichodiiniB.
Ectrichodlins (ek-tri-
kod-i-i'ne), «.^;. [NL.,
< Ectrichodia + -ina.]
A subfamily of bugs, of
the family Keduriida',
typified by the genus
Ectrichodia.
ectrodactylia (ek'tro-
dak-til'i-a), n. [NL'.,
irreg. < Gr. ittrpuai^,
miscarriage, + SaKrv7jo<:,
finger.] In teratol., a
malformation in which one or more fingers are
wanting.
ectrodactylism (ek-tro-dak'ti-lizm), n. [As
ccirodactijl-ia + -ism.] ' Same as ectrodactylia.
ectropic (ek-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. eKvpom;, turn-
ing out of the way, < inrpiKcw, turn out, < «,
out, -I- Tpciretp, turn.] Turned outward or evert-
ed, as an eyelid, when the inner or conjuno-
Uval surface is exposed, as in ectropion.
£ctrichi)tiia cruciata.
(Line shows natural size.)
ectropical
ectropical (ek-trop'i-kal), a. [< Gr. ck, out, +
r^jo-iKoi;, tropio (see tropic), + -al.'] Belong-
ing to parts outside the tropics ; extratropical.
[Bare.]
ectropion, ectropinm (ek-tro'pi-on, -um), n.
[NL., < Or. CKTpomov, everted eyelid, < iKTponoq,
turning out: see ec<TOj)ic.] la. pathol.: (o) An
abnormal eversion or turning outward of the
evelids. (6) Eversion of the cer\'ical endomet-
rium of the womb.
ectropometer (ek-tro-pom'e-t6r), n. [< Gr. U-
Tpo-ij, a turning off, turning aside (< iKrpeiretv,
turn off: see ectropic), + fierpov, a measure.]
An instrument used on shipboard for determiu-
1840 -ed
produced by eczema : as, eczematous eruptions.
— 2. Afflicted with eczema.
ed. An abbreviation (a) of editor; (b) of edi-
tion.
ed-i. [ME. ed-, < AS. cd- = OS. idui) = OFries.
ct- = ORG. it-, ita-, MHG. ite- = Icel. idh- =
Goth, id-, a prefix equiv. to L. re-, again, back:
see re-.] A prefix now obsolete or occurring
uufelt in a few words, meaning 'again, back,
re-,' as in edgrow, cdgrowth, ednew. See eddish,
Obveree. Reverse. eddy.
fecuofJamesV.of Scotland.— BritishMuseum. (Sizeof theoriginal.) JJd-^. [ME. Ed-, < AS. Edd-, B, COmmOU element
in proper names, being edd, happiness, pros-
of issue 20 shillings English.— 4. In France,
a sum of money, formerly consisting of three
^^^^^SS^'^^^^'T^^^^^^^!^^. Lnc^,nowgenerallyoffivefrancs.-5.Avege-
slsts of a vertical stanchion fitted in sockets on the deck table tracing-paper, \0 X M inches. Minim-
or bridge and surmounted by a compass-card without a luond.
magnet The (»rd tm-ns on a vertical axis and is fitted tij_„_ /„i,__,jiJ5/-„j,-v „ oq^ «. [< Ecua-
^ an alidade. The magnetic heading of the ship being •'^?™*?°^„*°-,^®S J^„ .,„ S^j' ^ '"
adjusted on this card to a line parallel with the keel, the dor -\- -ail.^ Same asEcuadonan.
alidade gives readily the beaiing of laud, lighthouses, etc. Ecuadorian (ek-wa-do ri-an), a. and n. l<,
AUo rktropometer. ^ i'ciwjdoc ( Sp. i?CHador, SO called because crossed
ectrotic (ek-trot'ik), o. [< Gr. £ktputik6(, of or ^^y ^j^g equator, < Sp. eeuador = E. equator) +
for abortion, < inrpuaiq, abortion, <_*tKr/)uTOf, .ja,j/] j_ a. Pertaining to Ecuador: as, the
verbal adj. of tuTirpuoKtiv, abort, < ck, out, + - - ' -
TtTpixjKuv, Tpuetv, wound, injure.] In med., pre-
venting the development or causing the abor-
tion of a disease.
ectypal(ek'ti-pal), a. [< cct^je + -ai.] Taken
from the original ; imitated. [Rare.]
Exemplars of all the ectypal copies.
Ellis, Knowledge of Divine Things, p. 417.
Ectypal world, in Platonic j)Ai(os., the phenomenal world,
the world of sense, as distinguished from the archetypal
or noumenal world.
ectype (ek'tip), n. [= F. ectype = Sp. ectipo =
Ecuadorian fauna.
The Ecuadorian section [of the Andes).
Encyc. Brit., VII. 644.
II. n. A native of Eeuador, a republic of
South America, on the Pacific, north of Peru,
ecumenic, oecumenic (ek-u-men'ik), a. [= F.
eecumcnique = Sp. ecumenico = Pg. It. ecumeirico
(cf. G. deumenisch = Dan. Sw. oktimenisk), < LL.
cecumenicus, < Gr. olKovfievtKoc, general, universal,
of or from the whole world, < oIkov/uvt;, the in-
habited world, the whole world, fem. (se. >;;,
perity,"= OS. 6d, estate, property, wealth, pros-
perity, = OHG. 6t, estate, = Icel. audhr, riches,
wealth: see allodium.'] An element in proper
names of Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning origi-
nally 'property' (in Anglo-Saxon, 'prosperity'
or 'happiness'), as Edward, Anglo-Saxon iirfd-
weard, protector of property; Edwin, Anglo-
Saxon Eddwine, gainer or friend of property.
edl, -ed^. [(l) -edl, pret. {-ed, -d, or -t, or en-
tirely absent, according to the preceding ele-
ments), < ME. -ed, rarely -ad, earlier reg. -e-de
(,-a-de), -de, pi. -e-den (-a-den), -den (usually
spelled -t, -te, -ten, when so pronounced, as after
certain consonants (see below) and in northern
use also after the vowel, -et, -it, whence mod.
Sc. -et, -it), < AS. -e-de, -o-de (rarely -a-de), or,
without the preceding vowel, -de, pi. -e-don,
-o-<Jott, -dore(spelled-<c, -ton, after consonants re-
quiring such assimilation, as miste, cyste, drypte,
etc., E. mist, kist, dript, now usually by confor-
mation missed, kissed, dripped, etc.), the pret.
suffix proper being simply -de, the preceding
Pg. ectypo, < L. ecfypus, engraved in relief, em- earth) of oiKovp.evoc, ppr. pass, of ohelv, inhabit, y^^el representing the suffix -ia, Goth, -ja, etc.
bossed, < Gr. fKrun-of, engraved in relief , formed < okof, a house: see economy. "] Same as ecu-
in outline, < ek, out, + rinrof, figure : see <ype.] menical (which is the usual form).
1. A reproduction or copy of an original;^ ecumenical, oecumenical (ek-u-men'i-kal), a.
copy: opposed to jjroto/ype.
The complex ideas of substances are ec(i/pes or" copies."
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxxi. 13.
Some regarded him [Klopstock] as au ectype of the an-
cient prophets. Eng. Cyc.
Specifically — 2. In arch., a copy in relief or
embossed.
ectypography (ek-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. £/c-
TVTToq, engraved in relief (see ectype), + -jpa<pia, <
ypaifieiv, write, engrave.]
A method of etching in
which the lines are left
in relief upon the plate
instead of being sunk
into it.
^CU (a-kii' or a'ku), n.
[F., a shield (applied
also to a coin, etc.), <
OP. escu, escut, < L.
scutum, a shield: see
escutcheon, scutum.'] 1.
The shield carried by a
mounted man-at-arms
in the middle ages; es-
pecially, the triangular
shield of no great length
carried during the thir-
teenth and fourteenth
centuries, and hung
around the neck by the
guige, so as to cover the
left arm and left side. —
2. The name of several
gold and silver coins current in France from
the fourteenth century onward, having a shield
as part of their type : in English usually ren-
dered crown. Among these coins were the icu d'or
<goldeu crown), the ecu a la couronne (icu with the crown).
[< ecumenic, oecumenic, + -al.] General; uni-
versal; specifically, belonging to the entire
Christian church.
No other literature [than the French] exhibits so expan-
sive and oecumenical a genius, or expounds so skilfully or
appreciates so generously foreign ideas.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 160.
The assumption of the title of (Ecumenical Patriarch
was another proof of the vast designs entertained by the
Bishops of Constantinople.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 29.
Both kings bound themselves to maintain the Catholic
woi-ship inviolate, . . . and agi-eed that an cecunienical
council should at once asseinble, to compose the religious
differences. Motley, Dutch Kepublic, I. 202.
The ancient Greek Church is the mother of oecumenical
orthodoxy; she elaborated the fundamental dogmas of
the Trinity and the Person of Christ, as laid down in the
Apostles' and the Nlcene creeds.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 10.
Ecumenical bishop, a title first assumed by John the
Faster, I'atriarch of Constantinople, in the latter part of
the sixth century. Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome
(590-604), strongly opposed the use of the title; but from
the time of Boniface III. (007), on whom it was conferred
by the emperor Pliocas, it has been used by the popes as
their riglit.— Ecumenical council. See council, 7.— Ecu-
menical divines, in the Gr. Ch., a title given to St. Basil
the Great, St. Gregory the Divine, and St. John Chrysos-
tom.
ecumenically, oecumenically (ek-u-men'i-
Teut. *-ja, '-jo, formative of weak verbs ; = OS.
-a-da, -o-da, -da = OFries. -e-de, -a-de, -de, -te =
D. -de = MLG. -e-de, -de, -te = OHG. -o-ta, -e-ia,
-i-ta, MHG. -e-te, -te, G. -te = Icel. -adha, -dha,
-da, -ta = Sw. -a-de, -de = Dan. -de, -te = Goth,
(with persons indicated) 1 -da (-i-da,-o-da, -ai-
da), 2 -des, 3 -da, dual 2 -dedu, 3 -deduts, pi. 1
-dedum, 2 -deduth, 3 -deduu; being orig. the re-
duplicated pret. of AS. don, E. d(A, etc., name-
ly, AS. dide, E. did, used as a pret. formative:
see dol. (2) -ed?, pp. (-ed, -d, or -t, or entirely
absent, according to the preceding elements),
< ME. -ed, -d, also -t (when so pronounced, as
after certain consonants (see above) and in
northern use also after the vowel, -et, -it, whence
mod. Sc. -et, -it), < AS. -e-d, -o-d, rarely -ad, of-
ten in the pi. -e-d-e, etc., with syncope of the
preceding vowel -d-e, -t-e; = OS. OFries. D.
MLG. LG. -d = OHG. MHG. G. -t = Icel. -dhr,
-dr, -tr, m., -dh, -d, -t, f., -t, neut., = Sw. -t =
Dan. -t = Goth, -th-s = L. -tu-s = Gr. -ro-c =
Skt. -ta-s ; a general adj . and pp. suffix quite dif-
ferent from -edl, though now identified with it in
form. The suffix appears in L. -a-t-u-s (E. -ate^,
-adei, -ada, -ado, -eel, etc. ; disguised in vari-
ous forms, as in arm-y), -i-tus, -i-tus (E. -i7ei,
-j<i), -e-tus, -u-tus (E. -ute), and without a pre-
ceding vowel as -tus (E. -t, as in fea-t. fac-t,
etc.).] The regular formative of the preterit
and the perfect participle, re-
fecu.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's "Diet,
da Mobilier fran^ais.")
. . or past tense, — - ^ , ^ .
kal-i), adv. In a general or ecumenical manner, gpectively, of English "weak" verbs: suffixes of
ecumenicity, (ecumenicity (ek"u-me-nis'i-ti), different origin (see etymology), but now identi-
«. [= P. wcumenicite = Pg. ecumenicidade ; as gg,! in form and phonetic relations, and so con-
Obverse. Reverse.
fecu d'Or of Charles VI., Kinjf of France.— British Museum.
( Size of the original. )
the feu au eoleil (^cu with the sun), (Sen blanc (white
crown), and ecu d'arffent (silver crown). The specimen of
the ecu d'or of Charles VI. (A. D. 1380-1422) here illus-
trated weighs 61 grains.
3. A Scotch gold coin, also called crown, issued
in the sixteenth
Hary, Queeikof Scots,
ecumenic, oecumenic, + -ity.] The character of
being ecumenical.
Some Catholics have protested against the cecmnenicity
of the synod in 1311 at Vienna, generally reckoned the
15th oecumenical [council]. Encyc. Brit., VI. 611.
6cusson(a-kil-s6u'),re. [¥.:%ee escutcheon.] In
her., an escutcheon, especially an escutcheon
of pretense, or inescuteheon.
ecyphellate (e-si-fel'at), a. [< NL. "ecyphcl-
latus, < L. e- priv. + NL. cypliclla, q. v.] In
lot., without eyphella3: applied to lichens, etc.
eczema (ok'ze-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. cKlicfia, a cu-
taneous eruption, < f /.fcZv, boil up or out, < «,
out, + ftii), boil.] An inflammation of the
skin attended with considerable exudation of
lymph. Ordinarily the eczematons patch is red, slightly
swollen, more or less incrusted, and moist on the removal
of the crust, and causes considerable itching and smart-
ing.—Eczema papillosum, the form of eczema charac-
terized by papules, the swollen papillre of the skin.—
Eczema rubrum. («> Pityriasis rubra. ((/) Acute ec-
zema when the color of the skin is very red.— Eczema
squamosum, (a) Chronic eczema marked by the exfoli-
ation of large ([uantitics of epithelial scales, (b) Pityri-
asis rulira.— Erythematous eczema, a mild form of ec-
zema, marked by little more than redness of the skin (ery-
thema).—Vesicular eczema, the form or stage of ecze-
ma in which the eruption consists of vesicles containing
serum. _,
[= P. eczema-
Pertaining to or
century by James V. and by eczematoUS (ek-zem'a-tus), a.
sots. It was worth at the time teux ; < eczema^t-) + -ous.] 1.
veniently treated together. Either suffix is attach-
ed (with suppression of final silent •«, if any) to the in-
finitive or first pel-son indicative, and varies in pronun-
ciation and spelling according to the preceding consonant
(the final consonant of the infinitive) : (I) ed, pronounced
■ed after t, d, as in heated, loaded, etc., and archaically in
other positions, as In hallowed, raised, etc., and usually
in some perfect participles used adjectively, as in Messed,
crooked, unnged, etc., parallel to blest, c!Ot>A:«i(proimunced
krukt), winged (pronounced wingd), etc. (2) -ed, pro-
nounced (with suppression of the vowel) d, after a sonant,
namely, 6, g " hard," g "soft " (-ge = dzh or zh), j (written
-ge, as preceding), s (-se = z), th(= dh), v, z, I, m, n, ng, r, as
in robed, robbed, lagqed, raged, engaged, rouged, hedged,
raised, posed, smoothed, breathed, lived, buzzed, boiled,
felled, beamed, dreamed, stoned, leaned, hanged, barred,
'abhorred, etc. (but after the liquids I, m, n, r, in some
words also or only -( ; see below), or after a vowel, or a
vowel before ft or w, as in hoed, rued, brayed, loued, awed,
hurrahed, etc.— most words of this class being fonnerly
written without the vowel, which subsetineutly came to
be indicateil, pedantically, by an apostrophe, as in rais'd,
breath'd, livd, etc. (this device being still retained by
some, for its apparent metrical value, in verse, but other-
wise little used in verbs, though it is tlie rule in the analo-
gous instance of the possessive case of nouns, as in «ioii'«,
boy's, etc.), except in a few words which have preserved
the simple form, namely, (8) -d, pronounced d (the vowel
being suppressed in both pronunciation and spelling), as
in laid, paid, staid, shod, heard, sold, told, and (with loss
of the final consonant of the iiiflnitive)cirtrf, had, and made
(so spelled to preserve the " long" vowel), aiyl, in jireterit
only, amid, should, icoiiM— these forms being •' incgiilar
in spelling only {laid, paid, staid), or 111 spelling and pro-
nunciation, as compared with the fonns having the usual
-ed
-ed. (4) -td, pronounced t (the vowel being suppressed and
the d assimilated to the preceding consonant) after a surd,
namely, c "soft ' (=»),(;*(= tsh),/,k, p,gu{= t), ssurd,
«*, (A surd, X (= k>), as in /need, enticed, matched, cuffed,
coughed (pronounced kdft), looked, lacked, tipped, piqued,
pre8aed,aasMd, clashed, toothed, earthed, mixed, etc., such
Tordi being formerly, as a rule, and still optionally (in
Terse, as preferred by Tennyson and other modern jxwts,
or in restored or reformed spelling), spelled as pronounced,
with (, as liHikt, tackt, tipt, preM, mixt, fixt, etc. ; in some
words, where -ed after a liquid, /. hi, n, r, or a vowel, is edder^ (ed'^r> r t
pronounced t instead of, as regularly, d, and in some wonls • • .'''•''
after;;, the spelling -^prevails, either exclusively (and then
accompanied by a change of the radical vowel), as in dealt,
felt, bought, caught, thought, wrought, Orought, sought,
taught, tlepl, twept, wept, etc., or with a parallel form in pHi1pr2 loA'br^ «
-ed pronounced it, as in tpelt, tpiU, spoilt, dreamt, leant, """"^ ^«i>,«r;) »
pent, burnt, etc. (the t in some cases absorbing the final ■*■
■d of the inflnitive, as in beta, blent, built, girt, etc.), with
parallel forms spelled, spilled, etc. (bended, girded, etc.).
<6) In some monosyllables the sufll.n -ed, reduced to d or
-(, u above, has blemled » itii the final d or -t of the inflni-
Uve, forming, in earlier spelling, a double consonant, dd
or tt, which has since been simplified, as in shed, shred,
hit, split, etc, all trace of the suffix being thus effaced,
and such preterits and past participles being assimilated edderS «
to the infinitive ' "" nfiiriiml \nnir vnurul ■>, *\,cl t.iMiil* i •-.. w « a. . .
beconi:
read, preterit and past participle read (red), lead, preteri
and past participle led (where the change is recogiiizeif
the spelling), and hence, rarely, in the infinitive, as in
1841
[Prov. Eng.] — 2. The binding at the top of
stakes used in making hedges. Sometimes
called eddering. Wright. [North. Eng.]
In lopping and felling save edder and stake,
Thine hedges as needeth to mend, or to make.
Tusser, One Huiuired Points of Good Husbandry.
3. In Scotland, straw ropes used in thatching
corn-ricks.
[< edderl, n., 3.] To bind
or make tight with edder ; fasten, as the tops
of hedge-stakes, by interweaving edder. Mor-
timer.
ui.li pict^rius niiu pasi. purkicipies ueing assimiiatea euuerS K. oee eddoes
; infinitive; an original long vowel in the inflnitive ■pjJi- /„j/:i,i _ r/ i'
ning short in the preterit and past participle, as in ^^^\ *^ iV i! ,V- "*•'
preterit and past participle r«<uj (red), lead, preterit "'g i** the bcandiuavi
[A dial. var. of adder^, q. v.]
. An adder; a serpent. [Now only Scotch.]
Ye eddris and eddris briddis, hou sehulen ye fie fro the
doom of belle? Wyclif, Mat. xxiii.
For eddres, spirites, monstres, thyng of drede.
To make a sniuke and stynke is goode in dede.
Palladius, Husboudrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 34.
2t. A fish like a mackerel.
See eddoes.
Edda + -jc] Of or relat
ian Eddas
Edenic
eddy, or so as to resemble the movement of an
eddy.
Time must be given for the Intellect to eddy about a
truth, and to appropriate its bearings.
De Quincey, Style, i.
As they looked down upon the tumult of the people
deepemng and eddying in the wide square, . . . they ut-
tered above them the sentence of warning— "Christ shall
come." Rxtskin.
With eddying whirl the waters lock
Yon treeless mound forlorn,
The sharp-winged sea-fowls breeding rock,
That fronts the Spouting Horn.
O. W. Holmes, Agnes.
II. trans. To cause to move in an eddy ; col-
lect as into an eddy; cause to whirl. [Rare.]
The circling mountains eddy in
From the bare wild the dissipated storm. Thomson.
eddy-water (ed'i-wa't6r), n. Naut., same as
dead-wdter.
eddy-wind (ed'i-wind), n. The wind moving
in an eddy near a sail, a mountain, or any other
object.
character or style of the Eddas
Vread, preterit and past participle spread. Some'words pS'Zh*%d°lhf ?'?F ^^If ^^^t'%- 1
ending in -edi (participles used as adjectives) may with Cddlsn (ed ish), n. [E. dial., also edtsh.
the definite article, or other definitive word, preceding, "■ "''''•'•' ■ ->""*-
.s ; having the edelforsite (ed'el-for-sit), n. [< .Xdelfors (see
: as, the EdtUc *l^f) + -<<e2.] in mineral., a compact calcium
come to be used as nomis, having as such a possessive
case (in '«) and a plural (in -») : as, the police took charge
of the deceased's effects ; at this the acnued't countenance
changed. This is found chiefly in newspaper language ;
but the plural, as "their beloveds," is not uncommon in
recent poetry. .See -dl, -<J2, -fi, -12.
edacious (e-da'shus), <J. [= It. edace, < h. edax
(edac-), given to eating, < cdere = E. eat: see
eat.'} Eating; given to eating; greedy; vora-
cious.
Swallowed In the depths of edacious Time.
CarlyU, Jlisc., IV. 238.
Concord Bridge had long since yielded to the edaeimu
tooth of Time. Lourdl, Biglow Pailbrs, 2d ser., p. 37.
edaciously (e-da'shua-li), adv. Greedily; vo-
raciously.
edacionsness (e-da'shus-nes), n. Edacity.
edacity (e-das'i-ti), n. [= It. edacitA, < L. eda-
cita(t-)s, < edax, giving to eating: see edacious.']
Greediness; voracity; ravenousness ; rapacity.
It is true that the wolf is a beast of great edacitie and
digestion. Baeou, Nat. Hist., | 072.
If thou have any rendlble faculty, nay, If thou hare but
edacity and lo<|uacity, come. Carlyle.
Edaphodon (f-daf 'o-don), n. [NL. : see edaph-
odont.] A fossil genus of chimaeroid fishes, of
the order Holocephali, found in the Greensand,
Chalk, and Tertiary strata. Buckland.
edaphodont (e-daf'o-dont), n. [< NL. edapho-
doii{l-)s. < Gr. Ida^, bottom, foundation, +
Woif (MovT-) = E. tooth.'i A fossil chimeroid
fish of the genus Edaphodon.
Edda (ed'8), ». [Icel., lit. great-grandmother.]
A book written (in prose) by Bnorri Sturlu-
son (bom about 1178, died by assassination
1341), containing the old mythological lore of
Scandinavia and the old artificial rules for
verse-making; also, a collection of ancient Ice-
landic poems. The nan)e Edda, by whom given b not
known, occurs for the first time in the inscription to one
of the manoscripU of the work, written fifty or sixty years
after Snorri's death. Snorri's Edda (.Edda Smnra Sturtu-
Joiusr) oonststs of five part* : FormdlUPnttce), the Gulfa-
aHiii<»(DeIiuioaofOyia),£rcuM-ni<iAur(SayliigsofBragi),
adUstajMr-nuU (Art of Poetry), and Hottatal (Number
of MetersX to which are added in iomt manuscripts Thu-
. iu "■ JJ*.1"!** glossary of synonyms, lUU of poett etc.
AtOte^uUdskapar-mai. or Art of Poetry, forms the chief
part of the Edda (including several long poemsl the work
became a sort of handbook of poeta, and so Edda came
gTa<tually t<) mean tb« old artificial poetry ■« opposed to
the modem plain poetry contained fn faymos and sacred
poems. About the year 1643 the Icelandic bbhop Bryn-
Julf Sveinsson discovered a collection of the old mytho-
loiti.al poems, which. is erroneously ascribed to Siemund
Hwfussen (bom about 1055, died IISSX and hence called
aft.;r him Samundar Edda hint Fredha, the Edda of .Sie-
ninn.l the Learned. The poems that compose this Edda
an- supposid to have l>een collected alwut the middle of
* "■ t,'"rt«-"th c.ntury, but were composed probably In
thi- ciKhtli and ninth centuries. Hence the name now giv-
en t.. Ill,' . ,,l|c.ti„n, the Eldrr or Poetic Edda, In dbtlnc-
tlon tr..iii ihu ) ouivier or Prose Edda of Snorri, to which
al..iiu Ihe name Edda previously belonged. The most
aiiLiint of th.- iKRins In the Elder Edda U the Volutpa.
till- I'p.pheiyof the I'ofoa or slbyL
silicate from ^delf ors in Sweden, probably the
ead- same as woUastonite.
ish, eddige; contr. etch, stubble ; corrupted eat- edelite (ed'e-lit), «. Same &sprehnite.
age, q. v.; < ME. 'edish, not found (except as edelweiss (ed'el-wis; G. pron. a'dl-vis), n.
in the comp. eddish-hen, q. v.), < AS. edisc, a L*^-; < edel, noble, precious (= E. obs. athel.
pasture, a park for game; origin unknown,
but perhaps orig. ' aftermath,' second growth,
< ed- (again, back) (see erf-i), -I- -isc, adj. term.;
the formation if real is irreg. Grein refers to
ONorth. edo, ede, a contr. of emcod, a flock. It
is doubtful whether eddish has any connection
with AS. tjddisc, in-eddisc (only in glosses),
household goods or furniture. See earsh.'} 1.
The pasture or grass that comes after mowing
or reaping. [Local, Eng.]
Keep for stock is tolerably plentiful, and the fine spring
weatlier will soon create a iood eddish in the pastures.
Times (London), April 30, 185".
2. See the extract.
The word etch, or eddish, or edish, occurs in Tusser, and
means the stubble of the jirevlous crop of whatever kind.
Seebvhm, Eng. Vil. Community, p. 376.
eddish-hent, «. [ME. edisse-henne, and corrupt-
ly ediscine (in a gloss), < AS. edisc-hen, edesc-
hen, -henn, a quail, lit. a pasture-hen (cf. mod.
'prairie-hen'), < edisc, a pasture, park for
game, + henn, hen.] A quail.
Thai asked, and come the edissehenne.
q. v.), + weiss = E. tchite.}
alpinum (Gna-
phalium Leon-
topodiiim) of
the Alps and
Pyrenees, a
plant much
sought for by
travelers in
Switzerland,
where it grows
at a great alti-
tude in situa-
tions difllcult
of access, it is
remarkable for its
dense clusters of
flower-heads sur-
rounded by a radi-
ating involucre of
floral leaves, all
densely clothed
withaclose, white,
cottony pubes-
cence.
The Leontopodium
UAeVmtAs&iLepnto^odiutH alpinum').
Ps. civ. lev. J, 40 (ME. version), edema, oedema (e-de'mS), «. ; pi. edemata, oede-
ntata {-ma-tei)j [NL. osdewia, < Gr. oMi^/zo, a swell-
eddoes, edders (ed'oz, ed'ferz), n. A name
given by the negroes of the Gold Coast, as
well as m the West Indies, to the roots of the
taro-plant, Colocasia antiquorum. Also eddas.
eddy (ed'i), n._; pi. eddies (-iz). [The ME. form
(and the AS., if any) not recorded; the word is
either cognate with or derived from Icel. idha,
an eddy, whirlpool, = Norw. ida, also ide (and
in various other forms, i«, ie, ea, eaa, udu, uddii,
rudu, odo, eijii, irju, the last forms prob. of other
origin ; oft«n with prefix bak-, back, upp- up,
kring, circle), = Sw. dial, idha, idd = Dan.
dial, ide, an eddy, whirlpool ; cf. Icel. idha =
Norw. ida, whirl about ; Icel. idh, f ., a doing,
idh, n., a restless motion, = Sw. id, industry, =
Dan. trf, pursuit, intention ; Icel. idhinn = Sw.
idog, assiduous, diligent ; prob. connected with
AS. ed-, etc., back (equiv. to L. re-): see ed-i.
Cf. eddish.] A part of a fluid, as a stream of
mg, atumor, < oideiv, swell, become 8wollen,< ol-
dof, a swelling.] 1. In pathol., a puffiness or
swelling of parts arising from accumulation of
serous fluid in interstices of the areolar tissue :
as, erfc/nn of the eyelids.— 2. leap.] [NL.] A
genus of bombycid moths, founded by Walker
in 1855, hav-
ing the palpi
pilose, rather
long, ascend-
ing in the
male and por-
rect in the fe-
male, with the
third joint lan-
ceolate. The
Bdema albt/rimt. natural siie. larva of E. aUn-
/ro7w, which feeds
motion only by the gradual effect of viscosity, so that e<l-
dies subsist for some time. They are always found be-
tween counter-currents.
Eddaic (e-da'ik), a
Eddie.
[< Edda + -<e.] Same as
The Eddaie version, however, of the history of the gods
Is not so clrcnmstantial as that In the Ynglingasaga.
Efr Gosse
eddas (ed'ai), n. Same as eddoes.
edderi (ed'fer), n. [E. dial, also ether; < ME.
"«/'T, < AS. edor, eder, eodor. a hedge, an in- _
diT?t't^ ^^^\"^r=JL^^- "'m' ^^^J^' G- eddy (ed'i);V.";pret. and pp. eddied, ppr. edda-
W Mr tJ V''*'i!Lr Norw. jadar, )«r, ing [< eddy, n.) I. intrans. To move circu-
IIC ' "**'■• ^ ^- -^ I'eage- lariy or in a winding manner, as the water of an
water which has a rotatorv mntrnn • l^^Z.U "" ,"?t "f '," » """"'"""^^ caterpillar stripeJWiVhVdlow
water, wnicli nas a rotatory motion ; any small and black .lorsallv, and pinkish on the under side.
.i ..y?'' .""J""*"- Eddies are due to the vis edematose, (fidematose (e-dem'a-tos), a. Same
cosityof fluids, and to the very small degree to which thty aa cdematoui ■■ "
slip over the surfaces of solids. A portion of fluid to which -j_m-*_„_ /^j„^„4.„__ /- j , i. ^ .-,
a rotator)- motion hiw once been communicated loses this eaematOUS, (BdematOUS (e-dem a-tus), a. [<
- - . edema(t-),tjedei)ia(t-),-\- -ous.] Relating to ede-
ma; swelling with a serous effusion.
Eden (e'dn), n. [= F. £den = Sp. Ed^n = Pg.
Eden = G. Eden, etc., < LL. Eden (in Vulgate),
< Heb. and Chal. 'cden, Eden, lit. 'pleasure'
or 'delight.'] 1. In the Bible, the name of the
garden which was the first home of Adam and
Eve : often, though not in the English version of
the Bible, called Paradise. — 2. A region men-
tioned in the Bible, the people of which were
subdued by the Assyrians. It is supposed to
have been m northwestern Mesopotamia (2 Ki.
xix. 12; Isa. xxxvii. 12).— 3. Figuratively, any
delightful region or place of residence. Also
Aden.
Avoid the violence of the current, by angling In the
returns of a stream, or the eddies betwixt two streams,
which also are the most likely places wherein to kill a
fish In a stream, either at the top or Iwttom.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, 11. 269.
And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryden.
The charmed eddifs of autumnal winds
Built o'er his mouldering bones a pyramid.
Shelley, Alastor.
Alas ! we are but eddies of dust.
Uplifted by the blast, and whiried
Along the highway of the world.
Long/eltow, Golden Legend, II.
Common nbaerratlon seem* to shew that, when a solid
moves rapidly through a liimid at some distance below
the surface, it leaves behind it a succession of eiWi'cn in
the fluid.
= 8yn. .See «frMfn.
Stokes, On some Cases of Fluid Motio
Summer Isles of Eden lying in dark-purple spheres of
sea. Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
Edenic (f-den'ik), a. [< Eden + -ic.] Of or
pertaining to Eden ; characteristic of Eden.
By the memory of Edenic joys
Forfeit and lost.
Mrs. Browning, Drama of Exile.
Edenic 1842
Will he admit that the Edenic man was a different spe- Over 100 species are known, of which more than 40 inhabit
cies. or even genus? Science, V. 407. North America; only one is found in the United States.
_ " ,. ,., , _., ry T,j , .7. \ / j„j. \ _i Tlie genus was founded by
edenite (e'dn-it), m. [< Eden{vill€) (see def.) + Kabricius in isos.
•4te-.'] An aluminous variety of amphibole or Edessan (e-des'an), a.
hornblende, containing but little iron, of a pale- [< l. Odessa, GrV "Erfra-
green or grayish color, occurring at Edenville
in New York.
Edenization (e'dn-i-za'shon), «. [< Edenize +
-flfioH.] A making or converting into an Eden.
[Bare.]
The CTsngelization and Edenizati&ti of the world.
The ConffregatioTialist, Nov. 5, 1885.
Edenize (e'dn-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. Edenized,
pTpr. Edenizing. l< Eden + -ize.'\ 1. To make
like Eden; convert into a paradise. [Bare.]
— 2. To admit into Paradise ; confer the joys
of Paradise upon. [Rare.]
For pure saints edeniz'd unfit Davies,Vi'it'e Pilgrimage.
edental (e-den'tal), a. and n._ [< L. c- priv. +
aa, a city of Mesopota-
mia, + -an.'] Of or per-
taining to Edessa, a city
in northwestern Meso-
potamia, noted as the
seat of an important
theological school, and
as the chief center from
which Nestorianism
spread over a great part
of Asia Edessan family
or branch of liturgies, that
class of liturgies which is
commonly called Nestorian, because used by Nestorians.
Its oldest representative is the Liturgy of the Apostles
(Adieus and Maris). See littirgy.
Edessa bijida.
( Line shows natural size- !
d<>n('-)«, = E^'<J0^*>_+^'-]_.I;;^«- 1; ^^^°*J**f ? Edessenc^ (e-des'en), a. [< LL. Edesseniis, <
r. ^r 4... j_ i_ii,„ e-j.-.j™* ,. see Edessan.'] Ssaae as Edes-
toothless. — 2. Of or pertaining to the Edentata.
n, n. A member of the order Edentata.
edentalons (e-deu'ta-lus), a. [Appar. < eden-
tal + -ous; but prob. intended for edentuloits,
q. v.] Same as edentate. [Eare.]
Edentata (e-den-ta'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of L. e(tente«««, toothless: see edentate.] 1. In
mammal., a Cuvierian order of mammals; the
edentates. The term is literally incorrect, and in so
far
Edessa, Edessa
san.
Edessinae (ed-e-si'ne), «. pi. [NL., < Edessa
+ -inw.] A subfamily of heteropterous hemip-
terous Insects or bugs, of the familjr Pentatomi-
dce, having the sternum produced into a cross,
and the middle line of the venter earinate, the
base of the keel being protracted into a horn.
A 1 af\ ^^fij^QQi fJpQ
■objectionable, few of these animals being edentulous ^ , jj r^ j^jj; ^ ^g g^g ^^ g^ge,
toothless; and the L.nne_an equ.valent term, Bruta,^. ""^l^) ^''^^^^^ ^ 08. eqgia = OFries. eg7ig.
Fries, ig = D. egge = MLG. egge = OHG. elcka,
edge, point, MHG. ecA-c, egge, G. eck, ecke, edge,
often employed instead. But the name is firmly estab
lished, and the members of the order do agree in certain
dental characters, which are these : that incisors are never
present, and that the teeth, when there are any, are homo-
dont and (excepting in Tatugiinte) monophyodont, grow-
ing from persistent pulps, and being devoid of enamel.
Edentate SkuU of Great Ant-eater {Myrmecophaga Jubata ).
The Edentata are ineduoabilian placental mammals, with
a relatively small cerebrum of one lobe, but otherwise very
diversiform in structure, appearance, and mode of life ; the
old-world forms are likewise widely different from those of
the new world ; most edentates are of the latter. The arma-
dillos, sloths, and ant-eaters of America, and the fodlent
ant-eaters and scaly ant-eaters of Africa and Asia, repre-
sent respectively five leading types of Edentata, affording
a division of the order into the five suborders Loricata
(armadillos), Tardigrada (sloths), Fermaiji^Mto (American
ant-eaters), Squaiiiala (scaly ant-eaters or pangolins), and
Fodientia (digging ant-eaters or aardvarks). The tardi-
grades, including a number of gigantic fossil forms, as the
mylodons and megatheriums, formerly called Gravir/rada,
are herbivorous, and the living forms are all arboricole.
The others are carnivorous and chiefly insectivorous, aud
it is among these that the entirely toothless forms occur,
as in the ant-eaters. The Cuvierian Edentata included
the Mtttwtremata, now long since eliminated.
2. A group of crustaceans. Latreille, 1826.
edentate (e-den'tat), a. and n. [= F. edente
= Sp. edentado, < L. edentatus, toothless, pp. of
edentare, render toothless, < e, out, + den(t-)s
= E. tooth; cf. dentate: see Edentata.] I. a.
1. Edentulous; toothless. — 2. Of or pertaining
to the Edentata, and thus having at least no
front teeth.
U, n. 1. One of the Edentata; an ineduca-
bilian placental mammal without incisors. — 2.
A toothless creature.
I tried to call to him to move, but how could a poor
edentate like myself articulate a word?
Kinffsley, Alton Locke, xxxvi.
edentated (e-den'ta-ted), a. [< edentate +
-ed'^.] Deprived of teeth ; edentate. [Rare.]
Edentati (e-den-ta'ti), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L.
edentatus, toothless : see Edentata.] A group
of edentate mammals. Vicq-d^Azyr, 1792.
edentation (e-den-ta'shon), m. [< L. as if
*edent(ttio(n-), < edentare, pp. edentatus, render
toothless : see edentate.] The state or quality
of being edentate ; toothlessness.
edentulate (e-den'tfl-lat), a. [< NL. *edentu-
latus, < L. erfcHteto, toothless: see edentuloiis.]
La entom., without teeth ; edentate : said of the
mandibles when they have no tooth-like pro-
cesses on the inner side. Kirby.
edentulous (e-den'tii-lus), a. [< L. edentulus,
toothless, < e- priv."+ den(t-)s = E. tooth: see
dent'^. Ci. edentate.] Without teeth ; toothless.
The jaws of birds are always edentulous and sheathed
with horn, of divers configurations, adapted to their dif-
ferent modes of life and kinds of food. Owen, Anat., Int.
edert, n. See edder^.
Edessa (e-des'a), n. [NL., < L. Edessa, Gr. "ESsa-
aa, a city of jiacedonia.] A genus of penta-
tomid bugs, typical of a subfamily Edessinw.
comer, = Icel. egg = Sw. egg = Dan. egg =
Goth. *agja (not found) = L. acies, a sharp
edge or point, front of an army (' edge of bat-
tle'), akin to acer, sharp (> ult. E. eager^), aeus,
a needle, etc., to Gr. d/t/f, ok^, a point, to Skt.
«fn, an edge, corner, angle, and to E. ami^,
ail^, ear^, q. v.] 1. The sharp margin or thin
bordering or terminal line of a cutting instru-
ment : as, the edge of a razor, knife, sword, ax,
or chisel.
He . . . smote the kynge Pignores thourgh the helme
that nother coyf ne helme myght hym waraut till that
the suerdes egge touched hys brayn.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 689.
Who [Tubal] first sweated at the forge
And forc'd the blunt and yet unbloodied steel
To a keen edge, and made it bright for war.
Cowper, Task, v. 216.
2. The extreme border or margin of anything;
the verge ; the brink : as, the edge of a table ;
the edge of a precipice.
Than draw streight thy clothe, & ley the bonjt [fold]
on the vttur egge of the table.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 129.
You knew he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge.
More likely to fall in than to get o'er.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1.
Specifically— (a) In jmt!/i.,a line, straight or curved, along
which a surface is broken, so that every section of the sur-
face through that line has a cusp or an abrupt change of
direction at the point of intersection with it. (b) In zool.,
the extreme boundary of a surface, part, or mark, gener-
ally distinguished as posterior, anterior, lateral, superior,
etc. In entomology it is often distinguished from the mar-
qin, which is properly an imaginary space surrounding the
disk of any surface, and limited by the edge. The outer
edge of the elytron of a beetle may be either the extreme
boundary of the elytron, or the lateral boundary of the
upper surface, separated from the true boundary by a de-
flexed margin called the epipleura.
3. The border or part adjacent to a line of di-
vision ; the part nearest some limit ; an initial
or terminal limit; rim; skirt: as, the edge of
the evening; the outer and inner edges of a
field; the horizon's edge.
For the sayde temple stondeth vpon the est egge of
Mounte Morrea, and the Mounte Olyuete is right est from
it. ^ Sir R. Guyl/orde, Pylgrymage, p. 43.
The new general, unacquainted with his army, and on
the edge of winter, would not hastily oppose them.
Milton.
It [Watling Street] ran closely along the edge of this
great forest, by the bounds of our Leicestershire.
J. R. Qreen, Conq. of Eng., p. 190.
4. The side of a hill; a ridge. Halliwell.
[North. Eng.]
Just at the foot of one of the long straight hills, called
Edges in that country [England, on the borders of Wales],
we'came upon my friend's house.
J. H, Shorthouse, John Inglesant, Int. chap.
5. Sharpness; acrimony; cutting or wounding
quality.
Slander,
^Vho8e edge is sharper than the sword.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 4.
Fie, fie ! your wit hath too much edge.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 2.
The remark had a biting edge to it.
Prescott, Kerd. and Isa., ii. 20.
edge-bolt
6. Acuteness or sharpness, as of desire or of
appetite ; keenness ; eagerness ; fitness for ac-
tion or operation.
Cloy the hungry edge of appetite
By bare imagination of a feast.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
I did but chide in jest ; the best loves use it
Sometimes ; it sets an edge upon affection.
Middleton, Women Beware Women, ii. 1.
When I got health, thou took'st away my life.
And more ; for my friends die ;
My mirth and edge was lost; a blunted knife
Was of more use than I. G. Herbert.
'Tis true, there is an edge in all firm belief, and with an
easy metaphor we may say the sword of faith.
Sir T. Browne, Eeligio Medici, i. 10.
Back and edget. See tacJ-i.— Basset edges. See 6a«-
se(2.— Convaneacible edge. ir,ee conmnescible.— Cas-
pidal edge, or edge of regression. See cuspidal.— To
set on edge, (a) To rest or balance on the border of ;
cause to stand upright on an edge : as, to set a large flat
stone on edge, (b) To make eager or intense ; sharpen ;
stimulate : as, his curiosity or expectation was set on edge.
— To set the teeth on edge, to cause an uncomfortable
feeling as of tingling or grating in the teeth, as may be
done by the eating of very sour fruit, by the sound of fil-
ing, etc.
One will melt in your Mouth, and t'other set your Teeth
on Edge. Congreve, Way of the World, i. 5.
= Syn. 2 and 3. Verge, skirt, brim. See rim.— 6. Intensity.
edge (ej), v.; pret. and pp. edged, ppr. edging.
[< ME. eggen, put an edge on, sharpen (only m
p. a. egged, < AS. ecged, p. a., only in comp. ttoi-
ecged, two-edged, scearp-ecged, sharp-edged),
also set on edge, intr. be set on edge, as the
teeth, also edge on, egg, incite (in this sense
from Scand.) (= OFries. eggja, fight, = Icel.
eggja = Sw. egga = Dan. egge, incite), < AS. ecg,
edge: see edge, n. See also egg^.] I. trans.
1. To sharpen; put an edge upon; impart a
cutting quality to. [Chiefly poetical.]
The wrongs
Of this pooB country edge your sword ! oh, may it
Pierce deep into this tyrant's heart !
Fletcher, Double Marriage, i. L
Those who labour
The sweaty Forge, who edge the crooked Scythe,
Bend stubborn Steel, and harden gleeuing Armour,
Acknowledge Vulcan's Aid.
Prior, First Hymn of CallimachuB.
That is best blood that hath most iron in 't
To edge resolve with. Lowell, Connn. Ode.
2. Hence, figuratively, to sharpen; pique.
Let me a little edge your resolution : you see nothing is
unready to this great work, but a great mind in you.
Ford, "Tis Pity, v. 4.
By such reasonings the simple were blinded and the
malicious cdyed. Sir J. Hay ward.
3. To furnish with an edge, fringe, or border:
as, to edge a flower-bed with box.
And thou shalt find him underneath a brim
Of sailing pines that edge yon nuniutain in.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 3.
Their long descending train,
With rubies edged. Drydcn.
A voice of many tones — sent up from streams, . . .
And sands that edge the ocean. Bryant, Earth.
4. To move by or as if by dragging or hitching
along edgewise ; impel or push on edge, and
hence slowly or with difficulty : as, to edge a
barrel or a box across the sidewalk ; to edge
one's self or one's way through a crowd.
Edging by degrees their chairs forwards, they were in
a little time got up' close to one another. Locke.
5. To incite; instigate; virge on; egg. See
egg^. [Now rare.]
This . . . will encourage and edge industrious and prof-
itable improvements. Bacon, Usury (ed. 1887X
Edg'd-on by some thank-picking parasite.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iv. 1.
Ardour or passion will edge a man forward when ai-gu-
ments fail. Ogilvie.
Edglng-and-dlvlding bench. See ftejjcA.— Toedgeln,
to put or get in by or as if by an edge ; manage to get in.
When you are sent on an errand, be sure to edge in some
business of your own. Swift, Directions to Servants, iii.
Do, Sir Lucius, edge in a word or two every now and
then about my honour. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3.
n. intrans. To move sidewise ; move gradu-
ally, cautiously, or so as not to attract notice:
as, edge along this way.
We sounded, and found 20 fathoms and a bottom of
sand ; but, on edging off from the shore, we soon got out
of sounding. Cook, Second Voyage, iii. 7.
When one has made a bad bet, it's best to edge off.
Colwan, Jealous Wife, v. 3.
To edge away, to move away slowly or cautiously;
7iaut.. to decline gradually, .is from the shore, or from the
line of the course.— To edge down upon an object, to
approach an object in a slanting direction. — To edge In
with, to draw near to, as a ship in chasing.
edge-bolt (ej'bolt), n. In hookbinding^ihe closed
folds of a section or signature as sho'wn in an
uncut book.
edgebone
edgebone (ej'bon), «. [One of the numerous
perversions of what was orig. nache-bone : see
aitchbone.'] The hauneh-bone, aitchbone, or
natch-bone of a beef: so called because it pre-
sents edgewise when the meat is cut in dress-
ing for the table. It is the principal part of
the pelvis or os iunominatum.
edge-coals (ej'kolz), «. pi. In Scotland, coal-
beds inclined at a high angle. Also called edge-
setims. and more rarely edge-metals.
edge-cutting (ej'kut'in^), ». In bookbinding,
tbe operation of trimming down with a knife
the rough edges or bolts of a sewed and uncut
book.
edged (ejd or ej'ed), a. [< ME. egged, < AS.
ecged, < eeg, edge: see edge, r.] 1. Furnished
with an edge ; sharp ; keen.
O, turn thy edged sword another way.
Skak., 1 Hen. VI., UL 3.
2. Having a border or fringe of a different sub-
stance, color, etc., from that of the body, as a
piece of cloth or a flower.
White cannopies and curtains made of needle work . . .
edi/ed with . . . bouelace. Coryat, Crudities, I. 106.
My lady's Indian kinsman rushing in,
A breaker o( the hitter news from home,
Found a dead man, a letter edged with death
Beside him. Tnmpton, Aylmer's Field.
3. In her., same as fimbriated To play with
edged tools. -Hee tool, and compare edge-tool.
edge-key (ej'ke), «. Same as edger, 2.
edgeless (ej'les), a. [< edge + -less.J Not
sharp ; blunt ; obtuse ; unfit to cut or pene-
trate : as, an edgeless sword ; an edgeless argti-
ment.
Till cloKgd with blood, his sword otwys but ill
The dictates of ita vengeful master's will ;
Ed^elms it falls. KoMX, tr. of Lucan s Pharsalia, vi.
edgelongt (ej'ldng), adv. [< edge + -long, as in
headlong, sidelong, etc.] In the direction of the
edge; edgewise.
stuck edgelong Into the ground. B. Jonton.
edge-mail (ej'mal), n. A name given by some
writers to a kind of armor represented on me-
dieval monuments, which has been assimied to
be made of links or rings sewed edgewise upon
cloth or leather — an improbable device. Com-
pare hroiijne. Also called edgewise mail.
edge-plane (ej'plan), «. 1. A carpenters' plane
for trimming flat, round, or hollow edges on
woodwork. — 2. Same as edger, 2.
edger (ej'frr), H. 1. A circular saw for squaring
the edges of lumber cut directly from the whole
log; an edging-saw: usually double, hence
called double edger. See »oiri. — 2. In leather-
working, a tool for trimming the edges of shoe-
soles, straps, harness, eto. it ha* a knife or cutter,
tlie blade of which ia varied in shape according to the
form which it is desired to give to the work, and a gage
and guides, usually adjustable, to inaure the correct pla-
cing of the work. Al»a called edge-kej/, edgt-piane, edtf*-
toti.
edge-rail (ej'ral), «. On railroads, a rail so con-
structed that the wheels of cars roll upon its
edge, the wheels being kept in place by flanges
projecting from their inner periphery : so called
in distinction from the fiat rails first used.
edge-roll (ej'rol), n. In biiokbi tiding: (a) A
rolling-tool used in gilding and decorating the
edges of book-covers. (6) Ornament or decora-
tion so produced on the edges of a book-cover.
edge-roU (ej'rol), r. <. 1. In bookbinding, to use
an f<lgc-roU. — 2. In mintittg, to roll the edges
of the blanks so as to produce a rim.
edge-setter (ej'set'fer), «. A power-lathe for
burnishing the edges of the soles of shoes.
edge-shot (ej'shot), a. Planed on the edges, as
armard: a lumbermen's term.
edge-stitch (ej'stich), n. In netting, knitting,
elf., u name given to the first stitch on a row.
IlJiit. Iff Seemeivork.
tdge-tool (ej'tOl'), n. [< ME. eggetol, < egge,
edge, + tol, tool.] 1. Any tool with a cutting
edge, as the ax, the chisel, the plane, the bit, etc.
:
aif any egge tol wol entre in-to his t>odl,
I wol do him to the deth and more desbit ouere.
WUliain 0/ I'aleriie (E. E. T. .S.), 1. .'(7
8. Sskvaeiuiettger,'!. — 3. Figuratively, a matter
dangerous to tamper or sport with.
There's no jesting with edge-tool*.
Beau, and Ft., Honest Man's Fortune, ii. 2.
Von jest : ill jesting with edge-toaU I
Tmnymm, Princess, ii.
•dge-trimmer Cej'trim'6r), n. A small machine
for pari Ml? the boot -sole. Tlie Ixjot Isheld onajacli,
moviri'.; iiiilornatically, mid the knife trims tlie edge ami
takes out the feather.
edge'wayg (ej'waz), adv. [< edge + -ways for
-wise.} Hame sa edgewise.
1843
Odd ! ni make myself small enough:— 111 sttLnAedge-
wayt. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3.
" Nor all white who are millers," said honest Hob, glad
to get in a word, as they say, edge-ways.
Scott, Monastery, xiv.
At certain times the rings of Saturn are seen edgewayx.
Nevxomb and Holden, Astron., p. 108.
edge-'wheel (ej'hwel), «. A wheel which trav-
els on its edge in a circular bed, as in the Chil-
ian mill and in many forms of crushing-mill.
edgewise (ej'wiz), a. and adv. [< edge + -wise.]
1. a. With the edge turned forward or toward
a particular point.
In this still air even the uneasy rocking poplar-leaves
were almost stationary on their edgewise stems.
£.'. Bggleston, The Graysons, xii.
Edxewlse mall. Same as edge-mail.
II. adv. In the direction of the edge; by
edging.
.\t the last pushed in his word
Edgewite, as 'twere.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 189.
edging (ej'ing), «. [Verbal n. of edge, r.] 1.
That which is added on the border or which
forms the edge, as lace, fringe, or braid added to
a garment for ornament; specifically, narrow
lace or embroidery especially made for trim-
ming frills and parts of dress.
The garland which I wove for you to wear,
Of parsley, with a wreath of ivy bound,
And border 'd with a rosy edging round.
Dryden, tr. of Theocritus, Amaryllis, 1. 52.
I have known a woman branch out into a long extem-
pore dissertation upon the edging of a petticoat.
Addison, Lady Orators.
2. A border; a skirting; specifically, inhort.,
a row of plants set along the border of a flower-
bed : as, an edging of box.
Yon edging of Pines
On the steep's lofty verge.
Wordsworth, In the Slmplon Pass.
3. In bookbinding: (a) The art of preparing
the uncut or folded leaves of a book by shaving
or trimming, adapting them to receive gold,
marbling, or color, and burnishing. (6) The
decorating of the edges of a book by marbling
or coloring. — 4. In enrp., the evening of the
edges of nbs and rafters to make them range
together.
edging-iron (ej'in^-i'6m), n. In gardening, a
sickle-shaped cutting-tool, with the edge ou the
convex side, used for cutting out the edges of
paths and roads and the outlines of figures,
etc., in turf.
edglngly (ej'ing-li), adv. Carefully ; gingerly.
[Rare.]
The new beau awkwardly followed, but more edgingly,
as I may say, setting his feet mincingly, to avoid tread-
ing u|K>n his leatler's heels.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, II. 220.
edging-machine (ej'ing-ma-shen''), n. 1. A
machine-tool for molding, edging, and profiling
woodwork. Hi'O molding-machine. — 2. Inmelal-
working, a machine for milling irregular shapes
and making templets and patterns. Sometimes
called a prnfiling-machine.
edging-sa'W (oj'ing-sA), n. A saw for squaring
edges; an edger; specifically, a circular saw
mounted on a bench and used to saw boards
into strips or straight-edges.
edging-shears (ej'ing-sherz), ». pi. Shears used
to cut the edges of sod along walks, around
garden-beds, etc. The blades are often set at an angle
and fitted to long handles, so that the operator can work
in a standing posture.
edging-tile (ej'in^-til), n. A tUe used in making
bcinliTs for beds in gardens.
edgre'W fed'tjro), «. Same as edgrow,
edgrow (ed'gro), M. [Also edgrowth; < ME. ed-
groir, edgraic (cf. AS. edgrowiing, a growing
again), < AS. ed-, back, again, -1- qrowan, grow :
see erf-1 and grow.] Aftermath; aftergrass.
[Prov. Eng.]
Kd'trow (var. edgraw, etc grmBe\,meK, [L.] bigernien,
regeniien. Prompt. Parr., p. 1.3.5.
edgrowth (ed'groth), n. [Formerly also edd-
(jninlh ; < erf-1 + growth. Cf. edgrow.^ Same
as edgroic.
edgy (ej'i), a. [< edge + -yi.] 1. Showing an
edge ; sharply defined ; angular.
The outlines of their IxMly are sharpt? and edgy.
Jt P. Knight, Anal. Inquiry into lYiii. of 'Taste, p. 66.
2. Keen-tempered ; irritable : as, an edgy tem-
per. [Rare in both senses.]
edit, n. See edy.
edibilatory (ed-i-bil'a-to-ri), a. [Irre^. < LL.
edihilis, edible, -f -atory.] Of or pertaining to
edibles or eating. [Rare.]
Kdilniatory Epicurism holds the key to all moralltv.
Bulwer, Pelham.lvlii.
edification
edibility (ed-i-bil'i-ti), n. [< edible : see -bility.']
The character of being edible ; suitableness
for being eaten.
edible (ed'i-bl), a. and n. [< LL. edibilis, eat-
able, < L. edere = E. eat.] I. a. Eatable; fit
to be eaten as food ; esculent : specifically ap-
plied to objects which are habitually eaten by
man, or specially fit to be eaten, among similar
things not fit for eating: as, edible birds'-nests ;
edible crabs ; edible sea-urchins.
Of fishes some are edible ; some, except it be in famine,
not. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 859.
The edible Creation decks the Board.
Prior, Solomon, ii.
H. n. .An3rthing that may be eaten for food ;
an article of food ; an eatable ; a constituent
of a meal : generally in the plural : as, bring
forward the edibles.
edibleness (ed'i-bl-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing edible.
edict (e'dikt), n. [In mod. form after the L.; <
ME. edit, < OF. edit, edict, F. edit = Sp. edicto
= Pg. edito = It. editto = D. edikt = G. edict =
Dan. Sw. edikt, < L. edictum, a proclamation,
ordinance, edict, neut. of edictus, pp. of edicere,
proclaim, < e, out, forth, -1- dicere, speak: see
diction.] 1. A decree or law promulgated by
a sovereign prince or ruler on his sole author-
ity; hence, any analogous order or command.
The very reading of the public edicts should fright thee
from commerce with them. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.
Edicts, properly speaking, cannot exist in Britain, be-
cause the enacting of laws is lodged in the parliament,
and not in the sovereign. Ogilvie.
Every one must see that the edicts issued by Henry VIII.
to prevent the lower classes from playingdice, cards, bowls,
Ac, were not more prompted by desire for popular wel-
fare than were the Acts passed of late to check gambling.
H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 8.
No one of its Ithe Virginia legislature's] members was
able to encounter Patrick Henry in debate, and his edicts
were registered without opposition.
Bancroft, Hist. Const, II. 364.
Specifically — 2. In Eom. law, a decree or ordi-
nance of a pretor. — 3. In Scotch ecclesiastical
use, a church proclamation ; specifically, a no-
tice to show cause, if any, why a pastor or elders
should not be ordained. — Edict of Nantes, an edict
signed by Henry IV. of t>ance in April, 1.598, to secure to
the I*rote8tants the free exercise of tlieir religion. It was
revoked liy Louis XIV. in Octolier, 1085. — Edict of Theo-
doric, a c<Mle of laws, issued about A. 1>. 506, for the use of
the Koiiian aulijects of Theodoric, king of tl»e Ostrogoths.
— General edict, in Rmn. antiq., an edict made by tlie
pretor as a law, in his capacity of subordinate legislator. —
Special edict, an edict made by the pretor for a particu-
lar csise, in bis capacity as judge. = Syn. Decree, Ordinance,
etc. (see taw^); mandate, rescript, manifesto, command,
pronunciamiento.
edictal (e'dik-tal), a. [= F. edietal, < LL. edie-
talis, < L. edictum, a proclamation: see edict.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of an edict or
edicts.
The Praetor In framing an Edictal jurisprudence on the
principles of the Jus Gentium was gradually restoring a
type from which law had only departed to deteriorate.
Maine, Aucient I.aw, p. 56.
The simpler methods . . . of the edic^af law were found
to lie more convenient than the rigorous formality of the
archaic customs. W. E. liearn, Aryan Household, p. 421.
Edictal citation, in .'icots law, a citation made upon a
f«»reigner wliu is not resident within .Scotland, but who ,
has a landed estate there, or upon a native of Scotland
wlio is out of the country.
edicule (ed'i-kiil), n. [= It. cdicola, < L. ixdi-
cula, a cottage, a niche or shrine, dim. of ledes,
a building : see edify.] A small edifice ; a
shrine, usually in the shape of an architectural
monument, or a niche for a reliquary or statue,
etc., so ornamented as to be complete in itself
and independent of the building with which it
is connected. [Rare.]
It [the superstnictnre of the Khuzneh at Petral, too, is
supported liy Corinthian pillars, and is surmounted t)y a
huge urn, and a smaller edicute of the same order stands on
either side. The Century, XXXI. 17.
edificantf (e-dif ' i-kant), a. [= F. edifian < = Sp.
Pg. It. edir/icante, <"L. cedifican(t-)s, ppr. of adi-
ficare, build : see edify.] Building.
And as his pen was often militant
Nor less triunipliant ; so edificant
It also was, like those lilesscdlmilders, who
Stood on their guard, and st(intly builded too.
Dugard, On Cataker (1665), p. 76.
edification (ed'i-fl-ka'shon), n. [< F. Mifica-
tion = Pr. edificatio = Sp. edifieacion = Pg. edi-
fica(;So = It. edijicanone, < L." a'dificatio()i-), act
of building, a building (structure), LL. instruc-
tion, < wdijicare, pp. wdific^tus, build : see edify.]
1. The act or process of building; construction.
[Obsolete or archaic]
The castle or fortresse of Corf u . . . is not onely of situa-
tion the strongest I haue scene, but also of edification.
Haktuyt's Voyages, II. 111.
edification
Clergymen who are on the way of learning some valua-
ble lessons in the art of popular Church edification.
The ChurcUman, LIV. 469.
2t. The thing built; a building; an edifice.
Bullokar. — 3. The act of edifying or instruct-
ing, or the state of being edified ; improvement
of the mind ; enlightenment : most frequently
used with reference to morals or religion.
He that prophesieth si)ealteth unto men to edification.
1 Cor. xiv. 3.
Out of these magazines I shall supply the town with
what may tend to their education. Addison, Guardian.
Tis edification to hear him converse ; he professes the
noblest sentiments. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 3.
edificator (ed'i-fi-ka-tor), n. [= P. 4dificateur
= Sp. Pg. fdificador = It. edificatore, < L. csdi"
ficator, a builder, < adificare, pp. cedificatus,
build: see edify.~i One who or that which edi-
fies; an edifler. [Kare.]
Language is the grand edificator of the race.
G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 209.
edificatonr (ed'i-fi-ka-to-ri), a. [= It. edifica-
torio, < LL. cedificatorius, < L. cedificator, a
builder: see edificator.] Tending to edifica-
tion.
Where these gifts of interpretation and eminent endow-
ments of learning are found, there can be no reason of re-
straining them from an exercise so beneficially edificator;/
to the church of God. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, x.
edifice (ed'i-fis), n. [< F. Mifice = Pr. edifici =
Sp. Pg. It. edifido, < L. adifieium, a building of
any kind, < cBdificare, build : see edify.'] A build-
ing; a structure; an architectural fabric: ap-
plied chiefly to large or fine buildings, public or
private.
Should I go to church,
And see the holy edifice of stone.
And not bethink me straight of dangerous rocks?
Shaft., M. of V.,i. 1.
edificial (ed-i-fish'al), o. [< edifice + -ial.]
Pertaining to an edi'iice or a structure ; struc-
tural.
Mansions . . . without any striking edt/jcurf attraction.
British Critic, III. 653.
edifier (ed'i-fi-fer), n. It. One who builds; a
builder. Huloet. — 2. One who edifies or im-
parts instruction, especially in morals or re-
ligion.
They scorn their edifiers t' own.
Who taught them all their sprinkling lessons,
Their tones and sanctify'd expressions.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. ii. 624.
edify (ed'i-fi), v.; pret. and pp. edified, ppr.
edifying. [< ME. edifien, edefien, < QF. edifier,
F. edifier = Pr. edifiear, edifiar = Sp. Pg. edificar
= lt. edificare, < L. cedificare, build, erect, estab-
lish, LL. instruct, < (edes, more commonly wdis,
a building for habitation, esp. a temple, as the
dwelling of a god, in pi. wdea, a dwelling-house
(orig. a fireplace, a hearth ; cf . Ir. aidhe, a house,
aodh, fire, AS. ad, a funeral pyre, and see oast),
+ -ficare,<facere,hmld.'i I. trans. 1. To build;
construct. [Obsolete or archaic]
And seide, " This is an hous of orisouns and of holynesse,
And whenne that my wil is ich wol liit ouerthrowe,
And er thre dayes after edefye hit newe. "
Piers Plowman (C), xix. 162.
Munday, the xxvij Day of Aprill, to fferare, and ther I
lay all nyght, it ys a good Cite, and well and substan-
cially Edifyed. Torlcington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 6.
Wherein were written down
The names of all who had died
In the convent, since it was edified.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii.
2f . To build in or upon ; cover with buildings.
Long they thus travelled in friendly wise.
Through countreyea waste, and eke well edifyde,
Seeking adventures hard, to exercise
Their puissaunce. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 14.
3. To build up or increase the faith, moralitj',
etc., of; impart instruction to, particularly m
morals or religion.
They that will be true ploughmen must work faithfully
for God's sake, for the edifying of their brethren.
Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
Comfort yourselves together and edify one another.
1 Thes. V. 11.
Your help here, to edify and raise us up in a scruple.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
My little ones were kept up beyond their usual time to
be edified by so much good conversation.
Goldgmitli, Vicar, ix.
4t. To convince or persuade.
You shall hardly edify me that those nations might not,
by the law of nature, have been subdued by any nation
that had only policy and moral virtue. Bocon, Holy War.
5t. To benefit ; favor.
My love with words and errors still she feeds.
But edifies another with her deeds.
Shafc., T. and C, v. 3,
1844
To cause or tend to cause
Edriophthalma
Delphin editions ofthe classics.. See dcipAini.— Dia-
mond edition. See dioinoiid. — Edition de luxe IF.i,
an edition of a book characterized by the choice quality
and workmanslup of the paper, typography, embellish-
ment, binding, etc., and tlie limited number of copies
issued, and hence the enhanced price. Editions de luxe
are generally sold by subscription.— Elzevir editions.
See Elzevir.
editiont (e-dish'on), V. t. [< edition, ».] To
edit; publish. Myles Davies.
editionert (e-dish'on-er), n. [< edition + -erl.]
An editor.
Mr. Norden . . . maketh his complaint in that necessary
Guide, added to a little, but not mueli augmented, by the
late Editioner. J. Gregory, Posthuma, p. 321.
editio princeps (e-dish'i-d prin'seps). [L.:
editio, an edition'; princeps, first: see edition,
n., and principal.'] The first printed edition of
„ .„ ,. , J-, • , J , ,• , .It a book, especially of a Greek or Latin classic.
He will discourse unto us cdi/i/i«(7Zt/ and feelmgly of the ,.. I ,r. .^ •' r_ y prlitftir — Rn Pit
comfortable doctrines of religion, editor (ed l-tor), M. L= f • eaiteur = &p. fg.
" " - editor = It. editore, a, ■puhnaher, <. Jj. editor, one
H. intrans. 1
moral or intellectual improvement ; make peo-
ple wiser or better.
The graver sort dislike all poetry,
Which does not, as they call it, edify. Oldham.
2t. To be instructed or improved, especially
morally ; become wiser or better.
I have not edified more, truly, by man.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, iii. 1.
All you gallants that hope to be saved by your clothes,
edify, edify. Massinger.
Alith. There's Doctrine for all Husbands, Mr. Harcourt.
Hare. I edify, Madam, so much, that I am impatient
till I am one. Wycherley, Country Wife, v. 1.
edifyingly (ed'i-fi-ing-li), adv. In an edifying
or instructive manner.
substantial and
Killingbeck, Sermons, p. 324.
edifyingness (ed'i-fi-ing-nos), ». The quality
of being edifying. [Rare.]
edile, sedile (e'dll), n. [< L. cedilis, < wdes,
mdis, a building, a temple : see edify.] In an-
cient Rome, a magistrate whose duty was ori
who puts forth, an exhibitor (the sense 'editor'
is mod.), < edere, pp. editus, put forth: see edit.]
One who edits; one who prepares, or superin-
tends the preparation of, a book, journal, etc.,
for publication. Abbreviated ed — city editor.
See city.
ginally the superintendence of public build- g^to^al (ed-i-to'ri-al), a. and n. [< editor +
mgs and lands, out of which grew a large num- ''*t,"''t \ T%__i_;_i„'L' .l. -•'- -
ber of functions of administration and police.
Among other duties, that of promoting the public games
was incumbent on the ediles, and cost them large sums of
money. Later, under the empire, their functions were
distributed among special officials, and their importance
dwindle<i.
edileship, sedileship (e'dil-ship), «. [< edile,
eedile, + -ship.] The office of an edile.
The cedi^sAipwasan introduction to the liighest offices.
L. Schriiitz, Hist. Kome, p. 236.
edilian, sedilian (e-dil'i-an), a. [< edile, (edile,
+ -ian.] Relating to an edile.
edlngtonite (ed'ing-ton-it), n. [Named after
Mr. Edington, a Glasgow mineralogist.] A rare
zeolitie mineral occurring near- Dumbarton,
Scotland. It is a hydrous sUicate of alumini-
um and barium.
edit (ed'it), V. t. [= p. ^diter = Sp. editor, <
L. editus, pp. of edcre, give out, put out, pro-
duce, publish (as literary productions), exhibit,
etc., < e, out, + dare, give: see date^.] If. To
put forth ; issue ; publish.
He [Plato] wrote and ordeyned lawes moste eqal and
iuat. He edityed unto the Grekes (the plan of] a comon
welthe stable, quyet and commendable.
J. Locher, Prol. to Barnlay'a tr. of Ship of Fools (ed.
[Jamieson), I. 6.
2. To make a recension or revision of, as a
manuscript or printed book; prepare for pub-
lication or other use in a clarified, altered, cor-
rected, or annotated form; collate, verify, elu-
cidate, amend, etc., for general or special use.
Abelard wrote many philosophical treatises which have
never been edited. Enfield.
There are at least lour Viharas which we know for cer-
tainty were excavated before the Christian Era. There ,„^„^.
areprobablyforty, but they have not yet been edt(ed with -pj.ijjj-, Ced-n-li'i-dpl n nl
such care as to enable us to feel confident in affixing dates X.a011ia8B ^ea 9 11 1 ae), n. pt.
to them. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 144.
3. To supervise the preparation of for publi-
cation; control, select, or adapt the contents
of, as a newspaper, magazine, encyclopedia, or
other collective -work.
edition (e-dish'on), n. [= P. Edition = Sp.
edicion = 'Pg. edigao = It. edizione, < L. editio(n-),
a putting forth, a publishing, edition of a lit-
erary work, < edere, pp. editus, put forth, pub-
lish: see edit] 1. The act of editing.— 2. An
edited copy or issue of a book or other work; a Edriaster (ed-ri-as'ter), 1
recension, revision, or annotated reproduction: dim. of e£pa, a seat, -I- d'
ial.] I. a. Pertaining to, proceeding from, or
■wi'itten by an editor : as, editorial labors ; an
editorial article, note, or remark.
The editorial articles are always anonymous in form.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, ix.
II. m. An article, as in a newspaper, written
by the editor or one of his assistants, and in
form setting forth the j)Osition or opinion of the
paper upon some subject; a leading article:
as, an editorial on the war.
The opening article on the first page [of "Figaro"] is
what we should call the chief editorial, and what the Eng-
lish term a "leader." In Paris it is known as a "chro-
nique." Tlie Century, XXXV. 2.
editorially (ed-i-to'ri-al-i), adv. As, by, in the
style of, or with the authority of an editor.
editorship (ed'i-tor-ship), n. [< editor + -ship.]
The office of an eilitor.
editress (ed'i-tres), m. [< editor + -ess.] A
female editor.
edituatet (e-dit'u-at), v. t. [< ML. cedituatus,
pp. of mdituare, keep or govern a temple, < L.
mdituus (> It. edituo), a keeper of a temple, <
cedes, cedis, atemple (see edify), + tueri, protect.]
To defend or govern, as a house or temple.
The devotion whereof could not but move the city to
edituate such a piece of divine office.
J. Gregory, Notes on Scripture, p. 49.
Edmunds Act. See act.
edoctrinatet (e-dok'tri-nat), v. t. [< L. e, out,
+ doctrina, doctrine: see doctrine, and cf. in-
doctrinate.] To instruct.
In what kind of complement, please you, venerable sir,
to be edoctrinatedt Shirley, Love Tricks, iii. 6.
Edolianset (e-do-li-a'ne), n. pi. Same as Edo-
liid(e.
[NL., < Edolius
(the typical genus) -I- -idee.] A family of dron-
gos, named from the genus Edolius : same as
Dicruridce. Also formerly Edolianw.
edral (-e'dral). [< NL. -cdralis, < -edron, -he-
dron, in comp. decahedron, dodecahedron, etc., <
Gr. c6pa, a seat, base, = E. settle^ : see settW^.]
In geom., the latter element of compound ad-
jectives referring to solids or volumes having
so many {x, y, etc., 100, 1,234, etc.) faces. Thus,
x-edral means 'having x faces'; 1,234-edraJ means 'hav-
ing 1,234 faces,' and so on.
n. [NL. , < Gr. ei5p;ov,
, , „ ___ , (TT^p, star.] A genus
of cystic encrinites or fossil crinoids, of the
order Cystoidea, typical of the family Edrias-
teridw. Also Edrioaster. Billings, 1858.
edriasterid (ed-ri-as'te-rid), n. One of the
Edriasterida. Also edrioasterid.
as, Milman's edition of Gibbon's "Rome"; the
Globe edition of Shakspere. — 3. A concurrent
issue or publication of copies of a book or some
similar production; the number of books, etc.,
of the same kind published together, or with-
out change of form or of contents; a multi- Edriasterida (ed"ri-as-ter'i-da), n. p/. [NL., <
plication or reproduction of the same work or
series of works: as, a large edition of a book,
map, or newspaper; the work has reached a
tenth edition; the folio editions of Shakspere's
plays.
The which I also have more at large set oute in the
seconde edition of my booke. Whitgift, Defence, p. 49.
As to the larger additions and alterations, ... he lias
promised me to print them liy themselves, so that the for-
mer edition may not be wholly lost to those who have it.
Locfce, Human Understanding, To the Reader.
4. Figuratively, one of several forms or states
in which something appears at different times ;
a copy; an exemplar.
The business of onr redemption is ... to set forth na-
ture in a second and fairer edition. South, Sermons.
Edriaster + -ida.] An order of fossil crinoids,
or a suborder of cystoid crinoids, represented
by Edriaster and related genera. They are exclu-
sively paleozoic, and in general resemble the Cystoidea.
A pyramid is present, there are no arms or stem, and the
ambulacra communicate by perforations with the calycine
cavity. The shape is that of a rounded starfish or flatten-
ed sea-urchin with a concave base. Also Edrioasterida.
Edriasteridae (ed"ri-as-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Edriaster + -ida;.] A family of fossil cystoid
crinoids or encrinites, of the order Cystoidea,
typified by the genus Edriaster. They have no anna
or stalk, and resemble in form some of the starfishes. Also
spelled Edrioasterid(B.
Edriophthalma (ed"ri-of-tharma), n.pl. [NL.,
neut. pi. of edriophthalmus : see edriophthal-
mous.] 1 . The sessile-eyed crustaceans ; one of
Edriophthalma 1845
the two OTeat divisions of the higher (malacos- .=Syn. Jo teach rear discipline, develop, nurture, breed,
""" ^ J. .. • . J f_„„ _Jt„„„„f_„„™,o\ inikKtrinate, school, drill.
tracous as distingmshed from entomostracous) education (ed-u-ka'shon), ». [= F. Education
Crustacea, having hxed sessile eyes not borne """y"""^ >. . . _ .. 'k \^
upon a movable stalls, as in the Podophthalma
(which see), no solid carapace or eephalothorax,
the head, thorax, and abdomen distinct, and the
thorax segmented like the abdomen. This divi.
•ion, rated as a subclass, includes the three orders Larno-
dipixia, Amphipoda, and Isopodci (see these words), and
in this acceptation the term is definite. It hag, however,
been used in less exact and more comprehensive senses,
■ometimes including even trilobites and rotifers.
2. In conch., a tribe of gastropods having the
eyes on the outer side of the base of the tenta-
cles. It includes most of the proboscis-bear-
ing forms.
Edriophthalmata (ed'ri-of-thal'ma-ta), n. pi.
[NL.J Same as Edriophthalma.
edriophthalmatons (ed'ri-of-thal'ma-tus), a.
Same as edriophthalmous.
edriophthalmic (ed'ri-of-thal'mik), o. Same
as iilriojilithahiious.
edriophtbalmo'OS (ed'ri-of-thal'mus), a. [<
NL. edriiiphthdlmus, prop. hedrionhthalmus,<OiT.
cApiov, dim. of iipa, a seat, + (xji8a?.ii6^, the eye.]
Sessile-eyed, as a crustacean; specifically, per-
taining to or having the characters of the Edri-
ophthiilma.
Educabilia (ed'ij-ka-bil'i-a), n. pi. [NL., pi.
of •tdiicabilis, ed'ucable : see educable.'\ A su-
perordinal group or series of monodelphian or
placental mammals, in which the brain has a
relatively large cerebrum, overlapping much or
all of the cerebellum and olfactory lobes, and
a large corpus callosum extending backward to
or beyond the vertical plane of the hippocam-
pal sulcus, and having in front a well-developed
rostrum. It Includes the higher set or seriei of mam-
malian orders, as PrimaUt, Ferae, UnguUUa, Proboieidea,
Sirenia, and CeU, tbna collectively distinguished from the
Ineducabilia (which see). It correspond* to Qyrmeepha-
la and Anheneephala of Owen, and to the wMgaMhenu and
arch'iitii of Dana. The word was invented by Bonaparte.
edncabilian (ed'u-kft-bil'i-an), a. [< Educa-
bilia + -ail.] Pertaining to or having the char-
acters of the Educabilia : opposed to ineduca-
bilian.
educability (ed'u-ka-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. Muca-
bilitt:; as educable + -ity: see -6i7i7y.] Capa-
bility of being educated ; capacity for receiving
instruction.
But this edueability of the higher mammals and birds is
afli r all quite limited. J. Fieke, EvoluUonist, p. SIS.
edncable (ed'u-ka-bl), a. r= F. Mucdble ; < NL.
'edueabilig,<, ti. educare, educate: see educate.'\
Capable of being educated ; susceptible of men-
tal development.
Man is . . . more edueabU and plastic In his constitu*
tton than other animals. Datcton, Orig. of World, p. 423.
edncatable (ed'u-ka-ta-bl), a. [< educate +
-able.] Capable of being educated ; educable.
[Rare.]
edulcorate
He tSwedenborgl reduces the part which morality plays
in the Divine administration to a strictly educative one.
H. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 51.
= Sp. cducacion = Pg. ediccagao = It. educa
zione, < L. cducatio{n-), a breeding, bringing
up, rearing, < educare, educate: see educate.]
1. The imparting or acquisition of knowledge;
mental and moral training; cultivation of the
mind, feelings, and manners. Education in abroad
sense, with reference to man, comprehends all that disci-
plines and enlightens the understanding, corrects the tem-
per, cultivates the taste, and forms the manners and hab-
its; in a narrower sense, it is the special course of training
pursued, as by parents or teachers, to secure any one or all
of these ends. Under physical education is included all
that relates to the development and care of the organs of
sensation and of the muscular and nervous systems. In-
tellectual education comprehends the means by which the
powers of the understanding are developed and improved,
and knowledge is imparted. Esthetic education is the de-
velopment of the sense of the beautiful, and of technical gduCO (e-dus'), V. t. ;
skill in the arts. Moral education is the cultivation of the <,,7„™„„' r_ a„ p,
moral nature. Technical education is intended to train ':""''_" !^" , !,— ""IZ.
persons in the arts and sciences that underlie the practice
of the trades or professions. Education is further divided
into prijnary education, or instruction in the first elements
of knowledge, received by children in common or elemen-
tary schools or at home ; secondary, that received in gram-
mar and high schools or in academies ; higher, that re-
ceived In coUegea, universities, and postgraduate study ;
and special or professional, that which aims to fit one for
the particular vocation or profession in which he is to
engage. With reference to animals, the word is used in
the narrowest sense of training in useful or amusing acts
or habits.
By wardeship the moste parte of noble men and gentle-
men within this Realme haue bene brought vp ignorantly
and voide of good edueasions.
Quoted in Booke o/ Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.),
[Forewords, p. ix.
To love her was a liberal education.
StecU, TaUer, Ko. 49.
Is there no danger of their neglecting or rejecting al-
together those opinions of which they have heard so little oJucible (e-du'si-bl) a
during the whole course of their educofion? iTia ^f vJ'i;,„ orl„«o<l'
Hume, Dial, concerning Natural Religion, i. We ot being eaucea.
But education, in the true sense, is not mere instruction
In Latin, English, French, or history. It is the unfolding
of the whole human nature. It is growing up in all things
to our highest possibility.
J. F. Clarice, Self-Culture, p. 36.
2. The rearing of animals, especially bees, silk-
worms, or the like ; culture, as of bacteria in
experimenting ; a brood or collection of culti-
vated creatures. [Recent, from French use.]
If they {silkworm-moths] were free from disease, then
a crop was sure; if they were Infected, the education
would surely fail. . . . Small educations, reared apart
from the ordinary magnanerie, . . . were recommendeil.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 59.
Bureau of Education, an office of the United States
government, formluK a part of the Department of the In-
terior, and charged with the promotion of the cause of
education through the collection and diffusion of statis-
tical and other Informatlan. It originated In 1867. Its eduCtion (e-duk'shon), n. [= Sp. educcion =
head Is called the Commissioner of Education. = Syn. pg educ^ah, < L. eductio{n-), < edvcere, pp. educ-
" The act of educing;
2. Fitted for or engaged in educating : as, an
educative class.
educator (ed'ii-ka-tor), n. [= F. educateur =
Sp. Pg. educator = It. educatore, < L. educator,
a rearer, foster-father, later a tutor, pedagogue,
< educare, bring up, rear, educate : see educate. ]
One who or that which educates ; specifically,
one who makes a business or a special study
of education ; a teacher or instructor.
Give me leave ... to lay before the educators of youth
these few following considerations. South, Works, V. i.
Trade, that pride and darling of our ocean, that educator
of nations, that benefactor in spite of itself, ends in shame-
ful defaulting, bubble and bankruptcy, all over the world.
Emerson, Works and Days.
pret. and pp. educed, ppr.
educir = Pg. edueir = It.
educere, < L. educere, bring out, etc., < e, out,
+ ducere, lead, draw: see duct, and cf. educate,
adduce, conduce, induce, produce, etc.] It. To
draw out ; extract, in a literal or physical sense.
Cy. Why pluck you not the arrow from his side 1
Be. We cannot, lady. . . .
St. No mean, then, doctor, rests there to educe it?
Chapman, Gentlerian Usher, iv. 1.
2. To lead or bring out; cause to appear or
be manifested ; bring into view or operation ;
evoke.
The eternal art educing good from ill.
Pope, Essay on Man, IL 176.
Yet has the wondrous virtue to educe
From emptiness itself a real use.
Cou^r, Hope, 1. 155.
In divine things the task of man is not to create or to
acquire, but to edwce. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 347.
[<. educe + -ible.'\ Capa-
ednct (e'duit), n. [= F. Sducte; < L. eductum,
neut. of eductus, pp. of educere, lead out: see
educe.] 1. That which is educed; extracted
matter; specifically, something extracted un-
changed from a substance. [Rare.]
The volatile oils which pre-exist in cells, in the fruit and
other parts of plants, and oil of sweet almonds obtained
by pressure, are educts ; while oil of bitter almonds, which
does not pre-exist in the almond, but is funned by the ac-
tion of emulsion and water on amygdalin. is a pi-oduct.
Chambers's Encyc.
2. Figuratively, anything educed or drawn from
another ; an inference. [Rare.]
The latter are conditions of, the former are educts from,
experience. Sir W. Hamilton.
3. In math., an expression derived from an-
other expression of which it is a part.
s^h™K' ^"'"""'' "*<=• <**• ir^ructiony; breedfng, ,„-;^^ j^^^ „^t . gee edl/CC.]
educationable (ed-a-ka'shon-a-bl), a. [< edu- a leading or drawing out.
cation + -able.] Proper to Weducated. /«aac eduction-pipe (e-duk'shon-pip), n.
In steam-
Taylor. [Rare.]
>ot letter, but 1«» <="««r educate lfw.^^j^««^. educational (ed-u-ka'shon-al), a. iUducatiort
-!--«/.] Pertaining to education; derived from
education : as, educational institutions ; educa-
tional habits.
Mcott, Tablet^ p. 106.
educate (ed'u-kat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. educat-
ed, ppr. educating. [< L. edueatus, pp. of edu-
care (> It. educare = Sp. Pg. educar = F. idu-
query, bring up (a child, physically or mental-
ly), rear, educate, train (a person in learning
or art), nourish, support, or produce (plants or
animals), freq. of educire, pp. eductug, bring
up, rear (a child, usually with reference to
bodilv nurture or support, while educare refers
more" frequently to the mind), a sense derived educationallyt(ed-u-ka'shon-al-i), a<fc.
from that of ' assist at birth ' (cf . "Educit obste- gards education.
trix, edueat nutrix, instituit pgedagogus, docet Botany 1« naturally and edueationallp first in order,
magister," Varro, ap. Non. 447, 33 — but these EarU, Eng. Plant Names, p. ill.
distinctions were not strictlv observed), the educationary (ed-u-ka'shgn-a-ri), a. [< educa.
common and lit. sense being 'lead forth, draw tion + -<trij.] Pertaining to education; eduoa-
out, bring away,' < e, out, + ducere, lead, draw : tional
How would birchen bark, as an educational tonic, have
fallen In repute ! Lowell, Study Windows, p. 304
educationalist (ed-u-ka'shon-al-ist), n.
ucational + -ist.] ' dame as educationist.
In order to give our American edueoHontUitts an idea
of the importance of the results. Tht Amsrican, IX. 470.
As re-
see educe. There is no authority for the com-
mon statement that the primary sense of edu-
cate is to ' draw out or imfold the powers of
the mind.'] To impart knowledge and men-
tal and moral training to; develop mentally edticationlst (ed-u-ka'shgn-ist)
and morally by instruction; cultivate; qual- ' '-"■ '^ ^' ' ~'
ify by instruction and training for the busi-
nes.s and duties of life.
That philosopher lEplcunu] was educated here and In
Teoi, and afterwards went to Athens, where he was co-
tempotsry with Menander the comedian.
Poeoekt, Description of the F.aat, II. IL 24.
Edftcate and Inform the whole mass of the people. En-
able them to see that it la their Interest to preserve peace
and order, and they will preaerve them.
Je/ertm, C!orre*pondence, II. 276.
There Is now no clau, aa a class, more highly educated.
brnadly educated, and deeply educated, than those who
weru. in old times, liest described as partrldgcp<jpiiing
iqulreena. Dt Morgan, Budget ol Paradoxes, p. 381.
klM»4 11»II I^Ullt./ ua Mill.; n^V' an f^t savauuiij i^aaiaaaaiuv-
the educationary system many of the special edulcorant (e-dul'ko-rant), a.
by which minds used to be^develoj«d. ^ ^^ .^ Vd«fcora»(f-),s ppr. of "etJuJcorare, sweeten:
[Rare.]
The utilitarian policy of the age Is gradually elimlnat
Ing from
proceases .
Pop.
n. [< educa-
tion + -ist.] One who is versed in the theory
and practice of education, or who advocates
or promotes education ; an educator.
Indeed, Judging . . . from the writings of some of the
most prominent eductUionists in the ITnitod States, an
enthusiasm Is spreading among Americans in favour of
workshop Instruction. Contemporary Jteo., L. 700.
The zealoua «iti«a«ont>t Is too apt to forget that the
weak and vicious ipan Is fighting single-handed for the
mastery over perhaps a score of evil-minded ancestors.
Pop. SH. Mo., XXV. 489.
educative (ed'u-ka-tiv), a. [< educate + -ire.]
1. Tending to educate, or consisting in edu-
cating.
engines, the pipe by which the exhaust-steam
from the cylinder is led into the condenser or
allowed to escape into the atmosphere.
eduction-port (e-duk'shgn-p6rt), «. An open-
ing for the passage of steam in a steam-engine
from the valves to the condenser; the exhaust-
^. port.
r< ed- eduction-valve (e-duk'shgn-valv), n. A valve
"• ' through which a fluid is discharged or exhaust-
ed: as, the exhaust- or eduction-valve of the
steam-engine.
eductive (e-duk'tiv), o. [< L. eductus, pp. of
educere, draw out (see educe), + -ive.] Tending
to educe or draw out. Boyle.
eductor (e-duk'tgr), n. [< LL. eductor (only as
equiv. to li. educator), < L. educere, draw out.]
That which brings forth, elicits, or extracts.
[Rare.]
stimulus must be called an eductor of vital ether.
Dr. E. Darwin.
. and n. [< L,
. . .ppr
sec edulcorate.] I. a
rendering less acrid
n. n. A drug intended to render the fluids
of the body less acrid.
edulcorate (e-dul'ko-rat), V. t; pret. and pp.
In med., sweetening, or
edulcorated, ppr. edtllcoratiny. [< L. as if *edul-
coratus, pp. of 'edulcorarc (> F. 4dulcorer = Pg.
edulcorar, sweeten), < e, out, + LL. dulcorare,
sweeten : see dulcorate.] 1 . To remove acidity
from; sweeten.
Succory, a little edulcorated with sugar and vinegar. Is
by some eaten in the summer, and more grateful to the
stomach than the palate. Evelyn, Acetaria.
2. In chem., to free from acids, salts, or impu-
rities by washing.
edulcorate
The copious powder that results from their union is,
by that uuion of volatile parts, so far fixed that, after
they have edulcorated it with water, they prescribe the
calcining of it in a crucible for live or six hours.
Boyte, Works, IV. 311.
edulcoration (e-dtil-ko-ra'shon), n. [= F. edul-
coratioH = Pg. edulcorafSo ; as edulcorate +
-ioH.'i 1. The act of sweetening by admixture
of some saccharine substance. — 2. In chem. , the
act of sweetening or rendering more mild or
pure by freeing from acid or saline stibstances,
or from any soluble impurities, by repeated af-
fusions of water.
edulcorative (e-dul'ko-ra-tiv), a. [< edulcorate
+ -ire.] Having the quality of sweetening or
purifying; eduleorant.
euulcorator (e-dul'ko-ra-tor), n. One who or
that which edulcorates ; specifically, in chem.,
a contrivance formerly used for supplying
small quantities of water to test-tubes, watch-
glasses, etc.
edulioust (e-dii'li-us), a. [< L. edulia, eatables,
food (rare sing, edulium, > It. edulio), prop. pi.
of ediile (> Pg. edulo), neut. of adj. edulis, eat-
able, < edere = E. eat.'] Edible ; eatable.
The busies of peas, beans, or such eduliou^ pulses.
Sir T. Browne, Misc., p. 13.
£dwardsia (ed-ward'zi-a), n. [NL. (Quatre-
fages, 1842), named after Henri Milne--E(fK;arrte,
a French naturalist.] A ge-
nus of sea-anemones, made
type of the family Edward-
siidce. They are not fixed or at-
tached, but live free in the sand,
or, when young, are even free-
swiinming organisms. In the lat-
ter state they have been described
as a different ^enus, Arachnactin.
E. beauteinpsi is an example.
Edwardsiidae (ed-wiird-zi'-
i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ed-
wardsia + -idm.] A group of
Actiniaria with eight septa.
There are two pairs of directive
septa, the remaining four septa
being impaired. All the septa are
furnished with reproductive or-
gans. The tentaeles are simple,
and usually more numerous than
the septa. The body- wall is soft,
and the column longitudinally
sulcate, with eight invections.
edwitet, f- t. [ME. edwiten,
edu-yten, < AS. edwitan (=
OHG. itawlzian, itawizon,
MHG. iteicizen = Goth, id-
weitjan), reproach, < eel-, back, + witan, blame :
see wife, and cf. twit, < AS. mtwitan.'] To re-
proach ; rebuke.
The fyrste worde that he warpewas, *'whereisthebolle?"
His wif gan edwite hym tho how wlkkedlich he lyued.
Piers Plowman (B), v. 370.
edwitet, n. [ME. edwite, edwyte, edwit, edwyt,
< AS. edwit (= OHG. itawiz, itwiz, MHG. itewize,
itwiz = Goth, idweit), reproach, < edwitan, re-
proach: see edwite, v.] Keproach; blame.
Man, hytt was full grett dyspyte
So offte to make me edwyte.
Hymm to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 124.
edyt, edit, a. [ME., also eadi, wdi, < AS. eddiff
(== OS. odag = OHG. otag = Icel. audhigr =
Goth, audags), rich, happy, fortunate, blessed,
< crfd, wealth, riches, happiness : see Ed-.] 1.
Bich; wealthy.
Vnderstondeth vn to me, edye men and arme [poor].
Old Eng. Miscellany (ed. Morris), p. 65.
2. Costly; expensive. Layamon, I. 100. — 3.
Happy; blessed.
Edy beo thu mayde.
Old Eng. Mimellany (ed. MorrisX p. 6b.
4. Fortunate ; favorable.
Me wore leuere . . .
Of eddi dremes rechen swep.
Genesis and Exodus, 1. 2085.
6. Famous; distinguished.
Most doughty of dedis, dreghist in arrays,
And the strongest in stoure, that euer on stede rode,
Ercules, that honerable, edist of my knightes.
DestmctioTl of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5324.
ee (e), n. [A dial, form of eye: see eye.] An
eye. [Now chiefly Scotch.]
Fears for my Willie brought tears in my ee.
Bums, Wandering Willie.
ee. A common English digraph, of Middle Eng-
lish origin, having now the sound of "long" e,
namely, e. in Middle English it was actually "double"
« — that is, the long sound a corresponding to the short
sound e, representing an Anglo-Saxon long e (f)^as in
beet, greet, meet, breed, feed, etc. , or an Anglo-Saxon (K, as in
teed, eel, sleep, weed'i, etc., or erf, as in cheek, steep, leek, etc.,
or eo, as in bee, deer, deep, creep, weed^, etc., such vowels
or diphthongs becoming in later Middle English long e.
about natural size.
1846
written either e or ee, and in early modern English spelled
ee or ca, with some differentiation (see «a). In words of
other than Anglo-Saxon origin ee. has the same sound,
except in a few words not completely Anglicized, as in
■nuiiinAe. Words of Oriental or other remote origin having
tlie vowel i (pronounced e) are often spelled witli ee when
turned into Knglish fomi, as elchee, suttee, etc.
E. E. An abbreviation of errors excepted^ a sav-
ing clause frequently placed at the foot of an
account rendered. Also, in a fuller form, E.
and O. E. (which see).
-ee^, [Late ME. -e or -cc, < OF. -e, fern, -ee,
mod. F. (with a diacritical accent) -<?, fern, -ee
(pron. alike), < L. -atus, fern, -ata, pp. of verbs
in -are, F. -er. Early ME. -e, -eej from the same
source, has usually become thoroughly Eng-
lished as -y, or -ey ; cf. arni-y,jur-y,jell-y, chim-
n-eyjourn-eyf etc. See -ate^^ -ade^, -y.'\ A suffix
of French, or more remotely of Latin origin, iilti-
raately the same as -ate^ and -crf2^ forming the
termination of the perfect passive participle,
and indicating the object of an action, it occurs
chiefly in words derived from old Law French or formed
according to the analogy of such words, as in pay-ee,
draw-eCy assign-ee, employ-ee, etc., denoting the person
who is paid, drawn on, assigned to, employed, etc., as op-
posed to the agent in -ori or -«rl (in legal use generally
-ori), as pay-er or pay-or, draw-er^ assign-or, employ-er,
etc.
-ee^, [Cf. dim. -ie, -y, and see -eel.] A diminu-
tive termination, occurring in bootee^ goateej
etc. The diminutive force is less obvious in
settee, which may be regarded as a diminutive
of sett-le.
eef, d- A dialectal form of eatlu
Howbeit to this daie, the dregs of the old ancient Chau-
cer English are kept as well there [in Ireland] as in Fin-
gall, as they terme . . . easie, ^eth, or ^efe.
Stanihurst, Descrip. of Ireland, p. 11, in Holinshed.
eegrass (e'gras), w. Same as eddish, 1.
eek^t, t?., adv.f and conj. An obsolete form of
eke,
eek^ (ek), v. i. [A dial. var. of itch or yucic: see
itch, yucic.'] To itch. [Prov. Eng.]
eeket, ^- » <i^^- 1 ^^^ conj. An obsolete form of eJce,
eel (el), n. [Early mod. E. also eele; < ME. el, eJe,
< AS. wl = MD. (wl, D. aal = Fries, iel = MLG.
dl, el, LG. al = OHG. MHG. al, G. aal = Icel. all
= Sw. dl = Norw. Dan. aal, an eel ; perhaps
ovig. Teut. *agla (cf. L. anguilla = Gr. lyx^^^v^,
an eel), dim, of a supposed *agi = L. anguis =
Gr. tx'-^ — Skt. ahi, a snake, < -/ *agh, **angh,
choke, strangle : see anguish^ anger^, etc., Echis,
Echidna.] 1. An elongated apodal fish of the
family Anguillidce and genus Anguilla, of which
there are several species. The body is very long and
subcylindrical, covered with discrete minute elliptical
scales, chiefly arranged diagonally to the axis and at right
angles with one another, but immersed in the skin, and
partly concealed by a slippery mucous coat. The head is
somewhat depressed, and the lower jaw protuberant. The
teeth are slender, conic, and crowded in small bands in
both jaws and in a longitudinal band on the vomer. The
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are nearly uniform, and com-
pletely united into one, the dorsal beginning near the
second third of the entire length of the body. The color is
generally brownish or blackish, except on the belly, which
is whitish or silvery. The females attain a considerably
larger size than the males. The sexual organs are minute
except in the breeding season, and sexual intercourse takes
place in the sea. Young females ascend into fresh water,
Itut the males remain in salt water, and have rarely been
seen; and when full-grown the females return to the sea
for sexual intercourse and spawning. Eels are of much
economic importance, and objects of special fisheries.
The common European species is Anguilla anguilla or
A. vulgaris; the American is A.rostrata. See Angnilla,,
A nguUlidce.
In that Klome men fynden Eles of 30 Fote long and
more. Mandeville, Travels, p. 161.
Is the adder better than the eel,
Because his painted skin contents the eye?
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
It is agreed by most men that the eel is a most dainty
ftsh. /. Walton, Complete Angler, i. 23.
2. Any fish of the order Apodes or Symhranehii,
of which there are many families and several
hundred species. — 3, Some fish resembling or
likened to an eel; an anguilliform fish. — 4.
Some small nematoid or threadworm, as of
the family Anguillulidce, found in vinegar, sour
paste, etc. See vinegar-eel, and cut under Nema-
^oidea.— Blind eel, a bunch of eel-grass or marsh-grass.
[Colloq., Chesapeake Bay, U. S.] — Electric eel, a remark-
Electric Eel {BUctrophoriis electricus)
eelskin
able fish, Electrophorus or Gymnotus electricus, of the fam-
ily Electrophoridce,oi a thick, eel-like form with a rounded
Unless back, the vent at the throaty and the anal flu com-
mencing behind it, of a brownish color alK)ve and whitish be-
low. It has the power of giving strong electric discharges at
will. The siiocks producedare often violent, and serve asu
means both of offense and of defense. They are weakened
by frequent repetitions. Its electrical apparatus consists
of two pairs of longitudinal bodies between the skin ami
the muscles of the caudal region, one pair next to the back
and one along the anal fin. This apparatus is divided
into about 240 cells, and is supplied by over 200 nerves.
The electric eel is the most powerful of electric fishes.
It sometimes attains a length of over 6 feet. It inhabits
the fresh waters of Brazil and Guiana.— Pug-nosed eel,
an eel of the genus ^imsnchelys (which see) : so called by
fishemien. It is a deep-sea species, found off the New-
foundland banks, often burrowing in the halibut, whence
the specific name S. parasiticxts.— Salt eeL (a) An eel or
an eel's skin prepared for use as a whip.
Up betimes, and with my salt eele went down in the
parler, and there got my boy and did beat him til I was
faine to take breath two or three times.
Pepys, Diary, April 24, 1663.
Hence — (6) A rope's end; a flogging. [Nautical slang.]
Trembling for fear.
Lest from Brldport they get such another salt eel
As brave Duncan prepared for Mynheer.
Dibdin, A Salt Eel for Mynheer.
eel-basket (erbas'-'ket), w. A basket for catch-
ing eels; an eel-pot,
eel-buck (el'buk), «. An eel-pot. [Great
Britain.]
Eel-bucks that are intended to catch the sharp-nosed or
frog-mouthed eels are set against the stream, and are set
at night, as those two descriptions of eels feed and run
only at night. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 258.
eeleator, n. [E. dial.] A young eel. [Local,
Eng. (Northumberland).]
Eele ! Eeleaator! cast your tail intiv a knot, and aw 1
throw you into the waater. Quoted in Brockett's Glossarj-.
eelfare (el'f ar), n. [< eel + fare, a going. Henco
by corruption elver, q. v.] 1. In the Thames
valley, the migration of young eels up the river.
— 2. A fry or brood of eels. [Prov, Eng. in
both senses \
eel-fly (el'fli), n. A shad-fly. C. Ballock. [St.
Lawrence river.]
eel-fork (el'fdrk), n. A pronged instrument
for catching eels.
eel-gig (el'gig), n. Same as eel-spear.
eel-grass (el'gras), n. 1. A grass-like naiada-
ceous marine plant, Zostera marina. [U. S.]
The dnll weed npholstered the decaying wharves, and
the only Ireight that heaped them was the kelp and eel-
grass left by higher floods. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 45.
2. The wild celery, Fallisneria spiralis.
eel-mother (ermuTH'''6r), n. A viviparous fish,
Znarces viviparns, of an elongated eel-like form,
often confounded with the eel.
eel-oil (el'oil), «. An oil obtained from eels,
used in lubricating, and as a liniment in rheu-
matism, etc.
eel-pot (el'pot), TO. 1. A kind of basket for catch-
ing eels, having fitted into the mouth a funnel-
shaped entrance, like that of a wire mouse-trap,
composed of flexible willow rods converging
inward to a point, so that the eels can easily
force their way in, but cannot escape. These
baskets are usually attached to a framework of wood erect-
ed in a river, especially a tideway river, the large open end
of each being opposed to the current of the stream, llie
eels are thus intercepted on their descent toward the
brackish water, which takes place during the autumn.
Eel-pots are used in various parts of the Thames in Eng-
land. In Great Britain called eel-buck.
2. The homelyn ray, Baia maculata. [Local,
Eng.]
eel-pout (el'pout), n. [< ME. "elepoute (not re-
corded), < AS. celepute (= CD. aelpuyt, also puyt-
ael, D. puitaal) (L. capito), < eel, eel, -1- pute
(only in this comp.), pout: seepout^.] 1. The
conger-eel or lamper-eel, Zoarces anguillaris, of
North America. See lamper-eel. — 2. A local
English name of the eel-mother or viviparous
blenny, Zoarces viviparus. — 3. A local English
name of the burbot. Lota vulgaris.
eel-punt (el 'punt), n. A flat-bottomed boat
used in fishing for eels.
eel-set (el'set). n. A peculiar kind of net used
in catching eels.
In Norfolk, where immense quantities of eels are caught
every year, the capture is mostly effected by eel-sets, which
are nets set across the stream, and in which the sharp-
nosed eel is the one almost invariably taken.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 2.W.
eel-shaped (el'shapt), a. Like an eel in shape,
long and slender; specifically, anguilliform.
eel-shark (el'shark), «. A shark of the family
Clilamydoselachida.
eel-shear (el'sher), «. An eel-spear.
eelskin (el'skin), «. The skin of an eel. Eel-
skins are used — (a) to cover a squid or artificial bait for
eelskin
catehlntc MneBsh, bonitos. etc. : (b) by negroes as a remedy
tor riieumatisni ; (r) by sailors as a whip, and in tliis cast'
called mlt eel. (rf) Formerly used as a casing for the cue
or pigtail of the liair or the wig. especially by sailurs.
eel-spear (el'sper), «. A forked spear used for
eatcUiiig eels. There are many sizes and styles of the
instrument. Special forms of eel-spears are known as
f/rick and dart,
een (en), ». An obsolete or Scotch plural of
eye. See ee.
e'eni (en), adv. A contraction of wen^. For-
merly often written ene.
I have e'en done with you. Sir R. L'Eslrange.
e'en^ (en), n. [Sc] A contraction of eren^.
Formerly often written e)te.
•een. [Cf. -ene, -ine, -in, etc.] A termination
of Latin origin, representing ultimately Latin
-enus, -inus, etc., adjective terminations, as in
damaskeen, tureen, canteen, sateen, velveteen, etc.
See these words.
e'er (5r), adc A contraction of ever.
This is as strange thing as e'er I look'd on.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
-eer. [< F. -ier, < L. -drius, etc. : see -er^ and
-i>r.] A suflix of nouns of agent, being a more
English spelling of -ier, equivalent to the older
-er2, as in prisoner, etc. (see -er-), as in engineer
(formerly enffiner), pamphleteer, gazetteer, buc-
caneer, cannoneer, etc., and, with reference to
place of residence, motintaineer, garreteer, etc.
eerie, a. See eery.
eerily (e'ri-li), adv. In an eery, strange, or
unearthly manner.
It siHjke in pain and woe ; wildly, eerilv, uiKently.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxxv.
eeriness (e'ri-nes), n. The character or stat«
of being eery. Also spelled eariness.
eery, eerie (e'ri), a. [Sc., also written eiry,
ery ; origin obscure.] 1. Such as to inspire
awe or fear ; mysterious ; strange ; peculiar ;
weird.
Dark, dark, grew his eerit looki.
And raoiDg grew the lea.
The Ditmon Lover (Child'i Ballada, I. S03).
The etrie beauty of a winter scene. Tennywon.
2. Affected by superstitious fear, especially
when lonely ; nervously timorous.
In mirkiest glen at midnight hour,
I'd rove, and ne'er be eerie.
Burnt, My ain kind Dearie, n.
As we lat and talked. It was with an eerie feeling that
I felt the very foundations of the land thrill under my feet
at every dull ixjom of the surf on the outward barrier.
//. O. Forbee, Eastern Archipelago, p. 13.
eett. An obsolete preterit of eat. Chaucer.
ef-. An assimilated form of ex- before/.
efagst (f-fagz'), iHteri. [Another form of ifaeks,
ifecks, etc. : see f/ecks.'] In faith ; on my word ;
certes. [Vulgar.]
**lifaffe! the gentleman has got a Tratyor," says Mrs.
Towwuuse ; at which they all fell a laughing.
Fielding. Joseph Andrews,
eff (ef), «. Same as c/Vi.
effablet (ef'a-W), a. [= It. effahUe, < L. effabilit,
uttcniiile, i effari, utt^-r, speak out, < ex, out,
-I- fari = Gr. ^vai, speak : see fable, fame.]
Utterable ; capable of being explained ; expli-
cable. Barrow.
lie did, u[N>n his suggestion, accommodate thereunto
his universal language, Ut make his character effabie,
VaUit. Defence of the Royal Society (1078), p. 16.
efface (e-fas')> "• '• ; pret. and pp. ejToced, ppr.
effacing. [< F. effaeer (= I^. esfassar), efface,
Crf- for es- (< L. ex), out, + face, face.] 1. To
era.sc or obliterate, as something inscribed or
cut on a surface ; destroy or render illegible ;
hence, to remove or destroy as if by erasing:
as, to efface the letters on a monument ; to
efface a writing;. to efface a false impression
from a person's mind.
E/aee from his mind the theories and notions valgarly
received. Saam.
Tho' brass and marble remain, yet the inscriptions are
tfaeed by time, and the imuery moulders away.
Locke, Human Undentanding, 11. 10.
From which even the icy touch of death had not e/aerd
all the living Ijeauty. Sumner, Joseph Story.
2. To keep out of view or unobserved; make
inconspicuous; cause to be unnoticed or not
noticeable : used reflexively : as, to efface one^s
self in the midst of gaiety.
Tl-tt ciiiuisite something called style, which, like the
grace of i>erfect breeding, everywhere pervasive and no-
where emphatic, makes itself felt by the skill with which
it rfaeet iitrlf, and masters us at last with a sense of in-
tletlnable completeness.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 176.
= 8yil. 1. Defnee, Brate. Cancel, Bxpuwje, Efface, Obliter-
ate, To ilefiwe Is to inlure, impair, or mar to the eye, and
so generally u|K'n the surface: as, to dejace a building.
The other words agree in representing a blotting out or
1S47
removal. To eraxe is to rub out or scratch out, so that
the thing is destroyed, although the signs of it may re.
main : as. to erase a word in a letter. To cancel is to cross
out, to deprive of force or validity. To expunge is to
strike out ; tlie word is now rarely used, except of the
striking out of some record : as, to expunge from the jour-
nal a resolution of censure. To efface is to make a com-
plete removal : as, his kindness effaced all memory of past
neglect. Obliterate is more emphatic than efface, meaning
to remove all sign or trace of.
Like gypsies, lest the stolen brat be known,
Defacing first, then claiming for his own.
Churchill, Apology, 1. 236.
Whatever hath been written shall remain,
Nor be erased nor written o'er again.
Longfellow, Morituri Salutamus, 1. 168.
The experiences in dreams continually contradict the
experiences received during the day ; and go far towards
cancelling the conclusions drawn from day experiences.
H, Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 72.
A universal blank
Of nature's works, to me expunged and rased.
Milton, P. L., iii. 49.
These are the records, half effaced.
Which, with the hand of youth, he traced.
Longfellow, Coplas de Manrique.
The Arabians came like a torrent, sweeping down and
obliterating even the landmarks of former civilization.
Preicolt, Feni. and Isa., i. 8.
effaceable (e-fa'sa-bl), a. [= F. effa^able; as
efface + -able.l Capable of being effaced.
effacement (e-fas'ment), n. [= F, effacement;
as efface + -tnent.'\ I'he act of effacing, or the
state of being effaced.
effar6 (e-fa-ra'), o. [F., pp. of effarer, startle,
frighten, = Pr. esferar, frighten, < L. efferare,
m«3ce wild, < effertts, wild: see efferous.l In
her., same as salient: said of a beast, especial-
ly a beast of prey. Also effear6.
e&tsciliatet (e-fas'i-nat), r. (. [< L. effascinatus,
pp. of effascinare, fascinate, < ex- (intensive) -I-
fascinare, charm: see fascinate.'] To charm;
bewitch; delude; fascinate. Heytcood.
effascinationt (e-fas-i-na'shon), n. [< L. effas-
cinatio{n-), < effascinare, pp. effascinatus, charm :
see effaseiiMte.] The act of bewitching, delud-
ing, or fascinating, or the state of being be-
witched or deluded.
St. Paul sets down the Just judgement of Ood against
the receivers of Antl-christ, which is e/asetnotion, or
strong delusion.
Shelford, Learned Discourses (Camb., I6S6), p. 317.
effeard, a. In her., same as effari.
effect (e-fekt' ), V. t. [< L. effectus, pp. of efflcere,
■ ecfacere, bring to pass, accomplish, complete,
do, effect, < ex, out. +j'acere, do: see/flcf, and
cf. affect, «'»/«<•/.] 1. To produce as a result;
be the cause or agent of ; bring about ; make
actual ; achieve : as, to effect a political revolu-
tion, or a change of government.
What he (the Almighty) decreed.
He effeeted ; man he made, and for him built
HagniHcent this world. MiltM, P. U, ix. 152.
Insects constantly carry pollen from neighboring plants
to the stigmas of each flower, and with some species this
is effected by the wind. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 248.
Almost anything that ordinary Are can effect may lie ac.
complished at the focus of invisible rays.
Tirndall, Radiation, % 7.
2. To bring to a desired end ; bring to pass ;
execute ; accomplish ; fulfil : as, to effect a pur-
pose, or one's desires.
If it be in man, besides the king, to effect your suits.
here I* man shall do ft. Shak., w. T., iv. 4.
E'en his soul seem'd only to direct
So great a body such exploits t' effect.
Daniel, Civil Wars, v.
Being consul, I doubt not t' effect
All that you wish, B. Joneon, Catiline.
= 87n. L To realize, fulfll, complete, compass, consum-
mate; Affect, Effect, kee affects. — 2. Execute, Aceompiish,
etc. See perform.
effect (e-fekf ), h. [< ME. effect = D. effect, effekt,
= G. effect = Dan. 8w. effekt, < OF. effect, effet,
F. effet = Pr. effeit = Sp. efecto = Pg. effeito =
It. effetto, < L. effectus, an effect, tendency, pur-
pose, < efficere, ecfacere, pp. effectus, bring to
pass, accomplish, complete, effect: see effect,
F.] 1. That which is effected by an efficient
cause; a consequent; more generally, the re-
sult of any kind of cause except a final cause :
as, the effect of heat.
Every argument is either derlvetl from the effecte of the
matler, of the fonrrae, or of the efficient cause.
Sir T. Wilton, Rule of Reason.
Causes are as parents to effectt.
Bacon, Physical Fables, vill., Expl.
Divers attempts had been maile at fonner courts, an<i
the matter referred to some of the magistrates and some
of the elders ; but still It came to no effect,
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 388.
You have not only been careful of my fortune, which
was the effect of yonr nobleness, but you have been soli-
citotu of my reputation, which Is that of your kindness.
Dryden, Account of Annus Mirabllls.
effectible
The Turks in the work stood their ground, and fired
with terrible effect into the wliirlwind that was rushing
upon them.
Arch, Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 96.
2. Power to produce consequences or results ;
force ; validity ; account : as, the obligation is
void and of no effect.
Christ is become of no effect unto you. Gal. v. 4.
3. Purport; import or general intent: as, he
immediately wrote to that effect; his speech
was to the effect that, etc.
The effect of which seith thus in wordes fewe.
Chaucer, Pity, 1. 56.
They spake to her to that effect, 2 Chron. xxxiv. 22.
When I the scripture ones or twyes hadde redde.
And knewe therof all the hole effecte, Uawet.
We quietly and quickly answered him, both what wee
were, and whither bound, relating the effect of our Com-
mission.
Quoted In Capt, John Smith's True Travels, II. 42.
4. A state or course of accomplishment or
fulfilment; effectuation; achievement; opera-
tion : as, to bring a plan into effect; the medi-
cine soon took effect.
Not so worthily to be brought to heroical effect by for-
tune or necessity. Sir P, Svdney.
6. Actual fact; reality; not mere appearance:
preceded by in.
And thiae Images, wel thou mayst espye.
To the ne to hem.self mowe nought profyte.
For in effect they been nat worth a myte.
Chatuxr, Second Nun's Tale (ed. Skeat), G, 511.
No other in effect than what it seems.
Sir J, Denham, Cooper's Hill.
6. Mental impression ; general result upon the
mind of what is apprehended by any of the fac-
ulties : as, the effect of a view, or of a picture.
The effect was heightened by the wild and lonely nature
of the place. Irving,
He carries his love of effect far beyond the limits of
moderation. Macaulay, On History.
I was noting the good effect of the cinnamon-colored la-
teen-sails against the dazzling white masonry.
T, B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 218.
In the best age of Greek art the jeweller obtained varied
effects by his perfect mastery over the gold itself, and made
comparatively little use of such precious stones as were
then known, except in rings.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archaiol., p. 395.
7. pi. [After F. effeti, effects, chattels, effets
mohiliers, movable property; cf. effet, a bill,
bill of exchange, effets publics, stocks, funds.]
Goods; movables; personal estate, in (ojc- (n)
Property ; whatever can l>e turned into money. (6) Per-
sonal property.
A few words sufficed to explain everything, and in ten
minutes our effects were deposited in the guest's room of
the Lansman's house. B. "Taiflor, Northern Travel, p. 127.
8t. The conclusion ; the denouement of a story.
Now to the effect, now to the fruyt of al.
Why I have told this storye, and tellen shal.
Chaucer, Good Women, I. 1160.
Effect Of a machine, in mech,, the useful work perform-
ed in some interval of time of detlnite length.— For ef-
fect, witli tlie desi^rn of creating an impression ; ostenta-
tiously. ~ Hall effect, the dellection, within its conduc-
tor, of an electric current passing through a magnetic field.
— Peltier effect, the heating or cooling of a junction of
dissmiilar ini-t;ils Ijy the passage of an electric current —
^omson effect, the evolution or absorption of heat by
an electric current in flowing from one i)oint in a con-
ductor to another at a diflerent temperature.— To give
effect to, til make valid ; carry out in practice ; pnsli to
it« legitimate or natural result.- To take effect, to oper-
ate or liegin to operate. =Syn. 1. K/ert. ('o7ise</uejtce. Be-
sidt ; event, issue. Effect is tne closest and strictestof these
words, both philosophically and ]iopularly representing
the immediate prwluct of a cause : as, every effect must
have an ade<|Uate cause; the effect of a flash of lightning.
A conteijuence is, in the common use of the word, more
remote, and not so closely linked to a cause as effect; it is
that which follows. Benilt may tie near or remote ; it Is
often used In the singular to express the sum of the effects
or eontequejicet, viewed as making an end.
Find out the cause of this effect. Shak,, Hamlet, II. 2.
Consequences are unpitylng. Our deeds carry their ter.
rible consequences, quite apart from any fluctuations that
went before — consequences that are hardly ever confined
to ourselves. George Eliot, Adam llede, xvl.
Of what mighty endeavour liegun
What retuUs insufficient remain.
Owen Meredith, Epilogue.
7. floods. Chattels, etc. See property,
effecter (e-fek't<T), n. One who or that which
effects, produces, or causes. Also effector.
The commemoration of that great work of the creation,
and paying homage and worship to that infinite being
■ who was the eff'ector of it.
Derham, Physico-Theology, x1. 8.
effectible (p-fek'ti-bl), a. r< effect + -tWe.]
Capable of being done or achieved ; practica-
ble; feasible. [Rare.]
Whatsoever . . . ise/ecd'ftteby the most congruous and
effl'scious application of actives to passives, is effectible by
them. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 388.
efifection
effection (e-fek'shon), n. [= F. effecHon, < L.
€ff€Ctio{n-)j a doing, effecting, < effi-cere, pp. ef-
fectus, effect : see effect, r.] 1. The act of ef-
fecting; creation; production.
But Koing further into particulars, [Plato] falls iuto con-
jectures, attributing tlie effection of the soul unto the
Great God, but the fabrication of the body to the Dii ex
Die, or Angels. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 290.
2. In geom.y the construction of a proposition.
[Rare in both uses.]— Geometrical effection, a
geometrical problem deducible from some general propo-
sition.
effiective (e-fek'tiv), a. and w, [= D. effectief
= G. effectiv = Dan. Sw. effcktiVj < F. effectif =
Pr. effectiu = Sp. e/ectivo = Pg. effectivo = It.
effettivOf < LL, effectivuSj < L. e^'ectiiSy pp. of ef-
Jicerey effect: see effect^ r.] I. a. 1. Serving
to effect the intended purpose ; producing the
intended or expected effect or result; opera-
tive; efficacious: as, an e^cc^rc cause ; effective
proceedings.
Though [theaters were] forbidden, after the year 1574,
to be open on the Sabbath, the prohibition does not ap-
pear to have been effective during the reign of Elizabeth.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 16.
2. Capable of producing effect; fit for action
or duty; adapted for a desired end: as, the
effective force of an army or of a steam-engine
is so much ; effective capacity.
Is there not a manifest inconsistency in devolving upon
the federal government the care of the general defence,
and leaving in the state governments the effective powers
by which it is to be provided for?
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. xxiii.
3. Serving to impress or affect with admira-
tion ; producing a decided impression of beau-
ty or a feeling of admiration at the first pres-
entation ; impressive ; striking ; specifically,
artistically strong or suceessf iil : as, an effective
performance ; an effective picture.
Nothing can be more effective than the ancient gold
which . . . covers the wails of . . . St. Sophia of Kieff,
the lai^est of the ancient Kussian cathedrals.
A. J. C, Hare, Hussia, ix.
The church of Sebenico is, both inside and out, not only
a most remarkable, but a thoroughly effective building.
£. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 93.
4. Actual ; real. [A Gallicism.]
The Chinese, whose effective religion, practised at much
cost and with great apparent sincerity, is now, as it has
been from the earliest times, ancestor-worship.
Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 191.
Effective component of a force. See component. ■— Ef-
fective force. See /orce i.— Effective money, coin, in
contradistinction to depreciable paper money.— Effec-
tive scale of intercalations, i» math., the series of
real roots of two functions of x written in order of mag-
nitude after repeated processes of removing pairs of roots
belonging, each pair, to either one function, so that the
roots of the two functions follow each other alternately.
=Syil. Effective, Effcient, EJicaciotis, Effectual, are not
altogether the same in meaning; all imply an object aimed
at, and generally a specific object. Effective and efficient
are used chiefly where the object is physical. Effective is
applied to that which has the power to produce an effect
or some effect, or which actually produces or helps to pro-
duce some effect : as, the army numbered ten thousand
effective men; the bombardment was not very effective;
effective revenue. Effective is most clearly separated from
the others when representing the power to do, even when
that power is not actually in use. Efficient seems the
most active of these words : a person is very efficient when
very helpful in producing desired results ; an efficient cause
is one that actually produces a result. Effective and effi-
cient may freely be applied to persons; the othera less of-
ten. Efficacious is essentially only a stronger word for
efficient: as, an efficacious remedy; efficient would not be
appropriate with remeiiy, as implying too much of self-
directed activity in the remedy. Effectual, with reference
to a result, implies that it is decisive or complete ; an effec-
tual stop or cure finishes the business, rendering further
work unnecessary.
Precision is the most effective test of affected style as
distinct from genuine style. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 115.
The rarity of the visits of eMcient bees to this exotic
plant [PisumSativujn] is, I believe, the chief cause of the
varieties so seldom intercrossing.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 161.
That spirit, that first rush'd on thee
In the camp of Dan,
Be efficacious in thee now at need !
Milton, S. A., 1. 1437.
To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual ways
of preserving peace.
Washington, Address to Congreas, Jan. 8, 1790.
H. «. Milit, : (a) The number of men actu-
ally doing duty, or the strength of a company,
a regiment, or an army, in the field or on parade.
By the last law which passed the Reichstag with such
difficulty the pe&ce-effective was increased Ijy about 42,000
men. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 17.
(6) A soldier fit for duty.
KeTerthelcss he assembled his army, 20,000 effectives.
The Century, XXIX. 618.
effectively (e-fek'tiv-li), adv. 1. With effect;
powerfully ; with real operation ; completely ;
thoroughly.
1848
And that thyng which niaketh a man loue the law of
God, doth make a man righteous, and iustifieth him effec-
tiuely and actually. Tyndale, Works, p. 835.
People had been dismissed the camp effectively, finally,
and with no possibility of return ; but this was the first
time that anybody had been introduced ab initio.
Bret Harte, Luck of Koaring Camp.
2. Actually; in fact. [A Gallicism.]
effectiveness (e-fek'tiv-nes), n. The quality
of beinj^ efteetive.=Syn. Effectiveness, Efficiency, Ef-
ficacy, Kfffctualne^s. Tlie same differences obtain among
these words as among effective, efficient, efficacious, and
effectual. (See comparison under effective.) Effectualness
is less often used, on account of Its awkwardness.
effectless (e-fekt'les), a. [< effect + -less,']
Without effect or result ; useless; vain.
Sure all's effectless; yet nothing we'll omit
That bears recovery's name. Shak., Pericles, v. 1.
effector (e-fek'tor), n. [= It. effettore, < L. ef-
fector^ < efficercj pp. effectuSj effect : see effect^
r.] See cffecter.
effectresst (e-fek'tres), n. [< cffecter + -ess,"]
A woman who effects or does. [Rare.]
A Chappell dedicated to the Virgin Mary, . , . reputed
an effectresse of miracles. Sandys, Travailes, p. 7.
effectual (e-fek'tu-al), a. [= Sp. cf ectual (ohs.)
= It. cffettualejX ISlh. *effectuaUs (in adv. cf-
fectaaliter), < L. eff'ectus (effectu~)j an effect:
see effect, w.] 1. Producing an effect, or the
effect desired or intended ; also, loosely, hav-
ing adequate power or force to produce the
effect : as, the means employed were effectual.
Their gifts and grants are thereby made effectual both
to bar themselves from revocation, and to assecure tlie
right they have given. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 62.
The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous manavaileth
much. Jas. v. 16.
2t. True ; veracious.
Keprove my allegation, if you can ;
Or else conclude my words effectual.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
Effectual adjudication, calling, demand, etc. See the
nouns. =Syn. 1. EJicacious, Effectual, etc. (s,eQ effective);
efficient, successful, complete, thorough.
effectually (e-fek'tu-al-i), adv. 1. In an effec-
tual manner; witii complete effect; so as to
produce or secure the end desired ; thoroughly :
as, the city is effectually guarded.
The Poet with that same hand of delight, doth draw the
mind more effectually then any other Arte dooth.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
I could see it [the story] visibly operate upon his coun-
tenance, and effectually interrupt his harangue.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xxvi.
2, Actually; in fact. [A Gallicism.]
Although his charter can not be produced with the for-
malities used at his creation, . . . yet that he was effec-
tually Earle of Cambridge by the ensuing evidence doth
sufficiently appear. Fuller, Hist. Cambridge Univ., I. 21.
effectualness (e-fek'tu-al-nes), n. The quality
of being effectual. ^Syn. See effectiveness.
effectuate (e-fek'tu-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
effectuated^ ppr. effectuating. [< ML. ^effectua-
tuSy pp. of *eff€ctuare (> It. effettuare = Sp.
efectuar = Pg. effeetuar = F. effectuery > D.
eff'ectueren = G. effectuiren = Dan. effeJctuere =
Sw. eff'€ktuera)f give effect to, < L. effectus (ef-
fectu-)y effect : see effect, «.] To bring to pass ;
accomplish; achieve; effect.
He found him a most fit instrument to effectuate his de-
sire. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
Where such an unexpected face appears
Of an amazed court, that gazinj( sat
With a dumb silence (seeming that it fears
The thing it went about f effectuate).
Daniel, Civil Wars, vii.
In political history it frequently occurs that the man
who accidentally has effectuated the purpose of a party
is immediately invested by them with all their favourite
virtues. /. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., III. 123.
effectuation (e-fek-tfi-a'shon), n. [= Pg. ef-
fectuai^ao = It. effet'tuazione ; as effectuate +
-ion.'] The act of effectuating, bringing to pass,
or producing a result.
The ghostly or spiritual effectuation of natural occur-
rences has ever been and is still the mode of interpreta-
tion most readily seized upon by primitive thinking.
Mind, IX. 368.
First of all, we nmst note the distinction of immanent
action and transitive action ; the former is what we call
action simply, and implies only a single thing, the agent;
the latter, which we might with advantage call effectua-
tion, implies two things, i. e., a patient distinct from tlie
agent. J, Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 82.
effectuosef (e-fek'tu-os), a. [< L. as if *effec-
tiiosus: see effectuous.'] BsiTne as effectuous.
effectuoust (e-fek'tu-us), a. [< OF. effectueuxy
< L. as if *effectuosu-Sf < effectus {effcctu-), effect :
see effect, n.] Having effect or force; forcible;
efficacious; effective. B. Jonson,
For the contempt of the Oospell, shall the wrath of God
suffer the Turke and the Pope with strong delusions and
effectuou^e errors to destroye many soulis and bodys.
JoyBf Expos, of Daniel, xll.
effeminately
Effectuous wordes and pithie in sense. Expressa et
sensu tincta verba. Baret, Alvearie, 1580.
effectuouslyt (e-fek'tu-us-li), adv. Effectually;
effectively.
0 my dear father, Master L[atimer], that I could do any-
thing whereby I might effectuously utter my poor heart
towards you !
J. Careless, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc. , 1853), II. 406.
effeir (e-fer'), v. i. [Sc, also written effere,
affeir, affer, < OF. afferety aferer (= Pr. afferir;
ML. reflex afflrere), be suitable, convenient, <
L. afferrCy adferrey bring to, assist, be useful
to : see afferent.'] In Scots laWj to be suitable,
or belong.
In form as effeirs, means such form as in law belongs to
the thing. Bell.
The Baron of Avenel never rides with fewer than ten
jack-men at his back, and oftener with fifty, bodin [fur-
nished] in all that effeirs to war as if they were to do battle
for a kingdom. Scott, Monastery, xxxiii.
effeir (e-fer'), n, [Sc, also written effere, af-
feir, etc.; < effeiry v.] 1. That which belongs
or is becoming to one's rank or station.
Quhy sould they not have honest weidis [proper clothes)
To thair estait doand effeir? Maitland, Poems, p. 328.
2. Property ; quality ; state ; condition.
Than callit scho all flouris that grew on feild,
Discryving all thair fassiouns and effeirs.
Dunbar, Bannatyne Poems, p. 5,
Effeir of war. warlike guise.
effeminacy (e-fem'i-na-si), n. [< effeminate : see
-cy.] The state or quality of being effeminate;
feminine delicacy or weakness ; want of manli-
ness ; womanishness : commonly applied, in re-
proach, to men exhibiting such a character.
He tells me, speaking of the horrid effeminacy of the
King, that tlie King hath taken ten times more care and
pains in making friends between my Lady Castlemaine
and Mrs. Stewart, when they have fallen out, than ever
he did to save his kingdom. Pepys, Diary, III. 168.
The physical organization of the Bengalee is feeble even
to effeminacy. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Bacchus nurtured by a girl, and with the soft, delicate
limba of a woman, was the type of a disgraceful effemi-
nacy. Lecky, Kationalism, I. 243.
But foul effeminacy held me yoked
Her bond slave. Milton, S. A., 1. 410.
effeminatet (e-fem'i-nat), v. ; pret. and pp. ef-
feminatcdy ppr. effeminating. [< L. effeminatusy
pp. of effeminare {yii. effemniinar€y effeminare =
Sp. efeminar (obs.) = Pg. effeminar = Pr. efemi-
nar = F. €ffemincr)y make womanish, < ex, out,
+ feminay a woman: Bee fe7ninine.] I, trans.
To make womanish ; unman; weaken.
More resolute courages, then the Persians or Indians,
effeminated with wealth & peace, could alford,
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 399.
And thou dost nourish him a lock of hair behind like a
girle, effeminating thy son even from the very cradle.
Evelyn, Golden Book of Chrysostome.
Thou art as hard to shake off as that flattering effemu
nating Mischief, Love. Wycherley, Plain Dealer, iii. 1,
II. intrans. To grow womanish or weak; melt
into weakness.
In a slothful peace, both courages will effe^ninate, and
manners corrupt.
Bacon, True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates (ed. 1887).
effeminate (e-fem'i-nat), a. [= F, eff&mine =
Pg. cffcminado = It. effemminatOy effeminato, <
L. effeminatusy pp. : see the verb.] 1. Having
the qualities of the female sex ; soft or delicate
to an unmanly degree ; womanish : applied to
men.
The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, be-
came effeminate and less sensible of honour. Bacon.
A woman impudent and mannish grown
Is not more loath'd than an effeminate man.
Shak., T. and C, iii. 3.
1 have heard sometimes men of reputed ability join in
with that effeminate plaintive tone of invective against crit-
icks. Sha/tesbury, Misc., III. I.
Be manly then, though mild, for, sure as fate.
Thou art, my Stephen, too effeminate.
Crabbe, Works, V. 240.
2. Characterized by or resulting from effemi-
nacy: as, a.n effeminate peSiGe ; an effeminate Mfe,
Soldiers
Should not affect, methinks, strains so effeminate.
Ford, Broken Heart, iii. 2.
St. Womanlike; tender.
As well we know your tenderness of hearty
And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
= SyTl. Woinanish, etc. (see feminine), weak, unmanly.
effeminately (e-fem'i-nat-li), adv. In an effem-
inate manner; womanishly; weakly.
With golden pendants in his ears,
Aloft the silken reins he bears.
Proud, and effeminately gay.
Fawkes, tr. of Anacreon's Odes, Ixix.
Effeminately vanquish'd : by which means,
Now blind, dishearten 'd, shamed, dishonour'd, quell'd,
To what can I be useful? Milton, S. A., L 662.
ejfeminateness
effeminateness (e-fem'i-nat-nes), n. The state
of being effeminate ; unmanly softness.
The indulgent softness of the parent's family is apt, at
best, to give young persons a most unhappy ejfeminattness.
Seeker, Works, I. i.
effeminationt (e-fem-i-na'shon), n. [= F. ef-
femination = Pg. effemiiia^ao = It. effeminazione,
< Lli. effeminatio(n-), < L. effeminare, pp. effemi-
natus, make womanish : see effeminate, r.] The
state of being or the act of making effeminate.
But from this mixture of sexes . . . degenerous efemi-
nation. Sir T, Browne, Vulg. Err., viii. 17.
effeminizef (e-fem'i-niz), V. t. [As effemin-ate
+ -icc] To make effeminate.
Brave knights efeminized by sloth.
Sylcegter, tr. of Du Bartas.
effendi (e-fen'di), n. [Turk, efendi, a gentle-
man, a master (of servants), a patron, protec-
tor, a prince of the blood (efendim, ' my master,'
in address equiv. to E. sir), < NGr. a^t it;?^ (pron.
ftfen'des), a lord, master, a vernacular form of
Gr. (also NGr.) aiSivrr!^ (in NGr. pron. afthen'-
des), an absolute master : see authentic.'] Atitle
of respect given to gentlemen in Turkey, equiv-
alent to Mr. or sir, following the name when
used with one.
1 assumed the polite and pliant manners of an Indian
physician, and the dress of a small Efendi, still, however,
representing myself to be a Denish.
R. F. Burton, El-JIedinah, p. 62.
Offerationt, ». [< LL- efferatio(n-), a making
wild or savage, < L. efferare, pp. efferatm, make
wild or savage, < efferus, very wild, fierce, sav-
age: see efferoua.] A making wild. Bailey, 1727.
e&rent (ef'e-rent), a. and ». [= F. efferent, <
L. effereu(t-)'s, ppr. of efferre, ecferre, bring or
carry out, < ex, out, + ferre = E. hear^^ I. a.
Conveying outward or away ; deferent : as, the
efferent nerves, which convey a ner>'ous impulse
from the ganglionic center outward to the mus-
cles or other active tissue. In the system of blood-ves-
■els Uie arteries are the efferent vessels, conveying blood
from the heart to all parts of the body, while the reins
are the afferent vessels, bringing blood to the heart. In
any gland or glandular system the vessel which takes up
and carries off a secretion is efferent. — Efferent duct.
Same as deferent earmf (which see, under de/erent).
n. n. 1. Li anat. and physiol., a vessel or
nerve which conveys outward. — 2. A river
flowing from and bearing away the waters of
a lake.
efferoost (ef 'e-ms), a. [< L. effems, very wild,
fierce, savase, < ex (intensive) + ferus, wild,
fierce: 8ee.^cc.] Very wild or savage; fierce;
ferocious: as, an efferous beast.
From the teeth of that efferma beast, from the tusk of
the wild boar. Bp. King, Vitis Palatina, p. 34.
effervesce (ef-6r-ves'), «. i. ; pret. and pp. ef-
fervesced, ppr. effervescing. [< L. efferveteerc,
boil up, foam up, < ex, out, + ferveseere, begin
to boil, (.fenere, boil: see^errCTit.l 1. To be
in a state of natural ebullition, like liquor when
gently boiling ; bubble and hiss, as fermenting
qnors or any fluid when some part escapes in
a gaseous form ; work, as new wine.
The compound spirit of nitre, put to oil of cloves, will
effervesce, even to a flame. Mead, Poisons.
2. Figuratively, to show signs of excitement ;
exhibit feelings which cannot be suppressed :
as, to efftrvetee with joy.
Have I proved . . .
That Revelation old and new admits
The natural man may efferveece in ire,
O'erflood earth, o'erfroui lieaven with foamy rage,
At tlw first punctnre to his self-respect?
Browning, Sing and Book, II. 86.
Effervescing draught See dri^i.
effervescence, eSerTeMeiU7 (ef-fer-ves'ens,
-en-Mi;, ". [= 1'. ffferveseenee = 8p. eferveicen-
aa = Pg. effertescencia = It. efferveseema, < L.
efferve»cen(t-)s,fVT.: see effervescent.'] 1. Nat-
ural ebullition ; that commotion of a fluid whieh
takes place when some part of the mass Hies
off in a gaseous form, producing small bubbles :
as, the effervescence or working of new wine,
cider, or beer; the effervescence of a carbonate
with nitric acid, in consequence of chemical
action and decomposition producing carbon
dioxid or carbonic-acid gas. — 2. Figuratively,
strong excitement ; manifestation of feeling.
The wild gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose : but
we ought to suspend our Judgment until the flrst effer-
xeeettut is a little sulisided. Burke, Rev. in France.
We postpone our literary work until we have more ripe-
ness and skill to write, and we one day discover that our
literary talent was a youthful efferveecenee which we have
!M>w lost. Emerton, Old Age.
= 83m. See e>/ulliliim.
efferrescent (ef-tr-ves'ent), a. [= P. efferves-
cent = Hp. efervescente = Pg. It. effervescente , <
L. effervescen(t-)s, ppr. of effervescere, boU up:
1849
see effervesce.] Effervescing; having the prop-
erty of effervescence ; of a nature to effervesce.
effervescible (ef-er-ves'i-bl), a. [< effervesce +
-ible.] Capable of effervescing.
A small quantity of effervescible matter. Kirwan.
effervescive (ef-er-ves'iv), a. [< effen-esce +
-ivc] Producing or tending to produce effer-
vescence: as, an effervescive force. Hickok.
[Rare.]
effet (ef'et), «. A dialectal form of eft^.
effete (e-fef), a. [Formerly also effoete; < L.
effetus, improp. effoetus, that has brought forth,
exhausted by bearing, worn out, effete, < ex,
out, + fetus, that has brought forth: see fetus.]
1. Past bearing; functionless, as a result of age
or exhaustion.
It Is . . . probable that the females as well of Ijeasts as
birds have in them . . . tlie seeds of all the young they
will afterwards bring forth, wliich, ... all spent and ex-
hausted, . . . the animal becomes barren and effete.
Ray, Works of Creation, i.
Hence — 2. Having the energies worn out or
exhausted; become incapable of eflcient ac-
tion ; barren of results.
All that can l)e allowed him now is to refresh his de-
crepit, effete sensuality with the history of his fonner life.
South, Sermons.
If they find the old governments effete, worn out, . . .
they may seek new ones. Burke.
Islamism . . . as a proselyting religion . , . has long been
practically effete. Quarterly Jien., CUCIII. 141.
= Syn. 1. Unproductive, unfruitful, unprolific. — 2. Spent,
worn out.
effeteness (e-fet'nes), n. The state of being
effete ; exhaustion ; barrenness.
What would have been the result to mankind ... if
the hope of the world's rejuvenescence had been met
solely i>y that effetenete of corruption (the old Roman
empire]? Buckle, Civilization, I. 221.
efficacious (ef-i-ka'shus), a. [< OF. efficacietix,
equiv. to efficace, F. efficace = Pr. efficaci = Sp.
eficas = Pg. efficaz = It. efficace, < L. efficax {effi-
cac-), efficacious, < efficere, effect, accomplish,
do : see effect, v.] Producing the desired effect ;
having power adequate to the purpose intend-
ed; effectual in operation or result.
The niode which he adopted was at once prudent and
effleaeioue. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 82.
He knew his Rome, what wheels we set to work ;
Plied influential folk, pressed to the ear
Of the effieaciout purple.
Browninff, Ring and Book, I. 144.
sSyn. Efficient, Effectual, etc. (see effective); active, op-
erative, energetic.
efficadonsly (ef-i-ka'shus-li), adv. In an effi-
cacious manner; effectually.
It [torture] does so efflcaeiouely convince
That . . . out of eacn hundred cases, by my count,
Never 1 knew of patients beyond four
Withstand Its taste. Browning, Ring and Book, II. 74.
efficaciousness (ef-i-ka'shus-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being efficacious; efficacy.
The effleaeioueneet of these means is sufficiently known
and acknowledged. Ootdimitk, The Bee, No. 5.
efficacy (ef 'i-ka-si), n, [= P. efficace = Pr. effi-
cacia = Sp. eficacia = Pg. It. efficacia, < L. cf-
ficacia, efficacy, < efficax, efficacious: see effica-
cious.] The quality of being efficacious or ef-
fectual ; production of, or the capacity of pro-
ducing, tne effect intended or desired; effec-
tiveness.
This hath ever made roe suspect the eMcacy of relics.
Sir r. Brovme, ReUgio Medici, L 28.
Itanetary motions, and aspects.
In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite.
Of noxious effleacy. Milton, P. L., x. 600.
Even were Gray's claims to being a great poet rejected,
he can hardly lie classed with the many, so great and uni-
form are the efficacy of his phrase and the music to whieh
be sets it. Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 177.
= 8yn. Efficiency, etc. (see e/<e«wne<t); virtue, force, en.
ergy.
efficiencet (e-fish'ens), n. Same as efficiency.
efficiency (e-fish'en-si), n. [= Sp. efirienda =
I'g. cfficiencia = ft. efficienza, < L. efficientia, ef-
ficiency, < efficien(t-)s, efficient: see efficioit.]
The quality of being efficient ; effectual agency ;
competent power; the quality or power of pro-
ducing desired or intended effects.
The manner of this divine effieienctj being far above us.
Hoi'ker, Eccles. Polity.
Truth is properly no more than Contemplation ; and her
utmost efficiency is but teaching.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvili.
Causes which should carry in their mere statement evi.
dence of their efficiency. J. S. Mill, Logic, III. v. 0.
Sneciflcally — (a). The state of being able or competent;
the state of possessing or having acquired adequate know-
ledge or sknl in any art, profeHsion, or duty ; as, by i>ft-
tlent perseverance he has attained a high degree of effi-
ciency. (6) In inech., tlie ratio of the useful work per-
forroed by a prime motor to the energy expended. £=8yn.
KJfiaacy, et& See tfftcli<xnut.
effigiate
efficient (e-fish'ent), a. and n. [= P. efficient
= Pr. ejlcient ="Sp. ejiciente = Pg. It. efficiente,
< L. efficicn(t-)s, ppr. of efflcere, effect, accom-
plish, etc.: see effect, v.] I. a. 1. Producing
outward effects; of a nature to produce a re-
sult ; active ; causative.
If one flower is fertilised with pollen which is more effi-
cient than that applied to the other flowers on the same
peduncle, the latter often drop off.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 399.
2. Acting or able to act with due effect ; ade-
quate in performance ; bringing to bear the
requisite knowledge, skill, and industry; ca-
pable; competent: as, an efficient workman,
director, or commander.
Every healthy and efficient mind passes a large part of
life in the company most easy to him. Emerson, Clubs.
Efficient cause, a cause which brings about something
external to itself : distinguished from material &nA/ormat
cause by being external to that which it causes, and from
the end or filial cause in being tliat by which something
is made or done, and not merely that for the sake of which
it is made or done. The conception of efficient cause an-
tedates that of physical force in the scientific sense; and
the latter finds no place in the Aristotelian division of
causes. But many writers of the eighteenth and nine-
teenth centuries extend the meaning of efficient cause to
inclutle forces. Other and inferior writers, since the Aris-
totelian philosophy has ceased to form an essential part
of a liberal education, use the phrase efficient cause in imi-
tation of older writers, but without any distinct appre-
hension of its meaning, proliably in the sense of effectual
cause. (See the citation from Lecky,l)elow.) Efficient causes
are traditionally divided into various classes : 1st, into ac-
tire and emanative: thus, fire is said to be the emanative
cause of its own heat and the active cause of heat in other
bodies; 2d, \nUi immanent and transient: an immanent
cause brings about some modification of itself (it is, never-
theless, regarded as external, because it does not produce
ItselO ; 3d, lnto/re« and necessary ; 4th, into cause by itself
and cause by accident: thus, if a man in digging a well
finds a treasure, he is the cause per se of the well being
dug, and the cause by accident of the discovery of the trea-
sure; 5th, into absolute and adjuvant, the latter being
again divided into pi-incipal and secondary, and secondai~y
into procatarctical, proeijuwenal, and instrumental (the
procatarctical extrinsically excites the principal cause to
action, the proegnmenal intenmlly disposes the principal
cause to action) ; 6th, into first and second ; 7th, into uni-
versal and particular ; 8th, into vroxiviate and remote.
Medical men follow Galen in dividing the efficient causes
of disease into predisposing, exciting, and determining.
Every politician knew that the Interference of the sov-
erei^i during the debate in the House of Lords was tlie
efficient cause of the change of ministry,
Lecky, Eng. In 18th Cent., xv.
= S3m. Efficacious, Effectual, etc.(6eeeffective); energetic,
operative, active, ready, helpful.
U. n. 1. An efficient cause (see above).
Gwl, which moveth mere natural agents as an efficient
only, doth otherwise move intellectual creatures, and es-
pecially his holy angels. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 4.
Excepting God, nothing was before it : and therefore it
could have no efficient in nature.
Bacon, Physical Fables, viii., Expl.
O, but^ say such, had not a woman been the tempter
and efficient to our fall, we had not needed a redemption.
Ford, Honour Triumphant, i.
Some are without efficient, as God.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 14.
2. One who is efficient or qualified ; specifically,
in the volunteer service of Great Britain, one
who has attended the requisite number of drills,
and in respect of whom the corps receives the
capitation grant paid by government. — 3. In
math., a quantity multiplied by another quan-
tity to produce the quantity of which it is said
to be em efficient; afactor. — Extra efficient, a com-
missioned oftlcer or sergeant of volunteei-s in tlie British
aniiy who has obtained an official certificate of competency.
Extra efficients earn an extra grant for their company.
efficiently (e-fish'ent-li), adv. In an efficient
manner; effectiveV-
God, when He Is stiled Father, must always be under-
stood to be a true and proper cause, really and efficiently
giving life. Clarke, The Trinity, ii. § 13, note.
effictiont, n. [< L. effictio(n-), a representation
(in rhet.) of corporal peculiarities, < effingere,
pp. effictus, form, fashion, represent: see effiqy.]
A fashioning; a representation. Bailey, 1727.
effiercet (e-fers'), v. t. [< ef- + fierce, after L.
efferare, make fierce, < efferus, very fierce : see
efferous.] To make fierce or furious.
With fell woodness he effierced was,
And wilfully him throwing on the gras
Did beat and bounse his head and Iirest ful sore.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 27.
effigial (e-fij'i-al), a. [< F. effipial; as effigy
+ -al.] Pertaining to or exhibiting an effigy.
[Rare.]
The three volumes contain chiefly effigial cuts and monu.
mental figures and inscriptions.
Critical Hist, of Pamphlets.
effigiate (e-fij'i-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. effigi-
ulrd, ppr. efflgiating. [< LL. effigiatns, pp. of
effigiare ( > tt. effigiare = Pr. efigiar — F. effigier),
form, fashion, < effigies, an image, likeness: see
Vjhic r -
cui Pbrt ifcunflU Mf f. ... ^ ^^
bin QiiMraoa-^aaT'Ierticiri^ifD^Hn
Effigy. — Brass in West Lynn Church,
Norfolk, England.
effigiate
effigy.] To make into an effigy of something;
form into a like figure. [Rare.]
He who means to win souls . . . nmst, as St Paul did,
sMmaie and conform himself to those circumstances of
llvmg and discourse by which he may prevail.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 754.
efigiation (e-fij-i-a'shon), n. [< effigiate + -ion.']
1. The act of fonniug in resemblance. Bailey,
1727. [Hare.] — 2. That which is formed in re-
semblance ; an image or effigy. [Bare.]
So such efigiation was therein discovered, which some
nineteen weeks after became visible.
Ftdler, Ch. Hist., X. ii. 53.
effigies (e-fij'i-ez), «. [L. : see effigy.] An ef-
figy-
This same Dagoberts monument I saw tiiere, and under
his Sfigies this Epitaph. Conjat, Crudities, I. 46.
We behold the species of eloquence in our minds, the
tfigifs or actual image of which we seek in the organs of
our hearing. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
effigurate (e-fig'u-rat), a. [< L. ex, out, + figu-
ratus, pp. of figurare, figure, (.figura, a figure :
see figurate.] In
hot., having a defi-
nite form or figure :
applied to lichens:
opposed to effuse.
effigy (ef'i-ji), n.;
pi. effigies (-jiz).
[Formerly also effi-
gie, and, as L., effi^
gies; = F. effi^ie =
Sp. efigie = Pg. It.
effigie, < L. effigies,
effigia, a copy or
imitation of an ob-
ject, an image, like-
ness, < effingere, pp.
effictits, form, fash-
ion, represent, < ex,
out, +fingere (Jig-),
form: aee feign, fic-
tion.] A represen-
tation or imitation
of any object, in
whole or in part ; an image or a representation
of a person, whether of the whole figure, the
bust, or the head alone ; a likeness in sculpture,
painting, or di-awing ; a portrait : most fre-
quently applied to the figures on sepulchral
monuments, and popularly to figures made up
of stuffed clothing, etc., to represent obnoxious
persons.
A choice library, over which are the efigies of most of
our late men of polite literature.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 21, 1644.
The abbey church of St. Denis possesses the largest col-
lection of French 13th-century monumental efigieg.
Eiicyc. Brit, XXI. 563.
A chair of state was placed on it, and in this was seated an
efiyy of King Henry, clad in sable robes and adorned with
^l the insignia of royalty. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3.
To bum or hang In efflgy, to bum or hang an Image or
a picture of (a person), eitlier as a substitute for actual
burning or hanging (formerly practised by judicial author-
ities as a vicarious punishment of a condemned person
who had escaped their jurisdiction), or, as at the present
time, as an expression of dislike, hatred, or contempt: a
mode in which public antipathy or indignation is often
manifested.
This night the youths of the Citty humt the Pope in
efigie. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 5, 1673.
efflagitatet (e-flaj'i-tat), v. t. [< L. effiagita-
tus, pp. of effiagitare, demand urgently, < ex
(intensive) -I- flagitare, demand.] To demand
earnestly. Coles, 1717.
efflate (e-flaf), v. t. ; pret. and pp. efflated, ppr.
effi,ating. [< L. efflattcs, pp. of efflare, blow or
breathe out, < ex, out, -1- flare = E. blow^.] To
fill with breath or air ; inflate. [Rare.]
Our common spirits, efiafed by every vulgar breath
upon every act, deify themselves.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 179.
efflation (e-fla'shon), TO. [= OF. efflation, < L.
as if 'efflatio{n-),' <. efflare, pp. efflatus, blow or
breathe out: aee efflate.] The act of breathing
out or puffing ; a puff, as of wind.
A soft efiation of celestial lire
Came, like a rushing breeze, and shook the lyre.
Pamell, Gift of Poetry.
effleurage (e-fl6-razh'), n. [P., grazing, touch-
ing, < effletirer, graze, touch : see efflower.]
Gentle superficial rubbing (of a patient) with
the palm of the hand.
effloresce (ef-lo-res'), v. i.; pret. and pp. efflo-
resced, ppr. effiorescing. [= 8p. eflorecer, < L.
efflorescere, inceptive form (later in simple form,
ill. efflorere), blossom, < ex (intensive) -i-florere,
blossom, flower, <flos(flor-), a flower: see flow-
er.] 1. To burst into bloom, as a plant.
1860
The Italian [Gothic architecture] tfiaretceA . . .into the
meaningless ornamentation of the Certosa of Pavia and
the cathedral of Como. Ruitkin.
2. To present an appearance of flowering or
bursting into bloom ; specifically, to become
covered with an efflorescence ; become inerust-
ed with crystals of salt or the like.
The walls of limestone caverns sometimes efioresce with
nitrate of lime in coiisetinence of the action of nitric aci<l
formed in the atmosphere. Dana.
3. In cliem., to change either throughout or
over the surface to a whitish, mealy, or crys-
talline powder, from a gradual decomposition,
on simple exposiu-e to the air; become covered
with a whitish crust or light crystallization, in
the form of short threads or spicule, from a
slow chemical change between some of the in-
gredients of the matter covered and an acid
proceeding commonly from an external source.
As the surface [of a puddle of water] dries, the capillary
action draws the moisture up pieces of broken earth, dead
sticks, and tufts of grass, where the salt efioreaces.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 307.
efflorescence (ef-lo-res'ens), n. [= F. efflores-
cence = Sp. efloreccncid = Pg. efflorescencia =
It. efflorescema, < L. efflorescen(t-)s, ppr. : see
efflorescent.] 1. The act of efflorescing or blos-
soming out; also, an aggregation of blossoms,
or an appearance resembling or suggesting a
mass of flowers. ■"
As the sky is supposed to scatter its golden star-pollen
once every year in meteoric showers, so the dome of St.
' Peter's has its annual efflorescence of fire.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 299.
2. In hot., the time or state of flowering; an-
thesis. — 3. In med., a redness of the skin; a
rash ; eruption, as in measles, smallpox, scar-
latina, etc. — 4. In cAcJB. , the formation of small
white threads or spiculre, resembling the sub-
limated matter called flowers, on the surface of
certain bodies, as salts, or on the surface of
any permeable body or substance ; the incrus-
tation so formed.
efflorescency (ef-lo-res'en-si), n. 1. The state
or condition of being efiorescent. — 2t. An ef-
florescence.
Two white, sparry incrustations, with efflorescencies in
form of shrubs, formed by the trickling of water.
Woodward, Fossils.
efflorescent (ef-lo-res'ent), a. [= F. efflorescen t
= Sp. eflorecienie = Pg. It. efflorescen te, < L.
efflnrescen{t-)s, ppr. of efflorescere, blossom: see
effloresce.] 1. Blooming; being in flower. — 2.
Apt to effloresce ; subject to efflorescence : as,
an efflorescent salt. — 3. Covered or incrusted
with efflorescence.
Yellow efflorescent sparry incrustations on stone.
Woodward, Fossils.
efflower (e-flou'er), V. t. [An erroneous accom.
(as if < ef- + flower) of F. effleurer, graze, touch,
touch upon, strip the leaves off, < ef- for es- (<
L. ex), out, + fleur (in the phrase Afleur de, on
a level with), < G. flur, plain, = E. floor.] In
leather-manuf., to remove the outer surface of
(a skin). See the extract.
The skins [chamois-leather] are first washed, limed,
fleeced, and branned. . . . They are next ej?iou'ered — that
is, deprived of their epidermis by a concave knife, blunt
in its middle part — upon the convex horsebeam.
Ure, Diet., III. 87.
effluence (ef'l^ens), n. [= F. effluence = Sp.
eflueneia = Pg. efflueneia, < NL. *effluentia, < L.
effltien{t-)s, flowing out: see effluent.] 1. The
act of flowing out; outflow; emanation. — 2.
That which issues or flows out; an efflux; an
emanation.
Bright efflitence of bright essence increate.
Milton, P. L., iii. 6.
From this bright Effluence of his Deed
They borrow that reflected Light
With which the lasting Lamp they feed.
I'rior, Carmen Seculare (1700), st. 35.
And, as if the gloom of the earth and sky had been but
the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with
their sorrow. Hawtho}iie, Scarlet Letter, xviii.
Grant that an unnamed virtue or delicate vital efiiwnce
is always ascending from the earth.
1**6 Atlantic, LVIII. 428.
effluency (ef 'lij-en-si), n. Same as effluence.
effluent (ef'lo-ent), a. and n. [= F. effluent =
Sp. efluente = tg. effluentc, <L. effluen(t-)s, ppr.
of effluere, flow out, < ex, out, -t- fluere, flow: see
fluent. Cf. affluent, influent, refluent, etc.] I.
a. Flowing out ; emanating.
Dazzling the brightness ; not the sun so bright,
'Twas here the pure substantial fount of light ;
Shot from his hand and side in golden streams.
Came forward effluent homy-pointed beams.
Pamell, Gift of Poetry.
II. n. 1. That which flows out or issues forth.
effcete
A number of specimens of waste liquors from factories,
with the residual matters piessed into cakes, and also of
the purified effluents, are exhibited.
Sci. Amer. Supp., No. 446.
2. Specifically, in geog., a stream that flows out
of another stream or out of a lake : as, the At-
chafalaya is an effluent of the Mississippi river.
— 3. In math., a covariaut of a quantic of de-
gree mn in i variables, the covariant being of
degree m and in ^ variables, where j; is the num-
ber of permutations that can be obtained by
dividing n into i parts. Sylvester, 1853.
effluvia, ». Plural of effluvium.
effluviable (e-flo'vi-a-bl), a. [< effluvium -t-
-ahlc] Capable of being given off in the form
of effluvium. [Bare.]
The great rapidness with which the wheels that serve
to cut and polish diamonds must be moved does excite a
great degree of heat ... in the stone, and by that and the
strong concussion it makes of its parts, may force it to
spend its effluviable matter, if I may call it so.
Boyle, Works, IV. 354.
effluvial (e-fla'vi-al), a. [< effluvium -t- -al.]
Portaiuing to effluvia ; containing effluvia.
effluviate (e-flo'vi-at), v. i. ; pret. and pp. efflu-
viated, ppr. effluviating. [< effluvium + -ate^.]
To throw off effluvium. [Rare.]
What an eminent physician, who was skilled in per-
fumes, aflflraied to me about the durableness of an efflu-
viating power. Boyle, Works, V. 47.
effluvium (e-flo'vi-um), n. ; pi. effluvia (-a). [=
F. effluve = Sp. efluvio = Pg. It. effluvio, i L. ef-
fluvium, a flowing out, an outlet, < effluere, flow
out: see effluent/] A subtle or invisible ex-
halation ; an emanation : especially applied to
noxious or disagreeable exhalations : as, the ef-
fluvia from diseased bodies or putrefying ani-
mal or vegetable substances.
Besides its electrick attraction, which is made by a sul-
phureous effluvium, it will strike fire upon percussion.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1.
efflux (ef'luks), n. [= Sp. (obs.) eflujo = It.
efflusso, < L. as if *efflttxus, n., < effluere, pp.
effluxus, flow out: see effluent.] 1. The act or
state of flowing out or issuing in a stream ; effu-
sion ; effluence ; flow : as, an efflux of matter
from an ulcer. The rate of efflux of a fluid is roughly
calculated by Torricelli's theorem, that the velocity at the
orifice is the same as if each particle had fallen freely
from the level of the fiuid in the vessel. But, owing to the
converging motion, the area of the orifice is greater than
the section of the stream, while the pressure is increased,
so that the efflux is less than the amount given by Torrl- '
celli's theorem.
It is no wonder, if God can torment where we see so
tormentor, and comfort where we behold no comforter ;
he can do it by immediate emanations from himself, by
continual effluxes of those powers and virtues which he
was pleased to implant in a weaker and fainter measure
in created agents. South, Works, VIII. xiv.
2. That which flows out ; an emanation, effu-
sion, or effluence.
Prime cheerer, Light !
Of all material beings, first and best !
Efflux divine ! Thomson, Summer, I. 92.
Whatever talents may be, if the man create not, the
pure efflux of the Deity is not his ; cinders and smoke
there may be, but not yet flame. Emerson, Misc., p. 78.
BeryIlus(who was a precursor of Apollinarianism) taught
that in the Person of Christ, after His nativity as Man,
tliere was a certain efflux of the divine essence, so that He
had no reasonable human soul.
Bp. Chr. Wordsioorth, Church Hist., 1. 291.
effluxt (e-fluks'), v. i. [< L. effluxus, pp.: see
the noun.] To flow out or away.
Five years being effluxed, he took out the tree and
weighed it. Boyle, Works, I. 496.
effluxion (e-fluk'shon), n. [= F. effluxion = Sp.
(obs.) eflujion, < L. as if *effluxio(n-) (ML. also
sometimes spelled effluctio), < effluere, pp. efflux-
us, &ow out: see efflux.] 1. The act of flowing
out. — 2. That which flows out ; an emanation.
[Rare.]
There are some light effluxions from spirit to spirit, when
men are one with another ; as from body to body. Bacon.
The effluxions penetrate all bodies, and like the species
of visible objects are ever ready in the medium, and lay
hold on all bodies proportionate or capable of their action.
Sir T, Browne, Concerning the Loadstone.
effodient (e-fo'di-ent), a. [< L. effodien{t-)s,
ppr. of effodire, ecfodire, dig out, dig up, < ex,
out, -t-/o(ij><;, dig: see fossil.] In ^ooY., habitu-
ally digging ; f ossorial ; f odient.
Effodientia (e-fo-di-en'shi-a), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of L. effodien{t-)s, digging: see effo-
dient.] A division of edentate mammals, in-
cluding insectivorous forms, most of which are
effodient or fossorial, as the armadillos, ant-
eaters, aardvarks, and pangolins : a term now
superseded by Fodientia, and restricted to the
African fossorial ant-eaters, as the aardvarks.
effoetet, a. An obsolete spelling of effete.
effoliation
effoliation (e-fo-li-a'shou), II. [\&r. of exfolia-
tion.^ In hot., the removal or fall of the foliage
of a plant.
efforcet (e-fors'), v. t. [< F. efforcer, endeavor,
strive, = Pr. esforsar = Sp. e8for:ar = Pg. e«-
for^r, force, also endeavor, = It. sforzare,
force, refl. endeavor, < ML. effortiare, efforeiare,
exforciare, force, compel, efforciari, endeavor,
< L. ex, out, off, + fortis, strong: see forced.
Cf . afforce, deforce.'^ To force ; violate.
Barnt his beastly heart t' efforce her chastity.
Spenser, F. Q.
efforcedt, a- [< efforce + -eeP.'\ Forceful; im-
perative.
Againe he heard a more ef arced voyce,
That l>ad him come in haste.
Speneer, F. Q., 11. viii. 4.
efformt (e-f6rm'), V. t. [= It. efformare, < L. ex,
out, + farnuire, form.] To fashion; shape;
form.
Mercifnl and gracious, thou gavest us being, raised us
from nothing, . . . eforming us alter thy own imase.
Jer. Taylor.
efformationt (ef-6r-ma'8hon), n. [< efform +
1S51
effusive
out) + franehir, free: see franchise. Cf. af- effumablet (e-fu'ma-bl), «. l< effume + -able.]
fraiicliise.] To invest with franchises or privi
leges. [Kare.]
effirayt (t-fra'), v. t. [< P. effrayer, frighten:
see affray (of which effray is a doublet) and
afraia.1 Same as affray.
Their dam upstart, out of her den efraide,
.\iul rustled forth. Speneer, F. Q., I. i. 16.
efErayablet (e-fra'a-bl), a. [< effray + -able.}
Frightful; dreadful. Harvey.
eflErayant (e-fra'ant), a. [F., ppr. of effrayer,
frighten: see effray and -a«A.] Frightful;
alarming.
The frontal sinus, or the projection over the eyebrows,
is largely developed [iu the microcephalous idiotl, and
the jaws are prognathous to an effrayant degree.
Daricin, Descent of Man, I. 117.
effray^ (e-fra-ya'), o. [P., pp. of effrayer,
frighten: see effray.] In %er., same as ram-
ptnit.
effrenationt (ef-re-na'shgn), «. [< L. effrena-
tio{n-), < effrenare, pp. effrenatus, unbridle, < ex,
out, + frcnare, bridle, (.frenum, a bridle.] Un-
bridled rashness or license ; unruliness. Glos-
^ .,..-_ sographia Aug., 1707.
-atiuii.] The act of giving shape or form; effirontt (e-frunf), f. t. [< LL.e^r<m(<-)s,bare
formation
Pretending to give an account of the production and
efformation of the univerae. Ray, Works of Creation, i.
effort (ef'ort or -*rt), ». [< P. effort, OP. ef-
fort, esfort = Pr. esfort = Sp. esfuerzo = Pg.
esforip = It. sforzo, an effort ; verbal n. of the
verb (ML. effortiare) represented by effort, v.,
and efforce: see effort, r., and efforce.] 1. Vol-
untary exertion ; a putting forth of the will,
consciously directed toward the performance
nna to all that ihe did.
of any action, external or internal, and usually
prepared by a psychological act of "gathering effrontery (e-
the strength " or coordination of the powers. (J" • effronteru
A voluntary action, not requiring such preparation, is, ' " ' ""
both iu the terminology of psychology and In ordinary
language, aaid to be performed without «/art.
It li more even by the efort and tension of mind re*
quired, than by the mere loss of time, that moat readers
are repelled from the habit of carefnl reading.
De Quineey, Style, L
We could never listen for a quarter of an hour to the
speaking of Sir James, without feeling that there was a
constant e/ort, a tug up hill.
Maeaulay, Sir James Mackintosh.
3. The result of exertion ; something done by
voluntary exertion ; speciflcally, a literary, ora-
torical, or artistic work.
In your more serious eforU, he says, your bombast
would Iw less intolerable if the thought* were ever suiud
to the expression. Shertdan, The Critic, i. 1.
3. In mech., a force upon a body due to a defi-
nite cause. Thus, a heavy l)ody on an inclined plane
is said to liave an efort to fall vtrtically. Also, the ef-
fective component of a force. — Center of SffOSl, 8e«
c^fif^ri. — Effort of nature (a phrase introduced by Syd-
faoed, shameless, < L. ex, out, +fron{t-)s, front,
forehead: see/rowf and n_^ron<.] To treat with
effrontery. .S'tr T. Browne.
effrontedt (e-frun'ted), a. [Also effrontit (prop.
Sc); =: F. effronte = Pr. esfrontat = It. sfron-
tnto, < L. as if 'effrontatus), < LL. effron(t-)s,
shameless: see effront.] Characterized by or
indicating effrontery ; brazen-faced.
Th" efronted whore prophetically showne
liy Holy John in his mysterious scrouls.
Stirling, Doomesday, The Second Houre.
frun'tfer-i), n. [< OF. effronterie
!ffrontene), < effronte. shameless, < LL. ef-
fron{t-)s, barefaced, shameless: see effront.]
Assurance ; shamelessness ; sauciness ; impu-
dence or boldness in transgressing the bounds
of modesty, propriety, duty, etc. : as, the effron-
tery of vice ; their corrupt practices were pur-
sued with bold effrontery.
A touch of audacity, altogether short of efrontery, and
Scott, The Abbot, iv.
far less approaching to vulgarity, gave as i£were a wild
m
SoL. „ , .
em to say that there are not a thousand men in
Capable of flying off in fumes or vapor ; volatile.
effumet (e-fiim'), v. t. [< F. eff'umer, < L. effu-
iiiaie, emit smoke or vapor, < ex, out, -t- fumare,
smoke, steam,</M»iMS, smoke, vapor : see/«me.]
To breathe or puff out ; emit, as steam or vapor.
I can make this dog take as many whllfes as I list, and
lie shall retain or effume them, at my pleasure.
B. Jonsott, Every Man out of his Humour, iii. 1.
efftmdt (e-fund'), V. t. [< L. effundere, pour out:
see effuse.] To pour out.
Olyves nowe that oute of helthes dwelle
Oyldregges salt effunde uppon the roote.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 108.
If he his life efund
To utmost death, the high God hath design'd
That we both live. Vr, H. More, Psychozoia, ii. 146.
effuse (e-fiiz'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. effused, ppr.
effusing. [< L. effusm, pp. of effundere, ecfun-
dere, pour forth, < ex, forth, + fundere, pour:
see/wsc] To pour out, as a fluid ; spill; shed.
Smooke of encense efrne in drie oxe dounge
Doo under hem, to hele hem and socoure.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 138.
Whose maiden blood, thus rigorously effvji'd.
Will cry for vengeance at the gates of heaven.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4.
Why to a man enamour'd,
That at her feet effvms all his soul,
Must woman cold appear, false to herself and him?
Steele, Lying Lover, v. 1.
effuse (e-fils'), «■ [= OF. effus = Sp. efuso =
It. effuso, < L. effusus, pp. : see the verb.] If.
Poured out freely; profuse.
'Tis pride, or emptiness, applies the straw.
That tickles little minds to mirth effuse.
Yomv], Night Thoughts, viii.
2. In bot. : (o) Very loosely spreading, as a pani-
cle, etc. (6) In lichenohgy, spread out without
definite form or figure: opposed to effigurate.
— 3. In zoiil.: (a) In conch., applied to shells
where the aperture is not whole behind, but
the lips are separated by a gap or groove. (6)
In entom., loosely joined; composed of parts
which are almost separated from one another:
oj)posed to compact or eoarctate.
effiiuet (e-fus'), "• [_< effuse, v.] Effusion; out-
pouring; loss; waste.
And umch effuse of blood doth make me faint.
Sliak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. «.
I am not a little surprised at the easy e^onfery with «. j , f,-,/-i,„ni ,, r_ y effuMon — Sd
litical gentlemen, in and out of Congreas, take it ettUSlOll (e-tu znon; n. l_ r. ejjusxon — op.
the .North who sympathize with John Brown.
Einerson, John Brown.
=ZYn, l'Hi>ertu * '■ •■-^"f<'n<rff): hardihood, au-
dacity, s,-,- li--
effirontuouslyt -\i),adv. i<*effron-
tiious (ct.OV . cffi vutcux) (irreg.< LL. f#ron( f-)«,
sliamele8.s, + -ii-ous) + -ly^.] With effrontery ;
impudently.
He moat effrontuoualy affirms the slander.
, . . /Io!7er iVortA, Eiamen, p. 23.
cnhanD.tlieconcnrrenceofphyslologlcalprocesaestandlng ./«l,i,__«.- /„ «„i<ir-s*\ /, r< VT. "riftilt^ntui
toward the expuUion of morbiflcmatur from the system. e?Hlcrate (e-ful toat), rt. [_<. HL.. eJJUlcratUK,
- Hean effort, a constant force which applied to a pai
tide taogentlaliy to it* trajectory would pri»liii'e the >anic
total work as a given variable force.- Sense of effort,
the teelliig which accompanies an exertion of tlic will, by
wliich we an made aware of having put forth force. It
la held by some payclwlogiito to accompany all sensations.
since, as they say, all sensation produces an immediate
rt- action of the will. -Syn. Attempt, trial, essay, stmffile.
effortt (ef'ort or -6rt), r. t. [< ML. effortiare,
streiigthen(cf. conforlare, strengthen: seeeom-
Cf. efforce.]
To
fort, v.). also compel, force: see effort, n
which the verb conforms,
strengthen; reinforce.
He efforted Ills spirits with the remembrance and rela-
tion of what formerly he had been and what he bad done.
Fuller, Worthies, Cheshire.
effortless (ef'6rt-les or -*rt-les), a. [< effort
+ -lf;i8.] Making no effort.
But idly to remain
Were yielding effortless, and waiting death.
Southdty, Thalaba, iv.
effossicn (e-fosh'on), n. [< LL. effosgio(n-), a
(liKs^iiH out, < L. "effodire, pp. effomus, dig out:
Hou effodient."^ The act of digging out of the
earth; exfodiation. [Bare.]
He ... set apart annual niiiui tor the recovery of
manuscripts, the effossions of coins, and the ravcuring of
mnmroiea. Mmiimu Seribltrus, I.
efl^acture (e-frak'tur), n. [< LL. effractura, a
lirciikiin; (only in ref. to housebr<'aking), < ef-
fnng<:rc, pp. cffractwi. break, break open, < rx.
out, + frangere, break: nee fraction, fracture.]
In nurg., a fracture of the cranium with depres-
!<ion of the broken bone.
effranchise (e-fran'ehiz), r. (.; pret. and pp.
cffranrliLied. ppr. effranchixtng. [< OF. effran-
(tims-, rsfranrhiKS-. stem of certain parts of ef-
francker, esfrancher. affranchise, < es- (< L. ex,
< L. ex, out, + fulcrum, a support.] In bot.,
not subtended by a leaf or bract : said of a bud
from below which the leaf has fallen.
effolge (e-fulj'), e.; pret. and pp. eff'ulged, npr.
effuTging. [< L. effiilgere, shine forth, < ex,
forth, + fulgere, shine : see fulgent.] I. tram.
To cause to shine forth; radiate; beam. [Kare.]
Firm as his cause
His bolder heart ; . . .
His eyes effulging a peculiar Ore.
Thomson, Britannia.
n. inlrans. To send forth a flood of light;
shine with splendor.
efltllgence (e-fii!'jens), «. [= Sp. efulgencia, <
L. effulgen{t-)s, ppr. : see effulgent.] A shining
forth, as of light; great luster or brightness;
splendor : as, the effulgence of divine glory.
So breaks on the traveller, faint and astray,
The bright and the balmy effutnence of morn.
Beattte, The Hermit.
To glow with the effulgence of Christian truth.
Sumner, Hon. John Pickering.
-Syn. BrilUnnee, Luster, etc. &ee radiance.
effulgent (e-ful'jent), a. [< L. effulgen(t-)s.
ppr. of effulgere', shine forth: see effulge.]
shining; bright; splendid; diffusing a flood
of light.
The downward sun
lx>ok8 out effuiijent from amid the flash
Of broken clouds. Thomson, .Spring.
effulgeutly (e-ful'jent-li), adr. In an effulgent gS^l^e-fii'sivj, a
[ili'iiilid manner,
effumabilityt (e-fu-ma-biri-ti), n. [< effuma-
hlr: see -hilily.] Tfie quality of flying off in
fumes of vapor, or of being volatile.
Paracelsus . . . seems to deflne mercury by volatility,
or (If I nuiy coin such a word) effumabilUy.
Boyh, Works, I. 639.
efusion = Pg. effusdo = It. effitsione, < L. effu-
sio(n-), < effundere, pp. effiisus, pour out: see
effuse.] 1. The act of pouring out, literally
or figuratively; a shedding forth; an outpour:
as, tTie effu.tion of water, of blood, of grace, of
words, etc.
When there was but as yet one only family in the world,
no means of instruction, human or divine, could prevent
effusion of Iduod. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. la
The . . . most pitifull Historic of their Martyrdome, I
have often perused not without effusion of tears.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 64.
Tlie effusion of the Spirit under the times of the Gospel :
by which we mean those extraordinary gifts and abilities
which the Apostles had after the Holy Ghost is said to de-
scend upon them. Stilling fleet. Sermons, I. ix.
2. That which is poured out; a fluid, or figura-
tively an influence of any kind, shed abroad.
Wash me with that precious effusion, and I shall lie
whiter than snow. Eikon Basilike.
Specifically — 3. An outpour of thought in writ-
ing or speech; a literary effort, especially in
verse : as, a poetical effusion : commonly used
in disparagement.
Two or three of his shorter effusions, indeed, . . . have
a npirit that would make them amusing anywhere.
Tieknor, Span. Lit., I. 345.
4. In pathol., the escape of a fluid from the
vessels containing it into a cavity, into the sur-
rounding tissues, or on a free surface : as, the
effusion of lymph. — 5. [ML. eff'usio{n-), tr. of Gr.
piiaic.] That part of the constellation Aquari-
us (which see) included within the stream of
water. It contains the star Fomalhaut, now lo-
cated in the Southern Fish — Effusion of gases. In
rhem., the escape of ga.ses through minute apertures into a
vacuum. In his cxperinientJ! to determine the lute of elfu-
alon of liases, (Jrahaiii iwcd thin ahcet« of metal or glass, per-
forated with minute apertures .086 millimeter or .003 inch
in diameter The rates of effusion coincided so nearly
with the rates of diffusion as to lead to the conclusion that
iHith phenomena follow the same law, and therefore the
rates of clfnsion are Inversely as the s<iuare roots of the
lensities of the gases.
[< L. as if 'effusivus, <
effundere, pp. effiisus, pour out: see effuse.] 1.
("ouringout; flowing forth prof usely : as, e^M-
sioe speech.
Th* effusive south
Warms the wide air. and o'er the void of heaven
Breathes the big clouds with vernal showers distent.
Thomson, Spring, I. 144.
effusive
Hence — 2. Making an extravagant or nndue
exhiljition of feeling.
He [Dante] is too sternly touched to be effueive and
tearful. Lowell, Among ray Books, 2d ser., p. 121.
3. Poured abroad ; spread or poured freely.
With thirsty sponge they rub the tables o'er
(The swains unite the toil) ; the walls, the floor,
Wash'd with th' effusive wave, are purg'd of gore.
Pope, Odyssey, xxii.
eflfosively (e-fu'siv-li), adv. In an effvisive
manner.
effasiveness (e-ffi'siv-nes), n. The state of be-
ing effusive.
eflected (e-flek'ted), a. In entom., bent out-
ward suddenly.
efreet (e-fref), n. Same as afrit.
"Wadna ye prefer a meeracle or twa?" asked Sandy.
. . . " Or a few e/re«te .'" added I.
Kingsley, Alton Ijocke, xxi.
efti (eft), n. [< ME. efte, eefte, more common-
ly evete, euete, later ewte, and with the n of the
indef. art. an adhering, ncfte, newte, now usu-
ally newt, q. v. Uft, though now only provin-
cial, is strictly the correct form.] A newt ; any
small lizard.
J^ts, and foul'Wing'd serpents, bore
The altar's base obscene.
Mickle, Wolfwold and UUa.
eft^t (eft), adv. [ME. eft, mft, efte, < AS. eft,
aft = OS. eft = OFries. eft, afterward, again:
Bee after. 1 After; again; afterward; soon.
Til that Kynde cam Clergie to helpen.
And in the myrour of Myddel-erde made hym eft to loke.
Piern Plowtnan (C), xiv. 132.
Let him take the bread and eft the wine in the sight of
the people.
Ttfltdate, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1850), p. 267.
efter (ef'tfer), adv. and^ep. Obsolete and dia-
lectal form of after.
eftestt. A form occurring only in the following
passage, where it is apparently either an inten-
tional blunder put into the mouth of Dogberry,
or an original misprint for easiest (in early print
eafiest or efiest). The alleged eft, ' convenient, handy,
commodious,' assumed from this superlative, is other-
wise unknown.
Yea, marry, that's the eftest way.
Shak., Much Ado, Iv. 2.
eftsoont, eftsoonst (eft-s6n', -sonz'), adv. [<
ME. eftsone, eftsones, again, soon after, also, be-
sides, < eft, again, + sone, soon: see eft^ and
»oon.] 1. Soon after; soon again; again; anew;
a second time; after a while.
Shal al the world be lost eftsones now?
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 303.
Pharaoh dreamed to have seen seven fair fat oxen, and
eftsooiis seven poor lean oxen.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc, 1850), p. 249.
2. At once; speedily; forthwith.
Ye may eftsones hem telle,
We usen here no womraen for to selle.
ChaxLcer, Troilus, iv. 181.
Sir, your ignorance
Shall efUoon be confuted.
Chapman, All Fools, ii. 1.
Hold off, unhand me, greybeard loon !
Eftsoons his hand dropt he.
Coleridffe, Ancient Mariner, i.
e. g. An abbreviation of the Latin exempli gra-
tia: for the sake of an example; for example.
Ega (e'ga), n. [NL. (Castelnau, 1835) ; a geo-
graphical name.] A
genus of adephagous
ground-beetles, of the
family Carabidw, con-
taining about 12 spe-
cies, nearly all from
tropical countries, but
two of them North
American, E. sallei
and E. Iwtula. Also
called Clialybe, Selina,
and Steleodera.
egad (e-gad'), inter}.
[A minced form of
the oath by God. Cf.
ecod, gad?, etc.] An
exclamation express-
ing exultation or sur-
prise.
Egad, that's true. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
egalt (e'gal), a. and n. [< ME. egal, < OF. egal,
esgal, igdl, egual, F. ^gal, < L. aqualis, equal:
see equal, the present E. form.] I. a. Equal.
Egal to myn offence. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 137.
Was ever seen
An emperor in Home thus overborne.
Troubled, confronted thus; and, for the extent
Of eaal justice, used in such contempt?
Shak., Tit. And., iv. 4.
IL n. An eqnal.
E^a salUi.
(Line shows natural size.)
1852
6galit6 (a-gal-e-ta'), "• [F-] Equality. This
wiird is familiar in the French revolutionary phrase lilier-
tf, f^niiW./rateraifc' (liberty, equality, fraternity), and as
the 'surname taken by I'hilip, Duke of Orleans (Philippe
Egalit^), as a token of his adherence to the revolution ;
he was nevertheless guillotined by the revolutionists in
1793.
egality (e-gal'i-ti), w. ; pi. egalities (-tiz). [< ME.
egalite, egaUtee, < OF. egalite, egaute, F. igalit6,
< 1,. (equalita(t-)s, equality: see equality, the
present E. form.] Equality. [A rare Galli-
cism.]
She is as these martires in egalite.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
That cursed France with her egalities.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
egallyt, adv. Equally.
egalnesst, «• Equalness ; equality. Nares.
Egean, a. See Mgean.
egence (e'jens), ». [< L. egen{t-)s, ppr. of
egere, be in want, be needy. Cf . indigent, iii-
digence.'] The state or condition of suffering
from the need of something; a strong desire
for something; exigence. Grote.
egerif, a. See eagerK
eger^, «. See eager^.
eger^ (e'gfer), «. [Origin not obvious.] In
hot., a tulip appearing early in bloom.
egeran (eg'e-rau), n. [< Eger, in Bohemia,
where idocrase occurs.] In mineral., same as
vestirianite.
Egeria (e-je'ri-a), n. [L. Egeria, JEgeria, Gr.
'Hytpia.] 1. Inborn, myth., a prophetic nymph
or divinity, the instructress of NumaPompilius,
and invoked as the giver of life. — 2. [NL.]
In zool.: (a) A genus of brachyurous decapod
crustaceans, of the family Maiidm, or spider-
crabs. E. indica is an Indian species. Leach,
1815. (6) A genus of bivalve shells, of the fam-
ily Donacidw, generally considered to be the
same as Galatea. Iloissy, 1805. — 3. [NL.] See
JEgeria. — 4. The 13th planetoid, discovered
by De Gasparis, at Naples, in 1850.
egerian, a. See mgerian.
Egeriidse, n. pi. [NL.] See Mgeriidm.
egerminate (e-jer'mi-nat), V. i. ; pret. and pp.
egerminated, ppr. egerminating. [< L. egermi-
natus, pp. of egerminare, put forth, sprout, < e,
out, + germinare, sprout : see germinate.'] To
put forth buds ; germinate.
egest (e-jesf), V. [< L. egestus, pp. of egerere,
bring out, discharge, void, vomit, < e, out, -1-
gerere, carry.] I. trans. To discharge or void,
as excrement : opposed to ingest.
Il.t intrans. To defecate; pass dejecta of
any kind.
There be divers creatures that sleep all winter, as the"
bear, . . . the bee, etc. These all wax fat when they sleep,
and egest not. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 899.
egesta (e-jes'ta), «. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L.
egestus, pp. ot egerere, void, vomit: see egest.]
That which is thrown out ; specifically, excre-
mentitious matters voided as the refuse of di-
gestion; excrement, feces, or dejecta of any
kind: opposed to ingesta.
During this time she vomited everything, the egesta
being mixed with bile. Med. News, XLI. 340.
egestion (e-jes'chon), n. [< L. egestio(n-), <
egerere, ■py'.egestus,'voi(i,\oiiiit: see egest] The
act of voiding the refuse of digestioUj or that
which is voided; defecation; dejection: op-
posed to ingestion.
It is confounded with the intestinal excretions and
egestions. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 13.
egestive (f-jes'tiv), a. [< egest + -ive.] Of or
for egestion: opposed. to ingestive.
eggi (eg), n. [< ME. egge, pi. egges, eggis (of
Seand. origin, < leel. egg, etc., below), parallel
with ME. ey, eye, ay, ai, pi. eyren, eiren, ayreu,
eren, etc. (this form, which disappeared in the
first half 01 the 16th century, would have given
mod. E. "ay, riming with day, etc.), of native
origin : namely, < AS. ccg, rarely ceig (in comp.
also aiger-), pi. a:gru, = D. ei = MLG. ei, eig,
LG. ei = OHG. ei, pi. eigir, MHG. ei, G. ei, pi.
eier, = loel. egg = Sw. dgg = Dan. ceg = Goth.
'addjis (?), Crimean Goth, ada = Olr. og, Ir.
ugh = Gael, ubh = W. tvy = L. ovum, later
(ivum (> It. uovo = Sp. huevo = Pg. ovo = Pr.
ov, uov, ueu = OF. ocf, P. cevf), = Gr. ^r, in
older forms uiov, Cicov, dial, ujimv, orig. *c)F6v
(NGr. ahyov, also uov), — OBulg. jaje (orig.
*dvje1) = Bulg.jVy'ce = Serv. Fol.jaje = Bohem.
vejce = Kuss. (dim.) yaitse, an egg. The orig.
form of the word is uncertain; not found in
Skt., etc.] 1. The body formed in the fe-
males of all animals (with the exception of a
few of the lowest type, which are reproduced
egg
by gemmation or division), in which, by im-
pregnation, the development of the fetus takes
place ; an ovum, ovule, or egg-cell ; the pro-
creative product of the female, corresponding
to the sperm, sperm-cell, or spermatozoon of
the male. In biology the term is used in the widest
possible sense, synonymously with ovum (which see). In
its simplest expression, an egg is a mass or speck of proto-
plasm capable of producing an organism like the parent,
sometimes by itself, oftener only by inipregnatioti with
the corresponding substance of the opposite sex ; and in
low sexless organisms the generative body is indistin-
guishable as an egg-cell from a sperm-cell. In higher ani-
mals which have opposite sexes the egg is usually dis-
tinguished from the spermatozoon by its gieater relative
size and its sphericity. Regarded morphologically, an egg
has throughout the animal kingdom one single and simple
character, or morphic valence, that of the cell, in which
a cell.wall, cell-substance, a nucleus, and a nucleolus are,
as a rule, distinguishable. Such an egg is usually of mi-
croscopic or minute size ; and, however comparatively enor-
mous an egg may become by the addition of other struc-
tures, its morphological character as a cell is not altered.
Thus, an egg, in its primitive undiiferentiated and unim-
pregnated condition, does not differ morphologically from
any other cell of an animal organism, or from the whole of
a single-celled animal, nor can the egg of a sponge, for ex-
ample, be distinguished from that of a woman. Physio-
logically, however, the egg differs enormously from other
cells, in that under proper conditions it may germinate or
build up an entire organism like that of the parent. This
is usually possible only after impregnation ; but the eggB
of parthenogenetic insects, as aphids, germinate for sev-
eral generations without the male element. The parts of
an egg may be named in general terms, the same as those
used for other cells ; but 6i)ecial names are usually applied.
Thus, the nucleolus or smallest and inmost recognizable
constituent is called the germinal spot or spot of Wag-
ner; the nucleus is called the germinal vesicle or vesicle
of Purkinje (in both cases wrongly, because these parts
are not specially concerned in germination, and may even
disappear after impregnation, the germinal vesicle proper
being quite another structure). The common cell-sub-
stance or protoplasm is the vitellus or yolk; the cell- wall
is the vitelline membi-ane, sometimes called in human
anatomy the zona pellucida. To these regular constitu-
ents of an egg may be added others, namely : (1) a large,
sometimes enormous, mass of granular colored albumen
or food-yolk, as distinguished from the proper formative
yolk, as-that constituting nearly all the ball ot yellow of
a ben's egg ; (2) a great quantity of colorless albumen,
the " white "of an egg. Both the white and the ' ' yel-
low," however large in mass, are included in what cor-
responds to the original cell-wall. But the latter may
acquire with its great increase in size a special thickness
and toughness, then becoming (3) the egg-jjod, putamen,
or membrane putaminis; which may be still further
thickened and hardened, as (4) the egg-shell, either white
or variously pigmented. Thus it is seen that the great size
of some eggs, as those of all birds, most reptiles, many
batrachians, and some fishes, is due to extraneous sub-
stances deposited upon the true egg or egg-cell. This pro-
cess of inclusion may go still further, the egg, or a mass
of eggs together, being enveloped in a glairy substance,
egg-glue or ooglcea, as that of frogs' eggs, or encased in
variously and often curiously constructed egg-cases. A
trace of this is seen in the human egg, where a little gran-
ular matter, derived from a Graafian follicle and known
as the discus protigerus, surrounds the egg-cell. Eggs the
whole of whose yolk is formative, or makes up into the
body of the embryo after segmentation of the whole vitel-
lus, are called holoblastic ; others, with a quantity of food-
yolk which does not undergo segmentation, are meroblas-
tic. All large eggs, as birds', are meroblastic. In these the
egg proper is known as the cicatricula or tread; and the
tough, stringy albimien which steadies or buoys the yellow
in the white forms the chalazai. The gei-m-yolk and the
food-yolk may occupy different relative positions. (See cen-
trolecithal, ectolecithal, etc.) The organ in which an egg is
produced, whatever its size, shape, or position in the body
of the female, is the ovary ; the passage by which it is con-
veyed to another part of the body, or to the exterior, is an
oviduct. In the former all the essential parts of the egg
appear; in the latter various accessory structures, as the
white and the shell, are deposited. All sexed animals
"lay" eggs; those in which the egg passes directly out of
the body, to be hatched outside, are called oviparous;
those in which the egg severs its vascular or vital connec-
tion with the parent, but remains inside the body to hatch,
are ovoviviparous ; those whose eggs retain vascular con-
nection with the parent, as by means ot a placenta and an
umbilical cord, so that they bring forth alive, are vivipa-
rous. In the last the oviducts are more or less modified, as
into Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, for the purpose
of gestation, as distinguished from the incubation of eggs
laid outside the body. Egg-laying, as of birds, reptiles,
insects, etc., is called oviposition; many insects have the
end of the abdomen modified into a special ovipositor. The
normal and usual shape of an egg is the sphere, preserved
even in some large eggs, as those of turtles ; many eggs
are cylindrical, with rounded ends ; the largest eggs, with
a hard chalky shell, as birds', present a characteristic fig-
ure, the ovoid, varying to more or less conical, or ellipti-
cal, or subspherical. In such cases the large end is called
the butt, the small end the point. All mammalian eggs,
excepting those of the oviparous monotremes, are spheri-
cil and microscopic ; the egg of the human female mea-
sures about lis of an Inch in diameter. A hen's egg of good
size weighs about 1,000 grains, of which the white is 600,
the yellow 300, the shell 100. An ostrich's egg holds about
3 pints. The largest known egg is that of the extinct
Madagascan elephant-bird, Jipyomis maximus, having a
capacity of about 12 dozen hens' eggs, and a long axis of s
foot or more. Eggs of many animals besides birds are im-
portant food-products, of great economic and commercial
value, as turtles' eggs, the roe of many fishes, the coral or
berry of lobsters, etc.
He eet many sondry metes, mortrewes, and puddynges,
Wombe-cloutes and wylde braune & egges yfryed with
grece. Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 63.
egg
This brid be a bank bildith his nest,
And hetpeth his eiren and hetith hem after.
Richard the Jiedeless, iii. 42.
The largest Effffs, yet warm within their Nest,
Together with the Hens which laid em, drest.
Congrtve, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xi.
S. Something like or likened to an egg in shape.
There was talcen a great glass bnl)hle with a long neck,
atichaa chymiats are wont to call a philosophical etjg. Boyle.
[Tlie egg was used by the early Christians as a symbol of
the hope of the resurrection. The use of eggs at Easter
has, doulitless, reference to the same idea. Eggs of mar-
ble have been found in the tombs of early Christians.] —
AUenegg. Seeaiic/i.— Ants' eggs. See-DiM.— Badegg,
a bad or wnrtlitess person. [Colloq.] — Coronate eggs,
costate eggs. See the adjectives.— Drappit egg. See
dm;)^i<.— Eared eggs. See rarcdi.— Easter eggs, .see
E<uteri.—Egg and anchor, egg and dart, egg and
'tongue, in nrcti., aii e;.'^'-shain.'d oniinnent altt-riiatilig
-with a dart-like uruameut, uaed to enrich the ovolo mold-
EfTg-and-dart Molding — Erectttheum. Athens.
lug. It is also called the echinut ornament. See eehinug,
4. The motive is of Hellenic origin, but has been a usual
one from Hellenic times to the present day, though it has
not preserved its Greek reflnement.— Egg Of Uie unl-
Terse, in ancient Greek cosmogony, the sphere of the »ky
with its contents, segmented at the surface of the earth,
and supixised to be an egg in process of incubation. — IBgg
Satorda^, or Feast of Eggs (Festum Uvorum), the day
before Quinquagesima Sunday.
By the common people too, the preceding Saturday
(that precedini; " the Sunday before the first in Lent"], in
Oxfordshire particularly. Is called Egn Saturday.
llamimn, iledii .£vi Kalendarium, 1. 158.
Electric 9%S, a form of electrical apparatus used to Il-
lustrate the Influence of the presaurw of the air upon the
electrical discharge. It consiata of an ellipeoldal glass
Tesael with brass rods Inserted at the ends. When It u ex-
hausted of air, and a dlschai-ge of high-potential electrici-
ty Is passed between these |>oU^, a continuous violet tuft
of light connects them, the form of which varies with ttic
degree of exhaustion. — Ephipplal egg. See ephippiat.—
JCobl'S egSt the bexoar-stone of the nioiir, an aiiteloi>e.
— Boc'a ess- 8«e roe.— To come In irith five eggst,
to make a foolish remark or suggestion.
Whiles another gyueth connsell to make peace wyth the
Kynge of Arragone, . . . another eumnuth in vyih hys
V. efjijg, and aduvscth to howke in the Kynge of Castell.
SirT. Mure, I topia, tr. by Robinwiii <ed. l&Sl), sig. E, vl.
To put all one's eggs into one basket, to venture all
onenas in one HperuTation or investment. — Totftkeeggs
for money, to allow one's self to be Imposed upon: a
saying wtiicli oritiinated at a time when eggs were soplen-
iifal as scarcely to liave a money value.
Lejfn. Mine honest friend,
Win you take eggtjat numtyl
Mam. No, my lord, III flght.
Skai., W. T., L 2.
O rogne, rogue, I shall have e(jgtfor my monty; I mnst
hang myself. JlowUy, Match at Slidnlglit.
«gg^ (eg), r. t. [< egp'^, n.] X. To apply eggs
to; cover or mix with eggs, as cutlets, flsn,
bread, etc., in cooking. — 2. To pelt with eggs.
The alnlltlon editor of the " Newport (Ky.) News" was
tffffed out of Alexandria, Can^bell County, in that State,
on Monday. BaUitnore Sun, Aug. 1, I8S7.
9fU^ (^g)> f. (. [(■ ME. eggen, incite, urge on,
instigate (in either good or Mtd sense), < Icel.
eggja = 8w. egga, upp-egga =z Dan. egge, op-
egge, incite, egg, lit. '^edge,' < Icel. egg = 8w.
egg = Dan. egg = AS. ecg, E. edge: see edge,
n., and edge, v., a doublet of egg^.'] To incite
or urge ; encourage ; instigate ; provoke : now
nearly always witu on.
Adam and Eue he egged* to don ille,
CoDsailde Cayne to cullen has brother.
Piere Plowman (C), II. 01.
Some vpon no lust & lawful grounds (being effoed on by
ambition, enule, and couetise) are induced to n>llow the
armie. llakluyt't Voyagei, I. 562.
Tboa shooldst be prancing of thy steed.
To egff thy soldiers forward in thy wan.
Oreem, Alpbonsns. ill.
egg-albumin (eg'al-bu'min), ». The albumin
which occurs in the white of eggs. It is close-
ly allied to scrum-alburain, but differs in cer-
tain physical properties.
egg-animal (eg'an'i-mal), n. One of the Ovu-
larin.
egg-apple (eg'apl), «. Same as egg-plant.
eggar, «. See egger^.
egg-bag (ce'bag), n. 1. The ovary. — 2. A bag
used l)y conjurers, from which eggs seem to be
taken HiouKh it is empty.
egg-bald (cg'buld), a. Bald as an egg; com-
pletely bald. Tennyson.
1863
egg-basket (eg'bis'ket), n. An open wire bas-
ket for use in boiling eggs, by means of which
the eggs may all be taken up at once, and the
water (Irained off of them.
egg-beater (eg'be't^r), n. An instrument hav-
ing a piece to be twirled by the hand, for use
in whijiping eggs.
egg-bira (eg'berd), n. 1. A popular name of
the sooty tern, Sterna {Haliplana) fuliginosa,
whose eggs, like those of some other terns,
have commercial value in the West Indies and
southern United States. — 2. A name of sun-
dry other sea-birds, as murres, guillemots, etc.,
which nest in large communities, and whose
eggs are of economic or commercial value.
egg-blo'wer (eg'bl6''er), «. A blo-wpipe used
by oologists iu emptying eggs of their contents
by forcing in a stream of air or water ■with the
breath through a hole in the shell made with
the egg-drill. They are of various styles and sizes, gen-
erally curved or hooked at the small end like a chemists'
blowpipe, but smaller and finer at the jwint.
egg-bom (eg'b6m), a. Produced from an egg,
as all animals are ; but specifically, hatched
from the egg of an oviparous animal.
egg-carrier (eg'kar'i-*r), n. A de'vice for trans-
porting eggs without injury, (a) A box or frame
with pockets or partitions of cloth, wire, cardlward, etc.,
for holding eacii a single epg of poultry. (6) la fish-cxd-
ture, an apparatus for carr>'ing ova in water to be subse-
quently iiatched.
egg-case (eg'kas), n. A natural casing or en-
velop of some kinds of eggs, (o) The ootheca or
case in which tlie eggs of various insects, as the cockroacli,
are contained when laid. <&) The silken case in which
many spiders inclose their eggs ; an egg-pouch, (c) The
case in which the eggs of sharks and other elasmobranchs
are contained ; a sea-barrow, (d) The ovicapsule of vari-
ous marine carnivorous gastropods, especially of the fam-
ilies Ilurcinidt^, Muricidce, etc. See ovieapettU.
egg-cell (eg'sel), n. An ovum ; an ovule ; an
egg itself, when it is in the cell stage, or state
of a cell, as a nucleated mass of protoplasm,
with or without a nucleolus, and with or with-
out a cell-wall, but ordinarily possessing both.
See orum.
egg-cleavage (eg'kle'vaj), ti. The segmenta-
tion of the vitellus of ah egg; cell-cleavage of
an egg-cell ; the germination of an ovum, ovule,
or egg from the stage of a cytula to that of a
morula, it is one of the earliest processes of germination,
in which the single mass of the formative yolk is divided
into a great numt>er of other masses or cells, liy subse-
quent differentiation of which the whole t>04ly of the
embryo is formed. Egg-cleavage proceeds in various
"rhythms" or ratios, as 2, 4, 8, itt, etc.— Discoldal egg-
cleavage. See dieeoidai.
egg-cockle (eg'kok'l), n. An edible cockle,
(iirdium elatum.
egg-cup (eg'kup), n. A cup for use in eating
soft-boiled eggs. In its original form. It is made to
hold a single egg npriglit while this is eaten out of the shell
with a spoon. Another form is double, with one end like
the former, and the reverse end larger for eggs to be
broken into it
egg-dance (eg'd&ns), n. A dance by a single
performer, who is required to execute a com-
plicated figure, blindfolded, among a number
of eggs, 'without touching them.
Preparations in the middle of the road for the egg-daTice,
so strikingly descril>e<l by Goethe.
lions. Year Book, p. 962.
e^g-drill (eg'dril), n. An instrument for drill-
ing or boring a small round hole in the shell of
a bird's egg, used by oOlogists. it consists of a lit-
tle steel or Iron bar which may t>e twirled in the fingers,
having a sharp-pointed conical head roughened to a rasp-
ing surface.
egget, n. and v. An obsolete form of edge.
eggementt, ». See eqgment.
egg-ended (eg'en'ded), a. Terminated by
uvuidui caps or ends.
Spherical shells, such as the ends of effg^ended cyllndri-
cal boilers. Rankine, Steam Engine, $ es.
egger^ (eg'tr), n. [< egg^ + -er^. Also called
eggler, where the I appears to be merely intru-
sive.] One who makes a business of collecting
eggs, as of birds or turtles.
egger^ (eg'^r), «. f< egg^, v., + -crl.] One
who eggs, urges, or incites: usually with on.
egger^ (eg'^r), n. [Also written eggar; origin
uncertain.] In entotn., a reddish-brown moth
of either of the genera Lasiocampa and Erio-
gaxter: as, the o&i-egger, L. qucrcns; the grass-
cgger, L. trifolii ; the small egger, E. lacustris.
egger-moth (eg'6r-moth), n. Same as eggerS.
eggery (eg'^r-i), n. ; pi. eggerie.i (-iz). '[< egg^
+ -erij.'] A nest of eggs; a place where eggs
are laid. [Rare.]
egg-fish (eg'fish), n. One of many names ap-
])Ued to gymnodont plectognath fishes, from
their shape when inflated. They are chiefly of
the family Tetrodontidoe.
egg-shell
egg-flip (eg'flip'), »• A hot drink made of ale
or beer with eggs, sugar, spice, and sometimes
a little spirit, thoroughly beaten together. It
is popularly called a yard of flannel, from its
fleecy appearance.
The revolution itself was born in the room of the Cau-
cus Club, amidst clouds of smoke and deep potations of
egg-Jtip. Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 98.
egg-forceps (eg'f6r''seps), n. sing, and^^^- 1.
An instrument used in fish-culture in handling
or removing ova. Also called egg-tongs. — 2.
A delicate spring-forceps used by oologists to
pick out pieces of the embryo or membrane
from eggs prepared for the cabinet.
egg-glass (eg'glas), «. 1. A sand-glass running
about three minutes, for timing the boiling of
eggs. — 2. .Aji egg-cup of glass.
egg-glue (e^'gle), ». A tough, viscid, gelatinous
substance in which the eggs of some animals,
as crustaceans, are enveloped, serving to at-
tach them to the body of the parent ; oSgloea.
egg-hot (eg'hot), B. A posset made of eggs, ale,
sugar, and brandy. Lamb.
egging (eg'ing), n. The act or art of collect-
ing eggs, as for oological or commercial pur-
poses ; the business of an egger.
egg-laying (eg'la"ing), a. Oviparous ; laying
eggs to be hatched outside the body.
eggler (eg'ler), n. See egger^.
egg-lighter (eg'li''t6r), n. Same as egg-tester.
egg-membrane (eg'mem'bran), M. The cell-
wall of an ovum ; the vitelline membrane ; in
ornith., the egg-pod.
eggmentt (eg'ment), n. [ME. eggement; < egg^
-f- -ment.1 Inciliement ; instigation.
Thurgh womannes eqgetnent
Mankind was lorn, and damned ay to die.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 744.
egg-nog (eg'nog' )» »• A sweet, rich, and stimu-
lating cold drink made of eggs, milk, sugar, and
spirits. The yolks of the egga are thoroughly mixed
with the sugar (a taldespoonful for each egg), and half a
pint of spirits is added for each dozen of eggs. Lastly,
half a pint of milk for each egg is stirred in. The whites
of the eggs are used to make a froth.
egg-pie (eg'pJ'), «. A pie made of eggs. Salli-
uell.
egg-plant (eg'plant), n. The brinjal or auber-
gme, Solanum Melongena, cultivated for its
large oblong or
ovate fruit,
which is of a
dark-purple col-
or, or sometimes
white or yellow.
The fruit is high-
ly esteemed as a
vegetable. Also
called egg-ap2>le,
mad-apple.
egg-pod (eg'-
pod), «. A pod
or case envelop-
ing and contain-
ing an e^g or
eggs; specifical-
ly, in ornith., the
membrana putaminis, the tough membrane
which lines the shell of a bird's egg. See ptir-
tamen.
egg-pop (eg'pop' ), n. A kind of egg-nog. [New
Eng.]
Lewis temporarily contended with the stronger fasci-
nations of egg-pop. Louxll, Fireside Travels, p. 59.
Flowering Brancli and Fruit of Egg-plaat
No more egg-pop, made with eggs that would have been
fighting cocks, to Judge by the pugnacity the beverage con-
taining their yolks developed. O.W. lloline^, Essays, p. 146.
egg-pouch (eg'pouch), n. A sac of silk or other
material in which certain spiders and insects
carry their eggs; the ootheca.
eggS-and-bacon (egz'and-ba'kn),n. [So called
trom the two shades of yellow in the flowers.]
1. The bird's-foot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus. —
2. Tlie toa<l-flax, Linaria vulgaris.
eggs-and-collops (egz'and-kol'ops), n. Same
as iggs-aud-baroti, 2.
egg-sauce (eg'sfts), n. Sauce prepared with
eggs, used with boiled fish, fowls, etc.
egg-shaped (eg'shapt), a. Ovoid; having the
figure of a solid whose cross-section anywhere
is circular, and whose long section is oval (deep-
er near one end than near the other). An egg-
thniied egg is technically distinguished in oology from an
elliptical, vyriform, or subspherical egg.
egg-shell (eg'shel), n. The shell or outside
covering of an egg: chiefly said of the hard,
brittle, calcareous covering of birds' eggs. This
shell consists mostly of carbonate of lime or chalk, depos-
egg-shell
ited upon and in among the libers of the egg-pod or puta-
men. It is a secretion of a partieular calcitlc tract of tlie
oviduct near the end of that tube. It may be nearly col-
orless and of such crystalline purity and ti-anslucency that
the contents of the fresh egg show a pinkish blush through
it, or very heavy, oiwiiue, flaky white ; whole-colored of
various tones, as green, blue, drab, oclirey, etc. ; or par-
ty-colore»l in many shades of reds, browns, etc., In endless
Tariety of patterns. Bi-sides the evident diversity of char-
acter in thickness, roughness, etc., the shell has many
variations in microsiwpic texture, depending upon details
of the deposition of the particles of lime in the pod. The
shell of an ostrich's egg is so thick and hard that it may se-
riouslv wound a man if the egg explodes, as it sometimes
does when addled, in consequence of the compression of
the g:ise.'< generated in decomposition.— Egg-sheU cUna,
egg-shell porceljlln, porcelain of extreme thinness and
translncenev. It was made originally in China, and is
now produced also in European factories, where the pro-
cess consists in Hlling a mold of plaster of Paris with the
material called barbotine, of which a thin film at once ad-
heres to the mold from the absorption of its moisture by
the gypsum. The liquid barbotine being U\en thrown out
and the mold put into the kiln, the film remaining in it is
baked, and can then be removed from the mold.
egg-slice (eg'slis), n. A kitchen utensil for re-
moving omelets or fried eggs from a pan.
egg-spoon (eg'spon), »i. A small spoon for eat-
ing eggs from the shell.
egg-syringe (eg ' sir ' inj), w. A small, light
metal syringe for forcing a stream of water
1854
The leaf of eglantuie, whom not to slander,
Outsweeteii'd not thy breath.
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2.
2. The wild rose or dogrose, Bosa canina.
Eglantine, cynorrodos. Levim, Manip. Vocab. (1570).
To hear the lark begin his flight, . . .
And at my window bid good morrow
Through the sweet-briar or the vine
t>r the twisted eqlanti'ne.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 48.
Eglantitie has sometimes been erroneously taken for the
egotism
3. In meiaph., the opinion that no matter ex-
ists and only one mind, that of the individual
holding the opinion. The tei-m is also applied (by
critics) to forms of subjective idealism supposed logically
to result in such an opinion. See 8olip8iit7n. = SyJL 1.
Pride, Egotivm, etc. See egotism.
egoist (e'go-ist), n. [= D. G. Dan. 8w. egoist
= P. egoiste = Sp. Pg. It. egoista; as ego + -ist.']
1. One who is characterized by egoism; a sel-
fish or self-centered person. — 2. In metaph.,
honeysuckle, and it seems more than probable that Milton ^"''. h9Wing t\e<loctrine_ of egoism.
so understood it, by his calling it " twisted." If not, he CgOlStlC, egOlStlCal (e-go-is tlk, -tl-kal), o. [<
nnist have meant the wildrose. Nares. egoint + -ic, -ical.} 1. Characterized by the vice
of egoism ; absorbed in self. — 2. In ethics, per-
taining or relating to one's self, and not to
nnist have
eglenteret, «■ [ME., also eglentier (the form
cglctere in Tennyson being a spurious mod.
archaism); = MD. eghelentier,< OF. eglentier,
eglenter, aiglantier, aglantier, esglantier (ef. Pr.
uiguiUineier), the eglantine, prop, the bush or
tree as distinguished from the flower; with
suffix -ier (E. -er"^, L. -arius), < aiglant, aiglent,
aglant, the eglantine: see eglantine.'] The
sweetbrier; eglantine.
He was lad into a gardin of Cayphas, and there he was
cround with eglentier. Mandeville, Travels, p. 14.-
The woodbine and egtetere
Drip sweeter dews than traitor's tear.
Tennyson, A Dirge.
made with a ringin the end of the piston large enough to „_i ■„_„+„, ,= „i„™'a- st'i «
insert the thuml), so that they can be worked with one eglomeratet (e-glom fer-at), »
The nozle is tine, ' ^
into an egg to empty it, or to wash the inside eglentinet, «■ An obsolete spelling of efffan-
of the shell, for oological purposes. The best are "g„g_ J/iJiWiCw
t. ; pret. and pp.
eglomerated, ppr. eglomerating. [< L. e, out, 4-
glomeratiis, pp. of glmnerare, -wind up into a
ball: see glomerate.'] To unwind, as a thread
from a ball. Coles, 1717.
egma (eg'ma), m. A humorous corruption of
en igma.
Arm. Some enigma, some riddle : come, thy I'envoy ;
begin.
Cost. No egma, no riddle, no I'envoy.
Shak., L. L. L, iii. 1.
ego (e'go), n. [< L. ego = Gr. iyu = AS. ic, E.
I: see 12.] The "I"; that wliieh feels, acts,
and thinks; any person's "self," considered as
essentially the same in all persons. This use of
the word was introduced by Descartes, and has
long been current in general literature.
The ego, as the subject of thought and knowledge, is now
commonly styled by philosophers simply the subject, and
subjective is a familiar expression for what pertains to the
hand while the other holds the egg.
and may be variously curved.
egg-tester (eg'tes't^r), «. A device for exam-
ining eggs by transmitted light to test their age
and conditio'n or the advancement of an embry-
onic chick. It may be in the form of a dark lantern with
an opening through which the egg is viewed, or of a box with
perforated lid carrying the eggs, and a reflector below for
throwing the light through them, or in the much simpler
and more practical form of a conical tube, the egg being
held toward the light against the orifice at the larger end
and observed by means of an eye-hole in the smaller end.
Also egg-lighter.
egg-timer (eg'ti^'mfer), n. A sand-glass used
for determining the time in boiling eggs.
egg-tongs (eg'tongz), n. sing, and pi. Same as
egq-forccps, 1.
egg-'tootfi (eg'toth), n. A hard point or process
on the beak or snout of the embryo of an ovip-
arous animal, as a bird or reptile, by means of
which the rupture or breakage of the egg-shell
may be facilitated.
The embryos [of serpents] are provided with an egg-
tooth, a special development like that of the chick.
Statid. Nat. Hist., III. 352.
egg-trot (eg'trot), n. In the manege, a cautious
jog-trot pace, like that of a housewife riding to
market with eggs in her panniers. Also called
cggwife-trot.
egg-tube (eg'tub), n. In zool., a tubular organ
in which ova are developed, or through which
they are conveyed to or toward the exterior of
the body ; an oviduct.
The ovaries (in Lejndoptera] consist on either side of four
very long many-chambered egg-tut>es, which contain a great
quantity of eggs. Claus, Zoology (trans.), p. 581.
egg-nrchin (eg'6r''chin), n. A globular sea-ur-
chin ; one of the echini proper, or regular sea-
urchins, as distinguished from the flat ones
known as cake-urchins, or the cordate ones
called heart-urchins.
others ; relating to the promotion of one's own
well-being, or the gratification of one's own
desires ; characterized by egoism : opposed to
altruistic.
The adequately egoittic individual retains those powere
which make altruistic activities possible.
//. Spencer, Data of Ethics, f 72.
3. In metaph., involving the doctrine that no-
thing exists but the ego.
The egoistical idealism of Fichte is less exposed to criti-
cism than the theological idealism of Berkeley.
Sir W. Hamilton.
Egoistical object, a mode of consciousness regarded as
an (jbjict. -Egoistical representationlsm, the doc-
trine tliat the external world is known to us by means of
representative ideas, and tliat these are modifications of
consciousness.
egoistically (e-go-is'ti-kal-i), adv. In an egois-
tic manner ; as regards one's self.
Each profits egoistically from the growth of an altru-
ism which leads each to aid in preventing or diminishing
others' violence. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 77.
egoity (e-go'i-ti), n. [< ego + -ity.] The es-
sential element of the ego or self ; egohood.
This innocent imposture, which I have all along taken
care to carry on, as it then was of some use, has since
been of regular service to me, and, by being mentioned in
one of my papers, effectually recovered my egoity out of
the hands of some gentlemen who endeavoured to correct
it for me. Swift, On Harrison's Tatler, No. 28.
If you would permit me to use a school term, I would
say the egoity remains : that is, that by which I am the
same I was. W. Wollaston, Religion of Nature, ix. § 8.
The non-ego out of which we arise must somehow have
an egoity in it as cause of finite egos.
Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 546.
nnrid or thinking power. In contrast and correlation to .,_,.., . , , ..
these, the terms object and objective are now in use to egOlZe (e go-iz), V. i. ; pret. and pp. egoizea, ppr.
denote the non-ego, its affections and properties, and, in cgoizing. [< ego + -ize.] To give excessive
the really existent as opposed to the ideally
Sir W. Hamilton.
general,
known.
For the ego without the non-ego is impossible in fact and
meaningless in thought, and the abstraction of the ego
from the bodily organisation and the intuition of itself liy
itself as a non-bodily entity is an artificial and deceptive
proce.ss. Maudsley, Body and Will, p. f)6.
Absolute ego. See absolute.— The empirical ego, the
self as the object of itself ; wliat " I " am conscious of as
" myself."— The pure ego, the self regarded abstractly
as the mere thinking subject, apart from every object of
thought, even itself.
attention or consideration to one's self, or to
what relates to one's self ; be absorbed in self.
[Rare.]
egophonic, egophony. See wgophonic, legoph-
ony.
egdtheism (e'go-the-izm), «. [< Gr. fju, = E.
I, -t- 0e6Q, God, + E. -ism.] The deification of
self; the substitution of self for the Deity;
also, the opinion that the individual self is es-
sentially divine.
ego-altruistic (e'go-al-tro-is'tik), a. Relating egotism (e'go-tizm or eg'9-tizm), «. [< ego
See
or pertaining to one's seli and to others
the extract.
From the egotistic sentiments we pass now to the ego-
altruistic sentiments. By this name I mean sentiments
which, while implying self-gratification, also imply grati-
fication in others ; the representation of this gratification
in others being a source of pleasure not intrinsically, but
because of ulterior benefits to self which experience asso-
ciates with it. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 619.
fe (eg'wif), «. A woman who sells eggs, egohood (e'go-hud), w. [< ego ■>r -hood.] In-
— EggWlfe-trot. Same as e<7(7 «ro(
eghet, ". An obsolete variant of eye. Chaucer
egidos, n. pi. [Sp.] See ejido.
egilopic, egilopical, etc. See wgilopic, etc.
egis, "■ See a-gis.
eglandular (e-glan'dij-lar), a. [< L. e- priv. -I-
glandula, gland : see glandular.] In biol., hav-
ing no glands.
eglandulose, eglandulous (e-glan'du-16s, -lus),
a. [< L. e- priv. -I- glandula, gland: see glan-
dulose.] Same as eglandular.
eglantine (eg'lan-tin or -tin), n. [Early mod.
E also eglentine; first in the 16th century, < F.
eglantine, 'aiglantine, now eglantine (= Pr. aig-
I'entina), eglantine (cf. OF. aiglantin, adj., per-
taining to the eglantine); with suffix -ine (E.
-tiu;, L. -inns, fem. -ina), < OP. aiglant, aiglent,
aglent =. Pr. aguilen, sweetbrier, hip-tree, <
L. 'aeulentus, an assumed form, lit. prickly,
thorny, < aculeus, a sting, prickle, thorn, < acus,
a point, needle : see aculeus, and et. aglet.] 1.
The sweetbrier, Bosa rubiginosa. It flowers in
June and July, and grows in dry, bushy places.
When the lilly leafe, and the eglantine.
Doth bud and spring with a merry cheere.
The A'odte fisherman (Child's Ballads, V. 329).
Sweet is the eglantine, but pricketh nere.
Spenser, .Sonnets, xxvi.
3ividuality ;~ personality. Brit. Quarterly Bev.
egoical (f-go'i-kal), a. [< ego + -ic-al.] Per-
taining to egoism. Hare. [Rare.]
egoism (e'go-izm), n. [= D. G. egoismus = Dan.
cgoisme = Sw. egoism = P. ego'isme = Sp. Pg. It.
e'goismo; as ego + -ism.] 1. The habit of valu-
ing everything only in reference to one's per-
sonal interest; pure selfishness or exclusive
reference to self as an element of character.
Tlie Ideal, the True and Noble that was in them having
faded out, and nothing now remaiinng but naked egoism,
vulturous greediness, they cannot live. Carlylr.
2. In ethics, the doing or seeking of that which
affords pleasure or advantage to one's self, in
distinction to that which affords pleasure or
advantage to others: opposed to altruism. In
this sense the term does not necessarily imply
anything reprehensible, and is not synonymous
with egotism.
Egoiitm is the feeling which demands for self an increase
of enjoyment and diminution of discomfort. Altruism is
that which demands these results for others.
L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 14,
Egoism comprises the sum of inclinations that aim at
purely personal gratification, each of these inclinations
having its particular gratification ; and the further we go
back in civilisation, the greater is the predominance which
these egoistic impulses have.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p, 164,
^(see egotist) + -ism.] 1. The practice of put-
ting forward or dwelling upon one's self ; the
habit of talking or writing too much about one's
self.
Adieu to etjotism ; I am sick to death at £he very name
of self, " Shelley, in Dowden, I. 101.
It is idle to criticise the egotism of autobiographies,
however pervading and intense.
W. li. Greg, Misc. Essays, 1st ser. , p. 177.
Hence — 2. An excessive esteem or considera-
tion for one's self, leading one to judge of
everything by its relation to one's own inter-
ests or importance.
The most violent egotism which I have met with ... is
that of Cardinal Wolsey, "Ego et rex mens, I and my
King." Sjm-tator, No. 562.
There can be no doubt that this remarkable man owed
the vast influence which he exercised over his contempo-
raries at least as much to bis gloomy egotism as to the
real power of his poetry. Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
Selfishness is only active egotinm.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser.. p. 364.
=Syn. Pride, Egotiam, Vanity, Conceit, Self-ctmceit, Set/-
consci(»i»ness. Pride and egotism imply a certain indif-
ference to the opinions of others concerning one's self.
Pride is a self-contained satisfaction with the excellence
of what one is or has, despising what others are or think.
Vanity is just the opposite ; it is the love of being even
fulsomely admired. Pride rests often upon higher or in-
trinsic things : as, pride of fannly, place, or power ; intel-
lectual or spiritual pride. Vanity rests often upon lower
and external things, as beauty, figure, dress, ornaments ;
but the essential difference is in the question of depen-
dence upon others. Over the same things one person might
have pride and another vanity. One may be too proud to
be vain. Conceit, or self-conceit, is an overestimate of
one's own abilities or accomplishments : it is too much an
elevation of the real self to rest upon w eal th, dress, or other
external things. Egotism is a strong and olftrnsive con-
fidence in one's self! shown primarily in conversation, not
only by frequent references to self, but by monopolizing
egotism
ftttentioii, ignoring the opinions of others, etc. It differs
from conceit chiefly in its selftshness and unconsciousness
of its appearance in the eyes of others. Cotweit becomes
egotitm when it is selfish enough to disparage otliers for
its own comparative elevation. Sei/-conxiousnetB is often
confounded with egotium, cimceit, or vanity, but it may
be only an erabarrassinK sense of one's own personality,
an inability to refrain from thinking how one appears to
others ; it therefore often makes one shrink out of notice.
Vanity makes men ridiculous, pride odious. Steele.
Pride, indeed, pervaded the whole man, was written in
the harsh, rigid hues of his face, was marked by the way
in which he stood, and, atwve all, in which he bowed.
Macaulay, William Pitt.
His excessive egotitm, which filled all objects with him-
self. Ilazlilt.
We never could very clearly understand how it is that
egotitm, so unpopular in conversation, should be so popu-
lar in writing. Maeatday, Moore's Byion.
These sparks with awkward vanity display
What the fine gentleman wore yesterday.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 329.
Cmeeit may puff a man up, but never prop him up.
RusJdn, True and Beautiful.
TbA7 that hare the least reason have the most Mlf^crm-
eeit. Whichcote,
Something which befalls you may seem a great misfor-
tune;— you . . . begin to think that it is a chastisement,
or a warning. . . . Butgivenp this egotistic Indulgence of
your fancy; examine a little what misfortunes, greater
a thousand fold, are happening, every second, to twenty
times worthier persons ; and your gel/-<Mn$eioutne*» wiU
change into pity and humility.
Runkin, Ethics of the Dust, v.
egotist fe'go-tist or eg'o-tist), n. [< ego + t
(inserted to avoid hiatus, or after the analogy
of dramatist, epigrammatist, etc.) + -int. Cf.
egoist, egoism, etc.] One who is characterized
by egotism, in either sense of that 'word.
We are all egotitts in sickness and debility.
0. W. Holme; Old VoL of Life, p. 2s.
egotistic, egotistical (e-go- or eg-^tis'tik, e-go-
or eg-o-tis ti-kal), a. Pertaining to or of the
nature of egotism ; characterized by egotism :
as, an egotistic remark ; an egotistic person.
It would, indeed, be scarcely safe to draw any decided
inferences as to the character of a writer from paaaases
directly e<joti9tical, Maeaukty.
-Syn. Conceited, rain, self-important, opinionated, as-
suming. See epotitm.
egotistically (e-go- or eg-o-tis'ti-kal-i), adv. In
an e^rotistieal manner.
egotize (e'go-tiz or eg'o-tiz), r. «. ; pret. and
pp. egoti:ed, ppr. egoti^ritig. [< ego + t (see ego-
tist) + -ize.] To talk or write much of one's
self ; exhibit egotism. [Bare.]
I e^tize in my letters to thee, not liecanse I am of much
importance to myself, but liecauae to thee both ego and
all that ego does are uiterestliig.
Cooper, To Lady Besketh.
In these hnmble eaaaykins I have taken leave to tftotiie.
Thaekeray, A Hundred Years Hence.
egrannlose (e-gran'u-los), a. [< L. e- priv. -1-
(jrrunutose.] In hot.', not granulosa; without
granulations.
egret (e'gr), n. Same as eager^.
egreet, prep. phr. as adv. A Middle English
form or agree.
Tfaene the empenmr was 4gree, and enkerly fraynes
The answere of Artbure.
JTorts ArtXwri (E. B. T. 8.), I. S07.
egre-fint, "■ See eagle-fin.
egregious (f-grCjuB), a. [< L. egregius, distin-
^i.sh('<l, surpassing, eminent, excellent, < e.
ex, out, + grex (ffreg-), flock: see gregarious.}
Above the common ; beyond what is tisual ; ex-
traordinary, (at) In a good sense, distinguished ; re-
markable.
Erictho
'Bove Uinnder sits : to thee, egregiou* soule.
Let all Hesh bend. MarHon, Sophonisba, It. 1.
He might be able to adorn this present see, and famish
history with the leoords of egregioue exploits, both of art
and valoor. Dr. U. More, Antidote against Atheism.
This essay I Pope's "Essay on Man "I affords an ^^raiTious
Instance of the prwlominance of genius, the daxxling splen-
dour of imagery, and tiie seductive powers of eloquence.
Johneon, Pope,
(t) Now, more commonly In a bad or condemnatory sense,
extreme; enormooa.
These last times, ... for Inaolency, pride, and egregious
contempt of all good order, are the wont
Hooter, Eccles. Polity, Pref., Iv.
Ah me, mr>at credulous fool,
Bgrtgbnu mnrderer, thief, anything
That s doe to all the rillalns past, in being,
• To come ! Shak., CymbeUne, t. 6.
People that want sense do always in an eit'liotu man-
ner want modesty. Steele, tatler, No. 47.
Yon have made, too, some egregioue mistakes about
English law, pointed out to me by one of the first lawyers
in the King's Bench. Sydney Smith, To Francis Jeflfrey.
»SyiL (b). Huge, monstrooa, astonishing, surprising,
nnlque, exceptional, uncommon, unprecedented.
egregionsly (f-gr^'jus-U), adv. In an egregious
manner.
1855
Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me.
For making him egregioudly an ass.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
M^hat can be more egregiouely absurd, than to dissent in
our opinion, and discord in our choice, from infinite wis-
dom? Barrow, Works, I. xviii.
egregionsness (f-gre'jus-nes), n. The state or
quality of being egregious.
egremoinet, «. An obsolete variant of agri-
mony. Chaucer.
egress (e'gres, formerly e-gres'), n. [= Pg. It.
egresso, < L. egressus, a going out, ( egressus,
pp. of egredi, go out, < e, out, + gradi, go : see
grade. Cf . ingress, progress, regress."] 1 . The
act of going or issuing out ; a going or passing
out ; departtire, especially from an inclosed or
confined place.
Their [bishops'] lips, as doors, are not to be opened but
for egress of instruction and sound knowledge.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vil. 24.
Gates of burning adamant,
Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress.
Milton, P. L., 11. 437.
2. Provision for passing out ; a means or place
of exit.
The egress, on this side, is under a great stone archway,
thrown out from the palace and surmounted with the
family arms. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 162.
3. In astron., the passing of a star, planet, or
satellite (except tne moon) out from behind
or before the disk of the sun, the moon, or a
planet.
egress (e-gres' ), r. i. [< L. egressus, pp. of egredi,
go out : see egress, n. Cf. aggress, progress.]
To go out ; depart ; leave. [Bare.]
egression (e-gresh'on), n. [= Sp. (obs.) egrc-
.'ion, < L. e'gressio(n-), < egressus, pp. of egredi,
go out: see egress.] The act of going out,
especially from an inclosed or confined place ;
departure ; outward passage ; egress. [Bare.]
Inig. So thou mayst have a triumphal egression.
Pug. In a cart, to be hanged !
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, v. 4.
The wise and good men of the world, . . . especially in
the days and periods of their Joy and festival egressions,
chose U} thrww some ashes into their chalices.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, ii. 1.
egressor (e-gres'or), «. One who goes out.
egret (e'gr'et), n. " [Also, in some senses, aigret,
aigrette, tonnerXy egrett, egrette, (egret; < P. ai-
grette, a sort of heron, a tuft of feathers, a tuft,
a cluster (of diamonds, etc.), the down of seeds,
etc., dim. of OF. 'aigrc, 'aigron, mod. F. dial.
igron, foimd in OF.only with loss of the guttural,
hiron, mod. F. hiron, a heron, whence E. tteron :
see heron.] 1. A name common to those spe-
cies of herons which have long, loose-webbed
plumes, forming tufts on the head and neck,
or a flowing train from the back.
In the famous feast of Archbishop Nevill, we And no less
than a thousand asterides, egrets or egrittes, as it is differ-
ently spelt. Pennant, Brit. Zoology.
2. A heron's plume.
Their head tyres of flowers, mix'd with silver, and gold,
with some sprigs of agrets among.
B. Jtmson, Masques, Chloridia.
3. A topknot, plume, or btmch of long feathers
upon the head of a bird ; a plumicom : as, the
egrets of an owl. — 4. Same as aigret, 2. — 6. In
hot., the flying, feathery, or hairy down of seeds,
as the down of the thistle. — 6. A monkey, Ma-
cacus cynomolgtis, an East Indian species com-
monly seen in coiiflnement.— Great white egret,
the whiff hfi'>u of F.urope (Herodiaa nVm), or of America
Egyptian
with an egret on the head, and a recurved dorsal train.
— Reddish egrets, dichrolc egrets, herons of the gen-
era Hydranassa, Dichromanagtm, Demiegretta, etc., with
variegated (sometimes white) plumage, and long dorsal
train.
egrettt, egrettet, n. See egret.
egrimony^t, "• -An obsolete form of agrimony.
Egrim&ny bread is very pleasant. R. Sharrock, 1668.
egrimony^t (eg'ri-mo-ni), n. [< L. cegrimonia,
sorrow, anxiety, < a!ger, sick, troubled, sorrow-
ful.] Sickness of the mind ; sadness; sorrow.
Coeheram,
egrlot (e'gri-ot), n. [Formerly also agriot, < OF.
agriote, "agriotte, the ordinary sharp or tart
cherry, which we also call Jgrno*-cherry " (Cot-
grave), mod. F. griotte, prob. ult. < Gr. *aypi-
"n/C (f) for dypoTiK, wild, aypioc, wild, < aypog,
field: see Agrostis, etc.] A kind of sour cherry.
egrltndet (e'gri- or eg'ri-tfld), n. [= It. egri-
tudine, < L. mgritudo, < ceger, sick, troubled, sor-
rowful.] Mental trouble; sorrow; distress;
more rarely, bodily sickness.
I do not intende to write to the cure of egritudes or
syckenesses confyrmed.
Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, iv.
Now, now we symbolize in egrifvde.
And simpathize in Cupids malady.
Cyprian Academy (1647), p. 34.
egualmente (a-gwal-men'te), adv. [It., equal-
ly, evenly, < eguale, < L. cequalis, equal.] In
music, evenly: a direction in playing.
egulse (e-gwe-za'), «• In her., same as aiguise.
Egyp'tian (e-jip'shan), a. and n. [Early mod.
E. also Egiptian, tigypcien, Egipcien (also by
apheresis Gipcien, (xipsen, etc., whence mod.
Gipsy, q. v.); < OP. Egyptien, F. Egyptian =
Sp. Egipciano, < L. jEgyptius, < Gr. AiyvTznof,
Egj'ptian, < Alytmroc (L. ^gyptus), m., Egypt,
fem., the Nile. The name does not appear to
be of Egyptian or Semitic origin.] it a. 1.
Pertaining to Egypt, a covmtry in the north-
ea.stern part of Africa, in the valley and delta
of the Nile.— 2t. Gipsy. See II., 2.-Egyptlan
architecture, the architecture of ancient Egypt, which,
among its peculiar monuments, exhibits pyramids, rock-
cut temples and tontbs, and gigantic monolithic obelisks.
The characteristic features of the style are solidity and
the majesty attending colossal size. .-Vmong its peculiar-
ities are: (a) The gradual converging or sloping inward
of most of its exterior wall-surfaces. This is especially
noticeable in the pylons or monumental gateways stand-
ing singly or in series before its temples. (&) Roofs and
American Great White H^,'rct > l[ero:iias tgrttta).
(Herodiasegretta), 3 feetor more in length, entirely white,
with a magnificent train of long, decomposed, fastigiate
plumes drooping far beyond the tail.— Little white
egret, the small white heron of Europe (Garzetta nivea),
or of America {Garzetta candidissima), about 2 feet long.
I'urtico of tlie Tcjiiplc o( liUfuii, I'tuleinaic period.
covered ways, fiat, and composed of Immense blocks of
stone, reaching from one wall or stone epistyle beam to
another, the arch, although in all its fomts of frequent
use in drains and similar works, not being employed in
architecture above ground, which holds consistently to
the system of lintel-construction. (c) Columns, ntiinerous,
close, and massive, without bases, or with broad, fiat, low
bases, antl exhibiting great variety in their capitals, from
a simple Siiuare block to a wide-si)reading bell, elaborately
carvctl with palin-leaves or other forms suggested by vege-
tation, especially in some adaptation of the lotus plant,
butl, or fiower. (d) The employment of a large concave
molding to crown the entablature, decorated with vertical
flutings or leaves, (e) Walls and columns decorated with
a profusion of sculptures in incised outline, often of ad-
mirable precision (see caro-W/(<'t?o), or in low relief, rep-
resenting divinities, men, and animals, with innumerable
hieroglyphics, brilliant and tnie. though simple, coloring
being superadded. A remarkable feature of Egyptian
architecture is the grandeur of its mechanical operations,
as in cutting, polishing, sculpturing, and transporting
enormous blocks of limestone and of granite, and in its
8tu|>endous excavations in the solid rock. The prototype
of the Greek Doric order is to be sought in such Egyptian
columnar structures as the grotto-fa<;ades of Beni-Hassan;
and from the Egyptian lotus carvings and decoration were
developed many characteristic Assyrian decorative mo-
tives, as well as the Ionic capital and the graceful aiithe-
mion-mohling of Greece. See mastaba, obelisk, pylon,
pyramid, syrinx, 2, etc. — Egyptian art, the architectu re,
sculpture, and painting of ancient Egypt, one of the most
im|>ortant of the great artistic developments of the world.
(See Egyptian architecture, above.) The earliest known
Egyptian
Egyptian sculptures, not less than 6,000 year* old, exhibit
great technical skill, approach nature with remarkable
1856
The Emtptising image of the god of Heliopolis.
C. O. Mailer, Manual of Archieol. (trans.), § 240.
ease and certainty, and far surpass in naturalness the Egyptologer (e-jip-tol'6-j6r), n. Sameasi'oW-
more conventional works which succeeded them. Yet "*/_*:""«» V" J i' " .J ^> ■'"^
the best Egjptian works of all times possess striking in-
dividuality as well as reflnement, a very large proportion
WM
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It has no frontal processes, the feathers reaching beyond
the nostrils. Steller"s duck, Neniconetta stelleri, is often
called StelUr's eider, and sometimes included iu the genus
Sottmteria. See Somateria.
The eider-duck, which swarmed on Fame island when
St. Cuthbert went to lead a lonely life there, became a
great favourite with the holy man, . . . and St. Cuthbert' a
birds are they called to this day.
Sock, Church of our Fathers, i. 279.
tologist.
The Aryan mind is offended at seeing men of another
continent clothed in such a very European garb ; it is for
Egyptologers to say whether the sculpture is correct.
E, A. Freeman, Venice, p. 171.
Egyptological (f-iip-to-loj'i-kal), a. Pertain- eider-gOOSe (i'dfer-gos), «. Same as eirfer-dMcfr.
iug to Egyptology; devoted to the study of eider-yam (i'der-yiirn), ii. A soft woolen yam
Egyptology: as, an Egyptological museum or made from the fleeces of merino sheep, sold in
work. different colors for knitting and similar kinds
Egyptologist (e-jip-tol'o-jist), «. [< Egyptol- of work.
ogy + -ist.'] One skilled or engaged in the eidograph (i'do-grW), n. [Prop. *idograph, <
study of the antiquities of Egypt, and particu- (jr. tWof, form, shape, figure, lit. that which is
larly of the hieroglyphic inscriptions and docu- seen, < idsiv = L. videre, see (see idea), +
ments. Also Egyptologer. ypd(j>ecv, write.] An instrument for copying
^[yptology (e-jip-tol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. Ajyun-Tof, designs, reduced or enlarged iu any proportion
Egypt, + -?iO}'ia, < Myeiv, speak: see -ology.'] within certain limits ; a form of pantograph.
The science of Egyptian antiquities. eidola. ■»■ Plui-al of eidolmi.
Old Testament criticism has had new stores opened to it eidolology (i-do-lol'o-ji), n. [Prop, "idolology,
by unearthings on the cognate grounds of ii'(7i/j-(oioOT/ and <; Qj.^ riJuAov, image (see idol), + -loyia, <. Xt-
Assyriology. N. A. Jiev., CKXVII. 157. ^.^^^^ speak: see -ology.'] In philos., the theory
eh (a or e), interj. [A mere syllable ; sometimes
spelled eigli; cf. ah, oh, ey, hey, heigh, etc.]
An interrogative exclamation expressive of in-
quiry, doubt, or slight surprise.
ehidos, n. pi. See ejido.
ehlite (a'lit), m. In mineral., a mineral of the
copper family, of a green color and pearly lus-
ter. It is a hydrated phosphate of copper, and
sometimes contains vanadium.
Ehretia (e-ret'i-a), n. [NL., named after G. D.
Ehret, a famous botanical artist of the 18th
century.] A genus of trees or shrubs, natural
order Boraginacem, containing about 50 species,
natives of the warmer regions of the old world.
They are of little importance, a few species having medi-
cinal properties, or furnishing useful woods.
See icosacolic.
Egyptian Sculpture.
General Rahotep (Rahotpou) and his Wife, Princess Nefert (Nofrit)
period of the first Theban crapire.
of the vast number of portrait statues and reliefs bein;
evidently likenesses, and the physical differences of class,
station, and employment, as well as ethnological differ-
ences in tlie countless historical scenes, being clearly ren-
dered. With the advent of the Ptolemies, Greek influ-
ences were brought to bear upon Egyptian art, which pro-
gressively lost its good qualities without acquiring those ^_ __ _
of the art of Greece and of Rome. The great Sphinx of eicOSaCOliC, a.
Ghizeh is the oldest as well as the largest work of sculp- oinnaaaamic n fkpp, iromiemir
ture known ; the colossi of Amenhotep (Amenhotpou) III. ^^°^^f^}^'.'\- „ Lfff „ f ",,f ' ,^ rScotch 1
at Thebes (one of them is the famous Memnon, so called) eident (l dent), a. bame as tthand. Loeoton.J
are about 52 feet high ; those of the Eamesseum are of ^n^ mind their labours wi' an eydent hand.
the same height ; and that of Tanis is nearly 60 feet high. Buriis, Cottar's Saturday Night.
Egyptian painting is strictly illumination, as the colors . ,-,,, >
-5/v_:j ^r .... .?.!.K...t ..,„.ii..„ „_ „™.i.«„„ within a eider (i der).
are laid on flat, without shading or gradation
definite outline. The drawing is typically of great beauty
the outlines being Arm, accurate, and graceful. In gem-
cutting and jewelry, in enamel, in terracotta and glass,
in the carving of wood and ivory, in metal-working, and
in the industrial arts generally, Egyptian artists and arti
l=J).eider(-vogel)'(=:'E.fowl)
G. eider{-gans) (= E. goose), the eider, <
Icel. cedhr (w pron. like E. i) = Sw. eider = Dan.
cder(-fugl) (= E. fowl).] 1. Same as eider-
duck. — 2. Same as eider-down
sans displayed great Taste and skill, and were enabled by eider-dO'Wn (i'dfer-doun), n. [< eidsr -t- dow»S,
the diffusion of material prosperity to devise and perfect
their products in endless diversity.— Egyptian bean. See
iieani.— Egyptian black ware, a name given by Wedg-
wood to one (if his varieties of fine earthenware: same as
basalt Miare(whieh see, under fcasn/f). —Egyptian blue. See
WtK.— Egyptian chlorosis. See chlorosis.— Egyptlas.
doth. Same as 7»uj/nrt;/-c(of A — Egyptian darkness,
deep or total darkness: in allusion to the ninth plague of
Egypt (Ex. X. 21-23).— Egyptian frog, a toad. Halli-
well. [Isle of Wight.] — EKi>tlan goose. See goose.—
Egyptian herring. See Acmnff.- Egyptian lotus. See
io(«.~.— Egyptian pebble, a species of agate or jasper.—
Egyptian pebbleware. See pebbleware.—Eeypiia,n
porcelain, the name given to a ceramic ware of a blue or
greenish color, made in the form of small mummy-shaped
figures, and, more rarely, of figures of divinities, and cups,
goblets, and the like, found in ancient Egyptian tombs.
The material seems to have been sand held together by a
relatively small amount of potters' clay ; this, when flred,
turns to an opaque glass or enamel throughout its whole
mass. The color is an oxid of copper, which is applied to
the surface, and stains the ware very deeply. — Egyptian
vulture. See cuituri;.- Egyptian ware, a variety of
"Wedgwood ware.
II. n. 1. A native of Egypt; a member of
any of the different races constituting the per-
manent population of Egypt; more specifically,
a member or a descendant of the ancient Egyp-
tian race or races, supposed to be now repre-
sented chiefly by the Copts and the fellahs or
peasantry, as distinguished from the Arabs and
other later settlers.— 2t. A gipsy.
George Faw and Johnnee Faw Egiptianis warconvictit,
Ac. for the blud drawing of Sande Ban-own, &c. and or-
danit the saidis Egiptianis to pay the harbour for the
leyching of the saidBarrowne. Aberd. Reg. A. (1648), V. 16.
That handkerchief
Did an Egyptian to my mother give ;
She was a charmer, and could almost read
The thoughU of people. Shak., Othello, iii. 4.
3. One of a class of wandering impostors,Wel8h
or English, who disguise themselves as gipsies
and live by telling fortunes, stealing, etc.
Egyptict (e-jip'tik), a. [< Egypt -i- -ic. Cf . D.
G. egyptisch = Dan. wgyptisk = Sw. egyptisk.}
Egyptian.
Thou, whose gentle form and face
Fill'd lately this Egyptic glass.
Middleton, Game at Chess, iii. 2.
Egyptize (e-jip'tiz), v. t. or i.\ pret. and pp.
Egyptized, ppr. Egyptizing. [< Egypt + -ize.]
To make or become Egyptian in character;
give or assume an Egyptian appearance or
quality. Also spelled Egyptise. [Rare.]
after Icel. cedhar-dim = Sw. eiderdun = Dan.
ederdun; cf. G. eiderdunen, D. eiderdons, F.
of cognition ; the explanation of the possibility
of knowledge.
eidolon (i-do'lon), n. ; pi. eidola (-la). [Also
idolon (reg. L. form idoluni, whence E. idol,
q. v.), < Gr. eWuXov, an image, phantom, imago
of a god, an idol.] 1. A likeness; an image;
a representation. — 2. A shade or specter; an
apparition ; hence, a confusing reflection or
reflected image.
Where an eidolon named Night
On a black throne reigns upright.
Foe, Dream-land.
The eidolon of James Haddock appeared to a man named
Taverner, that he might interest himself in recovering a
piece of land unjustly kept from the dead man's infant
son. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 89.
The skill of the best constructors of microscopic ob-
jectives has been of late years successfully exerted in the
removal of the "residual errors" to which these eidola
were due. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 11.
eidomusikon (i-do-mu'zi-kon), n. [Prop. (NL.)
*idomusicoti, < Gr. elSoc, form, -I- fjovaiKdg, be-
longing to music] Same as melograph.
eidoscope (i'do-skop), n. [Prop. *idoscope, < Gr.
tlSog, form, -i- okottcIv, view.] An instrument
having two perforated disks of metal, which,
revolving on their axes, produce an endless va-
riety of geometrical figures. If colored glass
disks are used, innumerable combinations of
color are obtained.
^dredon.] Down or sort feathers of the eider- uj^otea, Eidotheai, n. See Idotea.
duck, such as the bird plucks from its breast gidouranion (i-do-ra'ni-on), n.; pi. eidourania
to line the nest or cover the eggs. The com
mercial down is chiefly obtained from the common eider,
and is used in the manufacture of many beautiful fabrics,
as coverlets, robes, tippets, muffs, etc. It is one of the
very poorest conductors of heat, as well as an extremely
light substance, thus preserving great warmth with very
little weight.
eider-duck (i'der-duk), n. A duck of the sub-
family FuHgulincB and genus Somateria; espe-
cially, the common Somateria mollissima, which
inhabits both coasts of the North Atlantic.
It is much larger than the common duck, being about
2 feet long, and has a peculiarly gibbous bill with a
pair of frontal processes. The male is almost entirely
black and white in large masses, with the head tinged
with green ; the female is brown, variegated with grayer.
Eider-ducic {Somateria moiiissima, var. dressert).
redder, and duskier shades in small patterns. The down
with which these birds line their nests is copious, and is
much valued for its extreme lightness, warmth, and elas-
ticity. The birds are practically domesticated in some
places. The American bird, a slightly different variety
from the European, is known as variety dresseri; it breeds
abundantly in Labrador, Newfoundland, etc. The king
eider-duck is a very distinct species, Somateria (Erionetta)
spectalrilis, the gibbosity of the bill beingdiffercnt in shape,
and the head tinged with Ijlue as well as green. The Pacific
eider-duck is S. v-nigrum, having a black V-shaped mark
on the chin, but otherwise resembling the coinmcm eider.
The spectacled eider-duck, Somateria(Aretonetta) fischeri,
inhabits the northern Pacific ; iU bill is not gibbous, and
(-ii). [Prop. (NL.) 'iduranium, < Gr. fMof, form,
+"ovpav6g, the heavens.] A kind of orrery.
A Mr. Walker delivered here [in the Colosseum] in March,
1838, a series of astronomical lectures, chiefly memorable
on account of their being illustrated by an elaborate ma-
chine called the eidouranion, a large transparent orrery.
First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 214.
eigh (a), interj. Another spelling of eh and aye"^.
Some snake (saith shee) hath crept into me quick.
It gnawes my heart : ah, help me, I am sick,
Haue mee to bed : eigh me, a friezing-frying,
A burning cold torments me living-dying.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Magnificence.
eighet, «. An obsolete form of eye^. Chaucer.
eight! (at), o. and n. [= Sc. aucht, aught; <
ME. eight, eighte, eihte, ehte, eahte (North, aucht,
aught, auJit, auhte, ahte, etc.), < AS. eahta, rare-
ly ehta, ONorth. whto, ahta = OS. ah to = OFries.
achta, achte = D. acht = MLG. achte, acht, LG.
acht = OHG. ahto, MHG. ahte, G. acht = Icel.
dtta = Sw. otia = Dan. otte = Goth, ahtau =
Ir. ocht = Gael, ochd = W. tvyth = Com. eath
= Bret, eich, eiz = L. octo (> It. otto = Sp. ocho
= Pg. oito = Pr. oit, tieit = OF. oit, uit, huit,
F. huit) = Gr. 6/cr<i = Lith. asztHni = Skt. ashta,
eight.] I. a. One more than seven : a cardinal
numeral.
Whanne the schip was maad in which a fewe, that is to
sale eifjhte soulis weren maad saaf bi water.
Wycli/, 1 Pet. Hi.
Eight Banners. See tenner, 6.— Eight-hour law. See
hour.
II. m. 1. A number, the sum of seven and
one. — 2. A symbol representing eight units,
as 8, or VIII, or viii; hence, a curved outline
in the shape of the figure 8.
Tired out
With cutting eights that day upon the pond.
Tennyson, The Epic.
3. A playing-card having eight spots or pips.—
Figure eight, figure of eight, the symliol 8, or a figure
resemliling it.— Piece Of eight. See dollar, 1.
eight-t, "■ An obsolete spelling of ait.
eighteen (a'ten'), a. and n. [< ME. eightene,
eistvtcne, ehtetene, whtene, etc., < AS. eahtatyne,
eigbteen
eahtatiHe, rarely ehtatyne (= OS. ahtotian, ahte-
tehan = OFries. achtatiite, achtene = D. acht-
Uen = LG. achtein = OHG. ahtd:ehan, MHG.
ahtzehen, ahzeken, G. achtzehn = Icel. atjdn =
8w. aderton = Dan. atten = Goth. *aAto_Ktai-
huH (not recorded) = L. oetodecim = Gr. okt(j-
naiScKa {mi, and) = Skt. ashtddaqa (accented
on 2d syll.), eighteen), < eahta, etc., eight, +
tedn, pi. -tyne, ten: see eight, and te«, <een3.]
I. a. Eight more than ten, or one more than
seventeen : a cardinal numeral.
n. ». 1. The sum of ten and eight, or seven-
teen and one. — 2. A symbol representing eigh-
teen units, as 18, or XVIII, or xviii.
eigllteeiuno (a'ten'mo), H. and a. [An E. read-
ing of the symbol " 18mo," which ong. and prop,
stands for L. octodecimo, prop, in the phrase
»n 18»J0, i. e., in octodecimo ; abl. of L. octodeci-
mos, eighteenth, < oetodecim = E. eigh teen.'] I. n.
A size of book of which each signature is made
up of 18 folded leaves, making 36 pages to the
signature: commonly written 18»ho. In the Unit-
ed .Statfti the usual size of the 18mo iintrimraed leaf is 4
X 61 inches. The 18mo is troublesome to both printers
and binders, from it« complicated imposition and folding,
and is now little used.
n. a. Of the size of a sheet folded into eigh-
teen leaves; consisting of such sheets: as, an
eigliteeiimo page or book.
eighteenth (a'teuth'), a- and n. [< ME. 'eighte-
teitde, •ehtetethe, < AS. eahtatedtha = MHG.
ahtzehende, ahzehende, G. achL:ehnte = Icel. dt-
jdndi = I)an. attende = Sw. adertonde = Skt.
ashtdda^ (accented on last syll-)) eighteenth:
as eighteen + -th, ordinal suffix: see -M*.] I.
a. iiext after the seventeenth : an ordinal nu-
meral.
H. n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by
eighteen ; one of eighteeu equal parts of any-
thing; an eighteenth part. — 2. In music, an in-
terval comprehending two octaves and a fourth.
eightfoil (at'foil), n. [< eight + foil\ leaf; cf.
trefoil, qiuttrefoil, etc.] In her., a plant or grass
having eight rounded leaves: usually represent-
ed as a set figure consisting of a circle from
which eight small stems radiate, each support-
ing a leaf. Also called double guatrefoil.
...... . .. .^^^^^ + .fold.'
trmt's the number or quantity.
eightfold (at'fold), a. [< eight + -fold.] Eight
eighth (atth), a. and n. [< ME. eigtthe, eigh tethe,
ehtuthe, etc., often contracted (being then like
the cardinal) eight, eighte, etc., often with Scand.
term., eghterule, egtende, aghtand, ahtand, auch-
tande, etc., < AS. eahtotha, ehteotha = OS. ah-
todo = OFries. achtunda = D. achtste = OHG.
ahtodo, MHG. nhtode, ahtede, Q. achte = Icel.
dttandi = Sw. dttonde = Dan. ottende = Goth.
ahtuda, eighth: as eight (AS. eahta, etc.), eight,
+ -th, orAnal suffix: see -fA3.] I. a. Next
after the seventh: an ordinal numeral.
The aughUne conimandement e« that ** thou sail noghte
here (alie wjrttnea anjrnea tbi neghteboare."
Hampok, Proae TreatUes (E. K T. 8.), p. 11.
And (Ood) iparide not tbe flrst world, bat kept« Koe
tbe eiotke man the M-toregoer <A rightwUneiM.
Wydi/, 2 Pet 11.
TL n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by
eight ; one of eight equal parts of anything. —
2. In music: (o) The interval between any tone
and a tone on the eighth diatonic degree above
or below it; an octave. (6) A tone distant by
an eighth or octave from a given tone ; an oc-
tave or replicate. The eighth tone of a scale
is really tne prime or key-note of a replicate
scale, (c) An eighth-note. — 3. In early Kng.
late, an eighth part of the rents for the year, or
of movables, or both, granted or levied by way
of tax.
eighthly (atth'li); adv. [< eighth + -/y2.] in
tnp i-ighth place ; for or at an eighth tune.
eighth-note (atth'not), n. In musieal ttotatioH,
a note having half the time-value of a quarter-
note; a quaver: marked by the sign 1^ or C,
or, when grouped, J^ , r T.
eighth-rest (atth'rest), n. In musical notation,
II ri- s t . or sign for silence, equal in duration to an
fi^'hth-noto: marked by the sign *f.
eightieth (a'ti-eth), a. and n. [< ME. 'eigtethe,
< AS. 'hundeahtigotha (= D. tachtigste = OHG.
ahtozogosto, G. achtHgtte,eUi.): as eighty (AS.
hundeahtatig, etc.) + -elh, -th, ordinal suffix:
see -f A3.] I. <i. Next after the seventy-ninth :
an ordinal numeral.
n. n. The tiuotient of unity divided by eigh-
ty ; one of fiKlity equal parts.
eightling (at'lina), n. [< eight + -ling^.] A
com|M)un<l or twin crystal consisting of eight
individuals, snoh ae are common witS rutile.
117
1867
eightscore (at'skor), «. or n. [< eight + score."]
Eight times twenty; one himdred and sixty.
eighty (a'ti), a. and n. [< ME. eygty, eigteti,
< AS. hundeahtatig (see hund-) = OS. ahtodoch,
ahtodeg = OFries. achtantidi = D. tachtig =
OHG. aht6:o, aht6:ug, ah:oc, MHG. ahtzic, ah:ec,
G. acht:ig = Icel. dttoHt/ir, dttatiii = Sw. Attat-io,
dttio = Dan. otteti = Goth, ahtautehund, eighty:
as eight (AS. eahta, etc.) + -tig, orig. a form of
ten: see ten and -ty^.] I. a. Eight times ten,
or one more than seventy-nine ; fourscore : a
cardinal numeral.
II. «. 1. The number greater by one than
seventy-nine; the sum of eight tens. — 2. A
symbol representing eighty units, as 80, or
LXXX, or Ixxx.
-eign. A false form of -ein, -en, in /or-etjrn and
soter-eign (which see).
eigne (an or a'ne), a. [A bad spelling, in old
law writings, of OF. aisne, ainsnS (F. aine = Pr.
annatz = Sp. entenado = Pg. enteado = It. an-
tenaio), < ains, before, + n(, bom, < L. ante
natus, bom before: see ante- and natal. Cf.
puisne, ult. < L. post natus.] 1. Eldest: an
epithet used in law to denote the eldest son:
as, bastard eigne. — 2t. Belonging to the eld-
est son ; unalienable ; entailed.
eik^ (ak), n. A Scotch form of oak.
eik2 (ek), n. A Scotch spelling of eke.
eikon (i'kon), n. ; pi. eitone* (i'ko-nez). [A di-
rect transliteration (the L. form "being icon) of
Gr. eUuv, an image: see icon.] A likeness; an
image; an effigy; particularly, one of the "holy
images " of the Eastern Church. Also written
icon.
eikonic, a. See iconic.
eikosanon (i-ko-sa'ri-on), n. ; pi. eikosaria (-S).
[LGr. c'tKoaapiov (NGr. ciisoaapt), < eiKoat = L.
riginti = E. twenty.] A coin of the Eastern
Empire, equal to an obolus. Finlay, Greece
under the Romans.
eikosiheptagram (i'ko-si-hep'ta-gram), n. [<
Gr. tiK(iaii-ra, seven and twenty, + ypd/tfia, a
written character.] A system of twenty-seven
straight lines in space.
eildl (eld), ». A Scotch form of eld.
eild^ (eld), a. Not giving milk : as, an eild cow.
[Scotch.]
eilding (el'ding), «. A Scotch form of elding.
eileton (NGr. pron. e-le-ton'), n.j pi. eileta (-t&').
[LGr. etXiiTdv, the corporal, < Gr. ti?J7T<Sf, Attic
eiX^A(, rolled, wound, verbal adj. of eli^iv, Attic
eiXeiv, roll, wind.] In the Gr. Ch., the cloth or
covering, anciently- of linen, but now of silk, on
which the euchanstic elements are consecrat-
ed, and which answers therefore to the corpo-
ral of the Western Church, in the liturgies of Con-
stantinople, the unfolding and spreading of the eileton is
immediately followed by the warning to the catechumens
to depart, and by the first prayer of the faithfuL
eimer (i'mftr), n. [O. eimer, bucket.] A Ger-
man liquid measure, having a capacity of from
2 to 80 United States gallons, out most fre-
quently from 15 to 18 gallons.
-ein. [ME. -ein, -eyn, -ain, etc. : see -ain, -en.]
An archaic form of -ain, -en, preserved in rillein.
eirach (e'rach), n. [Gwel. eireag.] A hen of
tho flrst year ; a pullet. [Scotch.]
eird-houset, >>. Same as earth-houM,
eiret, ". Seo eyre^.
eirenarch, "- See ircnarch.
eirenicon, eirenikon. See irenicon.
eirie, eiry, ». See aery^.
eiselt, n. [Early mod. E. also eyteU; < ME.
eisel, eysel, ausile, aisille, < OP. aisil, aissil,
vinegar, lUt. < L. cuxtum, vinegar: see ascetic.]
Vinegar.
She was lyk thing for hunger deed.
That Ia<I her life onely by breed
Kneden with eisel strong and egre,
And thereto she was lene and megre.
Rom. 0/ the Rote, \. 217.
Like a willing patient, I will drink
Potions of eyul 'gainst my strong infection.
Shak., Soimets, cxt
f Vinegar was deemed efflcacious In preventing contagion.]
eisenrahm (i'zn-rftm), n. [G., lit. iron-cream:
eisen = E. iron ; rahm = AS. rcdm, cream.] The
German name for a variety of hematite having
a fine scaly structure, greasy feel, and cherry-
red color. It leaves a mark on paper,
eisodia, ». See isodia.
eisodicon, eisodikon, n. See isodicon.
eisteddfod (i-steiH'vod), n. ; pi. eisteddfodau (i-
steTH-vod'a). [W., a sitting, a session, assem-
bly, esp. congress of bards or literati, < eistcdd,
sitting (as a verb, sit, be seated), + mod, a
circle, inclosure.] An assembly; a meeting:
specifically applied to a national assembly or
either
congress of bards and minstrels held periodi-
cally in Wales. The eisteddfod is a very ancient
institution, but its modem form dates from about the
twelfth century. It is designed to foster patriotism, to
encourage the study of the Welsh language and literature,
and to promote the cultivation of the ancient bardic poetry
and music of the principality. Since 1819 an eisteddfod
has been held almost every year. It usually attracts thou-
sands of persons from all parts of the country, and lasts
three or four days, which are devoted to orations and con-
tests in poetry, singing, harping, etc. ; and prizes are award-
ed, amid much enthusiasm and ceremony, to the success-
ful competitors. The proceedings are conducted partly in
Welsh and partly in English. Similar meetings are some-
times held in the I nited States by citizens of Welsh origin.
eis-wool (is'wiil), n. A fine kind of worsted
used for making shawls. Diet, of Needlework.
either (e'lH^r or i'lner: see below), a. and
pron. [< ME. either, eyther, aither, ayther,
ether, (either, also eyder, ayder, etc. (also contr.
to er, asother to or), adj., pron. indef. and conj.,
< AS. oegther, contr. of Sghwmther (= OFries.
eider, aider, orig. *aiel»ceder = OHG. "eogahwe-
dar, eocahwedar, iogahwedar, iogiwedar, MHG.
iegeiceder, MG. iquedir, iquedder), either, each,
contr. of the orig. "d-ge-hwwthei; < d-, ever, in
comp. an indef. prefix equiv. to mod. E. ever-,
+ ge-, generalizing prefix, + hwa;ther, pron.,
whether: see whether, pron. The forms inter-
change in ME., in both the pronominal and
conjunctional use, with ME. awther, anther,
athir, owther, outlier, other, contr. or (whence
mod. E. or, the correlative of either, conj.), <
AS. dhwcether, contr. dwther, duther, dthor (=
OFries. ahwedder, ander, ouder = D. ieder =
MLG. ieder, ider = OHG. eohwedar, eowedar,
ioweder, MHG. ieweder, iweder, ieder, G. jeder),
either, each, < a-, ever, in comp. an indef. pre-
fix, + hircether, pron., whether: this form being
thus identical, with the exception of the prefix
ge-, with the first form. Hence, with a nega-
tive prefixed, neither^ q. v. The regular literary
pronunciation of either, according to history
and analog, is eTH^r (and so neither, neSHer) ;
but the dialectal pronunciation alHtr, which
preceded the present literary pronunciation
eTU6r, and the pronunciation iTH^r, which has
now some currency even among educated per-
sons, all have historical justification.] 1. a.
1. Being one or the other of two, taken indif-
ferently or as the case requires: referring to
two units or particulars of a class: as, it can
be done in either way; take either apple; the
boat will land on either side.
spirits, when they pleaae,
Can either sex assume, or both.
Milton, P. L., i. 424.
2. Being one and the other of two ; being both
of two, or each of two taken together but viewed
separately : as, they took seats on either side.
In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the
river, was there the tree of life. Rev. xxii. 2.
The pastor was made to take his seat before the altar,
with his two sacristans, one on either side. Prescott.
[In this use, each or both, according to construction, is
nearly If not quite always to be prefeiTed. Properly.
either refers Indefinitely to one or the other of two (ana
often in actual use, though less accurately, to some one of
any number); each, definitely to every one of two or any
larger number considered individually : a distinctness of
sigidflcatlon which ought to be maintained, since Inter-
change of the words (less practised by careful writers
now than formerly) offers no advantage, but may create
ambiguity. Both, two together, one and the other taken
jointly, should be preferred when this is the specific sense ;
but both and each may often be interchanged. Thus, the
camp may be pitched on either side of the stream (on one
or the other side Indilferently); there were two camps,
one on each side ; the camp was pitched on both sides (one
camp, divided) ; there are fine buildings on both sides of
the street, or on each side, but not on either side.]
n. pron. 1. One or the other; one of two,
taken indifferently.
Bote the bark of that on semede dimmore
Then outher of the other two.
Joteph o/ Arimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 7.
And bothe hostes made to-geder grete ioye, as soone as
eyder of tern myght sen other. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), il. 148.
Lepidus flatters both,
Of both is flatter'd ; but he neither loves,
Nor either cares for him. Shak., A. and C, il. 1.
2. Each of two ; the one and the other. [See
remarks under I., 2.]
The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat sat either of them
on his throne. 2 Chron. xvlU. 9.
Either'a heart did ache
A little while with thought of the old days.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 294.
either (e'?^6r or i'THfer: see either, a., etym.),
conj. [< ME. either, eyther, etc., awther, anther,
other, etc., contr. also or, which now prevails as
the second form in the correlation either . . .
or. Hence, with a negative prefixed, neither,
q. V. See either, a. and 2)ron. ] 1 . In one case ;
either
according to one choice or supposition (in a
series of two or more): a disjunctive conjunc-
tion, preceding one of a series of two or more al-
ternative clauses, and correlative with or before
the f oUowing clause or clauses. Sometimes, as
in poetry, or is used before the first clause also.
It befallethe sumtyme, that Cristene men beconien
Saraziues, mith^r for povertee, or for symplenesse, or elles
for here owne wykkeduesse. Mandeoille, Travels, p. 141.
Eithtr he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is In a
joamey, or peradveuture he sleepeth, 1 Ki, xviit 27.
CAia. Twas he in black and yellow.
Duch. Nay, 'tis no iimtter, either for himself
Or for the affection of his colours.
MiddUton, ilore Dissemblers Besides Women, ii. 1.
2. In any case ; at all : used adverbially, for
emphasis, after a sentence expressing a nega-
tion of one or two alternatives, or of all alter-
natives: corresponding to too similarly used
after affirmative sentences: as, he tried it, and
didn't succeed; then I tried it, but I didn't
succeed, either. That's mine ; no, it isn't, either.
[Colloq.]
ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), V. ; pret. and pp. ejacu-
lated, ppr. ejaculating. [< L. ejaculatus, pp. of
ejaculari (> F. ejaculer = Pg. ejacular), oast
out, throw out, < e, out, + jaculari, throw, dart,
< jaculum, a missile, a dart, < jacere, throw :
see eject, jet^.'] I, tram. 1. 'To throw out;
cast forth ; shoot out ; dart. [Archaic, except
in technical use.]
If he should be disposed to do nothing, do you think
that a party or a faction strong enough ... to ejaculate
Mr. Van Buren out of the window . . . would permit
him to do nothing? R. Choate, Addresses, p. 337.
A tall . . . gentleman, coming up, brushed so close to
me in the narrow passage that he received the full benefit
of a cloud of smoke which I was ejacutating.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 215.
2. To utter as an exclamation, or in an ex-
clamatory manner; utter suddenly and briefly:
as, to ejaculate a cry or a prayer.
The Dominie groaned deeply, and ejaculated, "Enor-
mous ! " Scott, Guy Mannering, xxxix.
n. intrans. To utter ejaculations ; speak in
an alDrupt, exclamatory manner.
ejaculation (e-jak-u-la'shon), n. [< L. as if
*ejaculatio{n-), < ejaculari, throw out: see ejae-
uiate.'] 1 . The act of throwing or shooting out ;
a darting or easting forth. [Archaic, except
in technical use.]
The Scripture calleth envy an evil eye ; . . . so that still
there seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an
cjacMiad'oHorirradiation of tlie eye. Bacon, Envy(ed. 1887).
2. The uttering of exclamations, or of brief
exclamatory phrases ; that which is so uttered.
The eiaculatioTis of the heart being the body and soule
of Diuine worship. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 35.
Which prayers of our Saviour [Mat. xxvi. 39], and others
of like brevity, are properly such as we call ejaculations;
an elegant similitude from a dart or arrow, shot or thrown
out. South, Works, II. iv.
When a Moos'lim is unoccupied by business or amuse-
ment or conversation, he is often heard to utter some pi-
ous ejaculation. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 359.
8. Specifically, in physiol. , the emission of se-
men ; a seminal discharge : as, the vessels of
qaeulation.
There is hereto no derivation of the seminal parts, nor
any passage from hence, unto the vessels of ejaculation.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 4.
ejaculator (f-jak'u-la-tor), n. [< NL. ejaculator,
< L. e/dCM/oW, throw out : see ejaculate.'] One
who or that which ejaculates — gaculator urinse,
ejaculator semlnis, the muscle of the penis which expels
the semen and urine from the urethra. Also called accele-
ratf/r ttriiue.
ejaculatory (e-jak'u-la-to-ri), a. and re. [= Pg.
It. ejaculatorio, < l^L. ejaculatorius, < ejacula-
tor: see ejaculator.] I. a. 1. Casting forth;
throwing or shooting out ; also, suddenly shot,
cast, or darted out. [Archaic, except in tech-
nical use.]
Giving notice by a small bell, so as in 120 half minutes,
or periods of the bullet's falling in the ejaculatorie spring,
the clock part struck. Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 24, 1656.
2. Uttered in ejaculations ; spoken with an in-
terrupted, exclamatory utterance.
The Church hath at all times used prayers of all variety,
long and short, ejaculatory, determined, and solemn.
Jer. Taylor, Polem. Discourses, Pref.
We are not to value ourselves upon the merit of ejaeu-
latory repentances, that take us by tits and starts.
Sir R. L'Bstrange.
3t. Sudden; hasty. — 4. In physiol., pertain-
ing to ejaculation ; pro'viding for the emission
of semen, etc. : as, ejaculatory seminal vessels.
— Haculatory duct or canal See duet.
H.t n. Same as ejaculation, 2.
Divine ejacuiatorieg, and all those aydes against devils.
Martton, Dutch Courtezan, iv, l.
1868
eject (e-jekt'), ''. '• [< Ij- ejeetus, pp. of eicere,
ejicere', throw out, < c, out, + jacere, throw:
see jet^, and cf . ahjcct, deject, conject, inject,
etc.] 1. To throw out; cast forth; thrust out;
discharge ; drive away or expel.
We are peremptory, to despatch
This viperous traitor ; to eject him hence
Were but one danger. Shak., Cor., iii. 1.
Every look or glalice mine eye ejecte
Shall check occasion.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 1.
Specifically — 2. To dismiss, as from office, oc-
cupancy, or ownership ; turn out : as, to eject
an unfaithful officer ; to eject a tenant.
The French king was again ejected when our king sub-
mitted to the Church. Dryden.
Old incumbents in office were ejected without ceremony,
to make way for new favorites.
Prctcott, Ferd. and Isa., iL 19.
= Sy]l. 1. To emit, extrude.— -2. To oust, dislodge.
eject (e-jekf), n. [< L. ejectum, neut. of ejeetus,
pp. ot eicere, ejicere, eject : see eject, v.] That
which is ejected; specifically, in j)A8to«., a re-
ality whose existence is inferred, but which is
outside of, and from its nature inaccessible to,
the consciousness of the one making the infer-
ence: thus, the consciousness of one individual
is an eject to the consciousness of any other.
But the inferred existence of your feelings, of objective
groupings among them similar to those among my feelings,
and of a subjective order in many respects analogous to
my own — these inferred existences are in the very act of
inference thrown out of my consciousness, recognized as
outside of it, as not being a part of me. I propose, ac-
cordingly, to call these inferred existences ejects, things
thrown out of my consciousness, to distinguish them from
ol)jects, things presented in my consciousness, phenomena.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 72.
ejecta (f-jek'ta), n. pi. [L., pi. ot ejectum, neut.
of ejeetus, pp. of eicere, ejicere, eject : see e/eci, v.]
Things that are cast out or away ; refuse.
Dust and other ejecta played but a secondary part in the
production of the phenomena.
Amer. Meteor. Jour., III. 109.
ejectameuta (e-jek-ta-men'ta), m. ^i!. [L., pi.
of ^ectamentum, that which is cast out, < ejec-
tare, cast out : see eject, v.] Things which have
been cast out ; ejecta ; refuse.
Facts . . . indicate that a considerable portion of the
new mountain may be composed of ejectamenta.
Science, V. 66.
ejection (e-jek'shon), n. [< L. ejecUo{n-), < ejee-
tus, pp. of eicere, ejicere, eject.] 1. "The act of
ejecting, or the state of being ejected^ expul-
sion; dismissal; dispossession; rejection.
Then followed those tremendous adventures, those perils
by sea, by wreck, by false brethren, by envious searchers ;
those ejecti07is upon islands, those labours by the way,
which complete in me the portrait of St. Paul.
Bale, in K. W. Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xxi.
Our first parent comforted himself, after his ejection out
of Paradise, with the foresight of that blessed seed of the
woman which should be exhibited almost four thousand
years after. Bp. Hall, Select Thoughts, § 30.
Some of these alterations are only the ejections of a
word for one that appeared to him more elegant or more
intelligible. Johnson, Pref. to Shakespeare.
2. That which is ejected ; matter thrown out or
expelled.
They [laminated beds alternating with and passing into
obsidian] are only partially exposed, being covered up by
modern ejections. Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 62.
Action of ejection and intrusion, in Scots law, an ac-
tion brought when lands or houses are violently taken pos-
session of by another, for the purpose of recovering pos-
session witli damages and violent profits. — Letters of
ejection, in Scots law, letters under the royal signet, au-
thorizing the sheriff to eject a tenant or other possessor
of land who had been decreed to remove, and who had
disobeyed a charge to remove, proceeding on letters of
horning on the decree. .
ejecti've (e-jek'tiv), a. [< e/ect + -iue.] 1. Per-
taining to ejection; casting out; expelling.
It was the one thing needful, I take it, to prove that the
sun is an orb possessing intense eruptive or ejective energy.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 422.
2. In philos., of the nature of an eject. [Re-
cent.]
This conception symbolizes an indefinite number of
ejects, together with one oI>ject which the conception of
each eject more or less resembles. Its character is there-
fore mainly ejective in respect of what it symbolizes, but
mainly objective in respect of its nature.
W. E. Clifford, Lectures, II. 74.
ejectively (f-jek'tiv-li), adv. 1. By ejection.
— 2. Inphilbs., as an eject. [Becent.]
Mental existence is already known to them ejectively,
although, as may be conceded, never thought upon sub-
jectively. N. A. Rev.,CXL.2U.
ejectment (e-jekt'ment), n. [< eject + ■ment.']
An ejecting or casting out ; specifically, a dis-
possession ; the act of dispossessing or ousting.
Driving him [the devil] out, in the face of the whole
congregation, by exorcisms and spiritual ejectments.
Warburton, Doctrine of Grace, ii. 4.
Ejector.
eke
Action of ejectment, in law, a possessory actidn, where-
in the title to real property may be tried and the pos-
session recovered, wherever the party claiming has a
right of entry. .See casual ejector, under casual.
ejector (f-jek'tor), n. One who or that which
ejects. Specifically — (a) In ^aw, one who ejects another
fromordispossesseshimof hisland. (6) A device for utiliz-
ing the momentum of a jet of steam or air under pressure
to lift a liquid or a finely divided solid,
such as sand, dust, or ashes. In the sim-
plest form two pipes are placed one
within the other, the larger one having
a conical shape at the place where the
smaller one enters it. A jet of steam or
air passing from the smaller pipe upward
into the larger pipe tends to cause any
liquid, as oil or water, within reach to
rise in the larger pipe. In oil-wells such
a device is used to raise the oil to the
surface. In another form of ejector, for
lifting water, the smaller pipe enters a
bend of the larger pipe near the top, the
force of the jet tending to lift water
through the pipe from below. The steam-
ejector is also used to lift ashes from the
furnace-room of a steamer and to dis-
charge them through a pipe passing over-
board above the water-line. The ejector
is also used to exhaust the air of a vacuum-brake ; in this
case the steam-jet moves a column of air instead of water,
(c) A device for throwing cartridge-shells from a firearm
after firing. The common ejector of single- and double-
barreled breech-loaders is a bolt underneath the gun-bar-
rel, with a head fitted to the rim of the bore, working au-
tomatically back and forth in closing and opening tiie
arm ; in the latter movement the head catches against the
rim of the shell and pushes it out of the barrel. There
are many other devices, as a spring-lever, etc.— Casual
ejector. See casual.
ejector-condenser (e-jek'tor-kon-den's6r), n.
In a steam-engine, a form of condenser operated
by the exhaust-steam from the cylinder.
ejldo (a-he'do), n. [Sp., = Pg. exido, a common,
< L. exitus, a going out, exit: see exit.] In
Spanish and Mexican law, a common ; a public
inclosed space of land. By the laws of Spain pueblos
or towns an»f their inhabitants were entitled to four square
leagues of land for their general and common use. This
tract was called the ejido. In the American law reports
the word is used in the plural, and spelled variously ejidos,
ehidos, egidos, exidos.
ejoo (e'jo), TO. [Of Malay origin.] The fiber of
the gomuti.
ejulationt (ej-9-la'shon), n. [< L. ejulatio(n-),
< ejulare, also deponent hejulari, wail, lament,
< heu, hei, ei, an exclamation of grief or fear.]
An outcry; a wailing; a loud cry expressive of
grief or pain; mourning; lamentation.
No ejulation
Tolled her knell ; no dying agony
Frown'd in her death.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, xvili. 53.
Instead of hymns and praises, he breaks out into ejula-
tiojis and effeminate wailings. Government of the Tongue.
ejurationt (ej-8-ra'shqn), n. [< LL. ejuratio^n-),
ejeratio{n-), an abjuring, a resigning, < L. yu-
rare, ejerare, abjure, renounce, resign, < e, out,
-f jurare, swear.] Solemn disavowal or renun-
ciation. Bailey, 1727.
eka-. [< Skt. elca, one. Cf. dui-.] In chem., a
prefix attached to the name of an element and
forming with it a provisional name for a hypo-
thetical element which, according to the periodic
system of Mendelejeff, should have such proper-
ties as to stand in the same group with the ele-
ment to which the prefix is made and next to it.
For example, eka-aluminium was the provisional name
given by Mendelejeff to a hypothetical element which in
the periodic system should have such properties as to stand
in the s.ame group as aluminiimi and next to it. The
recently discovered element gallium agrees in properties
with those ascril>ed to eka-aluminium, and this name is
now abandoned.
eke (ek), V. t.; pret. and pp. elced, ppr. eking.
[Early mod. E. also eelce, eek; < ME. eken, also
assibilated echen (> E. dial, etch), < AS. ecan
yean, icon (pret. ecte, pp. eced) (= OS. okian,
ocon = OHGr. ouhhoti, ouchon, auhhon = Icel.
auka (pret. emkadhi) = Sw. oka = Dan. oge),
increase, cause to grow ; secondary form, prop,
caus. of *edcan (pret. *c<}c, pp. edcen), only in
the pp. edcen (= OS. ocan, giocan), as adj., in-
creased, enlarged, made pregnant, = OS. *6can
= Icel. auka (pret. jok) = Goth, aukan (pret.
aiauk), intr., grow, increase; = L. aupere, in-
crease; prob. connected with Gr. av^avetv, av-
^civ, increase, which is akin to E. wax, increase.
'Seneeeke,adv.imdconj.] If. To increase; en-
large; lengthen; protract; prolong.
God myghte not a poynte my joies eehe.
Chaucer, Troilus, ilL 1609.
Spare, gentle sister, with reproch my paine to eelce.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vi. 22.
2. To add to; supply what is lacking to; in-
crease, extend, or make barely sufficient by ad-
dition : usually followed hy out: as, to eke out a
piece of cloth ; to eke out a performance.
More bent to eke my smarte*
Then to reward my trusty true intent,
She gan for me devise a grievous punishment.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vll. 55.
In order to eke out the present page, I could not avoid
pursuing the metaphor. Goldmnith, The Bee, No. 5.
It waa their custom, from father to son, to eke out the
frugal support derived from this little domain by the busi-
ness of a smith, to which the oldest son was habitually
brought up. Everett, Orations, II. 5.
eke (ek), n. [< ME. eke, also assibilated eche, <
AS. edca, an increase, < 'edcan, increase: see
eke, v.l Something added to something else.
Specifically — (a) A short wooden cylinder on whicn a bee-
hire is placed to increase its capacity when the bees have
flUed it with comb. [Scotch.)
Neighbour defines eke as half a hive placed below the
main hive, while a whole hive used in the same way is
called a " nadir." Phin, Diet. Apiculture, p. 31.
(6) Same as eking, 2.
eke (ek), adv. and conj. [< ME. eke, eek, ek, ec,
< AS. edc = OS. ok = OFries. dk = D. ook =
LG. dk, ok, auk = OHG. ouh, ouch, MHG. ouch,
G. auch = Icel. auk = Sw. och = Dan. og, and,
also, = Goth, auk, for, also; prob. the adverbial
ace. of a noon (cf. Icel. at auk, besides, to boot,
AS. to edcan, besides, moreover), < AS. "edcan,
etc., increase: see eke, v.] Also: likewise; in
addition. [Obsolete or archaic]
The emperour & eek sibile spoken prophesie.
And thei acordiden bothe in feere.
Hymns to rirjrin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 45.
Up Vt» rose, ap rose the lyon eke.
Spenser, F. (J., I. UL 21.
A traln-band captain eke was he
Of famous London town. Cowper, John Gilpin.
ekeberglte (ek'e-b*rg-it), ». [After the Swed-
ish mineralogist £keberg.'] A variety of scapo-
lite.
ekenamet (ek'nam), n. [ME. ekename, ekitame
(= Icel. auknafn = Sw. oknamn = Dan. ope-
rtavn), an added name, < eke, an addition, in-
crease, eton, add, + name, name : see eke and
name. Hence, by misdividing an ekename as a
nekename, the form nickname, q. v.] An added
name; an epithet; a nickname. Bee nickname.
We have thousand* of instances ... of such eke-names
or epithet-names being adopted by the person concerned.
AretuBoioffia, XUII. 110(1871).
ekia (e'ki-ft), n. The wild African dog.
eking (e'kmg), n. [Also ekeing; early mod. E.
also eeking; < ME. 'eking, echinge ; verbal n. of
eke, c] 1. The act of adding.
I dempt there much to have eeked mj store.
But such eekittg hath made my hart sore.
Spenser, Shep. CaL, Scptemlwr.
2. That which is added. SpeciOcally —(a) A piece of
wood fitted to make good a deficiency in length, as the
end of a laiee of a tblp and the like.
Ekeing is the name given to the timber which, resting
upon the shelf, ekes out or fills up the spacea between the
apron and the foremost beam, and between the stem post
and aftermoat beam— the deck hook and deck transom
. . . connecting the two sides.
TkearU, Naval Arch., i 210.
(&) The carved work under the lower part of the quarter-
piece of a ship at the aft part of the quarter-galleiy. Also
eke.
eklogite, <•• See eclogite.
elH, n. An obsolete spelling of ellX.
el-, n. See elP.
el-. [L. el-, < Gr. i>^, assimilation of h- before
A.] An assimilated form of en-^ before I, as
in el-lijnge.
-el^. [ME. -el, < AS. -el, a noon-snffix, prob.
orig. same as -ere, E.'-er. Cf. -al, -ar, and see
-lei. See-er^.] A suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin,
forming noims, originally denoting the agent,
from verbs, as in runnel: in modem English,
except after n, usually written 4e, as in bead-le,
beetJe^, beet-W^, etc. See -iei.
-el2. [(1) OF. -«I, mod. -el, -eau, m., -eUe, t, < L.
-ellus, -ella, -ellum, parallel to -iUus, etc., being
ngnally dim. -{u-«, with assimilation of a preced-
ing consonant. The suffix -( (-lo-, -lus, -el, etc. )
is a common Indo-European formative, with
different U8es,diminutive, agential, or adjective.
It appears also in -l-et, q. v. (2) See -al, etc.]
1. A suffix originally and still more or less di-
minutive in force, sometimes of Teutonic ori-
gin, as in hatch-el {= hatde-U, heck-le), but usually
of Latin origin, as in ehap-el, cup-el, (unn-«(,
etc. — 2. A suffix of various origin, chiefly Latin.
B8 in ehatt-el, ehann-el, kenn-eP, etc. (where it
represents Latin -ali$, E. -al), fenn-el, funn-el,
etc. See these words.
E laf (e la). In medieval music, the second E
above middle C : so named by Guido, in whose
system it was the highest tone: hence often
tued by the old dramatists to denote the ex-
1S89
treme of any quality, but especially any extrav-
agant or hyperbolical saying.
Necessitie . . . made him . . . stretch his braines as
high as £ (a to see how he could recouer pence to defray
his charges. Greene, Never Too Late.
There are some expressions in it [Dryden's "State of In-
nocence"] that seem straln'd and a note beyond E la.
Langbaine, Dram. Poets (ed. 1891), p. 72.
elaboracy (e-lab'o-ra-si), n. [< elaborate, a.:
see -acij!\ Illaboration. [Rare.]
A minute elaboracy of detail.
P. Robinson, Harper's Weekly, June 7, 1884, p. 367.
elaborate (f-lab'o-rat), v. ; pret. and pp. elabo-
rated, ppr. elaborating. [< L. elaboratus, pp. of
elaborare ( > It. elaborare = Sp. Pg. elaborar = F.
'^laborer), labor greatly, work out, elaborate, <
e, out, + laborare, labor: see labor, r.] I. trans.
1. To produce with labor; work out; produce
in general.
The honey, that is elaborated by the bee, . . . affords a
great deal of pleasure to the bee herself.
Boyle, Works, II. 355.
Or, in full Joy, elaborate a sigh. Young, Love of Fame.
If the Orchideae had elaborated as much pollen as Is pro-
duced by other plants, relatively to the number of seeds
which they yield, they would have had to produce a most
extravagant amount, and this would have caused exhaus-
tion. Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 288.
Specifically — 2. To improve or refine by suc-
cessive operations ; work out with great care ;
work up fully or perfectly.
There has been up to the present day an endeavour to
explain every existing form of life on the hypothesis that
it has been maintained for long ages in a state of balance :
or else on the hypothesis that it has been elaborated, and
is an advance, an improTement, upon its ancestors.
B. R. Lankester, Degeneration, p. 29.
Often ... a speaker's thought is not weighty enough
to sustain elaborated style of any kind, and, least of all,
elaborated imagery. A. Phelps, English Style, p. 285.
II. intrang. To be or become elaborate ; be
elaborated. [Bare.]
This custom [of borying a dead man's movables with
him] elaborates as social development goes through its
earlier stages. //. Speneer, Prin. of Sociol., i 103.
elaborate (e-lab'o-rat), a. [= F. 6labori = Sp.
Pg. elabora'do =; It.' elaborato, < L. elaboratus,
pp.: see the verb.] Wrought with labor ; fin-
ished with great care and nicety of detail ; much
studied ; execut«d with exactness ; highly fin-
ished : as, an elaborate discourse; an elaborate
performance.
The Expressions are more florid and elaborate in these
Descriptions than in most otlier Part* of the Poem.
Addison, Spectator, No. S21.
His style would never have been elegant ; but it might
at least hare been manly and perspicuous ; and nothing
but the moat elaborate care could possibly have made it
so bad as it is. Macautay, Mitford^s Hist Greece.
What an elaborate theory have we here.
Ingeniously nursed ap, pretentiously
Brought forth I Brouming, Ring and Book, 1. 177.
= ftjm. labored, perfected, highly wrought
elaborately (e-lab'o-r&t-li), adv. In an elab-
orate manner; with elaboration ; with nice re-
gard to exactness.
I beleeve that Ood is no more niov'd with a prayer elab-
orately pend, then men truely charitable are mov'd with
the peiiM speech of a Bagger. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxiv.
elaborateness (S-lab'd-r&t-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being elaborate, or wrooght with great
labor.
Yet it [the " Old Batchelor ") is apparently composed
with great elaborateness of dialogue, and incessant ambi-
tion of wit Johnson, Congreve.
elaboration (e-lab-5-ra'shon), n. [= F. Elabo-
ration = Sp. ehibordcion ="Pg. elaboracHo = It.
elaborazione, < L. elaboratio{ri-), < elaborare:
see elaborate.'] 1. The act of elaborating, or
working out or producing ; production or for-
mation by a gradual process : as, the elabora-
tion of sap by a tree.
Elaboration is a gradual change of structure, in which
the organism becomes adapted to more and more varied
and complex conditions of existence.
E. R. Lankester, Degeneration, p. 32.
2. The act of working out and finishing with
great care and exactness in detail ; the act of
improving or refining by successive processes;
painstakuig labor.
It is not my design in these papers to treat of my sub-
ject ... to the full elaboration. Boyle, Works, IV. 696.
3. Labored finish or completeness; detailed
execution ; careful work in all parts : as, the
elaboration of the picture is wonderful.
elaborative (e-lab'o-r»-tiv), o. Serving, tend-
ing, or having power to elaborate ; working out
with minute attention to completeness and to
details ; laboriously bringing to a state of com-
Elachlstns
pletion or perfection. -Elaborative faculty, in
psychol., the intellectual power of discerning relations
and of viewing objects by means of or in relations ; the
understanding, as defined by the German philosophers ;
the discursive faculty; thought: a phrase introduced by
Sir William Hamilton.
elaborator (f-lab'o-ra-tor), n. [= F. elabora-
teur, < L. as if "elaborator, < elaborare, elabo-
rate : see elaborate, ».] One who or that which
elaborates.
elaboratory (f-lab'o-ra-to-ri), a. and n. [< elab-
orate+-ory. As a noun, titter laboratory.] I. a.
Elaborating; tending to elaborate. [Eare.]
Il.t n. A laboratory.
He shew'd us divers rare plants, caves, and an elabora-
tory. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 1, 1665.
In this retreat of mine, shall I have the use of mine
elaboratory t Scott, Kenilworth, xviii.
elabrate (e-la'brat), a. [< NL. "elabratus, < L.
e- priv. + labrum, lip: see labrttm.] Having
no labrum : an epithet applied in entomology
to the mouth when it has no distinct labrum or
upper lip, as in the spiders and most IHptera.
Elacate (e-lak'a-te), n. [NL., < Gr. ij^xiKaTTj, dial.
T/Z-aKara, aXaadra, a distaff.] The typical genus
of fishes of the famUy Elacatidce. E. canada is a
food-flah of the Atlantic coast of North America and the
West Indies, reaching a length of 5 feet and a weight of
from 15 to 20 pounds. It is variously known as the ser-
geant-Jish, coaljish, bonito, cubby-yew or cobia, and cra6-
eater. See cut under cob(a.
elacatid (e-lak'a-tid), n. A fish of the family
Elacatidce.
Elacatidffi (el-a-kat'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ela-
cate + -idee.] A family of scombrrform fishes,
of fusiform shape, with depressed head, smooth
scales, lateral line concurrent with the back,
eight free spines representing the first dorsal
fin, a long second dorsal and anal fin, and acute-
ly lobed tail. The cranium is also characteristic. The
type is the cobia or sergeant-fish, Elacate Canada. See
cut under cobia.
elacatoid (e-lak'a-toid), a. and n. I. a. Of or
pertaining "to the Elacatidte.
n. n. An elacatid.
elachert (el'a-ch^rt), n. Same as degote.
Elachistea (el-a-kis'te-ft), n. [NL., < Gr. e^-
X'trrof, superl. oK eXa;i;i>f, "small.] A small genus
of olive-brown filamentous marine algie, be-
longing to the Phaosporea; whieh grow in small
tufts attached to other algae, especially Fucaceee.
The basal part of the tuft is composed uf densely packed
branching filaments, which at the surface branch corym-
bosely, so as to form a layer of short fllanienta(paraphyseB).
At the base of the latter are bunie the sporangia and a
series of long, unltranched filaments. Elachistea /ucicola
la the commonest species in Great Britain and America.
Elachistlnffi (el'a-kis-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ela-
chistiis + -tH(r.] A subfamily of insects, of the
?arasitic hymenopterous family Chalddidte.
hey have four-jointed tarsi, slender hind thighs, distinct
parapsides, and a submarginal vein reaching the costa
without a break. The species are all parasitic, and some
of the larvai spin Irregiilar cocoons, differing in this re-
spect from most other Chalcididcs.
EiadliBtodon (el-a-kis'to-don), n. [NL., < Gr.
f /ajtiarof , superl. oif ilaxtk, small, + odoif (orfoir-),
tooth.] A genus of Indian colubriform serpents
of the subfamily Dasypeltince, having esopha-
geal teeth formed by enameled processes of cer-
vical vertebne projecting into the gullet (as in
the genus Dasypeltis), but smooth scales, head
little distinct from the body, a grooved maxil-
lary tooth, and a loreal plate. E. westermanni
is an example. Reinhardt, 1863.
ElachisttlB (el-a-kis'tus), n. ||NL. (Spinola,
1811), < Gr. iyixunof, superl. of e^xixvc, small.]
The typical genus of ElachisHnte (which see),
Etaekistus eaeetcUi. ( Cross shows natural size. )
characterized by the one-spurred hind tibiw
and metallic colors, in Europe so species have been
described, ami in North America B ; the latter are para-
sitic upon tortrlcid larv». Sometimes wrongly spelled
EUichestus.
Elseagnacese
Elseagnaces (el'e-ag-na'se-e), B. pi [NL.,
< Eltauiiius + -aeew.] A small natural order
of apetalous exogens, scattered over the north-
em nemisphere. They are trees or shrubs, covered
with silvery or brown scales, and having alternate or op-
posit* leaves, and small white or yellow Howers. There
are only 3 genera, JCteewrnuj^, Ilii>i^>phae^ and Shep/ierdui,
including alwut 20 species, of which 4 are American.
Elseagnus (el-e-ag'nus), n. [NL., < Gr. iTialay-
jof or f /.fo) i>of,'a Boeotian mareh-plant, perhaps
myrica, sweet gale, < fAa/a, olive-tree, + ijvof,
equiv. to Xi'yof, a willow-Uke tree: see agnus
castas, under agtitis.'i A genus of shrubs or
small trees, the type of the order Elaagnacece,
of about 20 species. The fruit, sometimes edible, is
a spurious drupe formed of the fleshy calyx-tube inclosing
Flowering Branch of Oleaster {Eiaa^us angiisti/otia).
a, fruit ; b, section of same.
the one-seeded nut. .Several species are cultivated for
their ornamental silvery-scurfy foliage, especially the ole-
aster, E. angxKtifolia, of Europe, and several variegated
varieties from Japan. The silver-berry, E. argeiUea, with
silvery berries, is a native of northern America.
Elsis (e-le'is), n. [NL., so named in reference
to palm-oil, yielded by the African species, <
Gr. i^iov, olive-oil, oil in general, < e?xiia, the
olive-tree : see oil and olive!] A genus of palms,
of 3 or 4 species, found in Africa and tropical
South America, with low stems and pinnate
leaves. The fruit is red or yellow, consisting of a fleshy
and oleaginous pericarp surrounding a hard nut. The oil-
palm of Africa, E. Guineemnf!, Is common along the west-
em coast, where the oil obtained from the fruit forms an
article of food and export. It is also cultivated in Brazil
and elsewhere. See palm-oil.
Elaenia (e-le'ni-a), n. [NL. (Sundevall, 1835,
in the form Eldinia).'] An extensive genus of
small olivaceous flycatchers of Central Ameri-
ca, of the family Tyrannidce, sometimes giving
name to a subfamily Elceniinm. There are about 20
spec'es of Elixnia proper, such as E. pagami, E. placeng,
etc. The name o( the genus refers to the prevailing oliva-
ceous coloration of the species. Also written Elainia,
Elania, Elcenea.
Elaeniinae (e-le-ni-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Elcmia
+ -ituB.'] A subfamily of Tyrannidm, named
from the genus EUenia. The bill is in most cases
compressed and but sparingly bristled, contrary to the
rule in Tyrannidce ; the feet are feeble and the wings gen-
erally short. The prevailing colors are olive greens and
browns, whence the birds are collectively known as olive-
tyrants. They are distributed over all the Neotropical
region, reacliing to the border of the United States. The
limits of the subfamily are not fixed ; Sclater admits 19
genera. Also Ebmwhue, Elceiiince, Elaineinoe, Elaininte.
elseoblast (e-le'o-blast), n. [< Gr. ilmov, oil, +
jS'/MOTdg, germ.] In zool. , the urochord of certain
ascidians; a rudimentary notochord, occurring
in the embryos of the salps.
The placenta becomes more sharply marked off from the
body of the embryo, at the posterior end of which a struc-
ture known as the elceoblast — the equivalent of the note-
chord — makes its appearance. . . . The embryo is bom
as a small fully developed salpa, which, however, still
possesses the remains of the placenta and the elceoblast.
Claris, Zoology (trans.), II. 107.
elaeoblastlc (e-le-o-blas'tik), a. [< elwohlast +
-tc.] Pertaining to the elseoblast ; composing
the eleeoblast: as, elceoblastic cells.
Elaeocarpus (e-le-o-kar'pus), n. [NL., < Gr.
i'/Ma, the olive-tree, -I- Kapird^, fruit.] A genus
of trees and shrubs, of the order Tiliacew, con-
taining 50 species, natives of India and Aus-
tralia and the intervening islands. They have
simple leaves and racemes of small flowers. The fruit is
an oblong or gloliose drupe, consisting of a rough bony
nut surrounded by a fleshy pulp. In India the fruit of
several species is used in curries, or pickled like olives.
Some species of Australia and New Zealand yield a light
but very tough wfjod.
Elaeodendron (e-le-o-den'dron), n. [NL., < Gr.
i'/Mia, the olive-tree, + Shdpov, a tree.] A ce-
lastraoeous genus of small trees or shrubs, of
Top of Pope's-nose of a Skua Gull {Sterco-
rariits parasiticus).
E, elaeodochon, or oil-gland, with circlet
of feathers ; C, C, upper tail-coverts ; R,
quills of two central tail-feathers, or rec-
trtces.
1860
about 30 species, sparsely scattered through
tropical regions. E. croceum furnishes the saffron-
wooti of Natal. E. glaucum is a native of Ceylon and
Coromandel, and is icnown by the name of Ceylon tea.
Elseodes (el-e-6'dez), n. [NL. (Eschseholtz, as
Eleodes), < Gr. i/.aiMtig, contr. of c?Mioeidr/g, oily,
< £?Miov, olive-oil, oil, + eiiSof, appearance.] A
genus of beetles, of the family Teiicbrioiiidie,
containing large species with the tarsi spinose
or setose, and the connate elytra partly em-
bracing the body: so called from the oily fluid
discharged by the insects when iiTitated. There
are about 50 species, all of the United States, where they
take the place of the species of Ulaps in the old world.
E. obscura and E. gigantea are examples ; the latter is \\
inches long. The fluid, as in Blaps, is secreted by two
glands near the anus, and is sometimes ejected to a dis-
tance of three or four inches. It has a penetrating and
indescribably offensive odor. Also spelled Eleodes.
elaeodochon (el-f-od'o-kon), «.; pi. ela'odocha
(-kii)- [^ Gr. e?Mio66xo( or -66ko(, holding oil, <
ihiiov, olive-oil, oil, -I- ScxcoBac, MKcaBai, receive,
contain.] The uropygial gland or rump-gland
of a bird; the oil-gland, a kind of sebaceous
foUicle saddled upon the pope's-nose at the
root of the tail.
It is composed of
numerous slender
tubes or follicles,
which secrete the
greasy fluid, aud
the ducts of which,
uniting successive-
ly in larger tubes,
flnally open by one
or more pores, com-
monly upon a little
nipple-like eleva-
tion. Birds press
out a drop of oil
with the beak, and
dress the feathers
with it, in the opera-
tion called preen-
ing. The gland is
large and always
present in aquatic
birds, which have
need of a water-
proof plumage ; it is smaller in land-birds, as a rule, and
wanting in some. The character of tlie elffiodochon,
whetlier it be bare or surmounted by a circlet of fea-
thers, distinguishes various natural groups of birds.
elseolite (e-le'o-lit), «. [< Gr. llaiorv, olive-oil,
oil, + A/Oof, a stone.] A coarse massive variety
of nephelite, of a waxy, greasy luster, and pre-
senting various shades of green, gray, and red.
The predominance of soda in its composition renders its
alteration a frequent source of zeolites, as thomsonite.
Also elaolite.
elaeolite-syenite (e-le'o-lit-si'e-nit), n. A rock
composed essentially of the minerals elseolite
and orthoclase, and having a granitoid struc-
ture. With these minerals are very commonly associat-
ed others in lesser quantity, such as plagioclase, augite,
hornblende, biotite, magnetite, apatite, zircon, sodalite,
and sphene. The most important and classic occurrence
of elajolite-syenite is in southern Norway, where it is the
repository of many interesting minerals and of several of
the very rare metals, such as yttrium, cerium, niobium, etc.
Varieties of this rock containing considerable zircon have
been frequently designated as zircon-si/enite ; a variety
from Miask, Russia, with much mica, is known as miascite ;
one from Mount Foya in Portugal, which was supposed
to contain hornblende, as foyaite; and one from Ditro
in Transylvania, containing sodalite and spinel, as ditroite.
elaeometer (el-e-om'e-t6r), n. [< Gr. elaiov,
olive-oil, oil, + 'fierpov, a measure.] A hydrom-
eter for testing the purity of olive- and al-
mond-oils by determining their densities. Also
claiometer.
elseoptene (el-f-op'ten), n. [< Gr. IXaiov, olive-
oil, oil, + nrrjvS^, winged.] The liquid portion
of volatile oils, as distinguished from the con-
crete or crystaUizable portion, called stearop-
tene (which see). Also elaopten, oleoptene.
elaeosaccharine (e-le-o-sak'a-rin), a. [< Gr.
f/.aiov, olive-oil, oil, + oaKxapov, sugar.] Con-
taining both oil and sugar.
elaic (e-la'ik), a. [< Gr. cTixuKd^, < tTuita, the
olive-tree: see oUve.~\ Same ae oleic.
elaidate (e-la'i-dat), n. [< elaidic + -ofel.] In
cliem., a salt formed by the union of elaidic
acid with a base.
elaidic (el-a-id'ik), a. [< Gr. tkat( {cTjiiS-),
equiv. to i'Aaia, the olive-tree, + -ic] Of or
pertaining to oleic acid or elain Elaidic acid,
CjyH;i402, a fatty acid fonning crystalline leaflets, ob-
tained from oleic acid by adding nitrous or hyponitrous
acid.
elaidin, elaidine (e-la'i-din), «. [< Gr. iy.aiq
(iX«((5-), the olive-tree, + -in^, 4ne^.] In chem.,
a fatty substance, white, crystalline, produced
by the action of nitric acid upon certain oils,
especially castor-oil.
elain, elaine (e-la'in), n. [= F. Maine ; < Gr.
i'Aaia, olive-oil, oil, + -irfi, -ine^.'] The liquid
principle of oils and fats: same as olein.
Elanoides
elaiodic (el-a-od'ik), a. [< Gr. i>jii6Sji^, oily (see
Kla-.odea), +' -ic.'\ Derived from castor-oil : as,
elaiodic acid.
elaiometer (el-a-om'e-tfer), «. Same as elceom-
etcr.
elaldehyde (e-lal'de-hid), n. [< Gr. l)i.(ainv),
oil, -1- tildehydc.'i In chem., a solid polymeric
modification of acetaldehyde, containing three
molecules in one. Perhaps identical with par-
aldehyde.
Elamite (e'lam-it), n. and a. [< Elam (see def.)
4- -(7e2.] 1, n. An inhabitant of ancient Elam,
a country east of Babylonia, commonly regard-
ed as corresponding nearly to the old province
of Susiana in Persia (now Khuzistan).
II. a. Pertaining to Elam or the Elamites.
elampt (e-lamp'), V. i. [< L. e, out, + E. lamp:
see ?a»jj).] To shine.
As when the cheerful sun, elamping wide,
Glads all the world with his uprising ray.
G. Eleteher, Christ's Victory and Triumph, i.
This, indeed, is deformed by words neither English nor
Latin, l)ut simply barbarous, as elamping, eblazon, depros-
trate, purpured, glitterand, and many others.
Hallaiii, Introd. Lit. of Europe, iii. 5.
61an (a-lon'), n. [F., < elancer, shoot, incite,
refl. rush forward, dash: Beeelance.l Ardor in-
spired by enthusiasm, passion, or the like ; dash.
elance (e-lans'), v. t. [< F. ^lancer, < e- (L. e),
out, + lancer, dart, hurl, < lance, a lance.] To
throw or shoot ; hurl ; dart. [Rare.]
While thy uneiTing hand elanc'd
Another, and another dart, the people
Joyfully repeated lo !
Prior, tr. of Second Hymn of Callimachus.
Elanee thy thought, and think of more than man.
Young, Night Thoughts, ix.
eland (e'land), n. [< D. eland, an elk (in South
-Africa applied to the eland), = G. elend, elen
(> P. Man), elendthier, elk, < Lith. elnis = Pol.
jelen' = OBulg. jeleni, elk. See e^-l.] 1. The
Cape elk, Oreas canna, a large bubaline ante-
■««?3P"
Eland {Oreas canna).
lope of South Africa, standing 5 feet high at
the vrithers, and weighing from 700 to 900
pounds. Its flesh is much prized, especially the hams,
which are dried and used like tongue. It has in conse-
quence been almost extirpated in the neighborhood of
Cape Colony, where it formerly abounded. Also called elk.
Our party was well supplied with eland flesh during our
passage through the desert ; and it being superior to beef,
and the animal as large as an ox, it seems strange that it
has not yet been introduced into England. Livingstone.
2. A name sometimes used for the moose.
elanet (el'a-net), n. [< Elanus + dim. -et.] A
kite or gle'de of the genus Elanus. G. Cmier.
Elanoides (el-a-noi'dez), n. [NL. (G. E. Gray,
1848, after VielUot, 1818), < Elanus + Gr. tWof.]
A genus of birds, of the family Falconidw; the
swallow-tailed kites. The tail is extremely long and
deeply forflcate, the wings are long and pointed, the feet
Swallow-tailed Kite {Elanoides forjicatus),
are small, and the bill is simple. The genus is related to
yauclerus, of which it is held by some to be a subgenus.
The type is the swallow-tailed kite of the Ihiited States,
which is white with a glossy-black mantle, » ings, and tail,
and about two feet long, the tail forming more than half
the length when full-grown.
Elanns
Elanns (el'a-nus), H. [NL. (Savigny, 1809), <
Gr. i>Mmeiv',' drive, set in motion: see elastic.^
A genus of small milvine birds, of the fam-
ily FtUeonida; the pearl kites. They have a
w«ak bill and claws ; very short tarsi, feathered part
way down in front, but elsewhere fluely reticulate ; Ions,
pointed winsrs ; short, square, or emarginate tail, with
broad feathers ; and white coloration in part, tinged with
pearl-gray, and relieved by black in masses. There are
several species in wann and temperate countries. The
black-winged kite, E. melanopterug, is an example. The
wliite-talled kite, E. qlaueu* or E. lencumt, is a common
binl of the southern United States.
elaolite (e-la'o-Ut), n. Same as eUeolite.
elaopten {ol-aK)p'ten), n. Same as elwoptene.
Elaptaidion (el-a-fid'i-on), n. [NL. (Serville,
1SS4), < Ur. e'/jujlof, a deer, + dim. suffix -Ifiov.)
A genus of lougieom beetles, of the family Ce-
ram^ctcte, containing species of moderate or
1661
Elasmognatims
/■tafkuiioM faralUlum, natural size.
a, larva ; h, ting split open, showing inclosed pupa ; k, severed end
of twig: c, beetle ; f, Itasal >Dints of an antenna, showing ttie char-
acterlstk spines at the tip of the third ami founb joints ; /, tip of ely-
tron ; d,t,/,g.k, head, maxilla, labtom. mandible, and antenna of
larva.
large size, with moderately long spinose anten-
nfB and rounded thorax. Abont SO ipetHe* are known,
all from North .\iiierica and the West Indies. E. parol-
Utum is a coiiiiiioi) Hfiecies in the northern and eastern
United States, atniut half an iiu-h lon^, and ashy-brown in
color ; its larva bores into oak atxl hickory. Also Elaphi-
diuiH,
elaphine (el'a-fin), a. [< NL. eJapkus, < Gr. e?M-
fof, a deer : see EUiphus.'\ Pertaining to the red
deer, Cenma elaphus, or to that section of the
genus Cervus which this species represents.
Elaphodus (e-laf'o-dus), n. [NL. (Milne-Ed-
wards, 1872), irregl < Gr. l?Jx^, a, deer, + fJA>r,
form.] A genus of mnntjacs or CervuliiuE of
China, represented by Michie's tufted deer,iV<j-
bles setigeroos, and the antennce free at the base. About elasmapodoUS (el-as-map'6-dus), (7. Pertaining
w,^'^,''i''\i"%'"'°'™',-," "', *'"'"' h"?'*" A?'*""^!!. i?. to t]je Jiiasmapoda. Also elasmapod.
nparttis, about a quarter of an inch long, is a common _, . ,,-',._, , r-i>T « t^t
European species. ElasHUSe (e-las'mi-e), n. pi. [NL. ; ef. Elas-
elapiure (el'a-fui-), «. [<. Elaphuriis.'^ A large »j«s.] A group of tineid moths. i?u6«er, 1816.
deer, £?a;)Aur'M« dat-tdianus, of northern China, Elasminse (el-as-mi'ne), n. pi. [NL. (How-
remarkable for the strong development and ard, 1886), \ Elasmus + -inoe.~\ A subfamily of
Chalcididce, represented by the genus Elasmus,
having four-jointed tarsi and swollen hind
thighs. Also Elasmoidee.
elasmobranch (e-las'mo-brangk), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Elasmoiranchii.
H. n. A vertebrate of the group Elasmo-
branchii.
elasmobrancMan, elasmobrancliiate (e-las-
mo-brang'ki-an, -ki-at), a. and n. Same as
genus of Cervidw, elasmobraiich"
containing such large deer as the American Elasmobranchii (e-las-mo-brang'ki-i), n. pi.
elk or wapiti, E. (Cervus) canadensis. See cut [NL., < Gr. e?Mafi6( or cAaa/la, a metal plate (see
J ■...• £;as»n(s), -I- /3pdy;fia, gills.] A class, subclass,
or order of fishes, otherwise known as Chon-
dropterygii and Selachii, including the sharks
and skates : so named from the lamellar bran-
chiae, or plate-like gills. These lamellifonn gills are
fl.\ed both at their distal .ind proximal ends, so that they
separate the branchial cavity into as many chambers as
there are branchise. The group is characterized by the
cartilaginous skeleton, with the cranial elements not su-
tured together ; the usually heterocercal tail, with the
spinal column running into the upper lobe ; the presence
of pectoral and ventral fins; the mouth generally interior,
branching of the brow-antler and an inverse
reduction of the other antlers, but otherwise
related to the red deer and other species of the
genus Cervus.
ElaphnrtlS (el-a-fii'rus), n. [NL. (Milne-Ed-
wards), < Gr. iAoipoc:, the stag, + ovpd, tail.] A
genus of Cervidce related to the stag, but having
a longer tail and inversely developed antlers.
See elaphure.
Elaphus (el'a-fus), n. [NL. (Hamilton Smith,
1827), < Gr. e/io^, a stag.] A gen
A serpent of the family
under wapiti.
elapid (el'a-pid), n.
Elapidie.
Elapids (e-lap'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Elaps, the
typical genus, -1- -idee.'] A family of venomous
serpents, of the suborder Proteroglypha, order
Ophidia, t^Tjified by the genus Elaps. They have
poison-glamis and gro<ivetl poison-fangs, behind which are
osually solid hooked teeth, the palatine and pterygoid
bones and the lower jaw having teeth also. The tail is not
compressed, Species inhabit tropical and warm temper-
ate regions of both hemispheres. Among them are the
most poisonous of snakes, as the Indian cobra, Saja tri-
Ciaiu, and the Egyptian asp, N. haje. Others are much
to be dreaded, as the l>arle<|uin-snake of the United
States, ^aptfulviua. There are upward of 20 genera and
nnmeroas species. The family is restricted by Cope to
forms lacking postfrontal bones, when most of the ser-
pents usually placed in it are brought under Xajida (which
see). MtoElapndO!. See cuts under asp, cobrade-eapello,
and eoral-tnakf.
elapidstioil (e-lap-i-da'shon), n. [< L. elapi-
datus, cleared from stone, K e, out, + lapidatus,
pp. of lapidare, throw stones at, < lupis{lapid-),
a stone; cf. dilajHdate.'] A clearing away of
stones. Bailey, 1731. [Rare.]
elapoid (cl'a-poid), a. [< Elaps + -oid."] Re-
sembli:^; a serpent of the genus Elajis; be-
longing or related to the Elapidw; cobriform,
not crotaliform, as a venomous serpent.
Elaps (e'laps), n. [NL., a var. of elops, < L.
elops: see Elops.] A genus of venomous ser-
pents, giving name to the family Elapidte, hav-
Vif two nasal plates. The species are beautifully
ringed with -black and red, and some of them are called
coral-snakes, as E. eoraUina of tropical America, and
harlequin-snakes, as E./vlviut of North America. See cut
under coral-make.
elapae (f-laps'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. elapsed, ppr.
elapsing. [< L. clapsus, pp. of ehibi, glide away, <
e, out, away, + labi, glide, fall: see lapse.] 1.
To slide, slip, or glide away ; pass away with
or as if with a continuous gliding motion : used
of time.
Several years elaptd before such a vacancy offered It-
self by the death of the archprlest of Vzeda.
Pracott, Ferd. and Isa., 11. 5.
2t. To pass out of view or consideration; suffer
lapse or neglect.
Such great acts do facilitate our pardon, and hasten the
restitution, and in a few days comprise the elapted duty
Jer. Tat/lor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 189.
Tidted Dcet (f /a/AWtar mtcMtrnmiu).
pkodut michianut, formerly called Loohotragwi,
having onbrancbed antlers and no frontal cu-
taneous glands.
Elaphomyces (el-a-fom'i-sez), n. [NL., < Or.
i'fMf<K, adeer, + inioK, a mushroom.] A genus
of subterranean fungi, belonging to the IVie-
raceCB. ElaphomyteM frrannlatwi, the common species,
produces nearly spherical tuber-like conceptacles, vary-
ing from the size ot a baielnut to that ot a walnut. The
surface is eorered with fine
warts. The contents consist
chiefly of the black spores,
from 1 to 8 in each ascus.
Elaphrids (e-laf 'ri-de),
u. pi. [NL., < Elaph-
rus + -itUe.] A family
of Coleoptera, named
from the genus Elaph-
rus. Also Elaphriaea,
Elaphrides.
Elaphms (e-laf'ms), n.
[.NL. fFabricins, 1801),
< Cir. i//i^p6i, light in
moving.] A genus of
adephagous beetles, of
the family Carabidte
and subfamily Cara-
bina. They are of small
Sise and stout form, with the Sta/krus ri/ariui.
tljrtra tmpreased, the mandi- (Lias ibows natural itse.)
of many months.
elapse (f-laps'), n. [< elapse, v.] The act of
passing;' lapse. [Bare.]
To sink themselves [the Pietistsl into an entire repose
and tranquillity of mind. In this state of silence to at-
tend the secret elap— and flowinga in of the Holy Spirit,
that may flU their minds with peace and consolation, joys
orraptures. .ildd>son,Ban>arksonItaly(ed. Bohn), 1.531.
After an elapt of year*.
AnnaU qf Pha. and Pmn., I. 533.
Brain of Skate l/taia batis), an elasmobranchiate fish.
W, from above: r, olfactory bulbs : a, cerebral hemispheres, united
in the middle line : *, thalamencephalon ^ c, mesencephalon ; rf, cere-
bellum ; aa, plaited bands formed by the restiform bodies ; /, //,
/p', y, first (olfactory), second (optic), fourth, and fifth pairs of cere-
bral nerves ; /, medulla oblongata j w, a blood-vessel. B. from be-
low, in part enlarged ! ck. optic chiasm : A, pituitary body ; n and
V, vessels connected with k; k, saccus vasculosus; p, pyramids of
medulla oblongata ; a, I. //, y, same as in ^.
or on the under surface of the head ; the gill-pouches and
■slits usually 6, sometimes 6 or 7, generally with an equal
number of external apertures, but in the Ilolocephali with
only one on each side ; the optic nerves chiasmal ; the
intestine with a spiral valve, and the arterial cone with
pluriserial valves ; and the skin either naked, or with pla-
coid scales, forming shagreen or other armor. The division
of the group varies ; it is now usually divided into two sub-
classes, lliilocephali and Plagiottomi, the latter including
the sliarks and the rays.
Same as
Elasmodectes (c-las-mo-dek'tez), n.
Elasmoqnathus, 2.
[NL., < Elaps + Elasmo'don (e-las'mo-don), n. [NL., < Gr. tAaa-
//of, a thin plate (see Elasvius), + otSofcf (odovr-)
= E. tooth.] A genus of elephants, the same
Elapsids (e-lap'si-de), n.pf.
-iVte.] Same as Elapidte.
elapslon (e-lap'shon), n. [< elapse + -ion.] The ^ „ . . . >
net of elapsing ; lapse. E. Phillips, 1706. [Rare.] as Elephas proper, or Enclephas, containing the
elaqneate (e-lak'^we-at), «. t. : pret. and pp. Asiatic as distinguished from the African ele-
elaqucated, ppr. elaqueating. [< L. elaqueatus, phant of the genus Loxodon : so named by Fal-
pp. of elaqueare, disentangle, < e, out, + laqueiis, coner from the laminar pattern of the molars.
a snare.] To disentangle. Coles, 1717. [Rare.] See first cut under elephant.
Elaslpoda(el-a-8ip'6-da), n.pZ. [NL.] Same Elasmognatha (el-as-mog na4ha),M.pf. [NL.,
iiH Elixmaunda. ' " neut.fl. otElasmognathm: Beeelasmognathous.]
elasmapoa(e-las'ma-pod),a.andn. I, a. Same In conch., a section of terrestrial pulmonate
as elii.-majiodoHS. " gastropods in which the jaw is elasmognathous.
II ji. A member of the .B?<«t»mpodo. It includes the family ««mmt(f«!.
Elasmapoda (el-as-map'o-da), n.pl. [NL., < elasmognathous (el-as-mog na-thus), a. [<
Gr iXaau6(, l?xiaua, a metal plate, + ffofcf (xorf-) NL. Elasnwgnathus, < Gr. e/.atrfidc, a thin plate,
= E.foot.] An ordinal or other group of deep- + yvdeocjaw.] In conf/i., having a jaw with a
sea holothuriaris. They exhibit distinct bilateral sym- quadrangular plate or appendage diyergingfrom
nietry, having iHith a dorsal and a ventral surface, the tho upjicr iiiarf;m : applied to the bucctnuao!.
amiiulatory ambulacra contlned to the latter, and the £laSII10gIiathU8 (el-as-mog'na-thus), «. [NL. :
cephalic regi.;iiu8iially8i»;danzeiL_Al«iitMjipe^^^^ ^^^ glag„,„p„athous.] 1. A genus of American
known (all only recently), "f several genera, as Elpidia,
KiAya, Irpa, etc. Also Elatipoda.
tapirs, characterized by having the nasal sep-
Elasmognatlms
turn or prolongation of tlie mesethmoid bone
prominent and perfectly ossitied. e, lairdi, the
type, is a laige >'ie«raKuau species aUiut 4U inches long
«nd 22 high. E. doiri is another Central American form.
See cut under tapir.
2. A genus of extinct chimseroid fishes, later
(18S8) called Elasmodectes. Egerton.
Elasmoidae (el-as-moi'de), n. pi. [NL., < Elas-
mui< + -oida;.'\ SsLvae as EUisminw. Forster, 1856.
elasmosaur (e-las'mo-sar), n. A reptile of the
genus Elasnwsaurus or f ainily Elasniosauridm.
Skeleton of an Elasmosaur {Eiasmosaurus flatyuruj).
Elasmosauridae (e-las-mo-sa'ri-de), n.pl. [NL.,
< Elasmosaurus + -idce.'S A family of extinct
natatorial reptiles, taking name from the genus
Elasmosaurus.
Elasmosaurus (e-las-mo-sa'rus), n. [NL.(Cope,
1868), < Ur. e1aafi6(, ilaa/ia, a thin plate, + aav-
P<K, lizard.] An American genus of extinct
reptiles, of the order Sauropterygia, related to
the plesiosaurs, but differing in the structure
of the pectoral arch. A species was upward of 40 feet
long, aquatic and piscivorous, with a very long neck, small
head, paddle-lilie limbs and tail, and long, sharp teeth.
Elasmotheriidae (e-las"m6-the-ri'i-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Elasmotherium + '-idd.'i A family of
extinct perissodactyl quadrupeds, without ca-
nines or incisors, and with a crenulated longi-
tudinal ridge on the lower molars : a group hav-
ing relationships with both the horse and the
rhinoceros, but much more closely related to
the latter in the order of ungulates. Gill, 1872.
Elasmotherium (e-las-mo-the'ri-um), «. [NL.,
< Gr. f /-a(T//af, athin plate, '+ ft?p/ov, a wild beast.]
The typical genus of the family Elasmotheriidce.
Elasmus (e-las'mus), n. [NL., < Gr. aau/idf
(also elaa^a), a metal plate, < ilavveiv (iXa-),
drive, strike, beat out: see elastic.'] A genus
of parasitic hymenopterous insects, of the fam-
ily Chalcididw, representing the subfamily A'tos-
minw, having four-jointed tarsi, enlarged hind
femora, and the antennse ramose in the male.
The species are all of small size, and some are secondary
parasites — that is, parasites of parasites. B. pullalus is
a North American example. Westwood, 1883.
Elassoma (el-a-so'ma), n. [NL. (Jordan, 1877),
< Gr. as if "eXaaau/xa, a diminution, loss, defect,
defeat, < klaaaovv, make less, < c'Adaa<M, less,
compar. of elaxvi, little, small.] A genus of
very small fresh-water fishes of North America,
representing the family Elassomidce.
elassome (el'a-som), n. A fish of the family
EtassomUhe. D. S. Jordan.
Elassomidae (el-a-som'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Elas-
soma + -idee.'] A family of acanthopterygian
fishes, represented by the genus Elassoma. They
have an oblong compressed body covered with rather large
cycloid scales, no lateral line, unarmed opercular bones
conic teeth in the jaws, and toothless palate ; the dorsal
fln is short and has about 4 spines, the anal still smaller
with 3 spines, and the ventral thoracic and normal, with
1 spine and 5 rays. Only two species are known ; they
inhabit sluggish streams and ponds of the southern United
States, and are among the smallest of fishes, rarely exceed-
mg IJ inches in length. Also Elassomatidw.
elassomoid (e-Ias'o-moid), a. and n. I. a. Per-
taining to or having the characters of the Elas-
somidai.
H. n. An elassome.
elastic (e-Us'tik), a. and n. [Formerly also
elastick (first recorded in the form elastical: see
first quot.) ; = F. elastique = Sp. eldstico = Pg.
It. elastico (cf. D. G. elastisch = Dan. Sw. elas-
tisk), < NL. elasHcus (NGr. eXatm/tof), elastic, <
Gr as if 'eAaoTri^, for iXaT?K, equiv. to cXar^p,
a driver, hurler (see elater^), < eXavvciv (tAa-),
drive, set in motion, push, strike, beat out.]
I. a. It. Serving, as a catapult, to hurl mis-
siles by the force of a spring.
1862
2. Having, as a solid body, the power of re-
turning to the form from which it is bent, ex-
tended, pressed, pulled, or distorted, as soon as
the force applied is removed ; having, as a fluid,
the property of recovering its former volume
after compression, a body is perfectly elastic when
it has the property of resisting a given deformation equal-
ly, however that deformation may have been produced,
whether slowly or suddenly, etc. All bodies, however,
have different elasticities at diftereut temperatures, and
if the deformation is so sudden as to change the tempera-
ture of the body and so alter its resistance to deform,i-
tlon, this is not considered as showing it to be imperfect-
ly elastic.
For the more easy understanding of the experiments
tnable by our engine, I thought it not superfluous nor un-
seasonable, in the recital of this first of them, to insinuate
that notion by which it seems likely that most, if not all
of them, will prove explicable. Your Lordship will easi-
ly suppose that the notion I speak of is that there is a
spring, or elastical power, in the air we live in. By which
jAoTijp or spring of the air, that which I mean is this : that
our air either consists of, or at least abounds with, parts
of such a nature that in case they be bent or compressed
by the weight of the incumbent part of the atmosphere,
or by any other body, they do endeavor, as much as in
them lieth, to free themselves from that pressure, by bear-
ing against the contiguous bodies that keep them bent ;
and as soon as those bodies are removed, or reduced to
give them way, by presently unbending and stretching
out themselves, either quite, or so far forth as the con-
tiguous bodies that resist them permit, and thereby ex-
panding the whole parcel of air these elastical bodies
compose. Boyle, Spring of the Air (1659).
A body is called elastic in which a particle moved from
its natural position of equilibrium has a tendency to re-
turn to its first position as soon as the external cause which
had displaced it has ceased. Btasema, Sound (trans.), p. 4.
Figuratively— 3. Admitting of extension ; ca-
pable of expanding and contracting, accord-
ing to circumstances ; hence, yielding and ac-
commodating: as, an etashc conscience ; elastic
principles.
A volunteer navy may in some degree supply the place
elatement
erty of being elastic, in any sense ; especially,
that physical force resident in the smallest sen-
sible parts of bodies, by virtue of which the
holding of them in a state of strain (change of
size or shape) involves work, which for small
strains is proportional to the square of the
amount of the strain. There are different kinds
of elasticity, corresponding to the different
kinds of strain.
If the restitution of a springy body, forcibly bent, pro-
ceed only from the endeavor of the compressed parts
themselves to recover their former state, one may not Im-
pertinently take notice of the elasticity that iron, silver
and brass acquire by hammering.
Boyle, Great Effects of Motion.
On the fingers of the queen were ten gold rings, the
hoops of which were not continuous, but open like brace-
lets to admit of elasticity.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archajol., p. 382.
Never did the finances of the country give stronger evi-
dence of vitality, soundness, and elatticity than was pro-
duced when Lowe, on opening the budget of 1871 on April
20, showed the yield of the revenue for 1870-1 to have
exceeded the estimate by two millions and a quarter.
S. bowell, Taxes in England, II. 363.
He [Berkeley] returned ... to have the primacy of
Ireland withui his reach. But we always feel that he has
not the same elasticity and heartiness of life as before.
Scotsman (newspaper).
Axis of elasticity, axis of direct elasticity. See
oxi«i.— Coefficient of elasticity. See cuefficient.—
Elasticity of bulk, icsistance to change of bulk.— Elas-
ticity of shape, resistance to change of shape. — Fres-
nel'S surface of elasticity, a surface whose radii vec-
tores are proportional to the square roots of the elastic
forces which, upon Fresnel's theory of light, are exerted
in the directions of those radii round any pouit of a crys-
talline body.— Llght-elastlclty. See lifiht.— Umlt Of
elasticity, an amount of deformation which if applied to
a body is such that if made any greater the body will not
completely spring back when released. — Modulus of
elasticity, the ratio of stress to strain : also termed the
elasticity simply. See modMiu*.— Perfect elasticity, the
property of being perfectly elastic. See elastic, a., 2.
of privateers, supposing that plenty of time and an ctaidc elastlCneSS (e-las ' tik-nes), n. Elasticity.
organization are at command
J. B. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 169.
4. Possessing the power or quality of recover-
ing from depression or exhaustion; able to
resist a depressing or exhausting influence;
capable of sustaining shocks without perma-
nent injury : as, elastic spirits.
The herds are elastic with health. Landor.
Bailey, 1727. [Rare.]
elastin (f-las'tin), n. [< elast-ic -f -iifi.] In
chem., a body closely resembling albumen, ex-
cept that it is free from sulphur, forming the
principal substance of the elastic fiber which is
the characteristic constituent of certain tissues.
elatchee (e-lach'e), n. [< Hind, elachi, ildchi.]
Cardamom.
2.
Curve of elastic resistance. See cmi-pc.— Elastic elate (e-laf), v. t.: pret. and pp. elated, ppr.
h«it.tn, » „,»,.,.,=i ,„ ,,. ,,„.,.>. , — u.„ „„ ,. . , elating, [< l. elatm, pp. of efferre, bring out,
lift up, < ex, out, +ferre, carry (= E. heart), pp.
latus : see ablative, and cf. collate, delate'^, de-
late"^, dilate, illate, prolate, relate, etc., ande^er-
ent.] If. To raise; exalt; elevate.
From whence the Talismanni with elated voyces, for
they use no bels, doe congregate the people, pronouncing
the Arabicke sentence, there is but one God, and Ma-
homet his Prophet. Sandys, Travailes, p. 24.
Turn we a moment Fancy's rapid flight
To vigorous soils, and climes of far extent ;
Where, by the potent sun elated high
The vineyard swells refulgent on the day.
Thomson, Autumn.
To raise or swell, as the mind or spirits;
elevate with satisfaction or gratification ; puff
up ; make proud.
Though elated by his victory, he still maintained the
appearance of moderation. Hume, Hist. Eng.
He [Gilbert White] brags of no fine society, but is plainly
a little elated by " having considerable acquaintance with
a tame brown owl." Lowell, Study Windows, p. 2.
[< ME. elat, < L. elatus, pp. :
seetheverb.] 1. Raised; lifted up. [Poetical
and archaic]
And sovereign law, that state's collected will,
O'er thrones and globes, elate.
Sits empress. Sir W. Jones.
2. Exalted in feeling ; elated.
This kyng of kynges proud was and elaat;
He wende that god_, that sit in magestee,
Ne myght hym nat bireue of his estaat.
Chaucer, Monk's Tale (ed. Skeat), B. 33.')7.
Those promising youths, . . . like sons of the morning,
elate with empty hopes and glittering outsides.
Bacon, Moral Fables, i., Expl.
Who feels his freehold's worth, and looks elate,
A little prop and pillar of the state.
Crabbe, Works, I. 176.
belting, a material made in bands from half an inch to
several inches in width, plain or striped, and having thin
slips of india-rubber lying in the direction of its length
and covered by woven material of cotton, silk, or the like,
which completely conceals the india-rubber, unless the
belting is stretched. The threads of rubber are usually
square in section, having been cut from thin sheets.—
Elastic bitumen. Same as e(o(«rite.— Elastic button
See (■M«on.— Elastic cartilage, cartilage represented in
the pinna, the epiglottis, and elsewhere, which is opaque,
yellowish, flexible, and tough, and in which the matrix
except in the immediate vicinity of the cells is permeated
by numerous elastic fibers.— Elastic curve. See curve.
— Elastic fabric, a cloth or ribbon into which threads of
rubber called shirrs are woven.— Elastic fibers, in anat.,
fibers of elastic quality traversing the intercellular sub-
stance of connective tissue. They are of a light-yellow
color, branch and anastomose freely, and strongly resist
chemical treatment.— Elastic flannel. See flannel.—
Elastic fluid, a fluid which has the property of expand-
ing in all directions on the removal of external pressure,
as gases and vapors. See jros.- Elastic glue. See ghie.
— Elastic gum, india-rubber.- Elastic mineralDltch,
a brown, massive, elastic variety of bitumen.— Qastlc
mold, a mold of glue used for copying casts.— Elastic
tissue, in anat., connective tissue made elastic by the
presence of abundant elastic fibers. Such tissue is found algtA (plat') n
inthemiddlecoatofarteries, the larynx. Eustachian tube, ^**'"'. w ""; h "
yellow ligaments of the vertebrie, etc., and forms in some
animals the liganientum nucha;. Mixed with cartilage, it
constitutes a variety of the latter known as yellow or elas-
tic flbrocartilage. — Elastic type, a type made of roller-
composition (glue, glycerin, ancf sugar) or prepared gutta-
percha, which yields under impression : used generally
in the form of a stereotype for hand-stamping with ink,
for which elasticity is desirable.— Elastic webbing, a
material similar to elastic belting, but of greater width.
II. n. A piece or strip of india-rubber, or of
webbing or belting made elastic by the incor-
poration of india-rubber, used as a band, gar-
ter, or the like. [U. S.]
elasticalt (e-las'ti-kal), a. [Seeetasft'c] Same
as elastic.
elastically (e-las'ti-kal-i), adv. In an elastic
manner ; with elasticity or power of accommo-
dation.
By what elastick engines did she rear
fhe starry roof, and roll the orbs in air?
Sir B. Blackmore.
= Syn. 2. Exultant, jubilant, exhilarated, overjoyed, puff-
ed up, proud.
Comedy . . . elattically lending itself to the tone and elatedly (e-la'ted-li), ac(v. With elation,
taste of the times without sacrificing the laws of its own v.>«« ...„ «...i j..«i .i * ■ iu * i ^ • n
beins A W Ward Enff nr«n> Tit int n vvvJ -^ero, we find, defiled most in the foulest mires of luxu-
oeing, A. H. ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., Int., p. xxxv. ^y, and where do we find any so elatedly proud, or so un-
elaStlCian (e-las-tish an), «. [<. elastic + -ian.] justly rapacious as he? FeifAajn, On Luke xiv. 2a
A person devoted to'the advancement of the elatedness (e-la'ted-nes), n. The state of be-
knowledge of elasticity. \nfr elated. 'Bailey, 1731.
elasticity (e-las-tis'i-ti), n. [= F. HastidU = elatement (e-lat'iiient), n. [< elate + -ment.]
i:>p.elasttcidad = Pg. elasticidade = It. elasticttd The act of elating, or the state of being elated;
= D. elasticiteit = 6. elasticitdt = Dan. Sw. mental elevation ; elation.
/,>,!f llt'^K NL.;e'«;tt«to( t-)s, elasticity, < elas- ^ ^^^den elatement swells our minds.
ticus, elastic : see elastic and -ity.] The prop- Hervey, Meditations, ll. 64.
elater
elater^, elator (e-la'ter, -tor), «. [< elate +
^|1, -«r.] One who or that which elates.
elater~ (el'a-ter), n. [NL. elater, < Gr. tkariip,
a driver, hurler, < tkavvuv (iXo-), drive, set in
motion: see elastic.l If. Elasticity; esjjeeially,
the ejtpansibility of a gas.
It may be said that the swelling of the compressed wa-
ter in the pewter vessel lately mentioned, and the spring-
ing up of the water at the hole made by the needle, were
not the effects of an internal tiater of the water, but of
the spring of the many little particles of air dispersed
throujth that water. Eoyle^ Spring of the Air, Exp. xxii.
2. [NL.] In hot.: (a) One of the four club-
shaped filaments or Equisetacece, attached at
one point to a spore, formed by the splitting of
the outer coat of the spore. They are strongly hygro-
scopic, and aid in the dispersion of the spores, also keep.
ing a small group together, as they leave the sporangium.
See cut under EqiiiMtaaa. (J) One of the long
and slender fusiform cells of Hepaticai having
one or more spiral thickenings within. They
loosen the spores in the capsule at the time of
their dispersion, (c) One of the similar free
filaments of Myxomycetes forming part of the
capillitium, anil frequently having spiral thick-
enings. They are sometimes furnished with
spines. Their characters are useful in distin-
guishing species. — 3. [XL.] In entom.: (a)
[cap.] The typical genus of the family Ela-
teridte, founded by Linneeus in 1767. it com.
prises over lou species, of which nearly 50 inhabit North
America. They are mostly found in temperate regions,
on leaves ami flowers, or oftener under Ixark. They are
di--<tiii;;uisbed from membera of related genera by the flli-
fonn foiirtb tarsal Joint, oblong-oval scutellum, small reg-
ularly convex head, and the sinuate single-toothed dilata-
tion of the hind coxK. (ft) One of the Elateridte; a
click-beetle, (c) One of the elastic bristles at
the end of the abdomen of the Podurida. A.
S. Packard. See spring.
elaterid (e-lat'e-rid), a. and n. L a. Of or per-
taining to the TilateridtB.
n. n. One of the Elateridte; a click-beetle,
sprinR-beetle, or skipjack.
Elaterida (el-a-ter'i-de), n. pj. [NL., < Elater^,
3 (rt), + -idcB.'] A family of stemoxine pen-
tamerous beetles, corresponding to the Linnean
genus Elater. The ventral wgmenu are typically free,
th>' Hrst not being elongated ; the tani are &.Jointed ; the
prothorax is looeelj jointed to the meaotborax ; the pru-
8t«mum ia prolonged behind ; the globose front cox« are
witliin the proetemum ; the bind ooxjb are contigtioiu,
laminate, and sulcate ; the free ventral segments are 5
or rarely « in number; the labmm is Tree and visible ;
and the anteume are usnallT serrate, sometimes filiform,
pectinate, or flabellate. The species are very numerous,
and are known as elidc-butla, mapping-beelUt, ipring-
bettiet, and tHfjackt. Their legs are abort, and when
they are placed on their backs on a flat snrface they right
theroaelres with an audible snapping of their bodies. Als
is effected by means of the spine of Uie prostemnm, which
acta as a spring on the mesostemnm, and the force being
transmitted to the base of the elytra, and so to the sup-
porting surface, the inaects an jerked Into the air and
manage to fall on their feet. The force Is remarkable, a^
one may experience by trying to hold one of the huger
spedea. (See cut under WKt-&rc(fc.) The fireflies of tnp.
ical regiona are elaten, as of the genos Fyrophonu. (See
cut under antenna.) The lanra of many specM are known
as irireHomw, and are very injuriooa to cropa. See cut
un<ler vfireworm.
elaterill,elaterine(e-lat'e-rin),n. l<elaier-ium
+ -in-, -ini-.] A neutral principle (C2oH2g05)
extracted by alcohol from elatenum. when pure
It forma colorless hexagonal crystals, which are odorless
anil have a bitter, acrid taste. It is used in medicine in
minute doses as a very powerful hydragogne cathartic.
elateriflt(6-lat'§-ri8t),». {_< elater^ + -ist.^ One
who holds that many of the phenomena con-
nected with the air-pumj> are to bo explained
by the elasticity of the air, and who maintains
the truth of Boyle's law that the density of a gas
is proportional to the pressure.
Although our antbour (Linnil confeaaes that air has a
spring as well aa a weight, yet he resolutely denies that
spring to be near great enough to perform those tblnn
which hia adveisariea (whom for breTlljr sake we wul
venture to call tIaUritIt} ascribe to It.
BoyU, Defence agalnat LIniu, II.
elaterite (e-lat'e-rit), n. [< elater-ium -t- -»fe.]
An elastic mineral resin of a blackish-brown
color, subtranslucent, and occurring in soft flex-
ible masses. Also called elastic Tritumen and
mincrnl rnoutrhouc.
elatenum (el-a-te'ri-um), n. [NL., < Gr. iXa-
rrjiMM;, driving, driving away, neut. i^jtr^purv, sc.
fipfioKT/v, an opening medicine, < iXaHip, a driver,
< t>.«i'Vf(v ((/a-), drive : nee elater^,'] 1. A sub-
stance obtained from the fruit of the Ecballium
Elaterium, or squirting cucumber, which, if it is
gathered a little before it ripens, and the juice
gently expressed, deposits a green sediment,
which is collected and dried. Oixxl elaterium oper-
ates AS a drastic purge, and Is generally administered In
cases of dropsy. It contains elaterln, together with starch,
nain, etc.
1863
2. In bot, a fruit consisting of three or more
dehiscent cocci, as iu Euphorbia. Bicltard.
{Not used.]
aterometer (el " a - te - rom ' e - ter), n. [< Gr.
c>MTijp, a driver (see elatm-^, 1), -I- iihpov, a mea-
sure.] An air-pressure or steam-pressure gage.
elateryt (el'a-te-ri), n. [< Gr. hariipioc, driv-
ing: %ee elaterium.'] Acting force or elasticity:
as, the elatery of the air. Hay.
elatin (el'a-tin), n. [< elat(erium) + -!«2.] A
substance extracted from elaterium by alcohol:
probably a mixture of elateria and ehlorophyl.
See elaterin.
Elatinaceae (e-lat-i-na'sf-e), n. pi. [NL,, <
Elatine + -acece.'] An order of small polypeta-
lous herbs with opposite leaves and axillary
flowers, including only 2 genera and about 20
species; the waterworts. ^eo Elatine.
Elatine (e-lat'i-ne), n. [NL., < L. elatine, a
plant of the genus Antirrhinum, < Gr. i^rivr/, a
species of toadflax, so called from some jesem-
blance to the fir or pine, fem. of ifdnvog, of the
fir or pine, < iUnj, the silver fir, prob. so call-
ed in reference to its straight, high growth, <
i7jiT6i, verbal adj. of ifavveiv, drive, push : see
elastic, elater"^.] A genus of very small annual
herbs, typical of the order Elatinacece, groW-
ing in water or mud, and found in temperate
or subtropical regions around the globe, known
as tcaterujort. Four species occur in the United
States.
elation (e-la'shon), n. [< ME. elacion, < L. ela-
tio(n-), a carrying out, a lifting up, < elatus,pp.
of efferre, carry out, lift up: see elate.'] Elas-
ticity of feeling due to some special cause or
occasion ; an exultant condition of the mind,
as from physical enjoyment, success, or grati-
fication of any kind ; mental inflation ; exulta-
tion.
Elacioun is whan he ne may neither suffre to have mais-
ter ne felawe. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
God began to punish this vain elation of mind, by with.
drawing his favours. Bp. Atterbwnj.
What to youth belong,
Oay raiment, sparkling gauds, elation strong.
Jf. Arnold, Austerity of Poetry.
Elatobranchia (el'a-to-brang'ki-S), n. ;)/.
[NL., < Gr. f/Ujrdf, verbal adj. of iyjiiwetv, drive,
push, + ppayxia, gills.] A group of mollusks.
elator, n. See elater^.
elatrometer (el-a-trom'e-t«r), n. [< Gr. i>MHip,
a driver (see elater^, 1), -I- fUrpov, a measure.]
In phygics, an Instrument for measuring the
degree of rarefaction of the air in the receiver
of an air-pump.
elajrle (el a-il), n. [< Gr. I'kaiov, olive-oil, oil,
+ i/.rj, matter.] Same as ethylene.
Elberfeld blue. See blue, n.
elbow (el'bo), n. [= Sc. elbuek; < ME. elbowe,
< AS. rhiliof/a, and contr. elboga (= D. elleboog
= L(f. rlh hage = OHG. elinpogd, elinpogo, ellin-
bogo, MH(t, ctenboge, G. ellenboge, elboge = Ice!.
oinbogi, and contr. olbogi, now olbogi, formerly
alnbogi, albogi = Dan. alhue; cf. 8w. armb&ge),
elbow, < eln, eU, in the orig. sense of 'forearm,'
+ boga, a bow, in the orig. sense of 'a bend':
see eft and 6oKj2. Ct. ulna &nA cubit.] 1. The
bend of the arm ; the angle made by bending
the arm at the junction of the upper arm with
the forearm.
And prelde to god for hem bothe ladyes and maidenes
in the chirches vpon theire knees and elbouxt, that god
sholde hem spede and defende fro deth.
JTerftn (E. E. T. S.), II. 246.
The wings that waft oiur riches out of sight
Grow on the gamester's elbows.
Cowper, Task, ill. 761.
There leaning deep in broider'd down we sank
Dor elbowt. Tennyiton, Princess, iv.
2. In aiuif., the elbow-joint and associate struc-
tures. See elbow-joint. — 3. Something curved
or bent like the human elbow; specifically, a
flexure or angle of a wall or road, especially if
not acute ; a sudden turn or bend in a river or
the sea-coast ; a jointed or curved piece of pipe
for water, smoke, ^as, etc., designed to con-
nect two lines running at an angle to each oth-
er.— 4. In carp., etc., one of the upright sides
which flank any paneled work. See cresset. —
6. The raised arm of a chair or end of a sofa,
designed to support the arm or elbow.
But elhotet still were wanting ; these, some say.
An alderman of Cripplegate contriv'd ;
And some ascribe th' invention to a priest.
Burly, and big, and studious of his ease.
Coirper, Task, I. 60.
6. A shoulder-point in cattle. Grose. [Local,
Eng.]~At one's elbow, uear at hand; convenient;
witnlu call.
elbow-piece
They know them to have bin the main corrupters at the
Kings elbow. Milton, Eiiionoklastes, xxiv.
Sir Roger, planting himself at our historian's elbow, was
very attentive to everything he said. Spectator, No. 329,
Elbow In the hawse {naut.), a turn or half-twist pro-
duced in the cables of a ship when moored, caused by her
swinging twice the wrong way.— In at elbows. In com.
fortable or decent circumstances.
I don't suppose you could get a high style of man , . .
for pay that hardly keeps him in at elbows.
George Eliot, Middleniarch, xxxviii.
Out at elbows, having holes in the elbows of one's coat ;
hence, in adilapidated or impoverished condition; at odds
with fortune ; unfortunate,— To crook the elbOW, See
crook.— To rub or touch elbOWS, to associate closely ; be
mtnnate,— To Shake the elbOW; to gamble: from the
motion of sliaking a dice-box.
He's always shaking his heels with the ladies, and his
elbows with the lords. Vanbrugh, Confederacy, i.
Up to the elbows (in anything), very busy ; wholly en-
gaged or engrossed.
elbow (el'bo), V. [< elbow, n.] I. trans. 1. To
push or shove with or as if -vrith the elbow;
hence, figuratively, to push or thrust by over-
bearing means ; crowd: as, to eiftoic people aside
in a crowd; to elbow a rival out of the way.
He'll . . . elbow out his neighbours. Dryden.
I would gladly abandon, of my own free will, the part I
have in her ilckle favour, but I will not be elbowed out of
it by the clown Sussex or this new upstart,
Scott, Kenilworth, xvi.
2. To make or gain by pushing as with the el-
bows: as, to elbom one's way through a crowd.
As some unhappy wight, at some new play.
At the pit door stands elbowing a way.
Qoldsmith, Good-natured Man, Epil.
n. intrans. 1. To jut into an angle ; project ;
bend or curve abruptly, as a wall or a stream.
— 2. To jostle with or as if with the elbow ;
push one's way ; hence, figuratively, to be rudely
self-assertive or aggressive.
He that grows hot and turbid, that elboivs in all his phll.
osophick disputes, must needs be very proud of hia own
sufficiencies. Mannyngham, Discourses (1681), p. 50.
Purse.proud, elbowing Insolence,
Bloated Empiric, puit'd Pretence.
Grainger, Solitude.
elbow-board (el'bo-bord), «. The board at the
bottom of a window which forms the inner sill.
elbow-chair (el'bo-char), «. Same as arm-chair.
[Now rare.]
The furniture . . . [consisted] of hangings made of old
Genoa yellow damask, with a bed and elbow chairs of the
same stuff, adorned with fringes of blue silk,
Smollett, tr, of Gil Bias, x, 8.
Necessity invented stools,
Convenience next suggested elbow-chairs.
Cowper, Task, i, 87,
elbow-cuff (el'bo-kuf), n. An attachment to
the short elbow-sleeve of a woman's dress, worn
about 1775. The cuff is or appears to be turned
back so as to cover the elbow like a cap.
elbowed (el'bod), a. [< elbow + -cd2.] Sup-
plied with or shaped like an elbow ; specifically,
in en torn., turning at an angle; kneed; genicu-
late: &s, elbowed eMtennee; elbowed Taarka. West-
wood.
Picks, having straight tips converging to the eye. Instead
of being curved, are said to be elbowed or anchored.
Wm. Morgan, Man, of Mining Tools, p, 74,
elbow-gauntlet (el'bo-gant'let), n. A gaunt-
let of which the cuff covers the forearm nearly
to the elbow-joint, it is sometimes prolonged on the
outer edge of the arm so as to protect the elbow. During
the sixteenth century such gauntlets of steel superseded
the vanibrace, and gloves of leather and quilted silk an-
swering the same purpose were worn far into the seven-
toenth cfiitiiry,
elbow-grease (el'bo-gres), n. A colloquial or
humorous expression for energetic hand-labor,
as in rubbing, scouring, etc.
He has scartit and dintit my gude mahogany past a' the
power o' bees.wax and elbow-grease to smooth.
Gait, The Entail, III. 84,
To clean a gun properly requires some knowledge, more
good temper, and most elbow-grease.
Corns, Field Ornith, (1874), p, 13,
elbow-guard (el'bo-giird), n. Same as ctibttidre.
elbow-joint (erbo-joint), w.. In a«a<., the ar-
ticulation of the forearm with the upper arm;
the joint formed by the articulation of the ulna
and radius with the humerus. The head of the ra.
dius and the greater sigmoid cavity Of the ulna, respec-
tively, are apposed to the trochlear and capitellar surfaces
of the humerus. In so far as the movement of the whole
forearm upon the upper arm is concerned, the elbow-joint
is the most strict ginglynnis or hinge-joint in the body,
having no lateral motion ; but the head of the radius in-
dependently revolves in the lesser sigmoid cavity of the
ulna, pivoted upon the cajiitellum of the humerus, in the
movements of pronation and supination. The term is ex-
tendeil to the corresponding joint of the arm or fore limb
of otlicr nnimiils, whatever its construction may )w.
elbow-piece (el'bo-pes), n. Same as cubitUre,
elbow-plate
elbow-plate (el'bo-plat), «. 1. in paper-mal--
ing, the cutter of the rag-cutting machine when
bent to an angle in the middle. — 2. An early
name for the cubitiere, denoting especially the
simple form used during the thirteenth century.
See cut under armor (fig. 2).
elbow-rail (el'bo-ral), H. In a railroad-ear, a
part of the body-framing running horizontally
along the sides at about the height of the elbow
of a passenger in a sitting position. Car-Build-
er's Diet.
elbow-room (erbo-rSm), n. Room to extend
the elbows ; hence, freedom from confinement ;
ample room for motion or action.
Kow my soul hath elbow-room. Shalt., K. John, v. 7.
No sooner is he disappointed of that harbour then God
provides cities of Hebron ; Saul shal die to give him el-
hmo-room. Bp. Hall, Abner and Joab.
elbow-scissors (el'bo-siz'orz), n. pi. Scissors
which, for convenience in cutting, have a bend
in the blade or shank.
elbow-shaker (el'bo-sha'kfer), n. A dicer; a
sharper ; a gamester. Halliwell. [Old slang.]
elbow-shield (el'bd-sheld), n. The piece of ar-
mor protecting the elbow; a cubitifere. See
cuts under armor (figs. 2 and 3). Hewitt.
elbow-sleeve (el'bo-slev), «. A sleeve in a
woman's dress, terminating at the elbow.
elbow-tongs (el'bo-tdngz), «. pi. A pair of
heavy tongs with curved jaws.
elbuck (el'buk), n. A Scotch form of elbow.
elcaja (el-ka'ja), n. An Arabian tree, Trichilia
emetica, the fruit of which is emetic, and also
is sometimes used in the composition of an
ointment for the cure of the itch.
Elcesaite, Elkesaite (el-se'-, el-ke'sa-it), n.
One of a party or sect among the Jewisli Chris-
tians of the second century, deriving their
name from Elkasai or Elxai, either their found-
er or leader, or the title of the book containing
their doctrines, which they regarded as a spe-
cial revelation. Their belief and practices were a
mixture of Gnosticism and Judaism, with raudi that was
peculiar. They were finally confounded with the Ebionites.
elchi, elchee (el'chi, -che), n. [Turk, and Pers.,
< Hind, elchi, an ambassador, envoy.] An arii-
bassador or envoy. Also spelled eltehi.
Things which they had told to Colonel Eose they did
not yet dare to tell to the great Elchi (Lord Stratford de
Redciiffe). Kinglake.
eld (eld), n. [= Sc. eild, < ME. eld, elde, eelde,
earlier ylde, < AS. yldu, yldo, rarely celdu, celd,
eld, old age, an age, antiquity (= OS. eldi =
OHG. alti, elti = leel. old = Dan. wide = Goth.
aids, age, an age), < eald, old: see old and
world.'] 1. Age: said of any period of life.
Fyfe hundredth wyntres I am of elde,
Ide thynk ther gerls as yestirday.
York Plays, p. 43.
Lest migte the faylled
In thyne olde elde. Purs Plowman (B), xii. 8.
That faire child was of foure ger eld.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8498.
2. Old age; senility; also, an old person.
Weake eld hath left thee nothing wise.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 16.
The weak fantasy of indigent eld. Lamb, Witches.
Time hath reft whate'er my soul enjoy "d,
And with the ills of Eld mine earlier years alloy'd.
Byron, t'hilde Harold, ii. 98.
Green boyhood presses there,
And waning eld, pleading a youthful soul,
Intreats admission. Southey.
8. An age ; an indefinitely long period of time.
The thridde werldes elde cam (juanne [when]
Thare begat Abram. Genesis and Exodus, 1. 706.
4. Time.
This storie olde, . . .
That elde which al can frete and bite . . .
Hath nygh devoured out of our memorie.
Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, 1. 10.
6. Former ages ; old times ; antiquity.
Traditions of the saint and sage,
Tales that have the rime of age,
And chronicles of eld.
Longfellow, Prelude.
[Obsolete or poetical in all uses.]
eldt, «• An obsolete variant of old.
eldt, V. [< ME. elden, become old, tr. make old,
< AS. yVian, celdian, delay, tr. put off, delay,
prolong, < eald, old: see old, a., and old, v. (of
which eld, v., is a doublet), and eld, m.] I. in-
trans. 1. To become old; grow old.
Vertu stille ne sholde nat elden.
Chaucer, Boethius, li. prose 7.
Time . . . had maad hir elde
So inly. Rom. of the Bote, L 395.
8. To delay ; linger. Ps. Cott.
1864
II, trans. To make old.
Tyme that eldith our auncessours, and eldMh Icings and
emperours. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 391.
elden (el'den), n. A dialectal form of elding.
elder'^ (el'dfer), a. compar. [< ME. elder, eldere,
cldre, either, alder, nldre, wldre, ealdre, < AS.
yldra, eldra (= OFries. alder, elder = OS. aldira
= OHG. alter, MHG. elter, G. alter = Icel. ellri,
eldri = Dan. wldre = Sw. aldre), compar. (with
umlaut) of eald, old. The compar. older is mod-
ern, < old + -er^ : see old. Cf . elder^, ».] 1 .
Older ; senior : having lived a longer time ; born,
produced, or lormed before something else : op-
posed to younger.
Sadoyue hir brother that was either than she.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 472.
The elder shall serve the younger. Gen. xxv. 23.
His elder son was in the field. Luke xv. 25.
After fifteen Months Imprisonment, K. Richard is re-
leased, and returns into England four Years elder than lie
went out. Baker, Chronicles, p. 64.
2. Prior in origin or appointment; preceding
in the date of a commission ; senior : as, an
elder officer or magistrate.
You wrong me, Brutus,
I said an elder soldier, not a better.
Shak., J. C, iv. 3.
He [Dryden] may very well have preferred Romanism
because of its elder claim to authority in all matters of
doctrine. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 77.
3. Prior in time; earlier; former.
In elder times, when merriment was.
Robin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 252).
In the elder days of Art,
Builders wrought with greatest care.
Longfellow, The Builders.
The account of this ... is so strongly characterized by
the simplicity of elder times . . . that I shall venture to
read an extract from the author who relates it.
Everett, Orations, II. 80.
The North Devon coast . . . has the primary merit of
being, as yet, virgin soil as to railways. I went accord-
ingly from Barnstaple to Ilfracombe on the top of a coach,
in the fashion of elder days.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 36.
Elder Brethren, See 6ro(Acr.— Elder Edda. &eeEdda.
— Elder hand, see hand.
elderl (el'd^r), «. [< (l) ME. pi. eldren, wldren,
wlderen, aldren, ealdren, and (with double pi.)
eldrene, elderne, also (with pi. of adj. in posi-
tive) eldre, eldere, also (prop. pi. of (2), below)
elderes, eldres, elders, rarely olders, («) parents,
(6) ancestors; (2) ME. rarely in sing, eldere,
wldere, wider, alder, (c) a chief; the forms and
senses being mixed in ME., but distinct in AS. :
< AS. (1) yldran, eldran, wldran (ONorth. aldro),
(a) parents, (6) ancestors (rarely in sing, yldra,
parent, father, = OFries. aldera, ieldera, alder,
elder = OS. aldiro, aldro, pi. aldron, eldiron
= G. eltern, pi., parents, voieltern, ancestors,
= Dan. forwMre = Sw. fordldrar, pi., parents),
pi. of yldra, etc., adj. compar. of eald, old:
see elder^, a. ; (2) AS. caldor, aider, pi. ealdras,
aldras, («) an elder, parent, (6) ancestor, also
and more commonly (c) a chief, prince, < eald,
old, + -or; orig. identical with the compar. adj.]
1. One who is older than another or others;
an elderly person.
To fructifie also this is honest,
That yonger men obeye unto thaire eldron
In gouvernynge, as goode and buxom children.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 6.
At the board, and in private, it very well becometh
children's innocency to pray, and their elders to say Amen.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
He led a blooming bride,
And stood a wither'd elder at her side.
Crabbe, Parish Register.
The tavern-hours of mighty wits,
Thine elders and thy betters.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
2. A forefather; a predecessor; one of a for-
mer generation in the same family, class, or
community.
By it [faithj the elders obtained a good report.
Heb. xl. 2.
Carry your head as your elders have done before you.
Sir R. V Estrange.
3. In the Old Testament, a title of indefinite
signification applied to various officers, but
generally indicating in the earlier history the
princes or heads of tribes, and afterward men
of special influence, dignity, and authority in
their local community. In the New Testament the
elders are the lay element in the Sanhedrim, the supreme
court of the Jewish nation in the first century.
Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your
ofiicers, that I may speak these words iu their ears.
Deut. xxxi. 28.
Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth
among the elders of the land. Prov. xxxi. 23.
elder
In the first instance, at any rate originally, the head of
the first house was always the head of the clan, that of
the fii-st clan also that of the tribe. All these three gl-ades
of the heads of the i)eople, who would thus reach the total
of 1,728, might certainly be also designated by one com-
mon name, and in all probability this was furni.shed by
the name "head" or "father," also more definitely the
"head of the fathers," but more frequently by the name
we so often meet with of elder.
Ewakl, Antiq. of Israel (trans.), p. 245.
4. In the New Testament, also the title of
certain officers in the Christian church, whose
functions are not clearly defined, but who ap-
parently exercised a considerable control in the
conduct of the local churches. Scholars are not
agreed as to the limits or nature of their authority. The
Presbyterians maintain that there were two classes of el-
ders (1 Tim. v. 17 ; 1 Cor. xii. 28 ; Rom. xii. 6-8 ; Acts xv.
25, 26, XX. 28 ; Heb. xiii. 7, 17). The Congregationalists
on the one hand, and the Episcopalians on the other, main-
tain tliat there was no distinction between ruling and
teaching elders, the elder or presbyter being in their judg-
ment identical with the pastor or shepherd of tlie llock
(Acts XX. 28 ; 1 Thes. v. 12 ; Heb. xiii. 7, 17 ; 1 Tim. v, 17).
Elder is the translation of the equivalent word, which
we still preserve in its Greek form of presbyter, and which
is contracted through the old French forms prester and
prestre, into priest. Smith, N. T. Hist., p. 447, note.
5. In certain Protestant churches, an officer ex-
ercising governmental functions, either with or
without teaching or pastoral functions, (a) In
churches of the Baptist persuasion the pastors of churches
are usually called elders, although the class especially so
called are not settled pastors, but evangelists and mis-
sionaries. (6) (1) In churches of the Presbyterian order
the pastor of a church is technically called the teaching
elder, as distinguished from the ruling elders, commonly
called simply elders, who are a body of laymen, varying
in number, selected to assist the pastor in the oversight
and government of the church. The board of ruling el-
ders constitute with the pastor the session of the church,
and are intrusted with its government and discipline, sub-
ject to the supervision of the Presbyteiy. Such eldei-s are
required to accej)t the Symbol or Confession of P'aith of
the Presbyterian Church ; they do not administer the sac-
raments, but aid in the Lord's supper by distributing the
elements. Theyjii-e sometimes elected for life, sometimes
only for a term of years. (2) In the early days of Congre-
gationalism many churches had, besides the pastor and
teacher, a ruling elder, charged with matters of church
government and discipline.
The congregation at Watertown (whereof Mr. George
Phillips was pastor) had chosen one Richard Brown for
their elder. Wiiithrop, Hist. New England, I. 81.
I judg it not lawfull for you, being a riding Elder, . . .
opposed to the Elders that teach & exhorte and labore in
yo word and doctrine, to which ye sacrements are annexed,
toadnunister them, nor convenient if it were lawfulL
Robinson, Quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation,
ip. 167.
(c) In some bodies of American Methodists elder is the
general term for any clergyman. In the Methodist Epis-
copal Church the presiding elder is an ordained clergyman
appointed by and serving under tlie bishop as superinten-
dent, with large though carefully defined supervisory pow-
ers within a specified ' ' district," which usually corresponds
somewhat in extent to an average county in an eastern
State. In this district every minister is amenable to him,
and every church is subject to his supervision and is usu-
ally visited by him three or four times during the year.
He presides at Quarterly and often at District Conferences.
Traveling elders are itinerant preachers appointed by the
Annual Conference, (rf) In the Mormon Church the elder
is an officer whose duty it is "to preach and baptize ; to
ordain other elders, and also priests, teachei-s, and dea-
cons ; to lay on hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost ; to
bless children ; an<i to take the lead of all meetings." The
elders constitute the Melchizedek priesthood, and include
the apostles, the Seventy, the evangelists or patriarchs,
and the high priest. Mormon Catechism, xvii. (e) Among
the Shakers, four elders, two males and two females (the
latter also called elderesses), have charge of each of the
aggregated families.
elder2 (el'der), n. [(1) < ME. elder, eldre, eldyr
(with excrescent d), eller, also ellerne, ellarne
(whence mod. dial, eller, eldern, ellern, ellen-
tree), < AS. ellen, the usual form, but earlier
ellaern (in a Kentish gloss) = MLG. elhorn,
alhorn, alherne, etc., LG. elloorn, elder, the el-
der-tree. (2) Another form appears in E. dial.
hilder, < ME. hilder, hillcr, hillor, hillerne, hel-
derne (generally, like the other ME. forms, in
connection with tree) = D. halder{-hoom) (now
vlier, vlier-boom) = Norw. hyll, hylle-tre = Sw.
hyll, hylle-trd = Dan. hyld, hylde-trw, elder, el-
der-tree. (3) A third form appears in OHG.
holantar, holuntar, MHG. holandcr, holder, G.
holunder, hohlunder, holder, dial, holler. It is
doubtful whether these three forms are ult.
identical. Popular etym. has ■wrought confu-
sion, e. g., in assimilating the forms with those
of alder^; cf. ME. elder, mod. dial, eller, LG.
ellern, G. eller, alder. The third form, OHG.
holantar, etc., appears to consist of hoi-, the
root of the word, popularly supposed to be
identical with hoi, mod. 6. hohl, = AS. hoi, hol-
low, -I- -an = AS. -en, inflexive or deriv. suffix, +
-tar, MHG. -der, prob. (as in OHG. nraszol-tra,
MHG. masolter, G. massholder = AS. mapul-dur,
-dor, -dern, maple-tree) cognate with tree : cf.
the Scand. forms with -tre, -trd, -tree. Some
elder
compare Russ. kalina, elder.] The common
name for species of Sambucus. The ordinary elder
ot Europe Is S. ni^ra, and that of North America is S. Ca-
fUUlentUy both with black-purple berries, well known aa
■hmbs of rapid growth, the stems containing an unusual
amount of pith. The red-berrieii elder of the United
States is S. racfmom, and the dwarf or ground elder of
Surope is S. EbiUus. From the dried pith of the elder-tree
balls for electrical purposes are made. The wood is also
nsed for inferior turnery-work, weavers' shuttles, netting-
pius, and shoemulcers' pegs.
Laurel tor a garland, or elder for a disgrace.
Lyly, Alexander and Caupaspe, Epil.
Boz-^der, the Negundo aeeroidet, a North American
tree, olteu cultivated for ataade.— Dwarf elder, of Ja-
maica, the PUea graadu, a suffrutesctiit urticaceous
plant with large elder-Uke leaves.— Marsh-elder, of the
United .States, /m /ru/MceiM.— Poison elder, the jxii-
Bon sumac, Rhua venenata. — Ked^ rose, or wUte elder,
of Europe, the guelder-roee, Vtburnum Omtlut. Also
called waUT-elder.— Wai elder. <ii) In Enghuid, the
ashweed, JRitopodium Podagraria. Also called frwnopV
eld'r. (h) 111 the United States, the Aralia hitpida.
elderberry (el'der-ber'i), n. ; pi. elderberries
(-iz). [< W<ter2 + fcerryl.] The purplish-black
drupaceous fmit of the elder, Sambuctis nigra
and S. Canadengis, harinf; an acidulous and
sweetish taste, and used for making a kind of
wine. The inspissated juice is employed as an
aperient and a diuretic.
That eiderierriet are poison, as we are tangbt by tradi-
tion, exi>erience will unteach us.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., IL 7.
elderess (el'difer-es), n. A female elder,
elderfathert, «• See eldfatker.
elder-gun (el'dfer-gun), ». A popgun made of
elder-wood by extracting the pith.
Tliat's a perilous shot out of an elder j/un, that a poor
and private displeasure can do against a monarch !
Shak., Hen. V., Iv. 1.
If he give not back his crown again upon the report of
an elder-gun, I have no augury.
Beau, and Ft., Fhllaster, i. 1.
elderly (el'd^r-U), a. [< eWcrl + -Jjl.] Some-
what old ; advanced beyond middle age ; bor-
dering on old age : as, elderly people.
I knew them all as l>ables, and now they re elderly men.
Tennyson, The Grandmother.
=Syn. Old, etc. See aged.
eldemif (el'd^m), a. [Also eldren; < eWerl +
-ji.J Elder; elderly; aged.
Then cot it speaks an eldren knight. . . .
"O liand your tongue, ye eldren mail,
And bring me not to shame."
Tam-a-LiM (ChUd's Ballad*, L 200).
eldem^ (el'dfem), a. [< elder^ + -n, for -en.
Cf. ME. ellem, etc., elder.] Of elder; made of
elder ; belonging to the elder.
Hee would discharge tu as boyes do etdertu gnnnes—
one pellet to strike out another.
Martton and Webtter, Malcontent, iv. 4.
Nettles are put in pottage, and sallata are made of eldem-
bods. Fuller, Holy SUte, L v. &
eldership (el'dir-ship), n. [< elder^ + -«Aip.]
1. Sfiiiority ; the state of being older. [Kare
or obsolete.]
No other dominion than paternity and eU»r$Up.
Btdeigh, Hist World, L ii. i 1.
Though Truth and Falsehood are as twins ally'd.
There's elderthip on Truth's delightful side.
Pamell, IXmnes Third Satire VersiBed.
2. The office of an elder : as, he was elected to
the eldership. — 3. A body or an order of elders.
No repeated crambes of Christ's discipline, of Elders
and Elaenhipt, ... no engine was capable to buoy up
Presbytery. Bp. Oauden, Tears of the Church, p. 17.
elder-tree (el'dtr-tre), n. See elder^.
elder-'wine (el'dfer-wln), n. A wine made from
clilcrlMTries. tisually with the addition of some
Kjiirit.
eldest (el'dest), a. superl. [< ME. eldest, el-
dente, ealdeste, aUlest, < AS. yldesta, superl. of
eoM, old. The form oldest is mod., < old +
-est; cf. elder^, a.] Oldest; most advanced in
age; that was bom first: as, the eldest son or
daughter.
Thenlie (the king of Moab) took hinetdet son that should
have reiinieil in his stead, and oReied him for a burnt of-
fering upon the wall. 2 Kl. lii. '17.
O, my offence is rank, it smells to heaven ;
It hath the primal eldstt curse upon 't,
A brother's murtber '. Shak., Hamlet, lii. 3.
Eldest hand. Sec Hand.
eldfathert, n. [< ME. eldfader, eldefader, aid-
fader, < AS. ealdfader, aldftrder (= OFries. al-
dafeder, aldfader), grandfather, < eald, old, +
fader, father : see old (and eld) and fa ther. Cf .
eldmother.} 1. A grandfather.
The wyt of hire fadlr or of hire eld^adir.
CAatwer, Boethlus, U. prow 4.
2. A father-in-law.
eldin, n. See eUUitg.
1865
elding (ol'ding), n. [E. dial. Also eilding, el-
din, elden (and eel-thing), < ME. *elding, eyl-
dyng, < Icel. elding (= Dan. tiding), fuel, < eldr
= Dan. ild, fire : see anneal^.'] If. Firewood ;
fuel. Prompt. I'arv., p. 136.
Ye'U be wanting eilding now, or something to pitt ower
the winter. Scott, Guy Mannering, xlv.
2. Rubbish. Halliwell.
eldmotherf, «. [< ME. eldmoder, < AS. eald-
modor (= OFries. aldemoder, aldmoder), grand-
mother, < eald, old, + modor, mother : see old
(and eld) and mother. Cf. eldfather.'] 1, A
grandmother.
Eldnwder to ane hunder thar saw I Hecuba.
Gavin Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 55.
2. A mother-in-law. Halliwell.
Item. I gyve vnto my eldmoder his [the father-in-
law's] wyffe, my wyffes froke and a read petticote.
Wilt 0/1571 (cited in Prompt Parv., ed. Way, p. 138).
£1 Dorado (el do-ra'do). [Sp., lit. the gold-
en: el, the (< L'. ille, that); dorado, pp. of
dorar, gild: see dorado and deaurateT] A
country rich beyond all precedent in gold and
jewels, which the early Spanish explorers be-
lieved to exist somewhere in the new world,
and which Grellana averred that he had found
in his voyage down the Amazon in 1540-41.
This was soon disproved, but the search was continued
down to the eighteenth century, and the name has be-
come a synonym for any region said to abound in the
means of easily acquired wealth. It was used with 8i>e-
cillc reference to California for some years after the dis-
covery of gold there in 1848. Sometimes written as one
word: as, the Eldorado of the West.
My sick brother, as in hospital-maladies men do, thou
dreamest of Paradises and El Doradot, which are tar from
thee. Cartyte.
In Eldorado, we are told, the children in the streets
play with nuggets of gold instead of marbles.
Fortnightly See., N. S., XL. 98.
eldrich, eldritch (el'drich), a. [Sc., also for-
merly spelled elriche, elrische, elraige, elrick, aU
risch, allerish, airy, elphrish, etc.; origin un-
certain. ] Hideous ; ghastly ; -wild ; weird ; pre-
ternatural.
She heard strange elritch sounds
Upon that .wind which went.
The Young TanUane (Child's Ballads, I. 123).
His lengthen'd chin, his tum'd-up snout.
His eldritch squeal and gestures.
Bums, Holy Fair.
Elean (e'le-an), a. Same as Eliac.
Eleatic (el-e-at'ik), a. and «. [< L. Eleaticus,
also Eleates, pertaining to Elea, Gr. 'EX/a, L.
also Velia and Uelia, orig. called (by its Greek
founders) Tt /.J?, i. e. (prob.), 'pr/.'/, < £/j)C, orig.
'Fth)i, a marsh, low ground by rivers.] I. a. Of
or pertaining to Elea (Latin Velia), an ancient
Greek town in southern Italy or Magna Grtecia ;
specifically, an epithet given to a school of
(ireek philosophy founded by Xenophanes of
Colophon, who resided in Elea. The most distin-
guished philosophers of this school were Parmenides and
Zeno. 'The main Eleatic doctrines are developments of
the conception that the One, or Absolute, alone Is real.
n. n. 1. An inhabitant of Elea. — 2. An ad-
herent of the Heatic philosophv.
Eleatici8m(el-e-at'i-8izm), ». [<£ka«e + -»«»».]
The doctrines of the Eleatic school of philoso-
phy.
elec. An abbreviation of electric and electricity,
elecampane (el'e-kam-pan'), ». [Formerly eli-
campatte, aleaim'jmne, alycompaine, heliecampa-
nie (the first part, being al-
tered appar, in simulation
of the L. name helenium =
Gr. i>h>iov (> AS. elene)-. <
OF. enule-campane, < ML.
inula campana, elecam-
pane: L. inula, elecam-
pane, perhaps an accom.
of helenium, < Gr. i/.iviov, a
plant supposed to be ele-
campane ; ML. campana,
prob. for campania, fem.of
campanius, eampaneus, of
the field, < L. campus, a field :
see campaign, champagne.']
1. The common name of Inula Helenium, a
coarse stout composite plant, a native of cen-
tral Europe and Asia, sometimes cultivated,
ami often found naturalized in meadows and
pastures in the eastern United States, it was
one of the most famous of old medicines, having a special
reputation In all pulmonary affections, and It Is still used
as a domestic remedy for various complaints.
Elecampane (/MWa Htle-
MtUfH).
Seed-pearl were go<xl now, boiled with syrup of apples,
Tincture of gold, and coral, citron-pills,
Your elieamyane root, myrobalanes.
B. Jonton, Volpone, ilL 2.
electicism
2. A coarse sweetmeat, professedly made from
the root of the plant, but reaUy composed of
little else than colored sugar.
He borrowed from every one of the pupils — I don't
know how he spent it except in hardbake and alycom-
paine. Thackeray, Newcomes, xxv.
elect (e-lekt'), V. t. [< L. eleetus, pp. of eligere
(> It. eleggere = Sp. Pg. elegir = F. Hire), pick
out, choose, elect (= Gr. cKMyeiv, pick out,
choose, > ult. E. eclectic), < e, out, -1- legere, pick
out, pick, gather, collect, etc.: see legend. Cf.
collect, select.'] 1. To pick out; select from
among a number ; specifically, in theoL, to se-
lect, especially as an object of divine mercy or
favor. See election, 6.
The breath of worldly men cannot depose
The deputy elected by the Lord.
Shak., Rich. II., ili. 2.
He lost nothing of . . . devotion to the sublime enter-
prise to which he held himself elected from his infancy by
the promises of God. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 6.
If Orcagna's work was elected to survive the ravages of
time, it is a happy chance that it should be balanced by a
group of performances of such a different temper.
U. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 322.
Hence — 2. To select for an ofBce or employ-
ment by a majority or plurality (according to
agreement) of votes ; choose by ballot or any
similar method : as, to elect a representative or
a senator ; to elect a president or mayor.
After the Death of Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury,
the plonks of that Convent secretly In the Night elected
one Reginald, their Sub-Prior, to succeed him.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 73.
3. To choose ; prefer ; determine in favor of.
Of his Deghter by dene, that were dere holdyn.
One Creusa was eald kyndly by nome.
That Eneas afterward Elit to wed.
That spokyn is of specially in our spede after.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1491.
They have been, by the means that they elected, carried
beyond the end that they designed.
Boyle, Essay on Scripture.
Yourself elected law should take its course.
Avenge wrong, or show vengeance not your right.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 149.
=8yTL Select, Prefer, etc. See choose.
elect (e-lekt'), a. and n. [= F. Hit = Sp. electo
= Pg." eleito = It. eletto, < L. eleetus, pp. : see
elect, V. t.] I. a. 1. Chosen; selected from
among a number ; taken in preference to others ;
specifically, in theol., chosen as the special ob-
jects of mercy or divine favor ; chosen to eter-
nal life.
The elder unto the elect lady and her children, whom I
love in the truth. 2 John 1.
Some I have chosen of peculiar grace.
Elect above the rest. Milton, P. L., ill. 184.
Thrilling with the electric touch of sacred leaves, he saw
in vision, like Dante, that small procession of the elder
poets to which only elect centuries can add another lau-
relled liead. Loivell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 310.
2. Chosen to an office, as by vote, but not yet in-
augurated, consecrated, or invested with office :
in this sense usually after the noun : as, gov-
ernor or mayor elect. — 3. Of such a nature as
to merit choice or preference ; noble ; exalted.
Emerson . . . stood hale and serene and sane, elect and
beautiful in every aspect of his mind.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 478.
H. n. sing, or pi. 1. A person or persons
chosen or set apart ; one or more selected for a
particular service or honor.
Behold my servant, whom I uphold ; mine elect, in whom
my soul delighteth. Isa. xliL 1.
These reverend fathers, . . . the elect of the land.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 4.
The executive, the elect of the whole State, has in no in-
stance any medium of communication with his constitu-
ents, except through the legislature.
N.A. Rev., CXXIII. 4.
2. Those who are chosen by God to eternal life.
He shall send his angels, . . . and they shall gather to-
gether hU elect from the four winds. Mat. xxiv. 31.
'Tls true we all hold there Is a number of elect, and many
to be saved. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, L 66.
As God hath appointed the elect unto glory, so hath He,
by the eternal and most free purpose of His will, foreor-
dained all the means thereunto.
West. Con/, of Faith, ill. § 6.
elect. An abbreviation of electric and electricity.
electantt (e-lek'tant), n. [< L. elcctan{t-)s, ppr.
of c/cctor<^, rare freq. of eligere, elect : see elect.]
One having the power of choosing.
You cannot go on further to entitle him a free electant
too. A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. ili. 26.
electaryt (e-lek'ta-ri), n. An obsolete form of
electiiary.
electicism (e-lek'ti-sizm), «. An improper form
of eclecticism. [Rare.]
electioii
election (e-lek'shon), ti. [< ME. election^ elec-
cioun, < OP, electioHf F, election = Pr. clectio =
Sp. eleccion = Pg. eleicdo = It. el€::ionej < L. elec-
tio{n-), a choosing, < eligere, pp. eJectus, pick
out, choose, elect : see W<?c^] 1, A deliberate
act of choice ; particularly, a choice of means
for accomplishing a given end.
Nor headlong carrieil by the stream of will,
Nor by his owu election led to iU.
Daniel, Civil Ware, iv.
For what is Man without a mooving mind,
Which hath a judging wit and chusiiig will?
Now if God's power should her election bind,
Her motions then would cease and stand all still.
Sir J. Daviet, Nosce Teipsum.
I had thought you
Had had more judgment to have made election
Of your companions,
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
The freedom of election — a freedom which is indispen-
sable to all moral value, whether in doing or in suffering,
in believing or denying. De Quincey, Essenes, i
2. The choice of a person or persons for office
of any kind by the voting of a body of quali-
fied or authorized electors. The persons voted for
are called catuiidates, or, with reference to their selection
as candidates, nominees. Election for public office is now
almost universally effected by the use of printed ballots.
(See balloti.) The decision may depend ui>on the cast-
ing of an actual majority of all the votes for a caniUdate,
as in various European countries and in some of the
United States, or upon a plurality or the largest number
of votes for any candidate where there are more than two
opposing candidates, as in most of the United States. In
the former case a new election has to be held when there
is no actual majority; in the latter a single balloting is
final unless there is a tie, which is very rare.
And alweys thei maken here Queen by Eleccioun, that is
most worthy in Armes. Mandeville, Travels, p. 155.
The election of a Pi'esident of America, some years hence,
will be much more interesting to certain nations of Europe
than ever the election of a king of Poland was.
Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 275.
3. The act or process of choosing a person or
persons for office by vote ; a polling for office ;
also, the occasion or set time and provision for
making such choice : as, a general or a special
election ; American elections are generally held
in autumn.
Election, in a political sense, was formerly limited to
*'the act of choosing a person to fill an office or employ-
ment." The new sense ... is a voting at the polls to
ratify or reject a proposed measure.
Pro/. F. P. Brewer, in Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass.,
[XVII., App., p. vii.
Hence — 4. By extension, a public vote upon a
proposition submitted ; a poll for the decision
by vote of any public matter or question : as,
to hold an election on a new constitution, or on
a measure referred by the legislature to the
people. [U. S.] — 5t, Discernment; discrimi-
nation; distinction.
To use men with much difference and election is good.
Bacon.
6. In theol. : (a) The choice by God of partic-
ular individuals either (1) to be the recipients
of his grace and of eternal life, or (2) to be
commissioned for a particular work. Whether
the choice in the former case is absolute or conditional is
a disputed question in theolot^y. Calvinism maintains
that it is absolute ; Arminianism, that it is conditional.
Knowing, brethren beloved, your election of God.
1 Thes. i. 4.
This election was not founded upon foreseen faith, and
the obedience of faith, holiness, or any other good quality
or disposition in man, as the prerequisite, cause, or con-
dition on which it depended ; but men are chosen to faith
and to the obedience of faith, holiness, etc.
Canons of the Synod of Port, ix.
I believe election means, secondly, a divine appointment
of some men to eternal happiness. But I believe this
election to be conditional,' as well as the reprobation op-
posite thereto. John Wesley, Works, VI. 28.
(&t) Those who are elected by God to eternal
life.
Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for ; but
the election hath obtained it. Rom. xi. 7.
7. In astral, f a reason for choosing one time
rather than another for an undertaking ; a
preference of times. See rootj n.
The assendent sothly, as well In alle nativitez as in ques-
tiouns & elecciouns of tymes, is a thing which that thise
astrologiens gretly observen. Chaucer, Astrolabe, ii. § 4.
Electionif hold good In those cases only where both the
virtue of the heavenly Iwdies is such as does not quickly
pass, and the action of the inferior bodies is such as is not
auddeoly accomplished.
Bacon, De Augmentis (tr. by Spedding), ii. 4.
8. In math.^ a part or the whole of a number
of distinguishable objects. The number of elections
of n things is 2« — l. Thus, the elections of three things,
A, B, C, are : A, B, C, AH. AC, BC. ABC— Age Of elec-
tion. See^^^ri— Disseizin by election, sw disseizin.
— Elections (Hours of Poll) Act, an Knt-'lish statute of
1884 (47 and 48 V|<;t., c. 34), which established hours for
voting at parliamentary and municipal elections in cer-
1866
tain boroughs, from 8 A. M. till 8 P. M. In 1885 (48 Vict.,
c. 10) it was extended to include all such elections.— Poinx
or place of election, in surif., the preferred point, as, in
ligature arteries, the point where in a normal person the
artery can be most conveniently and atlvantageously tied.
—Primary election. See ^nj/tan/.— strong or weak
election, in astrol., a great or small preference for one
time rather than another. =Syn. 1 and 2. Choice, Pre/er-
ence, etc. See option.
election-auditor (e-lek'shon-&^^di-tor), w. In
Great Britaiu, an officer annually appointed for
each constituency, to whom is committed the
duty of auditing and publishing the account of
all expenses incurred at parliamentary elec-
tions.
electioneer (e-lek-sho-ner'), r. /. [< election +
-cer.] To employ means for influencing an elec-
tion, as public speaking, solicitation of votes,
etc.; work for the success of a candidate or of
a party in an election : as, to electioneer for a
candidate, or for a ticket ; he electioneered with
great effect.
He . . . tookcaretoengageinhisinterestall those un-
derlings who delight in galloping round the country to
electioneer. Afiss Edgeworth, Kosanna, iii.
The experiment is now making, . . . whether candidates
for the presidency shall openly electioneer for that office.
B. Choate, Addresses, p. 425,
electioneerer (e-lek-8ho-ner'6r), n. One who
electioneers.
Many loud-tongued electioneer e.rs, who proved to Vivian,
by everything but calculation, that he must be returned
if he would but stand. Miss Edgeworth, Vivian, ii.
electioneering (e-lek-sho-ner'ing), p. a. Of or
pertaining to the influencing of voters before or
at an election : as, electioneering practices.
elective (e-lek'tiv), a. and n. [= F. Mectif =
Pr. electiu = Sp. Pg. electivo = It. elettivo, \ L.
as if *electivusj < electuSj pp. of eligere, pick out,
choose: ^qq elect.'] I. a, 1. Chosen by election;
dependent on choice ; bestowed or passing by
election: as, an c/cciiVe monarchy (one in which
the king is raised to the throne by election) ;
the office is elective: opposed to hereditary, or
to tenure by appointment.
The elective mode of obtaining rulers is the characteris-
tic policy of republican government.
A. IJamilton, The Federalist, No. Ivii.
It came to be disputed whether the monarchy was he-
reditary or elective. J. Adams, Works, IV. 362.
By its [the House of Lords'] side arose the House of Com-
mons, the elective house of the knights, citizens, and bur-
gesses. E. A. FreemQLn, Amer. Lects., p. 369.
An elective magistracy and clergy, land for all who would
till it, and reading and writing, will ye, nill ye.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 230.
2. Pertaining or relating to or consisting in the
choice or right of choosing by vote : as, the elec-
tive principle in government ; the elective fran-
chise.
The pope . . . rejected both candidates, declared the
elective power to be forfeited, and put in his own nominee.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 382.
The elective right of the chapters and the archiepiscopal
confirmation were formally admitted.
Stubbs, Const. Hist, § 381.
3. Exerting the power of choice.
All moral goodness consisteth in the elective act of the
understanding will. N. Grew, Cosmologia Sacra.
4. Selecting for combination: as, an elective
attraction, which is a tendency in bodies to
unite with certain kinds of matter in preference
to other kinds — Elective affinity. See chemical af-
finity, under cAemicai.— Elective franchise, monarchy,
etc. See the nouns.
II, n. In the colleges of the United States,
an optional study; any one of a number of
studies from which the scholar is allowed to
select that which he prefers.
Post-graduate electives are allowed to a limited extent.
Jour. Pedagogy, I., No. 6, advertising p. 6.
electively (e-lek'tiv-li), adv. By choice; with
preference of one to another.
Cabbage is no food for her [the butterfly] ; yet in the
cabbage, not by chance, but studiously and electively, she
lays her eggs. Paley, Nat. Theol., "xviii.
electivity (e-lek-tiv'i-ti), n, [< elective + -ity.']
The quality of being elective. F. W. H. Myers.
elector (e-lek'tor), n. [= F. 6lecteur = Sp. elector
= Pg. eleitor = It. elettore, < L. elector^ a chooser,
< eligerCf pp. electuSj pick out, choose : see elect.']
One who elects or has the right of choice ; a
person who has the legal right of voting for
any functionary or the adoption of any mea-
sure ; a voter, in free governments the people, or such
of them as possess the prescribed qualifications, are the
electors of their legislative representatives, and in some,
as the United States, of their principal executive oflScers,
and in some cases of their judicial oflicers.
The rule of Jefferson was followed in requiring no prop-
erty qualification for an elector.
Bancroft, Hist. Const, II. 113.
electoress
Specifically — (a) In the Roman-German empire, one of the
seven or more princes who had the right to elect the em-
peror. As established by the Golden Bull of 1356, these
were the spiritual electors of Mayence, Treves, and Cologne,
and the temporal electors of the Khine Palatinate, Saxony,
Brandenburg, and Bohemia. Other German princes, as tlie
rulers of Bavaria, Hanover, etc., also had voices in the
college of electoral princes for longer or shorter periods.
The original electors held also the great magisterial offices
of the intperial court. The whole system passed away
with the empire in 1806. The temporal princes holding
the right were generally known by the title of elector in
their several dominions.
Munich is a place visited by most of the strangers who go
into Germany ; the elector's palace in the town was finely
furnished. Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 214.
(b) In the United States, one of the presidential elec-
toi-s. See below.
The President of the United States . . . and the Vice-
President are chosen for the term of four years, by elec-
tors, appointed in such manner as the several States may
direct. Calhoun, Works, I. 176.
The electors have no practical power over the election,
and have had none since their institution.
T. H. Benton, Thirty Years, I. 37.
Presidential electors, persons elected by the voters of
the several States for the purpose of electing the next
President and Vice-President of the United States. Ori-
ginally they were expected to exercise some independent
choice among members of each party represented in their
body ; but in practice their function soon became merely
that of casting votes predetermined by party nomination.
Each State has as many electors as it has representatives
and senators in Congress. No person holding an office
under the United States government is eligible for au
elector.— The Great Elector, the name usually given to
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenbui^ from 1640 to
1688, who greatly strengthened the Brandenburg- Prussian,
jH) wer, and prepared the way for the elevation of the Prus-
sian monarchy under Frederick the Great.
electoral (e-lek'to-ral), a. [= F. Electoral =
Sp. electoral ^ Pg. eleitoral = It. elettorale ; <
elector + -«/,] Of or pertaining to election or
electors ; consisting of electors.
Such are the subdivisions in favour of the electoral and
other princes of the empire. Burke, Economical Reform.
The restriction of the electoral franchise to the class
which was qualified to serve on juries commended itself
to moderate politicians of the fifteenth century.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 368.
Electoral college, a name infoimally given to the elec-
tors of a single State, when met to vote for President and
Vice-President of the United States, and sometimes to the
whole body of electors. See presidential electors, under
elector.
In case the electoral college fails to choose a Vice-Presi-
dent, the power devolves on the Senate to make the se-
lection from the two candidates having the highest num-
ber of votes. Calhoun, Works, I. 175.
Electoral commission, in U. S. hist., an extraordinary
commission, consisting of five senators, five representa-
tives, and five associate justices of the Supreme Court of
the United States, created by an act of Congress in 1877, to
whom were to be referred all electoral votes for President
and Vice-President as to the admission of which the two
houses could not agree, the Republicans having a major-
ity in the Senate and the Democrats in the House of Rep-
resentatives. The occasion for the disagreement was the
opposite views taken by the respective parties as to the
relative validity of different sets of electoral votes re-
turned from the lately seceded States of Louisiana, South
Carolina, and Florida, and also from Oregon, which would
decide the election. The result was the seating of the
Republicans Hayes and Wheeler, as against the Democrats
Tilden and Hendricks.— Electoral crown, the crown
worn by the electors of the Roman-German empire, repre-
sented as arched with four half-circles supporting an orb
and a cross, and doubled or faced with ermine, which
turns up round the lower rim and has a scalloped edge,
and with two fillets hanging down on the two sides. —
Electoral mantle, a mantle worn as a mark of office by
the electors of the Roman-German empire.
electoralityt (e-lek-to-ral'i-ti)* «• [< electoral
+ ~ity.] An electorate.
Understanding as well this declaration to be for the
elect oralities, principalities, and estates, situate and being
within the empire. Beliquice Wottoniance, p. 534.
electorate (e-lek'tor-at), n. [= F. electorat =
Sp. electorado = Pg. eleitorado = It. elettorato;
as elector + -ate^.] 1. The whole body of elec-
tors ; the aggregate of citizens entitled to vote.
Our Liberal electorate has the task thrown upon it not
only of choosing a good minister, but also of determining
what the good shall be which this minister is to bring us.
M. Arnold, in Nineteenth Century, XIX. 654.
In the new Parliament, notwithstanding the vast in-
crease of the electorate, there was no direct representation
of the unions. The Century, XXVIII. 129.
2. The dignity of an elector in the Roman-Ger-
man empire. — 3. The territory of an elector in
Germany.
He . . . can himself command, when he pleases, the
whole strength of an electorate in the empire.
Addison, Freeholder.
electoress, electress (e-lek'tor-es, -tres), M.
[= F. Slectrice = It. eleitrice; as elector + -ess.]
The wife or widow of an elector of the Boman-
Gerraan empire.
The eyes of all the protestants in the nation turned to-
wards the electoress of Brunswick ; who was daughter to the
queen of Bohemia. Bp. Burnet, Hist Owa Times, an. 1700.
electorial
electorial (e-lek-ta-ri-al), a. [< elector + -toZ.]
Same as electoral. [Rare.]
1 make no doubt they [the revoliitinn society) would
soon erect themselves into an electorial college, if things
were ripe to give effect to their claim.
Burke, Rev. in France.
electorship (e-lek'tor-ship), n. [< elector +
ship.^ The office of an elector.
And if the Bavarian hath male-issue of this young lady,
the son is to succeed him in the electorship,
HttuxU, Letters, L vL 2a
Electra (e-lek'tra), n. [L., < Gr. 'H/ixTpa, a
fern, proper name: see electrum.'] 1. One of
the Pleiades, 20 Tauri.— 2. [NL.] In zoiil. : (a)
A genus of polyps. Lamarck, 1816. (6) A ge-
nus of lepidopterous insects. Stephens, 1829.
(c) A genus of dipterous insects. Loea, 1845.
((f) A genus of moUusks.
electret, «• A middle English form of electrum.
electrepeter (e-lek-trep'e-t6r), n. [Incorrect-
ly formed, appar. meant for "eleetrotrope, < Gr.
i/MKTpov, amber (repr. electricity), + Tpi-reiv,
turn.] An instrument for changing the direc-
tion of electric currents. i
electress, ». See electoress.
electric (e-lek'trik), a. and ». [= F. Hectrique
= Sp. electrico = Pg. eieetrico = It. elettrico (ef.
D. G. elektrisch = Dan. 8w. elektrisk), < NL.
electricus, < L. electrum, amber (repr. electri-
city): see e/ecfruni. First used by Gilbert, "Vim
illam electricam nobis placet appeUare" (De
.Magnete (1600), ii. 2, p. 47).] I. a. [Also elec-
trical.'] 1. Containing electricity, or capable of
exhibiting it when excited by friction : as, an
electric body, such as amber or glass. Boyle,
Atmospheres of Consistent Bodies (1667). —
2. Pertaining to or consisting in electricity:
as, electric power; an electric discharge. — 3.
Derived from or produced b v electricity : as, an
electric shock; an electric light. — 4. Convey-
ing electricity; producing electricity; com-
municating a shock by electricity: as, an elec-
tric machine ; electric wires ; the electric eel or
fish.
CertsiD flihe* belonging to the generm Torpedo (among
tlie ElasmobninchilX Oymnotiu, Malaptemms, and Mor-
myrus (among the Teleostei), pua»e« organs which convert
nervous energy into electricity, Just as muscles convert
the same energy into ordinary motion. . . . The nerves of
the electrical organs procee<i from the flftli pair, and from
the electric lobe ot the medulla oblongata, which appear*
to be developed at the origin of the pnenmogastrioa.
liuzUy, Anst Vert., p. M.
8. Operated bv electricity : as, an electric bell ;
an electric railway. — 8. Figuratively, full of
fire, spirit, or passion, and capable of commu-
nicating it to others; magnetic.
KleeMc Pindar, quick as fear.
With race-dust on his cheeks, and clear
Slant startled eyes.
Jfr<. Browning, Vision of Poeta,
Dynamo-electric machine. See dtctrie nuuhint, be-
low.—Electric absorption. See retidual charge, under
rMMuoJ. — Electric action, in organ.bmlding, a mecha-
nism in which the omneetl.in between the keyboani
and the pii>es ii made liy the help of electricity. — Eleo-
^C alarm, any alarm or signaling device controlled or
operated by a current of electricity. The alarm Is sound-
ed by the cloatug of the electric circuit, which may be
effected by a thermoatat, a door, a sash, or other derioe^
according to the parpoee for which the alarm is used. See
alarm, tktrmotUU, and /bn^alarm Electric annmieUlr
tor, an apparatus by means of which the location of the
point at which an electric circait is made or broken is in-
diiated. A number of electromagnets are connected, each
with some particular station, room, or point fn>m which a
signal may eome; the opening or closing of the circuit at
any of these points operates ue electroma:.-net to which
it is Joined, bringing into view a numl>er, letter, or word
in'li'Mtin^' the location of the point An alarm-bell is
senerilly nmg at the same time. -Electric apparatus,
till- various machines and applianees necessary for con-
ilncting electrical experiments, and illustrating the laws of
el. < tdi; action.— Electric atmoapbere, electric atira.
s. ■■ „,ira\. -Electric bridge, call-bell, clock, current,
displacement, eel, egg, fuse, governor, hammer,
harpoon, 'le. s. .ihc nr.iMn. - Electric field, any opuco
in wtiich .■[<■■ tri'- f-.r. •■ 'xi-t-i. - Electric force, the force
exi-tiii.: ;trii .:u' hM.ii.h ' hitj'-'i wilij t-Ieetricity. due to
til'- '-iMfen' -■ i.f Iti.' ri,rir'_-.-. - EleCtTiC l&mp, the con-
trivance in which tljf .-]'■ tri Ii_'hr in produced.- Elec-
tric light, li:.-ht |.r-liii"i Ir. . l.riii.-lty ; especially, a
brilliant ligiit f'T purii^'^e-^ "i ill'iniination obtained hj
means of a powerful current of electricity, generated by
a magneto- or dyiiamo-eiectric machine. The light is
of two general kiiidL the ardight and the ineana4»cmt
light In the fltit toe voltaic arc is employed: in the
second a resisting conductor Is rendered incandescent
by the onrrenL The arc-light (see voltaie are, under
ari-\) is produced when a powerful current passes be-
tween two carbon electrodiss, at first in contact and
afterward 8eparat#>d a short distance, the result being
the formation "f the v->ItTiic arc. The light of the arc and
the glowing eariNmiw.inf 8 han great InteTislty, and electric
lamps of this Itind are ext'-iiHlvely used for pnrposes of illil-
miTiation. where a powerfnl liAt (1.200 candle-power or
upward) can t«e efmnmieally employed. In order to keep
the cari>on electrodes at a constant distance, so that the
light may be uniform, some form of regulator is generally
1867
needed. Commonly an electromagnet, through which the
current passes, is used for this purpose. As tlie carbons
are slowly consumed the distance ijetween them increases ;
the current meets with greater resistance, and is weaitened
accordingly; this in turn wealiens the electromagnet,
which acts less powerfully on its armature, and thus
through some mechanical device causes the points to ap-
proach each other. If they come too near together, tlie
strengthened current strengthens the electromagnet, and
the same contrivance pulls them apart again ; so that
the current automatically regulates itself. In electric can-
dies this necessity is done away with ; here, as in the Jab-
lochkoff candle, for example, the carbon pencils are placed
side by side, separated by some insulating earthy substance,
the arc is formed at tlie
A , ui top, and the candle burns
f^.
away in a manner analo-
gous to that of an ordi-
nary candle. With these
candles alternating car-
rents are employed to ob-
viate the difficulty that
Arc-lamp.
B, hanger ; C, switch : />, resistance
coil ; £. m^oets ; F, clutch ; G, car-
boo rod; //, upper carbon; /, gas- , , ,
check plug: JtT, inclosing bulb; i. Incandescent Lamp,
lower carbon; Af, lower carbon hold-
er; jV, hook for tail-piece.
would othenriBe arise from the more rapid consumption
of the carbon forming the positive pole. In an incan-
descent electric lamp, or glow-lamp, the current i^ made
to pass through a strip of some sulistance which, because
of its higli resistouce, becomes highly heated, and lience
brilliantly incandescent Practically, the only suitable
substance known is carbon, which in the form of a thin strip
or wire, carefully prepared for the purpose (for example,
from a strip of bamboo) and bent in a loop, is inuloaed in
a btUb of glasB from which the air has been exhausted.
The vacnnm Is essential to prevent the consumption of
the carbon at the bigh temperature to which it Ia raised.
The Incandescent iiglit is comparable in brlliiancy to a
good ffasbumer, and is hence suitable for general house
illumination ; It is snperior to gas in steadiness, and has
the great advantage that it does not vitiate the air. The
current employed has, tor lamps of ordinary power, much
less strength than that needed for the urc-iight. The
clutch-lamp Is an arc-lamp in which the rod to which the
upper carbon Is attacheu la stirrounded by an annular
clutch, which Is raided when the circuit is completed,
thus establishing ttie arc — Electric log, a ship's log in
which the recuitling mechanism may be stopped by clos-
ing an electrical circuit through the tow-line when it is
necessary to haul ttie log on t>oard ship. Another form
of electric log uses the recording mechanism to close a
circuit throo^ ttie tow-line, ami rt-p<>rt thi- record of the
log on the veaseL See Io<7.— Electric machine, a ma-
chine for genermting laiye quantities of electricity. Those
commonly used for prt^ucing statical electricity depend
upon either friction or Induction for their operation. For
producing current electricity a magneto- electric or dy-
namo-electric machine is employed. The frictionul elec-
tric machine osoally consists of a plate or cylinder of
Frlctiooal Electric Machine.
A, glass plate ; S, rubber, holding amalgam ; C, collecting points;
/>, prime conductor.
glass, which Is made by means of a handle to revolve be-
tween stationary cusliions whose surfaces are covered
with amalgam. One form of electricity (positive) is gen-
erated on the revolving plate, and is taken off by combs
to a large brass cylinder called the pritw conductor ; the
other (negative) is generated on the cuahlon.t, and may
also be collected on aconduct«)r, )>nt isgenerally allowed to
pass off to the earth through a metallic chain. 1'he elec-
tricity obtained Is the e*iuivaU-nt of the mechanical energy
expended in turning the crantf, less that ^vhich tlirough
friction is expended in prottucing useless heat. An in-
duction-machine acta upon the principle of induction.
Thus, in the Holtz machine no friction Is used except to
charge the armatures. It consists of a stationary glass
plate with two open spaces, or "windows," on ojtpoRite
sides of the center, and of a second glass plate which Is
revolved very rapidly In front of It. On the other side of
the movable plate, and opposite the windows, are two
combs connecting with brass conductors ending in Inrtre
knobs. On one edge of each window Is attached a piece
of paper, called the armature, and a tongue of paper pro-
jects from It Into the open space toward the revolving
wheeL In the use of the Holtz machine and others of
elecrtiric
the same kind a small initial charge must fii-st be com-
municated to the armatui-e. By induction this is in-
creased until a maximum, depending on the insulating
power of the machine and its supporte, is reached. The
electrical energy developed has its equivalent in the work
done in overcoming alternate attraction and repulsion of
the moving and fixed parts. The effects of an induction-
machine are much more powerful than tliose of the plate-
machine, and it is less influenced by dampness in the air.
It is consequently a very useful machine in the physical
laboratory, being much used for statical experiments.
When a powerful current of electricity is required, a mag-
neto-electric or dynamo-electric machine driven by a
steam- or gas-engine, or by water-power, is employed.
These machines depend upon the induction which takes
place between magnets and coils of wire, when their rela-
tive positions are changed. (See wdwc(ton.) The distinc-
tion between the magneto- and dynamo-machines is that
in the former a permanent magnet is employed, while in
the latter its place Is taken by an electromagnet. A
simple form of the first cunsists of a large horseshoe mag-
net, before the poles of which two bobbins wound with
insulated copper wire and inclosing cores of soft iron are
made to revolve; the variation in magnetic intensity and
polarity as these soft iron cores alternately approach and
recede from the poles of the permanent magnet produces
induced currents in the wire of the bobbins. These cur-
rents are reversed for each half-revolution, and hence a
machine of this type produces an alternating cuiTent.
By the use of a commutator, however, the current may be
rectified, so that it passes through the connecting wire
always in the same direction. In another form of the
machine the soft iron core Is in the form of a ring, about
which a numl>er of separated coils of insulated wire are
wound, the ends of which are taken to the central axis. Tliis
circular armature revolves between the poles of the horse-
shoe magnet, and the result is the generation of a current in
one direction in one half of the coils, and in the opposite
direction in the other half. The current is taken off for
the outside circuit by means of two metallic brushes on
each side of the central axis. The magneto- electric ma-
chine has been displaced for practical use by the dynamo-
Brush Multi-circuit Dynamo.
A, field frame ; B, armature ; C, armature coils; D, magnet-coils
or field spools; ,^, pole piece ; F, automatic regulator for shifting
brushes, tnereby maintaining a constant current in the lamp circuit
regardless of the number of lamps in operation; (7, commutator; H,
brush-holder ; /, brushes ; J, mam circuit switch ; K. circuit switches ;
/., series lamps on multiple circuit.
electric machine, or dynamo. The dynamo-machines in
use are of many forms, but all consist essentially of one
or more large electromagnets (called the field-magnei8)hC'
tween the jwles of which an armature, consisting of asoft
iron core wound with coils of insulated copper wire, is made
to revolve very rapidly by means of an engine. In most of
them the principle of reduplication is involved— that is,
commencing with a very small amount of residua! mag-
netism in the fleld-magnets, the inductive action between
them and the revolving armature results in the produc-
tion of a feeble cuireiit in the coils. Tliis current may be
made to pass through the wire of the stationary magnets,
strengthening them so that they exert a stronger inductive
iiiflnencc on the armature, thus producing a strong cur-
rent in the coils, which again charges more strongly the
ft? Id- magnets, and so on until the machine is in full action.
The charging of the field-magnets is accomplished in dif-
ferent ways. In some forms of the machine the fleld-
magnets are excited by independent currents, produced by
separate machines ; In other forms (called series dynamos)
the current generated in the armattire charges the field-
niagneta, and is also used for the outside work, the coils
of the electromagnets, in other words, forming part of
the external circuit; in still other forms (called shunt
df/vamos) a portion only of the current generated in the
armature Is used to charge the field-magnets, the re-
mainder being taken off for the practical outside work.
Many different forms of the machine are now in use,
and they have proved an economical and convenient
electric
means of obtaining powerful currents of electricity, wlien
It is to be used for producing the electric liglit, for electro-
plating, for the transmission of power or energy, and so
on. In the transmission of energy by electricity, the
current proiluced bv the machine is made to pass thiwigh
a second madiine (called an electric motor, generally simi-
lar to and often identical with the dynamo in form and con-
struction, the onler of working being reversed), distant a
nomber of miles, perhaps, from the first, and there it causes
the armature to revolve, and this revolution may be em-
ployed to do any kind of mechanical work. Dynamos have
a high degree of elficiency, many transforming over 90 per
cent, of the mechanical energy used in revolving the arma-
ture into the energy of the electric current. They furnish
the electric current much more economically, as well as
more regularly, than a voltaic battery, since the zinc, the
fuel of the latter, is an expensive and a poor fuel, as com-
pared with the coal used for the engine whicli drives the
dynamo. — Electric meter, an instrument designed to
measure the quantity of electricity supplied to consum-
ers for the production of light or heat, or to be used as a
motive power. — Electric motor. See electric machine.
— Electric organ. See orjro » — Electric pendulum, a
form of electroscope consisting of a pith-ball suspended by
a non-eondnctingthread.- Electric piano. See jnano.—
Electric railway, a railway on wliicli electricity is the mo-
tive power. The wheels of each car may be set in motion
by an electric motor to which they are geared, or a motor-
car may draw one or more cars. There are two distinct
systems of electric railway. In one the electric motor
is actuated by a current of electricity drawn from a sec-
ondary or *' storage" battery carried with the car, gener-
ally underneath the floor ; in the other the current is con-
veyed from a dynamo at some point on the line by means
of conductors, which may be supported upon poles or
placed in an underground conduit. — Electric storm,
a violent disturbance of the electrical condition of the
earth, resulting in strong earth-currents through long
lines of telegraph, often Interfering with the ordinary
working of tlie line. These storms are sometimes wide-
spread, and are thought by some physicists to be re-
lated to contemporaneous disturbances of the atmosphere
of the sun. The phrase is also applied to unusually vio-
lent displays of atmospheric electricity. — Electric-tele-
graph cable. See ca6(e.— Electric tension, difference
of electric ijotential : often used as equivalent to electro-
motive force, (See also battery, cell^ circuit, condenser,
electricity, fluid, potential, telegram, telephone, tengion,
gpark, unit.)
II. n. A body or substance capable of exbib-
iting electricity by means of friction or other-
wise, and of resisting the passage of it from
one body to another. See electricity — To excite
an electric. See excite.
electrical (e-lek'tri-kal), a. [< electric + -al.'\
Same as electric.
We believe that the time has arrived when the scientific
world no longer loolvs upon electrical phenomena as iso-
lated and separate from the phenomena of heat and light,
or chemical reactions. Science, IV. 184.
Electrical burglar-alarm, endosmosis, etc. See the
nouns.— Electrical diapason, an instrument consisting
of a tuning-fork or -reed, the vibration of which is main-
tained by means of electricity.- Electrical engineering,
the science and art of utilizing electricity, especially in the
production of light, heat, and motive power, in the trans-
mission and distribution of energy, and in its application
to a great variety of metallurgical and other processes.
It also includes the science and art of the erection and
maintenance of telegraph- and cable-lines, of electric rail-
way-signals, and other forms of electric signalhig. — Elec-
tllcal mortar, a small mortar within which a discharge
is made to take place between two bodies charged with
contrary electricities. This disruptive discharge causes
so violent a disturbance of the air-particles as to expel a
light ball placed in the mouth of the mortar. See Volta's
pistol, under pistol.
electrically (e-lek'tri-kal-i), adv. In the man-
ner of electricity, or by means of it ; as regards
electricity.
electricalness (e-lek'tri-kal-nes), n. The state
or quality of being electrical. [Rare.]
electrician (e-lek-trish'an), n. [= F. Slectricien;
as electric + -ian.'] l.'One who studies elec-
tricity, and investigates its properties by ob-
servation and experiments ; one versed in the
science of electricity. — 2. One engaged in the
business of making or supplying electric ap-
paratus or appliances.
electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti), n. [= D. elektriciteit
= G. elektricitdt = li'an. Sw. elektricitet = F.
ileetriciUS = Sp. electricidad = Pg. electricidade
= It. elettricita, < NL. electricita(t-)s, < electri-
etis, electric: see electric.] In physics, a name
denoting the cause of an important class of
phenomena of attraction and repulsion, chem-
ical decomposition, etc., or, collectively, these
phenomena themselves. The true nature of elec-
tricity Is aa yet not well understood ; but It is probable
that it is not, as was formerly assumed, of the nature of
a fluid — either a single fluid, as was supposed by Frank-
lin, or two fluids (positive and negative), as was supposed
liy .Synimer. The word was first used by Gilbert, the cre-
ator of the science of electricity, and by him was applied
to the phenomena of attraction and repulsion as exhibited
when amber (electrum) and some other substances of a
similar character were briskly rubbed. Its meaning has
been gradually extended to include a large variety of phe-
nomena, among which may be named heating, luminous
and magnetic effects, chemical decomposition, etc., toge-
ther with numerous apparent attractions and repulsions
of matter widely differing from those originally noted,
tat all of which are attributed to a common cause. The
subject is usually divided into the two parts of statical
1868
electroballistic
or frietional electricity, including the electricity pro- charge is very distant and widely distributed, as on the
duced by friction and "analogous means, the phenomena walls of a room, the first may be said to be " free" elec-
of which are chiefly statical, and c«>Ti»if electricitij (also tricity.
called vAtaic electricitii), including that produced by the electricute (e-lek'tri-kut), V. t. [Contracted
chemical or voltaic battery and electromagnetic ma- from electri- 4- execute.] To put to death iu-
chines, the phenomena of which are mostly dynamical, j: ; ,i u ,„„„„„ „f filflntrifitv Also elerfrn.
The form of electricity first discovered was the frietional. aiciaiiy Dy means 01 eieetricity. Also eiecti 0-
The discovery is generally attributed to Thales (sixth cen- cute. [Keeent and eolloq.]
tury B. c), who observed that iunber, after being rubbed electriCTltioil (e-lek-tri-kti'shon), w. The act of
by silk, had the property of attracting light bodies, like pleotriputine' ' TRpcpTit and oollnn 1
■ ■ of paper, bran, etc. It was subsequently discovered „,i„VJj*^L„,,f ' ,^\ {^^l COiioq.J
glass; sulphur, resin, and many other bodies gained eleCtrUerOUP (e-lek-trif e-rus), a. [< LL. elec-
trifer, producing amber (bearing electricity) (<
L. electrum, amber (repr. electricity), -I- /erre =
E. •hear'^), + -ows.] Bearing or transmitting
electricity. Also clectrophorous.
electriflable (e-lek'tri-fi-a-bl), a. [< electrify
+ -able.'] 1. fapable of receiving eieetricity,
or of being charged with it ; that may be elec-
trified or become electric. — 2. Capable of re-
ceiving and transmitting the electric fluid.
bits
that gU , . . .
by friction this same property to a greater or less extent.
When electricity is produced by the friction of silk on
glass, that of the glass is called vitreous or positive elec-
tricity, while that of the silk rubber is called resinous or
negative electricitg. When produced by the friction of
flannel or silk on sealing-wax, that of the wax is negative,
and that of the flannel or silk rubber is positive. Tills dis-
tinction, which, however, is properly explained as due to
a dilf erence of electrical potential (see potential), extends
through the whole subject, by whatever means the elec-
tricity is produced. It is found universally true that the __^^
two kinds of electricity are produced in equal aniountB. oTor+iHfip!rtinTi7p"lpk»'tri-fi->S's'bon) n U elec-
Besides friction, there are other means of exciting elec- eieCirmcapiOn(,e-leK tri n Ka snon), n. L^ eife
tricity, as pressure between two bodies or sudden frac- tnfy + -atlOii.] The act of electritymg, or the
ture (by which means sugar becomes faintly luminous state of being charged with electricity. This
when broken in the dark). If a piece of sealing-wax is may be positive (+) or negative (—), according as the body
broken, the opposite ends will be found to be dissimilar- jg charged with positive or negative electricity— that is,
ly electrified. This is especially true of the fracture of according as its potential is higher or lower than the as-
cleavable minerals, like mica, calcite, etc. Some crystal- sumed zero. See potential.
lized bodies become electrified by change of temperature : electrffler (e-lek'tri-fi-6r), n. One who or that
for example, a crystal of tourmalin, on being slightly „,,; A7~,i^A;.;fi„„ '
warmed, becomes positively electrified at one extremity, wiiicii eiec-uiciBB.
and negatively at the other ; if cooled, the poles are re-
versed, (iieejtyro-electricity.) Forthechiefmeansof obtain-
ing a supply of frietional electricity, see electric machine,
under electric, and electrophorus. The principal subjects
considered under the head of statical electricity are the
distribution of electricity over the surface of a conductor,
as determined byits shape or the proximity of other eleo-
trified bodies (see density) ; the effect of induction or the
production of an electrified state in a neutral body by ap-
proaching it to one already electrified, but without con-
tact ; the degree of induction, as determined by the nature
ofthenoll-conductorordielectric(seeinduc(K>»,cojidiK;tor,
dielectric) ; the accumulation of electricity in a condenser,
as a Leyden jar (see condenser, and Leyden jar, under
jar); the measurement of capacity, potential, quantity, etc.
(as with an electrometer); and the phenomena of dis-
charge, as the spark-discharge, which takes place between
oppositely electrified bodies when they are brought near
electrify (e-lek'tri-fi), V. t. ; pret. and pp. elec-
trified, ppr'. electrifying. [< L. electrum, amber
(repr. electricity), -I- -ficare, make : see -fy.] 1.
To communicate electricity to ; charge with
eieetricity; make electric: as, to electrify s, jax.
— 2. To cause electricity to pass through ; af-
fect by electricity ; give an electric shock to :
as, to electrify a limb. — 3. To excite suddenly;
give a sudden shock to; surprise with some
sudden and startling effect, of a brilliant or
shocking nature ; startle greatly ; thrill : as,
the whole assembly was electrified.
He (Milton] electrifies the mind. Maeaulay, Milton.
If the sovereign were now to immure a subject in defl-
..,.,_, .... , .„-, , .;„•*„„„„ anceof the writ of Habeas Corpus, or to put a conspirator
together, the brush-discharge, etc. Ihe electricity gen- ^^^ torture, the whole nation would be instantly elec-
erated by friction and analogous means is in a state ol ^_.^,j k.. ii,„ .,<>,„. \in^n„inti mat Kncr . i
trifled by the news. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., L
electrinel (g-lek'trin), a. [< LL. eUctrinus, < Gr.
riHtiTptvoQ, made of amber or electrum, < fi7.tK-
Tfiov, amber, electrum: see electrum.] 1. Be-
longing to or made of amber. — 2. Composed
of the alloy called electrum (which see).
' " " ...... [<. electrum (electric)
high potential (see potential), but the quantity, and there
fore the amount of electrical energy, is generally small ;
it has the power of overcoming great resistances and pro-
ducing violent mechanical effects, as seen in the discharge
of a Holtz machine, and still more strikingly in the case
of lightning. Frietional electricity has found but few
useful applications in the arts. The eonnnon means of _ _ ^
producing current electricity is the voltaic battery. (See elCCtrine^ (e-lek' trill), n
battery and cell.) Electrical currents may also be ob- ^■
talned by revolving a coil of wire in the space (magnetic
field) between the poles of a steel magnet or electromag-
net, so as to cut the lines of force between these poles.
This principle is made use of in magneto-electric and dy-
namo-electric machines (see electric) to obtain powerful
currents of electricity for practical use. A current may
also be produced by soldering together two ends of two
bars of different metals, connecting the other ends with ,- -, . ^ . - , -. v
a copper wire, and then heating (or cooling) the first electnzation (e-lek-tn-za shon), n.
point of union. This is called thermo-electricity, and --7_ _^ •„_..■... <?,_ ,7„.j_.- ; — _ t
the pair of metals is called a thermo-electrical couple ; it
is analogous to the voltaic couple, only here the electri-
cal current is obtained at the expense of the heat sup-
plied. (See thermo-electricity.) The principal subjects
considered under the head of current electricity are the
effects of the current in causing chemical decomposition
+ -i»e^.] i'he (supposed) principle of electri
city ; a (supposed) kind of matter which mani-
fests electrical phenomena.
A hitherto undescribed ponderable chemical element,
which he terms electrine, and which he assumes to be an
essential constituent of oxygen.
Ashburner, in Reichenbach's Dynamics, Pref., p. xiv.
[= F.
electrisation = Sp. electrizacion = Pg. electriza-
cSo ; as electrize + -ation.] The act of electri-
fying. Also spelled electrisation.
It is not electricity which cures, but Electrizations, a
process requiring far more technical skill than the unini-
tiated generally believe. Alien, and Neurol., VI. 163.
(see electrolysis, electrometallurgy), in producing heat /- i i n.^ \ .. j . „„„j- „„,! .„„ .=;»/.
and light through the resistance of the medium, including elCCtriZC (e-lek'tnz), f. J. ; Jiret. and pp. elec-
the voltaic arc, and in the production of induced currents
in a coil of wire, under certain conditions, by the action
of another current or a magnet (see induction) ; the mea-
surement of strength of current (as with a galvanometer
or ampere-meter, which see), of electromotive force (as
with a volt-meter), and of resistance (as with the electric
bridge or ohm-meter), etc. The current electricity pro-
trizcd, ppr." electrizing. [= D. elektriseren = G.
elektrisiren = Dan. elektrisere = Sw. elektrisera
= F. ilectriser = Sp. Pg. electrizar = It. elettriz-
zare, < NL. *electrizare, electrify, < L. electrum,
am'ber (repr. electricity).] To make electric;
electrify. Also spelled electrise.
duced by the chemical battery or ordinary dynamo-nia- -i..j._,-„ir (p lek'tri 7ei-> n One who or that
chine differs from the statical electricity of the frietional elCCtnzer (e-ieK tn-zei ;, n. une wuo m luai,
or induction machine, in that the difference of potentials which electrifies ; specifically, an apparatus tor
of the poles, or, in other words, the electromotive force tJjg application of eieetricity for medical pur-
of the current when the poles are connected, is relatively »,„cpj. Also snelled electriser.
small, while the quantity of electricity is relativdy enor- ^^^^-^ (g-lek'tro), «. [Abbreviation of electro-
mousiy large. Correspondingly, ordinary curre
tricity has relatively very little power of overcoming a
high resistance; no spark is obtained, even from a pow-
erful battery, when the poles are separated by so much
as a small fraction of an inch ; but the current can do a
large amount of work in producing chemical decompo-
sition (as in the electrolysis of water), or mechanically,
type.] kjo. electrotype.
For these reasons the Act is objectionable in prohibit-
ing the importation of stereos and electros.
Amer. Publishers' Circular.
electro-. [NL., etc., electro-, formally repr. Gr.
when transformed by an electric motor. Induced cur- ^lenTpo-, combining form of ij^-enrpov, amber,
_._.. ,. „. .,,„.„ ,„„.., K„ .„ .„,i„„f,„„ .„ii gjget^m (gge electrum), but practically a eon-
traction of electrico-, combining form of electri-
cus, E. electric: see electric] The combining
form, in many modern compounds, of electric,
often representing also electricity. [In the fol-
lowing compounds containing electro-, where the second
element exists independently in English, or is otherwise
perfectly obvious, and where no parallel forms are cited,
no etymology is given.]
rents, however, as those produced by an induction-coil
(which see), may have a vei7 high electromotive force and
consequent power of overcoming resistance.- Animal
electricity. See animal.— Conta.ct theory of elec-
tricity, a theory which assumes that the electromotive
force of a voltaic cell, and perhaps the electricity produced
by friction, is due to the difference of potential assumed
by two dissimilar sulistances when placed in contact. —
Diffusion of electricity. See dt/«)rfon.— Distribution
of electricity, see di.itributlon.—mectTosta.iic units
of electricity. Scecicc^ros^iKc— Excitation of elec- „V«n+^",;'K"nii,-"o+T/.7a'ipV//trn Vm liR'tiVI n ("lon-
triclty. See <raxj«aMon.-Freean.l bound electricity. electroballlStlC (e-lek tro-oa-iis tiK), a. t.on
ISy a ''free" charge of electricity is gciieially meant one eerned With electricity as used to tletermine
which is borne by an insulated body independently of jjje velocity of a projectile at any part of its
surrounding obj-ects, while a " bound " charge is one held gj , ^ epithet applied to various instruments
in position by the presence and attraction of a charge of "'!-">'• aiA^fj-v^v^ a^i
the opposite character or sign upon a neighboring body.
As a matter of fact all charges are " bound," the produc-
tion of a given quantity of one kind of electricity being
always accompanied by the production of the same quan-
tity of the opposite kind. When this complementary
flight : an epithet applied t
invented by Nauvez. The projectile passes in suc-
cession through two or more screens, the distances between
which are known ; and, the exact time of passage through
each screen being electrically rerorded, a simple calcula-
tion gives the velocity at that pait of the flight.
electrobath
electrobath (e-lek'tro-bith), n. The liquid
used in electroplating, in which the metal to
be deposited is held in solution.
electrobiological (e-lek'tro-bi-o-loj'i-kal), a.
Of or pertaining to electrobiology.
electrobiologist (e-lek'tro-bi-oro-jist), ».
One versed in electrobiology.
electrobiology (f-lek'tro-bi-ol'o-ji), n. 1. Bi-
ology as concerned with electrical phenomena ;
that branch of science which treats of the elec-
tric currents developed in living organisms. —
2. That phase of mesmerism or animal mag-
netism in which the actions, feelings, etc., of
a person in the mesmeric condition are con-
trolled, or supposed to be controlled, by the
will of the operator.
electrobioscopy (e-lek'tro-bi-os'ko-pi), n. The
process of testing the muscles with electrfcity
to determine if Ufe is extinct. Greer, Diet, of
Elei-tricity, p. 49.
electrobronze (f-lek'tro-bronz), n. A metal-
lic coat given to iron articles by an electro-
bath. The coating is subsequently protected
by a varnish.
electrocapillarity (e-lek'tro-kap-i-Iar'i-ti), n.
Certain phenomena collectively occurring at
the common surface Of two liquids in contact
when their difference of potential is altered.
The surface-tension of the liquids is changed,
and motion usually resnlts. See eUctrocapUlary.
electrocapillary (e-Iek-tro-kap'i-la-ri), a.
Capillary and electrical: designating' certain
capillary phenomena producetl by electricity.
Fur eiainple, U a horizontal glass tube be filled with a
dilute acid, and a drop of mercurr be placed in tlie mid-
dle of the ta))e, the passage of a current of electricity
through it will cause the drop to move toward the nega-
tive pole. A capillary electrometer has been constructed,
in which the pressure of a column of liquid is made to
balance the electrocapillary force exerted at the surface
of contact of mercury and dilute add, this force being
nearly proportional to the electromoUve force when it
does not exceed one volt.
electarocautery (e-lek-tr6-kA't*r-i), ». Imurg.,
cauteriziug by means of a platinum wire heated
by the passage of a current of electricity; the
instrument used.
electrochemical (e-lek-tro-kem'i-kal), a. Per-
taining to electrochemistry.
The electromotive force of an electrolyte Is equal to the
mechanical etjuivalent of the heat of combination of its
eUftrochemical efMiivalent.
Atkinann, tr. of ilascart and Jonbert, I. 247.
Electrocliemical series, the arrangement of the chemi-
cal elements in such an order that all the elements which
are electropoaitive with reference to a given element are
placed before it, and all those which are electronegative
aft^-r it. Sec fUrtrotiffiji.
electrochemically (f-lek-tro-kem'i-hal-i), adv.
.Veicirding to the laws of electrochemistry.
electrochemist (e-lck-tro-kem'ist), n. One
who praeti.ses electrochemistry.
It [electroraeUllurgyl is a subject of Intense Interest
to the chemist and to the electrician, for It combines
principles underlying Its practice which belong to both
professions. In fact, the man skilled in its science and
art may apmopriately be styled an eltdn-ehemitt.
Jour. FranUin Int., CXIX. 81.
electrochemlfltry (e-lek-tro-kem'is-tri), n.
Chemistry as concerned with electricity; the
science w'hich treats of the agency of electricity
in effecting chemical changes. It ia generally dl-
Tide<i into titetnlytu, or the separation of a compound
body into It* ooostltaent parts by the passage of an elec-
tric current, and eUetrtnMtaUurgy, or the application of
t-l.-.-lroIysi^ to tile arts. .See eUctroijftxM.
electrochronograph (Wek-tro-kron'o-grif), n.
A chronograph on which the record is made by
electrical means: much used in astronomical
observatories and in the laboratory for noting
the precise instant or duration of transits and
similar phenomena. See chronograph.
electrocnronographic (o-lek'tro-kron-o-graf'-
ik), ((. I'lrtainin)^ to an electrochronograph,
or indicateil and recorded by means of it.
electrocopper (e-lek-tro-kop'fer), V. t. To
plate or cover with copper by means of elec-
tricity. See clirtri>j>latin)j,
steel, iron, zlnr, lead, nnil tin which have been previ-
ously fterfro-rnj.j^-rf'l. M'orkthop Reeeiptt, Istser, p. 212.
electrocute, electrocution. See electricute,
't'llricution.
electrode (e-lek'trod), n. [= p. ilectrode; as
electric + Or. M6^, way.] A pole of the cur-
rent from an electric battery or machine which
is in use in effecting electrolysis : applied gen-
erally to the two ends of an open electric cir-
cuit. The positive pole is termed the anode,
and the negative pole the cathode.
electrodeposit (^ek'tro-de-poz'it), n. That
which has been deposited'by means of elec-
tricity.
1869
electrodeposit (e-lek'tro-de-poz'it), V. t. To
deposit, as a metal or other substance, from a
chemical compound, by means of electricity.
In the same year also M. de Ruolz electro-deposited
brass from a solution composed of the cyanides of copper
and zinc dissolved in aqueous cyanides of potassium.
O. Gore, Electro-Metallurgy, p. 25.
electrodeposition (f-lek'tro-dep-o-zish'on), n.
The deposition of metals or other substances
from a solvent by means of electricity.
Employed electro-deposition for producing the copper
plates. O. Gore, Electro-Metallurgy, p. 25.
electrodepositor (e-lek'^tro-de-poz'i-tqr), H.
One who practises the art of electrodeposi-
tion.
In 1840, M. de Suolz, a French electro-depositor, ... bad
taken out a patent in France for electro-gilding.
ir. //. M'ahl, Galvanoplastic Manipulations, p. 20.
electrodiapason (e-lek^tro-di-a-pa'zon), n.
Same as electrical diapason (which see, under
electrical).
A universal support or electro-diapason, intended to in-
scribe and show in projection the vibratory movements.
Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI., Supp., p. 48.
electrodynamic, electrodynamical (e-lek^-
tro-di-nam'ik, -i-kal), a. Pertaining to electro-
dynamics.—Directrix of electrodynamic action.
See directriz.
electrodynamics (e-lek''tr6-da-nam'iks), II.
That part of the science of electricity which
treats of the mutual action of electric currents
and of currents and magnets.
electrodynamism (e-lek-tro-di'na-mizm), n.
See the extract.
The trance caused by regarding fixedly a gleaming point
produces in the brain, in his [Dr. Philips's] opinion, an ac-
cumulation of a peculiar nervous power, which he calls
etectrodynamitvi. Science, IX. 542.
electrodynamometer (f-lek^tro-di-na-mom'e-
tfr), n. [< (Icctrodjjna'mic + L. metrum, a
meastire.] An instrument for measuring the
strength of an electric current by means of the
attraction or repulsion mutually exerted by two
coils of wire, through at least one of which the
whole or a part of the current to be measured
Weber devised an Instrument known as an electrodyna-
mometer for measuring the strength of currents by means
of the electrodynamic action of ore part of the circuit upon
another part. S. P. Thompson, Elect, and Mag., p. 297.
electrodynamometrical (e-lek'tro-di'na-mo-
met'ri-kal), a. Pertaining to the electrodyna-
mometer.
EUctro-dynamometrical measurements.
Electrical Rev., XXII. 158.
electro-engraving (e-lek'tro-en-gra'ving), n.
An etching process in which the plate, covered
with a ground and properly etcned, is placed
in an electrobath to deepen the "bite" or cut-
ting-in of the lines.
electro-ergometer (e-lek'tr6-*r-gom'e-t6r), n.
See cri/diiit'lrr.
electrogenesis (e-lek-tro-jen'e-sis), n. Causa-
tion or j)r()ducti6n by electricity.
electrogenetic (e-lek'tro-je-net'ik), o. Of or
iii-rfaininir to electrogenesis.
ectrogild (e-lek'tro-gild), ». f. ; pret. and pp.
eUrtrnyilded, electrngilt, ppr. clectrogilding. To
gild, by means of the voltaic battery, with a thin
deposit of gold precipitated from a bath of a
salt of the metal,
electrogilder (e-lek-tro-gil'dfer), n. One who
Jiractises clectrogilding.
ectrograph (o-lek'tro-grif), n. [< Qr. ^^cicrpoti,
amber (repr. electricity: see electric, electro-),
+ )p<i(^iv, write.] 1. A curve automatically
traced and forming a continuous record of the
indications of an electrometer. — 2. An appa-
ratus for engraving the copper cylinders used
in printing fabrics and wall-papers. The cylinder
is first coated with varnish, which is seratche^l hy dia-
mond-points traversing upon it, and contrfdled by circuit-
breakers, that are In turn controlled by the copyist. The
exposed [>ortlons are then etched by exposure to an acid-
liath.
electrography (e-lek-trog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. ij'XtK-
TfMV, amber (repr. electricity), + -ypaipia, <
ypAiftiv, write.] 1. Galvanography. Specifi-
cally— 2. The process of copymg a fine en-
graving on copper or steel by means of an elec-
tro-copper deposit.
electrokinetic (e-lek''tr6-ki-net'ik), a._ Of or
pertaining to electrokinetics, or electricity in
motion.
electrokinetics (e-lek'tro-ki-net'iks), n. That
branch of electricity which treats of electric
currents, or the flow of electricity.
electrolier (f-lek-tro-ler'), n. [Modem, formed
in imitation of chandelier.] A bracket, pen-
electromagnet
dant, or stand, often with branches, and orna-
mented, used for supporting incandescent elec-
tric lamps.
electrolithotrity (e-lek"tr6-li-thot'ri-ti), ».
Lithotrity, or the destruction of vesical calculi,
effected by electrolysis.
electrologic, electrological (f-lek-tro-loj'ik,
-i-kal), a. [< electrology + -4c, -ical.] Of or per-
taining to electrology.
electrologlst (e-lek-trol'o-jist), n. One versed
in the soience of electrology.
electrology (e-lek-trol'o-ji), 11. [= F. ilectro-
logie; < Gr. ijleia-pov, amber (repr. electricity),
-f- -h)yia, < ?.£ycw, speak: see -ology.'] The de-
partment of physical science which treats of
the phenomena and properties of electricity.
electrolysability, electrolysable, etc. See
eUctroJii-ahHitij, etc.
electrolysis (e-lek-trol'i-sis), n. [= F. Electro-
lyse, < NL. "electrolysis, < Gr. TjXeKrpov, amber
(repr. electricity), + Xvai(, solution, resolu-
tion, < ^veiv, loose, solve, resolve. Cf . analysis.']
The decomposition of a chemical compound,
called the electrolyte, into its constituent parts
by an electric current. Thus, water is decomposed
by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen ; of these it is
found that the hyda-ogen is attracted by the negative pole
(the cathode), and is hence said to be electropositive, and is
called the cation ; while the oxygen collects at the posi-
tive pole (the anode), and is said to be electronegative, and
ia called the anion. Similarly, by experimeiiting with
different compoimds and observing the behavior in each
case, an electrochemical series of the elements, arranged
in order, from oxygen, the must negative, to the most posi-
tive metals, sodium, potassium, etc., has been deduced.
A salt may also be decomposed by electrolysis : thus, cop-
per sulpliate yields metallic copper at the negative pole
(upon which it is deposited), and sulphuric acid at the
positive pole. By electrolysis Davy was able to decom-
pose lime and the other alkaline earths, and thus to show
that they were compounds of metals, calcium, etc., with
oxygen. An electrolysis in wliich the ions (a term in-
cluding bf)th anion and cation) are produced at their re-
spective electrodes without interference from these elec-
trodes or the surrounding electrolyte is called a primary
electroli/sis. Very often comliinations take place between
the ions and the electrodes or the electrolyte, so that the
final products are different from the true ions. This is
called secondary electrolysis. For the application of elec-
trolysis in the arts, see electrometallurgy.
electrolyte (e-lek'tro-Ut), «. [< Gr. TileKTpov,
amber (repr. electricity), + Xw<if, verbal n. of
'Kveiv, solve, dissolve. Cf. electrolysis.] A oom-
potmd which is decomposable, or is subjected
to decomposition, by an electric current.
No elementary substance can be an electrolyte : for from
the nature of the operation compounds alone are suscep-
tible of electrolysis. H'. A . Miller, Eleni. of Chem. , § 282.
electrolytic, electrolsrtical (e-lek-tro-lit'ik,
-i-kal), a. [= F. clectrolytique ; as electrolyte
+ -ic, -ical.] Pertaining to or of the nature
of electrolysis.
It is not improbable that the increased electrolytic pow-
er of water by the addition of some acids, such as the sul-
phuric and phosphoric, where the acids themselves are
not decompose<i, depends upon a catalytic effect of these
acids. W. R. Grove, Corr. of Forces, p. 169.
Electrolytic cell See cell.
electrolytically (f-lek-tro-lit'i-kal-i), adv. In
an electrolytic manner ; by means of electroly-
sis ; as in electrolysis.
The fibre is carbonized in moulds of nickel, and is at-
tached to the conducting wires by capper, electrolytically
deposited upon them. G. li. Prescott, Dynani. Elect., p. 283.
electrolyzability (e-lek-tro-li-za-bil'j-ti), n.
The capability of being decomposed by an elec-
tric current. Also spelled electrolysability.
electrolyzable (e-lek'tro-li-za-bl), a. [= F.
ilectrolysablc ; a,8 electrolyse -f -able.] Suscep-
tible of decomposition by an electric current.
Also spelled electrolysable.
electrolyzation(e-lek''tro-li-za'shon),». [=F.
6lectrnly.sulion ; a,s electrolyse + -atiott.j The act
of electrolyzing. Also spelled electrolysation.
electrolyze (f-lek'-
tro-liz), V. t. ; pret.
and pp. electrolysed,
ppr. electrolyzing. [=
F. ilectrolyser; < elec-
trolysis. Cf. analyze,
< analysis.] To de-
compose by the direct
action of electricity.
Also spelled electro-
lyse.
electromagnet (e-
lok-tro-mag'net), n.
A magnet which owes
its magnetic proper-
ties to the inductive
action of an electric
current. If an insulated
wire ia wound about a bar Electraasgnet.
electromagnet
of soft iron and & current of electricity is passed through
it, the bar becomes a temporary magnet with a north and
a south pole ; the end at which the current circulates
throiiirh the wire in the direction of the hands of a clock,
as the observer looks at it, is the south pole. In practice,
an electromagnet has ordinarily a horseshoe form. It
consists of two cylinders, or cores, of soft iron, fastened
togetiier at one end and each wound many times with in-
sulati'd wire ; the wire must l>e so wound that if the horse-
shoe were straightened the direction of winding would be
the same throughout An electromagnet may be made
Tery powerful, so as to support a ton or more. The soft
iron core retains its maximum magnetization only so long
as the current is passing, and loses nearly all of it the in-
stant the current ceases. This principle is made use of
in the telegraph (which see), electric clocks, electric call-
bells, etc. If the core is made of steel, it becomes under
the action of the current a permanent magnet.
electromagnetic (f-lek'tro-mag-net'ik), a.
Pert^miug to electromagnetics, or to the rela-
tion between electricity and magnetism ; of the
nature of electromagnetism. See electromag-
nefism. Also galvano magnetic Electromagnetic
enj^ne, machine. See electric muchine, under electric.
— mectromagnetlc theory of light. See ;i(/W.— Elec-
tromagnetic imlts, units employed in measuring electric
curreni.s, and based upon the force exerted between two
magnetic jwles ; the units practically used to measure the
strength of currents (ampere), electromotive force (volt),
resistance (ohm), etc., are electromagnetic units.
electromagnetically (e-lek'^tro-mag-net'i-
kal-i), adv. In an electromagnetic manner; by
electromagnetism.
A single wire bent twice at right-angles is made to ro-
tate electro-magnetically between the poles of a horseshoe
magnet. Dredge's Electric Illumination, I. 74.
electromagnetics (e-lek'^tro-mag-net'iks), w.
The science of electromagnetism.
electromagnetism (e-lek-tro-mag'net-izm), w.
The collective term for the phenomena which
rest upon the relation between electric currents
and magnetism, it comprises the effects of an electric
current in directing a magnetic needle and in inducing
magnetism in a m^netic substance, as soft iron, and also
the analogous effects of a magnet in directing a movable
conductor traversed by a current, or in inducing in a con-
ductor an electric current. The directive power of an
electric current upon a magnet was discovered by Oer-
sted ', it is the principle involved In all forms of galvanom-
eter (which see). The power of an electric current to
induce magnetism, and of a magnet to induce an electric
current, is treated under induction; these latter phenom-
ena form the basis of the electromagnet and of all forms
of magneto -electric and dynamo-electric machines.
electromagnetist (e-lek-tro-mag'net-ist), n.
One skillod in electromagnetism.
electromassage (e-lek'^tro-ma-sazh'), w. In
therap., the combination of the use of electri-
city with massage by employing the more or
less specially modified electrodes of a galvanic
or faradic battery as instruments for more or
less imperfect rubbing and kneading.
electromedical (e-lek-tro-med'i-kal), a. Per-
taining to the medicinal use of electricitjr.
electrometallurgy (e-lek-tro-met'al-^r-ji), n.
The art of depositing certain metals, as gold,
silver, copper, etc., from their solutions by
means of the slow action of an electric current.
Its most important applications are electroplating and
electrotyping. The essential parts of the process of plat-
ing with copper, for example, are as follows : If the sur-
face upon which the metal is to be deposited is a mold
(as of a medal) of gutta-percha or wax, it must be made
a conductor by having its surface brushed over with
powdered graphite. It is then attached to the negative
pole of the battery and suspended in the solution of the
required metal, as copper sulphate, the positive pole at
the same time consisting of a plate of the same metal.
The result of the electrolysis (see electrolysis) caused by
the passage of the current is the decomposition of the so-
lution, the metal being deposited upon the exposed sur-
face at the negative pole, and sulphuric acid being formed
at the positive pole ; the acid, however, dissolves a part
of the copperplate, and thus keeps the solution of con-
stant strength. A current of uniform strength is neces-
sary. Iron and nickel are deposited from solutions of
their double salts with ammonium; gold and silver, from
alkaline solutions containing potassium cyanide.
electrometer (e-lek-trom'e-t6r), n, [= D. G.
Dan. Sw. elektrometer = P. ilectromHre = Sp.
electrdmetro = Pg. electrometro = It. elettrometro,
< Crr. TjleKTpoVj amber (repr. electricity), + //£-
Tpov, a measure.] An instrument for meastir-
ing difference of electrostatic potential between
two conductors. See potentiaL There are many
forms. The almUute electrometer (also called balance-
electrometer) of Sir William Thomson consists essentially
of two parallel circular plates attracting each other, the
central portion of one of them, the upper, suspended from
one arm of a balance or by means of light steel springs,
the other being movable to a greater or less distance from
the first by means of a micrometer screw. The upper disk
is always brought to a fixed position (which can be very
accurately determined) by means of the attraction of the
lower, the amount of attraction being regulated by the dis-
tance between the two plates. It is thus seen that the
electric force is actually weighed, and formulas are given
by means of which the difference of potentials is deducible
in absolute measure, the areas of the plates and the dis-
tance between them being known. The quadrant electrom-
eter of Sir William Thomson consists of four quadrant-
shaped pieces of metal, sometimes segments of a flat cylin-
drical box, the alternate pairs being connected by a wire ;
1870
above or within this, if the cylindrical form is used, a flat
needle of aluminium is hung by a delicate wire. The
needle is kept in a constant electrical condition by con-
nection usually with a Leyden jar placed above or below,
and if the two pairs of (luadrants are dissimilarly electri-
fied— that is, are in a state of different potential, as by
connecting them respectively with the poles of a voltaic
cell — the needle is deflected from its position of rest, and
the amount of this deflection, as measured by the motion
of a sjiot of light reflected from a small min-or attached
to it, gives a means of calculating the difference of poten-
tial of the bodies under experiment. In another method
of using the quadrant electrometer the pairs of quadrants
are kept at a constant difference of potential, while that
of the needle varies. Arranged in this manner, it is much
used in the investigation of atmospheric electricity. Lipp-
niann and Dewar have devised very delicate capillary
electrometers, based on the alteration of the force of cap-
illarity by electric action. See electrocapillary.
electrometric, electrometrical (e-lek-tro-
met'rik, -ri-kal), a. [As electrometer + -iCj
-ical.'] Of or pertaining to electrometry, or
the measurement of electricity: as, an electro-
metrical experiment.
electrometry (e-lek-trom'e-tri), n. [As elec-
trometer + -y.] That department of the science
of electricity which embraces the methods of
making electrical measurements, more espe-
cially of statical electricity.
electromotion (e-lek-tro-mo'shon), n. 1. The
current of electricity, or the passing of it from
one metal to another, in a voltaic circuit. — 2.
Mechanical motion produced by means of elec-
tricity.
electromotive (e-lek-tro-mo'tiv), a. Of or per-
taining to electromotion J producing or pro-
duced by electromotion — Electromotive force
(abbreviated B. M. F.), that which determinos the flow of
electricity from one place to another, giving rise to an
electric current. It is the .result of, and proportional
to, the difference of electric potential (see potential) be-
tween two bodies, or parts of the same body, and bears a
similar relation to it that the pressure in a water-pipe does
to the difl'erence of water-level upon which its amount
depends. The strength of an electric current is directly
proportional to the electromotive force, and inversely
proportional to the resistance (Ohm's law). The elec-
tromotive force is measured in volts.— Electromotive
series, the series of the various metals (or other sub-
stances) useful for producing an electric current, ar-
ranged in such an order for a given liquid that each is
positive with reference to those which follow in the list,
and negative for those which i)recede. For example, in
dilute snlphuric acid the order is zinc, lead, iron, cop-
per, silver, platinum, carbon — that is, if zinc and iron are
coupled together in a voltaic cell containing sulphuric
acid, the zinc is the positive plate, and the current goes in
the wire from iron to zinc ; if ii-on and copper are taken,
the current in the wire is from copper to iron. It is found
that the electromotive force is a maximum for zinc and
carbon, and is equal to the sum of the electromotive forces
for all the intervening metals. In another liquid the order
would be changed, but the above law would hold true ; for
example, in potassium sulphld, iron is electro-negative
with reference to copper. Also called contact series.
electromotograph (e-lek-tro-mo'to-graf), n.
A name sometimes applied to a peculiar tele-
phone-receiver invented by Edison. The vibra-
tions of the mica disk by which the sound is reproduced
are caused by variations in frictional resistance between
a revolving cylinder of lime and a small platinum plate
which rests upon its surface and is attached to the center
of the disk, these variations being due to variations in the
strength of the current transmitted.
electromotor (e-lek-tro-mo'tor), w. [= F. elec-
tromofeur = Sp'. electromotor; < L. electrum, am-
ber (repr. electricity), + motors a mover.] 1.
Any arrangement which gives rise to an elec-
tric current, as a single cell, a voltaic battery,
or a thermo-electric pile. — 2. An. engine in
which electricity is employed to produce me-
chanical effects. See electric machine, under
electric, and motor.
electromuscular (e-lek-tro-mus'ku-lar), a.
Pertaining to the relations between electricity
and certain phenomena exhibited by muscles.
electron (e-lek'tron), n. Same as electrum.
electronegative (e-lek-tro-neg'a-tiv), a. and n.
I, a. 1. Repelled by bodies negatively electri-
fied, and attracted by those positively electri-
fied ; having a tendency to pass to the positive
pole in electrolysis. — 2. Assuming negative
potential when in contact with a dissimilar
substance, as copper when joined to zinc in
a voltaic cell. See electromotive series, under
electromotive.
II. n. A body which, in the process of elec-
trolysis, appears at the positive pole of the
voltaic battery. Oxygen is the most electro-
negative of the elements. See electrolysis.
electronegatively (e-lek-tro-neg'a-tiv-li), adv.
In an electronegative manner.
Such materials as are related electro-negatively to iipn.
Sci. Amer,, N. S., LIV. 324.
electro-optic (e-lek-tro-op'tik), a. Of or per-
taining to electro-optics: as, an electro-optic
action.
electrophysiology
electro-optics (e-lek-tro-op'tiks), w. That
branch of the science of electricity which treats
of its relations to light. Among these relations are :
the production of double refraction, as in glass, by the
electrostatic stress produced when two wires from an in-
<iuction coil or Holtz machine are fixed in holes in it near
together; the rotation of the plane of polarization of a ray
of light on traversing a transparent medium placed in
a magnetic field, or by reflection at the surface of a mag-
net ; the change of electrical resistance exhibited by cer-
tain bodies during exposure to light, as selenium (see pho-
tophone) ; and the relation between the index of refraction
and the specific inductive capacity of transparent bodies
which is established by experiment and required by the
electromagnetic theory of light.
electropathic (e-lek-tro-path'ik), a. [< elec-
tropathy + -^c.] Pertaining to electropathy.
Science, XI., No. 274, adv. p. iii.
electropathy (e-lek-trop'a-thi), n. [< Gr. n?^K-
Tpov, amber (repr. electricity), + '7TddEia,i Trddoc,
suffering. Cf . homeopathy!] Treatment of dis-
ease by electricity; electrotherapeutics.
electrophone (e-lek'tro-fon), n. [< Gr. ip^nrpov,
amber (repr. electricity), + ^uvi), voice, sound.]
An instrument for producing sounds, resem-
bling trumpet-tones, by electric currents of high
tension, it has been recommended for use as a tele-
gi-aphic relay capable of giving two or four signs with
a single wire, having this advantage over other relays,
that perfection of contact is not necessaiy to its working.
It has been used also to indicate the electric equilibrium
of muscle and nervous tissue by the variation of its tones,
and by a system of levers attached to the wrist to show
the rhythm and character of the pulse; and it may be
fitted to the telephone, and thus be made t« repeat a sound
made gently in one place in trumpet-tones in another place
hundreds of yards distant. Chambers's Encyc.
electrophori, n. Plural of electrophonts, 1.
electrophorid (e-lek-trof 'o-rid), w. A- fish of
the family Electrophoridce.
Electrophoridse (e-lek-tro-f or'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,
< Electrophorus + -id(v.~\ A family of anguilli-
form fishes, of the order Plectospmidyli. There
are no scales nor dorsal fin ; the head is rounded In front,
the premaxillaries forming most of the upper border of
the mouth, and the supramaxillaries being reduced ; and
the anus is under the throat, the anal fin beginning just
behind it, and continuous with the caudal. The family
contains the electric eel (which see, under eel). See also
Gymnotidce.
electrophoroid (e-lek-trof 'o-roid), a. and n. I,
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Electrop h or idee,
II. n. One of the Electrophoridce.
electrophorous (e-lek-trof'o-rus), a. [< NL.
electrophorus : see electrophorus.'] Same as elec-
triferous.
electrophorus (e-lek-trof'o-ms), n. [= F. Slec-
trophore = Sp. elcctrdforo, < NL. electrophorus,
< Gr. yXcKTpoVj amber (repr. electricity), +
-(^opo^j < <l>£p£tv = E. bear'^.] 1. PI. electrophori
(-ri). An instrument for obtaining statical
electricity by means of induction, it consists of
a disk of resin, or oUier non-conducthig material easily
excited by friction, and a polished metal disk with an
insulating handle. The resin disk is negatively electri-
fied by striking or rubbing it with
a catskin or flannel, and the metal
plate is then laid upon it. Under
these circumstances the upper plate
does not receive a direct charge
from the lower, but is positively
charged on the lower surface and
negatively on the upper ; if now the
disk is touched by the finger, the
negative electricity passes to the
ground, leaving the disk charged
positively. On being lifted away by its insulating handle,
it is found to be charged, and will give a spark. It may
then be replaced on the lower plate, and the process re-
peated an indefinite number of times without any fresh
excitation, if the weather is favorable. The electricity
obtained each time is the equivalent of the mechanical
work done in separating the two surfaces against the at-
traction of the unlike electricities.
2, leap.] [NL.] The typical genus of Elec-
trophoridce. There is but one species, the elec-
tric eel, E. electricus. Gill, 1864. See cut un-
der eel.
electrophotometer (e-lek-^tro-fo-tom'e-t^r), w.
An instrument for comparing the intensities of
various lights by reference to the intensity of
the light produced by an electric spark. See
photometer.
electrophotomicrography (e-lek^tro-fo'^to-mi-
krog'ra-fi), n. The art of photographing, by
means of the electric light, objects as magni-
fied by the microscope. E. H. Kvight.
electrophysiological (e-lek'''tr6-fiz'''i-o-loj'i-
kal), a. Relating to electrical results produced
in living tissues.
electrophysiologist (e-lek'^tro-fiz-i-ol'o-jist), n.
One who is versed in electrophysiology.
electrophysiology (e-lek*'tr6-fiz-i-cd'o-ji), ».
That branch of science which treats of elec-
tric phenomena producedthrough physiological
agencies.
Volta's Electrophorus.
electroplate
electroplate (f-lek'tro-plat), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. electroplated, ppr. electroplating. To plate
or give a coating of silver or other metal to by-
means of electrolysis. See electrometallurgy.
To eUctroplate is to disguise with an adlierent thin coat-
ing oJ metal, which then serves as an ornamental cover-
ing to the object treated. To electrotype, on the other
hand is to produce a separate and distinct object, with an
existence of its own. J. W. Urquhart, Electrotyping, p. 4.
electroplate (f-lek'tro-plat), n. Articles coated
with silver or other metal by the process of
electroplating.
electroplater (e-lek'tro-pla-ter), ». One who
practises electroplating.
electroplating (e-lek'tro-pla-ting), n. 1. The
process or art of coating metals and other ma-
terials with an adherent dim of metal, in a bath
containing a solution of the metal, by means
of the electrolytic action of an electric current
from a battery or dynamo, in simple forms of elec-
troplating apparatus, the bath containing the metallic
solution may form the battery, as in plating with copper.
The more common plan is to employ a current obtained
from some source outside the bath. Table-cutlery or
-ware, building- or car-flxtures, lamps, etc., to be electro--
plated, are suspended by wires from a metal rod laid
across the top of the bath and connected with the nega-
tive pole of the battery, this terminal of the current form-
ing the cathode. The silver, nickel, copper, etc., to be de-
positee! is suspended in like manner from a rod connected
with the poeitlve pole of the battery, the terminal form-
ing the anode. (See eUctrolytU, etectTometallnrgy.) The
deposition of metals by electrolysis forms a part of several
arts, as In electrotyping ; but as In these the film of metal
deposited in the bath is not adherent, they are described
under separata heads. Electroplating Is strictly the cov-
ering of a metal with a metallic film permanently attache>I
toll, as in nickel-plating, plating telegraph-wires with cop-
per, and uble-ware with silver. See Oectntmt, galvano-
piastie, galtanoglyph, tjaleannyraph^ and nickel-plating.
2. The deposit itself, or the surface, obtained
by meani! of the process explained above
1871
cited and stand apart, thus giving a test for electricity.
The gold-leaf electroscope of Bennet, introduced in 1789,
consists of two pieces of gold-leaf, about i inch broad, fixed
to a brass rod and hung inside a glass globe which has
been thoroughly dried, in order that the insulation of the
apparatus may be as nearly perfect as possible. The globe
is ■ ' ...-.-.
electnun
ing, by drawing the lines on a metal plate with
some varnish which resists the action of acids,
and placing it in an electrobath, when the ex-
posed portions are bitten in, leaving the pro-
tected parts in relief.
is closed with a wooden stopper through the center of electrotome (e-lek'tro-tom), «. [< Gr. filiKTpov,
which passes^glass tube coutammg the brass rod. The ^'^^l'^^"^^^^^) electricity), + To^^^i, cutting, verl
bal adj. of rc/ivctv, ra/iriv, out.] An automatic
circuit-breaker. Greer, Diet, of Elect., p. 54.
electrotonic (e-lek-tro-ton'ik), a. 1. Of or
pertaining to electrical tension: applied by
Faraday to what at one time he erroneously^
believed to be a peculiar latent state or condi-
tion of a conductor near another conductor
through which an electric ctirrent was flow-
ing.— 2. Of, pertaining to, or produced by eleo-
trotonus.
electrotonicity (e-lek-'tro-to-nis'i-ti), n. [<
electrotonic + -ity.] Same as electroionus.
electrotonize (e-lek-trot'o-nl*), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. eleetrotonized, ppr. electrotonizing. [< elec-
trotonic + -izc.'\ To alter the normal electric
current of, as a nerve. See eleetrotoniis.
electrotonOUS (e-lek-trot'6-nus), a, 1. Of or
upper end of the rod is furnished with a knob. Ifanelec pertaining to electrical t4nsion.- 2. Of, per-
trlfled body U brought near the top of the instrument, in- taimng to, or produced by electrotonus.
duction takes place ; the top becomes electrified opp<:>sitely electlOtOIlUS (e-lek-trot'o-nus), n. [< Gr. fp.eK-
to the body presented, and the pieces of gold-leaf similarly. ,f.pov, amber(repr. electricity), + Tiivof, tension :
Pith-ball Electroscope.
Qaadrant Electroscope.
To find If the latter are positively or negatively charged,
a glass rod is rubbed and brought near the knob ; if posi-
tively charged, the leaves will diverge still more under the
induction of the glass ; if negatively, they will collapse,
the negative electricity being attracted to the positive of
the glass rod. In Volta's condensing electroscope, in place
of the gilt knob there is a flat metal plate upon which
rests another similar plate, which may be removed by an
Insulating handle.— Quadrant electroscope, a form of
pith-ball electroscope which serves to measure roughly
the degree of electrification by the rise of the pith-ball as
Indicated by the motion of the rod carrying it on a gradu-
ated semicircle.
electropoion (e-lek-tro-poi on), n. [< Gr. v?.f-<- eiectroscopic (e-lek-tro-skop'ik), a. Oforper-
T^u. amber (repr. electricity ), + 7ro,u.;, pp. of "'^(j J ^^^g- electroscope; performed by
™»,., make.] A "uxture of sulphunc acid, ^^^ns of the electroscope,
bichromate of potash, and water, used as the electrosemapliore (e-let-tro-sem'a-for), n. A
iKimd for batteries m which zinc and carbon ^,'f,';''™^ro operated 'by electricity"
electrostatic, electrostatical (e-lek-tr9-stat'
li<i
are the poles.
electropolar (e-lek-tr6-p6'l|r), a. Having, as
an elect rical conductor, one end or surface posi-
tive and the other negative.
electropositive (e-lek-tro-poz'i-tiv), o. and n.
I. a. 1. Attracted by botiies negatively elec-
trified, or by the negative pole of a voltaic bat-
tery.— 2. Assuming positive potential when
in "contact with anoUier substance, as zinc in
a voltaic cell.
n. ». A body which in electrolysis appears
at the negative pole of a voltaic battery. Po-
tassium is the most electropositive of all known
bodies. See electrolysis.
electropuncttiration, electropimctnre (e-
lek tro-puiigtc-tu-ni'shon, c-lek-tro-pungk'tur).
Same aw eleclropuncturing.
ik, -i-kal), a. Pertaining to statical electricity.
— HectiroBtatlc units of electricity, those uniu which
are based upon tlie force exerteii between two quantities
of staliciil ein tricity, as units of quantity, potential, etc.
electrostatics (e-lek-tro-stat'iks), n. The sci-
ence whi<^h treats of ihe phenomena of stati-
cal electricity (see electricity), as the mutual
attractions or repulsions of electrified bodies,
the measurement and distribution of charges
of electricity, etc.
That branch of electrical science which treats of the
see tone.] The altered state of a nerve or a
muscle during the passage of a galvanic cur-
rent through it. The irritability is heightened in the
neighborhood of the cathode and diminisiied in that of the
an<xle. The currents of rest in the nerve are increased or
diminished according as they run in the same or an oppo-
site direction to that of the galvanic cuirent. Also eiec-
trotoiios, electrotonicity.
electrotype (e-lek'tro-tip), ». [= F. Electrotype;
< Gr. ;/;t£»:rpoi',' amber (repr. electricity), + tvito^,
figure, image : see tyjie.} A copy in metal (pre-
cipitated by galvanic or electric action, usually
in the form of a thin sheet) of any engraved or
molded surface. Copies of medals, jewelry, and silver-
ware, of woodcuts and pages of composed type, are com-
mon f ormsof electrotypes. The metal most used is copper,
and the largest application of the process is to the prepa-
ration of plates for printing. The form of composed type
is molded in wax, which is dusted or coated with black-
lead In order to make it a conductor. The wax mold is
suspended in a galvanic bath of sulphate of copper, through
which a current of electricity is passed. The thin shell of
copper which attaches to the mold is afterward backed
with stereotypc-nietal. Also etectroglereotype, and com-
monly abbreviated ftectro.
electrotype (e-lek'tro-tip), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
electrotyped, ppr. electrotyping. [= F. ilectro-
typer; from the noun.] To make a plate copy
or plate copies of by electrical deposition.
prSSrtiM-orslmpieVlectrifled bodies is called eUctrl electrotypcr (f-lek'tro-ti-p^r), «. 1. One who
tialicf, because In them the electricity U supposed to be makes electrotypes. — 2. The vat in which the
at rest. J. H. H. Oonion, Elect, and Mag., I. 28. electrotyping solution is held. [Eng.]
electrosteeling (e-lek-tro-ste'ling), «. The electrotypic (e-lek-tio-tip'ik), a. Pertaining
art of electroplating with iron the copperplates
used in engraving. See electroplating.
electroponctaring (f-lek-tro-pungk'tflr-ing), electrostereotype (e-lek-tro-ster'e-o-tip), n.
In med., the operation of inserting two or
more needles in a
part affected and
then connecting
them with the
wires from the
poles of a gal-
viiiiic battery.
electropyrome-
ter (e-lck'tro-
pi-rom'e-tir), n.
See pyrornitir,
lectrbscope (e-
\ lek'tro-skop), n.
l[= i>. elektro-
tteoop = G. Dan.
f Bw. elektroskop =
I F. (lectroscope =
I Bp. elecirdscopo
Pg. etectro-
tteopio = It. elet-
l^vteopio, < NL.
*«lectroieopium, <
[Or. i^KTpoD, am-
[■ber (repr. eleo-
jtrioity), + OKO-
imt'iv, view.] An
i instrument for observing or detecting the ex-
istence of free electricity, and, in general, for
Same as electrotype.
electrotechnic, electrotechnlcal (e-lek-tro
tek'nik, -ni-kal), a. Of or pertaining to elec
trotechnics.
electrotechnics (e-lek-tro-tek'niks), n.
methods, processes, and operations made use
of in the application of electricity to the arts.
electrotherapentlc (e-lek'tro-ther-a-pu'tik), a.
Of or pertaining to electrotherapeutics.
electrotherapeutics (e - lek ' tro - ther - a -pu '-
tiks), n. The treatment of disease by means
to or effected by means of electrotyping.
electrotyping (e-lek'tro-ti-ping), n. The art
or process of making electrotypes. Also called
galvanoplastio jyrocess.
electrotjrpist (e-lok'tro-ti-pist), ». [< electro-
type + -ist.'] One who practises electrotypy.
electrotypy (e-lek'tro-ti-pi), n. [= F. ilectro-
The typie ; aa electrotype -^- -y.i The process of elec-
trotyping. Also called galvanoplasty.
electrovection (f-lek-tro-vek'shon), n. [< L.
clcctrum, amber (repr. electricity), -I- vectio(ti-),
a carrying, < vehere, pp. tectus, carry : see con-
vection, etc., vehicle.] Same as electrical endos-
mosis (which see, under cndosmosis).
such treatment as a branch of medicine ; elec-
tropathy.
electrotnerapeutist (e-lek'tro-ther-a-pu'tist),
«. One who studies or practises electrothera-
peutics.
electrotherapy (e-lek-trp-ther'a-pi), n. Same
as electrritherapeuticg.
electrothennancy (e-lek-tro-thfer'man-si), n.
[< Gr. i/?j:KTpiJV, amber (repr. electricity), + Bcp-
/Mvaic, a heating, < depfiaivciv, heat, < Sepjidi, hot.]
That branch of electrical science which inves-
tigates the effects produced by the electric cur-
rent upon the temperature of a conductor or
part of a circuit composed of two different
metals.
electrothermotic (e-lek'tr6-th6r-mot'ik), a.
. . _ Of or relating to heat generated by electricity,
determining its kind. All electroscopes depend for electrotin (e-lek'tro-tin), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
their action on the elementary law of electric forces, that .leetrotimied. ppr. electrotinning. To electro-
bodies similarly charged repel each other, while bodies . , ^j' '^'^a<,„ ^i^.trnntyilinn
disslmihu-ly chirged attract each other. The simplest plate w til tin. See electroplattng.
eleciroKopo consisu of pith baiu suspended by silk eloctrotint (e-lek'tro-tint), n. Same as elec-
threads; another simple form consists of a pair of short trotinting.
piece* of straw suspended by silk threads When not In glectrotintillg (e-lek-tro-tin'ting), n. A meth-
Bie the pieces of straw hang down, touching each other. "'^ „i ""iTi'"* *J„-i„„ -^ „ :„ JlU^e f„. ^rint-
Od preaenttog an atoctHfled Wy to them they become ex- od of makmg a design, etc., m reiiei, lor prmt^
of electricity ; the principles and doctrines of electrovital (e-lek-tro-vi'tal), a. Electrical
Coad«Mla( BIcctnMCope.
and dependent upon vital processes.
electmm (e-lek'trum), n. [Also electron; = F.
Plectrum = Sp. Pg. electro = It. elettro, < L.
electrum, amber (called in pure L. succinum),
also the metallic compound so called, < Gr.
f/)icKTpov, or ij^ia-pof, amber, also an alloy of gold
and silver, akin to ijliKTup, the beaming sun,
also fire as an element; to 'U^Krpa, a fem.
name ; and prob. to Skt. arka, the sun, arcing,
flame, ^/ arch, beam, shine.] A word used by
Greek (JilenTpov) and Latin (electrum) authors
with various meanings at various times. From
the time of Herodotus on its most common meaning in
Greek was ' amber,' but it was also used for ' pure gold,' as
by Sophocles. The Komans used electrum with the mean-
ing of 'amber,' also as designating an alloy, which might be
either natural or artificial, of silver and gold (Pliny gives
the amount of silver present in electrum at one fifth of
the whole). Later on, electrum was confounded with ort-
chalc (which see), ami in the middle ages had acquired
the definite meaning of ' brass." At all times, and especial-
ly among the Latin writers, there was more or less uncer-
tainty in regard to the meaning of this word, and there
was a tendency among both Greeks and Romans to use it
Just as aitamant was fre(|uently used, namely, as desig-
nating some ideal, imperfectly known substance possessed
of almost miraculous properties.
electuary
electnary (e-lek'tu-a-ri), n. ; pi. eleefiiaries (-riz).
[Also formerly etectaru ; = OF. electuaire, P.
electnaire = Sp. Pg. eleciuario = It. elettuario
(also formerly, by apheresis, lectuary, < ME.
letiiarie, < OF. lettuaire = Pr. Icctoari, lactoari,
= It. lattitario, lattomro, > G. laticerge = Dan.
latvterge = Sw. latverg), < LL. eJectuarium, also
electariiim, an aceom. (in simulation of L. c?cc-
his, picked out ; of. ML. elcctuarium, the 61ite
of a troop of soldiers) of "eclictarium (with L.
suffix -arium), < Gr. iicKeiKriv (with equiv. iicAfi-
r/io, > Ii. edigma : see eclegin), an electuary, <
iKXfi;tS(v, Uek up, < U, out, + A£i';i;Etv, lick : see
Uck.'i la phar., a medicine composed of pow-
ders or other ingredients, incorporated with
some conserve, honey, or syrup, originally made
in a form to be licked by the patient.
"How do you do, my honest friend?" . . . "Very weak-
ly, air, since I took the elastuary," answered the patient.
Scottj Abbot, xxvi.
Eledone (el-e-do'ne), n. [NL. (Leach, 1817),
< Gr. kAe6avri, a kind of polypus.] A genua of
EUdtme ■vtrrvcosa.
cephalopods, typical of the family Eledonidm.
E. verrucosa and E. cirrhosa are examples.
eledonld (e-led'o-nid), n. A cephalopod of the
family Eledonidm.
Eledonidae (el-e-don'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ele-
done + -iVte.] A family of octopod cephalo-
pods, characterized by the development of but
one row of suckers along each arm, but other-
wise very similar to the Octopodidw, with which
they are generally associated.
eleemosynarily (el-e-mos'i-na-ri-li), adv. In
an eleemosynary manner ; by way of charity ;
charitably.
eleemosynariness (el-e-mos'i-nS^ri-nes), n. 1.
The quality of being charitable. — 2. The dis-
position to receive ahns. Bailey, 1727.
eleemosynary (el-f-mos'i-na-ri), a. and ». [<
ML. e/cmo«^«ari!ts, pertaining to alms, one who
gives or receives alms, < eleeniosyna, < Gr. iTier/-
/ioaivrj, alms: see alms, and cf. almoner, ult. a
doublet of eleemosynary.'] I. a. 1. Of or per-
taining to alms ; derived from or provided by
charity; charitable: as, an eleemosynary tund;
an eleemosynary hospital.
EleevtotyTiary relief never yet tranquillized the working-
classes — it never made them grateful ; it is not in human
nature that it should. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xvi.
The beds of patients (in the hospital at Beaune] are
draped in curtains of dark red cloth, the traditional uni-
form of these eleetnosynary couches.
U. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 251.
2. Relating to charitable donations; intend-
ed for the distribution of alms, or for the use
and management of donations and bequests,
whether for the subsistence of the poor or for
the conferring of any gratuitous benefit.
The eleemogyiiary sort [of corporations] are such as are
constituted for the perpetual distribution of the free alms,
or bounty, of the founder of them to such persons as he
has directed. Blackstone, Cora., I. xviii.
Eleemosynary corporations are for the management of
private property according to the will of the donors.
D. Webster, Speech, March 10, 1818.
3. Dependent upon charity; receiving charita-
ble aid or support : as, the eleemosynary poor.
In the accounts of Maxtoke priory, near Coventry, in
the year 1430, it appears that the eleemosynary boys, or
choristers, of that monastery acted a play.
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, II. 890.
Eleemosynary corporation. See c&rporation.
II. n. ; pi. eleemosynaries (-riz). One who
subsists on charity ; one who lives by receiving
alms.
Living as an eleemosynary upon a perpetual contribu-
tion from all and every part of the creation.
South, Sermons, III. i.
elegance (el'e-gans), ». [= D. elegantie = G.
eleganz = Dan. "elegance = Sw. elegans, < OF.
elegance, F. iUgance = Sp. Pg. elegancia = It.
eleganza, < L. elegantia, elegance, < elegan{t-)s,
elegant: see efegrawt.] 1. The state or quality
of being elegant ; beauty resulting from perfect
propriety or from exact fitness, symmetry, or
the like ; refinement of manner, quality, or ap-
pearance : as, elegance of dress.
1873
Soracte, In January and April, rises from its blue horizon
like an island from the sea, with an elegance of contour
which no mood of the year can deepen or diminish,
il. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 152.
Gray's perfect elegatwe could nowhere have found a
more admirable foil than in the vulgar jauntiness and
clumsy drollery of his correspondent, Mason.
Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I, 167.
2. That which pleases by its nicety, symmetry,
purity, or beauty ; an elegancy : as, the elegances
of polite society. = Syn. 1. Grace, beauty, polish. See
comparison under elegant.
elegancy (el'f-gan-si), n. ; pi. elegancies (-siz).
1. The quality of being elegant; elegance.
[Rare.]
Let there be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily
paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a
rich cupola in the midst, and all other elega^icy that may
be thought upon. Bacon, Building (ed. 1887).
2. That which imparts elegance; an elegant
characteristic or quality.
Such kind of inspired knowledge of strange tongues as
includes all the native peculiarities, which, if you will,
you may call their elegancies.
Warburton, Doctrine of Grace, i. 8.
The beautiful wildness of nature, without the nicer ele-
ganeies of art. Spectator, No. 477.
elegant (el'f-gant), a. [= D. G. Dan. Sw. ele-
gant, < OF.' elegant, F. Elegant = Sp. Pg. It.
elegante, < L. elegan{t-)s, sometimes spelled
eUgan(t-)s, of persons, luxurious, fastidious,
choice, dainty, fine, tasteful, elegant ; of things,
choice, neat, fine, elegant ; in form ppr. of an
unused verb *elegare, prob. equiv. to eligere,
ppr. eligen(t-)s, choose, pick out: see elect, eligi-
ble.'] 1. Having good or fine taste; nice in
taste; fastidious; sensible to beauty or pro-
priety ; discriminating beauty from deformity
or imperfection : said of persons.
Under this contrariety of identification, an elegant critic
aptly describes him.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, Int., p. vl.
Eve, now I see thou art exact of taste.
And elegant, of sapience no small part.
jiratoi, P.L.,ix.l018.
2. Polished ; polite ; refined ; graceful : said
of persons: as, an elegant \a,Ay ot gentleman.
— 3. Characterized by or pertaining to good
taste ; indicating a refined propriety of taste :
as, elegant manners.
Why will you endeavour to make yourself so disagree-
able to me, and thwart me in every little elegant expense?
Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 1.
4. Expressed with taste and neatness ; correct
and polished in expression or arrangement: as,
an elegant style of composition; elegant speech.
I have likewise heard tills elegant distichon.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 29.
Whoever wishes to attain an English style familiar but
not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give
his days and nights to the volumes of Addison.
Johnson, Addison.
He entered the Church early, but devoted himself to the
study of canon law and of elegant literature.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 414.
5. Pleasing to the eye by grace of form or deli-
cacy of color ; characterized by exquisiteness
of design or fine taste ; free from coarseness,
blemish, or other defect; refined : as, an elegant
figure ; an elegant vase ; an elegant structure. —
6. Pleasing to the mind, as ejdiibiting fine per-
ception of what is required ; calculated to ef-
fect its purpose with exceeding accuracj', deli-
cacy, and neatness; exquisitely ingenious or
appropriate: as, an elegant modification of a
philosophical instrument; an e/e^rajii algebra-
ical formula or mathematical demonstration;
an elegant chess problem.
An elegant sufficiency, content,
Ketii'ement, rural quiet.
Thomson, Spring, L 1158.
=Syil. Elegant, Graceful, tasteful, courtly. Elegant im-
plies that anything of an artificial character to which it
is applied is the result of training and cultivation through
the study of models or ideals of grace ; graceful implies
less of consciousness, and suggests often a natural gift
A rustic, uneducated girl may be naturally graceful, but
not elegant. We speak of elegant manners, composition,
furniture, taste, but of a grace.fut tree, fawn, child ; the
playful movements of a kitten may be graceful. See beau-
tiful.
His easy art may happy nature seem.
Trifles themselves are elegant in him.
Po]}e, Epistle to Miss Blount, 1. 4.
Not proudly high nor meanly low,
A graceful myrtle rear'd its head.
Montgomery, The Myrtle.
elegantemente (a-la-gan-te-men'te), adv. [It.,
elegantly, < elegante, elegant, + -mente, an adv.
suffix, orig. abl. of L. men(t-)s, mind, with pre-
ceding adj. in agreement.] With elegance ; in
a graceful and pleasing style : a direction in
music.
elegions
elegantly (el'f-gant-li), adv. In an elegant
manner; with elegance.
Sir Henry Wotton . . . delivered his ambassage most
elegantly in the Italian language.
/. Walton, Sir H. Wotton.
Dr. Warren preached before the Princesse ... of the
Idessednesse of the pure in heart, most elegantly describ-
ing the blisse of the beatifical vision.
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 24, 1686.
elegiac (e-le'ji-ak or el-e-ji'ak), a. and n. [For-
merly ctegriacfc; = F. iligiaque = Sp. elegiaco =
Pg. It. elegiaco, < LL. elegiacus, < Gr. ileyeiaKdc,
< i'ksyda, eleyelov, an elegy: see elegy.] I, a.
1. In anc. pros., an epithet noting a dSstich the
first line of which is a dactylic hexameter and
the second a pentameter, or verse differing from
the hexameter by suppression of the arsis or
metrically unaccented part of the third and the
sixth foot, thus :
.t.\7\i
I -£ ^ ^ I .^^ w
l^''
Verses or poems consisting of elegiac distlchs are called
elegiac verses or poems (.elegiacs) ; poeti-y composed in this
meter, elegiac verse or poetrg {the elegy) ; antl the writers
who employed this verse, especially those who employed
it exclusively or by preference, are known as the elegiac
foets. Elegiac verse seems to have been used primarily
m threnetic pieces Qjoems lamenting or commemorating
tlie dead), or to have been associated with nmsic of a kind
regarded by the Greeks as mournful. Almost from its
first appearance in literature, however, it is found used
for compositions of various kinds. The pi-incipal Koman
elegiac poets are Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid.
In modern German literature the elegiac meter has been
frequently used, especially by Goethe and Schiller. Cole-
ridge's translation from the latter poet may serve as an
example in English,
in the hex I amStfir | risgs the | fountain's | silvgrj 1 c61-
timn,
In the pen I tameter [ aye H falling In 1 melody | back.
Coleridge, The Ovidlan Elegiac Meter.
You should crave his rule
For pauses in the eUgiac couplet, chasms
Permissilde only to Catullus !
Brovming, Ring and Book, I. 276.
2. Belonging to an elegy, or to elegy ; having
to do with elegies.
Arnold is a great elegiac poet, but there is a buoyancy
in his elegy which we rarely find in the best elegy, and
which certainly adds greatly to its charm.
Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 528.
Hence — 3. Expressing sorrow or lamentation:
as, elegiac strains.
Let elegiack lay the woe relate.
Soft as the breath of distant flutes.
Oay, Trivia.
Mr. Lyttletou is a gentle elegiac person.
Gray, Letters, I. 220.
II. n. In pros. : (a) A pentameter, or verse
consisting of two dactyUo penthemims or writ-
ten in elegiac meter. (6) pi. A succession of
distiohs consisting each of a dactylic hexame-
ter and a dipenthemim ; a poem or poems in
such distiehs: as, the Heroides and Tristia of
Ovid are written in elegiacs. See I.
elegiacal (el-e-ji'a-kal), a. [< elegiac + -al.]
Same as elegiac.
He was the author of a very large number of volumes of
lyrical, elegiacal and romantic verse.
The American, VIII. 251.
elegiambi, n. Plural of elegianibus.
elegiambic (el"e-ji-am'bik), a. and n. [< Gr.
iXtyelov, the meter of the elegy, + ta/ijiiKo^, iam-
bic: Bee elegy and iambic] 1. a. Consisting of
half an elegiac pentameter followed by an iam-
bic dimeter; being or constituting an elegiam-
bus (which see): as, an elegiambic verse.
II. n. A verse consisting of a dactylic pen-
themim followed by an iambic dimeter; an ele-
giambus (which see).
elegiambus (eFe-ji-am'bus), n. ; pi. elegiambi
(-bi). [LL. (Marius Victorinus, Ars Gramm.,
iv.), < L. elegia, elegy, -I- iambus, iambus.] A
compound verse, consisting of a dactylic pen-
themim (group of two dactyls and the thesis or
long syllable of a third) and an iambic dimeter,
thus:
■I-
■■\'-
elegiast (e-le'ji-ast or el-e-ji'ast), n. [< elegy
(L. elegia) + -ast.] An elegist. [Rare.]
The great fault of these elegiasts is, that they are in de.
spair for griefs that give the sensible part of mankhid very
little pain. Goldsmith, Vicar, xvi.
eleglographer (el"e-ji-og'ra-f6r), n. [< Gr. t/te-
yeioypa(jiof, a writer of elegies, < iXeytia, an elegy,
+ ypacjietv, write.] A writer of elegies, or of
poems in elegiac verse. [Rare.]
Elegiographer, one who writes mournful songs.
*■ Cockeram,
elegions (e-le'ji-us), a. [< Gr. e?ryeto(, ele^ac,
< e'M:yeia, elegy.] Elegiac; hence, lamenting;
melancholy. [Rare.]
eleglous
If four elegicna breath should hap to rouse
A happy tear, close harb'ring in his eye,
Then urge his plighted faith.
Qxiarles, Emblems, v. 1.
elegist (el'e-jist), n. [< elegy + -i**.] A writer
of elegies. '
Our elegist, and the chroniclers, impute the crime of
withholding so pious a legacy to the advice of the king of
Fi-ance. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, I. 108.
elegit (e-le'jit), n. [L., he has chosen: 3d pers.
sing. perf. ind. of eligere, choose: see elect.^ 1.
In laic, in England and in some of the United
States, a judicial writ of execution, which may
St the election of the creditor issue on a judg-
ment or on a forfeiture of recognizance, com-
manding the sheriff to take the judgment debt-
or's goods, and, if necessary thereafter, his
lands, and deliver them to the judgment credi-
tor, who can retain them vintil the satisfaction
of the judgment. — 2. The title to land held un-
der execution of a writ of elegit.
elegize (el'f-jiz), v. i. or t.; pret. and pp. ele-
gized, ppr. elegizing. [< elegy + -i:e.'\ To write
or compose elegies ; celebrate or lament after
the style of an elegy; bewail.
I . . . perhaps should have W<?5ri?«d on for a page or two
farther, when Harry, who has no idea of the dignity of
grief, blundered in. H. WaipoU, Letters, H. S71.
elegy (el'e-ji), n. ; pi. elegies (-jiz). [Formerly
eUgie; = b. G. elegie = Dan. Sw. elegi, < OF. ele-
gie, F. dlegie = 8p. elegia = I^. It. elegia, < L.
elegia, also elegea, elegeia, < Gr. iT^tia, fem.
sing., but orig. neut. pi., to t/^ryeia, an elegiac
poem, in reference to tne meter (later a lament,
an elegy), pi. of tXf j-eiov, a distich consisting of
a hexameter and a pentameter (> LL. elegium,
elegeiim, elegion, elegeon, an elegy; cf. L. dim.
elegidion, elegidarion, a short ele^), neut. (sc.
ftirpov, meter, or ftrof, poem) of f/.fj'f/oc, prop,
pertaining to a song of mourning, elegiac, <
?/.f)^oc, a song of mourning, a lament, later (in
reference to the usual meter of such songs) any
poem in distichs; origin unknown. The usual
derivation from i i >.tjt, 'cry woe I woe I' a re-
frain in such songs (i i or rather U, an inter-
jection of pain or prief, like E. ah, ay^, etc. ;
?-iye, 2d pers. sing. impv. of Xryrjv, say), is no
doubt erroneous. J 1. in classical poetry, & poem
written in elegiac verse.
Ttie third sorrowinic was o( lone*, bjr long lamentation
In Elegit : so was their long called, and It was In a piti-
ons maner of raeetre, placing a limping Pentameter after
alusty Eiameter, which made it godolouioosly more then
any other meeter. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 39.
2. A mournful or plaintive poem; a poem or
song expressive of sorrow and lamentation ; a
diige ; a funeral song.
And there is such a solemn melody,
Tween doleful song*, tears and sad tUgitt.
Wtbtter, White DerO, v. 1.
Let Swans from their forsaken Rlrers fly.
And sick'ning at her Tomb, make haste to dye.
That they may help to sing her Eleay-
ConffTtve, Death of Qaeen Mary.
8. Any serions poem pervaded by a tone of
melancholy, wheQjergnef is actually ejcpressed
or not : as, Gray's "Elegy in a Country Church-
yard."
Klfyy is the form of poetry natural to the reflective
mind. It may treat of any subject, but It must treat of
no subject for itself, but always and exclusively with ref-
erence to the poet hlmaeU. Coleridge.
4. In music, a sad or funereal composition,
vocal or instniraental, whether actually com-
memorative or not; adirge.=8yn. Dirge, Heguiem,
eU\ .'^ee dirge.
eleidin (e-le'i-din), «. [< Gr. DmIo, olive-oil, oil,
+ -id + -in''!.] In chem., a substance found in
the stratum granulosum and elsewhere in the
epidermis, and staining very deeply with car-
mine : regarded by Waldeyer as identical with
hyaline, and called on that accoimt by Unna
rerntiilii/nlin,
element (el'S-ment), ». K ME. element, < OF.
eliiiiinl, F. element = 8p. Pg. It. clemento = D.
G. Dan. Sw. element, < L. elementum, a first prin-
ciple, element, rudiment, pi. first principles,
the elements (of existing things), the elements
of knowledge, the alphabet ; origin uncertain.
The common derivation of the woril from alere,
nourish, which would identify ilementum with
alimrnlum, nourishment (see aliment), is wholly
improbable. Several other derivations have
been proposed, of which one assnmes the orig.
sense to be 'the alphabet,' the 'A-B-C,' or lit.
the ' L-M-N,' the word being formed, in this
view, <. el + em + en, the names of the letters
L, M. N, + the term, -titm, as in the common
formative -mentum, E. -ment.] 1. That of which
118
anything is in part compounded, which exists
in it, and which is itself not decomposable into
parts of different kinds ; a fundamental or ulti-
mate part or principle ; hence, in general, any
component part; any constituent part or prin-
ciple.
Thought
Alone, and its quick elements, will, passion.
Reason, imagination, cannot die. Shelley, Hellas.
Noble arcliitecture is one element of culture.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 99.
That element of tragedy which lies in the very fact of
frequency has not yet wrought itself into the coarse emo-
tion of mankind. George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 214.
Three tribes, settlers on three liills, were the elements
of which the original [Roman] commonwealth was made.
B. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 285.
Specifically— (o) Au ingredient, especially of the tempera-
ment.
There's little of the melancholy element in her, my lord.
Shak., Much Ado, iL 1.
(fr) pi. The rudimentary principles of any science : as, Eu-
clid's *' Etementg " (Gr. uTotj^tia), a work setting fortll in au
orderly and logical way the dimple and fundamental propo-
sitions of geometry, (c) In geom., one of the points, lines,
or planes, or other geometrical forms, by which a rtgnre or
geometrical construction is made up. " Space may be con-
sidered as a geometrical figure whose elements are either
points or planes. Taldng the points as elements, the straight
lines of space are so many ranges, and the planes of space
somany planes of points. If, on the other hand, the planes
are considered as elements, the straight lines of space are
the axes of so many axial pencils, and points of apace are
centers of so many sheaves of planes " (Cremona, Geom.,
tr. by Leuesdorff, § 31), (d) In walk., one of a number of
objects arranged in a symmetrical or regular figure. The
elements of a determinant are the quantities arranged in a
square block or matrix, the sum of whose products forms
the determinant, (e) In axtron., one of the quantities
necessary to be known in calculating the place of a planet
(perhaps because the planets were called elements). They
are six, namely, tlie longitude of the ascending node, the
inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic, the longitude of the
perihelion, the mean distance from the sun, the mean
longitude at any epoch, and the eccentricity. Hence —
(/) A datum required for the solution of any problem.
(g) pi. The bread and wine used in the eucharlst: dis-
tinctively called communion elements.
When all have communicated, the Bishop shall return
to the Lord's Talde, and reverently place upon It what
remaineth of the consecrated Elements, covering the same
with a fair linen cloth.
Book of Common Prayer, Holy Communion,
(ft) In Wof., one of the primary or embryological parts
composing the liody of au animal, or of the pieces wliich
have united to form any part. Thus, the thorax of an
Insect is composed of three principal elements or rings,
the epicrantum is formed of several elements or pieces
which are soldered together, etc. (0 In elect., a voltaic
cell. See cell.
The bichromate of potassium batteries, composed of
four troughs with six compartments, making twenty-four
elements iu circuit. A mercury c<nnmutator enabled us
to use at pleasure six, twelve, eighteen, or twenty-four
elements, and thus to obtain four different speeds of the
■crew (of an electric balloon 1. Science, III. 154.
2. One of the four things, fire, water, earth,
and air (to which ether was added as a fifth
element), falsely regarded by the ancients as
the constituents of which all things are com-
posed. Water,as an element, consists of all that is in the
rain, the rivers, the sea, etc.; fire, of lightning, the sun,
etc. ; these, together with the air and earth, were supposed
to make up the matt^'r of nature. The elements often
means in a particular sense wind and water, especially in
action : as, the fury of the elements.
" It is a water that Is masd, I seye.
Of elementes foure," quod Plato.
CAaucer, Canons Yeoman's Tale (ed. Skeat), G. 1. 1460.
3e haue thanne in the ampulle IJ. etementis : that is to
seie, watir and e>T.
Boo* <if Quints Etsence (ed. Fumivall), p. 12.
My Ariel,— chick,—
That Is thy charge ; then to the elements /
Be free, and fare thou well ! Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
I've heard
Schoolmen afTimi, man's l>ody is compos'd
Of the four elements. Massinger, Renegado, IIL 2.
And, lost each human trace, surrendering up
ITiine individual l>eing, shall thou go
To mix forever with the elements.
Bryant, Thanatopsis.
3. A kind of matter undeeomposable into other
kinds. The elements as enumerated by Empedocles, and
generally recognized in antiiiuity, were four — fire, water,
eaith, and air. (See 2.) I'heolderchemists, of the fifteenth
century and later, recognized three elements — sulphur,
mercury, and salt. In modern chemistry an element, or
elementary Ixhly, is regarded merely as a simple substance
which has hitherto resisted analysis by any known chemi-
cal means. The list of such elements is a provisional one,
since it is possible, and not impnjbable, that many IXMlies
now considered elementary may be proved to l>e com-
pound. There are over 70 eleinents at present (1899) rec-
ognizetl by chemists, commonly divided inti> two grou^ps,
namely, ntetals and the non-metallic hodiett or metaUoxds.
"Tlie non-metallic elements are hydrogen, clilorin, bro-
mine, iodine, fiuorin, oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium,
nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, boron,
silicon, and carbon. (.See mftalloid.) The remaining ele-
ments are regarded as metal.<t. (.See metal.) Five of the
elements, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorin. anil fiuorin,
are gases at onllnary temperatures; two, itromine and
mercury, are liquids; the rest are solids. The properties
of all the elements bear a close relaUon to their atomic
element
weights. (Seeperiodiclaw, under periodic.) Tlie following
Is a list of the elements with symbols and atomic weights.
Elements.
Symbols.
Atomic
Weights.
Al
Sb
As
2"
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
C
Ce
CI
Cr
Co
cii
Nd-f Pr
Er
ForFl
Ga
Ge
Be or 01
Au
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
H
Mg
Mil
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
N
Os
0
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Rh
Kb
Bu
Sm
8c
Se
81
Ag
Na
Si-
8
Ta
To
Tr
Tl
Th
Sn
Tl
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
27.1
Antimony
120
75
Barium
137 d3
Beryllium (see glucinum)
Bismutli .
208
10.95
Bromine
79 95
112.3
Cassium .... ....
132 9
Carbon ...
12
Chlorin
36 45
Chromium
52.14
Cobalt
59
Columbium (see niobium).
63.6
Didymiuiu
142
166
Fiuorin
19 05
70
72 5
Glucinum
9 I
Gold
197.3
Hydrogen
1
114
Iodine
126.85
193
56
Lanthanum
138.5
Lead
206.92
Lithium
7.03
24.36
55.02
Mercury
200
96
143.6
Nickel
58.7
Niobium
94
14.04
190.8
Oxygen
16
106.5
31
195.2
39.14
140.S
103
85.44
10L7
150
44
79
Silicon
28.4
Silver
107.93
Sodium
23.05
87.68
32.06
Tantalum
183
127.5
160
Thallium
204.15
2S3
Tin
119
48.17
184.4
249
61.4
173
Yttrium
89
Zinc
65.4
90.5
There are a number of other bodies whicli have been named
aselemcnts(a8 phillipinm, norweginin. etc.), whose prop-
erties have, however, not yet been sutflciently investigated
and defined to warrant their inclusion in tlie list.
4. The projier or natural environment of any-
thing; that in which something exists; hence,
the sphere of experience of a person ; the class
of persons with whom one naturally associ-
ates, or the sphere of life with which one is
familiar: as, he is out of his element.
We are simple men ; we do not know what's brought to
fiass under the profession of fortune-telling. She works
ly charms, by spells, by the figure, and such daubery as
this is, beyond our element : We know nothing.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
This Tim is the head of a species : he Is a little out of
his element in this town ; but he isa relation of Tranqnillus,
and his neightiour In the country, which is the true place
of residence for this species. Steele, Tatler, No. 86.
Circulating element. Seectrc«Za?e.— Double element.
.See i/(mW«.— Element of a figure, in the calculus, an
infinitesimal part of it.— Elements of a crystal. .See
p«ra?ne(er.— Magnetic elements of a place, the decli-
nation and inclination of the magmtic needle and the
intensity of the earth's magnetic attraction.— Osculat-
ing elements. See ogculating.
elementt (el'e-ment), V. t. [< element, n.'\ 1.
To compound of elements or first principles.
Whether any one such liody be met with, in those said
to be elemented bodies, 1 now question. Boyle.
2. To constitute; form from elements; com-
pose ; enter into the constitution of.
Dull, sublunary lover's love
(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit
Of absence, 'cause it doth remove
The thing which elemented it.
Donne, Vindication Forbidding Mourning
element
Tliese [good life and good works) are the two elements,
and he which is eUjnfnttd from these hath the complexion
of a good man, and a fit friend. Dontie, Letters, xxx.
elemental (el-e-men'tal), a. and n. [= Sp. Pg.
elemental; &s element -h -al.'] I. a. 1. Of, per-
taining to. or of the nature of an element or
elements.
In and near the photosphere, or underneath it, matter
must be in its most elemental state,
C. A. Young, The Sun, p. 296.
There is spectroscopic evidence which seems to show
that, starting with a mass of solid elemental matter, such
mass of matter is continually broken up as the tempera-
ture is raised. J. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 126.
1874
It is probable that before the time of Aristotle there were
elementary treatises of geometry which are now lost.
Jieid, Inquiry into Unman Mind.
Such a pedantick abuse of elementary principles as would
have disgraced boys at school. Burke, Army Estimates.
3. Treating of elements ; coUeoting, digesting,
or explaining principles: as, an elementary wiit-
er — Elementary analysis, in chem., the estimation of
the amounts of the elements which together form a com-
pound body. — Elementary angles, in crystal., angles be-
tween iKirticular faces cliaracteristic of partkiilar miner-
als.— Elementary body. See element, 3.— Elementary
particles of Zimmermami. See Wood-;3;a(c— Elemen-
tary proposition, a self-evident and indemonstrable
j)i<iliosili(in. — Elementary substances. See element, 3.
elephant
eign, living in a foreign land, MHG. ellende,
the same, also unhappy, wretched, G. eknd,
unhappy, wretched, = Dan. eUndig, = Sw. elan-
dig, unhappy, wretched ; < AS. ele-, el-, other
(see else and alien), + land, land. The same
development of sense appears in wretched, ult.
< AS. torecca, an outcast, exile.] Cheerless;
wretched; miserable; imhappy.
Heuy-chered I gede, and elynge in herte.
Piers Plovnnan (B), xx. 2.
Poverte is this, although it seme elenge,
Possessioun that no wight wil chalenge.
Cliaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 344.
2. Pertaining or relating to first principles; elementation(er'e-men-ta'shon),n. [ielemeiii, elengelyt, adt). [ME., also elengelich; < elenge
simple ; elementary. [Obsolete or archaic] v., + -ation.^ Instruction in'elements or first + -ly^-i Cheerlessly ; miserably.
Some eimnoitoi knowledge, I suppose, they (the druids] principles. Coleridge. [Rare.]
had; but I can scarcely be persuaded that their learning elementisht (el-e-men'tish), a.
was either deep or extensive.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., i. 2.
8. Of or pertaining to the elements of the mate-
rial world: more especially used of the mobile
elements, fire, air, and water, with reference to
their violent or destructive action. See ele-
ment, 2 and 3.
If dusky spots are vary'd on his brow.
And streak'd with red, a troubled colour show ;
That sullen niLxture shall at once declare
Winds, rain, and storms, and elemental war.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics.
But all subsists by elemental strife ;
And passions are the elements of life.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 169.
Elemental law of thougllt, a first principle ; a funda-
mental belief.
n. n. A spirit of the elements; a nature-
spirit. See 1., 3, and element, 2 and 3.
elementalism (el-e-men'tal-izm), n. [< ele-
mental + -ism.'] The theory which identifies
the divinities of the ancients with the elemen-
tal powers. Gladstone.
elementality (eFe-meu-tari-ti), n. [< elemen-
tal + -ity.] The state of feeing elemental or
elementary.
By this I hope the eletnentatity (that is, the universality)
of detraction, or disparagement, ... is out of dispute.
[< element +
-is/t.] Elemental; elementary.
If you mean of many natures conspiring together, as in
a popular government, to establish this fair estate, as if
the elementisli and ethereal parts should in their town-
house set down the bounds of each one's ofllce, then con-
sider what follows: that there must needs have been a wis-
dom which made them concur. .Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
elementoid (el-e-men'toid), a. [< L. elemen-
tum + Gr. eMof, iorm.] Like an element ; hav-
ing the appearance of a simple substance : as,
compounds which have an elementoid nature,
and perform elemental functions.
elemi (el'e-mi), n. [= F. ^lemi = Sp. elemi =
Pg. It. elemi; of Eastern, said to be of Ar., ori-
fin.] A name of fragrant resins of various
inds, all of them probably the product of trees
belonging to the natural order Burseracece. The
Oriental or African elemi of the older writers is an exu-
dation from Boswellia Freereana, a tree found in the
region south of the gulf of Aden. It is used in the East
for chewing, like mastic. The elemi of pharmacy comes
chiefly from Manila, and is the product of Canarium com-
mune. It is a stimulant resin, and is used in plasters and
ointments. Other sorts are Mexican or Vera Cruz elemi,
obtained from species of Bursera; Brazilian elemi, from
various species of Protium (Icica); and Mauritius elemi,
from Canarium paniculatum.
elemin (el'e-min), n. [< elemi + -in^.'\ The
crystallizable portion of elemi,
Wliitlock, Manners of Eng. People, p. 466. elencn (e-lengk ), n. [< L. elenchus, < Gr. Mcy-
X(K, an argument of disproof or refutation, a
cross-examining, < ileyxuv, disgrace, put to
shame, cross-examine for the purpose of re-
futing, put to the proof, confute, refute.] In
logic, an argumentation concluding the falsity
of something maintained ; a refutation ; a con-
futation ; also, a false refutation ; a sophism.
Also elenchus.
Reprehension or elench is a syllogism which gathereth
a conclusion contrary to the assertion of the respondent.
Blundeville (1609).
The sophistical elenchus or refutation, being a delusive
semblance of refutation which imposes on ordinary men
and induces them to accept it as real, cannot be properly
understood without the theory of elenclms in general ;
nor can this last be understood without the entire theory
of the syllogism, since the elenctms is only one variety of
syllogism. The elenchus is a syllogism with a conclusion
contradictory to or refutative of some enunciated thesis
or proposition. Accordingly we must understand the
conditions of a good and valid syllogism before we study
those of a valid elenchus; these last, again, must be un-
derstood, before we enter on the distinctive attributes of
the pseudo-ete«c/iK« — the sophistical, invalid, or sham,
refutation. Grote.
Ignorance of theelench. See fallacy of irrelevant con-
clusion, under fallacy.
elementally (el-e-men'tal-i), adv. In an ele-
mental manner; with reference to or as re-
gards elements.
Those words taken circumscriptly, without regard to any
precedent law of Moses, are as much against plain equity
... as those words of " Take, eat, this is my body, ele-
mentally understood, are against nature and sense.
Christian Religion's Appeal, xv. (Ord MS.).
Legislate as much as you please, you cannot abolish the
fact of the sexes. Constituently, elementally the same,
Man and Woman are organized on different bases. Like
the stars, they differ in their glory.
G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 232.
elementart (el-e-men'tjjr), a. [< L. elementa-
rius : Bee eleinentary.] "Elementary.
What thyng occasioned the showres of rayne
Of fyre ^mentar in his supreme spere.
Skelton, Garland of Laurel.
elementarineSS (el-e-men'ta-ri-nes), n. The
state of being elementary.
elementarityt (el''''e-men-tar'i-ti), n. [< elemen-
tary + -ity.l Eleinentariness.
For though Moses have left no mention of minerals, nor
made any other description then sutes unto the apparent
and visible creation, yet is there unquestionably a very
large classis of creatures in the earth far above the con- elenchic, elenclucal (e-leng'kik, -ki-kal), a.
dltion of elementarily. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1, [< eUnci + -ic, -ical.] Pertaining to or of the
elementary (el-e-men'ta-ri), a. l='D.elemen- nature of an elench; refuting; confutative;
tair — G. elementar (in'comp.), also elementa- sophistical. Bailey, 1776.
risch = Dan. etementter = Sw. elementar (D. elenchically (e-leng'ki-kal-i), adv. By means
Dan. Sw. after F.) (Dan. Sw. also elementar in of uii elench. 'imp. Diet'.'
comp.) = F. M&mentaire = Pr. Sp. Pg. elemen- elenchizet (e-leng'kiz), v. i. [< Gr. iUyxetv,
tar, Pg. also elementario = It. elementare, ele- confute, + -ize.] To dispute ; refute.
mentario, < L. elementaritis, belonging to the Tip. Hear him problematize.
elements or rudiments, < elementum, element ^™- Bless us, what's that ?
moment: see element.] 1. Pertaining to or Tip. Oi eyWogize, elenchite. B. 7on«on, New Inn, il. 2.
of the nature of an element or elements; pri- elenchtict, elenchticalt, a. Erroneous forms
mary; simple; uncompounded; incomplex: as, of elenctic, elenctical.
&n elementary substance. elench'us (e-leng'kus), n. 1. Same as elench.
They (chemists) have found it impossible to obtain from ~ ^- 1<"^P-^ [NL.] (a) A genus of gastropods.
oxygen anything but oxygen, or from hyflrogen anything Humphreys, 1797. (6) A genus of Strepsiptera.
but hydrogen ; and, in the present state of our knowledge, Curtis, 1831.
these bodies are consequently regarded as «fc7n«n(ar!/ or olenctlot plpnptipaU re-letitrk'tik ti Trnn n
simple substances. Huxley, Physiography, p. 105. ejenCMCT, eiencucait (e lengK tiK, -ti-Kai; o.
wi.i,„.,. ^...„i .11.^ „ ... .. '^ ," ^ [Also written, erroneously, efencA tec, -aZ, < Gr.
st^^^'^nTiui'TL^ufrZmlltr^^^ ^^^^6,, reftitative, < e^i^KrSc, verbal adj. of
described as habitual anil permanent admiration. £/<.fy;t;-«v, refute, confute: see elench.] Same
J. B. Seeley, Nat. Keligion, p. 70. as elencMc.
The primitive homestead, . . . where all things were elenge, elUnge, a. [Now only dial. ; < ME.
eUmentary and of the plainest cast. elenge, also, less often, elynge, elinq ; perhaps an
S««<f»»a», Poets of America, p. 101. -ii-_-i= .^i- ___m_i r ^ '«.?.' *,, ,^ ,
2. Initial; rudimental; containing, teaching,
or discussing first principles, rules, or rudi-
ments: as, an elementary treatise or disquisi-
tion; elementary eAaeaXion; elementary sohooXs.
alteration, with sufiix -ing, of AS. ellende, ele-
liende, with equiv. elelendisc, ME. elelendis, hele-
lendisse, helendis, -isse, foreign, strange, li-ving
in a foreign land (eleland, a foreign land), =
08. elilendi = D. ellendig = OHG. elilenti, for-
Alisaundre that al wan elengelich ended.
Piers Plowman (B), xiL 46.
elengenesset, ellengnesst, n. [Early mod. E. eU
lengness; < WE. ellengenesse.] Sorrow; trouble.
Eom. of the Rose.
Eleocharis (el-e-ok'a-ris), n. [NL., prop. "Be-
leocharis, < Gr. cAof (gen. s/sog), low ground by
rivers, marsh-meadows, -I- x°-'-P^'-^, rejoice, > x^-
pi^, favor, delight.] A genus of cyperaceous
plants, of about 80 species, growing in wet
places, and distributed over all tropical and
temperate regions. They are characterized by terete
or angular culms closely sheathed at the base, and bear-
ing a naked, solitary terminal head of closely imbricated
scales. There are about 20 North American species. Com-
monly known as spike-rush.
Eleotragns (el-e-ot'ra-gus), n. [NL. (J. E.
Gray, 1846), prop. * Heleotragtts, < Gr. c'Ao^ (gen.
I/Uof), a marsh, -f- rpayo^, a goat.] A genus of
antelopes, containing such as the riet-bok or
reed-buck of South Africa, E. arundinaceus.
Eleotridinae (el-f-ot-ri-di'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Eleotris {-rid-) + -inw.] A subfamily of gobioid
fishes closely resembling the Gobiince, but with
separated ventral fins. Also Eleotrinte.
Eleotris (e-le'o-tris), ». [NL. (Gronovius).] A
genus of fishes, typical of the subfamily Elco-
tridince.
elephant (el'e-fant), n. [< ME. elefaunt, eli-
fant, elifaunt, earlier and more commonly oli-
fant, olifaunt, olefawnt, olyfaunt, olifont, olifunt
(rarely, in later ME., spelled with ph, as in L.),
< OP. olifant, also elifant, P. Elephant = Pr.
elephant = Sp. elefante = Pg. elefante, elephante
= It. elefante = AS. elpend, elp, yip, an ele-
phant (see alp^, = MD. D. elAant (also MD.
olefant, olifant, D. olifant, < OF.) = MLG. ele-
fant, elepant, also elpender, olvant = OHG. ela-
fant, elfant, helfant, MHG. elefant, elfant, el-
fent, G. elefant, elephant = Dan. Sw. elefant
(cf. Goth, ulbandus = OHG. olbanta, olbenta,
olbanda, MHG. olbende, olbent = AS. olfend, a
camel: see camel), < L. elephas, elephans (ele-
phant-), also elephantus, and ML. elefantvs, <
Gr. eAf^af (eAc^an--), an elephant (first in He-
rodotus), ivory (first in Homer and Hesiod) ;
perhaps < Heb. eleph, an ox (cf. Lucabos, Lu-
canian ox, the older L. name : see alpha) ; but
some compare Heb. ibdh, Skt. ibhas, an ele-
phant, and L. ebur, ivory: see ivory. The Slav,
and Oriental names are different: OBulg. slo-
nu = Bohem. slon = Pol. slon' z= Buss. slonU
(>Lith. slanas), elephant; Turk. Ai. fil. Hind.
fil, pil, < Pers. pil, elephant ; Hind, hdthi, hdti,
< Skt. hastin, elephant, < hasta, hand, trunk.]
1. A five-toed proboscidian mammal, of the ge-
nus Elephas, constituting a subfamily, Elephan-
Indian lilcpliant {1-lephas itttticus).
tinte, and comprehending two li'ving species,
namely, Elephas indicus and Elephas (Loxodon)
africanus. The fonner inhabits India, and is character-
ized by a concave high forehead, small ears, and compara-
tively small tusks ; the latter is found in Africa, and has
a convex forehead, great flapping ears, and large tusks.
The tusks occur in both sexes, curving upward from the
extremity of the upper jaw. The nose is prolonged into
a cylindrical trunk or proboscis, at the extremity of which
the nostrils open. The trunk is extremely flexible and
highly sensitive, and terminates in a flnger-like prehensile
elepliant
Iol>e. Elephants are the largest quadrnpeds at present ex-
teting. Their tusks are of great value as ivory, furniahiug
an important article of commerce, In Africa especially, and
1875
elephant-fish (el'e-f ant-fish), n. A name of the
southern chimera, Callorhynckus antarcticm :
80 called on account of the prolongation of the
7M7
Airican i- '. : i>xodcn a/ricanus).
occasioning the destmction of great numbers of these ani-
inaLB. Ten species of fossil elephants have been described,
of which the best-known is the hairy manunoth, E. primi-
gfniiui. The mast4>don8 are nearly related to elephants,
but form a separate subfamily MastodantiiuE (which see).
Than he returned toward hym with his betelLin his
bonde, and put his targe hym l)e-forn that was of the bon
of an OlyfaunU. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 338.
The caatelles . . . that craftily ben sett upon the oti-
fanUt bakkes. MandevUU, Travels, p. Idl.
He is as valiant as the lion, churlish as the bear, slow
as the elephant. Shale., T. and C, L 2.
2. Figuratively, a burdensome or perplexing
possession or charge ; something that one does
not know what to do with or how to get rid
of: as, to have an elephant on one's hands ; he
found his great house very much of an elephant.
— 3. Ivory; the tusk of the elephant. [Poeti-
cal.]
High o'er the gate, in elnihanl and gold.
The crowd shall unar's Indian war heboid.
Dryien, tr. of Virgil's Oeorgics.
4. A drawing- or writing-paper measuring in
America 22 X 27 inches a wblte elephant, a
possession or a dignity more troubles^>me and costly than
profitable ; in allusion to the rare and hiuhly venerated
white eleptiants of the East Indies, which must be kept
in royal state, and which are said to l>e sometimes pre-
sented by the King of Siam to courtien whom he denre*
to ruin.
Baiaine liethonght him of his master's natural anxiety
to know the situation. That master was the vhite ele-
phant of Bazaine and the army.
Arrh. Porbet, Souvenln of tome Continent*, p. Sg.
Double elephant, a drawing- or writing-paper measor-
ins in Rni.'land M] or 97 x 40 incbea, and in America
(wh'-r*' it u alH.> called dotMe royoO SO X 40 incbea.—
Elephant hawk-motli. seeAaint-iiKi<A.— Ordarof tlM
White Elephant, a Danish order alleged to be of great
antiffuity. Its foundation, however, is specifically as-
cribed to Christian I.. IVIi, and its reorganization to
Christian V. , 1693. It is limited to ao knl«hts beside* the
Dtembers of the royal family, and nopenon can be a knii^t
wl>o i* not previously a member of the order of the Dane-
brog. The collar of the order is compoaed allcmataly of
elephant* and embattled towen. Tlie liadge I* an ele-
phant tiearingon his back a tower, and on Us Dead adriver
dreaaed like a HindiL Tile ribbon to which the badge is
attached on ordinary occasions Is sky-blue.— RoffUe ele-
nluuit. an elepliant of angovemably bad temper, which
uvea alone or apart from the herti. and is retnirded as
particularly dangerous.— To Me or to show the ele-
plUUtt, to see or exhibit something straUKt- <>r wonderful ;
especially, to see for the flnt time, or exhibit to a stran-
ger, the siKhts and scene* of a great city (often Implying
thot' of a low or disreputable kind). (Slang, U. ai
elephant-apple (erf-fant-ap'!), n. The wood-
appli' of luilia, Ferdnia elephantum, a large m-
taceous tree allied to the orange, and bearing
an orange-like fruit. The pulp of the fruit is
acid, and is made into a jelly.
elephant-beetle (erg-fant-be'tl), n. 1. A
iiatiii' of several lamelficorn scarabeoid beetles
of enormous size, flpedflcally— (a) Any species of
ttiecetonian gi-nus^'o/iorAiM. Se» gdiath-beetle. (ft) Any
species of either of the genera Aynwtet and Mtgaioma.
M. eUphtu Is a large American species. Some of the ele-
phant-Deetlea, a* Difnatta hereviet of tropical America,
attain a total lengtli of 6 inches, but of this the long pro-
tlioracic bom make* about half. See cut under Hereute*-
beau.
2. One of the rhynchophorous beetles or wee-
vils : xo called from the long snout or proboscis.
elephant-bird (el'e-fant-b^'rd), n. A fossil bird
of Madaga.sear, of tfie genus .^pyornis (which
seo ) .
elephant-creeper (ere-fant-kre''p*r), n. The
Argyrria npinnga, a coin vol vulaceous woody
climber of India, reaching the tops of the tall-
est trees, it* leave* are wblte-tomen(u*e beneath, and
it* deep-ra*e-colored flower* are borne in axillary cymes.
The leave* are oied for poultice* and in various cntaoeoos
diseases,
elephanter (el-e-fan't^), n. A heavy periodi-
eal rain at Bombay.
Elephant-fish {Callarkynchus antarcttcMs).
snout, which has a peculiar proboscis-like ap-
pendage, serving as a prehensile organ, it is an
Inhabitant of the southern Pacific and the vicinity of the
Cape of flixtd Hcpe, and is sometimes eaten.
elephant-grass (el'e-fant-gras), n. An East
Indian bur-reed, Typha elephantina, the pollen
of which is made into bread by the natives of
Sind.
elephantiac (el-e-fan'ti-ak), a. [< L. elephan-
tiaeux, < elephantiasis: see elephantiasis.] Of
the nature of or affected with elephantiasis.
elephantiasis (el^e-fan-ti'a-sis), n. [< L. ele-
phan tmsis, < Gr. i'MijxtvTiaaiq, a skin-disease, so
called from its giving the skin the appearance of
an elephant's hide, < tJi^oj- (tXf^rr-), elephant :
see elfphant.] A name given to several forms
of skin-disease, (o) Elephantiasis Arahum, or pach.v-
demiia. See pachydermia. (6) Elephantiasis Grsecorum,
or leprosy. .See lepra.
elephantid (el-e-fan'tid), n. A proboscidean
mammal of the family Elephantidce, as an ele-
phant, mammoth, or mastodon.
Elephantidse (el-e-fan'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Elephas (-phant-) + -idee.l A family of the order
Pro6o«etden,containingthelivingelephantsand
the fossil mammoths and mastodons. See mam-
moth, mastodon. These huge pachyderms have the
upper incisors enormously developed as cylindro-conic
tusks, projecting from the mouth and growing indefinitely ;
the lower incisors small or null, the molars successively
displacing one another from behind forward, so that no
premolars replace the deciduous teeth, and never more
than one or two molars in functional position at once in
either Jaw; and the grinding surfaces with several trans-
vene ridges alternating with cement-valleys. The skull i»
very high in front, to acconin)o<late the roots of the tusks,
there being a great development of diploic structure.
The family Is divided into two subfamilies, Elephantimr
and Mattodontince. .See cuts under elephant and Elephan-
tinfr.
Elephantine (el'e-fan-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Elephas {-phant-) '+ -inte.'] The t^ical sub-
family of the ElephanlidtB, containing the liv-
ing elephants and the extinct mammoths. They
have the isomerous as distinguished from the hyplsome-
Skelclon and OutDne of African Elephant ( Btefhat or iMradim
a/ricanuj).
/y. frontal; ma, mandible; ma', malar; Ji, "finger" at end of
trunk : C, cervical venebrx ; />, dorsal vertet>ra! ; fe. pelvis ; ic,
scapula; //, sternum ; Am, humerus: M/,ulna; ra, radius; M<r,meta-
cafpus;/ir> femur ; fat, patella; Ii6, titiia; Jit, fibula; m^t, meta-
tarsus.
ronsoranisomerous dentition, the transverse ridges of the
molar* being three to five, the same on all the teeth, con-
tinuous, and the valleys filled with cement. The genera
arc Elephan, Loxodon, and Steffodon, the last extinct.
elephaJltine (el-f-fan'tin), a. [= p. el^>han-
tin = 8p. It. elefantino = Pg. elephantine, < L.
elephantinus, elephantine, also of ivory, < Gr.
eXe^vTivo^, of ivory, < i'Aiijxt^ (t ?jr0avr-), elephant,
ivory: soe elephantJ] 1. Pertaining to the ele-
phant ; resembling an elephant.
With turcoisea divinely blue
(Though doubts arise where first they grew.
Whether chaste elephantine lx>ne
By min'rals ting'd, or native stone).
Sir W. Jonee, The Enchanted Fruit.
Hence — 2. Elephant-like; huge; immense;
heavy; clumsy: as, he was of elephantine pro-
portions; elephantine movements.
But what insolent familiar durst have mated Thomas
Coventry ? — whose person was a gua<lrate, his step massy
and elephantine. LairUf, Old Benchers.
Eleusinia
3. Made or consisting of ivory. See chrysele-
phantine— Elephantine hooks, in Bom. antiq., cer-
tain books consisung (originally) of ivory tablets, in which
were registered tiie transactions of the senate, magistrates.,
emperors, and generals. — Elephanldne epoch, in geol.,
the period during which there was a preponderance of
large pachyderms.
elephant^leg (el'e-fant-leg), n. Pachydermia
of the log; Barbados leg. See pachydermia.
elephant-mouse (el'e-fant-mous), n. Same as
elephant-shrew.
elephantoid (el-f-fau'toid), a. and n. [< Gr.
cAfAaf (e/lf^iT-), " elephant, + eirfof, form.] I,
a. Having the form of an elephant.
n. n. An elephantid.
elephantoidal (eFe-fan-toi'dal), a. Same as
elephantmd.
Elephantopus (el-e-fan'to-pus), n. [NL., < Gr.
i?.eil>avrdiTov(, ivory-footed (NL. taken in sense
of 'elephant's-foot'), < f/li^f (ileijiavT-), ele-
phant, ivory.] 1. A genus of herbaceous ver-
noniaceous composites of America, of a dozen
species, one of which (£. scaber) is a common
weed in most tropical countries. Three species
occur within the United .States. Some Brazilian species
are reputed to have medicinal properties.
2. A genus of acalephs. Lisson, 1843.
elephantous (el-e-fan'tus), a. [< elephan-
t{ iasis) -I- -ous.'] Pertaining to or of the nature
of elephantiasis : as, the elephantous group of
specific inflammations. Quain, Med. Diet., p.
1432. ^
elephant-seal (el'f-fant-sel), n. Same as sca-
elepliant.
elephant's-ear (el'e-fants-er), n. A common
name for plants of tte genus Begonia, from the
form of their leaves.
elephant's-foo't (el'f-fants-fut), «. 1 . A book-
name for species oi Elephantopus, of which the
word is a translation. — 2. Testudinaria ele-
phantipes, a plant of the natural order Diosco-
reacea.
elephant-shre'W (el'e-fant-shro), «. A small
mouse-like saltatorial insectivorous quadruped
of Africa J one
of the animals
of the family
Macroscelidw
or Bhynchocyo-
nidw. In super-
ficial aspect they
resemble some of
the jumping-mice
or kangaroo-mice,
especially of the
American genera
Zapus and Dipo-
tfomt/jt.havinglong Elephant-shrew {Afacroscelittet typictu^.
hind" limbs, well-
developed ears, and the snout so long and sharp as to re-
semble a proboscis, whence the name. Also called ele-
fihant-mmtse and proboscis-fat.
ephant's-tnsk (el'e-fants-tusk), n. A mol-
lusk, Dentalium arciiatitm, one of the tooth-
shells.
Elephas (el'e-fas), n. [NL., < L. elephas, < Gr.
iliipaf, elephant: see elephant.'] The typical
genus of elephants, formerly embracing both
the living species, or genera, now sometimes
restricted to the type represented by the Asi-
atic elephant, Elephas indicus. In this restrict-
ed sense it is the same as Elasmodon and Euele-
phas. See cuts under elephant.
£lettaria (el-e-ta'ri-a), «. [NL.] An East
Indian genus of scitamineous plants, of only
one or two species. E. Cardamomtim furnishes
the cardamom-seeds of commerce. See carda-
mom.
Eleusine (el-ii-si'ne), fi. [NL., appar. in refer-
ence to Eleusis (f): see Eleusinian,] A genus
of grasses, belonging to the tribe Chloyidew,
having several linear spikes digitate at the sum-
mit of the culm. The species are natives of the warm-
er parts of the globe, and several are cultivated for their
grain. In the East an Indian species, E. coracana (known
nsnatchTiee, na<fla rngee, viand, and vturtva), is cultivated
as a com, from which the Tibetans make a weak beer. A'.
«(rtc(o is also a pro<luctive grain, and the Abyssinian grain
tocusso is the product of another species, A'. Tocimsq. E.
Indica, an annual species, is now naturalized in most warm
countries, and is good for grazing and soiling, and as
hay.
Eleusinia (el-fl-sin'i-S), n.pl. [L.,< Gr. 'EXfD-
aiviaj neut. pi. of 'E^eixTmof , pertaining to Eleu-
sis, < 'E/Uwr/f C^ltvatv-), Eleusis.] In Gr. antiq. ,
the famous Athenian mysteries and festival of
Eleusis, symbolizing the various phases of hu-
man life in the li^t of philosophic views as
to its eternity, and honoring Demeter (Ceres),
Cora (Proserpina), and the local Attic divinity
lacchos ( "\aKx<K) as the especial protectors of
agriculture and of all fruitfulness, and the guar-
dians of Athens. Eleusinia, introduced from Athens,
Eleusinia
were also celebrated in other parts of Greece and Greek
lands. See Eleusinian.—QTea,t Eleuslnla, the chief an-
nual festival in honor of Denu-ter and Cora, celebrated at
Athens and Eleusis from the l.sth to the 2;id of Boedronuon
(September-October).— Lesser Eleasinla, an annual fes-
tival at Athens, held as a prelude to the Great Elensinia
in the middle of the month of Anthesteriou (February-
March).
Eleusinian (el-u-sin'i-an), a. [< L. Eletmnius,
< Gr. 'K/.f wavof , pertaining to Eleusis : see Elcu-
sinia.l Relating to Eleusis in Attica, Greece :
as, the Eleusinian mysteries and festival, the
mysteries and festival of Demeter (Ceres), cele-
brated at Eleusis.
Eleuthera bark. Same as cascariUa bark (which
see, under bark').
Eleutherata (e-lu-the-ra'ta), n. pi. [Nl,., < Gr.
i>^ii)epo<;, free, + -ato2.] "A term used by Fa-
bricius (1775) to designate beetles, the insects
•which now form the order Coleoptera.
eleutherian (el-u-the'ri-an), a. [< Gr. elevBepioi,
like a free man, frank, freely giving, bountiful
(i/^v6epia, freedom), < iXcvdepog, free.] Freely
giving; bountiful; liberal.
And eleutherian Jove will bless their flight.
Glover, Leonidas, i.
Eleutheroblastea (e-Wthe-ro-blas'te-a), n.pl.
[NL., < Gr. tXeWepoc, freej' +' iSXaarSg," germ.']
An order of hydroid hydrozoans, or a suborder
of the order Hydroida and class Hydrozoa, rep-
resented by the common fresh-water hydra.
Hydra viridis, of the family Hydrida. The
animals have a tiydriform trophosome and no niednsoid
buds, both Renerative products being developed within
the body-wall of the single polypite of which the hydro-
some consists. It is the lowest and simplest grade of
hydrozoans, and contains the only fresh-water forms.
eleutheroblastic (e-lu'the-ro-blas'tik), a. Of
or pertainiiio; to the Eleutheroblastea.
eleutlierobranclliate(e-lu''the-ro-brang'ki-at),
a. [< NL. *eleutherobranchiaiusi <. Gr. eAcvdepoQ,
free, -I- (Spdyxta, gills.] Having free gills; of
or relating to the Eleutherobranchii.
Eleutherobrancllii (e-lu''the-r9-brang'ki-i), n.
pi. [NL., < Gr. i'Midepoc, free, + jipayxia, gills.]
A primary group of fishes, having the gills free
at the outer edge, and thus contrasted with the
selachians and the myzonts. It includes all the
true or teleostomous fishes. [Not in use.]
Eleutherodactjrli (e-lu"the-r6-dak'ti-li), n. pi.
[NL., < Gr. i'Xevdepoc, free, + daKTvlo^, finger,
toe.] In ornith., those Passeres which have the
hind toe perfectly free, as is the case with all
Passeres except the Eurylcemidw or Desmodac-
tyli (which see). The character is made a ba-
sis of the primary division of Passeres. Forbes.
eleutherodactylous (e-lu"the-ro-dak'ti-lus), a.
Having the characters of the Eleutherodac-
tyli.
eleutheromania (e-lu''the-ro-ma'ni-'a), n. [NL.,
< Gr. e/.eWepoc, free (eTievBtpta, freedom), -I- /lavia,
madness.] A mania for freedom; excessive
zeal for freedom. [Rare.]
Our Peers have, in too many cases, laid aside their frogs,
laces, bagwigs ; and go about in English costume, or ride
rising in their stirrups, in the most headlong manner;
nothing but insubordination, eleutheromania, confused
unlimited opposition in their heads.
Carlyle, French Eev., I. iii. 4.
eleutheromaniac (e-lii"the-ro-ma'ni-ak), a. and
n. [< el^utlteromania + -ac; cf. maniac.'] I.
a. Having an excessive zeal for freedom.
Crowds, aa was said, inundate the outer courts : inun-
dation of young eleut/ieroinaniac Noblemen in English
costume, uttering audacious speeches.
Carlyle, French Kev., I. iii. 4.
H. n. One having an excessive zeal for free-
dom ; a fanatic on the subject of freedom.
elentlieropetalous (e-lu"the-ro-pet'a-lus), a.
[< Gr. £/.£i'&pof, free, + TriraMiv, a leaf (in mod.
bot. a petal), + -oits.'] In bat., having the pet-
als distinct ; polypetalous.
eleutherophyllous (e-lu"the-ro-fil'us), a. [<
Gr. cMvOepoQ, free, + (jiv'A/m) = L. folium, a leaf,
+ -ous.'i In bot., composed of separate leaves :
applied to a calyx or corolla, or to the perianth
as a whole.
Eleutheropomi (e-lu"the-ro-p6'mi), n. pi.
[XL., < Gr. k'/xvdnpo^, f reo" + ' TTufia, a lid.] A
suborder of chondropterygian fishes, in which
the gills are free. The sturgeons and chimse-
ras were grouped together by Dum6ril under
this title. [Not in use.]
eleutlierosepalous (e-lu'the-ro-sep'a-lus), a.
[< Gr. i'MvOepoc, free, + 'SLii' sepalum, sepal, +
-ous.J In bot., composed of distinct sepals;
polysepalous.
Eleutlieniras (e-lu-the-rS'ms), n. [NL., < Gr.
i'/jeiSepoi, free, + oipd,"tail.] A genus of fruit-
eating bats, of the family Pteropodidw, so caU-
E^ptian Free-tailed Bat (Eieutherurus
agyptiacus).
1876
ed from having the tail free from the interf em-
oral membrane. E. (egyptiacus is a species fre-
quently sculp-
tured on Egyp-
tian monu-
ments.
eleyate (el'f-
vat), V. t. ;
pret. and pp.
elevated, ppr.
elevating. [<
L. elevatus,
pp. of elevare
(> It. elevare
= Sp. Pg. ele-
var = F. ele-
ver), raise, lift
up, < e, ex,
out, + levare,
make light,
lift, < levis,
light : see lev-
ity, lever. Cf.
alleviate.'] 1.
To move or
cause to move
from a lower to a higher level, place, or posi-
tion; raise; lift; lift up: as, to e/eijaie the nost
in the service of the mass ; to elevate the voice.
Dwarf, bear my shield ; squire, elevate my lance.
Beau, and FL, Knight of Burning Pestle, iii. 2.
In every endeavour to elevate ourselves above reason,
we are seeking to elevate ourselves above the atmosphere
with wings which cannot soar but by beating the air.
J. Martineau.
You remember the high stool on which culprits used to
be elevated with the tall paper fool's-cap on their heads,
blushing to the ears.
LoweU, Among my Books, Istser., p. 241.
2. To raise to a higher state or station ; exalt ;
raise from a low, common, or primary state, as
by training or education; raise from or above
low conceptions : as, to elevate a man to an of-
fice; to «toafe the character.
Honours that tended to elevate a body of people into a
distinct species from the rest of the nation. Shcnstone.
A grandeur, a simplicity, a breadth of manner, an ima-
gination at once elevated and restrained by the subject,
reign throughout Milton's Ode on the Nativity.
Hallam, Introd. Lit. of Europe, iii. 5.
The competence of man to elevate and to be elevated is
in that desire and power to stand in joyful aiul ennobling
intercourse with individuals, which makes the faith and the
practice of all reasonable men. Emerson, Domestic Life.
3. To excite ; cheer ; animate : as, to elevate
the spirits.
Nor. Or art thou mad ?
Clorin. A little elevated
With the assurance of my future fortune :
Why do you stare and grin 1
Mas8in(/er, Parliament of Love, ii. i.
When men take pleasure in feeling their minds elevated
by strong drink, and so indulge their appetite as to destroy
their understandings, . . . their case is much to be pitied.
John Woolman, Journal (1756), p. 93.
Hence — 4. To intoxicate slightly; render
somewhat tipsy. [Colloq.]
His depth of feeling is misunderstood ; he is supposed
to be a little elevated, and nobotly heeds him.
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ix.
5t. To make light or unimportant; diminish
the weight or importance of.
The Arabian physicians, . . . not being able to deny
it to be true of the holy Jesns, endeavour to elevate and
lessen the thing by saying it is not wholly beyond the
force of nature that a virgin should conceive.
Jer. Taylor, Kule of Conscience, L 4.
Disclosed elevated. See disclosed.— HevSiteA rail-
road. See roifrodd.— Elevating arc. Seearei.=Syn.
1. To lift up, uplift.— 2. To promote, ennoble.— 1-3. Li/t,
Exalt, etc. See raise.
ele'rate (el'e-vat), a. [ME. elevat; < L. eleva-
tus, pp. : see the verb.] Raised ; elevated.
[Poetical and rare.]
And in a region elevate and high.
And by the form wherein it [a comet] did appear,
As the most skilful seriously divine,
Foreshow'd a kingdom shortly to decline.
Drayton, Baron's Wars, 1.
On each side an imperial city stood.
With towers and temples proudly elevate
On seven small hills. Milton, P. R., iv. 34.
elevatedness (el'e-va-ted-nes), n. The state
of being elevated. '
I had neither wife nor children, in whom mutually to
reflect and see reflected the elevatedness and generosity of
ray station. Godwin, St. Leon.
elevating-screw (el'e-va-ting-skro), M. A screw
by means of which the breech of a piece of
ordnance is adjusted for the elevation or ver-
tical direction of the piece.
elevator
elevatio (el-e-va'shi-6), n. [L. : see elevation.']
1. In anc. music, a raising of the voice ; arsis.
— 2. In medieval music, the extension of a mode
beyond its usual compass or ambitus.
elevation (el-e-va'shon), n. [< ME. elevacioun,
< OF. elevaci'on, F. elevation = Pr. eslevation,
eslevatio = Sp. elevacion = Pg. elevagSo = It.
elcvasione, < L. elevatio{n-), a lifting up, < ete-
rare, lift up, elevate : see e^'ate.] 1. The act
of elevating or raising from a lower level, place,
or position to a higher.
I hope a proper elevation of voice, a due emphasis and
accent, are not to come within this description.
Steele, Spectator, No. 147.
I can add nothing to the accounts already published of
the elevation of the land at Valparaiso which accompa-
nied the earthquake of 1822.
Daru-in, Geol. Observations, ii. 245.
2. The state of being raised or elevated ; ex-
altation; specifically, exaltation of feeling or
spirits.
Different elevations of spirit unto God are contained in
the name of prayer. Uooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 48.
His style was an elegant perspicuity, rich of phrase,
but seldom any bold metaphors ; and so far from tumid,
that it rather wanted a little elevation. Sir U. Wotton.
J fancied I could distinguish an elevation of spirit dif-
ferenf from that which is the cause or the effect of simple
jollity. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 115.
Hence — 3. A state of slight inebriation; tip-
siness. [Colloq.] — 4. That which is raised or
elevated; an elevated place; a rising ground;
a height.
His [Milton's] poetry reminds us of the miracles of Al-
pine scenery. Nooks and dells, beautiful as fairyland, are
embosomed in its most rugged and gigantic elevations.
Maeaulay, Milton.
5. Altitude, (a) In astron., the distance of a heaven-
ly body above the horizon, or the arc of a vertical circle
intercepted between it and the horizon. (6) In gun., the
angle wliich the axis of the bore makes with the plane of
the horizon, (c) In dialing, the angle whicli the style
makes with the substylar line, (d) In topog.: (1) Height;
the vertical distance above the sea-level or other surface
of reference, (2) The angle at which anything is raised
above a horizontal direction.
Tak ther the elevacioun of thi pool, and eke the latitude
of thy regioun. Chaucer, Astrolabe, ii. § 23.
6. In arch., a geometrical representation of a
building or part of a building or other structure
in vertical projection — that is, of its upright
parts. — 7. Eccles., the act of raising the eucha-
ristic elements after consecration and before
communion, in sign of oblation to God, or in or-
der to show them to the people. With reference to
the latter purpose especially, this act is also known as the
ostension. The act of elevation before God and that of os-
tension to the people are, however, in many liturgies not
coincident.
The priests were singing, and the organ sounded.
And then anon the great cathedral bell.
It was the elevation of the Host.
Longfellow, Spanish Student, i. 3.
8. In the Bom. Cath. liturgy, a musical compo-
sition, vocal or instrumental, performed in con-
nection with the elevation of the host Altitude
or elevation of the pole. See altitude.— Angle of ele-
vation, in ordnance, the angle which the axis of the gun
makes with a line passing through its sights and the tar-
get.—Elevation bell. See 6f((i.— Elevation of the
I>anagla. See panapia.- Geometric elevation, a de-
sign for the front or side of a building drawn according to
the rules of geometry, as opposed to perspective or natural
elevation. =Syu. 1. Lifting, lifting up, uplifting, improve-
ment. — 2. Eminence, loftiness, superiority, refinement.
elevator (el'f-va-tor), n. [= p. elevateur =
Sp. elevador = It. elevatore, < LL. elevator, one
who raises up, a deliverer, < L. elevare, lift up :
see elevate.'] 1. One who or that which raises,
lifts, or exalts. Specifically — 2. In anal.: (a)
A muscle which raises a part of the body, as the
lip or eyelid: same as levator. (6) Same as fx-
tensor. [Rare.]
There appear, at first, to be but three elevntors, or ex-
tensors [of the digits], but practically each segment [pha-
lanx] has its elevator. Hxixley, Anat. Vert., p. 50.
3. A surgical instrument used for raising a de-
pressed or fractured part of the skull. Also
called elevatory, — 4. In mecli., a hoisting ap-
paratus ; a lift, (a) A car or cage for lifting and low-
ering passengers or freight in a lioistway ; in a broad
sense, the entire hoisting apparatus, including the shaft
or well, the cage, and the motor. See hoisting-engine.
(6) A structure for storing grain in bulk, including the
grain-lifters and -conveyers. In such elevators the ele-
vator proper, or lifter, is a continuous band of leather
studded witli metal cups or elevator-buckets, passing over
a pulley at the top of tlie building and under a second
pulley on the elevator-boot, or the foot of an inclosed
tube called the elevator-leg (see leg). In some instances
the elevator-leg is pivoted at the top, so that it may
swing clear of the building and reach into the hold of
the vessel or car to be emptied. The stcnctnre it*ell
consists of a nest of deep bins, into which the grain is di-
rected by spouts from the top of the lifter. The capacity
of such elevators is often one and a half million bushels or
more. For the horizontal movement of grain in elevators,
elevator
eoDTeyers are nsed. Lifting elevators are also used In
flour-mills, (mnding-niills, furnaces, and other works, to
handle materials of all kinds in bulk, as sand, ashes,
ice, etc. . . ,
5. A building containing one or more mecnan-
ic'al elevators, especially a warehouse for the
Btorase of grain. [U. S.] — Autodynamlc eleva-
tor °ee aii((«ivmii»"<:.— Elevator case, a noted case
before the Inited States Supreme Court in 1S76 (.Munu ra.
niinois »i V. S., 113), in which it was decided that, not-
withstanding the exclusive power of Congress to regulate
iDteretate commerce, a State may, for the public good,
regulste the manner in which citizens shall use their prop-
erty when devoted by them to a use in which the public
have an interest : so called Ijecause suslainnig the valid-
ity of a statute limiting grain-elevator tolls.— ElevatOr-
enflne See eiprinf. — Floating elevator, an elevator
erected on a boat for lifting, transferring, or storing gram.
Such elevators are used to transfer grain from barges to the
holds of ships.— Hydraulic elevator, an elevator oper-
ated by some kind of hydraulic apparatus. For short
lifts the hydraulic press is sometimes used, particularly
where the weight to be raised is great Another form,
for liv'ht loads and moderate heighu, is a telescopic tulw
»upp..rting the car at the upper end. On filling the tube
with » ater under pressure It expands and raises the car ;
to lower it, the supply of water is cut o(f , and that in the
tube is allowed to escape. The most common form of hy-
draulic elevator in the United States is that of a car lifted
by ropes, operated by a pisUjn in a long cylinder. The rope
ii connected directly with the piston-rod, which is moved
by the admission of water under pressure. In some in-
stances the cylinder is horizontal and the travel of the pis-
ton limited, multiplying gear being titled tn the rope. The
usual form is an upright cylinder with a very simple form
of rope-gearing.— Pneumatic elevator, a hoisting or
lifUng apparatus worked by compressed air ; a pneumatic
hoist. r -rt nt
elevatory (el'e-va-to-n), a. ana n. [= F. 6l^a-
toire = It. eleraiorio, < NL. 'elevatorius, < LL.
elevator, elevator: see elevator, elevate.'^ I. a.
Kaisiiig or tending to raise; having power to
elevate.
Channels are almost universally present within the
fringing reefs of those islands which nave undergone re-
cent eltaUory movements. Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 78.
Among these tUvalory, and therefore reparative, agents,
the most important place must Iw assigned to earthquake*
and volcanoea. Huxley, Physiography, p. 186.
n. «• ; pl. eletatories (-riz). Same as elevo
tor, 3.
616ve (a-lev'), n. [F., < iliver, raise, bring up,
educate, < L. elecare, raise: see eletate.\ A
pupil ; one brought up, educated, or trained by
aiiotlier.
eleven (e-lev'n), a. and ». [< ME. eOeven, en-
Icicii, enlecene, enleve, elleocen, eUeove, endlete,
etc., < .AS. endleo/an, endlufon, endlyifoH (= OS.
Oef, devan, eleven, ellevan = OFries. andlova, at-
vene, ellera = J).elf = L». eleve, Slice, olmen =
OHG. einUr, MHG. einli/, einlef, eilef, eilf, G.
eilj, elf= Icel. elli/ii, later elle/u, = 8w. elfva =
Dau. ellere = Goth, ainlif), eleven, orig. 'dnli/
(the first syllable (end-, <dn) having been modi-
fied by shortening and mutation with dissimi-
lated gemination of n to iirf, and the last syl-
lable (-an, -on) added as a quasi-plural suffix),
< an (= Goth, ain, etc.), one, + -lif, an element
appearing also in Goth, tiealif = AS. Uoelf, E.
ticcire, etc. (see twelve), and appar. = Lith.
-lika, in r«noUJka, eleven, where the element is
by some supposed to stand for 'dika = Gr. <J^«ra
= L. decern = E. ten, making the Teut. and
Lith. forms exactly cognate with L. undecim
1877
last moment ; just before it is too late : In allusion to the
parable of the laborers in the vineyard. Mat. xx. 1-16.
n. n. 1. One of eleven equal parts; the quo-
tient of unity divided by eleven : as, five elev-
enths of fifty-five are twenty-five.
n,
elicit
a. Relating or pertaining to elves.
Tlie crysoprase the tenthe is tyst ;
The lacyngh the enleuenthe gent.
Alliterative Poenis (ed. Morris), i.
1013.
2. In early Eng. law, an eleventh part of the
rents of the year, or of movables, or both,
granted or levied by way of tax. — 3. In music :
(a) The interval between any tone and a tone
on the eleventh diatonic degree above or be-
low it ; a compound fourth, or an octave and a
fourth. (6) A tone distant by an eleventh from
a given tone.
elf (eU), n.; pi. elves (elvz). [Early mod. E.
also elfe; < ME. elf, elfe, alfe,-pl. elvene, alvene,
< AS. (elf, pi. ylfe, m., celfen, elfen, in a veij
early form (KlUn (usually in comp.), m., an elf,
sprite, fairy, incubus, = MD. alf,l). elf= MLG.
alf, LG. elf= OHG. alp, MHG. alp (alb-), pi. elbe,
and G. alp, m., MHG. elbe, 1. (G. elf, m., elfe, f .,
< E. elf), = Icel. dlfr = Sw. alf, m., elfva, f ., el/-
(in comp.), pi. elfvor = Dan. alf, elver- (in
comp.), an elf: a common Teut. word; tilt,
origin unknown. From the Icel. form dlfr, for
merly alfr, is the doublet aulf, awf, also writ
The mightiest chiefs of British song
Scorned not such legends to prolong :
They gleam through Spenser's elfin dream,
And mix in Milton's heavenly theme,
Scott, Manuion, Int, L
Excalibur, . . . rich
With jewels, elfin Urim, on the hilt.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
Elfin pipe. Hee /airy pipes, alidei /airy.
elfish, elvish (el'fish, -vish), a. [< ME. elvish,
elvisch, alvisc (= MHG. elbisch) ; <.elf+ -ish'^.]
1. Of or pertaining to elves or to elf -land; of
the nature of an elf; caused by or characteris-
tic of elves; peevish; spiteful: as, an e?^/t be-
ing ; elfish mischief.
O, spite of spites !
We talk with goblins, owls, and elvish sprites ;
If we obey them not, this will ensue.
They'll suck our breath, or pinch us black and blue.
Shak., C. of E., ii. 2.
I watched the water-snakes ; . . .
And when they reared, the elfish light
Fell off in hoary flakes.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, iv.
2t. Distracted or be-witohed by elves; distraught
or abstracted, as if bewitched.
He semeth elvyssh by his contenaunce.
For unto no wight doth he daliaunce.
Chaucer, Sir Thopas, Prol., 1. 13.
In
ten auph, ouph, and usually oa/, q. v., now elflshly, elvishly (el'fish-li, -vish-li), adv,
discriminated in senses. Bee erl-king.'] 1. An the manner of elves ; mischievously,
imaginary being superstitiously supposed to in- g^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ talking, and singing, and laughing
habit unfrequented places, and in various ways „ost elvishly, with the invisibles of her own race,
to affect mankind; a sprite; a fairy; a goblin. Scott, Peveril of the Peak, xvi.
Elves are usually imagined as diminutive tricksy beings in -ifv«n Cfiif'lcinl n r< elf + dim. -kin A A little
t,,,,,,a.,/,,rm .riven tnc»nri,inu8lnterferenci»*ither kind- ©U^UHeil "^"J;"- l^ eij -r aim. /««.j .ci. iii/no
human form, given tocapricious interferenc«*ither kind
iy or mischievous, in human affairs. W
This was the olde opinion as I rede,—
I si)€ke of manye hundred yeres ago, —
But now kan uo man se none elves mo.
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 6.
Every e{f, and fairy sprite,
Hop as light as bird from brier.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 2.
The elves also.
Whose little eyes glow
Like the sparks of Are, befriend thee.
Herriek, Nlght-Piece to Julia.
2. A mischievous or vricked person ; a knave ;
a rogue.
Bid htm, without more ado.
Surrender Umself, or else the proud el/
Shall suffer with all his crew.
Bolnn Hood and th» Valiant Knight (Child's Ballads,
[V. 88»).
Spite of all the criticising elves.
Those who would make us feel, must feel themselves.
Churchill, The Rosciad, L 961.
3. A diminutive person; a dwarf; hence, a
pet name for a child, especially one who is very
sprightly and graceful. =Syn. 1. Sprite, hobgoblin.
Imp.— 8. Urchin, dwarf.— 1 and 3. Fay, Gnome, etc. .See
/airy.
elf (elf), V. t. [< elf, n., in allusion to the mis-
chievousness ascribed to elves. Cf. elf-lock.}
To entangle intricately, as the hair. [Bare.]
My face I'll grime with filth ;
Blanket my loins; el/M my hair in knots.
Shak., Lear, 11. 3.
elf-king (elf 'king), fl. [= D. clfenkoning = Dan.
dverkoiige.'] The king of the elves or fairies.
elf-land (elf'land), n. The region of the elves;
fairy-land.
The horns of El/lartd taintly blowing.
Tennysmi, Princess, iiL
elf-lock (elf 'lok), n. A knot of hair twisted by
elves; a knot twisted as if by elves ; hence, in
the plural, hair in unusual disorder.
This is that very Mab,
That plats the manes of horses in the night.
And bakes the el/-locks in foul sluttish hairs,
Which, once untangled, much misfortune bodes.
Shak., R. and J., i. 4.
■you will pull all Into a knot or elf-lock; which nothing
but the shears or a candle will undo.
B. JoHson, Magnetick Lady, Ind.
Ragged el/locks hanging down to the breast.
ii. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 319.
elf-locked (elf 'lokt), a. Wearing elf-locks ; -with
disheveled or tangled hair. [Poetical.]
The el/elockt fury all her snakes had shed.
Sir R. Stapteton, tr. of Juvenal, vii. 83.
elf-queen (elf 'kwen), n. [< ME. elfqueen; < elf
-i- queen.'\ The queen of the elves or fairies.
The el/queeM with hir joly compaignye
Daunced ful ofte in many a grene mede.
ChaiMr, Wife of Bath's Tale, L 4.
elf-shot (elf 'shot), o. Shot by an elf.
eleven,
I.
< unus = 'E. one, + decern = E. ten.}
One more than ten : a cardinal numeral
beginning the second decade : as, eleven men.
The game [Bhovel-t)oardl, when two pUy, 1* generally
eleven : but the number is extended when four or more are
.iointly concerned. Strvtt, SporU and Pastime*, p. 895.
n. n. 1. The number which is the sum of ten
and one. — 2. A symbol representing eleven ^^ _
units, as 11, or XI., or xi.— 3. A team or side elf-dart (elf'dilrt), n,
in cricket or foot-ball: so called because regu- elf-dock (elf'dok), n.
elf-arrow (elf 'ar'o), n. Same as elf-bolt.
elf-bolt (elf 'bolt), n. An arrow-head of flint or
other stone found among paleolithic remains:
80 called from the supposition that they were elf-shot (elf 'shot), n.
There, every herd, by sad experience, knows
How, wing'd with fate, their el/-shot arrows fly.
When the sick ewe her summer food foregoes.
Or stretch'd on earth, the heart-smlt heifers lie.
Coffin*, Pop. Superstitions of the Highlands.
larly consisting of eleven players: as, the Phil- elf-flre (elf 'fir), n,
ailflphia cleren; there were two strong elevens fatuus.
mat<'hed.
eleven-o'clock-lady (f-lev'n-o-klok-la'di), n.
[Tr. F. dome (Fonze heures.'] 'flie star-of -Beth-
lehem, Ornilliogtilum umbellatum.
eleventh (e-lov'nth), a. and n. [< ME. ellev-
enth': cUn-i-nd, cideventhe, endlefte, enlefte, etc.,
< AS. endlyfta (= OS. ellifto = OFries. ellefta,
elefta, alfta, andlofta = D. el/de = OHG. einlUto,
MHG. einlifle, einUfte, eil/te, G. elfte = Icel.
ellifti, mod. ehefti = Dan. ellevte = Sw. elfte,
eleventh: as eleven (AS. endleofan, etc.) + -th,
the ordinal suffix: see -^3.] I. a. 1. Next in
order after the tenth: an ordinal number.
But aboute the eUevenlhe hour he wente out and founde
other stondrnge, and he seide to hem, what stonden ye
Idel heere al dal 1 Wycli/, Mat xx.
2. Constituting one of eleven equal parts into
which anything is divided : as, the eleventh part
of fifty-five is five At tbe eleventli hour, at the
fairy arrow-heads. Also elf-arrow, elf-dart, elf-
shot, elf-stone.
elf-child (elf'chOd), n. A child supposed to
have been substituted by elves for one which
they had stolen ; a changeling.
Same as elf-bolt.
See docfci, 2.
1. Same as elf-bolt.
A common name for ignis
eifln (el'fin), ». and a. [An artificial (poeti-
cal) form, first used by Spenser; in form as if
an adj. (for 'elfen, < elf + -en), but it first ap-
pears as a noun, and in det. 2 is appar. regard-
ed as diminutive. Cf. AS. elfen, alfen, wlbin
(usually in comp.) (= MHG. elbinne), a fairy,
nymph, fem. of ailf, an elf: see elf.} I. ». 1.
An elf; an inhabitant of fairy-land: in Spenser
applied to his knights.
He was an Elfin borne of noble state
And mickle worship in his native land.
Spetuier, ¥. Q., II. 1. 6.
2. A little urchin or child. [Playful.]
For she was just, and friend to virtuous lore.
And pass'd much time In truly virtuous deed;
And In those elfins' ears would oft deplore
The times, when truth by Popish rage did bleed.
Shenstone, The Schoolmistress, st. 15.
-Syn. See /airy, n.
The Stone Arrow Beads of the old Inhabitants of this
Island (that are sometimes found) are vulgarly supposed
to Iw Weapons shot by Fairies at Cattle. They are called
E(/-shots. Bournes Pop. Antuj. (1777), p. 117, note.
2. A disease supposed to be produced by the
agency of elves. [Scotch.]
elf-skint (elf'skin), n. A word found only in
the following passage, where it is probably a
misprint for eel-skin (in allusion to Prince Hen-
ry's long and lank figure).
Fat. Away, you starveling, you eJAsttn, you dried neat's-
tongue. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
elf-stone (elf'stdn), n. Same as elf-bolt.
elger (el'gfer), ». [E. dial., < ME. elger,elyer (=
MD. aelghecr, elgheer, D. aalgeer), ult. < AS. ml,
eel, + gdr, spear: see gar, gorc^.} An eel-
spear. Prompt. Pan., p. 138. [Local, Eng.]
Elgin marbles. Bee marble.
Eliac (e'li-ak), a. Pertaining to Elis, an ancient
city of the Greek Peloponnesus. Also ■&'««»•
-EUac school, a school of philosophy founded in Elis by
PhB!.!.., a scholar and favorite of Socrates. Its doctrines
are conjcctnic-d to have been ethical, and somewhat skep-
tical ccmceming the theory of cognition.
elicit (e-lis'it), V. t. [< L. elieitus, pp. of elicere,
draw out, < e, out, + lacere, entice: see lace.
Cf. allect.} To draw out; bring forth or to
light; evolve; gain: as, to eKcit sparks by col-
elicit
lision ; to elicit truth by discussion ; to elicit ap-
proval.
From the words taken together such a sense must be
elieiUd as will give a meaning to each word.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 254.
That may justly elicit the assent of reasonable men.
Sir M. Halt, Orig. of Mankind, p. 129.
It is not the composition of the piece, but the number
of starts and attitudes that may be introduced, that elicits
applause. Goldsmith, Vicar, xviii.
The inquiry at Strathani was calculated to elicit the
truth. D. Wel)tter, Goodrich Case, April, 1817.
elicitt (e-lis'it), a. [< L. elicitus, pp. : see the
verb.] 1. Immediately directed to an end:
opposed to imperate.
To give alma ia a proper and elicite act of charity.
Jer. Taylor, Kule of Conscience, ii. 3.
2. Performed by the will itself without the
aid of any other faculty: as, volition, nolition,
choice, consent, and the like are elicit acts : op-
posed to imperate.
The schools dispute whether in morals the external ac-
tion superadds anything of good or evil to the internal
elicit act of the will. South, Works, I. 3.
elicitatet (e-lis'i-tat), v. t. [< elicit + -ate^.'i
To elicit.
And make it streme with light from forms innate.
Thus may a skilful man hid truth elicitate.
Dr. H. More, Sleep of the Soul, ii. 41.
elicitationt (e-lis-i-ta'shon), n. [< elicitate +
-ion.] The act of eliciting, or of drawing out.
That elicitatioji which the schools intend is a deducing
of the power of the will Into act ; that drawing which they
mention is merely from the appetibility of the object.
Bp. Bramhall.
elide (e-lid'), v. t; pret. and pp. elided, ppr.
eliding. [= Sp. Pg. elidir = It. elidere, < L. eli-
dere, knock, strike, or dash out, force out, press
out, in gram. (tr. Gr. iK0U[itiv: see ecthlipsis)
suppress (a vowel), < e, out, + Icedere, strike,
hurt by striking: see lesion. Cf. collide.'] If.
To break or dash in pieces ; crush.
Before we answer unto these things, we are to cut off
that whereunto they from whom these objections proceed
do oftentimes fly for defence and succour, when the force
and strength of their arguments is elided.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 4.
2. In gram., to suppress or slur over the soimd
of in speech, or note the suppression of in writ-
ing : technically applied especially to the cut-
ting oflE of a final vowel, as in "th' enemy," but
in a more general sense to that of a syllable
or anv part of a word. See elliion, 1.
eligibility (el"i-ji-bil'i-ti), n. [< eligible: see
-biUtij.] 1. Worthiness or fitness to be cho-
sen ; the state or quality of a thing which ren-
ders it desirable or preferable to another.
Sickness hath some degrees of eligibility, at least by an
after-choice. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, vi. § 3.
2. Capability of being chosen to an office: the
condition of being qualified to be chosen ; legal
qualification for election or appointment.
eligible (el'i-ji-bl), a. and n. [< OF. eligible, F.
eligible = It. eligibile, < ML. *eligibilis, that may
be chosen (in adv. compar. eligibiliits), < L. eli-
gere, choose: see elect.] I. a. 1. Fit to be
chosen; worthy of choice; desirable: as, an
eligible tenant.
Peace with men can never be eligiUe when it implies
enmity with God. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxiv.
While health endures, the latter part of life, in the eye
of reason, is certainly the more eligible..
Steele, Spectator, No. 153.
Certainty, in a deep distress, is more eligible than sus-
pense. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe.
Through tomes of fable and of dream
I Bought an eligible theme.
Cowper, Annus Meniorabilis, 1789.
2. Qualified to be chosen ; legally qualified for
election or appointment.
Among the Mundnicus, the possession of ten smoke-
dried heads of enemies renders a man eligible to the rank
of chief. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 350.
H. n. One who is qualified to be chosen or
elected; an eligible person.
The certification of all the eligihles will result in what
you have applauded. The American, XII. 132.
eligibleness (el'i-ji-bl-nes), «. The state of
being eligible ; fitness to be chosen in prefer-
ence to another; suitableness; desirableness.
It [citizenship] embraced certain private rights, and cer-
tain political rights ; these last being principally the right
of suffrage, and eluribleness to office.
O. P. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 49.
eligibly (el'i-ji-bli), adv. In an eligible man-
ner ; so as to be worthy of choice or capable of
election.
1878
eligmid (e-lig'mid), n. A bivalve moUusk of
the family Eligmidw.
Eligmidae (e-lig'mi-de), n.pl. [NL., < Eligmus +
-ida'.] A family of fossil bivalve moUusks, typi-
fied by the genus Eligmus. They have a peculiar
sliell gaping behind the umbones and a special myophore
for the adductor muscle. The species are peculiar to
the Oolite. They are generally referred to the family
Ostreid(P.
Eligmus (e-lig'mus), n. [NL., prop. *Heligmus,
< Gr. eXiy//df, a winding, rolling, convolution, <
s?i<T<Te(v, wind, roll, turn : se^ helix.] The typi-
cal genus of Eligmid(E.
elimatet (el'i-mat or e-li'mat), v. t. [< L. eli-
matus, pp. of elimare', fiile, polish, < e, out, +
limare, file, < lima, a file.] To render smooth;
polish.
eliminable (e-lim'i-na-bl), a. [< L. eliminare,
eliminate: see -able.]" Capable of being elimi-
nated.
Cumulative error, not elitnirmble by working in a circuit,
may be caused when there is much northing or southing
in the direction of the line. Jincyc. Brit., XXII. 707.
eliminant (e-lim'i-nant), n. [< L. eUminan{t-)s,
ppr. of eliminare, turn out of doors ; see elimi-
nate.] In math., a function of the coefficients
of any number of homogeneous equations
among the same number of unknown quanti-
ties, such that the vanishing of it is the neces-
sary and sufficient condition of the equations
being consistent with one another. [The word
was introduced by De Morgan. Many writers
continue to use Bezout's word, resultant.]
eliminate (e-lim'i-nat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. elim-
inated, ppr.' eliminating. [< L. eliminatus, pp.
of elimirjf^ (> It. eliminare = Sp. Pg. eliminar
= F. Glimmer), turn out of doors, banish, < e,
out, + limen (limin-), a threshold, akin to limes
(Km(7-), a boundary: see limit.] If. To go be-
yond the limit or limits of.
In thy wreathed cloister thou
Walkest thine own gray friar too ;
Strict, and lock'd up, thou'rt hood all o'er.
And ne'er eliminat'st thy door.
Lovelace, The Snail.
2. To thrust out; remove, throw aside, or dis-
regard as injurious, superfluous, irrelevant, or
for any reason undesirable or unnecessary ; ex-
pel ; get rid of.
Ttiis detains secretions which nature finds it necessary
to eliminate. Hed. Repos.
Now here the obvious method occurs of sifting the
masses, so as to eliminate the worst elements and retain
the best. Prof. Blackie.
Scientific truths, of whatever order, are reached by elim-
inating perturbing or conflicting factors, and recognizing
only fundamental factors.
H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 104.
3. In math., to remove (a quantity) from a sys-
tem of equations by the reduction of the number
of equations. Thus, if we have two equations express-
ing respectively the rates at which an orange growing on a
tree increases in bulk and in weight, we can combine them
so as to eliminate the time, and so olttain an equation ex-
pressing the relation between the bulk and the weight.—
To eUminate the personal equation. See equation.
(Tile use of eliminate as a synonym of elicit, deduce, sepa-
rate, etc., practised by some writers, is without justifica-
tion.
Newton, . . . having eUmiTiated the great law of the
natural creation. J. D. Morell.
To eliminate the real effect of art from the effects of the
abuse. Ru3kin.]
elimination (e-lim-i-na'shon), n. [= F. elimi-
nation = Sp. eliminadon = Pg. eliminagao = It.
eliminazione, < L. as if *eUminatio(n-), < elimi-
nare, thrust out of doors: see eliminate.] 1. A
thrusting out; the act of removing, throwing
aside, or disregarding ; expulsion ; riddance.
The preparatory step of the discussion was, therefore,
an elimination of those less precise and appropriate sig-
nifications which, as they would at best only afford a re-
mote genus and dilTerence, were wholly incompetent for
the purpose of a definition. Sir W. Hamilton.
By means of researches on different coloured light it is
now ascertained that those rays whicli cause the liveliest
elimination of oxygen belong to the less refrangible half
of the spectrum. Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 196.
2. In law, the act of banishing or turning out
of doors; ejection. — 3. In math., the process
of reducing a number of equations containing
certain quantities to a smaller number, in
which one or more of the quantities shall not
be found Dlalytlc elimination. See dialytic.—
Eiiler's method of elimination, a method of eliminat-
ing an unknown quantity between two equations of the
mth and nth degrees respectively, which consists in mul-
tiplying the first by an indeterminate expression of the
(n — l)th degree and the second by an indeterminate ex-
pression of the (in — l)th degree, and e(iuating separately
the m -i- n terms so olStalned. 'The determinant express-
ing their compatibility is the eliminant required.
elision
eliminative (e-lim'i-na-tiv), a. [< eliminate -^
-ivc.] Pertaining to or effecting elimination;
specifically, excretory.
Eliminative or excretory tissues represented by cells in
the kidneys, skin, etc.
//. N. Martin, Human Body (3d ed.), p. 30.
eliminator (e-lim'i-na-tgr), n. [< eliminate +
-or.] One who or that'wnich eliminates, re-
moves, or throws aside.
Tlie lungs play a double part, being not merely eiimt-
nators of waste or excretionary products, but importers
into the economy of a substance which is not exactly
either food or drink, but something as important as either
— to wit, oxygen. Huxley and Youmans, Physiol., § 29.
eliminatory (e-lim'i-na-to-ri), a. [< eliminate
+ -ory.] Eliminative.
Clironic irritation set up in the eliminatory organs by
the excretion of incompletely oxidized nitrogenous mat-
ter. Med. Sews, LII. 294.
elinguatet (e-ling'gwat), v. t. [< L. elinguatus,
pp. of elinguare, deprive of the tongue, < e,
out, + lingua = E. tongue.] To cut out the
tongue of.
The damned Doomes-man hath Him judg'd to death,
The Diu'll that Dlull elinguate for his doome.
Davies, Holy Roode, p. 14.
elinguationt (e-ling-gwa'shon), n. [< LL. elin-
guatio(n-), < L. elinguare, deprive of the tongue:
see elinguate.] In old Eng. law, the punishment
of cutting out the tongue.
elingoidt (f-ling'gwid), a. [With irreg. term.
-id, < L. elinguis, without a tongue, speechless,
< e, out, -t- lingua = E. tongue.] Tongue-tied ;
not having the power of speech. Coles.
Eliomys (e-li'o-mis), n. [NL. (Wagner, 1843), <
Gr. fto(5f or ihidc, a kind of dormouse, Myoxus
glis, + /iif, mouse.] A genus of dormice, of the
family Myoxidw, with distichous tufted tail and
simple stomach. There are several species,
the best-known of which, E. nitela, is the lerot,
about 6 inches long.
eliquament (e-Uk'wa-ment), «. [< LL. as if
'eliquamentum, < eliquafe, clarify, strain: see
eliquate.] A liquid expressed from fat, or from
fat fish.
eliquate (el'i-kwat), v. t.j pret. and pp. eliqttai-
ed, ppr. eliquating. [< L. eliquatus, pp. of eli-
quare, cause to flow, pour forui, clarify, strain,
<L. e, out, + Kguore, melt, liquefy : see liquate.]
To separate, as one metal from another. See
liquaU.
eliquation (el-i-kwa'shgn), n. [< LL. eliqua-
1io{n-), a liquefying, < eliquare, cause to flow
freely, pour forth, clarify, strain: see eliquate .]
See liquation.
EliS (e'lis), m. [NL. (Fabricius, 1804).] A ge-
nus of fossorial hymenopterous insects, of the
family Scoliidce. The eyes are subreniform in both
sexes, and the front wings have two recurrent uervures.
Etis quadrinotata, natural size.
They are large wasps of scoliid habits, of which 9 Korth
American and 6 European species are known. E. qua-
drinotata and E. plnmipes inhabit the southern United
States, where they have been found on cotton-plants,
elision (e-lizh'pn), n. [= F. 4lision = Sp. elision
= Pg. elisSo = It. elisiotie, elision, < L. elisio{n-),
a striking or pressing out, in gram. (LL.) the
suppression of a vowel (tr. Gr. iKBlifi^: see
ecthlipsis), < elidere, pp. elisus, strike out, press
out: see elide.] 1. A striking or cutting off;
specifically, in gram., the cutting off or sup-
pression of a vowel or syllable, naturally or for
the sake of euphony or meter, especially at
the end of a word when the next word begins
with a vowel; more generally, the suppres-
sion of any part of a word in speech or writ-
ing: as, in "th' embattled plain" there is an
elision of e; in "I'll not do it" there is an
elision of wi.
The Italian is so full of Vowels, that it must euer bo
cumbred with Elisions. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Foetrl«L
elision
He has made use of several Eligioiu that are not cus*
tommry anioug other English Poets.
Additon, Spectator, Xo. S8S.
Nor praise I less that circumcision
By ni'Kiern poets call'd eli^on,
With which, in proper station plac'd,
Thy polish'd lines are firmly brac'd.
Siri/t, The Dean's Answer to Sheridan.
m. Division; separation.
The cause given of sound, that it would be an etinon of
the mlr, whereby, if they mean anything, they mean a cut-
ting or dividing, or else an attenuating of the air, is but a
term of ignorance. Boeun, Nat. Hist., § 124.
elisor (e-li'zor), n. [< OF. eliseor, esliseor, eli-
sour, eliseur, mod. F. Hiseur, a chooser, < elire,
mod. F. elire, < L. eligere, choose : see elite, v.,
elect.'] In late, a shenJBFs substitute in perform-
ing the duty of returning a jury, provided in
some jurisdictions when the sheriff is interest-
ed in a suit.
These Etuon [of Preston) (called inhabitants only in the
charter) are by a bye-law of 1742 required to be capital
burgesses, and in-guUd burgesses.
Munieip. Corp. Report, 1835, p. 1686.
«litet. V. t. [ME. eliten (pp. elit), < OF. elit, eslit
(F. elit), pp. of elire, eslire (F. elire), choose, <
L.eijjere, choose, elect: see elect. Cf. Slite.] To
choose ; elect.
OneClCiua, . . .
Hurt Enea* afterward etit to wed.
DetlTuetion o/ Troy (E. K T. S.), L 1490.
A mare yboned sadde, ybulked greet,
Yformed nobully most been elite ;
And though she be not swyfte, a strong one gete.
PaUadiut, Husbondrle (E. E. T. S.), p. 136.
«litet, ». [Sc. also elyte (obs.); < ME. eliU, <
OF. elit, eslit, elected, pp. of elire, eslire, elect :
see elite, r., and elect, r. and n.] One chosen;
a person elected.
The pape wild not consent, he quaued ther etilt.
Hobert of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron. (ed. HeameX
Ip. aoo.
tiite (a-lef), n. [P., < OF. eslite, < elire, eslire,
F. Hire, choose, pp. elit, enlit, Hit, choice : see
elite, and elect, r. and n.] A choice or select
body; the best part: as, the ^lite of society.
elixt (f-Uks'), r. t. [< LL. eliiare, boil thor-
oughly, seethe, < L. elixus, thoroughly boiled,
seethed, < e, out, + lixare (rare), boil, < lit,
ashes, lye.] To extract.
With a stimine of fresh Invention,
She might prease out the raritie of Art ;
The pur'st itiaed ]ayoe of rich concelpt
Jfortton, Antonio and Mellida, Prol.
elixatet (f-lik'sat), t;. t. [< LL. eliratus, pp. of
lixare, boil thoroughly: see elii.] To boil;
seethe; extract by boiling. Sichardson.
elixationt (el-ik-sa'shon), H. [= P. fixation =
Sp. elijui-ion = Pg. elixa^So, < LL. as if 'elixa-
tio(n-), < elixare, pp. elixatus, boil thoroughly:
see elixate.] The cooking, especially of meat.
by boiling; extraction by boiling; also, con-
coction in the stomach ; digestion.
Blixation Is the seething of meat In the stomach, by the
said naturall heat, as meat is boiled In a pot ; to which
corruption or putrefaction la opposite.
Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 20.
The flesh which was Included live weeks ago was this
day found very good. I do not doubt but uat perfect
Tation, because the
ilitetb bad,
•trancth DDoa one anotiwr far better than U, tbe fleab b»
\sm >•■ boiled, br nuoo of tbe great avolation of parte,
had bean lemored tron the Ore, aa biqipeoa in onUoaiy
coctlooa.
BoyU, SeooDd Ooutln. of Ezperlmeata, Arl xiz., Exp. S.
elixir {«-lik's6r), n. [Formerly also elixar; <
MH. elixir = D. elizer = Sw. Dan. G. elixir, <
OK. elixir, F. Hixir = Pg. elexir = It. elisire, <
8p. elixir, elixir, < Ar. el iksir, the philosopher's
stone: el, al, the; iksir, philosopher's stone,
by some derived from kasara, break, break the
edge, destroy, but prob. (like some other Ar.
terms of alchemy: see alchemy, alembie, lim-
beck) of Gr. origin : < Gr. f7p<if , also ffp^, dry,
perhaps akin to x^pad^, x'Ppoi, dry : see Chersus,
Chersonese.] 1. In a2cA«my, a soluble solid sub-
stance which was believed to have the property
of tranHrauting baser metals into silver or gold
and of prolontniiK life. Tbe i/rtat elixir, also called
thf phUoAoj.lier « iIqiu. or the red tincture, when shaken
la very small quantity into melted silver, lead, or other
base metal, was said to transmute it Into gold. In minute
doeea It was sappoied to prolong life and restore youth,
•ad was then called tliet(6ir*<(<>. Tbe leetr elirir, lUme
yihteeeond elan, or tMU Hnetwv, was renrded as bar-
log tbeae qualltlea In leaser degree; thus It transmuted
baaer metals Into sOver. The word Is now often used
flfiiratively.
A ! nay ! lat be ; the pbiloeopfares stoon,
Slixir clept, we secben faste echoon.
Chaucer, ProL to Canon's Veomao's Tale, L SU).
1879
He that has once the flower of the sun,
The perfect ruby, which we call elixir, . . .
Can confer honour, love, respect, long life;
Give safety, valour, yea, and victory.
To whomJie will. B. Jomon, Alchemist, ii. 1.
What enables nie to perform this great work is the use
of my Obsequium Catholicum, or the grand elixir, to sup-
port tlie spirits of human nature. Guardian, No. 11.
The air we breathed was an elixir of immortality.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 89.
2. Inmed., formerly, a tincture with more than
one base ; in modern pharmacy, an aromatic,
sweetened, spirituous preparation containing
small quantities of active medicinal substances.
The first object sought in the modern eli.xir is an agree-
able taste, and usually this is attained only by such sacri-
fices as to render the effect of the medicine almost nil.
U. S. Dvipensatory, p. 537.
3. The inmost principle ; absolute embodiment
or exemplification. [Bare or obsolete.]
She is not such a kind of evil as hath any good or use
1 it, which many evils hi
a pure elixar of mischief.
Milton, Church-Oovermnent, li.. Con.
A serenity and complacency . . . infinitely beyond the
greatest bodily pleasures, the highest quintessence and
elixir of worldly delights. South, Works, I. ii.
KIlTir of vitriol, aromatic sulphuric acid ; a mixture of
sulphuric acid, cinnamon, ginger, and alcohol. — THlTlr
proprletatis, a decoction of aloes, saffron, and myrrh in
vinegar. Commonly abbreviated elixir pro.
Paracelsus declared them an elixir made of aloes, saf-
fron, and myrrh would prove a vivifying and preserving
balsam, able to continue health and long life to its utmost
UmiU; and hence he calls it by the lofty title oi elixir of
ell
apets, window-heads, etc. The Elizabethan style is the
last stage of the Tudor or Perpendicular, and, from its
correspondence in period with the Renaissance of the
continent, has sometimes been called the Enqlish Renais-
sance. The epitliet Jacobean has been given to the latest
variety of the Elizabethan, dilTering from the Elizabethan
proper in showing a greater proportion of corrupt Italian
forms.
The house was an admu^ble specimen of complete
hltzahethan, amultitudinous cluster of gables and porches
oriels and turrets, screens of ivy and pinnacles of slate.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 47.
^izabethan literature, the literature produced during
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, which was one of the most
prolific and well-marked periods of English literary ac-
tivity. It was very remarkable for the variety, vigor, and
permanent value of much of its prose and verse and
especially for the great number and productiveness of its
dramatic writers. The two most eminent names in this
literature are those of Francis Bacon, one of the greatest
of philosopliers, and William Shakspere, the greatest of
all dramatists.— Elizabethan type. Same as church
_,„_■.._.. ™„ „. „.^ '«' (which see, under c/iurcA, a.).
In it, which many evils have, but a distilfd quintessence^ elk^ (elk), n. [< ME. *elk (not foundl irreff
a nure elixar of n,i».hi,, < ^g, ^i^j^ (occurring once in a glossary'of the
8th century, glossing L. tragelaphus) for 'elh,
with the reg. breaking *eolh (ef. eola, glossing
L. damina, deer, in the same glossary), = MD.
elgh = OHG. elaho, eliho, elho, MHG. elhe, elch,
a. elch, < Icel. elgr = Sw. elg = Norw. elg = Dan.
els-dyr (for "elgs-dyr) = L. alces = Gr. akav (the
L. and Gr. perhaps of Teut. origin), elk. D.
eland, an elk (also, in South Africa, an eland),
G. elend, elen, usually elen-thier (thier = E. deer,
. ^ „..^ „, a beast), elk, are or other origin: see eland.]
propriety to man ; but concealed the preparation, in which 1 . Properly, the largest existing European and
Uelmont asserts the alcahest is required.
P. Shaw, Chemistry, Process 81.
EllTlr vltw. See above, 1.— Elixir vltsB of Kathlolus,
a compound of alcohol and upward of twenty aromatic
and stimulating substances, at one time administered in
epilepsy.
eludr (e-lik's6r), v. t. [< elixir, n.] To give
the character of an elixir to. [Kare.]
Yourself you have a good physician shown.
To his much grieved friends, and to your own.
In giving this «furtr'd medicine.
For greatest grief a sovereign anodyne.
Lovelace, To Capt, Dudley Lovelace.
elixiviatet (e-Uk-siv'i-at), V. t. [< L. e, out, +
E. lixiviate.] To lixiviate or refine thoroughly.
Boyle.
elixiviationt (e-lik-siv-i-a'shon), n. [< elixivi-
ate + -ion.] A complete or thorough process
of lixiviation.
And by examining these substances by fit and proper
ways, as also the cap. mort. by calcination, eliximatum,
and (If It will bear such a fire) vitrification.
BogU, Works, IV. 800.
Elizabethan (e-liz-a-beth'au), a. Of or per-
taining to Elizabetfi (daughter of Henry VlII.
and Anne Boleyn), (Jueen of England from 1558
to 1603, or to her times.
Anew crop of geniuses like those of the Elizabethan age
may be bom In tola age, and, with happy heart and a bias
for theism, bring aaoetlciam, duty, and magnanimity into
vogne again. Bmermn, In .V. A. Rev., CXXVI. 417.
Elizabethan architecture, a name given to the mixed
or drliaiK'd arcliittcture of the times of Elizabeth and
James I., when tbe worst forms of the Pointed and de-
generate Italian styles were combined, producing a sin-
Elk {yllcrt malchtt).
WkKition was able to contribute something to Ita prawr-
~" ' ae the nndrr principles of which fleah eoo-
whilst the neat continued, exerted their
Sttsabethan Architecture.— Haigrave Hall, W"g<«~<
gular heterogeneousneas In detail, with, however, much
pictnresqueness In general effect. Its chief characteristics
are : windows large, either in the plane of the wall or deeply
embayed, long galleries, tall and highly decorated chim-
neys, and a profuse use of ornamental strapwork in par-
Asiatic species of the deer family, or CervidiE,
Alces malchis (formerly called Cervus alces). it
stands when full-grown alwut 7 feet high at the withers,
and bears enonnous palmate antlers weighing sometimes
50 or 60 pounds. Its nearest living relative is the Ameri-
can moose.
2. In America, the wapiti, Cervus canadensis, a
very different animal from the elk proper, rep-
resenting the red deer or stag of Europe, C.
elaphus. See wapiti and Alces. — 3. In Asia,
among the Anglo-Indians, some large rusine or
rucervine deer or stag, as the sambur, Cervus
aristotelis. These, like the wapiti of America, are re-
lated more or less nearly to the red deer or stag, and are
quite unlike the true elk and the moose.
4. Same as etond, 1 — Elk bark. See iortz.— Irish
elk, the Cervus or Meijaceroti hibemicus, a very large ex-
tinct elk, with enormous palmate antlers, the remains of
which occur in the peat-bogs of Ireland,
elk* (elk), n. [E. dial., formerly also elke, tike;
ME. not found; perhaps a corruption of AS.
elfetu, ylfete (for *ylfetu), earlier (Kentish) aeU
bitu = OHG. alpiz, elbiz, MHG. elbez, a swan.]
The wild swan, or hooper, Cygntts ferus. Mon-
tagu. [Local, Eng.]
In water black as Styx, swims the wild swan, the itke.
Of Hollfenders so termed. Ih-ayton, Polyolblon, xxv.
elk^ (elk), n. [Origin uncertain; It. elee, dial.
(Sardinian) elighe = Pr. euze = F. yetise, < L.
ilex (ilic-), the holm-oak: see Ilex.] A kind
of yew of which bows are made. Malliicell.
[Prov. Eng.]
£lkesaite, n. See Elcesaite. '
elknut (elk'nut), n. The Pyrularia olei/era,
a santalaceous shrub of the southern United
States. Also called oilnut.
elk-tree (elk'tre), n. The sourwood or sorrel-
tree of the United States, Oxydendrum arbo-
reum.
elkwood (eUc'wfid), n. Theumbrella-tre^ Mag-
nolia Umbrella, of the southern United States,
a small tree with soft, light, close-grained
wood.
elll (el), n. [< ME. elle, elne, < AS. eln, an ell
(18, 20^, 24, etc., inches), = D. el, elle = OHG.
eU
elina, ehta, MHG. eUne, elne, ellen, G. elle = Icel.
alin = Sw. aln = Dan. alen = Goth, aleina (for
*oWnaf), an ell, whence It. auna, F. aM««, an
ell; orig. the forearm (as in AS. eln-boga, E.
elbow), = L. ulna, the forearm, the elbow, an ell,
= Gr. (jXfv^, the forearm: see elbow, ulna.'} A
long measuire, chiefly used for cloth. The English
ell, not yet obsolete, is a yard and a quarter, or 45 inches.
This unit seeius to have been imported from France un-
der the Tudors ; and a statute of 1409 recognizes no dif-
ference between the ell (aune) and tlie yard (verge). The
Scotch ell was 37 Scotch inches, or 37.0958 English inches.
The so-called Flemish ell differed in different places, but
averaged 27.4 English inches. Other well-ascertained ells
were the following: ell of Austria, 30.676 English inches;
of Bavaria, 82.702 inches ; of Bremen, 22.773 inches ; of
Cassel, 22.424 inches; of France, 47.245 inches; of Poland,
22.650 inches ; of Prussia, 26.2.59 inches ; of Saxony, 22.267
inches; of Sweden, 23.378 inches. The ell of Holland
is now the meter. See cubit, pik, endazeh, kut braccio,
khaUb.
He was, I must tell you, but seven foot high,
And, may be, an ell in the waste.
Robin Hood and Little John (Child's Ballads, V. 221).
O, here's a wit of cheverel that stretches from an inch
narrow to an ell broad ! Shak., R. and J., ii. 4.
She [the world] boasts a kernel, and bestows a shell ;
Performs an inch of her fair promis'd ell.
Quarles, Emblems, i. 7.
ell2, el2 (el), n. [< ME. *el, < AS. el,<lL. el, the
name of the letter L, < e, the usual assistant
vowel, + -I; a L. formation, the Gr. name be-
in^ /ia///3(!a.] 1. The name of the letter X, I.
It is rarely so written, the symbol being used
instead. — 2. An addition to or wing of a house
which gives it the shape of the capital letter L.
— 3. A pipe-connection changing the direction
at right angles.
ellachick (el'a-ehik), n. [NesquaUy Ind. el-la-
chick.} A tortoise of the family Clemmyidm,
Chelopus marmoratus. it is usually about 7 or 8
inches long, and is the most important economic tortoise
of the Pacific coast of the United States ; it lives in rivers
and ponds, and lays its eggs in June. It is always on sale
in the San Francisco market, and is highly esteemed for
food, although inferior to the sea-turtle.
ellagic (e-laj'ik), a. [< *enag, an arbitrary
transposition of P. galle, gall, + -ic.} Pertaining
to or derived from gallnuts — EUaglc acid, CiiHs
O9, an acid which may be prepared from gallic acid, but
is procured in largest quantities from the Oriental be-
zoars. Pure ellagic acid is a light, pale-yellow, tasteless
powder, shown by the microscope to consist of transparent
prisms. With the bases it forms salts. Also called be-
zoardic acid.
ell-bone (el'bon), n. [< elU (taken in its orig.
sense, AS. eln = L. ulna) -I- bone^. Cf. elbow.}
The bone of the forearm ; the ulna.
elleboret, n. An obsolete variant of hellebore.
Chaucer.
elleborin (el'e-bo-rin), n. [< L. elleborus, helle-
borus, + -in: see hellebore.} A resin of an ex-
tremely acrid taste, found in the Helleborus hie-
malis, or winter hellebore.
elleck (el'ek), n. [E. dial. ; origin unknown.
Cf. Elleck, Ellick, Ellek, etc., colloquial abbre-
viations of Alexander.] A local English name
of the red gurnard, Trigla cuculus.
eller^ (el'fer), n. A dialectal form of elder^.
eller^ (el'^r), n. A dialectal form of alder^.
EUerian (e-le'ri-an), n. A member of a sect
of German MOlenarians of the eighteenth cen-
tury, founded by Elias EUer (died 1750). The
EUerians expected the Messiah to be born again of the
wife of their leader, whose professed revelations they ac-
cepted as of equal authority with the Bible. From lions-
dorf, the place of their settlement, they are also called
Ronadorfians.
ellem, a. A dialectal form of aldern.
ellest, adv. A Middle English form of else.
ellipochoanoid (el"i-po-kd'a-noid), a. and n.
[See ElUpochoanoida.} I. a. Having incom-
plete septal funnels ; specifically, of or pertain-
ing to the ElUpochoanoida. Also ellipochoanoi-
dal.
II. n. A member of the ElUpochoanoida.
ElUpocIloanoida (el"i-po-k6-a-noi'da), n. pi.
[NL., < Gr. k'AXi-iTfjQ, omitting, falling short (< ck-
Aeiireiv, omit, fall short: see ellipse), -I- xoo-vri, a
funnel, -1- -ida.} A group of nautiloid ceph-
alopods whose septal funnels are short, the
siphon bein^ completed by means of a more or
less porous intervening connective wall : con-
trasted with Holochoanoida. A. Hyatt, Proo.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII. 260.
ellipochoanoidal (el'i-po-ko-a-noi'dal), a.
Same as ellipochoanoid.
ellipse (e-lips'), ». [= D. Sw. ellips = G. Dan.
ellipse = P. ellipse = Sp. elipse = Pg. ellipse =
It. ellisse, elisse, ellipse, < L. ellipsis, a want,
defect, an ellipse, < Gr. e'Aleifi^, a leaving out,
ellipsis in grammar, a falling short, the conic
section ellipse (see def.), < e^.'Xeineiv, leave in,
leave behind, omit, intr. fall short, < h, in, -I-
EUipse.
F and J^' are the foci. FM +
MF- = FAf- -f- MF , M and AT
being any points in the curve.
1880
Titirmv, leave. Cf. ellipsis.} In geom., a plane
curve such that the sums of the distances of
each point in its periphery from two fixed points,
the foci, are equal. It is a conic section (see conic)
formed by the intersection of a cone by a plane which cuts
obliquely the axis and the opposite sides of the cone. The
ellipse is a conic which does not extend to infinity, and
whose intersections with the line at infinity are imaginary.
Every ellipse has a center,
which is a point sucli that it
bisects every chord passing
through it. Such chords are
called diameters of the el-
lipse. A pair of conjugate
diameters bisect, each of
them, all chords parallel to
the other. The longest di-
ameter is called the trans-
verse axis, also the la-
tus transversum; it passes
through the foci. The
shortest diameter is called
the conjugate axis. The ex-
tremities of the transverse axis are called the vertices. (See
conic, eccentricity, angle.) An ellipse may also be regard-
ed as a flattened circle — that is, as a circle all the chords
of which parallel to a given chord have been shortened in
a fixed ratio by cutting off equal lengths from the two ex-
tremities. The two lines from the foci to any point of an
ellipse make equal angles with the tangent at that point.
To construct an ellipse, assume any line whatever, AB, to be
what is called the latus rectum. At Its extremity erect the
perpendicular AD of any length, called the latus transver-
sum (transverse axis). Connect BD, and complete the rect-
angle DABK. From
any point L, on the
line AD, erect the per-
pendicular LZ, cutting
BK in Z and BD in H.
Draw a line HG, com-
pleting the rectan-
gle ALHG. There are
now two points, E and
E', on the line LZ, such
that the square on LE
or LE' is equal to the
rectangle ALHG. The
locusofallsuchpointa,
found by taking L at
different placeson the line AD, forms an ellipse. [The name
ellipse in its Greek form was given to the curve, which had
been previously called the section of the acute-angled cone,
by Apollonius of Perga, called by the Greeks "the great
geometer." The participle i\Kciitu>v, "falling short," had
long been technically applied to a rectangle one of whose
sides coincides with a part of a given line (see Euclid, VI.
27). So irapa^oMtii' and iiirtp^ikKtiv (Euclid, VI. 28, 29)
were said of a rectangle whose side extends just as far and
overlaps respectively the extremity of a given line. Apol-
lonius first defined the conic sections by plane construc-
tions, using the latus rectum and latua transversum (trans-
verse axis), as above. The ellipse was so called by hi.n
because, since the "point L lies between A and D, the rect-
angle ALHG "falls short" of the latus rectum AB. In
the case of the hyperbola L lies either to the left of A or
to the right of D, and the rectangle ALHG ' ' overlaps " the
latus rectum. In the case of the parabola there is no la-
tus transversum, but the line BK extends to infinity, and
the rectangle equal to the square of the ordinate has the
latus rectum for one side.] — Cubical ellipse. See cm&i-
cai.— Focal ellipse. See/ocai.—Inflnlte ellipse. Same
as eZKp(ois.— Logarithmic ellipse, the section of an el-
liptic cylinder by a paraboloid. Booth, 1852.
ellipsis (e-lip'sis), «.; pi. ellipses (-sez). [= D.
Sw. ellips = G. Dan. ellipse = P. ellipse = Sp.
elipsis = Pg. ellipse = It. ellisse, elisse, < L. ellip-
sis, < Gr. iXkuiln^, omission, ellipsis: see ellipse.}
1 . In gram. , omission ; a figure of syntax by
which a part of a sentence or phrase is used
for the whole, by the omission of one or more
words, leaving the full form to be understood
or completed by the reader or hearer: as, "the
heroic virtues I admire," for "the heroic vir-
tues which I admire"; "prythee, peace," for
"/pray thee, hold thy peace." — 2. In print-
ing, a mark or marks, as — ,***,..., de-
noting the omission or suppression of letters
(as in A; — 17 f or to'^jr) or of words. — 3t. In geom.,
an ellipse.
When a right cone is cut quite through by an inclining
plane, the figure produced by the section agrees well with
the received notion of an ellipsis, in which the diameters
are of an unequal length. Boyle, Works, IV. 464.
ellipsograph. _(e-lip'so-^raf), n. [Prop, ellipto-
graph; < Gr. ilXei-^i^ {*£A?.aTrT-), ellipse (see el-
lipse), -i- ypaijieiv, write.] An instrument for de-
scribing ellipses; a trammel. Also elliptograph.
ellipsoid (e-lip'soid), n. [< Gr. eTA'Aetipti;, ellipse,
+ eldoc, form.] In geom., a solid figure all plane
sections of which are ellipses or circles Axes
of an ellipsoid. See axisi.— Central ellipsoid, an el-
lipsoid having its center at the center of mass of a body,
its axes coincident with the principal axes and propor-
tional to the radii of gyration about them.— Ellipsoid Of
expansion. .See strain-ellipsoid, below. — Ellipsoid of
^rjTation, an ellipsoid such that the perpendicular from
It:; center to any tangent plane is equal to the radius of
gyration of a given body about that axis. — Ellipsoid of
inertia. Same as ellipsoid of gyration. — Ellipsoid Of
revolution, the surface generated by the rotation of an
ellipse about one of its axes. When the rotation is about
the major axis, tlie ellipsoid is prolate ; when about the
minor, the ellipsoid is oblate. — Equlmomental ellip-
soid, an ellipsoid whose moments of inertia about all axes
Ellopia
are the same as those of a given body. — Momental el-
lipsoid, or Inverse ellipsoid of inertia, a surface of
which every radius vector is inversely proportional to the
radius of gyration of the body about tliat radius vector
as an axis. This is sometimes called Poinsot's ellipsoid,
though invented by Cauchy.— Keoiprocal ellipsoid of
expansion, the surface of which each radius vector is in-
versely proportional to the square root of the linear ex-
pansion in the same direction. — Strain-ellipsOld, or el-
lipsoid of expansion, tlie ellipsoid into which any strain
transforms any infinitesimal sphere in a body.
ellipsoidal (el-ip-soi'dal), a. Of the form of an
ellipsoid.
elliptic, elliptical (e-lip'tik, -ti-kal), a. [= F.
elliptique = op. eliptico = Pg. elUptico = It. el-
littico, elittico (cf. D. G. elliptisch = Dan. Sw.
elliptisk), < ML. elliptious, < Gr. eXkenzTiKog, in
grammar, elliptical, defective, < i'A'Aet^ic ("eA-
Aeott-), ellipsis, ellipse: see ellipse, eUipsis.} 1.
Pertaining to an ellipse; having the form of an
ellipse. lElliptical is the more common form
except in technical uses, and is frequent in
them.]
_ In horses, oxen, goats, sheep, the pupil of the eye is el-
liptical, the transverse axis being horizontal.
Paley, Nat. Theol., xiL
2. Pertaining to or marked by ellipsis; defec-
tive ; having a part left out.
In all matters they [early writers] affected curt phrases :
and it has been observed that even the colloquial style was
barbarously elliptical. I. D'lsraeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 352.
His [Thucydides's] mode of reasoning is singularly ellip-
tical; in reality most consecutive, yet in appearance of-
ten incoherent. Macaulay, Athenian Orators.
Production and productive are, of course, elliptical ex-
pressions, involving the idea of a something produced;
but this something, in common apprehension, I conceive
to be, not utility, but wealth. J. S. Mill.
3. In eretom., elongate-ovate; more than twice
as long as broad, parallel-sided in the middle,
and rounded at both ends, but in general more
broadly so at the base: applied especially to
the abdomen,' as in many Hymenoptera. — 4.
In math., having a pair of characteristic ele-
ments imaginary: as, an elliptic involution. —
Elliptical gearing. See gearing. — Elliptic arc, a part
of an ellipse.— ElUptlC ohuck. Same as oml chuck (which
see, under (;At«*4).—Elllptic compasses, an instrument
for describing an ellipse by continued motion.— Elliptic
conoid, an ellipsoid.— Elliptic coordinates. See co-
ordinate.—Elliptic epicycloid. See epicycloid.— Ellip-
tic fimctlon, a doubly periotiic function analogous to a
trigonometrical function, and the inverse of an elliptic
integral.— Elliptic Integral, an integral expressing the
length of the arc of an ellipse. — Elliptic involution, one
' whieh'has no real double points. — Elliptic motion, mor
tion on an ellipse so that equal areas are described about
one of the foci in equal times. — Elliptic point on a sur-
face, a synclastic point; a point having the indicatrix an el-
lipse ; a point where the principal tangents are imaginary.
—Elliptic polarization, in optics. See piiarizalion.—
Elliptic singularity, an ordinary or inessential singu-
larity of a function. See singularity. — Elliptic space.
(a) Tlie space inclosed by an ellipse, (b) See space. — El-
liptic spindle, a surface generated by the revolution of
an elliptic arc about its chord.
elliptically (e-lip'ti-kal-i), adv. 1. According
to the form of an ellipse.
Reflection from the surfaces of metals, and of very high
refractive substances such as diamond, generally gives at
all incidences elliptically polarised light.
Tait, Light, § 287.
2. In the manner of or by an ellipsis; with
something left out.
ellipticity (el-ip-tis'i-ti), n. [< elliptic + -ity.}
The quality of being elliptic; the degree of
divergence of an ellipse from the circle ; spe-
cifically, in reference to the figure of the earth,
the difference between the equatorial and polar
semi-diameters divided by the equatorial : as,
the ellipticity of the earth is j^j. it may also
without appreciable error be taken as twice the difference
divided by the sum of the two axes.
In 1740 Maclaurin . . . gave the equation connecting the
dlipticity with the proportion of the centrifugal force at
the equator to gravity. Encyc. Brit., VII. 600.
elliptograpb (e-lip'to-graf), n. Same as ellip-
sograpii.
elliptoid (e-lip'toid), a. and n. [< ellipt-ic +
-aid.} I, a. Somewhat like an ellipse.
II. n. Same as elliptois.
ellip'tois (e -lip 'to -is), n. [Irreg. < Gr. e?Aei-
vTMo^, elliptic: see elliptic.} A curve defined
by the equation ay^-^" = bx" (a — a;"), where m
and n are both greater than 1. Also called in-
finite eUipsc Cubic elliptois. See ctiMc.
ellmotlieT (ermuTH'-'er), n. A dialectal form of
eldmother. Brockett. [Prov. Eng.]
elloopa (e-16'pa), n. Same as illupi. See Bassia.
EUopia (e-lo'pi-ii), n. [NL. (Treitschke, 1825),
< Gr. cATmiI), iAo^', a fish : see Elops.} In entom. :
(«) A genus of geometrid moths, ha'ving a slen-
der body, short, slender, obliquely ascending
palpi whose third joint is conical and minute,
and entire delicate wings, of one color and not
Ellopia
■bent on the exterior border. There are upward
of 12 species, European. Australian, and Amer-
ican, (b) A genus of leaf -beetles (Chrysome-
Uda), having one species, E. pedestris, of Tas-
mania,
ellwand, elwand (el'wond), n. [< eW^ + trand.]
1. An old mete-yard or measuring-rod, which in
England was 45 inches long, and in Scotland
37 Scotch or 37.0958 English inches, the stan-
dard being the Edinburgh ellwand.
A ItTely, bustling, arch fellow, whose pack and oaken
eU-wand, studded duly with brass points, denoted him to
he of Autolycus's profession. Scott, Kenilworth, xix.
2. [cap.] In Scotland, the asterism otherwise
known as the Girdle or Belt of Orion. Also
called Our Lady's Ellwand.
ellykrdt, «. [ME. eln^erd, < elne, ell, + ?erd,
etc., yard.] A yard an ell long; a measuring-
yard ; an ellwand.
The bede of an elnjerd* the large lenktbe hade,
The grayn al of grene stele and of golde hewen.
Sir Gaunyne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), L 210.
elm (elm), n. [< ME. elm, < AS. elm = Icel.
dlmr = Sw. aim = Dan. celm (aim, elm, obs.) =
D. olm = 0H6. elm(-b0um), afterward (simulat-
ing L. ulmus) MHG. ulm(-boum), G. ulme = L.
ulmus, elm.] The common name for species of
Vlmus (which see), mostly large trees, some
common in cultivation for shade and ornament,
for which the majestic height and the wide-
spreading and gracefully curv-ing branches of
the principal kinds admirably adapt them. The
liard. heavy timber of most of the species is valuable for
many purposes. Of the European species, the common
English elm is U. campettrit, of which tlie cork-elm ((/.
Floveffiac Branch and Folia|C« of EayUsh Elm (ir/mus cam/tstrit),
with ftower and fraitoa lai^er Kaic.
mierosaX with thick plates of cork on the branches, is
probably only a variety. The Scotch elm, or witch-elni,
V, maniana, is a smaller tr«e than the English elm. The
American species are distinguished as the American elm,
white elm, or water-elm, U. Avteriettna ; the cedar-elm of
Texas, U. eratti/olia : the cork-, cIUI-, hickory-, swamp-, or
ruckelm, C nuemota ; the red elm, BUpper7-«lm,or mooie-
elm. r, jfulva, the inner bark of which is mncUaginons,
and Is used in medicine ; and the winged elm, or wahoo,
U. aiata, with corky-winged bimncbea. In Australia the
name is given to the AphanantlU PUHpptnemit, a ape-
dee allied to the true elm. In the Weat Indies Cordta
0*ruMeaiUJua and C, ffenueautkoide$, of the order Bora-
aimaeuB, leeelre the name, ai also the ruhiaceous Home-
tut vaUrieomt. The wood i* the toughest of European
woods and Is cxmsldered to bear the drirlng of bolts and
nails better than any other. It is very durable under
water, and is frequently used for keels of ships, for boat-
building, and for many structures exposed to wet, or
wh.-n great itrength Is re(|uire<l. Beotose of its tough-
ness, it is used for naves of wheels, shells for tackle-
blocks, and common turnery. Witch-elm Is much used
by coach-makers, and by shipbuilders for making Jolly-
boats. Bock-elm Is much used in boat-building, and to
some extent for bows.
The elm delights In a soand, sweet, and fertile land,
something more inclin'd to moisture, and where good
pasture is produced. feelyn, Sylva, iv. { 8.
When the broad elm, sole empress of the plain.
Whose circling shadow speaks a century's reign.
Wreathes in the clouds her regal diadem —
A forest waving on a single stem.
O. W. Flolmet, Poetry.
elmen (el'men), a. [< elm + -en.] Of or per-
taining to the elm, or consisting of elm. Aiso,
less properly, elmin. [Rare.]
Lranlng asalnst the elmin tree.
With •Inxiping head and slackened knee,
Witb rlenched teeth, and close-clasped hands,
III OL'ony of soul he stands! Seolt, Kokeby, IL 27.
elmest, elmesset, i*. Middle English forms of
llllllH.
Elmidae (el'rai-de), n. pi. [NL., < Elmix + -ida.]
.\ family of clavicom Coleoptera, taking name
from the genus Elmis : now called Pamida
(which see).
elmin, a. See ttmen.
1881
Elmis (el'mis), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1802).] A
genus of clavicom beetles, of the famUy Par-
nida:, having only iive ventral
segments and rounded ante-
rior C0X8B. E. condimentariug is
so named from being said to be used
for Havering food in Peru. The ge-
nus is wide-spread, species occur-
ring in Europe, Australia, and North
and South America. There are 21 in
North America and about twice as
many in other countries.
Elmo's Are, St. Elmo's fire
(el'moz fir, sant el'moz fir).
[After Saint Elmo, bishop of
FormisB, a town of ancient
Italy, who died about 304, and ^'r'" e'"''"'; (Line
whom sailors in the Mediter- ^""^ "'""'*' ^'•'
ranean invoke during a storm.] Same as cor-
posant.
elm-tree (elm'tre), «. See elm.
elm-wood (elm'wud), «. The wood of the elm-
tree.
elmy (el'mi), a. [< elm + -yi.] Abounding with
elms.
If thy farm extends
Near Cotswold downs, or the delicious groves
Of Symmonds, honour'd through the sandy soil
Of eUny Ross, . . .
Begard this sort. i>y«''i Xbe Fleece, i.
Thy summer woods
Are lovely, O my Mother Isle ! the birch
Light bending on thy banks, thy elmy vales,
Thy venerable oaks ! Southey,
elnet, «. An obsolete form of ell^.
It must not be measured by the intemperate elne of it
self e. Lord Brooke, Letter to an Honourable Lady (1633), i.
elocationt (e-16-ka'shon), n. [< ML. elocatio(n-),
a hiring out, i L. elo'care, let out, hire out, < e,
out, + locare, place, let, hire out : see locate.
In the second sense taken in the lit. meaning
'put out of place.'] 1. The act of hiring out
or apprenticmg.
There may be some particular cases incident, wherein
perhaps this [consent in marriage] may without sin or
blame be forborne : as when the child, either by general
permission, or former elocation, shall be out of the parents'
disposing. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iv. 1.
2. Departure from the usual state or mood;
displacement ; an ecstasy.
In all poesy . . . there must be ... an elocation and
emotion of the mind. Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 30.
elocnlar (e-lok'u-lar), a. [< L. e, out, + loeu-
lus, a compartment, a Itttte place, dim. of locus,
a place : see loculus, locus.] In hot, not par-
titioned ; having no compartments or loculi.
elocution (el-o-kii'shon), n. [= F. Elocution =
Sp. elocucioH = Pg. elocu^So = It. elocuzione, <
L. elocutio(n-), a speaking out, utterance, esp.
rhetorical utterance, elocution, < cloqui, pp. elo-
cutua, speak oat, utter, < e, out, + loqui, speak.
Cf. eloquence.'] 1. The manner of speaking in
public; the art of correct delivery in speakingor
reading; the art which teaches the proper use
of the voice, gesture, etc., in public speaking.
Elocution, which anciently embraced style and the
whole art of rhetoric, now signifles manner of delivery,
whether of our own thoughts or those of others.
E. Porter.
2t. Eloquence in style or delivery; effective
utterance or expression.
As I have endeavoured to adorn It with noble thoughts,
BO much more to express those thoughts with elocution.
Dryden.
Graceful to the senate Godfrey rose,
And deep the stream of elocution flows.
Brooke, tr. of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, I.
3. Speech ; the power or act of speaking.
Whose taste . . . gave elocution to the mute.
Milton, P. U, 11.748.
Can yon deliver a aeries of questions without a quicken-
ing of your elocutiont A. Phelpe, English Style, p. 268.
sSyn. 1. Elocution, Delivery. These words are quite
independent of their derivation. Elocution has narrowed
its meaning (see quotation from E. Porter, altove), and
has broadened it to take in gesture. They are now essen-
tially the same, covering bodily carriage and gesture as
well as the use of the voice. Elocution sometimes seems
more manifestly a matter of art than delivery. See ora-
fort/.
elocntionary (el-o-ku'shon-a-ri), a. [< elocv^
lion + -«ry.] Of or pertaining to elocution.
elocutioner (el-o-kii'shon-6r), n. A public
speaker or declaimer. [(?olloq.]
They (those) heedless young fellows, that think nothing
o' the fundamentals o' their faith, but are aye crying out
at>ont the etocutionere and jwetrymongers they've heard in
Glesca. W. Black, In Far Lochaber.
elocutionist (el-o-kii'shgn-ist), n. [< elocution
+ -i.ft.] A person versed in the art of elocu-
tion ; one who teaches or writes upon elocu-
tion, or who gives public elocutionary readings
or exercises.
eloin
elocutivet (el'o-kii-tiv), a. [< elocution + -we.J
Pertaining to elocution.
Preaching in its elocutive part is but the conception of
man, and differs as the gifts and abilities of men give it
lustre or depression. Feltham, Kesolves, ii. 48.
elod (el'od), n. [< el(ectric) + od.] Electric
od; the supposed odic force of electricity.
Eeichenbach.
elodian (e-lo'di-an), n. One of the marsh-tor-
toises, a group of ehelonians corresponding to
the families Chelydidai and Emydidce.
61oge (a-16zh'), «. [P.: see elogy] A pane-
gyric ; a funeral oration ; specifically, one of the
class of biographical eulogies pronounced upon
all members of the French academies after
their death, of which many volumes have been
published.
I return you, sir, the two eloges, which I have perused
with pleasure. I borrow that word from your language,
because we have none in our own that exactly expresses
it. Bp. Atterbury, To M. Thiriot, Ep. Corr., I. 179.
elogia, n. Plural of elogium.
elogist (el'o-jist), n. [= F. ^logiste = Sp. (obs. )
It. elogista; as elogy + -ist.] One who pro-
nounces a panegyric, especially upon the dead ;
one who delivers an 61oge. [Bare.]
[One] made the funeral sermon who had been one of her
professed suitors ; and so she did not want a passionate
eloffiM, as well as an excellent preacher.
Sir U. Wotton, Reliquise, p. 360.
elogium (e-lo'jl-um), n.; pi. elogia (-a). [L. :
see elogy.] Same as elogy.
But if Jesus of Nazareth had raised an army in defence
of their liberty, and had destroyed the Romans, . . . then
they would willingly have given him that title, which was
set up only in derision as the Elogium of his Cross, Jesus
of Nazareth, King of the Jews.
StUlingJUet, Sermons, I. viii.
elogy (ero-ji), n. ; pi. elogies (-jiz). [= F. eloge
= Sp. Pg. It. elogio, < L. elogium, a short max-
im or saying, an inscription on a tombstone,
a clause in a will, a judicial abstract, appar. a
dim. of logus, logos, a word, a saying (< Gr. a6-
yoc, a word: see logos), with prefix e-, after elo-
qui, speak out; cf. eloquium, eloquence, also
a declaration.] A funeral oration ; an 61oge.
[Rare, eulogy, a different word, being used in
its stead.]
In the centre, or midst of the pegme, there was an aback,
or 8(iuare, wherein this elogy was written.
B. Jonson, King James's Coronation Entertainment.
Elohim (el'o-him), n.pl. [Heb. 'Elohim, pi. of
'Eloah : Bee Allah.] One of the names of Qod,
of frequent occurrence in the Hebrew text of
the Old Testament. Biblical critics are not agreed as
to the reason for the use of the plural form : some regard
it as a covert suggestion of the IVinity ; others as a plural
of excellence: others as an indication of an earlier poly-
theistic belief : still others as an embodiment of the He-
brew faith that the powers represented by the gods of the
heathen were all included in one Divine Person.
Elohism (el'6-hizm), n. l< Eloh(im) + -ism.]
Worship of G(od as Elohim.
It was the task of the great prophets to eliminate the
distinctive religion of Jahveh, . . . and to bring Israel
back to the primitive Elohism. of the patriarchs.
Edinburgh Rev., CXLV. 602.
Elohist (el'o-hist), n. [< Eloh(im) + -ist] A
title given to the supposed writer (a unity of
authorship being assumed) of the Elohistic pas-
sages of the Pentateuch, in contradistinction to
Jehovist.
The descriptions of the Elohist are regular, orderly,
clear, simple, inartificial, calm, free from the rhetorical
and poeticaL .S^. Davidson.
It no longer seems worth while to write puerile essays
to show that the Elohist was versed in all the conclusions
of modern geology. .IV. A. Rev., CXXVII. 334.
Elohistic (el-o-his'tik), a. [< Elohist + -ic]
A term appliell to certain passages in the Pen-
tateuch, in which God is always spoken of in
the Hebrew text as Elohim, supposed by some
to have been written at an earlier period than
those passages in which he is spoken of as Je-
hovah. The Elohistic paragraphs are simpler, more pas-
toral, and more primitive in their character than the Je-
hovlstic. Gen. i. 27 is Elohistic; Gen. ii. 21-24 is Jeho-
vistic.
The New Testament authors followed the Elohistic ac-
count, and speak of him [Balaam] disparagingly.
Eticyc. Brit., III. 269.
eloign, eloignatet, etc. See eloin, etc.
eloin, eloign (e-lom'), v. [Also written eloine,
eloigne; < OF.' eloigner, esloigner, F. iloigner =
Pr. csloignar, cslueingnar, < LL. elongare, re-
move, keep aloof, prolong, etc. : see clong.] I.
trans. To separate and remove to a distance.
From worldly cares himselfe he did eslojrne.
Spenser, F. Q., I. iv. 20.
Eloiqne, sequester, and divorce her, from your bed and
your ttoard. Chapman, All Fools, It. 1.
eloin
ni tell thee now (dear love) what thou shalt do
To aiiger (iestiny, as she doth us ;
How I shall stay, though she elmtme rae thus.
Donne, Valediction to his Book.
If the person be conveyed out of the sheriff's jurisdic*
tiou, the sheriff may return that he is eloigned.
Blackstone, Com., 111. viii.
II.t intrans. To abscond,
eloinatet, eloignatet (e-loi'nat), v. t. [< eloin,
eloign, + -ute'-^, atterelongate, q.v.'] Toremove;
eloiu.
>'or is some vulgar Greek so far adulterated, and eloiffn-
ated from the true Greeic, as Italian is from the Latin.'
Iloivell, Foreign Travel, p. 149.
elommentt, eloignmentt (e-loin'ment), n. [<
eloin, eloign, + -ment, after F. iloignement.'] Re-
moval to a distance ; hence, distance ; remote-
ness.
He discovers an tloignment from vulgar phrases much
becoming a person of quality. Shenstone.
elomet, »• Orpiment.
elongl (e-16ng'), V. t. [< LL. elongate, remove,
keep aloof, prolong, protract, < e, out, + lon-
gus, long: see toii/i. Ct. eloin.'] 1. To elon-
gate; lengthen out.
Ne puUe it not, but goodly plaine elonge,
Ne pitche it not to sore into the vale,
Kor breke it not all douu aboute a dale.
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 4.
2. To put far off ; retard.
By sea, and hills elonged from thy sight,
Thy wonted grace reducing to my mind,
Instead of sleep thus I occupy the night.
Wyatt, The Lover Prayeth Venus.
Upon the roof the bird of sorrow sat,
BUniging ioyf ul day with her sad note.
Q. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph, ii. 24.
elongate (e-16ng'gat), v. ; pret. and pp. elon-
gated, p^v.' elongating. [< LL. elongatus, pp. of
elongate: see eiong.] I. trans. 1. To make long
or longer; lengthen; extend, stretch, or draw
out in length : as, to elongate a rope by splicing.
Here the spire turns round a very elongated axis.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 465.
2t. To remove further off.
The first star of Aries in the time of Meton the Athenian
was placed in the intersection, which is now elongated and
removed eastward twenty-eight degrees.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., iv. 13.
H. intrans. To recede ; move to a greater
distance ; particularly, to recede apparently
from the sun, as a planet in its orbit. [Rare.]
elongate (e-16ng'gat), a. [< LL. elongatus, pp.:
see the verb.] Lengthened; extended or pro-
duced; attenuated; specifically, in eool. and
hot., disproportionately or comparatively long
or extended: as, a worm has an elongate body;
a proboscis is an elongate snout; elongate an-
tennae are about as long as the body of an in-
sect; elongate elytra extend beyond the abdo-
men ; an elongate flower-stem.
elongation (e-16ng-ga'shon), n. [< ME. elonga-
cioun, < OF. elongation, F. Elongation = Pg. elon-
gagao = It. elongazione, < ML. elongatio{n-), <
LL. elongare, lengthen, elongate: see elong,
elongate.] 1. The act of elongating or length-
ening ; the state of being elongated or length-
ened.
This whole universality of things, which we call the
world, is indeed nothing else but a production, and elon-
gation, and dilatation of the natural goodness of Almighty
God. Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 297.
To this motion of elongation of the fibres is owing the
union or conglutination of the parts of the body, when
they are separated by a wound. Arbuthnot, Aliments.
2. Extension; continuation.
His skin (excepting only his face and the palms of his
hands) was entirely grown over with an horny excrescence
called by the naturalists the elongation of the papillee.
Cambridge, The Scribleriad, note.
May not the mountains of Westmoreland and Cumber-
land be considered as elongations of these two chains ?
Pinkerton.
3t. Distance ; space which separates one thing
from another. Glanville. — 4t. A' removing to
a distance ; removal ; recession.
Our voluntary elongation of ourselves from God's pres-
ence must needs be a fearful introduction to an everlast-
ing distance from him. Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 89.
Concerning the nature or proper effects of this spot or
stain [upon the soul], they have not been agreed : some
call it an obligation or a guilt of punishment. . . . Some
fancy it to be an elongation from God, by dissimilitude of
conditions. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 183B), I. 723.
5. In astron. : (a) The angular distance of a
planet from the sun, as it appears to the eye of
a spectator on the earth; apparent departure
of a planet from the sun in its orbit : as, the
elongation of Venus or Mercury. (6) The an-
gular distance of a satellite from its primary.
— 6. In surg.: (o) A partial dislocation, occa-
sioned by the stretohing or lengthening of the
1882
ligaments. (6) The extension of a part beyond
its natural dimensions.
elongati'Ve (e-16ng'ga-tiv), a. [< elongate +
-ive^ Tending to, productive of, or exhibiting
elongation; extended. [Rave.]
This elongative effort. Congregationalist, Oct. 22, 1886.
elope (e-16p'), V. i.; pret. and pp. eloped, ppr.
eloping. [Formerly also ellope; < D. ontloopen
(= G. entlaufen = Dan. undlobe), run away, <
ont- (z=Gr. en t- = AS. and- : see and-), away, +
loopen, run (> E. lope, q. v.), = AS. hledpan, E.
leap, q. v.] To run away; escape; break loose
from legal or natural ties ; specifically, to run
away with a lover or paramour in defiance of
duty or social restraints.
But now, when Philtra saw my lands decay
And former livelod fayle, she left me quight,
And to my brother did ellope streight way.
Spenser, ¥. Q., V. iv. 9.
It is necessary to treat women as members of the body
politick, since great numbers of them have eloped from
their allegiance. Addison, Freeholder.
Love and elope, as modern ladies do.
Cawthom, Nobility.
Southey writes to his daughter Edith in 1824, "All the
maids eloped because I had turned a man out of the kitch-
en at eleven o'clock on the preceding night."
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 265.
elopement (e-16p'ment), n. [< elope + -ment.]
A running away; an escape; private or unli-
censed departure from the place or station to
which one is bound by duty or law : specifical-
ly applied to the running away of a woman,
married or unmarried, with a lover.
The negligent husband, trusting to the efficacy of his
principle, was undone by his wife's elopement from him.
Arbuthnot.
Her imprudent elopement from her father. Graves.
But in case of elopement . . . the law allows her no ali-
mony. Blackstone, Com., II. xv.
eloper (f-lo'pfer), n. One who elopes.
'Nothing less, believe me, shall ever urge my consent to
wound the chaste propriety of your character, by making
you an eloper with a duellist. Miss Bvmey, Cecilia, ii.
Elopes (el'o-pez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of Mops.] A
group of malacopterygian fishes: same as the
family Elopidoe.
Elopmlset (e-lof'i-le), n. pi. [NL. (Hiibner,
1816), prop. Helophila, < Gr. eAof, pains, a marsh,
-t- 0iAo?, icving.] A group of pyralid moths.
elopian (e-16'pi-an), n. A fish of the family
Elopida. Sir J. Bichardson.
Elopidae (e-lop'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Elops +
-idee.] A family of clupeiform isospondylous
fishes, resembling herrings, but much larger.
They have a completed lateral line and a flat membrane-
bone between the branches of the lower jaw. Tliey have
cycloid scales, naked head, and terminal moutli, l)ounded
on the sides by the supramaxillaries, which are conii>osed
of three elements. The species are very few, though wide-
ly distributed in tropical and subtropical seas, sometimes
entering fresh water. They belong to the genera Flops
and Megalops. See cut under Elops.
Elopina (el-o-pl'na), n. pi. [NL., < Elops +
-ina.] In Giinther's classification of fishes, the
sixth group of his Clupeidw, with the upper jaw
shorter than the lower, the abdomen roimded,
and an osseous gular plate : same as the family
Elopidw.
elopine (el'o-pin), a. and n. I. a. Pertaining
to or having the characters of the Elopina.
II. «. A fish of the group Elopina.
elopitinnmt, n. An old name for vitriol.
Elops (el'ops), n. [NL., < L. eloi>s, < Gr. tAoi/;,
prop. IXTixy^, a sea-fish, also a serpent so called.
Big-eyed Herring [Elofs saurus\
prop, adj., mute.] The typical genus of the
family Elopidce. E, saurus, known as the ten-pounder
and big-eyed herring, is a widely diffused species in both
the Atlantic and the Pacific.
elOQUence (el'o-kwens), n. [< ME. eloquence,
< OF. eloquence, F.'^loquence = Pr. eloquencia,
eloquensa = Sp. elocuencia = Pg. eloquencia =
It. eloquenzia (obs.), eloquenza, < L. eloquentia,
< eloquen(t-)s, eloquent: see eloquent.] 1. The
quality of being eloquent; moving utterance
or expression ; the faculty, art, or act of utter-
ing or employing thoughts and words springing
from or expressing strong emotion in a manner
to excite corresponding emotion in others ; by
extension, the power or quality of exciting
emotion, sympathy, or interest in any way : as.
else
pulpit eloquence; a speaker, speech, or -writing
of great eloquence; the eloquence of tears or of
silent grief.
Ther is non that is here,
Of eloquence that glial be thy pere.
Chaucer, Prol. to Franlilin's Tale, 1. 6.
True eloquence [in source or origin] I find to be none but
the serious and hearty love of truth.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
By eloquence we understand the overflow of powerful
feelings upon occasions fitted to excite them.
De Quincey, Rhetoric.
What is called eloquence in the forum is commonly
found to be rhetoric in the study.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 111.
[Hugh] Peters would seem to have been one of those men
gifted with what is sometimes called eloquence; that is,
the faculty of stating things powerfully from momentary
feeling, and not from that conviction of the higher rea-
son which alone can give force and permanence to words.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 248.
2. That which is expressed in an eloquent
manner: as, a flow of eloquence.
Then I'll commend her volubility.
And say she uttereth piercing eloquence.
Shak., T. of the 8., ii. 1.
=Syn. 1. Elocution, Rhetoric, etc. See oratory.
eloquent (el'o-kwent), a. [= F. Eloquent = Pr.
eloquen = Sp. elocuente = Pg. It. eloquente, <
L. eloquen(t-)s, speaking, having the faculty of
speech, eloquent, ppr. of eloqui, speak out, <
e, out, + loqui, speak.] 1. Having the power
of expressing strong emotions in vivid and ap-
propriate speech; able to utter moving thoughts
or words: as, an eloquent orator or preacher;
an eloquent tongue.
And for to loken ouermore,
Next of science the seconde
Is Rhetoric, whose faconde
Aboue all other is eloquent.
Gower, Conf. Amant., vll.
Lucullus was very eloquent, well spoken, and excellent-
ly well learned in the Greek and Latin tongues.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 421.
She was the most eloquent of her age, and cunning in
all languages. B. Jonson, Masque of Queens.
Till the sad breaking of that Parliament
Broke him, as that dishonest victory
At Chffironea, fatal to liberty,
Kill'd with report that old man eloquent.
Milton, Sonnets, v.
2. Expressing strong emotions with fluency
and power; movingly uttered or expressed;
stirring; persuasive: as, an eloquent address;
eloquent history; an eloquent appeal to a jury.
Doubtlesse that indeed according to art is most eloquent
which returnes and approaches neerest to nature from
whence it came. Milton, Apology for Smectynmuus.
Burke, though he had long and deeply disliked Chat-
ham, combined with Fox in paying an eloquent tribute to
his memory. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
3. Manifesting or exciting emotion, feeling, or
interest through any of the senses ; movingly
expressive or affecting: as, eloquent looks or
gestures ; a hush of eloquent silence.
Give it breath with your mouth, and it will discourse
most eloquent music. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2 (Glol)e ed.).
4. Giving strong expression or manifestation ;
vividly characteristic.
His whole attitude eloquent of discouragement.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 131.
eloquently (el'o-kwent-li), adv. With elo-
quence ; m an eloquent manner ; in a manner
to please, affect, or persuade.
Some who (their hearers swaying where they would)
Could force affections, comfort and deject,
With learned lectures eloquently told.
Stirling, Domes-day, The Tenth Houre.
eloquioust, a. [< L. eloquium, eloquence, < elo-
qui, speak out: see eloquent.] Eloquent.
Eloquious hoarie beard, father Nestor, you were one of
them ; And you, M. Ulisses, the prudent dwarfe of Pallas,
another; of whom it is Illiadized that your very nosedropt
sugarcandie. Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 162).
elrich (el'rich), a. Same as eldrich.
else (els)j adv. [< ME. elles, ellis, often elle, <
AS. elles, in another manner, otherwise, be-
sides, = OFries. elles, ellis = OHG. alles, elles,
MHG. alles = OSw. aljes, Sw. eljest = Dan. el-
lers, otherwise ; an adverbial gen. of *ali-, ele-
(in oomp. ele-land, another land, elelende, of
another land, etc.) = Goth, alts (gen. aljis) = L.
alius = Gr. dX/lof, other. Cf. L. alias, prob. an
old gen., at another time, otherwise: see alias,
&ndct.alien,allo-,ete.] If. In another or a dif-
ferent manner; in some other way ; to a differ-
ent purpose ; otherwise.
Yom perfect self is else devoted. Shak., T. G. ot V., Iv. i.
2. In another or a different case ; if the fact
were different; otherwise.
Take yee hede, lest ye don your rigtwisnesse before men,
that yee be sen of hem, ellis [authorized version, otherwise]
ye shule nat hau mede at youre fadir.
Wyclif, Mat. vi. 1 (Oxf.).
Thondesirest .
else
not sacrifice ;
eUe would I give It.
Ps. li. 16.
Thou didst prevent me ; I had peopled else
Thia isle with Calibans. Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
Shift for yourselves ; ye are lost el»e.
Fletcher, Valentinian, v. 2.
Cloagh must have been a rare and lovable spirit, else he
could never have so wrapped himself within the affections
of true men. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 244.
A sovereign and serene capacity to fathom the else un-
fathomable depths of spiritual nature, to solve its else in-
soluble riddles, to reconcile its else irreconcilable discrep-
ancies. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 76.
3. Besides; other than the person, thing, place,
etc., mentioned: after an interrogative or in-
definite pronoun, pronominal adjective, or ad-
verb {who, what, where, etc., anybody, anything,
somebody, something, nobody, nothing, all, little,
etc.), as a quasi-adjective, equivalent to other:
I, who else is coming f vhat else shall I give elucidation (e-lu-si-da'shon), n. [= F. <
)UT do you expect anything elsef tion = bp. elucidaewn = Pg. elucidacSo.
v„,.;^. :„,. . „. wiinede inverd hot« the 1 Sothin^ rf« »? ^ *elucidatio(n-\ < eliMdare, make 1
you
nothing ellet y ne wilnede, loverd, bote the [Nothing d«e
I wished. Lord, but Thee].
St. edm. Coiif. (Early Eng. Poems, ed. Fumivall), 1. 566.
If you like not ray writing, go read something else.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 22.
There is a mode in giving Entertainment, and doing any
courtesy else, which trebly hinds the Keceiver to an Ac-
knowledgment, tlowell. Letters, iL 25.
All else of earth may perish : love alone
Not Heaven shall find outgrown !
O. W. llotims. Poems (187S), p. 232.
(The phrases anybody else, somebody else, nobody else, etc.,
have a unitary meaning, as if one word, and properly take
a poasessive case (with the anfflx at the end of the phrase) :
as, this is smnehody else's bat; nobody else's children act
•o.) — Ood forbla else), Ood forbid that it should be
otherwise.
Ay, and the l>est she shall have ; and my favour
To him tliat does Ijest : Ood forbid else.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 2.
elsen, elsin (el'sen, -sin), n. [E. dial., 8c. also
eiioH. (hhin, el»yn,< OD. elsene, aelsene, mod.D.
< (perhaps through OHG. alansa, ahoMa,
1883
elsln, '!. See elsen.
Eisner's green. See green.
eltchi, n. See elcki.
eltht, «. An obsolete variant of eld.
elucidate (f-lu'si-dat), v. t.: pret. and pp. elu-
cidated, ppr. elucidating. [< LL. elucidatus, pp.
of elucidare (> Sp. Pg. elucidar = F. ilucider),
make light or clear, < L. e, out, + lucidus, light,
clear : see Ixicid.} To make clear or manifest ;
throw light upon; explain; render intelligible ;
illustrate : as, an experiment may elucidate a
theory.
The illustrations at once adorn and elucidate the rea-
soning. Macaulay, Dryden.
Though several of them proffered a vast deal of infor-
mation, little or none of it had much to do with the mat-
ter to be elucidated. J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 239,
= 83^. Expound, etc. (see explain^; to unfold, clear up.
" '" ----- - \='F . elueida-
- -), <LL.
light or
clear: see elucidate.l 1. The act of elucidat-
ing or of throwing l^;ht upon any obscure sub-
ject.
We shall, in order to the elucidation of this matter, sub-
join the following experiment. Boyle.
The eluadation of the organic idea ... is the business
and talk of philosophy. Jour. Spec. Phil., XIX. 39.
elutriation
Z. To remain unseen, undiscovered, or unex-
plained by ; bafSe the inquiry or scrutiny of : as,
secrets that elude the keenest search.
On this subject Provideuce has thouRht fit to elude our
curiosity. QoldstnUh, Vicar, xxix.
One element must forever elude its researches ; and that
is the very element by which poetry is poetry.
Macaulay, Dryden.
His mind was quick, versatile, and imaginative ; few as-
pects of a subject eluded it. Edinburgh Rev.
The secret and the mystery
Have batfled and eluded me.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, i., ProL
=Syn. To shun, flee, shirk, dodge, baffle, foil, frustrate.
eluoible (e-lu'di-bl), a. [< elude + -»6fe.] Ca-
pable of being eluded or escaped.
If this blessed part of our law be etudible at pleasure,
... we shall have little reason to boast of our advantage
in this particular over other states or kingdoms in Europe.
Sujift, Drapier's Letters, vii.
Elul (e'lul), n. [Heb., < dial, gather, reap, har-
vest ; cf . Aram, alal, com.] The twelfth month
of the Jewish civil year, and the sixth of the
ecclesiastical, beginning with the new moon of
August.
elumbatedt (e-lum'ba-ted), a. [< L. elumbis,
liip-shot, having the hip dislocated (< e, out, -f-
lumbus, loin : see lumbar, loin), + -ate^ + -ed^.]
Weakened in the loins. Bailey.
els, < (perhaps through OHG. alansa, , ,x_ ,. i •
'alasna (> UE. alesna, > It. lesina = 8p. letna, elucidator (e-lu'si-da-tor), n. One who eluoi
alesna = Pr. alena = OF. alesne, F. aUne), an dates or explains ; an expositor,
2. That which explains or throws light; ex- eluscationt (e-lus-ka'shon), n. [< LL. as if
planation ; illustration : as, one example may
serve for an elucidation of the subject.
I might refer the reader to »ee it highly verifle 1 in David
Blondel's familiar elucidatioru of the euchsristieal contro-
versie. Jer. Taylor, Real Presence, § 12.
I shall . . . allot to each of them [sports and pastimes]
a separate elueidation. StrutI, Sports and Pastimes, p. 66.
elucidative (f-lu'si-da-tiv), a. [< elucidate +
-ire.] Making or tending to make clear ; ex-
planatory.
.^uch a set of documents may hope to be elucidative in
various respects. Cartyle, Oomwell, I. 10.
awl) OHG. ala, MHG. ale, O. ahle, etc., = AS.
al, eal, eel, awul, E. avl : see a«c<.] An awl.
Nor hinds wi' elson and hemp llngle.
Sit soleing shoon out o'er the inale.
Aonusy, Poems, II. 2U3.
elsewards (els'wSrdz), adr. [< else + -wards.']
To another place ;' in another clireetion. [Rare.]
But these earthly sufferers (the punctual) know that elUCtatet (e-luk'tat), V. i.
they are making their way heavenwards, and their oppres- ^f eluetari, struggle out,
soni (the unpunctuall their way e/»ei«ir(f«. — ....
TroUope, Autobiography (1883X p. 293.
elaewliatt (els'hwot), n. [< iiE.'eUestiihat, eOes-
hiciit, < AS. eUes htctet, something else: eOes,
else; hwtet, indef., what. See ebe and what,
and cf. somewhat.'] Something or anything
else ; other things.
When talking of the dainty fleib and etsnekat u they eate.
Warner, Albioo'i EngUnd, 1W2.
elaewhent (eU'hwen), adv. [< UE. eUeiwhen ; <
rise + when.] At another time.
We shulde make a dockett of the name* of mch men of
nobylytie here, as we thought mete and oonveoyent to
serve his lUgbnea, In caae bi* graces wHI were, this pieas-
ent yeare, or elUs-when, to use ther servyce in any other
(on yn rountrey. State Papers, III. 662.
elsewhere (els'hwSr), adv. [< ME. eUethwer,
elleshwar, < AS. eUes hwoer, elles hwar: ettes, else;
Aif*r, indef., where.] In another place or in
other places; gomewnere or anywhere else : as,
these trees are not to be found elsewhere.
Seek you in Rome for honour : I will labonr
To And content ^twksre.
FUUhar (ami another T), Frophetew, It. 6.
That he himsell was the Author of that Rebellion,. he
denies bolb heer and eiswhere, with many imprecations,
but no soliil evidence. ' MMon, Eikouoklastes, xii.
"eluscatiol.n-), < eluscare, make one-eyed, < L. e,
out, -I- luscus, one-eyed.] Blear-eye or pur-
blindness. Bailey, 1727.
elusion (f-lfl'zhon), n. [< ML. elusio(n-),i L. elu-
dere, pp.' elusus, elude: see elude.] Escape by
artifice or deceit ; evasion ; deception ; fraud.
Any sophister shall think his elusion enough to contest
against the authority of a council.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), IL 348.
An appendix relating to the transmutation of metals
detects the impostures and elusioTis of those who have pre-
tended to it.
IToodM'arii, Essay towards a Nat. Hist, of the Karth.
elusive (e-lu'siv), a. [< L. elunus, pp. of elu-
dere, elucfe, + -«'«.] Eluding, or having a ten-
dency to elude ; hard to grasp or confine ; slip-
pery.
Hurl'd on the crags, behold they giap, they bleed !
And, groaning, cling upon th' elusive weed.
Falconer, Shipwreck, liL
Piety is too subtile and elttsive to be drawn into and con-
fined in definitions. Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 102.
The moon was full, and snowed down the mellowest light
on the gray domes, which in their soft, elusive outlines,
and strange effect of far-withdrawal, rhymed like (aiut-
heard refrains to the bright and vivid arches of the facade.
Uowells, Venetian Life, xviii.
They did eluetaU out of their injuries with credit to elusively (e-lu'siv-li), adi'. With or by elusion,
themselves. Bp. Haekel, Abp. Williams, 1. 36. elusiveneSS (e-lii'siv-nes), n. The quality of
eluctatlont (e-luk-ta'shon), n. l< JAj. elucta- being elusive; tendency to elude.
lio(n-), < L. eiwturi, struggle out: aeeetuctate.] Moreover, we had Miss Peggy, with her banjo and her
The act of bursting forth, or of escaping with briKht eyes, and her malice and her mocking wlll-o-the-
a struiCKle. e> < r = ^ .^^^ elurivenest ol mood. W. Black, Houseboat, x.
Ye do ... sue to Ood .. . for our happy eluctatimi elUSOriueSS (e-lu'so-ri-nes), n. The state or
.lut of those miseries. Bp. Hail, Invisible World, ii. 8 7. quality of being elusory.
elucubrate (e-lu'ku-brat), v. i. [Cf. It. elucu- elusory (e-lu'so-ri), a. [< ML. elustrrius, de-
brato, adj.; < L. eiu<~>thrare, iep.elucubrari (> ceptive, < L. etusus, pp. of e/udere, elude ^ see
Obscurity is brought over them by the course of igno-
rance and age, and yet more by their pedantical elucida-
tors. Abbot.
elucidatory (e-ln'si-da-to-ri), a. [< elucidate +
-ury.] Tending to elucidate. [Rare.]
One word alone issued from his lips, elucidatory of what
was passing in his mind. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, 1. 95.
[< L. eluctatus, pp.
< e, out, + luctari,
struggle. CLlttclation, reluct.] To burst forth ;
escape with a struggle.
F. ilucubrer), compose by lamplight, < e, out,
+ lueubrare, work by lamplight: see lucubrate.]
Same as lucubrate.
Just as, when grooms tie up and dress a steed.
Boys lounge and look on, and elucubrate
What the round brush is used for, what the square.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 240.
elucubrationt (e-lu-ku-bra'shon), n. [= F. dlu-
riibration = Pg.'elucubra^So = It. elucubrazione;
< elucubrate + -«o»i.] Same as lucubration.
I remember that Mons. Huygens, who used to prescribe
to me the benefit of his little wax taper for night elucu-
brationt preferable to all other caudle or lamp light what-
Kever. Evelyn, To Dr. Beale, Aug., 168S.
We mav waive lost so nioch oare ol oraelrea as we -i^^g (e-lud'), »■ '• ; pret. and pp. eluded, ppr.
buneatlj bestow eUevhere. Tkmtau, Walden, p. 13. '"f»*V? vY-'l" /;, .. 2 i" _ _ rt _. .' i-r
The Persian sword, formidable eUewhere, was not adapt-
ed to do grmd service against the bronze armor and the
spear of the Hellenes.
yon Ranke, Univ. HUt. (trans.), p. 187.
elsewhither (els'hwiTH'^r), adv. [Early mod.
E. also elswhither ; < ME. 'elleswhider, elles-
whoder, < AS. elles hwider, ellet hwyder: eUes,
elsej hwider, hwyder, wbitber.] In another di-
rection. [Bare.]
To Vrlond heo Howe ageyn, A <Us« wydn- heo mygte.
Rob. of OtoueeHer, p. 103.
f>ur course lies elsewhither. Carlyle, in Frouile, I. SO.
dsewiaet (els'wiz), ade. [Earlv mod. E. also
elswise; < else + -wise, after otherwise.] In a
different manner; otherwise.
And so is this matter, which would rUins' haue caused
much spyte and hatred, opened in our names.
J. UiaU, On 1 Oor. iU.
elude (e-lud'), V. «.; pret. ana pp. eiuaea, ppr.
eluding'. [= P. flutter = Sp. Pg. eludir = It. elu-
dere, i L. eludere, finish play, win at play, elude
or parry a blow, frustrate, deceive, mock, < e,
out, -t- Itidere, play: see ludicrous. Cf. allude,
collude, delude, illude.] 1. To avoid by artifice,
stratagem, deceit, or dexterity ; escape ; evade :
as, to elude pursuit; to elude a blow or stroke.
The stroke of humane law may also ... be evaded by
power, or eluded by slight, by gift, by favour.
Barroic, Works, II. xxxiit.
Tho' stuck with Argus' Eyes your Keeper were,
Advis'd by me, you shall elude his (^are.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art ol Love.
Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain.
Then, hid in shades, eludes her eager swain.
Pope, Spring, L 54.
By making concessions apparently candid and ample,
they elude the great accusation.
Macaulay, Hallam's C^onst. Hist.
elude.] Of an elusive character; slipping from
the grasp ; misleading ; fallacious ; deceitful.
Without this the work of God had perished, and reli-
gion itself had been elusory.
Jer. Taylor, Rule of (^nscience. III. vi. § 1.
elute (e-liit'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. eluted, ppr.
eluting'. [< L. elutus, pp. of eluere, wash off, <
e, out, off, + fecre,wa8h: see lute^, lotion. Cf.
dilute.] To wash off; cleanse. [Bare.]
The more oily any spirit is the more pernicious, because
it is harder to be eluted by the blood.
Arbuthnol, Aliments, v.
elution (e-lu'shon), n. [< LL. elutio(n-), a
washing, '< L. eluere, wash off. ] A washing out ;
any process by which bodies are separated by
the action ota solvent ; specifically, a process of
recovering sugar from molasses, which consists
in precipitating the sugar as sucrate of lime,
insoluble in cold water, and washing it free
from soluble impurities. The sucrate is decomposed
by carljonic acid, which precipitates the lime as carbonate.
mi\ the pure sugar-solution is then evaporated to crystal-
lization.
elutriate (e-m'tri-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. elu-
<n'a<ed,"ppr. elutriating. [< L. ehitriatus, pp.
of elutriare, wash out, decant, rack off, < elu-
ere, wash out: see elute.] To purify by wash-
ing and straining or decanting; purify in gen-
eral.
EltUriating the blood as it passes through the lungs.
Arbuthnot, Air.
elutriation (e-lu-tri-a'shon), H. [= F. Mutria-
tion = Pg. elutriagUo, < L. as if "elutriatioin-), <
elutriation
eZufriarf, wash ont: see elutriate.'] The opera-
tion of cleansing by washing and decanting.
6lnxate (f-luk'sat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. eluxated,
ppr. eluxating. [< L. e, out, + luxatus, pp. of
(itrarp, dislocate: see luxate.] To dislocate, as
a bone ; luxate. Bnag. [Rare.]
eluxation (e-luk-sa'shon), n. [< eluxate +
-inn.] The dislocation of a bone; luxation.
Dtimjiison. [Rare.]
elvanlf (el' van), a. An improper form of eJfin.
elvan- (el'vau), n. [Of Com. origin.] The
name given "in Cornwall (England) to dikes,
which are of frequent occuiTence in that region,
and which, throughout the principal mining
districts, have a course approximately parallel
with the majority of the most productive tin
and copper lodes. The elvans— or elvan-courses, as
they are fretiuently called — have almost identieally the
same ultimate chemical and mineralogieal composition as
the pranites of Cornwall, but differ considerably from them
in the mode of aggregation of their constituents. They
vary in width from a few feet to several fathoms; tliey
traverse alilce granit«s and slates, but are more nuniei-ous
in the vicinity of the granites than they are elsewhere.
Many elvans have been worked for the tin ore which they
sometimes contain. The rock of which elvans are made
up when occurring in loose fragments is also called elvan
or elvati-rock.
elvanite (el'van-it), w. [< elvan^ + -ite^.] The
name given by some lithologists to the variety
of rook of which the Cornish elvans are made up :
nearly equivalent to quartz-porphyrij and gra-
nitic porphyru.
Elvellaceae, Elvellacei (el-ve-la'se-e, -i), n.
f)l. [NL.] Same as Melvellaeew, Melvellacei.
ven (el' ven), n. [A dial, corruption of elmen.]
An elm. [Prov. Eng.]
elver (el'v^r), n. [A dial, corruption of eelfare,
q. v.] A young eel; especially, a young con-
ger- or sea-eel. [Local, Eng.]
elver-caket (el'ver-kak), n. Eel-cake.
These elver-cakes they dispose of at Bath and Bristol ;
and when they are fried and eaten with butter, nothing
can be more delicious.
Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, II. 306.
elves, n. Plural of elf.
elvine, «. [E. dial. ; cf. elver.] The young of
the eel. [Local, Eng.]
elvish, elvishly. See elfish, elfishly.
elwand, ». See ellwand.
Elymnias (e-lim'ni-as), n. [NL. (Hiibner,
1816), irreg. < Gr. e'Av/zoc, a case; cf. elytrum.]
A genua of butterflies, giving name to the sub-
family Elymniinw. E. lais is the type-species,
and there are three others, all of the old world.
Eljnnniiliae (e-lim-ni-i'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Elym-
nias + -iiuE.] A subfamily of old-world nym-
phalid butterflies, of one genus (Elymnias) and
several species, having no ocelli, the wings
greatly produced at the apex and their under
surface peculiarly marked. Many of them re-
semble the DanaituE in general aspect.
Elymus (el'i-mus), n. [NL., < Gr. eXv/iog, a
kmd of grain, panic or millet.] A genus of
coarse perennial grasses, of northern temper-
ate regions, allied to Hordeum. There are about
a dozen species in the United States, some of which serve
for hay and pasturage. Commonly known as rye-grass or
lyme-grass.
Elysia (e-lis'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. tjlvaio^, Ely-
siau : see Elysium.] The typical genus of abran-
chiate gastropods
of the family
ElysiidiB, hav^ing
well - developed
tentacles and the
sides of the body
with wing-Uke
expansions. E. Elysta-DiridU.
vindis, of European,
and E. chlorotica, of American seas, are examples ; they
resemble slugs, and are found in sea-wrack, eel-grass, etc.
Elysian (e-liz'ian), a. [= F. elysien, a., My-
sien, n. ; cf. Sp. eliseo, elisio = Pg. elysio = It.
elisio, < L. elysius, < Gr. r/Xvmog, Elysian: see
Elysium.] Pertaining to Elysium, or the abode
of the blessed after death ; hence, blessed ; de-
lightfully, exquisitely, or divinely happy ; full
of the highest kind of enjoyment, happiness, or
bliss.
The power I serve
Laughs at your happy Araby, or the
Elysian shades. Massinger, Virgin M'artyr, iv. 3.
In that Elysian age (misnamed of gold).
The age of love, and innocence, and joy,
When all were great and free ! Beattie, Minstrel, ii.
Hope's elysian isles. O. W. Holing, Fountain of Youth.
Tliere is no Death '. What seems so is transition ;
This life of mortal breath
Is but the suburb of the life elysian,
Whose portal we call Death.
L<mgfellow, Resignation.
1884
Elysian Fields fcf. r. CImmps-eiysies = Sp. Campos
EltseoK = Pg. Campos El iseos or s\tn\Ay Eliseos — It. Campi
Elisi, < L. Campi Eli/.iii or simply Elysii, tr. of Gr. 'Hkvuta
ireSi'a : see Klyniutn], Elysium.
elysiid (o-lis'i-id), ». A gastropod of the fam-
ily Elyxiidm.
Elysiidae (el-i-sl'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Elysia
+ -idie.] A family of marine saccoglossate
pellibranchiate gastropods, with auriform ten-
tacles, without gills, and resembling slugs, but
having the sides of the body alate. The whole
shape is leaf-like, the neck corresponding to a
petiole. Also spelled Elysiadce, See cut under
Elysia.
Elysinin (f-liz'ium), n. [= F. Mysee = Sp.
Eliseo, Elisio = Pg. Elyseo, Elysio = It. Elisio,
< L. Elysium (ML. also "Elyseum), < Gr. 'll/.vatov
(neut. of ij'^Ataio^, Elysian), in 'lllhaiov TreSlov,
later in pi. 'RAvaia Trcdia, the Elysian Field, or
Fields, 1. e., the field of the departed, lit. of
going or coming, < i/z^vaic, var. of elsvaig, a ^oing
or coming, advent, < i/^evaeaBai, future, c?Jiciv
(ind. ip.vdov, ij'ABov), 2d aor., go, come (associ-
ated with ep;ffCTOai, go, come), whence alsoprob.
iTxiSepo^, free.] In G^r. myth., the abode of the
blessed after death. Also called the Elysian
Fields. It is placed by Homer on the western border of
the earth ; by Hesiod and Pindar in the Islands of tlie Blest;
by later poets in the nether world. It was conceived of
as a place of perfect delight. In modern literature Ely-
sium is often used for any place of e.\quisite happiness, and
as synonymous (without religious reference) to Heaven.
Once more, farewell ! go, find Elysium,
There where the happy souls are crown'd with blessings.
Fletcher, Valentinian, iii. 1.
The flowery-kirtled Naiades . . .
Who, as they sung, would take the prison'd soul.
And lap it in Elysium. Milton, Conms, 1. 257.
And, oh ! if there be an Elysium, on earth,
It is this, it is this.
Moore, Light of the Harem.
An Elysium more pure and bright than that of the
Greeks. Is. Taylor.
elytra, «. Plural of elytrum.
elytra! (el'i-tral), a. [< elytrum + -al] Of or
pertaining to the elytra : as, elytral striee ; ely-
tral sulci — Elytral ligula, a tongue-like process on
the inner face of the side margins of the elytrum, serving
to hold it more securely to the abdomen in repose, found
in certain aquatic beetles. — Eljrtral plica or fold, alongi-
tudinal ridge on the interior surface of each elytrum, near
the outer margin. In repose it embraces the upper surface
of tlie abdomen.
elytriform (e-lit'ri-f6rm), a. [< NL. elytrum,
elytrum, + L. forma, shape.] Having the form
or character of an elytrum ; elytroid.
elytrlgerous (el-i-trij'e-rus), a. [< NL. ely-
trum, elytrum, + L. gerere, carry, + -ous.] Hav-
ing elytra, or bearing an elytrum.
The order of arrangement of the elytriyerous and cir-
rigerous somites [of Polynoe] is very curious.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 206.
elytrine (el'i-trin), n. [< elytrum + -ine^.] The
substance of which the horny covering of cole-
opterous insects is composed.
elytritis (el-i-tn'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. e^^vrpcv, a
sheath (vagina), + -itis.] Colpitis ; vaginitis.
elytrocele (el'i-tro-sel), n. [< Gr. eAvTpoi>, a
sheath (vagina), 4- K^Ari, a tumor.] Same as
colpocclc.
elytro-episiorrhaphy (el"i-tr6-ep"i-si-or'a-fi),
n. [< Gr. elvrpov, a sheath (vagina), -t- episior-
rhaphy.] A combination of colporrhaphy with
episiorrhaphy.
Elytrogona (el-i-trog'o-na), n. [NL., < llmpov,
a case, sheath, elytrum, -I- -ymoq, producing:
see -goitous.] A genus of phytophagous beetles,
of the family Cassidid(B.
el3rtroid (el'i-troid), a. [< Gr. elvrpociS^^,
< eAvrpov, a sheath, -1- cUog, form.] Elytriform ;
she.ith-like ; vaginal.
eljrtron, n. See elytrum.
elytroplastic (el"i-tro-plas'tik), a. [As elytro-
jilasty + -ic] Same as colpoplastic.
elytroplasty (el'i-tro-plas-ti), «. [< Gr. eXv-
Tpov, a sheath (vagina), + TrMaaeiv, form.]
Same as colpoplasty.
Elytroptera (el-i-trop'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. e'Avrpov, a case, sheatli, elytrum, + nrcpAv, a
wing.] Clairville's name (1806) of the group
of insects now known as the order Coleoptera.
It was never current, as the nearly contemporaneous ar-
rangement of Illiger, whicli combined the Linnean and
Fabrician systems, and adopted Hay's name Coleoptera,
came at once into general use.
elytroptosis (el'^i-trop-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr.
EAmpov, a sheath (vagina), + tttImic, a fall, <
niTTTeiv, fall.] Inpnthol., prolapse of the vagina.
elytrorrhapliy (el-i-tror'a-fi), n. [< Gr. Iav-
Tpov, a sheath (vagina), -^■"l>a(j>ij, a seam, suture,
< frnvretv, sew.] Same as colporrhaphy.
Elytnini of FolynoF.
a polychsetous annelid,
bearing fimbriae, view-
ed from above (highly
magnified).
emacerate
elytrotomy (el-i-trot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. cAvrpov,
a sheath (vagina), -t- rofii/, a cutting.] A cut-
ting into the vaginal walls.
elytrum, elytron (el'i-trum, -tron), n.; pi.
elytra (-trii). [NL., < Gr. e'Avrpov, a cover, cov-
ering, as a case, sheath, shard of a beetle's
wing, shell, husk, capsule, etc. (cf. c/.v/iog, a.
case, cover), < iAveiv, roll round, wrap up, cover.]
1. In entom., the modified fore wing of beetles
or Coleoptera, forming with its fellow of the
opposite side a hard, horny, or leathery case
or sheath, more or less completely covering
and protecting the posterior membranous wings
when these are folded at rest, and usually
forming an extensive portion of the upper sur-
face of a beetle ; a shard. The elytra are alsoknown
as imng-covers or winy-sheaths. They are elevated during
flight, but do not serve as wings. See cuts under Coleop-
tera and beetle.
2. In some cheetopodous annelids, as the Aphro-
ditidw, or polychsetous annelids, as the Poly-
noe, one of the squamous lamella? overlying
one another on the dorsal surface of the worm,
made by a modification of the
dorsal cirri of the parapodia,
of which they are thus special-
ized appendages — Auriculate,
bispinose, connate, dimidiate,
etc., el3^ra. See tlie adjectives.
Elze'vlr (el'ze-ver), a. and n.
[F. Elzevir, formerly also El-
sevier, D. Elsevier.] I. a. 1.
Of or belonging to the Elze-
vir family of Dutch printers.
See below. — 2. Noting a cut
of printing-type. See II., 2.
— Elzevir editions, editions of the
Latin, French, and German classics,
and other works, published by a
family of Dutch printers named El-
zevir (Elsevier) at Leyden and Am-
sterdam, chiefly between 1583 and
1680. These editions are highly prized for their accuracy
and the elegance of their type, printing, and general make-
up. Those most esteemed are of small size, 24mo, 16mo,
and 12mo.
II. n. 1. A book printed by one of the Elze-
vir family. — 2. A form of old-style printing-
type, with firm hair-lines and stubby serifs,
largely used by the Elzevirs of the seventeenth
century.
Elzeviran, Elzevirian (el-ze-ve'ran, -ri-an), n.
[< Elzevir + -an, -ian.] A collector or fancier
of Elzevir books. See extract under grangerite.
An " Early-English dramatist," or an Elzevirian.
New Princeton Rev., V. 275.
em^ (em), n. [ME. *em, < AS. em, < L. em, the
name of the letter M, < e, the usual assistant
vowel, -1- m ; a Latin formation, the Gr. name
being /iv.] 1. The name of the thirteenth let-
ter of the alphabet, usually written simply m
or M. — 2. In printing, the square of any size
of type. The large square here shown ^H is the em of
the size pica ; the small one ^, one foura^he size (one
half the height and breadth), la the em of the size non-
pareil, the one here used. 'The em is the unit of mea-
surement in calculating the amount of type in a piece of
work, as a page, a column, or a book, the standard of
reckoning being 1,000; thus, this page or this Ijook con-
tains so many thousand, or so many thousand and hundred,
ems. In the United States it is also the unit in calculat-
ing the amount of work done by a compositor, while the
en is generally used for that purpose in Great Britain,
em^, 'em (always unaccented, um), pron. [Usu-
ally written and printed 'em, in 17th century
often 'hem, being regarded as a " contraction "
or abbreviation of them ; but in fact the reg.
descendant of ME. Acjh, him, hernn, hom, ham,
< AS. him, heom, dat. pi. of he, he, hed, she, hit,
it, the ME. and AS. dat. becoming the E. obi.
(aec. and dat.), as in him and her, and the ini-
tial aspirate falling away as in it, and (in easy
speech) in he, his. Mm, her: see he, she, it. But
though this is the origin of em or 'em, the form
could have arisen independently as a reduc-
tion of them, like 'at, 'ere, reduced foi'ms in dial,
speech of that, there.] In colloquial speech,
the objective plural of he, she, it: equivalent
to them.
For he could coin and counterfeit
New words with little or no wit ; . . .
And when with hasty noise he spoke '«»,
The ignorant for cun-ent took 'em,
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 109.
em-^. Assimilated form of fn-1 before labials.
em-2. Assimilated form of c»-2 before labials.
emaceratet (e-mas'e-rat), V. t. or (. [< L. emace-
ratus, defined 'emaciated,' equiv. to emaciatus
(see emaciate), if genuine, a mistaken form for
"emacraius, <. e + macer (macr-), lean, whence
ult. E. meager, q. v.] To make or become lean;
emaciate.
emaceration
«niacerationt (e-mas-e-ra'shon), n. [< emaeer-
(I ti + -ion.'] A making or becoming lean ; ema-
eiation.
emaciate (f-ma'shi-at), V. ; pret. and pp. ema-
ciated, ppr. emaciating. [< L. emaciatus, pp.
of emaciare (> It. emaciare), make lean, cause
to waste away, < e, out, + "maciare, make lean,
< maeies, leanness, < macere, be lean, macer
(tnaer-), lean, whence ult. E. meager, q. v.] I.
trans. To cause to lose flesh gradually ; waste
the flesh of; reduce to leanness: as, great suf-
fering emaciates the body.
A cold sweat bedews his enuieiaud cheeks.
y. Knox, Christian Philosophy, % 56.
H. intrans. To lose flesh gradually ; become
lean, as by disease or pining ; waste away, as
flesh.
Ue r.Arlstotle] etnaciated and pined away.
Sir T. Brounu, Vulg. Err., vii. 14.
emaciate (e-ma'shi-at), a. [< L. emaciatus, pp. :
see the verK] Thin; wasted; greatly reduced
in flesh. [Poetical.]
Or groom invade me with defying front
And stem demeanour, whoBe emaciate steeds . . .
Had panted oft beneath my goring steel. .
T, WartQti, Panegyric on Oxford Ale.
emaciation (e-ma-shi-a'shon), n. [= F. imaci-
ati'iii = 8p. emaciacion ="tg. emacia^So = It.
emacia^ione ; < L. as if 'emaciatio(n-), < emaci-
are, pp. enuteiatus, make lean : see emaciate.']
1. The act of making lean or tbin in flesh. — 2.
The state of becoming thin by gradual wasting
of flesh ; the state of being reduced to leanness.
Searchers cannot tell whether this etnaeiation or lean-
ness were from a phthisis, or from an hectick fever.
Qraunl, Bills of Mortality.
Marked by the emaxiatum of abstinence. Scott.
«ma(ralatet (e-mak'u-lat), v. t. [< L. emacula-
tu.1, pp. of emaculare, clear from spots, < e, out,
+ macula, a spot: see macula and mai/i.J To
free from spots or blemishes; remove errors
from; correct.
U|»iu8, Savile, Pichena, and others have taken great
pains with liini (Tacitus) in emaculatin^ the text, settling
the readinif, etc. Halct, Golden Remains, p. 273.
emacalationt (e-mak-u-la'shon), n. [< emaeu-
late + -ion.'] 'the act or operation of freeing
from spots.
emailt, emalt, "• Same as amel.
■Set rich rubye to reed emayte.
The raven's plume to peacocke's tayle.
Puttenkam, Partheniades, zr.
emanant (em'a-nant), a. and n. [< L. ema-
wtn{l-)s, ppr. of emanare, flow out, spring out
of, arise, proceed from: see emanate.] I. a.
Flowing, issuing, or proceeding from some-
thing else; becoming apparent by an effect.
The most wise counsel and purpoae of Almighty Ood
terminated In thoee two great transient or emaruifU acta
or works, the works of creation and providence.
Sir M. Hale, Grig, of Mankind, p. 36.
n. 1. In math., the result of operating any
numl)er of times upon a quantic with the oper-
ator (x'd/dx + y'd/dy +, etc.). J. J. Sylvester,
1853. Cayley (isse) defines it as one of the coefflcients of
the <iuantlc formed by substituting for x, y, etc., the fa-
cientA of the quantic to which the emanant belongs, Ix +
mjt. III + mij, ete., and then considering I and m as the
two fai'ients of the new quantic so obtained.
-emanate (em'a-nat). V. ; pret. and pp. emanated,
ppr. emanating. [< L. emanatus, pp. ot emanare
P It. emanare = 8p. Pg. emanar = F. ^matter, >
E. emane, q. v.), flow out, spring out of, arise,
proceed from, < e, out, + mdnare, flow : see ma-
nation, madid.] I. intrans. To flow out or is-
sue ; proceed, as from a source or origin ; come
or go forth : used chiefly of intangible things :
as. light emanates from the son ; fragrance ema-
nates from flowers; power emanaUa from the
people.
T1i:it ■ulniating form ot government from which all laws
fi't'i'fit.-. DeQxUneey.
All the stories we beard emanated from Calcutta.
r. //. RiuteU, Wary In India, I. 2.
The Hebrew word used here |in Oeneals] for llKht In-
clude* the allied forces of heat and electricity, which witli
light now twumat* from the solar photosphere.
Dammn, Nature and the Bible, p. 92.
n. trans. To send or give out; manifest.
[Bare.]
Wc jjnike of brisht topics only, his manner all the
while '■nuinatitut the silent sympathy which helps so
iiiiich )«'<:ause it respecta go much,
tooted In Merriam't Bowles, II. 41,'i,
emanate ^em'a-nat), a. [< L. emanatus, pp.: see
the vfrb,] Issuing out; emanant. Southey.
[Karc]
emanation (em-a-na'sbgn). n. [= F. imana-
tioH = 8p. emanaeion a Pg. emana^ = It.
1885
emanazione; < LL. emanatio^n-), an emana-
tion, < L. emanare, flow out: see emanate.]
1. The act of flowing or issuing from a foun-
tainhead or origin; emission; radiation. — 2.
In philos. : (a) Efficient causation due to the
essence and not to any particvilar action of
the cause. Thus, when the trunk of a tree is
moved, the branches go along with it by virtue
of emanation. Hence — (6) The production of
anything by such a process of Causation, as
from the divine essence. The doctrine of emana-
tion appears in its noblest form in the Enneads of Ploti-
nus, who makes sensible things to emanate from the
Ideas, the Ideas to emanate from the Nous, and the Xous
to emanate from the One, lamblichus makes the One to
emanate from the Good, thus going one step further. Tlie
Gnostics and Cabalists pushed the doctrine to fantastic
developments.
In the work of the creation we see a double emanation ot
virtue from God. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, 1, 61.
3. That which issues, flows, or is given out
from any substance or body ; efdux ; effluvium :
as, the odor of a flower is an emanation of its
particles.
Justice is the brightest ernanatwn from the gospel.
Sydney Smith.
4. In alg., the process of obtaining the succes-
sive emanants of a quantic.
Regnault's chemical principle of substitution and the al-
gebraical one of emanation are identical. J. J. Sylvester.
Facients of emanation, the facients x', y', etc., referred
t«.» in (-'ayley's detinition of an emanant.
emanationism (em-a-na'shon-izm), n. [< ema-
nation + -ism.] Devotion to theories of ema-
nation.
It [superstition] settled very thickly again in the first
Christian centuries, as cabalism, emanationism, neo-pla-
tonism, etc., with their hierarcliies of spirit-host^.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p, 315,
emanatist (em'a-na-tist), n. and a. [< emanate
+ -ist.] I. «. In theol., one who believes in
the efllux of other beings from the divine es-
sence ; especially, a member of one of the an-
cient Gnostic sects, such as that of the Val-
entlnians, which maintained that other beings
were so evolved. See emanation, 2 (6).
H. a. In theol., of or pertaining to the doc-
trine of the emanatists.
When then it was taken Into the service of these Ema-
natitt (Valentinian and Manichean] doctrines, the Homo-
oualon implied nothing higlier than a generic or specific
bond of unity. . . . The Nicene Fathers, on the other
band, were able, under altered circumstances, to vindicate
for the word [Homoduslon] Its Catholic meaning, unaf.
fected by any Kmanatist gloss.
Liddon, Hampton Lectures, pp. 439, 440,
emanative (em'a-na-tiv), a. [< emanate +
-ire.] Proceeding by emanation ; issuing or
flowing out, as an effect due to the mere exis-
tence of a cause, without any particular activity
of the latter.
By an emanative cause is understood such a cause as
merely by being, no other activity or causality interposed,
produces an effect. Dr. II. Mare, Immortal, ot Soul, I, 6.
It sometimes happens that a cause causes the effect by
Its own existence, without any causality distinct from its
existence ; and this by some is called emanative : which
word, though feigned with repugnancy to the analogy of
the Latin tongue, yet is It to be u.sed upon this occasion
till a more convenient can be found out,
BuryertdiciuM, tr. by a Gentleman.
Tis against the nature of emanative effects ... to sub-
sist but by the continual Influence of their causes.
Glanville, Essays, i,
emanatively (em'a-nft-tiv-li), adv. In or after
the manner of an emanation ; by emanation.
It is acknowledged by us that no natural, imperfect,
created being can create, or emanatively produce, a new
substance which was not before, and give it its whole lac-
ing, Cudmrrtk, Intellectual System,
emanatory (em'a-nS-to-ri), a. [< ML. 'emana-
toriii.s ( iicut. cmanatorinm, a fountain), < L. ema-
nare, flow out : see emanate.] Having the na-
ture of an emanation ; emanative.
Nor is there any incongruity that one substance should
cause something else which we may in some sense call
substance, though but secondary or emanatory.
Dr. H. More, Immortal, of Soul, i. 6,
Imanche (ii-moush'), n. In her., same as manehe.
emancipate (f-man'si-pat), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
emancipated, ppr. emancipating. [< L. eman-
eipatus, pp. of emancipare, cmancupare (> It.
emancipare = Sp. Pg. emancipar = F. ^manei-
per = D. emanciperen = G. emancipiren = Dan.
emancipere = Sw. emancipcra, emancipate),
declare (a son) free and independent of the
father's power by the thrice-repeated act of
mancipatio and manumissio, give from one's
own power or authority into that of another,
give up, surrender, < e, out, + mnncipiirr, man-
cupare, give over or deliver up, as proi)orty, by
means of the formal act called mancipium, give
up, transfer, < manceps (mancip-), a purciuwer,
emancipationist
a contractor, lit. one who takes (the property
or a symbol of it) in hand, < manus, hand, -I-
capere, take. From manceps comes also man-
cipium, the formal act of purchase, hence a
thing so purchased, and esp. a slave ; but eman-
cipare was not used in reference to freeing
slaves, the word for this act being manumittere :
see matiumit.] 1. To set free from servitude or
bondage by voluntary act ; restore from slavery
to freedom; liberate: as, to emanci^jate a slave.
When the dying slaveholder asked for the last sacra-
ments, his spiritual attendants regularly adjured him, as
he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren for whom
Christ had died. Macaulay.
2. To set free or liberate ; in a general sense,
to free from civil restriction, or restraint of
any kind; liberate from bondage, subjection, or
controlling power or influence : as, to emanci-
pate one from prejudices or error.
They emancipated themselves from dependence.
Arbuthnot.
No man can quite emancipate himself from his age and
country. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser,, p. 319.
= Syjl. Emancipate, Manumit, Enfranchise, Liberate, dis-
enthrall, release, unfetter, unshackle. To manumit is
the act of an individual formally freeing a slave ; the
word has no figurative uses. To emancipate is to free
from a literal or a figurative slavery : as, the slaves in
the West Indies were emancipated; to emancipate tile
mind. To enfranchise is to bring into freedom or into
civil rights ; hence the word often refers to the lifting of
a slave into full civil equality with freemen. Liberate is
a general word for setting or making free, whether from
slavery, from confinement, or from real or figurative op.
pressions, as fears, doubts, etc.
Thought emancipated itself from expression without
becoming its tyrant.
Lowell, Among ray Books, 2d ser,, p, 326.
All slaves that had been taken from the northern shore
of the Gulf of Mexico were to be manumitted and re-
stored to their country. Bancroft, Hist. U, S,, I. 52.
In the course of his life he [a Roman master] ei\fran-
chited individual slaves. On his death-bed or by his will
he constantly emancipated multitudes.
Leckif, Europ. Morals, I, 249.
To cast the captive's chains aside
And liberate the slave.
Long/etlow, The Good Part.
emancipate (e-man'si-pat), a. [< L. emancipa-
tus, pp. : see the verb.] Freed ; emancipated.
We have no slaves at home. Then why abroad ?
And they themselves, once ferried o'er the wave
That parts us, are emancipate and loos'd,
Cowper, Task, ii, 39.
emancipation (e-man-si-pa'shon), n. [= F.
StnancipatioH = Sp. emancijiacim = Pg. eman-
cipaq&o = It. emandpazione = D. emancipatie =
G. Dan. Sw. emancipation, < L. emancipatio{n-),
emancipation, < emancipare, emaneijiate : see
emancipate.] 1. The act of setting free from
bondage, servitude, or slavery, or from depen-
dence, civil restraints or disabilities, etc. ; de-
liverance from controlling influence or subjec-
tion ; liberation : as, the e»(««cy)nf/on of slaves ;
emancipation from prejudices, or from burden-
some legal disqualifications; the e7nanci2>ation
of Catholics by the act of Parliament passed
in 1829.
Previous to the triumph of Emancipation In the Fed-
eral District there was no public provision for the educa.
tion of the Blacks, whether bond or free,
//, Greeley, Amer, Conflict, II, 54.
Emancipation by testament ac(iuired such dimensions
that Augustus found it necessary to restrict the power ;
and he made several limitations, of which the most im-
portant was that no one should emancipate by his will
more than one hundred of his slaves.
Lecky, Europ, Morals, I. 249.
2. The freeing of a minor from parental con-
trol. It may be accomplished by the contract of parent
and child, and in the case of a female liy ina!'ri:i;;e, and
in some states by judicial decree.— Catholic Emancipa-
tion Act. See Ca(Aoiic.— Emancipation proclamation,
in V. S. hiiit., the proclamation by which, on January 1st,
1863, President Lincoln, as conmiander.in-chief of tiie ar-
mies of the United States, declared as a military measure,
in accordance with notice proclaimed September 22d, 1S62,
that within certain specified territory in armed rebellion all
persons held as slaves "are and henceforward shall be free, "
Was the Emancipation Proclamation legally operative
and etficient the moment it was uttered? or, as many have
maintained, only so fast and so far as our armies reached
the slaves or the slaves our armies*^ The Nation, I. 163,
Gradual emancipation, the freeing of slaves by de-
grees or according to certain individual contingencies, as
between specified ages or after a prescribed length of
service. Slavery was extinguished by gradual emancipa-
tion in most of the original northern United States, and
it was at an early date advocated by many in the more
southern States, Laws were passed at different periods
for gradual emancipation in the British and Spanish West
Indies an<i in Brazil; but they have l>een in each instance
finally superseded by acts for the absolute abolition of
slavery. = Syn. 1, llelease, manumission, enfranchisement.
emancipationist (o-man-si-pa'shon-ist), n. [<
emancipation 4- -ist.] One who is in favor of
or advocates the emancipation of slaves. —
emancipationist
Gradual emandpationlst, in the history of slaver^',
one who favore<1 gradual emancipation (which see, under
emannfatinn).
emancipator (e-man'si-pa-tor), n. [< LL. eman-
cqxitor, < h. emancipare, emancipate: seee»/ja«-
cipate.'] One who emancipates, or liberates
from bondage or restraint.
Kich&rd seized Cyprus not as a pirate, but as an avenger
and emancipator.
Stubbt, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 161.
emancipatory (e-man'si-pa-to-ri), a. [< eman-
eipate + -ory.'] Pertaining or relating to eman-
cipation ; favoring or giving emancipation : as,
an emancipatory judgment, law, or decree.
The first of these [sources] was the eumticipatorti spirit
of the North. The Atlantic, LVIL 22.
A woman the most averse to any emancipatory ideas con-
cerning her sex can surely identify her name with that
most sexly of occupations, needlework.
Philadelphia Times, July 24, 1883.
emancipist (e-man'si-pist), n. [< F. Smanei-
piste, ( einanciper, emancipate: see emancipate
and -t«<.] A convict in a European penal colony
who has been pardoned or emancipated.
There is much jealousy between the children of the rich
emanc\pi»t |in New South Wales] and the free settlers.
Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, II. 231.
For some time past the free colonists (in the French
penal colonies], by no means a numerous class, have de-
clined to employ emancipists, declaring that while they
claimed the free man's wages they would not give the free
man's work. Nineteenth Century, XXI. 839.
emandibulate (e-man-dib'u-lat), a. [< L. e-
priv. + mandibula, mandible : see mandihulate.'\
1. In entom., having no mandibles, or having
those organs so modified that they cannot be
used for grasping or biting, as in the Lepidoptera
and most Diptera. This epithet was restricted by
Kirby to species of the neuropterous faLjaily Phry^aneidce,
in which the mandibles are soft and very minute, but the
maxillffi and labium are well developed,
2. Having no lower jaw, as the lampreys and
hags ; cyelostomous, as a vertebrate.
emanet (e-man'), v. i. [= P. emaner = Sp. Pg.
emanar = It. emanate, < L. emanare, flow out,
proceed from : see emanate.'] To flow out ;
issue ; emanate.
We may seem even to hear the supreme intelligence and
eternal soul of all natui-e give this commission to the spir-
its which enianed from him.
Sir W. Joties, Mystical Poetry of the Persians and Hindus.
emangt, prep, and adv. An obsolete form of
among.
emarcid (e-mar'sid), a. [Irreg. < L. e- + mar-
cidus, withered, after emarcescere, 'wither away :
see marcid.'] In bot., flaccid; -wilted.
emargina-te (e-mar'ji-nat), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
emarginated, ppr. emarginating. [< L. emargi-
nuttis, pp. of emarginare, deprive of the edge,
< e, out, + margo {margin-), edge, margin: see
marginate.l To remove the margin of; deprive
of margin.
emarginate (e-mar'ji-nat), a. [< L. emargina-
tuif, pp. : see the verb.] Having the margin or
extremity taken away. Specifically— (a) in bot.,
notched at the blunt apex : applied to a leaf, petal, stigma,
or to the gills of fungi, (d) In mineral., having all the
edges of the primi-
tive form truncated,
each by one face, (c)
In zool., having the
margin broken by a
shallow notch or
other incurvation ;
Three Emarginate Primaries of a Hawlc. incised ; nicked. —
Emarginate pro-
thorax or pronotum, in entom., one having the anteri(jr
margin concave for the reception of the head, as in many
Coleoptera.
emarginated (e-mar'ji-na-ted), p. a. Same as
emarginate.
emarginately (e-mar'ji-nat-li), adv. In the
form of iiotenes.
emargination (e-mar-ji-na'shon), n. [< emar-
ginate + -ion.] The act of taking away the
margin, or the state or condition of ha-ving the
margin taken away.
Specifically — (a) In bot.,
the condition of having a
notch at the summit or
blunt end, as a leaf or
petal : as, the emargina-
tion of a leaf. (6) In zool. ,
the state of being emargi-
nate ; incision.
Either or both webs [of
feathers] may be incised
toward the end ; this is
called emargination. . . .
The least appreciable forking [of a bird's tail) is called
cmarginatUm, and a tail thus shaped is said to be emar-
ginate. Cinies, Key to N. A. Birds, pp. 112, 117.
emarginato-ezca'vate (e-mar-ji-na'to-eks'ka-
vat), a. In entom., hollowed out above, the
next joint being inserted in the hollow, as a
tarsal joint.
Leaf of Buxus sempervirens and
Flower of Primula sinensis.
a, d, Emarginations.
1886
Emarginula (e-mar-jin'u-la), «. [NL., a,semar-
gin{atc) + -ula.] A genus of keyhole-limpets, of
the t&\mij Fissurellidce, or made type of a family
Emarginulidce, having an emargination of the
anterior edge of the deeply cupped shell. IC.
etongatu^, of the Mediterranean, is an example.
Emarglnnlidae (e-mar-ji-nu'li-de), n. pi. [NL. .
< Emarginula + -idai.] A family of keyhole-
limpets, typified by the genus Emarginula, sep-
arated from the family Fissurellidw.
emarginuliform (e-mar-jin'u-li-f6rm), a. [<
NL. Emarginula + Jj. forma, ioim.'] Resem-
bling a limpet of the genus Emarginula.
emasculate (f-mas'ku-lat), v. ; pret. and pp.
emasculated, ppr. emasculating. [< LL. emascu-
latus, pp. of emasculare, < e, out, + masculus,
male: see masculine, male^.'] I, trans. 1. To
deprive of the male functions ; deprive of vi-
rility or proereative power; castrate; geld.
Hence — 2. To deprive of masculine strength
or ■vigor ; weaken ; render effeminate ; vitiate
by unmanly softness.
Luxury had not emasciUated their minds.
V. Knox, Spirit of Despotism, § 2.
The tastes and habits of civilization, the innumerable
inventions designed to promote comfort and diminish
pain, set the cuiTcnt of society in a direction altogether
different from heroism, and somewhat enuisculate, though
they refine and soften, the character.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 136.
3. In general, to weaken; destroy the force or
strength of ; specifically, to weaken or destroy
the literary force of, as a book or other writing,
by too rigid an expurgation, or by injudicious
editing.
McGlashan pruned freely. James abused McGlashan for
having emasculated his jokes. N. and Q., 7th ser., VI. 111.
II. intrans. To become unmanned or effem-
inate.
Though very few, or rather none which have emascu-
lated or turned women, yet very many who from an es-
teem or reality of being women have infallibly proved
men. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 17.
emasculate (f-mas'ku-lat), a. [< L. emascula-
tus, pp.: see the verlj.] Deprived of the male
functions; castrated; hence, unmanned ; de-
prived of vigor.
Thus the harrast, degenerous, eirmsculate slave is of-
fended with a jubilee, a manumission.
Hamitwnd, Works, IV. 515.
Catholicism restricts " religion" to its priests and other
emasculate orders, and allows the laity no nearness to
God but what comes through their intercession.
//. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 211.
emasculation(e-mas-ku-la'shon), «. [= p. Emas-
culation; < L. as if *emasculatio{n-), < emasctt-
lare, emasculate: see emasculate.'] 1. The act
of depriving a male of the functions which
characterize the sex; castration. — 2. The act
of depriving of vigor or strength ; specifically,
the act of eliminating or altering parts of a
literary work in such a manner as to deprive it
of its original force or vividness.
The emasculations [of an edition of "Don Quixote "] were
some Scotchman's. Qayton, Notes on Don Quixote.
3. The state of being emasculated; effemi-
nacy; unmanly weakness.
emasculator (f-mas'ku-la-tor), n. [< L. emas-
culator, < emasculare, emasculate: see emascu-
late.] One who or that which emasculates.
emasculatory (f-mas'ku-la-to-ri), a. [< emas-
culate -¥ -ory.] ' Serving to emasculate.
embacet, v. t. See embase.
embalet, emballt (em-bal', -bal'), v. t; pret.
and pp. embaled, emballed, ppr. embaling, emball-
ing. [< P. emballer (= Sp. Pg. emhalar = It. im-
hallare, make into a bale, pack up), < en, in, +
6oie, 6oHe, a bale,ball: see 6«te3j jaMi.] 1. To
make up into a bale, bundle, or package ; pack.
All the marchandize they lade outwards, they etnball
it well with Oxe hides, so that if it take wet, it can haue
no great harme, Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 227.
2. To wrap up ; inclose.
Her streight legs most bravely were etnbayid
In gilden buskins of costly Cordwayne.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 27.
emballingt (em-ba'ling), n. [Verbal n. of em-
ball, taken independently as < tm-^ + ball^ : see
embale, emboli.] The act of distinguishing by
the ball or globe, the ensign of royalty ; promo-
tion to sovereignty.
Anne. I swear again, I would not be a queen
For all the world.
Old L. In faith, for little England
You'd venture an emballing. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3.
Emballonura (em-bal-o-nu'ra), n. [NL., < Gr.
Cfilid?'/.nv, throw in, -t- ovpd, tail.] The typical
genus of bats of the family Emballonuridce. rhe
tail perforates the interfenioral membrane and appears
embalmment
loose upon the upper surface for a part of Its own length,
whence the name. There are 2 incisors and 2 premolar*
in each half of the upper jaw, and 3 incisors and 2 premo-
lars in each half of the lower jaw. The genus contains
a few species, distributed from Madagascar through the
Malay arcliipchigo.
emballonurid (em-bal-o-nu'rid), n. A bat of
t)ie family Emballonuridce.
Emballonuridse (em-bal-o-nu'ri-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Emballonura + -idee.] A family of mi-
crochiropteran bats, containing about 12 genera
and upward of 60 species. They are characterUed
by the obliquely truncated snout with prominent nostrils,
the first phalanx of the middle finger foliied in repose
above the metacarpal bone, and by the production of the
tail far beyond the interfemoral membrane, or the per-
foration of this membrane by the tail. There is generally
a single pair of upper incisors. The family is nearly cos-
mopolitan, and is divided into EmballonurincB and Molos-
sinte.
Emballonurinse (em-bal '''o-nu-n'ne), n. pi.
[NL., < Emballonura + -in<B.] ' The subfamily
of bats typical of the family Emballonuridte,
having a slender tail which either perforates
Diclidttrus albus, belonging to the subfamily Emballonurina.
the interfemoral membrane above or ends in
it, weak upper incisors, and long legs ■with slen-
der flbulse. The leading genera are Furia, Em-
ballonura, Diclidurus, Noctilio, and Bhinopoma.
emballonurine (em-bal-6-nu'rin), a. and H.
I. a. Of or pertaining to tie microchiropteran
families Emballonuridce and I'hyllostomidee. The
emballonurine alliance is one of two series into which the
Microchiroptera are divided, having the upper incisors
approximated and the tail perforating the interfemoi-al
membrane, or produced beyond it. See vespertilionine..
II. n. A member of the emballonurine alli-
ance; an emballonurid or phyllostomid.
embalm (em-bam'), V. t. [Formerly also ini-
balm; spelling altered as in 6«7»( ; < ME. ewfeaic-
men, enbaumen, < OF. embaumer, earlier embaus-
mer, embasmer, embausemer, emhalsemer, etc., F.
embaumer = Pr. emhasmar, embaymar = Sp. Pg.
embalsamar = It. imbalsamare, imbalsimare, <
ML. imbalsamare, < L. in, in, + balsavmm, bal-
sam, balm: see balsam, balm.] 1. To dress
or anoint ■with balm ; specifically, to preserve
from decay by means of balsams or other aro-
matic spices; keep from putrefaction by im-
pregnating with spices, gums, and chemicals,
as a dead body. The ancient process was to open the
body, remove the viscera, and fill the cavities with anti-
septic spices and drugs. (See mummy.) In modern times
many substances and methods have been employed in era.
balming, as by injection of arsenical preparations into the
blood-vessels, generally with a view only to the preserva-
tion of the body for a certain period, as during transporta-
tion to a distant point, or instead of refrigeration in hot
weather during the ordinary interval before burial.
Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to em.
balm his father : and the physicians embalmed Israel.
Gen. 1. 2.
Unto this appertained the ancient use of the Jews to
embalm the corpse with sweet odours, and to adorn the
sepulchres of certain. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 75.
Hence — 2. To preserve from neglect or decay ;
preserve in memory.
Those tears eternal, that embalm the dead.
Pope, Ep, to Jervas, 1. 48.
No longer caring to embalm
In dying songs a dead regret.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Conclusion.
3. To impart fragrance to ; fill with sweet scent.
Meanwhile,
Leucothea waked, and with fresh dews embalm'd
The earth. Milton, P. L., xi. 135.
Here eglantine embalmed the air.
Scott, L. of the L, 1. 12.
embalmer (em-ba'mfer), n. [= p. embaumeur.]
One who embalms bodies for preservation.
By this it seemeth that the Romans in Numa's time were
not so good embalmers as the Egyptians were.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 171.
embalmment (em-bam'ment), n. [= p. em-
baumement; as embalm + -ment.] '1. The act
or process of embalming.
Lord Jetf cries ordered the hearseman to carry the corpse
to Russell's, an undertaker in Cheapside, and leave it
embalmment
there, till he sent orders for the embalmment, which he
added should be aft«r the royal manner.
Matonf, Dryden, "Account of the Funeral. "
2. A substance used in embalming. [Archaic]
At len^h we found a faire new ilat, and %'nder that two
bundles, the one bi^rger, the other lesse ; in the greater we
found a great quantity of fine red powder, lilce a kinde of
imbaltiument. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, 11. 222.
If I die.
Like sweet embtUmment round my heart shall lie
This love, this love, this love I have for thee.
William Morrig, Earthly Paradise, I. 331.
embank (em-bangk'), t'. t. [Formerly also im-
bank; < em-l + fcanfcl.] To inclose with a
bank ; furnish with an embankment ; defend or
strengtlienby banks, mounds, ordikes; bankup.
embankment lem-bangk'ment), «. [Formerly
also imbankment ; < embank + -»(enf.] 1. The
act of surrounding or defending with a bank. —
2. A mound, bank, dike, or earthwork raised
for any purpose, as to protect land from the
inroads of the sea or from the overflow of a
river, to carry a canal, road, or railway over a
valley, etc. ; a levee : as, the Thames embank-
ment in London, England.
Once again the tide had rolled fiercely against the em-
bankment, and Iforne part of it away.
B. Dowtlen, Shelley, I. 303.
embart (em-bar'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. embarred,
ppr. embarring. [Formerly also imbar ; < OF.
embarrer, enbarrer, bar, set bars on, bar in, <
en- + barrer, bar: see rm-l and 6arl.] 1. To
bar; close or fasten with a bar; make fast. —
2. To inclose so as to hinder egress or escape ;
bar up or in.
Fast embard In mighty braaen wall.
Speneer, F. g., I. viL 44.
She [the ship) was by their agreement stolen oat of the
harix>r, where she had been long embarred.
Winthrop, HUt. New England, II. 88.
3. To stop ; obstruct ; bar out.
The first great judgment of Ood npon the ambition of
man was the confosion of tongues; whereby the open
trade and intercourse of learning and knowledge was
chiefly imbarred. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, f. 64.
embarcation, >i. See embarkation.
embarge^t (em-bSrj'), r. *. [< em-^ + b<irge.'\
To put or go on board a barge.
Triumphall music from the flood arose,
. As when the soueraigne we embar^d doe see.
And by faire London (or his pleamre rowea.
Drayton, Legend of Robert.
embarge^t, r. t. See embargue.
embargo Oem-bSr'go), ». (^Formerly also im-
barqo ; = D. G. Dan. Sw.ejwoarj/o = F. embargo
= ^t. intfrarco, < 8p. embargo, an embargo,
seizure, arrest (= Pg. embargo, embargo, objec-
tion, = Pr. embarg, embarc), < embargar (= Pg.
embargar), arrest, restrain, distrain, impede,
seize, lay an embargo on, < IiTL. as if 'imharri-
eare, block up, emlwr, < L. in, in, in-2, + ML.
barra, a bar: see 6arl, and cf. barricade, em-
bar, embarrass.'] 1. A stoppage or seizure of
ships or merchandise by sovereign authority ;
specifically, a restraint or prohibition imposed
by the authorities of a countrj- on merchant
vessels, or other ships, to prevent their leav-
ing its ports, and sometimes amounting to an
interdiction of commercial intercourse either
with a particular country or with all countries.
The sequestration by a natkm of vessels or goods of its
own citlxena or sabjecta, (or pabllc nacs, b aometlmes
called a eivU tmbargo, in oontradiiUnction to • general
prohililtion from Imring port intended to affect the
trade or nafal operations o( another nation, called inter-
natiotutl embargo.
BmbargoeM on merchandise was another engine o( royal
power, by which the English prince* were able to extort
money (ram the people. Utune, Hist. Eng., V., App. iii.
An enibargo ... is, in Its special sense, a detention a(
vessels in a port, whether they be national or (oreign,
whetlier (or the purpose of employing them and their
'-rews in a naval expedition, as was (ormerly practised, or
for political purposes, or by way o( reprisals.
IToofMy, Introd. to Inter. Law, 1 114.
Hence — 2. A restraint or hindrance imposed
on anything: as, to lay an embargo on free
-peech.
Her emterpo of silence.
BuskneU, Sermons on Living Subjects, I. 34.
The chill embaroo of the snow
Was melted in the genial glow.
Whluitr, Snow-Bound.
Embargo acts, United States statute* forbidding the
rl - ' rchant veaaeU from any United .States port
i> n>ecial permission o( the I'resldent. The
r> 1 is that o( 1807, amended In 1806 (2 SUt..
4:.i ;iM I ,...v) |>^ft«d to countervail the Berlin and Milan
decrees of Napoleon 1. and the British orders In council,
by whleh France and Oreat Britain, then at war. intimated
a riglit tii int*Tfert with and control neutral merchant
vesaels, whether carrying articles contraband of war or
not. Similar acU were paaaed in 1812 (2 SUt, 700) and
1813 (3 SUt, 88).
18»7
embargo (em-bar'go), r. t. [< embargo, n.] To
lay an embargo upon; restrain the movement
or voluntary use of, as ships or property, es-
pecially as an act of sovereignty or of public
policy ; make a seizure or arrestment of. See
embargo, n.
embarguet, ». [< embargo, n.] An embargo.
To make an Embargue of any Stranger's Ship that rides
within his Ports upon all Occasions.
Howell, Letters, I. iii. 11.
embarguet (em-barg'), v. t. [Also, less prop.,
embarge; < embargo, ».] To embargo.
The first, to know if there were any warres betweene
Spaiue and England. The second, why our merchants
with their goods were etnbarged or arrested.
Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 555.
Howsoever, in respect of the king's departure (at which
time they use here to embarge all the mules, and means
of carriage in this town), I believe his lordship will not
begin his journey so soon as he intended.
Cabbala, Sir Wni. Alston to Sec. Conway.
It was no volunUry but a constrained Act in the Eng-
lish, who, being in the Persian's Port, were suddenly em-
bargued (or the Service [for the Uking of Ormus].
Howell, Letters, I. iii. 11.
embarguementt, n. See embarquement.
embark ' im-bark'), v. [Formerly also embargue
and imbark; < OF. (and F.) embarquer = Sp.
Pg. embarear = It. imbarcare, < L. in, in, + ML.
6arca, a bark: see ftorfcS.] I. trans. 1. To put
on board a ship or other vessel : as, the general
embarked his troops and their baggage.
Sidan fled to Safl, and einbarques his two hundred wo-
men in a Hemming; his riches, in a Marsilian.
Purchae, Pilgrimage, p. 632.
We went on to the .South Sea Coast, and there embarked
our selves in such Canoas and Periago's as our Indian
ftiends (uniished us withal. Dampier, Voyages, I. ill.. Int.
The French have embarked Fitz-James's regiment at
Ostend (or .Scotland. Walpole, Letters, II. 5.
Hence — 2. To place or venture; put at usa or
risk, as by investment ; put or send forth, as
toward a destination : as, he embarked his capi-
tal in the scheme.
I am sorry
I e'er embarked myself in such a business.
B. JoTuon, Alchemist, i. 1.
1 suppose thee to be one who hast einbarqu'd many
prayers (or the succease o( the Gospel in these darke cor-
ners o( the earth.
T. SKepard, Clear Sunshine of the Gospel, To the Reader.
I know not whether he can be called a goml subject who
does not embark some part o( his fortune with the sUte,
to whose vigilance he owes the security of the whole.
Steele, SpecUtor, No. 340.
n. intrans. 1 . To go on board ship, as when
setting out on a voyage: as, the troops em-
barkedfoT Lisbon.
On the 14 o( September I imbarked in another English
ship. Sandys, Travaiies, p. 7.
In the evening I embarked, and they choose an evening
(or coolness, rowing ail night
Dampier, Voyages, II. 1. 100.
Did I but purpose to embark with thee
On the smooth Surface of a Summer's Sea?
/*rior, Henry and Emma.
2. To set out, as in some course or direction ;
make a start or beginning in regard to some-
thing; venture; engage.
Ever embarking in Adventures, yet never comes to Har-
bour. Congreve, Old Batchelor, i. 4.
He saw that he would be slow to embark in such an un-
dertaking. Maeattlay, Hist Eng., x.
They were most unwilling that he should embark in an
undertaking which they knew would hamper him (or so
many years to come. Lad;/ Holland, in Sydney Smith, vil.
embarkation, embarcation (em-bar-ka'shon),
«. [= F. embarcation, a boat, craft (= Sp.
embareacion = Pg. embarcafSo) ; as embark +
-ation.'] 1. The act of putting or goin^ on board
ship ; the act of setting out or sending off by
water.
The embarcation at the army. Clarendon.
Lost again and won back again, it [Salona] appears
throughout those wars as the chie( point of embarcation
(or the Imperial armies on their voyages to lUly.
K. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 173.
2. That which is embarked.
Another rmbarco/ion of JesuiU was sent from Lisbon to
CiviU Vecchia. SmoUett, Hist. Eng., III. xlii.
3. The vessel on which something is embarked.
[Bare.]
We must have seen something like a hundred of these
embarkationt [canal-barges] in the course of that day's pad-
dle, ranged one after another like the houses in a street.
R. L. Stei^enson, Inland Voyage, p. 100.
embarkment (em-bark'ment), n. [Formerly
also imbarkment, embarguement, imbarquement
(and embarquement, q. v.); < OF. (and F.) em-
barquement (= Pg. embarcamento = It. imbarca-
m^«<o),< cw6ar(/!«!r, embark: seeemftarfc.] The
act of embarking ; embarkation.
embarrassment
He removed from his Cuman to his Pompeian villa, be-
yond Naples, which, not being so commodious for an em-
barkment, would help to lessen the suspicion of his in-
tended flight. Middleton, Life of Cicero, ii. 289 (Ord MS.).
embarmentt (em-bar'ment), n. [< embar +
-metit] An embargo. MalUxcell.
A true report of the general embarrement of all English
shlppes. Title of a Tract (1684).
embarquementf, «. [Occurring in the follow-
ing passage in Shakspere, where some editions
have embarguement ; < OF. embarquement, tak-
ing ship, putting into a ship, loading: see em-
barkment. Embargo does not appear to have
been in use in any form in Shakspere's time.]
A word of uncertain meaning (perhaps a load-
ing, burdening, restraint) in the following pas-
sage:
The prayers of priests, nor times of sacrifice,
Embarquementu [var. embarguements] all of fury.
SAo*.,Cor., i. 10.
embarras (on-ba-ra'), n. [F.] See embarrass.
embarrass (em-bar'as), v. t. [< F. embarrasser,
encumber, obstruct, block up, entangle, per-
plex (= Sp. embarazar = Pg. embaragar =
It. imbarazzare, embarrass), < L. in, in, + F.
*barras, Pr. barras, a bar ; cf. Sp. barras, a pris-
on, prop. pi. of Pr. Sp., etc., 6arro, P. barre, a
bar. Cf. embar, embargo, and debarrass, disem-
barrass.] 1. To hamper or impede as with en-
tanglements; encumber; render intricate or
difficult ; beset with difficulties ; confuse or per-
plex, as conflicting circumstances, pecuniary
complications, etc. : as, public affairs are em-
barrassed; want of order tends to embarrass
business ; the merchant is embarrassed by the
unfavorable state of the market, or by his lia-
bilities.
I believe our being here will but embarrass the inter-
view. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.
Hugo was an indefatigable and versatile writer. The
stupendous quantity of work which he produced during
his long literary career is hardly less embarrassing in va-
riety than in amount. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 131.
2. To perplex mentally ; confuse the thoughts
or perceptions of ; discompose ; disconcert ;
abash : as, an abrupt address may embarrass a
yoimg lady.
He well knew that this would embarrass me.
Smollett, Humphrey Clinker.
He [Washington] never appeared embarrassed at homage
rendered him. Bancroft, Hist, Const, II. 364.
=8yn. 1. To hinder, imi)ede, obstruct, harass, distress,
clog, hamper.— 2. Embarrass, Puzzle, Perplex. Toembar-
rass, literally, is to bar one's way, to impede one's progress
in a particular direction, to hamper one's actions ; hence,
to make it difficult for one to know what is best to be
done; also, U> confuse or disconcert one so that one has
not for a time one's usual judgment or presence of mind.
To puzzle, literally, is to pose or give a hard question to,
to put into a state of uncertainty where decision is difficult
orinipo!«sit>le ; it applies equally to opinion and to conduct.
To perplex, literally, is to inclose, as in the meshes of a net,
to entangle one's judgment so that one is at a loss whnt
to think or how to act. Embarrass expresses most of un*
comforUble feeling and mental confusion.
Awkward, embarrassed, stiff, without the skill
Of moving gracefully or sUnding still.
Churchill, The Rosciad.
Some truth there was, but dash'd and brew'd with lies.
To please the fools, and puzzle all the wise.
Dryden, Abs. and Achlt., 1. 115.
They . , . begin by laws to perplex their commerce with
infinite regulations, impossible to be remembered and
observed. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 409.
He is perpetually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own
blunders. Addison.
embarrass (em-bar'as), n. [Also written, as
F., embarras; < F. embarras = Sp. embarazo =
Pg. embarazo = It. imbarazzo, embarrassment,
obstruction, etc. ; from the verb. ] If. Embar-
rassment.
" Now," says my Lord, "the only and the greatest em-
barras that I have in the world Is, how to behave myself
to Sir H. Bennet and my Lord Chancellor."
Pepys, Diary, II. 148.
These little etnbarrasses we men o( intrigue are eternally
subject to. Foote.
2. In the parts of the United States formerly
French, a place where the navigation of a river
or creek is rendered difficult by the accumula-
tion of driftwood, trees, etc.
embarrassingly (em-bar'as-ing-li), adv. In an
embarrassing manner; so as to embarrass.
embarrassment (em-bar'as-ment), n. [< em-
barrass + -ment.] 1. Perplexity; intricacy;
entanglement; involvement, as by debt or un-
favorable circumstances.
The embarrassments to commerce growing out of the
late regulations. Bancro.ft.
Let your method be plain, that your hearers may run
through it without embarrassment. Watts, Logic,
embarrassment
Defeat, universal agitation, financial embarrmiments,
disorganization in every part of tlie government, com-
pelled Charles again to convene the Houses before the
close of the same year. Macaulay, llallain's Const. Hist.
2. Perplexity or confusion of mind; bewilder-
ment ; discomposure ; abashment.
You will have the goodness to excuse me, if my real,
unaffected CT»6orro*»«Kii< prevents me from expressing
my gratitude to you as I ought Burke, Speech at Bristol.
embarrelt (em-bar'el), v. t. [< em-i + harrel.1
To put or pack in a barrel.
Our embarreVd wliite herrings . . . last in long voy-
ages. Xa3he, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 179).
embarrent (em-bar'en), v. t. [< em-^ + barren.']
To make barren ; sterilize.
Lilse the ashes from the Mount Vesuvius, though singly
small and nothing, yet in conjoined quantities they em-
barren all the fields about it. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 9.
embasef (em-bas')> *'• t- [^ ME. enbaissen, <
OF. embaisser, embesser, lower, abase, < en- +
bag, low, base : see base^. Cf. abase.'] 1. To
lower; degrade ; depress or hollow out.
When God . . .
Had seuered the Floods, leuell'd the Fields,
Etnbai't the Valleys, and embost the Hils.
Syleester, tr. of Ui^Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
2. To lower in value; debase; vitiate; de-
prave; impair.
Mixture of falsehood is like alloy In coin of gold and
silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it
embaseth it. Bacon, Truth (ed. 1887).
They that embafe coin and metals, and obtrude them
for perfect and natural. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. 8.
A pleasure high, rational, and angelic ; a pleasure em-
bated by no appendant sting. South.
3. To lower In nature, rank, or estimation;
degrade.
They saw that by this means they should somewhat
etnbase the calling of John. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 11.
Should I . . .
Embase myself to speak to such as they ?
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
Uncleanness is hugely contrary to the spirit of govern-
ment, by embasing the spirit of a man.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, ii. 3.
embasement^t (em-bas'ment), n. [< embase +
-ment.'] The act of embasing, or the state of
being embased; a vitiated, impaired, or de-
based condition ; depravation ; debasement.
Tliere is dross, alloy, and e-nibaseyne-nt in all human
tempers. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., t 28.
embasement^ (em-bas'ment), n. [< *embase,
verb assumed from embdsis, + -ment.] Same
as embasis.
embasiatet (em-bas'i-at), n. [An obs. form of
embassade.] Embassy.
But when the Erie of Warwik understode of this mar-
riage, he tooke it highly that his embanate was deluded.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 90.
embasis (em'ba-sis), n. [LL., < Gr. eiifiaau:, a
bathing-tub, a foot, hoof, step, a going into, <
ififiaiveiv, go into, < h, in, + (iaiveiv, go.] In
med., a bathing-tub, or vessel filled with warm
water for bathing. Also called embasement.
[Rare or obsolete.]
embassadet, ambassadet (em'-, am'ba-sad), n.
[Early mod. E. also ambassad, ambassed, etc.
(and see embasiate, ambassiate), < late ME. am-
bassade, ambassiade, ambaxade = D. G. Dan.
ambassade = Sw. ambassad, < OF. ambassade,
also ambaxade, ambayade, and embassade, F.
ambassade, < OSp. ambaxada, mod. Sp. emba-
jada = Pg. embaixada = It. ambasciata = Pr.
ambaissat, ambaissada = OP. ambassee, ambaxee,
ctnbascee (> E. ambassy, embassy, which are re-
lated to ambassade, embassade, as armxfl to
armada: see ambassy, embassy), < ML. *am-
bactiata, spelled variously ambaxiata, ambaxata,
ambasciata, ambassiata, etc., an embassade, em-
bassy, prop. pp. fem. of "ambactiare, ambaxiare,
ambasciare, ambassiare, etc., go on a mission,
announce, < "ambactia, ambaxia, ambascia, am-
bassia (> OF. ambasse), a mission, embassy,
charge, office, < L. ambactus, cited by Pestus
from Ennius as a Gallic word meaning ' servant'
(servus), and applied by Csssar to the vassals
or retainers (ambactos clientesque) of the Gallic
chiefs ; identified by Zeuss with W. amaeth (for
*ambaeth, orig. type *ambact), a hxisbandmaii,
orig. perhaps a tenant, retainer, or a footman,
goer about, < W. am, formerly amb- (= L. amb-,
ambi-, q. v.), around, about, + aeth (pret.), he
went. With the L. ambactus is connected an
important Teut. word, AS. ambeht, embcht, om-
biht, onbeht (rare and poet.), a servant, atten-
dant, = OS. "ambaht, ambahteo = OHG. ambaht,
ampaht, m., = Icel. ambott, ambatt (> ME. am-
boht), fem., = Goth, andbahts, m., a servant; a
word common in later Teut. only in the deriv.
1888
AS. ambekt, ambieht, ambiht, ambyht, ombeht, on-
beht (in earliest form ambaect), in comp. also an-
byht = ONorth. embeht, service, office, = OS.
ambaht (in comp.) = OFries. ombecht, ombeht,
ambocht, ambucht, ombet, ambet, ambt, ampt, amt,
service, office, jurisdiction, bailiwick, = OD.
ambacht, service, office, charge, mod. D. am-
bacht, trade, handicraft, = OHG. ambahti, am-
baht, MHG. ambet, ammet, G. amt, service, of-
fice, charge, magistracy, jurisdiction, district,
business, concern, corporation, divine service,
mass, etc. (> Dan. Sw. amt, jurisdiction, dis-
trict: see amt, amtman, ammau), = Icel. em-
bcetti, sei-vice, office, divine service, = Sw.
embete, office, place, corporation, = Dan. em-
bede, office, place, = Goth, andbahti, service;
whence the verb, AS. (ONorth.) embehtian =
Icel. embcetta = Goth, andbahtjan, serve. The
Teut. word has been taken as the source of the
L., but the case is prob. the other way^ Goth.
and-b- standing for L. amb-, which combination
does not occur in Goth., while and-b- is com-
mon; AS. amb-, omb-, for L. amb-, or accom.
an-b-, on-b-, the reg. reduction of AS. *and-b-,
which is never reduced to amb-, omb-, in native
words (cf. amber^).] Same as embassy.
But wlien lier words embassade forth she sends.
Lord, how sweete musicke that unto them lends I
Spenser, In Honour of Beautie.
embassador, n. See ambassador.
This Luys hath written 3. large bookes in Spanish col-
lected . . . out of Don luan de Baltasar, an Ethiopian of
great accompt, who had beene Embassador from his Mas-
ter Alexander. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 666.
embassadorial (em-bas-a-do'ri-al), rt. See am-
bassadorial.
embassadress (em-bas'a-dres), »». See ambas-
embattlement
of c/ifiaTT/pioc, of or for marching in, < ififiaiveiv,
step in, enter upon, < h, in, -f (iaivav, go, step.]
A war-song sung by Spartan soldiers on the
march, which was accompanied by music of
flutes.
embathet (em-baTH'), v. t. [< em-l + bathe.]
To bathe. Also written imbathe.
Gave her to liis daughters to embathe
In uectar'd lavers, strew'd with asphodel.
Milton, Comus, 1. 837.
embattle^ (em-bat'l), v. ; pret. and pp. embat-
tled, ppr. embattling. [Early mod. E. also em-
battail, embatteil; < ME. embatailen, enbatelen,
array for battle, < OP. embataiUier, array for
battle, < en- + bataille, battle: see battle^. A
different word from embattle"^, but long con-
fused with it.] I. trans. To prepare or array
for battle; arrange in order of battle.
Whan that he was embaiailed.
He goth and hath the felde assailed.
Qower, Conf. Amant., I. 221.
It was not long
Ere on the plaine fast pricking Guyon spide
One in bright armes einbatteiled full strong.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 2.
The English are embattled, you French peers.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 2.
Here once the embattled farmers stood.
And fired the shot heard round the world.
Emerson, Concord Hymn.
Il.t intrans. To form in order of battle.
We shall embattle
By the second hour i' the morn.
Shak., A. and C, iv. 9.
The Regent followed him [the French king], but could
not overtake him till he came near to Senlis : There both
the Armies encamped and embattelled, yet only some light
.Skirmislies passed between them. fiaA:€r,Chronicles, p. 183.
embattle^ (em-bat'l), v. t. ; pret. and pp. em-
battled, ppr. embattling. [Early mod. E. also
embattail; < ME. enbatailen, enbateUn, later en-
batell; also, without the prefix, batailen, north-
em battalen, mod. battle^, q. v.; only in pp.;
altered after bataile (E. battle^),< OF. *embastil-
ler (cf. ML. imbattajare, fortify), < en- + bas-
tiller, build, fortify, embattle : see battlement.
A different word from embattle^, but long con-
fused with it.] To furnish with battlements;
give the form of battlements to : used chiefly
in the past participle.
I saugh a gardeyn. . . .
Enclosed was, and walled welle,
With high walles enbatailed.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 136.
I enbatell a wall, I make bastylmentes upon it to loko
out at. Palsgrave.
Ancient towers.
And roofs embattled high, . . .
Fall prone. Cowper, Task, ii. 122.
Spurr'd at heart witli fieriest energy
To embattail and to wall about thy cause
With irou-worded proof.
Tennyson, Sonnet to J. M. K.
embattle^ (em-bat'l), n. [< embattle^, v.] In
lier., a merlon, or a single one of the series of
solid projections of a battlement. See cut un-
der battlement.
With fear the modest matron lifts her eyes,
And to the bright embassadress replies.
Garth, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xiv.
embassage (em'ba-saj), ». [Formerly also am-
bassage; another form, with suflix -age^ of em-
bassade or embassy, q. v.] 1. The busmess or
mission of an ambassador; embassy. [Rare.]
Carneades the philosopher came in embassage to Rome.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. U.
Honour persuaded him [Edward IV.] that it stood him
much upon to make good tlie Embassage in which he had
sent the Earl of Warwick, to a great Prince.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 205.
There he [Elder Brewster] served Jlr. Davison, a godly
gentleman, and secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth, and
attended him on his embassage into Holland.
N. Morton, NewEngland's Memorial, p. 221.
2t. The commission or charge of a messenger;
a message.
And ever and anone, when none was ware.
With speaking lookes, that close embassage bore.
He rovd at her. Spenser, F. Q., III. Ix. 28.
Doth not thy embassage belong to me ;
And am I last to know it?
Shak., Rich. II., iii. 4.
embassy (em'ba-si), n. ; pi. embassies (-siz).
[Formerly also ara6as«^; a var. of embassade,
ambassade.] 1. The public function or mission enibattled(em-bat'ld),p.a. IPp.otembattle^jV.]
Aigcnt, a Fesse Embat-
tled Gules.
of an ambassador ; the charge or employment
of a public minister, whether ambassador or en-
voy; hence, an important mission of any kind:
as, he was qualified for the embassy. — 2. A mes-
sage, as that of an ambassador ; a charge com-
mitted to a messenger. [Archaic]
How many a pretty Embassy have I
Receiv'd from them !
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 59.
Here, Persian, tell thy embassy. Repeat
That to obtain thy friendship Asia's prince
To me hath proffer'd sov'reignty o'er Greece.
Glover, Leonidas, x.
Such touches are but embassies of love.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
3. A mission, or the person or persons intrust-
ed with a mission; a legation.
Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome by the Cartha-
ginian government. Arnold, Hist. Rome, xiii.
In 1155, the first year of Henry II. , there was an embassy
from the kings of Norway.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 124.
4. The official residence of an ambassador; the
ambassadorial building or buildings.
embastardizet (em-bas'tiir-diz), v. t. [< cw-l
+ bastardise.] To bastardize. Also written
imbastardise.
The rest, imbastardized from the ancient nobleness of
their ancestors, are ready to fall flat.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, Pref. , j .. ,j. .- .v j . .i ■ ~i i7~.i._.i
' ' Embattled Molding.— Cathedral of Lincoln, England.
embaterion (em-ba-te'ri-on), n. ; pi. embateria
(-a). [< Gr. iufiaTrjptov (sc. //e/of, song), the air embattlement (em-bat'1-ment), n. [Pseudo-
to" which soldiers marched, a march (the ana- 8,TQha,ioembattailment,evibatailement; not found
pestio songs of Tyrtreus were so called), neut. in ME.; < embattle^ + -ment, or rather the same
Furnished with battlements
specifically, in her., broken
in square projections and de-
pressions like the merlons
and intervals of battlements :
said of one of the lines form-
ing the boundaries of an or-
dinary or other bearing ; also
said of the bearing whose out-
line is so broken : as, a fesse
embattled. Also battled, erenele, crenelated, cre-
nellated. Also written imbattled.
This Logryn amended gretly the Citee, and made towres
and stronge walles enbateiled, and whan he hadde tlms
ame[n]ded it he channged the name and cleped it Logres,
.in breteigne, for that liis name was Logryn.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 147.
With hesitating step, at last,
Tlie embattled portal-areli he passed.
Scolt, L. of L. M., Int.
Battled embattled. See battled^.— Embattled grady.
See (/rad;/.— Embattled molding, in arch., a molding
indented like a battlement.
embattlement
as battlement, with superfluous prefix em-i.] An
indented parapet ; a battlement,
embayl (em-ba'), r. t. [Formerly also imbay ;
< f,i,.l + 6ay2.] To inclose in a bay or inlet;
inclose between capes or promontories ; land-
lock : as, the ship or fleet is embayed.
We were so imbayed with ice that we were constrained
to come out as we went in. Hakluyts Voyages, 1. 447.
Ships before whose keels, full long embayed
In polar ice, propitious winds have made
Vnlooked-for outlet to an open sea.
Wordmrorth, Eccles. Sonnets, U. 23.
To escape the continual shoals in which he fonnd himself
embayed, he sUkmI out to sea, Jlancro/t, Hist. U. S., I. 90.
cmbay^t (em-ba'), V. t. [One of Spenser's man-
uf iictured forms ; intended iorembathe, as bay^*^,
q. v., for 6a<Ae.] To bathe ; steep.
Othera did tfaenuelTes embay in liquid joyes.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xiL 60.
Then, when he hath both plaid and fed his till.
In the warme sunne he doth himselfe embay.
Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 206.
embayed (em-bad'), p. a. [Pp. of embay^, r.]
Forming, or formed in, a bay or recess. Also
spelled imbayed.
A superb embayed window.
Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. l-tO.
embaylet, r. t. An obsolete spelling of embale.
embayment (em-ba'ment), n. [< embay^ +
-iiient.'] A part of the sea closed in and shel-
tered by capes or promontories.
l*he embayimnt which is terminated by the land of
North Berwick. Scott.
embeamt (em-bem'), r. t. [< cTO-i + beam.']
To beam upon ; make brilliant, as with beams
of light. S. Fletcher.
embed, imbed (em-, im-bed'), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. tmbedded, imbedded, ppr. embedding, imbed-
ding. [< cfH-i, ini-1, + fcedi.] To lay in or as in
a bed ; lay in surrounding matter : as, to embed
a thing in clay or sand.
In the absence of a vascular system, or In the absence
of one that is well marked off from the imbeddinff tissues,
the . . . crude blood gets what small aeration it can only
by coming near the creature '• outer surface.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., i 307.
Tlie imbedding material la to be slowly poured in, until
the imbedded •outaoce is entirely corered.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., i 189.
Embedded crystal. See crystal.
embelift, «• [MK., a word of uncertain origin,
found only in Chaucer's "'Treatise on the As-
trolabe"; prob. an extreme corruption (the
form being appar. accom. initially to ME. embe-,
umbe-, um-, around (see tim-), and terminally
to OF. -if, E. -ive) of a word not otherwise
found in ME., namely, 'oblik, mod. E. oblique,
< L. obliguus, oblicus, slanting, oblique: see
oblique.'] Oblique; slanting.
Nuta that this forseid rihte orlsonte that is clepid orison
rectum, diuideth the equinoxial into rlht angles, and the
emb^if orisonl«, wher as the pol Is enhawsed vpon the
oriaonte, ouerkeruyth the etiuinoxial In embtlif angles.
Chaucer, Astrolabe (ed. Skeat), p. 37.
enibeliset, r. (. A Middle English form of em-
ie//i.s7i.
embellish (em-bel'ish), v. t. [Formerly also
imUllish; < 'M.E. embeUssken, embeliten, enbeli-
gen, < OF. (and F.) embellisa-, stem of certain
parts of embellir = Pr. embcUir, embeHezir = Sp.
Vg. embellecer = It. imbellire, < L. in- + bellus
> OF. bel, etc.), fair, beautiful : see beau, belle,
i^eauty.] To set oflf with ornamentation ; make
beautiful, pleasing, or attractive to the eye or
the mind ; adorn ; decorate ; deck : as, to em-
bellish the person with rich apparel; to embel-
lish a garden with shrubs and flowers; a style
embellished by metaphors; a book embelliehed
by engravings.
Bay leaves betweene.
And primroces greene,
BmbelCisk the sweete violet
Spenser, Shep. CaL, April.
The sloping field . . . was embeliished with blne.bells
and centaury. Goldsmith, Vicar, v.
And so we most snppoae this Ignorant Diomedes, thou{(h
*■ mlh:Uuihin<j th« stoiY acoordlng to his slender means, stUl
I'l h:\\<: built upon Old traditions. De Quineey, Homer, ii.
' 'lat . . . the instinct of an artistic people could do
ilish the fairi'iit cities of the fair Italian land was
Liid done lavishly.
K. Diety, Victor Emmanuel, p. 231.
= 8yn. Ornament, Decorate, etc. (see adorn). See list
embellisher (em-bel'ish-^r), n. One who or
that which embellishes.
These therefore have only certain heads, which they are
as eUxjnent upon as they can, and may lie called embeU
luli'm. Spectator, No. 121.
embellishingly (em-bel'ish-ing-li), adv. So as
to embfUlish ; with embcllislunents. Imp. Diet,
119
1888
embellishment (em-bel'ish-ment), n. [= OF.
(and F.) embellissement ; as embellish + -ment.']
1. The act of embellishing, or the state of be-
ing embellished.
Endeavour a little at the Embellishment of your Stile.
Steele, Tender Husband, ii. 1.
The selection of their ground, and the embellishment
of it. Prescott.
2. Ornament ; decoration ; anything that adds
beauty or elegance; that which renders any-
thing tasteful or pleasing to the sense: as, rich
dresses are embeilishments of the person; virtue
is an embellishment of the mind.
Indeed the critic deserves our pity who cannot see that
the formal circumstance of sitting silent seven days was
a dramatic embellishment in the Eastern manner.
Warburton, Divine Legation, vi., notes.
Painting and sculpture are such embellishments as are
not without their use.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. iL 277.
Wisdom, and discipline, and l!t>eral arts.
The embellishments of life. Addison, Cato.
Specifically — 3. In music, an ornamental ad-
dition to the essential tones of a melody, such
as a trill, an appofjgiatura, a turn, eto. ; a grace
or decoration. = Sjru. 1 and 2. Adornment, enrichment.
embencht (em-bench'), V. t. [< em-1 + bench.']
To bank up.
Cerdicus was the first May-Lord or captains of the
Morris-daunce that on those embenehed shelves stampt his
footing. Sashe, Lenten Stuffe (HarL Misc., VI. 150).
emberl (em'b^r), n. [Early mod. E. also im-
ber,imbre,ymber; < ME. ej«i6re,eymery, usually
in pi. emmeres, emeres, north, ammeris, ameris
(mod. Se. emmers, aumers), < AS. eemergean
(Leechd, iii. 30, 18), cemyrian (Benson), pi., =
MLG. dmere, emere, dmer, LG. emem, aumern
= OHG. eimurja, MHG. eimere, eimer, 6. dial.
(Bav.) aimem, emmern = leel. eimyrja = Norw.
eimyrja, aamyrja (also, by popular etym., eld-
myrja, as if ield = Icel. cldr, fire (see elding),
+ myrja, embers; but Norw. (eastern dial.)
myrja = Sw. morja, embers, is itself an abbr.
01 eimyrja) = Dan. cmmer, pi., embers. The ult.
origin is linknown.] A small live coal, brand
of wood, or the like; in the plural, live cinders
or ashes; the smouldering remains of a fire.
O gracious Qod I remove my great incumbers,
Kindle again my faiths neer-dying imbers.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Ark.
He takes a lighted ember out of the covered vessel.
Colebrooke.
He rakes hot embers, and renews the fires.
Dryden, JEneid.
So long as ota hearts preserve the feeblest spark of life,
they preserve also, shivering near that pale ember, a
starved, ghostly longing for appreciation and affection.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, x.
ember^ (em'Wr), n. [In mod. E. and ME.
only in comp. ; < ME. embyr-, ymber-, umbri-
(see ember-days, ember-week), < AS. ymbren-, in
comp. ymbren-dceg, ember-day, ymbren-wice,
ember-week, ymbren-ftesten, ember-fast; also
abbr. ymbren, dat. pi. ymbrenum, ember-days; <
embryke, embrin, ymbren, ymbrene, ymbryne, a cir-
cuit, course (geires ymbryne, the year's course ;
Lenctenes ymbren, the vernal equinox, lit. the
return of spring) ; < ymb, ymbe.cmbe, around (=
OHG. umbi-, G. um-, L. ambi-, Gr. a//0(-, around:
see ambi-, amphi-, um-), + ryne, a running, a
course, < rinnan, run. The Icel. imbru-dagar,
OSw. ymberdagar, Norw. imbredagar, ember-
days, Icel. imbru-ndtt, ember-night, Icel. imbru-
vika, Norw. imbrcrika, ember-week, are in the
first element from the E. ; while the equiv. Sw.
tamper-dagar, Dan. tamper-dage, also kvatember,
D. quatertemper, quatemper, LG. tamper, quater-
tamper, G. quatember, formerly lottembcr, kot-
temer, etc., are corruptions of the ML. quatuor
tempora, the four seasons, applied to the ember-
days.] Literally, a circuit; a course; specifi-
cally, a regular ("annual, quarterly, etc.) course ;
the regular return of a given season: a word
now used only in certain compounds, namely,
ember-day.?, -eve, -fast, -tide, -week, and in tfie
(Ifrivativo emhcring. See the etymology.
ember-days (em'btr-daz), n.pl. [Early mod.
E. also amber-dayes ; < ME. embyr-dayes, ymber-
dayes, earlier umbri-dawcs, < AS. ymbrcn-dceg,
pi. -dagas (also simply ymbren), ember-days :
see ember^ and day^.] Days in each of the four
seasons of the year set apart by the Roman
Catholic and other western liturgical churches
for prayer and fasting. They are the Wednesday,
>"riday, and .Saturday after the first Sunday in I>ent, after
Whit-.Sunday, after September 14th, and after December
l;lth. Tile weeks in which ember-days fall are eiilled ember-
weeks. The Sundays imme'ii.itely following these seasons
are still appointed by the canons of the Anglican Church
for the ordination of priests and deacons.
Embemagra
embered (em'b^rd), a. [< ember + -ed2.]
Strewn with embers or ashes.
On the white ember'd hearth
Heap up fresh fuel. Southey, Joan of Arc, ii.
ember-eve (em'bfer-ev), ». The vigil of an
ember-day. See eve^.
It hath been sung, at festivals,
On einber-eves, and holy-ales.
Shak., Pericles, Prol. to 1.
ember-fast (em'bfer-fast), «. [< MB. (not
found), < AS. ymbren-fcesten : see ember^ and
fasts.] The fast observed during the ember-
days.
ember-goose (em'ber-gos), n. [Also (dial.) em-
mer-, imber-, immer-, ammer-goose ; cf . D. embcr-
vogel (D. vogel = E. fowl), G. imber, < Dan. im-
ber, Sw. imber, immer, Norw. imbre, var. ymmer,
hymber, liymbern, Faroie imbrim, Icel. himbrin,
mod. himbrimi, the ember-goose.] A name of
the great northern diver or loon, Colymbiis tor-
qnatus or Urinator immer.
emberingt (em'bfer-ing), n. [< ember^ -I- -ingri.]
An ember-day.
Fasting days and ejnberinffs be
Lent, Whitsun, Holyrood, and Lucie. Old rime.,
embering-dayst (em'bfer-ing-daz), n. pi. The
ember-days.
Divers of the king's subjects have of late more than in
times past broken and contemned such abstinence, which
hath been used in this realm upon the Fridays and Sat-
urdays, the embering-days, and other days commonly
called vigils. Quoted by Hallam.
Emberiza (em-be-n'zS), n. [NL. (Linnae-
us; earlier in Kilian, 1598), < G. dial. (Swiss)
cmbrit^e, emmeritz, equiv. to MHG. amerinc,
dmerinc, G. emmering, dmmering (= MD. emme-
rinck), G. also emmerling, dmmerling (= MD. em-
merlinck), a bunting, dim. of OHG. amero, MHG.
amer, G. ammer, a bunting, = AS. amore, E.
*ammer, hammer, in yellmchanimer : see yelloic-
hammer.] A genus of buntings, conirostral pas-
serine birds of the family FringiUida:, such as
the common corn-bunting of Europe (E. mili-
aria), the yellow bunting (£. citrinella), the
cirl-bunting (£. cirlus), the ortolan (.E. hortu-
lana), etc. The limits of the genus are indefinite, and
the term has no more exact meaning than bxmtinff (which
see). In a late restricted sense it includes more than &0
species, confined to the Palsearctic, Indian, and Ethiopian
regions. None of the very many North and South Amer-
ican buntings which have been called Emberiza properly
belong to this genus. See Emberiziiux, and cuts under
inintinfj and cirl-bunting.
Emberizidse (em-be-riz'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Embcrisa + -idee.] The buntings rated as a
family of conirostral passerine birds.
Emberizinse (em'be-ri-zi'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Emberiza + -ince.] The true buntings rated
as a subfamily of FringiUida:. The group is prob-
ably insusceptible of zo()logical definition. It has of late
been made one of three sul)families of Frinsillidat (the
others being Coccothraustinoe and Frinjjitliiice), having
the nasal bones short, not extended backward beyond
the fore border of the orbits, the mandibular toniia not
conterminous throughout, leaving a gape in the com-
missural line of the bill, and the gonydeal angle well
marked. In such acceptation, the Emberizinae include
aliout .'iO genera, of most parts of the world, represented
by many of the most common buntings, finches, and
' sparrows ' of English-speaking countries, especially of
the United States, as the chip-, snow-, and vesper-bird,
lark-flneh, lark- and towhee-bunting, black-throated bunt-
ing, white-throated and white-crowned sparrows, field-,
fox-, song-, swamp-, and savannah-sparrows, the long-
spurs, etc. See Emberiza.
emberizine (em-be-ri'zin), a. [< NL. emberizi-
nus: see Emberizince.] Of or pertaining to the
genus Emberiza; related to or resembling a
bunting. Coues.
Emberizoides (em'be-ri-zoi'dez), n. [NL. (C.
J. Tomminck, 1824), < Emberiza + Gr. tWof,
form.] A not-
able genus of
South Ameri-
can frin^il-
linebirdswith
long acumi-
nate tail-fea-
thers, typi-
cal species of
which are E.
macrura and
E. sphenura.
Also called
Tard'wola.
Embemagra
(em-ber-iia'-
gra), n. [NL.
(R! p. Les-
son, 1831), <
Embcr(iza) +
{Ta)tUigra.] A Texas Spanow {Emiemagra rufcmi* gata).
Embemagra
^nns of fringiUine birds, related to Pipil«, hav-
ing green as the principal color, the wings and
tail much rounded, of equal length, the tarsus
moderate, and the toes short; the American
greenfinches. The Texas sparrow or greenflnch is E.
rt(/oeir(fata, a common species in the lower Rio Grande
valley. Also called Limnotrpiza.
embertide (em'b6r-tJd), «. [< ember^ + tide.']
Olio of the seasons in which ember-days occur.
ember-week (em'ber-wek), 11. [< ME. ymber-
weke, umhri-wike, < AS. ymbren-wice : see ember^
and wee^-l.] A week in which ember-days fall.
And are all fallen into fasting-days and Ember-weeks,
that cooks are out of use ? Massinger, The Old Law, iii. 1.
Oonstaut she keeps her Ember-week and Lent.
Prior, The Modern Saint.
embesyt, v. t. Same as embusy. Skelton.
embettert (em-bet'6r), v. t. [< em-^ + better^.']
To malce better.
For cruelty doth not embetter men,
But them more wary make than they have heen.
Daniel, Chorus in Fhilotas.
embezzle (em-bez'l), «;. t. ; pret. and pp. embez-
zled, ppr. embezzling. [Early mod. E. (16th
cent.) imbezzle, imbezel, embesyll, embecyll, em-
besel, imbesel, imbezil, imbecill, etc., weaken, di-
minish, filch, < imbecile (accented on 2d syll.),
< OF. imbeciJle, weak, feeble: see imbecile, and
ct.bezzle.] If. To weaken; diminish the power
or extent of.
And so iinbecUl all theyr strengthe that they are naught
to me. Drant, tr. of Horace's Satires, i. 6.
The seconde plage of the seconde angell, as the seconde
jadgemeute of God against the regiment of Rome, and
this is imbeselynge and dimynishe of their power and do-
minion, many landes and people fallynge from them.
J. Udall, Revelations of St. John, xvi.
2t. To waste or dissipate in extravagance ; mis-
appropriate or misspend.
I do not like that this unthrifty youth should embezzle
away the money.
Beau, and Fl., Enight of Burning Pestle, ii. 2.
When thou hast enibezzled all thy store.
Dryden, tr. of Persius's Satires,
St. To steal slyly ; purloin ; filch ; make off
with.
A feloe . , .that had embesled and conveied awaye a cup
of golde. J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, § 83.
The Jewels, rich apparell, presents, gold, silner, costly
furres, and such like, were conueyed away, concealed, and
vtterly embezelled. UakluyVg Voyages, I. 286.
4. To appropriate fraudulently to one's own
use, as what is intrusted to one's care ; apply to
one's private use by a breach of trust, as a clerk
or servant who misappropriates his employer's
money or valuables.
He accused several citizens who had been entrusted with
public money with embezzling it. J. Adams, Works, V. 25.
5t. To confuse ; amaze.
They came where Sancho was, astonisht and embeseled
■with what he heard and saw.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote (1652), fol. 158, back.
embezzlement (em-bez'l-ment), n. [< embezzle
+ -ment.] The act of embezzling ; specifically,
the act by which a clerk, servant, or other per-
son occupying a position of trust fraudulently
appropriates to his own use the money or goods
intrusted to his care; a criminal conversion;
the appropriation to one's self by a breach of
trust of the property or money of another ; "a
sort of statutory larceny, committed by ser-
vants and other like persons where there is a
trust reposed, and therefore no trespass, so that
the act would not be larceny at the common
law" (Bishop).
To remove doubts which had existed respecting embez-
zlements l)y merchants' and bankers' clerks, it was enact-
ed, by the 39 George III. ch. 85, that if any servant or
clerk should by virtue of his employment receive any
money, bills, or any valuable security, goods or effects,
in the name or on the account of his master or employer,
and should afterwards embezzle any part of the same, he
shall be deemed to have feloniously stolen the same, and
should be subject to transportation for any term not ex-
ceeding fourteen years.
Blackstone, Com., IV. xvii., note 3.
Embezzlement is distinguished from larceny, properly
80 called, as being committed in respect of property which
is not, at the time, in the actual or legal possession of the
owner. Burrill.
embezzler (em-bez'16r), n. One who embez-
zles.
Embia (em'bi-a), n. [NL.] The typical genus
of the family Smbiida. E. samgnii is an Egyp-
tian species.
embiid (em'bi-id), n. One of the Embiidm.
Emblidse (em-bi'i-de), n. pi. [N-L., < Embia +
-idw.] A small family of neuropterous (pseu-
doneuropterous) insects, of the group Corro-
dentia, related to the Psocidw, characterized
1890
by the narrow depressed body, head distinct
from the thorax, many-jointed moniliform an-
tennee, 3-jointed tarsi, and few-veined wings of
equal size. They are small phytopliagous insects ; their
larvie are found under stones in silken galleries. By some
they are referred to the Orthoptera. The leading genera
are Embia, Olynthia, and Oligotoma. Also written Em-
bidce.
embillO'W (em-bil'o), V. i. [< em-1 -I- billow.']
To heave, as the waves of the sea; swell.
[Bare.]
And then enbyllowed high doth in his pride disdaine
With fome and roaring din all hugeness of the maine.
Lisle, tr. of Du Bartas's First Booke of Noe.
Embiotoca (em-bi-ot'o-ka), n. [NL., < 6r. l/i-
jiioQ, being in life, living '(< h, in, -I- /Si'of, life),
-t- TinTtiVj TtKelv, bring f orth ( > ToKof, offspring).]
The typical genus of the family Embiotocidce.
L. Agassiz, 1853.
emblotocid (em-bi-ot'o-sid), n. One of the Em-
biotocidce.
Embiotocidse (em'bi-o-tos'i-de), n.pl. [NL., <
Embiotoca + -idw.] A family of viviparous
acanthopterygian fishes, related to the lab-
roids ; the surf-fishes, in the widest sense. They
are of ordinary compressed oval form, like the white perch,
and have cycloid scales, lateral line continuous and paral-
lel with the back, head and mouth small, with jaw-teeth
only, the single dorsal tin 8- to 18-spined, folding into a
groove in the back, and the anal fin long and 3-spined.
They are mostly small fishes, the largest only 18 inches
long, the smallest 4 or 5. All are viviparous, a remarkable
fact first made known to science in 1853 ; 10 to 20 young are
born at a litter. Nearly all are marine, abounding on the
Pacific coast of the United States, where they are among
the inferior food-fishes, and are called perches, porgies,
shiners, etc. About 20 species, referred to about a dozen
genera, are now known. Of these species 17 are confined
to the Pacific coast waters of North America, and one is
peculiar to the fresh waters of California. The marine
species belong to the subfamily Embiotocinee, the fresh-wa-
ter species to the subfamily Hysterocarpiiue. The family
has also been called Ditremid(e, Ditremuta, Holconoti,
and llotcoitotidce. See cut under Ditremidce.
Embiotocinae (em-bi-ot-o-si'ne), re. pi. [NL., <
Embiotoca + -ince.] The surf-fishes proper, or
marine embiotocoids, the typical subfamily of
Embiotocidm, with the spinous portion of the
dorsal shorter than the soft part, and having
only from 8 to 11 spines.
embiotocine (em-bi-ot'o-sin), a. and re. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Embiotocinm.
II. re. A fish of the subfamily Embiotocinee.
embiotocoid (em-bi-ot'o-koid), a. and n. I. 3.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Embiotocidce.
II. re. A viviparous fish of the family Embio-
tocidce; one of the surf-fishes.
embitter (em-bit'6r), V. t. [Formerly also im-
bitter; < em-1 + bitter'^.] 1. To make bitter or
more bitter. [Rare in the literal sense.]
One grain of bad embitters all the best.
Dryden, Iliad, i. 775.
2. To affect with bitterness or unhappiness ;
make distressful or grievous : as, the sins of
youth often embitter old age.
Is there anything that more embitters the enjoyments of
this life than shame ? Smith, Sermons.
Stem Powers who make their care
To embitter human life, malignant Deities.
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
To open the door of escape to those who live in conten-
tion would not necessarily embitter the relations of those
who are happy. JV. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 240.
3. To render more violent or malignant; exas-
perate.
Men, the yuy&tenibittered against each other by former
contests. Bancroft.
embitterer (em-bit'6r-6r), n. One who or that
which embitters.
The fear of death has always been considered as the
greatest enemy of human quiet, the polluter of the feast
of happiness, and the embitterer of the cup of joy.
Johnson.
embitterment (em-bit'6r-ment), n. [< embit-
ter + -ment.] The act of embittering.
The commotions, terrors, expectations, and einbitter-
ments of repentance.
Plutarch, Morals (trans.), iv. 155 (Ord MS.).
emblancht (em-blanch'), V. t. [< ME. em-
blaunclien, < OF. emblanchir, *enblanchir, en-
blancir, whiten, < en- + blanchir, whiten, < blanc,
white: see en- ttnd blanch.] To whiten.
It was impossible that a spot of so deep a dye should be
emblaneh'd. Heylin, Life of Laud, p. 260.
emblaze (em-blaz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. em-
blazed, ppr. emblazing. [<eTO-i -I- blaze^.] 1.
To kindle ; set in a blaze.
Works damn'd, or to be damn'd (your father's fault) !
Go, purified by flames, ascend the sky, . . .
Not sulphur -tipp'd, emblaze an alehouse fire.
Pope, Dunclad, i. 236.
emblem
2. To adorn with glittering embellishments)
cause to glitter or shine.
The unsought diamonds
Would so imblaze the forehead of the deep.
And so bestud with stars, that they below
Would grow inured to light. Milton, Comus, I. 733.
No weeping orphan saw his father's stores
Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 136.
And forky flames emblaze the blackening storm.
J. Barlow, Vision of Columbus, viii.
3. To display or set forth conspicuously or os-
tentatiously ; blazon.
But thou Shalt wear it as a herald's coat,
To emblaze the honour that thy master got.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 10.
Stout Hercules
Emblaz'd his trophies on two posts of brass.
Oreene, Orlando Furioso.
emblazon (em-bla'zon), 1?. [< em-1 -f- blazon.]
1. trans. 1. To adorn -with figures of heraldry
or ensigns armorial: as, a shield emblazoned
with armorial bearings.
Boys paraded the streets, bearing banners emblazoned
with the arms of Aragon. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3.
2. To depict or represent, as an armorial en-
sign on a shield.
My shield, . . .
On which when Cupid, with his killing bow
And cruell shafts, embtazond she beheld.
At sight thereof she was with terror queld.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. x. B6.
3. To set off with ornaments ; decorate ; illu-
minate.
Ere heaven's emblazoned by the rosy dawn.
Domestic cares awake him. J. Philips, Cider, ii.
The walls were . . . emblazoned with legends in com-
memoration of the illustrious pair. Prescott.
Those stories of courage and sacrifice which emblazon
the annals of Greece and Rome. Sumner, Orations, 1. 12.
4. To celebrate in laudatory terms ; sing the
praises of.
We find Augustus . . . emblazoned by the poets.
Hakevnll, Apology.
Heroes emblazoned high to fame.
Longfellow, tr. of Coplas de Manrique.
You whom the fathers made free and defended.
Stain not the scroll that emblazons their fame I
0. W. Holmes, Never or Now.
H.t intrans. To blaze forth ; shine out.
Th' engladden'd spring, forgetful now to weep.
Began t' enblazon from her leavy bed.
G. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph after Death.
emblazoner (em-bla'zon-6r), re. 1. One who
emblazons; a herald. — 2. A decorator; an il-
luminator; one who practises ornamentation.
I step again to this emblazoner of his title-page, . . .
and here I find him pronouncing, without reprieve, those
animadversions to be a slanderous and scurrilous libel.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
emblazonment (em-bla'zon-ment), n. [< em-
blazon + -ment.] 1. The act of emblazoning.
— 2. That which is emblazoned. Imp. Diet.
emblazonry (em-bla'zon-ri), n. [< emblazon +
-ry.] 1. The act or art of emblazoning. — 2.
Heraldic decoration, as pictures or figures upon
shields, standards, etc.
Who saw the Banner reared on high
In all its dread emblazonry.
Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, iii.
Thine ancient standard's rich emblazonry.
Abp. Tre}ich, Gibraltar.
emblem (em'blem), re. [= D. embleem = Gr.
Dan. Sw. emblem; < OF. embleme, F. emblbme
= Sp. Pg. emblema = It. emblemo, < L. emblcma,
pi. emblemata, raised ornaments on vessels, tes-
sellated work, mosaic, < Gr. £u(i?,7i/ja(T-), an in-
sertion (L. sense not recorded in Gr.), < ifipak-
?.eiv, put in, lay on, < h, in, -I- /3d//.f(r, cast,
throw, put.] It. That which is put in or on in-
laid work ; inlay ; inlaid or mosaic work ; some-
thing ornamental inserted in another body.
Under foot the violet.
Crocus, and hyacinth, with rich inlay
Broider'd the ground, more colour'd than with stone
Of cosiWest emblem. Milton, P. L., iv. 703.
2. A symbolical design or figure with explana-
tory writing ; a design or an image suggesting
some truth or fact ; the expression of a thought
or idea both in design and in words : as, Quarles's
Emblems (a collection of such representations).
Emblem reduceth conceits intellectual to images sen-
sible. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 232.
3. Any object whose predominant quality sjrm-
bolizes something else, as another quality, con-
dition, state, and the like ; the figure of such
an object used as a symbol ; an allusive figure;
a symbol: as, a white robe is an emblem of pu-
rity; a balance, of justice; a crown, of royalty.
emblem
The emblems in use during tlie sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries are sometimes iianl to discriminate from the
devices ; for these, as adopted by men of distinction, were
commonly emblematic. See device, 7.
Know ye the lami where the cypress and myrtle
Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime?
Byr&n, Bride of Abydos, i. 1.
A fit emblem, both of the events in memory of which it
is raised, and of the gratitude of those who have reared
it. D. Webster, Speech, Bunker Hill, June 17, 1826.
4. An example. [Rare.]
(Lord's Day) Comes Mr. Herbert, Mr. Honiwood'a man,
and dined with me — a very honest, plain, and well-mean-
ing man, I thinlc him to be ; and, by his discourse and
manner of life, the true emblem of an old ordinary serv-
ing-man. Pepy*, Diary, II. 159.
= SylL 2 and 3. Emblem, Symbol, Type. Emblem and sym-
bol refer to tangible objects ; type may refer also to an act,
as when the lifting up of the brazen serpent (Num. xxi. 8,
9)i8 said to t>e a type of the cniciflxiou, the serpent being
a type or enMem of Christ. A symbol is generally an em-
blem which baa become recognized or standard among
men ; a volume proposing new signs of this sort would
be called a " boolc of emblems "; but an emblem may be a
symbf)l, as the bread and wine at the Lord's supper are
more often called emblems than symbols of Christ's death.
Symbol is by tliis rule tlie appropriate word for the con-
ventional signs in mathematics. Emblem is most often
used of moral and religious matters, and type chiefly of
religious doctrines, institutions, historical facts, etc. Type
in its religious application generally points forward to an
atuitype.
Bose of the desert ! thou art to me
An emblem of stainless purity.
D. M. Moir, The White Bo«e.
All things are symbols : the external shows
Of nature have their image in the mind.
LonofeUow, The Harvest Moon.
Beauty was lent to Nature as the type
Of heaven's unspeakable and holy joy.
S. J. HaU, Beauty.
emblem (em'blem), c. *. [< emblem, «.] To rep-
resent or suK^est by an emblem or symboli-
cally; symbolize; emblematize. [Bare.]
Why may he not be embUm'd by the coienlng fig.tree
tliat our Saviour curs'd? Feltham, Besolves, L 80.
emblema (em-ble'mS), n. ; pi. emblemata (-ma-
ts). [L. : see emblem.'] In arckaol.: (a) An
inlaid emblem or ornament; an ornament in
mosaic, {b) An ornament in relief made of
some precious metal, fastened upon the sur-
face of a vessel or an article of furniture.
In another class of jewels animals or the human figure
were not relieved on a ground, but emttossed and cut out
In outline, like the emblemata of later Greek art.
C. T. Newton, Art and ArcbBoL, p. 265.
emblematic, emblematical (em-ble-mat'ik, -i-
kal). <(. [= F. i-mhli'tii(iii(iiie = 8p. emblemdtico
= Pg. It. embkntatico (cf. D. G. emblematiteh =
Dan. Sw. emblematisk), < L. as if 'embUmatums,
< emblema, emhlem: see emblem.'] 1. Pertain-
ing to or constituting an emblem; using or
dealing in emblems; symbolic.
And wet his brow with hallowed wine.
And on his finger given to shine
The emblematic gem. Seott, Uarmlon, tr. 8.
And so, because the name (like many names) ean be
made tn yield a fanciful embUmatie meaning. Homer must
lie a myth. De Quineey, Homer, L
2. Representative by some allusion or custom-
ary association; suggestive through similarity
of qualities or conventional significance: as, a
crown is emblematic of royalty ; whiteness is em-
blematic of purity.
Glanced at the legciidary Anuuon
As emblematic of a nobler age.
rmnyam, Princeia, IL
emblematically (em-ble-mat'i-kal-i), adv. In
ail eirit>lcmatic way; by way or means of em-
bletiis; in the manner of emblems; by iray of
allusive representation.
others have ipoken embiematieaUy and hieroglyphical-
ly : and so did tbe .SgrptUna, onto whom the phamix was
the hieroglyphick of toe sun.
Sir T. Browne, V'ulg. Err., ill. 12.
He took a great stone and put it up under the oak, em-
Uematieally joining the two great element* of masonry.
Sir{ft.
emblematicalneflB (em-ble-mat'i-kal-nes), R.
The L'haraoter of being emblematical. Bailey,
1727.
emblematicize (em-ble-mat'i-slz), r. t; pret.
and pp. <mhlcmatici:ed, ppr. emblematicicing.
[< emblematic + -i:e.] To represent by or em-
body in an emblem; emblematize. [Rare.]
He IGiacomo Amiconij drew the queen and the three eld-
est prlnceaaea, and prints were taken from his pictures,
whli li he generally endeavoured to emblematieize by genii
and cupids. WalpoU, Anecdotes of Painting, Iv. S.
emblematist (em'blem-a-tist), n. [< L. em-
blema(t-), eml)lem. -I- -isi.] A writer or an in-
ventor of emblems.
Thus began the descriptions of griphins, basilisks, phra-
nix. and many more ; which evfMcmatists and heralds have
entertained with signiflcationa answering their Instltu-
MoM. air T. Browne, Vulg. Err., T. 80.
1891
Alciato, the famous lawyer and embtemaiisi.
Lowell, Among my Booi^s, 1st ser., p. 138.
emblematize (em'blem-a-tiz), V. t. ; pret. and
pp. emblematized, ppr. emblematizing. [< L. em-
blema{t-), emblem, -f- -ize.] To represent or
express by means of an emblem : as, to emblem^
atize a thought, a quality, or the like.
Anciently the sun was emblematized by a starry figure.
Bp. Hurd, Marks of Imitation.
emblement (em'ble-ment), n. [< OF. emblae-
ment, emblaiement, emblayement, crop, harvest,
< emblaer, embleer, etnblaier, emblayer, also em-
blader (also, without prefix, bluer, bleer, blayer),
F. emblaver (= It. imbiadare), < ML. imbladare,
sow with grain, < L. in, in, -t- ML. bladum (> OF.
ble, blee, blef, bled, F. bU, bled = Pr. blat = It.
biado, biada), grain (orig. crop, as that which is
taken away), orig. "ablatum, neut. of L. abla-
tus, pp. of auferre, carry away: see ablative.]
1. pi. In law, those annual agricultural pro-
ducts which demand culture, as distinguiAed
from those which grow spontaneously; crops
which require annual planting, or, like hops,
annual training and culture. Emblements thus
include corn, potatoes, and most garden vegetables, but
not fruits, and generally not grass. They are deemed per-
sonal property, and pass as such to the executor or ad-
ministrator of the occupier, instead of going with the
land to his heir, if he die before he has cut, reaped, or
harvested them ; they also belong to the tenant when his
tenancy has been terminated by an unexpected event with-
out his agency, aa by his death or that of his landlord.
If a tenant for his own life sows the lands, and dies be-
fore harvest, his executors shall have the emblements, or
proflu of the crop. Blackstone, Com., II. 8.
2. The right to such crops.— Emblements Act, an
English sutute of 1851 (14 and 15 Vict., c. 26), which en-
acted that, instead of having a right to emidements, a ten-
ant under a tenant for life, on the determination of the
tenancy, shall hold until the expiration of the then current
year ; that growing crops seized umler execution shall he
liable for accruing rent ; that the tenant may remove his
improvements unless the landlord elect to take them ; and
that in case a tithe-rent charge is unpaid the landlord may
j«iy it and recover as on a simple contracts
emblemize (em'ble-mJz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
emblemized, ppr. emblemizing. [< emblem +
•ize.] Same as emblematize. Also spelled em-
blemise.
The demon lovers -who seduce women to their ruin at
once emblemtse and punish the evil thoughts and feelings
of their victims. FoHniffbtly Rev., JJ. S., XLII. 562.
embloom (em-bl8m'), f. t. [< enj-l + bloomi-.]
To cover or enrich with bloom. [Bare.]
emblossom (em-blos'um), r. t. [< eTO-l -I- blos-
suin.] To cover with blossoms. [Poetical.]
Sweet, O sweet, the warbling throng,
On the white emblossom'd spray I
Nature's unlveiaal song
Echoes to tbe rising day.
Cunningham, Day, A PastoraL
embodier (em-bod'i-6r), n. One who or that
whicli embodies ; one who gives form to any-
thing. Formerly also imbodier.
He [Shakspere} must have been perfectly conscious of
his genius, and of tlie great trust he imposed upon his
native tongue as the embodier and perpetuator of it.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser,, p. 165.
embodiment (em-bod'i-ment), n. [Formerly
also iiiihiidimcnt ; < embody + -ment.] 1. In-
vestment with or manifestation through an ani-
mate body ; incarnation ; bodily presentation :
as, metempsychosis is tbe supposed embodiment
of previously existing souls in new forms ; she
is an embodiment of all the virtues.
The theory of embodiment serves several highly impor-
tant purposes in savage and bart>arian philosophy.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 113.
2. A bringing into or presentation in or
through a form; formal expression or mani-
festation ; formtilation : as, the embodiment of
principles in a treatise.
A visible memory of the past, and a sparkling embodi-
ment of the present. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 104.
Multiform embodiments of selfishness in unjust laws.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 451.
He [the .Sultanj has no rights, for wrong can have no
rights, and his whole position is the embodiment of wrong.
E. A. Freeman, Amer, Lects., p. 415.
3. Collection or formation into an aggregate
body ; organization ; an aggregate whole ; in-
corporation; concentration: bs, the embodiment
of troops into battalions, brigades, divisions,
etc. ; the embodiment of a country's laws.
Our own Common Law is mainly an embodiment of the
"customs of the realm."
n. Spencer, Prin. of SocloL, i 629.
embody (em-bod'i), V. ; pret. and pp. embodied,
ppr. embodying. [Formerly also imbodu; < em-i
+ body.] I. trans. 1. To invest with an ani-
mate body; lodge in a physical form; incarnate;
hence, to give form to; formulate; coordinate
emboldener
the elements or principles of; express, arrange,
or exemplify intelligibly or perceptibly : as, to
embody thought in words; legislation is embod-
ied in statutes ; architecture is embodied art.
At this turn, sir, you may perceive tliat I have again
made use of the Piatonick hypothesis, that Spirits are
embodied. GlanviUe, Witchcraft, § 11.
The soul while it is embodied can no more be divided
from sin, tlian the body itself can be considered without
flesh. South, Sermons, XI. i.
Morals can never be safely embodied in the constable.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 56.
Doctrines, we are afraid, must generally be embodied be-
fore they can excite a strong public feeling, ilacaulay.
Even among ourselves embodied righteousness some-
times takes the same abstract form.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 388.
2. To form or collect into a body or united
mass; collect into a whole; incorporate; or-
ganize ; concentrate : as, to embody troops ; to
embody scattered traditions or folk-lore.
Recorded among the visits of kings and ambassadors in
a precious chronicle that embodied the annals of all pub-
lic events and copies of public documents.
SttMs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 145.
We shall be able to fall back upon the MiUtia battal-
ions, which will be at once embodied, and through whose
ranks will be poured into the fighting ranks of the active
army a continual supply of drilled and disciplined re-
cruits. Nineteenth Century, XIX. 269.
= S3m. 2. To combine, compact, integrate, comprehend,
comprise.
n, intrans. To unite into a body, mass, or
collection; coalesce.
The idea of white, which snow yielded yesterday, and
another idea of white from another snow to-day, put to-
gether in your mind, embody and run into one. Locke.
To embody against this court party and its practices.
Burke, Present Discontents.
embog (em-bog'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. embogged,
ppr. embogging. [< em-l -*- bog^.] To plunge
into or cause to stick in a bog ; mire.
General Murray . . . got into a mistake and a morass,
. . . was enclosed embogged, and defeated.
Walpole, Letters (1760), III. 392.
It would be calamitous for us, k propos of this matter,
to get embogged in a metaphysical discussion about what
real unity and continuity are. W. James, Mind, IX. 6.
embogue (em-bog'), v. i.; pret. and pp. em-
bogitcd, ppr. emboguing. [< Sp. embocar, enter
by the mouth, or by a pass or narrow passage,
= Pg. embocar, get into the mouth of a pas-
sage, = It. imboccare, feed, instruct, disem-
bogue, = F. emboucher, put into the mouth,
refl. disembogue, embogue {"> embouchure, q. v.),
< L. in (> Sp. en, etc.), in, -^ bucca, the cheek
(> Sp. boca, Pg. boeea. It. bocca, F. bouche, the
mouth): Bee bucca, anAcf. disembogue.] To dis-
charge itself, as a river, at its mouth ; disem-
bogue; debouch. [Rare or unused.]
emboilt (em-boil'), t'. [< em-1 + boiU.] I.
trans. To heat ; cause to bum, as with fever.
Faynt, wearie, sore, emboyled, grieved, brent.
With heat, toyle, wounds, armes, smart, and inward Are,
That never man such mischiefes did torment.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 28.
n. intrans. To boil 'violently; hence, to rage
with pride or anger.
The knight emboyling in his haughtie hart,
Knitt all his forces. Spenser, F. Q., IL iv. 9.
emboltement (on-bwot'mon), n. [F., a joint-
ing, a fitting in, etc. (see def.), < emboiter, joint,
fit in, lock (step), OF. emboister, lit. inclose
as in a box: see emboss^.] In biol., the doc-
trine of generation promulgated by Bonnet,
namely, the aggregation of living germs one
within the other, and their detachment to pro-
duce new existences,
embola, n. Plural of embolon.
embolsemia, «. See embolemia.
emboldt (em-bold'), v. t. [< e»»-i -H bold.] To
embolden.
But now we dare not shew our selfe In place,
Ne vs embold to dwel in company
There as our hert would loue right faithfully.
Court of Love.
embolden (em-'bol'dn), r. t. [< em-1 -)- Jojfj -(-
-««!.] To give boldness or courage to ; make
bolder ; encourage.
With these Persuasions they [Richard and Geoffery] pass
over into Normandy, and join with their Brother Henry,
who, emboldned by their Assistance, grows now more in-
solent than he was before. Baker, Chronicles, p. 54.
It is generally seen among Privateers that nothing im-
boldens them sooner to mutiny than want.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 146.
Fame ... so gentle, so retiring, that it seemed no
more than an assured and emboldened modesty.
Lovxll, J^reside Travels, p. 54.
emboldener (em-bol'dn-Sr), n. One who or that
which emboldens.
Embolimus afruricanus, about live
times natural size.
embolemia
embolemia, embolsemia (cm-bo-Ie'mi-^), n.
[NL. embola-miti, < Gr. t/i/h'/Mf, tlirown iix (see
embolism, embolus), + a'tua, blood.] The condi-
tion of the blood accompanviug the formation
of metabolic abscesses in pyemia.
Embolemus, ». See Embolimits.
emboli, ". Plural of embolus.
eiIlboliai(em-b6'li-a), «.; iil.emboli<e(-e). [NL.,
< Gr. iu3o?.t/, insertion : see embolism.'] Same
as emboiism.
embolia-, «. Plural of emboUum.
embolic (em-bol'ik), (I. [< embohis, or emboly, +
-ic] 1. Inserted; intercalated; emboUsmic. —
2. In pathol., relating to embolism, or plugging
of a blood-vessel. — 3. Pertaining to emboly;
characterized by or resulting from emboly.
The two-layered gastnila is as a rule developed from
the blastosphere by . . . embolic invagination.
Claiis, Zoology (trans.), I. 114.
embolimean, embolimic (em-bo-lim'e-an, -ik),
a. [< LL. c»(6o;i»i(i'«s, inserted: see embolism.]
Same as emboUsmic.
EmboliminsB (em-bol-i-mi'ne), «. pi. [NL., <
JEmbolim us + -inw.] A subfamily of Proctotry-
pidw, having the hind wings lobed, the male
ant«nn89 10-jointed, the female 13-jointed.
There are two genera, Embolimus and Fedinom-
ma. Forster, 1856.
Embolimus (em-bol'i-mus), n. [NL. (West-
wood, 1833), al-
so improp. Em-
bolemiis,<Gv. kfi-
ft6?u/A0(, insert-
ed, interpolat-
ed : see embo-
lism.] A genus
of parasitic hy-
menopterous
insects, of the
family I'rocto-
trypicUe, typical
of the subfami-
ly Emboliminm,
characterized
by the antennal
scape, which is
shorter than the
first joint of the
fnniele. One North American and two Euro-
pean species are known. Usually spelled Em-
bolemus.
embolism (em'bo-lizm), n. [= F. embolisme =
Sp. Pg. It. emboiismo, < LL. embolismus, inter-
calation (also as adj. intercalary, an error for
embolimus), as if < Gr. *ialiolian6^, < t/^lid^iiuoc
(LGr. also cfilio?uiialos, > LL. emboUmceus), in-
serted, intercalated (cf. in^oXoq, something
thrown or thrust in: see embolus, 2), < iujiaXXeiv,
throw in, put in, insert: see embolus.] 1. In-
tercalation ; the insertion of days, months, or
years in an account of time. The Greeks made use
of the lunar year of 354 days, and to adjust it to the solar
year of 365 days they added a lunar month every second
or third year, which they called ifj-^oXiiio^ /irji/, or tuiv c/i-
/SoAtfAo;, intercalated montti.
2. Intercalated time. — 3. In pathol., the ob-
struction of a vessel by a clot of fibrin or other
substance abnormally present and brought into
the current of the circulating medium from
some more or less distant locality. Embolism
commonly causes paralysis in the brain, with
more or less of an apoplectic shock. — 4. In
liturgies, a prayer for deliverance from evil, in-
serted in almost all liturgies after the Lord's
Prayer, as an expansion of or addition to its
closing petition, whence the name. Also embo-
lismus.
Also embolia.
embolismal (em-bo-liz'mal), a. [< embolism +
-al.] Pertaining to intercalation ; intercalated ;
inserted: as, a.n embolismal tnonth.
embolismatic, embolismatical (em-'bo-liz-
mat'ik, -i-kal), a. [Irreg. < embolism + -at-ic,
-al. The LGr. form efii'i6?.ia/ja(T-) means 'a
patch.'] EmboUsmic. Scott.
emboUsmic, embolismical (em-bo-liz 'mik, -mi-
kal), a. [< embolism + -ic, -ical.] Pertaining
to or formed by intercalation or insertion ; in-
tercalated; inserted; embolic.
Twelve lunations form a common year, and thirteen the
emboiumic year. Grosier, Cliina (trans.).
The [Hebrew] year is luni-solar, and, according as it is
ordinary or en^xMgmic, consists of twelve or thirteen
Itmar months, each of which has 29 or 30 days.
Encyc. Brit., IV. 677.
embolismus (em-bo-liz'mus), n. [LL. embolis-
mus, insertion, intercalation: see embolism.]
Same as embolism, 4.
1892
The Lord's Prayer is followed, in almost all Liturgies,
by a short petition against temptation, . . . which . . .
was anciently known by the name of the Embolismits.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 514.
embolite (em'bo-lit), n. [< Gr. knpoli/, an in-
sertion (< cjijiaAeiv, throw in, insert), 4- -ite^.]
A mineral consisting chiefly of the chlorid of
silver and the bromide of silver, found in Chili
and Mexico: so called because intermediate be-
tween cerargyrito and bromyrite.
embolium (em-bo'li-um), n. ; pi. embolia f-a).
[NL., < Gr. £uf}6hov, something thrown in, < i/i-
,3o/'.of, thrown in: seeembolus.] Anouterormar-
ginal part of the cerium found in the hemelytra
of certain heteropterous insects, it resembles
the rest of the corium in consistence, and is separated
from it only by a thickened rib or vein.
embolize (em'bo-liz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. embo-
UxdyjnpT. embolising. [< embolus + -ize.] To
cut off from the circulation by embolism.
Embolomeri (em-bo-lom'e-ri), n.pl. [NL., pi.
oi 'cmbolomei'us : see embolomerous.] An order
of extinct amphibians, having a set of vertebral
centra interposed between the regular verte-
bral bodies, so that each vertebral arch has two
centra, whence the name.
embolomerism (cm-bo-lom'e-rizm), n. [< em-
bolomcr-ous + -ism.] Formation of the verte-
bral column by means of intereentra between
the centra; diplospondylism.
embolomerous (em-bo-lom'e-ms), a. [< NL.
*embolomerus, < Gr. ejijioWoi;, ttrown in, + /^fpo?,
part.] Thrown in, as intercalated centra or
intereentra, between arch-bearing bodies of the
vertebrre of the spinal column ; having inter-
eentra, as a spinal column ; diplospondylie.
The caudal region is embolomermis.
E. D. Cope, Geol. Mag., II. 627.
embolon, embolum (em'bo-lon, -lum), n. ; pi.
embola (-la). [L. embolum, < Gr. i/ilioAov, neut.,
iliPoTiOf, masc, the bronze beak or ram of a
Embolon. — Ulysses and the Sirens, from Greek red-fi(rured hydria
found at Vulci. (From " Monumenti dell" Institute")
ship: see embolus.] 1. The beak of an ancient
war-ship, it was made of metal, in various forms, and
sharpened like the prow of a modern ram, so that it might
pierce an enemy's vessel bencatli the water-line.
2. Same as embolus.
embolophasia (em''''b6-lo-fa'zi-a), n. [NL.,< Gr.
efijio7x)f, thrown in, -t- (pdatc, a saying, < (jiavai ^
L. fari, speak.] In rliet, the interjection into
discourse of meaningless and usually more or
less sonorous words.
embolum, n. See embolon.
embolus (em'bo-lus), n. ; pi. emboli (-li). [L.,
the piston of a "pump, < Gr. efil3o?.o(:, masc, c/^-
Po7iov, neut., anything pointed so as to thrust in
easily, apeg, stopper, etc., prop, an adj., thrown
or thrust in, or that may be thrown or thrust
in, < ifi^aXkeiv, thrust in, throw in, < iv, in, -t-
jiakleiv, throw.] 1. Something inserted into
or acting within something else; that which
thrusts or drives, as a piston or wedge. — 2. The
clot of fibrin obstructing a blood-vessel, caus-
ing embolism: as, capillary emboli. — 3. The
nucleus emboliformis of the cerebellum.
Also embolon, embolum.
emboly (em'bo-li), n. [< Gr. e/il3o>4, insertion,
< f/j,'?a/.A£iv, throw in : see embolus.] Inembryol.,
that mode of invagination by which a vesicu-
lar morula or blastosphere becomes a gastrula.
It may be illustrated l)y the process of tucking half of a
hollow india-ruliber ball into the other half, and is elTeeted
by the more or leas complete inclusion of the hypoblastic
blastonieres within the epiblastic blastomeres, with tlie
result of the diminution or abolition of the original blasto-
cceie, the formation of an archenteron or primitive ali-
mentary cavity with an orifice of invagination or blasto-
pore, and thus the formation of a two-layered germ whose
double walls consist of a hypoblastic endoderm and an
epiblastic ectoderm, which is therefore a gastrula.
embondaget (em-bon'daj), V. t. [< em-i -I- bond-
age.] To reduce to bondage; enslave.
emboss
If the devill might have his free option, I believe he
would ask nothing else but liberty to enfranchize all false
Keligions, and to entbondage the true.
A'. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 4.
embonpoint (on-b6n-pwan'), n. [P., fullness,
plumpness ; orig. a phrase en ban point, in good
condition: en, in; bon, good; point, point,
degree, condition: see i/il, bonus, and jwint.]
Exaggerated plumpness; rotundity of figure;
stoutness : a euphemism tov fatness ot fleshiness.
A clearness of skin almost bloom, and a plumpness al-
most embonpoint, softened the decided lines of her fea-
tures. Charlotte Brontii, The Professor, xviii.
Tile Qiieen [Victoria] was not very tall, but . . . until
embonpoint overtook her, her figure was exquisitely beau-
tiful. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLII. 285.
emborder (em-b6r'der), V. t. [Formerly also
imborder; < em-^ + border. Cf. OF. emborder,
border, < en- + bord, border.] 1. To furnish,
inclose, or adorn with a border. — 2. To place
as in a border ; arrange as a border.
Thick-woven arborets and flowers
Imborder'd on each bank. Milton, P. L., ix. 438.
embordered (em-b6r'd6rd), p. a. [Formerly
also imbordered (in heraldry also embordured) ;
pp. of emborder, v.] Adorned with a border;
specifically, in her., having a border : an epithet
used only when the border is of the same tinc-
ture as the field.
embosom (em-buz'um), V. t. [Formerly also
imbosom; < ok-I -i- bosom.] 1. To take into or
hold in the bosom: hold in nearness or inti-
macy; admit to the heart or affections; cherish.
This gracelesse man, for furtherance of his guile.
Did court the handmayd of my Lady deare,
Who, glad t' eiribosome his affection vile,
Did all she might more pleasing to appeare.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 25.
2. To inclose ; embrace ; encircle.
His house embosomed in tlie grove.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, IV. i. 21.
The little kingdom of Navarre, embosomed within the
Pyrenees. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.
Safe-cm&osometZ by the night.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 2C.
emboss^ (em-bos'), t'- t. [Formerly also imftoss;
early mod. E. also enbosse; < ME. enbossen, en-
bocen, < OP. embosser, enbocer, swell or arise in
bunches, emboss, < en- -(- bosse, a boss: see
boss^.] 1. To form bosses on; fashion relief
or raised work upon ; oi'nament with bosses or
raised work ; cover or stud with protuberances,
as a shield.
To enboce thy lowis [jaws] with mete is nat diewe [due].
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 28.
lie onely now emboss my Book with Brass,
Dye 't with Vermilion, deck 't with Coperass.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
Dead Corps imboss the Vale with little Hills.
Cowley, Davideis, ii.
All crowd in heaps, as at a night alarm
The bees drive out upon each otlier's backs.
To emboss their hives in clusters.
Dryden, Don Sebastian.
Hammer needs mnst widen out the round,
And file emboss it fine with lily-flowers.
Ere the stuff grow a ring-thing right to wear.
Browning, King and Book, I. 7.
2. To represent in relief or raised work ; spe-
cifically, in embroidery, to raise in relief by in-
serting padding under the stitches. See emboss-
ing.
Exhibiting flowers in their natural colours, embossed
upon a purple ground. Scott.
Whitewashed arcade pillars, on which were embossed
the royal arms of Castile. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 60.
emboss^t (em-bos'), "• [,(. emboss^, V. Ct.boss'^,
11.] A boss ; a protuberance.
In this is a fountaine out of which gushes a riverrather
than a streeme, which ascending a good height breakes
upon a round embosse of marble into millions of pearles.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 17, 1644.
emboss^t (em-bos'), v. t. [Appar. only in the
following passage, in pp. embost, which appears
to stand for "emboskt, pp. of *cmbosTc, var. im-
boslc, in other senses ; the proper form would
be *embosk, < OF. embosqucr = Sp. Pg. embos-
car = It. imboscarc, ML. imboscare, hide in a
wood, set in ambush. The older form, ME.
enbussen, etc., appears in ambush, q. v.] To
conceal in or as in a wood or thicket.
Like that self-gotten bird
In the Arabian woods embost,
That no second knows nor third.
Milton, S. A., I. 1700.
emboss^t (em-bos'), V. t. [Altered from reg.
*emboist, < OF. cmboister, inclose, insert, fas-
ten, put or shut up, as within a box, < en, in, +
boiste, mod. P, boite, a box : see boist^, bushel\
emboss
hox^. Ci. embottement aad embox.'i To inclose
as in a box ; incase ; sheatiie.
A knight her mett in mighty arnies embost.
Speiuer, i\ Q., I. iii. 24.
The knight his thrillant spcare againe aasayd
In liU bras'piatetl body to emhosse.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 20.
embossed (em-bosf), p- «• [Formerly also im-
basKiil, embost, imbost; < ME. einbosed (def . 6) ;
pp. of (iiiboss^, t'.] 1. Formed of or furuislied
with bosses or raised figures : as, embossed lea-
ther; embossed ■v.-Titing. — 2. In 6o<., projecting
in the center like the boss or umbo of a round
shield or target.— 3. Swollen; puffed up.
All the embomed sores, and headed evils,
That thou with licence of free foot hast caught,
Wouldst thou disgorge into the general world.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
4. In entom., having several plane tracts of any
shape elevated above the rest of the surface :
said of the sculpture of insects. — 5. In glass-
decoration, grained. — 6t. [The particular allu-
sion in this use is uncertain ; perhaps to the
bubbles of foam which "emboss," as it were,
the animal's mouth, or else to its puffed cheeks.
See the extract from the " Babees Book" under
emboss^.'] Foaming at the mouth and panting,
as from exhaustion with running : a hunting
term formerly applied to dogs and beasts of the
chase.
Anone vppon as she these wordis aaide,
Therconie an hert in att the channlKr dore
All emboied. Generydet (E, E. T. 8.X L SO.
Like dastard Carres that, having at a bay
liie salvage beast emfxuft in wearie ebace,
Dare not adventure on the stubbornc pray,
Ne byte before. Spenser, l\ g.. III. i. 2-i
Hnntsnian. I charge thee, tender well my hounds ;
Brach Merriman, the poor cur is einboss'd,
Shak., r. of the S., Ind., i.
I am emboKt
With trotting all the streets to And Pandolfo.
J. Tomkiint (?), Albumazar.
Embossed velvet. Same as raited velcet (which see, un-
ikr ctr.l).
embosser (em-bos '6r), n. One who or that
which embosses ; something used for producing
raised figures or impressions.
The first form of Morse recorder was the Etubcufr.
Freeee and Sicewright, Telegraphy, p. 67.
embossing (em-bos'ing), «. [Verbal n. of em-
bii.ixi, c] 1. The art or process of producing
rai.sei or projecting figures or desigrns in relief
upon surfaces. A common method of einltosiiing upon
a woo<len surface is by driving a blunt tool inU) the wood
according U} the desired pattern, then planing the surface
down to the level of the sunken design, and afterward
wetting it. The moisture causea the coropresse<l portions
forming the tU*»lgn to rise to their original height, and thus
to project from the planed surface. Embossing on leather,
pajHT, or doth, as for book.coverv, hooks for the blind,
and various kinds of ornamental work, and also on metal,
is usually effected by stamping with dies by means of an
embossing- or stamping-press, or the Uwkbinders' arm-
ing-press. Emtio«snig with the nei-ille is done either by
working over a pad made of cloth, sometimes In several
thicknesses, or by stuffing with w<x>l, hair, or the like,
under the threads, as In couched work. See etnbotnwj-
tnaehine.
2. A raised figure or design ; an embossment.
[Bare.]
For so letters. If thejr be so farre oB as thejr cannot be
discerned, shew but as a doakish paper ; and all engrav-
ings and emtfO»nnff» appear plaiu.
Baeon, Nat. Hist., | 8T8.
embossing-Iron (em-bos'ing-i'tm), n. A tool
••niplcnccrto produce a grained surface on mar-
ble
embossing-machine (em-bos'ing-ma-shen'), II.
1. A systi-ni <if heated rolls, the faces of which
are cut with an ornamental design, used to im-
press the design on figured velvets and other
fabrics. — 2. A machine for ornamenting wood-
surfaces by pressing hot molds upon the wet
wooil and burning in the pattern, the charcoal
being afterward removed, in some machines en-
graved rolls are used in place of stamps, and the wood is
steamed and passed between the rolls while hot.
3. A machine for embossing an ornamental de-
sign oil boot- and shoe-fronts.
embossing-press (em-bos'ing-pres), n. An ap-
paratus for stamping and embossing paper,
cardtxiard, book-covers, leather, etc., and for
erasing checks by destroying the texture of the
paper on which they are written.
embossment fem-bos'ment), ». [< emboss^ +
-i«<-;if.J 1. The act of embossing or forming
protuberances or knobs upon ii surface; the
state of being cmlxissed or studded. — 2. A
prominence liko a boss; a knob or jutting
point.
1893
I wish, also, in the very middle, a fair mount, with
threp ascents and alleys, . . . which I would have to be
perfect circles, without any bulwarks or embogsmeiits.
Bacun, Gardens (ed. 1887).
3. Relief; raised work.
The gold eniiiossment might indeed have been done by
another, but not these heads, so true to the life, and of an
ait so far beyond any ability of mine, that I am tempted
sometimes to thiuk that he is in league with Vulcan.
H'. Ware, Zenobia, I. 65.
The admission ticket for the City festival was a rich em-
boitgiaent from a specially cut die in the old French style
of Louis W\. First Year of a Silken Keiffn, p. 64, note.
embottlet (em-bot'l), t>. t. [< cm-l + bottle'^.']
To put in a bottle; confine iu a bottle; bottle.
Stironi, firmest fruit,
Embattled (long as Priameian Troy
Witlistootl the Greeks) endures, ere justly mild.
J. Philips, Cider, ii.
embouchure (on-bo-shiir'), «. [F., < embottclier,
put into the mouth, refl flow out, discharge:
see cmbogue.] 1. The mouth of a river, etc. ;
the point of discharge of a flowing stream.
We approached Pite^ at sunset. The view over the
broad emhouchure of the river, studded with islands, was
quite picturesque. B, Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 180.
At the entrance to Wolstenholme Sound, which, like
most of these inlets, fonns the embouchure of a glacier-
river. Schley arul SoUy, Rescue of Greely, p. 6.
2. Amouthpiece. Specifically— (ot)Thenietalmount-
ing of the opening of a purse. (6) In musie : (1) The
mouthpiece of a wind-instrument, especially when of met-
al. (2) The a<lju8traent of the mouth of the player to
such a mouthpiece. The intonation of certain instru-
ments, su<-h as the French honi, depends largely upon the
player's emlxiuchure.
emboundt (em-bound' ), V. t. [< ciH-i -f- bound^.]
To shut in ; inclose.
That sweet breath.
Which was embminded iu this beauteous clay.
Shak., K. John, iv. 3.
embow (em-bo'), t'. *. [Formerly also imbotc ;
< e/«-t + bow^.] To form like a bow; arch;
bend; bow. [AJchaic]
1 saw a bull as white as driven snowe.
With gilded lionies. embtneed like the moone.
Spenser, Visions of the World's Vanity.
For embmeed windows, I hold them of good use.
BacoH, Building (ed. 1887).
To walk the studious cloysters pale,
And'love the hiah-emUnced roof.
With aiilick pillars massy proof.
Milton, II Penseroso, 1. 157.
Dejected embowed. See Ayecfed.— Embowed-con-
trary, in her., same hb cminter-emt>otred.
embo'wel (em-bou'el), f. t. ; pret. and pp. em-
hoicelcd or embotcelled, ppr. emboireliiig or em-
bowelling. [Formerly also imbotcel; < em-l +
boirel.'] 1. To inclose in another substance;
embed; bury.
Deepe emtxneeld in the earth entyre.
Spnuer, F. (J., VI. viii. l!i.
2. [Equiv. to disembowel, q. v.] To remove
the bowels or internal parts of; eviscerate.
Fossils, and minerals, that th' emboirel'd earth
Displays. J. PhilijMi, Cider, 1.
P. Hen. Death hath not struck so fat a deer to-day,
Tlioiigh many dearer, in this bloody fray ;
Emliowell'd will I see thee by and by ;
Till then, in blood by nolile Percy lie.
Falstaf. [Rising slowly.] Embowelled ! Uihouembovel
me to-day, I'll give you leave to powder me and eat me
to-morrow. Shak., 1 Hen. IV'., v. 4.
W. W. Known and approved for his Art of Enibalniiiig,
having preserved the Corps of a Gentlewoman sweet and
entire Tliirteen Years, without einboteellinff.
SUele, Grief Ala-Mode, Pref.
embo'weler, embo'weller (em-bou'el-6r), «.
[B'onuorly also imhoieflir, imhoweller; < emboic-
fl, r., + -d-l.] One who disembowels.
embowelment (em-bou'el-ment), «. [Former-
ly also imhotcelment ; < embowel + -ment.'] 1.
Evisceration. — 2. pi. The bowels; viscera; in-
ternal parts.
What a dead thing Is a clock, with its ponderous em-
boicetments of leatl and brass. Lamb, Old Benchers.
embcwer, imbcwer (em-, im-bou'tr), r. [< e»i-i,
im-, + botrcr^.'i I. intrans. 1. To lodge or rest
in or as in a bower.
The small birds, in their wide lioughs embojerinrf,
Chaunted their sundrie tunes with sweet consent.
Sj>enser, tr. of Virgil's Guat, 1. 225.
2t. To form a bower. Milton.
n, trans. To cover with or as with a bower ;
shelter with or as with foliage ; form a bower
for.
A shady bank.
Thick over-head with verdant root imimrer'd.
Millon, P. L., ix. 1938.
A small Indian village, pleasantly emfto?wr(?rf in a grove
of spreading elms. Irving, Knickerlwcker, p. 96,
And the silent isle imbo^ters
The l-ady of Shnlott.
Tannytun, Lady of Sbalott
embrace
The embowered laues, and the primroses and the haw-
thorn. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, i.
embowl (em-bol'), V. t. [< e»j-i + botcl^.'] To
form into or as into a bowl; give a globular
form to. [Rare.]
Long ere the earth, 'emboui'd by thee,
Beare the forme it now doth l>eare :
Yea, thou art God for ever, free
From all touch of age and year.
Sir P. Sidney, Ps. xc.
embowmentt (em-bo'ment), n. [< embow +
-nicnt.] Anarch; a vault.
The roof all open, not so much as any enibou^n^nt near
any of the walls left. i'acoij, Nat. Hist., § 249.
embox (em-boks'), V. t. [< e»i-l -I- 6ox2. Cf.
emboss^.'] To inclose in a box ; box up; specifi-
cally, to seat or ensconce in a box of a theater.
[Rare.]
Emboxed, the ladies must have something smart.'
Churchill, Rosciad.
emboyssementf , «. A Middle English form o£
ambusbmcitt.
Then shuln ye euermo countrewaite embot/sseinents, and
alle espiaile. Chaucer, Tale of Melibeua.
embrace^ (em-bras'), v. ; pret. and pp. embraced,
ppr. embracing. [Formerly also imbrace; <
ME. embracen, enbracen, enbrasen, < OF. cm-
bracer, F. embrasser = Pr. embrassar = OSp.
embrasar, embrqsar (Sp. abra:ar}, embrace, =
Pg. embrasar, take n the arm, as a buckler, =
It. imbracciare, embrace, < ML. imbrachiare,
take in the arms, embrace, < L. in, iu, -I- brachi-
um, arm: see feracel.] I, trans. 1. To take,
grasp, clasp, or infold in the arms ; used abso-
lutely, to press to the bosom, as in token of af-
fection; hug; clip.
And but as he enbrased his horse nekke he hadde fallen
to the erthe all vp-right. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 331.
Sir, I think myself happy in your acquaintance ; and
before we part, shall entreat leave to embrace you.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 226.
Strong .Son of God, immortal Love,
Whom we, that have not seen thy face,
By faith, and faith alone, embrace.
Tennyson, III Memoriam, Int.
He took his place upon the double throne,
She cast herself before him on her knees,
Embracing his.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 412.
2. To inclose; encompass; contain; encircle.
You'll see your Rome embrac'd with fire, before
You'll speak with Coriolanus. Shak., Cor., v. 2.
Low at his feet his spacious plain is placed.
Between the mountain and the stream embraced.
Sir J. Denham.
A river sweeping round.
With gleaming curves the valley diil embrace.
And seemed to make an island of that place.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 233.
3. Figuratively, to take, (o) To take or receive
with willingness; accept as true, desirable, or advanta-
geous ; make one's own ; take to one's self : as, to em-
brace Uie Christian religion, a cause, or an opi)ortunity.
With shryfte of monthe and pennaunce sraerte
They weiie ther blis for to vmbrace.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 97.
I thought he would have embraced this opportunity of
speaking to me. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2.
O lift your natures up ;
Embrace our aims ; work out your freedom.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
(h) To receive or accept, though unwillingly ; accept as
inevitable.
I embrace this fortune patiently.
Since not to be avoided it falls on me.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 5.
Thurio, give back, or else embrace thy death ;
Come not within the measure of my wrath.
Shak., T. O. of V., v. 4,
4. To comprehend; include or take in; com-
prise: as, natural philosophy ewfirace* many sci-
ences.— 5t. To hold; keep possession of; sway.
Even such a passion doth embrace my bosom :
My heart beats thicker than a feverous pulse.
Shak., T. and C, iii. 2.
6f . To throw a protecting arm around ; shield.
See how the heavens, of voluntary grace
And s<iveraine favor towards chastity,
Doe succor send to her distressed cace ;
So much high God doth innocence embrace.
Spenser, F. ()., III. viii. 29.
7. In bot., to clasp with the base : as, a leaf em-
bracing the stem. — 8. In zooL, to lie closely
in contact with (another part), imperfectly sur-
rounding it. Thus, elytra are said to embrace the abdo-
men when their edu'cs are turned over the abdominal
margins ; wings in repose embrace the body when they
are <-losely appressed to it, curving down over the sides.
II. intrans. To join in an embrace.
While we stood like fools
Embracing, . . . out they came,
Trustees and Aunts an<l Uncles.
Tennyson, Edwin Morris.
embrace
embrace^ (em-bras'), n. [Formerly also »m-
brace; from the verb.] An inelosiire or clasp
with the arms; speclfieally, a pressure to the
bosom with the arms ; an embraeement ; a hug.
Now my embracei ftre for queens and princesses,
For ladies of high mark, for divine beauties.
Fletcher {and aiiotherl). Prophetess, iii. 1.
RoU'd in one another's arms, and silent in a last embrace.
Tennyson, Loclfsley Hall.
embrace^ (em-bras'), v. t. [< OF. embraser, em-
hrucer, F. embraser, set on fire, kindle, inflame,
incite, instigate, < en- + braise, live coals: see
braize^. Hence embracer^, embracery.'] In law,
to attempt to influence corruptly, as a court or
jury, by threats, bribes, promises, services, or
entertainments, or by any means other than
evidence or open argument.
Punishment for the person embracing [the embracerj is
by fine and imprisonment ; and for the juror so embraced,
if it be by taking money, the punishment is (by divers
statutes of the reign of Edward III.) perpetual infamy,
imprisonment for a year, and forfeiture of the tenfold
value. Btackstone, Com., IV. x.
embraced (em-brasf), ». a. In her., braced
together; tied or bound together.
embraeement (em-bras'ment), n. [Formerly
also imbracement ; < F. emUrassement, < embras-
ser, embrace: see embrace a,nd -ment.] 1. The
act of embracing ; a grasp or clasp in the arms;
a hug; an embrace. [Obsolescent.]
These beasts, fighting with any man, stand upon their
hinder feet, and so this did, being ready to give me a
shrewd embraeement. Sir P. Sidney.
I should freelier rejoice in that absence wherein he won
honour than in the embracements of his bed, where he
would show most love. Shak., Cor., i. 3.
Soft whisperings, embracemejUa, all the Joys
And melting toys
That chaster love allows,
B. Jonson, Masque of Hymen,
They were all together admitted to the embraeement,
and to kiss the feet of Jesus.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 346.
2. The act of taking to one's self ; seizure ; ac-
ceptance. [Rare.]
Such a benefactour is Almighty God, and such a tribute
he requires of us ; a ready einbracement of, and a joyful!
complacency in, his kindness. Barrow, Worlts, I. viii.
He shows the greatness
Of his vast stomach in the quick embraeement
Of th' other's dinner. Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1.
3t. Extent of grasp ; comprehension ; capacity.
Nor can her [the soul's] wide embracements filled be.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul.
embracer^ (em-bra 's6r), n. [Formerly also
imbracer; < embrace + -eri.] One who em-
braces.
The Neapolitan is accounted the best courtier of ladies,
and the greatest embracer of pleasure of any other people.
Howell, Letters, I. i. 39.
embracer^, embraceor (em-bra's6r, -sor), «.
[Also embrasor; < OF. embraceor, embraseor,
embrasour, embraseur, one who sets on fire, an
incendiary, fig. one who inflames or incites, <
embraser, embracer, F. embraser, set on fire, kin-
dle, inflame, incite, instigate: see embrace^."]
In law, one who practises embracery.
embracery (em-bra's6r-i), M. [Formerly also
imbracery ; < OF. (AF.) *embracerie, < embraser,
embracer, set on fire, kindle, inflame, incite, in-
stigate: see embrace^.] In law, the offense of
attempting to influence a jury or court by any
means besides evidence or argument in open
court, such as bribes, promises, threats, per-
suasions, entertainments, or the like. It involves
the idea of corruption attempted, whether a verdict is
given or not, or whether the verdict is true or false.
embracing (em-bra'sing), p. a. Comprehen-
sive; thorough. [Rare.]
The grasp of Pasteur on this class of subjects [ferments]
was embraeiTiff. Tyndall, Life of Pasteur, Int., p. 24.
embraci'7e (em-bra'siv), a. [< embrace + -ive."]
Given to embracing; caressing. [Rare.]
Not less kind in her way, though less expansive and
embrative, was Madame de Montcontour to my wife.
Thackeray, Newcomes, Ivii.
embraid^t (em-brad'), V. t. [Early mod. E. also
embread; < eiw-l + braid^.'] To braid.
Her golden lockea, that late in tresses bright
Embreaded were for hindring of her haste,
Now loose about her shoulders hong undight,
Spemer, ¥. Q., III. vi. 18.
embraid^t (em-brad'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also
embrayde; < ew-1 + braid'^, 5.] To upbraid.
To emtrraide them with their vnbelief, by this exaumple
of a man being bothe a heathen and a souldier.
J. Udall, On Luke vii.
1894
embrail (em-bral'), r. t. [< e»j-l + brail.'] N'aut.,
to brail up. [Rare.]
And he who strives the tempest to disarm
Will never first embrail the lee yard-arm.
Falconer, Shipwreck, ii.
embranchement (F. pron. on-bronsh'mou), n.
[F. : see embranchment.] Same as embranch-
ment; specifically, one of the main branches
or divisions of the animal kingdom ; a branch,
phylum, or subkingdom.
Tlio embranchement or sub-kingdom Mollusca.
E. Ii. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 632.
embranchment (em-brinch'ment), 11. [< F. em-
braiichemen t, a branching out, a branch, < em-
brancher, branch, < en- + branche, branch: see
branch.] A branching out, as of trees; ramifi-
cation; division.
This Fraternity with its ernbranchments.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, v.
embrangle, imbrangle (em-, im-brang'gl), v. t.;
pret. and pp. embrangled, imbrangled, ppr. em-
brangling, imbrangUng. [< ew-l, im-, + 'bran-
gle^.] To mix confusedly; entangle.
I am lost and embrangled in inextricable difficulties.
Bp. Berkeley, quoted by J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 66.
Physiology imbrangled with an inapplicable logic.
Coleridge.
The half-witted boy . . . undertaking messages and
little helpful odds and ends for every one, which, how-
ever, poor Jacob managed always hopelessly to embrangle.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Eugby, i. 3.
embranglement (em-brang'gl-ment), n. [< em-
brangle + -ment.] Entanglement.
embrasor, n. See embracer^.
embrasure^ (em-bra'zur; in military use, em'-
bra-zur), n. [< F. embrasure, an embrasure,
orig. the skewing, splaying, or chamfreting of
a door or window, < OF. embraser, skew, splay,
or chamfer the jambs of a door or window (mod.
F. ebraser, splay), < en- + braser, skew, cham-
fret.] 1. In arcA., the enlargement of the ap-
erture of a door or window on the inside of
the wall, designed to give more room or admit
more light, or to provide a wider range for bal-
listic arms.
Meanwhile apart, in the twilight gloom of a window's
embrasure.
Sat the lovers, and whispered together.
Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 3.
2. In fort., an opening in a wall or parapet
through which guns are pointed and fired ; the
S^vli'
I
Plan
V
/
^ [ *'
1
1
« ■ «'
5
tt
fl
or
lilt..
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» ! &■
6
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I
Section and Plan of Embrasure.
A,B,E, F, section of parapet ; B, C, D, E, elevation of one cheek
of embrasure ., A, B, genouillfere ; B. E, slope of sole ., X Y, X' V ,
directrices of embrasures; c bt/ £■', throat, orTnterior opening; dee' {f,
mouth, or exterior opening ; jr ^, axis ; c b e d, c' b' e' d , cheeks or
sides; b b' e' e, sole or bottom ; c c' b' b e e' d d, merlon; b b , sill.
The widening of the embrasure toward the front is called the splay.
indent or crenelle of an embattlement. When
the directrix (the line which bisects the sole) is perpen-
dicular to the interior crest of the parapet, the embrasure
is termed direct ; when the directrix makes an acute angle
with it, the embrasure is said to be oblique. The axis of
an embrasure is that part of the directrix which lies within
the boundaries of the sole. See battlement.
We saw ... on the side of the Hill an old ruined parapet
with four or five embrasures. Cook, Third Voyage, vi. 5.
Say, pilot, what this fort may be,
"Whose sentinels look down
From moated walla that show the sea
Their deep emhrastires' frown ?
0. W. Holmes, Voyage of the Good Ship Union (1862).
embrasure^t (em-bra'gur), n. [Irreg. < embrace,
F. embrasser, + -wre.]" An embrace.
Wliere injury of chance
Puts back leave-taking, . . . forcibly prevents
Our lock'd embrasures. Shak., T. and C, iv. 4.
embra'vet (em-brav'), v. t. [Also imbrave;
< em-^ -h brave.] 1. To inspire with bravery;
make bold.
Psyche, embrav'd by Charis' generous flame,
Strives in devotion's furnace to refine
Her pious self. J. Beaumont, Psyche, xvii,, Arg.
embroid
Sage Moses first their wondrous might descry'd.
When, by some drops from hence ri/(6m tied, he
His triumph sung o'er th' Erythraean Tide.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 3.
2. To embellish; make fine or showy ; decorate.
The faded flowres her corse embrave.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., November.
embra'Wnt (em-bran'), v. t. [< e»»-l 4- brawn.]
To make brawny or muscular.
It will embraiptie and iron-crust his flesh.
Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Hail. Misc., VI. 165).
embreadt, r. t. Same as embraid^.
embreathement (em-breTH'ment), n. [< em-
+ breathe + -ment; a lit. translation of L. in-
.spiratio(n-), inspiration.] The act of breathing
in; inspiration. [Rare.]
The special and immediate suggestion, embreathement,
and dictation of the Holy Ghost. W. Lee.
embrewif (em-bro'), D. «. [iem-'^ + brew^.] To
strain or distil.
embre'W-t (em-bro'), v. t. An obsolete spelling
of imbrue.
embrightf (em-brif), v. t. [< em-l -I- bright^.]
To make bright ; brighten.
Mercy, co-partner of great George's throne.
Through the embrighted air ascendant flies.
Cunningham, On the Death of his Late Majesty.
embring-dayst (em'bring-daz), n. pi. Same as
cmbcring-days.
embrithite (em-brith'it), n. [< Gr. hiijiptdiic,
heavy, weighty (< h, in, 4- ^pl6og, weight, <
Ppidciv, be heavy, weigh down), -f- -ite^.] A
variety of the mineral boulangerite, from Ner-
tchinsk in Siberia.
embroacht (em-broeh'), V. t. [<ME. enbrochen,
put on the spit, < OF. embrocher, spit, broach,
run through the body (= Sp. embrocar = It. im-
broccare: see embrocado), < en- + broche, a
broach, spit : see broach.] To put on the spit ;
broach.
Enbroche hit overtwert . .
And rost it browne.
Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 43.
embroaden (em-br&'dn), v. t. [< em-^ + broad-
en.] To broaden.
The embroadened brim [of the pelvis] found in certain
savage tribes is a retention of a feature of adolescence.
Cleland, Nature, XXXVI. 598.
embrocado (em-bro-ka'do), ». [A Spanish-
looking modification of It. imbroccata, a thrust
■with the sword, a hit, pp. fem. of imbroccare,
hit the mark, oppose, aim, = Sp. embrocar (pp.
embrocado), fasten (a shoe in making) with
tacks to the last, = F. embrocher, spit, broach,
run through the body : see embroach.] A pass
in fencing. Halliwell.
embrocate (em'bro-kat), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
embrocated, ppr. embrocatittg. [< ML. embroca-
tus, pp. of embrocare (> It. embroccare = Sp. Pg.
embrocar = OF. embroquer), foment, < embroca,
LL. embrocha, < Gr. k^jipoxfi, a fomentation, <
e/i()pix^'^> soak in, foment, < h, in, -1- jipixeiv,
wet, steep, rain, send rain: see bregma.] To
moisten and rub, as a bruised or injured part
of the body, with a liquid substance, as with
liniment.
I embrocated the tumour with ol. litior and cham.
Wiseman, Surgery, i. 9.
embrocation (em-bro-ka'shon), ». [Formerly
embrochation (after the LL'.'); < OF. (and F.)
embrocation = Sp. embrocacion = Pg. embroca-
gSo = It. embrocazione, < ML. embrocatio(n-), <
embrocare, foment, < embroca, LIi. embrocha, a
fomentation: see embrocate.] 1. The act of
moistening and rubbing a bruised or injured
part -with some liquid substance.
Embrochation, a devise that physitions have to foment
the head or any other part, with some liquor falling from
aloft upon it, in manner of rain, whence it took its name.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, Expl. of Obscure Words.
2. The liquid with which an affected part is
rubbed; a fomentation ; liniment.
To scoure away the f oule dandruffe, an embrochation of
it [wild mint] and viuegre upon the head in the sun is
counted singular. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xx. 14.
embrodert, ". t. An obsolete form of embroider.
embroglio (em-bro'lyo), «. An erroneous form
(imitating embroil) of imbroglio.
embroidt (em-broid'), V. t. [< ME. embroyden,
enbrouden, enbrowden, enbrauden, enbrawden, <
OF. embroder, embroider, < en- + broder, bor-
der, broider (cf. ME. broyden, brouden, etc.,
partly var. of breiden, braiden, braid) : see braid,
broider, and border.] Same as embroider.
Embrouded was he, as it were a mede,
Al ful of freshe floures, wiiite and rede.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., L 89.
embroid
This woful lady ylerned had in yonthe
So that she werken and embroicden couthe.
Chaucer, Good Women, I. 2352.
embroider (em-broi'der), t. t. [Formerly also
tmbroider, embroder, imbroder; extended with
-er, as in braider, q. v., after broidery, embroi-
ders, from earlier embroid.'] 1. To decorate
with oniameutal needlework. See embroidery.
His garment was disguysed very vayne,
And his embrodered Bonet sat awry.
Speiuer, F. Q., III. lii. 9.
Thou Shalt embroider the coat of flue linen.
Ex. xiTiii. 39.
Some inbndmd with white beads, some with Copper
other painted after their manner.
Capt. John Smith, Tme Travels, I. 130.
2. To work with the needle upon a ground:
produce or form in needlework, as a flower, a
cipher, etc.: as, to embroider silver stars on
velvet.
The whole ChappeU covered on the ontside with cloth
of Tissue : the gift, as appeareth by the arms itnbroydered
thereon, of the tloreiitine. Sandye, Travailes, p. 132.
3. Figuratively, to embellish; decorate with
verbal or literary ornament: hence, to falsify
or exaggerate : as, the story has been consider-
ably embroidered.
None of his writings are so agreeable to us as his Let-
tei», particularly those which are written with earnest-
ness, and are not embroidered with verses.
Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
embroiderer (em-broi'd6r-6r), ». One who em,
broiders, in any sense of the word.
Their fm*rodcr«r»are very singularworkemen. who work
much in gold and silver. Coryat, Crudities, I. 122.
1895
embroidery-paste (em-broi'dfer-i-past), n. An
adhesive mixture used in embroidery to make
materials adhere together, and also to stiffen
*|J^<'^^embroidery at the back. IHct. of Needle-
embroilif (em-broil'), r. t. [< m-l + broin
Appar. confused with enibroiPJ] To broil;
only to embroU and consume the sacrilegious invadere
, . Decay 0/ Christian Piety.
embrqil2 (em-broil'), ,;. t. [< OF. embroillir,
f!^lA ' ^'*';<'«,'«'>> become troubled, conl
fused, or soiled, later and mod. F. embrouiUer
(= Sp. embrollar = Pg. embrulhar = It. imbro-
gltare), entangle, confuse, embroil, < en- + brouil-
ler, confuse, jumble: see broilKl 1. To mix
up or entangle; intermix confusedly; involve.
[Bare in this literal use.]
Omitted parap-aphs embroild the sense,
w 1th vain traditions stopp d the gaping fence.
Dryden, Kellgio Laici, L 266.
wilS^,aKdTg%"„'r'"" ■" ^-« • • • - «J^'»^
2. To involve in contention or trouble by dis-
cord; disturb; distract.
I had no design to embroU my kingdom in civil war.
£ilmn Basilike.
whole ^nl^flfr'Jh' ^ """"^ ""^ P"* *" confusion his
wnoie people for the peryersness of a few.
Milton, Eikonoklastes xxvi
prev"iKh^t"^'J„'7" "•* "^ inf<l>'»Iity of intellect that
prevails that embroUt communities more than any thing
irving, Knickerbocker, p. leiT
embroil2t (em-broil'), n. [< embroil2, ».] Per-
^ir'" confusion; embarrassment. Shaftes-
embroidery (em-broi'd6r-i), n. ; pi. embroider- . What an embroU it had made In Parliament Is nnf „«.
tL^:'^^;,, iL^f:l''l^'.J^*«'- WAry.J 1^ toconjecture. Air"I^ArExam:n';''p.^
embryo
n. intrans. To faU or sink to the condition
01 a brute.
The soul grows clotted by contagion
imbodies, and imbrutes, till she quite lose
Ihe divine property of her first being.
Milton, Comus, 1. 468.
embryo (em 'bri-6), n. and a. [Formerly also
embno (also embryon, formerly also embrion);
i :J^^'"'.^rf^- "'"brion = Pg. embryao =
Jt. embnow;, < NI.. embi-yon, erroneously taken,
appar. at first by French writers, as embryohi-),
as If from a Gr. *efillpi,6v, but properly emi
6r^o» (reg. L. *e«ibryum), < Gr. lfil3pvov (stem
^flJpv-) the embryo, fetus, also applied to a
newly born animal, neut. of e/j/Spvoc, growing in,
i "' '?• +/P''fn'r swell, be full.] I. «. 1 The
fecundated germ of an animal in its earlier
stages of development, and before it has as-
sumed the distinctive form and structure of the
—ifSj ^"'"^ "l"' *° employ my pen In correcting this
Jw^roid«-«-, who has stuffed his writings with so many
lies that those who bear him the least iU-wiU are forced
to blush at his fopperies and toves. lorceu
North, Life of Qvonlambec.
The art of working with the needle raised and
ornamental designs in threads of sUk, cotton
gold, silver, or other material, upon any woven
-t^ri"' ,'e»'''«J' paper, etc. Embroidery ha. been
^.'■' :ET" '/" """ decoration of hanging ™d^
ments used for sUtues of divinities or In re^ous «Se-
monials: but Its use In ordinary dreu waa^lScUllJX
CTtlrely omaniented with the needle wm worn bytho«
^.^^,r» "^ "",""', .""•"■• "'"' henUdry offered an oppcS^
tunity for embroidery upon the snrts^U and UbuSiof
menat-arms The nations of Persia »d the exUtmeEaSt
are the greatest master, of embroidery In modem SmS.
w »M T"'' °"i '""'"" •" 'he Weet u the InSa^^
for which see eiuhmere and ehudder. •■""i,
2. A design produced or worked according to
ii^Jf t*"!? ■ y°«"W"l t«'n their vow. expiew'd
H ith feather, crownd, with gay embroidery dreisd.
Poft, Temple of Fame.
yJ^Vr°"L^Si^ °' "•« '•ebert material, covered with
lace and enOmMery; corked shoe., puitolles or sIlDnera!
onuimenud to the utmost of tlh^r'll!i^s?aSd hlTeT-
travacance was anxiously followed by men of all class«
FairhoU, I. 266.
3. Variegated or diversified ornamentation
especially by the contrasU of figures and col-
ors; ornamental decoration.
As if she contended to have the embroidery of the earth
richer than the cope of the sky. B. yoiUOTi/rhe PenatS!
•nli'i™'' '"'^ tmbrvidery of the meadows were helpt
2.1 i,??^""^ '•'' "*• », "^ "»•«" 'n»ke a pretty land-
skip of lita own posMsaiona. Spectator, So. 4U.
4. In her., a hill or mount with several copines
t«,"'^?J"^ f'llls.- Canadian, chaln-stltch, che-
alUe, elotli. cordovan embrolde:^"^.- thr^,.,iift
iefv''l^■t"h^JF"^='°'? embroldeiy,a kind of embrol
dery In which pieces of cloth cut in tiie shape of leaves
flower., etc., are sewed upon a foundation the whole bi
ing MsUted by decoratl™ edging l"«Snd the Mke hi
uanish embroldvT. See DonuA.— Darned embroi-
dery, a kind of embrolderv in which a backgn-uml^ a
wmewhat open textile fabric is fllk-,1 in by tl," """.He with
— ^v-^' '■>""•, jvAamen, p. oog.
embroilment (em-broil'ment), n. [< OF. (and
t.)embro,ulleme»t (= Pg.'embrulhameiito = It.
l^t'n^i'T"^\ ^ ^"iir "'"'"'> embroil: see em-
th^t *^ T^"--^ ^''*' "<'* °' embroiling, or
the state of being embroiled; a state of con-
tention perplexity, or confusion; disturbance;
entanglement. '
He (the Prince of Orange; was not apprehensive of a
new embroUment, but rather wished it. i"^""""""^ °' »
£p. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1678.
A. minister to England during the war he [Adamsl had
th?^'u^^'?rn"J^,'"' 1'" """il^ ""<» dh«ritloS^ save
the country from a foreign embroilment.
G. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II. 180.
embronzef (em-bronz'), v. t. [< em-l -I- brome.-\
10 form or represent in bronze, as a statue.
Will you in largesses exhaust your store.
That you may proudly stalk the Circus o'er
o ','?. '"e Capitol embromd may stand
spoil d of your fortune and patenial land ?
Francis, tr. of Horaces Satires, ii.
embrothelt (em -broth 'el), V. t. [< m-l -f-
bnthef^.] To inclose or harbor in a brothel.
[Kare.]
Men which choose
^w practice for mere gain, boldly repute
Worse than «m(>ro<A«rd strumpeUproatltute.
Donne.
embroudet, embrowdet, v. t. Middle English
vanant.s of embroid. **
embrown (em-broun'), V. [Formerly also im-
brown; < m-l + brotcn. Cf. Of/ emhrunir,
darken, make brown or blackish, < en- -t- brun
brown.] I. trans. 1. To make brown ; darken!
Early
■ areh hidcZ;, 1 ■' V t- ?' *^* .^°'?'*^ "^^^ ' *he persistent
- arcn nidden), ^, subvertebra aorta; c. o' omDhalfi-
irterv and vein, trntnii f^™ /; .1 i.:.i_' ,' .■ "»"pna o-
c.?' c''5Lm,^°S^„t^i'"'-J-i- "«',«°"ic t™„k orcardiac aorta :
ri- i- v'erabS artJJJ"? ■ '"'' '"'''?''' "'»«<'s ; s. subclavian »«»:
portal veiii, z>i., the ductus venosus: DC, a ductus Cuvicrl tK
"s;Tc^ruUsr.!fn-.%^^srufA'-g,-'^^^^^
parent; a germ; a rudiment; in a more ex-
tended sense, a rudimentary animal during its
whole antenatal existence, in the later stages of
aiw" uf„T"'' '^JT^'"'^ '" "«■' ""'' the mamma sg^e, cr-
InVi,^». "'"/"","' ™mmonly takes the place of embryo.
In the cases of oviparous animals, the temi embrvo nron-
erly covers the whole course of development o/thef?
Z'.'ift^'if tT!' '," "!' "^ (""kh see, a?d see cut under
h»t^h^H ' w® ''*J',' •'«« rantained an embryo ready to
of H,; t."/„^ ?^ "'"' '»o«?. though now common, extension
?Mv.rt.V;",'' " 'irPJ."*!'" ^■'""'""» ''"■™' »'«8es of some
invertebrates, which in the course of their transformation
are frequently so different from the parent as to be de
larval stage) of a cestoid worm.
The embryo) of a man, dog, seal, bat reptile etc ran „t
first hardly be dUtinguished from each other.' '
Darwin, Descent of Man, I. 31.
-— - - — "i-^.. V.--W.C inunc IS niicfi in ny ttie needle with
^,^^1^!^ ^ ""''« » ""Ihi and opa-,ue snrfLe n
aW.wP", "' '^ ""^L*"- ■^" " especially ied f.V wLh
embrom';;^'."' Ji:f.S:,r'"" "" -«"— acmng-
embroidery-frame (em-broi'd6r-i-fram), n. A
frame on which material to be embroidered is
fastened and stretched, so that it may not be
drawn in the working.
embroideiT-needle (era-broi'd*r-i-ne'dl), «.
Auv one of various large needles or implements
01 iiKe character used in ornamental needle-
Cder?^li^"?''*',P""'*«««*- The chenille em-
mSJivT^n',"' Tl""!^ ■«*<"''• '"' •*> »">• ewvas. ii
fonmT Knr ™i'' "l"^ ""' eye .nearly a. large a. in the
thl -.ml .i?!^"'"^'!'""'' "? •""<• ""terial. tlie needle Is
an ,., , ''•'T'' •Jl''.t!" » '""? "•■"» eye ; for cnwhet-
jnd tamlwur-work the «>.caired needle U in reality •
H hence summer suns embroum the labouring swains.
Fenton, To Mr. Southern.
2. To make dark or obscure.
Where the unpierced shade
Imbroum'd the noontide bowers.
Milton, P. L., It. 246.
n. intrans. To grow or become brown; ac-
quire a brownish hue.
«nH" ilj^'f ''''/'I'? *r^'' meanwhile, there were ... signs
JwJ^"'" "' *.'"' Summer: the darkening foliage i^e
embrowmng grtia. t<msr/««ow, Kavanagf, xvlli
«™^™|W (em-br8'), v. t. An obsolete spelling
embrute (em-brdf), v. ; pret. and pp. embruted,
ppr embruUng. [Formeriy also imbrute ; < em-i
+ brute.-] I. trans. To degrade to the condi-
tion of a brute; make brutal or like a brute:
brutalize. '
All the man embruted in the swine.
Caxcthumc, Regulation of the Passions.
Mix'd with liestial slime.
This Msence to incarnate and imbrute.
That to the highth of deity aspired
Mil
\ton, P. L., Ix. 186.
2. In 6o<., the rudimentary plant contained in
the seed, the result of the action of pollen upon
the ovule, it may be so rudimentary as to have anna-
ren t ly no distinct ion of parts : but even h. its sbnpTest fom
irZ iif .''"■t|'«'ly »f « 'i'lRle internode of an a.vis, which
upon germination develops at oneextremity a leaf or leaves
with a temnnal bud, a.id a root at the other. In more de-
veloped embryos this initial internode or caulicle (often
Z:^^:^!' '='".'*'' ?''''^''> '«^''™ "t »"« end me two o?
E^w^','"™'?'"'' '?""' ''""'"^ '■"tyledons, and often aii
lKf~U J" """!"'"• Also called .ffem,. By recent au-
thors the term is also applied to the developed oosiwre in
vascular cryptogams. See cuts under albumen and cotytc.
3. The beginning or first state of anything,
while yet in a rude and undeveloped condition
the condition of anything which has been con-
ceived but IS not yet developed or executed ;
rudimentary state: chiefly in the phrase in em-
bryo.
There were Items of such a Treaty being in Emhrio
Congrene, Way of the Worid I 9
i^'iTSli "*"" ""'^'«* "'^'" * »»"•<' """ij^;'
A little bench of heedless bishops here.
And there a chancellor in embryo.
Shemtone, Schoolmistress.
Eplspermlc embryo. See ep»»j«nntc. = svn. Fetun
Genn,ltud,ment TheflrstofthesewordsismaiWaim liS
to the embryos of viv parous vertcl,rates in thriateisCS
of their development, when they are more subject to ob-
servation. Oenn means especially the seed or fecundated
embryo
ormn, and scarcely exteiuU beyoinl tlie early stages of an
embno. Jiiuliment is simply "le specillc upiilicution of
a more general term to a germ or to the eaily, crude, or
•rude" stages of an embryo.
H. (I. Being in the first or rudimentary stage
of growth or development ; incipient ; embry-
onic : as, an embryo flower.
The finhnio manor of the German tribesman, with its
village of serfs upon it, might therefore, if the same prac-
tice prevailed, differ in three ways fi-om the later manor.
Sfebohm, Eng. Vil. Community, p. 341.
Embryo buds, in bot, the hard no<lules which occur in
the bark of the Iwecli, olive, and other trees, and are ca-
llable of developing leaves and shoots.
embryoctony (em-bri-ok'to-ni), n. [< Gr. l,u-
fipmv, an embryo, + -ktovIo, < ktcIvciv, destroy.]
In obstet., the destruction of the fetus lu the
uterus, as in cases of impossible delivery.
embryogenic (em'bri-o-jen'ik), a. Pertaining
to embryogeny.
embryogeny (em-bri-oj'e-ni), n. [< 6r. f,«-
fipim; an embryo, + -ycveia, < -yevt/^, produ-
cing : see -geny.'} The formation and develop-
ment of the embryo ; that department of sci-
ence which treats of such formation and devel-
opment.
Taxonomy ought to be the expression of ancestral de-
velopment, or phyloijeuy, as well as of eiiibrt/ofrenif and
adult structui-e. Huxley, Encyc, Brit., II. 49.
embryogony (em-bri-og'o-ni), H. [< 6r. iji-
fipvov, an embryo, + -yovia, generation, < -ynvo(,
producing, generating: see -gony.] Same as
embryogeny.
embryograph (em'bri-o-gr&f), n. [< Gr. i/i-
jipvov, embryo, + ypa^iv, write.] An instru-
ment consisting of an ordinary microscope com-
bined with a camera lucida for the purpose of
accurately drawing the outlines of embryos and
series of sections thereof, it is also used to recon-
struct minute morphological and histological details on
a large scale from series of microscopic sections. It was
invented hy I'rof. His of Leipsic.
embryographic (em"bri-o-graf'ik), a. [< em-
bryugruiih + -ic. ] Drawn or graphically i-epre-
sented by means of the embryograph.
embryography (em-bri-og'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. e//-
jipvov, an embryo, + -ypa(l>la, < ypd^eiv, write.]
That department of auatomy which describes
the embryo or treats of its development.
embryologic, embryological (em"bri-o-loj'ik,
-i-kal), a. Of or pertaining to embryology.
Tlie homologies of any being, or group of beings, can
be most surely made out by tracing their embryological
development, when that is possil)le.
Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 233.
embryologically (em'bri-o-loj'i-kal-i), adv.
According to or as regards the laws or princi-
ples of embryology.
Is the hyppolais a warbler etmbryologically, or is he a
yellow finch, connected with serins and canaries, who has
taken to singing? Kingdey, Life, II. 203.
embryologist (em-bri-ol'o-jist), n. [< embry-
ology + -i.si.] One who studies embryos; one
versed in the principles and facts or engaged
in the study of embryology.
embryology (em-bri-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. Ifijipv-
ov, an embryo, + -loyia, < ?Jytiv, speak : see
-ology.] That department of science which re-
lates to the development of embryos.
embryon (em'bri-on), n. and a. [Formerly
also embrion ; < F. embryon: see embryo.l I.
n. 1 . The earlier form of embryo.
Let him e'en die ; we have enough beside.
In embrion. B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
The reverence I owe to that one womb
In which we both were embrions, makes me suffer
What's past.
Fletcher {and another), Qiieen of Corinth, 1. 2.
Give me leave : I have
An emhrt/on in my brain, which, I despair not,
May be brought to fonn and fashion.
itagninyer, Great Duke of Florence, iii. 1.
I perceive in you the embryon of a mighty intellect
which may one day enlighten thousands.
Shelley, in Dowden, I. 230.
2. {^cap."] [NXi.] In entom., a genus of leaf-
beetles, of the family Chrysomelidw, with one
species, E. griseovillosum, of Brazil. Thomson,
1857.
n. a. Embryonic; rudimental; crude; not
fully developed. [Archaic]
Embry&n truths and verities yet in their chaos.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 5.
For Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry, four champions fierce.
Strive here for mastery, and to battel tiring
Their e/Aitryon atoms. Milton, I*. L., ii. 900.
Even the beings of his creation lie before him [Shak-
ipere] in their emiryon state.
J. D'lgraeli, Amen, of Lit., 11. 189,
1896
embryonal (em'bri-on-al), a. [< embryon +
-dl. Tliis and the following forms in embryon-
are ctymologically improper, being based on
the erroneous (NL.) stem embryon- instead of
the proper stem embry-, embryo-.'] Of or per-
taining to an embryo, or to the embryonic stage
of an organism.
Embryonal masses of protoplasm. Bastian.
The arms of men and apes, the fore legs of quadrupeds,
the paddles of cetacea, the wings of birds, and the breast-
fins of fishes are structurally identical, being developed
from the same embryonal rudiments.
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 460.
Embryonal vesicle, in hot., the germ-cell within the
embryo-sac which after fertilization is developed into the
enibr.vo. Also called oot^/here.
embryonary (em'bri-on-a-ri), o. [< embryon
-t- -fl)')/-.] Same as embryonal. [Rare.]
embryonate, embryonated (em'bri-on -at,
-a-ted), (I. [< embryon -I- -afcl, -ated.] In the
state of or formed like an embryo ; relating to
an embryo ; possessing an embryo.
St. Paul could not mean this embryonated little plant,
for lie could not denote it by these words, "that which
thou sowest," for that, he says, must die ; but this little
embiyonated plant contained in the seed that is sown dies
not. Locke, Second Reply to Bp. of Worcester.
embryonic (em-bri-on'ik), a. [< embryon +
-('(■.] Having the character or being in the con-
dition of an embryo ; pertaining or relating to
an embryo or embryos ; hence, rudimentary ;
incipient ; inchoate : as, an embryonic animal,
germ, or cell ; embryonic development or re-
searches ; an embryonic scheme ; civilization is
in an embryonic state.
At what particular phase in the embryonic series is the
soul witli its potential consciousness implanted'/ is it in
the egg? in the fcetus of this month or of that? in the
new-lwrn infant? or at five years of age?
E. R. Lankcater, Degeneration, p. 68, note B.
embryonically (em-bri-on'i-kal-i), adv. As re-
gards an embryo ; as or for an embryo ; in an
embryonic or rudimentary manner.
Tlie dorsal or posterior fissure is formed . . . about the
seventh day, . . . and accompanies the atrophy of tile
dorsal section of the embryonicnlly large canal of the spi-
nal cord. M. Foster, Embryology, i. 255.
embryoplastic (em'^'bri-o-plas'tik), a. [< Gr.
(fjiipvov, embryo, -1- Tr/aoTof, < v'/aaaciv, form.]
Pertaining to the formation of the embryo.
embryo-sac (em'bri-6-sak), n. [< Gr. ep-jipvov,
embryo, + aduKoi;, Jj.gaceus, sac] 1. In bot.,
the reproductive cell of the ovule in phanero-
gams, containing the embryonal vesicle. — 2.
In conch., same as protoconch.
embryoscope (em'bri-o-skop), «. [< Gr. l/i-
jipmv, embryo, + okottcIi', look at.] An instru-
ment which is attached to an egg for the pur-
pose of examining the embryo, a part of the
shell being tirst removed, and the opening so
made being hermetically closed by the appa-
ratus, which has a glass disk in the middle
through which the development of the germ
during the first few days of its growth may be
watched.
embryoscopic (em'''bri-o-skop'ik), a. [< em-
bryoscope + -ic] Pertaining to the examina-
tion of embryos by means of the embryoscope.
embryotega (em-bri-ot'e-ga), n. [NL., also
embryotegium, < Gr. i/ifipvov, the embryo, +
reyog, a roof.] In bot., a small callosity near
the hilum of some seeds, as of the date, eanna,
etc., which in germination gives way like a lid,
emitting the radicle.
embryothlasta (em"bri-o-thlas'ta), n. [NL.,
< Gr. iufSpvov, the embryo, + ffkaaro^, verbal adj.
of d'/.aetv, break.] A surgical instrument for
dividing the fetus to effect delivery. Dunglison.
embryotic (em-bri-ot'ik), a. Same as embry-
onic. [An ill-formed word, and little used.]
Foreseeing man would need the pressure of necessity to
call forth his latent energies and develop his embryotic
capacities. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLV. 644.
embryotocia (em^bri-o-to'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr.
iufipvov, the embryo, -I- tokos, ileliveiy.] Abor-
tion. DiDiglison.
embryotomy (em-bri-ot'o-mi), n. [< NL. *e)H-
bryotomia (NGr. epjipvoTopia), < Gr. epf-ipvov, an
embryo, + ro/ii^, a cutting.] 1. The dissection
of embryos; embryological anatomy. — 2. In
obstet., the division of the fetus in the uterus
into fragments in order to effect delivery: an
operation employed, for example, when the
pelvis of the mother is too narrow to admit
of natural delivery.
embryOUSt (em'bri-us), a. [< Gr. epiipvoi;, grow-
ing in, neut. c/xfSpvov, an embryo: see embryo.]
Same as embryonal.
amendatory
Contemplation generates ; action propagates. Without
the fii-st the latter is defective ; without the last the fli-st
is but abortive and embryous. Feliham, Kesolves, i. 14.
emburset, v. t. See imbnrse.
embushf, ''. An obsolete form of ambush.
embushmentt, n. An obsolete form of ambush-
men t.
To the cete unsene thay soghte at the gayneste.
And sett an enbuiichement, als theme-selfe lykys.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3110.
embusyt (em-biz'i), r. t. [Early mod. E. em-
besy, enbesy; < em-l + busy.] To employ; keep
busy.
In nedyll warke raysyng byrdes in iKiwres,
With vertue enbeaetl all tyraes and howres.
Skelton, Garland of Laurel.
Whilst thus in battell they embuaied were.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. vii. 29.
emcristenet, n. A Middle English contracted
form of even-christian.
The kyndenesse that myn emcristene kydde me fern sere^
Syxty sitlie ich sleuthe haue for-gute hit sitthe.
Piers Plowman (C), vlii. 46.
emeti «■ A Middle English form of earn. Chau-
cer.
emeer, «. See emir.
emellt, emelf, prep. See imell.
emembratedt (e- mem 'bra -ted), a. [< ML.
emembratus, pp. of emembrare, exmembrare, de-
prive of members, < L. e, ex, out, + membrum,
member.] Gelded. Bailey, 1727.
emend (e-mend'), V. t. [The same as amend,
which is ultimately, while emend is directly,
from the L. : = F. emender = Pr. emendar =
Sp. Pg. emendar = It. emendare, < L. emendare,
correct, amend: see amend.] 1. To remove
faults or blemishes from ; free from fault ; alter
for the better; correct; amend. [Rare.]
A strong earthquake would shake them to a chaos,
fi'om wliich the successive force of the sun, rather thau
creation, bath a little eviended them.
Feltham, Low Countries, ii.
2. To amend by criticism of the text ; improve
the reading of: as, this edition of Virgil is
greatly emended.
He [DUbner, in his edition of Arrlan] confines himself
almost exclusively to emending such forms, etc. , as are in-
consistent with Arrian's own uniform usage in this same
piece. Amer. Jour. PhiloL, VII. 204.
= S5T1. Improve, Better, etc. See amend.
emendable (e-men'da-bl), a. [< L. emendabiHs,
< emendare, emend: see emend. Cf. amendable.']
Capable of being emended or corrected.
emendals (e-men'(la,\z),n.pl. l<. emend + -al.'j
In the Society of tlie Inner Temple, London,
England, a balance of money in the bank or
stock of the houses, for the reparation of losses
or other emergent occasions.
emendatelyt (e-men'dat-U), adv. [< *emen-
diitc, adj., + -hfi, after L. adv. emendate, fault-
lessly, correctly, < emendatus, pp. of emendare,
correct, emend: see emend.] Without fault;
correctly.
The prynters herof were very desirous to have the Bi-
ble come forth as faultlesse and emendatly as the shortnes
of tyme for the recognysing of the same wold require.
Taverner, Dedication to the King (Bible, 1539).
emendation (em-en- or e-men-da'shon), «. [=
OF. emendation, F. emendation = Pr. Sp. emen-
dacion = It. emeyidasione ; < L. cmendatio(n-), <
emendare, pp. emendatus, eoiTeet, emend: see
emend.] 1. The removal of errors ; the correc-
tion of that which is erroneous or faulty; al-
teration for the better; correction.
The longer he lies in his sin without repentance or emen.
dation. Jer. Taylor.
The question ; By what machinery does experience at
the beginning divide itself into two related parts, subjec-
tive and objective? would also require emendation.
J. »-ard. Mind, XII. 569.
2. An alteration or correction, especially in a
text: as, a new edition containing many emen-
dations.
Containing the copy subjoined, with the emendations
atniexed to it. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, i.
= Syn. 1. Amendment, rectification, refonnation.
emendator (em'en- or e'men-da-tor), n. [= F.
emendatcur = Pr. esmendador = Sp. Pg. emen-
dador = It. emendatore ; < L. emendator, a cor-
rector, < emendare, correct, emend: see emend.]
One who emends; one who corrects or im-
proves by removing faults or errors, as by cor-
recting corrupt readings in a book or writing.
In tlie copies which they bring us out of the pretended
original, there is so great an uncertainty and disagreement
betwixt them, that the Roman emendators of G ratian them-
selves know not how to trust it.
Bp. Cosin, Canon of Holy Scriptures (ia;2), p. 123.
emendatory (e-men'da-to-ri), a. [= It. emen-
datorio; < LL. cmcndatorius, corrective, < L.
emendatory
emendator, a corrector: see emendator.'i Con-
cerned with the work of emending or correct-
ing; amendatory.
He had what is the first requisite to emendatory criti-
cism, that intuition by whicli the Poet's intention is im-
mediately discovered. Johttson, Pref. to Shalt
emender (e-men'der), n. One who emends.
emendicatet (f-men'di-kat), r. t. [< L. emendi-
c<ittu^, pp. of cmeiidicare, obtain by begging, <
e, out, + mendicarc, beg: see viendmoit.1 To
beg. Coekeram.
emerald (em 'e-rald), n. and a. [The term, alter-
ed after Sp.,"lt'.", etc. ; formerly also emerant,
emeraud, emraud, emerod, emrod; < ME. eme-
raude, emerade, emeraunde, < OF. esmerau.de, es-
merahle, F. imeraude = Pr. esmerauda, maracda,
f., maragde, maracde, maraude, meraude, m., =
Sp. Pg. esnieralda = It. smeraldo (ML. esmaral-
dus, esmaraudiis, esmerauda, esmaraudis), < L.
smaragdus (> directly E. gmaragd, q. v.), < Gr.
Ofidpaydoc, sometimes jidpayio^, a precious stone
supposed to be the same as what is now known
as the emerald. Cf. Skt. marakata, marakta, an
emerald.] I. n. 1. A variety of the mineral
beryl, having a deep, clear green color, and
when transparent highly prized as a gem. The
r;uliar shade of green which characterises tlie emerald
probably due to the presence of a small amount of
chromium. Tlie finest emeralds come from the neighbor-
hood of Muso, in the United States of Colombia, South
America, where they occur in veins traversing clay-slate,
hornblende-slate, and granite ; they are also obtained in
large crystals, though of less value as genu, in Siberia,
and in Alexander county, Xorth Carolina.
In that Lond Men fynden many fayre Emeraudes and y
nuwe. MandevUle, Travels, p. 49.
Tbe semes echon.
As it were a maner garnishing,
Waa set with emeraudg one and one.
Flower and Leaf, I. 142.
2. The name in Great Britain of a size of print-
ing-type, intermediate between minion (which
is larger) and nonpareil (which is smaller),
and measuring 138 lines to the foot. It is not
used in the United States. — 3. In entom., one
of several small green geometrid moths, as the
grass emerald, Pseudoterpna pruinata, and the
Essex emerald, Phorodesmn smarniidiiriii—Tixa-
erald-green. •Seeyr«<n.—Llthlaemer£Lld."r emerald
gpodumeud, an emerald-green variety of siMxtuniciit-, also
called hiddeniu, from Alexander county, North Carolina.
It is used as a gem.
n. a. Of a bright green, like emerald.
My sliding chariot stays.
Thick set with agate, and the aznm sheen
0( tarkis blue and emerald green.
MUtoH, Comas, L a»4.
That vast expanse of emerald meadow.
Thro' which tbe lights, rose, amber, emerald, bine,
Klush'd. Tennj/mm, Palace of Art.
Emerald copper. Bee diofitaae.— Emerald IBIe, Ireland :
so called from its Terdare. The epithet is said to have
been first applied to it by Dr. William Drennan of Bel-
fast, in the lieidnning of the nincteinth century, in his
poem called " Erin. '— Emerald nlckeL See nickel.
emerald-flsh (em'c-rald-fish), n. A fish, Gobi-
ondlus oeeanicus, witfi a short, anteriorly con-
vex head, and with a faint dusky streak along
the sides, a dark bar below the eye, and a bright-
blue and greenwh tongue exhibiting reflections
like an emerald. It is found in the Caribbean
sea and the gulf of Mexico.
emeraldine (em'e-ral-din), n. [< emerald +
-iH*'-.] In dyeing, a dark-green color produced
on fabrics printed with aniline black, by treat-
ing the pieces with acids before the black has
been completely developed.
emerald-moth (em'e-rald-mdth), n. A moth of
tlio genus Ilipparchug, or some related genus:
so culled from the grass-green color.
emerant (em'e-rant), n. and a. An obsolete or
dialectal (Scotcli') variant of emerald.
As still was her look, and as still was her ee.
As tbe stlllneM that lay on the emerant lea.
Hogg, Qneen's Wake, Bonny Kilmeny.
emerase (em'e-ris), fi. A piece of armor for
the shoulder or arm, probably the gusset of the
armpit.
emeraud'f, emerande^t, "• and a. Obsolete
forms of i-mi raid.
emeraad'-t, emeraude^t, n. See emerod^.
emerge (<)-ra6rj'), v. ; pret. and pp. emerged, ppr.
cmfn/iiig. [= P. dmerger = Pr. emcrgcr = Sp.
Pg. emergir = It. emergere, < L. emergere, rise
out, rise up, < e, out, ■+ mergere, di|). merge :
see merge.] I. intrans. 1. To rise from or out
of anything that surroondg, covers, or conceals ;
come forth; appear, as from concealment;
come into view, as into a higher position or
state : as, to emerge from the water or from the
1897
ocean ; the stm emerges from behind a cloud, or
from an eclipse; to emerge from poverty, ob-
scurity, or misfortime.
Thetis, not unmindful of her son,
Emerrfintj from the deep, to beg her boon.
Pursued their track. Dryden, Iliad, i.
Then from ancient gloom emerged
A rising world. Thomson.
Through the trees we glide.
Emerging on the green hill-side.
M. Arnold, Resignation.
Many of the univalves here at San Lorenzo were filled
and united together by pure salt, probably left by the
evaporation of the sea-spray, as the land slowly emerged.
Darwin, GeoL Observations, ii. 268.
2. To issue ; proceed.
The rays emerge more obliquely out of the second re-
fracting surface of the prism. Newton, Opticks.
3. To come into existence ; pass from being in
cause to being in act.
Contrary opposition emerges when a plurality of propo-
sitions can severally deny the original enouncement.
Sir W. Hamilton.
H.t trans. To immerge ; sink. [Rare ; an
error for immerge.']
Their souls are emerged in matter, and drowned in the
moistures of an unwholesome cloud.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 700.
emergementt (e-mferj'ment), n. [< emerge +
-ment.] Something that rises suddenly into
view ; an imexpected occurrence.
Go it would, as fast as one man could convey it in speech
to another all the town over ; it being usually observed
that such emergemenU disperse in rumor unaccountably.
Jtoger yorth, Exanien, p. 401.
emergence (e-mfer'jens), n. [= F. emergence =
Sp. Pg. emcr'gencia = It. emergenza; < L. emer-
gen{t-)s, ppr.: see emergent, a.] 1. The act of
rising from or out of that which covers or con-
ceals ; a coming forth or into view.
We have read of a tyrant who tried to prevent the emer-
gence of murdered bodies. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
The white colour of all refracted light, at its very first
emergence, ... is compounded of various colours.
Xewton, Opticks.
The sulphate of lime may have been derived . . . from
the evaporation of the sea-spray during the emergence of
the land. Darwin, GeoL Ob8er\'ation8, iL 273.
2. In hot, an outgrowth or appendage upon
the surface of an organ, as the prickles and
glandular hairs of roses. — 3t. An emergency;
exigency.
But let the enurgenee be passed wlien they need my
head and hand, and they only know me as son of the
obscure portioner of Glendearg. Scott, Abbot, iii.
Maemlay. emergency (e-mfer'jen-si), n. and a. [As emer-
gence : see -enee, -ency.'] I. n. ; pi. emergencies
(-siz). If. Same as emergence, 1.
Tbe emergency of colours, upon coalition of the particles
of such bodies as were neither of them of the colour of that
mixture whereof they are Ingredients, is very well worth
our attentive observation. Boyle, Colours.
2. A sudden or unexpected happening; an im-
foreseen occurrence or condition; specifically,
a perplexing contingency or complication of
circumstances.
Most of our rarities have been found out by casual aner-
gency. Glanmlle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xix.
A man mnst do according to accidents and Emergencies.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 116.
The uncertainty and ignorance of things to come makes
the world new unto us by unexpected emergencies.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 25.
The emergency which has convened the meeting is usu-
ally of more importance than anything the debaters have
in their minds, and therefore becomes imperative to
them. Emerson, Eloquence.
3. A sudden or unexpected occasion for action ;
exigency ; pressing necessity.
In any case of emergency he would employ the whole
wealth of his empire. Addison, Freeholder.
4t. Something not calculated upon; an unex-
pected gain ; a casual profit.
The rents, profits, and emergencies belonging to a Bishop
of Bath and Wells. Ileylin, Life of Laud, p. 159.
=Syn. 3. Crisis, etc. (see exigency); pinch, strait.
U. a. Pertaining to or provided for an emer-
gency; dealing with or for use in emergencies:
as, an emergency man ; an emergency wagon.
Everybody rememljers the events of the autumn of
1880; how "boycotting" was inaugurated to coerce Cap-
tain Boycott, and "emernency men" were established to
raise tbe siege of bis farm and save his crops.
FoHnightly Rev., N. S., XI. 117.
emergent (e-m6r'jent), a. and w. [= F. ^er-
gent = Sp. t*g. It. emergente; < L. emergen(t-)s,
pr. of emergere, rise out, rise up : see emerge.]
a. 1. Rising from or out of anything that
I
emerod
covers or surrounds ; coming forth or into vie'w ;
protruding.
That love that, when my state was now quite sunk.
Came with thy wealth and weighed it up again,
And made my emergent fortune once more look
Above the main. B. Jonson, Catiline, i. 1.
Tlie mountains huge appear
Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave
Into the clouds. Milton, P. L., vii. 286.
Glimpses of temple-fronts emergent. on green hill-slopes
among almond-trees.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Gi-eece, p. 187.
Specifically — (a) In bryology, rising slightly above the
perichfetium : applied to the capsule. (6) In lichenology,
protruding tlirough the cortical layer.
2. Issuing or proceeding.
The stoics held a fixed unalterable course of events;
but then they held also, that they fell out by a necessity
emergent from and inherent in the things themselves.
South, Sermons.
3. Coming suddenly; sudden; casual; unex-
pected ; hence, calling for immediate action or
remedy; urgent; pressing.
She [Queen Elizabeth] composed certain prayers herself
upon emergent occasions.
Bacon, Collectanea of Queen Elizabeth.
To break and distribute the bread of life according to
the emergent necessities of that congregation.
Do7ine, Sermons, x.
It chanced that certain emergent and rare occasions had
devolved on him to stand forth to maintain the Constitu-
tion, to vindicate its interpretation, to vindicate its au-
thority. B. Choate, Addresses, p. 324.
This is an elementary text-book, ... on the mainte-
nance of health, with the rudiments of anatomy and
physiology, and the treatment of emergent cases.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 705.
Emergent year, the epocli or date whence any people
begin to compute time : as, our emergent year is the year
of the birth of Christ. [Rare.]
H. n. That which emerges or comes forth;
that which appears or comes into view ; a nat-
ural occurrence. [Bare.]
No particular emergent or purchase to be employed to
any seuerall proflte. vntill the common stocke of the com-
panie shall be furnished. Uakluyt's Voyages, I. 228.
There are many ways in which the properties of a mass
differ from those of its molecules; the chief of these is,
that some properties are emergents, not resultants.
G. H. Lems, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. iv. § 49.
emergently (e-m6r'jent-li), adv. As occasion
demands; on emergence ; by emergency.
Tlie particulars, whetherof case or person, are to be con-
sidered occasionally and emergently by the judges.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 387.
emergentness (e-mfer'jent-nes), n. The state
or quality of being emergent. [Rare.]
emeril (em'e-ril), n. [Earlier form of emery,
q. v.] If. Emery.
Wliose [Jersey's] venom-hating ground
The hard'ned emeril hath, which thou aliroad dost send.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 63.
2. A glaziers' diamond.
emeritedt (e-mer'i-ted), a. [< L. emeritus, hav-
ing served out one's time : see emeritus.] Re-
tired from the public service after serving a full
term.
I had thehonour to lay one of the first foundation stones
of that royal structure, erected for the reception and en-
couragement of emerited and well-deserving seamen.
Evelyn, III. vii. f 15.
emeritus (e-mer'i-tus), a. and n. [L. emeritus,
having served out one's time (originally ap-
plied to a soldier or public functionary who
had served out his time and retired from the
public service); as a noun, one who has served
out his time, pp. of emereri, serve out one's
time, also obtain by service, < e, out, + mereri,
serve, earn, merit: see merit.] I. a. Having
served out one's time; having done sufficient
service ; discharged ■with honor from the per-
formance of public duty on account of infirmity,
age, or long service, but retained on the rolls :
as, a professor emeritus; a rector emeritus.
Even after he [Josiah Quincy] had passed ninety, he
would not claim to be emeritus, but came forward to brace
his townsmen with a courage and warm them with a fire
younger than their own. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 97.
n. ». ; pi. emeriti (-ti). '1. In Rom. hist., a
soldier or public functionary who had served
out his time and retired from service. Such
servants were entitled to some remuneration
answering to modem half pay. Hence — 2.
One who nas served out his time or done suf-
ficient service; one who has been honorably
discharged from public service or from a public
office, as an officer in a university or college,
usually with continuance of fufl or partial
emolument. [Rare.]
emerod^t, emeroidt, «• [ME. emeraude, eme-
rowde, etc., < OF. emmeroide, < L. hcemorrhois,
emerod
« hemorrhoid : see hemorrhoid.'i Obsolete forms
of hemorrhoid.
The men that died not were smitten with the tmerods.
I Sam. V. 12.
emerod^, «• An obsolete form of emerald.
An cnwrod estimated at 50,000 crowns.
North, tr. of Plutarch, Life of Augustus.
emeroudet, ". A Middle English form of em-
enilil. Chaucer.
«mersed (e-m6rst'), a. [< L. emersus, pp. of
emergere, rise out : see emerge.'i In hot., stand-
ing out of or raised above water ; raised par-
tially above surrounding leaves: applied to
the capsules of mosses.
emersion (e-mfer'shon), n. [< L. as if *evier-
m(>(h-) (for which emereiw, a coming out), < cme)--
gcre,p-p.emersus,eva.eTge: see emerge.'] 1. The
act of emerging; emergence: chiefly used in
contrast with immersion, etc.
The mersion also in water and the emersion thence, doth
figure our death to the former, and receiving to a new life.
Barrow, Doctrine of the Sacraments.
Emersion upon the stage of authorship. De Quincey.
The theory of slow emersion and immersion of conti-
Tients and islands — some of them, at least— cannot yet
be overthrown. Science, VII. 303.
2. In astron. : (a) The reappearance of a heav-
enly body after an eclipse or occultation; also,
the time of reappearance : as, the emersion of
the moon from the shadow of the earth; the
emersion of a star from behind the moon. (6)
The heliacal rising of a star— that is, its reap-
pearance just before sunrise after conjunction
with the sun. Fliny, Nat. Hist, (trans. ), xviii. 25.
Emersonian (em-er-s6'ni-an), a. and n. I, a.
Of, pertaining to, or resembling Ralph Waldo
Emerson, an American philosopher and poet
(1803-1882), or his writings.
To be Emersonian is to be American.
X. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 166.
Displaying in " conversations " the Emersonian jewels
and transcendental wares. Athenmum, No. 3152, p. 372.
n. n. An admirer of Ralph Waldo Emerson
or of his writings ; a follower of Emerson.
It is irritating to the Emersonians to be compelled to
admit that his strain has any essential quality.
The Century, XXVII. 930.
emery (em'e-ri), ». [Formerly emeril (the form
em^ry being aceom. to mod. F. imeri)\ = D.
amaril, < OF. emeril, mod. F. imenl and ^eri
= Sp. Pg. esmeril (= G. schmergel, sclimirgel,
smirgel = Sw. Dan. smergel), < It. smeriglio
<with dim. term.), < Gr. afivpii, Cfiipii (also a/iij-
pif, as if < Ofiav, wipe, rub), emery.] A granu-
lar mineral substance belonging to the species
corundum, which when pure consists of alumi-
na with slight traces of various metallic oxids.
Emery, however, is in general not pure corundum, but me-
chanically mixed with more or less masnetite or hematite.
It occurs in very hard nodules or amorphous masses in vari-
ous parts of the world, but the chief supply comes from Asia
Minor and the Grecian archipelago. Its principal use is
in grinding and polishing glass, stone, and metal surfaces.
For use the stone is usually crushed to a powder of varying
degrees of fineness, which is attached as a coating to paper,
cloth, wood, etc. The solid stone itself, however, is some-
times used, worked into suitable shape. — Corn emery,
the coarsest grade of emery, used in machine-work.
emery-board (em'e-ri-bord), ». Cardboard-
pulp mixed with emery-dust and cast in cakes.
emery-cake (em'e-ri-kak), n. A preparation
of emery used upon the surfaces of buff- and
glaze-wheels. It is composed of emery mixed
with suet and beeswax.
«mery-cloth (em'e-ri-kl6th), ».• A fabric coated
with hot glue and'<iusted with powdered emery,
used for smoothing metallic surfaces.
emery-paper (em'e-ri-pa"p6r), n. Paper pre-
pared nke emery-cloth.
emery-stick (em'e-ri-stik), n. A stick covered
with emery-grains or emery-dust, used for fa-
cing or polishing metal surfaces.
emery-stone (em'e-ri-ston), n. A mixture of
gum shellac and "emery or emery and clay,
used for emery-wheels.
emery-wheel (em'e-ri-hwel), n. A grindmg-
or polishing-wheel the face of which is coated
with emery, is covered with emery-cloth or em-
ery-paper, or is formed of emery-stone. Some-
times called corundum-wheel.
Emesa (em'e-sa), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1803), < L.
Emesa, Gr. "Efl'eaa, a city of Syria, now Hews.]
The typical genus of the family Emesidw. E.
longipes is a common species in the United
e'mesid (em'e-sid), a. and n. I. a. Pertaining
to or having the characters of the family Eme-
sidw : as, an emssid bug ; an emesid fauna. P.
£. Uhler.
n, n. One of the Emesid<e.
1898
Emesida (e-mes'i-da), n.pl. Same as Emesincc.
Emesidae (e-mes'i-de), n. 2>l. [NL., < Emesa +
-ida'.} A family of heteropterous insects, of the
reduvioid group, characterized by the extreme-
ly slender body, vrith filamentous middle and
hind legs, and spinous fore legs adapted for
S6iziii£r*
Emesinse (em-e-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Emesa +
-inw.'] The typical subfamily of Emesidw, hav-
ing a single claw on the fore tarsus. Also
Emesida.
emesisi (em'e-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. Wic, a vom-
iting, < ifiiuv, vomit: see emetic.'] In pathol..
the act of vomiting ; discharge from the stomach
by the mouth.
Emesis'-^ (em'e-sis), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1808).
Cf. Emesa.] In zool, a genus of butterflies, of
the family Eryoinidw. E. fatima is the typical
species, and there are several others, aU South
American.
emett, «. An obsolete form of emmet.
emetia (o-me'shi-a), n. [NL., < emet{ic) + -la.]
Same as* emetine.
emetic (e-met'ik), a. and n. [Formerly emetick;
= F. inietique = Sp. emetico = Pg. It. emetico, <
L. emeticus, < Gr. c/ieriKdg, causing vomit, < ifie-
Toc, vomiting, < iftelv (■/ • Fe/i-) = L. vomere, vom-
it: see vomit.] I. a. Induciug vomiting.
The violent emetick and cathartick properties of anti-
mony. Boyle, Works, II. 123
Emetic weed, the Lobelia inflata, a plant possessing
powerful emetic qualities, and a noted quack medicine ni
some parts o( the United States.
n. n. A medicine that induces vomiting.
Indirect emetic, which excite vomiting by their action
on the medulla oblongata, act also on other parts of the
nervous system. Quoin, Med. Diet.
emetical (e-met'i-kal), a. [< emetic + -al.]
Same as emetic. [Rare.]
emetically (e-met'i-kal-i), adv. In such a man-
ner as to excite vomiting.
We have not observed a well-prepared medicine of duly
refined silver to work emetically even in women and girls.
Boyle, Works, I. 330.
emeticize (e-met'i-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. eniet-
icized, Tpyyr.' emeticizing. [< emetic + -ize.] To
cause to vomit. Also spelled <?»ie<ic«se. [Bare.]
Eighty out of the 100 patients became thoroughly ill ;
20 were unaffected. The curious part of it is that, with
very few exceptions, the 80 emeticised subjects were men,
while the strong-nerved few who were not to be caught
with chaff were women.
Philadelphia Ledger, Deo. 31, 1887.
emetine (em'e-tin), n. [< emetiic), in allusion
to its emetic action, + -ine^.] An alkaloid found
in ipecacuanha, and forming its active princi-
ple. It is white, pulverulent, and bitter, soluble in hot
water and alcohol, and in large doses intensely emetic.
In smaller doses it acts as an expectorant, and in still
smaller quantities as a stimulant to the stomach. Also
emetia. ,
emetocathartic (em'e-to-ka-thar tik), a. and n.
l< emetic + cathartic] I. a. In wed., producing
vomiting and purging at the same time.
II. n. In weed., a remedy producing vomitiug
and purging at the same time.
emetology (em-e-tol'6-ji), n. [< Gr. iueroc, vom-
iting (see emetic), + -^oyia, < ^.iyeiv, speak: see
-ology.] The medical study of vomiting and
emetics.
emetomorphia (em'e-to-mdr'fi-a), «. [L., < Gr.
£/icrof, vomiting (see emetic), + NL. morphia.]
Same as apomorphine.
emeu, «. See emu^.
6meute (F. pron. a-m6t'), n. [F., a disturbance,
riot, < L. emota, tern, of emotus, pp. of emovere,
move, stir, agitate, disturb : see emove, emotion.]
A seditious commotion; a riot; a tumult; an
outbreak.
emew, ». See emu't-. ,,■ ^. t
E. M. F. In elect., a common abbreviation ot
electromotive force.
In a circuit of uniform temperature, if metallic, the
sum of the E. M. F. is zero by the second law of thermo-
dynamics. Nature, XXX. 695.
emfortht, prep. A Middle English contracted
form of evenforth. Chaucer.
emgalla, emgallo (em-gal'il, -6), «. [Native
African.] The wart-hog of southern Africa,
Phacochoerus (elhiopicus.
emicantt (em'i-kant), a. [< L. emican( t-)s, ppr.
of emicare, break forth, spring out, become con-
spicuous, < e, out, + micare, quiver, sparkle :
see mica.] Beaming forth; sparkling; flying
off like sparks ; issuing rapidly.
Here thou almighty vigour didst exert ;
Which emicant did this and that way dart.
Through the black bosom of the empty space.
Sir H. Blackmore, Creation, vii.
emicationt (em-i-ka'shon), n. [< L. emicatio{n-),
< emicare, break forth :' see etnicant] A spar-
kling I a flying off in small particles or sparks,
as from heated iron or fermenting liquors.
Thus iron in aqua fortis will fall into ebullition, with
noise and emicatiun. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 5.
emiction (e-mik'shon), n. [< L. e, out, + mic-
tio{n-), mihetio(n-), '< mingere, pp. mictus, piinc-
<HS, urinate: see micturition.] 1. Same as wic-
turition. — 2. Urine. [Rare in both uses.]
emictory (e-mik'to-ri), a. and n. [As emic-
tion -I- -or'y.] I.' a. Promoting the flow ot
urine.
II. »■; pi. emictories (-Tiz). A medicine which
promotes the flow of urine.
emiddest, prep. A Middle English form of
amidst.
Emidosanrii, n. p)l. See Emydosauria.
emigrant (em'i-grant), a. and n. [= P. emi-
grant = Sp. Pg. it.'emigrante (=D. G. Dan. Sw.
emigrant, n.), < 'L.emigran{t-)s,-pi>T.otemigrare,
move away, emigrate: see emigrate. Ct. immi-
grant] 1. a. 1. Moving from one place or coun-
try to another for the purpose of settling there :
as, an emigrant familj; : used with reference to
the country from which the movement takes
place. See immigrant.— 2. Pertaining to emi-
gration or emigrants : as, an emigrant ship.
II. n. One who removes his habitation from
one place to another for settlement; specifi-
cally, one who quits one country or region to
settle in another.
Along the Sussex roads, in coaches, in waggons, in flsh-
carts, aristocrat emigrants were pouring from revolution-
ary France. ^- Dowden, Shelley, I. 7.
We are justified in taking the elder Winthrop as a type
of the leading emigrants, and the more we know him, the
more we learn to reverence his great qualities, whether
of mind or character. „ ,oo^
Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1888.
Bounty emigrant. See iiOToift/.— Emljsrant aid so-
cieties in U. S. hist., societies formed in the northern
United 'states by opponents of the extension of slavery,
especially in 1854, to assist free-state emigrants to Kansas
with the means of maintaining themselves against the op.
position of slaveholding immigrants into that Territory.
emigrate (em'i-grat), v. i. ; pret. and pp. emi-
grated, ppr. emigrating. [< L. emigratus, pp.
of emigrare, move away, remove, depart from a
place, < e, out, + migrare, move, remove, de-
part: see migrate. Ct.immigrate.] To quit one
coontry, state, or region and settle in another;
remove from one country or region to another for
the purpose of residence : as, Em-opeans emi-
grate to America ; the inhabitants of New Eng-
land emigrate to the Western States.
The cliff-swallow alone of all animated nature emigrates
eastward. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 99.
From Russia none can emigrate without permission of
the czar. Eiu:yc. Brit., V III. 175.
The Puritan settlers of New England emigrated at in-
finite pain and cost for the single purpose of founding a
truly Christian government. ,it «i
A. A. Hodge, in New Princeton Eev., III. 39.
= ^YD.. Immigrate, eic. See migrate.
emigratet.o. ^'L. emigratus, pp.: seethe verb.J
Having wandered forth; wandering; rovmg.
But let our souls emigrate meet,
And in abstract embraces greet.
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 228.
emigration (em-i-gra'shon), n. [= D. emigratie
= G. Dan. Sw. emigration, < F. imigration = bp.
emigracion = Pg. emigragao = It. emigrazione.<
LL. emigratio(n-), a removal from a place, < L.
emigrare, move away, emigrate: see emigrate.]
1. Removal from one countrj' or region to
another for the purpose of residence, as from
Europe to America, or from one section of the
United States to another.
I hear that there are considerable emigrations from
France ; and that many, quitting that voluptuous climate
and that seductive Circean liberty, have taken refuge in
the frozen regions, and under the BritUh despotism of
Canada. Burke, Rev. m France.
2. A body of emigrants : as, the Irish emigra-
tion.— 3. A going beyond or out of the accus-
tomed place.
For however Jesus had some extraordinary transvola-
tions and acts of emigration beyond the times of his even
and ordinary conversation, yet it was but seldom.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, An Exhortation, § 12.
It is doubtful whether there is any addition caused by
emigration of white corpuscles from the blood-vessels.
Proc. Jloy.Soc.,XX\\ ill. 91.
emigrational (em-i-gra'shon-al), a. [< emigra-
tion + -al] Relating to emigration.
emigrator (em'i-gra-tor), n. [< emigrate + -or.]
An emigi-ant. [Rare.] . ,-. ,
6migr6 (a-me-gra'), n. [F., pp. oi emtgrer, <.
L. emigrare, emigrate: see emigrate.] An emi-
dmlgrd
grant: applied specifically to those persons,
chiefly royalists, who became refugees from
France during the revolution which began in
1789.
A decree of the convention had issued against Talley-
rand during his stay in England. He was an imigri.
Eneyc. BrU., XXIII. 31.
Emilian (e-mil'ian), a. [< It. Emilia (see def .),
so called from tHe Via Emilia, < L. Via JSmilia,
a road (an extension of the Via Flaminia) which
traversed the heart of Cisalpine Gaul, built by
M. JEmilius Lepidus, Roman consul, 187 B. C]
Relating or pertaining to Emilia, a comparti-
mento or general geographical division of the
kingdom of Italy, lying north of the Apennines
and south of the Po, and named from the an-
cient Via .Emilia, or Emilian Way, which
passes through it. It comprises the northern
part of the former Papal States (the Romagna)
and the former duchies of Parma and Modena.
eminence (em'i-nens), «. [= D. eminentie = G.
einiitenz = Dan. eminence = Sw. eminens, < OF.
eminence, F. eminence = Pr. Sp. eminencia = It.
eminema, < L. eminentia, excellence, promi-
nence, < eminett{t-)s, excellent, prominent, emi-
nent: see eminent.'] 1. A part rising or pro-
jecting beyond the rest or above the surface ;
something protuberant or prominent ; a pro-
jection : as, the eminences on or in an animal
body. See phrases below, and em i«e«t»a.
They must be smooth, almost imperceptible to the
touch, and without either eminence or cavities.
Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
Specifically — 2. A conspicuous place or situ-
ation; a prominent position; especially, a hUl
or height of ground affording a wide view.
Aa he had lived, so he died in public ; expired upon a
cross, on the top of an eminence near Jerusalem.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. L
The temple of honour ought to l>e seated on an emi-
nence. Burke.
3. IHevation as regards rank, worth, accom-
plishment, etc. ; exalted station or repute ;
more generally, a high degree of distinction in
any respect, good or bad : as, to attain eminence
in a profession, or in the annals of crime.
The eminence of tlie Apostles consistetl in their power-
ful! preaching, their unwearied laliouring in the Word,
their unquenchable cltarity.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. B«monst.
High on • throne of royal state . . .
Satan exalted sat, by merit raJaed
To that bad eminence. Milton, P. L., li. 6.
Where men cannot arrive at eminence, religion may
make compensation by teaching content. TUlotton.
Whatever storms may rage in the lower regions of soci-
ety, rarely do any clouds but clouds of incense rise to the
awful enunenee of the ttirone. Irving, Granada, p. 22.
4. Supreme degree. [Rare,]
Whatever pure thou in the \xAy enjoy'st
(And pure tiwu wert create<l), we enjoy
In eminence. MxUon, V. L, viU. 624.
6. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a title of honor at-
tached by a consistorial decree of 1630 exclu-
sively to cardinals and to the master of the
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem: osnally
with a capital.
His Eminence was Indeed very fond of his poet.
Bp. Uwrd, Notes oo Epistle to Angnstna.
Louie (turns haughtily to the Cardinal). Enough !
Your eminence must excuse a longer audience.
bulicft, Richelieu, Iv.
Articular eminence of the temporal bone. Scearn'm-
lar. " Canine eminence. Scccarti'/w.— Collateraleml-
nence. ^f- rnU'if*-rnl. — Eminence of Doyere, in aunt.,
the small ••!fv:ttlMTi at th*? point <>f the musi-I.- tlln-r wliere
tile nfrvf-IllKT (.-nUTs tjie Harcoleinma. — Illopectlneal
eminence. Heeiifo^cfiiwo/. sByn. 1. Height, elevation.
eminency (em'i-nen-si), ». [Early mod. E.
also eintneneie; as eminence: see -ence, -ency.]
Same as «iinii0ii«0. [Now rare.]
The late moat grleTooa cruelties . . . occasioned the
writing of the endoaed letters to his majesty, and these
other to yoor tmineney. Milton, To Cardinal Mazarin.
His emineneie alwue others hath made him a man of
Worship, tor hce liad neuer beene prefer'd, but that hee
was worth thousands.
Bp. Earte, Micro-cosroographle, An Alderman.
The glory and emineneie* of the Divine love, manifested
In the incarnation of the Word eternal.
Jer. Taylor, Worlts (ed. 1835), I. 28.
You are to t)ecome a l>ody politiclc, using amongst your-
selves civil Kovemment, and are not furnished with per-
sons of special pminency above the rest.
John Ilobineon, in Kew England's Memorial, p. 28.
eminent (em'i-nent), a. [Early mod. E. also
emynrnt; ■=. D. G" Dan. Sw. eminent, < OF. emi-
nent, F. ^inent = Sp. Pg. It. eminente, < L.
eminen{t-)s, prominent, eminent, excellent, ppr.
1899
of eminere, stand out, project, excel, < e, out, +
tnitiere, project, jut. Of. imminent, prominent.']
1. Prominent; standing out above other things;
high; lofty. [Now rare.]
Thys Citie of Jherusalem ys a ffayer Emynent Place,
for it stondith vpon suche a grounde. That from whens so
ever a man comyth ther he must nedys ascende.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 37.
Both sides of the Kings Chariot were adorned with
Images of gold and siluer ; two being most eminent among
them ; the one, of Peace, the other, of Warre.
Purchae, Pilgrimage, p. 373.
Mischief, 'gainst goodness aim'd, is like a stone.
Unnaturally forc'd up an eminent hill,
Whose weight fails on our heads and l)unes us.
Fletcher {and another). Queen of Corinth, iv. 4.
The two children . . . tumbled laughing over the
grassy mounds wWch were too eminent for the short legs
to i>e8tride. Haivthome, Doctor Grimshawe, i.
2. High in rank, office, worth, or public esti-
mation ; conspicuous ; highly distinguished :
said of a person or of his position : as, an emi-
nent station; an eminent historian or poet. It
is rarely used in a bad sense.
Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being
eminent. Swift, Thoughts on Various Subjects.
These objections, though sanctioned by eminent names,
originate, we venture to say, in profound ignorance of the
art of poetry. Macaulay.
3. Conspicuous; such as to attract attention ;
manifest: as, the judge's charge was charac-
terized by eminent fairness; an eminent exam-
ple of the vincertainty of circumstantial evi-
dence.
Those whom last thou saw'st
In triumph and luxurious wealth are they
First seen in acts of prowess eminetU
And great exploits. Milton, P. L, li. 789.
The avenging principle within us wiil certainly do its
duty upon any eminent breach of ours, and make every
flagrant act of wickedness, even in this life, a p.tnishment
to itself. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons. II. xvi.
4. Supreme; controlling; unrestrained by high-
er rignt or authority : chiefly in the phrase ewii-
««i( ffomain (which see, under domain). = %ya. 1.
Klevated.— 2. Illuetrunu, Renowned, etc. See/amotw.
eminentia (em-i-nen'shi-S), n. ; pi. eminentice
(-«). [L., eminence: see e;«mc?iee.] In o«o<.,
an eminence ; a prominence ; a protuberance.
— Eminentia capltata, tlie head of a l)one ; speciflcally,
the radial head of the humerus. Also called capiteltum
and eapUulum. See cut under eapite.llum — P.mtnftnt.in
dnerea, the lower prominent portion of the ala cinerea.
— BmtnffTiti^ iliopectinea, tlie ilioi>ectineal eminence.
—Eminentia Intercondylea, the spine of the titiia.—
Eminentia paplllarla, pyramldalls, or atapedll. the
pyramid of the t jTii pan um.— Eminentia symphyBlB,
tlie prominent lower iionier of the nii<iiile of tlie cliin, one
of the most marked features of man as distinguished from
other mammals.
eminential (om-i-nen'shal), a. [< eminence (L.
eminentia) + -«/.] 1. Containing or pertain-
ing to something eminently. — 2. In anat., per-
taining to an eminentia ; prominent or protu-
berant.—Eminential equation, an equation which by
means of indeterminate coelhcients expresses several in-
dependent equations.
eminently (em'i-nent-li), adv. 1. In an emi-
nent degree ; in a manner to attract observa-
tion ; so as to be conspicuous and distinguished
from others: as, to be eminently learned or use-
ful.
They in whomsoever these vertues dwell emirurUly need
not Kings to make them happy, but are the architects of
thir own happiness. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxL
The highest flames are the most tremulous ; and so are
the most noly and eminently religious persons more full of
awfulneas and fear. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 72.
When two races, both low In the scale, are crossed, the
progeny seems to be eminently bad.
Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 21.
2. As used by the older philosophical writers,
in the highest possible degree ; perfectly ; abso-
lutely ; in a sovereign manner : said especially
of the production of an, effect by a cause in-
finitely superior to it.
emir (e-mer'), n. [Also written emeer, and, esp.
in ref. to present rulers having this title, ameer,
amir; =z D. G. Dan. Sw. emir = F. emir = Sp.
emir, amir = Pg. emir = It. emiro, < Turk, amir
= Pers. Hind, amir, < Ar. amir, emir, a com-
mander, ruler, chief nobleman, prince: see
ameer, and cf. admiral.] 1. Among Arabs and
other Mohammedan peoples, a chief of a family
or tribe ; a ruling prince. See ameer.
The book of Job shows that, long before letters and arts
were known to Ionia, these vexing questions were debated
. . . under the' tents of the Idmnean <?wiir«.
Macaulay, Von Ranke's Uist. of the Popes.
2. Specifically, a title sometimes given to the
descendants of Mohammed.
An emir by his garb of green.
Byron, The Giaour.
emissitious
3. In Turkey, with a specific designation of
office or duty, a head of a department of gov-
ernment ; a chief officer.
emirate (e-mer'at), n. [< etnir + -ate^.] The
office or rank of an emir.
emissarium (em-i-sa'ri-um), ». ; pi. emissaria
(-a). [NL., neut. of L. emissarius, taken in lit.
sense: see emissary.] In anat., an emissary
(def. II., 3); specifically, an emissary vein.—
Emissarium Santorlnl, or emissarium parietale.
.See emissary veins, under emissary.
emissary (em'i-sa-ri), a. and n. [= F. ^issaire
= Sp. emisario = Pg. It. emissaria, n., < L. emis-
sarius, sent out (as adj., first in LL.), as a noun,
a scout, spy, emissary, inLL. also an attendant,
< L. emittere, pp. emissus, send out: see emit.]
1. a. 1. Emittmg; sending out; fvimishing an
outlet. — 2. Of or pertaining to one sent on a
mission; exploring; spying.
You shall neither eat nor sleepe ;
No, nor forth your window peepe
With your emissarie eye.
B. Jonson, Underwoods, No. 8.
Emissary veins (emissaria Santorini), the veins travers-
ing the cranial walls, and connecting the veins on the
outside of the skull with the sinuses of the dura mater.
n. n. ; pi. emissaries (-riz). 1. A person sent
on a mission, particularly a private mission or
business ; an agent employed for the promotion
of a cause or of his employer's interests : now
commonly used in a bad or contemptuous sense,
and usually implying some degree of secrecy or
chicanery.
P. jun. What are emissaries f
The. Men employed outward, that are sent abroad
To fetch in the commodity.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, 1. 1.
Its [popery's] emissaries are very numerous, and very
busy in corners, to seduce the unwary.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. xv.
Christian communities send forth their emissaries of
religion and letters.
D. Webster, Speech at Plymouth, Dec. 22, 1820.
2. An outlet for water; a channel by which
water is drawn from a lake : as, the emissary of
the Alban lake. — 3. In anat., that which emits
or sends out ; a vessel through which excretion
takes place; an excretory or emunctory: chiefly
used in the plural. Also emissarium. =syn. 1. Spy,
Emissary. A spy is one wlio enters an enemy's camp or
territories to learn tlie condition of the enemy ; an emis.
sary may be a secret agent employed not only to detect
the schemes of an opposing party, but to influence their
councils. A spy in war must conceal liis true character,
or he may sutfer death if detected; an emissary may in
some cases lie known as the agent of an adversary without
incurring similar hazard.
emissaryship (em'i-sa-ri-ship), n. [< emissary
+ -ship.] The office of an emissary. B. Jon-
son.
emissilet, a. That may be cast or sent. Bailey,
nil.
emission (f-mish'on), n. [= F. Mission = Sp.
emision =" Pg. etnissSo = It. emissione, < L.
emissio(n-), a sending out, < emissus, pp. of
emittere, send out: see emit.] 1. The act of
emitting, or of sending or throwing out ; a put-
ting forth or issuing: as, the emission of light
from the sun or other luminous body ; the emis-
sion of steam from a boiler ; the emission of pa-
per money.
Because Philosophers may disagree
If sight emission or reception be.
Shall it be thence inferr'd I do not see?
Dryden, Hind and Panther.
Plants climb by three distinct means, by spirally twin-
ing, by clasping a support with their sensitive tendrils,
and by the emission of aerial rootlets.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 182.
2. That which is emitted, or sent or thrown
out.
An inflamed heap of stubble, glaring with great emis-
sions, and suddenly stooping into the thickness of smoke.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 23.
Speciflcally — (a) In finance, an amount or quantity of
any representative of value issued or put into circulation ;
an issue ; as, the entire emission (of coin, bank-notes, or
the Iike)has i)een called in or redeemed; the first, second,
and third emissions of United States notes issued during
the civil war. (b) In physiol., a discharge, especially an
involuntary discharge, of semen.— Theory of emission,
Newton's theory of the nature of liglit as being an emis-
sion of particles from the luminous body. Also called
the i'orpvsi-idar theory. See light, and undtUatory theory,
under luiiliflatory.
emissitioust (em-i-sish'us), a. [< L. emissiUua,
better emissicius, send out (oculi emissicii, pry-
ing, spying eyes)j < emissus, pp. of emittere,
send out.] Looking or narrowly examining;
prying.
Malicious mass-priest, cast back those emissitious eyes
to your own infamous chair of Rome.
Bp. llalt, Honour of Married Clergy, 11. S 8-
emissive
emissive (e-mis'iv), a. [< L. emisstis, pp. of
emitlere, send out (see emit), + -ire.'] 1. Send-
iug out ; emitting ; radiating, as light.
But soon a Ixjam, fmi^ice from above,
Shed mental liay, and touch d the heart with love.
Brooke, tr. of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, i.
2. Pertaining to Newton's explanation of light
by the theory of emission. See emission.
The other two theories eciually supiwse the non-exis-
tence of a vacuum: according; to the emijfnw or corpus-
cular theon*, the vacuum is tilled by the matter itself of
lisht, heat,'etc. W. A". Grove, Corn of Forces.
Emissive power, radiatins power,
emissivity (em-i-siv'j-ti), «. [< emissive +
-III/.] Emissive or raiiating power. [Rare.]
The emiif^icity of a bwly for any radiation is equal to
the absorptive power for the same radiation at any one
teniiwniture. Tait, Light, § 30!).
emissory (em'i-so-ri), a. [< NL. as if *emis-
sorius, < ML. emissor, one who sends out, < L.
emissus, pp. of emittere, send out.] Sending or
conveying out ; emissive.
emit (e-mit')> '■• '•; pret. and pp. emitted,
ppr. emitting. [= F. emettre = Sp. emitir —
Pg. emittir = It. emettere, < L. emittere, send
out, emit, < e, out, + mittere, send: see mis-
sile, etc. Cf. admit, amit^, commit, demit^, de-
mit^, dimit, permit, remit, transmit.'] 1. To send
forth; thrower give out; vent: as, fire emits
heat and smoke ; boiling water emits steam ;
the sun and stars emit light.
The dying lamp feebly emits a yellow gleam.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 4.
While yon sun emits his rays divine.
Mickle, tr. of Canioens's Lusiad, ii.
A baker's oven, emittinff the usual fragrance of sour
bread. Hawthorne, Marble Fatni, v.
A Iwdy absorbs with special energy the rays which it
can itself emit. Tyndali, Light and Elect., p. 7S.
2. To let fly; discharge; dart or shoot. [Rare.]
Pay sacred Rev"reuce to Apollo's Song;
Lest wrathful the far-shooting God emit
His fatal Arrows.
Prior, tr. of Second Hymn of Callimachus.
3. To issue, as an order or a decree ; issue for
circulation, as notes or bills of credit.
That a citation be valid, it ought to be decreed and
emitted by the judge's authority. Ayliffe, Parergon.
No state shall . . . emit bills of credit.
Constitution of United Slates, Art. i. § 10.
To emit a declaration, in Scots cHminal law, in tile
case of a person suspected of liaving committed a crime,
to give an account of himself before a magistrate, usually
tile slieiitf, which account is taken down in writing and
iiiiide use of at the tHal of the accused.
emittent (f-mit'ent), a. and n. [< L. emit-
ten(t-)s, ppr. of elitittere, send out: see emit.]
I. a. Emitting; emissive. [Rare.]
H, n. One who or that which emits.
They did it [bleeding one animal into another] yester-
day before the society, very successfully also, upon a bull-
mastitf and a spaniel, the former being the emittent, the
other the recipient. Boyle, Works, VI. 237.
emmanch6 (e-mon-sha'), a. [F., pp. of emman-
chcr, put a handle on, haft, ( en- + manche, a
handle, haft, = Sp. Pg. mango = It. manico, <
ML. manicus (ef. equiv. dim. L. manicida), a
handle, < L. manus, hand.] In her. : (o) Hav-
ing a handle : said of a weapon, as an ax, when
the head and the handle or staff are of different
tinctures. (6) Decorated with a doublet : said
of the field.
emmantlet (e-man'tl), v. t. [< em-^ + mantle.]
1. To cover as with a mantle; envelop; pro-
tect.
The world, and this, which by another name men have
thought good to call heauen (under the pourprise and liend-
ing cope whereof all things are emmantelled and covered).
Holland, tr. of Pliny, i. 1.
2. Toplaceround, by way of fortification; con-
struct as a defense.
Besides the walls that he caused to be built and emman-
telled alKiut otlier towns. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxi.\. 1.
Emmanuel (e-man'-ii-el), n. 1. Hee Immanucl.
— 2. An ointment much used in the latter part
of the sixteenth century, composed of herbs
boiled in wine, and having pitch, suet, mastic,
etc., afterward added.
emmarblet (e-mar'bl), v. t. [< em-^ + marble.]
To impart to or invest with the qualities of
marble ; harden or render cold like marble.
Also enmarble.
Thou doest emmarble the proud hart of her
Whose love liefore their life they doe prefer.
Spenser, In Honour of Love, 1. 139.
emmeleia (em-e-le'ya), n. [< Gr. ijiiii'kem, har-
mony, unison, < i/if^t'kr/r;, harmonious, in unison,
< ev, in, + //('/w,, song, harmony.] In Gr. music :
(a) Consonance; concord; harmony. (6) Afor-
1900
mal tragic dance, or the music with which such
a dance was accompanied.
emmenagogic (e-men-a-goj'ik), a. Of or per-
taining to an emmenagogne; promoting men-
struation.
emmenagogne (e-men'a-gog), «. [= F. emmena-
gogne = Sp. emenngogo'=i Pg. It. emmenagngo, <
NL. *emnienagogus, < Gr. kfi/it/va, menses (neut.
pi. of l/i/itp'oc, monthly, < h, in, 4- fii/v = L. men-
sis, a month), + d)ujof, leading, drawing forth,
< ayciv, lead.] A medicine that promotes the
menstrual discharge.
emmeniopathy (e-men-i-op'a-thi), n. [< Gr.
i/iu//va, menses, -I- n-dSof, suffering, < iraBelv, suf-
fer, feci.] In patlioL, a disorder of menstrua-
tion. Dunglison.
emmenological (e-men-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< em-
menologi/ + -ic-al. ] Pertaining to emmenology.
emmenology (em-e-nol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ififirfna,
menses (see emmenagogne), + -loyia, < V.iytiv,
speak: see-oU/gij.] That special branch of med,
ieal science which deals with menstruation.
emmer-goose (em'er-gos), n. Same as ember-
goose.
emmet (em'et), n. [Early mod. E. also emet,
emot; < ME. emet, emete (also emote, emotte, em-
molte, emattc, appar. simulating ME. forms of
moth: see moth, mad^, maggot), earlier amete
(contr. amte, ample, ante, > mod. E. ant), < AS.
ceniete, uimette, *emete, an emmet, ant : see fur-
ther under an (1, the common form of the word.]
An ant.
The parsimonious emmet, provident
Of future. ililtim, P. L., vii. 485.
As well may the minutest Emmet say
That Caucasus was rais'd to pave his Way.
Prior, Solomon, i.
emmet-hunter (em'et-hun'''t6r), n. A name of
the wryneck, lynx torquilla. Montagu. [Lo-
cal, Eng.]
emmetrope (em'e-trop), «. [As emmetro}}-ia.]
A persou with eyes normal as regards refrac-
tion.
emmetropia (em-e-tro'pi-a), «. [NL., < Gr.
e/ifierpoi; m measure, proportional (< iv, in, -t-
Herpop, measure), + uip (ut-), eye.] Normal
power of accommodation, in which the light
from a luminous point at any distance from the
eye not less than 10 or 12 centimeters (3.9 or
4.7 inches) can be focused to a point on the ret-
ina, Also emmetropy.
emmetropic (em-e-trop'ik), a. [As emmetro-
pia + -ic] Pertaining to or characterized by
emmetropia.
The 'state of refraction may deviate in two ways from
the emmetropic condition. ./. S. Wells, Dis. of Eye, p. 499.
The normal or emmetropic eye adjusts itself perfectly
for all <listances, from about Ave inches to infinity. It
makes a perfect image of objects at all these distances.
Le Conte, Siglit, p. 47.
emmetropy (e-met'ro-pi), n. Same as emme-
tropia.
The eye of which we Iiave been speaking is the normal
or perfect eye. This normal condition is called emmet-
ropy. Le Conte, Sight, p. 4(3.
emme'wt, immewt (e-, i-mii'), r. t. [< em-i,
«/«-!, -f- mcw'-i.] To confine in a mew or cage ;
mew; coop up; cause to shrink out of sight.
Also enmew, inmew.
This outward-sainted deputy, —
Whose settled visage and delil>erate word
Nips youth i' the head, and follies doth emmew.
As falcon doth the fowl,— is yet a devil.
Shak., M. for >L, iii. 1.
emmonsite (em'on-zit), n. [After S. P. Em-
mons, a geologist'.'] A doubtful ferric tellurite
from the vicinity of Tombstone, Arizona.
emmovet, r. t. See emove.
emodin (em'o-din), n. In chem., a glucoside (Cjs
H^qOs), crystallizing in orange-yellow prisms,
found in the bark of buckthorn and in tlie root
of rhubarb.
emollescence (em-o-les'ens), n. [< L. e, out,
-h mollesccre, inceptive of mollire, soften: see
emollient.] In a body beginning to melt, that
degree of softness which alters its shape ; the
first or lowest degree of fusion.
emoUiate (e-mol'iat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. emol-
liated, ppr. emolliating. [In-eg. < L. emollire (pp.
emollitus), sott&a: see emollient.] To soften;
render effeminate. [Rare.]
Emolliated by four centuries of Roman domination, the
Belgic colonies had forgotten their pristine valour.
Pinkerton.
emollient (e-mol'yent), a. and n. [= F. emollient
= Sp. emolicnte = Pg. It. emolliente, < L. emolli-
en{t-)s, ppr. of emollire, soften, < e, out, + mol-
lire, Boiten, <. mollis, solt : seemollient, mollify.]
emotion
1. a. Softening; making soft or supple; serv-
ing to relax the solids of anything.
The regular supply of a mucilage, more emollient and
slippery tliaii oil itself, wliicli is constantly softening and
lubricating the parts that rub upon each other,
Palry, Nat. Theol., viii.
n. ». A therapeutic agent or process which
softens and relaxes living tissues, as a poultice
or massage. The word was formerly applied to-
the so-called demulcents.
The fifth means is to further the very act of assimilation
and nonrishinent : wliich is done by some outward emol-
lients, that make the parts more apt to assimilate.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 59.
emoUitiont (em-o-lish'on), n. [< L. as if *emol-
litio(n-), < emollire, .soften : see emollient.] The
act of relaxing or of making soft and pliable.
[Rare.]
All lassitude is a kind of contusion and compression of
the parts — and bathing and anointing give a relaxation
or f'inollition. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 730.
emoUitivet (e-mol'i-tiv), a. and ». [< L. emol-
litus, pp. of emollire, soften (see emollient), +
E. -ire.] I. a. Tending to soften; emollient.
They enter likewise into those emollitire or lenitive
piastres which are devised for the sores of the head.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxvL 21.
II, n. An emollient.
The inisselto is a great emollitive ; for it softeneth, dis-
cussetli, and resolveth also hard tumors.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxiv. 4.
emolument (e-mol'u-ment), n. [= F. emolu-
ment = Sp. Pg. It. emoltiniento, < L. emolu-
mentum, emolimentuni, effort, exertion, what is.
gained by labor, profit, gain, < emoliri, effect,
accomplish, < e, out, + moliri, exert oneself:
see amolish, demolish.] 1. The profit arising
from office or employment; that which is re-
ceived as a compensation for services, or which
is annexed to the possession of office, as salary,
fees, and perquisites.
The deanery of Christ Church became vacant. That
office was, both in dignity and in emolument, one of the
higliest in the University of Oxford.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
2. Profit; advantage; gain in general; that
which promotes the good of any person or
thing.
Profits by salt pits, niilles, water-coiirses (and whatso-
euer emoluments grew liy tlieni), and such like.
Holinshed, Descrip. of England.
Nothing gives greater satisfaction than the sense of
having dispatched a great deal of business to tlie puidic
emolument. Tatter,
Some of Mr. Wliitefield's enemies affected to suppose
that he would apply these collections to his own private
emolument. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 167.
= Syn. 1. Remuneration, pay, wages, stipend, income. —
2. Benefit.
emolumental (e-mol-ii-men'tal), a. [< emolu-
ment -I- -«/.] Producing profit ; useful; profit-
able; advantageous. [Rare.]
The passion of his majesty to encourage his subjects in
all that is laudable and truly emolumental of this nature.
Evelyn, Sylva, To the Reader.
emongt, prep. An obsolete form of among.
At last far off they many Islandes spy
On every side floting the floodes emony.
Spenser, ¥. Q., II. xii. 10.
emongstf , emongestt, pre}}. Obsolete forms of
amongst.
And Cupid stTU cmongest them kindled lustfuU fyrea.
Spenser, ¥. Q., III. i. 39.
emonyt, "■ A corruption of anemone.
emotion (f-mo'sbon), n. [= F. emotion = Sp.
cmocion =' Pg. emoqao = It. emo:ione, < L. as if
*emoiio{n-), < emotus, pp. of emovere, move out,
move away, remove, stirup, agitate : see emove.]
If. Excited or unusual motion; disturbed move-
ment.
I think nothing need to be said to encourage it [bath-
ing in cold water], provided this one caution be useil. that
he never go into the water, "when exercise has at all warm'tl
him or left any emotion in his blood or pulse.
Locke, Education, § 8.
2. An agitated or aroused, and usually distinct-
ly pleasurable or painful, state of mind directed
toward some object; technically, a sensation
excited by an idea and directed toward an ob-
ject, and accompanied by some bodily commo-
tion, such as blushing, trembling, weeping, or
some slighter disturbance not manifest to a
second party. I'nder violent emotion all the muscles
of the body may be affected, but the most common effects
are in the expression of the face — the mouth, eyes, and
nose, named in the order of their expressiveness. The
voice is also generally affected.
I'he stirrings of pride, vanity, covetousness, jmpurity,
discontent, resentment, these succeed each otlier through
the day in momentary emotio}is, and are known to Him.
J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 45.
emotion 1901
It hM be<Mi usual with psychoIogiBts to confound em«- empSBStiC, OmpestiC (em-l)es'tik), a. [Also,
(ion* with feeliii;?, because intense feeling is essential to jpgg prop., cmpaistic ; < Gr. ifiTraiCTiKTi, SC. Tex"!;,
^notion. But, strictly speaking a state "' ""»''»" fj{ the art of embossing, < kfi^ataro^, struck in, em-
comnlete state of mind, a psychosis, and not a ps>tnicai j y > ' jT-i • *. „„ ^ „„ / ;„
riement if we may so siy. J. Hard, Encyc. Brit., XX. 72. bossed, < e/iTraiav, stnke in, stamp, emboss, < ev,
Mellow, melancholy, yet not mournful, the tone seemed in, + ^amv, strike. Cf^ anapest-^ Stamped,
embossed, or inlaid, as work in metal.
empairt (em-pSr'), v. and n. An obsolete form
of impair. Spenser.
empaistic (em-piis'tik), a. Same as empcestic.
empale^, empaled, etc. See impale, etc.
■ " ' " " To
to gush up out of the deep well of Hepzibahs heart, all
Bteeped in its profoundest emo(ton.
Haicthomt, Seven Gables, vi.
= Syn. 2 Trepidation, Tremor, etc. See aoitalion.
emotional (e-mo'shon-al), a. [< emotion + ^^ „^i,„.„v., .... ^
-al.] 1. Pertaining to or of the nature of gmpale^t (em-pal'), ». *. [< m-i + pale^.^
emotion. cause to grow pale.
Whatever moral benefit can be effected by education bloodless malady empales their face. G. Fletcher.
must be effected by an education which is emotional rather i y^
than perceptive. U. Spmcer, Social Statics, p. 3S4. empanel, empannel (em-pan'el), V. t. See im-
It is emotional force, not intellectual, that brings out panel.
exceptional resuiu. L. F. Ward, Dynam. socioi., II. 598. empanelment, empannelment (em-pan' el-
2. Characterized by emotion; attended by or ment), n. See impanelment.
producing emotion; subject to emotion: as, an empanoply (em-pan'o-pli), e. t.; pret. and pp.
emotional poem ; an emotional temperament. empanoplied, ppr. empano2>lyivg. [< em-^ +
Great intellect ... is not readily united with a large panoply.-] To invest in full armor.
emotional nature. A. Bain, Corr. of Forces, p. 236. j^^ ^^^^ „g^ ready. Empanoplied and plumed
3 EmnlovinK appeal to the emotions ; aiming We enter'd in^ and waited, fifty there,
li tCprXcUon of emotion as an object : as. Opposed to fifty. Tenny^ Prtoce«, v.
an emotional orator or harangue. emparadise Cem-par'a-dis), v. i. See tmparadise.
emotionalism (e-mo'shon-al-izm), n. [< emo- emparchment (em-parch'ment), r. <. [< ew-l +
tional + -ism.]' 1. The character of being parvlimcnt.} To \vrite on parchment. [Anonee-
emotional, or of being subject to emotion; ten- word.]
dency to emotional excitement. I take your Bull as an emparchmtnted Lie, and burn it.
Churchisra and Moralisni place the essence of Christian- Carlyte.
Jty in action, and £m«<«onafi<n» puts it in feeling. emnarkt (em-park'), r. *. Seoimpark. Bp. King.
j.F 6iarke. Orthodoxy, p. 31. "Sparlauncet, «• See imparlance.
2, The practice of working upon the emotions ; empasm (em-pazm'), n. [< Gr. c/iirdaaeiv, sprin-
the disposition to substitute superficial emotion jje in or on, < h, in, + Traaaav, sprinkle.] 1.
for deeper feeling or right purpose. — 3. The j^ powder nsed to remove any disagreeable
expression of emotion. odor from the person. — 2. A cataplasm.
emotionalist (e-mo'shon-al-ist), n. [< cmo- empassiont (em-pash'on), v. t. See impassion,
tional + -i«f.] 1. One who is easily overcome empassionatet (em-pash'on-at), a. See impas-
by emotions; a person subject to or controlled gionate.
by emotion. empastet (em-pasf), v. t. See impaste.
Thestiff materialist is not educated for a sound investl- empathema (em-pa-the'mS), n. [NL., < Gr.
gator any more than the limp emolionalitl. ifi-aOric, in a state of emotion or passion, < iv,
X. A. JUc, CXLI. 262. jjj^ ^ ^^gg^^ suffering, passion.] In patlMl.,
2. One who endeavors to excite emotional feel- ungovernable passion. E. C. Mann, Psychol.
ing; one who appeals to the emotions rather Med., p. 45.
than to t)ie reason or conscience. empatronizet, v. t. See impatronize..
emotionality (e-mo-shon-al'i-ti), n. [< emo- empawnt, <■• t. See impawn,
tional + -ity.-\ The quality of being emotional empeacht, »• '• See impeach.
or of expressing emotion; emotionalism. empearl (em-pirl'), e. t. See impearl.
English which has once been in Italian acquires an empechet, f ■ '• See impeach,
emolwnality which it does not perhaps wholly lose In re- AmDeiret. V. t. A Middle EngUsh form of im-
tumingtoltseU. The Century, XXX. 2)». ^^^ Chaucer.
The doe . . . does not posaess our facalty of imiution, gmpeirema (em-pi-re'ma), M. See empirema.
our ,^ule»u>ti<mality^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ empeoplet ( .m-pe'plKr. f. [< em-1 +^>eople.] 1.
emotioned (e-mo'shond), a. l< emotion + .ecP.] To furuish with inhabitants; people; populate.
Affected by emotion. [Bare.]
As the young chief th' affecting scene surreys.
How all his form th' emotion'd soni l>etrays !
Seott, Essay on Painting. He wondred much, and gan enqaere . . .
^■^^n-^^ IS. ■rnn'W'o^ n \( T. rmnfnx -nn of What unknowen nation there empeopled were,
emotive (e-mo tlV), a. l^. U. emoius, pp. OI Speruer, F. Q., I. X. 56.
emoiere, move (see emotion), + -ire.] Produ- ™,W/m»*
cing or marked by or manifesting emotion; of emperesst, empencet, »•
an emotional character. empresjf.
empcnlt (cm-per il), V. t.
emperisht (em-per'ish), V,
To destroy ; ruin.
Empetnun
of India. In western speech the sovereigns of Turkey,
China, Japan, etc., are called emperors.
Under existing international arrangements the crowned
heads of Europe take precedence according to the date of
their accession, and their rank is precisely the same,
whether their style is imperial or royal. But the proper
meaning of emperor is the chief of a confederation of
states of which kings are members.
Encyc. Brit, XXIII. 417.
3. In zool. : (a) In entom. : (1) One of several
large sphinxes or moths : as, the peacock empe-
ror, Saturnia pavonia. (2) One of several large
butterflies of the family Nymphalido! : as, the
purple emperor, the popular name in Great
Britaiu of Apatura iris, also called the purple
We know 'tis very well empeopled.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Ejt.,
2. To settle as inhabitants.
To him display the wonders of their frame,
Hi* own contexture, where eternal art,
fmotiM, pant* within the alternate heart.
Brooke, Vnivenal Beauty, iv.
Obsolete forms of
See imperil,
t. [< COT-i + perish. ]
Minds of deep emotive sensibility are apt to feel pained,
even exasperated, by scientific explanations which decline
the imaginary aid of some incomprehensible outlying
agency not expressible in terms of experience.
a. If. Lemt. Probs. of Life and Mind, 11. ii. ( 1.
emotively (f-mo'tiv-li), adv. In an emotive
manner. George Eliot.
emotiveness (e-mo'tiv-ncs), n. The state or
quality of being emotive. [Bare.]
The more exqnisite quality of Deronda's nature — that
keenly perceptive; sympathetic emotivenea which ran
along with his speculative tendency.
Oeorge Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xl.
emotivity (S-m6-tiv'i-ti), n. [< emotive + -i7y.]
The capacity or state of being emotive ; emo-
tionality. [Bare.]
Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the
•dentlHc terms for the capacity of feeling.
llUkok, Mental Science, p. 176
emovet (e-mSv'), r. t. [Less correctly eOTmorc,
< L. emoiere, move out, move away, move, agi-
tate, etc., < e, out, + movere, move: see more.]
To move ; arouse to emotion.
One day, when him high corage did emmove.
As wont ye knlghte* to *eeke adventure* wilde,
He pricked forth his puissant force to Drove.
Spenter, f. Q., "• «■ «>.
While with kind natare, here amid the grove,
We pass'd the harmless sabbath of our time,
What to disturb It canl<l. fell men, emote
Your barbarous hearts ?
Thornton, Castle of Indolence.
His fralle senses were emperitht quight.
And love to frenzy tumd, slth love Is franticke hight.
Spenier, ¥. Q., III. vii. 20.
emperor (em'p6r-or), n. [Early mod. E. em-
perour ; < ME. emperour, emperur, emparour,
emperere, < OF. empereor, F. empereur = Pr.
emperador = Sp. Pg. emperador = It. impera-
tore, < L. imperator, inperator, OL. induperator,
a military commander-in-chief, ruler, emperor,
< imperare, inperare, command: see empire.]
it. A commander-in-chief; a supreme leader
of an army or of armies.
To Agamynon thai giffen the gouemaunce hole,
ffor worthiest of wit that worship to haue ;
And ordant hym Emperour by opyn assent,
With power full playn the pepuU to lede.
Deilruotion of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3670.
2. The sovereign or supreme ruler of an em-
pire : a title of dignity conventionally superior
to that of king: as, the emperor of Germany
or of Kussia. See empire. The title emperor, first
assumed (with consent of the senate) by Julias Ciesar, was
held by the succeeding rulers of the Roman, and after-
ward of the Western and Eastern empires. 1'he line of
emperors of the West terminated in A. D. 476, but the title
was revived in 800 by Charlemagne, who thus laid the
foundation of the elective Holy Boman Empire (which see,
under empire). The last of his successors had, before his
abdication In 1806, adopted the title of hereditary emperor
of Austria. The king of lYussIa was crowned emperor
of Germany in 1871. Peter the Great of Russia assumed
the title In 1721, and the ruler of llniiil in 1822; and it
was held by Napoleon I. and Napoleon III. of France. In
1876 Qaeen Victoria of England was proclaimed empresa
i!y limperor [Afaturn herse).
.pupa, lateral view . , . _
fly,'with partial outline of leiuale. (All natural size. )
, eggs ; b. larva, dorsal view ; c, pupa, lateral view ; d, male butter-
-— '-' - -"--e of leni
high-flier; the tawny emperor, A. herse. See
Apatura. (fi) In ornith., one of sundry birds
notable of their kind, (c) A large boa of Cen-
tral America, Boa imperator, probably a variety
of the Boa constrictor Emperor-flsh. Same as
emperor o/yopan.— Emperor goose, Philacle canagica,
a handsome species of Alaska, with the plumage barred
transversely and the head in part white.— Emperor
moth, a handsome species of moth (Satttrm'a pavonia).
— Emperor of Japan, a chretodontoid fish, Holacanihxu
imperator, of an (ilil.mi; form, with a spine upon the pre-
i.6.
Emperor al Japaa '^Hotacanthus imperator),
operculum. It Inhabits the seas of southern Japan, is re-
splendent in color, and notable for its savory flesh. Also
called emj>«roi-yi»X.— Emperor penguin, Aplenodyles
imperator or forsteri, the largest Known species of pen-
guin.—Emperor tern, tlie American variety of the Cas-
pian tern, Sterna tschegrava tmpcraf or.— Purple em-
peror, tawny emperor. See def. 3 (o)(2). =Syn. 2. Mon-
arch, etc. See jirince.
emperorship (em'p6r-or-ship), n. [< emperor
+ -ship.] The rank, o'flice, or power of an em-
peror.
They went and put him [Napoleon] there ; they and
France at large. Chief-consulship, Emperorship, victory
over Europe. Carlyle.
The emperorship was to have been hereditary in his
[Charlemagne's] family, but by the year 900 his posterity
. . . was extinct. StUU, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 170.
empery (em'p6r-i), n. [Early mod. E. also em-
perie ; < ME. emperie, empery e, < OF. emperie,
var. of empire, empire: see empire.] Empire;
power; government.
Oh, misery,
When Indian slaves thirst after empery.
Ltist's Dominion, ili. 4.
I rose, as if he were my king indeed,
And then sate down, in trouble at myself,
And struggling for my woman's empery.
Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, viii.
empestic, a. See empcestic.
Empetraces (em-pe-tra'se-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Empetrum + -acece.] An order of low, shrubby,
heath-like evergreens, with small polygamous
or dioscious apetalous flowers and drupaceous
fruit. There are only 4 species, belonging to the 3 gen-
era Empetrum, Corema, and Ceratiola. The affinities of
the order are obscure, but it is usually placed near the
Euphorf/iacete.
Empetnun (em'pe-trum), n. [NL., < Gr. l/iTte-
Tpov, a rock-plant, as saxifrage, neut. of l/iiteTpo^,
growing on rocks, < iv, in, on, + Tvirpoc, a rook:
Empetmm
see pier, petro-. ] A genus of low, heath-like
shrubs, of 2 species, the type of the natural or-
der Empetracew ; the erowberry or erakeberry.
E, nujrum is a native of lK>^ and mountains in tlie cooler
aud arctic portions of tlie nortliern lieniispliere. Its blacic
berries are sometimes eaten. E. ntbrum, with red berries,
is fi»und in the extreme southern part of South America.
emphaset (em-faz'), v. t. [< emphasis.'] To
emphasize.
Frank. I . . . bid you most welcome.
Lady F. And I believe your most, my pretty boy.
Being "so emphastd by you. £. Jonaon, New Inn, ii. 1.
emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. [= P. emphase (> D.
G. emphase = Dan. emfase = Sw. emfas) = Sp.
enfasis = Pg. emphasis = It. enfasi, emphasis,
< L. emphasis (in pure L. significatio(n-): see
sicfnification), < Gr. cpiijaaiq, an appearing in, out-
ward appearance, a showing or letting a thing
be seen as in a mirror (reflection, image), or as
involved, hence, in rhet., pregnant suggestion,
indirect indication, significance, emphasis, <
ifi^vtiv, show forth, < fVjJn, -I- ipaivetv, show,
mid. (paiveaffai, appear, > (jidaic, phase, appear-
ance : see phase.] 1 . In rhet. : (a) Origmally ,
a figure consisting in a significant, pregnant,
or suggestive mode of expression, implying (es-
pecially in connection with the context or the
circumstances under which an oration is de-
livered) more than would necessarily or ordi-
narily be meant by the words used. This figure is
of two kinds, according as it suggests either something
more than is said, or something purposely not mentioned
or professedly not intended. Poeta frequently employ it
for the former purpose, especially in similes and epitliets.
(6) The mode of delivery appropriate to preg-
nant or suggestive expression ; hence, rhetor-
ical stress; in general, significant stress; spe-
cial stress or force of voice given to the utter-
ance of a word, succession of words, or part
of a word, in order to excite special attention.
Emphasis on a syllable diifers from syllabic accent by
being exceptional in use, and altering the ordinaiy pro-
nunciation of the word, either by increasing the stress
on the syllable regularly accented or by transferring the
accent to another syllable : as, a sin may be a sin of o'mis-
sion or a sin of com'mission (instead of omis'sion, com-
mis'sionX
The province of emphatis is so much more important
than that of accent that the customary seat of the latter
is transferred in any case where the claims of emphasis re-
quire it. E. Porter, Rhetorical Delivery, iv.
2. Special and significant vigor or force : as,
emphasis of gesticulation; in general, signifi-
cance; distinctiveness.
External objects stand before us ... in all the life and
emphasis of extension, figure and colour.
Sir W. Hamilton.
=Syn. 1. Emphasis, Accent, Stress. Emp?iasis is gener-
ally upon a word, but may be upon a combination of words
or a single syllable. Accent is upon a syllable : as, the place
of the accent in the word "demonstrate" is not fixed.
Stress is a synonym for either emphasis or accent. Sec
injlection.
That voice all modes of passion can express
Which marlcs the proper word with proper stress ;
But none emphatic can that spealier call
Who lays an equal emphasis on all. Lloyd.
By increasing, therefore, the degree of habitual accent
on a given syllable, we can render emphatic the word in
which it occurs. Q. L. Raymond, Orator's Manual, § ii".
emphasize (em'fa-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. em-
phasized, ppr. emphasizing. [< emphas(is) +
-ize.] 1. To utter or pronounce with emphasis ;
render emphatic ; lay stress upon : as, to em-
phasize a syllable, word, or declaration ; to em-
phasize a passage in reading. — 2. To bring out
clearly or distinctly ; make more obvious or
more positive ; give a stronger perception of.
In winter it [the sea] is warmer, in summer it is cooler,
than the ambient air, and the difference is emphasized the
farther we get away from the shore.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 53.5.
Unequal powers have made unequal opportunities first,
however much the unequal opportunities afterwards may
react on and emphasise the situation.
Fortnightly Jiev., N. S., XLII. 192.
emphatic (em-fat'ik), a. [= F. emphaUque =
Sp. enfdHco = Pg. emphatico = It. enfatico (cf.
G. emphatisch = Dan. Sw. emfatisk), i Gr. £//0a-
TiK(5f , (< l/Kjxiatc, stem *e/_i(t>aTi-), equiv. form of e/i-
(pavriK6(, expressive, vivid, forcible, < e/i<l>aiveiv
(t/ii^D-), show, declare : see emphasis.] 1. Ut-
tered, or to be uttered, with emphasis or stress
of voice : as, the emphatic words in a sentence.
— 2. Forcibly significant ; expressive ; impres-
sive : as, an emphatic gesture.
When I wish to group our three homes and their names
in an emphatic way, it certainly answers my purpose better
to spealt of Angeln as Old England than to spealt of Eng-
land as New Angeln. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 28.
His[Fox'slacceptanceof office . . . would . . . have been
the most emphatic demonstration of the union of all parties
against the invaders. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
=SyiL Expressive, earnest, energetic, striking.
1902
emphatical (em-fat'i-kal), a. 1. Same as «m-
jihalic. [Obsolete or rare.] — 2t. Apparent;
obvious.
It is commonly granted that emphatical colours are light
itself, modified by refractions. Boyle, Colours.
emphatically (em-fat'i-kal-i), adv. 1. With
emphasis or stress of voice. — 2. Significantly ;
forcibly ; in a striking or impressive manner.
— 3. Conspicuously; preeminently.
The condition of the envious man is the most emphati-
cally miserable. Steele, Spectator, No. 19.
He was emphatically a popular writer. Macaulay.
The doctrine that religion could be destined to pass
through successive phases of development was pronounced
to be emphatically unchristian. Lecky, Rationalism, 1. 199.
4t. According to appearance ; according to im-
pression produced.
What is delivered of their [dolphins'] incurvity must be
taken emphatically : that is, not really, but in appearance.
Sir T. Brotnie, Vulg. Err., v. 2.
emphaticalness (em-fat'i-kal-nes), n. The
quality of being emphatic. [Rare.]
emphlysis (em'fli-sis), «. ; pi. emphlyses (-sez).
[NL., < Gr. h, in, on, -I- iff.vci^, an eruption, <
tfkvtiv, break out, boil over.] In med., a vesic-
ular tumor or eruption.
emphotion (em-fo'ti-on), n. ; pi. emphotia (-a).
[MGr. e/KpuTiov (also e/Kpureioc caOt/g), lit. a gar-
ment of light, < ev, in, + <j>ac (^ur-), light.]
In the Gr. Ch., the white robe put on immedi-
ately after baptism ; the chrisom.
emphractic (em-frak'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. epi-
(jipaKTiKog, likely to obstruct, < ifuppaaaeiv, ob-
struct, block up, < iv, in, + <ppdaaciv, fence in,
block, stop.] I. a. In med., having the prop-
erty of closing the pores of the skin.
II. n. A substance which when applied to
the skin has the property of closing the pores.
emphrensyt (em-fren'zi), V. t. [< fm-l + phren-
sy, obs. form of frenzy.] To make frenzied ;
madden.
Is it a ravenous beast, a covetous oppressour? his tooth
like a mad dog's envenomes and emphrensies.
£p. Hall, St. Paul's Combat.
emphymat (em-fi'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. cv, in, -I-
(pijia, a tumor, a growth, < (j>vea6m, grow.] A
tumor.
emphysem (em'fi-sem), n. The English form
of oiiphysrma. [Rare.]
emphysema (em-fi-se'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. £/i-
(piiarjfia, an inflation (of the stomach, peritoneum,
etc. ), < e/i<j>vaav, blow in, inflate, < ev, in, + (jivaav,
blow.] In pathol., distention with air or other
gases — Imterstitial emphysema, tiic presence of air
or other gases in the interstices of the tissues.— Vesicu-
lar emphysema, the permanent dilatation of the alve-
olar passages and infundibula of the lungs, the air-cells
Itecoming obliterated. Also called alveolar ectasia.
emphysematous, emphysematose (em-fi-
sem'a-tus, -tos), a. [? emphysema{t-) + -ous,
-ose.] 1 . Pertaining to, characterized by, or of
the nature of emphysema ; distended ; bloated.
— 2. In 6o<., bladdery; resembling a bladder.
emphyteusis (em-fl-tu'sis), n. [LL. (in Roman
civil law), < Gr. c/KpvTevai^ (only in Roman use),
lit. an implanting, < t/iifivTeveiv, implant, ingraft,
< i/KfivToc, implanted, ingrafted, inborn, innate
(> ult. E. imp, q. v.), < e/jfveiv, implant, pass,
grow in, < h, in, -f- (piieiv, produce, pass, grow.]
In Bom. law, a contract by which houses or
lands were given forever or for a long term on
condition of their being improved and a stipu-
lated annual rent paid to the grantor. It was
usually for a perpetual term, thus correspond-
ing to the feudal fee.
We are told that with the municipalities began the
practice of letting out agri vectigales, that is, of" leasing
land for a perpetuity to a free tenant, at a fixed rent, and
under certain conditions. The plan was afterwards ex-
tensively imitated by individual proprietors, and the ten-
ant, whose relation to the owner had originally been de-
termined by his contract, was subsequently recognised i>y
the Praetor aa having himself a qualified proprietorship,
which in time became known as Emphyteusis.
Maine, Ancient Law, p. 299.
emphyteuta (em-fl-tfl'ta), n. [LL., < Gr. efi-
(^vTcvrij^, a tenant by emphyteusis : see cmphy-
teu.iis.] In Horn, law, a tenant by emphyteusis.
emphyteutic (em-fi-tu'tik), a. [< LL. emphy-
teuticns, < emphyteuta, q. v.] Pertaining to em-
phyteusis; held on the form of tenure known
as emphyteusis ; taken on hire, for which rent
is to be paid: as, emphyteutic lands.
We have distinct proof that what is called in Roman law
emphyteutic tenure was in use among the Greeks in tlie
case of sacred land. C. T. Newton, Art and Archasol. , p. 14.5.
Emph3rteutiC lease. Same as bail A lonyues ann^es
(wliich see. under hail-).
emphyteuticary (em-fi-tfl'ti-ka-ri), n. ; pi. em-
phytcuticaries (-riz). [< LL. eniphyteuticarius, <
empire
emphyieuticus : see emphyteutic] In Horn, lau;,
one who held lands by emphyteusis; an em-
phyteuta.
EmphytUS (em'fi-tus), n. [NL,,< Gr. i/Kjivroi,
ingrafted, inserted: see emphyteusis, and imp,
v.] A genus of hymenopterous insects, of
the family Tenthredinidw, founded by Klug in
1881, having short wings with 2 marginal and 3
submarginal cells, filiform 9-jointed antennse.
strawberry False-worm {Emphytus tnaculatus).
I, a, pupa, ventral and lateral views {line shows natural size) ; 3,
fly, enlarged (wings on one side detached): 4. larva; 5, fly with
win^s closed ; 6, larva curled up ; 7, cocoon : 8, antenna ; 9, egg. (4,
5, 6, and 7 natural size; 8and9 enlarged. )
transverse head, prominent eyes, and a long
abdomen, cylindrical in the male, and broad
and carinate in the female. The larva; have 22 legs,
and are leaf-feeders. The male of E. vtaculatus is black,
the female honey-yellow; its larva feeds on the straw-
berry, ancl is known in the United States and Canada as
the .stravvlicrry false-worm.
Empidse (em'pi-de), n. pi. [NL., contr. of Em-
pididce, < Empis (Empid-), the typical genus:
see Empis.] A family of tetrachsetous brachy-
cerous flies, of the order Diptera, containing up-
ward of 1,000 species, mostly of small size, in-
habiting temperate and cold countries. They are
characterized by a globose head with contiguous eyes, a
simple third antenna-joint, and lengthened tarsal cells of
tlie wings. They are very active and voracious, and in
general resemlile the Asilidce. Species of this family may
be seen dancing in swarms over running water in spring-
time. 1 lie slender larvaj live in garden-mold. AlsoA'm-
pididee and Empides.
Empididae (em-pid'i-de), n. pi. [NL.] Same
as Empidce.
Empidonaz (em-pi-do'naks), ti. [NL. (Caba-
nis, 1855), < Gr. ifnri^ {e/imd-), a mosquito, gnat
(see Empis), + ava^, king.] A large genus of
small Ameri-
can olivaceous
flycatchers, of
the family Ty-
rannidw, inhab-
iting North,
Central, and
South Ameri-
ca, having the
bill and feet
moderate in
length among
allied genera,
of mean length
among related
flycatchers, the
wings pointed,
the tail emargi-
nate, and the
Four species are
Traill's Flycatcher i^Emfitdtmax zratitt).
plumage mostly dull-greenish. „, .
very common woodland migratory insectivorous birds of
the eastern United States: the Acadian flycatcher, E.
acadicus ; Traill's, E. trailli ; the least, E. minimus ; and
the yellow-bellied, E. JUlviventris.
empiercet (em-pers'), v. t. [< em-i + pierce.^
See impierce.
He stroke so hugely with his borrowd blade.
That it empierst the Pagans burganet.
Spenser, F. Q., II. viii. 45.
empightt (em-pit')> a. [<.em-^+ pight.] Fixed.
Three bodies in one wast empight.
Spenser, F. Q., V. x. 8.
empire (em'pir), n. [< ME. empire, empyre, em-
ptre (also emperie, emperye : see empery), < OF.
empire (also emperie), F. empire = Pr. emperi,
enperi = Sp. Pg. It. impcrio, < L. imperium, in-
perium, command, control,dominion, sovereign-
ty, a dominion, empire, < imperare, inperare,
command, order, < in, in, on, + parare, make
ready, order : see ^mrf. Cf. imperial, etc.] 1.
Supreme power in governing ; imperial power ;
dominion; sovereignty.
empire
Your Maiestie (my most gracious Soueraigne) haue
•hewed your selfe to all the world, for this one and thirty
yeares space of your glorious raigne, aboue all other Princes
of Christendome, not onely fortunate, but also most suf-
ficient vertuous and worthy of Empire.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. ST.
He here stalks
Upon the heads of Romans, and their princes.
Familiarly to empire. B. Jomon, Sejanus, Iv. 3.
Westward the course of empire takes its way.
Bp. Berkeley, Arts and Learning in America.
If we do our duties as honestly and as much in the fear
of God as our forefathers did, we need not trouble our-
selves much about other titles to empire.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 244.
2. The country, region, or union of states or
territories under the jurisdiction and dominion
of an emperor or other powerful sovereign or
government ; usually, a territory of greater ex-
tent than a kingdom, which may be, and often ■
is, of small e.\tent: as, the Roman or the Rus-
sian empire. The designation empire has been assumed
in modem times by some small or homogeneous mon-
archies, generally ephemeral ; but properly an empire
is an aggregate of conquered, colonized, or confederated
states, each with its own government subordinate or tritiu-
tary to that of the empire as a whole. Such were and are
all the great historical empires ; and in this sense the name
is applied appropriately to any large aggregation of sepa-
rate territories under one monarch, whatever his title may
be: as, the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian etnpiret;
the empire ot Aleiauder the Great; the British empire,
etc. See emperor, and Holy Boman Empire, below.
3. Supreme control; governing influence: rule;
sway : as, the empire of reason or of trutk.
We disdain
To do those servile ofBces, ofttimes
His foolish pride and empire will exact.
B. Jonton, Magnetick Lady, ilL 4.
The sword turns preacher, and dictates propositions by
empire instead of arguments.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5), L 690.
It is to the very end of our days a struggle between our
reason and our temper, which shall have the empire over
us. Steele, Tatlir, So. 172.
Circle of the empire. See eireU.— Eastern Empire, or
Empire of the East, originally, that division of the Ko-
Duo empire which had it* seat in Constantinople. Its final
separation from the Western Empire dates from the death
of Tbeodoeius the Great (A. D. 395), wboae sons Arcadius
and Hooorliu receired respectively the eastern and west.
em divisions of the Boman dominion. After the fall of
the Western Empire, the Empire ot the East is commonly
known as the Byzantine empire. It continued until the
capture of ConsUntinople by the Turks in 1453.— Empire
Olty, the city of New York ; so called as being the chief
city of the Empire State, and the commercial metropolis
of the United SUtes. — Empire State, tlM SUte of New
York : so called from its superior population and wealth
as compared with the other States of the Union.— Holy
1t£mm-n Bmplre, the German-Roman empire in western
and central Europe (in later times commonly styled the
Oerman empire), which, after a lapse of more than three
hnndred years, reunited a large portion of the territorie*
formerly belonging to the Western Empire. The union of
the German royal and Koman imperial crowns began with
Cbarlee the Great or Charleniagne, king of the Franks, who
was crowned emperor by tlie Pope at Rome A. D. 800 ; but
the line of Oerman kings who were at the same time Holy
Roman emperors begins woperly with Otbo the Great,
crowned emperor in 902. The empire was regarded a* the
temporal form of a theoretically nnivenal dominion, wboee
•piri tnal head was the Pope, and the earlier emperors were
crowned at Rome by the splritiul mlers of Christendom.
The empire continued under monarchs of the Saxon, Fran-
conian, and Hohenstaufendynaatiee, paaslngln 1273 to the
Aiutrian house of Hapsburg, the members of which line
remained in uninterrupted possession of the empire from
1438 until iU final extinction in 180& It had long pre-
Tioosly lost the greater part of the external territories
which had entitled It to be called Roman ; and its final
dissolatkm was due to the conquesta and encroachments
of Napoleon I. (See emperor.) The emperors were elected
In certain of the more powerful (Jcrman princes called
electotv, whose number was definitely fixed at seven by the
Golden Bull of 1356. and remained at that number with but
sliuht changes —The Celeatlal Empire. See eelatieU.
— Weetem Empire, the distinctive designation of the
western portion of the Roman worid after lis division Into
two independent empires In A. D. 396. (.See Battem Jim-
fire, above.) Its power very rapidly declined nnder the
inroads of barbarian* and other adverse influences, and it
wai finally extingiliilied In A. D. 47&'Syn. 1. Sway, do-
minion, rule, re^n,' ^OTemment, supremacy.
empirezna (em-pi-re'mK), n. ; pi. empiremata
(-mii-tii). [N'L., < Gr. as if 'tfintlpriiia, < t/iTfi-
ptlv, be experienced in, < linrttpof, experienced :
see empiric. 'i In logic, s proposition grounded
upon experience. Also spelled empeirema.
empiresnlp (em'pir-ship), n. The power, sover-
eiRuty, or dominion of an empire.
England has seized the empiretkip of India.
Liljrary Matj., July, 1886.
empiric fem-pir'ik), a. and n. [Formerly em-
pirich; i OF. empiriaue, F. empirique = Sp. em-
pirico = Pg. It. emjHrico (cf . D. G. empirisch =
Dan. 8w. empirisk), < L. empiricui, < Gr. i/in-cipi-
ii6r, experienced (oi 'EuznptKni, the Empirics :
see II., 1), < in-npia, experience, mere experi-
ence or practice without knowledge, esp. in
medicine, empiricism, < l/nreipoi:, experienced
or practised in, < iv, in, + Tre'tpa, a trial, ex-
periment, attempt ; akin to T^&poi, a way, < 'ircp.
1903
*ffap = E. /are, go.] I. a. 1. Same as eni^jri-
cah — 2. Versed in physical experimentation:
as, an empiric alchemist. — 3. OiE or pertaining
to the medical empirics.
It is accounted an error to commit a natural body to em-
piric physicians. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 17.
H. «. 1. [cap.'i One of an ancient sect of
Greek physicians who maintained that practice
or experience, and not theory, is the foundation
of the science of medicine.
Among the Greek physicians, those who founded their
practice on experience called themselves eyrtptricg; those
who relied on theory, methodists ; and those who held a
middle course, dogmatists.
Flemiruj, Vocab. of Philos. (ed. Krauth), p. 157.
2. An experimenter in medical practice, desti-
tute of adequate knowledge ; an irregular or
unscientific physician ; more distinctively, a
quack or charlatan.
It is not safe for the Church of Christ when bishops
learn what belongeth unto government, as empirics leani
physic, by killingof the sick. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 24.
This is the cause why empirics and old women are more
happy many times in their cures than learned physicians,
because they are more religious in holding their medicines.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 198.
There are many empiricks in the world who pretend to
infallible methods of curing all patients.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. viii.
Sntpirieka and mountebanks.
Shaftesbury, Advice to an Author, 11. § 2.
3. In general, one who depends mainly upon
experience or intuition; one whose procedure
in any field of action or inquiry is too exclu-
sively empirical.
The empiric, . . . instead of ascending from sense to
Intellect (the natural progress of all true learning), . . .
hurries, on the contrary, into the midst of sense, where he
wanders afrandom without any end, and is lost in a laby-
rinth of infinite particulars. Harris, Hermes, iv.
Vague generaliaations may form the stock-in-trade of
the political empirie, but he is an empiric notwithstand-
ing. Stvbbi, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 91.
= Syn. 2. Mountebank, etc. See quack, n.
empirical (em-pir'i-kal), o. [< empiric + -al.]
1. Pertaining to or derived from experience or
experiments ; depending upon or derived from
the observation of phenomena.
In philosophical language the term empirical means aim-
ply what belongs to or is the product of experience or ob-
servation. Sir W. Hamilton.
Now here again we may observe the error into which
Locke waa led by confounding the cause of our ideas with
their occasion. There can be no idea, he argues, prior to
experience; granted. Therefore he concludes the mind
previous to it Is, as it were, a tabula rasa, owing every
notion which It gains primarily to an empirical source.
J. D. Morell.
The empirical generalization that guides the farmer in
his rotation of crops serves to bring his actions into con-
cord with certain of the actions going on in plants and
solL H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., 5 28.
2. Derived, as a general proposition, from a
narrow range of observation, without any war-
rant for its exactitude or for its wider validity.
The empiriaU diagram only represents the relative num-
ber and position of the parts. Just as a careful observation
shows them In the fiower ; but if the diagram also indi-
cates the places where members are suppressed, ... I
call it a theoretical diagram.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 525.
It is not at all impossible that Henry II. may have been
among the pupils of Vacarius : certainly he was more of
a lawyer than mere empirical education could make him.
Stuibs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 303.
3. Pertaining to the medical practice of an
empiric, in either of the medical senses of that
word; hence, charlatanical ; quackish.
The empirical treatment he submitted to . . . hastened
his en<L Goldsmith, Bolingbroke.
Empirical certainty, cognition, ego. Idealism, etc.
See the nouns.— Empirical formula or law, a formula
which sufficiently satisfies certain ol«servutions, but which
is not supported by any established theory or probable
hypothesis, so that it cannot be relied upon far beyond
the conditions of the oliservations upon which it rests.
Thus, the fommla of Dulong and Petit expressing the re.
lation between the temperature of a Imdy and its radia.
tlve power cannot Ije extended to the calculation of the
heat of the sun. since there is no reason for supposing
that it would approximate to the truth so far l>eyond the
temperatures at which the experiments were made.
empirically (em-pir'i-kal-i), adv. In an em-
pirical manner ; by experiment ; according to
experience ; without science ; in the manner
of quacks.
Every science begins by accumulating observations, and
presently generalizes these empiricalt}/.
H. Spencer, DaU of Ethics, 9 22.
empiricism (em-pir'i-sizm), n. [< empiric +
-ixm. ^e empiric.'] 1. The character of being
empirical; reliance on direct experience and
observation rather than on theory; empirical
method; especially, an undue reliance upon
mere individual experience.
emplaster
He [Radcliffe] knew, it is true, that experience, the
safest guide after the mind is prepared for her instruc-
tions by previous institution, is apt, without such prepa-
ration, to degenerate to a vulgai* and presumptuous em-
piricism.. V. Knox, Essays, xxxviii.
At present, he [Bacon] reflected, some were content to
rest in empiricism and isolated facts ; others ascended
too hastily to first principles. E. A. Abbott, Bacon, p. 344.
What is called empiricism is the application of super-
ficial truths, recognized in a loose, unsystematic way, to
immediate and special needs.
i. P. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., II. 203.
2. In med., the practice of empirics; hence,
quackery; the pretension of an ignorant per-
son to medical skill.
Shudder to destroy life, either by the naked knife or
by the surer and safer medium of empiricism. Dun<jht.
3. The metaphysical theory that all ideas are
derived from sensuous experience — that is,
that there are no innate or a priori conceptions.
The terms Empiricism, Empiricist, Empirical, although
commonly employed by metaphysicians with contempt
to mark a mode of investigation which admits no higher
source than experience (by them often unwarrantably
restricted to Sensation), may be accepted without demur,
since even the flavor of contempt only serves to empha.
size the distinction.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. li. § 14.
empiricist (em-pir'i-sist), «. [< empiric + ■ist.']
1. One who believes in philosophical empiri-
cism; one who regards sensuous experience as
the sole source of all ideas and knowledge.
Berkeley, as a consistent empiricist, saw that Sensation
shuts itself up within its own home, and does not include
its object. The object must be supplied from without,
and he supplied it provisionally by the name of God.
S. A. Rev., CXX. 409.
The empiricist can take no cognizance of anything that
transcends experience. New Princeton Jtev., II. 169.
2. A medical empiric.
empirictict, empiricutict (em-pi-rik'tik, em-
pir-i-ku'tik), a. [An unmeaning extension of
empiric.'] Empirical.
The most sovereign prescription in Galen is but empiri-
nttick. Shak., Cot., li. 1.
empirism (em'pi-rizm), n. [= F. empirisme =
Sp. Pg. It. empirismo = D. Dan. empirisme =
Sw. empirism, < NL. "empirismus, < Gr. Ifiirei-
po(, experienced: see empiric.'] Empiricism.
[Rare.]
It is to this sense [second muscular], mainly, that we
owe the conception of force, the origin of which empirism
could never otherwise explain.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 219.
empiristic (em-pi-ris'tik), a. Of or pertaining
to empiricism or to the empiricists; empirical.
[Rare.]
The empiristic view which Helmholtz defends is that
the space^letennlnatlona we perceive are in every case
products of a process of unconscious inference.
W. James, Mind, XIL 645.
Empis (em'pis), n. [NL. (Linneeus, 1767), <
Gr. f ^n-if (t/jTrid-), a mosquito, gnat, larva of the
gadfly ; cf. Jpis^.] The typical genus of the
Family Empidce.
emplace (em-plas'), t>. t. ; pret. and pp. em-
placed, ppr. emplacing. [< OF. emplader, place,
employ, < en- + placer, place: see place.] To
place; locate. [Rare.]
They (Iranic buildings] were emplaced on terraces fonn-
ed of vast blocks of hewn stone, and were approached by
staircases of striking and unusual design.
a. Bawlinson, Origin of Nations, i. 101.
emplacement (em-plas'ment), n. [< F. emplace-
ment, < OF. emplader, place : see emplace.] 1.
A placing or fixing in place ; location. [Rare.]
But till recently it was impossible to give to Uz any
more definite etnjHacem^nt.
G. Rawlinson, Origin of Nations, it. 241.
2. Place or site. Specifically, in fort.: (a) The space
within a fortification allotted for the position and service
of a gun or battery.
The emplacements should be connected with each other
and with the barracks by screened roads.
Nature, XXXVI. 36.
(b) Tlic idatform orbed prepared for agun and its carriage.
emplastert (em-plas'tfer), «. [< ME. enplastre,
< OF. emphistrc, F. empldtre= Pr. emplastre =
Sp. emplasto = Pg. emplastro = It. empiastro,
impiastro, < L. emplastrtim, a plaster, also, in
horticulture, the band of bark which surrounds
the eye in ingrafting, the scutcheon, < Gr. Ifi-
K'/MCTpov (also lfiv?M(yTpo() and ijm'AaaTov, with
or without (iMpf/amv, a plaster or salve, neut.
of f//7r?.a(TT0f, daubed on or over, < iittrTManuv,
plaster up, stuff in, < iv, in, + ■Kl&oauv, form,
mold. Abbr. plaster, q. v.] A plaster.
The spirits are smiainly moved both from vapours and
passions, . . . and the parts by bathes, unguents, or em-
plaisters. Bacon, On Learning, iv. 2.
All emplasteri applied to the breasts ought to have a
hole for the nipples. Wiseman, Surgery.
emplaster
emplastert (em-plas't6r), V. t. [< ME. emplas-
tren, < OF. emplastrer, F. empUtrer = Pr. em-
piastrar = Sp. emplastar = Pg. emplastar =
It. empiastrare, impiastrare, < L. emplastrare,
gntt, bud, Mil. plaster. Cf. Gr. ifiirhiaTpoiv,
put on a plaster, < ifi-'Mcrpov, a plaster: see
emplaster, n. Abbr. plaster, q. v.] 1. To cover
with or as with a plaster; gloss over; palliate.
Parde, als fair as ye his name emplastre.
He ISolomonJ was a leccliour ami an ydolastre.
Chaucer, Mercliant'8 Taie, 1. 1053.
2. To graft or bnd.
The tree that shall emptmtred be therby,
Take of the senime, and bark, and therto bynde
This gemme unhurt.
Patiadiue, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 161.
emplastic (em-plas'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. f^-
jrXaoTiKOf, stopping the pores, clogging, < iii-
■z'/Moaecv, plaster up, stop up, stuff in, etc. : see
emplaster, h.] I. a. Viscous'; glutinous; adhe-
sive; fit to be applied as a plaster: as, emplas-
tic applications.
H, H. A constipating medicine.
emplastrationt, «. The act of budding or graft-
ing.
Solempnyte Iiath emplagtracton,
Wherof Ijeforne is taught the diligence.
Palladius, Husbondrie (K K T. S.), p. 165.
empleadt, »• *■ See implead.
emplectite (em-plek'tit), «. [< Gr. eimleKToq,
inwoven (see emplectum), + -ite^.] A sulpMd
of bismuth and copper, occurring in prismatic
crystals of a grayish or tin-white color and
bright metallic luster.
emplecttiiii, emplecton (em-plek'tum, -ton),
n. [L., < Gr. iinrMKTov, rubble-work, neut. of
euTTMh-roi, inwoven, < k/zir^KEiv, inweave, en-
twine, entangle, < h, in, + v'Mkuv, weave.]
In arch., either of two kinds of masonry in use
among the Greeks and Romans, and other peo-
ples.
1904
You must use
The best of your discretion to employ
This gift as I intend it.
Ford, Broken Heart, iii. 5.
4. To occupy; use; apply or devote to an ob-
ject; pass in occupation : as, toemjjtoyanhour,
a day, or a week ; to employ one's life.
Some men employ their liealth, an ugly trick,
In making known how oft they have been sick,
And give us in recitals of disease
A doctor's trouble, but witliout the tees.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 311.
The friends of liberty wasted ... the time which ought
emporium
See, sweet, here are the engines [an iron crow and a hal-
ter] tliat must do 't.
My stay Imtli been prolonged
With Imnting obscure nooks for tiiese employments.
Chapman, Widow's Tears.
=Syn. 2. Vocatwii, Trade, etc. (see occupation); function,
post, employ.
emplume (em-plom'), v. t.; pret. and pp. em-
2>lumed, Tppr. enipluming. [< c?rt-l + jihone.] To
adorn with or as if with plumes or feathers.
Angelhoods, emplumed
In such ringlets of pure glory.
Mrs. Broivning, Song for Ragged Scliools.
to have been emi)(oi/«d in preparing for vigorous national emplungeti implunget (em-, im-plunj'), V. t.
defense. ' Macaulay, Sir J. Mackintosh.
— Syn. 2. Employ, Hire. Hire and employ^ are words of
different meaning. To hire is to engage in service for
wages. Tlie word does not imply dignity ; it is not cus-
tomary to speak of hiring a teacher or a pastor ; we hire
a man for wages ; we employ him for wages or a salary.
To employ is thus a word of wider signification. A man
hired to labor is employed, but a man may l)e employed
in a work wlio is not hired ; yet the presumption is that
the one employing pays. Employ expresses continuous empodium (cm-p6'di-um), ».
occupation more often than Aire does. " . - . . . . ,
employ (em-ploi'), «• [< F- emploi = Sp. em-
pleo = Pg. emprego = It. impiego ; from the
verb.] Occupation; employment.
As to tlie genius of tlie people, they are industrious, . . .
but luxurious and extravagant on the days when they
have repose from their employs.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 10.
With due respect and joy,
I trace the matron at her loved employ.
Crabbe, Works, I. 58.
It happens that your true dull minds are generally pre-
ferred for public employ, and especially promoted to city
honors ; your keen intellects, like razors, being considered
too sharp for common service.
IrmTig, Knickerbocker, p. 161.
employable (em-ploi'a-bl), a. [< employ +
-able.] That may be employed; capable of
being used ; fit or proper for use.
employ^ (oh-plwo-ya'), ?i. The French form of
emploiiee.
The state
(a) That kind of solid masonry in regular courses - , - . , , • / j n
tu whicli the courses are formed alternately entirely of employedneSS (em-ploi ed-nes), n
blocks presenting one of their sides to the exterior and of being employed
entirely of blocks presenting their ends to the exterior.
Sometimes the [Etruscan] wall is built in alternate
courses, in the style which has been called emplecton, the
ends of the stones being exposed in one course, and the
gides in the other. G. RawUnson, Orig. of Nations, i. 114.
Emplectum {b).
Things yet less consistent with chemistry and employed-
1USS than with freedom, or with truth.
Boyle, Works, VI. 38.
employee (em-ploi-e'), n. [< employ + -eel, after
F. employe, fern, employee, one employed, pp. of
employer, employ.] One who works for an em-
ployer; a person working for salary or wages:
applied to any one so working, but usually
only to clerks, workmen, laborers, etc., and
but rarely to the higher officers of a corporation
or government, or to domestic ser\'ants: as,
the employees of a railroad company. [Often
written employe or employe even as an English
word.]
To keep the capital thus invested [in materials for rail-
way construction], and also a large staff of employes,
standing idle entails loss, partly negative, partly positive.
//. Spencer, Railway Jlorals.
employer (era-ploi'6r), n. [= F. employeur.1
One who employs ; a user ; a person engaging
or keeping others in service.
By a short contract you are sure of making it the inter-
est of the contractor to exert that skill for the satisfac-
Burke, Economical Reform
(6) That kind of masonry, much used in ancient forti-
flcation-walls, etc., in which the outside surfaces on both
sides are fonned of
ashler laid in regular
courses, and the in-
closed space between
thera is filled in with
rul>ble-work, cross-
stones being usually
placed at intervals,
either in courses or as
ties extending from face
to face of the wall, and binding the whole together. The
term is, however, a loose one, and can he applied to any
sort of masonry of greater thickness than tlie width of a
single block, and so laid that the wall is bound together
by some regular alternation of blocks placed lengthwise
anil endwise. Sometimes erroneously written ernjjfecd'on.
emplete, v. t. See implead.
empliet, v. t. A Middle English variant of im-
ply.
emploret (em-pl6r'), v. t. An obsolete form of
implore.
employ (em-ploi'), V. t. [Formerly also imploy;
< OF. employer, emploier (early *emplier : see
emplie, imply), F. employer = Pr. emj)leiar = Sp.
emplear = Pg. empregar = It. impiegare, < L.
implicare, infold, involve, engage, < in, in, -I-
njjcare, fold: see pJtcate, and cf. Jmphcate and pioyer. ATnnnris'h+ » t
imply.^ It. To inclose; infold.— 2. To give employment (em-ploi'ment),M. [Formerly also ^J^*;r"nntr>,ctP
[< eniA, im-, + plunge.^ To plunge ; immerse.
Malbecco, seeing iiow his losse did lye, . . .
Into huge waves of griefe and gealosye
Full deepe emptonged was, and drowned nye.
Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 17.
That hell
Of Iiorrour, whereinto she was so suddenly emplung'd.
Daniel, Hymen's Triumph.
pi. empodia (-a).
[JJ'L., < Gr. », in, + ttov^ (jrorf-) = E. foot. Cf.
Gr. iinrddioq, at one's feet, in the way, similarly
formed.] In entom., a claw-like organ which in
many genera of insects is seen between the
ungues or true claws, it agrees with the true claws
in sti'uctnre, and by some authors is called spurious claw.
It is prominent in lucanid beetles. The tenn was first
used by Nitzch.
empoison (em-poi'zn), V. t. [< ME. empoysonen,
enpoisonen, enpoysonen, < OP. empoisonner, en-
poisonner, F. empoisonner, < en- + poisonner,
poison: see ^wison.l To poison; affect with
or as if with poison ; act noxiously upon ; em-
bitter. [Obsolete or archaic in all uses.]
And aftre was this Soudan enpoysound at Damasce ; and
his Sone thoglite to regne aftre him be Heritage.
MdndevUle, Travels, p. 37.
A man by his own alms empoison'd.
And with his charity slain. Shak., Cor., v. 5.
The whole earth appears unto him blasted with a curse,
and empoisoned with the venom of the serpent.
Situation of Paradise (1683), p. 62.
Yet Envy, spite of lier empoisoned breast.
Shall say, I lived in grace here with the best.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
That these disdaineons females and this ferocious old
woman are placed here by the administration, not only to
empoison the voyagers, but to affront them !
Dickens, Mugby Junction, iiL
empoisonert (em-poi'zn-er), n. [< ME. empoy-
soner, < empoysonen, empoison.] One who poi-
sons.
Thus ended ben thise honiicydes two,
And eek the false empoysoner also.
Chamer, Pardoner's Tale (ed. Skeat), C. 1. 894.
empoisonment (em-poi'zn-ment), n. [< F. em-
poisonnement, < empoisonner, empoison: see em-
poison and -ment.'] The act of administering
poison ; the state of being poisoned ; a poison-
ing. [Rare.]
It were dangerous for secret empoisonments. Bacon,
The graver blood empoisonments of yellow and other
fevers. Alien, and Neurol., V'l. 45.
empoldered (em-p61'd6rd), a. [< era-1 -f- pol-
der + -ed2.] Reclaimed and brought into the
condition of a polder ; brought under cultiva-
tion. See polder.
- .... - .... i.jjjji.,^
occupation to; make use of the time, attention
or labor of ; keep busy or at work ; use as an
agent.
Nothing advances a business more than when he that
is emplm/ed is believed to know the mind, and to liave the
heart, of him that sends him. Donne, Sermons, v.
Tell him I have some business to employ him.
B. Jonson, Every Man in liis Humour, L 1.
The mellow harp did not their ears employ.
And mute was all the warlike symphony.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xii. 218.
This is a day in which the thoughts of our countrymen
ought to t>e employed on serious subjects.
Addison, Freeholder.
3. To make use of as an instrument or means ;
apply to any purpose : as, to employ medicines
in curing diseases.
Xii d, halfe to be employed to the vse of the said Cite,
and the Oder halfe to the sustentacion of the said flrater-
nltc. English Gilds (E. E. T. 8.), p. 336.
Poesie ought not to be abased and imployed vpon any
vnworthy matter & subject.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 18.
Thou Shalt not destroy the trees, . . . and thou shalt
not cut them down ... to employ them in the siege.
iieut. XX. 19.
tion of his employers. ^
Employers and ■Workmen Act, an English statute of emporetict, Omporeticalt (em-po-ret'ik, -
1875 (38 and 39 Vict., c. 90), which enlarges the powers of ^_ r^ Jj. emporeticus for *emporeuticus, < Gr.
county courts in disputes between inasters and employees, ^^op^^^^iif, mercantile, commercial, < k/i77opev-
and gives other courts certam civil jurisdiction m such 'f' '^4._„ j „+,„<«„ . „oa /.«,««v,-«™ 1 Of nr Tinr-
cases -Employers' Llahility Act, an English statute caOat, trade, traffic : see emponum.] Ot or per-
of 1880, securing to employees a right to damages for in. taining to an emporium; relatmg to mercuan-
juries resulting from negligence on the part of the em- djge.
Ployf- .-„ n - emporisht, ». «. PulE. enporyshen, < OF. empo-
riss-, contracted stem of certain parts of empo-
vrir, cmpoverer, make poor: see empover, and
impoverish, of which emporish is ult. a con-
tracted form.] To impoverish
-ment.'] 1. The act
or the state of being
imployment ; < employ
of employing or using,
employed.
The hand of little employment hath the daintier sense.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
Tlie increasing use of the pointed arch is to be clearly
traced, from its first timid employment in construction,
till it appears where no constructive advantage is gained
by it. C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 27.
2. Work or business of any kind, physical or emporium (em-p6'ri-um).
mental ; that which engages the head or hands ;
anything that occupies time or attention ; office
or position involving business: as, agricultural
employments ; mechanical employments ; public
employment.
I left the Imployment [logwood trade], yet with a de-
sign to return hither after I had been in England.
Dampier, Voyages, II. ii. 131.
The dayly employment of these Recluses is to trim the
Lamps, and to make devotional visits and processions to
the several Sanctuaries in the Church.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 71.
M. Dumont might easily have found employments more
gratifying to personal vanity than that of arranging works
not his own. Macaulay, Mirabeau.
3t. An implement. Nares, [Rare.]
And where as the coloryng of foreyns byeng and sell-
yng and pryuee markettes be mayntaned by suffrans of
vntrewe fremen such as kepe innes, logynges and lierlio-
rowyng of foreyns and straungers to the hurt aud enpo-
rysshyng of fremen.
Arnold's Chronicle, 1502 (ed. 1811, p. 83).
[= Sp. Pg. It.
cmporio, < Ij. emporium, < Gr. e/ijrdptov, a trad-
ing-place, mart, exchange, < ifiiropia, trade,
commerce, < c/i7Topoc, a passenger, traveler,
merchant, < ev, in, -t- ffdpof, a way (cf. eu~opev-
cuBai, travel, trade, TTopevcaOai, travel, fare), <
■/ *TTep, nap = E. /are.] 1 . A place of trade ; a
mart ; a town or city of important commerce,
especially one in which the commerce of an
extensive country centers, or to which sellers
and buyers resort from other cities or coun-
tries ; a commercial center.
[Lyons! is esteemed the principall emporium or mart
towne ot all France next to Paris. Coi-yat, Crudities, I. 59.
That wonderful emporium [Manchester], which in popu-
lation and wealth tar surpasses capitals so much renowned
emporium
■■ Berlin, Madrid, and Lisbon, was then a mean and ill-
bailt nuu-ket-town, containing under six thousand people.
MacatUay, Hist. Eng., iii.
2. A bazaar ; a shop or store for the sale of a
great variety of articles.
It is pride, avarice, or voluptuousness which fills our
streets, our emporiums, our theatres with all the bustle of
business and alacrity of motion.
V. Knoz, The Lord's Supper, xxi.
He was clad in a new collection of garments which he
had bought at a large ready-made clothing emporium that
morning. The Century, XXXV. 678.
3t. In ane. med., the brain, becatise there all
mental affairs are transacted,
empoundt (em-pound'), c. t. See impound.
empovert, f- t. [Early mod. E. enpover; < OF.
einpovrir, enpoverir, enpauvrir, empoverer, make
poor : see emporisk and impoverish.'] To impov-
erish.
Lest they should themselves enpover
And be brought into decaye.
Ro'j and Barlow, Rede Me and Be nott Wrothe, p. 100.
empoverisht (em-pov'6r-ish), t). t. See impov-
erish.
empower (em-pou'6r), V. t. [Formerly also im-
l>ower; < em-1 + power. 'i 1. To give power or
authority to ; authorize, as by law, commission,
letter of attorney, verbal license, etc.: as, the
commissioner is empowered to make terms.
Him he trusts with every key
Of highest charge, impow'ring him to Frame,
As he thought best, his whole (Economy.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 143.
The Regulating Act . . . emvotcered the Crown to re-
move him [Hastings] on an address from the Company.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
2. To impart power or force to ; give eflScacy
to ; enable.
Does not the same force that enables them to heal em-
potver them to destroy ? Baker, Red. on Learning.
= Syn. 1. To commission, licenae, warrant, qualify.
empresario (em-pre-e&'ri-o), n. fop. empresa-
rio = Pg. emjyrezario = It. impresario, an un-
dertaker, manager, theatrical manager: see im-
premrio.} 1. In parts of the United States
acquired from Mexico, one who projects and
manages a mercantile or similar enterprise, or
takes a leading part in it, for his own profit and
at his own risk, u.sually implying the possession
and control of a concession or p^int from gov-
ernment in the nature of a privilege or monop-
oly.— 2. More specifically, a contractor who en-
gages with the Mexican government to intro-
duce a body of foreign settlers. Also called
htibladore.
empress (em'pres), n. [< ME. empreste, emper-
esae, emperes, emperise, emperiee, emprise, int-
peres, < OF. empereis, empereris, empereresse, P.
impiratrice = Pr. emperairitz = 8p. emperatriz
= Pg. imperatriz = It. imperatrice, < L. impera-
trii, inperatrix, aco. -tricem, fern, of imperator,
inperator, emperor : see emperor.'] 1. A woman
who rules over an empire ; a woman invested
with imperial power or sovereignty.
Mary, moder, bleaayd mayde,
Queue of hevyn, Imperet of belle,
Sende me grace both nnt and daye !
Babeee Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 368.
And torerelgn Uw, that atate'i collected will.
O'er throne* and globes, elate,
Bits emprest, crowning good, repressing 111.
Sir W. Jonet, Ode in Imitation of Alcaos.
2. The wife or the widow of an emperor: in the
latter case called specifically empress dowager.
She sweeps It through the court with troops of ladies,
More like an emprem than duke Humphrey's wife.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3.
Not Cmnr't *mpnu would I deign to prove.
Pope, Elolsa to Abelard, I. 87.
Empress Cloth, a woolen stuff for women's wear, having
a fint-ly repjied or rordeil surface.— Empress ^Uze, a
fine trajupareut stuff, made of silk, or silk and Imen. and
having a design, osually of a flower-pattern, woven in in
silk.
empresset, r. i. See impress'^.
empressement (on-pres'mon), n. fF., < em-
jinxsrr, rctl., be eager, bustling, ardent, for-
ward: gee impress^!} Eagerness; cordiality;
demonstrative demeanor,
empridet (em-prid' ), «. t. [ME. empriden; < em-i
+ pridt .] To excite pride in; make proud.
And whenne this Joumee was done. Fausamy was gret-
ly empriilede therofr, and went into the kynift'S palace for
to take the qwene Ulyuipias ont4> of it, and haft> hir with
hym. MS. Uncoln, A. L 17, fol. 8.
emprintt (em -print'), n. and r. An obsolete
form of imprint.
emprise fem-priz'), n. [< ME. emprise, enprise,
< OF. emprise (= Pr. empreza, empreiza = Sp.
emprrsu = Pg. empreza, empresa = It. impresa ;
ML, imnrisa, imprista, impresia), undertaking,
1905
expedition, enterprise, < empris, pp. of empren-
dre, enprendre = Sp. emprender = Pg. emprehen-
der = It. imprendere, undertake, < L. in, in, on,
+j>rehendere,prendere,ta,ke, seize: see preliend,
apprehend, etc., and cf. enterprise, equiv. to em-
prise, but with diff. prefix.] An undertaking;
an enterprise ; an adventure ; also, adventur-
ousness. AXso emprize. [Now chiefly poetical.]
Ye beene tall.
And large of limb t* atchleve an hard emprize.
Speiuer, S. Q., IIL iii. 53.
One hundred and sixty-six lances were broken, when
the emprise was declared to be fairly achieved.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.
The deeds of high emprise 1 sing.
Longfellow, Wayside Inn, Interlude.
empriset, v. t. [< emprise, n.] To undertake.
In secret drifts I linger'd day and night,
All how I might depose this cruel king.
That seem'd to all so much desired a thing,
As thereto trusting I emprised the same.
SackvUle, Duke of Buckingham, st. 58.
emprisont (em-priz'n), v. t. An obsolete form
of impri.-:on.
emprosthO'tonOS (em-pros-thot'o-nos), n. [<
Or. c/i~poa6oTttvo^, dra'wn forward and stiJEened
(deriv. i/nrpooBoTovia, tetanic procurvation), <
i/twpoa6ev, in front, forward, before (< iv, in,
+ irpdaikv, before), -I- niveiv, stretch, t6voc, a
stretching.] In pathol., tonic muscular spasm,
bending the body forward, or in the opposite di-
rection from opisthotonos. Also called epistho-
tonos.
emptet, v. An obsolete form of empty.
emptier (emp'ti-*r), ». One who or that which
empties or exhausts.
For the Lord bathe turned away the glory of Jaak6b,
as the glorie of Israel : for the emptiers haue emptied
them out and marred their vine branches.
GeTieva Bible, Nahum iL 2.
emptiness (emp'ti-nes), ». [< empty + -ness.']
1 . The state of being empty ; the state of con-
taining nothing, or nothing but air: as, the
emptiness of a vessel.
The moderation of slepe must be measured by helthe
and ayckenes, by age, by time, by emplyness or fulnesse
of the body, & by uaturall coniulextons.
Sir T. Eiyut, Castle o( Health, ii.
His coffers sound
With hollow poverty and emptintss.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 3.
2. Lack of food ia the stomach; a state of
fasting.
Monks, anchorites, and the like, after much emptiness,
become melancholy. Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 611.
3. Void space ; a vacuum.
Nor could another in your room have been.
Except an emptiness had come between. Dryden.
4. Want of solidity or substance.
TIs this which causes the graces and the loves ... to
subsist in the emptitiess of light and shadow.
Dryden, tr. of Uufresnoy's Art of Painting, Pref.
5. Unsatisf actorincMS ; insufilciency to satisfy
the mind or heart ; worthlessness.
O frail estate of human things.
Now to our coat your emptiness we know. Ihyden.
Form the Judgment atwut the worth or emptiuens of
things here, according as they are or are not of use in
relation to what ia to come after. Bp, Atterbury,
6. Want of understanding or knowledge; vacu-
ity of mind ; inanity.
Eternal smiles his emptiness betray.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 315.
Knowledge is now no more a fountain seal'd :
Drink deep, until the habits of the slave,
The sins of emptiness, gossip and spite
And slander, die. Tetmyson, Princess, il.
^Syn. S. Vanity, hollownesa, nothingness.
emption (emp'shon), «. [< L. emptio(n-), a
buying, < emptiis, pp. of emere, buy, orig. take:
see adempt, exempt, redeem, redemption, etc.] 1 .
Buying; purchase. [Rare.] — 2t. That which
is bought ; provision ; supply.
He that stands charged with my Lordes House for the
houU Yeir, if he maye possible, shall he at all Faires,
where the grolce Emotions shall be Ix)ughte for the
House for the houll Veir, as Wine, Wax, Beiffes, Multons,
Wheite and .Malt. (l.',12.)
Quoted In Bourne's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 360.
emptionalt (emj)'shon-al), o. [< emption + -a/.]
That may be purchased.
empty (emp'ti), a. and n. [< ME. empty, emty,
cmti, amti, < AS. wmtig, emtig, eemetig, emetig,
vacant, empty, free, idle, < 'anneta, wmetla, tem-
ta, leisure (cf. the verb cemtian, be at leisure).]
I, a. 1. C'ontainingnothing, or nothing but air;
void of its usual or of appropriate contents;
vacant ; unoccupied : saicf of any inclosure or
allotted space : as, an cm/>^.i/ house or room ; an
empty chest or purse ; an empty chair or saddle.
empty
And thaugh the brigge hadde ben all clene empty it
hadde not be no light thinge for to haue passed.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 288.
Teai-8 of the widower, when he sees
A late-lost form that sleep reveals,
And moves his doulHful arms, and feels
Her place is empty. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xiii.
At the Round Table of King Arthur there was left al-
ways one seat empty for him who should accomplish the
adventure of the Holy Grail.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 124.
2. Void; devoid; destitute of some essential
quality or component.
Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress.
Or else a rude despiser of good manners.
That in civility thou seeni'st so empty?
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
They are honest, wise,
Not empty of one ornament of man.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, i. 3,
3. Destitute of force, effect, significance, or
value ; without valuable content ; meaningless :
as, empty words ; empty compliments.
A word may be of . . . great credit with several authors,
and be by them made use of as if it stood for some real
being ; but yet if he that reads caimot frame any distinct
idea of that being, it is certain to him a mef e empty sound,
without a meaning, and he learns no more by all that is
said of it, or attributed to it, than if it were afiirmed only
of that bare empty sound.
Locke, Conduct of Understanding, § 28,
In nice balance, truth with gold she weighs,
And solid pudding against empty praise.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 54.
A concept is to be considered as empty and as referring
to no object, if the synthesis which it contains does not
belong to experience.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Midler.
Death and misery
But empty names were grown to be.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 366.
4. Destitute of knowledge or sense ; ignorant:
as, an empty coxcomb.
Qaping wonder of the empty crowd.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 160.
6. Forlorn from destitution or deprivation ;
desolate; deserted.
She INineveh] is empty, and void, and waste.
Nahum ii. 10.
Rose up against him a great fiery wall.
Built of vain longing and regret and fear.
Dull empty loneliness, and blank despair.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 359,
8. Wanting substance or solidity ; lacking re-
ality; unsubstantial; unsatisfactory: as, empty
air; em^ty dreams; cmp% pleasures.
Frivolities which seemed empty as bubbles.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, I.
7t. Not burdened; not bearing a burden or a
rider: as, an empty horse. — 8. Not supplied;
■without provision.
They . . . beat him, and sent him away empty.
Mark xii. 3.
They all knowing Smith would not retume emptie. If It
were to be had.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 205.
9. Wanting food ; fasting ; hungry.
My falcon now is sharp, and passing empty.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
10. Bearing no fruit; without useful product.
Seven empty ears blasted with the east wind.
Gen. xli. 27.
Israel is an empty vine. Hos. x. 1.
11. Producing no effect or result; ineffectual.
T3ie sword of Saul returned not empty. 2 Sam. i. 22.
Only the case.
Her own poor work, her empty labour, left.
"Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
Empty engine, a locomotive running without a car or
train attached. [CoIIoq.] =8yn. 1. Void, etc. (see vacant);
unoccupied, bare, unftirniahed. — 4. Weak, silly, senseless.
— 6. Unsatisfying, vain, hollow.
II. n. ; pi. empties (-tiz). An empty vessel
or other receptacle, as a box or sack, packing-
case, etc.; an empty vehicle, as a cab, freight-
car, etc. : as, returned empties. [CoUoq.]
"Well," says Leigh Hunt, "I found him [a cabman]
returning from Hammersmith, and he said as an empty
he would take me for half fare." .
Frances Grundy, in Personal Traits of British Authors,
[p. 241.
empty (emp'ti), V. ; pret. and pp. emptied, ppr.
emptying. [Also E. dial, empt ; < ME. empten,
tr. make empty, intr. be or become vacant, <
AS. (Emtian, intr., be vacant, be at leisure, <
"cemeta, cemetta, leisure : sete empty, a., on which
the verb in mod. use directly depends.] I.
trans. 1 . To deprive of contents ; remove, pour,
or draw out the contents from ; make vacant :
with o/ before the thing removed: as, to empty
a well or a cistern; to empty a pitcher or a
purse ; to empty a house of its occupants.
empty
80 help me God, therby shal lie nat wlnne,
Bat empte his puree, and make his wittes thinne.
Chaucer^ Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, I. 188.
The Plague hath emptitd its houses, and the fire con-
muned them. StiUingfteet, Sermons, I. vi.
He, on whom from both her open hands
Larish Honour shower d all her stars.
And affluent Fortune fmptied all her horn.
Tfnnynon, Death of Wellington.
2. To draw out, pour out, or otherwise remove
or discharge, as the contents of a vessel : com-
monly with out: as, to empty out the water from
a pitcher.
What l>e these two olive branches which through the
two golden pipes empty the golden oil out of themselves?
Zech. iv. 12.
3. To discharge; pour out continuously or in a
steady course : as, a river empties itself or its
waters into the ocean. [A strained use, which
it is preferable to avoid, since a river is not
emptied by its flow into the ocean.]
The great navigable rivers that empty themselves into
it [the Euxine sea). Arbuthnot.
4. To lay waste ; make destitute or desolate.
[Archaic]
I . . . will send unto Babylon fanners, that shall fan
her, and shall empty her land. Jer. 11. 2.
H. intrans. 1. To become empty.
The chapel emptier; and thou may'st be gone
Now, sun. B. Jonson, Underwoods.
2. To pour out or discharge its contents, as a
river into the ocean. [See note under I., 3.]
empty-Iianded (emp'ti-han'ded), a. Having
nothing in the hands ; specifically, carrying
or bringing nothing of value, as money or a
present.
She brought nothing here, but she has been a good girl,
a very good girl, and she shall not leave the house empty-
handed. Trollope.
emptying (emp'ti-ing), ». [Verbal n. of empty,
f.J 1. The act of making empty.
Boundless intemperance
In nature is a tyranny ; it hath been
The untimely emptying of the happy throne.
And fall of many kings. Shak., Macbeth, ir. 3.
2. That which is emptied out; specifically [p!.],
in the United States, a preparation of yeast
from the lees of beer, cider, etc., for leavening.
[CoUoq., and commonly pronounced emptins.']
A betch o' bread thet hain't riz once ain't goin' to rise agin,
An" it's jest money throwed away to put the evnptins in.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 11.
empty-panneledt (emp'ti-pan''eld), a. Haying
nothing in the stomach ; without food : said of
a hawk.
My hawk has been empty-pannelVd these three houres.
Qnarlet, The Virgin Widow (1650), I. 67.
emptysis (emp'ti-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ifi-nruai^,
a spitting, < e/iTrrvetv, spit tlpon, < ev, in, + nrv-
€cv, spit, for *aTrvetv = E. spew, q. v.] In pathol.,
hemorrhage from the lungs; spitting of blood;
hemoptysis.
empngnt, v. t. See impugn.
empurple, impurple(em-,im-p6r'pl),».t.;pret.
and pp. empurpled, impurpled, ppr. empurpling,
impurpling. [< em-1, im-, + purple.'] To tinge
or color with purple.
And over it his huge great nose did grow.
Full dreadfully empurpled all with bloud.
Speiiser, F. Q., IV. vii. 6.
The bright
Pavement, that like a sea of jasper shone,
Impurpled with celestial rosea, smiled.
Milton, P. L, iii. 364.
Tho' roseate mom
Pour all her splendours on th' empurpled scene.
T. Warton, Pleasures of Melancholy.
We saw the grass, green from November till April,
mowed with daisies, and the floors of the dusky Httle din-
gles empurpled with violet*. The Century, XXX. 219.
Empnsa (em-pfi'sa), n. [NL. (Illiger, 1798), <
Qt. IfiTTOvaa, &ho\>goh\in.'] 1. A genus of gres-
sorial orthopterous insects, of the family Man-
tidce, having foliaceous appendages on the head
and legs, short antennsB, and a very slim thorax.
E. pauperatais a prettily colored European spe-
cies of rear-horse or praying-mantis. — 2. A ge-
nus of lepidopterous insects. Hiibner, 181 6. —
3. In bat., the principal genus of Entomoph-
thorem, including, as now understood, the spe-
cies formerly referred to the genus Entomoph-
thora. The species are parasitic upon insects. That upon
the common house-fly is the one most frequently observed,
forming a white halo of apores around dead flies adhering
to window-panes in autumn. Spores of an Emjmsa, coming
in contact with a 8uital>le insect, enter it by means of hy-
phal germination and grow rapidly till the insect is killed,
forming sometimes mycelium, but commonly, by budding,
detached hyphal Iwdies of spherical or oval forni. When
the conditions are unfavorable to further growth the hyphal
bodies may be transformed into chlamydospores, l»ut un-
der tarorable conditions of moisture the hyphal bodies
1906
emulate
[< Gr. l/iirvpo^, in
fire," on fire: see empyreal.l Of or pertaining
to combustion or combustibility. [Bare.]
Of these and some other empyHcal marks I shall say no
more, as they do not tell us the defects of the soils.
Kirwan, Manures, p. 81.
empytosist (em-pi-ro'sis), ». [NL., < Gr. f//-
TTvpuai^, a kindling, heating, < i/nrvp6eiv, equiv.
tocfiTTvpcvctv, kindle: see empyreuma.'\ A gen-
eral fire ; a conflagration.
The former opinion, that held these cataclisms and evi-
2)i/rof<es universal, was such as held that it put a total Con-
or chlamydospores produce hyphce. At the tip of each is empyxical (em-pir'i-kal), a.
formed a single conidium in a sporangium similar to that -• - " - ^
of Mucor; or, instead of conidia, thick, walled and spherical
resting spores may be formed, either asexually or by con-
jugation. Twenty-six species are now known in the United
States, growing upon insects of all the hexapod orders.
empuset (em-pus'); «• ["^ ML. empnsa, < Gr.
i/inovca, a hobgoblin assuming various shapes :
sometimes identified with Hecate.'\ A goblin
or specter. Jer. Taylor.
EmpU8ld8e(em-pu'8i-de),M.pZ. [NL.,<EmpMsa,
1, + -idce.'\ Afamilyof OrWioptero, taking name
from the genus Empusa. Burmcistcr, 1838.
empuzzlet (em-puz'l), v. t. [< em-^ + puzsle.1
To puzzle.
It hath emmualed the enquiries of others ... to make empyryt, «. [ME. empiry, < OF. empyree, F. em-
out how without fear or doubt he could discourse with pyree : see empyrean.] The empyrean.
This heven is cald empiry : that is at say, heven that is
fyry. liampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 7761.
An obsolete form of emeraW.
Ml. empyema, < Gr. i/lm'r/fta, a suppuration, < emrodit.'n- -An obsolete form of emerald.
e/iirveiv, suppurate, < efnzvof, suppurating, fes- emrod^t, n. An obsolete form of hemorrhoid.
tering, < ev, in, + mtov, pus.] In pathol., the emu^ (e'mu), n. [Also emew, emeu; = Pg. ema,
presenceof pus in a pleural cavity ; pyothorax. prob. from a native name.] 1. A large Aus-
summation unto things in this lower world, especially
that of conflagration. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.
such a creature. Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., i. 1,
empyema (em-pi-e'ma), n. [= p. empyeme =
Sp. empiema = Pg. empyema = It. empiema, < emraudt, n.
a, < Gr. tfi-!Ti>7i/ia, a suppuration, < emrodlf, «■
The word was formerly used for other purulent
accumulations.
empyemic (em-pi-em'ik), a. [< emjyyema + -ic]
1. Pertaining to or of the nature of empyema.
— 2. Affected ■with empyema: as, an empyemic
patient.
empyesis (em-pi-e'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. hfnrinjai^,
suppuration, < kjinvelv, suppurate: see empye-
ma.] In pathol., pustulous eruption : a term
used by Hippocrates, and in Good's system in-
eluding variola or smallpox.
empyocele (em'pi-o-sel), n. [= P. empyocile,
< Gr. e/xTTvog, suppurating (see empyema), + Kijkr),
tumor.] In pathol., a collection of pus within
the scrotum.
empyreal (em-pi-re'al or em-pir'e-al), a. and «.
[Ixirmerly also empehall (simulating imperial) ;
= P. empyrial, < ML. *empyr(eus (as if < Gr.
"tinrvpaloi, a false form), LL. empyrlus or empy-
reus, fiery, < LGr. i/mvpioc, for Gr. e/iirvpog,^ in,
on, or by the fire, fiery, torrid, < iv, in, + nvp =
E. fire : see pyre, fire.] I. a. Formed of pure
fire or light ; pertaining to the highest and pur-
est region of heaven ; pure.
Go, soar with Plato to th' emp^jreal sphere.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 23.
II. n. The empyrean; the region of celestial
purity. [Rare.]
The lord-lieutenant looking down sometimes
From the empyreal, to assure their souls
Against chance-vulgarisms. Mrs. Brouming.
empyrean (em-pi-re'an or em-pir'e-an), a. and
n. [= P. empyree = l?r. empirey, n., = Sp. em-
pireo = Pg. empyreo = It. empireo, adj., < ML.
' empyrcBus, neut._as a noun, *empyrwum : see
tralian three-toed ratite bird of the genus Dro-
mceus (which see), of which there are several
species, as D. novce-hollandiw, D. ater, and D. ir-
roratus. These birds resemble cassowaries, but belong to
a different genus and subfamily, and are easily distinguish-
Etnu {Dromatis nna-hoUandia).
ed byhavingno casque or helmet on the head, which, with
the neck, is more completely feathered. The plumage is
sooty-brown or blackish, and very copious, like long curly
hair, there being two plumes to the quills, so that each
feather seems double. The wings are rudimentary, useless
for flight, and concealed in the plumage. The emus are
intermediate in size between the cassowaries and the os-
triches. The species first named above is the one most
commonly seen in confinement.
2. (a) \mp.] [NL., orig. in the form £»iet(.] A
genus of cassowaries. Barrh-e, 1745. (6) The
specific name of the galeated cassowary of
Ceram, in the form emeu. Latham, 1790. (c) The
specific name of the east Australian Dromwua
novce-hollandim, in the form emu. Stephens.
empyreal.] I. a. Empyreal ; celestially refined, g^^g (e'mu), n. An Australian wood used for
In th' empyrean heaven, the bless'd abode.
The Thrones and the Dominions prostrate lie.
Not daring to behold their angry God.
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, 1. 1114.
Yet upward she [the goddess] incessant files ;
Resolv'd to reach the high empyrean Sphere.
Prior, Carmen Seculare (1700), st. 23.
Lispings empyrean will I sometimes teach
Thine honeyed tongue. Keata, Endymion, ii.
tvtmers' work. Laslett.
emulable (em'u-la-bl), a. [< emul(ate) + -able.]
That may be emulated ; capable of attainment
by emulous effort; worthy of emulation.
[Rare.]
This I say to all, for none are so complete but they may
espy some imitable and emulable good, even in meaner
Christians. Abp. Leighton, On 1 Pet. iii. 13.
n.
The region of pure light and fire; the emulate (em'u-lat), v. t; pret. and pp. emulat-
highest heaven, where the pure element of fire
was supposed by the ancients to exist: the
same as the ether, the ninth heaven according
to ancient astronomy.
The deep-domed empyrean
Rings to the roar of an angel onset.
Tennyson, Experiments in Quantity.
empyreumt (em-pi-re'um), n. [ML. *empyrceum :
see empyreal.] Same as empyrean.
Passed through all
The winding orbs like an Intelligence,
Up to the empyreum. B. Jonson, Fortunate Isles.
empyreuma (em-pi-ro'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. i/i-
irvpcvfia, a live coal covered with ashes to pre-
serve the fire, < i^wpevtiv, set on fire, kindle,
< £/(7rt)pof , on fire : SB& empyreal.] In cftem., the
pungent disagreeable taste and odor of most
animal or vegetable substances when burned
in close vessels, or when subjected to destruc-
tive distillation.
empyreumatic, empyreumatical (em"pi-ro-
mat'ik, -i-kal), a. [< rmpyreiimait-) + -ic, -ical]
Pertaining to or having tho taste or smell of
slightly burned animal or vegetable substances.
— Empyreumatic oil, an oil obtained from organic sub-
stances when decomposed by a strong heat.
empyreumatize (em-pi-ro'ma-tiz), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. cmpyreumatized, ppr. cmpyreumatizing.
[< empyreuniai t-) + -ize.] To render empyreu-
matic ; decompose by heat. [Rare.]
ed, ppr. emulating. [< L. wniulatus, pp. of oemu-
lari (> E. emule, v.), try to equal or excel, be emu-
lous, < a;nmlus (> P. emule, n.), trying to equal
or excel: see emulous.] 1. To strive to equal
or excel in qualities or actions ; vie or compete
with the character, condition, or performance
of; rival imitatively or competitively: as, to
emulate good or bad examples ; to emulate one's
friend or an ancient author.
I would have
Him emulate you : 'tis no shame to follow
The better precedent B. Jonson, Catiline.
The birds sing louder, sweeter.
And every note they emulate one another.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, v. 4.
He [Dryden] is always imitating — no, that is not the
word, always emulating — somebody in his more strictly
poetical attempts, for in that direction he always needed-
some external impulse to set his mind in motion.
Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser., p. 41.
2t. To be a match or counterpart for; imitate;
resemble.
Thine eye would emulate the diamond.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
It is likewise attended with a delirium, fury, and an in-
voluntary laughter, the convulsione??iwia(i»i^ this motion.
Arbuthnot.
The blossom opening to the day.
The dews of heav'n reftn'd,
Could naught of purity display.
To emulate his mind. Goldsmith, Vicar. tIU.
3t. To envy.
emnlate
1907
ThecoancelUhenpresent.fwiii/adHj^mysuccesse, would emulatorvCem'u-la-to-ril a r<rmiilnfp+ nr,i 1
not thinke it lit to spare me fortie men to be hazzarded 4,^?...; 'A _i "_':., J^. ^' i- , , * ."'''^J'.'J
in tllose vniinowue regions.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 136.
emolatef (em'u-lat), a. [< L. (vmulatus, pp. :
see the verb.] Emulative ; eager to equal or
excel.
Our last king , , .
Was, as jrou know, by Fortinljras of Norway,
Thereto priek'd on by a most emulate pride,
Dar'd to the combat. Shot., Hamlet, i. 1.
emnlation (em-u-la'shon), n. [= F. emulation
= Pr. emulacio = Sp. emulacion = Pg. emula^do
= It. emula:ione, < L. cemulatio{n-), < cemulari,
emulate: see e»iHto?<;.] 1. Love of superiority ;
desire or ambition to equal or excel others ; the
instinct that incites to effort for the attainment
of equal or superior excellence or estimation in
any respect.
Among the lower animals we see many symptoms of
emulation, but in them its effects are perfectly insignifl-
cant when compared with tliuse which it pnKiuces in hu-
man conduct. ... In our own race emulation operates
in an infinite variety of directions, and is one of the prin-
cipal sources of human improvement
D. SUicart, Moral Powers, I. il. | 5.
Let the man who thinlu he is actuated by generous
Arising out of emulation ; of or belonging to
emulation ; denoting emulation.
Whether some secret and emulatory brawles passed be-
tween Zipporali and Miriam. Bp. Hall, Aaron and Miriam.
At ale-drinkinj: emulatory poems are sung
Between chivalrous people.
O'Curry, .\nc. Irish, II. xxi.
emnlatress (em'u-la-tres), «. [= F. emulatrice
= It. emulatrice, < L. mmulatrix, fem. of (Emula-
tor: see emulator.'] A woman who emulates.
[Bare.]
Truth, whose mother is History, the emulatress of time,
the treasury of actions, the witness of things past, and
advertiser of things to come.
Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, 11. i.
emulet (em'ul), r. t. [Early mod. E. also (emule ;
= OF. emuler = Sp. Pg. emular = It. emuUire, <
L. wmulari, emulate : see emulate.'] To emulate.
Yet, amuling my pipe, he tooke in hond
My pipe, before that amtded of many.
Spenser, Colin Clout, 1. 72.
This is the ground whereon the young Nassau,
Emuling that day his ancestor's renown,
Keceived his hurt.
Southey, Pilgrimage to Waterloo, iii.
emulation only, and wishes to know whether there be emulKet (e-muli'), v t r< L emulative C> Tt
anything of envy in the case, examine his own heart. 7»u^lf^re\ rr!i\vJ,t Ar^iJ-)., t /""''S'f , ^ -* ^\-
Beattie, Moral Science, I. ii. i 5. ^'»micre), milk out, dram out, < e, out, + miti-
0 vt, ^ t 1 1 • v.- S*'"*' = ^- ""'*•] To drain out. Bailey.
2. Effort to equa or excel in oualities or ac- emulgence (e-mul'jens), ». [< emulgent: see
tions; imitative rivalry as of ttat Which one ^„^] The act of draining out. [Rare.]
adimres in another or others: as, the emM/a<io» w..i;™«„.., uk i j .^..
of irreat uption* nr nt thw rir-li hv the r^n,- **'' ?*" *""''' '^ rendered nervous by the flattery of
01 great actions, or or tne ncU Dy tne poor. a woman's worship ; or they would he for returning it, at
Then younger brothers may eate gnuse, yf they cannot '*'**' partially, as though it could be bandied to and fro
achieue to excell ; which will bring a blessed emulacion to without emulgetice of the poetry.
England. BiMike oj frectdence (E. E. T. 8., extra ser.), i. 11. O. Meredith, The Egoist, xlv.
The apoatle exhorts the Corinthians to an holy and gen- emulgent (e-mul'jent), o. and n. [= F ^ttl-
?^.1?:^*""i°! '?,' '-■'»»?'/ °' .'.'"= Macedonians, in con- gent = Sp. 'Pg. It.'emulgente, < L. emulgen(t-)s,
uTgere, milk out, drain out: see
ppr. of em
emulge.] I, a. In ana<., draining out: applied
to the renal arteries and veins, as draining the
urine from the blood.
n. n. 1. In a«a<., an emulgent vessel. — 2.
In phartitatMlogy, a remedy which excites the
How of bile.
emulous (em'u-lus), a. [< L. temulus, striving
to equal or excel, rivaling; in a bad sense, en-
vious, jealous; akin to imitari, imitate: see
imitate.] 1. " '
as what one
Emydidse
emulsione, < L. as if *emulsio(n-), < enmlsus, pp.
of emulgere, milk out, drain out : see emulge.]
If. A draining out.
Were it not for the emulsion to flesh and blood in being
of a public factious spirit, I might pity your inflrmity.
Howard, Man of Newmarket.
2. A mixture of liquids insoluble in one an-
other, where one is suspended in the other in
the form of minute globules, as the fat (butter)
in milk: as, an emulsion of cod-liver oil. — 3.
A mixture in which solid particles are suspended
in a liquid in which they are insoluble : as, a
camphor emulsion.— 4:. Inphotog., a name given
to various emulsified mixtures used in making
dry plates, etc. See photography.
emulsionize (e-mul'shon-iz), v. t.; pret. and
pp. emulsionized, ppr. emulsionizing. [< emul-
sion -i- -ize.] To make an emulsion of; emul-
sify: as, pancreatic juice emulsionizes fat.
This treatment, continued for seven or eight minutes
suffices to set free the fat of the milk from its emulsion-
ued state. Med. News, L. 687.
emulsive (f-mul'siv), a. [z= p. emulsify Sp.
Pg. It. emulsivo, < L. emuls-us, pp. (see emul-
sion), + E. -ire.] 1. Softening.— 2. Yielding
oil by expression : as, emulsive seeds. — 3. Pro-
ducing or yielding a milk-like substance: as,
emulsive acids. - Emulsive oU, rancid oiiveoil : in this
state adapted for producing an emulsion, and used in dye-
ing as a fixing agent for aluminium or iron mordants.
emunctory (e-mungk'to-ri), a. and «. [= F.
emonctoire =" Sp. Pg. emunctorio = It. emuTi-
torio, < L. 'emunctorius, adj., found only as a
noun, neut., < LL. emunctorium, a pair of snuff-
ers, < L. emunctus, pp. of emungere, wipe or
blow the nose, < e, out, -I- mungere (scarcely-
used), blow the nose, = Gr. aKo-juvaaem, mid.
ano-fivaaeaeai, blow the nose; akin to mucus,
q. v.] I. a. E.xcretory; depuratory; serving
to excrete, carry off, and discharge from the
body waste products or effete matters.
n. n. ; pi. emuHctories (-riz). A part or an
organ of the body which has an excretory or
deptiratory function; an organ or a part which
eliminates effete or excrementitious matters or
products of decomposition, as carbonic dioxid,
™vv. . ., ^ urea, eholesterin, etc.
1. Desirous of equaling "or excelling" emtiscationt (e-mus-ka'shon), n. [< L. emus-
le admires ; inclined to imitative n- ^'"'''' '^l'''"" ^■'°™ ™o»«> < «i »"*> + »'"««
trlbuting freely tu the relief of the poor sainU at Jenisa-
•«"»- So«<A, Sermons.
But now, since the rewards of honour are taken away,
that virtuous emuUUitm is turned into direct malice.
Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
St. Antagonistic rivalry ; malicious or injurious
contention ; strife for superiority. [Unusual.]
What madneaa rule* In braln-aick men,
When, for so alight and frivoloua a cause.
Such factious emuiatuma shall arise.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., Iv. 1.
My heart laments that Tlrtne cannot lire
Out of the teeth of emulation. Shak., J. C, il. S.
"Syn. 1 and 2. Emulation, Competition, Riralry. The
natural love of superiority ii known a* emulalian; in com-
mon use the word signifies the desire and the resulting
endeavor to equal or surinax another or others in some
quality, attainment, or achievement It i» intrinsically
neutral both as to time and motive, but it is moat fre-
quently applied to the relations of contemporaries or
aaaociatei. and to feelings and efforts of an honorable na-
ture. Competition i.s the act of striving against others;
the wor.l is u.scd ordy where the object to be attained is
pr.ttv cl.Milv in mind, and that object ia not mere snpe-
'' rtnite thing: aa, competition for a prize;
i-as. Aimiry, UDleas quallfled by some
I J, is generally a contest In which the
I'lisli their several Interest* Ui an ungenerous
( int teellnga lieing easily a result tUcalry
II . ral In its character : as, the riiofry between
two KUUa or cities ; In aucb caaes it may be friendly and
honorslde.
A noble emulation beat* your breast. Dryden.
Envy, to which th' ignoble mind'a a lUre,
Is emulation in the learn 'd or brave.
Pope, Eaasy on Man, U. im.
OtmfMHon tor tbe crown, there Is none nor can be.
Bacon.
When the worship of rank and the worship of wealth
are In competition it may at least be said that the exis- ■, , ,- ,
tence of the two idols diminishes by dividing the force of emulOUSneSS (em ij-Ius-neg), n,
each suiwrstition. i«*», Eng. in 18th Cent, Ii. bciiif; iiniildiLS. ' ... - „, , . , -i - ,, , - c i
far sighted summonerof Waraiid Waste Cmulslc (f-mul'sik), a. [< emuls(in) + -I'c] In ■ ^^^ t-helonut. having usually horny cutting
To fruitful strUes and rivalrie, of pace. chem., pertaining to or procured from emulsin jaws. uncovered by lips, the tympanum expos-
Temnton, Idylls of 0)0 King, Ded. — Emufalc add. an acid procured from the albumen of '^' *°^ limbs slenderer than m Testudinea, with
emulative (em'u-Ia-tiv), a. [<emulate-¥ -ive.] »'""""!«. . S-clawed digits united by a web only, and the
lii'liii.Ml to emiila'tion; rivaling; disposed to ®™'^**^''*"°'* (?'™"^''*'"''"^*'^^2")' "• The honiv plates of the carapace and plastron well
compete imitatively. ".''^ "^ emulsifying, or the state of being emul- developed. T-he Emydea as thus defined compose the
siticd. river- and marsh-tortoises, and are divisible into two
emulsify (e-mul'si-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. emul- f/^"^' ""' '«""apin8 and the chelodines. See terrapin,
sifted, v^^r.emuhifying. [< L.m«to«, pp. (see emydU^ (e-mid'i-an), a. [< Emys {Emytl-) -f-
To make or form .<„„.] of or pertaining to the ^oup ot tor-
toises typified by the genus Emys.
Pancreatic Juice mu&j^M fat emydid (em'i-did), ». A tortoise of the family
itarmn. Vegetable Mould, p. 37. Ennididte.
emulsin (e-mul'sin), n. [< L. emulsus, pp. of Emydidse (e-mid'i-de), n. pi. [NL., also writ-
emulgere, railk out, drain out (see emulsion), -I- ten contr. Emytlw; < Emys {Emifd-) + -idte.] A
-in^i.] In diem., an albuminous or caseous sub- family of chelonians, the so-called fresh-wa-
stance found m the white part of both sweet ■ •
and bitter almonds, and making up about one
quarter of their entire weight. When pnre it is .in
odorless and tasteless wliite [Kjwdir, whicli is soluble iu
valry : with of before an object: as, emulous of
another's example or virtues.
By strength
They measure all, o/ other excellence
Not emulout. Milton, P. L, vi. 822.
The leaders, picked men of a courage and vigor tried
and augmented in fifty battles, are emufetu to distinguish
themselves above each other by new merits, as clemency,
hospitality, splendor of living. Emerson, War.
2. Rivaling; competitive.
Both strining in emulous contention whether shaU adde
more pleasure or more profit to the Citie.
Purehat, Pilgrimage, p. 237.
3t. Envious ; jealous ; contentiously eager.
He is not emulout, as Achilles is. Shak., T. and C, ii. 3.
What the Oaul or Moor could not effect.
Nor emulout Carthage, with her length of spite.
Shall be the work of one. B. Jonton, Catiline.
emnlously (em'u-lus-li), adv. With emtilation,
or desire of equaling or excelling.
■ muscus,Tno8a.]
A freeing from moss. [Rare.]
The most infallible art of emuscation is taking away the
cause (which is superfiuous moisture In clayey and spew-
ing grounds), by dressing with lime. Evelyn, Sylva, xxix.
emu-wren (e'mu-ren), n. A small Australian
bird of the genus Stipiturus. The webs of the tail-
feathcra are decomposed, somewhat like the plumage of
the emu. There are several species; S. malachurvs is an
exaniple. .See cut under Stipilunts.
emyd, emyde (em'id, em'id or -id), n. [= F.
^myde.] A member of the family Emydidw; a
fresh-water tortoise or terrapin.
Emyda (em'i-dfi), n. [NL., < Gr. e/ii>c or i/ilx
(£//i'(5-, e/jvi-), the fresn-water tortoise, Emys
lutaria: see Emys.] A genus of soft-shelled
tortoises, of the family Trionychida;, having the
shell very flat and subcircular in outline, and
the toes webbed and with only three claws.
They are aquatic, and are often found buried in the mud.
A. mutica,ut North America, is a comparatively small spe-
cies, with a smootli shell. The genus is closely related to
Anpidonectes (or Trionyx).
Emydae (em'i-de), w. pi. Same as Emydidte.
emyde, «. See emyd.
So tempt they him, and emuloutly vie
To bribe a voice that empires would not buy,
Lantdotme, To the Earl of Peterborougli.
ThequaUtyof Emydea (e-mid'e-a), «.;>?. p^h.,< Emys (Emyd-)
^ ^ + -ea.] The name given by Huxley to a group
Vet since her swift departure thence she y
He saw th election on himself wonld rest:
While all, with rmulatiee seal, demand
To fill the nniiilier of th' elected band.
Iloole, tr. of Tasao'a Jerusalem Delivered, v.
Emulative power
Flowed In thy line through nndegenerate veins.
Wnrdtrmrth, Ecclea. Sonnets, 1. 27.
emulsit/n), + -flcare, make.]
into an emulsion ; emulsionize.
In aH emu-
emnlatively (em'u-ia-tiv-li), adv.
lativc inimner.
emulator (em'u-la-tor), n. [F. fmulateur =
S|i. I'g. emulador = It. cmulatore. < L. (emulator,
<wmuUiri, emulate: see emulate.] One who
emulates ; an imitative rival or competitor.
As Virgil rivalled Homer, so Milton was the emulator of
both these. Warburton. Divine Legation, il. | 4.
Full of ambition, an envious emulator nt every man's
good |iart«. a secret and villainous contriver against me
OU natural brother. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1.
water and acts as a ferment, converthig the amygdalln
of almonds into oil of bitter almonds, hydrocyanic acid,
and a sugar.
emulsion (e-mul'shon), n.
imul.iion = Sp. emulsion =
[< OP. emulsion, F.
Pg. emukcto = It.
ter turtles, fresh-water tortoises, or terrapins.
It includes a large series of diverse forms, some of which
are as terrestrial as the true land-tortoises (Testudinidcs),
and have a highly convex carapace, though most are
aquatic, with flattened shell. There are about 60 species,
of numerous genera, agreeing in their hard shell, well-
formed feet adapted iwth for walking an<I swimming,
usually 5-toed i)efore and 4-toed behind, and furnished
with claws. They inhabit northern temperate and trnpi.
cal regions, within which they arc widely distributed.
Emydidse
A few occur in salt or brackish water. Tlie leading gen-
era are EmySy Cistudo (the l)ox-t<irtoises), Chtlopus (the
specified turtles), etc. The salt-water terrapin of the At-
lantic States, M(uacodemmys palttstns, well known to epi-
cures, l>elongs to this family. By some the name is sup-
planted by Ciemmitidce, the genns Emys being referred to
the family Ciitudi»id(V, and by others the family is con-
sidered to be inseparable from the Testudinid^. Also
Emi/diT, See cuts under carapace, Cistudo, and terrapin,
emydin (em'i-din), «. [< Gr. e/iif (i/ivS-), the
fresh-water tortoise, + -»m2.] In chem., a white
nitrogenous substance contained in the yolk of
turtles' eggs. It is closely related to, if not
identical with, vitellin.
Emydinal (em-i-di'na), n. [NL., < Gr. l/^lx or
iuitg (e/xvd-, i/iv6-), the fresh-water tortoise, -t-
-ina^.'i A genus of fresh-water tortoises, typi-
cal of the Emydinidce.
Emydina^ (em-i-di'na), m. pi. [KL., < Emys
(Emyd-) + -iho^.] Aeubtam.iljotEmydid(Bov
Clemmyidw, typified by the genus Emys, and in-
cluding most species of the family, it was limited
by Gray to those tortoiseswhich have the head covered with
a thin hard skin, the zygomatic arch distinct, the fore limbs
covered in front by thin scales and cross-bands, and the
spreading toes strong and webbed.
Emydinidse (em-i-din'i-de), n. i)l. [NL., < Emy-
diiM^ + -idw.^ Afamily of soft-shelled tortoises,
typified by the genus Emydina, including a few
-Asiatic species referred usually to the Triony-
chidce, having the edge of the disk strengthened
by a series of internal bones, the skull oblong,
convex, and swollen, and the palate with a cen-
tral groove. Also Emydinadce.
emydoid (em'i-doid), a. and n. I. a. Resem-
bling or related to a tortoise of the genus Emys;
belonging to the family Emydidw.
H. n. A tortoise of the family Eviydidte.
Emydoidae (em-i-doi'de), n. pi. [NL., < Emys
(Emyd-) + -oidce.'] A family of tortoises, typi-
fied by the genus Emys, including the Clemmy-
ida and Cistudinidce, and divided into 5 subfam-
ilies. X. Agassiz. See cut under Cistudo.
Emydosauria (em^i-do-sa'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. iutif or ifiv^ (e/ivS-, ifivS-j, the fresh-water
tortoise, + aavpoc, a lizard.] One of several
names of the order Crocodilia : so called from
the fact that the dermal armor of the croco-
diles and alligators suggests the shell of a tor-
toise. De Blainville.
Emys (em'is), n. [NL., < Gr. efivc or l/iiiCj the
fresh-water tortoise.] A genus of tortoises,
giving name to the Emydidce. The name has been
variously employed : (a) For fresh-water tortoises in gen-
eral of the family Clemmyidx, such as E. lutaria of Eu-
rope, now generally called Clemmyscaspica, and numerous
American species. (6) Restricted to certain box-tortoises
belonging to the family now called Cistudinida, such as
the box-tortoise of Europe, Emyg europcea, which is the
emys of Aristotle and the ancients, and the Emys blan-
dingi of North America.
en (en), «. [< ME. "en, < AS. *en, < L. en, < e,
the usual assistant vowel, -t- w.] 1. The name
of the letter JV, n. It is rarely written, the sym-
bol N, n, being used instead. — 2. In printing, a
space half as wide as an em, sometimes used
as a standard in reckoning the amount of a
compositor's work. See emX, 2.
en-l. [ME. en-, < OF. en-, rarely F. en- = Sp.
Pg. en- = It. en-, in-, < L. in- (see w-2), an ad-
verbial or prepositional prefix, conveying the
idea, according as the verb is one of rest or of
motion, of existence 'in' a place or thing, or of
motion, direction, or inclination 'into' or 'to' a
place or thing, < in, prep., in, into, = E. in:
see jni. In later L. »»- usually became im-,
and so in Eom. en- usually becomes em-, before
labials : see ew-i, im-^.2 A common adverbial
or prepositional prefix, representing Latin in-,
meaning primarily ' in ' or ' into.' Appearing first
in Middle English words derived through Old French from
Latin, en-l (before labials em-) has come to be freely used as
a prefix of words of native as well as of Romance or Latin
origin being equivalent to tji-l of pure English origin and
to t»i-2 of direct Latin origin, and hence often restored to
the pure Latin form. Hence forms in en-i (em-i) and in-2
(irn-2) are frequently found (even in Middle English) co-
existing, as enclose, inclose, eiiquire, inquire, enwrap, in-
wrap, en/old, infold, with, however, a tendency in one or
other of the forms to disappear, or to becomepartly differ-
entiated in use. Before labials en- becomes cm-, as in em-
hellish, embrace, but may remain unchanged before m, as
in enmtw or emmew. As a verbal prefix, en-, when joined
to a noun, or a verb from a noun, may retain its original
meaning of ' in ' (' put in '), as in eruage (pat in a cage), en-
fold, enfetter, encapsule, etc. ; or when prefixed to an ad-
jective or a noun, it may denote a change from one state
into another (' make . . . '), as in enable (make able), en-
rick, enslave, enfranchise, enXanje, and hence has often the
effect simply of a verb-forming prefix. In some cases,
prefixed to a verb, it has no additional force, as in enkindle,
encaptivate.
en-2, [F., etc., en-, < L. en-, < Gr. ei>- (before gut-
turals ty-), a prefix conveying with verbs the
idea of ' in ' or ' at' a place, etc., with adjectives
the possession of a quality, 'having,' 'with,' 'in'
1908
(= L. in-, > en-i, above), < h, prep., = L. in
= E. in: see inl.] An adverbial or preposi-
tional prefix of Greek origin, meaning primari-
ly 'in': chiefly in scientific or technical words
of modern formation, as in encephalon, enan-
thema, etc.
-eni. [(1) ME. -en (sometimes spelled -in, -yn),
later often -e, the two forms long coexisting ;
earliest ME. always -en (weak verbs -en or -ien),
< AS. -an (weak verbs -an or -ian, dgean),
ONorth. -a, -ia = OS. -an {-on) = OFries. -a =
r>. -en = OHG. -are (,-en, -on), MHG. G. -en =
leel. -a (-ja) = Sw. -a (-ja) = Dan. -e = Goth, -an
i-jan), the reg. Teut. inf. sufiix, quite different
from the L. inf. sufiix, -re (-d-re, -e-re, -e-re,
-i-re), but cognate with Gr. -evai, later reg. -eiv,
and orig. dat. of *-ana, an orig. noun suffix.
(2) ME. -en, often only -e, < AS. -en = OS. -are
= OFries. Fries. MD. D. MLG. LG. -en = OHG.
-an, MHG. G. -en = leel. -inn = Sw. Dan. -en
= Goth, -are-s, the reg. pp. suffix of strong
verbs, = L. -re-«s = Gr. -v-of = Skt. -n-as, an
adj. sufiix. (3) < ME. -en-en, -n-en (the final
syllable being a different suffix, -erO- (1) ), < AS.
-n-an, -n-ian (as in fcestnian, > E. fasten, make
fast) = Goth, -n-are, prop, intr., as in Goth.
fullnan, become full, in verbs formed on the
pp. of strong verbs, -an-s = AS. and E. -eii,
etc. See (2), above. (4) ME. -en, often -e, in
later ME. a general pi. suffix, in earlier ME.
confined to ind. and subj. pret. pi. and subj.
pres., the ind. pres. (and impv. pi.) having -eth,
< AS. -ath, -iath. The AS. verb-forms with pi.
term, -re were (in all 3 persons) subj. pres. -en
(-ien), ind. pret. -ore (-an), subj. -en. Like forms
are found in the other Teut. tongues, being worn-
down and assimilated forms of elements orig. of
different origin.] A termination of various ori-
gin, used in the formation of verbs, (a) The in-
finitive sufiix, now obsolete, as in Middle English singen,
escapen, pullen, etc., modern English sing, escape, pull,
etc. In late Middle English the -n fell away {singe, es-
cape, pulle, etc.), but the -e continued to be pronounced,
at least optionally, until near the end of the Middle Eng-
lish period ; in modern English the -e, though always si-
lent, is retained in spelling after a single consonant follow-
ing a long vowel (as in escape) and in some other positions.
(b) The suffix of the past participle of strong verbs (Middle
English and Anglo-Saxon -en), as in risen, written, etc. , past
participlesof rise, ^mte, etc. In MiddleEnglish the -jioften
fell away (risen or rise, writen or write, etc.) ; hence in mod-
ern English many coexisting forms in -en and -e silent or
absent, as broken and broke, written and writ, beaten and
beat, aunken and sunk, etc. In most of these pairs there is
a slight differentiation of use (as sunken, drunken, adj.,
sunk, drank, pp.), or one form is obsolete (writ, pp. , etc.)
or regarded as " incorrect " (broke, spoke, etc.), or is merely
vulgar (riz for riseji, etc.). In some cases the past par-
ticiple in -en is modern, the verb being originally weak
(with past participle in -ed2), as in imm, pp. of wear.
In most of such instances the older form in -erf2 is still in
prevalent use, as in sewed or sewn, sawed or sauni, proved
or pi-oven, etc. , the -ed^ being in some instances absorbed,
as in hid or hidden, chid or chidden, (c) A suffix form-
ing verbs from adjectives, as weaken, /atten, etc. Origi-
nally such verbs were only intransitive ('become weak,
fat,' etc.), but now they are also transitive (' make weak,
fat,' etc.). (d) In Middle English, a plural suffix of verbs :
as, they aren, weren, sayen, singen, sungen, etc. It is now
reduced to silent -e or entirely lost.
-en2. [< ME. -ere, < AS. -en = D. -en = OHG.
MHG. 6. -en, etc., = Goth, -in-s, -ein-s = L.
-i-nu-s = Gr. -i-vo-g = Skt. -i-na-s, an adj. suffix,
radically identical with -e«l (2), pp. suffix.] A
suffix forming adjectives from nouns of mate-
rial, as as7(erei, ashen^, earthen, oaken, wooden,
golden, sometimes simply -re, as cedarn, eldern,
silvern, etc. Many such words ai-e obsolete, dialectic,
or archaic, as elTtien, treen, clayen, hairen, etc. ; many are
also, some chiefly or exclusively, noims, as aspen, linden,
linen, woolen.
■en^. [< ME. -ere, < AS. -en (gen. dat. -enne), ear-
lier -in, -inne = OHG. -jre<-»re»a), MHG. -in, -inne,
G. -in = L. -ina (as in regina, queen) = Gr. -iwa,
-a-iva = Skt. -dni, fern, suffix.] A feminine suf-
fix, of which only a few relies exist in native
English words, as, for example, vixen, from
Anglo-Saxon fyxen (= German fuchsin), a fe-
male fox : in some instances regarded as having
a diminutive force, as in maiden, from Anglo-
Saxon mcegden, etc. See vixen, maiden, and
compare elfln.
■en*. [< ME. -en, often -e, and, with double pi.,
-ere-e, < AS. -are, the nom. ace. pi. (and gen. dat.
etc. sing.) term, of weak nouns (nom. sing.
masc. -a, fem. and neut. -e), = OS. -un = OHG.
-are, MHG. G. -en = Goth, -an-s = L. -in-es (e. g.,
homines, pi. of homo) = Gr. -tv-ec = Skt. -dn-as ;
being, in AS., etc., the stem suffix -an, used as
a sign of the pi., the real pi. suffix (-as, -es, -s)
having fallen away.] The plural suffix of a few
nouns, as oxen, brethren, children, and (archaic
and poetical) eyne oreen (= eyen), kine (= kyen),
shoon, dial, hosen, housen, peasen, etc. in these
enacture
the termination is of Middle English origin, except in
oxen (from Anglo-Saxon oxan), eyne, een (from Anglo-
Saxon edgan), hosen (from Anglo-Saxon hosan), peasen
(from Anglo-Saxon pisan).
-en^. A suffix of various other origins besides
those mentioned above: often ultimately iden-
tical with -an (Latin -anus), as in citizen, den-
izen, dozen, etc., but having also, as in often,
midden, etc., other sources ascertainable upon
reference to the word concerned.
enable (e-na'bl), v. ; pret. and pp. enabled, ppr.
enabling. [Formerlyalsoi»a6?e; < ME. enaft/oi ;
< e»-l -I- afifel.] I, trans. 1. To make able;
furnish with adequate power, ability, means, or
authority; render competent.
Temperance gives nature her full play, and enables her
to exert herself in all her force and vigour.
Spectator, No. 195.
No science of heat was possible until the invention of
the thermometer enabled men to measure the degree of
temperature. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 34.
2t. To put in an efficient state or condition ;
endow; equip; fit out.
Joy openeth and enableth the heart.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, 1.
You are beholden to them, sir, that have taken this
pains for you, and my friend, Master Truewit, who en-
abled them for the business. B. Jonson, Epiccene, v. 1.
= Syn. 1. To empower, qualify, capacitate.
II. intrans. To give ability or competency.
For matter of policy and government, that learning
should rather hurt than enable thereunto is a thing very
improl)able. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 16.
enablementf (e-na'bl-ment), ». [< enable +
-meret] The act of enabling.
Learning . . . hath no less power and efficacy in enable-
ment towards martial and military virtue and prowess.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 82.
enach (en'ach), M. [Gael, ejreeac/f, boimty.] In
old Scots lain, amends or satisfaction for a crime,
fault, or trespass.
enact (e-nakf), V. t. [< ME. enacten; < ere-1 +
act.'] 1. To decree; establish by the will of
the supreme power; pass into a statute or es-
tablished law ; specifically, to perform the last
act of a legislature to, as a bill, giving it va-
lidity as a law; give sanction to, as a bill.
Through all the periods and changes of the Church it
hatli beene prov'd that God hath still reserv'd to himselfe
the right of enacting Church-Government.
Milton, Cnurch-Government, i. 2.
It was enacted that, for every ton of Malmsey or Tyne
wine brought into England, ten good bowstaves should also
be imported. Encyc. Brit., II. 372.
2. To act ; perform ; effect.
The king enacts more wonders than a man,
Daring an opposite to every danger.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 4.
3. To act the part of ; represent on or as on
the stage.
Ham. And what did you enact ?
Pol. I did enact Julius Ccesar : I was killed i' the Capi-
tol ; Brutus killed me. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
Enacting clause, the introductory clause of a legislative
bill or act, beginning "Be it enacted by," etc. A common
means of defeating a bill in its initial stages is a motion to
strike out its enacting clause, which if successful carries
all the rest with it.
enactt, re. [ME.; < enact, v.] An enactment;
an act.
This enacte so to endure by force of this present yelde
[gildj. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 404.
enactive (e-nak'tiv), a. [< enact + -iie.] Hav-
ing power to enact, or establish as a law.
enactment (e-nakt'ment), n. [< enact + -ment.']
1. The act of enacting or decreeing; specifi-
cally, the passing of a bill into a law ; the act
of giving validity to a law by vote or decree.
In 1176, precise enactment established the jury system,
still rude and imperfect, as the usual mode of trial.
Welsh, Eng. Lit., I. 61.
2. A law enacted; a statute ; an act.
If we look simply at the written enactments, we should
conclude that a considerable portion of the pagan worship
was, at an early period, absolutely and universally sup-
pressed. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 58.
3. The acting of a part or representation of a
character in a play. =Syn. 2. Statute, Ordiname, etc.
See law^.
enactor (e-nak'tgr), n. [< enact + -or.] 1.
One who enacts or decrees ; specifically, one
who decrees or establishes a law.
This is an assertion by which the great Author of our
nature, and Enactor of the law of good and evil, is highly
dishonoured and blasphemed.
Bp. Atterhury, Sermons, II., Pref.
2. One who acts or performs. Shak.
enacturet (e-nak'tur), re. [< enact -f- -ure.]
Purpose ; effect ; action.
enacture
The violence of eitlier grief or joy
Tlieir own etiacturei witli tliemselves destroy.
aUak., Hamlet, ill. 2.
enaget, i"- t. [< OF. enagier, enaagier, declare
of age, pp. enaagie, aged, < en- + aage, age :
seea^^e.] To age ; mskke old.
That never hail did Harvest preludice,
That never frost, nor snowe, nor slippery ice
The fields tn-atjd.
Sytventer, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden.
Enaliomis (e-nal-i-6r'nis), n. [< Gr. ivdhoc, in,
on, or of the sea (< iv, in, + aXf, the sea), +
opwcr a bird.] A genus of fossil Cretaceous
birds, discovered by Barrett in 1858 in the Upper
Greensand of Cambridge, England. It was de-
scribed by Seeley in 1866 under the name Pelagomi* {P.
barretti), which, being preoccupied by PelagomUot Lartet
(1857), was renamed Enaiiomu by Seeley In 1869. The re-
mains appear to be those of a tme bird, resembling a pen-
guin in some respecta.
enaliosaur (e-nal'i-o-sar), n. One of the Enalio-
.-■(iiiriii.
Enaliosauria (e-nal'i-o-sa'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. fvaz-iof, Uviug in tlie sea (< h, = E. in, +
a.l(, the sea), + naiyjoc, lizard.] A siiperordinal
group of gigantic aquatic Mesozoic reptiles,
with a very long body, naked leathery skin,
paddle-like limbs, numerous teeth in long jaws,
and biconpavo vertebrte. The group contained the
ichthyosaurians, plesiosaurians, and other marine men-
iters now placed in different orders. The term is now
little used ; it sometimes, however, still covers the two
current orders IckthyoMauria and Pletiotauria, or Ichthy-
npteni'iia and Sauropterygia.
enaliosanrian (e-nal'i-o-sft'ri-an), a. and M. I.
a. Pertaining to the Enalioaaviria.
H. n. One of the Enaliotauria; an enalio-
saur.
enallage (e-nal'a-je), n. [= F. enaliage = 8p.
cnalage = Pg. It. enallage, < _L. enallage, < Gr.
ivaX>M-)-ii, an interchange, < haAXdoBeiv, inter-
change, < iv, in, -I- iOy^aativ, change, < a/j.o^,
other: see alUy-.] In gram., a figure consisting
in the substitution of one form, inflection, or
part of speech for another. Special names are given
to subdivlsioits of this figure. The sul>stltution of one part
of speech for another is antitiuria ; that of one case for
another is antiutosit. Interchange of the functions of two
cases in one phrase Is a form of hypaUane. Enallage of
sender can hardly lie illustrated In English. Antlptosia
u exempllMed in the colloqalal " It's me " for *' It Is I."
Enallage of number is seen In the royal and literary " we "
for " I," and in our modem established "you " for "thou."
Not changing one word (or another, by their accidents
or cases, as the KtuUlat^e.
PuUenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 143.
Enallostega (en-a-los'te-gft), n. pi. [NL. (F.
KmiUii.shijues, lyOrbigny), < Gr. fv, in, + WJof,
other (one besides), + riyo^, roof.] A division
of foraminifers, having the cells disposed in two
alternating rows.
enambusht (en-am'b<i»h), i\ t. [< en-i -f- am-
bush.] To place or conceal in ambush.
Etplor d th' embattled ran, the deep'ning line,
Th tnaminuh'd phalanx, and the springing mine.
Cawthom, Elegy un Capt. Hughes.
enamel (e-nam'el), n. [< ME. ettamaile (with
preti.x en-, due to the verb enamelen), prop.
'umaile, amel.amell, amelle, amall, aumayi, lat-
er ammell (> D. G. email = Dan. emaille = Sw.
emalj), < OP. esmaU, P. imail, enamel: see
a)n«i.] 1. In eeram., a vitrified substance,
either transparent or opaque, applied as a coat-
ing to pottery and porcelain of many kinds.
Itu simply a fusilile kind of glass, and when transparent
Is commonly called glau. A vitreous coating of similar
character i^ applied to a class of Iron utensils for cooking,
etc., anil is made to serve other useful purposes.
2. In the fine arts, a vitreous substance or glass,
opaque or transparent, and variously colored,
applied as a coating on a surface oi metal or
of porcelain (see def. 1) for purposes of decora-
tion. It consists of easily fusible salts, such as the sili-
cates and borates of sodium, potaaalom, lead, etc., to
which various earths and metallic oxid* are added to give
the desired colors. These enamels are now prepared in
the farm of sticks, like sealing-wax, and for use are pnl-
Terized, and applied to the surface either dry or moistened
so as to form a paste. The object to be enameled is then
exposed to a moderate temperature In a muffle, and the
vitreous sulMtance becomes sufflciently fluid t4) form a
brilliant and adhesive coating. Enamels in modem times
include an infinite number of tints ; l>ut those of the an-
cient Orientals and of the Byzantine empire present but
few colors, and those distinctly contrastnig. See def. 3,
and Lirno^^t etuitufl, i)elow.
8. Enainel-work: a piece or sort of work whose
ehief decorative quality lies in the enamel it-
self: as, a fine piece of cloisonne enamel; a spe-
cimen of enamel k jour, of this work there are three
distinct classes : (1) eloisnnnf rnamrl, In whiih partitions
surroundinic the compartments of enamel of eacli dilferent
color are formed of wire of rectanKUlar section secured to
the iKMiy or foundation ; VI) rhninjd'-r^, fnamH, in which
the surface of the background in euKraved or hollowed out
to receive the «iuuDel; {A) mtrJaK.€uamrif in nliicli the
1909
enantiomorphic
>vhole surface of a plate of metal is covered with the enamelar, enamellar (e-nam'el-ar), a. [<
enamel, which when fused atforUs a smooth ground for e,,^,,,^; + .(,^1 Consisting of enamel; resem-
pamtmg. A familiar nistance of the last knid of enamel- ,,. , -• ., i„„„„ rx>..™« i
work is the dial of a common watch, which is enameled on o\m^ enamel ; smooth ; glossy. [Kare. J
copper in white, the figures being painted upon it in black enamel-blue (e-nam'el-blo), 11. bame as smalt.
enamel. Champlevi enamel is most used for jewelry and euamgj^gr^ enaiUeller (e-nam' el-er), «. [<
" ' '' enamel + -c)!.] One who enamels ; one whose
similar decorative work.
About her necke a sort of faire rubies
In white floures of right fine enamaUe,
The Assembly of Ladies, I. 534.
4. Any smooth, glossy surface resembling ena-
mel, but produced by means of varnish or lac-
quer, or in some other way not involving vitri-
fication: as, the enamel of enameled leather,
paper, slate, etc. — 5. In anat., the hardest part
occupation is the laying on of enamels.
She put forth unto him a little rod or wand all fiery,
such as painters or enamelters use.
Hollands tr. of Plutarch, p. 461.
It is certain that in the reigns of the two first Edwards
there were Greek enamellers in England, who both prac-
tised and taught the art. Walpote, Anecdotes, I. ii., note.
Enamelers' copper. See copper.
of "a tooth; the very dense, smooth, glistening enamel-germ (e-nam' el- jferm), n. The epi-
substance which crowns a tooth or coats a part thelial germ of the enamel of teeth ; the rudi-
of its suirf ace : distinguished from dentin and ment of the enamel-organ .
tioiacement. It is always superficial, and represents a enamelist, enamelllst (e-nam' el-ist), )i. [<
special modification of epithelial substance. It is usually enamel + -ist.'\ Same as e«a/He/€/*.
white, sometinies red as in the front teeth of most ro- gnamel-klln (e-nam'el-kil), H. A kiln in which
dents, or reddish-black, as m the teeth of most shrews. »"«""»-* v „™„„„j <.„ „ i„„, i,„„f
See cit under (oo(A. pottery, glass, etc., are exposed to a low heat,
such as is suitable for fixing enamel-colors,
gold, etc. Such kilns are generally built of large earth-
enware slabs, having flues through whicli the smoke and
flame of the fire pass without entering the body of the
kiln.
enamellar, enameller, etc. See enamelar, etc.
There is none of the ingenuity of Fiiicaja in the thought, gnamel-membrane (e-nam'el-mem''bran), n.
none of the h«-d and brilliant «na™rf of Petrarch In the •^^g^f^y^^ „f cylindrical cells of the enamel-
organ of a tooth which stand on the surface
All the bones of the body are covered with a periosteum,
except the teeth ; where it ceases, and an enanul of ivory,
which saws and files will hardly touch, comes into its
place. Paley, Nat Theol., xL
6. Figuratively, gloss; polish.
style. Maeaulay.
7. In cosmetics, a coating applied to the skin.
giving the appearance oF a beautiful complex! of the dentinal part of a developing tooth.
Sn.A,.>.J.. .n.™., „ ,„,rf»ce enan,e^nr„. enamel-OTgan (e-nam_'el-6r"gan), «. Theenam-
ion.— Battersea enamel, a kind of surface enamel pro-
duced in Battersea, London, in the eighteenth century.
The pieces of this enamel are usually decorated by a
transfer process simitar to that used for i»orcelain and
English delft; they include needle-ca.ses, etuis, and es-
pecially plaques with portraits.— Canton enamel, a va-
riety of surface-enamel in which the ground is usually
el-germ of a tooth after it has separated from
the epithelium of the mouth and forms a cap
over the dentinal portion of the tooth, it con-
sists of a lining of cylindrical cells and a covering of cu-
bical cells, and is wadded with stellate cells in abundant
jelly-like intercc lliilar substance.
plahi white, yellow, or light blue, and is decorated with enamel-painting (e-nam'el-pan"ting), n. Paint-
enamel paintings in many colors, representmg conven- *^"^r 5"'" i"° ..i ._-^.„:.ii.. ..„„„
tional flowers, scrolls, etc. Vases, Incense-burners, etc.,
are made of it, and it is one of the most successful of mod-
em Chinese artistic industries.— Champlevd enamel.
See def. 3, and champlec^.^CMaowxi enamel. See
def. 3, and cfui«onni<.— Enajnel k Jour, a kind of en-
amel in which there is imoackground, the enamel be-
ing made to fill all the space between tlie narrow bars
or wires which form the design. Such enamel when trans-
lucent shows as a pattern seen by transmitted light.—
BnJUnsl-COlnnUlB, the minute six-sided prisms of which
the enamel of the teeth is composed. Also called eiutrnel
ing in vitrifiable colors, especially upon a sur-
face of porcelain, glass, or metal, the work be-
ing subsequently fired in a muffle or kiln. See
enamel.
enamoradot (e-nam-o-ra'do), n. [Sp. (= It.
innamorato, q. v.), <' ML. inamoratus, pp. of
enamorar, inamorare (> Sp., etc.), put in love:
see enamour.'] One deeply in love.
An ^Homorodo neglects all other things to accomplish
his delight. Sir T. Uerbert, Travels in Africa, p. 74.
)>rwnu,mam«<-n>ds,and ma in<2-y!6er«.— Enamel-cuticle,
a thin lioroy cuticle covering the outer surface of the en- , ,> . rAlso writtpn hut
amel in unworn teeth. Also called ,Va»»i;/(/i> m«m(n-<iJif enamOUT (e-nam or^^V. t. L^ISO wntxen, Dui
and erUieula (Until.— Enamel en basse iallle, a variety
of champlev^ enamel in which the background of the low
ered or sunken parts is sculptured with figures in relief,
the enamel Itself being transparent to allow them to be
seen.— Enamel ea tallle d'^pargne, a variety of champ-
leve enamel in which the Held is almost wholly cut away
or hollowed 'nit for tlo' receplioii of the enamel, leaving
only narrow ilivicling lines of the metallic background.—
Flocked enamel, enamel used for ornamenting a glass
surface whicli liM l)een made dull by grinding or by the
use of acid. — Glass enamtl, an opatjue or semi-opaque
glass having a milky appearance, due to the addition of
binoxid of tin. It Is used for window transparencies and
"porcelain" lamp-shades.— Incrusted enamel, disks or
similar small flat pieces of enameled metal inlaiil in a
larger surface, as of chased melal or filigree. — Llmoges
enamttU * variety of surface-enamel produced especially
at Limose* In fnace, In which vessels and decorative
pieces of various kinds and sizes are ornamented with pic-
torial subjects painted in many colors and in gold. This
work reached Us greatest excellence at the time of the
Renaissance.
enamel (e-nam'el), r. ; pret. and pp. enameled
or enamelled, ppr. enameling or enamelling. [<
ME. enameten, enaumaylen, < OF. enamailler,
enameler, enamaler (in pp.), < en- + esmailler, >
ME. amelen, amilen (see amel, v.), F. imailler (>
D. emaiUeren = G. emailliren = Dan. emaillere _„_. - - ^ . , .^, r, ,
= 8w. emaUera) = Sp. Pg. esmaltar = It. smal- enamouritet (e-nam o-nt), «. [< enamour +
tare, enamel; from the noun.] I. trantf. 1. -ite^, asm favorite.] A lover. [Ra
rarely, enamor ; < ME. enamoured, pp., < OF.
enam'ourer, enamorer, ¥. cnamourcr = Pr. Sp.
Pg. enamorar, namorar = It. innamorare, < ML.
inamorare, put in love, inamorari, bo in love,
< L. in, in, -I- amor (> F. amour, etc.), love:
see amor, amorous.] To inflame with love;
charm ; captivate : used chiefly in the past par-
ticiple, with of or with before the person or
thing: as, to be enamoured of a lady; to be
enamoured of or with books or science.
What trust is in these times?
They that when Richard liv'd would have him die,
Are now ttecome enamour'd on his grave.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., 1. 3.
01), death !
I am not yet enamour'd of this breath
.So much nut I dare leave it.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 1.
Or should she, confident,
Descend with all her winning charms begirt
To ejiamottr, as the zone of Venus once
Wrought that effect on Jove. MMon, P. R., 11. 214.
He became passionately enamoured of this shadow of a
dream. Irving.
= Syn. To fascinate, bewitch.
'•1
To lay enamel upon ; cover or decorate with
enamel.
Ther wer bassynes ful bry3t of brende golde clere,
Enaumaylde with a3er & eweres of sute.
AUiteraliee Poenu(ed. Morris), 11. 1467.
A knife he bore.
Whose hilt was well enanulUd o'er
With green leaves on a golden ground.
William Mmrit, Earthly Paradise, I. 107.
2. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon:
as, to enamel cardboard; specifically, to use
an enamel upon the skin. — af. To variegate or
adorn with different colors.
The pleasing fume that fragrant Roses yeeld,
When wanton Zephyr, sighing on the field,
E-namiheU all.
Sylnesttr, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, I. 6.
Enameled cloth. See cMA.— Enameled glass. See
qlai*S.
II. intrans. To practise the use of enamel
or the art of enameling.
Tliough it were focdish to colour or enamel upon the
iare.]
Is this no small servitude for an enamourite.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 510.
enamourment (e-nam'or-ment), n. [< enamour
+ -ment. Cf. OF. enainourement, < enamourer,
enamour.] The state of being enamoured;
a falling desperately in love. Mrs. Cowden
Clarke.
enantbema (en-an-the'ma,), «. [NL., < Gr.
iv, in, -t- avSrijia, as in i^dv(frjfia, an eruption : see
exanthema.] In pathoU, an eruption of the
mucous membrane: distingxiished from exan-
thema, an eruption of the skin.
enantnesis (en-an-the'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. h,
in, + avtitityic, blossom, < avBe'iv, blossom, bloom.
Cf. enanthema.] In )>athol.,a,Ti eruption on the
skin from internal disease, as in scarlet fever,
measles, etc.
enantioblastous (e-nan'ti-o-blas'tus), a. [<
Gr. ivavTior, opposite (see enantiosis), + p'ka-
ardi, germ.] In hot., having the embryo at the
end of the sped directly opposite to the hilum.
glasses of telescopes, yet to gild the tulws of them may enantiomomhlc (e-nan'ti-6-m6r'fik), a. Same
render them more acceptable to the users, without les- «5U«uiwomoipiin, vi """ " y n
sening the clearness of the object.
Boyle, as cnaiitiomurphous.
enantiomorphons
enantiomorphous (e-nan'ti-o-mdr'fus), a. [<
NL. eiiantiomurphits, < Gr. havTiof, opposite, +
HOfxjiii, form.] Contrasted in form ; specifically,
similar in form, but not superposable ; related,
as an object to its imago in a mirror, or a right-
to a left-hand glove. The corresponding right-
and left-handed hemimorphic forms of quartz
are enantiomorphous.
enantiopathic (e-nau'ti-o-path'ik), a. [= F.
enaiitiopaihique ; as enantiopathy + -ic.'] Serv-
ing to excite an opposite passion or feeling;
specifically, in med., palliative.
enantiopathy (e-nan-ti-op'a-thi), n. [< Gr. as
if 'ivaiTioiratfeia, < havTioTraSilic, having contrary
properties, < ivavrio^, contrary, opposite, + tra-
flof, suffering, passion.] 1, An opposite pas-
sion or affection.
Whatever may be the case in the cure of t>odies, enan-
tiopathy, and not honiteopathy, is the true medicine of
minds. Sir W, Hamilton.
2. AUopathy: a term nsed by homeopathists.
enantiosis (e-nan-ti-6'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ivav-
Tiuaig, contradiction, < havridecdai, contradict,
gainsay, < havrioc, contrary, opposite, < h-, in,
+ avrio;, contrary, < avTi, against: see atiti-.']
In rliet, a figure of speech consisting in expres-
sion of an idea by negation of its contrary, or by
use of a word of opposite meaning. Tlie term anti-
pkrasis was originally used as equivalent to enantiosis in
both forms, but is now usually limited to signify enantio-
sis by use of a word of opposite meaning. Enantiosis by
negation of the contrary, as, *'he is no fool" for "he is
wise," is generally called litotes. Enantiosis or antiphra-
sis in such instances as the "Eumenides" (that is, "the
gracious ones") for the "Erinyes" (Furies), or the "Good
People" for the fairies, passes into euphemism. See
ironi/.
Enantiotreta (e-nan'ti-o-tre'ta), 11. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. ot *enantiotretus : see enantiotretows.']
In Ehrenberg's system (1836), a division of in-
fusorians, having an intestine, and two aper-
tures, at opposite ends of the body.
enantiotretous (e-nan''ti-o-tre'tus), a. [< NL.
* enantiotretus, <Gr. evavrioc, opposite, + Tfrrirdq,
perforated, verbal adj. of Ttrpaivuv (v' *Tpa),
bore, perforate.] Having an opening at each
end of the body, as the Enantiotreta.
enarcht (en-arch' ), V. t. An obsolete form of in-
arch.
enarch^ (en-ar-sha'), a. [F., < en- + arche,
arch: see arch^.'\ In her., same as enarched;
also, rarely, same as arched.
enarched (en-archf), p. a. [Pp. of enarch, v.
Cf. enarche.'] In her., com-
bined with or supported by
anarch. A chevron enarched
has a round or pointed arch
beneath it, seeming to sup-
port it at the angle Bend
enarched. Same as t>ei\d archy
(whicli see, under bejtd^).
enargite (en-ar'jit), n. [< Gr.
ivapyiig, visible, palpable, < hv,
in, + apyd^, bright, + ■dte^.']
A sulpharsenite of copper occurring in small
black orthorhombic crystals, also massive, in
Peru, Chili, Colorado, etc.
enarmf (en-arm'), V. [< ME. enarmen, < OF.
enarmer, arm, equip, provide with arms or ar-
mor, provide, as a shield, with straps, < en, in,
+ armes, arms: see arm^.'\ I. trans. 1. To
equip with arms or armor.
How mony knightes there come & kynges enanned.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 87.
I will, by God's grace, fully set forth the same, to enarni
you to withstand the assaults of the papists herein, if you
mark well and read over again that wliich I now write.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc, 1863), U. 142.
2. In old cookery, to lard.
The crane is enarmed f ul wele I wot
With larde of porke.
Liber Cure Cocoruiji, p. 29.
H. intrans. To arm; put
on armor or take weapons.
While shepherds they enarine vnus'd
to danger.
T. Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's
[Judith, i. 371.
enarmet, ». [OF., < enarmer,
provide, as a shield, with
straps: see enarm.'] The
gear for holding the shield
by passing the arm through
straps or the like.
enarmed (en-armd'), a. [<
en-l + armed.'] In her., hav-
ing arms (that is, horns, ^.tH^T^^t'ti
hoofs, etc.) of a diflferent Gear. (From Viollet-
COlor from that of the body. biiierfran9ais.") " ^
Argent, a' Chevron En-
arched Gules.
1910
enannlngt, »• [ME. enarmynge; verbal n. of
eiiarm, v.] Same as enarme.
Ue griped the shelde so f aste by the enarmynrfe that the
catte niyght it not hym be-reve. lilerlin{E. E.T. S.), iii. tuyi.
enarrationt (e-na-ra'shon), n. [= F. (^narration
= Sp. enarracion = Pg. enarragao = It. enarrazi-
one, < L. enarratio(n-), < enarrare, pp. enarratus,
relate in detaU, < e, out, -f- narrare, relate : see
narrate.] Recital; relation; account; exposition.
This book did that high-priest embezell, wherein was
contained tlieir genealogies to the dayes of Phineas, to-
gether with an historical! enarration of the years of their
generation of life. Bp. Hall, Def. of Remonstrance.
enarthrodia (en-ar-thro'di-a), n. Same as en-
arthrosis.
enarthrodial (en-ar-thro'di-al), a. [< enarthro-
dia + -al.] Pertaining to enarthrosis ; having
the character of a ball-and-socket joint: as,
enarthrodial movements or articulations.
enarthrosis (en-ar-thro'sis), n. [NL., < Qi.hap-
Opuaic, a kind of jointing, < ct, in, -I- apBpov, a joint.
Cf. arthrosis, diarthrosis.'] In anat., a ball-and-
socket joint; a kind of movable arthrosis or
free articulation which consists in the socket-
ing of a convex end of a bone in a concavity
of another bone, forming a joint freely mov-
able in every direction. The hip and shoulder
are characteristic examples. Also enarthrodia.
enascentt (e-nas'ent), a. [< L. enascen(t-)s,
ppr. of enasci, spring up, issue forth, < e, out,
+ nasci, be born : see nascent.'] Coming into
being; incipient; nascent.
You just get the first glimpse, as it were, of an enascent
equivocation. Warburion, Occasional Reflections, ii.
enatationt (e-na-ta'shon), n. [< L. as if "ciia-
tatio\n-), < enaiatus, pp. of enatare, swim out,
< e, out, -t- natare, swim : see natant, natation.']
A swimming out; escape by swimming.
enate (e'nat), a. [< L. enatus, pp. of enasci,
be born: see enascent.] 1. Growing out.
The parts appertaining to the bones, which stand out
at a distance from their bodies, are either the adnate or
the eJiate parts, either the epiphyses or the apophyses of
the bones. J. Smith, Portraiture of Old Age, p. 176.
2. Eclated through the mother; maternally
cognate ; as a noun, one so related.
In all tribal society, either the agnates or the enates
are clearly distinguished from the other cognates, and
organized into a body politic, usually called the elan or
gens. J. )V, Powell, Science, V. 347.
enation (f-na'shon), n. [< L. as if *enatio(n-),
< enatus, pp. of enasci, be born: see enate,
enascent.] 1. In bot., the production of out-
growths or appendages upon the surface of an
organ. — 2. In ethnol., maternal relationship.
enaunterf, adv. [For en aunter, after ME. in
aunter, peradventure : in, F. en, in; aunter,
aventure, chance, adventure.] Lest that.
Anger nould let him speake to the tree,
Enaunter his rage mought cooled bee.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., February.
en avant (on a-von'). [F. : en, < L. inde, hence;
avant, before, forward: see avant, advance.]
Forward; onward.
enavigatet (e-nav'i-gat), v. i. and *. [< L. ena-
vigattts, pp. of enavigare, sail out, sail over, <
e, out, + navigare, sail : see navigate.] To sail
out or over. Cockeram.
enb-. See emb-.
en barbette (on' bar-bet'). [F.] In barbette ;
so as to fire over the parapet. See barbette.
enbaset, v. t. Same as embase.
enbastet, v. t. [< en-i + baste^.] To steep or
imbue. Davies.
It is not agreeable for the Holy Ghost, which may not
suffer the Church to err in interpreting the Scriptures, to
permit the same notwithstanding to be oppressed with
superstition, and to be enbasted with vain opinions.
Philpot, Works (Parker Soc), p. 379.
enbaumet, enbawmet, v. t. Obsolete forms of
embalm.
enbibet, v. t. A Middle English form of imbibe.
enblanchf, v. t. An obsolete form of emblanch.
en bloc (on blok). [P.: e», in; 6Zoc, block: see
in and blocki.] In block ; in a lump : as, the
shares will be sold en bloc.
We are bound to take Nature en bloc, with all her laws
and all her cruelties, as well as her beneficences.
Contemporary Rev., LIII. 81.
enboseif, v. t. An obsolete form of emboss^.
enbose^t, v. t. Same as emboss^.
enbracet, v. An obsolete form of embrace.
enbraudet, v. t. A Middle English form of em-
broid.
enbreamet, a. [Irreg. < en-i + breame, var. of
brim*, a.] Strong; sharp. Nares.
We can be content (for the health of our bodies) to drink
sharpe potions, receive aud indure the operation of en-
breame purge», Horthbrookt, Dicing (1677),
encapsulation
enbroudet, v. t. A Middle English form of em-
hroid.
enbuscbementt, ". -An obsolete form of am-
biishment.
A gret enbuschetnent they sett,
Thare the foster thame mett.
MS. Lincoln, A. 1. 17, foL 136.
enbusyt, v. t. Same as embusy.
enc. An abbreviation of encyclopedia.
en cabochon (on ka-bo-shfih'). [P.] See cabo-
chon.
en cachette (on ka-shet'). [F. : en, in; ca-
chetic, hiding-place, < cacher, hide: see cached.]
In hiding ; secretly.
The vice-consul informed me that, in divers discussions
with the Turks about the possibility of an Englishman
finding his way en cachette to ileccah, he had asserted that
his compatriots could do everytliing, even pilgrim to the
Holy City. M. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 486.
encSBnia, n. pi. See eticenia.
encage, incage (en-, in-kaj'), v. t.; pret. and
pp. encaged, incaged, ppr. encaging, incaging.
[< F. cncager, < cn-^, in-, in, + cage, cage.]
To put in a cage ; shut up or confine in a cage ;
hence, to coop up ; confine to any narrow limits.
He [Samson] carries away the gates wherein they
thought to have encaged him. Bp. Hall, Sampson's End.
encalendar (en-kal'en-dar), V. t. [< en-1 -I-
calendar.] To register in a calendar, as the
saints of the Roman Catholic Church.
For saints preferred,
Of which we find tiiese four have been,
And with their leader still to live eiicalendar'd.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv.
encallO'W (en-kal'6), n. [< en- (of which the
force or origin is not clear) + callow^, q. v.]
Among the brickmakers near London, England,
the soil, vegetable mold, etc., resting upon the
brick-earth or clay.
encallO'W (en-kal'6), V. t. [< encallow, n.] To
remove encallow from.
encalm (en-kam'), V. t. [< e»-l -I- calm^.] To
place calmly or reposefvdly.
With an illumined forehead, and the light
Whose fountain is the mystery of God
Encabned within his eye.
N. P. Willis, Scene in Gethsemane.
encamp (en-kamp'), V. [< en-1 + camp"^.] I.
intrans. To go into camp ; form and occupy a
camp ; settle in temporary quarters, formed by
tents or huts, as an army or a company.
The Levites . . . shall encamp round about the taber-
nacle. Num. i. 60.
Encamp against the city and take it. 2 Sam. xii. 28.
The four and twentieth of July, the King in Person, ac-
companied with divers of the Nobility, came to Calais;
and the six and twentieth encamped before Boulogne on
the North-side. Baker, Chronicles, p. 292.
He was encamped under the trees, close to tiie stream.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 464.
H. trans. To form into or fix in a camp ;
place in temporary quarters.
Beyond the river we'll encamp ourselves.
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6.
Sultan Selim encamped his army in this place when he
came to besiege Cairo.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 23.
encampment (en-kamp'ment), n. [< encamp
+ -ment.] 1. The act of forming and occupy-
ing a camp; establishment in a camp.
We may calculate that a square of about seven hundred
yards was sufiicient for the encampment of twenty thou-
sand Romans. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, i.
2. The place where a body of men is encamped ;
a camp.
Wlien a general bids the martial train
Spread their encampment o'er the spacious plain.
Thick rising tents a canvas city build. Gay, Trivia.
encankert (en-kang'k^r), V. t. [< en-1 -f- can-
ker.] To corrode ; canker.
What needeth me for to extoU his fame
With my rude pen eticankered all with rust?
Skelton, Elegy on the Earl of Northumberland.
encantMs (en-kau'this), n. [NL., < Gr. iyKavdig,
a tumor in the corner of the eye, < ev, in, +
Kovdoc, the comer of the eye: see cant^.] In
pathol., a small tumor or excrescence growing
from the inner angle of the eye.
en cantiel. [Heraldic P.: P. en, in; "cantiel,
appar. var. of OP. cantel, corner: see cantle.]
In her., placed aslant — that is, with the pale
not vertical to the beholder, but sloping, usual-
ly with the top toward the left : said of an es-
cutcheon, which is often so placed in seals.
encapsulate (en-kap'su-lat), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
encapsulated, ppr. encapsnlating. [< en-1 +
capsule + -ate^.] To inclose in a capsule.
encapsulation (en-kap-si\-la'shon), «. [< en-
capsulatc + -ion.] The act of surrounding ■with
a capsule.
encapBnle
encapsole (en-kap'sul), c. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
capsuled, ppr. encapsuling. [< en-^ + capsule.']
To encapsulate.
SneapmUed by a more or leas homogeneous membranous
layer. Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat, (trans.), p. 107.
encaptivate 'en-kap'ti-vat), V. t. ; pret. and
pp. encaptivated, ppr. encaptirating . [< en-l +
captil^ah^.^ To captivate. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
encamalize (eu-kar'nal-iz), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
encarnali^eJ, ppr. encanializing . [< en-1 + car-
Mofce.] To make carnal ; sensualize. [Rare.]
Dabbling a shameless hand with shameful jest,
Eiicai-nalUe their spirits. Tennytoiiy Princefls, iii.
encarpi, ". Plural of encarpus,
encarpinm (en-kar'pi-um), n. ; pi. encarpia (-a).
[NL., < (jr. i)mpiTu>^, containing seed, as friiit
(e/ita/KTOf, containing fruit), < tv, in, + Kafnrd^,
fruit.] Same as sporophore.
encarpna (en-kar'pus), n. ; pi. encarpi (-pi).
[NL., prop, 'encarpum, L. only pi. encarpa, <
Gr. h/Kapira, pi., festoons of fruit on friezes or
capitals of columns, neut. pi. of tynapTToq, con-
taming fruit, < iv, in, -t- mp-Koq, fruit.] In arch.,
a sctUptured ornament in imitation of a gar-
land or festoon of fruits, leaves, or flowers,
or of other objects, suspended between two
points. The garland is of greatest size in the middle,
and diminishes gradually to the points of suspeusion, from
Part of a Medieval Pavement of
Encaustic Tiles. — Church of St.
Pierre-sur-Dive, Normandy. ( From
VioUct-le-Duc's "Diet, de r Archi-
tecture." )
Encaipuc— Fron PmUx«o NIccoUiU, Rome.
which the ends generally hang down. The encarpus is
•omettmea conip(Med of an Imitation of drapery similarly
disposed, and fretjuently of an assemblage of mnslcal in-
struments, or implements of war or of the chaae, accord-
Iiil; to the purp'tne to which the building It ornaments la
iippritpiiatfti.
encase, encasement. See inease, incasement.
encastainent (en-kash'ment), n. [< 'encash (<
'■n-l + ctish^) + -ment.l "In £ng. banking, pay-
ment in ca-sh of a note, draft, etc.
encastage (en-kis'tjj), n. [Appar. < ei»-i -I-
cosfi, c, -I- -age.} 'the arrangement in a pot-
tery- or porcelain-kiln of the pieces to be
flred, inclosed in their seggars if these are em-
plovt'il.
encaiunat Cen-k&'mA), n. [NL., < Or. tyxav/ia,
a mark burnt in, a sore from burning, < iyKaitiv,
bom in: see encaustic.'] In snrg.: (a) The
mark left by a bum, or the bleb or vesicle pro-
duced by it. (6) Ulceration of the cornea,
causing the loss of the aqueous humors.
encaustic (en-k^'tik), a. and ». [= F. eneaus-
Ji'l'ii-. < L. eneausHeus, < Gr. iyiammiiii, of or
for burning in, ij eyKavarmi/ (sc. rrxv/), L. en-
caustira, the art of encaustic painting, < lynav-
OTo^, burnt in, painted in, encaustic, < iyKoietv,
bum in, < h, in, + Koitw, bum: see caustic.
Prom the neat, ^'j-nawn-ov (> LL. encaustum, pur-
ple-red ink) is derived E. ink, q. v.] I. a. Per-
taining to the art of painting with pigments in
which wax enters as a vehicle, or to a painting
80 executed.
It Is a vaulted apartment, . . . decorated with encaiufu;
ornaments of the mo«t brilliant colors.
B. Taylor, Ijinds of the Saracen, p. 123.
BnMnstlc painting (a) The art of painting with wax as
a vemcle : strictly applicable only to painting executed or
flnisheii by the agency of heat, but applle<t also to modern
methods of paiiitlnE In wax. In which the wax-colors are
dissolved in a vuiatlTe oil and used in the ordinary way. In
the h<)t pnx-eas colored sticks of wax and resin are melted
on a heated palette, applied urith the bnish, and afterward
mixieled and anitad with a heated Iron and spatula. After
tli>' turfarc has become cool and hard, it Is rubbed with a
"le over with a clean linen cloth. According
t r-thod, tested by Count CayluH, the ground of
1 is first nibbed over with a piece of beeswax,
and a(Ui«;ird with chalk or whiting, In order to form
a surface on wliiih the colon will adhere. The colors
are mixed simply with water, and are applied in the ordi-
nary t'ay. when the pictnre is dry. It is heated, and the
wax softens and abaorbs the colors, forming a Arm ami
durable coating. Encaustic painting was in very common
use among the ancient Greeks and Romans. Paintings
executed In encaustic occupy. In color and general effect,
a place midway between paintings in oil and In fresco.
(*) In e^-ain., nn arbitrary name given by Josiah Wedg-
wood to his attcmpb-'l Imitation of the painted decora-
tion of Oreek vases, the effort tielng to pro<lilce llre<l colors
without the gloss of eiianifl. Encaustic tUe, a tile for
Cveraent- and wall-decoration. In whlc-li thf pattern is In-
d or incrusted In clay of one color In a ground of clay of
1911
another color. The manufacture and employment of en-
caustic tiles were brought to great excellence in connec-
tion with the architecture
of the twelfth and thir-
teenth centuries, particu-
larly in France and Eng-
land ; and the art has
been successfully revived
in the nineteenth century.
The name is an arbitrary
one^ "without relation to
the process of manufac-
ture.—Encaustic vase,
a vase painted with the
so-called encaustic colors
of Wedgwood ware. See
encatMtic painting (&).
H. n. [< L. encaus-
tica, < Gr. lyKavariioi.
See I.] The art,
method, or practice
of encaustic paint-
ing. ■
encansttun (en-kas'-
tum), H. [< Gr. f}-
KavcTov, neut. of iy-
KavcTo^, burnt in : see
encaustic] The en-
amel of a tooth.
encave, incave (en-, in-kav'), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. encaved, incaced, ppr. encamng, incaning.
[< en-1, in-, + cave^.] To hide in or as in a
cave or recess.
Do but encave yourself,
And mark the Seers, the gibes, and notable scorns.
That dwell in every region of his face.
Shak., Othello, iv. 1.
An abrupt turn in the course of the ravine placed a
protecting cliff between us and the gale. We were com-
pletely eneaved. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., II. 264.
-ence, -ency. See -anee, -ancu, and -ent.
enceinte (on-sanf), »• [F., (enceinte (< L. in-
cincta), fern. pp. of enceindre = Pr. eneenher =
It. incingere, < L. incingere, gird about, surround,
< in, in, + cingere, gird: see ceint, cincture, and
cf. «ii«tii«(Kre.J 1. In /or<., an inolosure; the
wall or rampart which surrounds a place, often
composed of bastions or towers and curtains.
The enceinte with the space inclosed within it
is called the body of the place.
The best authorities estimate the number of habita-
tions |in El-Medlnah] at about 1500 within the enceinte,
and those in the suburb at 1000.
R. F. Burton, El-Hedinah, p. 2S9.
2. The close or precinct of a cathedral, abbey,
castle, etc.
enceinte (on-sanf), a. [F., fern, of eneeint (< L.
incinctus), pp. of enceindre, < L. incingere, gird
about: see enceinte, n.] Pregnant; with child.
encenla, encsnia (en-se'ni-s.), n. pi., used also
as sing. [< L. rncwnia, < Gif. ryuatvia, neut. pi.,
a feast of renovation or consecration, a name
for Easter, < iv, in, -f- Kaiv6^, new, recent.] 1.
Festive ceremonies observed in early times in
honor of the construction of cities or the con-
secration of churches, and in later times at the
imiversities of Oxford and Cambridge in hon-
or of founders and benefactors: exceptionally
used as a singular.
The elegies and encemiat of those days were usually of
■ formidid>le length. Qiford, Int. to Ford's Plays, p. Ixvii.
Specifically — 2. In the Greek New Testament,
and hence sometimes in English writing, the
Jewish feast of the dedication. See feast.
encensef, n. and t>. A Middle English form
of incense.
Encephala^ (en-sef'a-l&), n. pi. [NL., neat. pi.
of encephaltis, < Gr-fj-itt^oX^, in the head; as
a noun, the brain : see ence/ihalon.] In zool. :
(a) In Haeckel's classification, a group of mol-
luscous or soft-bodied animals, composed of the
snails ((,'ochlides) and cuttles (Cephalopoda):
one of his two main divisions of MoUusca, the
other being Acephala, or the brachiopods and
lamellibranchs. (6) As used by E. R. Lankes-
ter, a prime division or branch of the MoUusca,
represented by two series, Lipoglossa and Echi-
noglossa, as together contrasted with Lipocepha-
la. The Encephala in this sense contain the
gastropods, cephalopods, pteropods, and other
forms, (c) A group of mollusks including those
which have a head. Svnonymous with Cepha-
latn or Cephalophora (whichsee) : distinguished
from Acephala.
encephala'"^ (en-sef'a-lft), n. Plural of enoepha-
lon.
encephalalgia (en-sef-a-lal' ji-»), n. [NL. (= P.
encq>halalgic), < Gr. eyKi^Ao^, within the head
(see encephalon), + iXyoc, pain, ache.] Same
as cri>hnlnl<iia.
Encephalairtos (en-sef-a-lar'tos), »i. [NL.,< Gr.
iyiiii^'^.oi:, within the head (as a noun, the edible
encephalon
pith of young palm-shoots), -I- aproc, bread.]
A genus of Cycadacew, having short cylindrical
or spherical trunks, with a terminal crown of
pinnate leaves, which have coriaceous, often
spiny, leaflets. There ai'e about a dozen species, found
only in southern Africa, but some of them are grown in
conservatories for ornament. The Kafirs use the spongy
farinaceous pith of the trunk and cones as food ; hence
they have received the name of Kafir-bread.
Encephalata (en-sef-a-la'til), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of encephalatus : see encephalate.]
-Animals which have an encephalon, as all
cranial vertebrates: nearly synonymous with
Vertebrata, and exactly with Craniota.
encephalate (en-sef'a-lat), a. [< NL. ence-
2ihalafus, <. encephalonlhraia: see encephalon.]
Having an encephalon, or a brain and skull;
cranial, as a vertebrate.
encephalatrophic (en-sefa-la-trof'ik), a. [<
Gr. f ; iii(l>a'/.o(, the brain, + aTpo<liia, atrophy : see
encephalon and atrophy.] Pertaining to or af-
flicted with atrophy of the brain.
encephalic (en-se-fal'ik or en-sef'a-lik), a. [<
encephalon + -ic; = F. encephalique = Sp. en-
ccfdlico = Pg. encephalico, < NL. encephalicus,
< encephalon, the brain: see encephalon.] 1.
Pertaining to the encephalon; cerebral. — 2.
Situated in the head or within the cranial cav-
ity; intracranial.
encephalitic (en-sef-a-lit'ik), a. [< encepha-
litis + -jc] Pertaining to or afflicted with en-
cephalitis.
encephalitis (en-sef-a-li'tis), n. [NL., < en-
cephalon -i- -itis.] Iii ^afftoi!., inflammation of
the brain.
encephalocele (en-sef'a-lo-sel), n. [= F. en-
c^phalocele = Sp. encefdlocele, < Gr. eyKi(pah)g,
the brain, + KTjhi, tumor.] In pathol., hernia
of the brain.
encephalocoele (en-sef'a-lo-sel), n. [< Gr. ey-
Kf^/of, the brain, -t- icoiXof, hollow.] In anat.,
the entire cavity of the encephalon, consisting
of the several coeli» or ventricles and their con-
necting passages. [Rare.]
encephaloid (en-sef 'a-loid), a. [= F. encepha-
Uiide, < Gr. cyKe<j>a?.oc, the brain, -I- ciSo^, form.]
Resembling the matter of the brain Encepha-
loid cancer, a soft, rapidly growing, and very malignant
carcinoma or cancer, with abundant epithelial cells and
scanty stroma : so named from its brain-like appearance
and ctmsistence. Also called carcinoma moUe and medttl-
tary cancer.
encephalology (en-sef-a-lol'o-ji), n. [< NL. en-
cephalologia, < Gr. iyKtifako^, the brain, -I- -Myia,
< Aiyciv, speak : see -ology.] A description of the
encephalon or brain ; the science of the brain.
encephaloma (en-sef-ii-lo'ma), n. ; pi. encepha-
lomatu (-tna-tfi). [Nt., < encephalon + -oma.']
In pathol., an encephaloid cancer.
encephalomalacia (en-sefa-lo-ma-la'si-a), n.
[NL., < Gr. iyiii(pa^o(, the brain, -I- fiaMiKia, soft-
ness, < ua>M(6t, soft.] In pathol., softening of
the brain.
encephalomata,
n. Plural of en-
cephaloma.
encephalomere
(en-sef ' a- lo-
mer), n. [< Gr.
iyfCf^aXof, the
brain, + fiipoc,
part.] Inanat.,
an encephalic
segment ; one
of the series of
parts into which
the brain is nat-
urally divisible,
as the prosen-
cephalon, dien-
cephalon, etc.
[Rare.]
Five definite en-
cephalic segments
or encephalomeres.
Wilder, New York
[MedicalJour.,
(XLI. 327.
encephalon
(en-sef'a-lon),
n.; pi. encephala
(-la). l=F.en-
cSphale = Pg.
encephalo = It.
encefalo, < NL.
encephalon, also
encephalos,<.Gv.
iyK(<pa)u>c, the
brain, prop. adj.
v-xir
II
Diagram of Vertebrate Encephalon: upper
figure in longitudinal vertical section and
lower figure in horizontal section.
Mb, mid-brain : in front of it all is fore-
brain, behind it all is hind-brain ; Lt, lamina
tenninatis, represented by the heavy black
line in upper figure : Olj, olfactory lobes ;
Hy**p, cerebral hemispheres ; THE, thala-
mencephalon : Pn, pmeal body, or cona-
riura ; Py, pituitary body : FM, or M, fora-
men of Monro ; CS, corpus striatum ; Th,
optic thalamus: CQ, corpora auadrigemina:
CC, crura cerebri ; Cb, cerebellum : Pt^,
pons Varolii : MO, medulla oblongata : /, ol-
factory nerves : //, optic nerves ; ///, point
of exit from brain of the oculimotores: /f,
of the pathetic! : ;^/, of the abducentes; K.
Xll, oriKins of other cerebral nerves : i, ol-
factory ventricle ; •-, lateral ventricle ; 3,
third ventricle ; 4, fourth ventricle ; -t- is in
the iter e tertlo ad quartum ventriculuni-
encephalon
(sc. /n<e?Mi, marrow, the brain), within the head,
< fr, in, + xetpa?^, the head.] In anat., that
which is contained in the cranial cavity as a
whole ; the brain.
encephiilopatliia, encephalopathy (en-sef-
a-lo-path'i-a, en-sef-a-lop'a-thi), «. [= F. en-
e^halopathie, < NL. enceplialopathia, < Gr. tj-
KiipaAo^. the brain, + TrdSof, suffering.] In pa-
thol., disease of the encephalon.
encephalospinal (en-sefa-lo-spi'nal), a. [<
NL. encephalon, bi-ain, + L'. spina, sjiine, + -a?.]
Pertaining to the brain and the spinal cord.
encephalotomy (en-sef-a-lot'o-mi), ». [< Gr.
f;«p<i>.oc. thebrain, + roiiii, a cutting.] Dis-
section of the brain.
encephalous (en-sef'a-lus), a. [< Gr. iyni^a/M^,
within the head : see encephalon. The right
form for this meaning is cephalous. ] In conch . ,
having a head, as most moUusks ; of or pertain-
ing to the Encephala : an epithet applied to mol-
lusks, excepting the iMmcUiliriDicliia, which are
said, in distinction, to be acephalous.
enchace^t, v. t. See enchase^.
enchace-t, *'• *• An obsolete spelling of enchase^.
enchafet (en-chaf '), v. [< ME. encJiaufen, < en- +
chaufen, chafe, as if ult. < L. incalefacere, make
warm or hot: see p»-l and chafe. '\ I. trans.
1. To make warm or hot; heat.
Ever the gretter merite shal he have that most re-
BtrejTieth the wikkede eiichaujiiig or ardure of this sinne.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
So in the body of man, when tlie blond is moved, it in-
vadeth the vitall and spirituall vessels, and being set on
fire, it encha^eth the whole body.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 694.
2. To ehafeorfret; provoke; enrage; irritate.
And yet as rough.
Their royal blood enchafd, as the rud'st wind,
That by the top doth take the mountain pine
And make him stoop to the vale.
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2.
Seizes the rough, enchafed northern deep.
J, Baillie.
n. intrans. To become warm.
As thai enchui^fe, thei shul be losid fro ther place.
Wycli/, Job vi. 17 (Oxf.).
enchain (en-chan'), v. t. [Formerly also in-
chain; < OF. enchainer, F. enchalner = Pr. 8p.
encadenur = Pg. encadear = It. incatenare, <
ML. incatenare, enchain, < L. in, in, + catenare
(> OF. chainer, F. chatner, etc.), chain: see en-i
and chain.'] 1 . To chain ; fasten with a chain ;
bind or hold in or as if in chains ; hold in bond-
age; enthrall. [Obsolete in the literal use.]
In times past the Tynans . . . enchained the images of
their Gods to their shrines, for fear they would abandon
their city and be gone. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 712.
What should I do? while here I was etichain'd,
Ko glimpse of godlike liberty remaln'd.
Dfyden, .lEueid.
2. To hold fast; restrain; confine: as, to en-
cliain the attention.
The subtUty of nature and operations will not be in-
chained in those bonds.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 215.
It was the Time when silent Night began
T' enchain with Sleep the busie Spirits of Man.
Cowley, Davideis, i.
3. To link together; connect. [Rare.]
One contracts and enchains his words. Howell.
enchainment (en-chan'ment), n. [< F. en-
chainement = Pr. encadenen = Sp. eneadena-
miento = Pg. encadeamento = It. incatenamento,
< Mil. *incatenamentum, < incatenare, enchain:
see enchain and -ment.] 1 . The act of enchain-
ing, or the state of being enchained; a fasten-
ing or binding; bondage.
It is quite another question what was the time and
what were the circumstances wiiich, by an e}ichain7nent
as of fate, brought on the period of crime and horror
which before the war with England had already coloured
the advancing stages of the Revolution [in France].
Gladstone, Nineteenth Century, XXI. 923.
2. A linking together; concatenation. [Rare.]
And we shall see such a connection and enchainment
of one fact to anotlier, throughout the whole, as will force
the most backward to confess that the hand of God was
of a truth in this wonderful defeat.
Warhurton, Julian's Attempt to Kebuild the Temple, ii. 3,
The idea of a systematic enchainment of phenomena,
In which each is conditioned by every other, and none
can be taken in isolation and explained apart from the
rest, was foreign to his [Epicurus's] mind.
Encyc. Brit., VIII. 475.
enchair (en-char'), V. t. [< enA + chair.'] To
seat or place in a chair; place in a position of
authority or eminence. [Rare.]
But thou. Sir Lancelot, sitting in my place
Enchaifd to-morrow, arbitrate the field.
Tennyxon, Last Tournament.
1912
enchant (en-chimf), v. t. [Formerly also in-
chant; < ME. cnchaunten, < OF. enchanter, en-
canter, F. enchanter = Pr. encantar, enchantar
= Sp. Pg. encantar = It, incantare, < L. incan-
tare, bewitch, enchant, say over, mutter or chant
a magic formula, < in, in, on, -t- cantare, sing,
chant: see chant AnA incantation.] 1. To prac-
tise sorcery or witchcraft on ; subdue by charms
or spells; hold as by a spell; bewitch.
By the Witchcraft of fair Words, [Rowena] so enchant-
ed the British Nobility that lier Husband Vortigern was
again establislied in the Kingdom. Baker, Chronicles, p. 4.
John thinks them all enchanted; he inquires if Nick
had not given them some intoxicating potion. Arbuthnot.
2. To impart a magical quality or effect to;
change the nature of by incantation or sorcery ;
bewitch, as a thing.
And now about the caldron sing.
Like elves and fairies in a ring.
Enchanting all that you put in.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
3. To delight in a high degree; charm; fasci-
nate.
Bid me discourse ; I will enchant thine ear.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 145.
The prospect such as might enchant despair.
Cowper, Ketirement, I. 469.
= Syn. 3. Enchant, Charm, Fascinate, captivate, enrap-
ture, carry away. To fascinate is to bring under a spell,
as by the power of the eye ; to enchant and to charm are
to bring under a spell by some more subtle and mysterious
power. This difference in the literal affects also the fig-
urative senses. Enchant is stronger than charm. All gen-
erally imply a pleased state in that whicli is affected, but
fascinate less often than the others.
So stands the statue that enchants the world.
Thomson, Summer, 1. 1346.
The books that charmed us in youth recall the delight
ever afterwards. Alcolt, Table-Talk, i.
Many a man is fascinated by the artifices of composi-
tion, who fancies that it is the subject which had operated
so potently. De Quincey, Style, i.
She sat under Mrs. Mackenzie as a bird before a boa-
constrictor, doomed — fluttering — fascinated.
Thackeray, Newcomes, Ixxiii.
enchanter (en-chan'ter), n. [< ME. enchanter,
enchaunter, enchauntour, < OF. enchanteor, en-
chanteur, P. enchanteur = Pr. encantaire, encan-
tador = Sp. Pg. encantador = It. incantatore, <
L. incantator, an enchanter, < incantare, charm,
enchant: see enchant.] 1. One who enchants
or practises enchantment; a sorcerer or ma-
gician.
Flatereres ben the develes enchauntours, for they maken
a man to wenen himself be lyke that he is not lyke.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Than Pharo called for the wyse men and enchaunters of
Egypte ; and they did in lyke manner with their sorcery.
Bible (1651), Ex. vii.
2. One who charms or delights Enchanter's
nightshade, a name of the common species of the genus
Circcea, natural order Onagrace(e, low and slender erect
herbs with small white flowers, inhabiting cool, damp
woods of the northern hemisphere.
enchanting (en-ch&n'ting), p. a. Charming;
ravishing ; delightful to mind or sense : as, an
enchanting voice ; an enchanting face.
Simplicity in . . . manners has an enchanting effect.
Kames, Elem. of Criticism, iii.
The mountains rise one behind the other, in an enchant-
ing gradation of distances and of melting blues and grays.
H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 242.
enchantingly (en-chan'ting-li), adv. In an en-
chanting manner; so as to delight or charm.
Yet lie's gentle ; never schooled, and yet learned ; full
of noble device ; of all sorts eiu^hantingly beloved.
Shak., As you Like it, i. 2.
enchantment (en-chtot'ment), n. [< ME. en-
chantement, enchauntement, < OF. enehantement,
encantement, F. enehantement = 'Pv. encantamen
= Cat. encantament ^ Sip. encantamento, enean-
tamiento = Pg. encantamento = It. incantamen-
to, < L. incantamentum, a charm, incantation, <
incantare, charm, enchant: see enchant.] 1.
The pretended art or act of producing effects
by the invocation or aid of demons or the
agency of spirits ; the use of magic arts, spells,
or charms; incantation; that which produces
magical results
A-noon as thei were a-bedde, Merlin be-gan an en-
chauntement, and made hem to slepe alle.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 609.
The magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner
with their enchantTnents. Ex. vii. 11.
She is a witch, sure,
And works upon him with some damn'd enchantment.
Fletcher (and another), False One, iii. 2.
2. The state or condition of being enchanted,
literally or figuratively; especially, a very de-
lightful influence or effect; a sense of charm
or fascination.
enchecker
Warmth of fancy — which holds the heart of a reader
uniler the strongest enchantment. Pope, l*ref. to Iliad.
3. That which enchants or delights ; the power
or quality of producing an enchanting effect.
As we grow old, many of our senses grow dull, but tlie
sense of beauty becomes a more perfect •Mxclmntment
every year. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 187.
= S3ni. 1. Charm, fascination, magic, spell, sorcery, nec-
romancy, witchery, witchcraft. — 2. Kapture, transport,
ravisinnent.
enchantress (en-chan'tres), n. [< ME. en-
chauntercbse, <.0F. "enchanteresse, F. enchan-
teresse = It. incantatrice, < LL. *incantatrix,
fem. of incantator, an enchanter: see enchant-
er.] A woman who enchants, as by magic
spells, beauty, manner, or the like ; a sorceress.
From this enchantress all these ills are come. Dryden.
enchantryt, «. [ME. enchantery, enchaunterye,
< OP. cnchanterie, enchantment, < enchanter,
enchant: see enchant.] Enchantment.
Tho the clerke hadde yseid hys enchaunterye,
Ther fore Silui Iiym let sle.
Robert of Gloucester, p. 10.
encharget (en-charj'), v. t. [< ME. enchargen,
< OF. encharger, enchargier, encarchier, encar-
hier, etc., < ML. incaricare, load, charge, < L.
in, in, + ML. caricare, earricare ( >r. encharger
= Pr. Sp. encargar = Pg. encarregar = lt. incari-
care, < charger, etc.), charge, load: see en-l and
charge.] To give in charge or trust.
I have dispatched away Mr. Meredith, his Majesty's sec-
retary of the embassy here, by the Catherine yacht, and
encharqed with my main pacquet to the secretary.
Sir W. Temple, To my Lord Treasurer, July 20, 1678.
His countenance would express the spirit and the pas-
sion of tile part he was encharged with. Jefrey.
encharget (en-charj'), w. l<. encharge, v.] An
injunction ; a charge.
A nobleman being to passe thi'ough a water, commaund-
ed his trunipetter to goe before and sound the depth of it ;
who to shew himselfe very mannerly, refus'd this encharge,
and push'd the nobleman himselfe forward, saying: No,
sir, not I, your lordsliip shall pardon me.
A. Copley, tr. of Wits, i'its, and Fancies (ed. 1614).
enchase^t, v. t. [< ME. enehasen, enchacen, < OF.
enehacier, enchacer, enchasser, encachier, enca-
cier (= Pr. encassar), chase away, < en- + cha-
cier, chacer, chasser, chase : see eu-i and chase^.]
To drive or chase away.
After the comynge of this myghty kynge,
Om'e olde woo andtroubille to enchace.
Lydgate. (Halliwell.)
And ne we ne shull no helpe haue of hym that sholde
hem alle enchace oute of this londe, that is the kynge Ar-
thur. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 182.
enchase^ (en-chas '),?'. t.; pret. and pp. cHcftased,
ppr. enchasing. [Also inchase, and early mod.
E. enchace, inchace; < F. enchdsser, enchase, <
en- + chdsse, a frame, chase, > E. chase^, q. v.
Hence by apheresis c/iose3, q. v.] 1. To inlay;
incrust with precious stones or the like.
Thou Shalt have gloss enough, and all things fit
T' enchase in all show thy long-smothered spirit.
Ckaptnan, Bussy d'Ambois, L 1.
Then fear the deadly drag, when gems divine
Enchase the cup and sparkle in the wine.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, x. 40.
And precious stones, in studs of gold enchased.
The shaggy velvet of his buskins graced.
Mickle, tr. of the Lusiad, ii.
Hence — 2. To inerust or enrich in any manner ;
adorn by ornamental additions or by ornamen-
tal work.
She wears a robe enchoMd with eagles eyes.
To signify her sight In mysteries.
B. Jonson, The Barriers.
Vain as swords
Against the enchased crocodile.
Keats, Endymion, i.
3. To chase, as metal-work. Seechase^.l. — 4t.
To inclose or contain as something enchased.
My ragged rimes are all too rude and bace
Her heavenly lineaments for to enchace.
.Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 23.
enchaser (en-cha's6r), «. One who enchases;
a chaser.
enchasten (en-cha'sn), v. t. [< en-l + chasten'>^.]
To chasten ; chastise ; correel . H. K. White,
enchaufet, v. A Middle English form of enchafe.
encheasont, n. See encheson.
encheckt (en-chek'), V. t. [< «n-l + cheek^.]
To checker.
Where th' art-full shuttle rarely did encheck
The cangeant colour of a Mallards neck.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's "Weeks, The Decay.
encheckert, enchequert (en-chek'fer),-t). t. [<
en-^ + checker, chequer.] To checker; arrange
in a checkered pattern. Davies.
encliecker
For to pave
The excellency of this cave,
Squirrels' and cliildren's teeth late shed
And neatly here encheauered.
He ' '
enchedet, «•
OF. eneneu
errick, Hesperides, p. 177.
[ME., with aecom. E. suffix -ecP, <
fallen, pp-
of encheoir, fall, < en-
1913
Specifically — (a) A Boman Catholic service-book contain-
ing the Little OfBce of the Virgin. (!>) An ecclesiastical
manual of the Greek Church.
enchisel (en-chiz'el), r. t.; pret. and pp. en-
ehiseled, enchiselled, ppr. enchiseling, enchiseU
ling. [< en-l + chiset^Jl To out with a chisel.
Craig.
+ cfceotr, < L. cadere," fall : see cadent, ccwei.] enchondroma (en-kon-dro'ma), n.; pi. etwhon
Fallen; vanquished.
And the enchede kynge in the gay amies.
dromata (-ma-ta). [NL., < 6r. tv, in, + x^'^^P^i,
And the emhMe kynge in the gay amies, eartila|e, V-mna.-] Same as chmdroma.
Lysgronandeonethegrownnde, andgirdethoroweevene! encnonoromatoas (en-kon-drom a-tus;, a. \\
I,.... <-,i....../Tj ij T a^ 1 -Mju enchondroma{t-) + -ous.'] Same as cAondroma-
tous.
enchondroas (en-kon'drus), a. [< Gr. iv, in,
-t- xovdjMc, cartilage.] Cartilaginous. Thamas,
Med. Diet.
Encliopliyllaia (en-ko-fil'um), n. [NL. (Amyot
and Serville, 1843), <'Gr. iyx<>C, spear, lance, +
if arte Arlhure (E. E. T. 3.), 1. 393«.
encheert (en-cher'), v. t. [< c»-i + cAeeri.] To
enliven ; cheer.
And in his soveraine throne gan straight dUpoae
Hinuelfe, more full of grace and Majestic,
That mote encheare his friends, and foes mote terrifie.
Speiiser, F. Q., VII. vL 24.
encheirion (en-ki'ri-on), n.; pi. encheiria (-a).
[Gr. eyxciptov, < fv, in, + x^'Pt * hand.] A hand-
kerchief or napkin hanging from the zone or
girdle, formerly worn as one of the vestments
of the Greek clergy. It is regarded by some as
the original form of the present epigonation. ._ .
Enchelia (en-ke'li-a), H. pi. [NL., < Gr. lyx^'/.vc, enchonal (en-ko ri-&\),^a.
an eel.] Ehrenberg's name (1830) of the group
of iiifusorians now called EnchelyidtB.
Enchelycepliali (en-'kel-i-sef'a-U), n.pl. [NL.,
pi. of enciuliicephalus : see ehchelyeephalous.']
A group of apodal teleostean fishes, containing
the true eels and congers, as distinguished from
the mursenoids, etc., which form the group Colo-
oephali. The technical characters are the absence of a
pr«coracoid arch and symplectic bone, in connection with
t developed preoperculum and opercular bones. In Cope's
(jivMmv = L. folium, a leaf.] A genus of homop-
terous insects of the family ilembracidce, of
arched compressed form, with a long, curved,
hom-Uke process on the back pointing for-
ward. E. cruentatum, so called from its red
markings, inhabits tropical America.
[< LL. cwcAoriMS (<
Gr. iyxupio^, in or of the country, < h, in, +
X^pa, country) + -alJ] Belonging to or used
in a certain country; native; indigenous; de-
motic: specifically applied to -written charac-
ters: as, an enchorial alphabet. See demotic.
The demotic or enchorial writing is merely a form of
hieratic used for the vulgar dialect, and employed for
legal docnmenta from the time of Dyn. XXVI. downwards.
Eneyc. Brit, VII. 721.
enchoric (en-kor'ik), a. Same as encftoriaZ.
Stem the group la an order of phyaortoinoua llahes ; in enchoilstic (en-ko-ris'tik), a. [As enchor-ial
ill's, a suborder of .^podM ,, , > r, +-istic.'\ Belonging to a given region; na-
enchelyceplialona (en'kel-i-sef a-los), a. [< ^:^ indigenous, or autochthonous.
NL. enchelycephalus, < Gr. e)';teXt>f, an eel, + enchylenui (en-ki-le'mfi), n. [NL., < Gr. iv, in,
KE^JI, head.] Pertainmg to or havmg the + 'y^^ .^^^. ^^^ ^^^j^^ { The fluid and
ebaneten ot the Enchelycephalt. . , , , unorganized part of vegetable protoplasm.—
enchelyid (en-kel'i-id), n. An animalcule of 3. The hyaline or granular substance of the
tlie family Enchelyida. , ^^tt ^ r. nucleus of a cell, in which the other nuclear
Enchelyida (en-ke-h'i^de), n-p/. [NL., < En- elements are embedded.
chelys + -idte.] A family of free-swunming in-
fusorial animalcules. They are
holotrichous ciliate infUAOiiaiu more
or less ovate in form, and cilUted
throughout, the oral cilia being ilight-
ly larger than those of the general cu-
tlcalar surface. The cuticle is soft and
flexible, the oral aperture terminal or
lateral, and the anterior extremity of
the body never prolonged in a neck-
like manner. They are found in stag-
nant water, and multiply by fission.
Also EneJuiia, Knchetina, Enchelirum,
Biwhfhm, etc
Enchelys (en'ke-lis), n. [NL.
(MiUler, 178C), < Gr. iyxf'>v^, an
eel.] The typical genus of the
family Enclielyidw, with simply
ciliate terminal mouth, as in E.
farrimin. Also spelled fncAeJM.
enchequert, a. t. See eneheeker.
This iMual substance, enchytema, is probably more or less
nearly (laid during life, and is e<iuivalent to the " kera-
saft" of those German writers who apply that term in Its
proper and restricted sense. Science, VIII. 125.
enchymatons (en-kim'a-tus), a. [< Gr. lyx^
fta{r-), an infusion (< cyx"v, pour in, infuse, <
iv, in, + x^'") pour: see chyme^), + -ous.'] In-
fused; distended by infusion: an epithet ap-
plied to glandular epithelial cells.
endnctore (en-singk'tur), V. t.; pret. and pp.
tncinctured, ppr. cncincturing. [< ew-l + cinc-
ture. Cf .enceinte.'] To surround -with or as with
a cincture, girdle, or band; bind about.
i__i._„ r«.. „: — 1,'*,-,.\ « [<.eneineture,v.']
endncture (en-singk'tur), n
A cincture or girdle.
Fancy, free, . . .
Hath reached the eneinctare of that gloomy sea
Whose waves the Orphean lyre forbade to meet
In conflict Wordtworth, Source of the Danube.
endnderedt (en-sin'd6rd), a. [< en-^ + cinder;
suggested prob. by encinerate.'] Burned to cin-
ders. Cockeram.
See incinerate.
_ _ In California,
the coast live-oak, Quereus agrifolia. It is a
large evergreen tree, with hard, heavy wood,
, , I- -i i_, but of little value except for fuel.
c/ie-»«, niclu„o,in, .iirlicr aJtcheson,anchei8on, ^j^^.^YiBX (en-si'ffer), r. t. [< en-1 + cipher.]
anche^.,un anc/.ewou/i later often abbr. c^son, j, ^^^ j^{^ ^. ■^^g^ j^^ He^ encypher.
eheitun, chemun (of. It. eagtone); 'with altered _*^ . , ' ■ ., ^ ,» . r. j
prefix,' prop. ««U>«» (r^e^ OF. achaison, ^^ ''-''*'' »™'^«'"j:!rr^%^\.X"., Hi" n3
aclioison, achesen, yar.ot ochoison,ocoison, etc., , , ■ - ■■ i.,^ r-ui
= Pr. tcaieo. oehaiM, aekaizo = It. eagione, also en cirage (on se-razh ). [F.
oceasione, ( L oeca»io(n.), occasion, cause: see waxing, blacking, < cirer, wa:
occamon. Archaic m Spenser.] Cause; rea-
enchdre (on-shSr'), n. [P. en-
eherc, OF. enchiere (ML. reflex ^'"*''/,^'ii:°""'*'
incheria), auction, auctioning,
< endurir P. enchMr,< ML. incariare, bid for endieratOt7e"n-sin'e-rat), v. t.
a thing at auctaon, < L. .», in, + earvg, dear, ^ (en-s6'no), n. [Mex.]
precious.] In /Veucn iaic, an auction ; sale by "*^~*"'' ' .. '- - •-
auction,
enchesonf, encheasont, ». [ME. enchesim, en-
enclitics
encircletf (en-ser'klet), n. [Also incirckt:
iiTeg. < e«-l -1- circlet, after the verb encircle.]
A circle ; a ring.
In whose incirclets if ye gaze,
Your eyes may tread the lover's maze.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
enclaretedt (en-Mar' e-ted), a. [< en-1 + claret
+ -ed^.] Mingled -with claret ; claret-colored.
[Bare.]
Lips she has all ruble red.
Cheeks like creame enclarlted.
Herrick, Hesperides, p. 146.
enclasp, inclasp (en-, in-klasp'), v. t. [< en-1,
in-2, -f clasp.] 1. To fasten with a clasp. —
2. To clasp; embrace.
The flattering ivy who did ever see
Inclasp the huge trunk of an aged tree ?
F. Beaumont, The Hermaphrodite.
encla'Ve (F. pron. on-klav'), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
enclaved, ppr. enclaving. [In mod. use directly
from mod. F. ; ME. enclaven, < OF. enclaver, F.
enclaver, inclose, lock in, < Pr. enclavar = It.
inchiavare, lock, < ML. inclavare, inclose, < L.
in + clavis, a key (or clavus, a nail, boltf).]
To inclose or surround, as a region or state, by
the territories of another power.
enclave (F. pron. on-klav'), n. [D. G. enclave
= Dan. enklave = Sw. enklav (def . 1), < P. en-
clave, < enclaver, inclose: see enclave, v.] 1.
Something closed ; specifically, a small outly-
ing portion of a country which is entirely sur-
rounded by the territories of another power.
Enclaves are especially common among the
states of the German empire.
Monaco is to be as it was before 1792, and Avignon, the
Venaissin, Montbelliard, and all other enclaven within
these limits are to be French territory.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. ii., p. 410.
In the centre of the Galla country are small enclaves,
like HarAr. R. N. CusI, Mod. Langs, of Africa, p. 125.
2. In her., anything let into something else,
especially when the thing let in is square.
endav6 (F. pron. on-kla-va'), o. [P., pp. of
enclaver, inclose: see enclave.] In her.: (o)
Let into another bearing or division of the
field, especially when the projecting piece is
of square form. (6) Divided by a line broken
in square projections : similar to embattled,
but in larger parts: said of the field.
encla'Vement (P. pron. on-klav'mon), n. [< F.
enclavement (= It. inchiavamento),\ enclaver,
inclose: see enclave and -ment.] The state or
condition of being an enclave, or surroimded
by an alien territory. Wor. Supp.
encleart, ». t. [< en-i + clear.] To make clear;
lighten up ; brighten.
While light of lightnings flash
Did pitchy clouds encleare.
Sir P. Sidney, Ps. IxxxvU.
enclinet, "• An obsolete form of incline.
enclisis (en'kli-sis), n. [< Gr. iyKhai;, inclina-
tion, < iynXivetv, incline: see incline.] In Gr.
and Lat. gram., pronunciation as an enclitic;
attachment of a word in pronunciation to the
previous word, to which it transfers its accent:
opposed to orthotonesis. Also called inclination.
See enclitic, n.
Retaining the convenient terms orthotonesis and en-
clisis to designate this alternating accent.
Amer. Jour. Philol., VI. 218.
enclitic (en-klit'ik), a. and n. [= F. miclitique ;
< LL. encliticui, < Gr. eyidiTiKSc, enclitic, lit.
son; occasion.
What Is the tnehetaun
And fhul cause of wo that ye endure?
Chaueer, Trolliu, i. 681.
Frandis, be noght alTerde afore,
I schall {on ssjre eneketon why. York Plays, p. 191.
"Certes," said he, " well mote I shame to tell
The fond siieAauon that me hither led."
Spenser, P. Q., U. L 30.
enchestf, i; t. See inchest.
enchiridion (en-ki-rid'i-on), n. ; pi. eneMritUoni,
enchiridia {-our., -&). [LL., < Gr. tyxetpi^'ov,
a handbook, manual, neut. of tyxcip'OUK, in the
hand, < tv, in, + x^'P, the hand.] A book to be
carried in the hand; a manual; a handbook.
[Rare.]
We have . . . thought good to publish an edition in a
■mailer volume, that as an enchiridion It may be more
ready and uiefull. Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense, Int.
Enchiridions of meditation all divine.
Thoreau, Letters, p. a).
en, in; cirage,
wax: see cere.] In
the manner of waxing ; appearing to be waxed :
an epithet applied to a monochrome picture in
various «ha<fes of yellow. See camaieu.
encircle (en-s6r'kl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. encircled,
ppr. encircling. [Also incircle, formerly also
incercle, incireule; < en-l + circle.] 1. To form
a circle round; inclose or surround circularly;
embrace as in a ring or circle; gird: as, lumi-
nous rings encircle Saturn.
Then let them all encircle him about
Shak., M. W. of W., It. 4.
Young Hermes next, a close contriving Ood,
Her browes encircled with his serpent rod.
Then plots and fair excuses fill'd her brain.
Parnell, Hesiod, Rise of Woman.
2. To encompass ; surround ; environ : as, the
army encircled the city. — 3. To move about in
a circular direction ; make the circuit of.
Towards the South and Southwest of this Cape is found
a lonK and dangerous shoule of rocks and sand, l)ut so farre
as I ineercled it, I found thirty fatlioine water and a strong
currant C<»J>C. John Smith, True ITavels, II. 194.
a. 1. Leaning on or against something else.
[Rare.]
The barrel . . . stood in a little shed or enditical pent-
house. Graves, Spiritual Quixote, ii. 7.
Specifically — 2. In gram., subjoined and ac-
centually dependent : said of a word or particle
which in regard to accent forms a part of a
preceding word and is treated as if one with
it, or gives up its separate, accent, sometimes
affecting that of its predecessor. — 3. In obstet.,
opposea to synclitic (which see).
n. n. In gram., a word accentually con-
nected with a preceding word, as que (and) in
Latin: anna virumque, arms and the man.
enclitical (en-klit'i-kal), a. [< enclitic + -ah]
Same as enclitic.
enclitically (en-klit'i-kal-i), adv. In an en-
clitic manner; by throwing the accent back.
enclitics (en-klit'iks), n. [PI. of enclitic (see
-ics), with reference to Gr. lyK?.taic, inclination,
the mode of a verb: see enclisii.] The art of
inflecting words. [Rare.]
endog
enclogt (en-klog'). ^- t. [< fn-1 + clog.^ To
clog or encumber.
Teiiipesta themselves, high seas, and howling winds,
The gutter 'd ix>c)cs, and congregated sands,
Traitors ensteep'd to endog the guiltless lieel.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
encloister (en-klois't^r), F. t. [Formerly also
incloister; < OF. "encloistrer, enclostrer (cf. en-
doistre, enclostre, n., an inelosure, cloister) (F.
encMtrer = Pi. cnclostrar=Sp. Pg. eitclatistrar
= It. iiiclaustrare), < en-, in, + cloistrer, inclose,
< eloistre, an inelosure, cloister: see cloister.']
To confine in a cloister; cloister; immvire.
Those that sprung
From Ponda, that great king of Mercia ; holy Tweed,
And Kinisdred, with these their sisters, Kinisweed,
And Eadburg, last, not least, at Oodmanchester all
Endouter'd. Drayton, Polyolbion, xxlx.
enclose, encloser, etc. See inclose, etc.
enclothe (en-klofH'), v. t.\ pret. and pp. en-
clothed, ppr. enelothing. [< e»-l + clother\ To
clothe. Westminster Bev.
enclond (en-kloud'), t>. (. [< e»-l + cloudi^, t'.]
To cover with clouds; becloud; shade.
The heavens on everie side enclowded bee,
Spenser, tr. of Virgil s Gnat, 1. 671.
In their thick breaths,
Rank of gross diet, shall we be enelouded.
Shak., A. and C, v. 2.
enclowt, encloyt, v. See accloy.
encoach (en-kooh'), v. t. [< e»-i + coach.'] To
carry in a coach. [Rare.]
Like Phaeton . . . eticoached in burnished gold.
Dames, Wittes Pilgrimage, sig. i. 3.
en COenr (on k^r). [F. : en, in; cceur.i L. cor
(cord-) = E. heart: see coreK] 1. In heart-
shape ; heart-shaped ; hence, V- shaped, or with
a sharp point downward: a phrase used in
dressmaking and the like, applied especially
to the bodice of a dress of which the neck is so
shaped. — 2. In her. See coeur.
encoffin (en-kofin), v. t. [< en-1 + coffin.] To
put or inclose in a coffin.
His body rested here in quietness until the dissolution,
when, for the gain of the lead in which it was encojined,
it was taken up and thrown into the next water.
Weecer, Ancient Funeral ilonuments.
encoignure (P. pron. on-kwo-nyUr'), n. [F., OF.
also encognure, comer, corner-piece, < OF. en-
coignier, place in a comer, < en, in, + coin, cor-
ner: see coi»i, coign.] A piece of furniture
made to occupy the corner of a room, especially
an ornamental piece, as a cabinet, 6tag^re, or
the like.
encoUar (en-korar), v. t. [< en-i + collar.] To
surround with a collar. Boothroyd.
encolor, encolour (en-kul'or), v. t. [< e»-i -l-
color, colour. Cf. OF. encdtorer, encolourer, en-
couleurer, color.] To color or invest with color.
Mrs. Browning.
encolpion, encolpium (en-kol'pi-on, -um), ». ;
pi. encolpia (-a). [LGr. cyaahnov, prop. neut. of
cyK6\Tno^,on tte bosom, < £i',in, -I- /cd/lffof, bosom,
lap.] 1. In the early and medieval church, a
small reliquary or a casket containing a minia-
ture copy of the Gospels, worn hanging in front
of the breast ; an amulet : often in the shape of
a cross. Hence — 2. In the medieval church
and in the present Greek Church, a bishop's
pectoral cross.
encolure (F. pron. on-ko-liir'), n. [F., the neck
and shoulders, OF. encolure, encoleure, a neck
of land, an isthmus (cf. encoler, put on the
neck, embrace), < en (< L. in), in, on, -f col, <
L. coHuHi, the neck : see collar.] 1. The neck
and shoulders, as of a horse.
Hair in heaps lay heavily
Over a pale brow spirit-pure.
Carved like the heart of the coal-black tree,
Crisped like a war-steed's encolure.
Browning, Statue and Bust.
2. The opening at the neck of a dress, and also
that at the armhole to receive the top of the
sleeve. Diet, of Needlework.
encombert, ". t. An obsolete form of encumber.
encombermentt, n. See encumberment.
encomiast (en-ko'mi-ast), n. [= F. encomi-
aste = Sp. encomiagta = It. encomiaste, < Gr.
iyKufuaaTT)^, < cyiuj/iiaieiv, praise, < eyK^uiov, an
ode of praise, eulogy : see encomium.] One who
praises another; one who utters or writes enco-
miums or commendations ; a panegyrist.
The Jeaaits . . . [are] the great ejicomiasts of the Chi-
neaes. Locke, Human Understanding, i. 4,
In his writings he appears a servile e-namtiast.
Goldvmith, Voltaire.
encomiastic (en-ko-mi-as'tik), a. and re. [= Sp.
encomidstico = Pg. It. encomiastieo, < Gr. ey-
tu/uaaTM6{, < eyno/udietv, praise ; see encomiast.]
1914
1. a. Bestowing praise ; commendatory ; lauda-
tory ; eulogistic : as, an encomiastic address or
discourse.
To frame some encomiastic speech upon this our me-
tropolis. B. Jomon, Cynthia's Revels, i. 1.
Botli [epitaphs] are encomiastic, and describe the cliar-
acter and work of the deceased with considerable fullness
and beauty of expression. Encyc. Brit,, VIII. 495.
Il.t ". An encomium.
I thank you. Master Compass, for your short Encomias-
tic. B. Jonaon, Magnetick Lady, i. 1.
encomiastical (en-ko-mi-as'ti-kal), a. Same
as encoDiia.itic.
encomiastically (en-ko-mi-as'ti-kal-i), adv. In
an encomiastic manner.
If I have not spoken of your majesty encomiaetically,
your majesty will be pleased only to ascribe it to the law
of an history. Baeoti, To the King, letter 84.
encomiologic (en-ko-mi-o-loj'ik), a. [< LL. en-
comiologicus, < Gr. 'eynufiio^MyiKdi (as a noun in
neut., eyKU/iioXoyiKov, sc. iihpov), < cyKtjfuov, a
laudatory ode, -I- -?Myiii6(, < -?Myla, < Tieyeiv,
speak : see -ology.] In anc. pros., noting a com-
pound or episyiithetic verse, consisting of a dac-
tylic penthemim (-^ w w | -c w v^ | ^) followed
by an iambic penthemim (» -^ | -- x | o). some-
times the term is used in a wider sense to include both
this meter and a similar meter with a longer iambic colon,
commonly called the elegiambus.
encomiont (en-ko'mi-on), n. Same as encomium.
encomium (en-ko'mi-um), n. [Formerly also
eiicomion (and encomy, q. v.); = F. Sp. Pg. It.
encomio, < L. encomium, "encomion, < Gv.eyKiJ-
ftiov, a laudatory ode to a conqueror, a eulogy
or panegjTie on a living person, neut. of eyKo-
fuo(, belonging to the praise or reward of a con-
queror, prop, to the Bacchic revel, in which the
victor was led home in procession with music,
dancing, and merriment, < h, in, + Ka/io(, a
revel : see Comus, comedy.] Formal praise ;
laudation ; a discriminating expression of ap-
proval, either of a person or of a thing.
His first Encomium is that the Sun looks not upon a
braver, nobler convocation then is that of King, Peers,
and Commons. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
It is strange the galley-slave should praise
His oar or strokes ; or you, that have made shipwreck
Of all delight upon this rock call'd Marriage,
Should sing encomions on 't.
Beau, and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, iii. 1.
Tush, thou wilt sing encomions of my praise.
Chapman, Bussy d'Ambois, i. 1.
'=Syn. Panegyric, etc. Hee eulogy.
encommont (en-kom'on), V. t. [< en-1 -I- com-
mon.] To make common.
That their mysteries might not come to be encommoned
by the vulgar. Feltham, Resolves.
encompass (en-kum'pas), V. t. [Formerly also
incompass; < en-^ -{- compass.] 1. To form a
circle about ; encircle.
Look, how my ring eneompassetk thy finger.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
2. To environ; inclose; surround; shut in: as,
the besieging army encompassed Jerusalem.
With the great glorie of that wondrous light
His throne is all encompassed around.
Spenser, Heavenly Beautie.
Canutus before the Death of K. Ethelred had besieged
the City, and now with a large Trench encompassed it.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 15.
We live encompassed by mysteries ; we are flooded by
influences of awe, tenderness, and sympathy which no
words can adequately express, no theories thoroughly ex-
plain. G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 223.
3. To go or sail round : as, Drake encompassed
the globe. — 4t. To get into one's toils; get
round ; gain power over.
Ah ! ha ! Mistress Ford and Mistress Page, have I en-
compassed you? Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
5. To compass or bring about ; accomplish.
[Rare.]
Whatever the method employed for encompassiTig his
death, or wherever he may be found, the tiger proves him-
self a splendid beast.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 201.
=S3m. 2. To gird, invest, hem in, shut up.
encompassment (en-kum'pas-ment), n. [< en-
compass + -ment.] 1. The act of encompass-
ing, or the state of being encompassed. — 2. Cir-
cumlocution in speaking ; periphrasis. [Rare.]
And finding.
By this encompassment and drift of question,
That they do know my son, come you more nearer
Than your particular demands will touch it.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 1.
encomyt, n. [< L. encomium: see encomium.]
Same as encomium.
Many popish parasites and men ideasing flatterers have
written large commendations and encomies of those.
Bp. Bate, Select Works, p. 7.
Encope emarginata.
encounter
Encope (en'ko-pe), n. [NL., < Gr. iyKo-Kri, an in-
cision, a hindrance, < cyKdirreiv, make incisions,
hinder, < h, in, -I-
Kdnreiv, cut.] A
genus of irregular
clypeastroid sea-
urchins, of the fam-
ily Mellitidce. It Is
notable for the massive-
ness of the calcareous
test, and lias a large lu-
nule between the poste-
rior ambtllacra, in addi-
tion to five incisions op-
posite the ambulacra,
as in E. cmarginata.
The mass of the test is
greatest in E. grandis,
a species of the west
coast of Mexico.
en COQUille (on ko-kely')- [F. : en, in; co-
qiiille, shell, cockle: see cockle^.] In dress-
making, etc., arranged in the shape of a scallop-
shell ; scalloped ; imbricated : said of knots or
rosettes of ribbons, trimmings, and the like.
encore (on-kor'), adv. [F., < OF. encore = Pr.
encara, enqucra = OSp. encara = It. ancora,
again, once more, < L. (in) hanc horam, lit. (to)
this hour: lianc, aec. fem. of hie, this; horam,
aec. of hora, > ult. E. hour.] Again ; once
more : used in calling for a repetition of a par-
ticular part in a theatrical or musical perform-
ance. This use is unknown to the French, who employ
the word 6m (twice, a second time) for the same purpose.
encore (on-kor'), n. [< encore, adv.] 1. A caU
by an audience for a repetition of some part of
a performance. — 2. A repeated performance;
a repetition in or as if in response to a recall :
as, the conductor refused to give any encores.
It was evident he felt this device to be worth an encore:
he repeated it more than once.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xv.
encore (on-kor'), v. t.; pret. and pp. encored,
ppr. encoring. [< encore, adv.] To call for a
repetition of (a particular part of an entertain-
ment).
Dolly, in her master's shop,
Eitcores them, as she twirls her mop.
W. Whitehead, Apology for Laureate.
encorporet, "• t. [ME. encorporen, encorperen,
< OF. encorporar, < L. incorporare, embody, in-
corporate: Bee incorporate.] To incorporate.
Putte the element of watir, that is to seye .iiij. lb of
watir vpon j lb af mater and putte by .vij. dales to encor-
pere wel as tofore in the bath of marien.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 13.
And eek cf our materes encorporing.
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale (ed. Skeat), G.
,815.
encorret, «• A Middle English form of incur.
encoubert (en-ko'bert), n. [Appar. a F. form
of Sp. encubierto = Pg. encoberto, pp. of Sp. Pg.
encobrir, Sp. also encubrir, cover, conceal, < en-
+ Sp. cobrir, cubrir = Pg. cobrir, cover: see
cover'^.] A typical armadillo of the family Da-
sypodidee and subfamily Dasypodinw (which
see), such as the peludo, Dasypus villosus. The
term has had a more extensive application.
See cut under armadillo.
en COUChure (on ko-shiir'). [F. : en, in; cou-
chure, < coucher, lie down, couch : see coueh^.]
In embroidery, made, according to an early
fashion, with coarse gold thread or spangles
sewed in rows one beside another.
encounter (en-koun'ter), V. [Formerly also in-
counter; < ME. encountren, < OF. encontrer, en-
cuntrer = Pt. Sp. Pg. encontrar = It incontrare,
meet, come against, < L. in, in, to, + contra,
against : see counter'^, counter^, and cf . rencoun-
ter, v.] I. trans. \. To come upon or against;
meet with ; especially, to meet casually, unex-
pectedly, reluctantly, or the like.
If I must die,
I will encounter darkness as a bride.
Shak., M. for M., ilL 1.
When we came near any of these [Tonquin] Villages, we
were commonly encountered with Beggars.
Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 14.
If it became him [the saint] to encounter the pain of
sacrifice and to be " acquainted with grief," it behooved
him also to triumph over both.
J. K. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 97.
2. To meet antagonistically ; engage in conflict
of any kind with ; contend with ; make an at-
tack upon.
There are miseas biggeasourcountrey dogs, and there-
fore they are hunted with dogs, because cats are not able
to incounter them. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 55.
And as we find our passions do rebel.
Encounter them with reason.
B. Jonson, Volpoue, ill 2.
3t. To oppose ; oppugn.
1D16
encreaseti "• An obsolete form of increase.
encrest, «• An obsolete variant of increase,
Chaucer.
Whatever is meant by Chriafs yoke being easy, Christ encrestet. V. An obsolete form of increase.
does not encourage sin '
The occupation dearest to his heart
Was to encourage goodness.
Cowper, Task, IL 709.
encounter
Nothing is so vnpleasaut tu a man, as to be eneountred
in his chiefe affection.
Putlenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 226.
Jurors are not bound to believe two witnesses, if the
nrobabUity of the fact does reasonably encounter them.
•^ Sir M. Uale.
4t. To befall ; betide.
Good time eiujounter her ! Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
=STn. 2. To confront, struggle with, contend against.
n. intram. 1. To meet ; come together; come
into contact or collision.
Ipon that were my thoughU tW^K^he^n ^^^^1 enCOUragemcnt (en-kur'aj-ment), n. [Pormer-
*" ly also incouragement, in'coragement ; < OF. en-
encroach
Not doubting but, if the same may be contynued
emonges theym, they shall so therby be encrested in
welth, that they wold not gladly be pulled therefro.
State Papers^ iii. 269.
More than once
Full met their stem encountering glance.
Scott, Marmion, iii. 5.
2. To meet in opposition or conflict ; come to-
gether in combat ; contend ; fight.
I prophesy thy death, my living sorrow,
If thou encounter with the boar to-morrow.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 672.
encounter (en-koun'tfer), n. [Formerly also
incounter; < ME. encontre (rare), < OF. encontre,
F. encontre = Pr. encontre = Sp. encuentro :=
Pg. encontro = It. incontro, a meeting; from
the verb. Cf. rencounter, n.l 1. A meeting,
particularly a sudden or accidental meeting, of
two or more persons or bodies of any kind ; a
coming together or in contact.
To shun th' encounter of the vulgar crowd. Pope.
Specifically — 2. In physics, the coming within
the sphere of one another's action of the rapidly
moving molecules of a gaseous body. The word
is so used by some writers in order to avoid eoUition,
which might be understood to imply impact The mole-
cnlM of gases move in nearly rectilinear paths, until they
come so close to one another that they are suddenly de-
flected. This very brief mutual action is the encounter.
See^iu.
J. H. yeurman. Parochial Sermons, i. 101.
3t. To make stronger.
Erasmus had his Lagena or flagon of wine (recruited
weekly from his friends at London), which he drank some- oncrimSOn (en-krim'zn), V. t. [< e»-l + crirn^
times smgly by itselfe, and sometimes encouraged his " „ i "r" „„i,„ „.,;„„„„. ,„jj„„
faint Ale with the mixtire thereof. «ow.] To make cnmson ; redden.
Fuller, Hist. Cambridge, V. 48. l,^); here what tributes wounded fancies sent me,
Of paled pearls, and rubies red as blood ;
Figuring that they their passions likewise lent me.
Of grief and blushes, aptly understood
In bloodless white and the encrims&n'd mood.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 201.
eorapement, encouragement, F. encouragement
(= It. incoraggiamento, incoraggimento), < en-
coragier, encourager, encourage: see encourage encrinal (en'kri-nal), o.
and -ment.'] 1. The act of encouraging, or of
giving courage or confidence of success; in-
citement to action or to perseverance ; a pro-
moting or advancing.
Somewhile with merry purpose, fit to please,
And otherwhile with good encouragement.
[< encrin(ite) + -al.]
Pertaining to an eiiicrinite or encrinites ; relat-
ing to or containing fossil crinoids ; belonging
to extinct forms of the order Crinoidea (which
see).
encrinic (en-krin'ik), a. [< encrin(ite) + -ic]
Same as encrinal.
For when he dies, farewell all honour, bounty.
All generous encouragement of arts. Otway, Orphan.
As a general rule. Providence seldom vouchsafes to mor-
tals any more than just that degree of encouragement
which suffices to keep them at a reasonably full exertion
of their powers. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, iii.
2. That which serves to excite courage or con-
fidence ; an encouraging fact or circumstance;
an incentive or inducement ; that which serves
to promote or advance.
What encouragement Is there to venture an acquaintance
with the rash and unstable!
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxUi.
To think of his paternal care
Is a most sweet encouragement to prayer.
BvTom, On the Lord's Prayer.
Spen^r, F. Q., VI v. 32. Encrinida (en-krin'i-de), n. pi. [Nl.., < Eneri-
nus + -idm.'] The former name of a family
of crinoids which contained the permanently
stalked forms, rooted during life. Nearly all the
fossil forms, the stone-lilies or encrinites, are of this char-
acter. But the family was also represented by several liv-
ing genera, or sea-lilies, as distinguished from the free
feather-stars. It is now divided into numerous families.
As now used by some authors, the family is restricted to
fistulatous crinoids with a dicyclic base, basal plates with
well-developed axial canal, brachials of two pieces, and
generally without
Fig. I.
When the distance between any two molecules U so ._„„„___„ ,^„ v,,-'s4 a-\ „
■maU that they are capable of exerting sensible forces enCOUrager (en-ktU-^J-er), n,
upon one another, there will be said to be an encounter -- - -"' '"
between thenu
//. W. Watton, Kinetic Theory of Oases, p. 27.
8. A meeting in opposition or conflict of any
kind; a conflict; a battle; specifically, a con-
test between individuals or a gmaU number of
men, or an accidental meeting and fighting of
detachments.
Full jolly knight he seemd, and faire did sitt.
As oDe for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fltt
Spenser, F. Q.. L t- 1-
^ One who encou-
rages, incites, or stimulates to action ; one who
promotes or advances.
He IPlato] would have women follow the camp, to be
spectators and encouragerg of noble actions.
Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 529.
The pupe is a qiastw of polite learning, and a great en-
courager of art*. Addieon.
The extraordinary collections made in every way by the
late king (of Saxony), who was the greatest encourager of
arts and sciences, and of every thing that is curious.
Pocoeke, Description of the East, II. iL 235.
Eocrlnite : head and piece of stem c
left.
a, a, parts of the stem ; i, b, separate joints.
anal plates. They
lived chiefly in
the Triassic seas.
See Crinoidea.
encrinital
(en'kri-ni-tal),
a. [< encrinite
+ -al.'\ Same
as encrinal.
encrinite (en'-
kri-nit),». [=
F. encrinite, <
NL. encrinites,
< Gr. ec, in, -^
Kpivov, a iiljr
Any fossil cn-
encouragingly (en-kur'aj-ing-li), adv. In a
maimer to give courage or hope of success.
■ ; pret. and pp. en-
[< en-1 + cradle.']
To lay in a cradle.
Leave this keen enanmter of our wits.
Shak., Elch. HI., i. 2.
Who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and eucradle (en-kra'dl), v. t.
open encounter! Milton, Areopagitica, p. 52. cradled, ppr. encrodling,
4. Manner of enc<>mitering ; mode of accost or
address ; behavior in intercourse.
Thus has he . . . onlygotthe tune of the time, and out-
ward lubit of encounter. Shak., Hamlet, r. 2.
• Byn. 8. Encounter, Rencounter, Skirmith, Bruek, col-
lision, affair. As conflicts in war these are shorter, with
fewer engaged, and of less im|K)rt«nce, than those com-
pared under battle. An etteounter is often an accidental
meeting, resulting in some conflict, hut not suffered to
grow into a general engagement. Rencounter is the same
thing, expresiwd by • term leas common. A lUrmith is an
irregular or deaoltory contest between parts of armies, as
(see crinoW), + -ifes, E. -ite'^.] —
noid; a stone-lily: a term especially applied
to the ordinarv stalked form with a cylindrical
stem and well-formed arms. Encrinites compose
vast strata of marble in
Beginne from first, where he eneradled was
In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay.
Spenter, Hymn of Heavenly Love.
encratic (en-krat'ik), a. [< Or. iyicpar^, having
power, possession, or control, sell-controlling, <
cv, in, + itparof , power, strength, < Kparix, strong,
hard, = E. hard.] Of or pertaining to self-con-
trol and self-denial, especially in the forms of
northern Europe and
North America. In flg. 2
the variety in the figures
of the encrinites is caused
by the different sections
represented. See Crinoi-
dea. [The words associated
with encrinite are now ar-
chaic In zodlogy. In com-
position encrinite (NL.
encrinitei) is generally
represented by its radical
element (Gr. Kpii/ov), giv-
ing two parallel series of
generic words ending in
-cn'nt« and -criniteg.]
Fig. a.
ing Encrinites.
continence and fasting or abstinence from ani- Encrinites (en-kri-
- , , . mal food. ni'tez),M. [NL.] The prior form of -EMcriniw.
fT »'S!'"^21 taSli'',IS'^h^*^3;if~ niSirinf EncratiBni(en'kra-tizm),n. l<encrat.ic + -ism.] encrinitic,encrinitical(en-kri-nit'ik, -i-kal),a.
in batUe. A fcrusik > rtMrt and sharp.. peHup. engaging "^^^ principles of the Encratites ; especially, [< encrinite + -ic, -ieal.] Same as encHnal.
the doctrine that the union of the sexes is es- Encrinoidea (en-kri-noi'de-fi,), n. pi. [NL.] A
sentiallv evil. group of crinoids. See Crinoidea.
Encratite (en'kra-tit), n. [< LL. EncraUtm, < Encrinuridae (en-kri-nii'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. iyKparirat, pi. of tyKpaxirnK, lit. the self-dis- Encrinurua + -id<B.] A family of Silurian tri-
ciplined, continent, < iynpaTrK, self-Kiisciplined, lobites.
continent, being master, being in possession EncrinurUS (en-kri-nii'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. ev,
of power, < h, in, + xparof, power, strength.] in, -I- Kf4vov, lily (see encrinite), + ovpd, tail.]
In the early history of the church, especially The typical genus of the family Encrinuridw.
among the Gnostics, one of those ascetics who Ejicrinus (en'kri-nus), n. [NL. (Lamarck,
refrained from marriage and from the use of 1816), < Gr. h, in, + Kpivov, lily: see encrinite.]
the whole of some force for a time, but not being pushed
into a long or hanl-fought struggle. See etrife.
encounterer (eii-koun't6r-.*r), n. 1. One who
eucouuters; an opponent; an antagonist. — 2.
One who goes to an encounter, or seeks encoun-
ters; one who is ready for encounter of any
kind. ,
O, these encounteren, so glib of tongue.
That Kl"e a coasting welcome ere it comes,
Anil wide unchup tne table of their thonghts
To every tickling reader ! Shak., T. and C, iv. 6.
encourage (en-knr'*j), r. *. ; pret. and pp. en-
coiirnt)'^. ppr. encouraging. [Formerly also in-
courdge; < OP. eneouramer, encoraigier, encou-
rager, F. encourager {=s Pr. eneorajar = Sp. Pg.
encorajar = It. incoraggiare, incoraggire), < en,
in, + courage, courage, heart: see courage, n.
and V. Cf. ML. incordari, encourage, inspire,
< L. in, in, + cor(d-) = E. heart.] 1. To give
flesh-meat and wine. They were members of various
heretical sects, although sometimes siwken of as a dis-
tinct body founded by the apologist Tatian, of the second
century- They were aUo called C<mfin«nt».
The name-giving genus of crinoids of the fam-
ily Enerinidce, formerly of wide extent, but
now restricted to a few closely related species.
Also Encrinites.
It was the heresy of the Gnostics, that It was no matter „_,_i„_.j /„„ v^or>t''\ n T< ATR pntmsned-
how men lived, so they did but believe aright: which encrisped (en-knspt ), a. l<. Ji^. enm^ea,^
wicked doctrine Ttttlanns, a learned ChrUtlan, did so de- pp. of *C«criJ*», tl., < en-^ -T cmp.J CUTiea,
test, that he fell into a quite contrary,
came the sect Eneratitet.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1888), n. 812.
and thence formed in curls. [Bare.]
courage to; inspire with couraj;e, spirit, or
firmness of mina; incite to action or perse- encraty (en'kra-ti),n. [< Gr. fyitpdrftti, mastery,
ontrol, self-control, < cyKpaHj^, having power,
verance
But charge Joshua, and encourai7< him.
Dent ilL 28.
KUig Richard, to encourage his Soldien, made a solemn
Speech to them. Baker, Chronicles, p. 23:<.
The actors liehind the scene, who ascribed this pause
to ills natural timidity, attempted tu encourage him.
OoUUmith, Vicar, xix.
2. To help forward ; promote; give support to :
aa, to encourage manufactures.
possession, or control: see encratic] Mastery
over the senses; abstinence from pleasures of ^--a-i. fen-kroch'l v
sense; self-control, as exercised in fasting and encroacn (eiLKrocn ;, v.
continence, especially the latter.
The martyrs at Lyons, as we have seen, and it may be
said the .School of .S. John In general, were distinguished
by a nolile moiieration : by encraty, or temperance, in the
truest sense of the word. Mohan, Church Uistory, p. 101.
Thai shall have softo encrieped wolle [wool]
And wonderly prolonged atte the fuUe.
Palladiut, Husbondrie (E. B. T. S.), p. 154.
With herU (hairs] encrisped, yalowo as the golde.
" Iton " ' • ■• • •
Skelton, Garland of Laurel, L 289.
[Formerly also in-
croach ; < ME. encrochen, < OF. encrochier, en-
crocher, encrocier, encroquier, encroequier (ML.
incrocare), seize upon, take, < en, in, + eroe, a
hook : see crook, and cf. accroach.] I.t trans.
To seize; take; take possession of; get; obtain.
encroach
He enerocha kenely by craftez of armez
Countrese aud castelles tlmt to thy coroun lan^z.
MorU Arlhure (K E. T. S.), 1. 1243.
Thay ar happ«n also that for her harme wepes,
For tliay sdial comfort encroche in kythes ful mony.
AUUerative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 18.
n. intrans. 1. To enter, intrude, or trespass
upon the possessions, jurisdiction, rights, prov-
ince, domain, or limits of some other person
or tiling ; infringe upon or restrict another's
right in any way ; specifically, in law, to extend
one's possession of land so as to transgress the
boundary between it and the rightful posses-
sion or enjoyment of another or of the public :
♦ with on or upon before the object.
Exclude the encroaching cattle from thy ground.
Dryden.
Those who are gentle and uncomplaining, too candid
to intrigue, too delicate to encroach, suffer much.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 61.
Among primitive men, individual conflicts for food pass
into conflicts between hordes, when, in pursuit of food,
one encnaches on another's territory.
U. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 448.
2. Figuratively, to intrude gradually ; lay hold,
as if by stealth or irresistible power: with on
or upon before the object: as, old age is en-
croaching upon me.
Superstition, ... a creeping and encroachirw evil.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
And listened long to the sweet sounds that thrilled
The frosty air, till now the encroaching cold
Recalled her to herself.
Bryant, Little People of the Snow.
=Syil. Trench upon, infringe upon, etc. (see trespass, v. i.);
to invade, violate, creep upon.
encroacnt (en-kroch'), «. [< encroach, d.] The
act of encroaching ; encroachment.
I cannot imagine that hereticks who errf undamentally,
and by consequence damnably, took the first rise, and be-
gan to set up with a fundamental error, but grew into it
by insensible encroaches and gradual insinuations.
South, Works, IV. ix.
encroacher (en-kr6'ch6r), w. One who en-
croaches ; one who lessens or limits anything,
as a right or privilege, by narrowing its boun-
daries.
Sir John Mason, Treasurer of the Queen's Chamber, a
grave and Learued Man, but a great Usurper and En-
croacher upon Ecclesiastical Livings.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 337.
The bold encroachers on the deep
Gain by degrees huge tracts of land.
Swift, Run upon the Bankers, 1720.
encroachingly (en-kro'ching-li), adv. By en-
croachment.
encroachment (en-kroch 'ment), n. [< OF.
(AF.) encrochment, < encrochi'er, encroach: see
encroach &nd -ment.'] 1. The act of encroach-
ing or intruding or trespassing ; an entering on
the rights or possessions of another, and tak-
ing possession ; unlawful intrusion in general ;
assumption of the rights and privileges of an-
other.
It is the surest policy in princes
To govern well their own than seek encroach-ment
Upon anothers right. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 4.
But ambitious encroachments of the federal government
on the authority of the state governments would not ex-
cite the opposition of a single state, or of a few states
only. Madison, The Federalist, Ho. xlvi.
It will be seen that the system which effectually secured
our liberties against the eiicroachments of kingly power
gave birth to a new class of abuses from which absolute
monarchies are exempt. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
2. The thing taken by encroaching.
The general rule is that if the wrongful act is acquiesced
in, the encroachment (i. e., the land added) is considered
as annexed to the original holding.
Rapelje and Latvrence.
3. Figuratively, the act of intruding gradually
and as if by stealth; approach, seizure, or pro-
gress : as, the encroachments of disease.
encrownt, "• t. [ME. encrownen, < OF. encoro-
ner, < e«- -I- coroner, coronner, couronner, crown :
see e»-l and crown.] To crown.
This lawe of amiys was founded on the IX order of
angellys in heven encrownyd vith precyous stonys of colour
and of vertues dyvers. Also of theym are fyguryed the
colours in armys.
Quoted in Booke of Precedeiux(E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 103.
encrownmentf. n. [ME. encorownment, < OF.
encoronement, < encoroner, crown: see encrown
and -ment.] Coronation.
Kepede fore encoromnmentcs of kynges enoynttede.
Mrrrte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), I. 4196.
encrust, encrustation, etc. See incrust, etc.
encrystalt (en-kris'tal), v. t. [Formerly also
enchristal; < en-1 +" crystal.] To inclose in
crystal ; surround with or bury in ice.
We hear of some enchristal'd, such as have
That, which produc'd their death, become their grave.
Cartwright, On the Great Frost
1916
encuirassed (en-kwe-r^sf or en-kwe'rast), a. [<
e«-l -I- cuirass + -c<P.] In zool., furnished with
a structure or outer coat likened to a cuirass,
such as is developed by certain infusorians;
loricate.
encumber, incumber (en-, in-kum'b6r), v. t. [<
ME. "encumbrcD, cncomhrcn, < OF. encombrer,
encumbrcr (= Pr. eticombrar = It. ingombrare),
< en- -t- combrer, cumber : see en-l and cumber.]
1. To clog or impede with a load, burden, or
other hindrance; render difficult or laborious
in motion or operation ; embarrass ; overload ;
perplex; obstruct.
Into the bestes throte he shal hem caste.
To sleke hys hunger, and encmnbre hys teth.
Chaucer, Good Women, I. 2006.
Bncomhre neuere thy conscience for couetyse of Mede
[gain]. Piers Plowman (C), iii. 51.
Though laden, not encumber'd with her spoil.
Cowper, Tirocinium, I. 17.
Knowledge, . . .
Till smooth'd, and squar'd, and fitted to itis place.
Does but encumber whom it seems f enrich.
Cowper, Task, vi. 95.
Specifically — 2. To place (property) under a
charge or servitude ; load with debt or liability :
as, to encumber an estate with mortgages, or
with a widow's dower ; an encumbered title. See
encumbrance, 3. =Syii. 1. To oppress, overload, hinder,
entangle, handicap, weigh down.
encumbert, ». [< ME. encomber, < OF. encom-
bre, <e>ico)«6rer, v., encumber: a6& encumber, v.]
An encumbrance ; a hindrance.
Thei spedde her iourneyes that tliei com to the Caatell
of Charroye with-oute eny encomber, and ther thei made
of the kynge Bohors grete ioye.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 358.
encumberingly, incumberingly (en-, in-kum'-
ber-ing-li), adv. In a manner to encumber or
impede.
encumbermentt, n. [= F. encombrement = Pr.
encombrament = It. ingombramento ; as encum-
ber + -ment.] The act of encumbering; ob-
struction ; interference.
Into the se of Spayn [they] wer dryuen in a torment
Among the Sarazins, bot God, that grace thani lent,
Saued tham alle tho tymes fro ther encuniberment.
Bob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron., p. 148.
The best advizement was, of bad, to let her
Sleepe out her fill without encomberment.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. viii. 38.
encumbrance, incumbrance (en-, in-kum'-
brans), n. [<ME. encombrance, encombraunce,
< Of. encombrance, < encombrer, encumber: see
encumber.] 1. The act of encumbering, or the
state of being encumbered.
Ther-fore, wyte ye well that this is the encombraunce of
the deuell. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 6.
2. That which encumbers, burdens, or clogs ;
anything that impedes action, or renders it dif-
ficjilt and laborious ; an obstruction or impedi-
ment ; an embarrassment.
Let none thinke they incountred not with all manner of
incumbrances. Capt. John Smith, True lYavels, II. 214.
Strip from the branching Alps their piny load.
The huge encumbrance of horrific wood. Thomson.
Specifically — 3. In law, a charge or servitude
affecting property, which diminishes the value
of ownersnip, or may impair its enjoyment, so
as to constitute a qualification or diminution of
the rights of ownership. It does not impair owner-
ship or power to convey, but implies a burden which will
continue on the property in the hands of the purchaser.
If a person owns only an undivided share in land, the
share of his cotenant is not designated an encumbrance
on his share ; but if the land is subject to unpaid taxes or
to a right of way, or if the land or one's share is subject
to a mortgage or a mechanic's lien, it is said to be en-
cumbered.
4. A family charge or care ; especially, a child
or a family of children : as, a widow without en-
cumbrance or encumbrances. [CoUoq.]— Cove-
nant against encumbrances, a covenant, sometimes
inserted in conveyances of land, that there are no en-
cumbrances except such as may be specified. — Mesne
encumbrances. See tnesne. = Sya. 2. Burden, check,
hindrance, drag, weight, dead weight.
encumbrancer, incumbrancer (en-, in-kum'-
bran-ser), n. One who holds an encumbrance
or a legal claim on an estate.
encumbroust, a. [ME. encombrous, encomber-
ous, < OF. encombros, cncombrotis, encombrus, <
enco»!ftre,n., encumber: soe encumber, n.] Cum-
brous; tedious; embarrassing; burdensome.
Ful encomberouse is the usynge.
Chaucer, Complaint of Venus, \. 42.
What helpp shall he
Whos sieves encomhrous so syde trayle
Do to his lorde ?
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 107.
To avoid many encuinbrous arguments, which wit can
devise against the truth, I send to your grace the copy of
mine answer. Strype, Cranmer, ii. 3, note.
encyclopedic
encurtaint (en-k6r'tan), V. t. [ME. encurtynen,
encortcincn, < OF. eiwortiner, encourtinvr, < en-
+ cortincr, curtain: see e»-l and curtain.] To
curtain ; inclose with curtains.
And all within in preuy place
A softe bedde of large space
Thei hadde made, and encorteined [var. encurtyned],
Gou'er, Conf. Amant., I.
ency., encyc. Abbreviations of encyclopedia.
encyclic, encyclical (en-sik'lik, -li-kal), a. and
n. [= F. cnoyclique = Sp. enciclico = Pg. en-
cyclico = It. enciclico, < NL. encyclicus (after L.
cyclicus : see cyclic), equiv. to L. encycUos, < Gr.
ijKVK?.toc, rounded, circular, periodic, general, <
£v, in, + KVK?.oc, a circle.] I. a. 1. Circular;
sent to all members of some circle or class.
In the early church letters sent by members of a council
to all the churches, or by bishops to churches of a particu-
lar diocese, were called enct/ctic letters. The term is now
by the Roman Catholic Church exclusively applied to let-
ters on topics of interest to the whole church, addressed
by the Pope to all the bishops in communion with him.
An imperial encyclic letter branded with an anathema
the whole proceedings at Chalcedon, and the letter of Pope
Leo, as tainted with Nestoriaiusm.
Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 1.
The Encyclic Epistle commences with the duty of pre-
serving the faith pure and undefiled as it was at first.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 1194.
2. In bot., isomerous, with regular alternation
of parts: applied to flowers in which the pet-
als, stamens, etc., are equal in number in each
whorl, alternating with each other.
If all the whorls have an equal number of parts and are
alternate, it [a flower] is encyclic. Encyc. Brit., IV. 127.
II. n. A circular letter.
He [Leo XIII.] teaches by encyclicals ; his predecessor
taught by allocutions. The Century, XXXVI. 90.
encyclopedia, encyclopaedia (en-si-klo-pe'di-
a), n, [Formerly also encyclopedy, encyclopedic,
encyclopwdy, < F. encyclopedic = Sp. enciclopedia
= Pg. encyclopedia = It. enciclopedia, < NL. en-
cyclopcedia, < Gr. cyKVKTiovaiSda (a rare and bar-
barous form found in L. authors), prop. cyKVK'ktoQ
TTaidcia, the circle of arts and sciences, the gen-
eral education preceding professional studies :
iynvKMoQ, in a circle, circular, periodic, gener-
al (see encyclic) ; naidtia, education, < Traidevetv,
educate, bring up a child, < Tralg (tzmd-), child:
see pedagogue.] 1. The circle of sciences; a
general system of instruction in several or aU
departments of knowledge.
And therefore, in this encyclopedic and round of know-
ledge like the great and exemplary wheels of heaven, we
must observe two circles.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., To the Reader.
Some by this art have become universally learned in a
far larger compass than the old reputed encyclopedy.
Boyle, Works, VI. 335.
To Systematic Theology belongs also formal Encyclo-
pcedia, or an exhibition of theology as an organic whole,
showing the relationship of the different parts, and their
proper function and aim.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 6.
Specifically — 2. A work in which the various
topics included under several or all branches
of knowledge are treated separately, and usu-
ally in alphabetical order.
It [a public library] should be rich in books of refer-
ence, in encyclopoedias, where one may learn without cost
of research what things are generally known. For it is
far more useful to know these than to know those that are
not generally known. Lowell, Books and Libraries.
3. In a narrower sense, a cyclopedia. See cy-
clopedia, 1.
Abbreviated enc, ency., encyc.
French Encyclopedia (Encyclopedic on Dictionnaire rai-
sonne des sciences, etc.), a celebrated I'rench work in 28
folio volumes (including 11 volumes of plates), the first
of whicii appeared in 1751 and the last in 1765. Five vol-
umes of supplements were issued in 1776-7, and two vol-
umes of index in 1780, the complete work thus consisting
of 35 volumes folio. The chief editor was Diderot, who
was assisted by D'Alembert, and many of the great con-
temporary literary men of France (hence called the ency-
clopedists) contributed to it. FYom the skeptical charac-
ter of many of the articles, the work excited the bitterest
ecclesiastical enmity, and had no small part in bringing
about the state of public opinion which prepared the way
for the French revolution.
encyclopediacal (en-si''klo-pe-di'a-kal), a.
Same as encyclopedic. [Rare.]
encyclopedian (en-si-klo-pe'di-an), a. and n.
I. a. Same as encyclopedic. [Bare.]
H.t n. The circle of sciences or knowledge ;
the round of learning.
Let them have that encyclopadian, all the learning in
the world, they must keep it to themselves.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 191.
encyclopedic, encyclopaedic (en-si-klo-pe'dik
or -ped ik), a. [= F. encyclopedique i^ Sp. en-
ciclopedico = Pg. encyclopedico = It. enciclopc-
dico, mh. eticyclo2)aidia : see encyclopedia.] 1,
encyclopedic
Pertaining to or of the natuio of an encyclope-
dia; relating to all branches of knowledge.
The range of Dante's study aud acquirement would be
encyclopedic in any age.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 7.
We still used, with our multifarious strivings, an ency-
clopedic training, a wide command over the resources of
OOP native tongue. G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang. , i.
2. Possessing wide and varied information ;
specifically, possessing an extensive but frag-
mentary knowledge of facts rather than a com-
prehensive uiulerstaniiing of principles.
encyclopedical, encyclopaedical (en-si-klo-
pe di-kal or -ped'i-kal), a. Same as oneyclope-
die.
Klein's gigantic work [" History of the Drama "J, in its
Inception reminding one of the encyclopedical works of
the middle ages. N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 187.
Aristotle was not only one of the most inqoiring and
eneyeU>p(Kiical, but also one of the most thoroughly sensi-
ble, of all writers. Eticyc. Brit., II. 516.
encyclopedism, encyclopaedism (en-si-klo-
pe dizm), n. l<. encyclopedia + -iism.'] 1. That
method of collecting and stating information
which is characteristic of an encyclopedia. —
2. That phase of religious skepticism in the
eighteenth century of which the French Ency-
clopedia was the exponent. See encyclopedia.
From the divine Founder of Christianity to the withered
Pontid of Encyclopedism, in all times and places, the
Hero haa been worshipped.
Carlyle, Heroes and Hero- Worship, f.
encyclopedist, encyclopaedist (en-si-klo-pe'-
dist), «. [= ¥. encyclopediste = 8p. encicVape-
dista = Pg. encyclopedista = It. enciclopedista; <
encyclopedia + -Mt.] 1. One who is engaged in
the compilation of an encyclopedia.
Donbtleas ft is no great distinction at present to be an
eneuclopadut, which is often but another name for book-
maker, craftsman, mechuiic, journeyman, in his meanest
degeneration. De Quineey^ Herodotus.
Specifically — 2. In French literature, one of
till' collaborators in the great Encyclopedia of
Diderot and D'Alembert (1751-65). The encyclo-
pedists as a body were the chief exponents of the French
skepticism of the eighteenth century ; hence the name
enevdopeditt has been extended to other persons advo-
cating similar opinions. See encyclopedia.
Very rapidly, after the accession of Catherine 11., the
friend of Voltaire and the Stuyelmmdutt, It (French In-
fluence) sank deeper. D. M. WaUaee, Baisia, p. aSD.
The application of these principles to social and political
life, aim ttie attempt to give them popular currency, was
the task undertaken by the so-called EneyelopixditU.
If. ff. T. Skedd, Hist Christian Doctrine, II. m.
encyclopedyt (en-si-klo-pe'di), n. Same as en-
cyclopedia.
EncyrtidsB (en-s^r'ti-dS), n. pi. [NL.j < Encyr-
tiix + -Ida:] The Eneyrtinee as a family of Hy-
menoptera. [Not in use.]
Encyrtinae (en-sfer-ti'ne), ». pi. pfL., < En-
eyrttu + -tn<c.] A subfamily of the parasitic
hymenopterous insects of the family ChaloicHda.
F.neyrtMS (tcUgmyitt. (Craas ihowt natural size.)
They are distinguished by a compact form, the absence
of pampsiilal ■uliires, a short marginal vein on the fore
wings, a iliarji occipital ridge, and a large mesotibial spur.
The gnjup contains chiefly species of small size and great
activity, parasitic in the main iifKin iiark -lice and leplditp-
terons larvie. tiiough '>ccaiiunaliy infesting other insects.
EncTTtns (en-s^r'tug), n. [KL. (Latreille,
1809), < Gr. iyiwproc, curved, arched, < h, in, -I-
KvprSf, curved. ] A genus of hymenopterous in-
sects, typical of the subfamily Eneyrtinee.
encyst (en-sisf ),«'.<. or 1. [< en-l -I- cy«<.] To
inclose or become inclosed in a cyst or vesicle.
A different mode of ency$t\ng.
Dt Bary, Fnogi (trans.), p. 442.
EncTSted tamer, a tumor incloaed in a well-defined
meinhr:i?if;.
encystation (en-sis-t&'shon), n. [< encyst +
-afiort.] H&me aa eneystment.
The Ilclizua propagate by simple division, with or with-
out previous eney§UUion. Utudey, Anat Invert., p. 664.
1917
ent^stment (en-sist'ment), n. [< encyst +
-inent.] The process of becoming or the state
of being encysted. Specifically, in Idol. : (a) A pro-
cess whifli goes on in protozoans, by which, the pseudo-
podia or other prolongations of the body being withdrawn,
the animal assumes a spherical shape, aud becomes coated
with a comparatively tough resisting layer, which thus
forms a cyst. The process is usually preliminary to re-
production, one of the consequences of encystment being
the formation within of spore-masses or plastidules, which
at length escape on rupture of the cyst, and take up an
independent existence. In infusorians three kinds of en-
cystment are distinguished, technically called protective,
duplicative, and sporular. (6) A similar process occuiTing
in certain fresh-water algte, especially desmids. (c) The
hydatid or encysted stage of fliikes and tapeworms, as an
ecMnococcus. See cut under Tcenia. (d) The similar
encysted states of sundry other animals, or their ova, em-
bryos, or larvae.
end (end), n. [Early mod. E. also ende (E. dial,
also eend) ; < ME. ende, eende, < AS. ende = OS.
endi =OFries. enda, einde, eind, ein = MD. ende,
cinde, D. eind, einde = MLG. LG. ende = OHG.
anti, andi, enti, ente, ende, MHG. ente, ende, G.
ende = Icel. endir, m., endi, neut., = Sw. dnde,
dnda = Dan. ende = Goth, andeis (with orig. suf-
fix "-yc) = Skt. anta, end, limit, border, vicinity.
From an orig. case-form of this noun were prob.
developed the prepositions and prefixes in-
cluded under and- C>an-^,a-^), ante-, anti-: see
these.] 1 . One of the terminal points or parts
of that which has length, or more length than
breadth ; the part which lies at one of the ex-
tremities of a line, or of whatever has longi-
tudinal extension : as, the end of a house or of
a table; the end of the street; each end of a
chain or rope.
The holi man sah the heg engel atte alteres ende.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), ii. 145.
Slowly, easily, gently, softly, negligently, as caring not
what eride goes forward. Withalt, Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 86.
I was this morning walking in the gallery, when Sir
Roger entered at the end opposite to me.
Steele, Spectator, So. 109.
Specifically — (a) In coal-mimnt;, the extremity of a work-
ing-place, stall, or breast. (6) In epinning, a loose un-
twisted ribbon of cotton or wool ; a sliver, (c) The stem
of a plant ( Prov. Eng. J
2. One of the extreme or furthermost parts of
an extended surface; especially, the part or
limit furthest away from the speaker, or from
a customary point of view: as, the ends of
the earth; the southern end of the Atlantic
ocean ; she is at the end of the garden.
Anhunting for to pleyen him hi the wode's [wood's] ende.
W <tl^'St. Kenelm, L 150 (Early Eng. Poems,
(ed. Fumivall).
And now from end to end
Night's hemisphere had veil'd the horizon round.
Milton, P. L., ix. 51.
3. The point at which continuity or duration
ceases or terminates ; the close or termination
of a series, or of whatever has continuity or
duration ; conclusion : the opposite of begin-
ning : as, the end of time ; the end of a contro-
versy or of a book; the end of the year or of
the season.
And ye schulen be in hate to alle men for ray name, but
be that lasteth into the eende schaal be saaf.
Wyetif, Mark xiU. 13.
At the md of two months . . . she returned.
Judges xL 89.
Of the increase of his government and peace there shall
be no end. Isa. ix. 7.
The "Boston Hymn "... Is a rough piece of verse, but
noble from beginning to emf. 0. W. Holmes, Emerson, x.
4. Used absolutely, the close of life ; death.
Hark the perfect man, and behold the upright ; for the
end of that man is peace. Ps. xxxvii. 37.
Think on thy life and end, and call for mercy.
Ford, TU Pity, T. 6.
For few usurpers to the shades descend
By a dry death, or with a quiet end.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, x. 179.
He now turned his thoughts to his approaching end.
PrescotI, Ferd. and Isa., li. 26.
6. A cause of death, destruction, or ruin: as,
this cough will be the end of me.
And award
Either of yon to be the other's end.
Shak., Rich. III., li. 1.
6. A remnant or portion left over; a fragment:
as, candle-en(J8.
Thus I clothe my naked villainy
With odd old ends, stolen forth of holy writ.
ShaJc., Rich. III., i 3.
When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend
The wretch, who living saved a candle's end.
Pope, Moral Essays, Hi. 293.
7. That for which anything exists or is done ;
a result designed or intended ; ultimate object
or purpose: as, "the end justifies the means."
The end of the commandment is charity. 1 Tim. i. 5.
end
To gain our ends we can do any thing.
And turn our souls into a thousand figures.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, iv. 4.
As for the third unity, which is that of action, the an-
cients meant no other by it than what the logicians do by
their finis, the end or scope of any action ; that which is
the first in intention, and last in execution.
Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
Art is the spirit's volimtary use and combination of
things to serve its end. Emerson, Art.
A life that moves to gracious ends
Thro' troops of unrecording friends.
Tennyson, To .
8. A necessary termination or consequence;
an inevitable issue or conclusion ; especially,
in logic, a result toward which the action of
anything tends, in such a manner that if its at-
tainment in one way is prevented some other
action tending to the same result will be set up,
or so that there is some tendency to such sub-
stitution of one means for another.
The end of those things is death. Rom. vi. 21.
Whose ende is good or evill, the same thing is good or
evill. A sweard is good, because it is good for a raanne
to defende himself. Sir T. Wilson, Rule of Reason.
There's a divinity that shapes our ends.
Rough-hew them how we will.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
9. In archery, the number of arrows shot from
one end of the range, before proceeding to
shoot from the other.
By the rules of the York Round three arrows to each
archer constitute an end.
M. aTid W. Thompson, Archery, p. 52.
An end. See art-«?>d.— At loose ends, in disorder;
slack; undisciplined.
Tilings are getting worse and worse every day. We are
all at loose eruis. S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 7.
At one's ■wit's end, at the end of one's ability to decide
or act ; in a position whereone does not know what further
to do.
Astrymyanes also aren at her itrittes ende ;
Of that was calculed of the element the contrarie thei
fynde. Piers Ptowman (B), xv. 364.
They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man,
and are at their vnt's end. Ps. cvii. 27.
Candle's end. See candle-end.— DeaA on end. See
dead. — End for end. (o) In reverse position ; so that
each end occupies the place that the other did before :
as, to turn a plank end for end.
To shift a fall end for end is to reeve it the opposite
way, so that the hauling part becomes the standing part.
Hamersley.
(6t) Naut., entirely : said of running ropes, cables, etc,
when entirely run out of the blocks or the hawsehole.^
End man. ^& end-man. — End on. (a) Having the end
pointing directly toward an object : specifically applied in
nautical use to a ship when lier head is in a direct line
with an oljject : opposed to broadside on.
In higher latitudes we look at the [auroral] streamers
almost end-on. Encyc. Brit., III. 97.
(6) In coalmining, at right angles to the cleat, or most
distinctly markea set of joint-planes : said of a mode of
working a mass of coal : opposed to face on. — External
end, tile effect which it is desired to produce upon some-
tiling ditFerent from the subject. Thus, the external end
of oratory is to persuade, while the internal end is to speak
eloquently.— In the end, at last.
The very world, which is the world
Of all of us, — the place where, in the end.
We find our happiness, or not at all !
Wordsworth, Prelude, xi.
Latter end, the latter part ; the ultimate end ; the con-
clusion : chiefly with reference to the end of life.
0 that they were wise, . . . that they would consider
their latter end ! Deut. xxxii. 29.
1 will sing it in the latter end of a play, before the duke.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
The latter end of May is the time when spring begins in
the high Alps. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 311.
No end. (a) (As noun.] A great deal ; a great but Indefinite
amount or numi>er: as, we had no end of fun ; he spends
»M) CTui of money. [CoUoq.]
Another intensive of obvious import. They had no end
of tin, i. e. , a great deal of money. He is 710 end of a fool,
i. e., the greatest fool possible.
C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 40.
(6) [As adverb.) Without end or limit; infinitely; ex-
tremely. [Colloq.]
He is rich ; and he lo no end obliging.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 185.
Objective or absolute end, or end in Itself, in Kantian
philos., that which is the condition of the possibility of
all other ends.— Odds and endq. See odds.— On end
(— an end, an-end: see an-end]. (a) Resting or standing
on one end ; upright : as, place the log 011 end.
And Katerfelto with his hair on end.
Covrper, Task, iv. 86.
(6) In immediate sequence or succession ; continuously.
Three times on end she dreamt this dream.
Fair Margaret of Craignargat (Child's Ballads, VIII. 250).
He looked out of the window for two hours on end.
Dickens.
Principal or chief end, the end or purpose mainly in-
tended.
Qu. What is the chief end of man ?_
Ans. Man's chi^ end is to glorif.
forever. The Shorter Catechism, ques. 1.
rify God, and to enjoy him
end
Secondary or Buccedaneous end, some additional ob-
ject to be attained.— Subjective or relative end, that
to which some particular mipulse tends.— Subordinate
end, that which is aimed at as a means to some further
end.— The better end (itaut.), the inner and little-used
end, as of a cable. Barttett.
We rode with two anchors ahead, and the cables veered
out to th* better end. Dtifoe, Kobinson Crusoe.
The ends of the earth, in Scrip., the remotest parts of
the earth, or the inhal)itjints of those parts. Deut. xxxiii.
17 ; Ps. xcviii. 3.— To bum the candle at both ends.
See caiidU.—lo drink off candles' endst. See can-
dle.— To get the better end of. («) To get the better of.
Dacifs.
By all which it should seem we have rather cheated the
devil than he us, and have gotten the better end of him.
Bp. Sanderson, Works, I. 183.
(6) To get the better part of ; have the advantage in : as,
to get the better end o/ a barjrain.— To give one a rope'S
end, to give one a beatinj: with the end of a rope.-— To
have (something) at one's finders* ends, to have it at
command ; be ready to impart it ; be thoroughly posted
in it
Ay, sir, I have them [jests] at my fingers' ends.
Shak., T. N., i. 3.
To make an end. (a) To finish ; come to a stop ; do no
more : used absolutely, or with of before the thing con-
cerned.
Believe 't, my lord and I have made a» end ;
I have no more to reckon, he to spend.
Shak., T. of A., iU. 4.
How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
To ruat unburnish'd, not to shine in use !
Ten7iygon, Ulysses.
(6) To bring about the end ; effect the termination or con-
clusion : with of.
There was noe other way but to make that shorteend of
them which was made. Spenser, State of Ireland.
I will make an end of my dinner ; there's pippins and
cheese to come. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 2.
To make both ends meet, to make one's income and ex-
penditure balance each other; keep within one's means.
Worldly wealth he cared not for, desiring onely to make
both ends meet; and as for that little that lapped over, he
gave it to pious uses. Fuller, Worthies, Cumberland.
The other impecunious person contrived to m^ke both
ends meet by shifting his lodgings from time to time.
W. Black.
To put an end to, to finish ; terminate : as, to put an end
to one's sufferings.
The revolution put an end . . . to the long contest be-
tween the King and the Parliament.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
Sweet is death, who puts an end to pain.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
To the bitter end. See bitteri.— To the end of the
chapter. See chapter.— To the end (that), in order
(that).
I schalle schewe how gee schulle knowe and preve to the
endethatz^e schulle not been disceyved. MandevUle, p. 51.
Confess them [our sins] . . , to the end that we may ob-
tain forgiveness of the same.
Book of Common Prayer, Exhortation to Confession of Sins.
=Syn. See extremity.
6nd (end), v. [< ME. enden^ endieUy < AS. endian,
usually geendian = OS, endioriy endon = OFries.
endia, enda^ einda = X>, einden = OHG. enteon,
enton, MHG. G. enden = Icel. enda = Sw. dnda
= Dan. end€j end ; from the noun.] I, trans,
1. To bring to an end or a close ; make an end
of ; terminate : as, to end a controversy ; to end
a war.
On the seventh day God ended his work. Gen, ii. 2.
Let death, which we expect, and cannot fly from,
End all contention.
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, v. 2.
Specifically — 2. To bring the life of to an end ;
kul ; destroy ; put to death.
The Lord of Stafford dear to-day hath bought
Thy likeness ; for, instead of thee, King Harry,
This sword hath ended him. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 3.
Why should I, beastlike as I find myself,
Kot manlike end myself? — our privilege —
What beast has heart to do it ?
Tennyson, Lucretius.
3. To furnish the end of, as for protection or
embellishment: as, to end a cane with an iron
ferrule.— 4. To set on end; set upright.
H. intrans. 1. To come to an end or a close ;
reach the ultimate or finishing point; termi-
nate; conclude; cease: as, a voyage ends with
the return of a ship.
Her endethth nu thiss goddspell thuss.
Ormulum, 1. 6514.
All's well that ends well. Proverb.
The angel ended, and in Adam's ear
So charming left his voice, that he awhile
Thought him still speaking, still stood fix'd to hear.
Milton, P. L,, viii. 1.
The philosophy of Plato began in words and ended in
words. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. Specifically, to die.
Thus ended an excellent and virtuous lady, universally
lamented. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 22, 1652.
To end even. See even^.
endable (en'da^bl), a. [< end + -ahle.^ Capa-
ble of being ended or terminated; terminable.
1918
end-all (end'&l), n, [< end, v., + obj. all."]
That which ends all ; conclusion.
That but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
endalongt, prep, and adv. See endlong.
endamage (en-dam'aj), V. t.; pret. and pp. en-
damaged, ppr. endamaging, [Formerly also en-
dammage, indnmagCf eiidomage; < ME. endam-
age n , < OF . en do m niaaer, endommaigier, F. en dom-
magevy endamage, \ en- + dommager, damage:
see €«-! and damage.'\ To bring loss or damage
to; harm; injure; prejudice. [Obsolescent.]
If you bee a good man, rather make mud walls with
them, mend high wayes, . . . than thus tliey shuld en-
dammage mee to my eternall vndooing.
Quoted in Dyce's ed. of Greene's Plays, Int., p. xcvi.
The deceitful! Phisition, which recounteth all thinges
that may endamage his patient, neuer telling any thing
that may recure him. Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 172.
Nothing is sinne, to count of, but that which endam-
ageth ciuill societie. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 295.
endamageablet (en-dam'aj-a-bl), a. [< en-
damage + -able.'] Capable of being damaged
or injured.
endamagementt (en-dam'aj-ment), «. [= F.
endommagement ; as endamage + -ment.'] The
act of endamaging, or the state of being endam-
aged; loss; injury.
These flags of France, that are advanced here
Before the eye and prospect of your town,
Have hither march'd to your eridamagemeni.
Shak., K. John, ii. 1.
endamnifytt ^J. t* [< en-^ + damnify.'] To dam-
age.
Those who hired the fishing of that lake adjoining were
endamnified much by the violent breaking in of the seas.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 276.
endanger (en-dan'jer), v. t. [Formerly also in-
danger; < ew-l + danger.] 1. To bring into
danger or peril; expose to loss or injury.
What Necessity should move us, moat valiant Prince,
for obtaining of a Title to endanger our Lives?
Baker, Chronicles, p. 15.
Every one hath a natural dread of everything that can
endanger his happiness. Tillotson.
By an act of unjust legislation, extending our power
over Texas, we have endangered peace with Mexico.
Sumner, Orations, I. 8.
Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the
Southern States that by the accession of a Republican
Administration their property and their peace and per-
sonal security are to be endaiiqered.
Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 112.
2t. To put within the danger (of) ; bring with-
in the power (of).
Another giveth the king counsel to endanger unto his
grace the judges of the realm, that he may ever have them
on-his side, and that they may, in every matter, dispute
and reason for the king's right.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.
3t. To incur the hazard of; cause or run the
risk of.
He that turneth the humours back, and maketh the
wound bleed inwards, endangereth malign ulcers and per-
nicious imposthumations.
Bacon, Seditions and Troubles (ed. 1887).
Mr. Pincheon offered his assistance, but wrote to the
governour . . . that it would endanger a war.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 397.
Albeit I must confesse to be half in doubt whether I
should bring it forth or no, it being so contrary to the
eye of the world, and the world so potent in most men's
hearts, that I shall endanger either not to be regarded, or
not to be imderstood. Milton, Church-Government, ii. 1.
= Syn. 1. To hazard, risk, peril, imperil, jeopard.
endangerment (en-dan'jer-ment), n. [< en-
danger + -ment.] The act of endangeringj or
the state of being endangered ; danger.
He was forced to withdraw aside,
And bad his servant Talus to invent
Which way he enter might without endangerment.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ii. 20.
Yokes not to be lived under without the endangerment
of our souls. Milton, Tetrachordon.
endarkt (en-dark'), v. t. [< ME. endirhen^ *en-
derkenj < cw-l + derhj dark.] To make dark;
darken.
Yet dyuerse there be industrious of reason,
8om what wolde gadder in their coniecture
Of such an endarked chaptre some season ;
Howe be it, it were hard to construe this lecture.
Skelton, Garland of Laurel.
endarkent (en-dar'kn), v, t, [< ew-i + darken.]
Same as endarJc.
Vapours of disdain so overgrown,
That my life's light wholly endarken'd is.
Daniel, Sonnets to Delia, xxi.
endarteritis (en-dar-te-ri'tis), n. [NL., < Gr.
evdovy within, + apT-qpia, artery, 4- -itis.] In
pathoL, inflammation of the inner coat of an
artery. Also endoarteriitiSj endoarteritis.
end-artery (end'ar''''te-ri), n. An artery which,
with its branches, forms no anastomosis with
endearment
neighboring arteries on its way to supply a cap-
illary district.
Endaspidese (en-das-pid'e-e), n. pi, [NL., <
Gr. evdov. within, + aaxig (oWTr^d-), a shield
(scute), 4- -ew.] In Sundevall's system of or-
nithological classification, the second cohort
of seutelliplantar oscines, consisting of the neo-
tropical Furnariincej Synallaxina;, and Dendro-
colaptinWj or the South American oven-birds,
piculules or tree-creepers, and their allies.
endaspidean (en-das-pid'e-an), a. [As Enda-
spidew + -an,] In ornith.^ Having that modifi-
cation of the seutelliplantar tarsus in which the
scutellsB lap around the inner side of the tar-
sus, but are deficient on the outer side. Distin-
guished from exaspidean. See seutelliplantar.
endauntf, V. t. [ME. endaunten, < en- + daunten,
tame, daunt: see en-^ and dau7it.] 1. To tame.
He endauntede a douae [dove] day and nyght here fedde.
Piers Plotinnan (C), xviii. 171.
2. To respect or stand in fear of.
endauntnret, n. [ME. ; < endaunt + -ure.] A
taming.
end-bulb (end'bulb), n. In anat. &nd physiol.j
one of the bulbous end-organs or functional
terminations of sensory nerves.
end-dayt, n. [ME. ende day, endedai, endedeie,
< AS. endedwg (= MHG. endetac), < ende, end,
+ dceg, day.] The day of one's end; the day
or time of one's death.
And sithe at his ende-day he was buried there.
Robert of Gloucester, App.
endear (en-der'), v. t. [Formerly also indear;
< c/i-l + dear^.] 1. To make dear in feeling;
render valued or beloved ; attach ; bind by ties
of affection.
And thou, to be endeared to aking.
Made it no conscience to destroy a prince.
Shak., K. John, Iv. 2.
I . . . sought by all means, therefore.
How to endear, and hold thee to me firmest.
Milton, S. A., I 796.
He lived to repent ; and later services did endear his
name to the Commonwealth. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 337
Rafflesia possesses many other sterling qualities far
more calculated than simple bigness to endear it to a lai^e
and varied circle of insect acquaintances.
Pop. Sd. Mo., XXVI. 177.
2t. To engage by attractive qualities; win by
endearment.
The expenses of his funeral, forty pounds, were directed
to be paid from the public Treasury, "as a testimonial of
the Colony's endeared love and aflfection to him."
Plymouth Colony Records, in Appendix to New England's
(Memorial, p. 467.
3t. To make dear or costly; raise the price of.
Whereas, the excesse of newe buildings and erections
hath daily more encreased, and is still like to do so;
whereby and by the immoderate confiuence of people
thither, our said city [London] and the places adjoyning,
are, and daily will be, more and more pestred, all victuals
and other provisions endeared, &c.
King James's Procl. cone. Buildings (IQIS), Eym. Feed.,
[i. 107.
endearancef (en-der' ans), n. [< endear +
-ance.] Affection. Davies.
But my person and figure you'll best understand
From the picture I've sent by an eminent hand.
Show it young Lady Betty, by way of endearance,
And to give her a spice of my mien and appearance.
C. Anstey, New Bath Guide, i.
endearedly (en-der' ed-li), adv. Affectionate-
ly; dearly. Imp. Diet.
endearedness (en-der'ed-nes), n. The state of
being endeared. More.
endearing (en-der'ing), p. a. [Formerly also
indear i ng ; ppr. of endear, v.] Having a ten-
dency to make dear or beloved; awakening af-
fection : as, endearing qualities.
Nor gentle purpose nor endearing smiles
Wanted, nor youthful dalliance, as beseems
Fair couple. Milton, P. L., iv. 337.
With those endearing ways of yours ... I could be
brought to forgive anything.
Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, ii.
All Irish art is faulty and irregular, but often its faults
are endearing, and in its discords there is sweet sound.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 260.
endearingly (en-der 'ing-li), adv. In an endear-
ing manner; so as to endear,
endearlyt (en-der'li), adv. [Irreg. (for dearly)
< endear + -ly^.] Dearly.
Portia so endearly reverenced Cato as she would for his
preservation swallow coals. Ford, Honour Triumphant, iit
endearment (en-der'ment), w. [< endear +
-ment.] 1. The state of being endeared; ten-
der affection; love.
When a man shall have done all to create endearment
between them. ' South.
Speaking words of endearment, where words of comfort
availed not. Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 5.
a.
endearment
Endearing action ; a manifestation of affec-
1919
endeictic (en-dik'tik), a. [Prop- 'endietie, <
Gr. evdciKTiKof, probative, indicative, < hdeixvv-
vai, point out, show, give proof, indicate, < h,
in, -
he]
tion; loving conduct; a caress, or tiie like.
iVe have drawn you, worthy sir,
To make your fair emieaniients to our daughter,
And worthy 8er\'icea known to our aubjecta.
Beau, and Fl., Philaater, i. 1.
If the name of mother be au appellative of affections
and endearmnUg, why should the mother be willing to endeudS (en-dik'sis), n
divide it with a stranger? _ . .
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 40.
endeavor, endeavour (en-dev'orj, r. [The sec-
ond form usual in England. Early mod. E. also
endeior, enderoir, indevor, indevour, indever, <
late ME. fdrfecor, inderor, a verb due to the orig.
phrase put in derer: in, prep., taken in comp.
as the prefix en-, in-; derer, devor, devour, &atj,
obligation: see
put, apply, or exert (one's self) to do a thing:
used renexively.
I indever my telfe to do a thyng, I payne my selfe, I in-
derer in* to do the beat 1 can. PaUyratc.
2. To attempt to gain; try to effect; strive to
achieve or attain ; strive after. [Archaic]
Lord Loudoun arrived at Philadelphia, expreaaly, aa he
told me, to endeanrr an accommodation between the gov-
ernor and Assembly. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 253.
SeiKvivai, pointout: see deictic, apodic-
Showing; exhibiting — Endeictic dialogue,
in the Platonic philos,, a dialogue which exhibits a speci-
men of dialectic skill.
[NL., prop, endixis, <
Gr. ifSei^ic, a pointing out, demonstration, <
f>'(!«)crwa;, point out: seee)tdeictic.^ An indica-
tion : sometimes used as a synonym of symptom
endlable
endenizet (en-den'iz), V. t. [Short form of en-
denizen.'] Same as endenizen.
Specially since that learning, after long banishment, wag
recalled in the time of King Henry tlie Eighth, it (our
tongue; hath been beautified and enriched out of other
good tongues, partly by enfranchising and endenizing
strange words. Cainden, quoted in Hall's Mod. Eng.,p.6.
And having by little and little in many victories van-
quished the nations bordering upon them, [they] brought
them at length to be endenized and naturalized in their
owne name, like as the Persians also did.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 401.
endellionite (en-del'yon-it), n. [< EndelUon endenizen (en-den'i-zn), v. t. [Formerly also
(see def.) + -ite2.] Tte mineral boumonite,
found in the parish of Endellion, in Cornwall,
England. Also endellione.
-, in-; deier, Oei-or, aevour, auty, endemialt (en-de'mi-al), a. [< Gr. ivSmtog, be-
derer,devmr.] I. trans. It. io longing to the people: see enrfemtc.] Same as
endemic.
There are endemial and local infirmities proper unto
certain regions, which in the whole earth make no small
number. Sir T. Broume, Letter to a Friend.
The distemper ... is endemial among the great, and
may be termed a scurvy of the spirits.
Goldsmith, Proper Enjoyment of Life.
endenizon; < en-^ + denizen.'] To make a deni-
zen of ; recognize as a legal resident ; natural-
ize to a partial extent. [Rare.]
Yet a Man may live as renown'd at home, in his own
country, or a private village, as in the whole World.
For it is Vertue that gives Glory ; That will endenizon a
Man every where. B. Jonson, Discoveries.
Jews and Mahometans may be permitted to live in a
Christian commonwealth with the exercise of their reli-
gion, but not to be endenizon'd.
Locke, Third Letter on Toleration, iii.
endentt, v. t. See indent.
endemic (en-dem'ik), a. and n. [= F.mdi- ender (e'n'dfer), n. One who or that which ends,
mique = Sp. endemico = Pg. It. endemico (cf. D. terminates, or finishes.
This intensity of mood which insures high quality is by
ita very nature incapable of prolongation, and Wordaworth,
in endeavoring it, falls more l>elow himself.
iMwcU, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 243.
n. intrans. 1. To labor or exert one's self to
do or effect something^ strive; try; make an
effort : followed by an infinitive.
But he endetored with speacbes mild
Her to recomfort, and accourage bold.
Spenser, f. t|., 111. vUL M.
A gi«at slaughter was made after thb among the routed,
and many of the first nobility were slain in endeavouring
to eacape. Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 203.
Amy haatlly endeavoured to recall what ahe were beat
to say, which might secure herself from the imminent dan-
gers that surrounded her. Seott, Kenilworth, xixlv.
2. To direct one's efforts or labor toward some
object or end; fix one's course; aim: with at,
for, or after. [Archaic]
Thinking it aulBclent to obtain immortality by their
descendants, witliout endeavouring at great actions.
Bacon, Physical Fablea, iii., Expl.
It was into this Gulph that Capt. DsrI* w«* gone with
the two Caiioaa, tu endeavour for a Prisoner, to gain intel-
ligence, if poaaible, before our Ship* came in.
Dampier, Voyage*, 1. 12S.
I could heartily wish that more of oar country clergy
would . . . eiid«iKmr4/(«ra handsome elocution.
Additon, Spectator, No. 106.
We have a right to demand a certain amount of reality,
however small, in the emotion of a man who makes it his
buaineaa to endeavor at exciting our own.
Lowell, Among my Books, lat ser., p. 369.
= SyiL Undertake, Endeavor, etc (see aUempt); to seek,
aim, i^truggle.
endeavor, endeavour (en-dev'gr), n. [Early
mod. E. also endevour; < endeavor, r.] An effort ;
an essay; an attempt; an exertion of physical
G. endemisch = Dan. Sw. endemisk), < Gr. as if
*hiii/uK6( for Mr//uoc, equiv. to hidrj/ioq, native,
belonging to a people, < tv, in, + iivi^oQ, the peo-
ple: see (feme2. Cf. epidemic.'] I, a. 1. Pecu-
liar to a people or nation, or to the residents of
a particular locality : chiefly applied to diseases.
This deformity, aa it was endemic, and the people little
used to strangers, it had been the custom ... to look
upon as the greatest ornament of the human visage.
Goldmtith, The Bee, No. 1.
We have not been able to escape one national and en-
demic hal)it, and to be liberated from interest in the elec-
tions and in public affairs. Emerson, Misc., p. 329.
A disease is said to be endemic . . . when it is owing
to some peculiarity in a situation or locality. Thus, ague
is endemic in marshy countries ; goitre, at the base of lofty
mountains. Dungtison.
2. In phytogeog. and zoogeog., peculiar to and
characteristic of a locality or region, as a plant
or an animal; indigenous or autochthonous in
some region, and not elsewhere.
It (the New Zealand flora] consista of 835 speclea, our
own [Britiah) blanda posaeasing about 1500; but a very
large proportion of these are peculiar, there being no less
thui 677 endemic apeciea, and S2 endemic genera.
A. Jt. Wallace.
They [beeal visit many exotic flowera as readily aa the
endemic kind. iMnrin, CroasandSelf Fertilisation, p.415.
Alias, rayn hertes queen ! alias, my wyf !
Myn hertes lady, endere of my lyf !
Cliaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1918.
But yield them up where I myself must render,
That is, to you, my origin and ender.
Shak,, Lover's Complaint, 1. 222,
endert, prep. An obsolete dialectal form of
under.
That saw Roben hes men.
As thay atode ender a bow (bough].
Bobin Hood and the Potter (Child's Ballads, V. 21).
ender-dayt, «• [ME., also enders-, enderes-, en-
dres-, endris-, andyrs-day,<. ender-, appar. < Icel.
endr, adv., in times of yore, formerly, before
(ult. akin to L. ante, before : see and, ante-, and
end) (hardly, as has been suggested, a dial, or
foreign formof oWiei-, AS. other = G. ander, etc.),
+ day.] Former day; other day: a word used
only in the adverbial phrase this ender-day, the
other day (that is, at some indefinite time re-
cently past).
The mater of the [metyng] mijtow here finde,
As i descriued ttiis ender day whan thow thi drem toldesi.
WUliam of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), I. 3042.
I me wente tttis endres-daye.
Full faste in niynd niakane my mone.
Thomas of Ersseldoune (Child s Ballads, I. 98).
Quhen I was young this kendre day,
My fadyr wes kepar off yor houss.
Endemic disease, a disease to which the inhabitanta of Barbour MS., x. 551.
a particular country are pecuUarlyaublect, and which for «_j-__,_«p /•^n.^ir-mafikl a I< Gr ct in +
that reason may l)e supposed to proceed from local cauaea, enaermaUC (eii-aer mat IK;, a. l> "r. ct, lu, -r
as bad air or water. A diaeaae may be endnnui in a par- ()fp//a(r-), the skin (see Oerro), + -tC.J Same as
ticalar aeaaon and not in others, or endemic In one place endermic.
and epidemic in another. See epidemic.
n. n. A prevalence of endemic disease.
In the light of these instnictive, if not pleasant histori-
cal facta and surroundings, and of our own investigations,
we are to look for the cause of the recent endemic of fever.
Sanitarian, XV. 31.
or mental powers toward the attainment of an , . ,, , /■ i i\ a _..-.-.j.— •»
obiect endemical (en-dem i-kal), a. Same as «kic»i«c,
His endeuour is not to offend, and his ayme the generall
opinion.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cocmographle, A Plausible Man.
If the will and the endeavour shall l>e theirs, the per-
formance and the perfecting shall l)e his-
MUton, Apology for Smectymnous.
Is the philanthropist or the saint to give up his endea-
vours to lead a noble life, becanae the aimpiest study of , i_ia_ , j„ „:„': i!\ _
mans nature reveals, at Ita fonndaUons, all the selflah enttemlClty (en-de-mis 1-tl), n,
pasdons and flerceampetitea of the merest qoadmped? "- '' '"' *"* "
Huxley, Man's Place In Nature, p. 131.
To do one's endeavor, to do one's beat ; exert one's
self. ! Now cultoq.)
Thinking myself liound In conscience and Chrlatian
cliarity to do my endeavor.
R. Knox (Arber's Eng. Oamer, I. *M\
And yet I have done my beat endeavors.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 448.
=8yn. Struggle, trial,
endeavorer, endeavoorer (en-dev'or-6r), n.
One who makes an effort or attempt. [Rare.]
Greater matters may l>e looked for than those which
endermic (en-d^r'mik), a. [< Gr. ev, in, +
iipfta. the skin (see derm), + -ic] In med., in-
volving direct application to the skin : said of
that method of administering medicines in
which they are applied to the skin after the
epidermis has been removed by blistering. See
That fluxes are the general and endemical diseases in -_^Ji^,_._ /_' /j„ •.„„■! „ rMT <' Cir rv in 4-
Irelan.l, I necl not tell you. Boyle. Works, II. 190. enderon (en de-ron), «. [flL,-, < ^T- .f, m, f
(J^pof, the skin.] The substance of skin or mu-
endemically (en-dem'i-kal-i), adv. In an en-
demic manner.
Colds have been known to prevail endemically among
the healthy crews of veaaela lately arrived from the Arc-
tic, ^rc. Ci-ui»ei)/tA« Corm'n, 1881, p. 13.
^ ,^ [< endemic +
-ity.] The state or quality of being endemic.
The endemicity of cholera In Lower Bengal means that
cous membrane ; the corium, derma, or true
skin, and the corresponding deep part of mu-
cous membrane, as distinguished from epider-
mis or epithelium. See cut under skin.
Teeth formed by the calcification of papillary elevations
of the enderon at the lining of the mouth are confined to
the Vertebrata ; unless ... the teeth of the Echinidea
have a similar origin. //tiarifi/, Anat. Invert., p. 66.
the same aUte of soil which used to arise from time to enderonic (en-de-ron'ik), o. [< enderon + -ic]
time at the great religious fairs has been .^adually and q^ ^^ pertaining to the enderon ; of the nature
permanently induced over a wide tract of soil in the baain^i
and delta of the Oangea and Brahmapootra.
Quarterly Rev., CXXVII. 209.
endemlology (en-de-mi-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. h-
<>.fyf(v, speak: see
Mltiio^(si:een(ifmic) +
-ology.] The scientific study and investigation
of endemic diseases ; the knowledge resulting
from such investigation; what is known re-
'.."'. ..' 1 \' '. i _ 1./ ganlinK endemics.
were the Inventiona of single cndMnnirers or resalta of _^j„„i„,,-. /„„ ,i = '„; ,,o\ n t< fir h,M,i„nr
chame. Otenm««, Eaaaya, iif. endcmiOUSt (en-de mi-U8), O. [< Or. m^/i(Of,
belonging to the people: see endemtc.] Same
Voice, stature, motion, and other gifta, mnat be very
bountifully beatowed by nature, or lab<(ur and induatry
will jnuti the unhappy endeavourer in that way the fur-
ther oH Ills wiahea. Steele, Tatler, No. 16T.
endeavormentt (en-dev'or-ment), n. [Early
mo<l. E. cndevourment ; i. enieavor + -ment^
The act of endeavoring ; effort.
The Iluabandroan waa meanly well content
Triatl to make of his enderourment.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, I. 297.
endeavour, «. and n. See endeavor.
endeca-. An improper form of hendeca-.
endecagon, endecagonal. See hendecagon, hen-
decngonal.
as endemic. Kersey, 1715.
endemism (en'dem-izm), n. [As endem-ie +
-igm.] Same as endemicity.
The Pyrenees are relatively aa rich In endemic species
the Alps, and among the most remarkable instances
tween the Val d'Eynes and Catalonia.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 126.
endenization (en-den-i-za'shon), n. [< enden-
ize + -ation.] Admission to the rights of a
denizen. [Rare.]
of, formed by, or derived from the enderon.
In Vertebrata true teeth are Invariably enderonic, or de-
veloped, not from the epithelium of the raucous mem-
brane of the alimentary canal, but from a layer between
this and the vascular deep substance of the enderon, which
answers to the dermis in the integument.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 80.
endettedt, «• A Middle English form of in-
debted.
ende'Wt, v. t. An obsolete form 'of endue'^, en-
due^, endued.
endezoteric (en-dek-so-ter'ik), a. [< Gr. Iv-
dov, within, + c^arefiiKdi, outside: see exoteric.']
In med., resulting from internal and external
causes simultaneously; including both eso-
teric and exoteric agency.
■■ " >r = Pr. Sp. enrfi-
diavolarc, possess
~j. diabolus (> F.
diable, etc.), devil : see devil] To possess with
or as if with a devil. Davies. [Rare.]
Such an one as might beat endiablee the rabble, and set
them a bawling against popery.
Boger North, Eiamen, p. 671.
endiablement
endiablementt, «. [< endiable + -ment.'i Dia-
bolical possession. Davies. [Rare.]
There was a terrible rage of faces made at him, as if an
endiablement had possessed them all.
Roger Sorth, Examen, p. 608.
endiaper (en-di'a-p6r), v. t. [< en-i + diaper.']
To decorate witb or as with a diaper pattern ;
variegate.
Who views the troubled bosome of the maine
Endiapred with cole-blacke porpesies.
Clauditis Tiberius Nero, sig. G, 2.
endictt, endictmentt, etc. Obsolete forms of
indict, etc.
ending (en'ding), ». [<ME. ending, -yng, -ung,
< AS. endung, verbal n. of endian, end : see end,
t'.] 1. The act of bringing or coming to an
end ; termination, as of life ; conclusion.
Tlie king is not bound to answer the particular endings
of his soldiers, the father of his son, nor the master of his
servant ; for they purpose not their death when they pur-
pose their services. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1.
Much adoe is made about the beginning and ending of
Daniels weekes. Purchae, Pilgrimage, p. 356.
2. In grdm., the terminating syllable or letter
of a word ; the termination, whether of declen-
sion, of conjugation, or of derivation.
ending-day t, n. [ME. endyng-day. Cf. end-
day.] The day of death.
To myn endyng-day. Chaucer, Complaintof Venus, L 55.
endirkt, »• t. Same as endark.
end-iron (end'i"6m), n. [< end + iron. In
the second sense confused with andiron.] 1.
One of two movable iron cheeks or plates used
in cooking-stoves to enlarge or contract the
grate at pleasure. — 2. One of two short, thick
bars of iron used to hold the ends of the sticks
in a wood-fire built on a hearth. The end-irons are
generally movable, and can be brought more or less near
at wilL They differ from fire-dogs or andirons in lying flat
upon the hearth. They are much used in the south of
Europe.
endironf, n. An obsolete form of andiron.
enditet (en-dif), v. t. An obsolete form of indite.
enditert (en-di't6r), ». Aa obsolete form of in-
diter.
endive (en'div), «. [< ME. endyve = D. andij-
vie = G. Dan. endivie = Sw. endivia, < OF. en-
dive, F. endive — Sp. endibia, formerly endivia
= Pr. Pg. It. endivia, < ML. intiha, fem. sing.,
L. intibus, intubus, intybus, masc, intibum, in-
tybum, neut., < Gr. "evrvjiov, endive. Cf. Ar.
hindiba, appar. of European origin.] A plant,
Cichorium Endivia, of the natural order Com-
positw, distinguished from the chicory, C. In-
tybus, by its annual root, much longer unequal
pappus, and less bitter taste, it is probably iden-
tical with C. ptimilum, a wild species common throughout
the Mediterranean region ; but it has long been in culti-
vation, and is in common use as a salad.
Endive, or succory, is of several sorts : as the white, the
green, and the curled. Mortimer, Husbandry.
endless (end'les), a. [< ME. endeles, < AS.
endeleds (= 08. endilos = D. eindeloos = G.
endlos = Dan. endelos = Sw. dndelos), < etide,
end, +-tea«, -less.] 1. Not having a termina-
tion; continuing without end, really or appa-
rently ; having no limit or conclusion : as, end-
Jess progression ; endless hlisa; the ewcZtess pur-
suit of an object.
My sone, God of his endeles goodnesse
Walled a tonge with teeth, and lippes eke,
For man sholde him avyse what he speke.
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, I. 218.
Let endlesse Peace your steadfast hearts accord.
Spenser, Prothalamion, 1. 102.
The endless islands which we have seen along the north-
em part of the Dalmatian shore, bare and uninhabited
rocks as many of them are, are without history.
E. A. Freeinan, Venice, p. 190.
It is impossible to conceive a limit to the extent of mat-
ter in the universe; and therefore science points rather
to an endless progress, through an endless space, of action
involving the transfonnation of potential energy into
palpable motion, and thence into heat, than to a single
finite mechanism, running down like a clock, and stop-
ping for ever. Thomson and Tail, Nat. Phil., I. ii., App. E.
2. Not having ends ; returning upon itself so
as to exhibit neither beginning nor end : as, an
endless belt or chain ; a circular race-course is
endless. — 3. Perpetually recurring ; intermina-
ble ; incessant ; continual : as, endless praise ;
endless clamor.
If singing breath or echoing chord
To every hidden pang were given.
What endless melodies were poured.
As sad as earth, as sweet as heaven !
O. W. Holmes, The Voiceless.
4t. Without object, purpose, or use.
Nothing was more endless than the common method of
comparing eminent writers by an opposition of particu-
lar passages in them. Pope, Pref. to Iliad.
1920
6t. Without profitable conclusion ; fruitless.
AU loves are endless. Beau, and Fl.
Endless belt, cable, chain, etc., one made without
detached ends, or with its ends joined together, so as to
pass continuously over two
wheels at a greater or less
distance from each other. —
Endlesssaw. Saniea86rt/*rf-
m w. - Endless screw, a me-
chanical arrangement con-
sisting of a screw the thread
of which gears into a wheel
with skew teeth, the obli-
quity corresponding to the
angle of pitch of the screw.
It is generally used as a
means of producing slow
motion in the adjustments
of machines, moving the
valve-gear of marine engines
by hand, etc., rather than
for the transmission of any Endless Screw and Wheel,
great amount of power. Also
called perpetual screw. =Syn. 1. Eternal, everlasting,
perpetual, unceasing, imperishable, uninterrupted, bound-
less, immeasurable, unlimited.
endlessly (end'les-li), adv. In an endless man-
ner ; without end or termination.
From glooming shadows of eternal night,
Shut up in darkness erullesdy to dwell.
Drayton, Pierce Gaveston.
endlessness (end'les-nes), n. [< ME. endeles-
nes, < AS. endeledsnes, < endeleds, endless, -I-
-nes, -ness.] The character of being endless ;
extension without end or limit; perpetuity;
endless duration. Donne.
endlevet, endlevent, a. and n. Obsolete (Mid-
dle English) forms of eleven.
endlichite (end'lik-it), n. [After Dr. P. M.
Endlicli.'] An arsenic-vanadate of lead, inter-
mediate between mimetite and vanadinite,
found in New Mexico.
endlongt (end'16ng),pre2). and adv. [Early mod.
E. also cndelong and endalong (as if < end +
long or along), < ME. endelonge, orig. andlong,
< AS. andlang, > E. along : see along'^.] I. pre2).
Along; lengthwise of; from end to end of.
This lady rometh . . . endelonge the stronde.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1498.
And as thay went endlande Jread endlange] this revere,
abowte the viij houre of the day thay come tille a castelle
that stode in a littille ile in this forsaid ryvere.
MS. Lincoln, A. i. 17, fol. 27. (Halliwell.)
And so he went endelonge the Cloyster there we sat at
ye table and dalt to euery Pylgryme as he passed a pap wt
relyques of ye holy place aboute Jherusale.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 39.
Sip Cuthbert Ratcliff, with divers of the most wise bor-
derers, devised a watch to be set from sunset to sunrise at
all passages and fords endalong all the middle marches
over against North Tynedale and Redesdale.
Hodgson, quoted in Bibton-Turner's Vagrants and
[Vagrancy, p. 86.
n. adv. 1. Along; lengthwise.
The enemies . . . were within the towne by their
trenches both endlong and ouerthwart.
HakluyVs Voyages, IL 89.
2. Continuously; from end to end.
So takes in bond
To seeke her endlong both by sea and lond.
Spenser, F. Q., III. x. 19.
endlyt, a. [(= MHG. endeUch, endUch, G. end-
licli.
Final.
final) \ end + -ly^.]
An endly or flnall processe of peace by anthoritie.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 206.
endlyt, adv. [< ME. endely (= MHG. endeliclie,
endliche, G. endlich), finally; < end + -ly'^.]
Finally.
Pees shalle be whereas now trouble is,
After this lyfe endely in blys.
MS. Hart., 3869. (Balliwell.)
end-man (end'man), n. 1. A man at one end
of a row or line ; hence, an extremist ; one who
takes the most advanced view of anything.
A very long series of resolutions, expressing the senti-
ments of a few end men on most of the open questions in
the broad sphere of modern life, were approved.
Science, IV. ;13.
Specifically — 2. In minstrel-troupes, a man
who sits at an end of the semicircle of perform-
ers during the opening part of tiie entertain-
ment. In the early days of negro minstrelsy each troupe
had two end-men, of whom one played the tambourine
and the other the clappers, or bones, and Ix>th alternately
cracked jokes with the middle-man and told funny stories
after each song sung by one of the company. The larger
troupes have since had two, and sometimes four, of each
class of end-men.
endmost (end'most), a. superl. [< end + -most.]
Situated at the very end ; furthest.
endo- (en'do). [< Gr. hSo-, combining form of
ivdov, in, within, in the house, at home (= OL.
endo-, indu-, in comp. ; cf. intus, within), < h
= L. m = E. ««!.] A prefix in words of Greek
origin, signifying 'within,' 'inside': equivalent
endocephalons
to onto-: opposed to ecto- or exo-, and in some
cases to apo-, epi-, aadperi-.
endoarian (on-do-a'ri-an), a. Having internal
genitalia, as an aotinozoan ; of or pertaining
to the Endoarii; not exoarian.
Endoarii (en-do-a'ri-i), n . pi. [NL., < Gr. Iviov,
within, -I- t^piov, dim. of ^ov = L. mum, egg.]
The aetinozoans: so named by Eapp (1829),
with reference to their internal genitalia : dis-
tinguished from Exoarii.
endoarteriitis, endoarteritis (en"do-ar"te-ri-
i'tis, -ar-te-ri'tis), n. [NL.] Same as endarte-
ritis.
endobasidinm (en'do-ba-sid'i-um), n. ; pi. en-
dobusidia (-ii). [NL.j < Gr. hdov, within, -I- NL.
basidium.] In my col., a basidium that is in-
closed in a dehiscent or indehiscent concepta-
cle, as in Gastcromycetes.
endoblast (en'do-blast), n. [< Gr. Ivdov, vrithin,
-t- /JAacrof, germ.] In biol., the internal blas-
tema or substance of the endoderm : same as
hypoblast.
endoblastic (en-do-blas'tik), a. [< endoblast +
-ic.] Pertaining to endoblast; constituting or
consisting of endoblast ; endodermal ; hypo-
blastie.
endocardiac (en-do-kar'di-ak), a. [< Gr. Mov,
within, + KupSia, = E. heart (see endocardium),
+ -ac. Cf. cardiac] 1. Situated within the
heart. — 2. Relating to the endocardium, or to
the interior of the heart: as, an endocardiac
sound or murmur. — 3. Situated in the cardiac
portion of the stomach.
endocardial (en-do-kiir'di-al), a. [< Gr. ivdov,
within, -t- Kapdia, = E. heart (see endocardium),
+ -al.] 1. Situated within the heart. — 2.
Pertaining to the endocardium.
Endocardines (en-do-kar'di-nez), n.pl. [NL.,
< Gr. ivdov, within, -I- L. cardo (cardin-), a hinge :
see cardo, cardinal.] A group of fossil (Creta-
ceous) lamellibranch mollusks, containing the
Rudistce only, thus corresponding to the family
Hippuritidce : opposed to Exocardines. They
had an inner hinge, with teeth on one valve.
endocarditic (en'Mo-kar-difik), a. [< endocar-
ditis + -ic] Pertaining to endocarditis.
endocarditis (en "do-kiir-di'tis), n. [NL. (= F.
endocarditv), < cndocard-ium + -itis.] In pa-
thol., inflammation of the endocardium.
endocardium (en-do-kar'di-um), n. [NL., <
Gr. ivSov, within, H- KapSia = E. heart.] In
anat., the lining of the heart, as distinguished
from the pericardium, or investing membrane
of that organ ; the membrane forming the inner
surface of the walls of the car-
diac cavities, or this surface
itself.
endocarp (en'do-karp), n. [=
F. endocarpe, < NL. endocar-
pium, < Gr. Muv, within, -l-
KapTzdq, fruit.] In bot., the in-
ner wall of a pericarp which
consists of two dissimilar lay-
ers. It may be hard and stony as
in the plum and peach, membranous
as in the apple, or fleshy as in the
orange. The endocarp or stone, the
epicarp or outer skin, and the mesooarp or fleshy part of a
peach are shown in the cut.
Endocarpeael (en-do-kar'pe-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Endocarpon (the typical genus) + -ece.] In
bot., a family of angiocarpous lichens having a
foliaeeous thallus. Also Endocarpei.
Endocarpese^ (en-do-kar'pe-e), n.pl. [NL., < Gr.
iv6ov, within, + mpnd^, fruit, -I- -ew.] In goal., a
division of nematophorous C'alen tera ta, contain-
ing those whose genitalia develop from the en-
doderm: opposed to i'etoca J7)<"(r. The division
contains the Scyphomedusa;, and also the Actino-
zoa proper or ^ « thozoa. Hertu-ig Brothers, 1879.
endocarpein (en-do-lsar'pe-in), a. [< Endo-
carpew + -j«i.] Same as endocarpoid.
endocarpoid (en-do-kar'poid), a. [< Endocar-
pon -i- -Old.] In Uchenology, having the apo-
thecia sunken in the substance of the thallus,
as in the genus Endocarpon.
Endocarpon (en-do-kar'pon), n. [NL., < Gr.
kvSov, within, + Kaprrdg, fruit.] In bot., the rep-
resentative genus of Etidocarpcw. It has the
apotheeia immersed in the thallus.
Endocephala (en-do-sef'a-la), m. ^J. [NL.,
neut. pT. of "cndocephalus : see endocephalous.]
The headless mollusks : same as Acephala.
endocephalous (en-do-sef'a-lus), a. [< NL.
*endocephalns, < Gr. ivdov, within, -I- kkjmH], the
head.] Having the head, as it were, within ;
acephalous or headless, as a lamellibranch mol-
lusk ; pertaining to the Endocephala.
Peach
Persi-
ca). £n, endocarp
Bp, epicarp ; Afes,
mesocarp.
endoceratid
endoceratid(en-*lo-ser'a-tid), II. Afossiloepha-
lopoil ot tlie fiimily Endoceratidw.
Endoceratidae (en'do-se-rat'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. ivfSor, within, + Kipaq (KtfMT-), horn, +
-idtB.] A family of nautiloid cephalopods hav-
ing large holoehoanoid siphons, endoeones or
gheaths, an endosiphon, and the whorls fusiform
in transverse section. Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., XXII. 266.
endocervical (en-do-s6r'vi-kal), a. [< Gr. iviov,
within, + L. cervix \cervic-), neck, + -fl/.] Per-
taining to the inside of the cervix of the uterus.
endocervicitis (en-do-sfer-vi-si'tis), ?i. [NL., <
Gr. hihv, within, + L. cervix {cervic-), neek, +
-itis.'] In pathol., inflammation of the lining of
the cervix of the uterus.
endochona (en-do-ko'nii), n.; pi. endochoiuB
(-ne). [NL., < Gr. cvSoi', within, + x^l^ a
funnel: see c/ione.] An endochone: distin-
Ruislied from ectochona. Sollas.
endochondral (en-do-kon'dral), a. [< Gr. h-
(i.ji, witliin, + ^(ivtSpof, cartilage, + -ai.] Situ-
ated witliin a cartilage.
endochone (en'do-kon), n. [< NL. endochona.']
Tlie inner division of a chone. Sollan.
endochorion (en-do-ko'ri-on), w. ; pi. endochoria
(-a). [NL., < Gr. ivim:, within, + x^P""'^ a mem-
brane, the chorion.] In niiat., the inner chorion :
a term sometimes applied to the vascular layer
of tlie allantois, limng the chorion.
endochorionic (en-do-ko-ri-on'ik), a. [< en-
dochorion + -ic] Pertaining to the endocho-
rion.
endochroa (en-dok'ro-a), n. p^L., < Gr. eviov,
within. + XP""' Xl'^^^'i surface.] In Imt., a name
piven by Hartig to a supposed interior layer of
the cuticle.
endochrome (en'do-krom), «. [< Gr. ivAav,
within, + ;rW"<'i color.] 1. In 6o<., the brown
cell-contents in Diatomacea', colored by diato-
min. The term has also been applied generally
to the coloring matter, other t han green, of flow-
ers, etc. — 2. In roo7., the highly colored endo-
plasm of a cell.— Endochrome plates, the colored
portions of the cell-contents of diatuniR.
endochjrme (en'do-kim), «. [NL., < Gr. hnhv,
within, + x^/idc, juice: see ehyme^.} In zool.,
the inner chyme-masa; endoplasm.
endoclinal (en-do-kli'nal), a. [< Gr. Ivdov, with-
in, + K/.ivtiv, lean (see clinode), + -a/.] In bot.,
having the clinodo (hymenium) inclosed in a
conceptacle.
endocoelar (en-do-se'18r)j a. [< Gr. Ivdmi, with-
in, + Kiji'/ji^, hollow, Koi/ia, the belly, + -ar.]
Situated on the inner wall, or intestinal surface
or visceral side, of the coeloma or body-cavity;
Bplanchnopleural : used chiefly of bodies (fe-
nve<l from a four-layered g<?nn, an<l hence with
reference to the splanchnoiileural or visceral
division of the mesoderm : opposed to cxocalar.
Tlie intestinal filirous layer. From this Is devclO|>e(I,
flmtly. tlie eiultx'trUtr : that is, the inner or viscenil ca;lun!
fpfthftliiiii, thi.' Iiiyur of cells coverinj^ the outer surface of
till- »li..li- iiiu-stiue. llaecM, Evol. (trans.), I. 271.
endocoelarinm (en'do-so-la'ri-um), n. [NL. :
see ciidiM-alar.] In sonl,, the layer of cells form-
ing the epithelium of the visceral or inner wall
of the body-cavity; the visceral epithelium of
the (.'(eloraa.
endocondyle (en-do-kon'dil), n. Same as enlo-
,„,„l,il,: t
endocone (en'do-kon), n. [< Gr. Ivdov, within,
-♦- «ui'of, cone.] One of the internal concentric
cones formed by the sheaths of the siphons of
gome cephalopods, us those of the family £n-
doceratiilw. Hyatt.
endoconic (en-«fo-kon'ik), a. [< endocone + -ic]
I'iii;iiiiirig to tlie endocone of a cephalopod.
endocranial (en-do-kra'ni-al), a. [< cndocra-
niiim + -«/.] Pertaining to the endocranium;
situated or taking place within the cranium.
endocranimn (en-do-kra'ni-um). «. [NL., < Gr.
IviSov, within, + K/xiviot', the skull.] In zool.
and aiiiil., a collective name for the processes
which project inward from the cranium of an
animal, and serve to support the organs of the
heail: applied by Huxley to the hard pieces
found in the head of an insect, and invisible
without dissection, in the cockroach these form a
cruciform luirtitiun in the middle of the head, and they
auunie vari..ii« fi.rms In other Insects. Also called ten-
torium, and hy Kirtiy refihaUiphrniiuui.
There Is |in the cockrcachl a sort of internal skeleton
(«n/i«MTaniti»t or tentorium), which extends as a cruciform
partition from the inner (air of the lateral walls of the
cranium ... to the siiics of the rHcipltal foramen.
Iliiztry, Anat Invert., p. 348.
endoctrinatet (en-dok'tri-nat), r. t. See indoc-
tniuitf .
V2l
1921
endoctrinel (en-dok'trin), r. t. [= F. endoctriiier
= Pr. eiuloctriiiar; as c»i-l + doctrine.] Same
as indoctrinate.
endocyclic (en-do-sik'Uk), a. [< NL. endocycli-
cii.f, < Gr. ivdov, witliin, + kvk?.oq, circle.] Hav-
ing a centric anus, as a regular sea-urchin;
specifically, pertaining to the Endocyclica. Also
endncyclical.
Endocyclica (en-do-sik'li-ka), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of endocyclicus : see endocyclic] An
order of echinoderms, containing the regular
or desmostichous sea-urchins, having the anus
centric, as the cidarids and ordinary sea-eggs :
same as Dcsinosticlia : opposed to Kxncijclica.
endocyclical (en-do-sik'li-kal), a. Same as cn-
(loci/clic.
endbcyemate (en-do-si'e-mat), a. [NL., < Gr.
evihv, within, + Ki-T/fja, an embryo (< nvelv, con-
ceive), + -ate^.] In embryol., developed in the
manner characteristic of reptiles, birds, and
mammals, in which the embryo is bodily Inva-
ginated in an involution of the blastodermic
membrane, and an amnion is developed in eon-
sequence; amniotic and allantoic, as verte-
brates above batrachiaus: opposed to epicyc-
mate.
The formation of the amnion in the eHdoci/emate types
of the Chordata. J. A. Btjder, Amer. Nat. (1885), p. 1118.
endocyesis (en'do-si-e'sis), n. ; pi. endocyeses
(-sez). [NL., < Gr. iviov, within, + airiai^, con-
ception, < Kvclv, conceive.] The state or quality
of being endocyemate ; the process by which an
endocyemate embryo becomes such.
endocjrst (en'do-sist), n. [< Gr. tvSov, within,
+ Kvari^, bladder: see cyst.] In zool.: (a) The
inner layer or membrane of the body-wall of a
polyzoon. If there is no ectocyst, the endo-
derm forms the entire integument. (6) In Poly-
zoa, the proper ectodermal layer of the organ-
ism inside the hard ectocyst, together with the
parietal layer of the mesoderm which lines and
secretes the cells of the exoskeleton. See cut
under I'lunialclUi.
endoderm (eu'do-d^rm), «. [< Gr. Mov, within,
-I- /lijiiia, skin.] In zool., the completed inner
layer of cells in all metazoan animals, formed
by the cells of the hypoblast or endoblast, and
representing, under whatever motlification, the
lining of the enteron: opposed to ectoderm.
lYimitlvely, it is the wall of the gastrular body-cavity, as
the ectoderm is that of the whole body. Also e7ifO(fer?».
See cut under ilydrozoa.
The Inner, or endoderm. Is formed by the " Invajdnatlon "
of that layer Into the space left void by the disaolutiuu of
the central cells of the " morula."
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., f 301.
endodermal (en-do-d^r'mal), a. [< endoderm
+ -«/.] Of or pertaining to the endoderm;
constituting an endoderm ; consisting of endo-
ilerm. Also entoderinal, vndodermic, cntodermic.
endodennic (en-do-d^r'mik), a. [< endoderm
+ -ic] Same as endodermal.
endodermis (en-do-ddr'mis), w. [NL., < Gr. tv-
I'of, within, + dip/M, skin.] In bot., the layer
of modified parenchyma-cells which are united
to form the sheath surrounding a fibrovascular
bundle.
endoenteritis (en'do-en-te-ii'tis), n. [NL.]
Same as enteritis.
endogamous (en-dog'a-mus), a. [< endogain-y
+ -oiix.] Marrying, or pertaining to the cus-
tom of marrying, within the tribe or group;
pertaining to, practising, or characterized by
endogamy: opposed to exoj;a;«OM«.
These (the Roman usus and confarreatio] are . . . forms
appropriate to marriages between memijers of the same
family-trroup or tribe ; and . . . could only have origi-
nated among eiidoffamoui trilies.
McLennan, Prim, ^larrlage, Hi.
The outer or endofiainmu limit, within which a man or
woman must marry, has been mostly taken uiuicr the shel-
ter of fashion or prejudice. It is but faintly traced in Eng-
land, though not wholly obacured.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 224.
endogamy (en-dog'a-mi), n. [< Gr. tmhv, with-
in. + -icifio^, marriage.] Marriage within the
tribe: a custom among some savage peoples:
opposed to exogamy.
The rule which declares the union of jwrsons of the
same blood to be Inceat has been hitherto unnamed. . . .
The words endogamy and exogamy (for which botanical
strlence affords parallels) appear to i>e well suited to ex-
I tress the ideas which stand in need of names, and so we
lave ventured to use them,
McLennan, Prhn. Marriage, lii., note.
Evidently endogamy, which at the outset must have
characterized the more peaceful groups, and which has
prevailed as societies have become less hostile, is a con-
comitant of the higher forms of the family.
U. Spencer, Prin. of Soclol., { 29a
Parts of an Endogen.
I. Section of the stem of a palm : e, e, re-
mains of leaf-stalks ; /, bundles of woody
fiber. 2. Portion of stem, natural size, show-
ing the ends of the bundles of woody fiber.
3.Endt^enousleaf, showing its parallel veins.
4- Monocotyledonous seed, showing (a) its
single cotyledon. 5. Germination of palm: b,
albumen ; c, cotyledon ; d, plumule ; <, radicle
issuing from a short sheath, the coleorhiza.
6. Flower of end<^en.
endogonidium
endogastritis (en^do-gas-tri'tis), n. [< Gr. h>-
(ioi', within, + yacrijp^ stomach, + -itis: see tjas-
iritis,'] in pathol., inflammation of the mu-
cous membrane of the stomach; gastritis.
endogen (en'do-jen), 71. [< NL. endogentiSy adj.,
< Gr. ev6ov, within, + -yevr/g^ producing: see -gen,
-genoiis. Cf. the like-formed Gr. hvdoyevi^q,, "born
in the house.] A plant belonging to one of
the large primary classes into which the vege-
table kingdom is divided : so named from the be-
lief that the fibrovascular bundles were devel-
oped only about the center of the stem, in dis-
tinction from the exogens or * ' outside growers " ;
a monocotyledon, in their structure the eudogens
ditfer from the exogens chiefly in the absence of a cambium
layer and in the course of the vascular bundles, which, in-
stead of being parallel to each other in successive con-
centric rings, have a variously oblique or curved direction,
crossing each oth-
er, and forming a
steip which has
ordinarily no dis-
tinction of jjith
or bark, and
in cross - section
shows the bundles
irregularly dis-
posed, either scat-
tered over the
whole surface or
gathered more
compactly toward
the circumfer-
ence. The other
organs of the
plants are also
characteristic.
The leaves are
generally paral-
lel - veined, the
flowers usually
have three organs
in each whorl, the
seed has an em-
br>'o with one co-
tyledon, and the
radicle issues from a sheath and is never developed into
a taproot in gennination. The endogens are divided into
84 natural orders, including about l,f>00 genera and from
18,0(X) to 20,000 species. By the characters of the in-
florescence they are also distinguished as either spadi-
ceous, as in tlie PalvuB and Aracece, petaloldeous, as in
tlie Orchidacece, LUiacece, Jridacece, and Amarifllidacece,
orglumaceous, as in the GramineiVfind Cyi>eracexe. These
8 orders embrace over four fifths of the whole number of
species, the OrchidacetE alone including nearly 5,000. This
class contains many of the most valuable food-producing
plants ()f the vegetable kingdom, such as the cereals and
forage -pi ants among tlie grasses, the palms, plantains, etc. ;
and the petaloideous division supplies also very many of
the most showy ornaments of the garden and greenhouse.
The structure of the roots of endogens and exogens is
essentially the same in plan with tlial of their respective
stems. If'. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 375.
Endogense (en-doj'e-ne), «. pU [NL., fem. pi.
(sc. plantw) of cndogemts : see endogenous,'] In
hot.y as a classifying name, the endogens. See
monocotyledon,
endogenetic (en*d6-je-net'ik), «, Having an
origin from internal causes : as, endogenetic dis-
eases, Itungliaon.
endogenous (en-doj'e-nus), «. [< NL. endo-
genus : see endogen.'] 1. In hot.i (a) Of or
pertaining to the class of endogens ; growing
or proceetung from within : as, endogenous trees
or plants; endogenous gvovfih.
It is in the motle of urrangenient of these bundles that
the fundamental dilferenee exists I>etween the stems which
are commonly designated jis endoi/eiwus . . . and those
wliich are more correctly termed exogenous.
W. U. Carpenter, Micros., § 3C5.
(ft) Originating within ; internal; specificallv,
formed within another body, as spores within
a sporangium.
The zygospore is strictly an endogenous formation.
liessey.
2. In anat,: (a) Same as autogenous, (h) In-
closed in a common cavity of the matrix, as
cartilage-cells — Endogenous ceU-fonnatlon. the
deVL'lopnifiit of daughter-cells within the mother-cell,
endogenously (en-doj'e-nus-li), adv. In an
endogenous manner; internally.
endo^athal (en-dog'na-thal), a. [< Gr. evSop,
within, H- > vqOo^j Jaw, + -at,"] Of or pertaining
to a modification of the three, terminal joints of
the gnathostegite or third thoracic appendage
in brachyurous crustaceans. See gnathostegite.
The three terminal joints of the limb remain 8nta1I,and
constitute apalpifonn appendage^ the eiuioffnat/ial im\p.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 299.
endogonidium (en^do-go-nid'i-um), J(.; pi. endo-
gonidia (-ji). [NL., < Or. mW, within, + NL.
gonidium, q. v.] Agonidium (conidium) formed
inside of a cell by free cell-formation, as in Sa^
prolegniaj MiicoTf FrtMcAfrta, the yeast-plant, etc.
These endofjonidin heUig set free by the dissolution of
the wall of the parent-cell soon enlarge and comport
themselves as ordinary yeHSt-cells.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., §311.
endogonlum
endogonium (en-do-go'ni-uin), n. [NL., < Gr.
evthv, witliiu, + >owf, seed.] In bot., the con-
tents of the nucule of a chara. Treasury of
Botani/.
endolarvngeal (en'do-la-rin'jf-al), a. [< Gr.
ivdor, within, + ?~dpvyi, larynx, + -al.'] Situ-
ated within the larynx.
endolymph (en'do-limf), «. [='E'.en(lolym})he,
< Gr. h'Sov, within, + L. lympha, water s see
lymph.'] In anat., the peculiar limpid fluid which
is contained within the membranous labyrinth
of the ear, as distinguished from the perilymph,
which surrounds it. Both are inside the bony laby-
rinth. The emlolymph may contain hard bodies called
otoconites. It is also known as the liquor Scarpm and the
vitreous hunwr of the ear.
endolymphangial (en'do-lim-fan'ji-al), a. [<
Gr. fnio:), within, -I- L. lympha, water (see lymph),
+ Gr. ayjciov, a vessel, + -al."] Situated or con-
tained in lymphatic vessels : an epithet applied
to certain nodules in serous membrane in re-
lation with the lymphatic system : opposed to
periliimj)hanf/ial: as, endolymphangial nodules.
endolymphatic (eu'do-lim-fafik), a. [< ctido-
lymph -I- -(/(ifl.] Pertaining to the endolymph,
or to the cavity of the labyrinth which con-
tains that fluid ; ondolymphic : as, the endolym-
phatic fluid (that is, the endolymph) ; the endo-
lymphatic duct (which persists in some verte-
brates, as sharks, as a cotnmunicatiou between
the labyrinth and the exterior). See ductus.
endolymphic (en-do-lim'fik), a. [< endolymph
+ -ic] Of or pertaining to or of the nature of
endolymph.
She [Laura Bridgnian] does not appear to be in the least
ataxic ; but it will be remarkable if touch and muscle-sense
have ... so well learned to discharge those [functions]
now generally supposed to be due to endolymphic pres-
sure. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 262.
endomaget, ''• *• -Aji obsolete form of endamage.
endome (en-dom'), v. t. : pret. and pp. endomed,
ppr. endoming. [< en-'- + dome^.] To cover
with or as if with a dome.
The blue Tuscan sky endo^n^
Our English words of prayer.
Mrs. Brouming, Child's Grave at Florence.
eadomersion (en-do-mfer'shon), ». [< Gr. Mov,
within, -f LL. (gloss.) mersio^n-), a dipping in,
immersion, < L. mergere, dip: see merge.] Im-
mersion : a word used only in the phrase etido-
mersion objective (which see, under objective, n.).
endometrial (en-do-me'tri-al), a. [< endome-
trium + -al.] 1. Situated within the uterus.
— 2. Pertaining to the endometrium.
endometritis (en"d6-me-tri'tis), n. [NL., <
endometrium + -itis.'\ In jjaWio!., inflammation
of the endometrium.
endometrium (en-do-me'tri-um), n. [NL., <
Gr. iv6ov, within, -f- /isyrpa, uterus : see matrix.]
The lining membrane of the uterus.
endomorpn (en'do-morf), n. [< Gr. iv6ov, with-
in, + ftop(j}ri, form!] In mineral., a mineral in-
closed in a crystal of another mineral. Thus
there are found in quartz crystals a great variety of min-
erals, as rutile, tremolite, tourmalin, hematite, etc.
endomorphic (en-do-m6r'fik), a. [< endomorph
-I- -ic] Occurring in the form of an endo-
morph ; of or relating to minerals occurring as
endomorphs.
endomycnid (en-dom'i-kid), a. and n. I, a. Of
or pertaining to the Endomychidce.
TL. n. AmevaheTotthefa.unlyEndomychidw;
a fungus-beetle.
Endomychidae (en-do-mik'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Endomychus + -idle'.] A family of trimerous
or cryptotetramerous clavicorn beetles, related
to the ladybirds or Coccinellida:. Tliey have cylin-
drical maxillary palpi with the terminal joint filiform ;
long antennae; an elongated head ; often grooves at the base
of the prothorax ; the dorsal segments of the abdomen part-
ly membranous ; the ventral free ; the wings not fringed ;
the tarsi typically 3-jointed, with the second joint di-
lated ; and the claws simple. There are about 400 species,
which live on fungi in both the larval and the mature
state, and are sometimes called fungm-beetles. In some
the tarsi are evidently 4-joint-
ed. The family is most numer-
ous in the tropics.
Endomychus (en-dom'i-
kus), n. [NL. (PaykuU,
1798), < Gr. cvSov, within,
-I- pvx6^, the innermost
part, inmost nook or cor-
ner, < fiveiv, close, shut.]
The typical genus of the
family Endomychidce. E.
coccineus and E. higuttatus
are examples. E. hovistce
is a British species ; E. bi-
guttatus is the only North
American one. shows natural size.)
1922 endopleurite
The internal face of the sternal wall of the whole of the
thorax and of the post-oral part of the head presents a
complicated arrangement of hard parts, whicli is known
as the endopkragmal system. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 157.
endophyllous (en-do-fil'us), a. [< Gr. cvSov,
within, -I- ^iA/.ov (= "L./oliumj a leaf), -I- -oics.]
In bot., being or formed within a sheaf, as the
young leaves of monocotyledons.
There seems to be a connection between the sarcolemma endophvtal (cu'do-fi-tal), a. [< endophytc +
and the CT.dom!/«M,«._ „l. ] i-Amo a,ii cntophyiic.
endophyte (en'do-fit), n. [< Gr. CTifov, within,
-I- <pvT6v, a plant.] Same as entophyte
endomysial (en-do-mis'i-al), a. [< endomysium
+ -al.] Pertaining to or consisting of endo-
mysium.
endomysium (en-do-mis'i-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
hiihv, within, + /iif, muscle : see muscle.] In
anat., the areolar tissue between the fibers of
the fasciculi of muscles.
[< endophyte
same as entoi>hytic.
" ~ Same
Buck's Handbook of Med. Sei., V. 63.
endonephritis (en'do-ne-fri'tis), n. [NL., < „,„ ,.j ,,„^„„„
Gr. n'to, withm, -t- NL. nephntts, q. v.] Same endophytic (en-do-fit'ik), a.
as pyeliti.t. , . ,, ,-, :, ■ -'".] In bot., same as entoph^..^.
endoneurial (en-do-nu n-al), a. [< endoneun- endophytically (en-do-fit'i-kal-i), adv.
urn -I- -al.] Pertaining to or consisting of en- ^^ entophytically.
doneurium. ...
endoneurium (en-do-nii'ri-um), ». [NL., < Gr.
evdov, within, + vevpov, nerve.] In anat., the
delicate connective tissue which supports and
separates from one another the nerve-fibers
within the funiculus.
endonucleolus (en"d6-nu-kle'o-lus), n. ; pi. en-
donucleoli (-li). [NL., < Gx.' evdov, within, +
NL. >(»deo?M«, q. v.] A highly refractive speck
or particle of protoplasm in the interior of an endoplasm (en'do-plazm), n. [< Gr. ivSov,
endpphytOUS (en-dof'i-tus), a. [< Gr. ivSov,
within, -I- (pvTov, a plant, + -ous.] In entom.,
penetrating within the substance of plants and
trees; living within wood during a part of life,
while some transformations are effected: said
of the larvte of certain insects.
The larva; of the castnians are . . . endophytous, boring
the stems and roots of orchids and other plants.
C. r. Riley.
ovum ; an endoplastule<
The protoplasm is made very opaque by the presence of
a very large quantity of yolk spherules. A nucleus con-
taining nucleolus and endonucleoli is always visible after
staining or crushing.
li. J. H. Gibson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., XXXII. 634.
endoparasite (en-do-par'a-sit), n. [< Gr. ev-
dov, within, + irapdai-oc, parasite : see parasite.]
within, -I- vXaa/ia,' a, thing formed, < n2,daaeiv,
form.] 1. In bot., the inner granular and
somewhat fluid part of the protoplasm of a
cell, as distinct from the ectoplasm. — 2. In
zool., the interior protoplasm or sarcodous sub-
stance of a protozoan, as a rhizopod, as distin-
guished from the ectoplasm : same as endosare.
Also called chyme-mass, parenchyma.
An internal parasite; a parasite which lives in ^^'»"^^''«"."*"'^:'''"^^^^^^
thfi intprnnl ^a.rts or or^ns of the host, as dis- endoplasmic (en-do-plaz mik), a. [< endoplasm
the internal parts or organs of the host, as dis
c] Pertaining to or formed of endoplasm.
iKfn^SXr tr^^a^s^^^hl^ endakstA^-pU«. l<^l..*endoplastum
character. The term has no classificatory
meaning.
endoparasitic (en"d6-par-a-sit'ik), a. [< eyido-
parasite -I- -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature
of an endoparasite.
Dr. Grassi has investigated the endoparasitic " Protista,"
and recognizes five families of Flagellata.
Smithsonian Report, 1883, p. 704.
< Gr. evdov, within, + ttTmoto^, formed, molded,
< Tr'Xaaaeiv, form.] The so-called nucleus of
protozoan animals. The endoplast is regarded as the
homologue of the nucleus of any true cell of the metazoic
animals. See cuts under Actinosphcerium and Parame-
cium.
The "nucleus "is a structure which is often wonderfully
similar to the nucleus of a histological cell, but, as its
identity with this is not fully made out, it may l)etter be
termed endoplast. ... In a few Protozoa tliere are many
cndoplasts. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 74.
endopathic (en-do-path'ik), a. [< Gr. evdov.
within,-!- ffaSof suffering + -ic] In pathol, endoplastic (en-d6-plas'tik)7 «. [< endoplast
pertaining to the production of disease from + _^^ ^ ^^ ^^ pertaining to the endopl-st:
causes within the body. - - - - „ .
endopericarditic (en-d6-per"i-kar-dit'ik), a.
[< endopericarditis + -ic] Pertaining to, of the
nature of, or affected with endopericarditis.
endopericarditis (en-do-per'i-kiir-di'tis), n.
[< Gr. ivdov, within, + Trepmapdiov, pericardium,
-h -itis.] In pathol., simultaneous inflamma-
tion of the endocardium and pericardium.
endoperidia, n. Plural of endoperidium.
endoperidiai (en'do-pe-rid'i-al), a. [< endope-
ridium + -al.] Pertaining to or of the charac-
ter of an endoperidium.
endoperidium (en"do-pe-rid'i-um), m. ; pi. en-
doperidia (-a). [Nt., < Gr. evdov, within, -I-
NL. peridimn, q. v.] The inner peridium, where
two are present, as in Geaster. Compare exo-
peridinm.
endoperineuritis (en-d9-per"i-nu-ri'tis), n.
[NL., < Gr. evdov, within, + NL. perineurium,
q. v., -t- -itis.] In pathol., inflammation of the
endoneurium and perineurium.
endophagOUS (en-dof'a-gus), a. [< Gr. ivdov,
within, + (jiayelv, eat, -f -ous.] Cannibalistic
within the tribe ; given to endophagy.
endophagy (en-dof'a-ji), n. [As endo})hag-otis
+ -y.] Cannibalism practised within the tribe ;
the practice of devouring one's relations.
endophlebitic (en"do-fle-bit'ik), a. [< endophle-
bitis + -ic] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or
affected with endophlebitis.
endophlebitis (eu'da-fle-bi'tis), ». [NL., <
Gr. evdov, within, + (bMil> MeB-), a vein, -1- , , , ,- ,.., ..^ i j ,
:tis.] In pathol., inflammation of the inner endopleura (en-do-plo'ra), «.; pi. endo^leurw
I vein ("''^)- [NL.,< Gr.cK&v, within, -(- x?,CTpa, a nb.
as, endoplastic substance.^ — 2. Having an en-
doplast ; being one of the Endo2)lastica : as, an
endoplastic protozoan.
Also entoplastie.
Endoplastica (en-do-plas'ti-ka), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of *endoplasticus, endoplast.] A
higher group of the Protozoa, conveniently dis-
tinguished from the Monera or lower Protozoa
by the possession of an endoplast, the so-called
nucleus. See extract under endoplast, and
moner. The leading divisions of the Etidoplastica, as
named by Huxley, are the Amteboideh (liere called Proto-
plasta), Gregarinida, Infusoria, Eadiotaria, and probal^ly
the Catatlacta.
The Protozoa are divisible into a lower and a higher
group. ... In the latter — the Endoplastica — a certain
portion of this substance [protoplasm] (the so-called nu-
cleus) is distinguishable from the rest [Note] I adopt this
distinction as a matterof temporary convenience, although
I entertain great doubt whether it will stand the test of
further investigation. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 73.
endoplastular (en-do-plas'tu-lar), a. [< emdo-
plastule ■¥■ -ar.] Of or pertaining to an endo-
plastule; nucleolar^
endoplastule (en-do-plas'ttd), n. [< endoplast
-(- -i(?c.] The so-called nucleolus of Protozoa,
as of an amoeba or other rhizopod, or of an in-
fusorian, which may lie within or by the side
of the endoplast. See out under Paramecium.
Attached to one part of it [the endoplast] there is very
generally ... a small oval or rounded body, the so-called
" nucleolus " or endoplastule.
Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 98.
[NL., <
In bot.,
Gr.
the
Funf^us-beetle {Endomy-
H^uttatus). (Line
coat of a vein
endophloeum (en-do-fle'um), n.
evdov, within, + <l>7Mt6g, bark.]
liber or inner bark. See liber.
The internal [layer] or endophloeum., which is more com-
monly known as the liber.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 372.
endophragm (
phragma, < Gr.
tion,< ippdaaetv, shutin,fencein. Cf. diaphragm.]
In zool. , a kind of diaphragm or partition formed
by apodemes of opposite sides of a somite of a
crustacean.
endophragmal (en-do-frag'mal), a. [< endo-
2>hraym -I- -al.] Of or pertaining to an endo-
phragm.
usually in pi., the ribs, the side.] In bot., the
delicate inner coat of a seed. See cut under
cpisperm.
endopleural (en-do-plo'ral), a. [< etidoplcur-
(ite) + -at] Pertaining to an endopleurite.
Also endoplcuritic.
en'do-frani), n [< m.^ enOo- ^^^^^ j^t^^^^^'U^^/tl
. evdov, withm, -I- *PWa, a parti- ^^^^ ^^ ^ crustacean which arises from the in-
terepimeral membrane which connects the so-
mites; a pleural or lateral piece of the endo-
thorax, as distinguished from an endosternite.
The floor of the thoracic cavity [of the crawSsh) is seen
to be divided into a number of incomplete cells, or chiim-
bers, by . . . apodemal partitions, which . . . ai-ise partly
from the interstemal, partly from the Interepimeral mem-
Endosporeae
salpinx (salping-), + -itis.'\ lapathol., inflam- endosmometric (en-dos-mo-met'rik), a. [<e»-
mation of the lining membrane of a Fallopian dosmomctcr + -i'c] Pertaining to or designed
tube. for the measurement of endosmotic action.
endosarc (en'do-sark), n. K Gr. cvSov, within, endosmose (en'dos-mos), n. [= F. endosmose,
+ adp^ (aapK-), the flesh.] In zoiil., the inner < NL. endosmosis, q. v.] Same as endosmosis.
endoplenrlte 1823
brane connecting every pair of somites. The former por-
tion of eacli apodeme is the endosternite, the latter the
endopUiirit'i. . . . The endopUurite . . . divides into
three apophyses, one descending or arthrodial, and two
wliich pass nearly horizontally inwards,
Huxley, Anat, Invert,, p, 269,
endopleuritic (en'do-plp-rit'ik), a. [< endo-
pleuritc + -ic] Same as endopleural.
endoplutonic (en-do-plp-ton'ik), a. [< Gr. ev-
Au, within, + E. plutonic.'\ An epithet applied
bv some geologists to rocks "supposed to have
bien generate! within the first-formed crust ""^ «" ""c.eus. see cut.
of the earth " endosarcodous (en-do-sar'ko-dns), a. [< en-
[< Gr. Ivdov with- dosarc (sarcode) + -Oiis.] Same as endosar-
or interior sarcode or protoplasm of the amoe-
bffl or other protozoans, in any way distin-
guished from the exterior sarcodous substance
orectosarc; endoplasm. It corresponds to the gen-
eral substance of a cell, as distinguished from a cell-wall
and cell-nucleus. See cut under Paramecium.
endopodite (en-dop'd-dit), n ^
iu, + -01 f (to<!-) = E.foot, + -ife.]
one of the two main
divisions of the typi-
cal limb of a crusta-
cean : the opposite
of exopodite. Both en-
dopodite and exopodite
are parts l)orne upon that
part which is called the
protopodite, and both are
variously moditied in dif-
ferent parts of the body
of the same animaL The
epipodit« may become a
glU, etc. The endopodite
becomes in the thoracie
region an amimlatory
limb, and is then the ordi-
nary "leg" or "claw" of
a crab or lobster. When
thus folly developed, it
consists of 7 Joints. These
are the coxopodite, ba-
■ipodite, ischiopoidite.
The inner «'>?'''
_. . Developed Endopodite, or or-
dinary ambulatory leg of the craw-
fi^ as a thoracic appendage: a\
the whole extent of the endopo-
rndopo.
coxop.
M. Poisson has further attempted to show that this
force of endosmose may be considered as a particular modi-
fication of capillary action. WhewelL
endosmosis (en-dos-mo'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ev-
thi', within, + uafidg, impulsion, < ioOelv, push,
thrust, impel.] The transmission of a fluid
inward through a porous septum or partition
which separates it from another fluid of differ-
ent density : opposed to exosmosis : see osmosis.
The general phenomenon of the interdiffusion of fluids
through septa, including both endosmosis and exosmosis,
is termed diosmosis or osmosis, but endosvtosis is also used
in this sense. The phenomena differ from diffusion prop-
er in being affected by the nature of the septum. — Elec-
trical endosmosis, the cataphoric action of the electric
ciirrent ; the passage of an elecirolyzed liquid through a
diaphragm from the anode to the cathode. Some of the
laws of the phenomenon have been made out, although it
is not fully understood. The amount which passes is pro-
portional to the intensity of the current and to the spe-
cific resistance of the liquid, and is independent of the area
and thickness of the diaphragm. The hydrostatic pres-
sure required to present the phenomenon is proportional
to the thickness and inversely as the area of the dia-
phragm.
dite with seven Joints;
odite ; 3, basipodite i 3, tschi
4. meropodite: 5, carpopodite: 6,
propodite ; 7. dactylopodite ; e, fila-
ments home on coxopodite ; </, an
epipodite. B and c, appendages
respectively of tirst and second at>.
domtnal somite of the male : a^, en-
dopodite : c, exopodtte-
mi-niiMxiite, carpopodite,
lite, and dactylopodlte, nametl from base to tip of
endosarcous (en'do-sar-kus), a. [< endosarc +
-oiig.'\ Pertaining to or of the nature of endo-
sarc.
endoscope (en'do-skop), n. [< Gr. Ivdav, within,
+ CKoTTtiv, view."] A diagnostic instrument de-
signed for obtaining a view of some internal
part of the body, especially the bladder, uterus,
and stomach.
endoscopic (en-do-skop'ik), a. [< endoscope +
-!>.] 1. Pertaining to or effected by means
of an endoscope. — 2. In math., viewing coeffi-
cients with reference to their internal consti-
tution as composed of roots or other elements.
Thus, the methods of Lagrange and Abel for endosmosmic (en-dos-mos'mik), o. An inoor-
til. 1. _', in Milne-Edwards's and Huxley's nomenclature.
I he nippers or chela) at the end of such a developed en-
(l<i|Mxlite are the sixth and seventh of ita Joints, namely,
the pratKxIite anil its niovably apposable dactylopodite.
endopoditic (en-dop-o-dit'ik), a. [< endopodite
+ -ic] Of or pertaining to the endopodite.
f ni the other hand, the inner or tndopoditic division of
the antenna becomes immensely lengthened, and at thi
resolving an equation are endoscopic. J. J.
Sylrestcr, 1853.
endosiphon (en-do-si'fon), n. [NL., < Gr. Mov,
within, + a'ujiuv, a tube.] The inner siphon of
cephalopods; a median tube, inside the tube
formed by the true funnels connecting the
apices of the fleshy sheaths, and surrounded by
a layer of shell.
Tills, the endosip/um, had the same thin covering as the
sheaths themselves or the secondary diaphragms,
A. Hyatt, Proc, Amer, Assoc, Adv. Sci., XXXII. 328.
endosiphonal (en-do-si'fon-al), a. [< endosi-
phon + -*/?.] Pertaining to or having the char-
acter of an endosiphon.
same time annulated. while the outer or exopodillc divi- endoslnhonate (en-do-Si'fon-at), O. [< endosv-
sioii remains relatively short, and acauirei iU character- . i ^i -i ti.^__ " purtnair^hnn
istic »cale like form. Huxfay, CrayHah, p. 218. /*"<>» + -o«e*.J Uavmg an enaosipnon.
Endoprocta (en-d6-prok't4), n. pi. [NL., neut.
■p\. 01 'endoproctua: soo endoproctous.'] A divi-
sion of the Poluzoa, established by Nitsche, , .,.,, j-t,, i,.,
having the anna inside of the circle of tenta- endoskeletal (en-do-skel e-tal),
elesTbpposed to JSctoproeta. skeleton + -<il.-i Of or pertamu
The endofiphonate and transitional types [of cephalo-
pods] of these periods have a common character.
A. Hyatt, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXII. 328.
a. [< ettdo-
pertaiiiiing to the endo-
In the
skeleton.
.^:?jrSe™doJenn"„'}'S'e'al?mS^„°aI endoskeleton .(en;^6-«kel'e-ton) n [NL.,
only one layer,
has no tecond or external coat. The perivisceral cavity,
or interspace between the endoderro and ectoderm, is oc-
cupied by ramified mesodermal cells.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 671.
endoproctoiu (en-do-prok'tus), a. [< NL. *en-
iliilinicliuf, < Gr. ivAov, within, + irpunTdf, anus.]
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Endnproeta : as, an endojiroctous polvzoan.
endoptile (en-dop'til), a. [< Gr. ^fiW, within,
-I- rrriXav, feather, down, wing, leaf.] Same
as monocotyledonous : an epithet proposed by
Lestiboudois, because the plumule is inclosed
within the cotyledon.
endoral (en-do'ral), a. [< Gr. fvtov, within, +
L. OS (or-), mouth, + -a/.] Situated between
till' adoral and preoral cilia in certain Oxytri-
rhiiiir; said of certain cilia.
endoreif, '■. '• [ME. endoren, endouren, < OF.
endorer, gild, glaze, < «t- + dorer, F. dorer, gild,
< LL. chaurare, ^d: see deattrate, and cf.
adore^, Doratlo, dory^."] In cookery, to make
of a bright golden color, as by the use of the
yolks of eggs; glaze.
Eobroche hit fayre, . . .
Bndore hit with jolkea at eggei then
With a fedyr at Ore.
Liber Cure Coeorum, p. 87.
Potage . . . with rosted motton. Tele, porke,
Chekyns or endmmd pygyons.
Bal>ea Book (E. E. T. S.X p. 278.
Darielles [cnrries] tndordide, and d»nteei ynewe.
lf«r<« Artkure (E, E. T. S.X 1. 1»9,
endore^, f. (. [ME. endoren, var. of adoren,
adore : see adore^Jl To adore.
Rebtike me neoer with wordej felle,
Tha; I forloyne me dere endortfe.
AllUeraHve Poetni (ed. Morris), L S68.
endorhizal (en-d^-rl'zal), a. [< Gr. Mov,
within. + pi'Ca, root, -♦- -^i/.] In bot., having
the radicle of the embryo incloeed within a
sheath : a characteristic of endogenous plants.
See cut under endogen.
endorhizous (en-do-ri'zus), a
rhi:(il.
rect form for endosmotic or endosmie.
endosmotic (en-dos-mot'ik), a. [< endosmosis
(-osmot-) + -ic.'] Of or pertaining to endosmo-
sis ; of the nature of endosmosis. Also endos-
mie.
Root-pressure is probably a purely physical phenome-
non, due to a kind of endosm/)tic action taking place in the
root-cells. Bessey, Botany, p. 174.
Endosmose is Independent of any interchange, since it
results entirely from the attraction of the dissolving sub-
stance for the solvent ; and this attraction is invariable at
the same temperature, and may be termed endosmotic force.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 597.
Endosmotic equivalent, the ntimber expressing the ra-
tio of the amount by weightof water which passes through
a porous membrane into a saline solution to that of the
amount of salt passing in the opposite direction.
endosmotically (en-dos-mot'i-kal-i), adv. By
means of endosmosis ; in an endosmotic man-
ner.
The nutritive fluid passes endositwtictUly into the body
parenchyma. Clans, Zoology (trans.), p. 307.
endosomal (en'do-so-mal), a. [< endosome -f-
-al.] Of or pertaining to the endosome of a
V , ., ,, 5 , sponge.
(jr. luioi', within, + OKcAtrMi, a dry body : see endOSOme (en'do-som), n. [< Gr. tudov, with-
in,-I- <T(J/f a, body.] The innermost part of the
body of a sponge, composed of endoderm and
its associated deep mesoderm, exclusive of the
choanosome : distmguished from both choano-
some and ectosome.
In some sponges a part of the endoderm and associated
mesoilerm may likewise develop indeitendcntly of the rest
of the sponge, as in the Hexactinellida, where the choano-
some forms a middle layer between a reticulation of ecto-
some on the one side an<l of endoderm and mesoderm,
1. e., endosome, on the other. Kiicyc. Brit., XXII. 415.
endosperm (en'do-spferm), n. [< Gr. evAcyv,
within, -I- anlppia, seed.] In hot., the albumen
of the seed ; the substance stored in the ovule
or seed about the embryo for its early nour-
ishment. By recent authors it is limited to the deposit
formed within the embryo-sac. Iu some seeds, as of the
Cannacea, there is an additional deposit within the testa,
but outside of the embryo-sac, which is distinguished as
the perigperm. See albumen, 2, and cut under epigperm.
The macrospore of these plants gives rise to a small cel-
lular prothallium bearing one or more archegonia, which
in the Rhizocarps extends beyond the limits of the spore,
but does not become free from it ; ... in the Phanero-
gams, where it is termed the endosperm, it remains perma-
nently . . . enclosed. Encyc Brit., XX. 430.
endospermic (en-do-sp6r'mik), a. [< endosperm
+ -ic] Containing or associated with endo-
_ _ sperm : applied to seeds and embryos.
ihoexoskeleton. m man and nearly airother mammals endospore (en'do-spor), n. [< NL. endosi>0-
-^ ^ '^- — "'— — *' — -*- ffTTopo^, seed: see
skeleton.] In anat., the internal skeleton or
framework of the body; the whole bony, chi-
tinous, cartilaginous, or other hard structure
Segiaeiit ol Endockeleton from Thocmck Region of CiocodUe.
C, centrum of a vertebra, over which rises the neural arch, inclosing
the neural canal and ending in .VS. the neural spine ; Z, prexyga-
pophySLs; .? . posUygapophysis ; 7"r, transverse proccsswhich .-irticu-
lates with /, tubercle of a rib : C*/. that which articulates with C/.
capitulum of a rib; f>, ossified veriebral nb. or pleurapophysis ;
f^r', cartilaginous part of same : Str. sternal rib, or heinapophysis ;
5/, segment of sternum ; /*m. uncinate process of a rib or cpipleura.
From C/r to St, on either side, is the hemal arch.
which lies within the integument, and is cov-
ered by flesh and skin, as distinguished from
lyi
it constitutes the whole skeleton. In invertebrates the
term covers any hard interior framework supporting soft
parts, as the apodemal system of arthropods, the cuttle of
a squid, etc. The endoskeleton of vertebrates is divisible
into two independent portions : the axial endoskeleton,
belonging to the head and tnmk, and the appendicular
endoskeleton, to the limbs. The axial endoskeleton con-
Bistsof the entire series of vertebral and cranial segments,
including ribs, breast-bones, hyoid bones, and jaws. The
appenihcnlar endoskeleton consists of the iKines of the
limbs, regarded as diverging appendages, and inclusive of
the pectoral and pelvic arches (shoulder- and hlp-gir<lle8),
by which these appendages are attached to the axial ele-
ments.
endosmie (en-dos'mik), a. Same as endosmotic.
Same as endo- endosmometer (en-dos-mom'e-t6r), n. [= F.
endosmomr-trr : < Gr. Iviiov, within, + uafti^, im-
endorsable, endorse, etc. See indoraahle, etc. pulsion (see endosmosis), + fierpov, a measure.]
endosalpingitis (en-do-sal-pin-ji'tis), n. [NL., An instrument for measuring the force of en-
< Gr. iv6w, within, +'a6Xirty^, a trumpet, > L. dosmotic action.
rium, < Gr. eviov, within,
spore.] 1. In bot., the inner coat of a spore,
corresponding to the intine of a pollen-grain.
Compare epispore, exospore.
Their further history has been traced out by Kirchner ;
who found that their (oospores') germination commenced
in February with the liberation of the spherical endospore
from its envelope. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., 8 240.
2. In bacteriolojj!/, a spore formed within a cell,
as distinguished from arthrospore.
Also cndosporium.
Endosporese (en-do-spo'rf-e), n.pl. [NL.,< Gr.
evthv, within, -I- airopo^, seed, + -ece.] The sec-
ond of the two groups into which the Myxomy-
cetce are divided. It is characterized by the production
of spores inclosed within sporangia, and includes all of the
order except one genus, which is referred to the ExosporeCB,
It comprises 42 genera grouped under 18 so-called famlliea.
endosporitun
endosporium (en-do-spo'ri-um), ». ; pi. endo-
sporia (-a). [NL.] " Same as endospore.
Tlie zj'gospore does not immediately germinate ; but,
alter a longer or shorter period of rest, the exosporiuni
and the endosporium burst, and a bud-like process is
thrown out Huxley, Biology, v.
endosporoos (en-dos'po-rus), a. [< endospore
+ -oiis.] Forming spores endogenously with-
in a cell or spore-cavity: in bacteriology, op-
posed to arthrosporous.
endosst (en-dos'). «• '• [= D. endosseren = G.
eiulossiren = Dan. endossere = Sw. endossera =
Pr. endossar = Sp. endosar = Pg. endossar, < F.
endosser, OF. endosser, put on the back, indorse ;
< en, in, + dos, < L. dorsum, the back: see
dorse, and cf. indorse, endorse.'] 1. To put on
the back; put on (armor).
Tliey no so<mer espyed the mominges mistresse, with
disheueled tresses, to mount her iuorie chariot, but they
endossed on their armours.
Knight of the Sea, quoted in Todd's Spenser, VI. 294, note.
2. To write ; engrave ; carve.
Her name in every tree I will endogge.
Spemer, Colin Clout, 1. 632.
endostea, «. Plural of endosteum.
endosteal (en-dos'te-al), a. [< endosteum + -al.]
1. Of or pertaining to the endosteum; situ-
ated in the interior of a bone. — 2. Autogenous
or endogenous, as the formation of bone; ossi-
fying from the interior of a cartilaginous ma-
trix.
The ossification of the human sternum is endosteal, or
commencing witliin the substance of the primitive hyaline
cartilage. W. II. Flower, Osteology, p. 72.
3. Endoskeletal, as the bone or endosteum of
a cuttlefish.
endostemite (en-do-stfer'nit), n. [< Gr. ev6ov,
witliin, + sternite.i In zoiil., that part of an
apodeme of a crustacean which arises from the
intersternal membrane connecting successive
somites; a sternal piece of the endothorax.
See endopleurite. Milne-Edwards; Huxley.
endosteum ( en-dos 'te-um), n. ; pi. endostea (-a).
[NL., < Gr. hSov, witliin, + bariov, a bone.] 1.
In anat., the lining membrane of the medullary
cavity of a bone ; the internal periosteum, it
is a prolongation of the fibrovascular covering of a bone
into its interior through the Haversian canals, finally
forjning a delicate vascular membrane lining the medul-
lai-y cavity.
2. Cuttlebone.
endostoma (en-dos'to-ma), n. ; pi. etidostomw
(-me). [NL., < Gr. cvSov, within, + ardiia, the
mouth.] 1. In zoiil., a part situated behind
and supporting the labrum in some Crustacea.
— 2. In pathol., an osseous tumor within a
bone.
endostome (en'do-stdm), n. [< Gr. eviov, with-
in, + oTo/m, the iuouth.] 1. In hot.: (a) The
orifice at the apex of the inner coat of the ovule.
(6) The inner peristome of mosses. See cut
under exostome. — 2. In zool., same as endos-
toma.
endostosis (en-dos-to'sis), m. [NL., < Gr. Ivdov,
within, + bartov, bone, + -osis.'] 1. Inpathol.,
the formation of an endostoma. — 2. Ossifica-
tion beginning in the substance of cartilage.
endostracal (en-dos'tra-kal), a. [< endostra-
ciim + -ah] Pertaining to or consisting of en-
dostracum.
endostracum (en-dos'tra-kum), n. [NL., <
Gr. ev6ov, within, + oarpaKov, shell.] The inner
layer of the hard shell or exoskeleton of a crus-
tacean.
endostyle (en'do-stil), n. [< Gr. hdov, within,
+ a-liAoQ, a column: see style'^.'] A longitudi-
nal fold or diverticulum of the middle of the
hemal wall of the pharynx of an ascidian, which
projects as a vertical ridge into the hemal sinus
contained between the endoderm and ectoderm,
but remains in free communication with the
pharynx by a cleft upon its neural side. From
one point of view it appears deceptively as a hollow rod,
whence the name. Huxley. See cuts under Doliolidoe
and Ti/ni'fata.
endostylic (en-do-stil'ik), a. [< endostyle + -ic]
Of or pertaining to the endostyle of ascidians.
— Endostylic cone, a short ca^cal process of the endoderm
forming the extremity of the endostyle in the embryonic
ascidian.
The endostylic cone gives rise to the whole alimentary
canal of the bud. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 525.
endotet, »• '• [< en- + dote^. Cf. endow.'] To
endow.
Their own heirs do men disherit to endote them,
Tyndale, Works, I. 249.
endotheca (en-do-the'ka), n. ; pi. endothecce
(-se). [NL., < Gr. ivSm, within, + Oj/k^ a case :
see theca.] The hard structure upon the inner
1924
surface of the wall, or proper investment of
the visceral chamber, of a coral : distinguished
from the exotheca, and also from the epitheca.
endothecal (en-do-the'kal), a. [< endotheca +
-al.] Of or pertaining to the endotheca of a
coral ; consisting of endotheca, as a portion of
eorallum.
endothecate (en-do-the'kat), a. [< endotheca
+ -dfel.] Provided with an endotheca.
endothecial (en-do-the'si-al), a. [< endothe-
cium + -al.] 1. Pertaining to the endothecium.
— 2. Having the asci inclosed, as in the pyre-
nomycetous fungi and angiocarpous lichens.
endothecium (en-do-the'si-imi), n. [NL., < Gr.
h'6ov, within, + OijKii, a case : see theca.] In
hot.: (a) The inner lining of an anther-cell.
(6) In mosses, the central mass of cells in the
rudimentary capsule, from which the arche-
spore is generally developed.
endothelial (en-do-the'li-al), a. [< endothe-
lium + -al.] Of, pertaining to, or of the na-
ture of endothelium.
endothelioid (en-do-the'li-oid), a. [< endothe-
lium + -oid.] Resembling endothelium.
The locality of the tumor gives abundant opportunity
for the origin of the endothelioid formations.
Medical News, LII. 301.
endothelioma (en-do-the-li-o'ma), n. ; pi. en-
dothcliomata (-ma-ta). [NL., (."endothelium +
-oma.] In pathol., a malignant growth or tu-
mor developed from endothelium.
endothelium (en-do-the'U-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
Ivdov, within, + drjXij, nipple. Cf. epithelium.]
In anat., the tissue, somewhat resembling epi-
thelium, which lines serous cavities, blood-ves-
sels, and lymphatics, it consists of a single layer
of tbin flat cells, applied to one another by their edges.
Also called vasaliwn and coelarium.
endothermic (en-do-th6r'mik), a. [< Gr. ev(^ov,
within, + dcpii7!,hea.t, + 4c.] Relating to absorp-
tion of heat. Endothermic compounds are those whose
formation from elementary substances is attended with ab-
sorption of heat, and whose decomposition into other sim-
pler compounds or into elements is attended with liber-
ation of heat. Nitroglycerin and other explosives are ex-
amples of endothermic compounds.
endothermous (en-do-ther'mus), a. Same as
indnlhcrmic.
endothoracic (en'do-tho-ras'ik), a. [< endo-
thorax (,-ac-) + -ic] Pertaining to the endo-
thorax of an arthropod; situated in the tho-
racic cavity.
endothorax (en-do-tho'raks), n. [NL., < Gr.
ti'rfoi', within, + 6upa^, a breastplate, the chest.]
In arthropods, as crustaceans and insects, the
apodemal system of the thorax or the cephalo-
thorax, formed by various processes and con-
tinuations of the dermal skeleton, and so con-
stituting an interior framework of this part of
the body, supporting and giving attachment to
soft parts, as nerves and muscles.
These processes are very greatly developed on the
cephalothorax of the higher Crustacea. They are found
chiefly in the head and thorax in many orders of the In-
secta, where they form a complicated structure known as
the endvthorax. Gegeiibaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 249.
Endothjrrinse (en"d9-thi-ri'ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. ivfhv, within, -t- Bipa, a door, + -in(B.] A
subfamily of Lituolidm with the test more cal-
careous and less sandy than in the other groups
of Lituolidm, sometimes perforate, and with
septation distinct.
endoutet, f ■ *■ [ME. endouten, < OF. *endouter,
later endoubter, < en- + douter, fear, doubt: see
oj-i and doubt^.] To doubt ; suspect.
And if I ne had endouted me
To have ben hated or assailed,
My thankes wol I not haue failed.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1664.
endow (en-dou'), V. t. [Formerly also indow
(also endew, endue : see endued) ; < MB. endowen,
< AF. endower, OF. endouer (= Pr. endotar), < en-
+ doner, doer, P. doner, endow: see dovA, doto-
er"^, dowry. Ct.endue'^.] 1. To bestow or set-
tle a dower on ; provide with dower.
With all my worldly goods I thee endow.
Book of Common Prayer, Marriage Service.
I would not marry her, though she were endowed with
all that Adam had left him before he transgressed.
Shalt., Much Ado, ii. 1.
A wife is by law entitled to be endowed of all lands and
tenements of which her husband was seized in fee sim-
ple or fee tail during the coverture. Blackstone.
2. To settle money or other property on; fur-
nish with a permanent fund or source of income :
as, to endow a college or a church.
Our Laws give great encouragement to the best, the
noblest, the most lasting Works of Charity ; . . . endew-
ing Hospitals and Alms-houses for the impotent, distem-
per'd, and aged Poor. StUlingJleet, Sermons, II. vii.
end-speech
But thousands die without or this or that,
Die, and outow a college, or a cat.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 96.
3. To furnish, as with some gift, quality, or
faculty, mental or physical ; equip: as, man is
endowed by his Maker with reason; to be en-
dowed with beauty, strength, or power.
For the gode vertues that the body is endovKd with of
nature. Mandeville, Travels, p. 252.
Being desirous to improve his workmanship, and endow,
as well as create, the human race.
Bacon, Physical Fables, ii.
Nature had largely endowed William witli the qualities
of a great ruler. Macaulay, Hist Eng., vii.
Beings endowed with life, but not with soul.
0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, x.
Endowed Schools Act, a British statute of 1869 (32 and
33 Vict., c. 56), empowering commissioners to remodel
such schools as had been founded and endowed for special
purposes, to alter or add to tlie trusts, directions, and
provisions of the endowments, or to make new trusts, etc.
Also known as Forster's Act. =Syn. Endue, Endow. See
end\ie^.
endower^ (en-dou'er), n. [< endow + -eri.]
One who endows.
endower^t (en-dou'er), V. t. [< CH-l + dower^.]
To furnish with a dower or portion ; endow.
This once renowned church . . . was gloriously decked
with the jewels of her espousals, richly clad in the tissues
of learning, and frankly endowered,
Waterhouse, Apol. for Learning (1653), p. 142.
endowment (en-dou'ment), n. [< endow +
-ment.] 1. The act of settling dower on a
woman. — 2. The act of settling a fund or per-
manent provision for the support of any per-
son or object, as a student, a professorship, a
school, a hospital, etc. — 3. That which is be-
stowed or settled; property, fund, or revenue
permanently appropriated to any object : as,
the endowments of a church, hospital, or college.
A chapel will I build, with large endowmejit. Dryden.
Professor Stokes, having been appointed to deliver three
annual courses of lectures, on the endoumient of John
Burnett, of Aberdeen, chose Light as his general subject.
Pop. Set. Mo., XXVI. 129.
4. That which is given or bestowed on the per-
son or mind ; gift of nature ; in the plural, nat-
ural equipment of body or mind, or both ; at-
tributes or aptitudes.
I had seen
Persons of meaner quality much raore
Exact in fair endowments. Ford, Lady's Trial, i. 2.
His early endowments had fitted him for the work he
was to do. Is. Taylor.
One of the endowments which we have received from
the hand of God. Sumner, Fame and Glory.
The very idea that reforms may and ought to be effected
peacefully implies a large endowment of the moral sense.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 473.
Endowment policy, or, in full, endowment Insurance
policy, a life-insurance policy of whicli tlie amount is pay-
able to the insured at a specified time, or sooiier to bis rep-
resentatives should he die before the time named. = SyiL
3. Bequest, preacTit, gift, fuud. — 4. Acquirements, Ac-
quisitions, Attainments, etc. (see acquirement)', gift, tal-
ent, capacity, genius, parts. See comparison under f/cm'iis.
end-paper (end 'pa "per), n. In hooWinding,
one of the white or blank leaves usually put be-
fore and after the text of a book in binding, one
or more in each place. End-papers are not to be con-
founded with the liniiig-papers, of wliichone leaf is pasted
down inside of each cover, and the other corresponds to
it in the color of its outer surface.
end-piece (end'pes), «. l. A distinct piece or
part attached to or connected with the end of a
tiling ; specifically, in a watch, the support for
the end of a pivot. — 2. A transverse timber or
bar of iron by which the ends of the two wheel-
pieces of a truck-frame are connected together.
Car-Builder's Diet.
end-plate (end'plat), «. In anat., the expanded
-termination of amotor nerve in a muscular fiber
under the sarcolemma.
end-play (end'pla), ?i. The play or lateral mo-
tion of an axle, etc. Also called end-shake.
endreet, endryt, r. t. [ME. endryen, (only once)
erroneously for adryeti, adrigen, < AS. d-dre&-
(jan, suffer, < a- + dreogan, ME. drigen, dryen,
dree : see dree^.] To suffer.
In courte no lenger shulde I, owte of dowte,
Dwellen. but shame in all my life endry.
Court of Love, I. 72a
endrudget (en-druj'), v. t. [< en-^ + drudge^-]
To make a drudge or slave of.
A slave's slave goes in rank with a beast ; such is every
one that endrudr/eth himself to any known sin.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 29.
endryt, v. t. See endree.
end-shake (end'shak), «. Same as etid-play.
end-speecht (end'spech), n. An epilogue. Imp.
Diet.
end-stone
end-stone (end'ston), n. One of the plates of
a watch-jewel, against which the pivot abuts.
E. II. Kniyht.
enducet, f- '• An obsolete form of induce.
endue^ (en-du'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. endued, ppr.
enduing. [Early mod. E. also enclew, indeic, now
usually indue ; < L. induere, put on (an article
of clothing or ornament), clothe, deck, put on
(a character), assume (a part) : see indued. Cf.
endue'^, with which endue'- is partly confused.]
To clothe; invest: same as indued.
Endue them with thy Holy Spirit.
Book o/ Common Prayer (English).
Thus by the organs of the eye and ear.
The soul with knowledKe doth herself endue.
Sir J. Daciee, ImmortaL of Soul, XT.
endne^ (en-dii'). v. t. ; pret. and pp. endued, ppr.
enduing. [Early mod. E. also endew : a variant
form of endow; partly confused with endue^,
indue^.'] It. To furnish with dower: same as
endow, 1.
Returne from whence ye came, and rest a while,
Till morrow next that I the Elfe subdew.
And with Sansfoyes dead dowrj- you endew.
Spenser, F. Q., I. iv. 51.
2t. To furnish with a permanent fund : same
as endow, 2.
There are a great numberof Grammer Schooles through-
ont the realme, and those verle Uberallie endued for the
better relief of pore scholers.
Quoted in Babeet Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. IvUL
3. To invest with some gift, quality, or faculty :
used especially of moral or spiritual gifts, and
thus partially differentiated from endow, 3.
God may endue men extraordinarily with understand-
ing as it pltaseth him. Uooker, Eccles. Polity, t. 7.
LeariiiiiK endueth men's minds with a true sense of the
frailty of tlieir persons.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 32.
Nature was nerer more lavish of its gifts than it had
been to her, endued as she was with the most exalted un-
derstanding. Ooldtmith, The Bee, No. 3.
=S7n. 3. Undue, Endow. Endue is used of moral and
spiritual <|ualitlea, viewed as given rather than acquired ;
eiiduv, uf the body, external things, and mental gifts. (See
aaiuireinent.) An institution or a professorship is richly
or fully endorwed ; a person is endowed with beanty or in-
tellect ; be is endued with virtue or piety.
Tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem until ye be endued
with power from on high. Luke xxiv. 49.
Pandora, whom the gods
Endow'd with all their gif U.
Milton, V. L., Iv. 715.
endne^ (en-du'), »■ '• [Early mod. E. also en-
dew; < OF. enduire, induire, indurc, bring in,
introduce, cover, digest, F. enduire = Pr. en-
duire, endurre, cover, coat, < L. inducere, bring
in or on, lead in : see induce. ] To digest : said
especially of birds.
Tis somewhat touch, sir,
But a good stomach will endue It easily.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, T. 2.
Cheese that would break the teeth of a new hand-saw
I could endue now like an estrich.
Fletcher (and another). Love's Pilgrimage, ti. 2.
Endew is when a Hawk digesteth her meat, not only
putting it over from ber gorge, but also cleansing her
panneji,
LiUham't Fauleonry (Explan. of Words of Art), 1668.
enduement (en-du'ment), n. \Alao induement ;
< endued, = indue'^, + "-ment.] The act of endu-
ing or inyesting, or that with which one is en-
dued: endowments
enduginet, n. [See dudgeon'^.'] Resentment;
duiltrcon.
Which shee often perceiving, and taking In great endu-
aine, roundly told him that Ifhee used so continually to
KK>k after her, shee would clappe such a paire of homes
uiK.ii his hiad. OraHee Ludentet (l<38)b p. 11&
endnngeont) f- (• To confine in a dungeon.
Were we endunaeon'd from oar birth, yet wee
Would weene there were a sunne.
Dame$, Minim in Modnm, p. 26.
endurability (en-dur-a-bil'j-ti), n. [< endur-
able: see -fei/ify.] The quality of being endur-
able ; capability of being endured.
They use this irritation (of the eye) as a test of the en-
durabUUy of the atmosphere within the chamber.
B. W. kichardton, PrevenL Med., p. 336.
endurable (en-dur'a-bl), a. [< F. endurable, <
(«(/ /(rrr, endure: see endure and -aMe.] 1. That
can be endured or suffered ; not beyond endur-
ance.
Novelties which at flrst sight Inspire dread and disgust,
become in a few days familiar, endurable, attractive.
Maeaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
2. DuriiWo. [T.,ocal, Eng. and U. 8.]
endurableness (pn-dur'a-bl-nes), n. The state
of being endurable ; tolerableness.
1925
endurably (en-dur'a-bli), adv. In an endurable
or durable manner ; so as to be endured.
endurance (eu-dur'ans), n. [Early mod. E.
also indurance; < 01*. endurance, F. endurance,
< endurer, endure: see endure and -ance. Cf.
durance.'l If. Continuance; duration.
Some of them are of very gi-eat antiquity, . . . others
of less endurance. Spenser, State of Ireland.
2. Continuance in bearing or suffering; the
fact or state of endxiring stress, hardship, pain,
or the like ; a holding out under adverse force
or influence of any kind : as, the endurance of
iron or timber under great strain; a person's
endurance of severe affiction.
Patience likewise hath two parts, hardness against wants
and extremities, and indurance of pain or torment.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, IL 200.
The victory of endurance bom.
Bryant, The Battle-field.
3. Ability to endure ; power of bearing or suf-
fering without giving way ; capacity for con-
tinuance under stress, hardship, or infliction ;
as, to test the endurance of a brand of steel ;
that is beyond endurance, or surpasses endur-
ance.
O, she misused me past the endurance of a block ; an
oak with but one green leaf on it would have answered
her. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
To push theeforward thro' a life of shocks.
Dangers, anddeeds, until endurance grow
Sinew'd with action. Tennyson, (Enone.
4t. Delay; procrastination. [Bare.]
My lord, I look'd
You would have given me your petition, that
I should have ta'eu some pains to bring together
Yourself and your accusers ; and to have heard you
Without etuiurance further. Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 1.
(The meaning of the word in the above extract has been
disputed, some tliinking it equivalent to durance, con-
jtnetnenl; others, to«u/iprt?i^.J=Syil. 2 and 3. Fotiitude,
etc. (see patience) ; permanence, persistence, continuance,
suffering, sutTerance, tolerance.
endorant (en-dur'ant), a. [< F. endurant, ppr. of
eiidurer, endure : see endure.] Enduring; able
to bear fatigue, pain, or the like. [Rare.]
The difficulty of the chase is further increased by the
fact that the Il>ex is a remarkably endurarU animal, and
is capable of abstaining from food or water for a consider-
able time. J. G. Woo<l.
endnre (en-diir'), v.; pret. and pp. endured,
ppr. enduring. [Early mod. E. also indure; <
ME. enduren, endeuren, induren, indowren, tr.
bear, suffer, intr. last, continue (tr. also as in
L., make hard), < OF. endurer, F. endurer =
Pr. 8p. OPg. endurar = It. indurare, indurire,
tr., bear, < L. indurare, tr. make hard, intr.
become hard, ML. bear, endure, < in, in, -1-
durare, make hard, become hard, last, etc., <
durus, hard: see dure.] I. trans. If. To make
hard; harden; inure.
llierfore of whom God wole he hath mercy, and whom
be wole he endurilh. Wycltf, Rom. ix. 18.
That age despysed nicenesse value,
Enur'd to harduesse and to homely fare.
Which them to warlike discipline did trayne.
And manly limbs endur'd with little care
Against all hard mishaps and fortunelesse misfare.
Spender, F. Q., IV. viii. 27.
2t. To preserve ; keep.
Somer wol it (wine) soure and so confounde.
And winter wol erulure and kepe It longe.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 90.
3. To last or hold out against ; sustain without
impairment or yielding ; support without break-
ing or giving way.
After that the kynge Pignoras smote in to the stour
with his swerde in honde, and be-gan to yeve socbe strokes
that noon armure hym myght endure.
Jf»rJm(E. E. T. S.), ilL 589.
Tis in grain, sir: 'twill endure wind and weather.
Shak., T. N., i. 5.
Thou canst fight well ; and bravely
Tbou canst endure all dangers, heats, colds, hungers.
Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4.
Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure.
As might the strokes of two such anns endure.
Dryden.
4. To bear with patience ; bear up under with-
out sinking or yielding, or without murmuring
or opposition ; put up with.
We shalbe able to brooke that which other men can in-
dure. llakluyt's Voyages, I. ill.
Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sakes.
2 Tim. 11. 10.
Neither father nor son can ever since endure the sight
of me. Steele, Tatler, No. 25.
Square windows, round Ragusan windows, might well
be erulured. B. A. Freeman, Venice, j). 253.
6. To undergo ; suffer ; sustain.
If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with
sons. Heb. xli. 7.
endways
And since your Goodliness admits no blot.
Still let your Virtue too indure no stain.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 211.
How small, of all that human hearts endure,
That part wliich laws or kings can cause or cure.
Johnson, Lines added to Goldsmith's Traveller.
And I, in truth (thou wilt bear witness here).
Have all in all endured as much, and more
Than many just and holy men, whose names
Are register'd and calendar'd for saints.
Tennyson, St. Simeon Stylites.
6t. To continue or remain in ; abide in.
Absteyne you stithly, that no stoure fall ;
And endure furthe your dayes at your dere ese.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2661.
The deer endureth the womb but eight months.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
= Syn. 4. To brook, submit to, abide, tolerate, take pa-
tiently.
n. intrans. If. To become hard ; harden.
Alsike is made with barly, half mature
A party grene and uppon repes bounde
And in an oven ybake and made to endure.
Paltadixts, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 163.
2. To holdout; support adverse force or influ-
ence of any kind ; suffer without yielding.
So that wee may seen apertely, that gif wee wil be gode
men, non enemye ne may not enduren agenst us.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 261.
He was so chaufed whan it was a-boute the houre of
nooue that nothinge myght agein hym endure.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 649.
A courage to endure and to obey. Tennyson, IsabeL
3. To continue ; remain ; abide.
Fre am I now, and fre I wil endure.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 62.
Nowe schalle thou, lady, belde with me.
In bllsse that sch^l euere in-dowre.
York Plays, p. 495.
Some would keep the boat, doubting they might be
amongst the Indians, others were so wet and cold they
could not endure, but got on shore.
N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 47.
Fresh be the wound, still-renew'd be its smarting.
So but thy image endure in its prime !
M. Arnold, Faded Leaves, Separation.
4. To continue to exist ; continue or remain in
the same state without perishing; last; per-
sist.
The Lord shall endure for ever. Ps. ix. 7.
The Indian fig, which covers acres with its profound
shadow, and endures while nations and empires come and
go around its vast circumference.
Huxley, Lay Sennons, p. 121.
= Syn. To last, remain, continue, abide, bear, suffer, hold
out.
endurementt (en-dur'ment), ». [< OF. endnre-
vient= It. induranietito,'indurimento; as endure
+ -nient.] Endurance.
Certainly these examples [Eegulus and Socrates] should
make us courageous in the endurement of all worldly mis-
ery, if not out of religion, yet at least out of shame.
SotUA, Works, VIIL ix.
endurer (en-diir'fer), n. 1. One who endures,
bears, sniffers, or sustains.
They are very valiaunte and hardye, for the most part
great enduroursoi cold, labour, hunger, and all hardiness.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
2. One who or that which continues long, or re-
mains firm or without change.
enduring (en-diir'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of endure,
f.] Lasting; permanent; unchangeable: as,
an enduring habitation.
Ah, vain
My yearning for enduring bliss of days
Amidst the dull world's hopeless, huiTying race.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 340.
It is now known that the colouring principle of the My-
tilus is so enduring that it is preserved when the shell
itself is completely disintegrated.
Dancin, Geol. Observations, 11. 209.
Can I have any absolute certainty that what seem to me
to be the feelings of an enduring " me "may not really be
those of something utterly unknown ?
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 25.
endnring (en-dur'ing), prep. [ME. enduryng;
ppr. of endure, v., used like during, prep.'\ Dur-
ing. [Old Eng., and local U. S.]
Ther to warde and kepe hir faders tresoure ;
Enduryng hir life.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4629.
enduringly (en-dur'ing-li), adv. Lastingly ; for
all time.
Already at the end of the flrst Punic war some eminent
Romans were in their full manhood, whose names are en-
duringly associated with the events of the second.
Dr. Arnold, Hist. Rome, xlli.
endnringness (en-dur'ing-nes), n. The quality
of enduring; durability; permanence. II. Spen-
cer.
end'ways (end'waz), adv. [< ettd + -ways for
-wise.} Same as endwise.
endwise
endwise (end'wiz), a<U: [< end + -wise.'] 1.
Oueud; erectly; in an upright position.
Pitiful huts and cabins made of t>oles set endwUt.
Ray, Works of Creation.
2. With the end forward or upward : as, to pre-
sent or hold a staff endwise.
endyma (en'di-mS), «. [NL. (Wilder), < Gr.
ivSvfta, a Karment, < iv6vuv, put on, get into :
see endue\ indue^.] Same as ependyma.
All parts of the true cavities of the vertebrate brain are
linetl by a smooth epithelium called ependyma or endyma,
the sliorter name being preferalde.
Wilder and Gaffe, Anat. Tech., p. 413.
endymal (en'di-mal), a. [< endyma + -al."]
Same as ependymal.
EndjTnion (oti-dim'i-on), n. [NL., < L. En-
dymiun, < Gr. 't&vdviiiuv, in myth, a son of Jupi-
ter and Calyce, beloved by Selene.] 1. In en-
iom., a genus of butterflies, named by Swain-
son in 1832. Its only species, E. regalis, is now
placed in the genus Evenus. — 2. A genus of
crustaceans.
endysis (en'di-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. kvivaig, a
putting on (of clothing), an entering into, < h-
dveiv, put on, get into : see endyma.'] In ornith.,
the acquisition of plumage by a bird ; the act
of putting on plumage : opposed to ecdysis.
eneH, adv. An obsolete contraction of ere»l.
ene-t, n. An obsolete contraction of even"^.
E. N. E. An abbreviation of east-northeast.
-ene. [< L. -enns (Gr. -rivoc), an adj. term, as
in serenus, serene, terrenus, terrene, etc. Cf.
-anus (E. -an), -inus (E. -ine, -in), -onus (E. -one),
etc.] 1. An adjective termination of Latin
origin, as in serene, terrene. — 2. In chem., a
termination indicating a hydrocarbon which
belongs to the oleftne series, having the gen-
eral formula C„H2„: as, ethylene (C2H4), pro-
pylene (CgHfi).
enecatet (en e-kat), V. t. [< L. enecatus (also
enectus), pp. of enecare, enicare, kill off, < e, out,
+ necare, kill.] To wear out ; exhaust ; kill off.
Some plagues partalte of sucli a pernicious degree of
malignity that, in the manner of a most presentaneous
poison, they enecate in two or tliree hours, suddenly cor-
rupting or extinguishing the vital spirits.
Harvey, The Plague.
en 6chelle (on a-shel'). [I*.: en, in; cchelle,
ladder.] Arranged in horizontal bars, like
those of a ladder, as trimmings of any kind
upon a garment, or any other ladder-like for-
mation.
enecia (f-ne'shi-S,), n. [NL., < Gr. iivcKyc, bear-
ing onward, far-stretching, continuous, earlier
only in comp. Sirp/cKij^, etc., continuous, < 6iTivey-
Kclv, iiTeg. 2d aor. associated with 6ia<fiepeiv, car-
ry through or to the end, < did, through, + i/vey-
Keiti (-y/ *evcK, *cve-yK), associated with ipepecv =
E. 6earl.] A continued fever.
enedt, «. [ME., also ende, < AS. ened, a duck:
see rfrafccl.] A duck.
enema ( en'e-ma or e-ne'ma), n. [NL., < Gr.
eve/ia, an injection, clyster, i htcvat, inject, send
in, < iv, in, + ievai, send.] 1. PI. enemata (e-
nem'a-ta). In med., a quantity of fluid injected
into the rectum ; a clyster; an injection.
41 any adhere to the old plan and still use enemata of food
(an<l stimulants) not specially prepared, such as ordinary
milk, beef-tea, and brandy. J&ur. Ment. ScL, XXX. 22.
2. [cap.] In entom.., a genus of scarabaaoid
beetles, founded by Hope in 1837. There are
about 6 Mexican and North American species.
enemiablet, a. [ME. enemyable, enmmble, < OF.
enemiable, ennemiable, anemiable, < ML. 'inimi-
edbilis (in adv. inimicabiliter), unfriendly, hos-
tile, < L. in- priv. + amicabilis, friendly, ami-
cable: see amicable, and cf. enemy^.] Hostile;
inimical.
A hure he made agea the enmyable [var. eneviyable]
folc. Wydi/, Ecclus. xlvl. 7 (Oxf.).
enemityt, n. .An obsolete form of enmity.
enemy' (en'e-mi), n. and a. [Early mod. E.
also enemie; < ME. enemy, enemy e, often synco-
pated enwitf (cf. enmity), < OP. enemi, anemi, F.
ennemi = Pr. enemie = Sp. enemigo = Pg. ini-
migo = It. nemico, < L. inimicus, an enemy, lit.
an unfriend, < in- priv., = E. «n-l, + amicus,
a friend: see amiable, amicable, amity. Cf. in-
imical, inimicous.] I. n. ; pi. enemies (-miz).
1. One who opposes, antagonizes, or seeks to
inflict, or is willing to inflict, injury upon ano-
ther, from dislike, hatred, conflict of interests,
or public policy, as in war; one who is hostile
or mimicjil.
With my wyf, I wene,
We schal yow wel acorde,
That watz your enmy kene.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2406.
1926
I say unto you, Love your enemiet. Mat. v. 44.
It [the rhinoceros] is enemie to the Elephant.
I'urchas, Pilgrimage, p. 503.
An enemy to truth and knowledge. Locke.
Specifically — 2. An opposing military force.
See the enemy, below. — 3. A foreign state which
is in a condition of open hostility to the state
in relation to which the former is regarded, or
a subject of such a state. — 4. That which is in-
imical ; anything that is hurtful or dangerous :
as, strong drink is one of man's worst enemies;
a bad conscience is an enemy to peace.
I am sure care's jvn enemy to life. Shak., T. N., i. 3.
Alien enemy, a natural-born subject of a sovereign state
which is actually at war with the state in relation to which
such person is regarded. — Public enemy, king's ene-
niy. Queen's enemy, an enemy with whom the state is
at open war, including pirates on the high seas. — The
enemy, (a) Mint., the opixising force : used as a collec-
tive noun, and construed with a verb or pronoun either in
the singular or plural.
The enemy thinks of raising threescore thousand men
for the next summer. Addieon, State of the War.
We have met the enemy, and they are ours.
Com. O. H. Perry (m despatch announcingthe battle
[of Lake Erie, Sept. 10th, 1813).
(b) The adversary of manicind ; the devil ; Satan, (c)
Time : as, how goes the enemy ? ( = what o'clock is it?) ; to
kill the enemy. [Slang.]
"How goes the enemy, Snobb?" asked Sir Mulberry
Hawk. *' Four minutes gone."
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, xix.
=Syn. AntagoniM, Opponent, etc. See adversary.
II, a. H. Inimical ; hostile ; opposed.
They . . . every day grow more enemy to God.
Jer. Taylor.
2. In international law, belonging to a public
enemy; belonging to a hostile power or to any
of its subjects : as, enemy property.
Enemy ship does not make enemy goods.
i'ncyc. Brit., XIII. 195.
enemylf, *• t'- [ME. enemyen, < OF. enemier,
ennemier, < L. inimicare, make hostile, < inimi-
cus, hostile, an enemy : see enemy^, n.] To be
hostile. Wyclif.
enemy^ (en'e-mi), «. A dialectal corruption of
anemone.
Doon i' the woild' enemies.
Tennyson, Northern Fanner (0. S.).
enemy^, «. A dialectal (Scotch) corruption of
emmet.
enemy-chit (en'e -mi-chit), n. The female of
tlie stickleback. [Local, Eng.]
enem3rtet, »». An obsolete form of enmity.
enepidermic (en-ep-i-dfer'mik), a. [< Gr. h,
in, -I- NL. epidermis + -ic] In med., upon the
surface of the skin : used of the treatment of
diseases by applying remedies, as plasters,
blisters, etc., to the skin.
enerdt, ^. *. [ME. enerden, < en- + erden,X AS.
eardian, dwell, < eard, country : see eard.] To
dwell; live.
Ofte faght that freike & folke of the Cit^,
With Enmys enerdande In ylis ahoute.
Destruction 0/ Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 12867.
energetic (en-er-jet'ik), a. [< Gr. ivepyrrriKoi;,
active, < cvcpydv, be in action, operate, tr. ef-
fect, < hepydc, at work, active : see energy.]
Possessing, exerting, or manifesting energy;
specifically, acting or operating with force and
vigor; powerful in action or effect; forcible;
vigorous : as, an energetic man or government ;
energetic measures, laws, or medicines.
If then we will conceive of God truly, and, as far as we
can, adequately, we must look upon him not only as an
eternal, but also as a being eternally energetick.
'N. Grew, Cosmologia Sacra, i. 1.
Nitric acid of 40° is too eneryetic and costly.
W. H. WahZ, Galvanoplastic Manipulations, p. 34.
The most energetic element in contemporary socialism
is political rather than economical.
liae, Contemp. Socialism, p. 106.
= Syn. strenuous, assiduous, potent.
energetical (en-er-jet'i-kal), a. [< energetic +
-al.] Same as energetic. [Rare.]
He would do veneration to that person whose name he
saw to be energetical and triumphant over devils.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 270.
energetically (en-fer-jet'i-kal-i), adv. With
force and vigor ; with energy and effect.
energeticalness (en-6r-jet'i-kal-nes), n. The
quality of being energetic; activity; vigor.
Scott.
energetics (en-6r-jet'iks), n. [PI. of energetic:
see -ics.] The science of the general laws of
energy.
A science whose subjects are material bodies and physi-
cal phenomena in general, and which it is proposed to call
the science of energetics.
Rankine, Proc. of Phil. Soc. of Glasgow, May 2, 1866.
energy
energic (e-n^r'jik), a. [Formerly energick ; <
F. cnergique = Sp. energico = Pg. It. energico
(cf. D. G. energisch = Dan. Sw. energisk), < Gr.
tKEpydf, at work, active : see energy.] 1. Ener-
getic; endowed with or manifesting energy,
[liare.]
Arise, as in that elder time.
Warm, energick, chaste, sublime I
Collins, The Passions.
To me hath Heaven with bounteous hand assigned
anergic Keason and a shaping mind.
Coleridge, On a Friend.
2. In 2)ltysics, exhibiting energy or force ; pro-
ducing direct physical effect; acting; operat-
ing : as, heat is an energic agent.
energical (e-n6r'ji-kal), a. [< energic + -al.]
Same as energic.
The learned and moderate of the reformed churches
abhor the foppery of such conceits, and confess our polity
to be productive of more energical and powerful preacii-
ers than any church in Europe.
Waterhotise, Apol. for Learning (1653), p. 85.
energico (e-ner'je-ko), a. [It. : see energic] In
music, energetic: indicating a passage to be
rendered with strong articulation and accentu-
ation.
energize (en'6r-jiz), v. ; pret. and pp. energized,
ppr. energizing. [< energy -f -ize.] I. trans.
To endow with energy ; impart active force or
strength to ; make vigorous.
First comes, of course, the creation of matter, its cha-
otic or nebulous condition, and the energizing of it by the
brooding spirit. Science, III. 600.
II. intrans. To act with energy or force ; op-
erate with vigor; act in producing an effect.
Those nobler ecstasies of energizing love, of which flesh
and blood, the animal part of us, can no more partake than
it can inherit heaven. Horsley, Works, III. xxv.
Also spelled energise.
energizer (en'6r-ji-zer), n. One who or that
which gives energy, or acts in producing an
effect. Also spelled energiser.
Every energy is necessarily situate between two sub-
stantives : an energizer, which is active, and a subject,
wliich is passive. Harris, Hermes, i. 9.
energumen (en-6r-gu'men), n. [= F. energu-
mene = Sp. energiimeno = Pg. It. energumeno,
< L. energumenus, < Gr. ivEpyov/xevoc, ppr. pass,
of hcpytiv, effect, execute, work on : see ener-
getic, energy.] One possessed by an evil spirit ;
a demoniac, in the early church the energumeus were
officially recognized as a separate class, to be benefited
spiritually and mentally by special prayer for them, fre-
(juent benediction, and daily imposition of the exorcist's
hands.
There have been also some unhappy sectaries, viz. :
Quakers and Seekers, and other such Energumens (pardon
me, reader, that I have thought them so), which have
given uggly disturbances to these good spirited men in
their temple-work. C. Mather, Mag. Chris., i. 3.
The Catechumens, Energumens, and Penitents, says S.
Dionysius, are allowed to hear the holy modulation of
Psalms, and the Divine recitation of sacred Scripture, but
the Church invites them not to behold the sacred works
and mysteries that follow.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 208.
energy (en'6r-ji), n. ; pi. energies (-jiz). [= D.
G. energie = Dan. Sw. energi, < F. Anergic = Sp.
energia = Pg. It. energia, < LL. energia, < Gr.
hcpyeia, action, operation, actuality, < hvtpyij^,
active, eft'ective, later form of ivepyd^, at work,
active, etc., < h, in, + epyov = E. work.] 1.
The actual exertion of power ; power exerted ;
strength in action ; vigorous operation.
Tlie world was compact, and held together by its own
bulk and energy. Bacon, Physical Fables, i., Expl.
There is no part of matter that does ever, by its sensible
qualities, discover any power or energy, or give us ground
to imagine that it could produce anything.
Hume, Human Understanding, i. § 7.
The last series of cognate terms are act, operation, ener-
gy. They are all mutually convertible, as all denoting
"the present exertion or exercise of a power, a faculty, or
a habit. Sir W. Hamilton, ^letaphysics, vii.
We must exercise our own minds with concentrated and
continuous energy. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 19.
My desire, like all strongest hopes,
By its own energy fulfill'd itself.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
2. Activity considered as a characteristic ; ha-
bitual putting forth of power or strength, phys-
ical or mental, or readiness to exert it.
Something of indescribable barbaric magnificence, spir-
itualized into a grace of movement superior to the energy
of the North and the extravagant fervor of the East.
Hotvells, Venetian Life, ii.
3. The exertion of or capacity for a particular
kind of force ; action or the power of acting in
any manner ; special ability or agency : used of
the active faculties or modes of action regard-
ed severally, and often in the plural : as, crea-
tive energy; the energies of mind and body.
energy
The work of reform reqult^eil all the energiet of his pow-
erful mind, baclced by the royal authority.
frexott, Ferd. and Isa., u. 5.
4. In the Aristotelian philos., actuality; reali-
zation ; existence ; the being no longer in germ
or in posse, but in life or in esse : opposed to
power, potency, or potentiality. Thus, Jirst enerriy is
tte stote of acquired habit ; secoiul eneryy, the exercise
of a habit : one when he has learned to sing is a singer m
ftrH energy; when he is singing, he is a singer in second
energy. See oct. ^ „ . •
6. A fact of acting or actually being.
All verbs that are strictly so called denote energiet.
Harris, Hermes, 1. 9.
6. In ritet., the quality of awakening the imagi-
nation of the reader or hearer, and bringing the
meauing of what is said home to him ; liveliness.
Who did ever, in French authors, see
The comprehensive English energy >
Rotcainmon, On Translated Verse.
Waller was smooth ; but Drjden taught to join
The varying verse, the full resounding line.
The long majestic march, and energy divine.
Pope, Imit of Horace, II. i. 269.
7. In physics : (a) Half the sum of the masses
of the particles of a system each multiplied
by the square of its velocity; half the vis viva.
See vis vita. This sense, introduced by Dr. Thomas
Young is now obsolete. It gave rise to the following,
which was introduced about 1860 liy .Sir William Thom-
son, and is now widely current. (6) Half the great-
est value to which the sum of the masses of all
the particles of a given system each multiplied
by the square of its velocity, could attain ex-
cept for friction, viscosity, and other forces de-
pendent on the velocities of the particles; oth-
erwise, the amount of work (see tcork) which a
given system could perform were it not for re-
sistance dependent on the velocities. The law of
energy is precbely the principle tliat tliese two deflnitlons
are equivalent. This law applies solely to forces depen-
dent alone on the relative positions of particles — that
is, to attractions, repulsions, and their resultants. It is
shown mathematically that, taking any two level or ecjui-
puteiitial surfaces (see e<iuipotential) which a particle
might traverse in its motion, the difference of the squares
of iu velociUe* as it passed through them would be the
same no matter from what point of space it started, nor
what might he the direction and velocity of its Initial mo-
tion. Thiu, the square of the velocity at any instant could
be deduced fnjm that at any other by simply adding or
subtracting a quantity dependent merely on the positions
at these instants. In like manner, if a number of parti-
cles were moving about, subject to mutual attractions and
repulsions. It is shown in dynamics that if to the sum of
the roaaes,each multiplied l>y the square of its velocity,
be added a certain quantity dependent only on the posi-
tions of the particles at that instant, this last sum would
n-main constant throughout the motion. Of these quan-
tities, iialf the mass of a particle into the s<iuare of its
velocity is termed its aelual energy, or energy of nwtion
— that Is, iU kinetie activity ; while the quantity to be
added to the sum of the actual energy in order to obtain a
consUnt sum is termed ttie potential energy— ttuit Is, the
latent or slumbering activity, or energy of fOtUian ; the
constant sum being tenned the lotal energy. The corre-
s|»>n<iing general principle of physic* b that the total en-
ergy of tlie physical iiiiivene is constant; this is the prin-
ciple of the per'itience or eonmnation qf energy. (See be-
low.) Etamples of actual energy are the energy of sensi-
ble motion as in a moving cannon-ball, of sound-waves, of
heat ; of |»tential energy, the energy of position of a weight
raised alwve the earth, of elasticity as in a bent bow, of
electricity, chemical combination, etc. Potential or po-
sitional energy and actual or kinetic energy are In in-
cessant Interconverslon ; for positional energy implies
force, or a t»-n'lency to motion, as much as kinetic energy
impliw motion or change of position. Thus, in the case
of a »wiiicing pendulum, the actual energy is null at the
tuniioL; i«iinU at the extremities of the swing, while the
IM>teiiti;iI energy is at its minimum when the center of
gravity \A lowest; anif the oscillation, but for resistances
(as trillion), would continue forever. Another e<|uivalent
version of the law of energy is as follows: Suppose a sys-
tem of bodies were moving under the influence of those
positional forces to which the law exclusively applies, and
snppoM that at any one instant all the particles were to
strike aqoarely against elastic surfaces so as to have the
directions of their motion* revened, but their velocities
olhenrise unaltered; then the whole aeries of motions
would be performed backward, so that the particles would
again pass through the same positions they had already
paaaed through, and in the same intervals of time, but in
the reverse order. Thus, a squarely rebounding cannon-
ball in vai'uo would move backward over the same trajec-
tor)', and with tlie same velocities, as In its forward motion,
plunging inU) the mouth of the cannon again with exactly
the velocity with which It had issued.
The heat which any ray, luminous or nonluminous, is
competent to generate is the true meaanre of the energy
of the ray. TyndaU, Badtation, 1 9.
The quantity of energy can always be expressed as that
of a body of a definite mas* moving with a definite velocity.
Clerk Maxmtt, Matter and Motion, art. xcvli.
If we mnltiply half the momentum of every particle of
a b>Kly by iu velocity, and add all the result* together, we
shall get what in r ailed the kinetic energy of the body.
«'. A'. Cllford, lectures, II. 29.
CJorrclation of energies or of forces, the transformahll-
lt\ f energy Into another. Thus, for example,
»l il energy disapiKars, as in friction when
a r . > is stopped at a station, or In percussion
enfeeblement
ervating, or the state of being enervated; re-
duction or weakening of strength ; efEeminacy.
This colour of meliority and pre-eminence is a sign of
e}iervation and weakness.
Bac<m, Colours of Good and Evil.
This day of shameful bodily enervation, when, from one
end o( life to the other, such multitudes never taste the
sweet weariness that follows accustomed toil.
Hawthorne, Biithedale Romance, x.
and in a voltaic battery the potential energy of the zinc p^prtrativp (p-npr'va-tiv or en'fer-va-tivl. a. \<.
and acid is transformed into the energy of an electric cur- ®?®'."*?3™ ''V. ^ irf." _° _.„„: ™„\„i";„i„
1927 *
when a cannon-ball is arrested by a target, some other
form of energy, chiefly lieat, is produced in its place ;
moreover, there is a definite numerical relation e.\ist-
ing between the energy expended and the heat which is
produced as its equivalent. (See equivalent.) A water-
wheel is an arrangement for transforming the energy of
water into some other form of mechanical enel^, as for
sawing wood or grinding corn ; a steam-engine is used to
transform the potential chemical energy of coal or wood
and oxygen of the air into mechanical energy, as in a mill
rent, and this in turn may be transformed into liglit and
heat, or mechanical motion, or chemical separation (as in
electroplating). It is found, however, that in every trans-
formation, while no energy Is absolutely lost, a consider-
able portion is lost as useful or available energy, being
transformed into useless heat ; further, it can be shown
that the process which is continually going on is a change
from a higher type of energy to a lower, as from heat at
a high temperature to heat at a lower — that \&, a degra-
dation or itittsipation of energy. If the change were to
go on until all bodies were at the same temperature,
then no work of any kind would be possible. The prin-
cipal stores of energy on the earth, available for the pur-
poses necessary to human life and comfort, are : (a) the
energy of coal, wood, oil, and other combustibles; (6) of
water In motion, or in an elevated position ; (c)of air In
motion, as the wind : (d) the muscular energy orftnim.ils.
To these might be added the energy of direct solar raiiia-
enervate + -ice.'] Efaving power or a tendency
to enervate ; weakening. [Rare.]
enervet (f-nerv'), v. t. [= D. enerveren = 6.
enerviren '= Dan. enervere = Sw. enervera, < F.
cnerver = Sp. Pg. enervar = It. enervare, < L.
enervarc, take out the nerves or sinews, < ener-
vis, enervus, without nerves or sinews, < e, out,
+ nervus, nerve, sinew: see nerve. Cf. ener-
vate.'] To weaken; enervate.
Such object hath the power to soften and tame
Severest temper, smoothe the rugged'st brow,
Bnerve ... at will the manliest, resolutest breast.
Milton, P. R., li. 165.
Age has enerv'd her charms so much.
That fearless all her eyes approach.
Dorset, Antiquated Coquet.
tion, the energy of the tides, and some others of less Im-
portance. The source of all these forms of energy, except enerVOSe (e-nfer'vos), a. [< U. enervts, enervUS,
that of the tides. Is to be found In the radiant energy <>( ^-ithout nerves or sinews (see enerve), -1- -ose.]
the sun.— Energy of recoil, the capacity for work which a
body has uiKm a recoil, as a gun when fired.— Energy Of
rotation or translation, the capacity of a body for do-
ing work in virtue of its motion of rotation or translation.
See mo( ion.— Extensive energy, the number of dllferent
cooperating powers whlcli enter into a mental state. The
phr.ise Is also applied to a kind of elasticity. — Radiant
energy, that form of energy which is emitted by a hot
l,ody and which Is propagated by undulations In tlie lu-
miniferous ether at a rate of about 186,000 miles per sec-
ond, as the energy sent out by a stove, by the electric arc-
light, or by the sun. Every body sends out radiant energy,
';r^ri:.^r^^'^T^'^:.°^nl'J^^f^ZT.^^^^ enest, a^r. a Middle EngUsh form of once
are added others of shorter and shorter wave-length, eneucll, enSUgh (e-nueh ), a., n., and a>
When the temperature of a solid body is raised to about Scotch forms of enough.
800- C. It begins to be luminous- that U, to radiate rays jj^ ^^^^ ^^ ,^^^ eneiich may soundly sleep,
of red light — and as it grows hotter it emits rays corre- ,j,^j, q ,;r(.o„,e o„iy fashes folk to keep. Ramsay.
sponding to the successive colors of the spectrum. AtlbOO ■,,.,-,, t. ,• i j, c ■ e ^
cVit becomes white hot — that is, radiates all the rays of enfamet, n. A Middle English form of mfamy.
the spectrum. That portion of radiant energy which is Teittament of Love.
Inaipable of affecting the eye Is g.MuralI.y spoken of as famiUe (on fa-mely'). [F. : en, in ; famille,
radiant A^iK, In distinction from ra./irtiK /i./'if. heeheat, "r,,.!;!;)^! With nnn'a fnmilv- flompsticallv at
l.!7A«, fj)atru.n.-TheUwof theconservaUonofen- [annly.J With one s tamily, aomesncaiiy, at.
ergy or of force, the law that, fundamentally speaking, home.
there are no forces in nature to which the law of energy Deluded mortals whom the great
does not apply ; the principle that the total energy of the Choose for companions tete-iit«te,
universe Is constant, no energy being created or destroyed Who at their dinners cn/amiMe
In any of the processes of nature, every gain or loss In one Get leave to sit where'er you will. Swift.
l2r.°oVhrrTrS?^rS,''s'"li^rrrlZ.^T/»J.) enfaminet.__.,___ [ME enfan,ynenenj^nnme,i;<
In bot., without nerves or veins: applied to
leaves.
enervous (e-nfer'vus), a. [< L. enervts, enervus,
without nerves or sinews (see enerve), + -ous.
Ct.enervose.] Without force ; weak ; powerless.
[Rare.]
They thought their whole party safe ensconced behind
the sheriffs of London and Middlesex, with their partisans
of ignoramus ; and that the law was enermus as to them.
Stale Trials, Stephen College, an. 1681.
»
adv.
This is the great fundamental principle of modem physics
it wa* perbsp* first enunciated by K. F. )tohr in 1837,
though several physicists were Independently led to Its
discovery. Those uniformities of nature which present
phenomena of irreversible actions— such as friction and
other resistances, the conduction of heat and the phenom-
ena of the second law of tlierraodynamics in general,
en-l + famine.] I. trans. To make hungry;
famish.
II. intrans. To become hungry ; famish.
His folke forpyned
Of werynesse, and also enfamymd.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2429.
ciiemi'cai' reactions, the growth and' developmenl^ of or- enfamisht (en-fam'ish), V. t. [< en-'^ -i- famish.]
ganlc forms, etc.— cannot, according to this doctrine, re- ,„ f„,„i-i,^
suit from the lawsof force alone, but are to be account- i" lamisu. ... ■f„,.. . y nw ^r.fnr^ir <
ed as .UtUtical uniformities, due to vast numbers of for- enfaicet, »• '• [Also %nfaree ; < Ol .enfarcir, <.
tultously moving molecules. =8yn. 2. Activity, Intensity, Jj, infarcire, infercire, stuff into, stuff, < »», in,
push, stir, zeal. -f fareire, stuff: see en-1 and/arcc, v.] To fill;
enervate (e-nfer'vat or en'6r-vat), t;. t. ; pret. ^^^q_
and pp. enervated, ppr. enervating. [< L. ener- ^^^ ^jj,j ,,^11158, but with souls, replenished and en-
ratus, pp. of enervare, deprive of nerves or /arcfd with celestial meat. Baun, Potation for Lent, 1. 91.
sinews, weaken : see enerve.] 1 . To deprive of enfauncet. ". A Middle English form of infancy.
nerve, force, or strength ; weaken ^ renderfee- gjjfauntt, "- A Middle English form of infant.
ble: as, idleness and voluptuous indulgences
enerrate the body.
For great empires, while they stand, do enervate and de-
stroy the forces of the natives which they have subdued,
resting upon their o»ne protecting forces.
Bacon, Vicissitude of Things.
Sheepish softness often enervatet those who are bred like
fondlings at home. Locke.
It U the tendency of a tropical climate to enervate a peo-
ple, and thus fit them to become the subjects of a despot-
iinL Everett, Orations, p. 11.
Heefaunl.
enfavort, enfavourt, v. t. [< e«-i + favor, fa-
vour.] To favor.
If any shall enfavour me so far as to convince me of any
error therein, I shall in the second edition . . . return
him both my thanks and amendment.
Fuller, Pisgah Sight, I.
enfeart, f . t. [< en-l + /eari.] To alarm ; put
in fear.
But now a woman's look his hart enfeares.
T. Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, v. 38.
2. Figuratively, to deprive of force or applica- enfectt, v. t. An obsolete variant of infect.
bility; render ineffective; refute.
Quoth he, it stands me much upon
T' enervate this objection.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. i. 706.
3. To cut the nerves of: as, to enervate a horse.
=8yn. 1. To enfeeble, unnerve, debilitate, paralyze, un-
string, relax.
enervate (e-n6r'vat or en'6r-vat), a. [< L. ener-
vatus, pp.:' see the verb.] Weakened; weak;
enervated.
The soft enervate Lyre is drown'd
In the deep Organ's more majestick Sound.
Congreve, Hymn to Harmony.
Without these intervening storms of opposition to ex-
ercise his faculties, he would become enervate, negligent,
and presumptuous. Ooldsmith, National Concord.
enervation (en-^r-va'shon), n. [= F. Nerva-
tion = Sp. enervacion = Pg. enerra^do = It.
enervazione, < LL. eHcrvatio(n-), < L. enervare,
enerve: see enerve, enervate.] The act of en-
enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v. t.; pret. and pp. enfee-
bled, ppr. enfeebling. [Formerly also infeeble ;
< ME. enfeblen, < OF. enfeblir, enfebleir, enfieblir,
cnfoiblir (= Pr. enfeblir) (cf . OF. Pr. afeblir), en-
feeble, < en- -1- feble, feeble : see e«-l and fee-
ble.] To make feeble ; deprive of strength ; re-
duce the strength or force of ; weaken ; debili-
tate ; enervate : as, intemperance enfeebles the
body; long wars enfeeble a state.
We by synne cnfcWen our feith. ,,,,„.
Wyclif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), I. 94.
So much hath hell debased, and pain
Enfeebled me, to what I was in heaven.
Milton, P. L., ix. 488.
Some . . . enfeeble their understandings by sordid and
brutish tiusiness. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.
= Syn. See list under fnciMfe
enfeeblement (en-fe'bl-ment), n. [< enfeeble
-f -ment.] The act of enfeebling, or the state
of being enfeebled ; enervation; weakness.
enfeebler
enfe«bler (en -fe' bier), H. One who or that
which enfeebles or weakens.
Baiie of every manly art,
Sweet enfeebler of the lieart !
O, too pleasing: is thy strain,
Hence, to southern climes a^ain.
Philipn, To Signora Cuzzlno.
enfeeblisht (en-fe'blish), v. t. [< ME. enfc-
hlishett, < OP. eiifebUss-, stem of certain parts of
cnfeblir, enfeeble : see enfeeble and -isA2.] To
enfeeble.
Who of his neiabore eny thing of thes askith to horwe,
and it were er\feblished (var. /eblid\ or deed, the lord not
present, he slial be compelled to seeld.
Wycli/, Ex. itxii. 14 (Oxf.).
enfeflft, «•• '. See enfeoff.
enfeffementt, ». See eiifeofment.
enfellowshipt, «'. '. [ME. enfelaushippe (Halli-
well); < cn-^ + feUoicship.'] To accompany.
onfelont (eu-fel'on), V. t. [< e»-i + felon.'\ To
render fierce, cruel, or frantic.
With that, like one enfelon'd or distraught.
She forth did rome whether her rage her bore.
SpeTlser, F. Q., V. viii. 48.
enfeoff (en-fef), "• <• [Formerly also infeoff;
the spelling, as also in the simple /eo^, q. v., is
artificial, after the ML. (Law L.) form infeof-
fare, infeofare,feoffare; prop, spelled enfeff, <
ME. enfeffen, < OP. enfeffer, enfeofer (ML. reflex
infeoffare, infeofarc), < en- (L. in-) + feffer, in-
vest with a fief: see feoff, r.] 1. In law, to
give a feud to ; hence, to invest with a fee ;
give any corporeal hereditament to in fee sim-
ple or fee tail.
Alsoe, that as often as it shall happen that seaven of
the said ffeotfees dye, those seaven who shall be tlien
liveing shall enffeoge of the premisses certain other honest
men. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 250.
"ffhe dispossessed Franks of Armenia and Palestine . . .
he enfeoffed with estates of land in Cyprus.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 165.
2f. Piguratively, to surrender or give up.
The skipping king . . .
Grew a companion to the common streets,
Enfeofd himself to popularity.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
enfeofBnent (en-fef'ment), n. [< ME. enfeffe-
nicnt, < OP. enfeffemeni, < enfeffer, enfeoff: see
enfeoff and -menW] In law : (a) The act of giv-
ing the fee simple of an estate. (6) The in-
strument or deed by which one is invested with
the fee of an estate, (c) The estate thus ob-
tained.
For thee y ordeyned paradijs j
Ful riche was thin en/egement.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 163.
enfermt, v. t. A Middle English variant of
affirm.
enfertilet, v. t. [< en-i + fertile.'] To fertilize .
Ilie rivers Dee . . . and Done make way for themselves
and ev/ertile the fields.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, ii. 46.
enfetter (en-fet'er), V. t. [< en-'i- + fetter.] To
fetter ; bind in fetters.
His soul is so enfettefd to her love,
That she may make, unmake, do what she list.
Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
enfever (en-fe'v&r), v. t. [< cn-i + fever, after
F. enfUvrer.] To excite fever in. [Rare.]
In vain the purer stream
Courts him, as gently the green bank it laves.
To blend the enfexxring draught with Its pellucid waves.
Anna Seward, Sonnets.
enfiercet (en-fers'), v. t. [< e»-i + fierce.'] To
make fierce.
But more enfierced through his currish play.
Him sternly grypt, and, hailing to and fro,
To overthrow him strongly did assay.
Spenser, F. Q., II. Iv. 8.
enfilade (en-fi-lad'), n. [< F. enfilade, a suite of
rooms, a string (as of phrases, etc.), a raking
fire, lit. a thread, < enfiler, thread, string, rake
(a trench), rake (a vessel) : aeeenfile.] Milit.,a,
line or straight passage ; specifically, the situ-
ation of a place, or of a body of men, which may
be raked with shot through its whole length.
enfilade (en-fi-lad'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. enfiladed,
T^pr. enfilading. [< enfilade, n.] JSfaii., to pierce,
scour, or rake with shot through the whole
length, as a work or line of troops ; be in a
position to attack (a military work or a line of
troops) in this manner.
The Spaniards, carrying the tower, whose guns com-
pletely enfiladed it, obtained possession of this important
pass into the beleaguered city. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa. , i. 7.
While this was going on, Sherman was confronting a
rebel battery which etMaded the road on which he was
marching. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 505.
A strong and well-constructed earth-work, which was so
placed as to enfilade the narrow and difllcult channel for
a mile below. J. Jt. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 210.
Enfilading battery. See battery.
• 1928
enfilet (on-ni'), r. t. [< OF. ejifiler, F. enfiler,
thread, string, rake (a trench), rake (a vessel),
= Sp. cnfitar = Pg. cnfiar = It. infilarr, < ML.
infilare, put on a thread, thread, string, < L. in,
on, + jilum, a thread : see file'i, n. and v.] To
put on a thread ; thread ; string.
Thei tanghtcn hym a lace to braied
And weue a purs, and to enfile
A perle. Qower, Conf. Amant., vii.
The common people of India make holes through them,
and so wear them enfiled as carkans and collars about
their neckes. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxvii. «.
enfiled (en-fild'), p. a. [Pp. of enfile, v.] In
her., transfixing and carrying any object, as the
head of a man or beast : said of a sword the
blade of which transfixes the object,
enflret (en-fir'), ti.i. [<en-i-(-^re.] To inflame;
set on fire ; kindle.
It glads him now to note how th' Orb of Flame
Which girts this Globe doth not enfire the Frame.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 7.
enfiamet, «. An obsolete variant of inflame.
enflesh (en-flesh'), 17. t l< en-l + fiesh.] If. To
incorporate as with the flesh ; embody ; incar-
nate.
Vices which are habituated, inbred, and enfleshed in
him. Florio, tr. of Montaigne's Essays, p. VS.
2. To clothe with flesh. [Rare.]
What though the skeletons have been articulated and
enfleshed ? G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 67.
enfleurage (P. pron. ou-fl6-razh'), «. [P., <
en-, < L. in-, + fleur, < L. fios (flor-), flower; cf.
inflorescence.] The process of extracting deli-
cate perfumes from flowers by the agency of
inodorous fats.
enfiowert (en-flou'6r), V. t. [Early mod. E.
enflore; < en-1 + flower.] To cover or bedeck
with flowers.
These odorous and enflowered fields
Are none of thine ; no, here's Elysium.
D. Jonson, Case is Altered, v. 1.
enfold (en-fold'), V. t. See infold.
enfoliatet (en-fo'li-at), v. t. See infoliate.
enforce (en-fors'), v. ; pret. and pp. enforced,
ppr. enforcing. [Formerly also inforce ; < ME.
enforcen, enforsen, < OF. enforcer, cnforcier (P.
enforcir), < ML. infortiare, strengthen, < in-
+ fortiare, strengthen, < fortia (OF. force),
strength, force : see forced, and cf . afforce, de-
force, efforce. Cf. effort.] I, trans. If. To in-
crease tbe force or strength of ; make strong ;
strengthen; fortify.
Hur seemely cities too sorowen hem all,
Enforced were the entres with egre men fele,
That hee ne might in tliat marche no maner wende.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), I. 908.
And what there is of vengeance in a lion
Chaf'd among dogs or robb'd of his dear young,
The same, enforc'd more terrible, more mighty,
Expect from me. Beau, and PL, Philaster, v. S.
2. To urge or impress with force or energy ;
make forcible, clear, or intelligible : as, to en-
force remarks or arguments.
This fable contains and enforces many just and serious
considerations. Bacon, Physical I'ables, ii., Expl.
3. To gain or extort by force or compulsion ;
compel : as, to enforce obedience.
Sometimes with lunatic bans, sometimes with prayers,
Enforce their charity. Shak., Lear, ii. 3.
My business, urging on a present haste,
Enforcelh short reply. Ford, Lady's Trial, i. 1.
4. To put or keep in force; compel obedience
to; cause to be executed or performed: as, to
enforce laws or rules.
Law confines itself necessarily to such duties as can be
enforced hy penalties.
//. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 31.
5t. To discharge with force ; hurl ; throw.
As swift as stones
Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 7.
6. To impel; constrain; force. [Archaic]
For competence of life I will allow you,
That lack of means enforce you not to evil.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 5.
Through fortune's spight, that false did prove,
I am inforc'd from thee to part.
The Merchants Daughter (Child's Ballads, IV. 329).
Thou Shalt live,
If any soul for thee sweet life will give.
Enforced by none.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 318.
7t. To press or urge, as with a charge.
If he evade us there, '
Enforce him with his envy to the people.
Shak., Cor., iii. 3.
Now, when I come to inforce, as I will do,
Your cares, your watchings, and your many prayers.
Your more than many gifts. B, Jonson, Volpone, i. 1.
8t. To prove ; evince.
enforest
■Which laws in such case wo must obey, unless there be
reason sheweii, wliith may necessarily enforce that the law
of reason, or of Cod, doth enjoin the contrary.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
9t. To force; violate; ravish. Chaucer. — lOf.
Reflexively, to strain one's self; put forth one's
greatest exertion. Chaucer.
Also the Cristene men enforcen hem, in alle maneres
that tliei mowen, for to fighte, and for to desceyven that
on that otlier. Mandeville, Travels, p. 137.
= Syn. 3. Extort., etc. See exact, v. t.
Il.t intrans. 1. To grow strong; become
fierce or active ; increase.
Whan Hervy saugh hym so delyuered, heliente the horse
and lepte vp lightly, and ran in to the presse that dide
sore encrese and eiiforse. Merlin (£. E. T. S.), ii. 330.
2. To strive; exert one's self. Chaucer. — 3.
To make headway.
Whanne the schip was rauyschid and myghte not e»-
force aghens the wynd, whanne the schip was gheuun to
the blowingis of the w^id, we wereii bornn with cours into
an yle that is clepid Cauda. Wydif, Acts xxvii. 15, lu.
enforcet (en-fors'), ». [< enforce, v. Prop.
force.] Force; strength; power.
These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant,
Though l)y his blindness maini'd for high attempts,
Who now defies thee thrice to single fight,
As a petty enterprise of small enforce.
MUton, S. A., 1. 1223.
enforceable, enforcible (en-for'sa-bl, -si-bl), a.
Capable of being enforced.
Grounded upon plain testimonies of .Scripture, and en-
forcible by good reason. Barrow, Works, I. 71.
The public at large would have no enforceable right.
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 14.
enforcedly (en-for'sed-li), adv. By violence or
compulsion; not by choice. [Rare.]
If thou didst put this sour-cold haltit on
To castigate thy pride, 'twere well : but thou
Dost it enforcedly; thou 'dst courtier be again.
Shak., T. of A., Iv. S.
enforcement (en-fors'ment), «. [< OF. en-
forcement,^ < enforcer, enforce : see enforce.] 1 .
The exercise of force ; compulsory or constrain-
ing action; compulsion; coercion. [Archaic]
Such a newe herte and lusty corage vnto the lawe warde
canste thou neuer come by of thyne owne strength and
enforcement, but by the operacion and workinge of the
spirite. J. Udall, Prol. to Romans.
At my enforcement shall the king unite
Their nuptial hands. Glover, Athenaid, xx.
0 Goddess I hear these tuneless numbers, wrung
By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear.
Keats, Ode to Psyche.
2. That which enforces, urges, or compels;
constraining or impeUing power; efiicient mo-
tive ; impulse ; exigence. [Archaic]
Let gentleness my strong enforcement be.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
The Law enjoyns a Penalty as an enforcement to Obedi-
ence. Setden, Table-Talk, p. 60.
Rewards and punishments of another life, which the
Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.
Locke.
His assumption of our flesh to his divinity was an en-
forcement beyond all the methods of wisdom that were
ever made use of in the world. Hammond, Fundamentals.
3. The act of enforcing; the act of giving force
or effect to, or of putting in force ; a forcing
upon the understanding or the will : as, the
enforcement of an argument by illustrations;
enforcement of the laws by stringent measures.
— Enforcement act, an act for enforcing the collection
of the revenues of the United States, passed in 1833
after the nullification of the tariff act of 1832 by South
Carolina.
enforcer (en-f or'sfer), n. One who or that which
compels, constrains, or urges ; one who effects
by violence ; one who carries into effect.
Jnlio. Witli my soveraignes leave
I'll wed thee to this man, will he, inll he.
Phil. Pardon me, sir, I'll be no love enforcer:
1 use no power of mine unto those ends.
Fletcher (and Ilmcley), Maid in the Mill, v. 2.
That is even now an Ineffective speaking to which grimace
and gesture ("action," as Demosthenes called them) are
not added as enforcers. Whitney, Encyc. Brit., XVII. 767.
enforcible, «. See enforceable.
enforci'vet (en-fdr'siv), a. [< enforce + -ire.]
Serving or tending to enforce or constrain;
compulsory.
Cces. But might we not win Cato to our friendship
By honouring speeches, nor persuasive gifts ?
Me. Not possible.
Cces. Nor hy enforcive usa^ef
Chapmnn, Caisar and Pompey, i. 1.
enforcwelyt (en-for'siv-li), adv. By enforce-
ment; compulsorily. Marston.
enforest (en-for'est), V. t. [Formerly also en-
forrest; < OP. cnforester, < ML. inforestarc, con-
vert into forest, < in, in, + foreata, forest: see
c«-t and forest.] To turn into or lay under
forest; afforest.
enforest
Henry the Vlllth en/orrested the grounds thereabouts,
. . . thou>;h they never attained the full reputation of a
iorrest In common discourse.
Fuller, Worthies, Middlesex.
enfonnt (en-form'), V. t. An obsolete variant
of inform^.
enforsootht, r. t. [ME. enfarsothen; < en-l +
forsooth. '\ To make true; rectify; reform.
Y enfoTsothe me othir whilis.
And thinke y wolde lyue a trewe lijf.
Political Poenu, etc. (ed. Fumivall), p. 183.
enfortt (en-fort'), «■ t. [< OF. enfortir = Pr.
enfortir = It. infortire, strengthen, < L. in, in,
-♦- fortis, strong : see fort, and cf . enforce.'] To
strengthen; fortify.
Aa Salem braveth with her hilly bullwarks.
Roundly enforXed, soe the greate Jehova
Closeth his servantes, as a hilly bullwark '
Ever abiding.
Sir P. Sidney, Pa. cxxv.
enfortlinet (en-f6r'tun), V. t. [ME. enfortunen,
< OF. eiifortuner, <"<?'«- + fortune, fortune: see
cii-i smOl fortune.] To endow with a fortune.
He that wropht it enfortuyied it so
Tliat every wight that had it shnlde have wo.
Chaucer, Complaint of .Mars, 1. 259.
enfonlderedt, p. a. [Pp. of 'enfoulder, < OF.
eti- + foitldre, F.foudrc, < li.fitlgur, lightening,
flashing, < /M/jrere, flash : 8ee/u/^e«(.] Mingled
with lightning.
Hart cannot thinke what outrage and what cries.
With fowie enfouldred smoakeaud Hashing Are,
The hiUbred beast threw forth unto the skies.
Spenser, F. Q., I. li. 40.
enfirame (en-fram'), r. t.; pret. and pp. en-
framed, ppT. enframing. [< e7i-l -l-/ra»ie.] To
inclose in or as in a frame. [Rare.]
All the powers of the house of Godwin
Are not enframed in thee. Tennyson, Harold, i. 1.
Oat of keeping with the style of the relief upon the gates
which it [the frieze] enframes.
C. C. Perkint, lUlian Sculpture, p. 115.
enfranchise (en-fran'chiz), f. t. ; pret. and pp.
rnfranrhised, ppr. enfranchisinij. [Formerly
also infranchige; < OF. enfranchis-, stem of cer-
tain parts of enfrancliir, enfraunchir, enfran-
chier, get free, enfranchise, < en-, + franchir,
set free: see /raHcAwc] 1. To set free; lib-
erate, as from slavery ; hence, to free or release
from custody, bad habits, or any restraint.
If a man havethe fortitude and resolution toeT\franchiM
himself [from drinkingl at once, that is. the best
Baeon, Nature In Hen (ed. 1887X
This is that which hath eryfranchiM'd, enlarg'd and lifted
up oar apprehensions degree* above themselves.
Milton, Aieopagitlca, p. SO.
Onr great preaenrer !
You have eryfranehia'd us from wretched bondage.
Fletcher, Doable Marriage, v. 3.
Prisoners became slaves, and continued so In their gen-
eratiooa, nnlen en^Tanehiaed by their master*.
Sir W. Ttmpie.
The enfranchised spirit soars at last !
Mem. of H. H. Barham, in Ingoldsby Legends, I. 28.
2. To make free of a state, city, or corporation ;
admit to the privileges of a freeman or citizen ;
admit to citizenship.
The F.nKlish colonies, and some septs of the Irishry, en-
fraiu-hifd by special cliarter*, were admitted to the bene-
fit uf the laws. Sir J. Daviee, 8tate of Ireland.
Specifically — 3. To confer the electoral fran-
chise upon ; admit to the right of voting or
taking part in public elections : as, to enfran-
ehise a class of people ; to enfranchise (in Great
Britain) a borough o^a university.
From the year ISM a mayor took the place of the alder-
men, . . . but the poatman-mote and the merchant guild
retained their names and functions, the latter as a means
by which the freemen of the borough were ei\franchi»ed.
StubtH, Const. Hist. (2d ed.X 1 810.
4. To endenizen-; naturalize.
Tliese words have been enfranchised amongst as. Watts.
= 8yn. 1. ^(i>iinnit, Liberate, etc. ^ee emancipate.
enfranchisement (en-fran'chiz-ment), n. [<
enfranchise + •rnent.'] 1. The act of setting
free; release from sutTery or from custody;
enlargement.
As low as to thy foot does Caasins fall.
To beg enfranchisement tar Publias CImber.
SAa*., J. C.,111. 1.
2. The admission of a person or persons to the
freedom of a state or corporation; investiture
with the privileges of free citizens; the incor-
porating of a person into any society or body
politic; now, specifically, bestowment of the
electoral franchise or the right of voting.
How came the law to retreat after apparently advancing
farther than the Middle Eomaa Law iu the proprietary
enfranehUfment nt women?
Main*. Karly Ill»t. of Institutions, p. 32.1.
Enfranchisement of copyhold lands, a legal convey-
ance in fee simple uf cupybuld tenemeuts by the lord of
1929
a manor to the tenants, so as to convert such tenements
into freeholds.
enfranchiser (en-fran'ehi-z6r), n. One who en-
franchises.
enfrayt, »». [A Middle English variant of af-
fray J^ An affray.
Let no man wyt that we war,
For ferdnes of a fowle enfray.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 179.
enfreet (en-fre'), t». «. [< en-i +/ree.] To set
free ; release from captivity.
To render him.
For the enfreed Antenor, the fair Cressid.
Shak., T. and C, iv. 1.
enfreedomt (en-fre'dum), t'. t. [< oi-l + free-
dom.] To give freedom to ; set free.
By ray sweet soul, I mean, setting thee at liberty, en-
freedoining thy person. Shak., L. L. L., ill. 1.
enflreezet (en-frez'), ». *. {< en-'^ + freeze.] To
freeze ; turn into ice ; congeal.
Thou hastef^ros«n her disdainefull brest.
Spenser, In Honour of Love, L 146.
enfrenzy (en-fren'zi), V. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
frenzied, ppr. enfrenzying. [< en-l + fremy.]
To excite to frenzy; madden. [Rare.]
With an enfremied grasp he tore the Jasey from his
head. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, IL 363.
en froid (on frwo). [F. : en, < L. in, in ; froid,
< L. frigidus, cold.] In a cold state : said of
anything which is more commonly put on or
finished by the agency of heat.
Specimens (of majolica) on which gold is applied en
froid. South Kensington Handt>ook, Spanish Arts.
enfrowardt (en-fro'ward), r. t. [< en-1 -1- fro-
ward.] To make froward or perverse.
The multitude of crooked and side respects, which are
the only clouds that eclipse the truth from shiuing more
lightly on the face of the world, and the only pricks
which so er\froxcard men's affections as not to consider
and follow what were for the best, do cause that this chief
unity nndeth small acceptation.
Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion.
enfnmet (en-fiim'), v. t. [< F. enfumer = Pr.
enfumar, smoke, blind with smoke, < en- + fu-
mer, smoke: see fume.] 1. To dry or cure by
smoking; smoke. — 2. To blind or obscure with
smoke.
Perturbations . . . gainst their Guides doe fight.
And so enfume them that they cannot see.
Iktvies, Microcosmoa, p. 38.
eug (eng), n. [Native name.] A large decid-
uous tree, Dipterocarpus iuberculatus, of Chitta-
gong in Bengal, and of Burma. The wood is red-
dish and hard, and is largely used for house-posta, canoes,
etc. It yields a clear yellow resin.
Eng. A common abbreviation of England and
of Kiiglifih.
engage (en-gaj'), r. ; pret. and pp. engaged, ppr.
engaging. [Formerly also ingage; = D. engage-
ren = G. engagiren = Dan. engagere = Sw. enga-
gera, < OF. engager, F. engager = Pr. engatgar,
engualgar, enga^r = It. ingaggiare, < ML. in-
rndwir«, pledge, engage, < in, in, + vadiare (>F.
fager, etc.), pledge, gage : see en-l and gage^.]
. trans. 1. To pledge; bind as by pledge,
promise, contract, or oath ; put under an obli-
gation to do or forbear doing something; spe-
cificallj", to make liable, as for a debt to a credi-
tor ; bind as surety or in betrothal : with a re-
flexive pronoun or (rarely) a noun or personal
pronoun as object : as, nations engage them-
selves to each other by treaty.
Who la this that engaged his heart to approach onto nieT
Jer. XXX. 21.
I hare enga^dmnM to a dear friend.
Shak., M. of V., Hi. 2.
To the Pope hee inga^d himself to hazzard life and es-
tate for the Roman Religion. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xx.
Besides disposing of all patronage, civil, military, legal,
and eccleaiaatical, for this end, he [Lord Townsheiid] en-
gaged bimaelf to new pension* said to amount to 25,000f. a
year. (Jladstone, Mneteenth Century, XXIL 4«1.
The league between virtue and nature engages all things
to assume a hostile front to vice. Emerson, Compensation.
2. To pawn ; stake ; pledge.
He is a noble gentleman ; I dare
Engage my credit, loyal to the state.
Ford, Love's .Sacrifice, I. 2.
For an armour he would haue engaged vs a bagge of
pearle, but we refused.
Quoted In Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 83.
And most perfidiously condemn
Those that engag'd their lives for them.
S. Butler, Iludlbras, II. II. 338.
He that commends another engager so much of his own
reputation as he gives to that person commended.
Steele, Spectator, No. 188.
8. To secure for aid, employment, use, or the
like; put under requisition by agreement or
bargain; obtain a promise of: as, to engage
engage
one's friends in support of a cause; to engage
workmen ; to engage a carriage, or a supply of
provisions.
I called at Melaw6 to complain of our treatment at
Shekh Abad^, and see if I could engage him, as he had
nothing else to employ him, to pay a visit to my friends at
that inhospitable place. Bruce, Source of the Nile, 1. 92.
He engaged seven [reindeer], which arrived the next
evening, in the charge of a tall, handsome Finn, who was
to be our conductor. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 109.
4. To gain ; win and attach ; draw; attract and
fix : as, to engage the attention.
Your bounty has engag'd my truth.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iii. 2.
Tlie Servant . . . joyfully acquaints his Master how
gratefully you receiv'd the present : and this still engages
him more; and he will complement you with great respect
whenever he meets you. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 55.
This humanity and good-nature engages everybody to
him. Addison, Sir Koger at Home.
While the nations of Europe aspire after change, our
constitution engages the fond admiration of the people
by which it has been established.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I., Int.
5. To occupy; employ the attention or efforts
of : as, to engage one in conversation ; to be
engaged in war; to engage one's self iu party
disputes.
I left my people behind with my firelock, and went
alone to see if 1 could engage them in a conversation.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 157.
Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage.
Pope, Messiali, 1. 65.
Sir Peter. So, child, has Mr. Surface returned with you?
Maria. No, sir, he was engaged.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, liL 1.
It is considered extremely sinful to interrupt a man
when engaged in his devotions.
E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 92.
6. To enter into contest with ; bring into con-
flict ; encounter in battle : as, the army engaged
the enemy at ten o'clock.
He engageathe bravest warrlorof all the Greeks, Achilles ;
and falls by his hand, in single combat.
Bacon, Moral Fables, i.
The great commanders of antiquity never engaged the
enemy without previously preparing the minds of their
followers by animating harangues.
Irving, Knickerlxwker, p. 368.
Grey was forced to leave Herbert, and hurry back to
bring up the reserves ; returning, he attacked Arundel
with artillery, and completely ingaged him.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv.
7. To interlock and become entangled; entan-
gle; involve.
There lie monks in Russia, for penance, that will sit a
whole night In a vessel of water, till they be engaged with
hard Ice. Bacon, Custom and Education (ed. 18S7).
O limed soul, that struggling to be free.
Art more engag'd ! Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3.
Once, however, engaged among the first ravines and hill
spurs thrown out by tlie great inouiitiiin chain, I turned
my horse's head aiid rode swiftly in the direction of Merv.
O'Donovan, ilerv, xv.
8. In mech., to mesh with and interact upon ;
enter and act or be acted upon ; interlock with,
as the teeth of geared wheels with each other,
or the rack and pinion in a rack-and-pinion
movement. =Syn. 1. To commit, promise. — 5. To en-
gross, busy.— 6. To attack, join battle with.
n. intrans. 1. To pledge one's word ; prom-
ise ; assume an obligation ; become boimJ ; un-
dertake : as, a friend has engaged to supply the
necessary funds.
Many brave lords and knights likewise
To free them did engage.
The Seven Champions of Christendom (Child's Ballads,
[I. 89).
How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not.
Fuller.
I. dare engage, these creatures have their titles and dis-
tinctions of honour. Sun/t, Gulliver's Travels, 11. 3.
How commonly . . . nilers have en£?a;?crf, on succeeding
to power, not to change the established order !
II. Spencer, i'rin. of Sociol., § 468.
2. To occupy one's self ; be busied^ take part:
as, to engage in conversation; he is zealously
engaged in the cause.
'Tis not indeed my talent to engage
In lofty trifles. Dryden, tr. of Perslus's Satires.
Tlie present argument is the most abstracted that ever
I engaged In. Swift, Tale of a Tub, Ix.
All her slumbering energies engage with real delight In
what lies before them. H'. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 318.
3. To have an encounter; begin to fight; enter
into conflict.
I'pon advertisement of the Scots army, the Earl of Hol-
land was sent with a body to meet and engage with it.
Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
It is a part of the military art to reconnoitre and feel
your way before you engage too deeply.
Washington, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 454.
engage
4. In fencing, to cross weapons with an adver-
sary, pressing against his with sufficient force
to prevent any mauoeuver from taking one un-
awares. Fari-otc, Mil. Encyc. — 5. In mach., to
mesh and interact.
Fixed on a horizontal shaft above the vessel [a sort of
water-clock) was a small toothed wheel, with which the
toothed rack en;jaged, and which was, therefore, caused
to turn by the rise of the tioat.
American Anthropologist, I. 47.
Engaging and disengaging machinery, machinery in
which one part is alternately united to and separated from
another, as occlusion may require.
engaged (en-gajd'), «. a. [Pp. of engage; t-.]
1. Affianced; betrothed: as, an engaged pair.
— 2. Busy or occupied with matters which can-
not be interrupted ; not at leisure : as, when I
call I always find him engaged. — 3. In arch.,
partly built or sunk into, or having the appear-
ance of being partly built or sunk into, some-
thing else : as, engaged columns.
All these sculptures have been attached as decorations
to a marble background ; the fijiures are not, therefore,
sculptured in tlie round, but, if we may borrow a term
used by architects, are engaged figures.
C. T. Se^cton, Art and Archseol,, p, 78.
Engaged column. Seecoiumn.— Engaged wheels, in
mech., wheels that are in gear with each other. The
driver is the engaging wheel, and the follower is the
wheel engaged.
engagedly (en-ga'jed-ll), adv. In an engaged
manner ; with entangling attachment, as a par-
tizan.
Far better it were for publick good there were more
. . . progressive pioneers in the mines of knowledge, than
controverters of what is found ; it would lessen the num-
ber of conciliatours ; which cannot themselves now write,
but as engagedly biassed to one side or other.
Whitlock, Manners of Eng. People, p. 233.
engagedness (eu-ga'jed-nes), n. The state of
being engaged, or seriously and earnestly oc-
cupied; zeal; animation.
engagement (en-gaj'ment), n. [Formerly also
ingagement; = D. G. Ban. Sw. engagement, <
F. engagement = It. ingaggiamento, < ML. in-
vadiamentujn, engagement, < invadiare (> F. en-
gager, etc.), engage : see engage and -ment.'] 1.
The act of engaging, binding, or pledging, or
the state of being engaged, bound, or pledged.
These are they who have bound the land with the sinne
of Sacrilege, from wliich mortal ingagement wee shall
never be free till wee have totally remov d with one labour
as one individual! thing Prelaty and Sacrilege.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
2. That to which one is engaged or pledged ;
an agreement ; an appointment ; a contract ; an
undertaking: as, he failed to fulfil his engage-
ment.
If the superior officers prevailed, they would be able
to make good their engagement ; if not, they must apply
ttiemselves to him [the king] for their own security.
Ludlow, Memoirs, I. 186.
We damsels shall soon he obliged to carry a book to en-
rol our engagements ... if this system of reversionary
dancing be' any longer encouraged.
Visraeli, Young Duke, ii. 3.
Specifically — 3. The state of having entered
into a contract of marriage ; betrothal: as, their
engagement has been announced. — 4. That
which engages or binds ; obligation.
He was kindly used, and dismissed in peace, professing
much engagement for the great courtesy he found there.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 232.
This is the greatest engagement not to forfeit an oppor.
tunity. Hammond, Fundamentals.
Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league.
Stilton.
5t. Strong attachment or adherence; partial-
ity; bias; partizanship.
The opportunity of so fit a messenger, and my deep en-
gagement of affection to thee, makes me write at this time.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 437.
This may he obvious to any who impartially, and without
engagement, is at pains to examine. Swi/t.
6. Occupation ; employment of the attention ;
aSair of business.
Play, either by our too long or too constant engagement
in it, becomes like an employment or profession, liogers,
7. In mach., the act or state of meshing toge-
ther and acting upon each other : as, the engage-
ment of geared wheels. — 8. A combat between
armies or fleets; a fight ; a conflict; a battle.
The showr of Arrows and Darts overpass't, both Battels
attack'd each other with a close and terrible ingagement.
Milton, Hist. Eng., v.
All full of expectation ol the fleete's engagement, but it
is not yet. Pepys, Diary, II. 418.
Our army, led by valiant Torrismond.
Is now in hot engagement with the Moors. Dryden.
To recite at this time the circumstances of the Ingage-
ment at Brandywine, whicli have i)een bandied about in
all the Newspapers, would be totally unnecessary.
Washington, to Col. Saui'l Washington, N. A, Rev.,
(CXUII. 480.
1930
9. In fencing, the joining of weapons with an
adversary: as, an engagement in carte, tierce,
etc. Kolando (ed. Forsyth) The Engagement,
iu British hist., the name given to a treaty entered into
in lfi47 between Charles I., then in the hands of tlie Par-
liamentary army, and connnissioners on behalf of the mod-
erate Presbyteritms in Scotland, whereby the latter, for
certain concessions on the king's part, engaged to deliver
him from captivity by force of arms. =8501. 2. Pledge, etc.
(see promise, n.), contract. — 8. Conjtict, Fight, etc. See
battlel.
engager (en-ga'jer), n. 1. One who engages
or secures. — 2. One who enters into an engage-
ment or agreement ; a surety.
And that they [Italian operas] might be performed with
all decency, seemliness, and without rudeness and pro-
faneness, John Maynard . . . and several sufficient citizens
were engagers. Wood, Athenie Oxon.
3. [cap.'] In Scottish hist., one of a party who
supported the treaty called " The Engagement,"
and who joined in the invasion of England con-
sequent on it. See phrase under engagement.
engaging (en-ga'jing), J), a. [Ppv. of engage, v.]
Winning; attractive; tending to draw the at-
tention, the interest, or the affections; pleas-
ing: as, engaging manners or address.
His [Horace's] addresses to the persons who favoured
him are so min-iitsibly engaging, that Augustus complained
of him for so seldom writing to him.
Steele, Tatler, No. 173.
That common.sense which is one of the most useful,
though not one of the most engaging, properties of the
[English] race. Lowell, Books and Libraries.
The Greeks combine the energy of manhood with the
engaging unconsciousness of childhood.
Emerson, History.
engagingly (en-ga'jing-li), adv. In an engag-
ing manner; so as to win the affections.
engagingness (en-ga'jing-nes), n. The quality
of being engaging; attractiveness; attraction:
as, the engagingness of his manners.
engallantt (en-gal'ant), V. t. [< e«-l ■+ gal-
lant.] To make a gallant of.
I would have you direct all your courtship thither ; if
you could but endear yourself to her affection, you were
eternally engallanted. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
engaolt (en-jal'), V. t. An obsolete form of en-
jail.
engarboilt (en-gar'boil), V. t. [< en-1 + gar-
boil.'] To disorder.
It is strange, that for wishing, advising, and in his owne
particular using and ensuing tliat moderation, thereby not
to engarboiie the church, and disturb the course of piety,
he should so . . . bee blamed.
Bp. Monntagu, Appeal to Cajsar, ix.
engarland (en-gar'land), V. t. [< en-t + gar-
land.] To encircle with a garland. [Poetical.]
Rinses ! I oft invoked your holy aid,
With choicest flowei-s mv speech f engarland so.
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Gamer, I. 680).
Engarlanded and diaper'd
With inwrought flowers.
Tennyson, Arabian Nights.
engarrison (en-gar'i-sn), v. t. [< e»-l + gar-
rison.] To place in garrison or in a state of
defense.
In this case we encounter sin in the body, like a be-
sieged enemy ; and such an one, when he has engarrison'd
himself in a strong hold, will endure a storm.
South, Works, IX. v.
There was John engarrison'd, and provided for the as-
sault with a trusty sword, and other implements of war.
Glanville, "Witchcraft, p. 127.
engastrimythf (en-gas'tri-mith), n. [Also en-
gastromith, engastrimuth ; < Gr. eyyaaTpi/ivdoc,
a ventriloquist, generally used of women who
delivered oracles by Ventriloquy, < ev yaaTpi,
in the belly {iv, in ; yaarpi, dat. of yaari/p, akin
to L. venter, belly), + /ivBoc, speech. See myth.]
A ventriloquist.
So, all incenst, the pale engastromith
(Rul'd by the furious spirit he's haunted with)
Speaks in his womb.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Imposture.
engender (en-jen'd6r), V. [Formerly also in-
gender ; < ME. engendren, < OF. engendrer, F.
engendrer = Pr. engenrar, engendrar = Sp. Pg.
engendrar = It. ingenerare, < L. ingenerare, be-
get, < in, in, -I- generare, beget, produce, gener-
ate: see getierate and gender.] I, trans. 1. To
breed; beget; generate.
Thus, delves made, on hem shall weete and heete.
Thai two dooth all engendre grapes greete.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 44.
Hence — 2. To produce; cause to exist ; bring
forth ; cause ; excite : as, intemperance engen-
ders disease ; angry words engender strife.
This bastard love ia engendered betwixt lust and idle-
ness. Sir P. Sidney.
engme
.^ir Philip Sidney very pretily closed vp a dittie in this
sort :
What medcine, then, can such disease remoue
Wliere lone breedeshate, and hate engenders loue?
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 181.
Of that airy
And oily water, mercury is engendered.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
Vain hopes, vain aims, inordinate desires,
Blown up with high conceits ingenderinfj pride.
Milton, P. L., iv. 809.
From the prejudices engejidered l)y the Church, I pass
to the prejudices eTigendered hy the army itself.
Sumner, Orations, I. 59.
= S3m. 2. To call forth, create, give rise to, occasion, stir
up.
II. intrans. 1. To be caused or produced;
come into existence.
Takp hede they speake no wordes of villany, for it
causeth much corruption to ingender in them.
Babees Book(E. E. T. S.), p. 64.
Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there.
Dryden.
2. To come together; meet in sexual embrace.
Luff ingendreth with ioye, as in a iust sawle.
And hate in his bote yre bastis to wer.
Destruetion of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7959.
The council of Trent and the .Spanish inquisition, ingen-
dering together, brought fortlj those catalogues and ex-
pvu-gating indexes. Milton, Areopagitici.
engenderer (en-jen'd6r-6r), n. [= F. engen-
drcur = Pr. engenraire, engenrador = Sp. en-
gendrador = It. ingeneratore, < L. as if *inge-
nerator, <. ingenerare, engender: see engender.]
One who or that which engenders ; a begetter.
Tlie ingenderers and ingendered.
Sir J. Davies, Wittes Pilgrimage, sig. 0, 1.
engendruret, «• [ME., also engendure, < OF.
engendrure, engendreure, engenrure, engenreure =
Pr. engenradura, < L. as if *ingeneratura, < «n-
(/enerare, engender: see engender.] 1. The act
of generation; a begetting.
Haddestow as greet a leeve as thou hast myght.
To parfourne al thy lust in Engendrure,
Thou haddest bigeten many a creature.
Chaucer, Prol. to Monk's Tale, 1. 59.
2. Descent ; lineage.
Hys engendrure to declare and tell,
Comyn is he off full noble linage.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 634.S.
engild (en-gild'), V. t.; pret. and pp. engilded,
cngilt, ppr. engilding. [< en-l -I- gild.] To gild;
brighten.
Fair Helena ; who more engilds the night
Than all yon fiery oes and eyes of light.
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2.
engint, «■ An obsolete spelling of engine.
engin. An abbreviation of engineering.
engin-Jl-'verge (F. pron. on-zhan'a-verzh'), n.
A military engine or catapult for throwing large
stones, barrels of combustibles, etc., by means
of a mast or staff rotating about one end, and
having at the other a spoon, hook, or other de-
vice for holding the projectile.
engine (en'jin), n. [Also dial, ingine, ingin; <
ME. engin, engyn, engen, rarely ingyne (with ac-
cent on second syllable, whence by apheresis
often gin, gyn, ginne, gynne, > mod. E. gin*, q.
v.), < OF. engin, enging, engeng, engeinh, enginh,
natural ability, artifice, a mechanical contri-
vance, esp. a war-engine, a battering-ram, F.
engin = Pr. engin, engen = OSp. engeito, Sp.
ingenio = Pg. engenho = It. ingegno, < L. inge-
nium, innate or natural quality, nature, genius,
a genius, an invention, in LL. a war-engine,
battering-ram, < ingignere (pp. ingenitus), instil
by birth, implant, produce in: see ingenious,
and cf. genius.] It. Innate or natural ability;
ingenuity; craft; skill.
But consydreth well, that I ne usurpe not to have found-
en this werke of my labour or of myne engin.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, Pref.
Virgil won the bays.
And past them all for deep engine, and made them all to
gaze
Upon the books he made. Churchyard.
Such also as made most of their workes by translation
out of the Latine and French toung, <fe few or none of their
owne engine. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 68.
He does 't by engine and devices, he I
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, ii. 1.
2t. An artful device or contrivance ; a skilful-
ly devised plan or method ; a subtle artifice.
Therefore this craftie engine he did frame.
Against his praise to stirre up enmitye.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 2a
The edict of the emperor Julianus . . . was esteemed
and accounted a . . . pernicious engine and machination
against the Christian faith.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 69.
I must visit Contarino ; upon that
Depends an engine shall weigh up my losses.
Were they sunk low as hell.
Webster, Devil's Law-Case, U. i.
engine
3. An instrumental agent or agency of any-
kind; anj-thing used to effect a purpose; an
instrumentality.
Ill the tynic that we ly before this town ther may be
taken a-nother town other Iw famyn or be other engtpu,
for as soone shall we take tweyiie as oon.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ii. 256.
Dexterity and sufferance, brave Don,
Are ennines the pure politic must work with.
Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1.
And say, finally, whether peace is best preserved by giv-
ing energy to the goveninient, or information to the peo-
ple. This last is the most certain and the most legiti.
mate engine of government,
Jegervm, Correspondence, IL 276.
An age when the Dutch press was one of the most for-
midable enffines by which the pnblic mind of Europe was
moved. Macatday, Hist Eng., vli.
4. An apparatus for producing some mechani-
cal effect; especially, a skilful mechanical con-
trivance: used in a very general way.
states, as great enginet, move slowly.
Bacon^ Advancement of Learning, ii.
Specifically — (ot) A snare, gin, or trap.
A fissher of the contrey com to the Lak de Losane with
his nettes and his engyntt. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iii. 665.
Item, Whereas it is contained In the Statute of West-
minster the Second, that young salmons shall not be taken
nor destroyed by nets, nor by engine*, at milldams, from
the midst of April till the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Statute qf lUh Richard J I., quoted in Walton s
(Complete Angler, p. 62, note.
(6) A mechanism, instruraent, weapon, or tool by which
a violent effect is produced, as a musket, cannon, rack,
catapult, battering-ram, etc. ; specifically, in old use, a
rack for torture ; i>y extension, any tool or instrument :
u, engine* of war or of torture.
The kyng of kyngges erly ^Tjpe he rose.
And sent for men of craft in all the hast,
To make engenye after his purpose.
The wallis to breke, the Citee for to wast
Oenerydee (E. E. T. S.), L 2887.
The sword, the arrow, the gun, with many terrible en-
gines of death, will be well employed. RaUigk, Eisays-
O most small fault,
How ugly didst thou In Cordelia show !
Which, like an engine, wrench'd my frame of nature
I'rom the flx'd place. Sheik., Lear, i. 4.
But that two-handed engine at the door
Stands ready to smite once, and smite no more.
MiUon, Lycidas, 1. 130.
Be takes the gift with reverence, and extends
The little tngint [adaaonl on his fingers' ends.
Pope, B. of the L., Hi. 1S2.
More particulariy — (e) A skilfully contrived mechanism
or machine, the parts of which roix-ur in prmtucing an in-
tended effect ; a machine for applying any of the mechani-
cal or physical powers to effect a iiarticular purpose; es-
pecially, a self-contained, self-moving nu'chanism for the
cjnvctslon of energy Into useful work : as, a hydraulic en-
gine fur utilizing the preasnre of water ; a steam-, gas-, or
air rn^^rn^. in which the elastic force of steam, gaa, or air
Is utilized ; a f^T^-engine ; stationary or locomotive en-
gine*. In popular ainoliite use, the word generally has
reference to a locomotive engine. Bee these wordi.
In mechanicals, the direction how to frame an Instrn-
ment or engine, Is not the same with the manner of setting
It on work. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, tL 278.
Some cat the pipes, and some the engine* play.
And some, more bold, mount ladders to the lire.
Dryden.
As the barometric oaclllations are due to solar nuliation.
It follows that the earth and sun together constitute a
thermodynamic engine.
Thmntnn arul Tail, Nat. Phil., | 8S0.
Agricultural, ammonlacaL annular, assistant, at-
mospberlc engine. See the adjwtivi «. Balance-
wheel engine. ■*. I- /..i/ffjie«.iM«W.— Binary engine. ■'<"•
hhirin/. - Blsulphld-of-ortKni engine, nn engine uning
the vapor of bi.4ulphi9 of carlxm as a motive agent The
liquid lioils at 1 10° K., and at the usual temperature of ex-
haust-steam will give a pressure of sixty-five pounds to the
square Inch. The vapor in such engines Is condensed after
passing through the cylinder, and retomcd to the boiler
to lie converted again into vapor ; It can be thus used con-
tinn..usly Willi very little loss.— Caloric engine. Seeai-
itirir. Carbonlo-add ^>ffgi«A rsce c(i»7/.,/iiV.— Com-
pound engine. See *team.en;iinr. — Compressed-air
engine. ><f minprrufd. — Concentric engine, a rotat-
iiiii fn'.riii*'. -Cornish engine. .'^«-«- ti*''tin ^'nijine. — Cy-
ClOldal engine, a mat'liine for engruving the wavy or
curved lines upon the plates from which bank-checks,
bonds, etc., are printed. The lines are produced by a
compound motion given to the graver, or by a comliined
movement of graver and plato. — Dental engine, an ap-
paratus f<»r r.mveyiiig jx.wer to dentiti surgical Instru-
ments.—Dlrect-actlon engine, an engine in which the
pidt^m-nMl iji directly coupleil to the connecting-rod.—
bisk engine, an engine in which motive power is obtain-
eri l>y the applieatlon of steam to the oscillation of a disk.
Double-acting engine. 8eefi«ai»-«n<7«'B«.— Klectro-
dynamlc engine, :>ti engine operated by an electric cur-
rent Electromagnetic engUM. See eteetrie machine,
unfler Hfrtric— Elevator -engine, a special form of steam
hoisting-engine that can lie controllea from the elevator-
car <ir from any floor, or maile to op*.Tate automatically at
any yiolnl of tlie ir:ivel of the car.— Bmpty engine. See
em/rfi/. Ether-engine, a machine similar tothe steam-
engin*-. in wliirh tli.- v;iiK>r of ether Issubstitnted for steam.
— Geared engine, ;in enL'inc which actuates the driven
nia^.-hiner) tlii<<!i.;li tli' i'lr.-rvention of gearing.— Half-
beam engine, n Kteiim eniriric haring a beam so arranged
■a to be moved about a pivot at one end by the action of
1931
the engine placed at the other end, the crank being placed
beneath tiie middle of the beam.— Harmonic engine, an
electromagnetic engine of small size, invented liy Kdison.
— High-duty eng&e, an engine designed to work with
minimuiu consumption of fuel. — Horizontal engine, an
engine set witli the axes of its steain-ejlindcrs aiul its cen-
ter-lines horizontal.— Hydraulic engine. See Uiidrtiulic.
— Hydrocarbon engine, am 'ther name for the petroleum
engine, or for any oil-amt-vaimr motor. — Inclined en-
gine, an engine of which the line of action is inclined to
the liorizon.— Internal-combustion engine, an engine
in which the working cylinder is also the furnace. — Blan
engine, an apparatus set in mine-shafts, consisting of two
parallel and vertical rods alternately rising and falling.
and carrying at suitable intervals platforms, of which a
pair stop opposite each other at each stroke of the engine.
In another form one set of platforms is stationary and
fixed to the walls of the shaft, there being but a single
oscillating rod. Miners, by stepping back and forth from
one platfonn to another at each stroke of the engine, are
raised to thfe surface or transported to the bottom of the
mine.— Marine engine. See tiwrine.- Mogul engine,
a locomotive of a peculiar and heavy type, built for liaul-
ing heavy trains, and having six coupled driving-wheels
and a single pair of truck-wheels.— Non-condensing en-
gine. See non-(-oiidcn»in7.— Non-rotative engine, an
engine which does not turn a fly-vvlieel and er:inic-.<haft. —
Oscillating engine, an engine in whielr the piston-rod
is coupled directly to the crank-pin, the steam-cylinder
oscillating on trunnions to permit the requisite lateral
movement of the rod.- Pendulotis or Inverted oscil-
lating engine, an engine in which the steam-cylinder is
supportedtjy and <iscillates al>out trunnions at tlie upper
end, the iiiston-nHi lieing directly connected to the crank
below.— Rose engine. See roa«-en(^*ne. — Side-lever en-
gine. Same as marine ensrtne.- Stationary engine, any
lorm of motor on a fixed bed, as distingui-slied from a port-
alile, road, or locomotive engine. — Trunk-engine, an en-
gine in which the connecting-rod is cuuided to crank and
piston, reaching the latter through a lai-ge hollow "trunk "
or rod forming a part of the structure. — Twin engine,
a combination of two engines of the same construction,
coupled so as to work together. — Vertical engine, an
engine without a beam, set in the vertical line. — wildcat
ex]^;lne, a locomotive engine that runs without a train :
so called because it has no regular time. [U. S.)
engine (en'jin), v. t. ; pret. and pp. engined,
ppr. engining. [< ME. enginen, engynen, con-
trive, deceive, torture, < OF. engignier, engi-
gner, engenier, engenhier, contrive, invent, de-
ceive, intrigue, etc., = Pr. enginhar = OSp. cn-
gefiar, 8p. ingeniar = Pg. engenhar = It. inge-
gnare, deceive, dupe, etc., < ML. ingeniare, con-
trive, attack with engines, dep. in^eniari, in-
trigue, deceive, < L. ingenium, genius, inven-
tion, LL. an engine: see engine, n.] If. To
contrive.
And now shal Lucifer leue it thowgh hym loth thinke ;
For Oygas the geaunt with a gynne engyned
To breke and to bete doune that ben agelnes lesus.
Pier* Plowman (BX xviil. 250.
2t. To assault with engines of war. Davies. aillls.
enginery
2. An engine-driver; one who manages an en-
gine; a person who has charge of an engine
and its connected machinery, as on board a
steam-vessel. — 3. Oue who carries through any
scheme or enterpiise by skill or artful con-
trivance; a manager Chief of engineers, in the
United States army, a high ofticiai of the War Departmenlv
head of the corps of engineers, who has supervisory charge
of fortifications, torpedo service, military bridges, river
and harbor improvements, military surveys, etc. — Corps
of engineers. See cwTwa.— Fleet engineer. Heejleefi.
engineer (en-ji-ner'), r. <. l<. eiigiiieei; n.'i 1.
To plan and direct the formation or carrying
out of; direct as an engineer: as, to engineer a
canal or a tunnel.
Carefully engineered waterways.
Geikie, GeoL Sketohes, U. 14.
2. To work upon ; ply ; try some scheme or plan
upon.
Unless we engineered him with question after question,
we could get nothing out of him. Coipper.
3. To guide or manage by ingenuity and tact;
conduct through or over obstacles by contri-
vance and effort: as, to engineer a bill through
Congress.
An exhibition engineered by a native prince is quite a
novelty even in India. The American, VII. 24.
engineering (en-ji-ner'ing), n. [Verbal n. of
engineer, v7\ 1. The art of constructing and
using engines or machines; the art of execut-
ing civil or military works which require a spe-
cial knowledge or use of machinery, or of the
principles of mechanics. Abbreviated engin.
— 2. Careful management ; manoeuvering.
Wlio kindling a combustion of desire,
Witli some cold moral think to quench the fire.
Though all yotxr engineering proves in vain.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 321.
Cl'Vil engineering, that branch of engineering which
relates to the construction or care of roads, bridges, rail-
roads, canals, amu'ducts, hariiors, drainage-works, etc. —
Electrical engineering. See (■(.(•(iicni.— Hydraulic
engineering, see h;i'lrniili<\~ Mechanical or dynam-
ic engineering, tliat braneli «hieli relates strictly to
machinery, sm-fi as steam-engines, machine-tools, mill-
work, etc.— Military engineering, that branch which
relates to the construction and maintenance of fortifica-
tions, and all buildings necessary in military jiosts, and
includes a thorough knowleilge of every point relative to
the attack and defense of places. The science also em-
braces the Burveying of a country for the various opera-
tions of war— Mining engineering, tliat branch which
relates to all the operations involv'ed in selecting, testing,
opening, and working mines.— Naval or marine engi-
neering, tliat lirancil which relates to tlie construction
and management of engines for the propulsion of steam-
Infldels, profane and professed enemies to engine and
batter our walls. .Rci'. T. Adam*, Works, I. 29.
3t. To torture by means of an engine ; rack.
The mynistres of that toun
Han hent the cartere and so sore him pyned.
And eek the hostiller so sore engyned,
lliat they biknewe hir wikkednea anoon.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, L 240.
4. To furnish with an engine or engines : as,
the vessel was built on the Clyde and engined
at Greenwich.
engine-bearer (en'jin-bSr'fer), n. In ghip-
huHding, one of the sleepers or pieces of tim-
ber in a steamer placed between the keelson
and the boilers of the steam-engine, to form a
proper seat for the boilers and machinery.
engine-counter (en'jin-koun't6r), n. A regis-
tering device for recording or counting the
movements of engines or machinery ; a speed-
indicator. See speed^eeorder.
engined (en'jind), a. Same as engine-turned.
engine-dri'Ver (en'jin-dn'vfer), «. One who
dnves or manages an engine; especially, one
who manages a locomotive engine : in the
United States commonly called engineer.
engineer (en-ji-ner'), n. [Formerly enginer,
rarely ingener; < OF. engignier = 8p. ingeniero
= Pg. engenheiro = It. ingegnere, ingegnero, <
ML. ingeniarius, one who makes or uses an en-
gine, < ingenium, an engine : see engine. Cf . D.
0. ingenieur = Dan. Sw. ingeniiir, < F. ingMeur,
OF. engigneor, engigneour, one who makes an en-
gine,<.'Mlj.'ingeniator,<. ingeniare, contrive : see
engine, v."] 1. A person skilled in the principles
and practice of any department of engineering.
Engineers are classified, according to the particular busi-
ness pursued by them, as military, naval or marine, civil,
mining, and meehanieal or dyneanie engineer*. (.Sec en-
gineering.) In the United States navy engineers are class-
ed as follows : Engineer in chief, ranking with a commo-
dore and having charge of the Bureau of Steam Engineer-
ing at the Navy Depariment; chief engineers, ranking,
according to length of service, with lientenant-comniand-
ers, commanders, or captains ; pajtued ojtrijitant entrineern,
officers who have passed their examination for chief en-
gineer, and who rank with lieutenants ; and a**i*tani en-
gineer*, who rank with ensigns or Iteutonauts.
engineership (en-ji-ner'ship), n. [< engineer
+ -sltip.'] The post of engineer. [Rare.]
His nephew, David Alan Stevenson, joined with him at
the time of his death in the engineership, is the sixth of the
family who has held, successively or conjointly, that office.
II. L. Steveneon, in Contemporary Rev,, LI. 790.
engine-house (en'jin-hous), n. A building for
the accommodation of an engine or engines.
Boilers, dynamos, &ndengi7te-hou*e must all be arranged
for that size. Elect. Bev., XXII. 243.
engine-lathe (en'jin-laTH), n. A large form of
lathe employed for the principal turning-work
of a machine-shop.
engineman (en'jin -man), M.; pi. enginemen
(-men). A man who manages an engine, as in
steamers, steam-cars, manufactories, etc.
engine-plane (en'jin-plan), ». In coal-mining,
ail underground way over which the coal is con-
veyed by means of an endless chain or rope
worked by an engine.
enginert (en'ji-nfer), n. [Also ingener; earlier
form of enr/iHecr : see engineer.l 1. An engi-
neer; one who manages a military engine.
For 'tis the sport to have the enginer
Hoist with his own petar.
Shak., Hamlet, ill. 4 (quartos).
2. A skilful contriver ; an artful or ingenious
deviser.
He is a good enginer that alone can make an instru-
ment to get preferment Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 134.
Tliere's yet one more, Gabfnius,
The enginer of all. B. Jonson, Catiline, v. 4.
engine-room (en'jin-rSm), n. The room or
apartment of a vessel in which the engines are
placed.
Where, for example, are the engine-room logs of any of
the ships he warms? The Engineer, LXV. 108.
enginery (en'jin-ri), n. [< engine + -ry."] 1.
The act or art of managing engines or artillery.
— 2. Engines collectively; mechanism; ma-
chinery; especially, artillery; instruments of
war.
Not distant far with heavy pace the foe
Approaching, gross and huge, in hollow cube
Trailing his devilish enginery. Milton, P. L.,vi 5SS,
enginery
I have lived to mark
A new and unforeseen creation rise
From out tlie lalwura of a peaceful Land
Wielding her ptitent enginfry to frame
And to produce. Wordrnvrth, Excursion, viii.
The earth is shaken by our engineries.
Emerson, Success.
With a mighty inward whirring and buzzing of the en-
ginery which constitutes her [an automaton's] muscular
^tem. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 129.
8. Any carefully prepared scheme to compass
an end, especially a bad end; machinations;
devices ; system of artifice.
The fraudful enginery of Rome. Shenstone, Economy.
All his own devilish enginery of lying witnesses, partial
sheriffs, etc Macaxday.
Such a comprehensive and centralized scheme of na-
tional education, if once thoroughly realized, would prove
the most ai>palliiig enginery for the propagation of anti-
Christian and atlieistic unbelief.
New Princeton Rev., II. 134.
4t. Engineering.
They may descend in mathematicks to fortiiieation, ar-
chitecture, enginery, or navigation. Milton, Education.
engine-shaft (en'jin-sh&ft), «. In mining, a
shaft used exclusively for the pumping-ma-
chinery.
engine-tool (en'jin-tol), n. Same as machine-
tool.
engine-turned (en'jin-tfemd), a. Ornamented
with designs produced by a rose-engine. Also
engined.
engine-turning (en'jin-ter'ning), n. A class
of ornament executed by what is termed a rose-
Specimens of Engine-turning.
engine, it is used for sucli work as the network of
curved lines on a banic-note engraving or a watch-case.
See rose-engine.
enginousf (ea'ji-nus), a. [< ME. enginoits, < OF.
eiigif/nos, cngignous, F. ingenieux = Pr. enginhos
= OSp. cngcHoso, Sp. ingenioso = Pg. engenhoso
= It. ingegnoso, < L. ingeniostis, ingenious, < in-
genium, natural ability, genius, LL. an engine.
See engine, and ingenimis, of which enginous is
the older form.] Ingenious; inventive; me-
chanical.
It maketh a man ben enginous
And swifte of fote and eke irons.
Oower, Conf. Amant, VII. 99.
All the Enginous Wheeles of the Soule are continually
going. Dekker, Seven Deadly Sins, p. 30.
Those beams, by enginoits art, made often to mount and
spread like a golden and glorious canopy over the deified
persons that are placed under it.
Middleton, Triumphs of Integrity.
That's the mark of all their enginous drifts.
To wound my patience.
B. Joiuon, Cynthia's Bevels, iii. 2.
engird (en-gferd'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. engirt or
engirded, ppr. engirding. [< en-1 -1- gird^.'] To
surround ; encircle ; encompass.
My heart is drown'd with grief,
"Whose flood begins to flow within mine eyes ;
My body round engirt with misery.
SAaJ-., 2 Hen. VL, iii. 1.
While they the church engird with motion slow.
Wordsmorth, Processions in the Vale of Chamouny.
engirdle (en-gfer'dl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. engir-
dled, pipT. engirdling. [< en-^ + girdle.] To in-
close; surround.
Or when extending wide their flaming trains,
With hideous grasp the skies engirdle round.
And spread the terrours of their burning locks.
Glover, Sir Isaac Newton.
engirtt (en-g6rt'), V. t. [For engird, altered
tlSough influence of its pp. engirt.'] To encir-
cle; engird.
A lily prison'd in a gaol of snow-, . . .
So white a friend engirts so white a foe.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, L 364.
engiscope, «. See engyscope.
engladt (en-glad'), v. t. [< e«-i + glad.] To
make glad; cause to rejoice.
Lyke as the larke vpon the somer's daye,
When Titan radiant burnlsheth his hemes bryght,
Mounteth on bye, with her melodious laye
Of the aonshyne engladid with the lyght.
Skelton, Garland of Laurel, 1. 536.
englaimt, v. [ME. engUiymen, engleymen, be-
smear, make sticky, cloy, < e«-i -I- glaymen,
gleymen, smear: see glaim.] I. trans. 1. To
besmear.
The gorre [gore] guschez owte at ones
That alle englaymei the gresse, one grounde ther he
•tandez! MorU Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1181.
1932
2. To render furry or clammy ; make sticky.
His tongue engleymed, and his nose black.
Liber Festivalis, fol. 16 b.
3. To clog ; cloy.
The man that moohe hony eteth his mawe it engleymeth.
Piers Ploutman (B), xv. 66.
II. intrans. To stick, or stick fast.
That noon otfes white
Engtayme uppon the rootes of her tonnge.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 26.
englaimoust, a. [ME. englaymous ; < englaim
+ -oiis. Cf . glaimous.] Smeared ; sticky.
Som gomys thourghe gyrde with gaddys of yryne,
Comys gayliche clede englaymous wapene !
Archers of Inglande fulle egerly schottes,
Uittis thourghe the harde stele hertly dynnttis !
ilorte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3685.
Englander (ing'glan-d6r), n. [= G. Engldnder
= l)an. Englamder) as England + -erl.] A na-
tive of England; an English man or woman.
[Rare.]
I marvel what blood thou art — neither Englander nor
Scot. Scott, Abbot, iv.
There are two young Englanders in the house, who hate
all the Americans in a lump.
H. James, Jr., Daisy Miller, p. 36.
englantS (P. pron. on-glon-ta'), a. [Heraldic
F., better 'englandc, < en-, = E. en-, + glande
(equiv. to englante), acorned, < glande, < L.
glan{d-)s, an acorn: see gland.] In her., bear-
ing acoms : said of an oak-tree used as a bear-
ing.
englet, "• and V. Same as ingle.
English (ing'glish. The historical pron. would
be eug'glish ; the change to ing'glish is due to
the great frequency of i, and the almost entire
absence of e, before ng in mod. native E. words),
a. and re. [< ME. English, Englisch, Englissh,
Englyssli, Englisse (= D. Engelsch = G. Englisch
= Dan. Sw. Engelsk; cf. OF. Englesche, usu-
ally Angleis, Anglois, F. Anglais = Sp. Ingles =
Pg. Inglez = It. Inglese, English, after E. Eng-
lish, as if from a ML. *Anglensis (see -ese), for
Anglicus: see Anglic, Anglican), < AS. Englisc,
ra.ve\y JEnglisc, English, i. e., Aiglo-Saxon, per-
taining to the Angles, a Low German tribe, <
Engle, jEngle, the Angles, who settled in Brit-
ain, giving to the southern part of it the name
of Engla land (> ME. Englelond, England, Eng-
land, mod. England), i. e., the land of the An-
gles: see Angle^, Anglo-Saxon.] I. a. 1. Be-
longing to or characteristic of England (the
largest of the three kingdoms which with the
principality of Wales form the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland), or to its inhabi-
tants, institutions, etc.: often used for British.
Englisehe men beth Saxoynes,
That beth of Engistes Soones.
Arthur (ed. Fumivall), 1. 521.
And thanne ther Remayned in the shippe iiij Englyssk
prestis moo. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 56.
Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more ;
Or close the wall up with our English dead I
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 1.
O the roast beef of Old England !
And 0 the old English roast beef !
Fielding, Roast Beef of Old England.
2. Of or pertaining to or characteristic of the
language spoken by the people of England and
the peoples derived from them. See II., 2. —
Early English architecture. See eaWj/.— English
basement, bond, horn, etc. See the nouns.— English
disease, rickets.
II. n. 1. Collectively, in the plural, the peo-
ple of England; specifically, natives of Eng-
land, or the people constituting the English
race, particularly as' distinguished from the
Scotch, Welsh, and Irish.
There goes the Talbot, with his colours spread,
And all the troops of English after him.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
2. [ME. English, Englisch, etc., < AS. Englisc,
Englisc, neut. adj. as noun (also -with a noun,
Englisc gereord or gethcod), the English language
— that is, the language spoken by the Angles
and, by extension, by the Saxons and other Low
German tribes who composed the people called
Anglo-Saxons. See etymology above, Anglo-
Saxon, and def.] The language of the peo-
ple of England and of the peoples derived from
them, including those of English descent in the
United States of America, Canada, Australia,
New Zealand, and the British dependencies in
India, Africa, and other parts of the world.
The sigi]iflcatlon of the term English, as applied to lan-
guage, has varied with its changes of signification in politi-
cal use. Originally applied to the language of the Angles,
it came in time to be the general designation of the aggre-
gate of slightly differing Low German dialects, Anglian
and Saxon, which was recognized as tlie national tongue
of the Teutonic Invaders of Britain. This tongue, now
English
generally known as Anglo-Saxon (see Anglo-Saxon), under-
went in the course of time, by the Scandinavian invasion
in tlie ninth century, and l>y the Norman conquest and the
introduction of Norman French in the eleventh century,
clianges so extensive and profound as to make the " Eng-
lish" language of the later periods practically another
tongue. Accordingly, the older stages of the language
have at ditferent periods received some special designa-
tion, as Saxon, Anglo-Saxon, English-Saxon, ov Saxon-Eng-
lish for the language before the Norman conquest, and Old
English or Early English for the period between the Nor-
man conquest and the modern perioti. Recently some
British scholars have insisted on iising English to cover
the whole range of the language, applying Old English.oT,
as some term it, Oldest English, to the Anglo-Saxon i>eriod.
But, apart from the question as to the practical differences
of the Anglo-Saxon and the language later called English,
this tends to confusion, the term Old English having long
had a distinct and well-understood application to tlie
mixed language developed after the Norman conquest.
V^arious divisions have been made of the periods of Eng-
lish. All are more or less arbitrary, there being no aliso-
lute gap even between the Anglo-Saxon and the following
period. A common division, adopted in this dictionary,
is as follows : (1) Anglo-Saxon, meaning usually and chief-
ly West-Saxon, but including all other Anglo-Saxon dia-
lects, Kentish, Mercian, Old Northumbrian, etc., from the
middle of the fifth century, or rather from the seventh
century, when the first contemporiiry records (in Anglo-
Saxon) begin, to the middle or end of the twelfth century
(A. I). 450(600)-1150(120U)); (2) Middle English, also csLilei
Old English, from the middle or end of the twelfth cen-
tury to the beginning of the sixteenth centuiy (A. D. 1150
(1200)-1500); (3) Modem English, or simply English, from
the beginning of the sixteenth century to tlie present time.
Each of these periods is divided, when convenient, into
three subperiods by the terms early and late applied to the
first and the last part of the main periods. The periods of
transition cannot be exactly fixed, and in the etymologies
of this dictionary the designation " early Middle English,"
for example, with reference to a word or form, may coin-
cide in date with the designation "late Anglo-Saxon," as
applied to another word or form of earlier aspect or spell-
ing. So "early modern English," referring properly to the
first part of the sixteenth century (A. D. 1600-1660), may in
some cases refer back to the last decades of the fifteenth
century, or, in regard to archaic forms and spellings, may
extend to the end of the sixteenth century. In particular
cases the date of the century or the date of the year is
given. Philologically, English, considered with reference
to its original form, Anglo-Saxon, and to the grammatical
features which it retains of Anglo-Saxon origin, is the most
conspicuous member of the Low German group of the
Teutonic family, the other Low German languages being
Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Low German, and other extinct
forms, and the modern Dutch, Flemish, Friesic, and Low
German (Piatt Deutsch). These, with High German, con-
stitute the "West Germanic" branch, as Gothic and the
Scandinavian tongues constitute the "East Germanic"
branch, of the Teutonic family. (See the terms used.) By
mixture with the Celtic and Latin of the Anglo-Saxon pe-
riod, and later with the kindred Scandinavian, and then
with the Old French of the Norman and other dialects,
especially with the Norman French as develoi)ed in Eng-
land (the Anglo-French), and with later French, and finally,
in consequence of the spread of English exploration, com-
merce, conquest, and colonization, with nearly all the oth-
er great languages of the globe, English has become the
most composite language spoken by man. The vocabu-
lary of common life is still about three fourths of Anglo-
Saxon origin ; but the vocabulary of literature and com-
merce contains a majority of words of foreign origin, chief-
ly Latin or Greek, coming in great part through the Ro-
mance tongues, and of these chiefly through French. The
languages from which the next greatest contributions have
been received are the Scandinavian (Icelandic, Swedish,
Danish, Norwegian), the Low German (Dutch, Flemish,
etc.), Celtic, Hebrew, Persian, Arabic, Hindustani, Turk-
ish, Malay, Chinese, American Indian, etc. The words
derived from the more remote languages are, however, in
great part names of products or customs peculiar to the
countries concerned, and few of them enter Into actual
English use.
Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 32.
The critical study of English has but just commenced.
We are at the beginning of a new era in its history. Great
as are its powers, men are beginning to feel that its neces-
sities are still greater.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxviii.
3. The English equivalent of a foreign word;
an English rendering.
" Lithcock ! it's Latin," the lady said,
" Richard's the English of that name."
Earl Richard (Child's Ballads, III. 269).
And for English gentlemen me thinks it must needs be
a pleasure to them to see so rich a toong [as Italian] out-
vide by their mother-speech, as by the manle-folde Eng-
lishes of mauie wordes in this is manifest.
Florio, It. Diet., To the Reader, p. 14.
4. In printing, a size of type between pica and
great primer: in the United States, about 5i
lines to the linear inch.
This line is in English type.
5. In billiards, a twisting or spinning motion
imparted by a quick stroke on one side to the
cue-ball. All deviations by the cue-liall from such mo-
tion as would naturally result from a straight central
stroke with the cue, or from the slant given by impact on
the side of an object-ball after such a stroke, are governed
by the same principle ; but as most force-shots have special
names (draw, follow, massi, etc.), the word English is gen-
erally used only when the ball glances after Impact in a
direction more or less sharply angular from the object-
ball or cushion. |U. S.]— Pidgin English. See PtdjTin.
JS'n(7ii«A.— Sandal- wood English, see the extract
English
White men aiid natives communicate with each other
[In the South-Sea islands] hy means of a very singular
jargon . . . known as saiuial-wood J^tujlish^ or the* ^heche
de mer lingo." Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 200.
me king's (or queen's) TtngHah idiomatic or correct
English.
Here will be an old abming of God's patience and the
Hnga EnglUh. Shak., M. W. of \V., i. 4.
Enfdish (ing'gUsh), f. [< English, n.] I. trans.
iTTo translate into the English language ; ren-
der in English. [Often without a capital.]
Often he woulde engtyshe his matters out of the Latlne
or Greeke vpou the sodeyne.
A>cham, The Scholemaster, p. 7.
Those gracious Acts whereof so frequently hee maltes
mention may be englUh'd more properly Acts of feare and
dissimulation against his mind and conscience,
Milton, Eilfonoklastes, ▼.
Lucretius English'd 1 'twas a worlc might shake
The power of English verse to undertake.
Otway, To Mr. Creech.
2. To furnish with English speech. [Rare.]
Even a poor scantily -Englished Frenchman, who wasted
time in trying to ask how long the cars stopped, . . , made
a good dinner in spite of himself.
IlowelU, Their Wedding Journey.
3t. To express in 8X)eech; give an account of.
A vain-glorious knight, over-engtuhing his travels.
B. Jonaon, Every Man out of his Humour, Pref.
4. In hiUiards, to cause to twist or spin and to
assume a more or less sharply angular direction
after impact: as, he Englished his ball too
much. [U. 8.]
n. intrans. In billiards, to impart a twisting
or spinning motion to the cue-ball : as, I Eng-
hshfd just right. [II. 8.]
Engllshable (ing'glish-a-bl), a. [< English +
-oEle.'] Capable oi being rendered in laiglish.
Imp. Diet.
Englisher (ing'glish-^r), n. An Englishman.
[Rare.]
William the Bastard could scarce have found the hardy
Engliihert so easy a conqnest •* Walter the Well-Irani
may And these eunuch Romans. Buluxr, Rienzi, p. 138.
Englislimail (ing'glish-man), n. ; pi. English-
nun (-men). [< AlE. Englischman, Eugliscman,
< AS. Knglisc man (mon) (rare) (= D. Engelsch-
man = Ban. Engelskmand = Sw. Engelskman),
as two words: Bee English a,jti man.'] 1. A man
who was bom in or is a citizen of England ;
in a broad sense, a man of the English race
who preserves his distinctive racial character,
wherever he resides.
Where'er I wander, boast of this I can.
Though banish 'd, yet a tme.bom Englishman.
Shak., Rich. II., L a.
Then presently again prepare themselvet to sing
The sundry foreign Fields the Englishtnen had fought.
Drayton, Folyolblon, iv. 443.
2. An English ship.
He Indicated the lumping steamer that lay among the
sailing-sbipa. 8he wasnotanfn^fuAnum, tbonghlremlljr
forget the nationality of the oolonr she Hew at the peak.
W. C. RustU, A Strange Voyage, ir.
EnglishneSS (mg'glish-nes), n. [< English +
-iiisx.] The quality of being Enghsh, or of hav-
ing English cnaracterigtics. [Rare.]
Easily recognized by lt« Engliahntss.
Art Jour., April, 1888, p. 121.
Englishry (ing'glish-ri), n. [< English + -ry.]
1. The state of being an Englishman. [Ar-
chaic]
The law of Englishry, by which a man found killed was
held t') be a Krenctmian, andethe hundred was made re-
sponniltle under thisspecial lAW, unless evidence could l>e
brought to show that the slain man was an Englishman.
E. A. Freeman, Nonnan Conquest, V. 297.
" Englishry was not proved, therefore there are three
fines.'* This refers to a rule made by the Conqueror, for
the protection of his followers, that the hundred or town-
ship in which a foreigner was slain should be fined if the
slayer was not produced. Pop. Set. Mo., XXVIII. fa.
2. A population of English descent ; especial-
ly, the persons of Engbsh descent in Ireland.
Eight years hail elapsed since an arm had been lifted
up in the conquered Island (Ireland! against the domina-
tion III the KiujUxhry. Moeaulay, Hist. Eng., xxv.
Presentment of Engllaluy, In old Eng. law, during the
dominion of the Nonnaus, a plea or claim l>efore the coro-
ner, at an inquest on the death of an unknown man, that
the deceased was not a Nonnan. but English, and the vill
or hundred was therefore not liable to the line which the
dcimliiant mce lmpoae<l for the deatll of one who could tw
f»upp"s*-d to lie of their own number.
Englishwoman (ing'glish-wfmi'an), n. ; pi.
EnglMwiimrn (-wim'en). A woman who is a
native of England, or a member of the distinc-
tive English race.
The Old-English Kings almost always married English-
vmivn. E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 45.
englislet (eng'glis-let), n. In her., an escut-
cheon of pretense.
1933
engloom (en-gl6m'), V. t. [< e«-i -I- gloom.'] To
make gloomy; surround with gloom. [Rare.]
Is this the result for the attainment of which the gym-
nasium remorselessly englo&ms the life of the German
boy ? Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 635.
engluet (en-glo'), v. t. [< ME. engluer, < OF.
engluer; < en-l + glue.] To glue ; join or close
fast, as with glue.
Whan he sawe, and redie fonde
This coffre made, and well englued.
Qower, Conf. Amant, viii.
englutt (en-gluf), V. t. [Formerly also inglut;
< F. engloutir = Pr. englotir = OSp. englutir =
It. inghiottire, < ML. inglutire, swallow, < L. in,
in, -I- glutire (> F. gloutir, etc.), swallow: see
e»-l and glut.] 1. To swallow or gulp down.
My particular grief . . .
Engluts and swallows other sorrows.
Shak., Othello, I. 3.
2. To fill to repletion ; glut.
Being once englutted with vanity, he will straightway
loath all learning. Ascham, The Scholemaster.
engobe (en-gob'), n. [Origin not obvious.] .Any
earthy whit* or cream-colored paste used as a
slip in coating naturally colored pottery, in or-
der to mask or tone down its coarser and less
agreeable tint.
The red or brown ware was coated with a thin coating
of white clay called an engobe or slip.
ft'heatley and Detamotte, Art Worlt in Earthenware, p. 22.
The true Naukratian [ware], coated with a creamy white
engobe, on which the decoration is laid in black or orange.
J. P. Taylor, AndoverEev., VII. 447.
engoldt (en-gold'), V. t. [ME. engolden (tr. L.
inaurare); < en-1 + gold.] To cover or adorn
with gold. Wyclif, Rev. xvii. 4 (Oxf.).
engomphosis (en-gom-fo'sis), «. [NL., < Gr.
<r, in, -1- -)U[i(^, a nail, tooth, + -osis.] 8ame
as gomphosis.
engbreH (en-gor'), v. t.\ pret. and pp. engored,
ppr. engoring. [< e»-l + gore^.] To make
gory. Davies.
A most unmaidy noise was made with those he put to
sword.
Of groans and outcries. The flood blush'd to be so much
engor'd
With such base souls. Chapman, Iliad, xii. 22,
engored (en-gor'), v. t. [< en-i -I- gore^.] 1.
To pierce ; gore ; wound.
Lo ! where beyond he lyeth languishing,
Deadly engored of a great wllde Bore.
Spenser, F. Q., III. L 38.
2. To infuriate.
As salvage Bull, whom two fierce mastlves bayt,
When rancour doth with rage him once engore.
Forgets with wary warde them to awayt.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vIIL 42.
engorge (en-g6rj'), v.; pret. and pp. engorged,
j)pr. engorging. [Formerly also ingorge; \ F.
engorger (= Pr. engorgar, engorjar = It. in-
gorgare, ingorgiare), < en- + gorge, the throat :
aee gorge.] I. trans. If. To swallow; devour;
gorge ; properly, to swallow with greediness
or in large quantities.
That is the Gulfe of Orcedlnesse, they say.
That deepe engorgeth all this worldes pray,
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 3.
2. To fill to excess ; gorge; specifically, in »icrf.,
to fill to excess with blood ; cause hyperemia in.
— Enxoised papilla, the edematous and swollen optic
papilla associated with hyperemic and tortuous veins:
same as ehoked disk.
II.t intrans. To devour; feed with eagerness
or voracity.
Kor was It wonder that he thos did swell.
Who had engorged and drunken was with Hell.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, xv. 293.
engorgement (en-g6rj'ment), n. [< F. engorge-
ment (= Pr. cngorjamen = It. ingorgamento, in-
gorgiamento), \ engorger, engorge: see engorge
tiua-ment.] 1. The act of swallowing greedily ;
a devouring with voracity. — 2. In pathol., the
state of being filled to excess, as the vessels of
an organ with blood ; hyperemia ; congestion.
— 3. In metal., the partial chok-
ing up of a blast-furnace by an
accumulation of material not
thoroughly fused. Ordinarily
oalloil scaffolding.
engouled (en-g5ld'), a. Same
HS cngoiiUe.
engOTU^e (on-g8-la'), a. [P.,
fem. pp. of ¥. engouler =
Ardent, a Bend En-
grailed Gules.
A Bend Engoul^.
engolir, engouller = 8p. cngullir = Pg. engulir,
swallow up. < L. in, in, + gula (> OF. goule, F.
gueule, etc.), the throat: see gidlet, gules.] In
)^er., swallowed; being swallowed. Specifically—
<a) An epithet applied to all bends, crosses, saltiers, etc.,
when their extremities enter the mouths of animals. (6)
engrave
Being devoured : said of a child or other creature in the
jaws of a serpent, or the like, which is swallowing it.
engrafft, engraffmentf . Obsolete forms of in-
graft, inyraftment.
engraft, engraftation, etc. See ingraft, etc.
engrail (en-gral'), V. [Also ingrail; < F. engrS-
ler, engrail, < en- + grile, hail: see grail^.] I.
trans. If. To variegate ; spot, as with hail.
A cauldron new engrail'd with twenty hewes.
Chapman, Iliad, p. 325.
2. To make serrate ; give an indented outline
to. [Archaic]
Over hills with peaky tops engrail'd.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
n. intrans. To form an edg-
ing or border ; run in a waving
or indented line.
engrailed (en-grald'), p. a.
[Also ingrailed; < ME. engrelyd,
etc ; < engrail + -erfl.] In her.,
cut into concave semicircular
indents : said of a line and also
of the bearing, such as a fesse,
bordure, or the like, whose edge
is broken in this way: as, a bordure engrailed.
Also engresU.
Polwheel beareth a saltier engrail'd.
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
engrailing (en-gra'ling), n. [Verbal n. of en-
grail, r. ] An ornament consisting of a broken or
indented lino or band. Also written ingrailing.
engrailment (en-gral'ment), n. [< engrail +
-mcnt.] 1. A ring of dots round the edge of a
medal. — 2. In her., the state of being engrail-
ed ; indentation in curved lines.
Also written ingrailment.
engrain, engrainer. See ingrain, ingrainer.
engrapplet (en-grap'l), v. i. [< e»-l -1- grapple.]
To gi'apple ; struggle at close quarters.
There shall young Hotspur, with a fury led,
Engrapple with tliy son, as fierce as he,
Daniel, Civil Wars, iv.
engraspt (en-grisp'), I'. *. [< e«-i + grasj).]
To seize with a grasping hold; hold fast by in-
closing or embracing ; gi"ip.
So both together flers engrasped bee,
Whyles Guyon standing by their uncouth strife does see.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 20.
Engraulidse (en-grft'li-de), n.pl. Same as En-
grauliilida:
engranlidid (en-grft'li-did), n. A fish of the
family Kiigraulididw.
Engraulididse (en-grft-lid'i-de), n.pl. [NL., <
Engraiiliv + -i<l(V.] A family of malaeoptery-
gian fishes, typified by the genus Engraulis; the
anchovies: a synonym of IStolephorida; (which
see). Al'^o Engraulida: See cut under anc/iOJ'y.
Engraulina (en-gra-li'na), n. pi. [NL., < En-
graulis + -ina.] In Giliither's classification of
fishes, the first group of Clupcida: They are char-
a<;teri/,ed by liaving the mouth very wide and lateral ; the
intermaxillary very small and th-ndy united to the maxil-
lary, whiell is elongate, and scarcely protractile ; and the
upi)er jaw projecting. The group is the same as the fam-
ily Kii<iraulididai or Stolephorid<e..
Engraulis (en-gra'lis), n. [NL., < Gr. l-yypavXiq,
a small fish (also called iyKpaaixo)^, < ejKpaai;,
a mixing in, -I- x'^^'K, X"^^/ = E. galft, bile).]
The typical and most extensive genus of clu-
peoid fishes of the family Engraulididai. The
common anchovy, E. encrasiehobis, is the best-known
species. The genus is also called Stotephorus. See an-
enovy.
engra'vei (en-grav'), v. t. ; pret. engraved, vp.
engraved or engraven, ppr. engraving. [For-
merly also ingrave; < OF. engraver, F. engraver,
engrave, < en- -I- graver, engrave : see ch-I and
grare^. The Gr. eyypaipeiv, cut into, engrave, is
related, it at all, only remotely: see graved.]
1. To cut in; make by incision; produce or
form by incision on a hard surface.
These were the words that were iitgraven upon her
Tonibe. Coryat, Crudities, I. 5.
To all these there be divers Witnesses, Ijoth '.Squires
and Ladies, whose Names ai'e engraven upon the Stone.
lloWetl, Letters, I. vi. 9.
"From Edith" was engraven on the blade.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
2. To imprint; impress deeply; infix.
It will scarce seem possible that God should engrave
principles in men's minds in W(»rd8 of uncertain significa-
tion. Locke.
3. To cut or carve in sunken patterns ; incise
with letters or figures, or with the lines repre-
senting any object: applied especially to work
on metal, but also to work on stone and other
hard materials.
So fond were the anclenta of these costly and Ijeantiful
works that the Emperor Heliogabalus is recorded to have
covered his shoes with engraved gems. Fairholt.
engrave
engrave^t (en-grav'), v. t, [< ew-i + graved. Cf.
grare^, i\ t."] To deposit in a grave; bury; in-
ter; inhume.
The 8Lxt had charge of them, now beiug dead,
In seemly sort their corses to eiirp-ave.
Spenser, F, Q., I. x. 42.
exigraTement (en-grav'ment)^ n. [< engrave^ +
-»«*w^] 1. The act of engraving, or the state of
being engi'aved. — 2f. The work of an engraver;
an engraving.
We, . . . being the offspring of God, ought not to think
that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, the
en'jracemeiU of art and man's device.
Barrow, Expos, of Decalogue.
engraver (en-gra'v^r), ?i. One who engraves ;
especially, an artist who produces ornaments,
patterns, or representations of objects by
means of incisions on a hard surface; specifi-
cally, one who produces such designs with a
view to the taking from them of impressions
in printers' ink or other pigment.
To work all manner of work, of the engraver, and of the
canning workman, and of tlie embroiderer. Ex. xxxv. 35.
Images are not made in the brain itself, as the pencil of
a painter or engraver makes the image in tlie table or
metal. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 47.
Engravers* sand-bag, a leather cushion tightly packed
with sand, used to prop up a copper plate at a convenient
working angle, or to permit the free movement of a plate or
wooden block, when tine lines are being engraved upon it.
engravervt (en-gra'v6r-i), n. [< engrave^ +
-cry.~\ Tne work of an engraver.
Some handsome engraveHes and medals.
Sir T. Browne, Miscellanies, p. 210.
engraving (en-gra'ving), «. [Verbal n. of en-
grave^yV?] 1 , The act or art of cutting designs,
inscriptions, etc., on any hard substance, as
stone, metal, or wood. Many branches of the art,
as gem-engraving, cameo-cutting, and die-sinking, are of
great antiquity.
2. SpeeiJfically, the art of forming desi^s by
cutting, corrosion by acids, a photographic pro-
cess, etc., on the surface of metal plates or of
blocks of wood, etc., for the purpose of taking
off impressions or prints of the design so formed.
Wood-engraving appears to have come first into use, the
earliest dated wood-engraving, representing St. Christo-
pher, bearing the date of 1423, while the earliest engrav-
ing worthy of the name from a metal plate was produced
by Maso Finignerra, a goldsmith of Florence, in 1452.
Relief-engraving on wood was, however, in use among the
Orientals at a far earlier period. In engraving on metal
the lines or murks which are to appear on the paper are
sunk into the plate, and before being printed frtmi are filled
with ink, the rest of tlie surface being cleaned ijefore tlie
impression is taken. On a block of wood the lines for
impression are left prominent, the blank parts being cut
away, so that the wooden block serves as a type. Copper
and steel plates are printed from separately on a press spe-
cially adapted for this use ; wooden blocks, on the ordi-
nary printing-press, commonly along with the accompany-
ing text The W(X)d generally used for fine engraving is
box, and the metals commonly employed by engravers are
copper and steel. Different methods or styles of engrav-
ing on steel or copper are known as aquatint, etching,
mezzotint, stipple, line-engraving, etc.
In t&c&\m\\Q engraving, . . . the drawing is made upon
the wood with a pen or the point of a brush, generally by
another person, and all that the engraver does is just to
hollow all the little areas of wood that are left inkless.
P. G. Hamerton, Graphic Arts, p. 413.
3. That which is engraved, or produced by en-
graving; an engraved representation, or an
incised plate or block intended to be printed
from: as, an engraving on a monument or a
watch-ease ; a steel or a wood engraving.
With the work of an engraver in stone, like the en-
gravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones
with the name of the children of Israel. Ex. xxviii, 11.
4. An impression taken from an engraved
plate or block; a print — AnaglyptograpMc en-
g raving, anastatic engraving. Hee the adjectives.—
ureau of Engraving and Printing. See bureau.—
Chalk engraving, a form of stipple engraving used to
imitate dr:i,winL,'-s macie in chalk. The grain of the chalk
drawing is reproduceil by irregular dots of different forms
and sizes.— Copperplate engraving, the art of engrav-
ing on prepared plates of copper for pnnting. Totheplate
is given a surface wiiich is perfectly plane and highly p<d-
ished. It is next heated sufficiently to melt wax, with
which it is then rubbed over, so that when cooled it is
covered with a white skin, to which the design or drawing
is transferred. The engraver, with a steel point, follows
the lines of the drawing, pressing lightly so as to penetrate
through the wax and line faintly the copper surface be-
neath. The wax is then melted off, the surface cleaned,
and the engraving is proceeded with, a burin or graver
being used to cut the lines, a scraper to remove the slight
bur raised by the burin, and a burnisher to soften or tone
down the lines and remove scratches. Tlie engraver uses
also a woolen rubl)er and a little olive-oil to clean the face
of the plat«, in order to render the condition of his work
plainly visible ; and this rubber serves also to polish tiff
the burs.— FaCSlnille engraving, engraving on wood,
in which every line is eitluT drawn on the block or else
photographed from pen or pencil drawing in reduced size,
the work of the engraver being to remove the wood from
between these lines. This is the earliest method of wood-
engraving, and is called facdrnile in contradistinction to
tint engraving, in which, the drawing being in wash,
1934
gauche, or oil paint, the engraver has to invent the lines,
which he cuts in such a manner as to render when print-
ed the exact shades of the original drawing — a method
of engraving of comparatively recent origin.— Line-en-
gravlng, the art, methods, etc., of engraving in incised
lines on metal. Modem line- engravers frequently be-
gin by etching, and complete their work with the dry-
point and the burin. After the design has been trans-
ferred to the etching-ground, and the parts to be bitten
in, such as grass, foliage, sea-waves, and the flowing lines
of draperies, have been drawn with the needle, all wliite
objects, such as drapery, satin, clouds, ice, the light parts
of water, etc., are stopped out, to preserve them from the
corroding acid. A ruling-machine, consisting of a straight
bar of steel with a sliding socket having a perpendicular
tube containing a diamond-pointed pen attached to its
side, is used to lay flat tints, such as clear-blue skies, in
parallel lines, either straight or curved, as the shape of
the object to be represented may demand. When the
plate has been bitten in, the ground is removed and the
unbitten parts are engraved with the burin. This instru-
ment is handled in various ways, according to tlie texture
of the oljject imder treatment, as by cross- hatchings, un-
dulating or straight lines, dots in lozenge-shaped or square
spaces formed by the intersection of lines, etc. ; care being
taken to avoid sameness of stroke, and to give as much
variety as possible to the necessarily more or less me-
chanical ])iitterns produced by a stiff unyielding instru-
ment—Photographic engraving, any method of en-
graving in which an application of photography is a chief
factor in the production of the block or i)late from which
the impressions are taken.— PhotO-lntagliO engrav-
ing, any process for producing lines on a plate by photog-
raphy, and subsequently etching them in. — Process en-
f raving, a name often given to photographic engraving.
Iso called process. (See also etching, heliotypy, lithogra-
ph}/, mezzotint, photo-engraving, photogravure, etc.)
engreatent (en-gra'tn), v. t [< en-l + great-
en.} To make great or greater; augment; ag-
gravate.
As sin is grievous in its own nature, so It is much en-
greatened by the circumstances which attend it.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 396.
engredget, v* t. [ME. engredgen, engreggen, <
OF. engregier, < ML. ^ingraviare for L. ingra-
varcy make heavy, weigh down, aggravate, <
iUy on, + gravis, heavy. Cf. engrieve, and see
aggravate, aggrieve, aggredge.'] To aggravate ;
lie heavy on.
All thise tliinges . . . engreggen the conscience.
Chaiwer, Parson's Tale.
engrievet (en-grev'), «?• [< ME. engreven, < OF.
engrever J grieve, aggi'ieve,< ch- + grever, grieve.
Cf. engredge and aggrieve,"] To grieve; pain.
For yit no thyng engreveth me. Bom. of the Base, 1. 3444.
Aches, and hurts, and corns do engrieve either towards
rain or towards frost. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
engross (en-gros'), V. t. [Formerly also ingross;
< ME, cngrossen, write large, < OF. engrossir,
engroisser, engrossier, engroissier = Sp. engrosar
= Pg. engrossar = It. ingrossare, < ML. ingros-
sare, make large, write large, engross, ingros-
sari, become large, < L. in- 4- LL. grossus, thick,
gross, ML. also large : see gross.'] If. To make
largfe or larger ; make additions to ; increase in
bulk or quantity.
For this they have engrossed and pil'd up
The canker'd heaps of strange-achieved gold.
Shah, 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
Not sleeping, to engross his idle body.
But praymg, to enrich his watchful soul.
Shak., Rich. HI., iii. 7.
2\. To make thick or gross ; thicken.
The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were,
Engrost with mud. Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 46.
3. To take in the gross or in bulk; take the
whole of; get sole possession of; absorb com-
pletely: with or without a??.
Cato . . , misliking greatly the engrossing of offices in
Rome that one man should haue many at once.
Puitenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 174.
If thou engrossest all the griefs as thine,
Thou robb'st me of a moiety.
Shak., All's Well, iii. 2.
Now with my friend I desire not to share or participate,
but to engross his sorrows.
Sir T. Brounie, Religio Medici, ii. 5.
These negroes. In fact, like the monks of the dark ages,
engross all the knowledge of the place, . . . being in-
finitely more adventurous and more knowing than their
masters. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 99.
Specifically — 4. To monopolize the supply of,
or the supplies in ; get entire possession or con-
trol of, for the purpose of raising prices and
enhancing profits : as, to engross the importa-
tions of tea ; to engross the market for wheat.
Some by engrossing of looms into their hands, and let-
ting them out at such unreasonable rents.
Act of Philip and Mary, quoted in English Gilds
[(E. E. T. S.), Int., p. clxiii.
What your people had you haue ingrossed, forbidding
them our trade.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 207.
6. To occupy wholly ; take up or employ en-
tirely, to the exclusion of other things : as, busi-
ness engrosses his attention or thoughts ; to be
engrossed in study.
Engyschistse
Barak&t, excited by this tale, became engrossed with the
desire of slaying his own father, whom he was made to be-
lieve to be his father's murderer,
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 122.
6. To write out in a fair large hand or in a for-
mal or prescribed manner for preservation, as a
public document or record. The engrossing of docu-
ments was formerly executed in England, and for some
purposes till a late period, in a peculiai- hand, called the
engrossing-hand, derived from the ancient coiu-t-liaud,
nearly illegible to all but experts. The engrossing-liand
of the present day is a fair round hand, purpfisely made
as legible as possible. The engrossing of testimonials and
other commemorative documents is often a work of much
art involving the employment of ornamental characters
of various forms, and sometimes also of elaborate adorn-
ment, and a studied arrangement for effective display.
That the actes of the yelde and of other yelds precedents
shullen be enacted and engrossed in a quayer of parcliemyn.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 379.
Jack had provided a fair copy of his father's will, en-
grossed in form upon a large skin of parchment.
Sivift, Tale of a Tub, xl.
= Syn. 3 and 4. Simllow up. Engulf, etc. (see absorb); to
lay hold of, monopolize.
engrosser (en-gr6's6r), 7t. 1. One who takes,
or gets control of, the whole; a monopolizer;
specifically, a monopolizer of commodities or a
commodity of trade or business.
A new sort of engrossers, or forestallers, having the
feeding and supplying this numerous body of workmen
in the woollen manufactures out of their warehouses, set
the price upon the poor landholder. Locke,
Lord Bolingbroke tells us, that "we have lost the spirit
of our Constitution; and therefore we bear, from little
engrossersoi delegated power, that which our fathers would
not have suffered from true proprietors of the Royal au-
thority." V. Knox, Essays, cxix.
2. One who copies a writing in large fair char-
acters, or in an ornamental manner.
engrossing-hand (en-gro'sing-hand), w. The
handwriting employed in engrossing. See en-
gross, 6.
engrossment (en-gros'ment), w. [< engross +
-ment,] 1. The act of engrossing; the appro-
priation of things in large or undue quantities ;
exorbitant acquisition. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
— 2. The act of copying out in large fair or
ornamental characters : as, the engrossmen i of a
deed, or of a testimonial. — 3. The copy of an
instrument or writing made in large fair char-
acters.
Which clause, being approved by all parties, was in the
king's presence entered in the bill that his majesty had
signed ; and being afterwards added to the engrossment,
it was again thus reformed. Clarendon, Life, II. 496.
4. The state of being engrossed or entirely
occupied about something, to the exclusion of
other things; appropriation; absorption.
In the engrossment of her own ardent and devoted love.
Bulvjer.
engrossure (en-gros'ur), n. [< engross + -«re.]
Same as engrossment, 4.
Engrossure in his work. Missionary Rev., IX. 278.
enguardt (en-gard'), v, t [< OF. engarder, <
en- + garder, guard : see en-^ and guard,] To
guard; defend.
A hundred knights ! Yes, that on every dream.
Each buz, each fancy, each complaint, dislike,
He may enguard his dotage with their powers,
And hold our lives in mercy. Shak., Lear, i. 4.
enguicll6 (on-ge-sha')T «• [F., < OF. engtdche, <
en- + gtiiche^ a handle of a shield, buckler, etc.]
In /ier., having a rim around the mouth: said
of a hunting-horn used as a bearing, and used
only when the rim is of a different tincture from
the rest of the horn.
engulf, ingulf (en-, in-gulf '), v. t. [< OF, e7i-
golfcr, engulf (= Sp. Pg. engolfar, get into
narrow sea-room, refi. plunge into a business,
= It. inqolfare, engulf), < L. in + ML. golftis,
guJfiis (6F. golfe, etc.), gulf: see gulf.] 1. To
swallow up in or as in a gulf or whirlpool;
overwhelm by swallowing or submerging.
You begin to believe that the hat was invented for the
sole purpose of imndfing coppers, and that its highest
type is the great Triregno itself, into which the pence of
Teter rattle. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 310.
2. To cast into or as into a gulf.
If we adjoin to the lords, whether they prevail or not,
we cn^M^f ourselves into assured danger. Hayivard.
engulfment, ingulfment (en-, in-gulf 'ment), w.
l< engulf] ingulf, + -ment,] The act of engulf-
ing, or the state of being engulfed.
The formation of the crevasses was violent, accompanied
l)y an explosive noise ; and, where they traversed villages,
escajie from ingulfment was by no means easy.
Science, V. 351.
engynt, engynef, n. Obsolete variants oi engine.
Engyscllistse (en-jis-kis'te), n. pi, [KL., < Gr.
eyyvg, near (with ref. to naiTowness), + ax^^'''^*
verbal adj. of cxi^^tv, cleave.] In GUnther's
Engyschistse
iehthyologieal system, the second subfamily of
ilura-nUlo!, cliaracterized by the reduction of
the branchial apertures in the pharynx to nar-
row slits, whence the name. It includes the
typical Murcenida, or morays. See cut under
Murirnidw.
engyscope (en'ji-skop), ». [Less prop, engi-
scope ; < Gr. eyyii, near (with ref . to narrow-
ness), + auKTclv, view.] A kind of reflecting
microscope.
enhabilet, v. An obsolete form of enable.
enhabitt (en-hab'it), v. t. See inhabit.
enhablet, r. t. An obsolete form of enable.
enhalo (en-ha'lo), r. t. [< en-l + halo."] To
surround with a halo or glory. [Rare.]
Her captain still lords it over our memories, the greatest
sailor that ever sailed the seas, and we should not look at
Sir John Cranlclin himself with such admiring Interest tm
that with which we enhaloed some larger boy who had
made a vuyaye iii her [the sloop Harvard].
Loufell, Fireside Travels, p. 41.
enhalset (en-hals'), r. <. l<en-l + halse.} To
clasp round the neck ; embrace.
The other me enhaljie.
With welcome cosin, now welcome out of Wales.
Mir. /or Magt., p. 406.
enhance (en-bins'), r. ; pret. and pp. enhanced,
ppr. enhancing. [Formerly also inhance; early
mod. E. also enhaunce, enhaunse, < ME. enhauii-
cen, generally with s, enhaunsen, enhansen, also,
-with altered prefix, anhannen, and without pre-
fix, haunsen, etc. (see hance); also rarely en-
hawsen : < OP. enhauncer, enhaunsier, enhancer,
enhaucier, enh<ilcer, < en- + haucer, haueier, F.
hausser = Ft. aUar, ausar = Sp. alzar = It.
ahare, raise, < OF. Imlt, haul, F. Iiaut, etc.,
< L. altus, high (see haughty, altitude); the
forms with « (OF. enhauncer, etc.) being appar.
due to association with Pr. enatuar, enanzar,
promote, further, < enant, before, rather, < L.
IB + ante, before. Cf. Pr. arant, F. avant, etc.,
before, (. h. ab + ante (> \ilt. E. advance, equiv.
to enhance): see avant, avaunt, advance.^ I.
trans. If. To raise up; lift up; elevate.
He that mekith himself shall be enhauntd.
Wydif, Mat. xxUL 12.
He was MiAauntyt full high in his hed toune.
Detruction of Troy (E. E. T. ».\ L 13878.
Both of them high attonce their haodes enhaumt.
And both attonce their huge blowea down did sway.
Spmter, F. (J., 11. vf. 31.
2. To raise to a higher degree; increase to a
higher point ; carrj' upward or to a greater ex-
tent; heighten ; make greater: as, to enhance
prices, or one's reputation or dignity; to en-
hance misery or sorrow.
I nwve you, mv lords, not to be greedy and ontngeons
In en/uincinp ana raising of your rents.
Latimer, 5th .Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1519.
The remembrance of the difflcultiea we now undergo
will contribute to enhance our pleasure. Bp, Atterbury.
The pnlution of a stret<:he<l string or wire gives the
ear the pica/iure of sweet sound before yet the muiician
basenAanerd this pleasure by concords and combinations.
JSmerton, Art.
=8yn. 2. To swell, augment, aggravate.
n. intrans. Tobe raised ; swell ; grow larger:
as, a debt enhances rapidly by compound inter-
est. [Rare.]
leaving fair Vojra croud up Danuby,
As high as .Sabs, wboae enhaundng stream*
(nt twiit the Tartars and the Bnniana.
Greene, Orlando Fnrioao.
enhanced (en-hinsf), p'a. [Pp. ot enhance, c]
lu her., removed from its proper position and
set higher in the field: said of any bearing.
.Mso itilianred.
enhancement (en-hins'ment), n. [Formerly
also iiihiiiwemcnt; < enhance + -ment.] The act
of enhancing, or the state of being enhanced;
increase in degree or extent; augmentation;
aggravation: as, the enAancementof value, price,
enjojTnent, pleasure, beauty, evil, grief, pimish-
ment, crime, etc.
Their yearly rents . . . aiip not to this day improved at
all, the landlords making no leas gain by fines and income
then there is raised In other placM Inr enhanamrnt of
""^ Bieon, Oflice of Alienationa.
Jocular aUnden have, from the sUghtoeM of the temp-
tation, an enhancement at guilt
Ootemment of the Tonf/ur.
enhancer (en-hin's^r), ». [< ME. enhaunnere.'^
One who enhances; one who or that which car-
ries to a greater degree or a higher point.
There may be lust reason, . . . upon a dearth of grain
or other commodities, to higbUn the price ; hut in such
casea we must be so affected as that we grudge to our-
selves our own gain, that we be not in the flnt tile of
enhancert. Bp. Halt, Cases of Conscience, I. 2.
enharbort (en-hSr'bor), r. t. [< <?n-l + har-
bor.'^ To dwell in of inhabit.
1935
O true delight ! eriharboring the brests
Of those sweet creatures with the plumy crests.
W. Broivne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 3.
enhardent (en-har'dn), V. t. [< en-l + harden.^
To harden ; encourage ; embolden.
France useth . . to enharden one with confidence ;
for the gentry of France have a kind of loose becoming
boldness. Howell, Foreign Travel, p. 11)2.
enharmonic, enharmonical (en-har-mon'ik,
-i-kal), a. [= F. enharmonique = Sp. enar-
mdnico = Pg. enharmonieo = It. enarmonico, <
Gr. ivapftoviKoq, usually ivapfiAvto^, in accord or
harmony, < hv, in, -t- dp/iovia, harmony: see har-
mony, harmonic.^ 1. In Gr. music, pertaining
to that genus or scale that is distinguished from
the diatonic and the chromatic by the use of in-
tervals of less than a semitone. — 2. In mod.
music: (a) Pertaining to a scale or an instru-
ment using smaller intervals than a semitone.
(6) Pertaining to a use of notes which, though
differing in name and in position on the staff,
refer on instruments
of fixed intonation,
like the pianoforte,
to identical keys or ^ '"'
enigma
nivorous quadrupeds, of the family Mustelidce;
the sea-otters. The hind feet are greatly enlarged and
fully webbed, somewhat resembling seals' flippers; the
fore feet are small ; the tail is comparatively short ; the
muzzle is blunt ; the cranial portion of the skull is very
prominent; and the teeth are all lilunt, 32 in all, but there
are no median lower incisors. There is but one living
genus, Eohydris. Also Enhydrina.
Enhydris (eu'M-dris), ». [NL., < Gr. IvvSpic,
an otter, < cvvdpo^, in water, living in water:
see enhydrotis.'\ 1. A genus of reptiles. — 2.
The typical genus of sea-otters of the subfam-
ily Enhydrinx. The grinding-teeth are of peculiar
shape, without any trenchant edges or acute cusps, all
being bluntly tubercular on the crowns, and rounded off
in contour. The palms of the fore feet are naked, with
and
tones; thus (a) are enharmonieally distinct,
but practically identical Enharmonic change
or modulation, a change of key or of chord-rctatiunship
effected by indicating a given tone first l>y one staff-degree
and then by another, so as to associate it with two distinct
tonalities. It is a somewhat artdtrary use of the imper-
I ^ I feet modulatory capacities of
j )>S- |L_q.i.j 1 instruments of fixed intuna-
tion.— Enharmonic diesis.
* See die'sie. — Enharmonic
Interval or relation, an in-
terval or a relation based on tlie nominal distinction
mentioned in def. 2 (6). — Enharmonic organ, an organ
having more than twelve keys to the octave.— Enhar-
monic scale, a scale having more than twelve tones to
the octave.
enharmonieally (en-har-mon'i-kal-i), adv. In
an enharmonic manner, or in accordance with
an enharmonic scale.
enharmoniont (en-har-mo'ni-on), n. [< Gr.
ivap/jovioi; neut. of ivapfiivioc, in accord: see
enharmonic.'] A song of many parts, or a con-
cert of several tunes.
SnAarmonion, one of the three general sorts of musick ;
song of many parts, or a ciuious concert of sundry tunes.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, Expl. of Obscure Words.
enhaoset, v. t. [ME.: see enhance."] To lift
up; elevate; exalt. Chaucer.
Full many thereof raised vp hath she.
Fro pouerte enhauted to rychesse.
Bom. qf Partenay (E. E. T. 8.), L 8256.
enhearten (en-hSr'tn), r. t. [< en-l + hearten.]
To hearten up; encourage; animate; embold-
en. [Rare.]
When their agents came to him to feel his pulse, they
found it l>eat so calm and even that he sent them mes-
sages to enhearten them.
Bp. Uaeket, Abp. Williams, 11. 141.
Tile enemy exults and Is enheartened. Jer. Taylor.
enhedget (en-hej'), «•. t. [< en-^ + hedge.] To
surround -with or as if with a hedge.
These, all these thither brought ; and their young boyes
And frlghtfull nuktrons making wofuU noise,
In heaps enhedg'd it. yieart, tr. of Virgil (1682).
enhend6 (on-oii-da'), a. [Heraldic F.] In
lirr., same as potence : applied to a cross only.
fKan-.l
enheritaget, «. See inheritage.
enheri'tancet, ». See inheritance. Tyndale.
enhortt (en-h6rt'), c. t. [ME. enhorten, enorten,
< OF. euhorter, < L. inhortari, incite, instigate,
< in, in, to, + hortari, urge : see hortation. Cf.
exhort, dehort.] To encourage; urge; exhort.
He his nevywe Jason wolde enhorte,
To saylen to that londe.
CAaucer, Good Women, 1. 1440.
enhouset (en-houz'), V. t. [< cn-1 -I- house.] To
house ; harbor.
Enhotued there where majesty should dwell.
Middlelon, Holomon Paraphrased, 1.
enhullet, v. t. See enoil.
enhunger (en-hung'g<'r),». t. [< ew-i + hunger.]
To make hungry. [Rare.]
Its flrat missionaries bare it [the gospel] to the na-
tions, and threw it into the arena of the world to do
twttle with its superstitions, and ... to grapple with
those animal paaslona which vice had torn from their
natural range, and enhungered to feed on innocence and
life. J. Martineau.
Enhydra (en'hi^ira), ». [NL., < Gr. hwipo^, in
water, living in water, containing water: see
Enhydris and enhydrous.] Same as Enhydris.
enhydric (en-hi'drik). a. Same as enhydrous.
Enhydrins (en-hi-dri'ne), n. pi. [NL., < En-
hytlrid + -iiue.] A subfamily of marine oar-
(£^
Sea-oner t,Enhydris tutris).
wel)licd digits, and the hind feet are furry on both sides,
with small hidden claws. E. lutrU, the sea-otter of the
northern Pacific, is al)out 4 feet long, the tail being a foot
or less in length, and of dark liver-brown color, bleaching
about the head, and everywhere silvered over with the
hoary ends of tlie longer linirs. Its pelt is highly valued.
Also written Knhydra, Enydris.
enhydrite (en-hi'drit), n. [< Gr. iwfipo^, con-
taining water (see enhydrous), + -ite^.] A min-
eral containing water.
enhydros (en-hi'dros), n. [NL., < Gr. hwipo^,
containing water: see enhydrous.] Ageodeof
translucent chalcedony containing water.
enhydrous (en-hi'drus), a. [< Gr. Ivvdpo^, in
water, living in water, containing water, < cv,
in, + Mup (w'p-), water.] Having water ■with-
in; containing drops of water or other fluid:
as, enhydrous quartz. Also enhydric.
enhypostasia(en-hi-po-sta'si-il), n. [MGr.*frtv
TTofrraaia, < iiw-oaraTog, really existent : see en-
hypostaiic.] In theol.: (a) Substantial or per-
sonal existence. (6) Possession of persont&ity
not independently but by union with a person :
sometimes used as a name descriptive of the
relation of the human nature of Christ to the
person of God the Son. Schaff, in Smith and
Waco's Diet. Christ. Biog., I. 495.
enhypostatic (en-hi-po-stat'ik), a. [< MGr.
ivimoara-iK6(, < imnrooTaToc, really existent, hav-
ing substantial existence, < cv, in, + wrtSorarof,
substantially existing: see hypostasis, hypostat-
ic] In theol.: (a) Possessing substantial or
personal existence. (6) Possessing or endued
with personality by existence in or intimate
union with a person.
enhyi>ostatize (en-hi-pos'ta-tiz), t>. t. ; pret.
anj pp. inhypostatized, ppr. enhypostatizing. [<
enhypostat-ic, + -i:e.] In theol., to endow with
substantiality or personality; especiallyj to en-
dow with personality by incorporation into or
intimate union with a person. See enhyposta-
sia.
His humanity was enhyvostatized through union with
the Logos, or incorporated into his personality.
Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 67.
Enicnridse (en-i-ku'ri^e), «. pi. See Henicu-
rida:
Enicurus (en-i-ku'rus), n. See Henieurus.
enigma (e-nig'ma), n. [Formerly also amigma
(and by contraction, corruptly, egma); = F.
6nigvie = Sp. Pg. enigma = It. enigma, enimma,
< L. wnignia(t-), < Gr. alvtyfia(T-), a riddle, < ai-
viaaecOai, speak in riddles, < alvo^, a tale, story,
fable, saying.] 1. A dark saying or represen-
tation, in which some known thing is concealed
under obscure words or forms ; a question, say-
ing, figure, or design containing a hidden mean-
ing which is proposed for discovery; a riddle.
One while speaking obscurely and in riddle called
^Snigma. Putlenham, Arte of Eng. Pocsie, p. 128.
A custom was amongst the ancients of proposing an
enigma at festivals, and adjudging a reward to him that
solved it. Pope.
2. Anything inex])licable to an observer, such
as the means by which something is effected,
the motive for a course of conduct, the cause
of a phenomenon, etc. : as, how it was done is
an enigma ; his conduct is to me an enigma.
enigma
Faith itself is* but ami^ma, a dark representation of
God to us, till we come to that state, To see God face to
face, aud to know as also we are known.
Doiine^ Sermons, xxt
The origin of physical and moral evil : an enigma which
the highest human intellects have given up in despair.
Macaulay, Sadler's.Kef. Refuted.
Divested of its colour-charm, attracting less study, the
spectrum might still have remained an enigma for an-
other huudred years.
0. S. Rood, Modern Chromatics, p. 306.
enigmatic, enigmatical (e-nig-mat'ik, -i-kal),
«. [= F. eniijmatique = Sp. cnigmdtico = Pg.
enigmatieo = It. enigmatico, enimmatieo, < Gr.
a'tviyiMTtKoq, < iuvtyfta(T-), a riddle: see enigma.']
Relating to or containing an enigma ; obscure ;
darkly expressed or indicated ; ambiguous.
Your answer, sir, is enigmatical. Shak. , Much Ado, v. i.
That the prediction of a future judgment should induce
a present repentance, that was never an enigmatical, a
cloudy doctrine, but manifest to all, in all prophecies of
that kind. Donne, Sermons, vi.
The mysterious darkness in which the enigmatic proph-
ecies in the Apocalypse concerning antichrist lay involved
for many ages. Warburton, Rise of Antichrist.
Eiiii;iiiatical canon. See canoni. — Enigmatical cog-
nition. Seecogniliun. = Syn. Mysterious, puzzling, dark,
recondite.
1936
Enjoin me any penance ; I'll build churches,
A whole city of hospitals.
Fletcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, iv.
enkindle
[< enjoy, v.] Enjoyment.
enjoyt, »•
As true love is content with his enjoy,
Anil asketh no witnesse nor no record.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 20a
-able.1
en-
joyment.
The evening of our days is generally the calmest and the
most enjoyable of them. Pope,
To be enjoyable, a book must be wholesome, like nature,
and flavored witli the religion of wisdom.
Alcott, Tablets, p. 132.
n. The qual-
3. In Imc, to prohibit or restrain by a judicial
order called an injunction: used absolutely of enjoyable (en-joi'a-bl), a. [< enjoy + -al
a thing, or with from of a person : as, the court That may be enjoyed ; capable of yielding
enjoined the prosecution of the work; the de- •
fendant was enjoined from proceeding.
He had enioyned them/r<»» their wines, & railed as fast
against liim. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 10.
This is a suit to enjoin the defendants from disturbing
the plaintiffs. Chancellor Kent.
4 To lay as an injunction; enforce by way of enjoyableness (en-joi'a-bl-nes)
order or command: as, I enjoin it on you not ity or state of being enjoyable,
to disappoint me; he enjoined upon them the
strictest obedience.
I needes must by all meanes fulfill
This penaunce, which enjoyned is to me.
Spenser, ¥. Q., VI. viii. 30.
= Syn. 2. Enjoin, Direct, Command ; to bid, require, urge,
impress upon. Johnson says enjoin is more authoritative
than direct and less imperious than comnmnd. It has the
force of pressing admonition with autliority; as, a parent
enjoin* on his children the duty of obedience. But it has
also the sense of commayui : as, the duties enjoined by God
in the moral law.
enjoiner (en-joi'n6r), n. One who enjoins.
Johnson.
enismatically (e-nig-mat'i-kal-i), adv. In an -. .- - , , ... ,. .. • • j.
obtcure manner; in a meaning different from enjoinmentt (en-jom^mgnt^, n. [< enjotn +
that which the words or circumstances com *
monly indicate.
His death also was enigmatically described by the de-
struction or demolishniept of his bodily temple.
Barrow, Works, II. xxvii.
enigmatise, p. t. See enigmaUse.
enigmatist (e-nig'ma-tist), n. [= Sp. Pg. It.
fnignuitishi, < Gr. aiviyfiariaTiK, < alviyua(T-), a,
riddle : see enigma.'] A maker of or dealer in
enigmas or riddles. Addison.
^nigmatize (e-nig'ma-tlz), V. i. ; pret. and pp.
g^(.^■/(/ma(l-f(/, ppr. eniginatizing. [= Pg. enigma-
cess T — ^^- emqmatigzare ; as enigma{t-) + -ize.]
blocy-of"w6:.t'al)' ill enigmas; deal in riddles.
off impressions ol»fl""?«'^'^- ^^J"^"/] ., „ .^p.
Wood-engraving appem (e-nig-ma-tog ra-fi), n. [< Gr.
earliest dated wood-engr, + -ypaxjua, < ypa<pEiv, write. J
pher, bearing the date of i.iigmas or riddles,
jug worthy of the name from ,.ia-tol'6-ii), n. [< Gr.
by Maso iunguerra, a goldsni.- , /•j;™ srieak- see
Reliefengi-avingon wood was, lio^"*» ^ /.£>-«v, speaK. see
Orientals at a far earlier period, /ilgmas and their 80-
the lines or marks which are to app
sunk into the plate, and before being p.T^ variant of onCe
with ink, the rest of the surface being , p„;,7«/ nnr
impression is taken. On a block of v, PP- ''nisieu, ppi .
impression are left prominent, the blankmake an island
away, so that the wooden block serves as letical.]
and steel plates are printed from separately
cially adapted for this use ; wooden blocks, , i,._„,,
nary printing-press, commonly along with the i"™™"-
ing text. The wood generally used for fine en^
box, and the metals commonly employed by engra t„,.„„..,.j tj.
copper and steel. Different methods or styles of ;.fJfc">-r'ie-
ing on steel or copper are known as aquatint, etct^'ol, in-
mezzotint, stipple, litie-engraving, etc. naco-
In facsimile c?i(7rayiHf/, . . . the drawing is made upo cw-
the wood with a pen or the point of a brusli, generally by j.
another person, and all that the engraver does is just to ,
hollow all the little areas of wood that are left inkless.
/*. G. Hamerton, Graphic Arts, p. 413.
3. That which is engraved, or produced by en-
graving; an engraved representation, or an
incised plate or block intended to be printed
from: as, an engraving on a monument or a
watch-case ; a steel or a wood engraving.
With the work of an engraver in stone, like the en-
gravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones
with the name of the children of Israel. Ex. xxviii. 11.
4. An impression taken from an engraved
plate or block; a print.- AnaglyptograpMc en-
CTavlng, anastatic engraving. See the adjectives.—
Bureau of Engraving and Printing. See bureau.—
Chalk engraving, a fr)rm of stipple engraving used to
imitate drawings made in chalk. The grain of the chalk
drawing is rcijioduceil liy irregular dots of difl'erent forms
and sizes.— Copperplate engraving, the art of engrav-
ing on prepared plates of copper for printing. To the plate
is given a surface which is perfectly plane and liighly pol-
ished. It is next heated sufficiently to melt wax, with
which it is then rubbed over, so that when cooled it is
covered with a white skin, to which the design or drawing
is transferred. The engraver, with a steel point, follows
the lines of the drawing, pressing liglitlysoas to penetrate
through the wax and line faintly the copper surface be-
neath. The wax is then melted off, the surface cleaned,
and the engraving is proceeded with, a burin or graver
being used to cut the lines, a scraper to remove the sliglit
bur raised by the burin, and a burnisher to soften or tone
down the lines and remove scratches. The engraver uses
also a woolen rubber and a little olive-oil to clean the face
of the plate, in order to render the conilition of his work
plainly visilde ; and this rubber serves also to polish off
the burs. — Facsiniile engraving, engraving on wood,
in which every line is either drawn on the lilock or else
photographed from pen or pencil drawing in reduced size,
the work of the engraver being to remove tlie wood from
between these lines. This is the earliest method of wood-
engraving, and is called facsimile in contradistinction to
tint engraving, in which, the drawing being in wash.
ment.'] The act of enjoining, or the state of
being enjoined.
Critical trial should be made by pnblick enjoinment,
whereby determination might be settled beyond debate.
Sir T. Brovme, Vulg. Err.
enjoy (en-joi'), v. [< ME. enjoyen, < OF. enjoier,
anjoier, enjoer, give joy, receive with joy, pos-
sess, refl. rejoice (= It. ingiqjare, fill with joy)
(It. also, like Sp. enjoyar, adorn with jewels), <
en- + joie, joy: see joy.] I. trans. 1. To feel
or perceive with joy qr pleasure ; take pleasure
or satisfaction in the possession or experience
of: as, to enjoy the dainties of a feast, the con-
versation of friends, or our own medit
Tlie enjoyableness is complete if the man's life has been
happy and free from reproach. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 269.
enjoyer (en-joi'6r), ». One who enjoys.
God can order even his word and precepts so, and turn
them to the destruction of the unprofltalile, unworthy
enjoyers of them. South, Works, I.X. il.
enjoyment (en-joi'ment), n. [< enjoy + -ment.]
1. The state of enjoying; pleasurable emotion
or sensation ; followed by of, a viewing or ex-
periencing with pleasure or delight : as, her en-
joyment was manifest ; enjoyment of a play, or of
a good dinner.
A lover, when struck witli the idea or fancy of his en-
joyment, promises liimseif the highest felicity if he suc-
ceeds in his new amour.
Shaftesbury, Advice to an Author, iii. 2.
To the ignorant and the sensual, happiness consists in
physical enjoyment and the possession of the good things
of Ufe. W. li. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 23.
2. The possession, use, or occupancy of any-
thing with satisfaction or pleasure; in law, the
exercise of a right : as, the enjoyment of an
estate, or of civil and religious privileges.
The contented use and enjoyment of the things we have.
Bp. Wilkins, Natural Religion, ii. 4.
To enjoy rights without having proper security for their
enjoyment, ought not indeed to satisfy any political rea-
soners. Ames, Works, XI. 212.
3. That which gives pleasure or satisfaction;
cause of joy or gratification ; delight : as, the
enjoyments of life.
To despise the little things of present sense, for the hope
of everlasting enjoyments. Glanville, Sermons, i.
= Syn Pleasure, gratification, happiness, satisfaction.
[<en-^-i-kennen.]
versation of friends, or our own meditations;
to cyijoy foreign travel.
I could enjoy the pangs of death,
And smile in agony. Addison, Cato.
The works of Milton cannot be comprehended or enjoyed,
unless the mind of the reader co-operate with that of the
writer. Macaulay, Milton.
But in Ghirlandaio the skill and the imagination are enkcnnelt (en-ken'el), V. t.
equal, and he gives us a delightful impression of enjoying ijiq gj^^j. „p j^ ^ kennel,
his own resources. //. J^ames, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 298. ^ The Dog [Diogenes]
2 To have, possess, and use with satisfaction ; That alwaies in a tub enkenneWd lies,
have, hold, or occupy, as a good or profitable , Davies, Microcosmos, p. 84.
thing, or as something desirable: as, he enjoys enkert, «• [ME., appar. of Seand. or LG. ori-
a large fortune, or an honorable office. gin: MD. eenckel, enckel, D. enkel = MLG. enkel.
That tlie children of Israel may enjoy every man the in- enkclt = Sw. Norw. enkel = Dan. enkclt, single,
heritance of his fathers. Num. xxxvi. 8. simple; cf. Norw. einka, unique, remarkable,
It [Syria] came into the hands of the Saracens, from
whom it was taken by the present Ottoman family, that
enjoy the Turkisli empire.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 88.
3. To derive pleasure from association with or
observation of; take delight in being with or
in: as, to enjoy one's friends; I enjoyed Paris
''■ more than London ; to enjoy tlie country.
So I might enjoy my Saviour at tlie last, I could with
2t. itience be nothing almost unto eternity.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 7.
i^cifically — 4. To have sexual intercourse
wh Jle ot ill. on whose high top he [Endymion] was the first enkerlyt, a/Z^. [ME., < enker -K -ly, -ly2.] Com-
pletely : y\ ,^^.^ wand'ring course ; so skilful in her sphere,
Cato . . . m'pk not to say that he enjoy'd her there.
Rome that one . Drayton, Polyolbion, vii. 124.
ver did thy beauty, since the day
If thou enife first and wedded thee, adorn'd
Thou robb'snerfections, so inflame my sense
nir to enjoy thee. Milton, P. L., ix. 1032.
Now with my friend possess, as something good or
but to engross his sorro.eneral sense : as, he enjoys the
. .'^''ommunity; the paper e«/o^s a
These negioes, m fact,
engross all the knowled, „. , , .
finitely more adventurouE'ving e»yoi/ed, by the benefit of his ,.,,,, , ^ ,
masters. lealthy life and a gentle and easy enkindle (en-kin dl), V. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
Sneeifieallv— 4 Ton Johnson. f;i„ajed, ppr. enkindling. [< CK-1 + kindle^.]
ope^mcauy *. lo ttj^ ^j,„ gtg^tgjyp,,,,,^ the reign - -'-^^ ...'>--
or the supplies in ; get ^t one who enjoyed a life of peace
trol of, for the purpost Gibbon, Decline and Fall, x.
enhancing profits : as, t. feel pleasure or satisfaction in
tions of tea ; to engross !'ce delight from the pleasures in
Some by engrossing ot looms'^,''^' ..... j , ,
ting tliem out at such unreasoi.:"o'i, '" 'nendly and social ac-
Aet ofPhUip and M^ ^y^-}^^V.^^ ^„^^„,.^ ,,, ,
thliJo'irTadr''" '"'' "^ '"""' heaven""''
QiioJedIn Capt. John Smil}!^^y""'' S*- S™^""^ St^l""^-
5. To occupy wholly; take haPPiness; take pie a-
tirely, to the exclusion of othei''""']
ness engrosses his attention or^ to another Eve,
engrossed in study. •'"■ yS^ P. L, ix. 829.
Icel. einka-, sometimes einkar-, in comp.,
only, special, particular, in older form einga-,
only (< "einigr = AS. wnig, E. atiy), < einn =
AS. aw, E. one : see any and one.] Simple ; un-
mixed; sole; complete.
The knyst in the enker gren.
Sir Gawayne ami the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2477.
enkerchief (en-ker'ohif), V. t. [< en-^ + ker-
chief.] To bind with or inclose in a kerchief.
I know that soft, enkerchiefd hair,
An'd those sweet eyes of blue.
M. Arnold, Switzerland, i. (Meeting).
pletely; in detail.
Thene the emperour was egree, and enkerty fraynes
The aiiswere of Arthure.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 507.
enkernel (en-k6r'nel), V. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
kerneled, enkcrnelled, ppr. enkerneling, enkernel-
ling. [< enr-^ + kernel.] To inclose in a ker-
nel. Davies.
When I muse
Upon the aches, anxieties, and fears
The Maggot knows not, Nicholas, methinks
It were a happy metamorphosis
To be enkerneWd thus. Southey, Nondescripts, vi.
1. To kindle; set on fire; inflame.
Enkindle all the sparks of nature,
To quit this horrid act. Shak., Lear, iii. 7.
That literary heaven which onr youth saw dotted thick
with rival glories we find now to have been a stage-sky
merely, artificially enkindled from behind.
ioM)rf(, Study Windows, p. 115.
Hence — 2. To excite; rouse into action; in-
flame: as, to enkindle the passions; to enkindle
zeal ; to enkindle war or discord, or the flames
of war.
Fearing to strengthen that impatience
Which seem'd too much enkindlat.
Shak., J. C, it 1.
It enkindled in France the fiery eloquence of Mirabeau.
Sumner, Prison Discipline.
¥
enlace
enlace (en-las'), '"• f-; pret. and pp. enlaced,
ppr. enlacing. [Also inlace; < ME. enlacen, <
OF. enlacer, F. enlacer, interlace, infold, = Pr.
enlassar, enlaissar = Sp. enlazar = Pg. enla^ar
= It. inlacciare, ensnare, entangle, < L. in, in,
+ laqueu.i, a string, laee: see lace.'] 1. To
fasten or inclose with or as if with a lace ; en-
circle; surround; infold.
ITiat man . . . enlaceth hym in the cheyne with wliiche
he may be drawen. Chaucer, Boethius, i. meter 4.
Tjmber stronge enlace it for to abyde.
Eke pave or floore it wele in somer tyde.
Palladiiu, Hnsbondrie (K E. T. S.), p. 13.
Bopes of pearl her neclc and breast enlace.
P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, vli 34.
2t. To entangle ; intertwine.
That the questioun of the devyne purveaunce is enUuxd
with many other qucstiouns. I understonde weL
Chaucer, Boethius, v. prose 1.
enlacement (en-las'ment), n. [< enlace +
-nil lit.] The act of enlacing, or the state of
being enlaced; an encircling; embracement.
And round and round, with fold on fold.
Ills tail about the imp he roU'd
In fund and close entaeement.
Southey, The Young Dragon, L
enlangonredt, a. [< OF. enlangouri, pp. of en-
hnujourer, languish, < en- + langor, langur, lan-
guor: see languor.] Faded.
Of such a colour enlangoured.
Was Abstinence ywis coloured.
nom. o/the RoK, 1. 7397.
enlardt (en-lard'),r. t. [Also inlard; < OF. en-
Uirder, spit, < en- + larder, lard: see lard, r.]
To cover with lard or grease ; baste.
That were to enlard hia fat-already pride.
Shak., "f. and C, iL 3.
enlarge (en-larj'), r. ; pret. and pp. enlarged,
1>1>T. enlarging. [Formerly also intorje; < ME.
enlargen, i. OF. enlargier, cnlargir,cnlarger (cf.
Pr. Pg. alargar = Sp. allargar = It. allargare),
< en- + large, large: see en-i and large.] I.
trans, 1, To make larger; add to; increase in
extent, bulk, or quantity ; extend ; augment: as,
to enlarge a building or a business.
At iiiglit the Lord renieml>ered us, and entarijed the
wind tu the N. Winthrop, Uist. New England, 1. 18.
But he [Ahabl now heartily repented for the time ; and
for the time of repentance Qod iiUar*j«d his time of for-
bearance. StiUing/Uet, Sermons, II. iv.
'Bacon . . . published a small volume of Essays, which
w;t.-4 afterwards enlarged ... to many times its original
Imlk. Maeaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. To increase the capacity or scope of; ex-
jiaud ; make more comprehensive.
This is that science which would truly enlarffe men's
minds were It studied. Locke.
The world Is enlarged tor us, not by new objects, but by
fluding more afflnitlea and potencies In those we have.
Kmerton, Success.
3. To increase in appearance ; magnify to the
eye.
Fancy's beam entarga, mnltlpliet.
Contracts, inverts, and girea ten tiiousand dyes.
Pope, Moral Essays, L 35.
4. To set at large or at liberty ; ^ve freedom
or scope to; release from limitation, confine-
ment, or pressure.
Hear me when I call, O Ood of my rigbteoasness; thou
bast enlarged me when I was in distress. Ps. iv. 1.
We have commission to posses* tift palace.
Enlarge Prince Drusus, and make him our chief.
B. Jcnmm, Sejanus, v. i.
I make little doubt but Noah was exceedingly glad when
he was enlarged from the ark. Courper.
St. To state at large; expatiate upon: in this
sense now followed by on or upon. See II., 2.
Then in my tent, Oassius, enlarge your griefs.
And I will give you audience. Shak., J. C, iv. 2.
Were there nought else t' enlarge your virtues to me.
These answers speak your breeding and your blood.
B. JonMon, Alchemist, iv. 1.
6t. To awaken strong religious feeling in; "en-
large the heart" of; hence, to move to utter-
ance; cause or permit to expatiate: often re-
flexive.
Mr. WlKon was much inlarged, and spake so terribly,
yetflo urariunKly. as iniifht have affected a heart not quite
shut up. r. Shepard, Clear Sunslilne of the Oospel, p. 11.
My mind was not to enlarpt my ae{fe any further, but In
respecte of diverse poore souls here.
Ln/ord, quoted In Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 184.
I will enlarge mytetf no further to you at this time.
Umcell, Letters, I. i. 29.
7. In old law, to give further time to; extend,
postpone, or continue : as, to enlarge a rule or
an onlor. -. Enlarglnif -hammer, Hoe A/imm^r. — En-
larging statute. s<if»(/if,//.,_To enlarge thebeartt,
to awaken religious emutiuu.
l'J2
1937
H, intrans. 1. To grow large or larger; in-
crease; dilate; expand: as, a plant enlarges by
growth; an estate enlarges by good manage-
ment.
There is an immense field here for the growing powers
and the enlarging activities of women ; but we do not
seem to be getting at and into it in the best way.
S. Bmcles, in Merriam, 11. 164.
2. To speak at large ; be diffuse in speaking or
writing ; expatiate ; amplify : with on or upon.
This is a theme so unpleasant, I delight not to enlarge
on it. Decay of Christian Piety.
The Turks call it Merchab, and enlarge much upon the
Sieges it has sustain'd in former times.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 17.
While supper was preparing, he enlarged upon the hap-
piness of the neightwriug shire.
Addison, The Tory Foxhunter.
3. To exaggerate.
At least, a severe critic would be apt to think I enlarge
a little, as travellers are often suspected to do.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 4.
4. In pftotoj/., to make enlargements; practise
solar printing. See enlargement, 8.
enlarget (en-larj'), n. [(.enlarge, v.] Freedom;
liberty; enlargement.
My absence may procure thy more enlarge.
MiddletoH, Family of Love, L 2.
enlarged (en-larjd'), p. a, [Pp. of enlarge, v,]
Not narrow or confined ; expanded; broad; com-
prehensive; liberal.
They are extremely suspicious of any enlarged or general
views. Brougham, Lord Chief justice Gibbs.
Enlarged tarsi, in entom., same as dilated tarsi (which
gee, urnier dilated).
enlargedly (en-lar'jed-li), adv. With enlarge-
ment.
Justification Is taken two ways in Scripture ; strict^
magis, and extensive ; precisely . . . and enlargedly.
Bp. Mountagu, Appeal to Casar, vi.
enlargedness (en-lar'jed-nes), n. The state of
being enlarged. Christian Examiner.
enlargement (en-larj'ment), n. [< enlarge +
-ment.] 1. The act of increasing in size or
bulk, real or apparent ; the state of being in-
creased; augmentation; dilatation; expansion:
as, the enlargement of a field by the addition of
two or three acres; enlargement of the heart.
Simple enlargement of tiie spleen occurs under a variety
of circumstances. (^uain, Med. Diet., p. 1510.
2. Something added on ; an addition.
Every little enlargement Is a feast to tbe poor, bat he
that feasts every day feasts no day.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, Iv. 8.
And all who told it added something new ;
And all who heard It made enlargements too.
Pope, Temple of Fame, 1. 471.
3. Expansion or extension, as of powers and
influence; an increase of capacity, scope, or
comprehension, as of the sympathies and char-
acter.
Earnestly intreat the immortal God for the enlargement
and extension here of the kingdom of Christ.
Peter Martyr, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc., 1853),
[II. 406.
However, these little, idle, angry controversies proved
occasions of enlsayement* to the church of Ood.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., I. 0.
4. Release from captivity, bondage, distress,
or the like ; a setting at large or at liberty.
Then shall there enlargement and deliverance arise t4>
the Jews. Estlier iv, 14,
Chrys. How does my dear Eugenia?
Eug. As well
As this restraint will give nie leave, an<l yet
It does appear a part of my enlargement
To have your company.
Shirley, Love in a Maze, Iv, 1.
5. The state or condition of being at large or
unrestrained.
The desire of life and health is Implanted In man's na-
ture ; the love of liberty and enlargement Is a sister pas-
sion to it. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 4,
6. Diffuseness of speech or writing; expatia-
tion on a particular subject ; extended discourse
or argument.
He concluded with an enlargement upon the vices and
corruptions which were got into the army.
Clarendon, Great Ret)ellion.
7. In the calculus of finite differences, the oper-
ation of chani^ng a function by adding unitv
to the variable. It is denoted by the letter iJ.
Thus, E loga; = lc« (x-fl).— 8. In photog., a
picture of any kind, especially a positive, made
of a larger size than the negative from which
it is taken. See mlar printing, under printing,
— CalcoluB of enlargement. See calculus.
enlarger (en-lar' jer), n. One who or that which
cnlar^jos, increases, extends, or expands; an
amplifier.
enlighteiunent
Bollousus the Gaule, that was the inlarger thereof,
swayed it [Milan] many years. Coryat, Crudities, I. 180.
The newspaper is the great enlarger of our intellectual
horizon. The American, VI, 407.
enlanrel (en-la'rel), V, t, ;• pret. and pp. enlau-
reled or enlaurelled, ppr. enlaureling or enlaurel-
Ung, [< en-1 -I- laurel.] To crown with laurels.
[Poetical.]
For Swaines that con no skill of holy rage
Bene foe-men to faire skil's entawrell'd Queen,
Davies, Eclogue, p, 20.
enlayt (en-la'), v, t. An obsolete variant of
inlay.
enleagne (en-leg'), v, t.; pret. and pp. en-
leagued, ppr. enleaguing, [< e»-l -1- league^.]
To bring into league. [Poetical.]
For now it doth appear
Tliat he, enleagued with robbers, was tlie spoiler.
J. Baillie.
enlegeancet, n, A variant of allegeance^,
enlengthent (en-leng'thn), v. t. [< cjj-i -»-
lengihcn,] To lengthen; prolong; elongate.
Never Sunday or holiday passes without some publicke
meeting or other: wliere intermixed with women they [the
Greeks) dance out tlie day, and witli full crown'd cups e»-
i(?«»7Me?i their jollity. Sandys, Travailes, p. 11.
enlevfi (F. pron. on-le-va'), a, [F., pp. of en-
lever = Pr. Sp. (obs.) Pg. enlevar, lift up, < L.
inde, thence, -I- levare, lift, < levis, light : see lev-
ity, and cf . elevate,] In her., raised or elevated :
often synonymous with enhanced. [Rare.]
enle'Vent, «. and «. A Middle English form of
eleien.
enliancef, «. [ME., < OF. enhance, bond, obli-
gation ; cf . alliance,] Same as alliance,
enlightt (en-lif), V, t, [< cn-1 + lighii, Cf.
AS. inlyhtan, inlihtan, also onlyhtan, etc., illu-
minate, < in or on, on, + lyhtan, > E. light^, v,
Cf. enlighten,] To illuminate ; enlighten.
Tlie wisest king refus'd all Pleasures quite,
Till Wisdom from al)ove did liini enlight.
Cowley, The Mistress, Wisdom.
enligh'ten (en-li'tn), v, t, [Formeriv also in-
lighten; < en-1 -*- lighten^, Cf. enlight,] 1, To
shed light upon ; supply with light ; iUtuninate.
[Obsolete or archaicr]
His lightnings enlightened the world. Ps, xcvii. 4.
Syene, seated under the Tropick of Cancer, in which
was a well of marvellous depth, erUightned throughout by
tlie Sun. Sandys, Travailes, p. 86.
2. To give intellectual or spiritual light to;
illuminate by increase of knowledge and wis-
dom ; instruct ; impart knowledge to : as, to en-
lighten an ignorant community; she was soon
enlightened as to his motives.
For it is Impossible for those who were once enlight-
ened, ... if they shall fall away, to renew them again
unto repentance. Heb. vi. 4-6.
'Tis he who enlightcTis our understandings. Bogers.
The conscience enlightened by the Word and Spirit of
God, Abp. Trench. .
= 8yn. 1, To illume, illumine, ii-radiate, — 2. To te,ach.
enllgh'tened (en-li'tnd), xy, a, [Pp. of enlighten,
v.] It. Illuminated; supplied with light ; light-
giving.
Sir. Bradley, F. K, .S., supposes the Will with the Wisp
to be no more than a Group of small enlightened Insects.
Bournes Pop. Anliq. (1777), p, 372.
2. Possessing or manifesting enlightenment;
ha\'ing or showing much knowledge or acquired
wisdom ; specifically, freed from blinding igno-
rance, prejudice, superstition, etc. : used to note
the highest stage of general human advance-
ment, as in the series savage, barbarous, half-
civilized, civilized, and enlightened.
It pleases me sometimes to think of the very great num-
l>er of important subjects whicli have been discussed in
the Kdinburgll Review in so enlightened a manner,
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iv.
enlightener (en-li'tn-6r), n. One who illumi-
nates ; one who or that which communicates
light to the eye or clear views to the mind.
O sent from Heaven,
Enlightener of my darkness, gracious things
Thou hast reveal'd. Milton, P, L. , xii. 271.
He is the prophet shorn of his more awful splendours,
burning with mild equable radiance, as the enlightener of
daily life. Carlyle.
enlightenment (en-li'tn ment), n. [< enlighten
-f -ment.] 1. The act of enlightening, or the
state of being enlightened ; attainment or pos-
session of intellectual light; used absolutely, a
lighting up or enlargement of the understanding
by means of acquired knowledge and wisdom;
more narrowly, an illumination of the mind or
acquisition of knowledge with regard to a par-
ticular subject or fact.
Their laws. If inferior to modern Jurisprudence, do not
fall short of the entiiihtenment of the age in whidi Parlia-
ment designed them. Sir E. May, Const. Uist. Eiig, , 1. vi.
enlightemnent
She wanted it [his approval] passionately, with an in-
sistance which even her own complete enlightenment as
to the difference l)etween them never affected.
Mrs. Otiphant, A I'oor Gentleman, xiii.
2. [Tr. G. aiifklarung.'} Independence of
thought; rationalism, especially the rational-
ism of the eighteenth century.
This enlightenment Hegel had received at first in its
sober German form — in the drj- analysis and superficial
criticism of the post- Wolffian age ; but at the university
he came to Icnow it in its more intensive French fonn,
which was to the German enliffhtenment as wine to water.
J, Caird.
enlimnt (en-lim'), f. '■ [< »n-^ + limn. Cf. en-
iHinine and illumine, ult. of same elements.] To
illuminate or adorn with ornamented letters or
with pictures, as a book. Palsgrave.
enlink (en-link'), V. t. [< e»-l + ?!nj;l.] To
link ; connect as if into a chain.
WTiat is it then to me, if impious war,
Array'd in flames, like to the prince of fiends,
Do, with his smirch'd complexion, all fell feats
ErUink'd to waste and desolation?
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 3.
eillist(en-list'),r. [Formerly alsoinfci; <en-l-l-
list^. Hence, byapheresis, //«(6^ j).j2.] J, trans.
1. To enter, as a name on a list; enroll; re-
gister.— 2. To engage for public service, espe-
cially military or naval service, by enrolling
after mutual agreement: as, to enlist men for
the army.
They [the Romans] even, it is said, allowed the Cartha-
ginians to levy soldiers in their dominions, that is, to en-
liit . . . Lucanian, or Samnite, or Bruttian mercenaries.
Dr. Arnold, Hist. Rome, xlii.
[In construing the pension and other laws relating to
soldiers, enlisted applies to drafted men as well as to vol-
unteers, whose names are duly entered on the military
rolls. Shejield vs. Otis, 107 Mass., 282.]
3. To unite firmly to a cause ; employ in ad-
vancing some interest ; engage the services of :
as, to enlist one's sympathies in the cause of
charity.
Methodically to eiHist the members of a community,
with due regard to their several capacities, in the per-
formance of its public duties, is the way to make that
community powerful and healthful.
Oladetone, Might of Right, p. 103.
Jsever before had so large an amount of literary ability
been enlisted in politics. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
= Sjni. 1 and 2. Enroll, etc. See record, v.
II. intrans. 1. To engage in public service,
especially military service, by subscribing ar-
ticles or enrolling one's name ; specifically, to
engage in such service voluntarily. — 2. To en-
ter heartily into a cause, with devotion to its
interests.
enlistment (en-list'ment), n. [Formerly also
inlistment; < enlist + -ment.'] 1. The act of
enlisting, or the state of being enlisted; the
levying of soldiers or sailors by voluntary en-
rolment.
In England, with enlistment instead of conscription,
this supply was always precarious.
Buckle, Civilization, II. viii.
2. The writing by which a soldier (other than
one who has entered the military service under
a commission as an officer) is bound.
enlivet (en-liv'), v. t. [< e«-l + life, appearing
as live in alive, livelong, live, a., etc. Cf. enliven.']
To enliven; quicken; animate.
This dissolved body shall be raised out of the dust and
enlived. Bp. Hall, Select Thoughts, § 30.
enliven (en-li'vn), v. t. [< ck-I + life {live) +
-«k1 (3). Cf. enlive.] 1. To give life, action,
or motion to; make vigorous or active ; vivify;
quicken.
It [the spawn of carp] lies ten or twelve days before it
be enlivened. I. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 142.
There, warm'd alike by Sol's enlivening power,
The weed, aspiring, emulates the flower. Shenstone.
For if there be but one life from which every man is
alike enlivened, . . . then the unity of the creature . . .
is not only a philosophic truth to which all things in
heaven are conformed, but must become also a scientific
truth or truth of the senses, to which all things on earth
will eventually bow. //. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 262.
2. To give spirit or vivacity to ; animate ; make
sprightly, gay, or cheerful.
The Reader cannot but be pleased to find the Depths of
Philosophy enliven^ with all the Charms of Poetry.
Addison, Spectator, No. 339.
A projecting point of gray rocks veined with color, en-
livened by touches of scarlet bushes and brilliant flowers.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 324.
=Syil. 2. To exhilarate, <theer, inspirit, gladden, invigor-
ate, rouse, wake up.
enlivener (en-li'vn-fer), n. One who or that
which enlivens, animates, vivifies, or invigor-
ates.
Fire, th' enlivener of the general frame.
Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale, L 127.
1938
enli'vening (en-li'vn-ing), n. [Verbal n. of en-
liven, I'.] That which enlivens or makes gay.
The good man is full of joyful e-nlivenhigs.
Feltham, Resolves, i. 84.
enlivenment (en-li'vn-meut), n. [< enliven +
-ment.'] 1. The act of enlivening or of making
or becoming live, vigorous, or active.
The rappings, the trance mediums, the visions of hands
without bodies, . . . the enlivenment of furniture — we
have invented none of them, they are all heirlooms.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 150.
2. The act of making or becoming gay, ani-
mated, or vivacious.
His talk was full of little imexpected turns — in the
midst of sober discussion, a flash of entivenmejit.
Quoted in Merriam's Life of Bowles, II. 408.
enlockt (en-lok'), V. t. [< e»-l -1- lock^.] To
lock up ; inclose.
That sacred Saint my soveraigne Queene,
In whose chast brest all bountie natural]
And treasures of true love enlocked beene.
Spenser, V. Q., IV., Prol., st. 4.
enluminet (en-lu'min), v. t. [< ME. enluminen,
< OF. enluminer = Pr. enlumenar, enlhumenar,
< L. inluminare, illuminare, light up : see illu-
mine, and cf . enlimn. ] To illumine ; enlighten ;
give light to.
That same great glorious lampe of light
That doth enlumine all these lesser fyres.
Spenser, F. Q., V., Prol., st. 7.
Even so doe those rough and harsh termes enlumine, and
make more clearly to appeare, the brightnesse of brave
and glorious words. Spenser, Shep. Cal., Ded.
enlurinet (en-liir'ing), ». [Verbal n. of "enlure,
v.,< en-i -f lure.] Luring; enticement. Davies.
They know not the detractions of slander, . . . provo-
cations, heats, eidurings of lusts.
Bev. T. Adams, Vforks, I. 311.
enl'atet, "■ *• [ME. enluten; < c»-l -I- lute^.] To
daub with clay so as to make air-tight.
Of the pot and glasses enluting [var. engluting, Tyr-
whitt].
Chaitcer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, I. 213.
enmancll6 (F. pron. on-mon-sha'), a. [Heral-
dic F., < en, = E. en-l, -t- manche, a sleeve.] In
her., as if resembling or covered with a sleeve.
eninarblet (en-mar'bl), V. t. Same as emmarhle.
en masse (on mas). [F. : en, in ; masse, mass:
see in nzid mass^.] In mass; all together: as,
the audience rose en masse.
enmesh (en-mesh'), V. t. [< en-i + mesh. Now
more commonly immesh, q. v.] To inclose in
or as if in meshes ; immesh ; entangle ; snare.
So will I turn her virtue into pitch ;
And out of her own goodness make the net
That shall enmesh them all. Shak., Othello, ii. 3.
Fly thither? But I cannot fly ;
My doubts enmesh me if I try.
Lowell, Credidimus Jovem Hegnare.
The system which is supposed to be analogous to the
circulatory system of higher animals is very complex in
many of the higher holothurids, extends over the alimen-
tary canal, and enmeshes one of the respiratory trees.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 177.
enmeslunent (en-mesh'ment), n. [< enmesh +
-ment.] 1. The act of enmeshing, or the state
of being entangled or entrapped. — 2. Woven
work of meshes ; network.
The moon, low in the west, was drawing a seine of fine-
spun gold across the dark depths of the valley. In that
enchanted enmeshment were tangled all the fancies of the
night.
M. K. Murfree, Prophet of Great Smoky Mts., p. 120.
enme'Wt (en-mu'), v. t. Same as emmew.
enmiddesf, prep. A Middle English variant of
amidst.
Enmyddes the medew founde where he stode,
Thys cruell geaunt which that he had slain.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3097.
enminglet (en-ming'gl), v. t. [< ere-1 -I- mingle.
More commonly immingle, q. v.] To mingle.
Love embittered with tears
Suits but ill with my years
"When sweets bloom enmingled around.
Burgoyne, Lord of the Manor, I. i.
enmioust (en'mi-us), a. [< enmy, obs. form of
enemy, + -ous. Cf. OF. enemieux.] Pull of en-
mity; inimical. Fox.
enmity (en'mi-ti), n. ; pi. enmities (-tiz). [Early
mod. E. aXno enmitie, enimitie; < ME. enmyte,
enemyte, enemytee, < OF. enemite, ennemite, usu-
ally enemistie, older enanmtiet, mod. restored
inimitii = Pr. enemistat = Sp. enemistad = Pg.
inimizade = It. nemistd,, nemistade, nemistate, <
ML. as if *inimiciia(t-)s for L. inimicitia, en-
mity, < L. inimicus, an enemy, > OF. enemi, > E.
enemy: see enemy"^. Cf. amity, the same word
as enmity, without the negative.] The quality
Enneandria
or state of being hostile ; a feeling or condition
of antagonism ; ill will ; variance ; discord.
I will put enmity between thee and the woman.
Gen. iii. 15.
The friendship of the world is enmity with God.
Jas. iv. 4.
There is now professed actual Enmity betwixt France
and Spain. Howell, Letters, I. vi. 18.
Such an opportunity could not but be welcome to a
nature which was implacable in enmity.
Macaulay, Addison.
= Syll. Animosity, 111 will. Malice, etc. See animosity
and odium.
enmoss (en-m6s'), V. t. L^ ^"-^ + moss.] To
cover with moss : as. "enmossed realms," Keats.
[Poetical.]
enmo'vet, f- 1- [< en-^ + move.] Same as emove.
The knight was nmch enmoved with his speach.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 48.
enmufflet (en-muf'l), v. t. [< ck-I + muffle.'^
To wrap up or infold, as in a mufiler ; muffle.
enmnret (en-mtir'), v. t. See immure.
enmyt, n. An obsolete form of enemy^.
enmytet, «. -Aji obsolete form of enmity.
ennatedt (e-na'ted), a. [Var. of innated, equiv.
to innate.] Innate.
But I have noted in her, from her birth,
A strange ennated kind of courtesy.
Webster (and Dekker ?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, il. 2.
Ennea (en'e-a), n. [NL., < Gr. cvvca = E. nine.]
A genus of pulmonate gastropods, or snails,
of the family Helicidm. Adams, 1858.
ennea-. [< Gr. ivvea (with prothetic i- and
doubled v; cf. evev^Kovra (ewcv-), ninety), orig.
*vEFev = L. novem = E. nine: see nine.] A pre-
fix in words of Greek origin, signifying ' nine.'
Enneacanth'as (en"e-a-kan'thus), n. [NL., <
Gr. ivvea, nine, -1- aiiavda, the spine.] A genus
of small American sunfishes, of the family
CentrarchidcB, having the caudal fin convex, and
nine dorsal spines (whence the name). M. obe-
sus is about 3 inches long and marked with
dark vertical bands.
ennead (en'e-ad), n. [< Gr. evved( (cvveaS-),
a body of nine, the number nine, < cwia = E.
nine. Cf. enneatic.] 1. The number nine ; a
system of nine objects; especially, in math.,
a system of nine points common to different
plane cubic curves, or a system of nine lines
common to cubic curves. — 2. One of the divi-
sions of Porphyry's collection of the doctrines
of Plotinus : so named from the fact that each
of the six divisions contains nine books.
The Enneads of Plotinus are the primary and classical
document of Neoplatonism. The doctrine of Plotinus is
mysticism, and like all mysticism it consists of two main
divisions [theoretical and practical].
Harnack, Encyc. Brit., XVII. 335.
enneadic (en-f-ad'ik), a. [< ennead + -ic.]
Pertaining to an ennead, or to the number nine.
Also, improperly, enneatic Enneadic system, in
math., a system of ten points, such that on joining anyone
to all the rest the nine lines form an ennead.— Boneadic
system of ntimeration, a system of numeration by
nines.
enneagon (en'f-a-gon), n. [< Gr. evvea, = E.
nine, -i- yuvla, an angle.] In geom., a polygon
or plane figure with nine angles.
enneagonal (en-e-ag'o-nal), a. [< enneagon +
-al.] In (7eo?w., having nine angles; pertain-
ing to an enneagon. — Enneagonal number, a num-
ber of the form J n (7n— .1). Such are 1, 9, 24, 46, etc.
enneagynous (en-e-aj'i-nus), a. [< Gr. hvvia, =
E. nine, + ymri, a woman (in mod. bot. a pis-
til), + -ous.] In iot., having nine pistils or
styles: said of a flower or plant.
enneahedra, n. Plural of enneahedron,
enneahedral (en"e-a-he'dral), a. [< enneahe-
dron + -al.] In geom., having nine faces.
enneahedria, enneahedron (en"e-a-he'dri-a,
-dron), n. ; pi. enneahedria', enneahedra (-e, -dra).
[NL., < (Jr. ewea, = E. 7tine, + eSpa, a seat, base.]
In geom., a solid having nine faces.
ennealogyt (en-e-al'o-ji), ». [< Gr. imea, = B.
nine, + -loyia, < Myttv, speak: see -ology.] A
speaking or treating of nine points; also, an
oration or a treatise divided into nine points or
chapters. Bailey, 1727.
enneander (en-e-an'd&r), «.
[< NL. *cnneanArus: see en-
neandrous.] In bot., a plant
having nine stamens.
Enneandria (en-e-an'dri-a),
n.pl. [Nlj., <. 'enneandrus:
see enneandrous.] The ninth
class of the Linnean system
of plants, comprising such f,„„5, „, b„,^„
as have perfect flowers with -mMiatui, belonging
, *^ to the class Snftean-
uine stamens. drta.
enneandrian
enneandrian (en-f-an'dri-an), a. Same as en-
niiiiulrdiis.
enneandrous (en-e-an'drus), a. [< NL. *ennc-
andrus, < Gr. iwea, = E. nine, + a^■^f> (avip-), a
man (in mod. bot. a stamen).] Having nine
stamens.
enneapetalous (en'e-a-pet'a-lus), a. [< NL.
'eniicajK-tuhis. < Gr. imia, = E. nine, + — fToAoi', a
leaf (in mod. bot. a petal).] Having nine petals.
Enneapterygii (en'f-ap-te-rij'i-i), )i. pi. [NL.
(Bloch and iSchneider, 1801), < Gr. iuvia, = E.
nine, + vripvi, fin.] A group of fishes having,
or supposed to have, nine fins.
enneasemic (en'e-a-se'mik), a. [< Gr. as if
'h-vidarj/io^ (ef. dimi/ioi, etc.. OKTaaT/fio^), < iwea, =
E. nine, + cfjfia, sign, mark, ari/xeiov, sign, mark,
mora.] In anc. pros., consisting of or equal to
nine semeia (morse) or units of metrical mea-
surement ; having a magnitude of nine times or
normal shorts : as, an enneasemic colon ; an iam-
l)ic or a trochaic tripody is enneasemic.
enneasepaloos (en'e-a-sep'a-lus), a. [< NL.
' enneasepalus, < Gr. evvto, nine, + E. sepal.'\
In hot., having nine sepals.
enneaspermous (en'e-a-sp6r'mus), a. [< NL.
'ciimiisinrmus, < Gr. iwta, = E. nine, + OTripfia,
seed.] In bot., having nine seeds: as, ennea-
sjiennou'i fruits.
enneastyle (en'f-a-stil), a. [< Gr. iwia, nine,
+ (TTi'/'.of, column: see style^.'i Consisting of
nine columns or pillars ; nine-columned.
The misahapen monument called the Basilica, at Psa-
tum, . . . has a front of nine columns, or an eniucutyle
arrangement. Encyc. Brit., II. 410.
enneasyllabic (en'e-a-si-lab'ik), a. [< Qr. h-
viaai'/'/M.ioc, nine-syllabled, < iwia, = E. nine,
+ m/.'/ji.iii, syllable.] Containing or consisting
of nine syllables: as, an enneasyllabic yer%e.
enneatict, enneaticalt (en-e-at'ik, -i-kal), a.
\ mistaken tVjrni ior cnneadie, 'enneadirii} Bti-
neattcal days, fvery ninth day of a disease.— Enneatical
years, '-vi ry ninth year of a man's life.
enneation (en-e-a'shon), n. [< Gr. iwia = E.
niiK.] In entom., the ninth segment of insects.
ilauiulfrs.
Enneoctonns (en-e-ok'to-nus), n. [NL. (Boie,
1826), < Gr. hrvia, nine, + urdveiv, loll.] A ge-
nus of shrikes, Of the family Laniidee: so called
from the tradition that the shrike kills nine vic-
tims daily. The type is the European E. eol-
lurio. See nine-killer.
ennewt (e-nu'), v. t. [< ME. ennewen, < ew-l -t-
n'-we, new. Cf. L. innotare, > E. innovate, of
similar elements.] To make new ; renew.
And maister Chancer, that nobly enterprysed
iluw that our Englysshe myght fresshely be enneved.
Skelton, Oarland ot Latuel, L S89.
enniche (en-nich'), r. t. r< en-i + nidte.] To
place in a niche. [Bare.]
Blawkenbergius . . . deserves to be en-nicA'd *» a pro-
totype for all writers, of voluminous worlts at least, to
nii«lcl their books by. Sterne, Tristram .Shandy, 111. 8s.
eimls, iimls (en'is, in'is). [Ir. and Gael, innis,
mil, an island, a sheltered valley, a grazing-
place for cattle.] A frequent element in Irish
i>lace-narae8: as, Ennis, Enniscortby, Ennil-
killen, /nnwfallen, etc.
ennoble (e-no'bl), r. t. -, pret. and pp. ennobled,
ppr. eHHobtiny. [< OF. (and F.) ennoblir, < en-
+ noble, noble: see en-l and no6/e.] 1. To
make noble; confer a title of nobility on.
On what principle was Hampden to be attainted for
advising what Leslie was ennobUd for doing?
MaeatUay, Nngent's Hampden.
When nobility depends on oHlce bestowed by the king,
it is plain that the king can ennabU; so at Rome, where
nobility depende<t on olHce bestowed by the people, it
would not be too much to say that the people could en-
no6<e. E. A. Fretman, Amer. Lecta., p. 804.
Seven commoners were ennoNed for their good otBces.
W. S. Oregg, Irish BUt. for Eng. Readers, p. 11.X
2. To dignify; exalt; elevate in degree, ex-
cellence, or respect.
What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards?
Pope, Essay on Han. iv. 21S.
Only those who know the auprrmacy of the intellectual
life — the life which has a seed of ennobling thought and
{mrptmes within it — can understand the grief of one who
alia from that serene activity into the altsorbing . . .
struggle with worldly annoyances.
Oearge Eliot, Middlemarch, II. S46.
EnnoUwi this dull pomp, the life of kings,
By contemplation of diviner things.
M. Arnold, Mycerinus.
His images are noble, or, If borrowed from humble
objects, ennobled by his handling.
0. w. Holmee, Emerson, xvi.
3t. To make notable, famous, or memorable.
The Spaniards could not as invaders land in Ireland,
Vtut only ennobled some of the coasts thereof with ship-
wrecks. Bacon.
1939
This man [Carolus Martellus] is much ennobled by many
classical Historiographers. Coryat, Crudities, I. 47.
Naples ... is backt by mountains enobled for their
generous wines. Sandys, Travailes, p. 198.
ennoblement (e-no'bl-ment), n. [< ennoble +
-ment.'\ 1. The act of ennobling, or advancing
to nobility ; the state of being ennobled.
He [Henry VII.]added during parliament to his former
creations the ennoblement or aduancement in nobilitie of
a few others. Bacon, Hist Hen. VII., p. 15.
2. Exaltation; elevation in degree of excel-
lence; dignity.
The eternal wisdome . . . enricht him with those en-
noblements which were worthy him that gave them.
Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, i.
ennobler (e-n6'bl6r), n. One who or that which
ennobles. .
Above all, the ideal with him [Spenser] was not a thing
apart and unattainable, but the sweetener and ennobler
of the street and the fireside. A'. A. Rev., CXX. 357.
Ennomidae (e-nom'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Enno-
mus + -idir.'\ A proposed family of moths:
same as Ennominw. Guenie, 1857.
Ennominae (en-o-mi'ne), «. pi. [NL., < Enno-
mus + -ime.) A subfamily of geometrid moths,
having as type the genus Ennomus. Packard,
1876. Other names of the same group are En-
nomidw and Ennomites.
Ennomns (en'o-mus), n. [NL. (Treitschke,
1825), < Gr. Iwo/iof, feeding in, inhabiting (a
place), < iv, in, + vi/jav, feed, pasture, vi/icmai,
feed, graze.] A genus of geometrid moths,
typical of the subfamily Ennominw, having the
body robust, the wings dentate, and the anten-
nae stout. The larvw are tuberculate, and feed on the
leaves of trees. The few species are confined to Europe.
f)ri(iinally Ennomos.
ennoyt, «. and v. An obsolete form of annoy.
ennui (oii-nwe'), n. [F., the mod. form of OF.
rnui, older anoi >E. annoy; see annoy, n.] A
painful or wearisome state of mind due to the
want of any object of interest, or to enforced
attention to something destitute of interest;
the condition of being bored; tedium.
The only fault of It is Insipidity ; which is apt now and
then to give a sort of «nnut, which makes one form cer-
tain little wisheathat signify nothing. (^ray. Letters.
Undoubtedly the very tedium and ennui which presume
to have exhausted the variety and the Joys of life are as
old as Adam. Thoreau, Walden, p. 12.
The dreadful disease of ennui, of llfe-wearlness, attacks
all who have no aim, no permanent purpose.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 88.
ennny6 (oh-nwe-ya'), a. and n. [F. (fem. en-
nuyec), pp. of ennuyer, affect with ennui, the
mod. form ot OF. anoier, > E. annoy : see an-
noy, v., and cf. ennut.] I. a. Affected with
ennui ; bored ; sated with pleasure.
H. n. One affected with ennui; one whom
satiety has rendered incapable of receiving
pleasure from the occupations of life; one in-
different to or bored by ordinary pleasures or
interests.
enodal (e-no'dal), a. [< e- + nodal."] 1. In
bot., without nodes; jointless. — 2. Not having
nodes: said of an aspect of a polyhedron.
Xirkman.
Also enodous.
enodally (e-no'dal-i), adv. In an enodal man-
ner or shape.
enodationt(e-no-da'shqn), n. r<L.cnoda«o(n-),
< cnodare, clear from knots, < e, out, + nodus
= E. knot.] 1. In husbandry, the cutting away
of the knots of trees. Bailey, 1727.— 2. The act
or operation of clearing of knots, or of untying ;
hence, solution, as of a difficulty.
Scarcely anything that way proved too hard for him for
his enodation.
W. Selater, Sermon at Funeral of A. Wheelock, 1654.
enodel (e-nod'), o. [=F. Snode, < L. enodis, knot-
less, < e, out, + nodus = E. knot.] Destitute
of knots; knotless.
enodet (e-nod'), v. t. [< L. enodarc. make free
from knots, < enodis, free from knots : see enode,
a.] Toclearof knots; make clear. Cockeram.
Enodia (e-no'di-a), n. [NL., < Gr. iv66toi, in or
by the way, by the wayside, < iv, in, -f oM^,
way.] In entom.: (a) A genus of butterflies,
including such as E.portlandia and a few other
species. HUbner, 1816. (h) A genus of wasps,
of the family Sphegidee: synonymous with Pa-
rnsjihrx. Dahlhom, 1843.
enodous (o-no'dus), a. [< e- -♦- nodous.] Same
as eniifial.
enofft, «■ <'in<l »■ An obsolete spelling of enough.
enoilt, i- t- [Early mod. E. also enhuile (after
F.); < ME. enoylen, < OF. enoilier. enolier, en-
nuiier, ennuilier, enhuilier, etc., < ML. inoleare.
enorle
anoint with oil : see anoil (doublet of erwiX) and
anele.] To anoint.
Their manner was to enhuile or anoint their very altars
all over. Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 771.
enointt, v. t. A Middle English form of anoint.
enology (e-nol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. oIvoq, wine, +
-7.oyia, < 'Xi'yeiv, speak : see -ology.] The art of
making wine.
The school of ' ' viticultiu*e and enology, " or vine-growing
and wine-makinc, at Conegliano [Italy], dates from 1876.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 461.
enomotarch (e-nom'o-tark), n. [< Gr. ivujio-
rdfiXK, < ivu/ioria, an enomoty, -t- apxctv, rule.]
The commander of an enomoty. Mitford.
enomoty (e-nom'o-ti), n. [< Gr. ivafwria, a di-
vision of the Spartan army, lit. a sworn band,
<_ivu/wTog, sworn, bound by oath, < iv, in, -i-
"upoTog, verbal adj. of bpvwai, swear.] In Gr.
antiq., any band of sworn soldiers ; specifically,
the smallest subdivision of the Lacedsemonian
army, from twenty-five to thirty-two or thirty-
six in number, bound together by a common
oath.
enophthalmus (en-of-thal'mus), M. [NL., < Gr.
iv, m, -t- ofda^pog, the eye.] In pathoL, retrac-
tion of the bulb of the eye from spasm of the
extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Enopla (en'o-pla), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. ivov^,
armed, in armor, < iv, in, -1- Inrla, arms.] A
subordinal group of nemerteans or rhynchocoe-
lous turbellarians, containing those nemertine
worms which have the proboscis armed with
stylets : opposed to Anopla. The group is equiv-
alent to the family A mphipondte (which see), of the order
Turbellaria. The species are of microscopic size, and live
in fresh or salt water, whence they sometimes find their
way into the alimentary canals of higher animals.
Enopllds (e-nop'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Enopla
+ -ida:] A family of non-parasitic, free, and
mostly marine threadworms, of the order A'e-
matoidea, resembling and related to the Anguil-
lulidm or vinegar-eels. The leading genera are
Enoplus, Enchelidium, and Dorylamus.
Many of the species have a peculiar spinning-gland at
the posterior end of the body and opening on the under side
of the tail. . . . One end of the thread is glued fast, the
other floats the animal in the water. Most of i\i& Eiwpli.
dae avoid the neighl>orhood of putrefaction, but delight in
pure soils and waters, in which they often abound.
Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 209.
enopllOS (e-nop'li-os), n. [< Gr. ivi-rrhoc, in
arms, armed (the meter being so called from its
use in war-songs and war-dances), < iv, in, -I-
bv?jov, atool,pl.05r/l/i, arms.] In anc. pro«., an an-
apestie tripody, with admission of an iambus as
the first foot instead of an anapest or anapestic
spondee (p~^ ^|ww^ | s^v,.ijOr'-'-'|ww
-c I w w .£-). It w^ also analyzed by some ancient me-
tricians as consisting of four feet, an iambus or a spondee, a
pyrrhIc, a trochee, and an iambus (^ — | w w | — ... | w — ),
or of two feet, an Ionic a majore and a choriambus (
enoploteutnid (e-nop-16-tii'thid), n. A cepha-
lopod of tlie family Enoploteuthida' ; an onycho-
teuthid. Iloi/le, 1886.
Enoploteuthidse (e-nop-lo-tii'thi-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Enoploteuthis + -idw.] A family of
cuttlefishes: same as Onychoteuthididw.
Enoploteuthis (e-nop-lo-tu'this), n. [NL., <
Gr. tvoK/.oQ, in arms, -t- Tct^ic, a cuttlefish.] A
genus of cuttlefishes, of the family Onyckoteu-
thidida;, in which the sessile arms have hooks
but no suckers.
Enoplus (en'o-plus), n. [NL., < Gr. focm-Aof, in
arms,< iv, in, -f JTrXor, a tool, pi. oir^a, arms.] 1.
The typical genus of nematodes or thread-
worms of the family Enoplidce. E. tridentatvs
is an example. — 2. In entom., a genus of Scara-
bceidte, containing one species, E. tridens, from
Lifu island. Reiche, 1860.
enoptomancy (e-nop'to-man-si), w. [< Gr. tv-
ojrrof, seen in (< iv, m, + W "im, see: see optic),
+ pavTcia, divination.] Divination by means
of a mirror. Smart.
enorchis (e-ndr'kis), n. [L. (Pliny), < Gr. hop-
X'i, having testicles, < iv, in, -t- ipx'C, a testicle.]
The name given by some ancient authors to a
species of eaglestone having a nucleus inclosed
in an outer crust.
enorlet, v. t. [ME. enorlen, enotirlen, < OF. *enor-
ler, < en- -t- orler, ourler (= Pr. Sp. Pg. orlar =
It. orlare), edge, ornament with an edging, <
orle, edge : see orlc] To edge ; border; clothe.
The vale was evene rownde with vynea of silver,
Alle with grapis of golde, gretter ware never !
Enhorilde with arborye and alkyns trees,
Erberis fuUe honeste, and byrdez there undyre.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8246.
Angeleg enourled in alle that is dene,
Bothe with-inne A with-outen, in wedej ful iirygt.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 19.
enorm
enormf (e-n6rm'), a. [= D. 6. Dan. Sw. enorm
= F. enorme = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. eiwrme, < L. enor-
mia, irregular. Immoderate, immense, < e, out
of, + wornia, rule: see norm. Cf.enormous.l 1.
Deviating from rule or standard; abnonnal.
All uniform,
Pure, perrious. imraixed, . . . nothing enorm.
Dr. U. More, Song of the Soul, I. ii. 22.
2. Excessively wicked ; enormous.
That tliey may suffer such punishment as so cHorm . . .
actions have justly deserved.
Sir C. Cornwaitig, To James I., Supp. to Cabala, p. 99.
enormf (e-norm'), r. t. [Also inorm ;X enorm,
n.] To make monstrous.
Then lets hee fi-iends the fantacie enomne
With strong delusions and witli passions dire.
Dacies, Mirum in Moduni, p. 9.
enormal (e-n6r'mal), a. [As enorm + -al.'] De-
viating from the' norm, standard, or type of
form; subtypical; etypie. [Bare.]
enormiOTlSt (e-n6r'mi-us), a. [< L. enorm-is (see
enorm) + E. -ous. Cf. enormous.'] Enormous.
Observe, sir, the great and etwrmious abuse hereof
amongst Christians, confuted of an Ethnicke philosplier.
Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
The eiwrmioiu additions of their artificial heights.
Jer. Tayior(1), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 60.
enormitant (e-n6r'mi-tan), n. [Irreg. < enor-
mity + -an.)' A wretch; a monster. L'JSs-
trange.
enormity (e-n6r'mi-ti), n. ; pi. enormities (-tiz).
[< OP. enormite, V . inormite z= Sp. enormidad =
Pg. enormidade = It. enormitA, enormitade, enor-
mitate = D. enormiteit = G. enormitdt, < L. enor-
mita(t-)s, irregularity, hugeness, < enormis, ir-
regular, huge: see enorm, enormous.'] 1. The
state or quality of being enormous, immoderate,
or extreme ; atrociousness ; vastness : in a bad
sense : as, the enormity of his offense.
We are told that crimes of great enormity were perpe-
trated by the Athenian Government and the democracies
under its protection. Macaulay, Mitford's Hist. Greece.
2. Enormousness ; immensity: without derog-
atory implication. [Rare.]
In the .Sbakspeare period we see the fulness of life and
the enormity of power throwing up a tropical exuberance
of vegetation. De Quincey, Style, iii.
3. That which surpasses endurable limits, or
is immoderate, extreme, or outrageous; a very
grave offense against order, right, or decency ;
atrocious crime ; an atrocity.
And if any deeme it a shame to our Nation to haue any
mention made of those inonnities, let them pervse the
Histories of the Bpanyards Discoveries and Plantations.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 164.
As to salutjitions, ... I observe, as I stroll about town,
there are great enormities committed with regard to this
particular. Steele, Spectator, No. 259.
=Syil. 1 and 3. Enormity, Enormoitsness. Eniynnousness
is strictly limited to vastness in size ; enormity, to vastness
in atrocity, baseness, etc.
enormous (e-n6r'mus), a. [< L. enorm-is (see
enorm) + -ous. Cf. enormiou^.] If. Deviating
from or transgressing th e usual measure or rule ;
abnormal.
The seal
And bended dolphins play ; part huge of bulk,
Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait.
Tempest the ocean. Milton, P. L., vii, 411.
2t. Spreading or extending beyond certain lim-
its; redundant.
The enormous part of the light in the circumference of
every lucid point. Newton, Opticks.
3. Greatly surpassing the common measure ;
exceeding the usual size : as, enormous debts ;
a man of enormous size.
An enornwus harvest here, and every appearance of
peace and plenty. Sydney Smith, To the Countess Grey.
The mischiefs wrought by uninstructed law-making,
enormous in their amount as compared with those caused
by uninstructed medical treatment, are conspicuous to all
who do but glance over its history.
//. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 48.
4. Extremely wicked ; uncommonly atrocious :
as, enormous crime or guilt.
A certaine fellow . . . had been a notorious robber and
ft very enormous liver. Coryat, Crudities, I. 91.
5f. Disordered; perverse.
I . . . shall find time
From this enonnorut state — seeking to give
Losses tlieir remedies. Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
The influences of a spirit possess'd of an active and enor-
nwus imagination may be malign and fatal, where they
cannot be resisted. Qlanville, Essays, vi.
=Syil. 3. Enormous, Immense, Excesm'-ve, huge, vast,
monstrous, prodigious, gigantic, immoderate, tmwieldy.
The first three words agree in expressing greatness, and
the first two vastness ; anything, however small, is exces-
sive if for some special reason too great in amount. Lit*
erally, enormous is out of rule, ont of proportion ; im-
tnetise, unmeasured, inmieasurable ; excessive, going be-
1940
yond bounds, surpassing what is fit, right, tolei-able, etc.
Enormous is peculiarly applicable to magnitude, primarily
physical, but also moral; as, (??lormoiw egotism; immense,
to extent, quantity, and number : as, an immense national
debt: immense {ol\y; excessive, to deinree : as, an excessive
dose ; an excessive opinion of one's own merits.
The total quantity of saline matter carried invisibly
away by the Thames from its basin alxive Kingston will
. . . reach, in the course of a year, to the eiwnno(« amount
of 548,230 tons. Huxley, Physiography, p. 126.
The controversy between Protestantism and Catholicism
comprises an immense mass of complicated and hetero-
geneous arguments. Leclcy, Eationalism, I. 177.
An excessive expenditure of nerve-force involves exces-
sive respiration and circulation, and excessive waste of tis-
sue. //. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 21.
4. Villainous, Abomiimble, etc. (see nejarious)', heinous,
atrocious.
enormously (e-n6r'mus-li), adv. In or to an
enormous degree; extremely; vastly; beyond
measure.
The rise in the last year . . . affords the most consoling
and encouraging prospect. It is enormously out of all
proportion. Burke, A Regicide Peace, iii.
But there can be no doubt that all the forms of living
matter are enormously complex in chemical constitution.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 315.
enormousness (e-n6r'mus-nes), 11. The state
of being enormous or extreme ; greatness be-
yond measure.
Loud sounds have a certain enormottsness of feeling.
W. James, Mind, XII. 3.
= Syn. Immensity, vastness, hugeness. ^&g erwrmity.
enornt, enournt, v. t. [ME. enurnen, enournen,
var. of anournen, var. of aornen, aournen, for
adornen, adorn: see adorn.] To adorn.
An auter enoicrnet in nome of a god.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1675.
enorthotrope (en-6r'tho-tr6p), n. [< Gr. iv, in,
-I- opSof, straight, right, + rpmciv, turn.] A
toy similar to the thaumatrope, consisting of a
card on different parts of which are detached
portions of a picture, which on rapid revolution
appear to become joined, by virtue of the prin-
ciple of persistence in visual impressions. See
thaumatrope.
enostosis (en-os-to'sis), «.; pi. enostoses (-sez).
[NL., < Gr. ev, in, + bartov, bone, + -osis.] A
circumscribed bony growth in the interior of a
bone : opposed to exostosis.
enough (f-nuf), a. and >i. [Early mod. E. also
i«o!(^/i,ete., andenott', dial, enow, cnoo (also enuf,
cnif, a spelling recognized even in late ME.
cnoffe) = Sc. eneuch, cneugh ; < ME. enoyh, enoli,
enow, enou, also with prefix spelled »-, y-, a-,
inough, inogh, inouh, inch, inoui, inou, etc.,
ynough, etc., anough, etc., pi. ending in -e,
cnoglie, enowe, etc., earliest ME. genoh, < AS.
genoh, pi. genoge = OS. ginog, ginuog = OFries.
enoch, anog, nocli = D. genoeg = LG. genaug,
enaug, naug = OHG. ginuog, ginuoc, MHG. ge-
nuoc, also OHG. ginogi, MHG. ginuege, G. genug,
sometimes gnug, genung = Icel. gnogr = Sw.
nog = Dan. nok = Goth, ganohs, enough, suffi-
cient, abundant, in pi. many (cf. Goth, ganaulta,
sufficiency, AS. genyht = OHG. ginuht, G. ge-
niige, sufficiency) ; < AS. geneah = OHG. ginah
= Goth, ganah (Goth, also binalt, with pp. hi-
nauhts), it suffices, animpers. pret. pres. verb;
< ga-, ge-, generalizing prefix, + Teut. -|/ *7ioh
= Skt. v' nag, attain, reach to, = L. nancisei
(■\/*Hac), acquire, = Gr. f/i'cyKa {■]/ *veii), irreg.
2d aor. of <pepeiv, bear.] I. a. Answering the
purpose; adequate to want or demand; suffi-
cient; satisfying desire ; giving content; meet-
ing reasonable expectation.
The nexte daye, Frydaye, that was Newe Yeres daye,
there was metely wynde ynoughe, but it was so scarse to-
wardes oure waye that we Inade noo spede.
Sir Ji. Guyl/orde, Pylgryniage, p. 72.
How many hired servants of my father's have bread
enough and to spare ! Luke xv, 17.
It were enough to put him to ill thinking.
Shak., Othello, iii. 4.
Have you not yet found means enoiv to waste
That which your friends have left you?
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
\Enotujh usually follows the noun which it qualifies, but
it is sometimes put before it."
There is not enough leek to swear by.
Shak., Hen. V,, v. 1.]
= Syn. Sufficient, Competent, etc. See adequate.
II. n. A quantity of a thing or act, or a num-
ber of things or persons, sufficient to satisfy
desire or want, or adequate to a purpose ; suf-
ficiency : as, we have enough of this sort of cloth.
He answerde, that he was gret Lord y now, and well in
pees, and hadde ynowghe of worldly Ricchesse.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 146.
Inough is a feast; more than ynough is counted fool-
ishnesse. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 83.
And Esau said, I have ejiough, my brother.
Gen. xxxiii. 9.
en pied
What I attempted to consider was the mischief of set-
ting such a value upon what is past as to think we have
done enough. Steele, Spectator, No. 374.
Enough and enought, more than enough.
Every one of us, from the bare sway of his own inherent
corruption, carrying enough and enough alK)Ut liini to as-
sure his final doom. South, Sennons, VI. cxxvi.
= Syn. Plenty, abundance.
enough (e-nuf'), adv. [Early mod. E. also
inough, etc., and enew, etc.; < ME. enogh, etc.
(like the adj.), < AS.genoh (= OS. ginog, ginuog
= OFries. enoch, etc., = D. genoeg = LG. g'cnang,
enaug, naug = OHG. MHG. ginuog, G. genug,
etc.), adv., neut. ace. of adj.] 1. In a quantity
or degree tliat answers the purpose, satisfies, or
is equal to the desires or wants ; to a sufficient
degree; sufficiently.
Tlie wey from Rome it ys knowen perfyghthly / now
with many Sondry persons to Englond, And ther for I Doo
not A'ryght itt. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 67.
The land, behold, it is large enough for them.
Gen. xxxiv. 21.
I have seen many a philosopher whose world is large
enough for only oneperson. Erturson, Society and Solitude.
2. To a notable extent; fairly; rather: used
to denote a slight augmentation of the positive
degree, the force depending upon the connec-
tion or the emphasis : as, he is ready enough to
embrace the offer.
It is sometimes pleasant enough to consider the different
notions which difterent pei*sons have of the same tiling.
Addison.
Another admired simile in the same play, . . . though
academical euough, is certainly just.
Goldsmith, Sequel to a Poetical Scale.
3. In a tolerable or passable degree : used to
denote diminution, or a degree or quality
rather less than is desired, or such a quanti-
ty or degree as commands acquiescence rather
than full satisfaction : as, the performance is
well enough.
I was . . . virtuous enough : swore little ; diced, not
above seven times a week. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3.
Thou singest well enough for a shift.
Sitak., Much Ado, ii. 3.
4+. To a great degree; very much.
Game of hounde's he louede inou & of wilde best.
Robert of Gloucester, 1. 375.
enough (e-nuf), interj. An elliptical exclama-
tion, signifying 'it (or that) is enough,' 'I have
had enough,' 'you have done enough,' etc.
Lay on, Macduff I
And damn'd be him that first cries "Hold, enough!"
Shak., Macl>eth, v. 7.
Henceforth I'll l)ear
Afiliction, till it do cry out itself,
Enough, enough, and die. Sfiak., Lear, iv. 6.
enounce (e-nouns'), ». «. ; pret. and pp.
enounced, ppr. enouncing. [< F. enoncer = Sp.
Pg. enunciar = It. enunciare, enunziare, < L.
enunciare, prop, enuntiare, say out, declare:
see enunciate. Cf. announce, denounce, etc.]
To utter; declare; enunciate; state, as a prop-
osition or an argument.
Aristotle, in whose philosophy this presumption ob.
tained the authority of a principle, thus enounces the ar-
gument. Sir W. Hamilton.
Very few of the enlightened deputies who occasionally
enounce the principle (the necessity of good roads for the
nationl feel the necessity of having good roads in their
own district. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 226.
enouncement (e-nouns'ment), «. [< enounce
-I- -ment.] The act of enouncing; enunciation.
It might seem to him too evidently included in the very
conception of the argument to require enou}u-ement.
Sir ir. Hamilton.
enournt, v. t. See eno>-n.
enO'W (e-nou'), a., n., and adv. A dialectal or
obsolete form of enough.
enpairet, v- t. A Middle English form of impair.
en passant (oii pa-son'). [F.: en, in, < L. in;
]xi.i.sant, verbal n. of passer, pass.] While
passing; by the way: often used as introduc-
tory to an incidental remark or a sudden dis-
connected thought. In chess, when, on moving a pawn
two squares, an adversary's pawn is at the time in such a
position as to take the pawn moved if it were moved but
one square, the moving pawn may be taken en passant,
the jdirase being used in its literal sense,
enpatront (en-pa'tron), V. t. [< e)i-l + patron.]
To have under one's patronage or guardian-
ship ; be the patron saint of.
For these, of force, must your oblations be,
Since I their altar, you enpatron me.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 224.
enpayret, enpeiret, ». t. Middle English foi-ms
of impair.
en pied (on pya). [F. : en, in, on ; liied, < L.
pes (ped-) = E. foot.] In her., standing erect :
said of a creature used as a bearing, especially
a bear.
enpierce
enpiercet, r. '. See impieree.
enpightt, c. t. See empight.
enpledet, enpleett, r. t. See implead.
enpoisont, c- t- See empoison.
enpovert, ' • '■ See empover.
enpowdert, '•• t. [< en- + powder.'] To sprin-
kle; powder.
Clothe of golde enpowdered eniong patches of canuesse,
or perles aiid diamond emoiig peeble atones.
L'dall, To Queen Katheriue.
enprentt, enpreyntt, v. t. See imprint.
enpresst, c f- An obsolete variant of impress.
en prince (on prans). [F.] In a princely style
or manner; liberally; magnificently: as, he
does everything en prince.
I supp'd this night with Mr. Secretary, «t one Mr. Hou-
blon's, a French merchant, who had his house furoish'd
en prince, and gave us a splendid entertainment.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 16, 1679.
enprintt, v. t. See imprint.
eupriset, "• See emprise.
enprisont, v. t. See imprison.
enpropret, p. t. A variant of ajjpropre. Chaucer.
enqueret, v. t. See iriquire.
enquestt, «. See inquest.
enquickent (en-kwik'n), v. t. [< en-l + quick-
en.] To quicken ; make alive.
Ue hath not yet enquickened men generally with this
deiform life. Dr. II. More, Notes on Psycboaoia,
enquire, enquiry, etc. See inquire, etc.
enracet (en-ras'), c t. [< en-l + race2.] To
give race or origin to; implant; enroot.
Eteniall God, in his alniightie powre, . . .
In i'aradize whylome did plant this flowre ;
Wlieuce lie it fttcht out of lier native place.
And did in stocke of earthly flesh enraee,
Spenaer, F. (J., III. v. 52.
enrage (en-raj'), v. ; pret. and pp. enraged, ppr.
enraging. [< OF. eiirager, Intr., rage, rave,
storm, F. enrager (— t^. enrabiar, enraijar, en-
rapjar, enranjar), < en- -t- rage, rage : see rage.]
I. trans. To excite rage in ; exasperate ; pro-
voke to fury or madness ; make furious.
I pray you, speak not ; he grows worse and worse ;
Question enrages him. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
What doubt we to Incense
His utmost Ire? which, to the highth enraged,
Will . . , quite consume us. Milton, P. L., ii. 95.
~ ^S}^ "^^ irritate, Incense, anger, madden, infuriate.
U. intrans. To become angry or enraged.
[A Gallicism.]
My father . . . wQl only enraoe at the temerity of of-
fering to confute hinu Mut Burttey, Cecilia, Ix. 7.
enraged (en-rajd'), p. a. (^Pp. of enrage, v.]
1. Angry; furious; exhibiting anger or fury :
as, an enraged countenance.
The loudest sea* and niott enraged winds
Sliall loae their clangor.
B. Janeon, Sad Shepherd, iil. 2.
2t. Aggravated; heightened; passionate.
By my troth, my lord, I cannot tell what to think of it ;
but that she loves him with an enraged affection — it is
past the inflnite of thought. Shak., Much Ado, II. 3.
3. In her., having a position similar to that
noted by salient : said of a horse used as a bear-
ing,
enragementf (en-raj'ment), n. f< OF. enrage-
niint: as inrage + -meni.] The act of enraging,
or the HtateoiF being enraged; excitement; ex-
altation.
With Bweete enragement of celestiall lore.
Spenter, Heavenly Love.
enrailt (en-ril'),*'. <. [< en-1 + rai/1.] To sur-
round with a rail or railing ; fence in.
Where fam'd St. OUea's ancient limits spread,
An enradd column rears ita lofty head.
Oay. Trivia, 11.
enranget (en-ranj'), r. t. [Early mod. E. also
enraunge ; < en-i + range. Cf. arrange,] 1.
To put in order or in line.
Fayre Diana, in fresh sommera day,
Beboldes her nymphea enraung'd In shady wood.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xlL 7.
2. To rove over ; range.
In all this forreat and wyld wooddie ralne :
Where, aa this day I was enraunginff It,
I cbaunst to meete this kotetat
^nuer, F. Q., Vt IL 9.
enrankt (on-rank'), r. t. [< en-1 + rank^.] To
jiluce in ranks or in order.
>'o leisure had he to enrani his men.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., 1. 1.
en rapport (on ra-p6r'). [F. : en, in; rapport,
connection: see ra;>por<.] In relation or con-
nection ; in or into communication or a.ssocia-
tion: especially, in sympathotio relation: as,
to bring A en rapport with B, or two persons
with each other.
1941
enrapt (en-rapf), a. [< en-1 + rapt.] Rapt;
ravished ; in a state of rapture or ecstasy.
I myself
Am like a prophet suddenly enrapt.
To tell thee that this day is ominous.
Shak., T. and C, v. 3.
He stands enrapt, the half-known voice to hear.
And starts, half -conscious, at the falling tear.
Crahbe, Works, V. 24.
enrapture (en-rap'tur), V. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
raptured, ppr. enrapturing. [< en-^ + rapture.]
To move to rapture; transport with pleasure;
delight beyond measure ; ravish.
As long as the world has such lips and such eyes,
As before me this moment enraptured I see,
Tliey may say what they will of their orbs in the skies.
But this earth is the planet for you, love, and me.
Moore, Irish Melodies.
The natives of Egypt are generally enraptured with tlie
performances of their vocal and instrumental musicians.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 81.
enravisht (en-rav'ish), V. t. [< e»-l + ravish.]
To ravish ; enrapture.
What wonder, . . .
Fraile men, whose eyes seek heavenly things to see,
At sight thereof so much enravisht bee?
Spenser, In Honour of Love, 1. 119.
enravishillglyt (en-rav'ish-ing-li), adv. Eav-
ishingly; ecstatically.
llie subtilt^ of the matter will . . . more exquisitely
and enravishtngly move the nerves than any terrestrial
body can possibly.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, App., xiii.
enravishmentt (en-rav'ish-ment), n. [< enrat-
ish + -mcnt.] Ravishment; rapture.
They [the beauties of nature] contract a kind of splen-
dour from tlie seemingly obscuring veil; which adds to
the enravishmentg of her transported admirers.
GlanvUle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xxiv.
enregiment (en-rej'i-ment), f. t. [< en-1 +
regiment.] To enroll in regiments. [Bare.]
You cannot drill a regiment of knaves into a regiment
of honest men, enregiment and organize as cunningly as
you will. Froude, Carlyle, II.
enregister (en-rej'is-tSr), r. t. [Formerly also
inregister; < F. enregistrer, < en- + registrer, re-
gister: see register.] To register; enroll or
record. [Obsolete or rare.]
To reade enregistred In every nooke
His goodneaae, which his beautie doth declare.
Spenser, Hymn of Heavenly Beauty, L 132.
en r^le (oA reg'l). [F.: en, in; r^gle, < L.
regula, rule : see rule.] According to rule ; in
order; indue form; as it should be.
enrhenmt (en-r6m'), r. i. [< F. enrhumer, give
a cold to, refl.take a cold, < en- + rliumc, rheum:
see rheum.] To have rheum through cold.
The physician la to enquire where the party hath taken
cold or enrheumed. Harvey.
enrlcll (en-rich'), r. t. [Formerly also iJiricA ;
< ME. enrichen, < OF. enrichier, enrichir, F.
enrichir (= Pr. enrequezir, enriquir, enrriquir,
enrequir = Sp. Pg. enriquecer = It. inricehire), <
en- + riche, rich: see rich.] 1. To make rich,
wealthy, or opulent; supply with abundant
property: as, agriculture, commerce, and man-
ufactures enrich a nation.
Hee inriehed with reuennes and indued with priuiledges
al places of religion within Ills Islands.
tiakluyl's Voyages, I. 12.
War disperses wealth In the very instant It acquires it ;
but commerce, well regulated, ... is the only thing that
ever did enrich extensive kingdoms.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 367.
Lavish as the Qovemment was of titles and of money,
Its ablest servant was neither ennobled nor enriched.
Maeaulay, Sir William Temple.
3. To fertilize ; make fertile ; supply with nu-
triment for plants.
The benefit and usefulness of this effusion of the Spirit ;
like the Rivers of Waters that l>oth refresh and enrich,
and thereby make glad the City of Ood.
Stillingfieet, Sermons, I. ix.
.See the sweet brooks In silver mazes creep.
Enrich the meadows, and supply the deep.
Sir It. Blackmore.
3. To supply with an abundance of anything
desirable; fill or store: as, to enrich the mind
with knowledge, science, or useful observations.
Enrich my fancy, clarify my thoughts,
Rellne my dross. Quar^, Emblems, I., Inv.
The commentary with which Lyndwooil enriched his
text was a mine of learning.
R. y>: Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xlx.
Acrosa the north of Africa came again the progressive
culture of Greece and Rome, enriched with precious jew-
els of old-world lore. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 266.
4. To supply with anything splendid or orna-
mental ; adorn : as, to enrich a ]>aintiug with
elegant drapery ; to enrich a poem or an oration
with striking metaphors or images ; to enrich a
capital with sculpture.
enroll
Tlie columns are enrich'd with hieroglyphics beyond
any tliat I have seen in Egypt.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 76.
A certain mild intellectual apathy belonged properly to
her type of beauty, and had always seemed to round and
enrich it. H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 296.
=Syn. 3. To endow. — 4. To decorate, ornament, embellish.
enncher (en-rieh'er), n. One who or that which
enriches.
enriclunent (en-rich 'ment), n. [< enrich +
-men t.] The act of enrioliing. (o) Tlie act of mak-
ing rich ; augmentation of wealth.
The enrichment of the rich, the poverty of the poor, the
public dishonesty, the debasementof the coinage, the rob-
bery of theChurchandof learning, wentonundimiiiished.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.
The hard sufferings of the poor are intensified by the
wrongful conversion of the Government to the enrichment
of its partisans. N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 274.
(6) Fertilization, as of the soil ; a making productive, (c)
Improvement by the abundant supply of what is useful or
desii-able.
I grant that no labour tends to the permanent enrich-
ment of society whicli is employed in producing things for
the use of unproductive consumers. J. S. Mill.
The great majority of those who favor some enrichment
of the meager ritual of the Puritan churches yet prefer
that the leader of their worship shall have some liberty
of expression. The Century, XXXI. 152.
(d) The garnishing of any object with rich ornaments, or
with elalxirate decorative motives : as, the enrichment of
a iMjokbinding, or of a stole ; also, the ornamentation it-
self ; as, ornamented with a brass enrichment.
West of the Church stands the atrium, with the win-
dows of the west front and the remains of mosaic enrich-
ment rising above it. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 106.
enridget (en-rij'), v. t. [< ew-i -I- ridge.] To
ridge ; form into ridges.
As I stootl here below, methought his eyes
Were two full moons ; he had a thousand noses,
Horns whelk'd, and wav'd like the enridged sea.
Shak., Lear, Iv. 6.
enring (en-ring'), V. t. [< en-1 -f ring^.] To
form a circle about ; encircle ; inclose.
Ivy . . . enrlngs the barky fingers of the elm.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
The Muses and the Graces, group'd in threes,
Enring'd a billowing fountain in the midst.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
enrlpenf (en-ri'pn), v. t. [< en-l -t- ripen.] To
ripen ; bring to perfection.
The .Summer, how it enripen'd the year ;
And Autumn, what our golden harvests were.
Donne, Elegies, xiv.
enrivet (en-riv'), v. t. [< cw-i + rive.] To rive ;
cleave.
The wicked shaft, guydf d through th" ayrle wyde
By some bad spirit that it to mischiefe bore,
.Stayd not, till througli his curat it did glyde,
And made a griesly wound in his enriven side.
Spe7iser, F. Q., V. viil. 34.
Where shall I unfold my Inward pain
Tliat my enriven heart may find relief?
Lady Pembroke (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 280X
enrobe (en-rob'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. enrobed,
ppr. enrobing. [< en-1 -f- robe.] To clothe; at-
tire ; invest ; robe.
Quaint in green, slie shall be loose enrob'd.
Shak.,i,l. W. of W.,iv. 6.
In fiesh and lilood enrob'd. J. BaiUie.
enrobement (en -rob 'ment), n. [< enrobe +
-ment.] Vesture; clothing; investment.
The form of dialogue is here [in Plato] no external as-
sumption of an imaginary enrobement, for the sake of in-
creased attractiveness and heightened charm.
Jour. Spec. Phil., XIX. 41.
enrockment (on-rok'ment), n. [<e«-l -I- rock^
-I- -mcnt.] A mass of large stones thrown into
the water to protect the outer face of a dike
or breakwater, or a shore subject to encroach-
ment of the sea.
enroll, enrol (en-rol'), v. t. [Formerly also in-
roll, inrol, early mod. E. also enroute, inroule;
< ME. enrollen, < OF. enroller, enrotilcr (also en-
rotuler), F. enrdler, write in a roll, = Sp. enrollar
= Pg. enrolar (cf. equiv. Sp. arrollar = It. ar-
rolare), roll up, < ML. inrotulare, write in a roll,
< L. in, in, -I- rotulus, a little wheel, ML. a roll:
see en- and roll.] 1. To write in a roll or regis-
ter; insert or enter the name of in a list or
catalogue : as, to enroll men for military service.
For that [the religion of Maliometl makes it not only
lawfuU to destroy those of a different Religion, but en-
rolls them for Martyre that die in the Field.
Stillingfleet, Sermons, II. 11.
Heroes and heroines of old
By honour only were enrolVd
Among their brethren of the skies. Swift.
2. To record ; insert in records ; put into writ-
ing or on record.
That this saide ordynauncez and constitucionz . . .
schall be ferme and stalile, we the sai(ie Maiour bnilifs
and commune counsayle haue lette enroll hit in a roll.
Englith Gilds (E, E. T. S.), p. 384.
enroll
He swore consent to your succession,
Uis oath enrolled in the parliament.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. l.
An unwritten law of common right, so engraven in the
hearts of our ancestors, and by them so constantly enjoy-
ed and claimed, as that it needed not enrolling. Milton.
3f. To roll ; involve ; wrap.
Great heapes of tliera, like sheepe in narrow fold,
For hast did over-runne, in dust enrould.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iii, 41.
To enroll one's self, to place one's name upon a jroU or
list ; enlist as a soldier.
All the citizens capable of bearing arms enrolled them-
a^ves. Prescott.
=Syn. 1 and 2. Enlist, Register, etc. See record, v.
enroUer (en-r6'l6r), n. [Formerly also inroUer ;
cf. F. enrdleur.'] One who enrolls or registers.
enrolment, enrollment (en-rdrment),», [For-
merly also inrobnent; < F. enrdlement, < enrdler,
enroll: see enroll.l 1. The act of enrolling;
specifically, the registering, recording, or en-
tering of a deed, judgment, recognizance, ac-
knowledgment, etc,, In a court of record, in
chancery practice a decree, though awarded by the court,
was not deemed fixed until it had been engrossed on
parchment and delivered to the proper clerk as a roll of
the court.
Hee appointed a generall review to be made, and enrol-
ment of all Macedonians. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 1221.
2. That in which anything is enrolled ; a regis-
ter ; a roll.
The king himself caused them to be enrolled, and tes-
tified by a notary public ; and delivered the enrolments,
with his own hands, to the bishop of Salisbury.
Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland.
Clerk of enrolments. See cierA:.— Statute of enrol-
ment, an English statute of 1535, enacting that no land
shall pass by bargain and sale unless it be by writing
sealed, indented, and enrolled.— Statute Of enrolments.
Sec statute.
enroot (en-rof), v. t. [< cn-l + root^.'] To fix
by the root; fix fast; implant deep.
His foes are so enrooted with his friends,
That, plucking to unfix an enemy,
He doth unfasten so and shake a friend.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
enroundt (en-round'), v, t. [< e»-l + rounds.']
1. To make round; swell.
And other while an hen wol have the pippe,
A white pellet that wol the tonge enrowuie,
And softely of(f ] wol with thi nailes slippe.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 22.
2. To environ; surround; inclose.
Upon his royal face there is no note
How dread an army hath ejirounded him.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. (cho.).
en route (on rot). [F. : en, in; routCy way,
route : see route.'] On the way; upon the road.
ens (enz), w. ; pi. entia (en'shi-a). [ML., an ob-
ject, < L. en{t-)s,^ ppr. of esse^ be (first used, says
Priscian, by Jidius Ceesar) ; formed after Gr. uv
{ovT-)'j the earlier form ^seii{t-)s appears in db-
8en(t-)Sy E. absent^ prW'S€n{t~)s, 'E. present. See
am (under 6c), and cf. essence.] 1. That which
in any sense is ; an object ; something that can
be named and spoken of.
Ens has been viewed as the primum cognitum by a
large proportion, if not the majority of philosophers.
Sir W. Hamilton, Reid's Works, p. 934.
To thee. Creator uncreate,
O Entium Ens ! divinely great.
M. Green, The Spleen.
We cannot speak of a thing at all except in terms of
feeling, cannot imagine an ens except in relation to a sen-
tiens. G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. vi. § 13.
2. The same as first ens (which see, below).
«/o^n*o/i.— Apparent or intentional ens, a real but
unsubstantial appearance, as a rainbow. — Complex ens,
a fact, as that Columbus discovered America. Not to be
confounded with a comjMsite ens, which is an object com-
posed of different objects.— Dependent ens, that which
is caused by another: opposed to independent ens.— 'ED.S
of TBBiSOU (ens rationis), a product of mental action. — Ens
per accidens, something existing only as an accident of a
substance, or ens per se. — Fictitious ens, a product of
the inventive imagination. — First ens {ens jyriinum), with
Paracelsus and other old chemists, that which contains
the virtue of the substance from which it is extracted.
This liquor, being sealed up in a convenient glass, must
be exposed to the sun for about six weeks, at the end of
which time there will swim at the top of it the primum
ens of the plant in a liquid form, transparent, and either
green or red or perhaps of some other colour, according
to the nature of the plant.
Boyle, Usefulness of Nat. Phil., ii., Essay 5.
Imaginary ens, an object of imagination in its widest
sense. Thus, an object remembered is an imaginary ens.
— Most perfect ens (ens realissimum), that whose es-
sence involves all perfections, including existence.
Being is not a predicate which can be found in the sub-
ject of any judgment, and if we desire to add it syntheti-
cally, we must have some third term l}eyond the idea of
the subject. Such third term, possible experience, is
wanting in the case of tlie Ens Realissimum, which tran-
scends experience. Adamson, Philos. of Kant.
Necessary ens, that the non-existence of which involves
contradiction, owing to Its having been defined as existent.
1942
— Objective ens, something which exists in the mind,
but only in so far as it is an object of perception. — Posi-
tive ens, something not a mere privation or negation.
— Real ens, anything whose cliaracters are independent
of wliat any pei-son or any nnmber of persons may thinlc
them to be.— Relative or respective ens, something
which exists only so far as a correlate exists. — Subjec-
tive ens, something which lias an existence otherwise than
merely as an object.
ensafet (en-saf ), 1). <. [_< cn-^ + safe.'] To ren-
der safe.
ensaintt, ''• t- [< ««-^ + saint^.'] To canonize.
For his ensaintiiig, looke the almanacke in the begin-
ning of Aprill, and see if you can find out such a saint as
Saint Gildarde, which, in honour of this gilded fish, the
pope so eiisainted.
Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 174).
ensamet, v. t. See enseam^, 2.
ensamet, »• [< ensame, v.] The grease of a
hawk.
ensample (en-sam'pl), n. [< ME. ensample, <
OF. ensample, an alteration, with en- for es-, of
OF. essample, example : see example.] It. A
sample or specimen; an instance; a typical
example.
Yet better were attonce to let me die,
And shew the last ensample of your pride.
Spenser, Sonnets, xxv.
2. A pattern or model; a guiding example.
[Archaic and poetical.]
Ze scholde zeven ensample to the lewed peple, for to do
wel ; and zee zeven hem ensample to don evylle.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 137.
Neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being
ensamples to the flock. 1 Pet. v. 3.
And drawing foul ensample from fair names,
Sinn'd also, till the loathsome opposite
Of all my heart had destined did obtain,
And all thro' thee I Tennyson, Guinevere.
ensamplet (en-sam'pl), v. t. [< ME. ensam-
plen; < ensample, n.] To exemplify; show by
example.
Homere, who in the Persons of Agamemnon and Ulysses
hath ensampled a good governour and a vertuous man.
Spenser, F. Q., To the Header.
ensanguine (en-sang'gwin), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
ensanguined, ppr. ensanguining. [< c?i-l -I- san-
guine (< L. sanguis, blood): see sanguine.] 1.
To stain or cover with blood; smear with gore.
Where cattle pastured late, now scatter'd lies
With carcases and arms the ensanguined field.
Deserted. Milton, P. L., xi. 654.
He answered not, but with a sudden hand
Made bare his branded and ensanguined brow.
Shelley, Adonais, xxxiv.
2. To color like blood ; impart a crimson color
to.
In general color they were pink, . . . but the outer
petals were dashed with a deep carmine, ensanguined,
brilliant. C />. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 67.
ensate (en'sat), a. [< NL. ensatus, < L. ensis,
a sword.] In hot. and zool., ensiform: as, the
ensate ovipositors of certain Orthoptera.
enscale (en-skal'), V. t.; pret. and pp. ensealed,
ppr. ensealing. [< ew-l -I- scale^.] To carve or
form with scales. Clarke. [Bare.]
enschedule (en-sked'ul), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
enscheduled, ppr. enscheduling . [< «»-l + sched-
ule.] To schedule ; insert in a schedule.
Our just demands ;
Whose tenors and particular effects
You have, enschedul'd briefly, in your hands.
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
ensconce (en-skons'), V. t.; pret. and pp. en-
sconced, ppr. ensconcing. [Formerly also in-
sconce, inskonse; < en-^ + sconce.] 1. To cover
or shelter as with a sconce or fort ; protect ;
hide securely ; give shelter or security to.
I with small Boates and 200. men would haue gone to
the head of the riuer Chawonock, with sufflcient guides
by land, inskonsing my selfe euery two dayes.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 88.
I will ensconce me behind the arras.
Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
Convey him to the sanctuary of rebels,
Nestorius' house, where our proud brother has
Ensconc'd himself.
Shirley (and Fletcher 7), Coronation, iv. 1.
Pedro de Vargas, a shrewd, hardy, and vigilant soldier,
alcayde of Gibraltar, . . . lay enscortced in his old warrior
rock as in a citadel. Irving, Granada, p. 7r>.
Hence — 2. To fix firmly or snugly ; settle ;
lodge: as, he ensconced himself in his comfort-
able arm-chair. [CoUoq.]
ensculpture (en-skulp'tur), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
ensculptured, ppr. ensculpturing. [< en-1 -I- sculp-
ture.] To carve ; sculpture. [Poetical.]
Those shapes distinct
That yet survive ensculptured on the walls
Of palaces or temples, 'mid the wreck
Of famed Persepolis. Wordsworth, Apology.
enseal (en-sel'), v. t. [< ME. enselen, < OF. en-
seeler, enseler, ensceler, enseller, etc., < ML. insigil-
ensemble
tare, enseal, < in, in, -f sigillare, seal : see seal^,
v.] 1. To set one's seal to; ratify formally.
[Archaic]
Syn my fader, in so heigh a place
As parlement, hath hire eschaunge ensealed.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 559.
And than he lete write a letter, and it dide eiisele witli
his seell. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 617.
[He]r bul enselyd, concludyng in sentence
[Thjat none of al thys ordyr ys neuer like to the.
hooke o/ I'recedetiee (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), 1. 84.
2. To seal up; keep secret.
Enseled til another day. Chaucer, Troilus, v. 151.
enseam^t, inseamt (en-, in-sem'), v. t. [< en-i,
in-^, + seam^.] 1. To seam; sew up.
A name engraved in the revestiary of the temple one
stole away, and enseamed it in Ids thigh. Camden.
2. To gather up; include; comprehend.
And bounteous Trent, that in him selfe enseames
Both thirty sorts of fish and thirty sundry streames.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xi. 36.
enseani2t(en-sem'),f.<. l<.en-^+seamS.] 1. To
make greasy ; befoul with or as if with grease.
Nay, but to live
In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
2. To purge from glut and grease: said of a
hawk. Also ensame.
enseart (en-ser'), v. t. [< en-1 + sear^.] To
sear; cauterize.
Ensear thy fertile and conceptions womb.
Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
ensearcht (en-s6rch'), v. [< ME. enserchen,
encerchen, < OF. encercher, encerchier (= Pr. en-
sercar, essercar), < en- + cerclier, etc., search:
see en-l and search.] I. trans. To search.
Another man peraimter, that wolde peynen him and
travaylle his Body for to go in to tho Marches, for to en-
cerche tlio Contrees, niyghten ben blamed be my Wordes,
in rehercynge manye straunge thiiiges.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 3J4.
He that enserchith the derknes of nygt.
And the myst of the niorowtide may se,
He schal know bi cristis niygt
If gouthe kunne synge reuertere.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 93.
H. intrans. To make a search.
At whiche tyme as they beganne fyrst to ensearehe by
reason and by reporte of olde menne there about, what
thing had bene the occasion that so good an haven was in
so fewe years so sore decayed. Sir T. More, Works, p. 227.
ensearcht (en-s6rch'), n. [< ensearch, v.]
Search; inquiry.
I pray you make some good ensearch what my poor
neighbours have lost.
Sir T. More (Arber's Eng. Gamer, I. 298).
enseelt (en-sel'), r. t. [Also ensile; < e«-l -1-
sffP.] To close the eyes of; seel, as a hawk.
ensegget, *■• and n. [ME.] Same as siege.
enseintt, «. An obsolete form of enceinte. Black-
stone.
ensemblet (F. pron. on-som'bl), adv. [ME. en-
semble, < OF. ensemble, P. ensemble = Pr. ensems,
ensemps, essemps = OCat. ensems = OSp. ensem-
ble = OPg. ensembra = It. insieme, in-sembre,
insembra, together, < LL. insimul, at the same
time, mixed with insemel, at once, < in + simul,
together, akin to semel, once, both akin to E.
same, q. v. Cf . assemble, resemble.] Together ;
all at once ; simultaneously.
In time togeders we haue be ensemble,
Where-of of pete my hert doth trimble.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3996.
ensemble (F. pron. on-som'bl), n. [F., < ensem-
ble,together: see ensemble, adv.] 1. The union
of parts in a whole ; all the parts of anything
taken together, so that each part is considered
only in relation to the whole ; specifically, the
general effect of a work of art, piece of music,
drama, etc. — 2. In music, the union of all the
performers in a concerted composition, as in a
chorus with full orchestral accompaniment. —
3. In math., a manifold or collection of ele-
ments, discrete or continuous, finite, infinite,
or superinfinite. The elements of the ensemble are
usually termed its points. The integrant parts of an en-
semble are all the other ensembles whose elements are
elements of it. Two ensembles whose elements are ca-
pable of being put into a one-to-one correspondence with
one another are said to have tho same value or to be equiv-
alent. The first value is the smallest infinite value, or that
of the ensemble of positive whole numbers. A linear en-
semble is one whose elements can be brouglit into corre-
spondence each with a difl'erent point of one line. A de-
rived ensemble is one which consists of all the limits of
elements in a primitive ensemble. An ensemble is said
to be condensed within a certain interval if there are
elements of the ensemble in every part of^the interval,
however small. Disconnected ensev}bles afe ensembles
which have no common element. A definite ensemble is
an ensemble such that every object is either determined
to be an element of it or determined not to be so, and no
object is determined in both ways. An ordered ensemble
ensemble
13 one in which tlie elements have a definite succession.
A perfect en»;mhle is one which is its own derived ensem-
Sile. See nic'ii'fr.— First genus of ensembles, that class
of ensembles which have only a finite nunilier of succes-
sive <ierived ensembles, since the elements of the nth de-
rived ensemble have no limits. — Second genus Of en-
sembles, that cla-ss of ensembles which have an infinite
succession of derived ensembles.— Tout ensemble, the
entire combination or collocation ; the assemblage of parts
or arrangement of details viewed as a whole : as, the tout
ensemble of the piece is admirable.
ensete (en-se't«), «. [Abyssinian.] An Abys-
sinian name of Musa Ensete, a noble plant of
the banana genus, it produces leaves about 20 feet
long and 3 or 4 broad, the largest entire leaf as yet known.
The flower-stalk, which is as thick as a man's arm, is used
for food, liut the fruit is worthless.
enshadef, inshadet (en-, in-shad' ), v. t.
[< e»-^,
To mark with different grada-
Latham.
i«-l, + shade.]
tions of colors.
Lily-white inshaded with the rose.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 6.
enshadow (en-shad'6), V. t. [< en-1 + shadaw.']
To enat a shadow upon ; obscure ; overspread
with shade. [Rare.]
That enthusiasm which foreshortens and emhadotct
every fault. The Independent, April 22, 1862.
ensha'Wlt (en-shal'), r. t. [< ew-l -I- shaicl.l To
cover or invest with a shawl. Quinn,
ensheathe, e. t. See insheathe.
enshieldt (en-sheld'), v. t.; pret. and pp. en-
sliiddtd (pp. abbr. enshield in extract). [< en-1
+ shield.] To shield; cover; protect.
These black masks
PriM-laim an enshield beauty, ten times louder
rhan beauty could. Shale., M. for M., ii. i.
enshoret (en-shor'), v. t. [< en- + gAorel.] To
enharbor. Daries.
Then I)eath (the end of ill unto the good)
Eitthore my sonle neer drownd in flesh and blond.
Daviet, Wittea Pilgrimage, p. 40.
enshrine fen-shnn'), v. t; pret. and pp. en-
shrined, ypr. enshrining. [Formerly also in-
1943
union in the upper comer, next the staff. For-
merly flags with fields of all the three colors were used in
the naval service, but now the white only is used for men-
of-war, the red flag being assijined to the merchant service
and the blue to the Royal Xaval Keserve. In the United
States navy the ensign is the national flag. SeeyiooS and
union.
3t. A sign or signal.
At the rebuke of five shall ye flee : till ye he left . . .
as an ensign on an hill. Isa. xxx. 17.
4. A badge ; a mark of distinction, rank, or of-
fice ; a symbol ; in the plural, insignia.
The Olive was wont to be the ensigne of Peace and
quietnesse. Spenser, Shep. Cal., April, Glosse.
His arms, or ensigns of power, are a pipe in his left hand,
composed of seven reeds. Bacon, Fable of Pan.
Cupids ... all armed with bows, quivers, wings, and
other ensigns of love. B. Jonson, Masque of Beauty.
The tax on the armorial bearings or ensigns blazoned on
the carriage. S. Dowetl, Taxes in England, III. 178.
enslave
the exclusion of oxygen is an essential feature in it, flre-
risks being thus avoided.
W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature (1st ed.), p. 79.
One of the earliest of Latin writers refers to subter-
ranean vaults (silos), wherein the ancient Romans pre-
served green forage, grain, and fruit, and the Mexicans
have practised the system for centuries. This, at any
rate, is vouched for by Mr. John M. Bailey, one of the
pioneers of the system in the United States, whose "Book
of Ensilage," etc. Mark Lane Express.
2. The fodder, etc., thus preserved.
This is probably the kind of fermentation by which grass
IS converted into ensilage. Amer. Chem. Jour., VIII. 336.
ensilage (en'si-laj), v. L; pret. and pp. ensi-
laged, ppr. ensilaging. [< ensilage, n.] To store
by ensilage ; store in a pit or silo for presers'a-
tion. See silo.
The advantage of an ensilaged crop is that it makes the
farmer independent of drought.
West Chester (Pa.) Jiepublican, VI. 4.
6t. Name and rank used as a battle-cry or ensile (en'sil), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ensiled, ppr.
watchword. ensiling. [< Sp. ensilar, preserve grain in a place
shrine ; < en-1 + shrine.] To inclose in or as
in a shrine or chest ; deposit for safe-keeping
in or as in a cabinet ; hence, to preserve with
care and affection; cherish.
In his own verse the poet still we And,
In his own page his memory lives enshrined.
O. »'. Holme; Bryant's Seventieth Birthday.
The whole of the dagoba, which is 8 ft. In diameter,
has been hollowed out to make a cell, in which an image
of Buddha is «>uAr>n<!(i.
J. Ferffus$m, Hiat. Indian Arch., p. 1S2.
enshroud (en-shroud'), V. t. [Formerly also
inshroud; < en-l + shroud.] To cover with or
as with a shroud; hence, to envelop with any-
thing which conceals from observation: as, the
sun was enshrouded in mist ; to enshroud one's
purpose in mystery.
They lark enshroudtd In the vale of nlgbt
ChurthUI, T^e Apology,
ensiferonst (en-sif'e-rus), a. [< L. ensifer (<
ensis, a sword, -I- -fer, < ferre = E. fcearl) +
-rms.] Bearing or carrying a sword. Coles,
1717; Baileij, 1733.
ensiform (en'si-fdrm), a. [= P. engiforme, <
-N'L. ensiformis, < L. ensis, a sword, + forma,
shape.] In6of.androo7.,sword-ehsped;
straight, sharp on both edges, and ta-
pering to a point : xiphoid; enBat«: as,
an ensiform leaf or organ.— Enalform
UltenOM, in entom., thoae antenna) which are
equal and tapering, with compressed joints hay.
ing oneshaip edge.— Bnalform appendage or
cartilage. See cartilage.
ensign (en'sin), n. [Formerly ■
(iiiid corruptly auncient, ajun
the sense of standard-beanr: -. .
cienfi), < OP. ensigne, ensri./,., . I . .„-
seMn= Pr. enseigna, enseyna, >.<««//,/ =
08p. enseHa = Sp. Pg. insignia = It. in-
segna, < Ml... insigna, L. insigne, a standard
Whan the Duke saugh hem come, he cride his ensigne,
and lete renne to theym that he sye comynge, and smote
in amonge hem fiercely. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 181.
6. In the British army, until 1871, one of the
lowest grade of commissioned officers in a regi-
ment of infantry, the senior of whom carried
the ensign or colors of the regiment : now called
second lieutenant. (See lieutenant.) The rank
of ensign also existed in the American revolu-
tionary army.
It was on occasion of one of these suppers that Sir James
Mackintosh happened to bring with him a raw Scotch
cousin, an ensign in a Highland regiment.
Lady Holland, in Sydney Smith, iv.
7. In the United States navy, one of the low-
est grade of commissioned officers, ranking
with second lieutenant in the army. The title
was first introduced in 1862, taking the place
of/>a«8ed»iifteA»/)Wifln.—8t.Acompany of troops
led by an ensign.
Which also was defended a while with certain ensigns
of footmen and certain pieces of artillery.
Expedition in Scotland (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 117).
ensign (en-sin' or en'sin), v. t. [< ME. ensignen,
cnsygnen, < OF. ensigner, enseigner, mark, point
out, tell, inforin, indicate, F. enseigner, tell, in-
form, teach, instruct, = Pr. enseignar, ensegnar,
esseignar = Sp. enseftar = Pg. ensinhar = It.
insegnare, < MXi. insignare, mark, indicate; cf.
L. insignire, put a mark upon, distinguish, in-
signis, distinguished by a mark, < •'«, on, -I-
signum, sign: see sign, and cf. ensign, n., on
which the E. verb in part depends.] If. To
mark or distinguish by some sign; form the
badge of.
Henry but joined the roaea, that ensigned
Particnlar families, but this hath joined
The Rose and Thistle.
B. Jonson, Prince Henry's Barriers.
2. In her., to distinguish (a charge) by a mark
or an ornament, as a crown, coronet, or miter,
borne on or over it : as, the heart in the arms of
Douglas is ensigned with a royal
crown (see the cut) — that is,
with a crown borne on the top
of it. A staff is sometimes said
to be ensigned with a flag. — 3t.
To point out to ; signify to.
Whan the queue had called them
and demaunded theym the place where
our lord Ihesu cryst had be crucefyed,
they wold neuer telle ne ensygns hyr.
Holy Bond (E. E. T. 8.), p. 167.
ensign-bearer (en'sin-bar'^r), n. One who car
ries the flag ; an ensign.
under ground, < en, in, + silo, < L. sirus, < Gr.
aip6^, also acip6c, a pit to keep grain in : see silo.]
To preserve in or as if in a silo ; prepare as en-
silage.
Ensiling has been accomplished without any chamber
at all, the green fodder being simply stacked in the open
and heavily pressed, the outer parts being, however, ex-
posed to the air. H. Robinson, Sewage Question, p. 222.
ensiludinm (en-si-Wdi-um), «.; pi. ensilndia
(-ii). [ML., < L. ensis, a sword, + ludere, play.]
In tlie middle ages, a friendly contest with
swords, usually with bated or blunted weapons.
Compare hastilude.
ensilvert, v. t. [ME. ensilreren; < fji-l -I- silver.]
To cover or adorn with silver. IVyclif, Bar. vi.
7(0xf.).
ensindont, r. t. [< en-l + sindon.] To wrap
in a sindon or linen cloth. Dames.
Now doth this loving sacred .Synaxie
SVith diuine orizons and deuout teares)
nsindon Him with choicest draperie.
Davies, Holy Roode, p. 28.
Ensis (en'sis), «. [NL., < L. etisis, a sword.]
A genus of razor-clams, of the family Solenidce,
Kaiixa<\Am {f%nsis amtricaHus'. ,
including those species in which the hinge-teeth
are several and the shell is curved. Ensis amsri-
canus is the common razor-flsh or razor-clam of American
waters. The genus was formerly included in Solen.
ensiset, «. [Erroneous form of ME. assise, E.
assize, abbr. sirel.] Assize; quality; stamp;
character.
ensisternal (en-si-st6r'nal), a. [< L. ensis, a
sword, -I- Gr. aripvov, the breast-bone (see stei--
num), + -al.] In anat., of or pertaining to the
ensiform appendage or xiphoid cartilage ; xiph-
isternal. JUclard.
ensky (en-sU'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. enshied, ppr.
[< CH-l -I- sky.] To place in heaven
the gods; make immortal. [Poeti-
Argent. a lieart
gules, ensigned widl
a royal crown.
If it be true that the giants ever made war against
heaven, be had been a Ht ensignbearer for that company
Sir P. Sidney.
a vessel ; colors ; a standard
Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still
, v. 4.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI.
Those arms, those ensifnu, borne away,
Al I'oniplished Bokelnr's brave array,
But all were lost on Marston's day.
Scott, Rokehy, v. 4.
We hearil
The drowsy folds of our great ensign shake
From blazon d lions o'er the imperial tent
Whispers of war. Tennyson, Princess, v.
I saw no sailors, but « great Spanish mign floated over,
«Dd waveil, a funereal plume.
<l. W. Curtis. Pnie and I, p. 90.
Sppcifically — 2. In Great Britain, a flag com-
posed of a field of white, bine, or red, with the
- being
to Ik-' carried in that coi-ps. Rees Cyc.
ensignship (en'sin-shlp), n. [< ensign + -ship.]
The rank, office, or commission of an ensign.
ensilage (en'si-laj), n. [< F. ensilage : see en-
.•></('i.] 1. A mode of storing fodder, vege-
tables, etc., in a green state, by burying it or
them in pits or silos dug in the ground. See silo.
This method has been practised in some countries from
very early times, anil has been recommended by modem
agriculturists. Brick-lined chambers are often used in
miMlem practice, having a movable wooden covering upon
which is placed a heavy weight, say half a ton to the
square yard. Tlie pita or chambers are constructed in
such a way as to exclude the air as far as [wssible.
It is not the least of the recommendations of the new
process of preserving green fodder, called ensilage, that
enskying.
or among
cal.]
I hold you as a thing ensky'd and sainted.
Shak., .M. forM., L 5.
enslandert, ». t. [< ME. ensclaundren, < en- +
«f?fl«nrfren, slander: see <■«-! and s/a«(fer.] To
slander; bring reproach upon.
gif ther be in bretherhede eny riotour, other contekour,
other such by whom the fratemite myght lie ensclaundred,
he shal be put out therof. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 4.
enslave (en-slav'). v. t.; pret. and pp. enslaved,
p-pr. enslaving. Ii en-l + slave.] 1. To make
a slave of; reduce to slavery or bondage; sub-
ject to the arbitrary will of a master: as, bar-
barous nations enslave their prisoners of war.
What do these worthies.
But rob, and spoil, burn, slaughter, and entdave
Peaceable nations? Miltim, V. K., iii. 75.
It was also held lawful to enslave any iiiflilcl or person
who did not receive the Christian fAith.
Sumner, Orations, I. 217.
2. Figuratively, to reduce to a condition anal-
ogous to slavery; deprive of moral liberty or
power; subject to an enthralling influence: as,
to be enslaved by drink or one's passions.
Enslav'd am I, though King, by one wild VVord,
And my own Promise is my cruel Lord.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 192.
Having flrst brought Into subjection the bodies of men,
had no hard task, afterwards, to enslave their souls.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. ill.
Women of genius, even more than men, are likely to be
enslaved by an impassioned sensibility.
Marg. fuller. Woman in 19th Cent., p. lOS.
enslavedness
enslavedness (en-sla'ved-ues), ». The state of
being fiishived.
enslavement (en-slav'ment), n. [< enslarc +
-ment.] The act of enslaving, or the state of be-
ing enslaved, literally or figuratively; slavery;
bondage; servitude.
Abolition by sovereign will of a slave State now ceased,
and as for e)islavemnit by a free State's legislation, this
had never been attempted. Schouler, Hist. U. S., III. 136.
The effect of his [the negro's] enslavement, then, was
not to civilize him in any sense, but merely to change him
from a wild animal into a domesticated or tame one.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 233.
enslaver (en-sla'vfer), n. One who or that which
enslaves or reduces to bondage, either literal
or figurative.
What indignation in her mind
Against eiulavers of manliind I Swift.
enslnmbert, r. t. [ME. enslombren; < enA +
slumber.'i To dull; enervate.
Son, lett not ydelnesse 30U enslombre,
Nor wydnesse of clothys 30U encombre.
MS. Ashmole, 52, fol. 65. (HaUiweU.)
ensnare, ensnarer. See imnare, insnarcr.
ensnarl't (en-sniirl'), V. i. [< oj-l + snarU.']
To snarl, as a dog ; growl. Cockeram.
ensnarl^t (en-snarl') V. t. [< e»-l + snarV^.']
To entangle as in a snarl ; insuare.
With noyse whereof wlien as the caytive carle
Should issue forth, in hope to find some spoyle,
They in awayt would closely him en&narte.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ix. 9.
ensobert (en-s6'b6r), V. t. [< e»-l + sober.']
To make sober.
God sent him sharpnesses and sad accidents to ensober
lii3 spirits. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 834.
ensorcelt, v. t. [< OP. cnsorceler, bewitch, < en-
-1- sorce/er, bewitch : see sorcery.] To bewitch;
use sorcery upon.
Not any one of all tliese honor'd parts
Your princely happes and habites that do nioue,
And as it were ensorcelt all the hearts
Of Christen liings to quarrel for your loue.
Wyatt, quoted in Futtenham's Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 187.
ensonl (en-sol'), v. t. [< en-^ + soul.'] To en-
dow or imbue with a soul.
Maugre my endeuour
My Numbers still by habite haue the Feuer;
One-wliile witli heat of heauenly fire ensotild ;
Shivering anon, through faint vn-learned cold.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Furies.
Passion beholds its object as a perfect unit. The soul
is wholly emtHxlied, and the Ixxiy is wholly ensouled.
Enierson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 167.
In such language (surcharged and flooded with life),
not only are thoughts embodied, but words are ensouled.
Whipple, Lit. and Life, p. 226.
enspanglet (en-spang'gl), v. t. [< e»i-i -t- span-
gle.] To cover with spangles; spangle. Davies.
One more by thee, love and desert have sent
T' enspangle this expansive firmament.
Herrick, Hesperides, p. 204.
ensphere, Insphere (en-, in-sfer'), «. *.; pret.
and pp. ensphered, in.iphered, ppr. ensphering, in-
sphering. [< CM-1, in-'^, + sphere.] 1. To place
in or as in a sphere.
His ample shoulders in a cloud ensphear'd
Of flerie chrimsine.
Chapman, tr. of Homeric Hymn to Hermes.
Now it seemed as if we ourselves, sitting there ensphered
in color, flew around the globe with the quivering rays.
£. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 164.
2. To make into a sphere.
One shall ejispkere thine eyes ; another shall
Impeai'l thy teeth.
Carew, Obsequies to the Lady Ann Hay.
enstallt, v. t. An obsolete form of install.
Holland; Stirling.
enstampt (en-stamp'), v. t. [Also insiamp; <
c»-i -t- stamp.] To impress with or as ■with a
stamp ; impress deeply ; stamp.
Nature hath enstamped upon the soul of man the cer-
tainty of a Deity. Hewyt, Seimons (1668), p. 194.
enstatet, v. t. An obsolete variant of instate.
enstatilie (en'sta-tit), n. [< Gr. evaraTK, an ad-
versary (cf. haraTiKdc, opposing, checking, start-
ing difficulties) (< hiaraaOai, stand against, < h,
in^ on, -f IxTTavat, mid. laraadai, stand), + -ite^.]
A silicate, chiefly of magnesium, with some
iron, belonging to the pyroxene group, it va-
ries in color from white to green, and crystallizes in the
orthorhombic system. It is infusible before the blowpipe,
whence the name. It is a common mineral in certain rocks,
especially in peridotites and the serpentines derived from
them ; also in many meteoric stones. Bronzite is a ferrif-
erous enstatite. Chladnlte, from the Bishopville (.South
Carolina) meteorite, is nearly pure magnesium enstatite.
en8tatite-dlaba8e(en''sta-tit-di'a-bas),». Same
as iialatinite.
enstile, v. t. See enstyle.
enstockt (en-stok'), V. t. [< etiA + stock.] To
fix as in the stocks.
1944
Not that (as Stoiks) I intend to tye
With Iron Chains of strong Necessity
Th' Eternal's hands, and his free feet enstock
In Destinies hai'd Diamantine Rock.
Sylvester, tr. of Dn Bartas's Weeks, i. 4.
ens'toret (en-stor'), r. t. [ME. enstoren, instoren
(accom. to restoren, > E. restore, q. v.), < L. in-
staurare, renew, restore: see instaurate.] To
restore; renew; repeat; recapitulate.
And if ther be ony othir maundement, it is i^tstorid in
this word, thou schalt loue thi neighbore as thi silf.
Wycli/, Rom. xiii. 9.
enstranglet, f. t- [ME. enstranglen; < en-^ -i-
strangle.] To strangle.
Thei scholde suffren to gret peyne, zif thei abyden to
dyen be hem self, as Nature wolde : and whan thei ben
thus enstranyled, thei eten here llesche, in stede of Veny-
soun. Mandevitle, Travels, p. 194.
enstuSt, *• *• [< en-^ + stuff.] To stuff; stow;
cram.
Hast thou not read how wise Ulysses did
E^istuffe his eares with waxe ?
Wyalt, To his Friend T.
In the dark bulk they closde bodies of men
Chosen by lot, and did enstuJThy stelth
The hollow womb with armed soldiers.
Surrey, ^neid, ii.
enstylet (en-stil'), v. t. [Also enstile; < e«-i -t-
style^.] To style; name; call.
A man,
Built with God's flnger, and enstyled his Temple.
Chapman, Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois, i. 1.
But now then, for these parts he must
Be enstiled Lewis the Just,
Great Henry's lawful heir.
Bp. Corbet, Journey into France.
That renowned isle.
Which all men Beauty's garden-plot etistyle.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 1.
ensuablef (en-sti'a-bl), a. [< ensue + -able.]
Ensuing; following. J. Hayward.
ensuan'tt (en-sli'ant), a. [< ensue + -anil.]
Following in natural sequence; sequent; ac-
cordant.
Make his dittie sensible and ensuant to the first verse
in good reason. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 74.
ensue (en-su'), v. ; pret. and pp. ensued, ppr. en-
suing. [Formerly also insue; earlymod. E. also
ensew, ensewe; < ME. ensuen, < OF. ensuire, en-
suir, ensuivre, ensuevre, etc., F. ensuivre = Pr.
enseguir, ensegre, etc., < L. insequi, follow upon,
< in, upon, + sequi, follow: see sequent, sue. Cf.
insecution, ult. < L. insequi.] I.f trans. To fol-
low or follow after ; pursue.
Whos stepes glade to Ensue
Ys eueri woman in their degre.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 43.
Seek peace and ensue it. 1 Pet. iii. 11.
Ne was Sir Satyrane her far behinde.
But with like fierceness did ensew the chace.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 5.
You will set before you the end of this your short cross,
and the great glory which will ensue the same.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc, 1853), II. 126.
II. intrans. If. To come after; move behind
in the same direction ; follow.
Then after ensued three other Bashas, with slaues about
them, being afoote. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 113.
But nowe adue I I must ensue
Where fortune doth me lede.
Nut-brown Maid (Percy's Reliques, p. 184).
2. To follow in order, or in a train of events or
course of time ; succeed ; come after.
The sayd ambassadours are to summon and ascite the
foresayd English man to appeare at the terme next insuing.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 152.
As to appearance, famine was like to ensue, if not some
way prevented.
N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 83.
Then grave Clarissa graceful waved her fan ;
Silence ensu'd. Pojie, R. of the L., v. 8.
Discourse ensues, not trivial, yet not dull.
Cowper, Task, iv. 174.
3. To follow as a consequence ; result, as from
premises.
Let this be granted, and it shall hereupon plainly ensue
that, the light of Scripture once shining in the world, all
other light of nature is therewith in such sort drowned
that now we need it not. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
= Syn. 2 and 3. Succeed, etc. (see follow); to arise, pro-
ceed, spring, result.
ensuffert, v. t. [ME. ensufferen; < e»-i -t- suffer.]
To suffer.
Where failled hert haue men full many,
Ensuffering full ofte ryght gret misery.
Rmn. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), L 4627.
en sui'te (on swet). [F. : en, in ; suite, suit,
suite: see suit, n., suite.] In a set or connected
series ; forming a series or set with something
else in the same style : as, apartments to be let
en suite or singly.
176: an oblong Louis XVI. cabinet of ebony. . . , 177:
an upright secr^taii'e en suite.
Hamilton Sale Catalogue, 1882.
entackle
ensiire (en-shor'), V. See insure.
ens'wathe (en-swaTH'), v. t.; pret. and pp. en-
sii.atJic<l,ppT.enswatliing. [<. en-^ + sicatheT] To
swathe. Also written inswathe. [Poetical.]
With sleided silk feat and affectedly
Enswathed, and seal'd to curious secrecy.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 49.
ens'vathement (en-swaTH 'ment), n. [< en-
swathe -I- -ment.] The act of"enswathing, or
the state of being enswathed.
The enswathement of the globe in a magnetic current.
J . Cooke.
ens'weep (en-swep'), v. t.; pret. and pp. en-
swept, ppr. ensweeping. ['' en-'>- -t- swee]>.] To
sweep over; pass over rapidly. [Rare.]
A blaze of meteors shoots : ensweeping first
The lower skies. Thomson, Autunm, 1. 1109.
ens'weetent, v. t. [< en-i + sweeten.] To sweeten,
-ent. [ME. -ent, also -ant, -aunt, etc., < OF. -ent,
-ant, -aunt = Sp. Pg. It. -ente, < L. -en{t-)s, ace.
-entem, suffix of ppr. of verbs in 2d, 3d, and 4th
conjugations. See further under -ant^. Cf.
-ence, -ance.] A suffix of adjectives, and of
nouns originally adjectives (primarily, in the
original Latin, a present participle suffix), cog-
nate with the original form of the English pres-
ent participle sufiSx -ing^, as in ardent, burning,
cadent, falling, crescent, growing, orient, rising,
etc. : equivalent to -anti. Adjectives in -ent are
usually accompanied by derived nouns in -ence or -ency,
as cadence, ardency, etc. See -anti, .ance, -ancy.
entablature (en-tab'la-tur), n. [Formerly also
iiitablature; < OF. entablature, entablature, more
commonly a base, pedestal, < OF. entailer, <
ML. intabulare, construct a basis {intabulatum),
< L. in, in, on, + ML. tabulare, L. only as pp.
adj. tabulatus, boarded, floored, neut. tabulatuni,
a flooring, < tabula, a board, plank: see table.]
1. In arch., that part of a lintel construction,
or a structure consisting of horizontal mem-
bers supported by coltmins or vertical members.
6 >£
V tif w
Doric Entablature.
E, entablature : a, epistyle or architrave ; *, frieze ; c, cornice.
(From Archaeol. Inst. Report on Assos Expedition.)
which rests upon the columns and extends up-
ward to the roof, or to the tympana of the pedi-
ments if these features are present, in the clas-
sical styles it consists of three members, the architrave,
the frieze, and the cornice. In large buildings projecting
features, similar in form to entablatures proper, and also
called by this name, are often earned around the whole
editlce, or along the front only ; and the term is applied
l)y engineers to similar parts of the framing of machinery
wherein architectural design is introduced. See also cut
under column.
At the entrance to the court of the temple are remains
of some buildings, of very large hewn stone, particularly
an entablature in a good taste.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 15.
We could see the elaborately-ornamented gables and
entablatures, with minarets and gilt spires.
W. U. Russell, Diary in India, I. 307.
2, In mach.f a strong iron frame supporting a
paddle-shaft. E, H, Knight — Block cornices and
entahlatiires. See hlocki.
entablementt, n. [F., < entailer: see entabla-
ture,'] An entablature.
They differ in nothing either in height, substance, or en-
tablement from the feminine Ionic, and masculine Doric.
Evelyn, Architecture.
en tablier (on tab-li-a')- [F.: en, in; iablier,
an apron, platform, table, board, < ML. tabu-
lariumj a table, board, desk, neut. of tabnlariuSj
< L. tabula, table: see table, tabular,] 1. In
the form of an apron, or of the outline of an
apron : said of trimmings when so applied to
the skirt of a dress. — 2. Decorated by trim-
mings, frillings, etc., arranged in this way:
said of the skirt itself.
entacklet (en-tak'l), r. t [< C7^-l + tackle.]
To supply with tackle.
Your storm-driven shyp I repaired new,
So well entackled, what wind soever blow,
Ko stormy tempest your barge shall o'erthrow.
Skeltim, Poems, p. 26.
entad
entad (en'tad), adv. [< Gr. hrdc, ■within, +
-a(P.'} In r<xi7. and anat., in a direction from
without inward, or in, to, or toward a situation
or position relatively nearer the center or cen-
tral parts (than something else); in, on, or to
the inside or inner side : opposed to ectad : as,
the eorium lies entad of the cuticle.
Entada (en'ta-da), n. [NL., from the Malabar
name. ] A small genus of very tall leguminous
climbers of tropical regions. E. scandeiis is widely
(Ii8trihut«tl, and bears ver>' lai"ge flattened pods a foot or
two long, or more, and 4 or 5 inches wide, constricted
between the seeds, which are 2 inches broad.
entail (en-tal'), r. t. [Also intail; < ME. entail-
en. < OF. entailler, F. entaiUer = Pr. entalhar,
entaillar = Sp. entallar = Pg. entalhar = It. in-
tagliare, < ML. intaliare, "intaleare, cut into,
carve, < L. in, in, + ML. taliare, taleare (> F.
tai/fer, etc.), cut: see tail^, tally.'] If. To cut;
carve for ornament.
Thanne was the chaptire-hous wron3t as a greet chirche,
Coruen and couered and qtieyntliche entauled.
Piers Ploirmant Credt (E. E. T. S.), I. 200.
Tlie niortale Steele despiteously entayld
Deep in their flesh. Spenser, ¥. Q., II. vi. 29.
In gilden buskins of costly Cordwayne,
All bard with golden beades, which were entaytd
With curious antickes. Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 27.
2. In law, to limit and restrict the descent of
(lands and tenements) by gift to a man and to
a specified line of heirs, by settlement in such
wise that neither the donee nor any subsequent
possessor can alienate or bequeath it: as, to
entail a manor to A. B.and to his eldest son, or
to his heirs of his body begotten, or to his heirs
by a particular wife. See entail, n., 3.
He lUosea) doth not (Now) study to make his Will,
T' Entail his Land to his Male- Issue still :
Wisely and iustly to divide his Good,
To Sous and Daughters, and his neerest Blood.
Si)lcester, tr. of Dii Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Lawe.
I here entail
The crown to thee, and to tliine heirs for ever.
Shak., S Hen. VI., i. 1.
Hence — 3. To fix inalienablv on a person or
thing, or ou a person and his descendants;
transmit in an unalterable course ; devolve as
an unavoidable consequence.
My zri'-t'n enlaiUd n\Hyn my wasteful breath,
Wliicb no recovry can cut off but death.
Quarles, Emblems, iii. 15.
The intemperate and unjust transmit their Uidily in-
flnnlties and diseases to their children, and entail a secret
corse upon their eatate*. Tiltotsan.
It is entailed upon humanity to submit.
GUismUh, Vicar, >ix.
A vicious form of legal procedore, for example, either
enacted or tolerated, entatU on suitors costs, or delays,
or defeats. //. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 50.
4. To bring about ; cause to ensue or accrue ;
induce; involve or draw after itself.
Political economy tells us that lou iMerUailed by a forced
trade with colonics. //. Speneer, Social Statics, p. 501.
No member of the chamber can, without ita aaaent, be
submitted to examination or arrest for any proceeatng
riiiaUinn pciMlUe*, unlea seized in the act or within 24
hours of the same. Keltie.
Whose whole career was lie entailing lie
.Sought to be sealed truth by the worst lie last !
Browniny, Ring and Book, I. 183.
entail (en-tal'), u. [Formerlv also intail; < ME.
rnUiile, entayle, < OF. entaille, F. entaille (ML.
intalia), f., = Pr. entalh = OSp. entalle = Pg.
entalho = It. intaglio (> E. intaglio, a. v.), m.,
a cutting, cut, notch, groove; from tne verb.]
If. Engraved or carved work; intaglio ; inlay.
A worke of rich entayle and curious mould.
Woven with antickes and wyld ymagery.
Spenser, t. Q., II. viL 4.
2f. Shape ; that which is carved or shaped.
An imatfe.of another entail*
A lifte Salfe waa her fast by,
Her name abooe her heed saw I,
And she waa called Feleny.
Rom. <if the Rose, X. 162.
3. In la>c : (a) The limitation of land to cer-
tain members of a particular family or line of
descent ; a prescribed order of successive in-
heritances, voluntarily created, to keep land in
the family undivided ; the rule of descent set-
tled for an estate.
He I Walp'ilel scoffed at . . . the practice of m(ai/, and
tasked the ingenuity of conveyancers to tie up his villa in
the strictest settlement. Macaxday, Horace Walpole.
(ft) An estate entailed or limited to particular
lipirs ; an estate given to a man and his heirs.
Ill- w„rd is now, however, often loowly used, since strict
i iir,ii[. an- i.j.j/.iMt.. f,. iM.iieate the giving of property to
'■■rllfe with nusiiension of power
Uy early English law. as fully
■ . - 'ftnan conrjuest. a feoffment or
: to "A and the heir» «»f his iKniy" rn^ated an
f neither A nor any ffUccesHive heir taking tin-
•1--1 :... „.....<. could alien the land ; and if the line of heirs
1945
failed, the land reverted to the loiti who made the grant,
or his heirs. In course of time the inconveniences of
the restriction on alienation led the courts to hold that
such a gift must be understood not as a gift to the heirs
after A, but to A on condition that he should have heirs ;
in other words, that the hell's could not claim as donees
under the feotfnient, but only as heirs under A, and tliat
hence A took a fee, which, if he had heirs of his body, be-
came absolute, and enabled him to alien the land. This
practical abolition of entails by the courts was followed
by the statute of Westminster of 1285, known as the stat-
ute lie Doyiis Conditionalibus, which enacted that the will
of the donor in such gifts according to the form manifest-
ly expressed should be observed, so that such a grantee
should have no power to alien. Under this act, which re-
established entails, a large part of the land in England
was fettered by such grants. The courts, still disfavoring
entails, termed the estate thus granted a fee tail (see tail),
and sustained alienations by the tenant in tail, subject,
however, to the right of the heirs in tail, or, if none, of the
lord, to enter on the death of the tenant who had con-
veyed, (i^e base fee, under /ee~.) They subsequently also
sanctioned absolute alienations by allowing the tenant in
tail to have an action brought against him in which he
coUtisively suffered the plaintiff to recover the land. (See
Jine2, recovery, and Taltarum's case, under easel.) In
1833 a direct deed was substituted by statute for this Ac-
tion. The object of entails is now, to some extent, secured
by family or marriage settlements, which are often, but in-
accurately, spoken of as if effecting entails. In most if
not all of the United States, and in Canada, entails have
been abolished, either as in England or by statutes de-
claring that words which would formerly create an entail
create a fee simple, or, as in some States, a life estate with
remainder in fee simple to heirs. — Quasi entail, an en-
tail of an estate less than a fee, such as an estate for the
life of a third person. — Statute of entail, a name some-
times given to the statute (if l><.ii is Con<lltionalibus( which
see, above).— To bar aji entail, to dock an entail, to
tlefeat the restrictions of an entail by aliening or resettling
the land.
entailer (en-ta'lfer), n. One who executes an
entail ; one who limits the descent of his prop-
erty to a particular heir or series of heirs.
The entailer cannot disappoint those children who have
rights to a portion of his property. Srouffhavi.
entailment (en-tal'ment), n. [< entail + -ment.']
1. The act of entailing, or of limiting the de-
scent of an estate to a particular heir and his
descendants. — 2. The state of being entailed.
ental (en'tal), a. [< Gr. ivrd^, within, + -al.]
In rooV. and anat., inner; internal: opposed to
eclal. See entad.
entalentt, v. t. [ME. entalenten, < OF. eiitalen-
ter = Pr. entalentar, eHtalantar = lt. intalentare,
excite, raise a desire, < L. in, in, + ML. talen-
tuiHj an inclination, desire : see eii-l and talent.]
To implant a desire in ; endow with.
Trust parflte lone, entire charite,
Feruent will, and entaUnted corage.
Letter o/ Cupid.
Entalis (en'ta-lis), n. [NL. ; a perversion of
Dentalium.] A genus of tooth-shells, of the
family VentaliidoB. E. striolata is an American
species.
entame't, p. t. [ME. entamen, < OF. entamer =
Vr. entamenar, < ML. intaminare, touch, con-
taminate, < L. in, in, on, + "taminare, touch:
see attame^ and contaminate.'] To hann; hurt ;
tear open.
Let not my foe no more my wounde entanu.
Chaucer, A. B. C, 1. 79.
Thay hafe up hya hmwberke thane, and liandllez ther-
undyre, . . .
Bothe his l>akke and his breste, and his bryghte armez :
Tliay ware fayne that they fande no flesche entatnede.
Uorle Arthurs (E. E- T. S.), 1. 1160.
entame^t (en-tam'), ». t. [< en-l + tame.] To
tame; subdue.
Tis not . . . your cheek of cream
That can entame my spirits to your worship.
Shak., As you Like it, ill. 5.
entangle (en-tang'gl), r. t^ pret. and pp. en-
tangled, ppr. entangling. [Formerly also intan-
gle; <e»-' + tangle.] 1. To tangle; intermix
the parts of confusedly ; make confused or dis-
ordered: as, to entangle the hair. See tangle.
[Rare.]
What a happiness would It liave l>een, could Hester
Prynue . . . have distinguished and unravelled her own
darling's tones, amid all the entangled outcry of a group
of sportive children. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, vi.
2. To insnare ; involve, so as to render extri-
cation difficult; subject to constraining or be-
wildering complications : as, to entangle fish in
the meshes of a net; to entangle a person in a
labyrinth.
Thev are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut
tliem In. Ex. xiv. 3.
Nature catches, «n(an>7fM,and holds all such outrages and
Insurrections In her inextricable net. Bacon, Fable of Pan.
It Is under this representation [of sensual pleasure]
chiefly, that sin deceives, betrays, entangles, l)ewltches,
destroys the souls of men. StiUimj fleet, .Seniions, II. iii.
Snow is white and opaque In consequence of the air en-
tangled among its crystals. Huxley, Physiography, p. 1.54.
3. To involve in difficulties or embarrassments ;
embarrass, puzzle, or distract by adverse or
entassement
perplexing circumstances, interests, demands,
etc. ; hamper; bewilder.
The Pharisees took counsel how they might entangle
him in his talk. Mat. xxii. 15.
1 suppose a great part of the difficulties that perplex
men's thoughts, and entanfjle their understandings, would
be easily resolved. Locke.
= SyTl. 1. To tangle, knot, snarl, mat. — 2. Involve, etc.
See implicate. — 3. To confuse, mystify.
entangled (en-tang'gld), x>. a. In her., same as
fretted. [Rare.]
entanglement (en-tang'gl-ment), ji. [< en-
tangle + -ment.] 1. The act of entangling, or
the state of being entangled; a confused or
disordered state ; intricacy ; perplexity.
The sad, dangerous, and almost fatal enianfjlements of
this corporeal world.
Dr. U. More, Pre-existence of the Soul, Pref.
It is to fence against the entanglements of equivocal
words, and the art of sophistry, that distinctions have
been multiplied. Locke.
2. That which entangles ; specifically, in fort.,
an obstruction placed in front or on the flank
of a fortification, to impede an enemy's ap-
proach. It is a kind of abatis made by partially severing
the trunks of trees, pulling down the tops, and securing
them to the ground by means of pickets or crotchets. —
• Wire entanglements, military entanglements made by
placing at least three rows of stout pickets across the space
to l>e obstructed, and twisting wire around them. The
pickets are arranged in quincunx order, with the wires
cros-siiig diagonally.
entangler (en-tang'gl6r), n. One who entan-
gles. Johnson.
entangling (en-tang'gling), n. [Verbal n. of
entangle, v.] An entanglement or complica-
tion. [Rare.]
But miracles, like the hero's sword, divided these en-
tanglings at a stroke, and at once made their way through
them. Bp. Atterlniry, Sermons, II. viii.
entangling (en-tang'gling), ;). a. [Ppr. of en-
tangle, v.] Serving to entangle, involve, or
embarrass.
Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances
with none. Jefferson, Inaugural Address.
entasia (en-ta'si-jl), n. [NL. : see entasis.]
Same as entasis, 2.
entasis (en'ta-sis), «. [NL., < Gr. ivraaic, a
stretching, distention, < evreivetv (= L. inten-
d-ere), stretch, < hv, in, on, + reiveiv = L. ten-
d-ere, stretch :
see tendi.J l.In
arc/i., the swell-
ing or outward
curve of the
profile of the
shaft of a col-
umn. The entasis
exists in perfec-
tion in the finest
examples of Greek
Doric, in which the
swelling is greatest
a little below the
middle point of the
shaft, but never so
great as to inter-
fere with the steady
diminution of the
shaft fnnn the base
upward. The en-
tasis is designed
both to counteract
the optical Illusion
which would cause
the profiles of the
shafts to appear
curv'ed inward if
they were bounded
by straight lines,
and to give the
Entasis,
f, arcs of entasis. (The proportions and
the amount of entasis are much exaggerated
for the purpose of illustration, j
effect of life and elasticity to the column in its function
of stipporting superimposed weight.
2. Ill pathol., constrictive or tonic spasm, as
cramp, lockjaw, etc. Hed tetanus. A\so entasia.
entaskt (en-t&sk'), v. t. [< en-l -I- task.] To
lay a task upon. Davies.
Vet slth the Heav'ns haue thns entaskt my laycs, . . ,
It is enough, if heer-by I incite
Some happier spirit to do thy Muse more right.
Sylvester, tr. of DuBartas's Weeks, i. 4.
entasset (en-tas'), v. t. [ME. entassen, < OF.
entasser, P. enta,iser, < ML. intassare, heap up,
< h.in, in, on, + ML. tassus, tassa (>F. tas, etc.),
aheap.] To heap up; crowd together.
(3awein lelde honde to his swerde and smote In to the
thikkest of the presse, and passed thourgh the stour as
thikke as thei weren entassed, and his felowes spake moche
of tlie prowesse that thei saugh hynt do.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), Iii. 410
entassementt (en-tas'ment), n. [ME., < OF. cn-
ta,isemcnt,F.entassement,<.e)itasser,heB,p\i\>: see
entasse.] Aheap; an accumulation ; a crowd.
Ther was grete entassement of men and of horse vpon
hepes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 398.
entastic
entastic (en-tas'tik), a. [Irreg. < entasis.'\ In
pathol., relating to, of the natui-e of, or charac-
terized by entasis, or tonic spasm: as, an en-
tastic disease.
entaylet, ». and n. An obsolete form of en-
tail.
The mortall Steele despiteously entayld
Deepe in their flesh, quite through the yroii walles.
Spenxr, ¥. Q., II. vi. 29.
enti (on'ta), a. [F. etM, pp. of enter, graft:
see a«fe2.] in her.: («) Same as ante^. (6)
Divided from the rest of the field by a wedge-
shaped or chevron-like outline.
EnU en rond, similar to indented, butformed with curved
instead of straight lines. Aveling, Heraldry, p. 142.
«ntecessourt, »■ [A ME. form of antecessor. '\
A predecessor. See antecessor.
loo, these ben iij. thynges, as seyn our er.teeessoun.
That this trewe loveres togedir muste susteine.
MS. Cantab. If. i. 6, f. 151. (HalliweU.)
-entechet, v. t. [ME. entechen, entecchen, affect,
< OF. entechier, enteichier, entecier, entessier,
also entachier, antaichier, entacher, enteguier,
entoichier, etc., affect, touch, esp. -with evil or
disease, infect, taint, mod. F. entacher, infect,
taint (= Pr. entecar, entacar, entachar, infect,
taint, = It. intaecare, cleave unto, charge with
fault, blame, vilify, debase, etc.), < en, in, on,
+ tache, a spot, stain, blemish, reproach, teche,
taiche, a spot, stain, ill habit, bad disposition,
a natural quality or disposition: see en-1 and
tech, tetch.'i 1. To affect; especially, to taint,
as with evil.
Who so that ever is entecched and defouled with yvel.
Chaucer, Boethius, p. 120.
2. To endow.
On [one] of the best enteched creature,
That is, or shal, while that the world may dure.
Chaucer, Troilus, 1. 832.
entechef, ». [ME., < enteche, v.l A spot; a
stain.
I saide him sadly that i sek were,
& told him al treuly the entecches of myn euele.
Waiiam 0/ Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 658.
Xntedon (en'te-don), n. [NL. (Dalman, 1820),
irreg. < Gr. ivrd^, within, + eduv, ppr. of ISeiv,
eat, = L. edere = E. eat] The typical genus of
EnUdon intbrastts. (Cross shows natural size.)
chalcid hymenopterous insects of the subfamily
Entedoninm, as E. imbrasus.
Iintedoilinse (en'''te-do-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Entedon + -in«.] A subfamily of the para-
sitic hymenopterous family Chalcididce, distin-
guished by the four-jointed tarsi, the submar-
ginal vein broken before reaching the costa,
and the marginal vein reaching beyond the mid-
dle of the fore wing. The species are all parasitic,
many of them being secondary parasites — that is, para-
sitic upon parasites. Also in the form Entedonoidm.
-entelechy (en-tel'e-ki), «. [< L. entelechia, <
Gr. kvTEAcxcia, actuality, < h rilet e;^£(v, be com-
plete (ef. tvTc'Ar/^, complete, full): ev, in; te/Ui,
dat. of T£?j>g, end, completion ; exsif, have, hold,
intr.be.] Realization: opposed to power or jio-
tentiality, and nearly the same as energy or act
(actuality). The only difference is that entelechy im-
plies a more perfect realization. The idea of entelechy is
connected with that of form, the idea of power with that
of matter. Thus, iron is potentially in its ore, which to be
made iron must be worked ; when this is done, the iron ex-
ists in entelechy. The development from being in posse or
in germ to entelechy takes place, according to Aristotle,
by means of a change, the imperfect action or energy, of
■which the perfected result is the entelechy. Entelechy
is, however, either first or second. First entelechy is be-
ing in working order; second entelechy is being in action.
The soul is said to be the first entelechy of the body, which
seems to imply that it grows out of the body as its germ ;
but the idea more insisted upon is that man witliout the
-soul would be but a body, while the soul, once developed,
is not lost when the man sleeps. Cudworth terms his plas-
tic nature (which see, under tmture) a first entelechy, and
Leibnitz calls a monad an entelechy.
To express this aspect of the mental functions, Aristotle
makes use of the word entelechy. The word is one which
explains itself. Frequently, it is true, Aristotle fails to
draw any strict line of demarcation between entelechy and
«nergy ; but in theory, at least, the two are definitely sep-
1946
arated from each other, and ivipycia. represents merely a
stage on the path toward efreAe^^eta. Entelechy in sliort
is the realization which contains the end of a process :
tlie complete expression of some function — the perfec-
tion of some phenomenon, the last stage in that process
from potentiality to reality which we have already noticed.
Soul then is not only the realization of the body ; it is its
perfect realization or full development.
E. Wallace, Aristotle's Psychology, p. xlii.
entellus (en-tel'us), re. [NL., < Gr. tvrBJxLv,
command, enjoin, < iv, in, -I- reXkav, make to
arise, make accomplish.] The commonest sem-
nopithecoid monkey of India, Semnopithecus en-
tellus, indigenous to the hot regions of the Gan-
getic basins, but introduced in other parts of
India, where it is held in veneration and treat-
ed with great honor by the natives. It is one of
the slow or sedate
monkeys, having lit-
tle of the restless-
ness characteristic
of most of the tribe,
and is of moderate
size, yellowish color,
reddening on the
limbs, with black
hands and feet and
blackish face. The
most conspicuous
feature is the cap of
fur radiating from
the top of the head,
and peaked over the
eyebrows, with full
whiskers and beard
on the cheeks and « ^^/fVMiK^MI^Wi- ... \
chin. The length of m^ ^^^flHvlJrlr^.^
the head and body is ^ImR^Bu * ^
about 2 feet, that of -'^^™»
the tail about 3 ; the
latter is not prehen-
sile. Also called Um&Wa?. {Semnopithecus entellus).
hanuman.
entempest (en-tem'pest), V. t. [< ere-1 + tem-
pest.'] To disturb as by a tempest ; visit with
storm. [Poetical.]
Such punishment I said were due
To natures deepliest stained with sin —
For aye entempestiny anew
The unfathomable hell within.
Coleridge, Pains of Sleep.
entemplet (en-tem'pl), v. t. [< e»-i -h temple'^.']
To enshrine.
What virtues were ententpled in her breast !
Chettle, Bekker, and Haughton, Patient Grissel.
entenciont, n. See intention.
entendt, "• An obsolete form of intend.
entendert (en-ten'dfer), v. t. [< ere-l -I- tender^.']
1. To treat tenderly ; cherish; succor.
Virtue alone entenders us for life :
I wrong her much — entenders us forever.
Young, Night Thoughts, ii. 525.
2. To make tender ; soften ; mollify.
For whatsoever creates fear, or makes the spirit to dwell
In a righteous sadness, is apt to entender the spirit, aud
to make it devoute and pliant to any part of duty,
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 7.
A man of a social heart, entendered by the practice of
virtue, is awakened to the most pathetic emotions by every
uncommon instance of generosity.
Goldsmith, Cultivation of Taste.
entendmentt, «• See intendment.
ententet, ». and v. See intent.
entente cordiale (on-tonf kor-di-al'). [F.,
cordial understanding: entente, understanding,
intent ; cordiale, fern, of cordial, cordial : see in-
tent, n., and cordial.] Cordial understanding;
specifically, in politics, the friendly relations
existing between one government and another.
There was not only no originality, but no desire for it
~ perhaps even a dread of it, as something that would
break the entente cordiale of placid mutual assurance.
Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser., p. 339.
ententift, ententiflyt. See intentive, intentively.
enterl (en'tfer), v. [< ME. entren, < OF. entrer,
F. entrer = Pr. intrar, entrar = Sp. Pg. entrar
= It. entrare, intrare, < L. intrare, go into, enter,
< intra, to the inside, within, on the inside,
contr. abl. of "interns (> compar. interior, in-
ner: see interior), < in, in (= E. ««!), + -ter, com-
par. suffix. Cf . inter^, enter-, inter-.] I. trans.
1. To come or go into; pass into the inside or
interior of; get into, or come within, In any
manner: as, to enter a house, a harbor, or a
countiy; a sudden thought entered his mind.
That darkesome cave they enter, where they find
That cursed man, low sitting on the ground,
Musing full sadly in his suUein mind.
Spenser, F. Q., I. ix. 36.
For mischiefs manifold, and sorceries terrible
To enter human hearing. Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
The garrison, in a p<anic, evacuated the fort, and the
English entered it without a blow. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
2. To penetrate into; pass through the outer
portion or surface of; pierce: as, the post en-
tered the soil to the depth of a foot.
enter
Calf -like, they my lowing follow'd, through
Tooth'd briers, sharp furzes, pricking goss, and thorns.
Which enter'd their frail shins. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
3. To go inside of; pass through or beyond:
as, I forbid you to enter my doors.
Alone he enter'd
The mortal gate o' the city. Shak., Cor., ii. 2.
4. To begin upon ; make a beginning of ; take
the first step in; initiate: as, the youth has eji-
tered his tenth year; to enter a new stage in a
journey.
You are not now to think what's best to do.
As in beginnings, but what must be done,
Being thus entered. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3.
5. To engage or become involved in ; enlist in;
join ; become a member of : as, to enter the legal
profession, the military ser-viee or army, an as-
sociation or society, a university, or a college.
You love, remaining peacefully,
To hear the murmur of the strife.
But enter not the toil of life.
Tennyson, Margaret.
The person who entered a community acquired thereby
a share in certain substantial benefits.
W. E. Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 131.
He entered the public grammar school at the age of eight
years. 0. W. Holmes, Emerson, i.
6t. To initiate into a business, service, society,
or method ; introduce.
Come, mine own sweetheart, I will enter thee :
Sir, I have brought a gentleman to Court.
Chapman, Bussy d'Ambois, i. 1.
This sword but shown to Cfesar, with this tidings,
.Shall enter me with him. Shak., A. and C, iv. 12.
I'll be bold to enter these gentlemen in your acquain-
tance. B. Jonson, Epicane, iii. 1.
I am glad to enter you into the art of fishing by catching
a Chub. /. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 68.
7. To insert ; put or set in : as, to enter a wedge ;
to enter a tenon in a mortise; to enter a fabric
to be dyed into the dye-bath. — 8. To set down
in writing ; make a record of ; enroll ; inscribe :
as, the clerk entered the account or charge in
the journal.
Agues and fevers are entered promiscuously, yet in the
few bills they have been distinguished.
Oraunt, Bills of Mortality.
The motion was ordered to be entered in the books, and
considered at a more convenient time.
Addison, Cases of False Delicacy.
I shall not enter his name till my purse has received
notice in form. Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 2.
9. To cause to be inscribed or enrolled ; offer
for admission, reception, or competition: as,
to enter one's son or one's self at college ; to
enter a friend's name at a club ; to enter a horse
for a race. — 10. To report at the custom-house,
as a vessel on arrival in port, by delivering a
manifest : as, to enter a ship or her cargo. — 1 1 .
In law: (a) To go in or upon and take posses-
sion of, as lands. See entry. (6) To place in
regular form before a court; place upon the
records of a court : as, to enter a writ, an order,
or an appearance.
Master Fang, have you eTiter'd the action 1
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1.
12. Tosetongame; specifically, of young dogs,
to set on game for the first time.
No sooner had the northern carles begun their hunts-
up but the Presbyterians fiock'd to London from all quar-
ters, and were like hounds ready to be entred.
Bp. Uacket, Abp. WUliams, ii. 143.
Before being entered, the dogs must be taught to lead
quietly. Dogs of Oreat Britain and America, p. 219.
To enter a bill short, in banking, to note down in a
customer's account the receipt, due-date, and amount of
a bill not yet due, but which has been paid into the bank
by the customer, the amount being carried to his credit
only when the bill has been honored.— To enter lands,
to file an application for public land in the proper land-
office, in order to secure a prior right of purchase.
II. intrans. 1. To make an entrance, entry,
or ingress ; pass to the interior ; go or come
from without inward : used absolutely or with
iti, into, on, or upon. See phrases below.
Full grete was the bataile and the stour mortall, where
as these wardes of Benoyk were entred, and medled with
their enmyes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 402.
But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of
the sheep. John x. 2.
Will you vouchsafe to teach a soldier terms
Such as will enter at a lady's ear.
And plead his love-suit to her gentle heart?
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
Specifically — 2. To appear upon the stage;
come into view: said of personages in a drama,
or of actors : as, ej! ter Lady Macbeth, reading a
letter.
Back fly the scenes, and enter foot and Jwrse.
Pojie, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 815.
3t. To begin ; make beginning.
The year entering. Evelyn.
enter
O pity and shame, that they, who to live well
Enter d so fair, should turn aside !
MMon, P. L, xi. 630.
To enter Into, (a) To get into the inside or Interior of,
or within tlie eiternal inclosure or covering of ; penetrate.
Although we linow the Christian faith and allow of it,
yet in this respect we are but entering ; entered we are
not irU(j the visible Church before our admittance by the
door of Baptism. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 1.
(i) To engage in : as, to enter into business.
The original project of discovery had been entered into
with indefinite expectations of gain.
Pretcott, Ferd. and Isa,, ii. 9.
(e) To be or become initiated in ; comprehend.
As soon as they once entered into a taste of pleasure,
politeuess, and magnificence, they fell into a thousand
violences, conspiracies, and divisions.
Additm, Travels in Italy.
He entered freely into the distresses and personal feel-
ings of his men. Prexott, Ferd. and Isa., U. 14.
(if) To deal with or treat folly of, as a subject, by way of
discussion, argument, and the lUe; laiSte inquiry or
scrutiny into ; examine.
I cannot now enter into the particulars of my travels.
Gray, LetUrs, I. 240.
Into the merits of these we have hardly entered at all.
Brougham.
(«) To he an ingredient in ; form a constituent part In :
as, lead enters into the composition of pewter.
Among the Italians there are not only sefitences, but a
multitude of particular words, that never enter into com-
mon discourse. A ddieon, Remarlcs on Italy (fiobuX I. 393.
To enter Into recognizances, in law, to liecome bound
under a penalty, by a written obligation before a court of
record, to do a specified act, as to appear in court, keep
the peace, pay a debt, or the like. — To enter on or
upon, (a) TO begin ; make a beginning of ; set out on :
as, to enter upon the duties of an office.
To take the childe for a chaunse & his choise moder.
And euyn into Egypt entre on bis way.
Dettruetim of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), L 006.
We are now going to enter upon a new scene of events.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vL 20.
I protest, Clara, I shall begin to think you are seriously
resolved to enter on your probation.
Sheridan, The Duenna, iii. 3.
(6) To begin to treat or deal with, as a subject, by way
of discuaalon, argument, and the like.— To enter wltb
a superior, in Seole lav, to take fmm a superior a charter
or writs by progress : said of a vassal on a ctuuige of own.
erthip csoaed by death or sale.
enteral, ». t. See inteA.
enter't, a. -An obsolete form of entire.
enter-. [< ME. enter-, entre-, < OF. entre-, P.
entrc- = 8p. Pg. entre- = It. inter-, < L. inter-, <
inter, between: see inter-.'Ji A prefix immedi-
ately of French oriffin, bnt ultimately of Latin
origin, signifying 'between': same as inter-.
Though formerly the regular rapresentative in English of
the Latin inter-, and naeid aa an English formative even in
comp<Mition with native Bnglish words (as In eiUerbathe,
enterbraid, enter/low, etc), enter- has given way to the
Latin form inter-, and now remains in only a few words,
as enterprite, entertain, etc., where Its force as a prefix is
not felt. See inter-.
entera, n. Plural of enteron.
enteradenography (en-te-rad-e-nog'ra-fl), ».
[< Gr. evrrij'jv, iutentine, + adipi, a ^land, +
-}iiai>la. < -,p'i0rn', write.] A description of or
treatise ii]>oii the intestinal glands.
enteradenology (en-te-rad-e-nol'd-ji), n. ^<
Gr. hrrtpov, intestine, + aSr/v, a glajid, -f -Aoyia,
< ^Jyeiv, speak: see -ology.} That branch of
anatomy which relates to the intestinal glands.
enteralgia (en-te-ral'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. h-
-(,«/!, intestine,"-*- i-'-^of, pain.] In pathol.,
iii'iiralgia of the intestines.
enteralgy (en'te-ral-ji), «. Same as enteralgia.
enterate Cen't&-'rat), a. [< enteron + -afci.]
Having an enteron ; provided with an alimen-
tary canal: opposed to anenterous.
It is. I think, desirable to keep one's mind open to the
possibility that anenterous parasites are not necessarily
modifications of free, entxraU ancestor*.
Huxley, Anst. Invert, p. S&8.
enterbathet, r. t. [< enter- + bathe.'] To bathe
niutually. Datnei.
Cast away tbeir spears.
And, rapt with joy, them enimathe witb tears.
Sylveeter, tr. of Uu Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Handy-Crafts.
enterbraidt, v. t. [< enter- + braid.] To inter-
lace. Diiriei.
1 heir shadv bongfa* first bow they tenderly,
Then enterbraid, and bind them curiously.
Syhetier, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, II., The Haniiy-Crans.
enterclose (en't*r-kl68)_, n. [< OF. entrecloa, a
partition, separation, inclosure, < ML. inter-
elu»u», pp. of inter cltidere, inclose, < L. inter,
between, -H elaudere, shut, close : see closed,
cU>m^. ] In arch., a passage between two rooms,
or a passago leading from a door to the hall.
enterdealt (en'ttr-del), n. See interdeal.
enterecitomy (en-te-rek'to-mi ), n. [< Gr. birepm,
iiitcxtini'. + Uto/i//, cutting out.^ In surg., re-
moval of a portion of the intestine.
1047
If enterectomy becomes necessary the two ends of the
bowel should always be united with a Czemy Lambert su-
ture. A'. Senii, Med. News, XLVIII. 506.
enterepiplomphalocele (en - te - rep ' i - plom -
fal'o-sel), II. [< Gr. ivrepov, intestine, -1- NL.
epiploon (q . v. ), + Gr. o/iijia^Mc, the navel, -I- K>i'/.ti,
tumor.] In surg., hernia of the umbilicus, with
protrusion of the omentum and intestines.
enterer (en'tfer-6r), «. One who enters.
If any require any other little booke meet to enter
children; the Schoole of Vertue is one of the principall
and easiest for the first enterers, being full of precepts of
ciuilitie, and such as children will soone learne and take
a delight in. BaUee Book (E. E. T. S.), p. cxiii.
en'terflowti »• [< enter- + flow.] A channel.
These Hands are severed one from another by a narrow
enterjlow of the Sea betweene.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, II. 215.
enteric (en-ter'ik), a. [< Gr. hrepiKdi, < h'Tepov,
intestine: see enteron.] Belonging to the in-
testines; intestinal. Specifically, in jooi. : (a) Hav-
ing an enteron or intestine ; enterate ; opposed to anen-
teruui. (b) Of or pertaining to the enteron, or to the en-
doderm, which primitively forms the enteron ; opposed to
deric: as, enterw tube, the alimentary canal or digestive
tract ; enteric walls ; enteric appendages. — Enteric fever.
Same as ti/phoid fever. Seefever^.
entering (en'tfer-ing), ». [Verbal n. of enter, v.]
1. The act of coming or going in, inserting,
registering, etc. — 2t. The opening or place at
which one enters ; entrance.
The cristin hem chaced to the see, and hilde hero so
shorte in the entringe to the shippes that ther were of
hem slain and drowned the baluendell or more.
Merlin (K E. T. 8.X Ui. 602.
3t. A beginning.
The enteringt and endings of wars.
5i> P. Sidruy (Arber's Eng. Gamer, I. 306).
entering (en'ttr-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of enter, v.]
In entoin., an epithet applied to the canthus or
Erocess of the front when it is small, fonning a
ttle notch or sinus in the inner margin of the
eye, as in many Hymenoj^tera.
entering-cMsel (en'tSr-mg-chiz'el), n. See
(•Ai.«7'-.
entering-file (en'tfer-ing-fil), n. See/fei.
enteilng-port (en'ttr-ing-port), n. A port cut
d<j\vn to the level of the ^un-deck, for the con-
venience of persons entering and leaving a ship.
enteritic (en-te-rit'ik), a. [< enteritis + -ic.]
PiTtaining to enteritis.
enteritis (cn-te-n'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. ivrepov,
intestine (see enteron), + -ititi.] In pathol., in-
flammation of the intestines. In recent usage it de-
not<>8 inflammation of the mucous and submucous tissue,
anil H' >t of the serous or peritoneal coat. Also ouloenteritu.
enterkisst, f. <. Ii enter- + kiss.] To kiss mu-
tually ; come in contact. Davies.
And water 'nointing with cold-moist the brims
Of th' eiUer-kiitina turning globes eitreams,
Tempers the heat.
Syleetter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 1. 2.
enter-knowt, f • '• [< enter- + know.] To be
mutually acquainted with. Davies.
I have desired ... to enter-lmow my good Ood, and his
blesMd Angels and Saints.
Bp. Hall, Invisible World, Prcf.
enterlacel, r. t. An obsolete form of interlace.
entermett, entermetingt. See entermit, enter-
mittimj.
entennewer (en't6r-mu-6r), n. [< enter- +
mewer. < mev:, change.] In falconry, a hawk
gradually changing the color of its feathers,
commonly in the second year.
Nor must vou expect from high antiquity the distinctions
of Eyasa and Ramage Hawks, of Sores and Sntemuwert.
Sir T. Browne, Misc. Tracts, No. 5.
entennitt, entermett, ». [ME. entemtitten, en-
lermettin, e<ilremeU:n, < OF. entremetre, F. en-
tremettre = Pr. entremetre = Sp. Pg. entremeter
= It. intramettere, interpose, < ML. 'intramit-
tere (also intermittere), put in among, mingle,
< L. intra, within (inter, among), + mittere,
send, put: see mission, and cf. intermit.] I.
trans. Keflexively, to interpose (one's self in a
matter) ; concern (one's self with a thing): with
with or of.
He is coupable that entremettith him or melllth him with
such thing as aperteyneth not unto him.
Chaueer, Tale of Melibeus, p. 178.
Noghte for to leue suratyme gastely ocupacyone and en-
termete the teith werldly besynes in wyse kepynge and dls-
pendynge of thl werldly gudes, and gud rewlynge of thf
aeruauntes. Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. ».), p. 28.
H. intrans. To concern one's self (with a
thing) ; have to do ; interpose ; intermeddle :
with of.
Ve shull Bwere neuer to entermete of that arte, and I
will that ye be confessed and take youre penaunce so that
youre soules he not dampned. Mrrtin (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3i».
entennittingt, entermetingt, n. [Verbal n.
of entermit, v.] IntermoddUng ; interference.
enterohydrocele
Thow sholdest haue knowen that Clergye can and con-
ceiued more thorugh Reaoun ;
For Resoun wolde haue reherced the rigte as Clergye saide,
Ac for thine entermetyng here artow forsake.
Piers Plowman (B), xi. 406.
entero-. [The combining form {enter- before
a vowel) of Gr. ivrepov: see enteron.] An ele-
ment in words of Greek origin, signifying ' in-
testine.'
enterocele (en'te-ro-sel), n. [< Gr. ivTepoidjlri,
< ivrepov, intestine, -I- nTjAri, tumor.] In surg., a
hernial tumor, in any situation, whose contents
are a portion of the intestines.
enterocellc (en'te-ro-se'lik), a. [< enterocele +
-ic] Pertaining to or affected with enterocele.
enterochlorophyl, enterochlorophyll (en'te-
ro-klo'rp-fil), n. [NL., < Gr. ivrepov, intestine,
+ NL. cMoropliyllum, chlorophyl.] A form of
chlorophyl which occurs in animals.
enteroch6lecystotomy(en"te-r6-kol"e-sis-tot'-
o-mi), n. [< Gr. ivrepov, intestine, +' cholecys-
totomy, q. v.] In surg., a plastic operation pro-
viding a passage from the gall-bladder into the
intestine.
Enteroccela (en'te-ro-se'la), mpl. [NL., neut.
pi. of enterocalus: see enterocale.] In Hux-
ley's classification (1874), a series of deutero-
stomatous ilietazoans whose body-cavity is an
enterocoele, as the echinoderras, ohsetognaths,
enteropneustans, mollusks, brachiopods, and
probably polyzoans : opposed to Schizoccela and
Epiccela.
enterocoele (en'te-ro-sel), n. [< NL. enterocoe-
lus, adj., < Gr. ivrepov, intestine, + Kolhj^, hol-
low, KotXia, belly.] That kind of body-cavity
or coeloma which is proper to the Actinozoa;
the somatic or perivisceral cavity of an actino-
zoan, consisting of the intermesenteric cham-
bers collectively, made one with the gastric or
proper enteric cavity by means of a common
axial chamber. See Actinozoa, and extract un-
der ctenophoran, n.
enterocoelic (en''te-ro-se'lik), a. [< enterocoele
+ -ic] Same as enterocalous.
This latter space being enterocoelic In origin.
Nature, XXXVIL 334.
enterocoeloUB (en'te-ro-se'lus), a. [< NL. eti-
leroca'lus : see enterocoele.] 1. Being or con-
stituting an enterocoele: as, an enterocoelous
cavity or formation. — 2. Having an entero-
coele; pertaining to the Enteroccela: as, an en-
terocalmi-i animal.
enterocolitis (en'te-ro-ko-li'tis), n. [NL., <
Gr. ivrepov, intestine", + k6\ov, the colon, + -itits.]
In pathol., inflammation of the small intestine
and the colon.
enterocystocele (en'te-ro-sis'to-sel), n. [< Gr.
evrtpov, intestine, + Kvortf, bladder, + Krfhi, tu-
mor.] In surg., a hernia formed by the blad-
der and a portion of the intestine.
Enterodelat (en'te-ro-de'lS), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of enterodelus": see enterodelous.] In Eh-
renberg's system (1836), a division of his Infu-
soria polyga-strica, containing those infusorians
which have an alimentary canal with oral and
anal orifices: opposed to Anentera.
enterodelous (en'te-ro-de'lus), a. [< NL. en-
terodelus,< Gr. iirf^xiii, intestine, + eS^Xof, mani-
fest.] Having an intestine, as an infusorian;
of or pertaining to the Enterodela.
enterodynia (en'te-ro-din'i-S), n. [NL., < Gr.
ivrepov, intestine, "+ odivri, pain.] In iMthol.,
pain in tlie intestine.
entero-epiplocele (en'te-ro-e-pip'lo-sel), n.
[More correctly 'enter'epiplocele (cf.' enterepi-
plomphalocele), < Gr. ivrepov, intestine, + ein-
Tr/.oK>/?J!, a rupture of the omentum, < eiriir?.oov,
omentum, -t- k^?.j?, tumor.] In surg., a hernia
which contains a part of the intestine and a
part of the omentum.
enterogastritis (en'te-ro-gas-tri'tis), n. [NL.,
< Gr. ivrepov, intestine, + yaoriip, belly, + -itis :
see gastritis.] In pathol., inflammation of the
stomach and bowels.
enterogastrocele (en'te-ro-gas'tro-sel), n. [<
Gr. ivrepov, intestine, + yaarlip, belly, -I- ic^^,
tumor.] In surg., an abdominal hernia.
enterography (en-te-rog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. ivre-
pov, intestine, + -ypa(f>ia, < ypai^eiv, write.] The
anatomical description of the intestines.
enterohemorrhage (en'te-r6-hem'o-raj),n. [<
Gr. ivrepov, intestine. + ai/joppdyia, hemor-
rhage.] In pathol., hemorrhage in the intes-
tines; enterorrhagia.
enterohydrocele (en'te-ro-hi'dro-sel), «. [<
Gr. ivrepov, intestine, + viup (Up-), water, -1-
Kt;?,)!, tumor: see hydrocele.] In stirg., intestinal
hernia complicated with hydrocele.
entero-iscMocele
entero-ischiocele (en'te-ro-is'ki-o-sel), n.
[More correctly "enterischiocele, < Gr. Ivrcpov,
intestine. + ier^ior, ischium, + Krp.v, tumor.]
In siirq., ischiatic hernia formed of intestine.
enteroute, enterolith (eu'te-ro-lit, -lith), «.
[< Gr. ivrcpov, intestine, + /l/ttoc, a stone.] An
intestinal concretion or calculus : a term which
embraces all those concretions which resemble
stones generated in the stomach and bowels.
Bezoars are enterolites.
enterolithiasis (en'tg-ro-li-thi'a-sis), n. [NL.,
< enterolith + -ia»is.^ In j>at/ioJ., the formation
of intestinal concretions.
enterolithic (en'te-ro-lith'ik), o. [< enterolith
+ -IP.] Pertaining to or of the nature of an en-
terolite: as, an enterolithic concretion.
enterology (en-te-rol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. evrepov,
intestine, + -?j)yla, < Myuv, speak: see -ology.'\
The science of the intestines or the viscera ;
what is known concerning the internal organs.
enteromerocele (en'te-ro-me'ro-sel), n. [< Gr.
evrepov, intestine, + /u}'p6c, thigh, + kt/?.!;, tumor.]
In surg., femoral hernia containing intestine.
enteroinesenteric (en'te-ro-mez-en-ter'ik), a.
[< Gr. ivrcpov, intestine,"+ fieacvripwv, mesen
1948
enterorrhoea (en''te-ro-re'a), n. [NL., < Gr. Iv-
Tcpov, intestine, + poia, a flow, < peiv, flow.]
In pathol., undue increase of the mucous secre-
tion of the intestines.
enterosarcocele (en'te-ro-sar'ko-sel), n. [<
Gr. ivrcpov, intestine, + capi (aapK-), flesh, -I-
Krf/!/, tumor.] In surg., intestinal hernia com-
plicated with sareocele.
enteroscheocele (en-te-ros'ke-o-sel), n. [< Gr.
evrepov, intestine, + oaxcov, scrotum, + Ki/Xi},
tumor.] In surg., scrotal hernia consisting of
intestine.
enterostenosis (en'te-ro-ste-no'sis), n. [NL.,
< Gr. ivrcpov, intestine, -I- arivaat^, a straiten-
ing, < ffrtvof, narrow, strait.] laiiathol., stric-
ture of the intestines.
enteroSTphiliS (en"te-ro-sif'i-lis), V. [< Gr.
ivrcpov, intestine, + NL. syphilis.^ In pathol.,
a syphilitic affection of the intestine.
enterotome (en'te-ro-tom), n. [< Gr. evrepov,
intestine, + ro/idf," cutting, < repveiv, cut.] An
instrument for slitting intestines in dissection
of the bowels, and for other purposes, it is a
pair of scissors, witli one blade longer than the other and
hooked, so that the hook catches and holds the intestine
while the instrument cuts.
tery, + -ic] Pertaining to the mesentery and enterotomy (en-te-rot'6-mi), n. [< Gr. evrepov,
the intestines.— Enteromesenterlo fever, enteric or intestine, + ro,u7,"a cutting. Ct. a7iatomy.'] 1.
typhoid lever. , ,, . , ,,.., „„ - In ajifli., dissection of the bowels or intestines.
Enteromorphat (en'to-ro-mor fa), n. [NL., < _Q ij^' g„rg., incision of the intestine, as in
Gr. iiTcpov, intestine, + Mop<P'/, form.] A genus ^j^^ operation for artificial anus, or for the re-
of green marme alga;. Ite principal forms are now j ^ obstruction.
Tetetred to Ulm enteromoi-pha. This has Imear or lanceo- _ " /„„//+„ ^;i .,;;'« \ « nl rTJT nl nf
late fronds composed of two layers of cells, which often EnterOZOa (en"te-ro-zo a), n. pi. {NU, pi. Ot
separate, forming a tube. It is common in all parts ot the enterozoon.j 1. Same as Entozoa (0). — .i. A
synonym of Metazoa; the whole of the second
grade of animals, being those which, except-
ing anenterous worms, have an intestine or
euteron, as distinguished from the Plastidozoa
{Protozoa). [Little used.] E. B. Lankester.
enterozoan (en"te-ro-z6'an), n. [< Enterozoa
+ -an.'] One of ihe Enterozoa, as an intestinal
worm : a metazoan.
world.
enteromphalus, enteromphalos (en-te-rom'-
fa-lus, -los), n. ; pi. enterom})hali (-li). [NL., <
Gr. evrepov, intestine, + o/KpaMc, the navel.] In
surg., an umbilical hernia filled with intestine.
enteron (en'te-ron), n. ; pi. entera (-ra). [NL.,
< Gr. eiTfpoi'," intestine, usually ivrepa, the en-
trails, guts, intestines, neut. of "ivrepoi; (= L.
One of
Tcpov, intestine, + t:,it>ov, an animal.]
the Enterozoa; an enterozoan.
The individual Enterozoon is not a single cell ; it is an
aggregate of a higher order, consisting essentially of a
digestive cavity around which two layers of cells are dis-
posed, if. It. Lankester, Encyc. Brit, XIX. 830.
'interus, the assumed base of interior: see in- enterOZoSn (en"te-r6-z6'on), n. [NL., < Gr.
terior, enter), < ev, = E. in^, + -repoc, oonipax. . . -. ■-- . , - .^
suffi.x.] Inzool. and anat., the intestine, alimen-
tary canal, or digestive space which is primi-
tively derived from the endoderm, including its
annexes and appendages, but excluding any di-
gestive space which is primitively derived from
an ingrowth of ectoderm (stomodseum or proo- enterparlancet (en-t6r-par'lans), n. [< enter-
todajum). In its original undifferentiated state the en- + 2Mrlance.'\ Parley ; mutual talk or discus-
teron is called archenteron ; in any subsequent changed sion ; conference.
state, metenlrrnii, the intestine of ordinary language.— During the e)i(erporianc« the Scots discharged against
Cephalic enteron. See cephalic. j,,g ];„giisi,_ „ot without breach of the laws of the field.
enteroparalysiS (en'te-ro-pa-ral'i-sis), n. Sir J. Uayward.
[NL., < Gr. evrepov, intestine, + napa?ivaig, pa- enterparlet (en'tfer-parl), n. A parley; a con-
ralysis.] In ;)aW(oi., paralysis of the intestines, ference. Richardson.
entertain
intcrprendere, undertake, < L. inter, among, +
prendere, prehendere, take in hand. See appre-
ftend, comprehend, reprehend, apprentice, pirizc^.
Cf. emprise.'] 1. An undertaking; something
projected and attempted ; particularly, an un-
dertaking of some importance, or one requiring
boldness, energy, or perseverance.
Alone shall 1 here the strokes and dedes,
For alone I haue take this entreprise.
Hmn. o/Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 46S.'>.
Their hands cannot perform their enterprise. Job v. 12.
Enterprises of great pith and moment,
With this regard, their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
New enterprises and ceaseless occupation were the ali-
ment of that restless and noble spirit.
/. D^ Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 259.
2. An adventurous and enterprising spirit;
disposition or readiness to engage in undertak-
ings of difficulty, risk, or danger, or which re-
quire boldness, promptness, and energy.
He possessed industry, penetration, courage, vigilance,
and enterprise. Hume.
The unbonght grace of life, the cheap defence of nations,
the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise, is gone.
Burke, Rev. in France.
Gift enterprise. See gift. =Syn. 1. Adventure, venture,
attempt, effort, endeavor.— 2. Energy, activity, alertness.
enterprise (en'tfer-priz), v.; pret. and pp. en-
terprised, ppr. enterprising. [Formerly also en-
terprize; < enterprise, «.] I. trans. 1. To un-
dertake ; attempt to perform or bring about.
[Obsolete or archaic]
But rather gan in troubled mind devize
How she that Ladies libertie might enterprize.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xii. 28.
The men of Kent, Surrey, and part of Essex, enterprised
the Seige of Colchester, nor gave over till they won it.
Milton, Hist. Eng., v.
You enterprised a railroad through the valley, you
blasted its rocks away, and heaped tliousands of tons of
shale into its lovely stream, liuskin, Sesame and Lilies, iL
2t. To essay; venture upon.
Only your heart he dares not enterprise.
Sir J. Davits, Dancing.
enteropathy (en-te-rop'a-thi), n. [< Gr. evre-
pov, intestine, + Trafloc, suffering.] In pathol.,
disease of the intestines.
enteroperistole (en"te-r6-pe-ris'to-le),n. [NL.,
< Gr. ivrcpov, intestine, + ncptaroTi}/, taken in
sense of 'constriction' with reference to the
related peristaltic, q. v., < nepiareXkeiv, wrap
around, < vepi, around, + areXAeiv, send.] In
surg., constriction or obstruction of the intes-
tines, from a cause which acts either within the
abdomen or without it, as strangulated hernia.
enteroplasty (en'te-ro-plas-ti), n. [< Gr. ev-
repov, intestine, + n'Aaaroq, verbal adj. of n'kaa-
aeiv, form.] In surg., a plastic operation for
the restoration of an injured intestine.
Enteropneusta(en"te-rop-nus'ta),n.i;?. [NL., enterpass£tntt, «
< Gr. evrepov, intestine, + *irvevaT6( (cf. irvev-
arcKd(), verbal adj. of irvelv, breathe.] A group
of animals of uncertain position, related to the
tunicates, and constituted by the genus Bala-
noglossus alone. See cut under Balanoglossus.
enteropneustal (en"te-rop-nus'tal), a. [< En-
teropneusta + -a?.] Oi or pertaining to the En-
teropneii.'ita, or to Balanoglossus.
enteroraphy, «. See enterorrhaphy.
enterorrnagia (en'te-ro-ra'ji-a), n. [NL., <
3t. To give reception to ; entertain.
In goodly garments that her well became,
Fayre marching forth in honourable wize,
Him at the threshold mett and well did enterprize.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ii. 14.
4t. To attack, as with a malady; overcome.
When thei herde Merlin thus speke, thei were so hevy
and so pensef that thei wiste not what to say ne do. Whan
the kynge Arthur saugh hem so enterprised, he be-gan lor
to wepe with his yien. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 315.
5t. To surround; circumstance.
And semed well that thei were alle come of gode issue,
and it be-com hem well, that thei com so entreprised, and
thei helde it a grete debonerte that thei helde to-geder so
leire. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 371.
II. intrans. To engage in an undertaking;
essay; venture. [Rare.]
Full many knights, adventurous and stout,
Have enterpriz'd that Monster to subdew.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 45.
He enterprised not toward the Orient, where he had be-
gun & lound the Spicerie. llakluyt's Voyages, I. 217.
enterpasst, «». *• {UE. enterpassen, entirpassen, enterpriser (en'tfer-pri-zfer), n. An adventurer ;
< OF. entrepasser, pass, meet, encounter, < en- ^ person who engages in important or hazard-
trc,hetween, + passer, ytisa: see pass, v.] To ous undertakings. [Rare.]
And therefore doth an enterparle exhort ;
Persuades him leave that unbeseeming place.
Daniel, Civil Wars, ii.
enterpartt, entrepartt, v. t. [ME. enterparten,
< enter- + parten, part.] To share ; divide.
It is Irendes right, soth for to sayn,
To entreparten wo, as glad desport.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 592.
Gr. ivrepov, intestine,'-!- -payla, i prryvivat, break.
Cf. hemorrhage.'] In pathol., intestinal hemor-
rhage.
enterorrhaphia (en'te-ro-ra'fi-il), n. [NL., <
meet; encounter.
He was a goode knyght and hardy, and Gawein hym
smote in entirpassinne thourgh the helme to the scuUe.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 407.
[ME. enterpassaunt, < OF.
entrepassant, ppr. of entrepasser, pass: see en-
terpass.] Passing; encountering.
And Boors enterpassaunt hit hym on the helrae with
his swerde so fiercely that he hente on his horse croupe.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 329.
enterpendantt, a- [ME., also enterpendaunt ; by
error for 'enterprendant, < OF. entreprendant,
equiv. to entreprenant, enterprising, bold: see
enterpreignant.] Enterprising; adventurous;
bold.
Ffor the kynge Ventres was a noble knyght, and hardy
and enterpendaunt. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 177.
enterplead, enterpleader. See interplead, in-
terpleader.
Gr. evrepov,inteat\ne, + f,a,pri, a seam', stiture, < enterpreignantt, a. [ME. entrepreignant < OP,
pdirreiv, sew.] In surg., the operation of sew-
ing up the intestine where it has been cut or
lacerated, as by a stab or gun-shot wound. It is
now occasionally performed with success in cases where
surgical interference was formerly deemed impracticable.
enterorrhaphic (en''te-ro-raf'ik), a. [< enteror-
rhaphy + -ic.] Pertaining to enterorrhaphy :
as, an enterorrhaphic operation.
enterorrhaphy, enteroraphy (en-te-ror'a-fi),
n. [< Gr. evrepov, intestine, + pa(^'/, a sewing,
< iMnrttv, sew.] Same as enterorrhaphia.
entreprenant, also entreprendant (see enterpen-
dant), enterprising, ppr. of entreprendre, under-
take: see enterprise.] Enterprising; adventur-
ous; bold.
A full good knight was, gentile and wurthy,
Entrepreinnant, coragious and hardy.
Horn, o/ Partetmy (E, E. T. S.), 1. 2504.
enterprise (en't^r-priz), n. [Formerly also en-
terprize (cf. the simple pn^el) ; < OF entreprise,
also entreprinse (F. entreprise), an enterprise, <
entrepris, pp. of entreprendre, imdertake, < ML.
Every good deed sends back its own reward
Into the bosom of the enterpriser.
Middleton, Game at Chess, iii. 1.
enterprising (en'ter-pri-zing), p. a. [Ppr. of
enterprise, v.] Having a disposition for or a
tendency to enterprise ; ready to undertake, or
resolute or prompt to attempt, important or un-
tried schemes.
What might not be the result of their enquiries, should
the same study that has made them wise make thenven-
terprising also? Goldsmith, Tlie Bee, No. 4.
A family solicitor, unlike those who administer affairs
of state, has no motive whatever for being enterprising in
his clients affairs. F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 10.
= Syn. Admnturous, Enterprising, Rash, etc. (see adrnn.
turous) ; alert, stirring, energetic, smart, wide-awake.
enterprisingly (en'ter-pri-zing-li), adv. In an
enterprising or resolute and adventurous man-
ner.
enterprizet, «• and v. See enterprise.
entersole (en'tfer-sol), «. Same as entresol.
entertain (en-ter-tan'). »'• [Formerly also
intcrtain; < OF. entretenir, F. entretenir = Pr.
entretenir = Sp. entretencr = Pg. entretcr = It.
intertenere, intrattenere, < ML. iniertenere, en-
tertain, < L. inter, among, + tenere, hold: see
tenant, and cf. contain, detain, pertain, etc. Cf.
also D. onderhotiden (= G. unterhalten = T>ari. nn-
derholdc = Sw. underh&lla), entertain, < onder,
etc., = E. under, + houden, etc., = E. hold.] L
trans. It. To maintain; keep up; hold.
entertain
There are a sort of roeu whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pond ;
Aod do a wilful stillness eiitertain.
Shak., M. of v., i. 1.
He eiitertain'd a show so seeming just,
And therein so ensconced his secret evil,
. That jealousy itaelf could not mistrust.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1514.
2t. To maintain physically; provide for; sup-
port; hence, to take into service.
A mantle and bow, and quiver also,
I give them whom I entertain.
Eobin Hood aiul the Ranger (Child's Ballads, V. 210).
In all his Kingdome were so few good Artificers, that
hee entertained from England Ooldsmiths, Plummers,
( urvers and Polishers of stone, and Watch-makers.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 45.
I'o baptize all nations, and entertain them into the ser-
vices and institutions of the holy Jesus. Jer. Taylor.
They have many hospitals well entertained.
Bp. Burnet, IVavels, p. 49.
3. To provide comfort or gratification for;
care for by hospitality, attentions, or diver-
sions ; gratify or amuse ; hence, to receive and
provide for, as a guest, freely or for pay; fur-
nish with accommodation, refreshment, or di-
version: as, to entertain one's friends at din-
ner, or with music and conversation; to be
entertained at an inn op at the theater.
See, your guests approach ;
Address yourself to entertain them sprightly.
And lets be red with mirth. Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
The Queen going in progress, passed thro' Oitord, where
she was entertain'd by the Scholars with Orations, Stage-
plays, and Disputations. Baker, Chronicles, p. SSO.
4t. To provide for agreeably, as the passage
of time ; while away ; divert.
1 play the noble housewife with the time,
To entertain it so merrily with a fooL
Shak., All's Well, IL 2.
Where he may likeliest find
Trace to his restless thought*, and entertain
The irksome boon. Jfiffon, P. L., ii. 626.
We entertained the time upon severall subjects, espe-
cialy the atf.iires of England and the lamentable condi-
tion of our Church. Ecelyn, Diary, July 2, 1651.
5(. To take in; receive; give admittance to;
admit.
Priiice-i and worthy personaces of yoor own eminence
have entertained poems of this nature with a serious wel.
. .irne. Ford, Fancies, Ded.
Here shall they rest also n little, till we see how this
..rwes was entertained in England.
QuoU'il in Caft. John Smith's Trae Travels, II. 78.
When our chalice is filled with holy oil, ... It will en-
tertain none of the waters of bitterness.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 65.
6. To take into the mind ; take into consider-
ation; consider with reference to decision or
action; give heed to; harbor: as, to entertain
a proposal.
Borneo,
Who lud but newly entertain'd revenge.
Shak., R. and J., ilL I.
If thoQ enlertainest my love, let it appear in thy smiling.
Shak., T. N., ii. 5.
I would not entertain a base deslxn.
Sir T. Browne, Beligio Medtci, IL 13.
The question of questions for the politician should ever
' •- -" what type of social structure am I tending to pro-
uce!" Kut this is a question he never enterlaim.
It. S/iencer, Man vs. State, p. 26.
7. To hold in the mind ; maintain; cherish: as,
to entertain decided opinions; he entertains the
lielief that he is inspired. — 8t. To engage; give
occupation to, as in a contest.
it noble English, that could erttertain
With half their forces the full pride of France.
Shak., Hen. V., i. 2.
Caesar In his first Journey, entertain'd with a sharp fight,
I'Mt no small ntunber of his Foot. Miltim, Hist Eng., IL
9t. To treat; consider; regard.
I U entertain myself like one that 1 am not aciuaintcd
withal. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 1.
We -^.ly that it Is nnreaaonable we should not be enter-
• nifil its men, because some think we are not as good Chris-
tians iLs they pretend to with us.
Penn, Lilwrty of Conscience, v.
= 8yn. 3, Divert, BeguUe. See amiuie.
n. intrans. To exercise hospitality; give en-
tertainments; receive company: as, he enter-
tiiiiiK iff'iiiTously.
entertalnt (en-t6r-tan'), n. [< etttertain, i.]
Kill" itainment.
i'lit neede, that answers not to all requests,
i:ad them not looke for l>etter entertai/ne.
Speiuer, K. Q., IV. viii. 27.
Your entertain shall l»e
As doth beflt our honour, and your worth.
Shak., Pericles, 1. 1.
entertainer (en-t*p-ta'n6r), n. One who enter-
tain.s, in any sense.
Wc draw nigh to Ood, when, upotj our conversion to lilni,
we liecome tlie receptacles and entertainers of his good
Spirit. Bp. Uatt, Remains, p. 88.
1949
[They] proved ingratef ul and treacherotis guests to their
best friends and entertainers.
Hilton, Articles of Peace witli Irish.
entertaining (en-t6r-ta'ning), j>. a. Affording
entertainment ; pleasing ; amusing ; diverting :
as, an entertaining story; a,n entertaining tnend.
His [James II. 's] brother had been in the habit of attend-
ing the sittings of the Lords for amusement, and used
often to say that a debate was as entertainiw) as a comedy.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
entertainingly (en-tfer-ta'ning-li), adv. In an
entertaining manner; interestingly; divert-
ingly.
When company meet, he that can talk entertainingly
upon common subjects . . . has an excellent talent.
Bp. Sherlock, Discourses, xxxvi.
My conversation, says Drydeii very etitertaininffly of
himself, is dull and slow, my humour saturnine and re-
served. J. Warton, Essay on Pope.
entertainingness (en-ter-ta'ning-nes), n. The
«Hiality I if lii'iiig entertaining or diverting.
entertainment (eu-ter-tan'ment), n. [< OF.
entretenement, F. entretinement = Sp. entreteni-
miento = Pg. entretenimento = It. intertenimento,
intrattenlmento, < ML. intertenementum, < inter-
fenere, entertain : see entertain.'] 1. The act of
furnishing accommodation, refreshment, good
cheer, or diversion ; that which entertains, or
the act of entertaining, as by hospitality, agree-
able attentions, or amusement. Speciflcaily— (a)
Hospitable treatment, accommodation, or provision for
the physical wants, as of guests, with or without pay: as,
a house of entertainment for travelers.
He entertainement gave to them
With venison fat and good.
True Tale o/ JioMn Hood (Child's Ballads, V. 360).
We are all in very good health, and, having tried our
ship's entertainment now more than a week, we find it
agree very well with us.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 441.
Enter therefore and partake
The slender entertainment of a house
Once rich, now poor. Tennyson, Geraint.
(fc) An exhibition or a performance which affords instruc-
tion or amusement ; the act of providing gratification or
diversion : as, the entertainment of friends with a supper
and dance; a musical or dramatic entertainment.
At recitation of our comedy.
For entertainntent of the great Valols,
I acted young Antinous. B. Jon«(m, Volpone, ill. 6.
Beautiful picturesarethe#n<erfatnTne)ifsof pure minds,
and deformities of the corrupted. Steele, Spectator, No. 100.
A great number of dramatick entertainments are not
comedies, but five-act farces. Gay.
2t. Maintenance; support; physical or mental
provision ; means of maintenance, or the state
of being supported, as in service, under suffer-
ing, etc.
He must think us some band of strangers i' the adver-
sary s enlertainmeiU. Shak., All's Well, iv. 1.
The entertainment of the general upon his first arrival
was l>ut six sliillliigs and eight pence.
Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland.
These chuffs, that every day may spend
A soldier's entertainment tor a year.
Yet make a third meal of a bunch of raisins.
Massinjer, Duke of Milan, ill. 1.
3. Mental enjoyment ; instruction or amuse-
ment afforded by anything seen or heard, as a
spectacle, a play, conversation or story, music
or recitation.
The stage might be made a perpetual source of the most
noble and useful «»»<T<ain)»«>ii were It underproper regu-
lations. Addison.
4t. Reception; treatment.
1 Sere. Here's no place for you : Pray, go to the door.
Cor. I have deserv'd no better entertainment.
In being Coriolanus. Shak., Cor., Iv. 5.
6. A holding or harboring in the mind ; a tak-
ing into consideration:, as, the entertainment of
extravagant notions; the entertainment of a
proposal.
This friar hath been with him, and advised him for the
i!)i<«r(ainm«n( of death. Shak., M. for M., iii. 2.
Such different eniertainnient as we call " belief, conjec-
ture, guess, doubt, wavering, distrust, disbelief," &c.
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xvl. 9.
That simplicity of manners which should always accom-
pany the sincere entertainment and practice of the pre-
cepts of the gospel. Bp. Sprat, Sermons (1676).
= Syn. 1 and 3. Dicersion, Recreation, etc. See jHistime.
entertaket (en-t6r-tak'), ». t. [< enter- + take;
formed, by Spenser, after entertain and under-
take.] To entertain; receive.
With more myld aspect those two, to entertake.
Speiuer, ¥. Q., V. ix. 35.
entertissnedf (en-t*r-tish'ad), a. [< enter- +
tissue.] Interwoven ; having various colors or
materials intermixed.
The enter-tissued Robe of Gold and Pearlc.
Shak., Hen. V. (1023), Iv. 1.
entetcht, »• '• See cntech.
enthrone
enthealt, entheant (en'the-al, -an), a. [< L.
entlieus, < Gr. evdeog, inspired: see enthusiasm.]
Divinely inspired ; enthusiastic.
Amidst which high
Divine flames of enthean joy, to her
That level'd had their way.
Chamberlayne, Pharonnida (1659).
entheasm (en'thf-azm), n. [< Gr. as if *ev6e-
aa/iof, < cvdcdt^civ, be inspired, <. hOeog, inspired :
see entheal.] Divine inspiration ; ecstasy of
mind; enthusiasm. [Rare.]
Altho' in one absurdity they chime
To make religious entheasm a crime.
Byrom, Enthusiasm.
A steady fervor, a calm persistent enthusiasm or en-
theasjn, . . . witich we regret, for the honor and the good
of human nature, is too rare in medical literature, ancient
or modern. Dr. J. Broicn, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 127.
entheastict (en-the-as'tik), a. [< Gr. ivdnaart-
adq, inspired, < evdea^Eiv, be inspired: see enthe-
asm.] Possessing or characterized by enthe-
asm. Smart.
entheasticallyt (en-the-as'ti-kal-i), adv. In an
entlieastic manner; with entheasm. Clarke.
entheatet (en'the-at), a. [< Gr. iitdeo^, inspired
(sea entheal), + -ate'^.] Divinely inspired; filled
with holy enthusiasm.
Tlieir orby crystals move
More active than before.
And, entheate from above.
Their sovereign prince land, glorify, adore.
Drxtmmond, Divine Poems.
enthelmintha (en-thel-min'thil), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. cvrdg, within, + i'kfuv^ {elfiivd-), a worm.]
In med., a general name of intestinal worms,
or Entozoa : of no definite classifioatory signifi-
cance.
enthelminthic (en-thel-min'thik), a. [< enthel-
mintha + -ic.] Pertaining to enthelmintha.
enthetic (en-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. ivHcriKS^, fit for
imi)lanting or putting in, < ivdcro^, verbal adj.
of cvTiOhai, put in, < h, in, + ridcvai, put: see
thesis.] Introduced or placed in Enthetlo dis-
eases, diseases propagated by inoculation, as syphilis.
enthens (en'the-us), n. [Improp. (as a noun in
abstract sense) < L. entheusXGr. Ivdeog, inspired:
see entheal, enthusiasm.] Inspiration. [Rare.]
Without the entheus Nature's self bestows,
The world no painter nor no poet knows.
J. Scott, Essay on Painting.
enthral, v. t. See enthrall.
enthraldom (en-thrftl'dum), n. [< enthrall +
-dom.] Same us enthralment. [Rare.]
The chief instrument in the eiithraldojii of nations.
^Ifi'jfoii, Hist. Europe (Harper s ed., 1842), II. 59.
enthrall, enthral (en-thrar), v. t. [Formerly
also inlhrati, inthral; < cn-l -t- thrall.] 1. To
reduce to the condition of or hold as a thrall or
captive ; enslave or hold in bondage or subjec-
tion; subjugate.
I being the tlrst Christian this proud King and his grim
attendants euer saw : and thus inthrallcd in their barba-
roiis power.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, II. 30.
'Whereby are meant the victories and conquests of Ven-
ice inlhrdlling her enemies. Coryat, Crudities, I. 254.
Hence — 2. To reduce to or hold in mental sub-
jection of any kind; subjugate, captivate, or
charm: as, to enthrall the judgment or the
senses.
She soothes, Imt never can inthral my mind :
Why may not peace and love for once be joyn'd ?
Prior.
Men will gain little by escaping outward despotism, if
the Soul continues enthralled,
Channing, Perfect Life, p. 257.
The beauty and sorrow [of the Italian cause] enthralled
her. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 139.
enthralment, enthrallment (en-thrftl'ment),
n. [Formerly also inthrahncnt, inthrallmcnt ;
< enthrall + -mcnt.] 1. The act of enthralling,
or the state of being enthralled.
Till by two brethren (these two brethren call
Moses and Aaron) sent from God to claim
His people from enthralment, they return.
Milton, P. L., xii. 171.
2. Anything that enthralls or subjugates.
But there are
Richer entanglements, enthrallments far
Wore self-destroying. Keats, Endymion, 1.
enthrillt (en-thril'), r. t. [< e»-i + thrill.] To
pierce ; cause to thrill.
A dart we saw, how it did light
Right on her breast, and therewithal pale Death
Enthrilling It to reave her of her breath.
Mir. /or Mags., p. 265.
enthrone (en-thron'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
throned, ppr. enthroning. [Formerly also in-
thronc; ME. entronen, < OF. enthroner, <. en- +
throne, throne. Cf. enthronize.] 1. To place
on a throne ; exalt to the seat of royalty ; in-
entlirone
Test with sovereign authority; hence, to seat
loftily ; exalt eminently.
Aparty was he proude, presit after seruys,
He wold not gladly be glad, lie glide into niyrth
But euermore yinaginand & entrond in thoghtes.
Deitructioa (if Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. S842.
Antony,
Enthron'd in the market-place, did sit alone.
Shak., A. and C, ii. 2.
Beneath a sculptured arch he sits eTUhroned. Pope.
2. Eccles., same as enthronize, 2.
At five o'clock Evensong, the new bishop was formally
cnthromd. The Churchman, LIV. 463.
enthronement (en-thron'ment), n. [< enthrone
+ -ment.'i The act of enthroning, or the state
of being enthroned.
The enthrottevient of ... as Archbishop of Canterbury
took place. The Americari, V. 413.
enthronization (en-thro-ni-za'shon), n. [< en-
fhronize + -ation; = Sp. entronisddon = Pg. en-
tronizagdo = It. intronizsazione, < ML. inthroni-
zatio(n-), < inthronizare, inthronisare, enthrone :
see enthronize.'i The act of enthrouizing or en-
throning; eccles., the act of formally placing a
bishop for the first time on the episcopal seat
or throne (cathedra) in his cathedral. Also
spelled enthronisation.
We have it confirmed by the voice of all antiquity, call-
ing the bishop's chair a throne, and the investiture of a
bishop, in his church, an enthronization.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 240.
enthronize (en-thro'niz), V. t.; pret. and pp.
enthroni^ed, ppr. etithronizing. [Formerly also
inthronize; = Sp. entronizar = Pg. entronizar =
It. intronizzare, < ML. inthronisare, < Gr. evdpo-
vi^eiv, set on a throne, < h, in, + dpovoQ, a throne.]
If. To enthrone ; seat on high ; exalt.
King of starres, enthronized in the mids of the planets.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 13.
With what grace
Doth mercy sit enthroniz'd on thy face !
John Hall, Poems (1646), p. 78.
8. Eccles., to enthrone as a bishop; place a
newly consecrated bishop on his episcopal
throne. Also spelled enthronise.
enthundert (en-thun'd6r),«.i. [< e»-l + thun-
rfer.] To thunder; hence, to perform any act
that produces a noise resembling thunder, as
discharging cannon.
Against them all she proudly did enthwnder,
Until her masts were beaten overboard.
Mir. /or Mage., p. 850.
enthuse (en-thuz'), v.; pret. and pp. enthused,
ppr. enthusing. [Assumed as the appar. basis
of enthusiasm, enthusiastic.'] I. trans. To make
enthusiastic; move with enthusiasm: as, he
quite enthused his hearers. [CoUoq.]
Being touched with a spark of poetic fire from heaven,
and enthused by the African's fondness for all that is con-
spicuous in dress, he had conceived for himself the crea-
tion of a unique garment which should symbolize in per-
fection the claims and consolations of his apostolic office.
The Century, XXXV. 947.
H. intrans. To become enthusiastic; show
enthusiasm : as, he is slow to enthuse. [Colloq.]
He did not, if we may be allowed the expression, enthuse
to any extent on the occasion. Cor. New York Tribune.
enthnsiasm (en-thu'zi-azm), n. [= D. G. en-
thtisiasmus = Dan. enthusiasme = Sw. entusi-
asm, < F. enthousiasme = Sp. entusiasmo = Pg.
enthusiasmo = It. entusiasmo, < Gr. c:v6ovciaa/i6c,
inspiration, enthusiasm (produced, e. g., by cer-
tain kinds of music), < hvdovaia^ew, iutr. be in-
spired or possessed by a god, be rapt, be in ec-
stasy, tr. inspire, < ivdovg, later contr. form of
tvdmz (> L. entheus), having a god (Bacchus,
Eros, Ares, Pan, etc.) in one, i. e., possessed
or inspired by a god — of prophecy, poesy, etc.,
inspired from heaven ; < h, in, + Ued^, a god :
see theism.] 1. An ecstasy of mind, as if from
inspiration or possession by a spiritual influ-
ence ; hence, a belief or conceit of being divine-
ly inspired or commissioned. [Archaic]
Enthu»iwfm is nothing but a misconceit of being in-
spired. Dr. H. More, Discourse of Enthusiasm, § 2.
Enthusiasm . . . takes away both reason and revelation,
and substitutes in the room of it the ungrounded fancies
of a man's own brain, and assumes them for a foundation
both of opinion and conduct.
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xix. 3.
Inspiration is a real feeling of the Divine Presence, and
enthujfiwnn a false one.
Sha/teebury, Letter concerning Enthusiasm, § 7.
2. In general, a natural tendency toward ex-
travagant admiration and devotion ; specifical-
ly, absorbing or controlling possession of the
mind by any interest, study, or pursuit ; ardent
zeal in pursuit of some object, inspiring ener-
getic endeavor with strong hope and confidence
of success. Enthusiasm generally proceeds from hon-
1950
orable and exalted motives or ideas, whether correct or
erroneous.
If there be any seeming extravagance in the case, I must
comfort myself the best I can, and consider that all sound
love and acimiration is enthujdamn : the transports of poets,
the sublime of orators, tile rapture of musicians, the high
strains of the virtuosi, all mere enthusiasm .' Even learn-
ing itself, the love of arts and curiosities, the spirit of
travellers and adventurers, gallantry, war, heroism — all,
all enthusiasm! Shaftesbury, The Moralists, iii. § 2.
Enthusiasm is that state of mind in which the imagi-
nation has got the better of the judgment.
Warburton, Divine legation, v., App.
It was found that enthusiasm was a more potent ally
than science and munitions of war without it.
Emerson, Harvard Com.
A new religious enthusiasm was awakening throughout
Europe : an enthusiasm whicii showed itself in the reform
of monasticism, in a passion for pilgrimages to the Holy
Land, and in the foundation of religious houses.
J. Ii. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 495.
3. An experience or a manifestation of exalted
appreciation or devotion; an expression or a
feeling of exalted admiration, imagination, or
the like : in this sense with a plural : as, his
enthusiastnsy/ere now all extinguished; the en-
thusiasm of impassioned oratory.
He [Cowley] was the first who imparted to English num-
bers the enthusiasm of the greater ode, and the gaiety of
the less. Johnson, Cowley.
=Syn. 2. Earnestness, Zeal, etc. (fi^G eagerness); warmth,
ardor, passion, devotion.
enthusiast (en-thu'zi-ast), n. [= D. G. Dan.
enthusiast = Sw. entusiast,<. P. enthousiaste = Sp.
entusiasta = Pg. enthusiasta = It. entusiasta, eti-
tusiaste, < eccles. Gr. tvOovaiaoTtjc, an enthusiast,
a zealot, < evdovaiaCew. see enthusiasm.] 1.
One who imagines he has special or supernat-
ural converse with God, or that he is divinely
instructed or commissioned. [Archaic]
Let an enthusiast be principled tliat he or Iiis teacher is
inspired, and acted on by an immediate communication
of the Divine Spirit, and you in vain bring the evidence of
clear reasons against his doctrine. Locke.
2. One who is given to or characterized by en-
thusiasm ; one whose mind is excited and whose
feelings are engrossed in devotion to a belief
or a principle, or the pursuit of an object; one
who is swayed to a great or an undue extent by
emotion in regard to anything ; a person of ar-
dent zeal.
Chapman seems to have lieen of an arrogant turn, and
an enthusiast in poetry. Pope, Pref. to Iliad.
'Tis like the wondrous strain
That round a lonely ruin swells.
Which wandering on the echoing shore
The enthusiast hears at evening.
Shelley, Queen Mab, i.
The noblest enthusiast cannot help identifying himself
more or less with the object of Ins enthusiasm ; he mea-
sures the advance of his principles by his own success.
H. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 23.
3. [cap.] Eccles., one of the names given to a
Euchite. = Sjm. 2. visionary, fanatic, devotee, zealot,
dreamer. See comparison under enthusiastic.
enthusiastic (en-thii-zi-as'tik), a. and n. [For-
merly also enthusiastick ; = Sp. entusidstico =
Pg. enthusiastico = It. eniusiastico (ef. D. 6.
enthusiastisch = Dan. enthusiostisk = Sw. entu-
siastisk), < Gr. ivdovaiacTiKdq, inspired, excited,
act. inspiring, exciting, esp. of certain kinds of
music, < evdovaid^ew, be inspired: see enthusi-
asm.] I. o. 1. Filled with or characterized by
enthusiasm, or the conceit of special intercourse
with God, or of direct revelations or instructions
from him. [Archaic]
An enthusiastick or prophetick style, by reason of the
eagerness of the fancy, doth not always follow the even
thread of discourse. Bp. Burnet.
2. Prone to enthusiasm ; zealous or devoted ;
passionate in devotion to a belief or a princi-
ple, or the pursuit of an object : as, an enihti-
siastic reformer.
A young man ... of a visionary and enthusiastic char-
acter. Irving.
3. Elevated; ardent; inspired by or glowing
with enthusiasm : as, the speaker addressed the
audience in enthusiastic strains.
Feels in his transported soul
Enthusiastic raptures roll. W. Mason, Odes, v.
=Syil. Enthusiastic, Fanatical ; eager, zealous, devoted,
fervent, passionate, glowing ; heated, inflamed, visionary.
Knthusiastie is most frequently used with regard to a per-
son whose sympathies or feelings are warmly engaged in
favor of any cause or pursuit, and who is full of hope and
ardent zeal ; y/hi\e /atuttical is generally said of a person
who has fantastic and extravagant views on religious or
moral subjects, or some similarly absorbing topic. See su-
perstition.
H.t ». An enthusiast.
The dervis and other santoons, or enthusiasticks, being
in the croud, express their zeal by turning round.
Sir T. Ilerbert, Travels lu Africa, p. 326.
enticingly
enthusiastical (en-thu-zi-as'ti-kal), a. Samo
as enthusi<istic, 1. [Now rare.]
Very extravagant, therefore, and unwarrantaljle are
those flights of devotion which some enthtisiastical saints
. . . have indulged themselves in.
Bp. Atterbury, Works, I. ix.
enthusiastically (en-thii-zi-as'ti-kal-i), adv.
In an enthusiastic manner; with enthusiasm.
He [John Oxenbridge] preached very enthusiastically in
several places in his travels to and fro.
Wood, Athena) Oxon.
I became enthusiastically fond of a sequestered life.
V. Knox, Essays, xxix.
enthymema (en-thi-me'ma), n. [L.] Same as
eiitliymemc.
enthymematical (en''''thi-me-mat'i-kal), a.
[< cnthymema{t-) + -ical.] Pertaining to or in-
cluding an enthymeme.
enthymeme (en'thi-mem), n. [=F. enthymeme,
< L. enthymema, < Gr. cvmiui/ua, a thought, ar-
gument, an enthymeme, < evdvficladat, consider,
keep in mind, < iv, in, + (h/ioc, mind.] 1. In
Aristotle's logic, an inference from likelihoods
and signs, which with Aristotle is the same as
a rhetorical syllogism.
Must we learn from canons and quaint sermonlngs . , .
to illumine a period, to wreath an enthymeitie with mas-
terous dexterity? Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
2. A syllogism one of the premises of which
is unexpressed. This meaning of the word, which is
the current one, arose from the preceding through a
change in the conception of a rhetorical argument with
the Roman writers (Quintilian, etc.).
However, an inference need not be expressed thus tech-
nically ; an enthymeme fulfils the requirements of what I
have called Inference.
J. H. Netcman, Gram, of Assent, p. 252.
Enthymeme of the first or second order, a syllogism
with only the major or minor premise expressed.
entice (en-tis'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. enticed, ppr.
enticing. [Formerly also entise, intice, intise;
< ME. entiden, entisen, < OF. enticer, enticher,
excite, entice; origin unknown.] To draw on
or induce by exciting hope or desire; incite
by the presentation of pleasurable motives or
ideas ; allure ; attract ; invite ; especially, in a
bad sense, to allure or induce to evU.
Will intised to wan tonnes, doth easelie allure the niynde
to false opinions. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 81.
By fair persuasions, mix'd with sugar'd words.
We will entiee the Duke of Burgundy
To leave the Talbot, and to follow us.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
He an unfeigned Ulysses to her, for whose sake neither
the wiles of Circe, or enchantments of Sirens, or brunts
of war, could force or entice to forgetfulness.
Ford, Honour Triumphant, i.
When the worm is well baited, it will crawl up and
down as far as the lead will give leave, which much en-
ticeth the fish to bite without suspicion.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 150.
= Syn. Lure, Decoy, etc. (see allure'^); tempt, inveigle,
wheedle, cajole.
enticeable (en-ti'sa-bl), a. [< entice + -able.]
Capable of being enticed or led astray.
enticement (en-tis'ment), n. [Formerly also
inticement ; < ME. enticement, entysement, < OF.
enticement, < enticer, entice : see entice and
-ment.] 1. The act or practice of enticing or
of inducing or instigating by exciting hope or
desire ; allurement ; attraction ; especially, the
act of alluring or inducing to evil: as, the en-
ticements of evil companions.
By mysterious enticement draw
Bewilder'd siiepherds to their patli again.
Keats, Endymion, i.
2. Means of enticing ; inducement ; incitement ;
anything that attracts by exciting desire or
pleasing expectation.
Their promises, enticements, oaths, and tokens, all these
engines of lust. Shak., All's Well, iii. 5.
They [Carmelite nuns] never see any man, for fear of
inticements to vanity. Coryat, Crudities, I. 18.
3. The state or condition of being enticed, se-
duced, or led astray. =Syn. 1. Temptation, blandish-
ment, inveiglement, coaxing. — 2. Lure, decoy, bait.
enticer (en-ti's6r), n. One who or that which
entices; any one inducing or inciting to evil,
or seducing.
A sweet voice and music are powerful enticers.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 481.
enticing (en-ti'sing), p. a. Alluring; attract-
ing; charming. Formerly also inticing.
she gave him of that fair enticing fruit.
Milton, P. L., ix. 996.
For the impracticable, however theoretically enticing, is
always politically unwise. Lowell, Study \\^!idow8, p. 166.
enticingly (en-ti'sing-li), adv. In an enticing
or winning manner; charmingly. Formerly
also intieingly.
enticingly
She strikes a lute well.
Sings most inticin<jly.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ii. 1.
entiltmentt (en-tilt'ment), n. [< en-1 + tilt +
-meitt.'] A shed ; a teiit. Danes.
The best houses and walls there were of mudde, or can*
vaz, or poldavies enliltmentJt.
Xathe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 171).
Entimus (eu'ti-mus), ». [NL. (Schonherr,
l^'X), < Gr. evTi/io^, honored, prized, < iv, in, +
Ti/ai, honor. ] A remarkable gen us of cureulios or
weevils, of the subfamily Otiorhynchince, includ-
ing such as the diamond-beetle of South Amer-
ica, E. imperialis, an inch or more in length,
deeply punctate, black, the punctures lined with
brilliant green scales. There are about 6 other
species, all South American. See cut under dia-
jitond-heetl^
entire (en-tir'), a. and n. [Formerly also intire,
entyre, intyre; < ME. entyre, enter, < OF. (and
F.jeritier = Pr. entier, enteir = Sp. entero = Pg.
inteiro = It. intero, < L. integer, ace. integrum,
whole: see integer.'] I. a. 1. Whole; unbro-
ken ; undiminished ; perfect ; not mutilated ;
complete ; having all its normal substance, ele-
ments, or parts : as, not an article was left entire.
One ejitire and perfect chrysolite. Shak., Othello, v. 2.
With strength entire, and free-will arm'd.
MUton, P. L., J. 9.
The walls of this Towne are very intyre, and full of tow-
ers at competent distances. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 7, 1641.
The second qualiflcation required in the Action of an
Epic Poem is, that it should he an entire Action.
Addimn, Spectator, No. 262.
2. In bot., without toothing or division : applied
to leaves, petals, etc. — 3. In her., reaching the
sides of the shield and apparently made fast to
them: said of a bearing, such as a cross. — 4.
Not castrated or spayed; uncut: as, an entire
horse (that is, a stallion as distinguished from
a gelding). — 5. Full ; complete ; undivided ;
wholly unshared, undisputed, or unmixed : as,
the general had the entire command of the
army ; to have one's entire confidence.
Of what blen'd angel shall my lip* inquire
The undiscorer'd way to that entire
And everlasting aolace of my heart's desire?
Quartet, Emblems, Ir. 11.
In thy presence Joy entire. Milton, P. L., 111. 365.
6t. Essential; real; true.
Love's not tore
When it Is mingled with regard* Uutt stand
Aloof from the entire point Slak., Lear, L 1.
7t. Interior; internal.
Castlns secret flakes of Instfull Are
From his false eyes into their harts and parts entire.
Spenter, t. Q., IV. vlii. 48.
(This use Is perhaps due to a belief that entire and interior
are from the sani** ro<jt.)~ Entire function. 8ee/unc-
(i«n.— Entire horse. !<ee 4. Entire tenancjr. In lav,
ownership liy one pt-rson, in conlrailistitu-tiuii to a aeveral
tenanru, which implies a tenancy jointly or in conunoo
with Mthen. =SyiL 1 and S. Whole, Total, etc. See torn-
ptete. (.See also nuftea/.)
H. n. 1. The total; the whole matter or
thing; entirety. [Kare.]
I am narrating as it were the Warrington manuscript,
which is too long to print In entire.
Tttaeteray, Virginians, Ixlli.
2. A kind of malt liquor known also as porter
or stout. [Before the Introduction of porter in the first
guarter of tlie eighteenth century, the etiief malt liquorM
in lirt-at Britain were ale, heer, and twor^nny. A goo<l
<iea] cff tniuble was caused by demands for mixtures of
thcHc. At last a brewer hit upon a beverage which was
considered to combine the flavors of these three, and
which was called entire, as being drawn from one cask.
As it was much drunk by porters and other working peo-
ple, it also received the name of porter. In England, at
firesent, the word entire is seldom heard or seen, except
n connection with the name of some brewer or firm, as
part of a ftiif n or advertisement. See porters. J
entiret (en-tir'), adv. [< entire, a.] Entirely;
wholly; unreservedly: as, your entire loving
brother.
Blest Is the maid and worthy to be blest
Whose soul, entire by tiim she loves poesest,
Feels every vanity in fondness lost
Lord Lyttetlon, Advice to a Lady.
entirelyf, a. [ME. enterly; < entire + -/yi.]
Entire.
Btiicchynge yon ever with myn rnlerlv hert.
PolUieal Poenu, etc. (ed. Fumlvall), p. 41.
entirely (en-tir'H), adr. [Formerly also intire-
ly: < XIE. entierly, entyerly. entyreliche; < entire
•4--/y2.] 1. Wholly; completely; fully; with-
out exception or division : as, the money is en-
tirely lost.
TheikejM'n'-n/i^frfi/thef'onianndcmentofthe Holy Book
Alkaron, tliat Ood sente hem lie his Messager Machomet.
MandevUle, Travels, )>. 1.39.
Euplirates, rimning, sinketh partly into the lakes of
Cbaldea, and falls notentirely into the Persian sea. Raleigh.
1951
The place was so situated as entirely to command the
mouth of the Tiber. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 3.
2. Without admixture or qualification; unre-
servedly; heartily; sincerely; faithfully.
And the kynge and the quene prayed hyni right entierly,
soone for to come a-gein. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 678.
Loue god, for he is good and grounde of alle treuthe ;
Loue thyu enemy entyerly godes heste to ful-fiUe.
Piers PlawvMn (C), xviii. 142.
To highest God entirely pray. Spenger, F. Q., I. xi. 32.
His father, that so tenderly and entirely loves him.
Shak., Lear, i. 2.
entireness (en-tir'nes), n. [< entire + -ness.]
1. Completeness; fullness; unbroken former
state: as, the entireness of an arch or a bridge.
And a little off stands the Sepulchre of Rachell, by the
Scripture affirmed to have been buryed hereabout, if the
entireneese thereof doe not confute the imputed antiquity.
Sandyg, Travailes, p. 137.
2. Integrity ; wholeness of heart ; faithfulness :
as, the entireness of one's devotion to a cause.
The late land
I took by false play from you, with as much
Contrition and entireness of atTection
To this most happy day again I render.
Beau, ajid FL, Honest Man's Fortune, v. 3.
Christ, the bridegroom, praises the bride, his Church,
for her beauty, for her entirenee*.
Bp. Hall, Beauty of the Church.
3t. Intimacy; familiarity.
True Christian love may be separated from acquain-
tance, and acquaintance from efitirejieee. Bp. Hall.
entirety (en-tir'ti), n.; pi. entireties (-tiz).
[Formerly also intirety, entierty ; < entire + -ty,
suggested by its doublet integrity, q. v.] 1.
The state of being entire or whole ; wholeness ;
completeness : as, entirety of interest.
Since in its entirety it is plainly inapplicable to Eng-
land, it cannot be copied. Gladstone.
The aqueduct as now building can be utilized in its cn-
tirety. Sci. Amer. Supp,, p. 8890.
It is not in detached passages that his [Chaucer's] charm
lies, but in the entirety of expression and the cumulative
elTect of many particulars working towaril a common end.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 260.
2. That which is entire ; an undivided whole.
Sometimes the attorney . . . setteth down an entirety,
where but a moiety . . . was to be passed.
Baeon, Office of Alienations.
Tenancy by entireties, in law, a kind of tenure created
i)y a corivt-yance <ir (it-vise of an estate to a man and his
wife during coverturt-, who at common law are then said
to be tenants by entireties — that is, each is seized of the
whole estate, and neither of a part.
entitatlTe (en'ti-ta-tiv), a. [< entity + -at-
•re.] Pertaining to existence or entity: usually
opposed to objective in the old sense of the lat-
ter word.
Whether it (moral evil] has not some natural good for
it* subject, and so the enlitalice material act of sin l>e
physically or morally good ?
Etlie, Knowledge of Divine Things (1811), p. 340.
Entlt&tlve act, actuality, that which distinguishes ex-
istence, or t>ein« in actn, from being in iwweror in germ.
Thus, the entitatire material act of sin is the existence of
sin considered as an outward event, not as sin. — ^tl-
tative being, real being, opposed to intentional or ob-
Jectlve lieing, which is existence merely as an object of
consciousness. — E&tltatlve power, the power of becom-
ing something ; potential I'cing.
entdtati'rely (en'ti-ta-tiv-li), adv. Intrinsi-
cally ; taken itself apart from extrinsic circum-
stances.
entitle (en-ti'tl), r. t. ; pret. and pp. entitled, ppr.
entitling. [Formerly also intitte (also entitule,
intitule, after mod. F. and ML.); < ME. enti-
tlen, < OF. entituler, F. intituler = Pr. intitular,
entittUar, entitolar = Sp. Pg. intitular = It.
intitoUtre, < ML. intitulare, ^ve a title or name
to, < L. in, in, -1- titulus, a title: see title.'] 1.
To give a name or title to ; affix a name oi ap-
pellation to; designate; denominate; name;
call; dignify by a title or honorary appella-
tion ; style : as, the book is entitled "Commen-
taries on the Laws of England" ; an ambas-
sador is entitled "Your Excellency."
That which in mean men we entitle patience.
Shale., Rich. II., i. 2.
Some later writers . . . entitle this ancient fal)le, Pe-
nelope. Bacon, Fable of Pan.
2. To give a title, rijjht, or claim to ; give a
right to demand or receive ; furnish with grounds
for laying claim: as, his services entitle him to
our respect.
A Queen, who wears the crown of her forefathers, to
which she is entitled by blood.
Bp. Atterbnry, Sermons, I. viii.
If he had birth and fortune to entitle him to match intx>
such a family as ours, she knew no man she would sooner
fix up'vn. Qoldtmith, Vicar, iii.
3t. To appropriate as by title ; attribute or at-
tach as by right.
entocele
If his Maiestie would please to intitle it to his Crowne„
and yearely that both the Gouemours here and there may
giue their accounts to you.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, U. 106.
How ready zeal for party is to entitle Christianity to-
their designs ! Locke.
4t. To attribute ; ascribe.
The ancient proverb . . . entitles this work . . . pecu-
liarly to God himself. Muton.
Entitled In the cause, in law, having as a heading or
caption the name of a cause or suit, to indicate that the
paper so entitled is a proceeding therein. = Syn. 1. To
christen, dub.
entitnle (en-tit'ul), v. t. ; pret. and pp. entituled,
ppr. entituling. [Formerly also intitule ; < OF.
entituler, F. intituler, entitle : see entitle.] To
entitle ; give a name or title to : as, the act en-
tituled the General Police (Scotland) Act, 1860.
[Great Britain.]
Xor were any of the elder Prophets so entituled.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 173.
entity (en'ti-ti), n. ; pi. entities (-tiz). [= F.
entite = Sp. entidad = Pg. entidade = It. entity,
< ML. entita{t-)s, < en{t-)s, a thing: see ens.']
1. Being: in this, its original sense, the ab-
stract noun corresponding to the concrete ens.
Where entity and quiddity.
The ghosts of defunct bodies, fly.
Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 145.
When first thou gav'st the promise of a man,
When th' enibrion spark of entity began. Hart.
2. An independent ens; a thing; a substance;
an ontologieal chimera. As a concrete noun, if is-
chiefly use*! to express the current notion of the mode of
l)eing attributed by scliolustic metaphysicians to general
natures and to formalities. Modern writei-s have generally
said the schoolmen made entities of words, a Judgments
which seems to espouse the nominalistic side of tlie great
dispute, although the writei-s who use this phrase are not
decided nominalists. Such being the connection which by
its associations gives the word entity its meaning, the lat-
ter is necessarily vague.
The schools have of late much amused the world with
a way they have got of refeiring all natural effects to cer-
tain entities that they call real qualities, and accordingly
attribute to them a nature distinct from the modification
of the matter they belong to, and in some cases separable
from all matter whatsoever. . . . Aristotle usually calls
substances simply ocra, entities.
Boyle, Origin of Forms (Works, 2d ed., III. 12, 16).
The realists maintained that general names are the
names of general things. Besides individual things, they
recognised another kind of things, not individual, which
they teclmically called second substances, or universals
a parte rei. Over and above all individual men and wo-
men there was an entity called Man — Man in general,
which inhered in the individual men and women, and
communicated to them its essence.
J. S. Milt, Exam, of Hamilton, xviL
The scientific acceptance of laws and properties is quite
as metaphysical as the scholastic acceptance of eiifi'/ic/t and
quiddities ; l)Ut the justification of the one set is their ob-
jective validity, i. e. their agreement with sensible experi-
ence ; the illusorlness of the other is their incapability of
iK'ing resolved into sensible concretes.
O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 1. § 62.
There is scarcely a less dignified entity than a patriciatv
in a panic. Dieraeli.
The foremost men of the age accept the ether not as a*
vague dream, but as a real entity.
Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 125.
Will is essentially a self-procreating, self-sustaining,
spiritual entity, which owns no natural cause, obeys not
law, and has no sort of affinity with matter.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p. i.
Actual entity, actual existence.— Determinative en-
tity, the nioile of existence of a singular thing in a defi-
nite time and place. ~ Positive entity, ba^cceity. as be-
ing that mode of existence by which a jjeneral nature Is
<letermined to be individual.— Qulddltative entity, the
mode of being of a general nature not determined to l)e
individual.
onto-. [Gr. ivTo-, combining form of ivriif (=
L. intus), within, inside, < fv = E. in.- see i«l.J
A prefix, chiefly used in biological terms, de-
noting ' ■within, inside, inner, internal ' : opposed
to ecto- and exo-. it is the same as endo., bnt is less
frequently used ; in some ca.ses it Is synonymous viUhhypO',
since that which is internal is also under the surface.
entoblast (en'to-bl&st), n. [< Gr. ivroq, within,
-I- (i?MaTAc, bud,' germ.] In biol., the nucleolus
of a cell. Agassiz.
entobllQnns (en-tob-li'kwus), n. ; pi. entobliqui
(-kwi). [NL., < Gr. evrdf , within, -f L. obliquws,
oblique.] The internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen ; the obliquus abdominis internus.
entobranchiate (en-to-brang'ki-at), «. [< Gr.
fVToc, within, + branchiate, q. v.] Having the
gills or branchite internal or concealed, as in
most raollusks.
entocarotid (en''to-ka-rot'id), n. [< Gr. cvtoc,
within, + carotid, q. v.] The internal carotid
artery; the inner branch of thecommon carotid.
See cut under embryo.
entocele (en'to-sel), n. [< Gr. evrdc, within, -r-
K.r//!i, rupture.'] In pathol., morbid displace-
ment of parts; ectopia.
entocoelian
entoccelian (en-to-se'li-an), a. [< Gr. evToc, with-
in, + KoOua, belly.] Situated in a cavity of the
brain: applied to that part of the corpus stria-
tum (the nucleus caudatus) which appears in
the lateral ventricle.
Entoconcha (en-to-kong'ka), n. [NL., < Gr.
fiTof, within, + Kd'yxVy a shell: see cotich.'] A
remarkable genus of gastropod mollusks par-
asitic in holothurians, degraded by parasitism,
and of uncertain systematic posi-
tion among Gastropoda. These mol-
lusks are still imperfectly known, but are
supposed to be nudibranchs. A', mirabilis
is an internal worm like parasite of Synapta
digitata, with one end hanging; free in the
body-cavity of Stfuapta^ the other attached
to the alimentary canal of the host, and con-
tained in what is called the mollusklgerous
sac occasionally found in Synapta, The
eggs develop a velum and an operculated
shell, found free in the body-cavity of the host, whence
the name. E. mueUeri Is another species of the genus,
found in the trepang, Hotothuria edulU.
entoconchid (en-to-kong'kid), n.
of the lainilv Eiitoconchidw.
Entoconchidae (en-to-kong'ki-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Entoconcha + -icke.'] The family of para-
sitic mollusks which Entoconcha represents.
The position of the family has been questioned. It has
been considered to represent a ta3nioglossate monochla-
mydate azygobranchiate septant gastropod.
entocondyle (en-to-kon'dil), n. [< Gr. hrr(K,
within, + condyle, q. v.] The inner or internal
condyle of a bone, on the side next to the body
1952
entomophilous
entomolite (en-tom'o-lit), ». [< Gr. IvTo/iov, in-
sect, + Wog, stone.] A fossil insect: a name
applied to trilobites and related organisms, for-
merly classed with insects.
entomolith (en-tom'o-lith), n. Same as entom-
olitc.
entoire,entoyer(en-toi'*r),a. In *cr., charged entomolithi, w. 'PlvccaX ot entomolUhus, 2.
with bearings not representing living creatures, entomolithic (en'to-mo-lith'ik), a. [< entomo-
ontoilt (en-toil'), V. t. [< e»-l -1- toil^.^ To take
with or as with toils ; insnare ; entangle.
lie cut off their land forces from their ships, and en-
toi/led both their navy and their camp with a greater pow-
er than theirs, both by sea and land.
Bacon, New Atlantis.
EHtacfineka
ntufUeri. en-
lar^^ed.
such as mullets or annulets, eight, ten, or more
in nimiber: said of a bordure only. The more
modem custom is to blazon "on a bordure sa-
ble eight plates," or the like.
Entolithia (en-to-lith'i-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
£iT<if, within, -t- /li'Soc, stone.] Those radiola-
rians whose silicious skeleton lies more or less
completely inside the central capsule : opposed
to EctoUthia. Claus.
entolithic (en-to-lith'ik), a. [As EntoUth-ia +
Uth + -ic] Resembling, containing, or per-
taining to entomoUtes.
Entomolithust (en-to-mol'i-thus), n. [NL., <
Qr.ivTOfiov, insect, +' 7.idoq, stone.] 1. An old
Linnean genus of trilobites, the few forms of
which then known were named Entomolithus
paradoxus. Hence — 2. [I.e.; pi. entomolithi
(-thi).] Trilobites in general ; entomostracites.
entomolitic (en"to-m9-lit'ik), a. [< entomolite
,..,.. -1- -/(".] Same as' entomolithic.
-ic] Intracapsular or endoskeletal, as the skel- entomologic, entomological (en"to-mo-loj'ik,
eton of a radiolarian; of or pertaming to the
Entolithia; not ectolithic.
A gastropod Entomat (en'to-ma), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. Ivrofia,
pi. of ivTojiov, insect, lit. (like equiv. L. insec-
tmn, insect) cut into, neut. of Ivro/iog, cut into,
cut to pieces, < evrtfivuv, evrafielv, out into, cut
in two, cut to pieces, < h, in, + ri/iyctv, ra/idv,
cut.] One of the eight prime divisions of ani-
mals made by Aristotle, corresponding to the
more modern Insecta, and containing all the
articulates or arthropods excepting the crusta-
ceans
said especiaUy of the condyles at the lower end entomatography (en"t6-ma-tog'ra-fi), n. An
of the humerus and femur respectively: op-
posed to ectocondyle. See ^icondyU.
entocuneiform (en-to-ku'ne-i-f6rm), n. [< Gr.
-i-kal), a. [= F. entomologique = Sp. entomo-
logieo = Pg. It. entomologico, < NL. cntomologi-
cus, < entomologia, entomology: see entomology. '\
Pertaining to the science of entomology.
Our investigations into entomological geography.
WoUanton, Var. of Species, v.
entomologically (en'^to-mo-loj'i-kal-i), adv. In
an entomological manner ; according to or in
accordance with the science of entomology.
entomologise, «'. «. See entomologize.
entomologist (en-to-mol'9-iist), n. [= F. ento-
mologistc; as eyitomology' + -ist.'] One versed
in, or engaged in the study of, entomology.
Monographia Apum Angliae, a work which the young
entomologUt may take as a model. Ou-ctl, Anat., xvii.
h>T6(, within, + cuneiform, q. v.] In anat., the
innermost one of the three cuneiform bones of
the distal row of tarsal bones ; the inner cunei-
form bone ; the entosphenoid of the foot, in re-
lation with the inner digit. See cut xmdei foot.
entoderm (en'to-d6rm), n. [< Gr. evroc, within,
+ depua, skin.] ' Same as endoderm
entodermal (en-to-dfer'mal), a.
-al.l Same as endodermal.
The etUodennal lining of the gastro-vascular canals.
Claus, Zoology (trans.), p. 100.
entodermlc (en-to-d6r'mik), a. [< entoderm +
-ic.'] Same as endodermal.
The division of the margin of the ectodermal disk into
two parts, one resting directly on the entodermic yoke.
Lucks Handbook of Med. Sci., III. 172.
onto-ectad (en'to-ek'tad), adv. [< Gr. hrdc,
within, + ectad, q. v.] From within outward.
See ecto-entad.
entogastrlc (en-to-gas'trik), a. [< Gr. tvro^,
within, + gastric^ q. v.] Of or pertaining to
the interior of the stomach or gastric cavity of
improper form of entomography
entomb (en-tom'), V. t. [Formerly also intomb;
< OF. cntomber, < ML. intumularc, entomb, < L.
in, in, + tumulus, a mound, tomb.] To deposit entomologize (en-to-mol'o-jiz), v. i. ; pret. and
in a tomb, as a dead body; bury; inter. pp. cntomologized, ppr. en'tomologizing. _ [< en-
Processions were first begun for the interring of holy tomology + -ize.] To study or_ practise en-
martyrs, and the visiting of those places where they were
entotiibcd. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
The sepulchre of Christ is not in Palestine! ... He
lies buried whex-ever man, made in his Maker's image, is
entombed in ignorance. 0. IK. Holmes, Essays, p. 117.
[< entoderm + entombment (en-tom'ment), n. [< entoml) +
-ment.] The act of entombing, or the state of
being entombed; burial; sepulture.
Many thousands have had their entombments in the
waters. Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 16.
The entombment, specifically, the placing of the body
of Christ in the tomb, as described in the Gospels. It has
been made the subject of many works of art, the most
celebrated of which is the painting by Titian, now in the
Louvre at Paris.
tomology; gather entomological specimens.
Also spelled entomologise.
It is too rough for trawling to-day, and too wet for en-
tomologizino. Kingsley, Life, I. 171.
entomology (en-to-mol'o-ji), n. [= F. entomo-
logic = Sp. entomologia = Pg. It. entomologia =
D. G. entomologic = Dan. Sw. cntomologi, < NL.
entomologia, < Gr. evro/iov, insect, + -7.oyia, < 1t-
yeiv, speak: see -ology.] That branch of zool-
ogy which treats of insects, or Insecta. Formerly
most articulates were regarded as Entoma,oT "insects,"
and the science of entomology was equally extensive. The
term is now usually restricted to the science of the true
Insecta, Condylopoda, or Hexapoda (which sec).
entomere (en'to-mer), n. [< Gr. tirrff, within, entomometer (en-to-mom'e-tfer), «. [< Gr. ev-
+ /iipoc, a parti] In embryol., the more gran- rofiov, an insect, + 'fierpov, a measure.] Anin-
ular of the two blastomeres into which the strumcnt used to measure the parts of insects.
mammalian ovum divides, or a descendant of it Entomophaga (en-to-mof'a-ga), n. pi. [NL.,
in the first stages of development. The entomeres neut. pi. of cntomoph'agus : see' entomophagous.']
come to form the center of the mass of blastomeres, the - - ■ " " ■ ■ ' "
other and outer blastomeres being called ectomeres. ^
[<
certam animals — Entogastrlc proliferation, ento- "r„^{„ V-"*'«»»"""o'i /•<>,, +,^;r.'4t i VoU n
gastric gemmation, phrases proposed by Huxley to des- cntomiC, entODUCal (en-tom iK, -i-kal), a.
ignate a method of multiplication observed in certain Dis- Entoma + -ic, -ical.] Kelatmg to insects.
cophora of the group Trachynemata, and unknown among entOmO- [The combining form (entom- before
other Ut/drozoa. It consists in tlie growth of a bud from „ „„„pi\ „f fi.. rvrnimv usuallv in T)l EVToua
the gastnc cavity, into which it eventually passes on its ? vowel) or <jr. «VTO//ov, usually in pi. £vro/ia,
way outward; while in all other cases gemmation takes insect: see Entoma.] _ An element m words ot
place by the formation of a diverticulum of the whole wall Greek origin, signifying ' insect.'
of the ga.strovascular cavity, which projects on the free EntomOCrania(en"t6-m6-kra'ni-a),M.»i. [NL.,
surface of the body, and is detached thence_(if_it becomes ^ q^_ i^ojiov, insect, '-1- Kpaviov (LV cranium), the
detached) immediately into the circumjacent water.
aUtxogenesis.
The details of this process of entofrastnc gemmation have
been traced by Uaeckel in Carmarina hastata, one of the
Geryonidfie. . . . Wliat makes this process of asexual mul-
tiplication more remarkable is that it takes place in Car-
marinie which have already attained sexual maturity, and
in males as well as in females.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 135.
€ntOgastrocnemiU8 (en-to-gas-trotne'mi-us),
«. ; pi. entogastrocnemii (-i). [< Gr. e:vr6(, ■with-
in, + I'iJ-i. gastrocnemius, q.v.j
trocnemial muscle, or inner head of the gastroc-
nemius; the gastrocnemius internus. Coues,
1887.
entoglossal (en-to-glos'al), a. and n. [< Gr.
ifTor, within, -I- y/oKTffa,' tongue, + -al.] I. a.
Situated in the tongue. Specifically applied —(a) in
ornith., to the bony part of the hyoldean arch, which spe-
cially supports the tongue, and is usually called the glos-
tohyal: {b) in ichth., to an anterior median bone of the
hyoidean arch, supporting the tongue, analogous to if not
homologous with the glossohyal of higher vertebrates.
In the perennibranchiate Proteidea, the hyoidean arches
are united by narrow median entoglossal and urohyal
pieces, as in Fishes. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 164.
skull.] One of many names of that division of
vertebrates which is represented by the head-
less lancelet, amphioxus, or Branchiostoma :
same as Acrania, Fharyngobranchii, Leptocar-
dia, and Cirrostomi.
entomogenous (en-to-moj'e-nus), a. [< Gr.
evTofiov, an insect, +'-yev^g, produced: see -(/e-
nous.] In my col., growing upon or in insects :
^^ said of certain fungi.
The inner gas- entomograpMc (en"to-mo-graf'ik), a. [< an-
tomography + ■ic] Of or pertaining to ento-
mography; biographic, as applied to insects.
C. r. Jlilcy.
entomography (en-to-mog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr.
ivTofiov, an insect, + -■ypa<pia, { ypcujieiv, write.]
1. Descriptive entomology; the written de-
scription of insects; a treatise on insects. — 2.
A description of the life-histoiy of any insect.
C. r. liiley.
entomoid (en'to-moid), a. and n. [< Gr. evro-
ftov, insect, -I- eldog, form.] I. a. Like an in-
sect.
1. A subsection of Hymenoptcra terebrantia, or
boring hymenopterous insects. It contains the in-
sectivorous or parasitic species, such as the ichneumon-
flies and cuckoo-flies, which have the abdomen stalked ;
the female with a freely projecting ovipositor foi-ming a
borer or terebra, which is straight and inserted at the apex
of the abdomen ; and the larva; apodal and aproctous,
usually parasitic in the larvse of other insects. The group
is distinguished among the Terebrantia from the Phyto-
phaga or saw-flies. The subsection includes the families
Chaleididce, Proctotrypidai, JSraconida;, Jchneumonidm,
Evaniiiim, Cynipida, and Chrysididce. Westwood, 1840.
Also Entomophagi. [Scarcely in modern use.]
2. A division of marsupial mammals, contain-
ing those which have three kinds of teeth in
isoth jaws, and a cseeum, as the bandicoots and
opossums. Oicen, 1839. — 3. A division of eden-
tate mammals, one of two primary groups of
Bruta (the other being P7ii/toj)7(af?a), containing
insectivorous and carnivorous forms, as the ant-
eaters and pangolins. It was divided into 4
groups, Mutica, Squamata, Loricnta, and Tubu-
lidentata. Huxley. — 4. A division of chirop-
terous mammals, containing the ordinary bats,
as distinguished from the fruit-bats. Also called
Inscctivora, Animalivora, and Microchiroptera.
entomophagan (en-to-mof 'a-gan), a. and n. I.
a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Entomophaga, in any sense of that word.
II. n. One of the ^«to»Jop/ia(?a, inanysense
of that word, but chiefly used in entomology.
entomophagous (en-to-mof'a-gus), a. [< NL.
cntomophagus, < Gr. evrofiov, insect, -1- (payeiv,
eat.] Feeding on insects; insectivorous.
II. n. The entoglossal bone.
entOglutaeus(en"to-gl<J-te'us),n.; Tpl.entoglutcei Entomoletes (en-to-mol'e-tez), n.
II. n. An object having the appearance of an entomophilous (en-to-mof 'i-lus), a. [< Gr. cv-
insect. . ^ to/wv, insect, + ^/Aof, loving,] Literally, insect-
(-1). [< Gr. fpTof, within, -I- y'/x>vr6c, the rump,
buttocks : see glutaus.] The least gluteal mus-
cle ; the glutojus minimus. See glutaius.
entogluteal, entoglutseal (en"to-gl8-te'al), a.
[< entoglutceus + -al.] Pertaining to the ento-
glutaeus. '
[NL., < Gr.
evTo/iov, an insect, + okhriQ, equiv. to blsHip, a
destroyer, < b'AXvvai, destroy, kill.] Same as
Chaptia. Sundevall, 1872.
entomolin, entomoline (en-tom'o-lin), n. [<
Gr. IvTo/wv, insect, + -ol- + -in^, -inc"^.} Same
as chitin.
loving : anplied to flowers in which, on account
of their structure, fertilization can ordinarily
be effected only by the visits of insects.
There must also have been a period when winged insects
did not exist, and plants would not then have been ren-
dered entomophilous.
Darwin, Cross and Sell Fertilisation, p. 400.
Entomophthora
Entomophthora (en-to-mof tho-rii), n . [NL., <
Gr. cvTouov, iusect, + '<p6opa, destruction, < (pBci-
psiv, destroy.] Formerly, a genus of Entomoph-
thorete, now regarded as a subgenus or syno-
njTn of Empusa, 3.
Entomophthoreae (en'to-mof-tho're-e), n. pi.
[NL., < Entomophthora + -««.] A small group
of fungi, most of which are parasites of in-
sects. They produce hyphse of large diameter and fatty
contentji, which at length emerge from the insect in white
muses, and pro<luce at their tips conidia which are forci-
bly thrown into the air. Resting spores are also produced.
Five genera are recognized, of which the principal one is
Einpusa.
entomophytous (en-to-mof'i-tus), a. [< XL.
entomophytus, < Gr. ivrofiov, insect, + t^vrd^,
grown, verbal adj. of ^vtafku, grow.] In mycol.,
growing upon or in insects or their remains ;
entoraogenous.
OBtomosis (en-to-mo'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. Ivro/iov,
insect, + -osisJ] In pathoL, a disease caused
by a parasitic hexapod insect.
^tomostega (en-to-mos'te-ga), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. ciTo/ioy, insect, + artyoq, roof, house.] A
division of Foraminifern, having the cells sub-
divided by transverse partitions.
Entomostomata (en'to-mos-to'ma-ta), ». pi.
[NL., < Gr. ivTo/iov, insect, + arofia, mouth.]
In De Blainville's system, a family of siphono-
branchiate gastropods, having the lip of the
shell notched, it was made to include the modern
families Buecinidte, Murieidtx^ Harpidee, Dotiidcg, Cfu-
tidida, Cerithiid4B, Plenaxida, Terehridat, and Cancel-
lariidce.
Entomostraca (en-to-mos'tra-ka), n.pl. [NL.
(O. V. Miiller, 1785),'neut. pi', of entftmontracus,
< Gr. h'Tofioi', insect, -1- ootimkov, au earthen ves-
sel, a shell, esp. of Teatoeea. See o«tr<icwm.] In
zool. : (a) Latreille's name for all crustaceans,
except the stalk-eyed and sessile-eyed groups.
It is restricted to a portion of the lower enutaceans, but
the classiflcstions vary so much that the term Is gradually
being abandoned. The groups usually noted by it are the
Ottraeoda, as Cyprit; Copefnda^ as Cjfelopt ; Cladocera, as
Daphnia(Ke Daphnia); Branehwpoda^UMthe brine-sbrirap
tArt«mia »aiina) and the glacier-flea {Podura nioaiis);
TriiobiUSy all of which are extinct ; MeroHomaUXt of which
Eiuvplemi and Pterygottu are the best-known eiamples
among fossils, the king-crab being the only living example.
To theae some add the Bpizoa, or parasitic crustaceans.
Ko sobloglcal defliiition can be framed to include all these
groups, each of wliich is now osoally Regarded as a distinct
order. The i!h<auun(ni«t appear to have been flnt named
by O. F. MtUler in 178.% and have also been called Onatho-
pada, as by H. Woodward, (ft) In various systems,
one of two main divisions of Crustacea proper
(the other being Malacostraea). it is divided into
Cimpedux (including Bhixoeeptuila), Cooepoda (Including
Siphonottotna), Ottraeoda^ and Branehwpoda (the latter
covering both Cladocera and Phyltopodq). (c) \g re-
stricted, defined, and retained by Hoxley, those
Crugtaeea which have not more than three max-
illiform gnathites and completely specialized
jaws, the abdominal segments (counting as
such those which lie behind the genital aper-
ture) devoid of appendages, if there be any ab-
domen, and the embryo almost always leaving
the egg as a nauplius-form. Thus defined, the En-
lomntirara arc divided Into : 1, Copepoda ; 2, Epaoa; 8,
liraiichiojtoda ; 4, Ogtraeoda ; 6, Peetottraea.
entomostracan (en-t^-mos'tra-kan), a. and n.
1. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of
the Entomontraca.
H. n. One of the Entomostraca.
When we coiii« to the coal-measures, the Malacoatraca
diftaptiear ; but we then And the g'g^ntl'^ 0Htjomottraean
calliJ the liing-crali. Owen, AnaU
entomostracite (en-to-mos'tri-slt), n. [As
Entomostraca + -ite^.j Atriloliite; one of the
fossils known as entomoUles.
entomostracons (en-to-mos'tra-kus), a. [<
NL. tntoiiinstraeus : see Entomostraca.'] Per-
taining to or having the characters ot Entomos-
traca.
within the stomach (of PoUieiptt Potymenu] from top
to bottom, there were thousands of a bivalve erUomotlra-
cota crustacean. Darwin, (^rrlpedia, p. 813.
entomotaxy (en'to-mo-tak'si), n. [< Gr. hn-o-
/jov, insect, + rdfic, arrangement.] The art of
])reparinp, setting, and preserving insects as
ciibiiict spi-<iraen8. C. V. Riley.
entomotomist (en-to-mot'o-mist), fl. [< ento-
motomy + -ist.'] One who 'studies the interior
structure of insects; an entomological anato-
mist.
entomotomy (en-to-mot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. hro-
fun;, in.scct, -4- roiif/, a cutting.] 1. The dis-
section of insects ; entomological anatomy. —
2. The science ,,f the anatomical structure of
insects.
entonic (en-ton'ik), a. [< Or. hn-ovo(, strong,
stretched, < ivreivciv, stretch: see entasis, and
123
1963
cf. tonic.'] In pathol., exhibiting high tension
or violent action.
Entoniscidse (en-to-nis'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Entoniscus + -idee.] A family of isopod crus-
taceans parasitic in the body-cavity of other
crustaceans, as cirripeds, crabs, etc. Some are
parasites of parasites. It contains such gen-
era as Cryptoniscus and Entoniscus.
Entoniscus (en-to-nis'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. h-
TOi, within, + NL. Oniscus, q. v.] The typical
EMtcmUcus farasites (female), ma^lied.
genus of parasitic isopods of the family Entonis-
cidce. E. porcellanm is an internal parasite of
a Brazilian crab of the genus Porcellana.
entoparasite (en-to-par'a-sit), n. [< Gr. hvrd^,
within, + -apaaiTo^, parasite : see parasite.]
An internal parasite ; a parasite living in the
interior of the host.
entoparasitic (en'to-par-a-sit'ik), a. [< ento-
parasite + -ic.J Of the nature of an entopar-
asite ; living in the interior of the host, as an
entoparasite.
entopectoralls (en'to-pek-to-ra'lis), fl. ; pi. en-
topectoralcs (-lez). fNL. (Cones, 1887), < Gr.
evrd^, within, -I- L. pectoralis : see pectoral.]
The inner or lesser pectoral muscle ; the pec-
toralis minor (which see, xaiAer pectoralis).
entoperipheral (en'to-pe-rif 'e-ral), a. [< Gr.
tvruq, within, + vepi^peia, periphery, -I- -al.]
Situated or originated within the periphery or
external surface of the body: specifically ap-
plied to feelings set up by internal disturb-
ances: opposed to rpiperipheral : as, hunger is
an entoperipheral feeling. See extract under
epiperipheral.
entophyta (en-tof 'i-ta), ». pi. [NL., pi. of en-
tophytum : see entopftyte.] Entophytes.
eniophytal (en'to-n-tal), a. Same as entophytie.
entophyte (en'to-fit)J' n. [< NL. entophy'tum,
< Gr. hroi, within, + <^m6v, a plant.] A plant
growing within an animal or another plant,
usually as a parasite. Entophytes are chiefly para-
sitic fungi, and In use the term is not commonly employed
except for those growing within animals. The commonest
and most generally distributed entophytea are the bac-
teria, some of which are harmless and may occur In healthy
animals; but many species produce diseases, especially
contagious diseases. (See bacterium, Sckiiomyettet.) Cer-
tain groups of fungi are almost entirely entophytie in
habit, as Cordyeep* and the related forms of Juaria, the
EntoinopKthorcce, and others. (See cut under Cordycepe.)
Also endophyte.
entophytie ( en-to-fit 'ik), a. [ientonhyte + -ic]
In hit., haWng the character or habit of an en-
tophyte. A.\aoentophytal,entopkyUms,endophy-
tal, cndojihytic.
The entophytie fungi which Infest some of the regetables
most important to man . . . constitute agroup of special
interest to the microscopist,
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., i 319.
entophytically (en-to-fit 'i-kal-i), adv. As an
entophj-to ; in an eiitophjrtib manner. Also
erutophytically.
Wounded places, . . . though of very small extent, are
always In the natural course of things the parts where
the mdophyticatly developed Fungus flrst makes its attack.
De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 360.
entophytons (en'to-fi-tus), a. Same as ento-
phytie.
entoplastic (en-to-plas'tik), a. [< Gr. ivrdf,
^vithin, + ir'/jiaTiKac, < ir^aaric, verbal n. otT?Aa-
actv, form.] Same as endoplastic.
These products are therefore either ectoplastic or cnio-
plaetie. E. R. Lanketter, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 832.
entoplastron (en-to-plas'tron), n. ; pi. entoplas-
tra (-trii). [Nlj., < dr. fvrtJf, 'within, + NL. plas-
tron, q. v.] The single median and anterior one
of the nine pieces of which the plastron usually
consists in chelonians or turtles and tortoises:
so named by Huxley to avoid the use of the
more frequent name entostemnm, as the plas-
tron is not now supposed to contain any ster-
nal elements. See epiplastron, and cuts under
carapace, Chehnia (second cut), and plastron.
entosthoblast
entopopliteal (en'to-pop-lit'e-al), a. [< Gr.
fvrof, within, -i- popliteal, q. v.j' In anat., sit-
uated on the inner side of the popliteal space
or region. Coues, 1887.
Entoprocta (en-to-prok'ta), n.pl. [NL., neut.
pi. of cntoproctus : see eiitojnoctous.] One of
two divisions of Polysoa established by Nitsche
(the other being Ectoprocta), including those
Polyzoa in which the anus opens within the cir-
clet of tentacles of the lophophore.
entoproctous (en-to-prok'tus), a. [< NL. ento-
proctuii,<. Gr. tvrog, within, + TrpuKTo^, the anus.]
Having the anus inside the tentacular circlet
of the lophophore ; pertaining to or having the
characters of the Entoprocta.
entopterygoid (en-top-ter'i-goid), a. and n. [<
NL. entopterygoideus, q. v.] 1. a. Pertaining to
the entopterygoid, or to the internal pterygoid
bone or process.
II. ». A bone of the skull in Vertebrata, form-
ing an internal part of the palate ; the inter-
nal or true pterygoid bone, it is free and distinct in
most vertel>rates in wliich it occurs, but in man and mam-
mals generally it forms the so-called internal pterygoid
process of the sphenoid, being in adult life firmly anky-
losed with the sphenoid. See cut under patatoqtiadrate.
The palato-quadrate arch [of teleostean fishes] is rep-
resented by several iMjnes, of which the most constant are
tlie palatine in front, and the quadrate behind and below.
Besides these there may be three others : an external, ec-
topterygoid ; an internal, entopterygoid, and a metaptery-
goid. liuxley, Anat. Vert., p. 136.
entopterygoideus (en-top-ter-i-goi'de-us), n.;
pi. eiitoptcryyoidei (-i). [NL., < Gr. fvrof, with-
in, -I- NL. pteryijoideus.] The internal ptery-
goid muscle. See pterygoideus.
entoptic (en-top'tik), a. [< Gr. hrd^, within,
-t- oTrriKOf, pertaining to sight : see optic] Of or
pertaining to the interior of the eye.
Many forms emerge from the macula lutea in entoptic
seeing with closed eye, suggesting that it is a seat of
memory for images that reach it from without.
Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 312.
Bntoptlc phenomena, visual perceptions dependent on
the t-yeball itself, and not on external objects, as musc»
vnlitantcs, iiliosplienes, etc.
entoptically (en-top'ti-kal-i), adv. In an en-
toptic way or manner.
entoptics (en-top'tiks), n. [PL of entoptic:
see -ics. ] The sum of knowledge concerning the
phenomena of the interior of the eye.
entoptOSCOpic(en-top-to-skop'ik), «. [<entop-
toscopy + -ic] Pertaining to entoptoscopy :
as, '' entoptoscopic methods," B. J. KandaU,
lied. News, L. 259.
entoptoscopy (en-top-tos'ko-pi), n. [< Gr. h-
Tof, within, + oTTTdc, verbal adj. of y bir, fut.
o^'caOai, see, -1- OKoireiv, view.] The autoscopio
investigation of the appearances presented by
the structures in the healthy or diseased eye.
entortilationt (en-t6r-ti-la' shon), n. [< F. en-
tortiller, twist (< en- + tortiller, twist, < L. tor-
quere, pp. tortus, twist : see tort, torsion), +
-ation.] A turning into a circle. Donne.
Entosphserida (en-to-sfer'i-da), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. EiTof, within, + atpa'ipa, a ball, + -irfa.J
A division of radiolarians made by Mivart for
those forms which have a spheroidal intracap-
sular shell not traversed by radii, and no nu-
clear vesicle, as in the genus Haliomma, which
is tyjiioal of this division.
entosphenoid (en-to-sfe'noid), ». [< Gr. Ivr6^,
within, -t- aijir/voctSr/^, wedge-shaped: see sphe-
noid. ] The internal cuneiform bone of the foot,
usually called the entocuneiform. Coues.
entostemal (en-to-st6r'nal), a. [< entoster-
num + -dl.] Of or pertaining to the entoster-
nura or entoplastron.
entostemite (en-to-st^r'nit)^ n. [< entostemum
+ -ite''^.] An internal cartilaginous plate de-
veloped to support a series of muscles in vari-
ous arthropo(b, as in tarantulas, scorpions, the
king-crab, etc. Generally called endosternite.
In the Arachnids (Mygale, St:orpio) and in Limulus a
large internal cartilaginous plate — the entostemite — is
developed as a support for a large series of muscles.
E. R. Lanketter, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 676.
entostemum (en-to-st6r'num), ». [NL., < Gr.
fiT(if, within, + aripvov, the breast, chest: see
sternum.] In entom.: (a) A collective name
for the apodemes or interior processes of the
sternum in the thorax ot an insect. (6) .Any
one of these processes, generally distinguished
as anteftirca, mesofurca, and postfurca.
entosthoblast (en-tos'tho-bl^st), «. [< Gr. iv-
Toade, before a vowel ivroadcv, from within (<
twrff, within, + -8e, -6cv, a demonstrative sufiix,
from), + fi'/aaro^, a bud, germ.] In physiol.,
the so-called nucleus of the nucleolus or ento-
blast. Agassis.
entotlc 1954
entotic (en-tot'ik), a. [< Gr. fvr<Jf, within, + ovf entrailed (en-trald'), P- a- [< entrail + -edS.]
(U7-), = E. eai-l, + -iV.] Of or pertaining to In /ler., having the same tinetvtre as the field
the interior of the ear; being or arising within upon which it is borne, but darker. Also called
the ear: an epithet applied to auditory sensa- umbraled, shadowed, ani 2>urjled. [Rare.]
tious which are independent of external vibra- entrails (en'tralz), n. pi. [Formerly also en-
tions, but arise from changes in the ear itself.
It [vacillation of intensity! is observed in cases of per-
forated tympanum, and so cannot be due to periodic ten-
sion of entotic muscles. Amer. Jotir. Psychol., I. 327.
entotriceps (en-tot'ri-seps), n. ; pi. entotricipi-
tes (en-tot-ri-sip'i-tez). [< Gr. evroc, within, +
L. triceps, q. v.] The inner head or internal
division of the triceps muscle of the arm, in-
cluding the anconeus. Wilder, 1882.
entourage (F. pron. pn-to-razh'), «• [F., < en-
tourer, surround, < en tour, around: en, < L. in
= E. in; tour, round: see tour2.] Surround-
ings ; environment ; specifically, the persons
among whom as followers or companions one
is accustomed to move.
entoyer, «. See entoire.
Entozoa (en-to-z6'a), n. pi. [NL., pi. of ento-
zoon, q. v.] fn zool. : (a) In CuviePs system,
the second class of Badiata, containing the in-
testinal worms, divided into two orders, Nema-
toidea and Parenchymata. These divisions corre-
spond to some extent with tlie general groups of tlie
round worms and the flat worms, but are not coincident
with any modern orders. (6) Now, a general name,
of no classificatory significance, of "
trals, entrails, intrails, intrals; < ME. entraile
(sing., rare), < OF. entraille, usually in pi. en-
trailles, F. entrailles = Pr. intralius, < ML. jh-
tralia (neut. pi. of "intralis), equiv. to OF. en-
traigne = Sp. entrailas = Pg. entranhas, pi., =
It. entragno, sing., < ML. intrania, intranca, for
L. interanea, pi. of interaneum, intestine, neut.
of interaneus, interior, internal, inward, < inter,
in the midst: see inter-, enter-.'] 1. The in-
ternal parts of animal bodies; the viscera;
the bowels; the guts: seldom used in the sin-
gular.
O Julius Ceesar, thou art mighty yet I
Thy spirit walks abroad, and turns our swords
In our own proper entrails. Sfiak., J. C, v. 3.
Hence — 2. The internal parts of anything.
Within the massy entrails of the earth,
Marloive, Faustus, i. 1.
This is all this liuge masse containeth within his dark-
some entrails. Sandys, Travailes, p. 102.
entraint (en-tran'), II. t. [< F. eiitrainer, < en-
+ trainer, train: see train.'] To draw on.
And with its destiny entrained their fate.
Vanbrugh, ^^Esop, ii.
pltr^s"iteCsurharinteSinarworms:"opSe^^^^ entrammelt (en-tram'el), t; t [Formeriy also
\tozoa, the ectoparasites, it applies to all ento- entramel; < en-l + trammel.] 1. To trammel;
i. . .
parasites, the effect of the former usage of the word
making it still specially applicable to the entoparasitic
nenmtoids, trematoids, and cestoids. Also Enterozoa.
(c) [Used as a singular.] A genus of arachnids.
(d) \l. c] Plural of entozoiin.
entozoal (en-to-zo'al), a. Same as entozoic.
entozoan (en-to-zo'an), a. and n. [< entozoiin
+ -an.] I, a. Same as entozoic.
H. n. One of the Entozoa; an internal para-
site.
entozoarian (eu'to-zo-a'ri-an), a. and n. [< en-
tii~o)Jn + -arian.] ' I. a. Same as entozoic.
II. H. Same as entozoan.
This had been described by Rathke in 1841 as an Ento-
zoarian, but has since been proved by its transformation
to be a Cirripede, and was named Peltogaster.
Encyc. Brit., VI. 647.
entozoic (en-to-z6'ik), a. [As entozoon + -ic]
1 . In zoiil., living inside the body of another an-
imal; entoparasitic; pertaining to finto^oa. — 2,
In bot., growing within animals, usually para-
sitic, as many entophytes.
entozoical (en-to-z6'i-kal), a. [< entozoic +
-a I.] Same as entozoic.
entOZOOlogist (en"to-zo-ol'o-jist), n. [< entozo-
ology + -ist.] A student of entozoology ; an in-
vestigator of the natural history of the Entozoa.
This great entozoologist [Rudolphil, who devoted the
leisure of a long life to the successful study of the present
uninviting class, divided the parenchymatous entozoa,
here associated in the class Sterelniintha, into four orders.
Owe7i.
entozoology (en'to-zo-ol'o-ji), ». [< Gr. tvrdf,
within, + ^Ciov, animal (see entozoon), + -'koyia,
< '/.tyew, speak: see -ology.] That branch of
zoology which treats of the Entozoa.
entozoon (en-to-zo'on), n. ; pi. entozoa (-a).
[NL., < Gr. £VTi5f, within, + Cv"", an animal.]
One of the Entozoa; an internal parasite; an
entozoan.
There exists a creature called the Gregarina, [not] very
similar in structure to the Hydatid, but which is admitted
to be an entozoon. II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 492.
Entozoon foUlculomm, the Denwdex foUiculorum
(which see, under Demodez).
entOZOOtic (en"to-z6-ot'ik), a. [< entozoon +
-ot-ic] Pertaining' to or of the nature of an
entozoon.
entr'acte (on'tr-akf), »• [F., < entre, between,
+ acte, act.] 1. The interval between two
acts of a play or an opera. — 2. Instrumental
music performed during such an interval. — 3.
A light musical composition suitable for such
use.
entrail^ (en'tral), n. The rarely used singular
of entrails.
Lest Chichevache yow swelwe in hir entraille.
Chaucer, Clerks Tale, 1. 1132.
entrail^f (en-tral'), V. t. [< en-1 + F. treilUr,
lattice, < treille, a lattice, trellis: see traifi,
trellis.] To interweave ; diversify; entwine or
twist together.
Before, they fastned were under her knee
In a rich Jewell, and therein entrayld
The ends of all the knots.
Spenser, V. Q., II. iii. 27.
Her hlgh-pric'd necklace of entrailed pearls.
Middleton, Micro-Cyuicon, L 3.
entangle.
They were meant for accusations, but are most pitiful
failings, entrammeled with fictions and ignorance.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, p. 104.
2. To make into ringlets ; curl; frizzle.
Passe-fillons, small earlocks . . . ; hence, any frizzled
locks or entramelled tufts of hair. Cotgrave.
entrance^ (en'trans), n. [Early mod. E. also
entraunce, enterarice,enteraunce ; < OF. entrance,
entrance, < entrant, entering, entrant: see en-
trant.] 1. The act of entering, as a place, an
occupation, a period of time, etc.;
coming into; hence, accession
tering into possession: with into or upon: as,
the entrance of a person into a room; the en-
entreat
Entrance examination. See examinatifin. — The Great
Entrance, in the Gr. Ch., the solemn procession in whicli
the eucharistlc elements are taken from the prothesis,
through the body of the church, into the beina. This en-
trance is the most impressive ceremony in the ritual of
the Greek Churcli, and the procession is often long and
magnificent.— The Little Entrance, in the Gr. Ch., the
solemn procession in which the book of the Gospels is car-
ried through the church and taken into tlie bema. =Syn.
1 and 2. Ingress, entry, admittance.— 3. Iidet, avenue,
l»ort.il.
entrance^ (en-trans'), V. t.; pret. and pp. en-
tranced, ppr. entrancing. [Formerly also in-
trance; < c»-l + trance.] 1. To put into a
trance ; withdraw consciousness or sensibil-
ity from ; make insensible to present objects.
With which throng the lady Clara meeting.
Fainted, and there fell down, not bruis'd, I hope.
But frighted and entranc'd.
Middleton (and Rowley), Spanish Gypsy, iii. 2.
Him, still entranced and in a litter laid.
They bore from field and to the bed conveyed.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc, Hi.
There is no doubt that many persons charged with witch-
craft became insane or entranced, and that while entranced
or insane they did see . . . images or imps, confessed ac-
cordingly, and were — very logically — hanged therefor.
G. M. Beard, Psychol, of Salem Witchcraft, p. 11.
Now, except when attacked at the vulnerable point,
there is no reason why previously hypnotised persons
should be more liable to be entranced than any one else.
E. Gumey, Mind, XII. 227.
2. To put into an ecstasy ; ravish with delight
or wonder ; enrapture.
And I so ravish'd with her heavenly note,
I stood entranc'd, and had no room for thought.
But, all o'erpower'd with ecstasy of bliss.
Was in a pleasing dream of paradise.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 1. 119.
I sank
In cool soft turf upon the bank.
Entranced with that place and time.
So worthy of the golden prime
Of good Haroun Alraschid.
Tennyson, Arabian Nights.
[Chiefly in the present and past participles in
both senses.]
entrance-hall (en'trans-h&l), n. A hall at the
entrance to a dwelling-house or other building.
etc.; a going or v"""">^^ ■^^ •« ""^"'"f _ ,-
ii; the act of en- entrancement (en-trans ment), n. [Formerly
intoornnon: as. also intrancemeiit ; < entrance^ + -ment.] The
act of entrancing, or the state of being en-
trance of an army;' one's entrance upon study, tranced; trance; ecstasy.
into business, into or upon the affairf of life, ov entrant (en'trant), a. and «. [< OF. and P. en-
,,».«.. l,;i, tiiTD^tioHi TTQQi-- ty,o t>nffnn^/> r.f a moTi fflJU (= Op. jTg. It. C/
upoti his twentieth year ; the entrance of a man
into office, or upon the duties of his office ; the
entrance of an heir into his estate.
Beware
Of entran^x to a quarrel ; but, being in.
Bear 't that the opposed may beware of thee.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
When I was at Adrianople I saw the entrance of an am-
bassador extraordinary from the emperor on the conclu-
sion of the peace.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 141.
2. The power or liberty of entering; admis-
sion.
Has the porter his eyes in his head, that lie gives en-
trance to such companions? Shak., Cor., iv. 5.
Oft, at your Door, make him for Entrance wait.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Ai-t of Ijove.
Or her, who world-wide entrance gave
To tile log-cabin of the slave.
Whittier, Lines on a Fly-Leaf.
3. Means or place of access ; an opening for
admission ; an inlet : as, the entrance to a house
or a harbor.
Shew us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city.
Judges i. 24.
And wisdom at one entrance quite shut out.
Miltm., P. L., iii. 50.
The to-.vn ... is entered by a gateway of late date, but
of some dignity ; but it is not much that the frowning en-
trance leads to. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 323.
4. An entering upon or into a course, a sub-
ject, or the like; beginning; initiation; intro-
duction.
The enteraunce or beginnyng is the former parte of the
oracion, whereby the will of the slanders by or of the
judge is sought for and required to lieare the matter.
.Sir T. Wilson, Art of Rhetoric, fol. 4.
He that travelleth into a country before he hath some
CTitrance into the language goeth to school, and not to
travel. Bacon, Travel (ed. 1887).
St. Augustine, in the entrance of one of his discourses,
makes a kind of apology. Ilakeivill, Apology.
A report by the master of a vessel, first in entreat (en-tref), v.
(= Sp. Pg. It. cntrante), < L. intran(t-)s,
ppr. of intrare (> OF. entrer, etc.), enter: see
enter.] I, a. Entering; giving entrance or ad-
mission: as, an eniraw* orifice.
II. n. One who enters; a beginner; a new
member, as of an association, a university, etc.
The entrant upon life. Bp. Terrot.
entrap (en-trap'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. entrapped,
ppr. entrapping. [Also intra}); < OF. entraper,
entrapper, catch in a trap, entrap, embarrass,
hinder, trammel, < en, in, -I- trape, a trap: see
en-1 and trap'^.] To catch, as in a trap; insnare;
hence, to catch by artifice ; involve in diSicul-
ties or distresses ; entangle ; catch or involve
in contradictions.
Here in her hairs.
The painter plays the spider ; and hath woven
A golden mesh to entrap the hearts of men.
Faster than gnats in cobwebs. Shak., M. of V., iii. 2.
The highest power of the soule is first intrapped, the
lusting and sensible faculties follow after.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 25.
entrapment (en-trap'ment), n. [< entrap +
-ment.] The act of entrapping or catching, as
in a snare or trap.
Where given to understand
Of some entrapment by conspiracy, [he]
Gets into Wales. Daniel, Civil Wars, iv.
entrappingly (en-trap'ing-li), adv. In a man-
ner so as to entrap,
entret, n. An obsolete form of entry.
entre-t. See enter-.
entreasuret, intreasnret (en-, in-trez'ur), v. t.
[< CH-l, in-'^, + treasure.] To lay up in or as in
a treasury ; furnish with treasure.
Things
As yet not come to life ; which in their seeds.
And weak tieginnings, lie intreasured.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
person and afterward in writing, of its arrival
at port to the chief oificer of customs residing
there, in the manner prescribed by law. — 6.
The bow of a vessel, or form of the forebody,
under the load water-line : opposed to run.
The Miranda has a fine handsome clipper bow, a good
entrance, and her forebody is better than her afterbody.
Boston Herald, July, 1888.
So he [the jeweler] entreasures princes' cabinets.
As thy wealth will their wished libraries.
Chapman, on B. Jonson's Sejanus.
[Formerly also i«<reot;
< ME. entreten, treat, deal with, also entreat,
beseech, < OF. entraiter, entraiticr, treat of, en-
tertain, <en- + traiter, traitier, treat : see treat.]
I. trans. 1. To treat, use, or manage; deal with;
act toward. [Archaic]
There was oure Lord first scourged ; for he was scourged
and vUeynsly entreted in many places.
Mandemlle, Travels, p. 95.
2t.
3
1955
"entertainment, conversation "(Nares). Polonlus Is speak-
ing to his daughter, Ophelia :
From this time . . .
Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence ;
Set your entreatments at a higher rate
Than a commaud to parley. Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
entreaty (en-tre'ti), n. ; pi. entreaties (-tiz).
[Formerly also entreatie, intrcaty, intreatie; < en-
treat + -y, after treaty, q. v.] If. Treatment;
entertainment; reception.
The Emperour . . . vsed no ill eiitreatie towards them.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 251.
Seeing banishment with loss of goods is likely to betide
you all, prepare yourselves for this hard entreaty.
John Fenry, in L. Bacon's Genesis of New Eng.
[Churches, p. 192.
Yet if those cunning palates hither come,
They shall find guests' entreaty, and good room.
B. Jonson, Epicoene, Prol.
2. Urgent prayer; earnest petition; pressing
solicitation; supplication.
I am not made of stone,
' But penetrable to your kind entreafies.
Shall., Rich. III., iii. 7.
Neither force nor itUreaty could gain any thing upon
these Shepherds. Brvee, Source of the Nile, I. 462.
Yet not with brawling opposition she,
But manifold entreatiei, many a tear, . . .
Besought him. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
= 8yn. 2. Request, Appeal, etc. (see yroj/er), solicitation,
importunity.
prayers could nUreat. Rogers, entrechaunget, V. t. An obsolete form of in-
=S:i1L 3. Ask, Request. Beg, etc. See a«tl. See list un- terchamje. Chaucer.
,. entreconummeti f- *'. An obsolete form of »n-
tercommtDie,
entreef, «■ An obsolete form of er^try.
All other kindc of poems except Eglogue whereof shal ^ntt^ (on-tra'), n. [F., < OF. entree, > ME.
be «n(reo<«i hereafter, were onely recited by mouth or ''^_^'',';.^ ^p, ^„f^' „ - ' -
song with the voyce to some melodioas instrument
entreat
Troste noo lenger to my curtessy,
I haue entretyd the full leutelly.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), L 3428.
I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well. Jer. xv. 11.
Be patient, and entreat me fair. ShaJc., Rich. III., iv. 4.
Soailles. But does your gracious Queen entreat you king-
like?
Cmirtenay. 'Fore God, I think she entreats me like a child.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, L 3.
To partake of; enjoy.
A thick Arber goodly over-dight,
In which she often usd from open heat
Her selfe to shroud, and pleasures to entreat.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vil. 53.
To ask earnestly; beseech; petition with
urgency; supplicate; solicit pressingly ; impor-
time.
And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to re-
turn from following after thee. Ruth i. 16.
I entreat you with me home to dinner.
SAot.,M. ofV., Iv. 1.
Here his Brother John submits himself to him, and with
great shew of Penitence intreatt his Pardon which he
readily granted. Baker, Chronicles, p. 85.
4. To prevail on by prayer or solicitation ; per-
suade or cause to yield by entreaty.
So the Lord was intreated for the land, and the plague
was sUyed from Israel. 2 Sam. xxiv. H..
It were a fruitless attempt to appeaae a power whom no
entropy
country or over the world wherever customers
are found : as, London is the great entrepdt of
the world; Shanghai and Hongkong are en-
trepdts for China. [Now the principal use of
the word.]
The gold coinage of Tarentum is evidence of its wealth,
which it owed partly to the richness of its products, both
terrestrial and marine, but still more to the excellence of
its landlocked harbour, and to the convenience of its situ-
ation as an erUrepdt for the commerce of Greece and Egypt.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archffiol., p. 408.
entrepreneur (on-tr-pr6-n6r'), ». [F., < enlre-
prendre, undertake : see enterprise.'] One who
undertakes a large industrial enterprise ; a con-
tractor.
The most distinctive part of Mr. Walker's teaching is
perhaps his view that profits — i. e.,the employer's oren-
trepreneur's, as distinguished from the capitalist's share
of the product of industry — cannot be reduced to the
same category as interest or wages.
Westminster Rev., CXXV. 553.
entresol (en't6r-sol or, as F., on'tr-sol), n. [F.,
< entre, between, + sol, ground, soil: see soil.^
A low story between two others of greater
height, especially one so treated architectural-
der beseech.
n. in trans.
course.
If. To treat of something ;
entree, E. entry, q. v.] 1. Entry; freedom of
access : as, the entrie of a house.
An eminent banker . . . asked the Minister to give him
the entrie of the Horse Guards. Quarterly Rev. , CXLV. 12.
2. A made dish served at the dinner-table be-
tween the chief courses. — 3. In music: (a)
Formerly, a slow composition, in march rhythm,
usually in two parts, each repeated : so called
because often used to accompany the entry of
processions in operas and ballets. (6) An in-
troduction or a prelude ; especially, in an opera
or a ballet, the next movement after the over-
ture; an intrada. — 4. The act of entering; en-
trance: as, his entree was very effective.
[i entreat, v.] Entreaty; entremest, entremesset, "■ [ME., also enter-
met, < OF. entremes (mod. F. entremets) (= It.
intramesso), < entre, between, + mes, mod. P.
corruptly mets, a dish, a mess: see enter- and
mess.] 1. A relish or a dainty dish served at
table between the principal courses.
Commaunde je that youre dysshe he welle fyllyd and
hepid, and namely of entennes, and of pitance with-oute
fat. Babees Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. SSO.
2. A short dramatic entertainment, with or
without music, originally on an allegorical or
heroic subject, later of a burlesque character :
first used in the thirteenth century; probably
the germ of the modem opera. — 3. A short
entertainment, musical or not, inserted be-
tween parts of a larger work ; an interlude or
entr'acte.
It had probably lieen customary from early times to In-
•ert In the mysteries so-called entremese* or interludes.
Eneye. Brit., VII. 414.
entremets (on-tr-ma'), n. [F. : see entremes.]
The French form now used instead of entre-
mes, 1.
Puttenham, Arte o( Eng. Poesie, p. 27.
Yet seemeth it in no case to be omitted, but to be I'n-
treated of In the first place. Haktuyt's Voyages, I. 563.
at. To treat with another or others; negotiate.
Alexander . . . was the first that entreated of true peace
with them. 1 Mac x. 47.
Buck. What answer makes your grace to rebels' suppli-
cation?
Jf. lien. I II send some holy bishop to mttrtal.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., Iv. 4.
3. To make an earnest petition or request.
The Janizarle* entrtaitd for them as valiant men.
Knolles, Hist. Turks.
entreatt (en-tref), ».
prayer.
ThU Is he
For whom I thwarted Solomon's entreats.
And fur whose exile I lamented.
Kyd O, Soltman and Perseda.
From my sovereign's mouth.
Lady, you are invited, the chief guest:
His edict liears command, but kind entreats
Sdmmon your lovely presence.
Beau, and PI. (7), Faithful Friends, lit 2.
Wear not your knees
In such entreats.
Middleton and Dekker, Soaring Girl, L 1.
entreatable (en-tre'ta-bl), a. [< entreat +
-iiliii-. ] Susceptible of being entreated, or read-
ily iiitlui-nced by entreaty. Huloet.
entreatancet (en-tre'tans), n. [< entreat +
-anet.] 1. Treatment.
Which John Fox having been thirteen or fourteen yean
under their gentle entreatanee, and being too weary there-
of, minding his escape, weighed with himself by what
means It inight be brought to pass.
Munday (Arlwr's Eng. Gamer, I. 205).
2. Entreaty; solicitation
That may by petiti<in and faire entreatanee be easily ob-
tained of that heroicall prince. KnoUes, Hlat. Turks.
The true chard used In pottages and entremets.
Mortimer, Husbandry.
These two entreatanee made they might be heard, entrench, entrenchment (en-trench', -ment).
Nor was their just petition long denied. Pair/ax. ii^c intrench, intrenchment.
entreater (en-tre't*r), n. One who entreats or entre noua (on'tr nO). [P., < L. inter nos, be-
asks earnestly. tween ourselves.] Between oaTselves.
Yet are they no advocates of oon, but peUtfoneia and entrepartt, t). t. See entervart.
- ■ entrepas (on'tr-pft), n. [P., < entre, between.
In the manige, a broken pace ;
entreaters for us.
Fulke, Com. on Rhenish Testament (1617), p. 826.
[In Spenser in-
Pi" -
entreatfult (en-tret'ful), a
treatj'ull; < entreat + -ful.] Full of'entreaty.
To seeke for succour of her and her Peares,
With humble prayers and intreat/ull teares.
Spenser, F. Q., V. x. 6.
entreatingly (en-tre'ting-li), adv. In an en-
treat i!i<.' iiiatiner.
entreativet (en-tre'tiv), a. [< entreat 4- -ire.]
Used iu entreaty; pleading; treating.
Oft embellish'd my entrealive phrase
With amellinf (lowers of vemant rhetorick.
A. Brewer (J), Ltngna, I. I.
entreatmentt (en-tret'ment), n. [< entreat +
-ment.] Something; entreated, aa a favor. This
is the protistile h^ nse in the following passage, where dif-
ferent interpretations are given by the editors: "favor
entreated "(HaxlitlXas In definition); " Interview "(Clark
ud Wright, Ulolie ed.); "Invitation received "(Schmidt);
-t- pill*, pace.]
an arable.
entrepdt (on'tr-p6), n. [P., < L. interpositum,
neut. of interpositus, pp. of interponere, place
between, < inter, between, + ponere, place :
see interpose, etc. Cf. depot.] 1. The deposit-
ing, storage, or warehousing of foreign mer-
chandise while awaiting payment of duties,
or transit or reexportation without such pay-
ment; also, a warehouse or magazine where
such storage is made, or a port where it is per-
mitted. [Now little used in either of these
meanings.]
The right of entrepdt, given by this article. Is almost
the same thing aa the making all their ports free ports
for us. Jefferson, Correspondence, 11. 282.
2. A mart, as a seaport or inland town, to
which goods are sent to be distributed over a
Part of House on Boulevard Malesbertws, Paris. E, S, entresol.
ly that from the exterior it appears to form a
single story with the one below it ; a low apart-
ment or apartments, usually placed above the
ground floor. Also entersole, mezzanine story.
They could take the premier now, Instead of the little
entresol of the hotel they occupied. Thackeray.
entrete^t, i". A Middle English form of entreat.
entrete'4, «• [ME., < OF. entrait, entraict, en-
tret, m., also entraite, f., a bandage used in
binding up wounds or in applying liniments or
plasters, aplaster, poultice, < entraire, draw on,
cover, < ML. intrahere, draw on, draw away, <
L. in, on, -I- trahere, draw : see tracf^.] A plas-
ter.
It sal drawe owt the felone or the appostynie, and alle
the fllthe. and hele It withowttene any etitrete, hot new It
evene and raorne.
ilfS. Lincoln Med., fol. 302. (Halliioell.)
entriket, «"• '. [ME. entriken, < OF. entriquer
= Pr. entricar, intricar = Sp. Pg. intricar, OSp.
entriear, < L. intricare, entangle, perplex: see
intricate.] To entangle ; embarrass ; bring into
difficulty; hinder.
Which of yow that love most entriketh
God sende hym hyr, that sorest for hym syketh.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 403.
entrochal (en'tro-kal), a. [< entroch(,ite) +
-al.] Belonging to or consisting of entroehite.
— Entrochal marble, a limestone, chiefly of Carbonifer-
ous aKC into wliiili fragments of cncrinites enter largely.
entrochi, «. Plural of entrochus.
entroehite (en'tro-kit), n. [As entrochus +
-ite^.] One of the wheel-like joints of encri-
nites, which occur in great profusion in certain
limestones, and are commonly called screw-
stones, tchecUtitnes, or St. Cuthbert's beads.
entrochus (en'tro-kus), «.; pi. entrochi (-ki).
[NL., < Gr. fi", in', + rpoxik, a wheel.] Same
as entroehite.
entropion, entropinm (en-tro'pi-on, -um), n.
[NL., < Gr. ivrpoizia, evrpoirfi, a turning toward,
< h, in, 4- Tptvuv, turn.] Inversion or turn-
ing in of the fore edge of the eyelid, so that
the lashes come in contact -with the eyeball.
entropy (en'tro-pi), n. [< Gr. evrpoiria, a turn-
ing toward: see entropion.] In physics: (a)
As used by Clausius, the inventor of the word,
and others, that part of the energy of a system
which cannot be converted into mechanical
work without communication of heat to some
other body, or change of volume. (6) As used
by Tait and others, the available energy ; that
part of the energy which is not included under
the entropy in sense (a).
The entropy of a system is the mechanical work it can
pcrfonn without ciirnmunication of heat, or alteration of
its total volume, all transference of heat being performed
by reversible engines. Clerk Maxwell, Heat, p. 186.
entrust
entrust (en-tmsf), v. t. See intrtist.
entry (en'tri). n. ; pi. entries (-triz). [< ME.
entree, entre, < OF. entree, F. entrie (see entree)
= Pr. intrada = Sp. Pg. entrada = It. entrata,
< ML. intrata, entry, entrance, orig. fem. pp.
of L. intrare (> OF. entrer, etc.), enter: see
enter^.'] 1. The act of entering ; entrance; in-
gress; especially, a formal entrance.
The day being come, he made his entry: he was a man
of middle stature and age, and comely. Bacon.
The Lake of Constance is formed by the entry of the
Khine. Addison, Travels in Italy.
The house was shut up, awaiting the entry of some new
tenant. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xxxiii,
2. A place of ingress or entrance ; specifically,
a passageway or space allowing ingress or ac-
cess; an entrance-hall or entrance-room in a
'building, or any similar means of access ; hence,
in English cities, a short lane leading to a court
or another street: as, St. Mary's entry.
We Fassyd also by Gulfe of Sana, that y» the etitre Into
Huugeri. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 16.
Zedekiah . . . took Jeremiah . . . into the third entry
that is in the house of the Lord. Jer. xxxviii. 14.
A straight long entry to the temple led.
Blind with high walls, and horror overhead.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc, L 1158.
St. Beginning; commencement.
A-boute the entre of May, . . . these wodes and medowes
beth florished grene. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 191.
4. The act of beginning; an initial movement
or entrance, as in a course or upon a subject or
consideration. [Rare.]
Attempts and entries upon religion. Jer. Taylor.
6. The act of entering or recording in a book ;
the act of setting down in writing, as a memo-
randum ; the making of a record.
The enactments relating to the distillery provide for the
licenses and the registration, or entrit as it is termed, of
the distillery premises, the stills and utensils.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, I'V. 213.
6. That which is entered or set down in writ-
ing ; a record, as of a fact, or an item in an ac-
count.
A notary made an entry of this act.
Bacon, New Atlantis.
Credit is likely to be more extensively used as a pur-
chasing power when bank notes or bills are instruments
used, than when the credit is given by mere entries in an
account. J. S. Mill.
7. A statement as to an importation of mer-
chandise made under oath by an importer, to
the effect that the merchandise described in
such statement is of the actual value declared
at the time and place where purchased or pro-
cured.— 8. The exhibition or depositing of a
ship's papers at the custom-house to procure
license to land goods, or the act of giving an
account of a ship's cargo to the officer of the
customs, and obtaining his permission to land
the goods. — 9+. In music, an act of an opera, bur-
letta, etc. — 10. In law: (o) The act of taking
possession of lands or tenements by entering or
setting foot on the same. There is a rirjht oj entry
when the party claiming may, for his remedy, either enter
into the land or have an action to recover it, and a title
of entry where one has lawful entry given him in the land,
but has no action to recover till he has entered. An <m:-
tuafe/Un/ is made when one enters into and takes physical
possession, either in person or by agent or attorney, (ft)
The act of intrusion into a building, essential
to complete the crime of burglary or house-
breaking, (c) In Scots law, the recognition of
the heir of a vassal by the superior, (d) A
memorandum of an act made in the appropriate
record provided therefor, (e) In relation to pub-
lic lands, the filing of a 'written application in
the proper land-office, in order to secure a right
of purchase. — lit. In medieval universities,
a house or houses hired b^ a club of students
to reside in at the university; a hostel; a hall.
See hostel.
These hostels were sometimes called "inns," '^entries,"
or " halls." Laurie, Universities, p. 249.
Bill of entry. See Wis.— Forcible entry. See forcible.
— Single and double entry, in com. See bookkeeping.
entryman (en'tri-man), n. ; pi. entrymen(-Taen).
In the United States, one who, intending to
settle, enters upon a homestead or other allot-
ment of public land.
The entryman, under the timber culture act, is not
compelled to plant any trees until the third year from
date of entry, when if he likes he may file a relinquish-
ment of his claim, and the land is again open for entry.
If. A. Rev., CXLII. 69.
entry way (en'tri-wa), n. A passage or space
forinffross; an entry. See enfr^, 2.
entunet (en-tiin')i f- 1- [^ ME. entunen, < OP.
entojter, P. entonner = Pr. 8p. entonar = Pg.
1956
entoar = It. intonare, < L. intonare, intone,
chant: see i»to««.] To chant; intone.
Ful wel sche sang the servise divyne,
Entuned in hire nose ful semely.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 123.
Thei herde the songe of the fowles and briddes that
myrily were entuned. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. ,561.
A company of yong gentlemen . . . and maydes . . .
sung hynis and sonnets . . . entuned in a solemne and
mournful note. llakemll. Apology, iv. 10.
entunet, n. [ME. cntune, entewne; < entunen, v.]
A tune ; a song.
Was never herd so awete a Steven,
But hyt hadde be a thynge of heven.
So mery a soune, so swete entewnes.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 309.
ent'Wint, ''• '• [^ c-^ + ttcin, «.] To separate.
Aiidclay.
ent'wine, int'wine (en-, in-twin'), v. ; pret. and
pp. entwined, intwined, ppr. entwining, intwining.
[<e»-i,«n-2, + twine.'] 1, trans. To twine; twist
round.
Which opinion, though false, yet entu^ned with a true,
that the souls of men do never perish, abated the fear of
death in them. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 1.
Love was with thy Life entwin'd
Close as Heat with Fire is join'd.
Cowley, Elegy upon Anacreon.
Round ray true heart thine arms entwine.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
Tl.' intrans. To become twisted or twined.
Harmonious youths.
Around whose brows entwining laurels play.
Glover, Leonidas, ii.
ent'Winement (en-t'win'ment), n. [< entwine +
-ment.] A twining or twisting round or to-
gether ; intimate union.
Like a mixture of roses and woodbines in a sweet en-
twinement. Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, p. 81.
ent'wist (en-twisf), «• '• U- en- + tioist.] To
twist or wreathe round.
So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle
Gently entmist. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
ent'Wisted (en-twis'ted), p. a. In her., same as
annndated.
ent'Witet, v. t. [< en-i + twite. Cf. atwite.l To
twit; blame; chide. Davies.
Thou doest naught to entudte me thus,
And with soche wordes opprobrious
To vpbraid the giftes amorous
Of the glittreyng Goddesse Venus.
J. Udatl, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 165.
enubilatet (f-nu'bi-lat), v. t. [< LL. enuUla-
ttis, pp. of enubilare, free from clouds, clear,
< L. e, out, -I- nubila, clouds, pi. of nuhilum,
cloudy weather : see nubilous, and cf . nubilate.']
To clear from clouds, mist, or obscurity. Smart.
enubiloust (f-nli'bi-lus), a. [< L. e, out, + nu-
bilosus, cloudy, nubilous: see nubilous, and cf.
enubilate.'] Clear from fog, mist, or clouds.
Baileij, 1727.
enucleate (e-nH'kle-at), V. t.; pret. and pp.
enucleated, ppr. enucleating. [< L. enucleatus,
pp. of enucleare, take out the kernels, clear
from the husk, explain, < e, out, -I- nucleus,
kernel : see nucleus.'] 1. To remove (a body, as
a kernel, seed, tumor, the eyeball, etc.) from
its cover, case, capsule, or other envelop.
Lie ? enucleate the kernel of thy scabbard.
Middleton and Rowley, Fair Quarrel, Iv. I.
2. Figuratively, to lay open ; disclose ; explain ;
manifest.
The kynge . . . demaunded of euery man seuerally,
what they sayde of these thynges whych Perkyn had both
enucleated and requyred. Hall, Hen. VII., an. 7.
Mark me, the kernel of the text enucleated, I shall con-
fute, refute, repel, refel.
Chapman, Revenge for Honour, i. 2.
enucleate (e-nii'kle-at), a. [< L. e- priv. + nu-
cleatus, having a ternel: see nucleate, and cf.
enucleate, v.] Having no nucleus.
enuclea'ter (e-nu'kle-a-tfer), n. One who enu-
cleates.
enucleation (e-nii-kle-a'shon), n. [= F. 4nu^
cleation; a,senucleate,'v., + -ion.] 1. The act of
enucleating, or removing a body (as a kernel,
seed, tumor, the eyeball, etc.) from its cover,
case, capsule, or other envelop. — 2. Figur-
atively, the act of explaining or making mani-
fest; explanation; exposition.
Neither air, nor wat«r, nor food seem directly to con-
tribute anything to the enucleation of this disease [the
jilica polonica]. Tooke.
enucleator (e-nii'kle-a-tor), n. ; pi. enucleatores
(e-im'''kle-a-t6'rez). ' [NL., < L. enucleare, pp.
ehucleatus,enu(i\eate: see enucleate.] Inornith.:
(a) The specific name of the pine-grosbeak,
Pinicola enucleator, from its habit of picking
enunciate
out seeds in eating. (6) pi. ^cap.] A name of
the Psittaci, the crackers or parrots.
enudationt (e-nu-da'shon), n. [< LL. enuda-
tio{n-), < enudare, pp. enudatus, make bare, <
L. e, out, + nudare, make bare, < nudus, bare;
see nude.] The state of being naked or plain;
the act of laying open. Bailey, 1727.
eniunbret, «'• t. [ME. enumbren, enounibren, <
OF. enombrer, enumbrer = Pr. enombrar = It.
inombrare, < L. inumbrare, overshadow, cover,
conceal, \ en, in, on, -I- umbra, shade : see um-
bra.] To overshadow ; conceal.
And there he wolde of his blessednesse enoumbre him
in the seyd blessed and gloriouse Virgiue Marie, and be-
come Man. Mandeville, Travels, p. 1.
enumerable (f-nu'me-ra-bl), a. [< NL. "enume-
rabilis, < L. enumerar'e, number: see enumerate.]
Capable of being enumerated ; numerable. In
mathematics a collection or ensemble is said to be enu-
merable if it can be put into one-to-one correspondence
with integer numbers, even though it may be infinite.
Thus, the rational numbers, the algebraic numbers, etc.,
are enumerable ; but the points in a line, however short,
are not enumerable.
enumerate (e-nu'me-rat), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
enumerated, ppr. enumerating. [< L. enumera-
tus, pp. of eivumerare {y It. enumerate = Sp. Pg.
enumerar = F. inumerer), count over, count
out, number, < e, out, -1- numerare, count, num-
ber : see number, numerate.] To count ; ascer-
tain or tell over the number of ; number ; hence,
to mention in detail ; recount ; recapitulate :
as, to enumerate the stars in a constellation.
The newspapers are for a fortnight filled with puifs of
all the various kindswhich Sheridan enumerated — direct,
oblique, and collusive. Macaulay, Montgomery's Poems.
Noses (again) are in some cases chosen as easily enu-
merated trophies. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 351.
Doctrine of enumerated powers, the doctrine that
the Constitution of the United States confers upon the
general government only the powers expressly mentioned
in it.
enumeration (e-nii-me-ra'shon), n. [= F. Enu-
meration = Sp. enumeracion = Pg. ennmerag&o
= It. enumcrazione, < L. enumeratio(n-), < enu-
merare, enumerate : see enumerate.] 1. The
act of enumerating, (a) The act of counting ; a num-
bering. (&) The act of stating in detail, as in a list.
I will make a true and exact enumeration of all the in-
habitants within the subdivision assigned to me.
Enumerator's Oath, United States Census of 1880.
2. An account of a number of things in which
detailed mention is made of particular articles.
Because almost every man we meet possesses these, we
leave them out of our enumeration.
Paley, Nat. Theol., xxvi.
3. In rhet., a recapitulation of the principal
points or heads of a discourse or argument. The
enumeration or recapitulation is the most important part
of the epilogue or peroration, and sometimes occupies the
whole of it. Also called aiiacephalceosis. See epanodos.
4. In logic, abscissio infiniti (which see) ; the
method of exclusions.
Enumeration is akind of argumentwherein, many things
being reckoned up and denied, one thing onely of necessi-
tie remayneth to be affirmed.
Blundeville, Logic (1599), V. 28.
Argument ftom enumeration. See (trj7«7nfn«— In-
duction by simple enumeration, the drawing of a
general conclusion simply on the groimd that there are
many cases in which it holds, and none known to the con-
trary.
Induction by simple enumeration may in some remarka-
ble cases amount practically to proof.
J. S. Mill, Logic, III. iii. § 2.
enumerati'Ve (e-nfi'me-ra-tiv), a. [= F. enu-
meratif; a,senumerate + -ive.] Serving to enu-
merate; counting; reckoning up. [Rare.]
Being particular and enumerative of the variety of evils
which have disordered his life.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, v. § 3.
Enumerative geometry. See geometry.
enumerator (e-nii'me-ra-tor), n. [= F. inu-
meratcur, < N"L. "enumerator, < L. enumerare,
enumerate: see enumerate.] One who enu-
merates or numbers; specifically, one who ob-
tains the data for a census by going from
house to house.
Few noses are straight, but one enumerator found most
to turn to the right, another to the left. Mind, IX. 96.
enunciability (e-nun-si-a-bil'i-ti), n. [< enun-
ciable: see -bility.] "Capability of being ex-
pressed in speech.
enunclable (e-nun'si-a-bl), a. [< NL. *enun-
tiabilis, < L. enuntiare, enunciate: see enunci-
ate.] Capable of being enunciated or express-
ed : a term of the old logic.
enunciate (e nun'si-at), v.; pret. and pp.
enunciated, ppr. enunciating. [< L. enunciatus,
prop, enuntiatus, pp. of enunciare, prop, enun-
tiare (> It. enunciare = Pg. Sp. cnunciar = F.
inoncer, > E. enounce, q. v,), say out, tell, di-
enunciate
vnlge. declare, < e, out, + nuntiare, announce,
tell, i nuntius, a messenger: see nuncio. Cf.
enounce.^ I. trans. 1. To utter, as words or
syllables; pronounce: used especially with ref-
erence to manner : as, he enunciates his words
distinctly. — 2. To declare deliberately or in
set terms; proclaim distinctly; announce;
state : as, to enunciate a proposition.
The temis in which he enunciateg the great doctrines
of the gospel. Coleridge.
asSyn. 1. Artkulnie, etc. See u/ter, v.
n. intrans. To utter words or syllables : used
especially with reference to manner : as, he
enunciates distinctly.
Each has a little sound he calls his own.
And each enunciateg with a human tone.
Hart, Vision of Death.
entinciation (e-nun-si-a'shon), n. [= F. entm-
ciution = Sp. ertMncioeiOB = Pg. enunciagSo =
It. enunciazione, < L. enunciatio(n-), prop, enun-
tiatio(n-),<. enuntiare, enimciate : see etiunci-
ate.] 1. The act or mode of enunciating or pro-
nouncing; manner of utterance ; pronunciation
or utterance : used especially with reference to
manner.
Without a graceful and pleasing enuneiation, all your
elegancy of style in speaking is not worth one farthing.
Cheterfield.
2. The act of annoimcing or stating, or that
Triiieh is announced ; deliberate or definite de-
claration ; public attestation.
The emutciation of the gospel, that life and immortality
were brought to light by Jesus Christ
Warburton, Diriue Legation, iv., notes.
The bare enunciation of Uie thesis at which the lawyers
and legislators arrived gives a glow to the heart of the
reader. Emerton^ West Indian Emancipation.
3. In logic, a proposition j that which is subject
to truth and falsity; a judgment set forth in
words.
An en unciation is an oration, form of speech, or declara.
tion. in which something true or false is pronounced of
another. Burgeradieiut, tr. by a Gentleman.
Binary enundatton. See biitary.— Compodt* eiiTin-
datlon, an enunciation which states some relation be.
tweeii facts descritied in dependent clauses : opposed to
ximpU enunciation. A composite enunciation is copulative,
hyiM^thf t:i-al. disjunctive, adversative, or relative, accord*
inK ti' tilt* iLitup' of the conjunctions uniting the clauses.
— Bzceptive ennnciatlOll, an enunciation which cnn-
talus an exceptive expression: as, all Miiinkind wen-
drowned except Noah and his family.— Exclusive enun-
ciation, ^e czrjiuta-. — Exponlble enunciation, an
enunciation which has to l>e replaced by another form
of speech Itefore applying the niles of syllogism, etc. —
Kodal enunciation, an enunciation which states some
fact to Ije i>«Msible or Impossible, necessary or coutln*
gent: contriiilistinguished Irom imn enundoHon. — Pim
enunciation, an enunciation which states a fact as posi-
ti%'euruTiileniable.— Kastrlctlve enunciation, an enun-
ciation which contains a rcMtrirtive expression : as, Christ,
in reif[iect Ut bis divine nature, is omnipresent See jmpo-
sitio/i.— Simple enundatton. an enunciation consisting
of a sulijeet and predicate; a categorical proposition : up-
posed to niiniHtttte enuncialioii.
entinciative (e-nt»n'|i-8-tiv), o. [= F. inonei-
ati/ =: 8p. Pg. It. enunciaUvo, < L. enunciatipus,
prop, enuntiatirus, < enuntiare, entuciate: see
enunciate.] Declaring something as true; de-
clarative.
The Instance of Isaac blessing Jacob, which in the sev-
eral parts was expressed in all forms, indicative, optative,
^nunriatire. Jer. Taylor, Office Ministerial.
emmciatively (e-nun'gi-S-tiv-li), adv. Declar-
ativfly. .Johnnim.
enunciator (c-nun'ri-a-tor), «. [= It. enunda-
torc, < LLi. enunciator, prop, enuntiator, a de-
clarer, < h. enuntiare, enunciate, declare : see
enunciate.] One who enunciates, pronounces,
proclaims, or declares.
The news of which she was the llrst, and not very Intel-
ll;:iMc enunciator. Mist Bdffeworth, Ennnl, xv.
enunciatory (e-nun'gi-&-to-ri), a. [< enunciate
+ -"ry.] 1. Pertaining to utterance or sound.
Smiirt. — 2. Knonncing; giving utterance ; serv-
in(;!isameansof enouncmg: as, tta enunciatory
ilisoourse.
enure, p. See inure.
enuresis (on-u-re'sis), n. [Nil., < Gr. hvovpelv,
mukf water in, < iv, in, -f- ovpeiv, make water,
< oi'/zor, urine] In pathol., incontinence or in-
voluntarj- di.soharge of urine.
enumy, enumey (en-6r'ni), a. Inker., charged
with beasts, especially lions, or rather lionoels,
eight, ten, or more in number : said of a bor-
dure only. The more modem custom is to bla-
zon " on a border azure, eight lioncels or," or
the like.
envaport, envapourt Cen-va'por), r. t. [< «n-i
+ iv(;wr. ] Tci surround with vapor.
On a sf Ml r.ekin:; conch lies blear-ey'd .Sleep,
Snorting' ai.wd, and with his panting breath,
Klowes a l»Ia( 1( fume, that all envavourtth.
aylcttter, tr. of Du liortas's Weeks, It, The VocaUon.
1957
envassalf (en-vas'al), V. t. [< en-1 -I- vassal.]
To reduce to vassalage ; make a slave of.
There lie, thou husk of my envaseait'd state.
Marston, Joneon, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, ii. 1.
envanlt (en-valf), '•. t. [< eti-^ + vault.] To
inclose in a vault ; entomb. [Rare.]
I wonder, good man I that you are not envaulted ;
Prithee ! go and be dead, and be doubly exalted.
Swift, Conclusion drawn from two preceding Epigrams.
envecked (eu-vekt'), a. See invecked.
enveiglet (en-ve'gl), v. t. See inveigle.
enveil (.cn-val'), t'. «. [ien-^+veil.] To veil.
The back of the head enveiled.
C. 0. M.iiUer, Manual of Archseol. (trans.), { 357.
envelop (en-vel'up), r. t. ; pret. and pp. envel-
oped, ppr. enveloping. [Also envelope, and for-
merly incelop.invelope ; < ME. envolupen, envoli-
pen (rare), < OF. envoluper, enveloper, envelopper
(mod.F. envelopper = Pr. envolopar, envolupar,
envelopar = It. inviluppare, formerly also ingo-
luppare), wrap up, envelop, < en- + *veloper,
wrap (a verb found also in desveloper, etc., > E.
develop, q. v.) ; the forms cited point to an orig.
type 'vlonp-, which must be of OLG. origin,
namely, from the verb corresponding to ME.
tvlappen (> mod. E. lap^), another form of wrap-
pen (> mod. E. icrap), wrap, envelop: see lapS,
wrap. Thus envelop is a Rom. doublet of inwrap,
enwrap.] 1. To cover, as by wrapping or fold-
ing; inwrap; invest with or as with a covering;
surround entirely ; cover on all sides.
I rede that our host heer shal biginne.
For he is most envoluped in sinne.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale (ed. Skeat), 1. M2.
Is not every great question already enveloped in a suf-
ficiently dark cloud of unmeaning words ?
Macaulay, West. Reviewer's Def. of Mill.
2. To form a covering about ; lie around and
oonceaL
The best and wholesomest spirits of the night
Envelop you, good provost ! Shak., M. for M., It. 2.
A cloud of smoke enrefo;>s either host Dryden.
The dust-cloud of notoriety which follows and envelops
the men who drive with the wind liewilders contemporary
judgment Lmcell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 347.
3t. To line ; cover on the inside.
His iron coat, all overgrown with rust,
Was underneath enveloped with gold.
Spenser, Y. Q.
EnveloplniE cone of a surface, the locus of all tangents
to the surface passing through a fixed point ^Syn. 1. To
encircle, encompass, infold, wrap up.
en'velop, envelope (en-vel'up, en've-lop: see
below), n. [= OF. envelope, F. enveloppe, a
cover, envelop; from the verb.] 1. A wrap-
per; an inclosmg cover; an integument: as,
the envelop of a seed. Specifically — 2. A pre-
pared wrapper for a letter or other ^aper, so
made that it can be sealed. [In this sense,
with the spelling envelope, often pronounced
as if French, on've-lop.]
Lend these to paper-sparing Pope,
And when he sits to write,
No letter with an envelope
Could give him more delight
Swift, Advice to Omb Street Verse- Writers.
3. In fort., a work of earth in form of a para-
pet, or of a small rampart with a parapet, raised
to cover some weak part of the works. — 4. In
astron., a shell partly surrounding the nucleus
Column Ducally
Crowned and Envel-
oped by a Snake.
Envelops of CofDcts.
of a comet on the side next the sun and away
from the tail, and appearing like a semicircu-
lar arch. Large comets generally show several of ttiese
under the telescope. They successively rise from the nu-
cleus and disappear.
6. In geom., a curve or surface touching a con-
tinuous series of curves or surfaces. Thus, sup-
pose a plane curve to undergo a continuous change in its
shape and position ; then the curve as It Is at any instant
Is intersected by the curve as it is at any subsequent In-
stant, and the closer the second instant follows after the
first the closer do these Intersections approach certain
positions on the first ciurve. These positions are points
on the envelop, and In this way all the points on the en.
velop are deterndned. If t is a variable parameter, and
P = 0 is the equation of the surface, then the equation
obtained by eliminating t between P = 0 and dP / df =■ 0
is the equation to the envelop. Or If there are two vari-
alde parameters, « and (, the equatir>n of the envelop is
obtained by eliniinatlntr them Ijetween P = 0, dP / d« =
0, and dP / d( = o. Every curve may thus be rejrnrded as
an envelop. Caustics, cvolutes. etc.. are so by their defi-
nitions.—Floral envelop, the perianth of a flower.-
Stamped envelop, an envelop imprinted with a postage-
envler
stamp or other sign of value by government authority, and
sold at a post-office for use in the mails at its face value,
usually with a small addition to cover the cost of paper
and manufacture.
enveloped (en-vel'upt), p. a. In her., entwined :
applied to charges around which
serpents, or laurels or other
plants, are loosely wound. Also
inirrapjied.
envelop-machine (en - vel ' up-
ma-shen'), h. A power-ma-
cliino for making envelops for
letters. It cuts the blanks from a
continuous roll of paper, Ijends them
into shape, and gums, folds, and press-
es the edges together. The machine
tlien gums the edge of the flap, dries the gum, folds the
flap, counts the flnished envelops into bundles of twenty-
flve, delivers them, and records the total count. Some-
times the blanks are first cut to shape in a separate ma-
chine. The capacity of a good machine is estimated at
120 envelops a minute, or 72,000 in one day.
envelopment (eu-verup-ment), 71. [= OF. en-
velopement, F.enveloppemeni=:Pr.envolopament,
evolopament = \t. inviluppamento ; as envelop +
-ment.] 1 . The act of enveloping, or of inwrap-
ping or covering on all sides. — 2. A wrapper or
covering; anything that surrounds, inwraps, or
conceals.
Tliey have found so many contrary senses in the same
text that it is become difficult to see any sense at all
through their envelopments.
Search, Free Will (1763), Pref.
His thoughts are like mummies, . . . wrapped about
witll curious envelopments. Long/ellow, Hyperion, i. 5.
envenimet, v. t. An obsolete form of envenom.
envenom (en-ven'um), v. t. [Formerly also en-
venome, invenom, invenome; < ME. envenimen,
enveni/men, also anvenimen, anvempnen, < OF.
envenimer, envelimer, F. envenimer = Pr. enveri-
nar, everinar = Sp. Pg. envenenar = It. invele-
nare, invelenire (obs.), poison, envenom (It. now
invelenire, intr. or refl., be exasperated), < ML.
invenetutre, poison, envenom, < L. in, in, on, -I-
venenum (> It. veleno = Sp. Pg. veneno = OF.
renim, venin), poison, venom : see rn-l and ven-
om.] 1. To taint or impregnate, as meat, drink,
or weapons, with venom or any substance nox-
ious to life ; make poisonous : chiefly in the past
participle : as, an envenomed arrow or shaft ; an
envenomed potion.
The treacherous instrument is in thy hand,
Unbated and envenom'd. Shale,, Hamlet, v. 2.
News was brought to the Court for certain, that the King
was slain at Oking, twenty Miles from London, stabijed
with an inoenonud Knife. Baker, Chronicles, p. 408.
They powre the water out of the dores, because the
Angell of Death washeth his sword (lately vsed) in water,
and enusnomefA it. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 219.
2. Figuratively, to imbue as it were with ven-
om; taint with bitterness or malice.
To hear
The envenomed tongue of calumny traduce
Defenceless worth. Smollett, The Regicide.
3t. To make odious or hateful.
O. what a world Is this, when what is comely
Envauims him that bears it !
Shak., As you Like it, 11. 3.
4t. To make angry ; enrage ; exasperate.
Envenoming men one against another.
Glanville, Essays, iv.
enverdure (en-v6r'dur), v. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
verdurcd, ppr. envercluring. [<«?»-! -I- verdure.]
To invest or cover with verdure. Mrs. Browning.
envermeilt (en-v6r'mil), v. t. [< OF. envermeil-
lir, make red, < en- + vermeil, vermilion : see
vermeil, vermilion.] To dye red; give a red
color to.
That lovely dye
That did thy cheek «ni»nnei(.
Milton, Death of Fair Infant, 1. «.
enveront, enverount, id'-', and v. See environ.
enviable (en'vi-a-bl), a. [< F. enviable (= Pg.
iiinjanl = Sp. envidiable = It. invidiahile), <
envier, envy: see envy and -able.] That may
excite envy ; worthy to be eiivied.
They {honest burghers of Communipaw] live in pro-
found and enviable ignorance of all the troubles, anxieties,
and revolutions of this distracted planet.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 99.
It he [Procter] escaped the discipline of learning in
suffering what he taught In song, I. for one, do not regret
this enviable exception to a very bitter rule.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 108.
enviableness (en'vi-a-bl-nes), n. [< enviable +
-nct.y.] The state or'quality of being enviable.
enviably (en'vi-a-bli), adv. In an enviable
manner.
envlet, n. and v. An obsolete form of envy.
envler (en'vi-6r), «. One who envies.
'They ween'd . . .
To win the mount of fJod, and on his throne
To set the sniner of his sUte. Milton, P. L., vL 88.
enner
To poisae what U right amidst all the persecutions of
surrounding enviera, duuces, ami lietract^irs.
V. Knox, Essays, Ixxxix.
Its opulence was an object it couUl not conceal from
its envierg. 1. D^lsraeli, Ameu. of Lit., I. 361.
envine^ r. (. [ME. envinen, envynen, < OF. en-
viner, F. cnvi)wr, < e?i- + vin, < L. vinum, wine :
see K>in«.] To furnish or store with wine.
A bettre envyjied man was nowher noon.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 342.
envious (en'vi-us), o. [< ME. envious, envyose,
emius, < OF. envios, envieus, F. envieux = Pr.
inveios, envios = Sp. envidioso = Pg. invejoso =
It. invidioso, < L. invidiosus, envious, exciting
envy, invidious, < inridia, envy: see enry^, n.
Cf. invidious, a doublet of envious.'] 1. Feeling
or disposed to feel envy.
Claudas was a noble knyght and a sure and moche and
stronge, but he was euer enmouM a-gein alle tho that
were above hym. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 389.
Be not thou envious against evil men. Prov. xxiv. 1.
For him in vain the envious seasons roll
Who bears eternal summer in his soul.
O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, vii.
2. Tinctured with envy; manifesting or ex-
pressing envy: as, an envious disposition; an
envious attack; an envious tongue.
Cesar and Pompey of martialle wodnesse,
By theyr enuyose compassyd cruelte,
Twene Germany and Affrik was gret enmyte.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 28.
Then down together hands they shook,
Without any envious sign.
Duel of Wharton and Stuart (Child's Ballads, VIII. 261).
St. Calculated to inspire envy ; enviable.
He to him lept, and that same envious gage
Of victors glory from him snatcht away.
Spenser, ¥. Q., I. iv. 39.
4t. Jealous ; watchful ; exceedingly careful.
As keen dogs keep sheep in cotes or folds of hurdles bound,
And grin at every breach of air, envious of all that moves.
Chapman, Iliad, x. 159.
No men are so envious of their health. Jer. Taylor.
= Syn. See in>ndiotts.
enviously (en' vi-us-li), adv. In an envious man-
ner; with envy; with malignity excited by the
exeelleuee or prosperity of another; spitefully.
How enviously the ladies look
When they surprise nie at my book I Suri/t.
enviousness (en'vi-us-nes), n. The state or
quality of being envious. Bailey, 1727.
enviret, v. t. [ME. enviren, enveren, < OF. en-
virer, turn back, turn, < en- + virer, turn: see
veer. Cf. environ.] To surround; environ.
Of the Holy Gost rounde aboute envirid.
Lydgate. (Halliwell.)
Myne armez are of ancestrye enveryde with lordez,
And has in banere bene borne sene syr Brut tyme.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1694.
environt, adv. [ME. environ, enviroun, envyroun
(usually joined with aboute, about), < OF. envi-
ron, F. environ (= Pr. environ, enviro, eviron),
around, about, < en, in, -I- viron, a turn (also
used as an adv., equiv. to environ), < vironner,
turn, veer, < virer, turn, veer : see veer.] About ;
around.
A compas enviroun. Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 300.
The erthe is fuUe large and fulle gret, and holt in round-
nesse and aboute envyroun, be aboven and be benethen
80425 miles. MandevUle, Travels, p. 186.
And he kepte right wele the Citee and the contre envi-
ron, that noon that entred ne myght but litill it mysdo.
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), ii. 179.
Lord Godfrey's eye three times environ goes.
Fair/ax, tr. of Tasso, ii. 80.
en'Viron (en-vi'ron), v. t. [< ME. environen, en-
virounen, environnen, envyronen, enverounen, <
OF. enviruner, environner, F. environner (= Pr.
environar), surround, < environ, around : see en-
viron,adv.] 1. To surround ; encompass ; en-
circle ; hem in.
Thei be-hilde the town that was right feire, and well
sette in feire contrey and holsom air, ffor the town was
envyroned a-boute with the wode and the river.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 646.
Methought, a legion of foul fiends
Bnviron'd me, and howled in mine ears.
Shak.. Rich. III., i. 4.
She was environed on every point of her territory by her
warlike foe. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., vii.
2t. To go about; pass around; traverse the cir-
cuit of.
To envyrone that holy Lend with his blessede Feet.
MandevUle, Travels, p. 1.
3. Figuratively, to hedge about ; involve ; en-
velop : as, the undertaking was environed with
difSculties.
A good sherriS'Sack . . . ascends me into the brain ;
dries me there all the foolish, and dull, and crudy vapours
which cnetron it. SAo*., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
1958
When I call back this oath.
The pains of hell eninron uie.
Beau, and FL, .Maid's Tragedy, ii. 1.
environment (en-vi'rgn-ment), n. [< F. envi-
ronnement, < environner, sui'round: see environ
and -ment.] 1. The act of environing or sur-
rounding, or the state of being environed. — 2.
That which environs ; the aggregate of sur-
rounding things or conditions.
It is, however, in the insect world that this principle of
the adaptation of animals to their environment is most
fully and strikingly developed.
A. Ji. Wallace, Nat. Select, p. 66.
The step which distinguishes, so far as it can be distin-
guished, the animal kingdom from the vegetable one,
takes place when, relatively to the needs of the organism,
the environment is heterogeneous both in Time and Space.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., 1 151.
Conditions of en'vlronmeut, in biol., the sum of the
agencies and intineTices which affect an organism from
without ; the totjility of the extrinsic conditioning to
which an organism is subjected, as opposed to its own in-
trinsic forces, and therefore as modifying its inherent ten-
dencies, and as a factor in determining the final result of
organization. It is an expression much used in connection
with modern theories of evolution in explaining that at a
given moment a given oi'ganism is the resultant of both in-
trinsic and extrinsic forces, the latter being its conditions
of environment and the former its inherited conditions.
environmental (en-vi-ron-men'tal), a. [< en-
vironment + -at] Ha\'ing the character of an
environment; environing; surrounding: as,
environmental influences.
In analyzing the popular generalization that "like be-
gets like," it may eventually be shown how much of that
likeness may be due to the hammering of the same en-
vironmental forces which formerly played upon the parent.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 421.
environmentally (en-vi-ron-men'tal-i), adv.
By means of the environment or aggregate of
surrounding things or conditions.
BnvironnwntaXly-in\t\sii&A Sensations are classified ac-
cording to the nature of the agent by which they are
aroused. Mind, IX. 338.
environs (en-vi'ronz or en'vi-ronz), n. pi. [<
F. environs, pi., < environ, adv., around.] Places
lying circumjacent; surrounciing parts or local-
ities : as, the environs of a city or town.
Small streams, brought from the Cydnus, traverse the
environs. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 233.
envisage (en-viz'aj), v. t.\ pret. and pp. en-
visaged, ppr. envisaging. [< F. cnvisager, < en, in,
-I- visage, visage: see visage.] To look in the
face of; face; view; regard; hence, to appre-
hend directly; perceive by intuition: some-
times, as a term of philosophy, equivalent to
intuit.
To bear all naked truths.
And to envisage circumstance, all calm,
That is the top of sovereignty.
Keats, Hyperion, ii.
Nature, to the Buddhist, ... is envisaged as a nexus
of laws, which reward and punish impartially both obe-
dience and disobedience.
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, i. § 7.
We can only aifirm and mentally envisage the one [idea]
by denying and suppressing the representation of the
other ; and yet we have to strive to predicate both, and to
embody them together in the same mental image.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 69.
envisagement (en-viz'aj-ment), n. [< p. en-
visapetnent; as envisage -h -ment] The act of
envisaging ; view ; apprehension : as a term of
philosophy, equivalent to intuition (which see).
In the Schoolmen, likewise, Platonizing Christianity
rises to an envisagement of its significance and function.
Jour. Spec. Philos., XIX. 49.
envoit, «• An obsolete form of envoys.
envolume (en-vol'um), V. t. ; pret. and pp. en-
volumcd, ppr. envoluniing. [< ejt-l -H volume.]
To form into or incorporate with a volume.
[Rare.]
envolupet, v. t. A Middle English form of en-
velop.
envoy^t (en-voi'), V. t. [ME. envoyen, < OF. en-
voyer, envoier, earlier enveier, envier, entveier,
F. envoyer, send, = Pr. Sp. Pg. enviar = It. in-
viare, < L. in, in, upon (or, as to OF. ent-, < L.
inde, thence, away), -f via, way (> L. viare, >
OP. veier, voyer, travel) : see via, voyage.] To
send. Lydgate. (Halliwell.)
envoyi (en-voi' ), n. [< ME. envoye, envoy, < OF.
envoy, F. envoi, a message, a sending, the post-
script to a poem, < envoyer, send : see envoy^,
V. Cf. invoice.] 1. Formerly, and sometimes
still archaically, a postscript to a composition,
particularly a ballade or other sentimental
poem, to enforce or recommend it. it sometimes
served as a dedication. As a title it was often, and is still
occasionally, written with the French article, I'envoy or
I'envoi (len-voi').
The Blind Minstrel is a vigorous versifier. ... As a
specimen of his graver style we may give his envoy or con-
cluding lines. . Croi'*, Eng. Lit., I. 390.
2. Figuratively, termination; end.
envy
Lor. [Sets his foot on Alon^'g breast.]
Alon. Long since
I looked for this I'envoy.
Maxsinger, Bashful I.rf>ver, v. 1.
envoys (en'voi), n. [In form assimilated to
envoys ; < F. envoye (= Sp. Pg. enviado = It.
inviato), a messenger, envoy, lit. one sent, pp.
ot envoyer, send: seeenvoy^.] One despatched
upon an errand or a mission ; a messenger; spe-
cifically, a person deputed by a ruler or gov-
ernment to negotiate a treaty, or transact other
business, with a foreign ruler or government.
Formerly the word was usually applied to a public min-
ister sent on a special occasion or for one particular pur-
pose ; hence an envoy was distinguished from an ambas-
sador, or permanent resident at a foreign court, and was
of inferior rank.
The Castilian envoy, Don Luis Carroz, was not present
at Mechlin, but it [the treaty] was ratified and solemnly
sworn to by him, on behalf of his sovereign, in London,
April 18th. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 23, note.
Henry [II.] received the envoys, and sent them back with
ambassadors of his own and large presents.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 124.
Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary,
in diplo7iiacg, the full title of a minister of the second
grade resident in a foreign country, ne.\t in dignity to an
ambassador. = Syn. See ambassador, 1,
envoyset, v. t. [ME. envoysen, < OF. envoisier,
envoy sier, enveisier, envisier, amuse, divert, en-
tertain.] To amuse; entertain.
After soper whan the clothes weren vp thei enuoysed
the worthi knyghtes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 463.
envoyship (en'voi-ship), n. [< envoy^ + -ship.]
The office of an envoy.
envyi (en'vi), «. [Early mod. E. also envie; <
ME. envy, envye, envie, < OF. envie, F. envie =
Pr. enveia, eveia, evea = Sp. envidia = Pg. inveja
= It. invidia, envy, odium, < L. invidia, hatred or
ill will felt by a person, jealousy, envy, or hatred
or ill will felt toward a person, odium, unpop-
ularity, < invidus, having hatred or ill will, en-
vious, < invidere, hate, envy, look at with ill will,
orig. look askance at, cast an evil eye upon, < in,
upon, + videre, see: seevision, etc.] 1. A feel-
ing of uneasiness, mortification, or discontent
excited by the contemplation of anothei^'s su-
periority, prosperity, or success, accompanied
with some degi-ee of enmity or malignity, and
often or usually with a desire or an effort to dis-
comfit or mortify the person envied: usually
followed by of.
Ffor thei diden so well, that the knyghtes of the rounde
table ther-of hadde envye. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 465.
All the conspirators, save only he.
Did that they did in envy of great Cajsar.
Shak., J. C, V. 5.
Envy is an uneasiness of mind caused by the considera-
tion of a good we desire, obtained by one we tliink should
not have had it before us.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xx. 13.
Base envy withers at another's joy.
And hates that excellence it cannot reach.
Thomson, Spring, 1. 283.
My punctuality, industry, and accuracy fixed his dislike,
and gave it the high flavor and poignant relish of envy.
Charlotte Bronte, The Professor, iv.
2t. Hatred ; iU will ; malice.
You turn the good we offer into envy.
Shak., Hen. VIIL, iii. 1.
I am justly payed.
That might have made by profit of his service,
But by mistaking, have drawn on his envy.
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, ii. 2.
3t. Public odium ; ill repute.
To discharge the king of tlie envy of that opinion.
Bacon.
Lucius Bestia,
The tribune, is provided of a speech.
To lay the envy of the war on Cicero.
B. Jonson, Catiline, iv. 5.
4. An object of envy.
This constitution in former days »ised to be the envy of
the world. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
=S3ni. 1. Jealousy, Envy. Jealousy is the malign feeling
which is often had toward a rival, or possible rival, for the
possession of that which we greatly desire, as in love or
ambition. Envy is a similar feeling toward one, whether
rival or not, who already possesses that which we greatly
desire. Jealousy is enmity prompted by fear; envy is
enmity prompted by covetousness.
Jealousy is never satisfied with anything short of an
omniscience that would detect the subtlest fold of the
heart. Qeorge Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 2.
Envy is only a malignant, selfish hunger, casting its evil
eye on the elevation or supposed happiness of others.
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 81.
envyl (en'vi), V. ; pret. and pp. envied, ppr. en-
vying. [Early mod. E. also envie; < ME. eti-
vyen, envien, < OF. envier, anvier, F. em^ier, envy,
long for, desire, = Pr. enveiar = Sp. rnvidiar =
Pg. invejar = It. invidiare, envy; from the noun.]
I. trans. 1. To regard with envy; look upon as
the possessor of what is wanting in or to one's
self, with a longing for it, and either with or
envy
without a desire for the deprivation or discom-
fiture of him who has it : often with both the
?08sessor and the thing possessed as objects,
he verb ofttn expresses a much milder feelins than that
which is usually deuoteJ by the noun — one that may be
consistent with perfect friendship and loyalty : as, I eiirii
you your good health ; I mri/ you your happy temper.
But the feeling of envy is apt to beget repugnance and ill
will, and some degree of these qualities is generally im-
plied by the verb as well as by the noun.
He that thinketh he liues most blamelesse, Hues not
without enemies, that enuy him for his good parts, or
hate him for his euill.
PiUlrnham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 46.
£niry thou not the oppressor. Prov. iii. 31.
So much the sweetness of your manners move,
We cannot envy you, because we love.
Dryden, EpisUes, x. 34.
Dim and remote the joys of saints I see.
Nor enuy them that heaven 1 lose for thee.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 72.
Whoso mviea another confesses his superiority.
Johnton, Rambler.
2. To feel envy on account of ; regard grudg-
ingly or wistfully another's possession or ex-
perience of, either with or without malevolent
feeling.
Come, come, we know your meaning, brother Gloster,
You envy my advancement, and my friends'.
SA<it.,Ricluin.,l. 3.
Go, go, poor soul, I envy not thy glory.
Or climb his knee the envied kiss to share.
Gray, Elegy.
St. To regard unfavorably; revolt against ; op-
pose.
Whiche, regardyng not their bounden dutie and obel.
•ance to their prynce A souerain Lord, enuied tlie punish-
ment of traitors and torment of offenders.
UaU, Hen. IV., an. 6.
4f. To do harm to ; injure.
If I make a lie
To gain your love, and envy my best mlstreaa.
1959
Eonycteris
enwomb (eu-wom'), f.
It. To make pregnant.
Me then he left entvombed of this childe.
Spemer, F. Q., II. i. 60.
2. To bury; hide as in a womb, pit, or cavern.
[Poetical.]
The Africk Niger stream enumnbt
Itself into the earth. Dmne, Elegies.
enworthyt (en-w6r'THi), V. t. [< en-1 + worthy.]
To make worthy.
The gift of the Muses will enworthy him in his love.
Bacon, in Spedding, I. 380.
enwonnd (en-wound'). Preterit and past par-
ticiple of enwind.
enwrap, enwrapped, etc. See inwrap, etc.
enwreatlie, '■• t. See inwreathe.
enwrite (en-rif), v. t.\ pret. enwrote, pp. en-
icritten, ppr. enwriting. [< en-^ + wrUe.'\ To
write upon something; inscribe; imprint. [Po-
etical.]
What wild heart histories seemed to lie enwritten
l'iM)n those crystalline, celestial spheres !
Poe, To Helen.
Hocidaris (e-6-sid'a-ris), n. [NL., < Gr. i/tif,
dawn, + ddapic, a tiara.] A genus of paleo-
zoic tessellate encrinites or fossil crinoids.
t. [< en-1 + womb.] eodet. See yead, yede, and go.
Eogaea (e-o-je'a), «. [NL., < Gr. r/o^, dawn, -t-
That grace which doth more than enwoman thee
Lives in my lines, and must eternal be.
Daniel, Sonnets, xlii.
>am, earth.] In zoogeog., a great zoological
division of the earth's land-surface, by which
the African, South American, Australian, and
New Zealand realms are collectively contrasted
with Ccenogwa. T. Gill.
Eogsean (e-o-je'an), a. [< Eogcea + -an.] Of
or pertaining to Eogaa.
Eoluppns (e-o-hip'us), n. [NL.,< Gr. ^uc, dawn,
■+- Jrr-of = Ju.'equun, horse : see Equus.] A genus
of Eocene horses, representing the oldest known
type of the familjr Equidoe, founded by Marsh
(1876) upon remams from the coryphodon-beds
of the Lower Eocene of New Mexico, indicating
a kind of horse about as large as a fox, with
four toes and a half on each fore foot, all in-
cased in horn and forming hoofs, and three
hoofed toes on each hind foot.
From the same Eocene [Tertiary of the Rocky Moun-
tains] come the two eai'liest equines, Eohipptts and Oro-
hippus, and a host of other strange forms, all of them
widely different from anything now living.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 614.
ri- -J -, ■--/• j-\ I rxTT- /'i-.-.^j. :,l^^ Eohyus (e-6-hi'us), n. [NL., < Gr. j/wc, dawn,
EnyidaB(e-m'i-de) n.p?. [NL., < ^''^o + -•'^•l + i,^ ^ i. k„s, hog swine: see swine.] A ge-
A iamily of retetelanan spiders, typified by the J ' S^ representing the oldlst
genus Lnyo, and peculiar in the structure of the j ^ ^ ^^^V ^|^^.^^ ^^^
spinnerets, bee Zodar,,,^- ^»° ,^«i'^''^- „ til Lower Eocen^ of North America. Marsh,
Enyo (en i-o), M. [NL., < Gr. 'Emu, a goddess .^77
of battle (equiy. to h.Bellona)] 1. A genus ^ j.^ ^ j. ^^ ^^^^ ^^j^^
of spiders, typical of the familj Enytdce. Sa-^ lolidae, EoUdidse, n. pi. Less proper forms of
vign'y and Judouin, 1825-7. — 2. A genus
sphinx-moths. Hiibner, 1816.
Enyphantset (en-i-fan'te), n. pi. [NL., pi
Kiiyph'ant<i.<.QT.i'
weave in, < ep, in
, of tineid moths. Hiibner,
Pin me against a wall. /"fefeAw, Pilgrim, IL 1. g^jjjg^^ „_ [gc. for eiiseruie, ensign: 866 eiwt^.]
n. <n<ran». To be affected with envy; have An ensign. [Scotch.]
envious feelings ; regard something pertaining
to another with grudge or longing: formerly
often followed by at.
In seeking talea and infonnatioM
Against this man (whose honeaty the derO
And his disciples only envy at).
Ye blew the Are that burns ye.
Shak., Hen. TIIL, T. Z.
envjr^ (en-vi'), v. [< me. cnvien.envyen (also,
by apheresis, tien,vyeit, E. vie), < OF. enrier, aii-
rier, in\ite, proffer, challenge, vie (in gamijig),
= 8p. Pg. envidar = It. invitare, invite, vie, <
L. invitare, invite, challenge: see invite. See
also n>, an aphetic form of enry^, which is itself
an older form of ifinfe.] I. trans. 1. To chal-
lenge (in a game). — 2. To vie with ; emulate.
tet later tge that noble use envy.
Vyle rancour to avoid and cruel surqnedrr.
Spenter, ¥. (J., IH. i. IS.
n. intrant. To strive; contend; vie.
As tboRb the ertbe envye wolde
To be gajrer than the heven.
CAatiecr, Death of Blanche, L 406.
envy^ (en-vi'), n. [< ME. enrie, envye, enveye,
enraye, < OF. envi (P. envi), m., envie, f., a chal-
lenge, vying, emulation; from the verb: see
enr»2, v. ifence, by apheresis, vie, n.] 1. A
challenf^e (in a game); a vying; a vie. — 2. A
contention ; an attempt ; an attack.
Ther was grete ilaagbter of men and bone vpon bothe
partyes, but at that enuaye loste the kynge Tradylyuant
moche of his peple. MerUn (£. E. T. 8.), it. 232.
When the Grants came doan the brae,
Their Jimie shook for fear.
Marquis qf UuntUyi Relreal (Child's Ballads, VII. 273).
enzone (en-z6n'), v. t.; pret. and pp. enzoned,
ppr. emoning. [< en-^ + :one.] To inclose
as with a zone or belt ; encircle.
1°he chapellike farm-house, half-bidden amon^ the
groves that eixzone Greenbank. J. H Uton.
enzootic (en-zo-ot'ik), a. and n. [= F. emo-
otique ; < Gr. cv, in, among, + i<i>ov, an animal,
+ -otic (as in epizootic, etc.).] I. a. Perma-
nently apt to affect brutes in a particular dis-
trict : said of diseases. Enzootic and epizootic have
the same meaning in reference to brutes as endemic and
epidemic in reference to man.
IL ». 1. The continuous prevalence of a dis-
ease among brutes in a particular district. — 2.
A disease of brutes locally prevalent.
This sulistance (ergotlzed grasses), althongh used In vet-
erinary practice, often produces disastroos emootiet, dif-
fering, however, in their apparent symptoms.
Science, IV., No. 91, p. vi.
enzym, enzyme (en'zim), n. [< MQr. tviv/toc,
leavened, fermented, < Gr. h, in, + iit/in, leaven.
Cf. azym.] 1. Any of the unorganized fer-
ments, as diastase, maltin, pepsin, trypsin, etc.,
which exist in seeds, etc. — 2. Leavened bread,
or a loaf of leavened bread ; especially, the eu-
charistic bread used by the orthodox Greek and
other Oriental churches, except the Armenians
and Maronites: opposed to tizym. Usually in
the plural.
"If,"sayshe[Theorianns, A. D. 1170), "the Divine virtue
changes the oblations into the Body and Blood of Christ,
It is superfluous to dispute whether they were of Azymes
or Enzymet, or of red or white wine."
J. M. Neate, Eastern Church, L 1074.
[< enzym + -otic,
after zymiitic] Pertaining or relating to the
unorganized chemical ferments.
eoan (e-6'an), a. [< L. eous, < Gr. ^^, fioio^, of
the morning, eastern, < i/iK = L. aurora, dawn :
see aurora and east.] Of or pertaining to the
dawn; eastern. [Poetical.]
The Mithra of the Middle World,
That sheds Eoan radiance on the West.
Sir U. Taylor, Isaac Comnenus, iii. .'>.
ppr. enwinding. [< enJ -f wind^-.] ' I'o wind or Eocene (e'o-sen), a. and n. [< Gr. f/iJc, dawn (see
cou about. [Rare.] ... . _ . -
Around
The tree.rooU, gleaming bine black, could they see
Ford.
3. Emulation.
Such as cleanliness and decency
Prompt to a virtuous eney.
envynet, v. t. See envine.
enwall (en-wM'), «• <• See inwaU. „ , ^,., ^
en'wallowt (en-wol'6), r. t. [< enJ + vaUow.] enz^ottc ['^J';"-^°}J^2'Jl
To wallow. ' " ' " "
All in gore
And cmddy blood enwaOomd they fownd
The Incklesse Uarlnell lying In deadly swownd.
Spenier, 9. Q., III. Iv. 34.
enwheel, v. t. See inwheel.
enwident (en-wi'dn), e. t. [< e»-i + widen.]
To iMiike wider. Coekeram.
enwind (en-wind'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. enwound,
The iipires of a great serpent, that, enwund
Alxiut the smooth hole, looked forth threateningly.
William Morrit, Earthly Paradise, III. 15.
enwoman (<n-wum'an), v. t. [< CTi-1 + woman.]
To endow with the qualities of woman ; make
womanish. [Hare.]
^lColitlid(e.
of Eolidinae, «. pi. See Jiolidince.
. _ ■■■. - -/•.-• eolipile. eolipvle, n. BeeaoHpiU.
evv^rrof, inwoven, <e.^^-vr,v, eo^pi^e, ^Py^j,^
,, + v^vnv, weave.] A group ^^^^^^ (e-6-lith'ik), a. [< Gr. h^, the dawn,
" "'^ -I- /i«oc, a stone.] In archceol., of or pertain-
ing to the early part of the paleolithic period
of prehistoric time.
eon, aeon (e'on), «. [< LL. won (def. 2), < Gr.
(uuv, a period of existence, an age, a lifetime,
a long space of time, eternity, later in philos.
an eon (def. 2), = L. cevum, OL. aivom, a space
of time, an age, = Goth, aiws, an age, a long
period: see oyi, aye'^, age, etem.] 1. A long
space of time ; a secular period, either indefi-
mte or limited to the duration of something, as
a dispensation or the universe : used as equiv-
alent to age, era, or cyck, and sometimes to
eternity.
Then a scratch with the trusty old dagger . . . will save
... me from any more philosophic doubts for a few (xoiis
of ages, till we meet again in new lives.
Kinff»ley, Hypatia, xxi.
Where, cenm ago, with half-shut eye,
The sluggish saurian crawled to die.
Lowell, Pictures from Appledore.
Out of the deep.
Where all that was to be, in all that was,
Whirl'd for a million aom thro' the vast
Waste dawn of multitudinouseddyiiig light.
Tennymn, [ie Piofundis.
The rigidity of old conceptions has lieen relaxed, the
public minil Iwing rendered gradually tolerant of the idea
that not for six thousand, nor for sixty thousand, nor for
six thousand thousand, liut for eone embracing untold
millions of years, this earth has been the theatre of life
and death. Tyndall.
2. In Platonic philos., a virtue, attribute, or
perfection existing throughout eternity. The
I'laUjnists represented the Deity as an assemblage of cons.
The Gnostics considered cons as certain substantial powere
or divine natures emanating from the Supreme Deity, and
performing various parts in the operations of the universe.
eonian, seonian (e-6'ni-an), a. [< Gr. aiuwoc,
lasting for an age, perpetual, eternal, < aiov, an
age: see eon.] Lasting for eons or ages ; ever-
lasting. [Poetical.]
streams that swift or slow
Draw down Almiian hills, and sow
The dust of continents to be.
Tennyson, In Memorlam, ixxv.
Some sweet morning yet, in God's
Dim ceoninn periods,
Joyful X shall wake to see
Those 1 love who rest In Thee.
Wliitlier, Andrew Rykman's Prayer.
eonlc, ieonic (e-on'ik), a. [< eon, (eon, + -ic]
Cyclic; eternal.
Suns are kindled and extinguished. Constellations
I "a. 1. Literally, of sprewl the floor of heaven for a time, to be swept away Ijy
applied in geology to 'ne ''»"'<• >"»'«'' °' eve"**- »'•««''«". World-Life, p. 647.
one of the divisions of the Tertiary, as origi- eonist, seoniflt (e'o-nist),n. [<eon,(eon, + -ist.]
nally suggested by Lyell. — 2. h\ paleon., liav- One who believes in the eternal duration of the
ing cxisteii in this geological period: said of world. ,V. E. D. n •/
animals w^hose remains occur in the Eocene. Eonycteris (e-o-nik'te-ris), n. [NL., < Gr. tjoCt
II. n. In j/eoJ., a division of the Tertiary. See dawn, the east, + w/cTf/Vf, a bat.] A genus or
Tertiary. fruit-bats, of the macroglossine section of Pte-
Eos), + Kaiv^, recent.]
the dawn of the recent:
IBonycteris
ropodidie. represented by E. speUea, inhabiting
caves in Burma, and differing from Notopteris in
the dental formula. The teeth are. in each hall-jaw
2 incisors, 1 canine, and 3 premolars above and below, anti
2 upper and 3 lower molars. The index-flnger has no claw,
as in Xotopteris,
eophyte (e'o-fit), n. [< Gr. ^6c, dawn, + <j>vt6v,
a plant, < (fieadai, grow.] In paleon., a fossil
plant found in eozoic rocks.
eophytic (e-o-fit'ik), a. [< eophyte + -ic] Of
or pertaining to eophytes ; relating to the old-
est f ossilif erous rocks ; eozoic.
Eopsaltlia (e-op-sal'tri-a), n. [NL. (Swainson,
1831), < Gr. r,6c, dawn, the east, + fd/.Tpia, a
female harper : see Psaltria.'] A genus of Aus-
tralian and Oeeanioan shrikes, containing such
as E. australis and E. giilaris.
eorl+, n. The Anglo-Saxon form of earl.
Eos (e'os), n. [Gr. t/uc, Attic euc, Doric diif,
.^olic av<j(, the dawn, the east, = L. aurora =
E. east: see aurora and east.'] 1. In Gr. myth.,
the goddess of the dawn, who brings up the
rosy light of day from the east : same as the
Roman Aurora. She was represented in art
and poetry as a young and beautiful winged
maiden.
Eos either appears herself in a quadriga, in magnificent
form, or as the guide of the horses of the sun.
C. 0. MiUler, Manual of Archseol. (trans.), § 400.
2. [NL.] A genus of lories, by some ranked
only as a section of Domicella, containing sev-
eral species, as E. histrio, E. rubra, E. cardi-
nalis, etc. Wagler, 1832.
eosin (e'o-sin), n. [< Gr. ?;«£■, dawn, + -j'b^.]
Tetrabromfluoreseein (C2oH8Bri05), a valua-
ble dye derived from coal-tar products, forming
red or yellowish-red crystals, it forms a potassium
salt, the eosin of commerce, which is a brown powder,
soluble in water, and dyes silk and woolen goods rose-red.
Also eosinic acid.
If a transpiring branch be placed in a solution of eosin,
the colour, as is well known, gradually spreads over the
whole specimen, so that the leaves become discoloured
and the wood of tlie smallest twigs shows a bright pink
colour. Proc. of Cambridge Phil. Soe., V. v. 368.
eosinate (e'o-sin-at), n. [< eosin + -ate^."] A
compound of eosin with a base, as potash or
soda.
eosinic (e-o-sin'ik), a. [< eosin +'-ic.] Be-
lated to eosin — Eosinic acid. Same as eosin.
eosinopllil (e-o-sin'o-fil), a. Having affinity
for eosin: in bacteriology applied to the bodies
which are readily stained by eosin or other acid
aniline dyes.
eospborite (f-os'fo-rJt), n. [So called in allu-
sion to its pink color ; < Gr. iua<f>6po(, bringing
the dawn (used as a name of the morning star ;
cf. Lucifer a,nd phosphorus) (< cue, ^(if, dawn, +
-<j>6poc, < ipepew = E. bear'^), + -ite'^.'] A hydrous
phosphate of aluminium and manganese, with
a small amount of iron. It occurs in prismatic crys-
tals and cleavable masses, usually of a delicate rose-pink
color. It is closely related to childrenite, which, however,
contains chiefly iron with but little manganese.
Eotherium (e-o-the'ri-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
^uf, dawn, -I- 6rjpiov, a wUd beast.] A genus
of fossil sirenians, founded upon the east of
a brain from nummulitic Umestone of Eocene
age, in Egypt, near Cairo. E. wgyptiacum is
notable as the oldest known form of the Sire-
nia.
-eons. [See -ous, -aeeous, and the words mention-
ed below.] A termination consisting of -ous
with a preceding original or inserted vowel.
Compare -ious, it occurs in cretaceous, sebaceoum, etc.
(.See -aeeous,) In some words it is a false spelling of -ious,
as in calcareous (Latin calcarias), beauteous, du(eou« (prop-
erly *beautious, *dutious) ; in hideous it is a substitute for
-ous, and in gorgeous an accommodation of a different
termination. In righteous, and the occasional wr&ngeous,
wrongous, it is a perversion of tue original -uds. See the
words mentioned.
eozoic (e-o-zo'ik), a. [< Gr. v&c, dawn, +
C"7, life.] Of or pertaining to the oldest fos-
siliferous rocks, such as the Laurentian and
Huronian of Canada, from the supposition that
they contain the first or earliest traces of ani-
mal life; paleozoic.
Eozoon (e-o-zd'on), n. [NL., < Gr. ^(if, dawn,
+ iuov, animal.] A name given in 1865 by
the geologists of the Canada survey to a cer-
tain aggregate of minerals, viewed by them
as a fossilized organic body, belonging to the
Eoramin^era. The best-characterized specimens of
so-called Eozoon exhibit on the jmlished surface to the
naked eye alternating bands of grayish and greenish color.
These bands, which are generally from one to four tenths
of an inch in thickness, vary considerably as regards the
regularity of their occurrence, and lietween them are fre-
quently seen layei-s of a mineral made up of fine parallel
filters. The whitish mineral is usually calcite ; the green-
ish, serpentine ; and the fibrous bauds are the vaiiety of
1960
serpentine called chrysotile. Microscopic examination
has shown that the whole is an alteration-product of
various minerals. The calcite has frequently running
through it, and grouped in a great variety of ways, branch-
ing forms, which were supposed by the advocates of the
foraminiferal nature of the Eozoon to represent the canal-
system of that form of organisms. Tliis same structure
has, however, been frequently observed in minerals form-
ing part of rocks of undoubted igneous origin, as well as
in those occurring as veinstones, and there can no longer
be any doul)t as to the inorganic nature of the Eozoon.
This supposed foramiuifer, having been foimd in rocks
called at that time Azoic, and later Archrean, was believed
to be the oldest recognized organic form, and to represent
the "dawn of life"; hence the generic name. The sup-
posed species was called E. canode^ise by J. W. Dawson.
eozoSnal (e-o-z6'pn-al), a. [< Eozoon + -al.']
Pertaining to or eliaifacterized by the supposed
fossil called Eozoon : as, eosoonal structure.
The calcium and magnesium carbonates were very un-
equally distributed in the eozoonal limestones.
Science, IV. 327.
Eozoonina (e-o-zo-o-ni'nfi), n. pi. [NL., < Eo-
zoon + -ina.'] A group of supposed foramini-
fers, represented by Eozoon, whose tests form
irregular or acervuline adherent masses. Also
Eozooninw, as a subfamily of NummuUnidce.
ep-. The form of epi- before a vowel.
ep. A common abbreviation of epistle.
epacrid (ep'a-krid), n. A member of the order
Epacridaced.
Certain acacias, epacrids. Encyc. Brit., IX. 156.
Epacridacese (ep^a-kri-da'se-e), n.pl. [< Epa-
cris {-id-} + -acew'.] A natural order of mono-
petalous exogens, very closely allied to the Eri-
eacew, but distinguished by one-celled, unap-
pendaged anthers opening by a longitudinal
slit. There are about 25 genera and over 300 species,
natives of Australia and the Pacific islands, with a single
species on the western coast of Patagonia. The largest
genus is Leucopogon, some species of which bear edible
berries. The order contains many very ornamental spe-
cies, sparingly represented in greenhouses.
Epacris (ep'a-kris), n. [NL., so called in al-
lusion to the terminal spikes of the Howers (cf.
Gr. i-aKpioq, on the
heights), < Gr. iiri,
upon, -t- aKpov, top,
summit : see aero-.']
The typical genus
of the order Epacri-
dacece, of 25 shrub-
by, heath-like spe-
cies, mostly Aus-
tralian. From the
abundance and beauty
of their flowers, which
are generally in leafy
spikes, several species
have been favorites in
cultivation.
epact (e'pakt), n.
[< OF. epacte, F.
ipacte = Sp. Pg.
It. epacta, < LL.
epacta, always in
pi. epacta, < Gr.
enoKT^, the epact,
pi. ewuKTai (sc. ^/jc-
pai), intercalary days, fem. of iiranToq, brought
in, intercalated, adscititious, < inayuv, bring in
or to, add, intercalate, < ini, to, + ayetv = L.
agerc, bring, lead: see act, etc.] 1. The ex-
cess of a solar over a lunar year or month.
Hence, usually — 2. A number attached to a
year by a rule of the calendar to show the age,
in days completed and commenced, of the cal-
endar moon at the beginning of the year — that
is, on January 1st in the Gregorian, Victorian,
and early Latin calendars, or March 22d in the
Dionysian calendar, or old style, a rule for the
epact has been attached to every calendar of the Western
churches, except the German Evangelical calendar of A. D.
1700-1779. The epact usually increases by 11 from one
year to the next, 30 being subtracted from the sum when
the latter exceeds 30 (a circumstance which indicates 13
new moons in the year); but in some years the increase
is 12 instead of 11, and this is called a leap of the moon.
In the Gregorian calendar the increase is sometimes only
10. In the earliest calendars the leaps of the moon took
place every 12 years, and later every 14 ; but since the
adoption of the Victorian calendar in the fifth century,
they have taken place every 19 years. To find the epact
in old style, divide the number of the year by 19, take 11
times the remainder after division, divide the product by
30, and the remainder after this division is the epact.
When there is no remainder, some chronologers make the
epact 29, but 30 is preferable. This epact shows the age
of the calendar moon on March 22d, by means of which
the age on every other day can be calculated, by .allowing
alternately 29 and 30 days to a lunation. This would also
agree with the age of the mean moon were the calendar
perfect. The intercalary day of leap-year necessarily re-
moves the calendar moon one day from the mean moon
in certain years; and the error of the 19-year period ac-
cumulates to one day every 310 years, so that to approxi-
mate more closely to the age of the moon the epact should
Flowering Branch of Izparris im fires-
sa, with flower on larger scale.
epanastrophe
be increased by 2 for every 300 years from the middle of
the fifth century. It sliuuld also be .increased by 1 for
leap-years and years following leap-year. The Grego-
rian epact exceeds the Dionysian by 1 in the sixteenth
and seventeentli centuries, agrees with it in the eigh-
teenth and nineteenth centuries (but instead of 30 an
asterisk, *, is written), and falls short of it by 1 in the
twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This Irregularity
is because the Gregorian epact receives a solar correction,
being a deduction of 1, at the advent of every century-
year not a leap-year, and a lunar connection, being an ad-
dition of 1, every 300 years beginning with A. D. 1800 until
seven such corrections have been applied, wlien 400 years
elapse before a new series of seven corrections commences.
This is called the cycle or period of epacts. The Grego-
rian epact shows the age of the calendar moon on Janu-
ary 1st. Tills will rarely differ by more than one day from
the real moon. — Annual epact, the excess of the Julian
solar over the lunar year of 12 lunations, being 10.9 days.
— Astronomical epact, the epact in sense 1.— Embolis-
mic epact, an epact exceeding 18, so that that of the fol-
lowing year will }>e less or *. — Epact Of a day, the age
of tile calendar moon on that day. — Gregorian epact,
the epact of the Gregorian calendar. — Julian epact, a
number showing the age of the Gregorian calendar inuun
on January 1st in the old style. — Menstrual epact, the
excess of a civil calendar month over a synodical month,
or the amount by which the moon is older at the end than
at the beginning of the calendar month.
epactal (e-pak'tal), a. [< Gr. cTraKrSi, brought
m, intercalated' (see epact), -h -al.] In anat.
and anthropol., intercalated or supemumeraiy,
as a bone of the skull ; Wormian. All the ordi-
nary Wormian bones, the epipteric bone, etc.,
are epactal.
epagoge (ep-a-go'je), n. [< LL. epagoge, < Gr.
t-ayuyij, induction, < tTrayeiv, lead to, bring on,
add: see epact.] 1, Induction ; more loosely, in
rhet., proof by example; argumentation from
a similar case or cases, or by contrast with dis-
similar cases j rhetorical induction. Extended or
strict induction is not feasible in oratory, as it would weary
instead of convincing. See example and paradigm.
2. [cap.] [NL.] In entom., a genus of lepidop-
terous insects. Hiibner.
epagogic (ep-a-goj'ik), a. [< epagoge -i- -ic]
Fcrtniiiiiig to induction.
epagomenal (ep-a-gom'e-nal), a. [< Gr. cTrayo-
/levog (iiraydpevac iifiipai, intercalated days), ppr.
pass, of inayeiv, bring on, add, intercalate : see
epact.] Remaining over as a part of one period
after the completion of another Epagomenal
days, in the Alexandrian and other calendars, 5 or 6 days
remaining over after the completion of 12 months of 30
days eacli, to complete the year, and not included in any
month.
epaleaceous (e-pal-e-a'shius), a. [< NL. epa-
feaccus, < L. e- priv. -H palea, chaff, -I- -aeeous,
q. v.] In hot., without chaff or chaffy scales.
epalpate (e-pal'pat), a. [< L. e- priv. -I- NL.
palpus, a feeler: see palp.] In entom., having
, no palps or feelers.
epanadiplosis (ep"a-na-di-pl6'sis), n. [LL., <
Gr. iiravaS'nr'hooig, a doubling, repetition, < etto-
vaSmhiim, double, < kni, upon, -I- avadmhy'vv, dou-
ble : see anadiplosis. ] In rhet., a, figure by which
a sentence begins and ends with the same word :
as, " Eejoice in the Lord alway : and again I say,
lifjoicc," Phil. iv. 4.
epanalepsis (ep"a-na-lep'8is), n. [NL., < Gr.
e-n-avd?.?ifi(, a repetition, regaining, < eiTava?.afi-
pdvuv, take up again, repeat, < fm, upon, -I- dva-
/La/;/3av«»', take up : see analepsis.] In rAcf., rep-
etition or resumption ; especially, a figure by
which the same word or phrase is repeated
after one or more intervening words, or on re-
turning to the same subject after a digression.
An example of epanalepsis is found in 1 Cor. xi. : "(v. 18)
When ye come together in the church, I hear that there
be divisions among you. ... (v. 20) When ye come toge-
ther therefore into one place, this is not to eat the Lord's
supper."
epanaphora (ep-a-uaf'o-ra), n. [L., < Gr.
eTvava<popd, a reference, repetition, < e7rava<pipetv,
bring back again, refer, < cttI -^ dvafipew, bring
back: see anaphora.] Inrhet., afigure by which
the same word or group of words is repeated
at the beginning of two or more clauses, sen-
tences, or verses in immediate succession or in
the same passage. This figure is very frequent in the
Book of Psalms ; as, for example, in the twenty-ninth
I'salni, the phrase " Give unto the Lord "is used three
times in the first two verses, and the phrase " The voice
of the Lord" occurs seven times in verses 3-9. Similarly,
the words "by faith "or "through faith "(both renderings
representing the one Greek word, TrtVrei) begin eighteen
out of twenty -nine verses in Heb. xi. Tlie name epanaph-
ora is retained when synonyms or words of similar mean-
ing are substituted for the word or words to be repeated :
as, ^'Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles; and laud him. all
ye people," Rom. xv. 11. The converse of epanaphora
IS epiphora. Also called anaphora, and sometimes epib-
ole.
epanastrophe (ep-a-nas'tro-fe), n. [NL'., < Gr.
tKavaarprxpri, a return, repetition of a word at
the opening of a sentence, < i-jravaarpcipew, re-
turn, < tiTi + dvaarpi^tiv, turn back : see anas-
trophe.] In rhct., a figure by which a word or
epanastrophe
phrase which ends one clause or sentence is
immediately repeated as the beginning of the
next : same as anadiplosis.
epanisognatMsm (ep'a-ni-sog'na-thizm), n.
[As epanisiifituith-ous + -(>m.] That inequality
of the teeth of opposite jaws in which the upper
are narrower than the lower ones.
The two types of anisognathism may be termed hypani-
sopiathism (Lepus, Diplarthra) and epanitogruuhunn (Ca-
"'d'e)- Cope, Amer. Nat, XXII. II.
epanisognathons (ep''a-ni-sog'na-thus), a. [<
6r. i-i, upon, over, + divaof, unequal, + yvaboc,
jaw. Cf. anisognathous.'] Having the upper
teeth narrower than the lower ones; marked by
that case of anisognathism which is the oppo-
site of hypanisognathism. Cope.
epanodont (e-pau'o-dont), a. [< NL. *epano-
dus {-odont-), < Gr. i-avu, above, on top (< ivi,
upon, + avu, above: see epi- and ano-), + iSoic
(oiovr-) = E. tooth.^ Having only upper teeth,
as a serpent; of or pertaimng to the Epano-
donta.
Epanodonta (e-pan-o-don'ta), «. pi. [NL..
neut. pi. of 'epanodus'(-odoni-): see epanodont.]
A suborder of angiostomous Ophidia having
only upper teeth, whence the name: contermi-
nous with the family Typhlopida: (which see).
Tbe technical characters are otherwise the same as those
of Catodonta, excepting that the maiillary U free and rer-
tical and there is no pubis.
epanodos (e-pan'o-dos), 71. [NL., < Gr. iirdw-
•>(K, a rising up, a return, recapitulation, < eiri,
upon, to, + drodof, a way up: see anode.'] In
rhet. : (a) Eecapitulation of the chief points or
heads in a discourse ; enumeration; especially,
recapitulation of the principal points in an
order the reverse of that in which they were
previously treated, recurring to the last point
first, and so returning toward the earlier topics
or arguments. (6) Repetition of names or top-
ics singly, with further di.seussion or eharao-
terization of each, after having at first merely
mentioned or enumerated them.
epanody (e-pan'6-di), n. [< Gr. jrdwxJof, a re-
turn: see epanodos.] In bot., the reversion of
an abnormally irregular form of flower to s
regular form.
epanorthosis (ep'an-dr-tho'sis), n. [LL., < Gr.
e-dvu/jOuai^, a correction, < tTravopeietv, set np
jeain, restore, correct, < ijrt, upon, to, + avoa-
Oitiv, get up again, < ava, up, -I- bp06eiv, make
rtraight, < d/jfldf, straight.] In rhet, a figure
oongistmg in immediate revocation of a word
or statement in order to correct, justify, miti-
gate, or intensify it, usually the last: as, "Most
ftrareact. .Brace, did I say? Most *«ro<c act."
Also called epidiorthosis.
epanthem (e-pan'them), n. r< Gr. hrAvO^iia (see
the def.), < evaveeiv, bloom, effloresce, be on the
surface, < tiri, upon, -f- aveelv, bloom.] A bloom-
wg; efflorescence; the most striking part.—
^^J"^"!! ?/ "»y™*rt<l*l^ » ral« of algebra & the ef-
fect that, If the sum of a number of quantities be given,
together with aU the sums of the first of them added U,
each of the others, then the sanu of these pain dlmln-
tahed by the flrst sum is the first quanUty mnltlplied by a
number less by 2 than the number of the quantities
epanthotis (e-pan ' thus), o. [< Gr. M, upon, +
«>"«., a flower.] In bot., growing upon flow-
frs, as certain fungi,
epapillate (e-pa-pil'at), a. [< NL. 'epapilla.
tug, < U e- pnv. +papiaa, nipple: see papilla.]
Not papiUate; destitute of papUlte oi protu-
berances. •
epapophyses. n. Plural of epapophygis.
epapophysial (ep'a-po-ftz'i-al), a. [< epa-
pophygis + -ai.J Pertaining to an epapophy-
sis: as, an epapophytial yrocees.
epapophTBis (ep-a-pof 'i-sis), n. ; pL epapophy-
»es (-sez). [St. , i Gr. hri, upon; -I- "Si,,,*,
an outgrowth, apophysis: see apophysis.] In
o>wf. a median process of a vertebra upon the
dorsal aspect of its centnun: opposed to hvpa-
pnphyitis.
epappose (e-pap'6s), a. [< L. e- priv. + NL.
I'lippiig, pappus.] In bot., having no pappus.
eparch (ep'Srk), n. [< Gr. Ivapxot, acotn-
iimii.lfr, prefect, < in-i, on, + apx^, government,
role, < dpxew, rule.] 1 . In ancient and modem
Greece, the governor or prefect of an eparchy.
1961
territory under the jurisdiction of an eparch or
governor ; in modern Greece, a subdivision of
a nomarehy or province, itself divided into
demes, corresponding to the arrondissements
and communes of France.— 2. In the early
church and in the Gr. Ch., an ecclesiastical di-
vision answering to the civil province. An eparchy
was a subdivision of a diocese in the ancient sense, that
18, a patriarchate or exarchate, and in its turn contained
dioceses in the modem sense (paroecite). In the Russian
Church all dioceses are called eparchies.
eparterial (ep-ar-te'ri-al), a. [< Gr. ciri, upon,
+ aprr/pia, artery: see artery, arterial.] Situ-
ated above an artery.
epatka (e-pat^kS), ». An Alaskan name of the
homed puffin, Fratercula comiculata. B. W.
Elliott.
epanle (e-p41'), ». [< F. ipaule, the shoulder:
see epaulet.] In fort., the shoulder of a bas-
tion, or the angle made by the face and flank,
epaulement, n. See epaulment.
epaulet, epaulette (ep'a-let), n. [= D. G. Dan.
epaulette = Sw. ep&ktt, < F. Epaulette, an epau-
let, dim. of epaule, OF. espaule, espalle = Pr.
^atla = Sp. Pg. e^palda = It. spalla, the shoul-
der, < L. spatula, a broad piece, a blade, ML.
the shoulder: see spatula.] 1. A shoulder-
piece ; an ornamental badge worn on the shoul-
der; specifically, a strap proceeding from the
collar, and terminating on the shoulder in a
disk, from which depends a fringe of cord, usu-
ally in bullion, but sometimes in worsted or
other material, according to the rank of the
^^S*!?-^'. ***!; Kl»",'e'« were worn In the British army
untU 1855, and are atiU worn In the navy by all officers of
and aboTO the rank of lieutenant, and by some civil offi-
cers. They were worn by all officers in the United States
army until 18i 2 ; since that time only general olfcers wear
them; all other commissioned officers wear thoulder-
knota of gold bullion. All United States naval officers
above the grade of ensign wear epaulets. In the French
muy the private soldiers wear epaulete of worsted. See
uumUUr-ttrap, thouldrr-tnot.
Their old vanity waa led by art to Uke another turn : it
was dazzled and aednced by military liveries, cockades
and epaulett. Burke, Appeal to Old Whigs.
2. (a) The shoulder-piece in the armor of the
fourteenth century, especially when small and
fitting closely to the person, as compared with
the large pauldron of later days.
The epauletta are articniated.
J. Hewitt, Ancient Armour, II. li.
(6) The shoulder-covering of splints forming
part of the Ught and close-fitting armor of the
ependytes
material which protects the guns in a battery both in
front and on either flank ; and an epaulment can be dis-
tinguished from a parapet only by being without the ban-
quette or step at the foot of the interior side on which the
men stand to fire over a parapet. Its application includes
the covering mass for a mortar-battery, also the mass
thrown up to screen reserve artillery,
epaxal (ep-ak'sal), a. Same as epaxial. Wilder.
1 (ep-ak'si-al), a. [< Qt.ettL upon, -1- L.
EpuleO, ijUi and i«(h cailuries.
(Fnm Vk>Ue|.k-Diic'> •• Diet, du Mobilier rmafais.")
The prefects and the epareht wlU retort
To the Bucoleon with what speed they may.
Sir H. Taylor, Isaac Comnenua, II. 3.
2. In the Russian Ch., a bishop as governing
an eparchy; especiaUy, a metropolitan. See
'jKinhy, 2.
eparchy (ep'ar-ki), ». ; pi. eparchies (-kiz). [<
Ur. cirapxta, <.Hapxo^, eparch: seeepori;*.] 1.
in ancient Greece, a province, prefecture, or
sixteenth century.- 3. In dressmaking, an or-
nament for the shoulder, its form changing
with the different fashions. — 4. In entom., the
tegula or plate covering the base of the anterior
wing in hymenonterouB insects. [Rare.]
epaoleted, epauletted (ep'4-let-ed), a. r<
epaulet + -efP^.] Furnished with epaulets.
ITio aecretary did not entertain the highett opinion of
his epauUtted sulwrdiiiatea. N. A. Rev., CXUI. M6.
dpauli^re (a-p6-lyar'), «• [< F. ipauliire, OP.
iptiidierr, also called espaulle, < Epaule, espaule,
the shoulder: see epaulet.] In armor, the de-
vices, more or less elaborate
according to the period, etc.,
serving to protect the shoul-
der, or to connect breastplate
and baekpiece at the shoul-
der. Also es}>aulih-e.
epaulment, epaulement (e-
pal'ment), n. [F. cpaulrment,
< ^pauler, shoulder, support,
protect bv an epaulment, <
epaule, the shoulder: see
epaule.] In fort, originally,
a mass of earth raised for the
purpose either of protecting
a body of troops at one ex-
tremity of their line, or of
forming a wing or shoulder of
a battery to prevent the guns
from being dismounted by an enfilading fire.
The term is now, however, usee! by the artillery arm of
the service to designate the whole mass of earth or other
', ^paullftre, about
IMS- (From Viollet-
le-Duc's " Did. du
Mobilier fran^ais." )
epaxial , , ^.,, ... ^, „,. „„., ^ ^.
axis, axis: see axis^, axial.] In anat., of verte-
brates : (a) Situated upon or over the axis of the
body formed by the series of bodies of verte-
brsB: opposed to hypaxial: thus equivalent to
neural as distinguished from hemal, or to dor-
sal as distinguished from ventral.
From this axis (the back-bone] we have seen correspond-
mg arches to arise and enclose the spinal marrow-
and such arches, as they extend above the axis, have been
termed epaxtal. Mimrt, Elem. Anat., p. 219.
(6) Situated upon the back or dorsal aspect of
a limb: thus, the elbow is epaxial.
Also epaxal, epiaxial.
epazially (ep-ak'si-al-i), adv. In an epaxial
situation or direction: as, muscles which lie
epaxially.
Epeira (e-pi'ra), n. [NL., named in reference
to Its web, prop. E^rira, < Gr. km, on, -f elpoc
wool.] The typical genus of spiders of the
family Epeirtdw, having a nearly globular ab-
domen. The common British garden-spider, diadem-
spider or cross-spider, E. diadema, is a handsome and
J?^/"" <?""'''"= species ; there arc many others. Walckmaer,
1805. .See cut under crong-gpider.
Epeiridae (e-pi'ri-de), n. pi [NL., < Epeira +
-tdte.] A family of sedentary orbitelarian spi-
ders which spin circular webs consisting of ra-
diating threads crossed by a spiral. They have
two pulmonary sacs, the flrst two pairs of legs longer than
the others, and eight eyes, of which the lateral pairs are
widely separated from the middle four. It is a large fam-
ily of brightly colored and in some cases odilly shaped spe-
cies, among the most showy of spiders. They make no at-
tempt to conceal the web. Epeira is the leading genus :
_A ephtla is another. Also Epiridae.
Epeirote, Epeirot, «. See Epirote.
epeisodion (op-i-s6'di-on), ». ; pi. epeisodia (-6).
[< Gr. t-twMiov : see episode.] In the anc. Gr.
drama J especially in tragedy, a part of a play
following upon the fii-st entrance (the parodos)
of the chorus, or upon the entrance or reen-
trance of actors after a stasimon or song of the
whole chorus from its place in the orchestra;
hence, one of the main divisions of the action
in a <lrama ; a division of a play answering ap-
proximately to an act in the modem drama.
epencephal (ep-en'sef-al), n. Same as epen-
cephaloii.
epencephala, n. Plural of epencephalon.
epen cephalic (e-pen-se-fal'ik or ep-en-sef'a-
hk), «. l< epenciphnlon + -ic.] 1. Of or per-
taining to the epencephalon : as, the epcncefiiaU
<c region of the brain.— 2. Occipital, as a bone ;
hindmost, as one of four cranial segments or so-
called cranial vertebrte. Owen.
TYte rpenrephalic or occipital vertebra has also a neural
and a ha-inal arch.
Todd and Soirman, Physiol. Anat., II. 697.
epencephalon (ep-en-sef'a-lon), n. ; pi. epen-
cephala (-lii). [NL., < Gr."£a-/, on, -^ eyKi(paXoc,
the brain: see encephalon.] In anat: (a) That
part of the brain which consists of the cerebel-
lum and pons Varolii. Also called metencepha-
lon (which see). (6) The foregoing together
with the medulla oblongata.
While it Is convenient to recognize the epencephalon, its
precise Ilmita are difficult to assign.
Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 478.
Also epencephal.
ependutes, «. See ependytes.
ependyma (e-pen'di-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. eJTiv
6vpa, an upper garment, < iirevihetv^ cnevSvvttv,
put on over, < hi, upon, over, -I- ivdlciv, put on,
> Ivivfia, a garment: see endyma.] The lining
membrane of the cerebral ventricles (except
the fifth) and of the central canal of the spinal
cord. Also endyma.
ependymal (e-pen'di-mal), a. [< ependyma -h
-at] Of or pertaining to the ependyma of the
brain; entoeoelian, with reference to the lining
membrane of the cavities of the brain : as, epen-
dymal tissue. Also endymal.
ependymitis (e-pen-di-mi'tis), n. [< ependyma
+ -iti.s.] In 2>athot, inflammation of the epen-
d\^na.
ependysifl (e-pen'di-sis), n. [MGr. evMvaic, <
Gr. f Tndtf (K, put on over : see ependyma.] Same
as ependytes (b).
ependytes (e-pen'di-tez), n. [LL., < Gr. inev-
oiTK, a tunic worn over another, < enevdijeiv, put
on over: see ependyma.] In the Gr. Ch.: (a)
Anciently, an outer mantle or garment, usually
ependytes
of skins, "worn especially by monks and her-
mits. Apparently the name was sometimes re-
tained even when it was the only garment. (6)
The outer altar-cloth. Also called ependysis,
haploma, and trapezophoron. Also ependutes.
Wliile the catasarka is beii)g fastened to the table,
Psalm 132 is sung; and while the ependuteg is laid over
it, Psalm 93 is sung. J. M. Seale, Eastern Chm'ch, i. 1045.
epenetict (ep-e-net'ik), a, [Formerly also cpc-
netick, epanwtick; < Gr. enatveriKdc, given to prais-
ing, laudatory, < evatvelv, praise, < kni, upon, -I-
altc'iv, praise, < alwof, a tale, praise.] Laudatory ;
bestowing praise.
In whatever kind of poetry, whether the epick, the
dramatick, . . . the epittietick, the bucolick, or the epi-
gram. E. PhiUipg, Theatrum Poetarum, Pref.
epenthesis (e-pen'the-sis), M. [LL., < Gr. eirh-
Seaii, insertion, as of a letter, < 'eTrivdeTo^, in-
serted) < i-EvTi6eo6ai, insert, < £xi, upon, -I- ivri-
BtcOai, put in, < tv, in, + riOcadat, put : see the»is.']
In gram., the insertion of a letter or syllable
in the middle of a word, as alituuin for alitum.
Epentheiis is the addition of elements, chiefly to facili-
tate pronunciation. S. S. Haldeman, Etymology, p. 29.
epenthesy (e-pen'the-si), w. [< LL. epenthesis.']
hame as epenthesis.
epenthetic (ep-en-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. evevBercKS^,
inserted, < "t-ivOerog, inserted, < iirevTidsaOai,
insert: see epenthesis.] Of the nature of epen-
thesis ; inserted in the middle of a word.
In a language that permits the coexistence of three ac-
centuations of one word, ... as Modern Greek does, the
shifting of an accent from an original to an epenthetic
vowel cannot be regarded as astonishing or abnormal.
Anier. Jour. Pkilol., V. 511.
eperene (e-pem'), n. [Appar. < F. ^pargne,
thrift, economy, though the connection is not
clear. The French word equivalent to epergne,
especially in the sense of a purely ornamental
or artistic piece, is surtout] An ornamental
piece serving as a centerpiece for the dinner-
table, and, in its complete form, having one or
several baskets or small dishes, which are usu-
ally detachable and serve to contain flowers,
fruit, bonbons, and other articles of the dessert,
etc. : sometimes merely ornamental, as a group
of figures. Epergnes are usually of silver,
sometimes of gilt bronze, glass, or other ma-
terial.
Epernay (a-per-na'), n. [< £pernay, a town in
France.] 1. A white French wine produced
near fipemay, in the department of Marne, fa-
mous since the middle ages. — 2. A name given
to certain sparkling champagnes, usually be-
cause the manufacturing establishments are
situated about the town of fipemay.
eperotesis (ep-er-o-te'sis), n. [< Gr. cirep^r/ai^,
a questioning, consulting, < ejreparay, consult,
inquire, < ejti, upon, to, + epurav, ask, inquire:
see erotesis.] In rhet., the use of a question or
questions without expecting an answer from
another person, in order to express astonish-
ment, or to suggest to the minds of the hearers
answers favorable to the speaker's cause ; es-
pecially, the use of an unbroken series of rhe-
torical questions. Sometimes called erotesis.
See hypophora.
Epenia (e-per'o-a), n. [NL., < Carib. eperu, the
name of the fruit.] A genus of tropical South
American leguminous trees, of
half a dozen species, of which
the wallaba (E. falcata) is the
most important. The tree is
abundant in the forests of British
Guiana, and bears a large, curiously
curved flat pod. Its wood is hard
and heavy, of a deep-red color, and
impregnated with a resinous oil,
which makes it very durable.
epexegesis (ei)-ek-se-je'sis), n.
[NL., < Gr. eTve^f/yr/aic, a de-
tailed account, explanation, <
iize^riyuadax, recount in detail,
< iiTi, upon, + i^Tj-yeladm, re-
count, explain: see exegesis.]
Subjoined explanation or elu-
cidation; specifically, in rfeeJ.,
the act of subjoining a word,
phrase, clause, or passage in order to explain
more fully the meaning of an indefinite or ob-
scure expression; the immediate restatement
of an idea in a clearer or fuller form.
epezegetic, epezegetical (ep-ek-se-jet'ik, -i-
kal), a. [< cpexegcsis (-get-) + -ic, -ical. Cf.
exegetic.] Subjoined by way of explanation;
marking an explanatory addition, or used in
additional explanation : as, an epexegetical
phrase ; the epexegetic infinitive ; and is some-
times epexegetie.
1962
epezegetically (ep-ek-se-jet'i-kal-i), adv. In or
as an explanatory addition; for the purpose of
additional explanation : as, a clause introduced
epexegetically ; the infinitive may be used epexe-
getically.
ephah, epha (e'fa), «. [Repr. Heb. ephdh (cf.
Coptic oij)i, LGr. oi^i, o(^e(, LL. ephi), a mea-
sm'e : perhaps of Egyptian origin : of. Coptic
epi, measure, op, dpi, count.] A Hebrew dry
measure, equal to the liquid measure called a
hath (which see).
Ye shtill have just balances, and a just ephah, and a just
bath. Tlie ephah and tlie bath shall be of one measure,
tliat the bath may contain tlie tenth part of an homer, and
tlie ephah the tenth part of an homer. Ezek. xlv. 10, 11.
And Gideon went in, and made ready a kid, and un-
leavened cakes of an ephah of flour. Judges vi. 19.
ephebe (ef 'eb), n. [< Gr. e<firil3oc, a youth, < £-(',
upon, -I- rJiiTi, youth: see Sebe.] In Gr. antiq.,
particularly at Athens, a young man, the son
of a citizen, between the ages of 18 and 20. At
Athens, upon attaining the age of 18 each youtli was sub-
jected to an examination as to his physical development
and his legal claims to citizensliip, and received his first
arms. During the next two years his education, botli men-
tal and physical, was taken in charge Ijy the state, and con-
ducted under the most rigid discipline, in conformity with
a fixed course designed to prepare him to understand and
to perform the duties of citizenship. Upon being admitted
to take the sacred oatli he received some of the citizen's
privileges, and he became a full citizen after completing
with honor his two years as an ephebe. Hence, in worlis
on Greek art, etc., the name is applied to any youth, par-
ticularly if bearing arms, or otherwise shown to be of free
estate. Also ephebos.
ephebeuin (ef-f-be'um), ». ; pi. ephehea (-S).
[< Gr. i.(jirj(iuov, < c<pr]lio^, a youth: see ephehe.]
A building, inclosure, etc., devoted to the ex-
ercise or recreation of ephebes.
The epkebeum, the large circular hall in the centre of
the whole [thennse].
C. 0. Miiller, Manual of Archa!ol. (trans.), § 292.
ephebic (e-fe'bik), a. [< Gr. eftifiiKdc, < iipvPoc, a
youth: see ephehe.] Of or pertaining to an
ephebe, or to the ancient Greek system of pub-
lic instruction of young men to fit them for the
duties and privileges of citizenship.
It is possible, however, that the Diogeneium — the only
gymnasium mentioned in the Ephebic inscriptions of the
imperial period — was built about this time.
Eiicyc. Brit., III. 9.
ephebolic (ef-f-bol'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
ephebology; "relating to the later adolescent
and the mature stages of an animal organism.
This [clinologic stage] immediately succeeded the ephe-
bolifi stage, and during its continuance the nealogic and
ephebolic characteristics underwent retrogression.
Science, 51. 42.
ephebologic (e-fe-bo-loj'ik), a. [< ephebology -^■
-jc] Characterized by the acquisition at puber-
ty and possession during adult life of specific
or peculiar features ; of or pertaining to ephe-
bology.
SDOlogy (ef-e-bol'o-ji), Jt.
a youth (see ephehe), -i- -Xoyla, < Myeiv, speak :
ephebology (ef-e-bol'6-ji), n. [< Gr. f0)?/3of,
Flower of Bperua
grandijiora.
see-ology.] The science of puberty; especial-
ly, the doctrine of the morphological correla-
tions of the later adolescent and earlier adult
stages of growth of any animal, during which
it acquires characters more or less specific or
peculiar to itself, in comparison with related
organisms. Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1887.
Ephedra (ef'e-dra), n. [NL. ("quasi planta re-
bus vicinis insidens" — Toumefort, 1700), < Gr.
£«•(', upon, -t- edpa, a seat.] A genus of low, di-
oecious, gnetaceous shrubs, of about 20 species,
found in desert or alkaline regions of the warm-
er temperate latitudes, six or eight species occur in
the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
They are neai-ly leafless, with numerous opposite or ter-
nate equisetum-like branches. The fruit consists of from
1 to 3 hard, coriaceous, triangular envelops, surrounded
by sevei-al pairs of bracts, and each inclosing a single seed.
The fruit, or the inclosing bracts, are sometimes fleshy.
The stems contain a considerable amount of tannin, and
are used as a popular remedy for venereal diseases.
ephelis (e-fe'lis), «.; pi. ephelides (-li-dez).
[NL., < Gr. kijiTikic, l<l>7ilig (-«?-), in pi. rough
spots which stud the face (or, according to
others, freckles, the sense taken in mod. use),
< ETTi, on, + 7/lof, a nail, stud, wart (or, irreg., <
r/Aiof, the sun).] A freckle (which see).
ephemeral (e-fem'e-ra), n.; pi. ephemerce or
epiiemeras (-re, -rSz)'.' [i NL. ephemera (in def . 1,
se.febris, fever; in def. 3, sc. imtsca, fly), fem.
of ephemerus, < Gr. cij>^/ii:poc, for the day, daily,
living but a day, short-lived (rb e(p^/iepov, an
insect, perhaps Ephemera longicauda; nvperdc
i(fiilfiepo(, a fever lasting for a day) : see ephcm-
erous.] 1. A fever which lasts but a day or a
very short period. — 2. [cap.] [NL,] In eniom.,
ephemeris
the typical genus of May-flieg or day-flies of
the family Ephemeridw, having three long cau-
dal filaments. E. vulgata is a common European spe-
cies ; E. {Leptophlebia) cupida is one of the commonest in
the northeastern United States. See cut under day-Jly.
3. A May-fly, day-fly, or shad-fly; an epheme-
rid. See Ephemeridw and May-Jly.
The Ephemera, weak as it is individually, maintains it-
self in the world by its prolificacy. Brooks and ponds
are richly populated with their young, and through the
summer, when they come to maturity and take their
flight, these delicate beings appear in immense numbers.
They rise from the waters of our great inland lakes, fall a
rapid prey to the waves, and are washed ashore in enor-
mous quantities, their dead bodies forming windrows,
comparable in extent with the sea-wrack of oceanic shores.
They settle down in clouds in the streets of the lake cities,
obscuring the street-lamps, and astonishing the passer-by.
Stand. Nat. llist., II. 162.
4. Anything very short-lived.
ephemera^ (e-fem'e-ra), n. Plural of ephem-
eron.
Ephemerae (e-fem'e-re), m. pi. [NL., pi. of
ephemera'^.] The itay-flies collectively, with-
out implication of their taxonomio rank as a
group.
ephemeral (e-fem'e-ral), a. and n. [< ephemer-
ous + -al.] I. a. 1. In zool., lasting but one
day; ephemeric; ephemerous. Hence — 2. Ex-
isting or continuing for a very short time only;
short-lived ; transitory.
Esteem, lasting esteem, the esteem of good men like
himself, will be his reward, when the gale of ephemeral
popularity shall have gradually subsided.
V. Knox, Grammar Schools.
Ephemeral monsters, to be seen but once !
Things that could only show themselves and die.
Wordfncorth, Prelude, x.
This suggests mention of the epheitieral group of lyrists
that gathered about the serials of his time.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 256.
They [reviews] share the ephenural character of the
rest of our popular literature.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 55.
Also, rarely, ephemeric.
= Syn. 2. Transient, fleeting, evanescent.
II, n. Anything which lasts or lives but for
a day or for a very short time, as certain in-
sects.
ephemerality (e-fem-e-ral'i-ti), n. ; pi. epheme-
ratities (-tiz). \_<.ephemeral + -ity.] The qual-
ity or state of being ephemeral; that which is
ephemeral ; a transient trifle.
This lively companion . . . chattered ephevieraliiies
while Gerard wrote the immortal lives.
C. Reade, Cloister and Hearth, Ixi.
ephemeral! (e-fem'e-ran), a. and n. [< ephemer-
ous + -an.] Same a,s ejihemeral. [Bare.]
ephemeric (ef-e-mer'ik), a. [< ephemer-ous +
-ic] Same as ephemeral.
ephemerid (e-fem'e-rid), n. In entom., an in-
sect of the family Ephemeridee.
Ephemerids (ef-e-mer'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Ephemera^, 2, + -idee.] The typical and single
family of pseudoneuropterous insects of the
suborder Ephemerina ; the May-flies, day-flies,
or ephemerids, so called from the shortness of
their lives after reaching the perfect winged
state, in which they have no jaws, take no food,
but propagate and speedily die. The head is
small and rounded, with large eyes meeting on top, and
minute subulate 3-jointed antenufc ; the niouth-pai-ts are
wanting or are very rudimentary ; the thorax is globose,
with a small collar-like prothorax ; the abdomen is elon-
gate and slender, terminated by 2 or 3 long, slender fila-
ments ; and the wings are closely net-veined, the hinder
pair much smaller than the fore, or wanting. Though
so fragile and fugacious in tlie imago, these insects in the
larval and pupal states are long-lived, existing many
months or for two or three years, have well-developed
jaws, and are predaceous ; they live in the water, and are
notable for molts or castings of the skin, sometimes to
the number of 20 ; they are well known to anglers as bait.
There are aliout 12 leading genera, and individuals of
various species swarm in prodigious numbers. In the
United States many of the species are indiscriminately
called shad-fiies, from their appearance when shad are
running. Also Ephemerida, Ephe^nerides, Ephemerina,
Ephemeriiue. See cut under day-Jly.
ephemerides, «. Plural of ephemeris; formerly
sometimes used as a singular.
ephemeridian (e-fem-e-rid'i-an), a. [< ephem-
eris {-rid-) + -ian.] Eelating to an ephemeris.
ephemerii, n. Plural of ephtmerius.
Ephemerina (e-fem-e-ri'nii), n. pi. [NL., <
Kphimcra'^, 2, -I- -in'a.] A subordinal group
of pseudoneuropterous insects, the May-flies:
same as Agnathi or Subulicornes.
ephemerinOUS (e-fem-e-ri'nus), a. [< Ejiheme-
ral, 2, -t- -(Hgl + -ous.J Pertaining to or struc-
turally allied to the Ephemeridee.
ephemeris (e-fem'e-ris), n. ; pi. ephemerides (ef-
e-mer'i-dez). [< L. ephemeris, < Gr. l^fiepi(, a
diary, journal, calendar, < iipfipepoQ, for the day,
daily: see ephemerous, ephemera^.] 1. A daily
record; a diary; a chronological statement of
ephemeris
events by days ; particularly, an almanac ; a
calendar: in this sense formerly sometimes with
the plural as singular. [Obsolete or archaic]
He used to make unto himself an ephemeris or a jour-
nal, in which he used U> write all such notable things as
either he did see or hear each day that passed.
Quoted in Brad/ord'a Works (Parker Sec., 1853), II. xix.
That calendar or ephemerideg^ which he maketh of the
diversities of times and seasons.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 8.
Are you the aage master-steward, with a face like an old
tftimtridt*' Beau, and Ft., Scornful Lady, i. 2.
2. In astron., a table or a collection of tables or
data showing the daily positions of the planets
or heavenly bodies, or of any number of them ;
specifically, an astronomical almanac, exhibit-
ing the places of the heavenly bodies through-
out the year, and giving other information re-
garding them, for the use of the astronomer and
navigator. The chief publications of this sort are the
J'rcnch ' C'onnaissauce des Temps" (from 1679X the British
" Nautical Almanack and Astronomical Ephemeris ** (from
1766), the Berlin " Astronomisches Jahrbuch " (from 1776),
and the "American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac"
(from 1855).
By comparing these observations with an ephemeris
computed from a former orbit, three normal places were
found, the four observations niade in May and June being
neglected. Science, III. 401.
3. Anything lasting only for a day or for a very
brief period; something that is ephemeral or
transient : especially, a publication or periodi-
cal of only temporary interest or very short
duration.
ephemerist (e-fem'e-rist), «. [< epkemer-is +
-iiit.] 1. One who studies the daily motions
and positions of the planets ; an astrologer.
The night before he wa* discooriing of and slighting the
art of foolish astrologers, and genethllacal ephemerult,
that pry into tlie horoscope of nativities. Howelt.
2. One who keeps an ephemeris; a diarist.
[Archaic]
ephemerite (e-fem'e-rit), n. [< NL. ephemerites
((iciuitz, 1865), < Ephemera^, 2, + -ite», E. -itea. ]
A fossil ephemcrid.
ephemerius (ef-e-me'ri-us), n.; pi. ephemerii
(-1). [< Gr. i^fU'pioc, on, for, or during the day,
serving for the day (NQr. as a noun, as in def . ),
equiv. to e^fupo(, for the day: see ephemerous.']
In the Gr. Ch. : (a) The priest whose turn it
is to ofBciate; the officiant or celebrant. (6)
A priest in charge ; a parish priest. (<•) A do-
mestic chaplain. ((/) A monastic officer whose
duty it is to prepare, elevate, and distribute
the loaf used at the ceremony called the eleva-
tion of the panagia. See panagia.
ephemeromorph (e-fem'g-ro-mflrt), «. [< Gr.
e<fi/fU)jo<:, for a day, ephemeral, + fop^, form.]
A general designation given by Bastian to the
lowest forms of life. K. D.
ephemeron (e-fem'e-ron), n.; pi. ephemera (-rft).
[XL., < Gr. iipiifupov, a short-lived insect, tTie
May-fly : see ephemera^.'] An insect which lives
but for a d»y or for a very short time ; hence,
any being whose existence is very brief.
If Ood had gone on still in the tune method, and short-
ened our days as we moltiplied our tins, we sbonld have
been but as an ephemeron; man should have lived the life
of a fly or a gourd. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S6), I. 256.
The ephemeron perishes in an hour; man endorea (or
hii) threeacore years and ten. WhewM.
ephemeroiu (e-fem'e-nis), a. [< Nil. ephemenu,
< Gr. i^/icpoi:, the more common form of i^
liipuK, on, for, or during the day, living or last-
ing but for a day, short-live<L temporary, < ivi,
on, + rifitpa, dial, or poet, ifiipi), iiitpa, i/iap,
day. Cf. ephemera^, epherneral.} Living or
lasting but for a day; ephemeral. Burke.
Ephememm (e-fem'e-rum), n. rNL.,<Gr. i^-
fuimv, a {misonons plant, neut. of i^/upof, last-
ing but for a day: see ephemeron, ephemeroun.']
A genus of mosses, belonging to the tribe Phas-
eeiF. : formerly the type of the tribe Ephemerete,
which is not now retained. There are 3 Brit-
ish and 7 American species.
Ephesian (e-fe'^an), a. and n. K L. Ephesius,
<(jt. 'V'j^iatoc, < 'fi^OTf, Ephesns?] I. a. Of or
pertaining to Ephesns, an ancient city of Ionia
on the coast of Asia Minor at the mouth of the
river Cayster, famous as the seat of a peculiar
form of the worship of Artemis, for the legonds
of Ama/.oiis ooiinftcd with this culttis, for tlic
magnificent temple of Artemis (the Artemision
or Artemisium, commonly called the temple of
Diana), and as a large and important commercial
City. In rhristlantimenKpIiesus became notedas a center
of St. I'aul ■ work In Aula Minor (one of his epistles also
being Inscribed "to tlie Ephcslans"), as one of the seven
1963
churches of the Apocalypse, and as the residence and death-
place of St. John, after wlioni a modern village on the site is
called .(iia!«iMJ:(that is.'Ayiot e«oAo>os, the Holy Divine).
It had the title of apostolic see, aud its metropolitan had
a rank nearly equal to that of patriarch, till overshadowed
by the rise of the patriarchate of Constantinople. It was
also the scene of a number of ecclesiastical councils, one
of them ecumenical. Also A>/)c«^7it'.—Ephesian Arte-
mis. SeeDuiiuz.— Ephealanor Ephesine Coimcil,any
one of the several cliurch councils held at Ephesus, the
earliest of which met in A. D. 196 to settle a dispute as to
the time of keeping Easter ; especially, the third general or
ecumenical council, held at Ephesus A. D. 431, under the
emperors Theodosius II. and Valentinian III., the most
prominent member of which was St. Cyril, patriarch of
Alexandria. It deposed Nestorius, patriarch of Constan-
tinople, and condemned his teaching as to the person of
Christ (See Neatorianiein.) It also decreed that no bishop
should subject to himself any ecclesiastical province which
had not from the lieginning been under the authority of his
predecessors, and that any province so subjected should be
restored, and the orijfinal rights of each province always
remain inviolate.— Ephesian or Epbeslne Latroclnl-
um, a Eutychian council which met at Ephesus A. D. 449.
It claimed to be ecumenical, but all its acts were annulled
at the Chalcedoiiiun ctuincil, A. 1>. 4.'»1. See Latrocinium. —
Ephesian nr Epbesine liturgies, Eptaesine class, fam-
ily, or group (of liturgies), the group or class to which the
ancient liturgies of Gaul and Spain belong, and probably
those of Britain also. The original or typical form repre-
sented by the various extant ottices of this family is called
the Ephegine liturgy. The connection of this type of of-
fice with Ephesus is a matter of inference. It Is also
sometimes called the liturgy o/ St. Paul or c/ St. John.
See GaUiean.
H. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Ephe-
sns : as, the epistle of Paul to the Ephesians.
What man is there that knoweth not how that the city of
the Ephetiant is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana?
Acts xix. 35.
2t. A boon companion ; a jolly fellow.
p. Hen. What company?
Page. Ephetiant, my lord ; of the old church.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., II. 2.
Ephesine (ef 'e-sin), a. [< Gr. "E^oof, Ephesus,
+ -iHci.] Same as Ephesian.
ephesite (ef 'e-sit), n. [< L. Ephesus, Gr. 'Edc-
<Tof, a city in Asia Minor {see Ephesian), + -ite*.]
A mineral consisting chietly of the hydrous sili-
cate of aluminium, found near Ephesus. It is
related to margarite.
ephialtes (ef-i-al'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. k^iTiuK,
.^kilic i!Tid?.T7K, nightmare, lit. one who_ leaps
upon, < tiri, upon, + id?.>jiv, verbal adj. ia^rof,
send, throw.] 1. The nightmare.
The Author of the Vulgar Errors tells us, that hollow
Stones are hung up in Stables ta prevent the >'ight Mare,
or EphiaUee. Bourne' t Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 97.
2. [eap.l In omith., a genus of owls : same as
Scops. Keyserling and Slasius, ISiO. — 3. {.eap.'\
In entom., a genus of ichneumon-flies, of the
subfamily VimpUnce, containing insects of mod-
erate or small size with a long ovipositor, usu-
ally parasitic on lepidopterous larva;. There
are about 12 North American and nearly 20
European species. Schrank, 1802.
epUdrosis (pf-i-<lr6'sis). n. [NL., < Gr. i^fpu-
<T(f, suporticial perspiration, CfTi', upon, + Wpu-
<T(f, perspiration, < Mpociv, perspire, sweat.] In
meA., a sweating of any sort — EpMdrosis cm-
•nta, hematldrosis.
ephippia, «. Plural of ephippium.
ephippial (e-fip'i-al), a. [< ephippium + -al.']
Of or pertaining to an ephippium — Ephippial
ovum or egg, an egg incloeed in an ephippium, as that of
the genus Daphnia.
Bodies of a different nature from these "agamic ova" . . .
are developed within the ovary, the substance of which
acquires an accumulation of strongly refracting granules
at one spot, and forms . . . the so-called ej^pjpiai ovum.
Htuctey, Anat Invert, p. 250.
ephippild (e-fip'i-id), n. A fish of the family
Eliliijipiidfe.
Ephippiidx (ef-i-pi'i-de), n. pi. PJL., < Ephip-
piim + -/>/«'.] In ichth., a small family of chas-
todont fishes. They are characterized by the limita-
tion of the branchial apertures to the sides, and their
separation by a wide icaly isthmus extending from the
pectoral region to the chin ; the spinous and soft parts
of the dornl fln are distinct ; the upper Jaw is scarcely
protractile ; and the post-temporal or uppermost Wme of
the shoulder-girdle Is articulated by two processes with the
skull. It Includes a few marine fishes, among which the
most notable are the species of Chcetod%pUru», as C./aber,
of the Atlantic coast of the United States, known In the
markets of Washlngt^m and Baltimore as the porai/, but
not Ui be confounded with the porgy of New YorL See
cut under Chnrtottipterwi.
Ephippilnse (e-fip-i-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ephip-
/)iii.v + -ituK.y The EphippiicUe rated as a sub-
family.
ephippioid (e-fip'i-oid), a. and n. [< Ephippius
+ -Old.'] I, a. Pertaining to or having the
characters of the Ephippiidee.
n. n. A fish of the family Ephippiida:.
EphippiorhynchU8(e-fip'i-o-ring'kus), n. [Nli.
(Bonaparte, 1854), < Gr. it^iirirtov, a saddle-cloth
Ephraitic
(see ephippium), + piiyxoQ, bill.] A genus of
African storks, of the family Viconiidai; the
saddle-billed storks, having a membrane sad-
dled on the base of the bill, whence the name.
£. senegalensie resembles the jabiru in its somewhat re-
curved bill, which is red, black, and yellow ; the legs are
black, with reddish feet ; the plumage is white, with black
head, neck, wings, and tail.
ephippium (e-fip'i-um), n. ; pi. ephippia (-a).
[NL.,< L. ephippium,<.(jiT. c<pi-r-iov (with orwitn-
out aTpiijia, a spread, covering, horse-cloth), a
horse-cloth, saddle-cloth, neut. of k<l>iK7rtoc, for
putting on a horse, < eiri, upon, -1- (jrrof = L.
epulis, ahorse: see Equus, hippo-.] 1. In anat.,
the sella turcica or pituitary fossa of the hu-
man sphenoid bone, or other formation or ap-
pearance likened to a saddle. — 2. In branchio-
pods, as Daphnia, an altered part of the cara-
pace, of a saddle-shaped figure-, representing a
large area over which both inner and outer lay-
ers of the integument have acquired a brown-
ish color, more consistency, and a peculiar tex-
ture. It is an alteration due to the develop-
ment of that kind of egg known as ephippial.
VThen the next moult takes place, these altered portions
of the integument, constituting the ephippium, are cast off,
together with the rest of the carapace, which soon disap-
pears, and then the ephippium is left, as a sort of double-
walled spring box (the spring being formed by the original
dorsal junction of the two halves of the carapace) in which
the ephippial ova are enclosed. The ephippium' sinks to
the Ijottom and, sooner or later, its contents give rise to
young Daphnise. Uuxley, Anat. Invert, p. 250.
3. [cap.] In entom., a genus of brachycerous
dipl«rous insects, of the family StraNomyidce.
The larvsB of E. thoracicum are found in ants'
nests. Laireille, 1802. — 4. [cap.] A genus of
mollusks. Bolten, 1798.
Ephippius (e-fip'i-us), n. [NL., < Gr. i<jii7rjrwc,
belonging to a horse or to riding: see ephip-
pium^ A genus of fishes, typical of the family
Ephippiid<e. The long dorsal spine suggests the
whip of a coachman. Also written Ephippus.
G. Cuvier.
ephod (ef'od), n. [< LL. cphod (Vulgate), <
Heb. ej>hdd, a vestment, < dy/Aod, put on, clothe.]
1. A Jewish priestly vestment, specifically that
worn by the high priest. It was woven "of gold,
blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen, "and was made
In the form of a double apron, covering the upper part of
the body in front and behind, the two parts of the apron
being united at the shoulders by a seam or by shoulder-
straps, and drawn together lower down by a girdle of the
same material as that of the garment itself. On each
shoulder was fixed an onyx stone set in gold and engraved
with the names of six of the triljes of Israel, and just above
the girdle was fixed the breastplate of judgment. (See Ex.
xxvili. 6-12.) In later times the ephod was not worn ex-
clusively by the high priest, but when worn by others, as
priests of lower rank, it was usually made of linen.
And David danced before the Lord with all his might ;
and David was girded with a linen ephod. 2 Sam. vi. 14.
The shirt of hair tum'd coat of costly pall.
The holy ephod made a cloak for gain.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, iv.
2. An amice : a name formerly sometimes used
in the Western Church, and also in use in the
Coptic and Armenian churches. See vakass.
ephor (ef 'or), n. [< L. ephorus, < Gr. i(l>of>oc, an
overseer, title of a Dorian magistrate, < e<jiopav,
oversee, < cttI, upon, + dpav, see, look at.] One
of a body of magistrates common to many an-
cient Dorian constitutions, the most celebrated
being that of the Spartans, among whom the
boaiS of ephors consisted of five members, and
was elected yearly by the people unrestrictedly
from among themselves, llieir authority ultimate-
ly became superior to that of the kings, and virtually su-
preme before the ofllce was abolished, in 225 B. C, by Cleo-
menes III., after killing the existing incumbents. The
ephors were af terwani reestablished by the Romans. Also
ejjAoru*.— Ephor eponymos. See eponynwe.
ephoral (ef'or-al), a. [< ephor + -al.] Of or
belonging to the office of ephor.
ephoralty (ef'or-al-ti), n. [< ephoral + -ty.]
The office or term of office- of an ephor, or of
the ephors ; the body of ephors.
Aristotle observes that the Ephoralty In Sparta was cor-
rupt Quarterly Rev., CL.XIII. 13.
ephorate(ef'or-at),n. \<ephor + -<ite^.] Same
as ephoralty. "
In Venice the Council served to keep the sovereign mul-
tituile in check. Itself belonging to the Gerusia; in Sparta
the Ephorale rose out of the aristocratic demos, and kept
In check the monarchy and the principal families.
Kon Ranke, Univ. Hist (trans.), p. 134, note.
ephoms (ef'gr-us), n. ; pi. ephori (-i). [L.: see
ephor.] Same as ephor.
Ephraitic (e-fra-it'ik), a. [< Ephra(im) + -ite'>
+ -(>.] Of or "pertaining to the Hebrew tribe
of Ephraim, or to the kingdom of Israel, poeti-
Ephraitic
cally called that of Ephi'aim from the promi-
nence of this tribe among the ten tribes which
under the lead of Jeroboam separated from the
kingdom of Judah.
EplltMailura (ef'thi-a-nu'ra), n. [NL.] A
genus of Australian warblers, e. albi/nns u the
white-front*iI ephthianure. Also written Epthianura and
Uephthmnura, GviUd, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1837.
ephthiannre (ef thi-a-nur), n. A bird of the ge-
nus Ephthianura.
Ephydra (efi-dra), ». [NIj. (FaUen, 1810), <
Gr. c(jiv6poc, living on the water, < tn-i, upon, -I-
viup (Mp-^), water.] A genus of dipterous in-
sects or tlies, of the family Ephydrida, the larvte
of which are notable as living in prodigious
numbers in salt or strongly alkaline waters.
The waters of Lake Mono in California swarm with millions
of B. ealifornica, which drift in immense quantities along
the shore. The larvae are used for food by the Indians, un-
der the name of koochahbee; ahiiatte is the similar food
prepared from E. hianjt, a Mexican species which swarms
in Laice Tezcuco. The described North American species
are 11 in number. Also, improperly, Ephidra.
Ephydridae (e-fid'ri-de), «. pi. [NL. (Loew,
186;)), < Ephydra + -id<8.] A family of Diptera,
typified by the genus Ephydra, having the face
convex, without membranous antenna! furrows,
oral cavity rounded, antenna short, and the
sixth abdominal segment small. The flies live in
wet places and the larva) in water, some of them only in
saline water. Also Ephydrinidce. Stenhammer, 1S13.
ephynmiuill(e-fim'ni-um), «.; pi. ephymnia (-a).
[NL., < (Jr. cipv/ivtov, the burden or refrain o? a
hymn, < ckc, upon, to, -I- v/jvo^, hymn: see hymn.']
1. In anc. 2>ros., originally, a brief standing
acclamation to a god following a number of
lines or a metrical system in a hymn; the
refrain at the end of a stanza in a hymn ; in
general, a short colon subjoined to a metrical
system, strophe or antistrophe. See mesym-
nion, methymnion, proymnion. — 3. In the Greek
and other Oriental churches: (a) A line of sep-
arate construction at the end of a hymn or
stanza of a hymn, often sung by other voices
than those singing the remainder of the stanza
or hymn. (6) The repetition (of the antiphon).
ephyra (ef'i-ra), n. [NL., < Gr. 'E^upa, a sea-
nymph, eponym of 'E(j>vpa, Ephyra, another
name of Corinth.] 1. PI. ephyrm (-re). One
of the so-called Medusw bifida;; an attached
or free-swimmiug lobate diseoidal medusoid,
resulting from transverse fission, by agamo-
genetic multiplication, in the seyphistoma
stage, of the actinula of a discophorous hydro-
zoan. By the development of the ephyrse, and before
these become detached, the young discophoran passes
into the strobila stage. The word was used as a generic
name before the character of the objects had been ascer-
tained. See seyphistoma, strobila, and hydra tuba, under
hydra.
2. [cap.] pi. Same a.sEphyromedus<B. — 3. [cap.]
A genus of geometrid moths. Ephyra punctaria
is popularly known as the maidsn's-blush ; E. orbicidaria
la the dingy mocha ; E. pendularia, the birch-mocha. Du-
ponchel, 1829.
4. [cap.] A genus of crustaceans. Boux, 1831.
— 6. [cap.] A genus of dipterous insects. Des-
voidy, 1863.
Ephyrameduss (ef''i-ra-me-dii'se), n. pi. See
EphyromcdimcB.
Ephjnridae (e-fir'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ephyra +
-idw.] A family of ephyromedusans with broad
radial pouches, and without terminal branched
canals, in these forms the manubrium is simple, four-
cornered, with central mouth, and no mouth-arms. There
are mostly 16 (8 ocular and 8 tentacular) broad radial
pouches, rarely up to 32, alternating witli as many short
solid tentacles ; mostly 16 (rarely 32 or 64) marginal flaps,
with or without simple pouches, and never with branched
canals ; and 4 interradial or 8 adradial gonads in the sub-
nmbrellar wall of the gastral cavity.
Ephyroniedusae(ef"i-r6-me-du'se),m.;)?. [NL.,
< Ephyra + MeduscB.] Hydrozoans which pro-
duce ephyrsB or scyphistomes, generating by
strobilation : synonymous with Seyphomedusce
(which see). Also Ephyramedusce, Ephyrce.
ephjrromedusan (ef"i-ro-me-du'san), a. and n.
I. a. Of or pertaining to the EphyromedusiE ;
soyphomedusan.
II. n. A member of the Ephyromedusw.
Ephyropsidae (ef-i-rop'si-de), ». pi. [NL., <
Ephyropnis + 4dce.] A family of Ephyrame-
dusce having a small disk, simple gastric sacs
without oral arms, only 8 marginal tentacles,
and 4 pairs of genital organs, which do not lie
in umbrellar cavities. Claus, Zoology (trans.),
L 261.
EphyTOpsis(ef-i-rop'sis),«. [NL. (Gegenbaur,
1850), < ephyra + Gr. oyjttc, appearance.] The
typical genus of the family Ephyropnidw. E.
pelagica of the Mediterranean and Adriatic is
an example.
6pi of Lead, 13th century-
Cathedral of Chartres. ( Fron
VioIlet-le-Duc's " Diet, de I'Ai
chitecture." )
1964
6pi (a-pe'), »!. [F. ^pi, an ear (of com), top,
nnial, < OF. espi, < L. spictis, rare form of spica,
a point, spike, or ear of
corn, top, tuft, etc. : see
spike.] A light slender
finial of metal or terra-
cotta, ornamenting the
extremities or intersec-
tions of roof-ridges or
forming the termination
of a pointed roofer spire.
epi-. [NL. , etc. , < Gr. eiri-
(before a vowel ot-, be-
fore the rough breathing
iip-), < fT(, prep., with
verbs of rest, on, upon,
in, at, near, before, etc. ;
with verbs of motion, on,
upon, on to, up to, to,
toward, etc. ; causally,
over, on, etc. ; in comp.
£7rt-, on, upon, to, to-
ward, etc., in addition to,
besides; of time, upon,
after, etc. ; = L. ob, to,
before (see ob-), = Skt.
apt, on to, near to, more-
over^ related to apa =
Gr. an-d = L. aft = E. off,
of. See apo-, db-, off, of.]
A prefix (before a vowel
ep-, before the rough
breathing e])h-) of Greek
origin, signifying prima-
rily 'upon, on,' and va-
riously implying position on, motion to or to-
ward, addition to (a second or subordinate
form). See the etymology.
epialid (e-pi-al'id), n. and a. I. n. A moth of
the family Epialidw.
II. a. Pertaining to the EpiaJidce.
Epialidse, Hepialidae (e-, he-pi-al'i-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Epialus, Ucphdus, + -idee.] A family of
heterocerous lepidopterous insects of the bom-
bycine series, having short moniliform anten-
nse, long, narrow, denexed wings, and eoarinate
thorax ; the ghost-moths, goat-moths, or swifts.
The larvec are naked fleshy grubs witii 16 feet, which bur-
row in the roots or beneath the bark of trees, whence the
group is also called Xylotropha. It corresponds in the
main, or exactly, to the old genera Epialus and Cossus, and
to groups known as Epialides, Epialites, and Epialina.
See cut under Cossus.
epialine (e-pi'a-lin), a. Pertaining to the Epi-
alidCB.
Epialites (e-pi-a-li'tez), n. pi. [NL., < Epia-
lus + -ites.] A division of nocturnal Lepidop-
tera in Latreille's system of classification, rep-
resented by the Pabrician genera Epialus and
Cossus, corresponding to the modern Epialidce.
Epialus, Hepialus (§-, he-pl'a-lus), n. _ [NL.,
orig. Hepialus (Fabricius, 1776), < Gr. ijrcla'AoQ,
equiv. to ri-Kiakt)<;, also rjirioATiq, a nightmare ; cf .
riirioloq, a moth (a ' ghost-moth ' ; or perhaps a
diff. word, akin to L. vappo{n-), a moth). Cf.
rprlaXoi, a fever attended with violent shivering.
The form iiinahig appears to simulate i<pia'ATri(,
a nightmare: see ephialtes.] The typical ge-
nus of the family Epialidce, the ghost-moths.
E. humuli is a common species.
epiaxial (ep-i-ak'si-al), a. Same as epaxial.
epibasal (ep-i-ba'sai), a. [< Gr. cni, upon, -I-
pau/f, base: see base^, basal.] In 6o<., anterior
to the basal wall: used by Leitgeb in designat-
ing portions of the developing oospore of vas-
cular cryptogams, the basal wall being the pri-
mary wall dividing the oospore into two halves.
epibatns (e-pib'a-tus), a. and n. [< LL. epiba-
tus (Martianus CJapella), < Gr. £ir(/3ar(if, trodden
to, marked by special beating of time, also that
can be walked to, accessible, < ivipaivuv, walk
on, tread on, go to, < iiri, upon, to, + j3atveiv,
go: see base^.] I. a. In anc. pros., marked by
special beating of time (as with the foot) : a dis-
tinctive epithet of a peeonic foot of doubled or
decasenjio magnitude, in contradistinction to
the peeon diagyios (see diagyios), or ordinary
p£eonic foot of pentasemic magnitude, com-
monly called the cretic.
n. n. The decasemic psDon {paeon epibatus).
See I.
epiblast (ep'i-blast), n. ^<. Gr. cTri, upon, -1-
jiXaardc, a bud, germ ; cf . eTTiji'AaaTaveiv, grow or
sprout on.] 1. In bot., a name applied by
Richard to a second small cotyledon which is
found in wheat and some other grasses. — 2.
In embryol., the outer or external blastodermic
membrane or layer of ceils, forming the ecto-
epic
derm or epiderm : distinguished at first from
hypoblast, then from both hypoblast and nieso-
blast. See cut under blastoeale.
epiblastema (ep"i-blas-te'ma), n.; pi. cpiblas-
temata (-ma-tii). [NL., < Gr.'tTri, upon, -1- /3/ld-
OTr/fia, a germ. Cf. epiblast.] In bot., a super-
ficial outgrowth upon any part of a plant, as
trichomes, the crown of a corolla, etc.
epiblastic (ep-i-blas'tik), a. [< epiblast -f 4c.]
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an epi-
blast.
The derivation of the original structureless layer of the
cornea is still uncertain. . . . The objections to Kessler's
view of its epiblastic nature are rather a priori than found-
ed on definite observation. M. Foster, Embryology, p. 153.
epiblema (ep-i-ble'ma), 11.; pi. epiblemata (-ma-
ta). [NL., < Gr. iTri^'/.tJiia, a cover, a patch, lit.
that which is thrown over, < cirijiaA'Miv, throw
over, < tTtl, upon, over, -I- fiakluv, throw.] In
bot., the imperfectly formed epidermis which
supplies the place of the true epidermis in sub-
merged plants and on the extremities of grow-
ing roots.
epibole (e-pib'o-le), n. [LL., < Gr. empo?,^, a
throwing on, a setting or laying upon, the ad-
dition or disposition of words or ideas, < i-n-t-
pa'Aleiv, throw or lay upon,< iiri, upon, + pal'keiv,
throw.] 1. In rhet., a figure by which succes-
sive clauses begin with the same word or words
or with a word or phrase of similar meaning ;
epanaphora. — 2. In embryol., same as epiboly.
The gastrula is formed by a process known as epibole.
Claus, Zoology (trans.), I. 115.
epibolic (ep-i-bol'ik), a. [< epibole + -ic] Of,
pertaining to, or of the nature of epiboly.
epibolism (e-pib'o-lizm), n. [< epibol-ic +
-ism.] Same as epiboly.
epiboly (e-pib'o-U), n. [< epibole, q.r.] In em-
bryol., that kiuii of gastrulation in which the in-
clusion of the hypoblastic blastomeres within
the epiblastic blastomeres appears to result
from the growth of the latter over the former,
instead of being the consequence of a proper
emboly, or true process of invagination of the
hypoblast within the epiblast. See emboly.
Also epibole, epibolism.
epibrancllial (ep-i-brang'ki-al), a. and »i. [<
Gr. e-i, upon, -t- jipdyx'", gills, + -al.] I, a.
Literally, upon the gills: applied in zoology —
(a) to a part of a bird's hyoid bone (see II. ) ; (6)
in brachyurous crustaceans, to an anterior divi-
sion of the carapace forming part of the roof
of the branchial chamber. See cut under Jira-
chmira.
II. ». In ornith. , the posterior or terminal ele-
ment of the longhom of the hyoid bone, an osse-
ous element developedin the thirdpostoral (first
branchial) visceral arch of a bird, forming the
end-piece of the complex hyoid bone, borne
upon the ceratobranehial. It is the cerato-
branchial of some, the ceratohyal of others.
Parker.
The cerato- and epibraiwkials together are badly called
the thyro-hyals, and, in still more popular language, the
greater cornua or horns of the hyoid ; . . . the ccrato-
branchials are long, and the epilmnichials so extraordi-
narily elongated as to curl up over the back of the skull.
Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 167.
Epibulinae (e-pib-u-U'ne), n. pi. [KL., < Epi-
bulus + -iiics.] A subfamily of labroid fishes,
represented by the genus Epibtdus, and charac-
terized by the very extensile jaws and a con-
comitant mode of articulation for the lower
jaw. The species are confined to the tropical
Pacific.
Epibulini (e-pib-u-li'ni), n. pi. [NL., < Epibu-
lus + -i)ii.] Same as Epibulince. C. L. Bona-
parte.
Epibulus (e-pib'u-lus), n. [NL., < Gr. iiripov7Mq,
plotting against, treacherous, < iirijiovlii, a plot,
< fTTi, upon, against, + jiov'/Ji, a plan, scheme:
see boule'^.] A genus of fishes, of the family
Labridce, and typical of the subfamily Epibuli-
nce, Vuvier, 1817.
epic (ep'ik), a. and n. [Formerly epick; = F.
epique = Sp. Pg. It. epico (cf. D. G. episch =
Dan. Sw. episk), < L. epicus, < Gr. miKO^, epic,
< fTTOf, a word, a speech, tale, pi. epic poetry :
see epos.] I. «. 1 . Pertaining to or constitut-
ing an epos or heroic poem ; narrating at length
and in metrical form as a poetic whole with sub-
ordination of parts a series of heroic achieve-
ments or of events under supernatural guidance.
The epic or heroic poem in its typical form (the imtumcU
or popular epic) is exemplified in the great mythological
epics, in Greek the Homeric epics (the Iliad and Odynsey),
in Sanskrit the Mahdbhfirata and lidvinyann. in Persia:!
the Shah-nameh, in Middle German the KibetungeiUied,
epic
in Anglo-Saxon the BeSvmlf, and In Spanish the Poem of
the Cid. Epics compiled in recent times from national tra-
ditions are the Finnish Kalemla and the North American
Indian Hiawatha. The artifieial or literary epic is not of
popular origin, but imitated more or less closelyfrom the
national epics. Examples are : In Latin, Virgil's .Kixeid,
and the modem epics ; in Italian, the romantic epics. Ari-
oato's Orlando Furicto and Taaso's Jenuaiem Delivered;
tn Portuguese, Camoenss Lutiad ; in English, Milton's
Paradite LoH and Paradite Regained; in tierman, Klop-
(tock's Mono*. An epic in which animals are actors, ex-
emplified in the Homeric Batraehomymnachia and in the
medieral Low German Reynard the Fox, has been called
the ammo/ epic.
According to Aristotle, the story of an epic poem must
be on a great and noble theme : it must be one in itself.
R. C. Jebb, Primer of Greek Lit, I. 11 8 2.
Hence — 2. Of heroic character or quality ; bold
in action ; imposing.
"TakeLUia, then, for heroine," clamour'd he,
"And make her some great Princess, six feet high.
Grand, epic, homicidal." Tennyion, Princess, ProL
The epic cycle. See eycU^.
n. H. A naiTative poem of elevated charac-
ter, describing generally the exploits of heroes;
an epic poem. See I.
He burnt
His epic, his King Arthur, some twelve books.
Tennyton, The Epic.
Epicxros (ep-i-se'rus), n. [NL-i < Gt. cmKatfwf,
seasonable, opportune, important, vital, < tKi,
upon. + naipo^, fit time, opportunity.] A genus of
rhynchophorous beetles, of the subfamily Otio-
rhynehina, it was established by Schonherr upon a few
Central and North American species, having the body
1965
Epicanta (ep-i-k&'ta), n. [NL., < Gr. MKavro^,
burnt at the end or on the surface, < emKaitn',
burn on the surface, < iiri, upon, + Kaieiv, burn:
see caustic.^ A genus of blister-beetles, of the
family Meloidte. it comprises those species of the group
Cantharides in wliich the penultimate tarsal joint is not
bilobed, the nianilililes are not prolonged Iwyond the la-
brum, and the claws are divided into two nearly equal
Imbricated Snout-beetle (Efitaritt imtricatuj), (Line I
DalutaJ sue. )
more or less pyrlform, densely scaly, the elvtra brownish
or luteoas, with the tip and two sinuous bands ranch paler.
E. inUrriealus (Say), the imbricated snoot-beetle, u the
V>est-known species, aimndant in the eastern Cnited .States ;
it feeds upon many dilTerent plants, and is frt*i|uently very
injurious to cabbages. It is extremely variable in size,
htiapt-. anil coloration. Its larva is still tinknuwn.
epical (ep'i-kal), a. [< ej>ic + -al.'] Epic; of
epic or heroic character ; like an epic.
Life made by duty epical
And rhythmic with the truth.
Whittier, My Namesake.
epically (ep'i-kal-i), adv. In an epic manner;
as an epic.
epicalyz (ep-i-ka'liks), n. ; pi. epicalyces (-kal'-
i-sez). [< Or. JTi, upon, + «d/.if, calyTt.] In
bot., the outer accessory calyx in plants with
two calyces, formed cither of sepals or bracts,
as iti mallow and potentilla.
epicanthi, ». Pluml of epicanthun.
epicanthic (ep-i-kan'thik), a. [< epUanthis +
-if.] Of or pertaining to an epicanthis; grow-
ing in or upon a cantnus or comer of the eye.
epicanthis (ep-i-kan'this), n. ; pi. efticanthideit
(-thi-ilt'Z I. [NL., < Gr. cniKaMq, eqniv. toiyKov-
tfif , a tumor in the comer of the eye, < f n-i, upon,
-f KaiSor, the corner of the eye: see canthus.^
In anat., a fold of skin, congenital in origin,
concealing the inner, rarely the outer, cantnus
of the eye.
epicanthns (ep-i-kan'thus), n. ; pi. epicanthi
(thi'. [NL.] Same as cyiranCAM.
epicardial (ep-i-kiir'di-ali. a. [< epicardium +
-al.] I'.rtainiiig to the epicardium.
epicarditun (ei>-i-kiir'di-ura), n. [NL., < Gr.
firi, ui>ou, + napdia = E. Acarf.] In anat., the
cardiac or visceral layer of the pericardium,
lying directly upon the heart.
epicarldan (ep-i-kar'i-dan),'n; One of the Epi-
raridin.
Epicarides (ep-i-kar'i-dez), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
t-', on, -t- napi^, a shrimp.] In Latreille's sys-
tem (1826), a section of the Linnean genos
Onisau, containing small parasitic isopods
without eyes or antennae, and corresponding to
the modem family Bo/n/riiUr. They are para-
sitic upon shrimps. [J^ot in tise.]
6picarp (ep'i-karp), ». [< Gr. /ti, upon, +
luip^of, fruit.] In hot., the outer skin of fruits,
the fleshy substance or edible portion being
terme<l the menocarp, and the inner portion the
enriocarp. See cut under endocarj).
epicatophora (ep i-ka-tof'o-ra), ». In astrol.,
the eighth house of the heavens.
Blister.beeUes.
a, Epieauta fardalit ; b, F.picauta mamlala.
( Lines show natural sixes. )
parts. The anterior femora have a sericeous spot, and
the antennie are Aliform. The numerous species are of
medium size, elongate, cylindric, and more or less densely
punctulate and pulHsicent. E. pardalin (J. L. Le t'onte)
and E. mactUala (Say) are not rare in the western terri-
tories of the United States ; both are black, with dense
yellowish-white pubescence, and have on the elytra de-
nuded black spots, large and smooth in E. pardalii, small,
opaque, and pu)>escent in E. maculata. E. inarf/inata
(Fabricius), which is common in the Atlantic States, is
blacit, with the head and thorax usually covered with ci-
nereous pnl)escence, and the elytra eittier entirely black
or narrowly margined with cinereous. The larvae of Epi-
eauta prey upon lociuts' eggs.
epicedet, epicedt (ep'i-sed, -sed), n. [< LL.
epicciUum, q. v.] A funeral song or discourse ;
an epicedium.
And on the banckes each cypres* bow'd hi* head.
To hear the swan sing her owne epieed.
W. Broune, Britannia's Pastorals, L 5.
epicedia, n. Plural of epicedium.
epicedial (ep-i-se'di-al), a. [< ejncedium + -al.']
Siinie as ejncedian.
epicedian (ep-i-se'di-an), a. and n. [< epice-
(liiim + -an.] I. a. (5f or pertaining to an epi-
cedium; elegiac.
Epicedian song, a song sung ere the corpse be buried.
Codceram.
H. n. An epicedium.
Black-ey'd swans
Did sing as woful evicediant
A* they would stralgbtways die.
Marlowe and Chapman, Hero and Leander, It.
epicedinin (ep-i-ee'di-um), n. ; pi. epicedia (-ft).
[LL., < Gr. iviiaiitun', a dirge, neut. of tTrix^fjof,
of or for a funeral, < eiri, on, + k^So(, care, sor-
row, esp. for the dead, funeral rites.] A fu-
neral song or dirge.
Fnnerall songs were called Epicedia if they were sung
by many. Pvitenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 39.
A more moving quill
Than Spenser used when he gave Astrophil
A liripg epieediunt. Mauinger, Sero sed Serio.
Nor were men wanting among ourselves who, owing
all they had and all they were to democracy, thought it
had an air of high-breeding to Join in the shallow epice-
dium that our bubble bad burst,
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 153.
epi(^ne (ep'i-sen), a. [< L. epicwnus, < Gr.
c-inoivor, common, < ivi, upon, to, + wwwif, com-
mon: see cenobite, etc.] Belonging to or in-
cluding both sexes : especially, in grammar, ap-
plied to nonns having only one form of gender
to indicate animals of both sexes: thus, the
Greek iif and Latin ovis, a sheep, are feminine
words, whether applied to males or to females.
Not the male generation of critics, not the literary prigs
ejricene, nut of decided sex the blues celestial. J. Wilton.
epicen'ter (ep'i-sen-t^r), n. [< NL. epicentruni,
' Gr. iirUevrpoc. on the center-point, < iiri, on,
+ KtvTpov, center.] In seismology, a point on
the earth's surface from which earthquake-
waves seem to go out as a center. It is situ-
ated directly above the true center of disturb-
ance, or seismic focus.
epi(^Iltra, ». Plural of epicentrum.
epicentral (ep-i-sen'tral). a. and n. [< epicen-
trum + -al.] I. a. 1." Situated upon a verte-
bral centrum, as a spine of a fish's back-bone. —
2. Pertaining to an epicenter.
H. n. An epicentral scleral spine, adhering
to a vertebral centrum.
These "scleral " spines are termed, according to the ver-
tebral element they may adhere to, "epineurals,""fptc<!n-
(ro^s, "and"eplpleurals"; . . . all three kinds are present
In the herring. Ouwn, Anat., L 43.
epiclesis
epicentnun (ep-i-sen'tnim), n. ; pi. epicentra
(-tra). l^h.: see epicenter.] Same as epicenter.
The point or area on the surface of the ground above the
origin [of an earthquake] is called the epicenti-uvn.
J. Milne, Earthquakes, p. 9.
epicerasti(^ (ep'i-se-ras'tik), a. [< Gr. imKepa-
arcKof, tempering the huvaoi9,<. enmepaivvvat, mix
in addition, < evi, upon, to, -f- Kcpawivat, mix:
see crasis. ] Lenient ; assuaging. Smart.
epicera'tohyal (ep-i-ser"a-to-ni'al), «. and a.
[< Gr. i-rti, on, + ceratoKyal, ^. v.] I. n. A
bone of the hyoid arch of fishes, situated be-
tween the Interhyal and the basihyal, and above
the ceratohyal.
H. a. Situated over or above the ceratohyal;
pertaining to the epieeratohyal.
The lower part of the [hyoid] arch retains its connection
with the upper part, in fishes, by means of an interhyal
piece, between which and the basihyal are generally found
epieeratohyal, ceratohyal, and hypohyal pieces.
Statul. Sat. UUt, III. 21.
epicerebral (ep-i-ser'e-bral), a. [< Gr. iirl,
upon, -t- L. cerebrum, the brain, + -al.] Situ-
ated upon the brain.
epichlle (ep'i-ldl), n. [< NL. epic7iiK«m.] Same
as epichilium.
epicililiam (ep-i-kil'i-um), n. ; pi. epichilia (-S).
[NL., < Gr. i-KtxfMK, on or at the lips or brim,
< c-Ki, on, + x^i^o^y lip. brim.] In bot., the ter-
minal lobe of the lip of an orchid, when the lip
is so divided.
epichirema (ep'i-M-re'ma), «. ; pi. epichire-
mata (-ma-ta). [NL., < Gr. iTrixcipti/ja, an un-
dertaking, an attempted proof, < emxcipclv, un-
dertake, attempt, put one's hand to, < em, upon,
+ x^'P- the hand.] In logic : (o) As used by
Aristotle, a reasoning based on premises gen-
erally admitted but open to doubt. (6) As
commonly used, a syllogism having the truth
of one or both of its premises confirmed by a
proposition annexed (called a prosyllogism), so
that an abridged compoimd argument is formed :
as. All sin is dangerous ; covetousness is sin
(for it is a transgression of the law) ; therefore,
covetousness is dangerous. "For it is a trans-
gression of the law" is a prosyllogism, con-
firming the proposition that "covetousness is
sin."
epichordal (ep-i-k6r'dal), a. [< Gr. ctti, upon,
+ X'>l"^'l< chord, cord (see chord), + -<il.] In
anat., situated upon or about the intracranial
part of the notochord : applied to certain seg-
ments of the brain : opposed to prechordal.
Even if there proves to be no true serial homology be-
tween the praichordaland«j>icAorrfa/ regions of the brain.
Wilder, N. Y. .Med. Jour., March 21, 1886, p. 328.
epichorlal (ep-i-ko'ri-al), a. [< Gr. iinxitpioQ, in
or of thecountr}-,< eirijon, in,+ ;t<jpa, country.]
Of or pertaining to the coimtry; rural. Also
epichoric, epichoristic. [Kare.]
Local or epichorial superstitions from every district of
Europe come forward by thousands.
De Quincey, Modern Superstition.
epichoriambic (ep-i-ko-ri-am'bik), a. [< Gr.
izixopia/iiima;, having a choriambus following
upon a different measure, < ini, upon, in addi-
tion, + ;|fopia^/Jof , choriambus.] In anc. pros.,
containing a choriambus (— -^ w — ) preceded
by a trochaic dipody : an epithet applied by
some Greek metricians to verses, such as the
Sapphic hendecasyllabic and the Eupolidean,
which are now classed as logaoedic meters.
See cjnonic.
epichoric (ep-i-ko'rik), a. [As epichor-ial +
-ic] Same as epichorial.
The epichoric alphabet was supplanted by the Ionic va-
riety. The Academy, March 3, 1888, p. IM.
epichoristic (ep'i-ko-ris'tik), a. [< epichor-ial
+ -ist + -ic] Same as epichorial.
The epichorititic idiom has suflfered a disintegration
which is equivalent to absorption into the lingua franca
of Dorisra. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 436.
Epichtbonii (ep-ik-tho'ni-i), H. pi. [NL., < Gr.
ETTi, on, -I- x^i)v, the earth.] A group of wood-
peckers which frequent the ground, as the spe-
cies of (iecinus, founded by Gloger in 1842.
epiclesis (ep-i-kle'sis), ». [Gr. eiriK^T/aif, a call-
ing upon, invocation, < tTf/taXciv, call upon, <
£7ri, upon, -t- Ka?.tlv, call: see calends, eeclesia,
etc.] In liturgies, that part of the prayer of
consecration, as found in many liturgies, in
which, after the institution and great oblation
(or in some forms after the institution but be-
fore the oblation), God is called upon to send
down the Holy Spirit upon the worshipers and
upon the sacramental ^ta. Also epiklesis.
epiclidal
epiclidal (ep-i-kli'dal), a. [< epicHdium + -al.']
Pertaining to the epiclidium: as, an epiclid<tl
center of ossification. Also epicUdian.
epiclidia, ". Plural of epiclidium.
epiclidian (ep-i-kU'di-an), a. [< epiclidium +
-an.] Same as epiclidal.
epiclldivun (ep-i-kli'di-um), «. ; pi. epiclidia (-ii).
[NL.,also epicleidium, < Gr. tm, on, + ic^etdiov,
claWele, dim. of K^/f (xAf/iJ-), key.] laornith.,
an expansion or separate ossification of the su-
perior or distal end of the clavicle, at the end
of the bone opposite the hypoclidiiun. See cut
under epipleura.
Such expansion is called the epicUidium; in passerine
birds it is said to ossify separately, and it is considered by
Pariier to represent tiie precoracoid of reptiles.
Couet, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 147.
epiclinal (ep-i-kli'nal), a. [< Gr. ett/, upon, +
K/.ivrj, a bed: see clinic.'] In hot., placed upon
the torus or receptacle of a flower.
Epiccela (ep-i-se'la), n. pi. [NIi., neut. pi. of
ejiicalus: seo epieodlous, epicoele.] In Huxley's
classification of 1874, a series of deuterostoma-
tous metazoans which have an epicoele, as dis-
tinguished from a schizocoele or an enterocoele,
as the aseidians and vertebrates.
epicoelar (ep-i-se'lar), a. Same as epicedian.
epicoele (ep'i-sel), ji. [(.epicalia.] X.laanat.,
same as epicoelia. — 2. In zool., a perivisceral
cavity formed by an invagination of the ecto-
derm, as the atrium of an ascidian. It is also
that kind of body-cavity which the vertebrates
are considered to possess.
epicoelia (ep-i-se'li-a), n.; pi. epiccelke (-e).
[NL., < Gr. iivi, upon, in addition, + miXia,
belly (with ref. to 'ventricle'), < /coiAof, hollow.
Cf. epieoeloas.] The cavity of the epencephalon
(which see) ; the ventricle of the cerebellum or
so-called fourth ventricle of the brain, i-oofed
over by the cerebellum and valve of Vieussens.
Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 478.
epicoeliac (ep-i-se'li-ak), q. [< epicoelia + -ac]
Same as epiecBlian.
epicceliae, h. Plural of epicoelia.
epicoelian (ep-i-se'li-an), a. [< epiccelia + -an.]
Of or pertaining to tH'e epicoelia. Also epicoelar,
epicceliae.
epiccelous (ep-i-se'lus), a. [< NL. epicoelus,
<. Gr. £7r/, upon, in addition, -t- /coi?.or, hollow, >
Koi?.ia, belly. Cf. epicoelia.] 1. Having the
character of an epicoele ; forming an epicoele :
aa, an epiccelous cavity. — 2. Having an epicoele ;
of or pertaining to the Epiccela : as, an epiccelous
animal.
The Vertebrata are not schizocoelous, but epiceeloti^.
Huxley, Encyc. Brit., II. 54.
epicolic (ep-i-kol'ik), a. [< Gr. kn-i, upon, -t-
k6?mv, the colon: see colic, colon^.] In anat.,
relating to that part of the abdomen which is
over the colon.
epicoltunella (ep-i-kol-u-mel'a), n. [NL., < Gr.
ejri, upon, in addition, -i- "SIJI columella, q. v.]
A proximal element of the columella auris of
some reptiles, as Clepsydrops, considered not as
a suprastapedial element, but as almost cer-
tainly homologous with the incus.
It appears to be unrepresented in the reptilian colu-
mella, and I have therefore called it the epicolumdla.
Cope, Memoirs of Nat. Acad. Sci. (1885), III. 94.
epicoltunellar (ep-i-kol-u-mel'ar), a. [< epi-
columella + -ar"^.] Pertaining'to the epicolu-
mella : as, an epicolumellar ossification.
epicondylar (ep-i-kon'di-liir), a. [< epicondyle
+ -a>-2.] Of or per-
taining to the epi-
condyle ; supracon-
dylar.
epicondyle (ep-i-
kon'dil), n. [<NL.
epicondylus, < Gr.
tiri, upon, + KiivdvAoc,
a knuckle: see con-
dyle.] In anat., a
name given by
Chaussier to the ex-
_ ternal condyle or
Anttrio,i^,e,,Di«ai End. of Right ""f"- protuberanco
' ■■ on the lower extrem-
ity of the hurilenis or
arm-bone, which aids
in forming the elbow-
joint. The epicondyle
was originally ciistin-
Ituished from the epi-
trochlea on the inner (ul-
nar) side of - the bone ;
but the term was afterward extended to lioth the inner
and outer supracondylar protulierances. See phrases fol-
lowing.
1966
Epicurean
The epicondyle has been called "outer" or "external
condyle," and more recently by Markoe (1880) and others
"external epicondyle."
Wilder aiui Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 160.
External epicondyle, the external or radial supracon-
dylar eminence of the humerus.— Internal epicondyle, anipriain re nik'ri sisl n ■ t>1 ^.,;/m..<,«<. (^ cS,\
the internal or ulnar supracondylar eminence of the hu- V/ <" • J.** P^^^ ""f ^^ ."■ i .Pl- epicnses (-sez).
nierus. Also called epitrochlea. L^ "r. t-mpiaig, determination, < CTriKpiveiv, de-
epicondylus (ep-i-kon'di-lus), «. ; pi. epicondyli termine, < iizi, upon, -1- npivuv, separate, decide.
and plates of the head extending over the muz-
zle and front. E. cetichris is the ringed boa, or aboma,
of a dark-yellowish gray, with a dorsal row of large brown
rings, and lateral blotches of dark color with lighter cen-
ters
(-_li). [NL.] Same as epicondyle.
epicoracoliunieral (ep-i-kor"a-k6-hu'me-ral),
a. [< NL. epicoracolmmeralis, K epicoraco'(id) +
humerus.] Pertaining to the epicoracoid bone
and to the humerus : applied to muscles having
such attachments, as in sundry reptiles.
epicoracohumeralis (ep-i-kor'a-ko-hu-me-ra'-
lis), «.; pi. cpicoracohumerales \-lez). [KL.]
An epicoracohumeral muscle, as of sundry rep-
tiles.
epicoracoid (ep-i-kor'a-koid), n. and a. [< Gr.
cm, upon, -t- coracoid, q. v.] I. n. A bone or
cartilage of the scapular arch of some animals,
as batrachians, bounding the fontanel inter-
nally. See coracoid, k., extract under jjrccora-
coid, a., and cuts under pectoral and omoster-
num.
U, a. Pertaining to the epicoracoid.
epicoracoidal (ep-i-kor'a-koi-dal), a. [< epi-
coracoid + -al.] Same as epicoracoid.
[In Crocodilia] the pectoral arch has no clavicle, and the
coracoid has no distinct epicoracoidal element.
Hvxley, Anat. Vert., p. 220.
epicoroUine (ep'-'i-ko-rorin), a. [< Gr. £T<,
upon, -f E. corolla + -j«el.] In hot., inserted
upon the corolla.
epicotyl (ejj-i-kot'il), n. [Abbr. of "epicotyle-
don, \ Gr. en-i, on, -t- KOTvArjSiiv, a cup-shaped
hollow (cotyledon).] In hot., the part of a
growing embryo above the cotyledons.
epicotyledonary (ep-i-kot-i-le'do-na-ri), a. [<
*epicotyledon (see epicotyl) + -ary.] In hot.,
situated above the cotyledons; pertaining to
the epicotyl.
epicrania, n. Plural of epicranium.
epicranial (ep-i-kra'ni-al), a. [< epicranium +
-«/.] 1. In entom., pertaining to or situated on
the epicranium, or upper surface of an insect's
head. — 2. In anat, situated upon the cranium or
skull : specifically applied to the tendinous part
of the occipito frontalis muscle Epicranial su-
ture, in entom.. a longitudinal impressed Ime on the top
of the head, dividing before into two branches, which pass
toward the bases of the antennae. It is generally visible
only in immature insects, and indicates that the upper
part of the epicranium is primitively divided into two
lateral parts. See cnt under Insecta.
epicranium (ep-i-kra'ni-um), 11.; pi. epicrania
(-a). [NL., < Gr. iiri, upon, -t- Kpaviov, the cra-
nium.] 1. In entom., the upper surface of an
insect's head, between the compound eyes, and
extending from the occiput to the border of the
mouth. It is generally divided into three regions : the
upper, called the vertex ; the middle, called the front ;
and the lower, called the clypem or epistoma; but these epiCUTet (ep'i-kiir), V. i. [< epicure, «.l To live
judge: see crisis, critic] 1. Methodical or criti-
cal judgment of a passage or work, with discus-
sion of a question or questions arising from its
consideration. — 2. An annotation or a treatise
embodying such discussion or judgment; a crit-
ical note, criticism, or review, in Hebrew Bibles
the epicrisis to a book is a brief series of observations ap-
pended to it by the Massoretes, stating the number of let-
ters, verses, and chapters, and sometimes also of sections
and paragraphs, and quoting the middle sentence of the
whole book.
That the Massoretes themselves recognized no real sep-
aration [between the books of Ezra and Nehemiah] is
shown by their epicrmg on Nehemiah.
Encyc. Brit., VIII. 832.
Epictetian (ep-ik-te'shan), a. [< Epictetus +
-ian.] Pertaining to Epictetus, a Stoic philos-
opher of the first and second centuries, who,
after being a slave and a philosopher at Rome,
established a school at Nicopolis in Epirus. His
doctrines were recorded by his pupil Arrian. Epictetus
taught that we should not allow ourselves to be dependent
upon good things not within our own power, and that we
should worship our consciences.
epicure (ep'i-kur), n. [< Epicure, < P. Epicure,
I L. Epicurtis, < Gr. 'ETriKovpoc, a philosopher of
this name (see Epicurean, ».), lit. an assistant,
ally, < £7ri, upon, to, -t- Kdpoc, Kovpo^, a (free-bom)
youth (acting as assistant in sacrifices, etc.).]
1. \_cap. or I. c] A follower of Epicurus; an
Epicurean: seldom, if ever, used without odium.
Here [Isa. xiv. 14] he describeth the furye of the Epi-
cures (which is the highest and depest mischeif of all im-
piete) ; even to contempne the very God.
Joye, Expos, of Dan., xii.
Lucretius the poet . . . would have been seven times
more epicure and atheist than he was.
Bacon, Unity in Religion (ed. 1887).
2. Popularly (owing to a misrepresentation of
the ethical part of the doctrines of Epicurus),
one given up to sensual enjoyment, and espe-
cially to the pleasures of eating and drinking;
a gormand; a person of luxurious tastes and
habits.
Cces. Will this description satisfy him ?
Ant. With the health that Pompey gives him ; else he
is a very epicure. Shah., A. and C, ii. 7.
Live while you live, the epieure would say,
And seize the pleasures of the present day.
Doddridge, Epigram on his Family Arms.
= Syn. 2. Epicure, Gourmet, and Gormand agree in repre-
senting one who cares a great deal for the pleasures of the
table. The epicure selects with a fastidious taste, but is
luxurious in the supply of that which he likes. The gour-
met is a connoisseur in food and drink, and a dainty feeder.
The gormand differs from a glutton only in having a more
discriminating taste.
like an epicure ; epicuiize.
They did Epicure it in daily exceedings, as indeed
where should men fare well, if not in a King's Hall?
Fuller, Hist. Cambridge, II. 48.
terms vary much with the different orders. Many writers
exclude the clypeus. See cut under Insecta.
The epicranium, or that piece (sclerite) bearing the eyes,
ocelli and antennie, and in front the clypeus and labrum.
A. S. Packard, Amer. Nat., XVII. 1138.
2. In anat., that which is upon the cranium or
skull ; the scalp ; the galea capitis : especially
applied to the muscular and tendinous parts
underlying the skin, as the occipitofrontalis.
Epicrates (e-pik'ra-tez), n. [NL., < Gr. ini- Epicurean (ep"i-ku-re'an), a. and m. [=F. .Spi-
Kparr/c, having mastery, < ett/, upon, + Kparog, curien (cf. Sp. Epicureo = Pg. It. Epicuret}), <
epicurealt (ep-i-ku're-al), a.
Epicurean.
[< epicure + -ah]
But these are epicureal tenets, tending to looseness of
life, luxury, and atheism. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 387.
might.] A genus of South American boas, or
Humerus of a Man.
H, humerus : efic, epicondyle. or
external supracondvloid protul^r-
ance; efit, epitrochlea. or internal
supracondyloid protuberance ; rfi,
capitellum. or convex articular sur-
face for head of radius : tr, trochlea.
or transversely concave articular sur.
face for the ulna ; ^t- and c/ are to.
f^ether the ectocondyle. and ept and
Ringed Boa {Eficrafes cenchris).
non-venomous constricting serpents of huge
size, of the family Boidce, having the tail pre-
hensile, the scales smooth, labial foss» present,
L. Epicureus, < Gr. 'EiviKovpswg, < 'EttIkovpo;, Epi-
curus: see epicure.] I. a. 1. Of. pertaining
to, or founded by Epicurus, the Greek philoso-
pher; relating to the doctrines of Epicurus.
The sect
Epicurean, and the Stoick severe.
Milton, P. R.,iv. 280.
2. [cap. or I. c] Devoted to the pursuit of
pleasure as the chief good.
Only such cups as left us friendly-wann.
Affirming each his own philosophy —
Nothing to mar the sober majesties
Of settled, sweet, Epicurean life.
Tennyson, Lucretius.
3. [I. c] Given to luxury or indulgence in sen-
sual pleasures ; of luxurious tastes or habits,
especially in eating and drinking ; fond of good
living. — 4. [I. c] Contributing to the plea-
sures of the table ; fit for an epicure.
Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his apitetite.
Shak., A. and C, ii. 1.
H. w. 1. A follower of Epicurus, the great
sensualistic philosopher of antiquity (341-270
B. c. ), who f oimded a school at Athens about
307 B. C. He held, like Bentham, that pleasure is the
Epicurean
only possible end of rational action, and that the nltimate
pleasure is freedom from disturbance. In logic the Epi-
cureans are distinguished from all the other ancient
schools, not only in maintaining an experiential theory of
cognition and the validity of inductive reasoning, but also
in denying the value of dcBnitions, syllogism, and the other
apparatus of the apriori method. Like J. S. Mill, they based
induction upon the uniformity of nature. Epicurus was very
strenuous in the advocacy of natural causes for all phe-
nomena, and in resisting hypotheses of the interference
of supernatural beings in nature. He adopted the atomis-
tic theory of Democritus, while bringing into it the doc-
trine of chance, which is the very life of that theory. His
views were thus more like those of a modern scientist
than were those of any other philosopher of antiquity.
Owing, however, to the natural repugnance to doctrines
seeming to lower the nature of man, Epicurus and his
schi K)l have been much bated and abused ; so that an Epi-
curean has come to mean also a mere votary of pleasure.
See 2.
I know it, and smile a hard-set smile, like a stoic, or like
A wiser epicurean, and let the world have Its way.
Tennyson, Maud, iv. 4.
2. [cap. or /. c] A votary of pleasure, or one
who pursues the pleasures of sense as the chief
good ; one who is fond of good living ; a person
of luxurious tastes, especially in eating and
driuMng ; a gourmet ; an epicure.
The brotherhood
Of soft Epicureans taught — if they ^
The ends of being would secure, and win
The crown of wisdom — to yield up their sotUa
To a voluptuous onconcem.
Wordsuxnrth, Excursion, UL
Epicnreanism (ep'i-ku-re'an-izm), n. [< Epi-
curean + -ism.'] 1. "fhe philosophical system
of Epicurus, or attachment to his doctrines, es-
pecially the doctrine that pleasure is the chief
good in life.
Epicureanism had Indeed spread widely in the empire,
but it proved little more than a principle of disintegra-
tion or an apology for vice, or at best the religion of tran-
quil and indifferent natures animated by no strong moral
enthusiasm. Leeky, Europ, Morals, 1. 1»4.
2. [/. c] Attachment to or indulgence in lux-
urious habits; fondness for good living. See
ejiiriire, n., 2.
epicnrelyt (ep'i-kflr-li), adv. [< epicure + -/y2.]
Luxuriously. Ikniea.
His horses . . . are provendered u epieunly.
Sashe, Lenten StoSe (HarL Miac, TL 179).
epicureoust, <»• [< I-"- Epieureut, < Gr. Hiruiob-
piiog, < 'Eirucovpof, Epicurus.] Epicurean.
D. .'tamton, late B. of Clilchester, and now the double-
failed ejricureous bite-sheepe of Co. LictL
/(;.. (lariliner. True Obedience, Translator to the Header.
epicurism (ep'i-kur-izm), n. [= D. epikuria-
mua = O. eptkuraismwi = Dan. epikur<Bigme =
8w. epikKrigm, < F. ipicurisme = 8p. P^. epieu-
rismo = It. epicureismo, < L. Epicurux, Epicurus.]
1. [cap. or /. r.] The doctrine of Epieuni.s, that
enjoyment, or the pursuit of pleasure in life, is
the chief good; Epicureanism.
Infidelity, or modem Deism, Is little else bat rerlred
Epicvreim, Saddocism, and Zeudicblsm.
WaUHand, Work*, Vni. 80.
He . . . called in the anlstance of sentiment to refine Ilia
enjoyments : In other words, all his philoaophy consisted
iu epicurism. Outdsmitk, Voltaire.
2. By extension, luxury or indulKence in gross
pleasure ; sensual enjoyment ; voluptuousness.
Bee epicure, n., 2.
Bpieuritm and lost
Make it more like a tarem or a brotheL
Shot., Lear, I. 4.
epicorize (ep'i-kiir-iz), V. i. ; pret. and pp. epi-
curi:ed, ppr. epicurinng. [< epicure + -ize.]
1. To l>e or become Kpicurean in doctrine; pro-
fess the doctrines of Lpieurus.
The tree of knowledge mistaken for the tree of life, . . .
Epimriiing philosophy, Antinomian liberty, under the
l^tence of free grace and a gospel spirit
Cvdworth, Sertnons, p. 8".
2. To play the epienre ; indulge in sensual plea-
sures; feast; not.
A fellow here about town, that epieuriies npon boniing
coals, A drinlu healtlia in scalding brimstone.
MarteU, Works, U. 60.
epicycle (ep'i^kl), n. [< ME. episicle, < LL. epi-
cijrlii.H, < Ur. iirinvK/x)^, epicycle, < iiri, upon, +
KiK/n>;, circle: see cycle. ] 1. A circle moving
upon or around another circle, as one of a num-
ber of wheels revolving round a common axis.
See epiet/rlic train, un£r epicyclic. — 2. In the
Ptolcmuic system of astronomy, a little circle,
conceived for the explanation of planetary mo-
tion, whose center was supposed to move round
in the circumference of a greater circle; asmall
circle whose center, being fixed in the deferent
of a planet, was supposM to be carried along
with the deferent, and yet by its own peculiar
motion to carrj- the body of the planet fastened
to it roimd its proper center. Copernicus also
1967
made use of epicycles, which, however, were
banished by Kepler.
The moone nioe\'yth the contrarie from othere planetes
as in liire episicle, but in non other manere.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, iL § 35.
The same phsenomena in astronomy are satisfied by the
received astronomy of the diurnal motion, and the proper
motions of the planets, with their eccentrics and epicycles.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 179.
Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions
of epicycles in epicycles, &c. , to calculate and express the
moons motion. Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 297.
Deferent of the epicycle. See de/erent.
epicyclic (eii-i-sik'lik), a. [< epicycle +
Ufor ■ ■ ■ • -
-ic]
pertaining to an epicycle.— Epicyclic train,
A., any train of gearing the axes of the wheels of
Epicycloid.
m tnect ., ^ , _ _ „ ._, _ _
which revolve around a common center. The wheel at
one end of such a train, if not those at both ends, is al-
ways concentric with the revolving frame.
epicycloid (ep-i-si'kloid), n. [< Gr. M, upon,
-I- K1K/.OC, a circle, + eidof,
form. Cf. epicycle and cy-
cMd."} In geom., a curve
generated by the motion of
a point on the circmnf erence
of a circle which rolls upon
the convex side of a fiGted
circle. These curves were invented by the
Danish astronomer Koemer in 1674 — Elliptic
epicycloid, a curve of the fourth order traced by a point
in the plane of an ellipse which rolls upon an equal fixed
ellipse. — Exterior epicycloid, an epicycloid proper, op-
posed to an interinr epicycloid, which is a hypocycloid. —
Interior epicycloid, a hypocycloid.— Parabolic epi-
cycloid, the locus of a point upon the plane of a para-
bola whi'ii rolls up*>n an equal fixed parai><da. — Spheri-
cal epicycloid, the locus of a point on the plane of a
circle which roils upon another circle so that the two
planes have a constant inclination to each other.
epicycloidal (ep'i-si-kloi'dal), a. [< epicycloid
+ -<(/.] In the form of an epicycloid; depend-
ing upon the
properties of
the epicycloid.
— Epfcycloldal
teeth, teeth for
gearing cut in the
form of an ejd-
cycloid. — Eplcy-
Eplc7cloid>l Teeth. ClOldal Wheel, a
wheel or ring fixed
to a framework, toothed on its inner side, and having
in gear with it another toothed wheel, of half the di-
ameter of the fhrst, fitted so as to revolve about the center
of the latter. It
is used for con-
verting circular
Into alternate
motion, or alter-
nate Into circa-
lar. WhUe the
revolution of the
smaller wheel is
taking place, any
point whatever
on ita circumfer-
ence will de-
scribe a straight
line, or will
paaa and repass
through a diame-
ter of the circle,
once during eacli
revolution. In
Epteycloldal WbecL
gractice a pis-
>n-rod or oUier
reciprocating put may be attached to any point on the
tinuinfen'nce of the smaller wheel.
epicyemate (ep'i-m-«'m8t), a. [< Gr. Ivi, upon,
-i-(iii'//i<j, an emDryo(< (««;»', bepregnant),+-af<'.]
In embryol., having that mode of development
characteristic of Ichthyopsida, or fishes and
batrachians, in which the embryo is not in-
vagiuated in the blastodermic vesicle, but re-
mains superimposed upon a large yolk inclosed
by the vesicle: the opposite of endocyemate.
.r. A. Ryder.
epicyesis (ep'i-si-e'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. M, on,
-I- ki rjot^, pregnancy, < livtlv, be preg^nant.] The
quality or condition of an epicyemate embryo;
uie mode of development oi: the embryo Lu low
vertebrates, which have no amnion nor allan-
tois.
epicystotomy (ep'i-sis-tot'o-mi), n. f< Gr. 'fai,
upon, + cystotomy.] In surg., the high or su-
prapubic operation of opening the urinary blad-
der.
epideictic, epideictical, a. See epidictic, epi-
(lictical.
epideistic (ep'i-de-is'tik), o. [< Gr. irri, upon,
+ dtixtic.'] Ultradeistic ; with religious spirit
or ptirpose.
The German expositions were essentially scientific and
critical, not epidetstic, nor intended to make converts.
Westminter Rev., CXXVII. 110.
epidemic fep-i-dera'ik), a, and n. [< L. epidemiia
(< (ir. Irriiiriuof, also eiridimiH^, among the people,
general, epidemic, < cki, upon, + (i^/^f, people),
epidermic
+ -»o.] I. a. Common to or affecting a whole
people or a great number in a community; gen-
erally diffused and prevalent. A disease is said to
be epidemic in a community when it appears in a great
number of cases at the same time in that locality, but is
not permanently prevalent there. In the latter case it is
said to be endemic.
Whatever be the cause of this epidemic folly, it would
be unjust to ascribe it to the freedom of the press.
Warburton, Divine Legation, Ded. to Freethinkers (1738).
A dread of mad dogs is the epidemic terror which now
prevails. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, Ixix.
The hint becomes the more significant from the marked
similarity of the cholera-track of the present year to that
which has on former occasions been followed, after a
twelvemonth's interval, by a regular invasion of epidemic
cholera. Saturday Rev., Oct. 21, 18tt5.
H. n. 1 . A temporary prevalence of a dis-
ease throughout a community: as, an epidemic
of smallpox.
The earlier epidemics of malignant cholera which visited
Europe were believed to have been heralded by an unusual
prevalence of "fevers" and diarrhoeal affections.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 441.
2. The disease thus prevalent.
Those dreailful exterminating epidemicks, which, in
consequence of scanty and unwholesome food, in former
times not unf requently wasted whole nations.
Burke, On Scarcity.
epidemical (ep-i-dem'i-kal), a. [< epidemic +
-(((.] Of the character of an epidemic; epi-
demically diffused ; epidemic.
These vices {luxury and intemperance] are grown too
Epidemical, not only In the City but the Countries too.
Stiltinffjleet, Sermons, I. i.
epidemically (ep-i-dem'i-kal-i), adv. In an
epidemic manner.
epidemicalnesd (ep-i-dem'i-kal-nes), «. The
state of lieiiif; epidemic. Bailey, 1727. [Rare.]
epidemiography (ep-i-de-mi-og'ra-fi), ». [<
Gr. iTTidr/fitog, epidemic, + -ypcu^ia, < ypai^etv,
write.] A treatise on or description of epi-
demic diseases.
epidemiological fep-i-de'mi-o-loj'i-kal), a.
f< rpidemioliiyy + -ical.] Pertaining to epi-
demioloftv.
epidemiologically(ep-i-de'mi-o-loj'i-kal-i),
adr. In an epidemiological manner.
epidemiologist (ep-i-de-mi-ol'o-jist), n. [< epi-
demiology + -ist.] One conversant with epi-
demiology.
epidemiology (ep-i-de-mi-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr.
e-iAi/fivir, epidemic, + -hyyia, < Uytiv, speak: see
-ology.] The science of epidemics; the sum
of human knowledge concerning epidemic dis-
eases.
epidemyt (ep'i-*lem-i), ». [Late ME. epydymye;
<. Gr. irvK^tjuia, prevalence of an epidemic, < eiri-
irjiiof, epidemic : see qrtdcmic] An epidemic.
In the lix. yere of this Charlys, y" lande of Fraunce was
greuously vexyd with the plage ipydymye, of which syke-
nesse a great multitude of people dyed.
Fabyan, Chron., an. 1590.
Epidendmm (ep-i-den'drum), n. [Nli., so
called from their growing on trees (cf. Gr. im-
fihfjuoi, on a tree), < Gr. evl, upon, + fhSpov, a
tree.] A large genus of orchids, most of the spe-
cies of which are epiphytic, growing on trees.
There are alwut 400 species, confined for the most part to
the tropica, though several species are found in Florida.
Tliey vary much in habit, but the stems are often pseudo-
bulbs, bearing strap-shaped, leathery leaves. There are
many species In cultivation for their handsome flowers.
epiderm (ep'i-d6rm), ». [<\SL. epidermis: see
<l>i(l(rmiii.] Same as epidermis.
epidermal (ep-i-dtr'mal), a. [< epiderm + -al.]
Kelating to the epidermis or scarf-skin; cu-
ticular; exoskeletal. Also, rarely, epiderma-
toid, epidermose, epidermous, epiflermidal — Epi-
dermal tissue, structure, or system, in boi., the
simple or more or less complex structure which forms
the covering of plants, including cuticle, epidermis, bark,
cork, etc.
epidennale (ep'i-der-ma'le), n. ; pi. epiderma-
lia (-li-a). [NL., < epidermis.' Cf. epidermal.]
A sponge-spicule on the outer surface with free
projeftiiig differentiated ray only. /'. E. Schulze.
epidermatoid (ep-i-d6r'ma-toid), a. [< Gr. fTTi-
dep//oT(f, equiv. to cmikpui'i, epidermis, + cMof,
form.] 1. Hame as epidermal or epidermic. — 2.
Resembling epidermis ; having some character
of epiderm, without being exactly that tissue.
Also epidermoid,
epidermeous (ep-i-d6r'me-us), a. [< epiderm
+ -fOH.v.] Same as epidermic. [Rare.]
epidermic, epidermical (ep-i-d6r'mik, -mi-kal),
a. [< epiderm{ui) + -ic, -ical.] Belonging or
relating to or resembling the epidermis ; cover-
ing the skin ; epidermal. - Epidermic method, a
method of administering medicinal substances by applying
Uieni to the skin. Also called iatraliptic method.
epidermidal
epidennidal (ep-i-d^r'mi-dal), a. [< epider-
mic (-id-) + -«(.] Same as epidermal or epider-
mic. [Rare.]
epidermis (ep-i-d6r'mis), ». [< LL. epidermis, <
5r. eTi()f()/Jif (-/"<5-), the outer skm,< em, upon, +
dip/m, skin.] 1. In anat., the cuticle or scarf-
skin; the non-vascular outer layer of the skin.
Its outer portions usually consist of liattened or hardened
cells in one or more layei-s, cohering into a pellicle, which
readily peels off and is constantly being shed and renewed.
It is derived from the epiblast, and is entered hy fine
nerve-tlbrils, but by no bloodvessels. The following stra-
ta are recognized, from without inward : stratum corneuui,
stratum granulosura, and stratum spinosum. See cuts
under skin and sweat-gland. .
2. In zool, broadly, some or any outermost in-
tegument or tegumentary covering or envelop
of the body, or some part of the body: a term
nearly synonymous with cxoskeleton. Thus, nails,
claws hoofs, horns, scales, feathers, etc., consist of much
thickened or otherwise specialized epidermis ; the whole
skin which a snake sheds is epidermis.
3. In embryoL, the outermost blastodermic
membrane; the ectoderm or epiblast, which
will in due course become an epidermis proper.
—4. In conch., specifically, the rind or peel
covering the shell of a moUusk; the external
animal integument of the shell, as distinguished
from the shell-substance proper: commonly
found as a tough, fibrous, or stringy dark-col-
ored bark, which readily peels off in shreds.—
5. In bot., the outer layer or layers of cells cov-
ering the surfaces of plants.
On all the softer parts of the higher planta ... we find
a surface-layer, differing in its te.xture from the paren-
chyma beneath, and constituting a distinct membrane,
known as EpidemiU. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 377.
Also epiderm.
epidermization (ep-i-d6r-mi-za'shon), TO. [<
epidermis + -ation.) In surg., the operation of
skin-grafting. ry n ■ a ■
epidermoid (ep-i-dfer'moid), a. [< Gr. ewidep/ug,
epidermis, + clSoc, form.] Same as epiderma-
t»id, 2. „ , . s
epidermomUSCUlar (ep-i-der-mo-mus ku-lar),
a. [< LL. epidermis, cuticle, + L. musculm,
muscle, + -ar.] Cuticular and contractile;
epidermal and muscular, as the ectodermal
cells of a fresh-water polyp, Hydra. See neu-
rommcular.
epidermose (ep-i-der'mos), m. and a. [< epi-
derm + -oA-e.] I. n. Same as ceratin.
II. a. Same as epidermal.
epidermous (ep-i-d6r'mus), a. Same as epider-
epidictic, epideictic (ep-i-dik'tik, -dik'tik), a.
[< L. epidicticus, declamatory (cf . LL. epidtctt-
calis, normal), < Gr. £7r«5«KTiKof, fit for display-
ing or showing off, < tniiscKvimat, display, show,
exhibit, < eni, upon, + Snuvvvai, show, point
out. Cf. deictic, apodictic.l Demonstrative;
serving for exhibition or display: applied to
that department of oratory which comprises
orations not aiming directly at a practical re-
sult, but of a purely rhetorical character. In
deliberative oratory the immediate object is to persuade
the assembly to adopt or to deter it from adopting the
measure under discussion ; in judicial oratory it is accusa-
tion or defense of the person under trial ; but in epidictic
oratory it is simply the treatment of a subject before an
audience for the purpose of affording pleasure or satisfac-
tion
1968
1 admire his [Junius's] letters as fine specimens of elo-
quence of that kind which the ancient rhetoricians de-
nominated the epidictic. V. Knox, Winter Evenings, x.xix.
He (Christ) would not work any epideictic miracle at
their bidding, any more than at the bidding of the tempt-
er. Farrar.
For Isokrates Wagner distinguishes between the early
period of work for the courts and the late period of epi-
deictic discourses. Amer. Jour. Philol., VIII. 332.
epidictical, epideictical (ep-i-dik'ti-kal, -dik'-
ti-kal), a. [< epidictic + -al.'] Same as epi-
diCtiC
epididymal (ep-i-did'i-mal), a. [< epididymis +
-al.'i Pertaining to the epididymis : as, epididy-
mal duets ; epididymal tissues.
epididymis (ep-i-did'i-mis), TO. [NL., < Gr. mi-
iidvair, epididymis, < em, upon, -1- SiOv/io^, testi-
cle, lit. twin : see didymous.'] An elongated ob-
long body resting upon and alongside the tes-
ticle, mostly enveloped in the timica vaginalis.
It is composed (jf a convoluted tube 20 feet long, ending at
the lower end, or globus minor, in the vas deferens. The up-
per portion, or globus major, is formed in part by the coil-
ed terminations of the vasa efferentia of the testis, which,
12 to 20 in number, open into the convoluted canal.
epididymitis (ep-i-did-i-mi'tis); ». [NL., < epi-
didymis + -itis.] In pathol, inflammation of
the epididymis. ,
epidiorite (ep-i-di'6-rit), n. [< Gr. em, upon, +
diorite.'] A variety of diorite which contains
fibrous instead of compact hornblende.
epidiorthosis (ep-i-dl-dr-tho'sis), n. [LL.,
< Gr. iTTifiiopHtjaiq, the correction of a previous
expression, < ein6iop6oiw, correct afterward,
< cTTi, upon, after, + diopdovv, correct, make
straight: see diorthosis.'] In rhet, same as
epanorthosis.
epidosite (e-pid'o-sit), n. [< Gr. Emdomf, a giv-
mg besides, increase (< emiiSdmi, give besides:
see epidote), + -ite^.'] A rock composed essen-
tially of the mineral epidote, in a granular con-
dition, with which some quartz is mixed. The
epidote is usually of a bright grass-green color.
Also called pistacite-rock.
epidote (ep'i-dot), to. [= F. epidote (so named
by Haliy, from the enlargement of the base of
the primary in some of the secondary forms), <
Gr. as if *entSoT6i, < eTriSi66vai, give besides, give
unto, intr. increase, grow, < em, upon, in addi-
tion, -I- dtiovai, give.] A common mineral, oc-
curring in prismatic crystals belonging to the
monoclinic system, also massive, generally of a
pistachio-green color and of a vitreous luster.
It is a silicate of aluminium, iron, and calcium. The epi-
dote group of minerals includes, besides epidote proper,
the manganese epidote piedmontite, the cerium epidote
allanite, and the calcium epidote zoisite. Epidote is also
called arendalite and pistadte.
epidotic (ep-i-dot'ik), a. [< epidote + -ic] Per-
taining to, containing, or resembling epidote.
epidromia (ep-i-dro'mi-il), n. [NL., < Gr. em-
ipofiri, a flux, < eviSpajielv, run to or upon, < ctti,
upon, -I- dpafieiv, 2d aor., run, associated with
Tpexeiv, run: see dromedary. '\ In pathol., afflux
of humors, particularly of blood, to any part of
the body.
Epigsea (ep-i-je'a), ». [NL., < Gr. emyaioc, a
once - occurring
dial, form (ra
kmyaia, the parts
on or near the
ground), < eiri,
upon, + yala,
poet. (dial.)
form of yea, yij,
the earth, the
ground : see epi-
geous.'] 1 . A
genus of erica-
ceous plants, of
two species, one
a native of Asia,
the other, E. re-
pens, the well-
known May-
flower or trail-
ing arbutus of
the United
States. They are
prostrate or creep- ,,•. a
ing evergreens, with fragrant rose-colored or white now-
ers appearing in early spring. Also Epitjea.
2. In entom., a genus of lepidopterous insects.
Hiibncr, 1816.
epigaeal, epigaeous, a. See epigeal, epigeous.
epigaster (ep-i-gas'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. em, upon,
■¥ yaari/p, belly.] A posterior part of the pep-
togaster, including the large intestine or its
equivalent, as the colon, csecum, and rectum ;
the "hind-gut" of some writers, translating
Jlinterdarm of the German morphologists.
epigastrseal (ep"i-gas-tre'al), a. [< epigas-
trmum + -al.'] Same as epigastric.
epigastrseum (ep"i-ga8-tre'um), n. [NL.: see
epi<iastrimn.] Same as epigastrium.
epigastral (ep-i-gas'tral), a. [< epigaster +
-al.'] 1. In anat, same as epigastric.— 2. in
biol., pertaining to the epigaster or hind-gut.
epigastrale (ep"i-gas-tra'le), TO.; pi. epigastra-
fta (-li-ii). [NL.: see episasira?.] A sponge-
spicule'bn the gastral surface with free differ-
entiated ray only. F. E. Schulze.
epigastralgia (ep"i-ga8-tral'ji-a), TO. [NL., <
Gr. eviyaoTpiov, epigastrium, + aAyog, pain. J In
pathol., pain at the epigastrium,
epigastralia, «. Plural of epigastrale.
epigastrial (ep-i-gas'tri-al), a. [< epigastrium
■\- -al.'] Same as epigastric. , ,
epigastric (ep-i-gas'trik), a. and n. [< Gr. evi,
upon, + yaariip, stomach, + -ic] I. a. Lying
upon, distributed over, or pertaining to the abdo-
men or the stomach. Also, rarely, epigastraaJ,
epiaastral, eniflos^na?.— Epigastric artery, (a) Deep
or inferior, a branch of the external iliac distributed to
the abdominal walls. (6) Superficial, a recurrent branch
of the femoral supplying the abdominal walls below the
umbilicus, (c) Superior, the abdominal branch of the in-
ternal mammary.-Epigastric lobes of the carapace of
a brachyurous crustacean, an anterior subdivision ot tne
complex gastric lobe. See cut under Brachyura.— Y,Vl-
gastrlc plexus. See pieius.- Epigastric region, the
epigeous
epigastrium, a region of the abdomen. See abdominal
regions, under oWoininai.—EplgaStriC veinB, the veins
which accompany any of the epigastric arteries.
II. n. An epigastric artery.
epigastriocele (ep-i-gas'tri-o-sel), TO. [< Gr.
emydarpiuv, epigastrium, -1- kt/'At;, tumor.] _ An
abdominal hernia in the region of the epigas-
trium. Also epigastrocele.
epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
tmydaTpiov, the region of the stomach from the
breast to the navel (all below being the viroya-
arpiav, > E. hypogastrium), neut. of emydcTpioc,
over the belly, < em, upon, over, -1- yacT-iip,
belly.] 1. The upper and median part of the
abdomen, especially of its surface, or that part
lying over the stomach ; the epigastric region,
commonly called the pit of the stomach.— 2. In
entom., a term used by some of the older ento-
mologists for the lower side of the mesothorax
and metathorax in the Coleoptera, Hemiptera,
and Orthoptera.
Also, sometimes, epigastrium.
epigastrocele (ep-i-gas'tro-sel), n. Same as
epuiastridcele.
Epigea, «. See Epigma, 1. , , -, ,
epigeal (ep-i-je'al), a. l< epige-o\is + -al. ] 1.
Same as epigeous.— 2. In entom., living near
the surface of the ground, as on low herbs, or
on mosses, roots, and other surface vegetation.
Also epiga-al.
epigean (ep-i-je'an), a. [< epige-ous + -an.]
Same as epigeous.
epigee (ep'i-je), m. [< NL. epigeum, neut. of
epigcus, < Gr. cTrlyeiog, on or of the earth : see
Epigcea.] ^a.me as perigee.
epigene (ep'i-jen), a. [(Cf.GrfTroev^c, grow-
ing after or late, < eiriyiyveami, be born alter), \
Gr. em, upon, + -yevrK, produced, < •/ *yev, pro-
duce : see -gen, -gene.] 1. IngeoL, formed or
originating on the surface of the earth: op-
posed to hypogene : as, epigene rocks.
The whole epigene army of destructive agencies.
Geilcie, Geol. Sketches, li. 24.
Trailing Arbutus {Epigaa refens).
2. In crystal., foreign; unnatural; unusual:
said of forms of crystals not natural to the sub-
stances in which they are found.
epigenesis (ep-i-jen'e-sis), TO. [< Gr. em, upon,
in addition, + yiveaig, generation: see genesis.]
1. The coming into being in the act or process
of generation or reproduction ; the theory or
doctrine of generation in which the germ is
held to be actually procreated by the parents,
not simply expanded or unfolded or made to
grow out of an ovum or spermatozoon in which
it preexisted or had been preformed. Thus, in iU
application to plants, this theory maintains that the em-
bryo does not preexist in either the ovary or the pollen,
but is generated by the union of the fecundating princi-
ples of the male and female organs. In zoology the doc-
trine supplanted the theory of incasemeiit (see tnca^-
metit) as held by Ixjth the animalculists and the ovullsU,
and may be considered to have itself " incased " the germ
of all modern doctrines of ontogenetic biogeiiy, or evolu-
tion of the individual from preexisting individuals. The
theory was promulgated in substance in l?.^ by C. V. WoW,
and in a modified form, as above, is the doctrine now ac-
cepted.
More correctly, perhaps, epigenesis is an event of evo-
lution, and evolution impossible without epigenens ; for
evolution, strictly speaking, is the unfolding of that which
lies as a preformation in germ, which a new product with
new properties manifestly does not, any more than the
differential calculus lies in a primeval atom ; while epi-
genesis signifies a state that is the basis of, and the causa-
tive impulse to, a new and more complex state.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 170.
2. In geol, same as metamorphism.—S. In pa-
thol, an accessory symptom; a new symptom
that does not indicate a change in the nature
of fli (iispfljSG
epigenesist '(ep-i-jen'e-sist), TO. [< epigenes(is)
+ -ist.] One who supports the theory of epi-
genesis.
epigenetic (ep'i-jf-net'ik), a. [< epigeriests,
after genetic.] Of, pertaining to, or produced
by epigenesis.
He criticises the ideas of progress and of the unity of
history, and contends for an epigenetic as distinguished
from an evolutionary view of the origins of civilisation
Mtnd, XII. 629.
epigenetically (ep''i-je-net'i-kal-i), adv. In an
epigenetic manner; by means of epigenesis.
epigeniC (ep-i-jen'ik), a. [As epigene -t- -tc]
Originating on the surface of the eartli.
epigenous (e-pij'e-nus). a. [As epigene + -o«t«.]
In bot., growing upon the surface of a part, as
many fungi on the surface of leaves: often lim-
ited to the upper surface, in distinction from hy-
poqenous. ,, .,^ ,
epigeous (ep-i-je'us), a. [Also written, less ex-
actly, cpigwous, < Gr. imyeio^ (dial, tirp/awf), on
or of the earth, on the ground, < e-m, upon, -I-
epigeons
y(a, ■)TJ, dial, yaia, the earth, the ground: see
Epigxa."] 1 . Growing on or out of the earth :
as, e/)iV/eo«« plants. — 2. Borne above ground in
germination, as the cotyledons of beans, etc.
Also cpigeal, epigcan.
epigeum (ep-i-je'um), n. [NL., neut. of *epi-
giiw, < Gr. c~iycioi, on the earth: see epigeous.'\
Same as perigee.
epiglot (ep'i-glot), n. Same as epiglottis.
spiglottic (ep-i-glot'ik), a. [< epiglott-is + -ic]
Situated upon the glottis ; speeifieaUy, pertain-
ing to the epiglottis — Epiglottic gland, a quantity
of areolar and adipose tissue situated in a space between
tlie pointed l>ase of the epiglottis and the hyo-epiglottid-
ean ami tiiyro-hyoidean ligaments. It is nut a gland.
cpiglottidean (ep'i-glo-tid'e-an), a. Same as
epiilliittir.
epiglottidei, «. Plural of epiglottideus.
epiglottides, ». Plural of epiglottis.
epiglottidetlsCep'i-glo-tid'e-us), n. ; jil. epiglot-
tidei (-i). [NL., < epiglottis (-id-) + -eus.'] A
muscle of the epiglottis. Three epiglottidei are
descrilied in man, named thyro-epiglottidewi, and arplerto-
epifflottideus tuperior and m\ferior. The latter, also called
iiUttm* muscle and eompreggor gacculi laryngis, is in im-
ptirt.int relation with the saccnlus of the larj-nx.
epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is), n. ; pi. epiglottides (-i-
dezj. [< NL. epiglottis, < Attic Gr. evty?jjrTi(,
common Gr. cKiy'/jjaaic, epiglottis, < im, upon,
+ y/jjrric, y?Maaic, glottis: see glottis.'} 1. A
valve-like organ which helps to prevent the
entrance of food and drink into the larynx dur-
ing deglutition, in roan the epiglottis is of oblong
figure, broad and round alxive, attached by its narniw
base to the anterior angle of the upper border of the thy-
roid cartilage or Adam's-apple, and also to the hyoid or
tongue-hone, and the tongue itaelf ; lt« ligaments for these
attachments are the thyro-epiglottic, hyoHfpiglottic, and
glo«90-ei>i^lottic, the Utter three in number, forming folds
of mucuus membrane. The muscles of the epiglottis
are three, the thyro-eplglottideus and the superior and
inferior aryteno-epigiottideiu. It* tabstance ii elastic
yellow flbrocartUage, covered with mucoiu membrane
continuous with that of the faaces and air-passages. In
its ordinary state, as during respiration, the epiglottis
stands up*m end, uncovering the opening of the larynx ;
during the act of deglutition it is liruuxht backward so
as to protect this orifice. Any similar structure in the
lower animals receives the same name. See cuts under
aiimtnUary and mouth.
2. In Polyzoa, aiune aa epistoma. — 3. Inentom.,
same as epipharvnx.—OoOiUm or tubercle of the
epiglottis, a rounded elevation, covered witlt inucoii-4
mcjnlirane of a bri){ht-piril< color, in the middle line In-
low the base of the epiglottis and aijove the rinia glotti<li.H.
Vixiiii; /M'jcn.— Dejnrewor epiglottldl8,tliedeprr8M>r
of the t'piu'lottis, a part of the thyro-epiglottidean muscle
continued on to the margin of the epiglottis. — Frenum
eplglottidlB (bridle of the epiglottis), one of the tliree
fol<U of mucous membrane, or glo8S'>-epiglottlc ligaments,
w-hicli pass between the epiglottis an<l the tongue.
epiglottohyoldean (ep-i-glot'6-h:-oi'de-an), a.
[< i/iiiiildltis + Injiiid + -e-itn.'] Pertainiiig'to the
(■|iit;lotti-;!in(i to the hyoid bone; hyo-epiglottic.
epignathi, '1. V\\iia,\ of epignathut.
epignathism (e-pig'ra-thizm), M. [< epigna-
tluiun + -ism.'] The state or condition of being
epiguathouA ; the epignathous structure of the
bill of a bird.
Exhibited in the intermaxillary tmne, divested of the
sheath wliich often fum» a little overhanging point, Imt
does not constitute epujnathism.
Cotu; Key t« N. A. Birds, p. JOl.
epignathous (e-pig'na-thns), a. [< Or. M, up-
on, -♦- yvaOoc, jaw.] In or-
jittA., hook-billed; having
the end of the upper man-
dible deeurved over and
beyond that of the lower
one, as a bird of prey.
parrot, petrel, or gull.
With reference to the reU- Epignaiboo. Bill of Coll.
tion uf the tips of the mandi-
bles to each other: (I) the upper mandible overreaches
the under, and is deflected over It : (2) the under man-
dible extends l)eyond the upper; {'i) the two meet at a
iH>iiit : (4) the points of the niamlililcs croas each other.
J pro|j<>ie Ut call these conditions epiffnaihout. hypo^a-
thous, paragnathoos, and metagnatbous respectively.
Cout$, Proc. Fhila. Acad. HtX. Sci., 18<W, p. 213.
epignatlnis (e - pig 'n4- thus), n. ; pi. epignathi
(-tTii). f.VL., C Gr. eiri, upon, + jraftjf, jaw.]
I II tfra tnl. . an amorphous scardiac monster con-
iicc-tcd with the jaw of the twin fetus.
epigonal (e-pig'o-nal), a. [< Gr. M, upon, +
yn-r/, the seed, + -aW] Borne upon or beside the
gfrm-gland: applied to a special thickened part
of the tissue of the genital ridge in the embryos
of some fishes, as that part which is not modi-
fied into a germ-gland or an ovary.
Apigonation (ep'i-go-na'ti-on), n. ; pi. epigona-
tia (-siiii). [< MGr.' iTriyovdTion (cf. Or. tmymia-
-k, a garment reaching to the knee), < Gr. firi,
upon, to, + yovv = E. tnee.] In the Gr. Cli.,
1969
one of the episcopal vestments, consisting of
a piece of brocade or some other stiff mate-
rial shaped like a rhomb or lozenge, and worn
on the right side at or below the knee, hang-
ing by one of its angles from the zone or gir-
dle. The other three angles have tassels attached to
them, and it is embroidered with a cross or other orna-
mentation. As late as the eighth century, and in some
places as late as the eleventh, a handkerchief or napkin
(tlie nicheirwn, which see) was worn in a similar manner,
as it still is in the Armenian Church, and the epigonation
is probably a more modern form of this. Accordingly,
some writers connect this vestment with the towel (Aet--
Tiok) with which Christ girded himself before washing the
disciples' feet. John xiii. 5.
Attached to the . . . [zone], on the ri^ht side, the Bishop
wears an ornament . . . termed the epigonation ; it is . . .
made of brocade, or some other stitf material, a tassel
being atta^-hed to the lower corners. This was at first,
like the Latin iimniple, a mere handkerchief.
J. M. Xeale, Eastern Church, L 311.
epigone^ (ep'i-gon), n. [< Gr. iniyovoq, bom
after, one bom after, in pi. offspring, succes-
sors, posterity, < txi, upon, + -yovo(, < V *ycv,
bear, produce: see -gen, -gene.'] One bom af-
ter; a successor or heir.
These writers [Malthus, Ricardo, Senior, James Mill,
and John Stuart MillJ contributed various parts of that
economic system whicii the epi(t<mes in political economy
contemplate with awe and admiration as something not
to be questioned. .
R. T. Ely, Past and Present of PoL Econ., p. 9.
epigone^ (ep'i-gon), ». [< NL. epigonium.]
Same as epigonium.
epigonia, «. Plural (o) of epigonion, and (6) of
f'piffdiiiittn.
epigonion (ep'i-go-ni'on), n. ; pi. epigonia (-&).
[<Gr. e:Tty6veiov (see def.), < 'En-i'yovof, a person
80 named, lit. after-bom : see epigone^.] An
ancient lyre with forty strings, named from its
Greek inventor, Epigonos. The date of the in-
vention is uncertain.
epigonium (ep-i-g6'ni-um),«.; yl. epigonia (-&).
[NL.,< Gr. eiri, upon, + yovf/, the seed.] In He-
pa ticte, the old archegonium, which after fer-
tilization forms a membranous bag inclosing
the young capsule : same as ealyptra. It is rup-
tured as the capsule elongates. Also epigone.
[Not in use.]
epigram (ep'i-gram), b. [Formerly «j>»^a»M»Mc;
< P. epigramme = Sp. epigrama = Pg. It. epi-
gramma = G. epigramm = Dan. Sw. epigram, <
L. epigramma, < Gr. irriyjMfiua(T-), an inscrip-
tion, an epigram, an epitaph, < hrtypS^tv, in-
scribe: see epigraph.] 1. In Gr. lit., a poeti-
cal inscription placed upon a tomb or public
monument, as upon the face of a temple or
f>ublic arch. The term was afterward extemled to any
ittle piece of verse expreasiog with precision a delicate
or ingeniotu thought, as the pieces in the Greek A nthology.
In Roman claasicsl poetry the terra was somewhat indix-
criminately used to designate a short piece in verse ; but
the works of Catullus, and especially the epigrams of Mar-
tisl, contain a great nomber with the modem epigram-
matic character.
This EpiftrammB is but an inscription or writting made
as it were vpon a t*t>le, or in a wiudowe, or rpon the wall
or mantell of a chimney in some place of common resort.
Pvtttnkatn, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 43.
Probably the first application of the newly adapted art
[engraving words on atone or metal] was in uedicat^iry in-
scriptions or epiffvainM, Ui use this word In its original
sense. C. T. Xewtoii, Art and Archaeol., p. 100.
Hence — 2. In a restricted sense, a short poe.n
or piece in verse, which has only one subject,
and finishes by a witty or ingenious turn of
thought; hence, in a general sense, an inter-
esting thought represented happily in a few
words, whether verse or prose ; a pointed or
antithetical saying.
The qualities rare in a bee that we meet
In an epinram never should fail ;
The body snould always be little and sweet.
And a sting should be left In its tail.
Tram, from Latin (author unlniown).
From the time of Martial, indeed, the rjAfrram came to
lie characterized generally by that peculiar point or stina
which is now looked for in a French or English epirfram :
and the want of this In the old Oreck compositions doubt-
less led some minds to think them tame and tasteless.
The true or the Ixst form of the early Greek epigram does
not aim at wit or seek to prmiuce surjirise. Lord Neave*.
epigramist, epigrammist (ep'i-gram-ist), n.
[= Sp. epigram in tfi = It. epigramista ; as epi-
gram + -ist.] Same as epigrammatist. [Rare.]
The epirrrammiH [Uartial] speaks the sense of their
drunken principles. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, I. 2.
epigrammatarian (ep-i-gram-a-ta'ri-an), n.
[< L. (iiiiir(imma(t-), epigram, + -arian.] An
e]iitrr!uiiiMatist. Bp. Ball, Satires, I. ix. 29.
epigrammatic (ep'i-gra-mat'ik), a. [= F.
ijiKirtinimatiijue = 8p. epigramdtico = Pg. It.
epigrammatieo (cf. D. G. epigrammatisch =
Dan. Sw. epigrammatisk), < LL. epigrammaticus,
epigraphic
< LGr. €7nypa/i/jaTCK6c, < Gr. eTriypa/ifta^r-), epi-
gram: see epigram.] 1. Dealing in epigrams ;
speaking or writing in epigram : as, an epigrajn-
matic yoet. — 2. Suitable to epigrams ; belong-
ing to epigrams ; having the quality of an epi-
gram; antithetical; pointed: as, epigrammatic
style or wit.
Those remarkable poems have been undervalued by crit-
ics who have not understood their natiu-e. They have no
epigrammatic point. Macaulay.
epigrammatical (ep'i-gra-mat'i-kal), a. [< epi-
grammatic + -al.] Same as epigrammatic.
Our good epigrammatieal poet, old Godfrey of Winches-
ter, thinketh no ominous forespeaking to lie in names.
Camdetu
Had this old song ["Chevy Chase "] been filled with epi-
grajnmatical turns and points of wit, it miglit perhaps
nave pleased the wrong taste of some readers.
Spectator, No. 74.
epigrammatit^Uy (ep'i-gra^mat'i-kal-i), adv.
In an epigrammatic manner or style ; tersely
and pointedly.
It has been put eptgrammaticaUy, that formerly nobody
in Oxford was married except the heads, but that now the
heads are the only people who remain unmaiTied.
Contemporary Rev., LI. 611.
epigrammatism (ep-i-gram'a-tizm), n. [< epi-
grammat-ic + -ism.] The "iise of epigrams;
epigrammatical character.
The latter [derivation] would be greedily seized by nine
philologists out of ten, for no better cause than its epi-
grammatitm. Poe, Marginalia, Ixvii.
e^ligrammatist (ep-i-gram'a-tist), n. [= F.
epigrammatiste = bp. ejiigrdmaiista = Pg. It.
epigrammntista, < LL. epigrammatista, < LGr.
iiriypafi/taTurrTK, < Gr. emypapuariCetv, write an
epigram: see epigrammatize.) One who com-
poses epigrams or writes epigrammatically.
Tlie conceit of the epigrammatist. Fuller.
Among the buffoon poets of this age is also to be reckoned
John Uey wood, styled the epigrammalijit, from the six cen-
turies of epigrams, or versified jokes, wliich form a remark-
able jxirtion of his works. Craik, Hist. Eng. Lit., I. 431.
epigrammatize (ep-l-gram'a-tiz), v. t.; pret.
and pp. cpigrammatized, ppr. epigrammatizing .
l=F.epigrammatiser,<. Gr. eTviypafi/iariiiiv, write
anepigram,< f7r/7'pa////a(7-), an epigram : see epi-
gram.] To represent or express by epigrams;
write epigrammatically.
epigrammatizer (ep-i-gram'a-ti-z6r), n. One
who composes epigrams, or "who writes epi-
grammatically; an epigrammatist.
He [Pope] was only the condenser and epigrammatizer ot
Bolingbroke — a very fitting St. John for such a gospel.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 4ia.
epigrammist. n. .See epigramist.
epigraph (ep i-grftf ), ». [= F. fpigraphe = Sp.
epigrajc = Pg. epigraphe = It. epigrafe, < NL.
ejiigraphe, < Gr. ctriypaijir/, an inscription, < cirt-
■ypai^iv, write upon, inscribe, < ini, upon, -t- ypd-
^iv, write. Cf . epigram .] 1 . An inscription cut
or impressed on stone, metal, or other perma-
nent material, as distinguished from a writing
in manuscript, etc. ; specifically, in archaol.,
a terse inscription on a building, tomb, monu-
ment, or statue, denoting its use or appropria-
tion, and sometimes incorporated in its scheme
of ornamentation.
Dr. Meret, a learned man and Library Keeper, shew'd
me . . . the statue and epigraph under it of that renown-
ed physitian Dr. Harvey, discoverer of the circulation of
the l)lood. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 3, 16«2.
2. A superscription or title at the beginning
of a book, a treatise, or a part of a book. — 3.
In lit., a citation from some author, or a sen-
tence framed for the purpose, placed at the
conamencement of a work or of one of its sepa-
rate divisions ; a motto.
Leave here the pages with long musing curled,
And write me new my future's epigraph.
Mrs. Browning.
epigraph (ep'i-grif), v. t. [< epigraph, n.] To
inscribe an epigraph on.
Also a paper epigraphed: "Lo que dijo J. B, Plata a
Don Juan de Indiaquez, 24 June, 1586."
Motley, United Netherlands, I. 626.
epigrapher (e-pig'ra-f6r), n. Same as epigram
phist.
It is a new doctrine that the most meritorious field-
work will make a man a linguist, an epigrapher, and an
hi.storian. Contemporary Rev., LI. 562.
epigraphic (ep-i-graf'ik), a. [= F. ^lora-
phique = Pg. epigraphico = It. epigrafico, < NL.
epigraphicus, < epigraphe, Epigraph : see epi-
graph.] Of, pertaining to, or bearing an epi-
graph or inscription ; of or pertaining to epig-
raphy.
The epigraphic adjuration
'Siste, viator."
Saturday Rev.
epigraphic
It [tbe Arabic of Mohaiumedj was the peculiar dialect
of the tribes near Mecca, and up to the present no epi-
Cphie mouument anterior to the sixth century of our era
attesteti its existence. Contemporary Rev., XUX. 144.
The authority of the epijjraphic monuments, as briefly
given above, is thus placed in direct opposition to the
authority of the Homeric text as understood by Meyer.
Amer. Jour. Philol., VI. 420.
epigraphical (ep-i-graf 'i-kal), a. [< epigraph ic
+ -al.] Of the character of an epigraph ; epi-
graphic.
Verses never intended for such a purpose [inscription
on a monument, etc.], but assuming for artistic reasons
the epigraphical form. Encyc. Brit, VIII. 477.
epigraphically (ep-i-graf'i-kal-i), adv. Con-
sidered as an epigraph ; in tLe manner of an
epigraph.
Epi^apki^ally of the same age.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, 1. 133,
epigraphies (ep-i-graf 'iks), n. [PI. of epigraph-
tc : see -ics.'] The science of inscriptions ; epig-
raphy.
epigraphist (e-pig'ra-fist), n. [< epigraphy) +
-M.'] One versed in epigraphy.
We shall acquire a long series of inscriptions for the
epigraphist. Quarterly Rev., CXXVII. 80.
The post of epigraphist to the Government of India,
held till lately by Mr. Fleet, may be speedily revived.
Athenaewn, No. 3076.
epigraphy (e-pig'ra-fi), w. [= F. epigraphie =
It. epigrafia, K NL.' epigraphia, < Gr. tniypaijiii,
an epigraph: see epigraph.'] The study or
knowledge of epigraphs : that branch of know-
ledge which deals with the deciphering and ex-
planation of inscriptions; epigraphies. Epigra-
Ehy is a science ancillary to philology, archa;ology, and
istory. It is principally and properly devoted to the
consideration of inscriptions in the strict sense — that is,
texts cut, engraved, or impressed upon stone, bronze, or
other material more or less rigid and durable, or one
capable of becoming so, such as clay. Grajiti, or texts
consisting of characters incidentally scratched on a wall,
etc., and dipinti, in which the characters are painted, not
carved, are for convenience' salce also classed as inscrip-
tions. On the other hand, the study of the lettering
(legends, etc.) on coins belongs to numismatics.
In England the new science of Greek epigraphy, which
may be said to deal with the chronological and geograph-
ical classification of Greek inscriptions, has found few fol-
lowers. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 2.
epigynous (e-pij'i-nus), a. [< Gr. exj, upon, +
ywi), a woman (in mod. hot.
a pistil), -1- -ovs.'] In hot.,
growing upon the top of the
ovary, or seeming to do so,
as the corolla and stamens
of the cranberry.
Epihippus (ep-i-hip'us), n.
[NL., < Gr. iizi, upon, + m-
Ladybird i,Ef'-
lachna borealis),
slightly enlarged.
Epigynous Stamens and
Petals in flower ot Phiia-
dttfkus corimarius.
iroc, h orse . ] A genus of fos-
sil horses from the Upper
Eocene of North America, having four toes in
front and three behind. Marsh, 1877.
epihyal (ep-i-hi'al), a. and n. [< Gr. kizl, upon,
-1- hy(oid), q. v.'j + -ai.] I. a. Pertaining to
one of the pieces of the hyoidean arch : as, an
epihyal bone or ligament. In the human subject
the ligament which connects the so-called styloid process
of the temporal l)one with the so-called lesser comu of
the hyoid bone is an epihyal structure.
n. n. In anat. and zool., one of the pieces of
the hyoidean arch ; one of the elements of the
second postoral visceral arch ; a bone inter-
vening between the stylohyal and the cera-
tohyal, represented in the human subject by
the stylohyoid ligament, but of usual occur-
rence as a bone in other mammals.
epiklesis, «. See epldesis.
epikyt, »■ [^ ML. epikeia, prop, epiecia, < Gr.
evteiaeia, reasonableness, equity, as opposed to
strict law, < initudjq, fitting, reasonable, < krcl,
upon, + ekfif, likely, reasonable.] Equity, as
opposed to strict law.
I am provoked of some
to condemn this law, but
I am not able, so it be
but for a time, and upon
weighty considerations,
. . . for avoiding disturb-
ance in the common-
wealth such an epiky and
moderation may lie used
in it.
Laiimer, Sermons and
[Remains, I. 182,
epilabmm (ep-i-la'-
brum), ».; pi. epila-
hra (-bra). [NL.
(Packard,' 1883), <Gr.
£m, upon, -I- L. la-
Head of Scoiopendra, from below
(magnified). showing the epilabrum,
the protomala with its cardo (Carrf;,
and stipes {St) -, Ant, antenna.
ftnim, lip: see la-
brum.'] In Myria-
poda, a transverse sclerite, broader than long,
flanking the labrum, and having the cardo of
1970
the protomala or so-called mandible attached
to its outer edge.
What we have for brevity called the epilabra are the
lamina; fulcientes labri of Meinert
A. S. Packard, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXI. 198.
Epilachna (ep-i-lak'na), n. [NL., < Gr. M,
above, -I- ?-dx'V, woolly hair.] A genus of
cryptotetramerous coleopter-
ans, of the family Cocdnellidw,
or ladybirds, forming with a few
others the group of phytopha-
gous or vegetable-feeding Coc-
einellidw, the rest of the family
being insectivorous. The distin-
guishing character of the group is the
form of the mandibles, which are armed
with several teeth at the tip. The spe-
cies of Epilachna are very numerous, especially in the
tropical zone ; they are comparatively large, very convex,
and hairy above, whence the name. E. borealis (Kirby) is
very abundant in southern parts of the United States, and
is often injurious to cultivated plants, especially squashes.
It is of a honey-yellow color, with black spots. E. glo~
bosa and E. uildecimmaculata are European species.
epilate (ep'i-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. epilatcd,
ppr. epilating. [< L. as if "epilatus, pp. of *epi-
lare (> F. 6piler, deprive of hair), < L. e, out,
-I- pilus, a hair Q pilare, deprive of hair). Cf.
depilate.] To deprive of hair ; eradicate (hair).
I have by epilatii^ such hairs [white] and stimulating
the part succeeded in replacing them by a vigorous growth
of natural coloured hairs. J\f. and Q., 7th ser., II. 29S.
epilation (ep-i-la'shgn), n. [= F. ^ilation; as
epilate + -ion.] Eradication of hair.
epilepsia (ep-i-lep'si-a), n. [LL.] Same as epi-
lepsy.
epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si), n. [= D. G. epilepsie =
Dan. Sw. epilepsi = P. ^ilepsie = Pr. epilepsia,
epilemcia, epilencia = Sp. Pg. epilepsia = It. epi-
lessia,<.ljli. epilepsia,< Gr. emAriipia, also M^^ifi^,
epilepsy, lit. a seizure, < emyut/ijidveiv, seize
upon, < eni, upon, -t- hifijiaveiv, hi(ielv, take,
seize. Cf . catalepsy.] A disease of the brain
characterized by recurrent attacks of (a) loss
of consciousness with severe muscular spasm
{major attack), or (6) loss of consciousness at-
tended with little or no muscular disturbance,
or, rarely, slight muscular spasm without loss
of consciousness (minor attack).
My lord is fallen into an epilepsy ;
This is his second fit; he had one yesterday.
SAa*;., Othello, iv. 1.
Cortical epilepsy, epilepsy dependent on disease of the
cerebral cortex.— Epilepsy Of the retina, a temporary
anemic condition of the retina which has lieen observed
during an epileptiform attack,— Peripheral epilepsy,
epilepsy which seems to be produced hy a peripheral le-
sion.—Toxic epilepsy, epilepsy induced by toxic sub-
stances in the blood.
epileptic (ep-i-lep'tik), a. and n. [=F. 4pilep-
tique = Sp. epiUptico = Pg. epileptico = It. epi-
lettico {at. D. G. epileptisch = Dan. Sw. epilep-
tisk), < LL. epilepticus, < Gr. iiriAriTrTiKdQ, < itzi-
Ar/ipic {iiztkrjnT-), epilepsy: see epilepsy.] I. a.
1 . Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of epilepsy.
Besides madness, and (what are so nearly allied to it)
epileptic fits, I know of no distemper that the ancients as-
cribed to possession: unless, perhaps, fits of apoplexy.
Farmer, Demoniacs of New Testament, i. § 6.
As a piece of magnificent invective, [Victor Hugo's] Les
Chitiments is undoubtedly a powerful work. ... It is
written in a transport of rage which is almost epileptic in
its strength. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 155.
2. Affected with epilepsy.
A plague upon your epileptic visage !
Smile you my speeches, as I were a fool?
Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
Epileptic aura. Seea«ral.
II. n. One affected with epilepsy.
Epileptics are very often found to have had a father or
mother attacked with some nervous disorder.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 445.
epileptical (ep-i-lep'ti-kal), a. Same as epi-
leptic.
Prescribing it to one who was almost daily assaulted
with einleptical fits. Boyle, Works, II. 228.
epileptically (ep-i-lep'ti-kal-i), adv. In connec-
tion with or in consequence of epilepsy ; caused
by epilepsy.
We must also bear in mind that there are on record
many homicides committed by epileptically insane per-
sons. E. C. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 483.
epileptiform (ep-i-lep'ti-f 6rm), a. [= F. epilep-
tiforme, < Gr. eKiXr/^ig (em/irprT-), epilepsy, + L.
forma, form.] Kesembling epilepsy.
A man long subject to very limited epileptiform seizures
may at length have seizures beginning in the same way,
and becoming universal ; but these are not epileptic seiz-
ures, they are only more severe epileptiform seizures.
Pup. Sci. Mo., XXV. 179.
epileptogenic (ep-i-lep-to-jen'lk), a. [As epi-
leptogen-ous + -ic] Giving rise to epilepsy or
to an epileptic attack.
Epimachinse
epileptogenous (ep'i-lep-toj'e-nus), a. [< Gr.
Effi'/U/TTTOf , suffering from epilepsy (see epilepsy),
+ -yevijc, producing: seo -genous.] Giving nse
to epilepsy.
Basilar motor centers [of the brain] may acquire the
epileptogenous property. Alien, and Neurol., VI. 449.
epileptoid (ep-i-lep'toid), a. [< Gr. tmhjtpic
(ETrcf.r/TTT-), epilepsy, + clSog, form.] Resem-
bling epilepsy : as, an epileptoid attack.
epilobe (ep'i-lob), «. [< Gr. cm, upon, -f- /lo,'?of,
lobe.] In entom., a narrowpiece often border-
ing the inner side of one of the lobes of the
mentum of beetles, when the latter is bilobed.
The epilobes are joined in the middle, and frequently
produced in a central prominence called the tooth o/ the
mentum.
Epilobium (ep-i-lo'bi-um), n. [NL., < Gr. iirl,
upon, -t- "Aojiog, a pod, lobe: see lobe.] A her-
baceous genus of the natural order Chxagracece,
widely distributed through temperate and arctic
regions, and including, according to the latest
authority, over 150 species. The fiowers are pink
or purple, or rarely yellow, and the seeds are crowned
with a tuft of long silky hairs. The name villow-herb is
given to the more common species, of whicli the most
conspicuous, E. angustifolium, is a tall perennial with a
simple stem Ijearing a spike of large purple flowers and
willow-like leaves.
epilogic, epilogical (ep-i-loj'ik, -i-kal), a. [<
Gr. tTTikoyindQ, Ceiri'Aoyoi, epilobe.] Relatingto
or like an epilogue ; epilogistie. Quarterly Kev,
epilogismt (e-pil'o-jizm), n. [< Gr. inUMyia/j6c,
a reckoning over, calculation, < eTn^yi^eadai,
reckon over, < cnl, upon, over, -t- /loyifeafiaf,
reckon, < Adyo^, an account: see logic, logistic.']
Excess in reckoning ; addition in computation.
The Greek and Hebrew making a difference of two
thousand years, . . . this epilogism must be detracted
from the Hebrew or superadded to the Greek.
Gregory, Posthuma (1650), p. 171.
epilogistie (ep'^i-lo-jis'tik), a. [< epilog(,ue) +
-ist-ic; cf. Gr. ein/MyiaTiK6(, able to calculate:
see epilogistn.] Pertaining to epilogues ; of the
nature of an epilogue.
These lines are an epilogistie palinode to the last elegy.
T. Warton, Kotes to Milton's Smaller Poems.
epilogize (ep'i-lo-jiz), v.; pret. and pp. epilo-
gized, ppr. epilogizing. [Also epiloguize ; < Gr.
emhyyi^caOai, address the peroration or epilogue,
< eizi?Myoc, peroration, epilogue : see epilogue.]
1. trans. To add to in the manner of an epilogue.
The laugh of applause with which the charming com-
panion of my new acquaintance was epilogizing his happy
raillery. Student (1750), I. 143.
II. intrans. To write or pronotmoe an epi-
logue ; use the style of epilogues.
epilogae (ep'i-log), n. [= D. epiloog = G. epi-
log = Dan. Sw. epilog, <F. epilogue = Sp. epj-
logo = Pg. It. epilogo, < L. epilogu.% < Gr. cvi-
?Myog, a conclusion, peroration of a speech, epi-
logue of a play, < tvAeyeiv, say in addition, <
ejri, in addition, -1- TJryeiv, say.] 1. In rhet., the
conclusion or closing part of a discourse or ora-
tion; the peroration. The office of the epilogue is
not merely to avoid an abrupt close and provide a formal
termination, but to confirm and increase the effect of
what has been said, and leave the hearer as favorably dis-
posed as possible to the speaker's cause and unfavorably
to that of his opponents. Accordingly, an epilogue in its
nK»re complete form consists of two divisions — (a) a repe-
tition of tlie principal points previously treated, and (6)
an appeal to the feelings.
2. In dramatic or narrative writing, a conclud-
ing address ; a winding up of the subject ; spe-
cifically, in spoken dramas, a closing piece or
speech, usually in verse, addressed by one or
more of the performers to the audience.
A good play needs no epilogue.
Shak., As you Like it, Epil.
Wliy there should be an epilogue to a play,
I know no cause, the old and usual way
For which they were made, was to entreat the grace
Of such as were spectators in this place.
Beaumont, Custom of the Country, Epil.
epiloguet (ep'i-log), v. t. [< epilogue, n.] To
epilogize.
Pleasure . . .
Begins the play in youth, and epilogues in age.
Qtiarles, Emblems, iv. 13.
epiloguize (ep'i-log-iz), v. [Also epiloguise; <
epilogue + -ize. Cf. epilogize.] Same as epilo-
gize.
The dances ended, the spirit epHoguises.
Stage Direction in Milton's Comtis.
epiloguizer (ep'i-log-i''z6r), n. One who epi-
loguizes; a -writer or speaker of epilogues
[Rare.]
Go to, old lad, 'tis true that thou art wiser ;
Thou art not framed for an epiloguizer. Hoadley.
EpimachinSB (ep'i-ma-ld'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Epinuichus + -ina;.] A group of slender-billed
EpimacMns
or tennirostral birds, typified by the genus Epi-
maehus; the plume-birds. They resemble the true
birds of ParaiUse, or PartulUehwe, in the exceeding liutu-
riance and brilliancy o( their plumage, (a) In most ar-
rangements the Epimai^hiiKB have been referred to the
family of hoopoea, Upupidce, or closely associated with
the PromeropuUx. G. K. Gray (18fiO) constitutes the group
by the genera PtUorhu, Cnupedophora, Epimachiu, Se-
leucida, Semioptfra, and Faleulia, some of which genera
are now referred to the Parttdiseirue, The group thus
constituted should be abolished. (6) In later arrange-
ments the Epimachince are made one of two subfamilies of
Pamditeida, containing the slender-billed forms repre-
sented by four genera, Epimachxu, Drepanomis, SeUu-
ci'U/!, and PtilorhU.
Epimachus (e-pim'a-kus), n. [NL. (Cuvier,
1817), appar. < Gr. cm/MxcK, that may easily be
attacked, assailable (also equipped for battle),
< im, upon, to, + fidxcaOat, fight, < /laxJ/, battle.]
Agenusof magnificent Papuan birds, belonging
to the Paradiseidie, and made type of a subfam-
Flanc.bfrd {Efimackiu sftcUnu).
ily Epimachin<e, having a slender bill, densely
feathered nostrils, and highly developed plu-
mage of the wings and tail, which latter is sev-
eraltimes longer than the body ; the plume-birds
proper. The superb plume-bird br gnknd promeropa of
\ew (fuinea, B. apeeionu, E. maximva^ or B. tuperbiu,
is the type apecies; B. ellioti is toother ipeciei. Alto
<:ill.-'i CinnamitUftut.
epimacns (e-pim'a-kns), n. ; pi. epirmiei {-(a).
r.Vppar. for epimachus, < Gr. ivifiaxoc, equipped
for battle : see Epimachus.'] In her., an imagi-
nary beast, somewhat resembling a griffin, the
chief difference bein^ that all four paws are
those of lions: the tail also is usually without
fhp tuft.
eplmandibnlar (ep'i-man-dib'u-l|r), a. and n.
[< iii. i-i, upon, + L. mandibuld, jaw: see man-
dible, mandibular.^ L a. Borne upon the man-
dible or lower jaw, as a bone of some of the
lower vertebrates.
n. n. A bone of the mandible of some of the
lower vertebrates, identified with the hyoman-
dibiilar of fishes. See hyomandibular.
Th*- proof thtt the hyomandlbultr it equiralent to the
' liiiumdihular. 0. Baur, Ulcrot. 8cL, xxriU. 179.
epimanlka, n. Plural of epimaHikon.
epimanikion (ep'i-ma-nik i-on), n. ; pi. epitna-
)iiki(i (-a). [< MGr. ivi/taviKtov, also (as NGr.)
i-rnudvtKiw, < Gr. tJri, upon, + fiaviniov, /livMtt,
NGr. iiaviKi, sleeve, <L. manica, sleeve, < manus,
the hand: see manus, manual.'] In the 6r. Ch.,
one of the eucharistic vestments, consisting in
a kind of cuff or movable sleeve, usually made
of silk, worn on each arm, and reaching about
half way up from the wrist to the elbow. Epima-
nilcia were originally worn by blabopt only, but have now
for mtoy centuries been worn by til prfettt, tnd since
A. D. laoo by detcont.
The eptmanikia come nearett to the Latin mtniple, but
they do not ratemble it in shape, tnd tre worn on both
hands. Instead of on the left only.
J. M. NeaU, Eastern Church, i. 307.
epimanikon (ep-i-man'i-kon), n. ; pi. epimanika
(-kii). Same as epimanikion.
Epimedium fep-i-me'di-tnn), n. [NL., < L. epi-
nudiun, au unknown plant (Pliny), < Gr. tict-
liildiov (Dioscorides), barrenwort, Epimedium
alpinum.] A small berberidaceous genus of
low herbs, of Europe and temperate Asia, with
teniately divided leaves, and racemes of white,
pink, or yellowish flowers. Several species are cul-
tivated for ornament, especially E. alpinum of Europe
atid H. tnarranihiim of Japan.
eplmera, ». Plural of epimeron.
epimeral (ep-i-me'ral), a. [< epimeron + -al.]
Ptrtainiiig to an epimeron or to the epimera.
epiphany
epinician (ei)-i-nig-ian), a. [Written less prop.
epinikiaii, < Gr. encviKio;, of factory : see epini-
cioit.] Pertaining to or celebrating victory.
epinicion (ep-i-nis'i-on), «. ; pi. epinicia (-a).
JNL., < Gr. CTTivUiov, a song of victory, neut. of
eTViviKioc, of victory, < mi, upon, -f- vinr/, victory.]
1 . A song of triumph ; a poem in celebration
of a victory; especially, in ancient Greece, a
poem in honor of a victory in an athletic con-
test, as at the Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, or
Isthmian games. The poems of Pindar which
have come down to us are almost all epinicia.
A triumphal epinicion on Hengist's massacre,
T. Wartott, Rowley Enquiry, p, 69.
Of his [Pindar*8] extant epinicia, Sicily claims 15.
(iuarlerty Rev., CLXII. 172.
2. In the Gr. Ch., the triumphal hymn; the
Sanctus (which see).
epinyctis (ep-i-nik'tis), n. ; pi. epinyctides (-ti-
aez). [NL., < Gr. emwurig, epinyctis, < iifi, on,
+ vi'f (wKT-) = E. night.] Inpathol., a pustule
appearing in the night, or especially trouble-
some at night.
epionic (ep-i-on'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. entuviKoc,
having an Ionic following upon a measure of
a different kind, < errl, upon, + 'luvmdc, Ionic :
see Ionic.] I. a. In anc. pros., containing an
Ionic preceded by an iambic dipody : an epithet
applied by some Greek writers on metrics to
some of the meters classed as logaoedio by re-
cent writers.
n. «. In anc. pros., a verse containing an
Ionic following upon an iambic dipody. Verses
of this kind are analyzed by modern authorities as loga-
cedic (that is, as mixtures of cyclic dactyls with trochees,
or of cyclic anapests with iambi), the line generally he-
winning with a prefixed syllable (anacrusis).
Epiomis, «. An improper form of uEpyornis.
epiotic (ep-i-ot'ik), n. and n. [< Gr. tiri, upon,
+ ot'f (ur-) = E. ear : see ear'>^, -otic] I. a. Lit-
erally, upon the ear: applied to a center of os-
sification in the mastoid region of the periotic
bone.
H. n. In zoiil. and anat., one of the three
principal bones or separate ossifications which
compose the periotic bone or auditory capsule :
distinguished from the prootic and the opisthot-
ie, and also from the pterotic when this fourth
element is present, it is the superior and external
one of the three, developed in special relation with the
posterior semicircular canal of the ear. It usually forms
part of the petrosal Iwne, or petrous portion of the tem-
poral bone, and may be indistinguishably ankylosed there-
with. See cuts under Cracodilia and Cyclodus.
EpipactiS (ep-i-pak'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. inma-
xWf , a plant also called i:'k'Xt(iopivii.] A genus of
terrestrial orchids, of northern temperate re-
gions. They have stout, leafy stems, and a raceme of
puriiiish-brown or whitish flowers. Two species are found
in tlie Tnited States.
epiparodOS (ep-i-par'o-dos), n. [< Gr. iirmd-
poio^, a parodos following upon another, < fir/,
upon, + 7rapo(!of, a parodos: see parodos.] In
anc. Gr. tragedy, a second or additional paro-
dos or entrance of the chorus. See metastasis
and parodos.
epipedometry (ep'i-pe-dom'e-trij, ». [< Gr.
tTTiTf (!of , on the ground, plane (< iiri, on, + TziSov,
grotind), + -fierpia, < fthpov, a measure.] The
mensuration of surfaces.
epiperipheral (ep'i-pe-rif'e-ral), a. [< Gr. ivi,
upon, + TTtpupipeia, periphery (see periphery),
+ -ah] Situated or originating upon the pe-
riphery or external surface of the body : specifi-
cally applied to feelings or sensations originat-
ing at the ends of nerves distributed on the
outer surface: opposed to entoperipheral : as,
the sensation produced by touching an object
with the finger is an epiperipheral sensation.
On comparing these three great orders of feelings, we
found that whereas tlie ejnperipheral are relational to a very
great extent, the entoperipheral, and still more the cen-
tral, have but small aptitudes for entering into relations.
connective tissue around a fasci- , . , , • ^, ■, s ry xtt '""'"'
cuius of nenre-tissue, as distinguished from the eplpetalous (ep-i-pet a-lus), a. [< NL. eptpe-
finer sheath of perineurium which similarly sur- '«'««..< Gr- f'^'., ?POJP. + nlralov, leaf (mod.
1971
epimeritfi (ep-i-me'rit), «. [As epimeron +
-ite'^.] An anterior proboscis-like appendage
borne upon the protomerite of the septate gre-
garines. it serves to attach the parasite to its host, and
may be armed with hooidets for that purpose. It is always
deciduous. When it is present, the gregarine is known
as a Ci'p/ifitont; after it is shed, as a sporotit.
epimeritic (ep'i-me-rit'ik), a. [< epimerite +
-ie.] Of or pertaining to the epimerite.
epimeron, epimenmi (ep-i-me'ron, -rum), n. ;
pi. epimera (-rji). [NL., < Gr. e~i,^ upon, + /ivpoc,
thigh.] One of the side-pieces in the segment
of an arthropod or articulate animal, in the Crus-
tacea the epimera form part of the dorsal arc, and the legs
ore articulated to them. In insects the term is generally
restricted to these pieces in the thoracic segments, where
an epimeron is the middle one of three sclerites into which
any pleuron is divisil>Ie ; they are situated behind the epi-
sterna, between the tergimi and the insertions of the legs.
epinaos (ep-i-na'os), «. ; pi. epinaoi (-oi). [<
Gr. c-i, upon, + vaoc, temple.] An open vesti-
bule behiid the cella of some ancient temples,
corresponding to the pronaos in front. See
opisthodomos and posticum.
epinastic (ep-i-nas'tik), a. [< epinasty + -ic]
in bot., of, pertaining to, or of the nature of
epinasty.
With respect to this downward movement of the leaves,
Krtos believes that it Is due to their epinastic growth.
Darwin, Movement in Plants, p. 250.
epinafltl(»Ily (ep-i-nas'ti-kal-i), adv. In an
epinastic manner.
The marginal portion of the pileus is somewhat curved
over and bent downwards (eptnasticalty) in towards the
' surface of the stipe. De Bary, Fungi (tnins.X p. 294.
epinasty (ep'i-nas-ti), n. [< Gr. im, upon, +
raarcx;, pressed close, solid, < vaaauv, press close,
stamp down.] In bot., a movement or state of
curvature due to the more active growth of the
ventral side of an organ.
Epinephellni (ep-i-nef-e-li'ni), n. pi. [NL.
(Bleeker, 1875), < Epinephelus + -int.] A group
or subfamily of SerraMda, including the gen-
era Epinephelus, Mycteroperca, Dermatolepis,
Promirrnptervs. Enneacentriis, and other closely
rnlKtcd non-Ainerican genera.
Ejginephelns (ep-i-nef'e-lus), n. [NL. (Bloch,
li93), < Gr. irri, upon, + ve<fi>.ii, cloud.] A ge-
nus of fishes, of the family Serranidce. It con-
tains numerous species, chiefly of the tropical and sul>-
troplcal teas, having the Interorliital space narrow, the
eyet tubcentral, the tctles of the lateral line simple, tnd
the anal fln short, with only 8 or 9 rays, the inner teeth
of tx>th Jaws depressible, and some of the anterior ones
caniniform, and the preoperculum entire l)elow. E. mo-
rio is the red gniuper of the Mexican coatt and the South
Atlantic coast of the Vnited States. See grouper.
6pinette (a-pe-nef), n. [F. ipinette, a spinet:
see spinet.] A kind of cage in which fowls are
confined for the purpose of fattening, it com-
monly consistt of a series of coops in tiers, arranged In a
circular frame, the whole frame turning on Its axis for
convenience in feeding the fowls, which Is performed me-
chanically by means ofa force-pump. Also called ekidctn-
feeder.
fiplnenil (a-pe-ntly'), 1. [F. : seedef.] A red
wine produced around the village of fipineuil in
the neighborhood of Tonnerre, in the depart-
ment of Yonne, France, resembling Burgundy
of the second grade, and much esteemed, tliough
not often exported.
epinenral (ep-i-nu'ral), a. and n. [< Gr. kvl,
upon, + neural, q. v.'] I. a. Situated upon a
neural arch, as a spine of a fish's backbone.
In Eiox and Thymallus the epinenral and epicentral
spinet are present; in Cyprinus the epituural and epi-
pleuraL Ouvn, AnaL, I. 43.
n. It. A scleral spine attached to a neural
arch. See extract tinder epicentral.
epinenria, n. Plural of epineurium.
epinenrial (ep-i-nu'ri-al), a. [< epineurium +
-al.] Pertai ning to or consisting of epineurium :
as, rpinrurial sheaths.
epineurinin fep-i-nu'ri-um), «.; pi. epineuria
f-ii). [NL., \ Gr. fjTi, upon, + veiipov, nerve.]
The sheath of connectii
rounds the smaller bundles or funiculi of which
a nerve is ultimately composed. See funiculus
and perininrium .
epinglette (ep-ing-glef), «. [F. ^nglette, a
primer, a priming-wire, dim. of ipingle, a pin,
< OF. espingle, < L. spinula, dim. of spina, a
thorn, spine: see spinule, spine.] An iron
needle for piercing the cartridge of a piece of
ot^nance before priming; a pnming-wire.
epinicia, ». Plural of epinicion.
epinicia! (ep-i-nig-ial), a. Same as epinician.
The spoils won in victory were carried in triumph,
while an epiniciai song was chanted.
T. Warton, UisU Eng. Poetry
petal): seepeta?.] Borne upon the petals of a
flower: applied to stamens, and to plants whose
stamens are attached to the corolla.
epiphany (e-pif'a-ni), «. [< ME. epyphany, <
OF. cptphanie, F. ijfnplidnie = Pr. epifania,
cpiphiinia = Sp. epifania = Pg. epiphnnia = It.
epifania, pifania, hefania (see be/ana), < LL.
epiphania, fem. sing., epiphania. neut. pi., < Gr.
ijTi6avcia, fem. sing., appearance, manifestation,
sudden appearance, apparition, LGr. the epiph-
any, < cniipaviii, appearing (suddenly), becom-
ing manifest (esp. of deities), < 'evK^lveiv, show
forth, manifest, < firi + <paivetv, show: see fancy,
phantasm, etc.] 1. An appearance; manifes-
epiphany
tation of one's presence : used especially with
reference to appearances of a deity.
Him, whom but just before they beheld transfigured,
aud in a glorious epiphanv upon the mount.
Jer. Taylor, Vioika (ed. 1835), II. 93.
F.very 19th year, we are told, . . . the god [Apollo) him-
self appeared to his worshippers about the vernal equinox,
and during a long epiphani/ ** would harp and dance in
the sky until the rising of the Pleiades."
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 90.
2. Among the ancient Greeks, a festival held
in commemoration of the appearance of a god
in any particular place. — 3. [cap,'] A Christian
festival, closing the series of Christmas observ-
ances, celebrated on the 6th of January, the
twelfth day after Christmas (hence called
Twelfth-day), in commemoration of the mani-
festations of Christ to the world as the Sou of
God, in the West especially that to the Gen-
tiles through the visit of the Magi in his infancy.
It was early instituted in the East in celebration both of
his nativity and of his baptism, the former being after-
ward transferred to the 25th of December. In the West it
has been observed since the fourth century with special
reference to the visit of the Magi or the three kings, witli
which are combined in the Iloman Catholic Church his
baptism and his first miracle at Cana of Galilee.
Therefore, though the church do now call Twelfth-day
Eiriphami, becauiie upon that day Christ was manifested
to the Gentiles in those wise men who came then to wor-
ship him, yet the ancient church called this day [the day
of Christ's birth] the Epiphany, because this day Christ
was manifested to the world, by being bom this day.
Donne, Sermons, iv.
epipharyngeal (ep'i-fa-rin'jf-al), a. and n. [<
epipharynx {-pharyng-)' + -e-dl.'] I. a. Situated
over or upon the pharynx ; pertaining to or hav-
ing the character of the epipharynx. Specifi-
cally— (a) In ichth., applied to the uppermost bones of the
branchial arches of osseous fishes. See the extract, and
hypopharyngeal.
The anterior four pair [of branchial arches] are com-
posed of several joints, and the uppermost articulations
of more or fewer of them usually expand, bear teeth, and
form the epipharyngeal bones.
Huxley, Anat Vert., p. 136.
(fc) In ascldians, situated on the upper part of the pharyn-
geal cavity or branchial sac.
II. n. In ichth., an epipharyngeal bone.
epipharynx (ep-i-far'inks), n. [NL., < Gr. km,
upon, -t-^dptT^f, throat: see pharynx.] Inentom.,
a fleshy lobe beneath the labrum, forming a
valve which covers the opening of the pharynx
or gullet. It is best seen in the Hymenoptera.
Also called epiglottis. See cut under Byme-
noptera.
Median projections on the internal surface of tlie upper
and lower lips [of an insect] are distinguished as epipha-
rynx and hypopharynx respectively.
Clavs, Zoology (trans.), I. 524.
Epipheeus (ep-i-fe'gus), «. [NL., < Gr. tTri,
upon, + ^riydq = L. fagus =z AS. hoc, the beech :
see Fagus, heech'^.'] A genus of plants of the
natural order OrobanclMcece, of a single species,
E. Virgiuiana, which is parasitic upon the roots
of the beech, it is a native of the United States east
of the Mississippi, and is a slender branching herb of a
dull purple or yellowish-brown color, with small scattered
scales in place of leaves. It is known as beech-drops or
cancjir-root.
epiphenomenon (ep"i-fe-nom'e-non), n.; pi.
epiphenomena (-na). [NL., < Gr. tiri, on, upon,
+ ijiatvdfiEvov, phenomenon: see phenomenon.]
In pathol., a symptom or complication arising
during the course of a malady.
From these investigations [of Billroth] it was generally
concluded that septic infection was due to an unorgan-
ized though perhaps organic substance; that the presence
of bacteria was an epiphenomenon — a sequence, not a
cause. W. T. Belfield, Rel. of Micro-Org. to Disease, p. 37.
epiphloeodal (ep-i-fle'o-dal), a. [< epiphlcsum
■+■ -ode + -al.] Same as epiphlceodic.
epiphloeodic (ep"i-fle-od'ik), a. [< epiphlwum
+ -ode + -ic] In lichenology, living upon the
surface of the Ijark of a plant. Compare hypo-
phlceodic.
epiphloeum (ep-i-fle'um), n. [NL., < Gr. im,
upon, + iji/x)i.6(, bark.] In hot., the corky en-
velop or outer portion of the bark, lying next
beneath the epidermis. The term is not used
by late authorities.
The epiphloeum is generally composed of one or more
layers of colourless or brownish cells.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., I 372.
eplphonem (e-pif 'o-nem), n. [Also epiphoneme;
< L. epiphonema, q. v.] Same as epiphonema.
Tlie wise man ... in th' ende cryed out with this
Epyphonejne, Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 85.
epiphonema (ep'i-fo-ne'ma), n. [L., < Gr. ewc-
ipiivrjua, a finishing sentence, a moral, also an
exclamation, < iiTii^iMuv, say upon or with re-
1972
spect to, apply to, call to, address to, < ivi +
(}iMelv, speak loud, speak, <.(pui>i/, voice, sound.]
In rhet., a sentence (that is, a general obser-
vation or striking reflection) subjoined to a
descriptive, narrative, argumentative, or other
passage, or at the end of a whole discourse, to
confirm, sum up, or conclude it.
I believe those preachers who abound in epiphonevias,
if they look about them, would find one part of their con-
gregation out of countenance, and the other asleep.
Swift, To Young Clergymen.
epiphora (e-pif'o-ra), n. [L., < Gr. iiziAopa, a
bringing to or upon, an addition, a sudden at-
tack; in med.,adefluxion (of humors); in rhet.,
the second clause in a sentence ; in logic, a con-
clusion; < im((iepuv, put or lay upon, bring to
or upon, < iir'i, upon, to, + (piptiv = E. bear^.]
1, In pathol., watery eye, in which the tears,
from increased secretion or some disease of the
lacrymal passages, accumulate in front of the
eye and trickle over the cheek. — 2. In rhet.,
same as epistrophe.
epiphragm (ep'i-fram), n. [< NL. epiphragma, <
Ur. eTTi<j>payfia, a covering, lid, < eTnfpaaaeiv, block
up, stop, protect, < tn-/, upon, + ippdaasiv, block,
stop, fence in: see (Jtop/fra^w.] l.lnbot.: («)
The disk-like apex of the columella of Poly-
irichcw, which extends over the mouth of the
capsule below the operculum. (6) A delicate
membrane closing the cup-like receptacle of
the Nidulariacei. — 2. In conch., the plate of
hardened mucus secreted by a gastropod, as
a snail, to plug up or seal the opening of the
shell during hibernation ; a sort of temporary
or false operculum, sometimes hardened by cal-
careous deposit. See clausiliutn.
This is known as the ejnphragm, and is formed when
the animal retires in winter or in a season of drought. In
Clausilia this epiphragm is a permanent structure, and is
fastened to the mouth of the shell by an elastic stalk, so
that it works as a trap-door. Stand, Nat. Hist., I. 304.
epiphragma (ep-i-frag'ma), n. ; pi. epiphrag-
mata (-ma-ta). [NL. : see epiphragm.] Same
as epiphragm.
epiphragmal (ep-i-frag'mal), a. [< epiphragm
+ -al.] Pertaining to the epiphragm: as, epi-
phragmal mucus.
epiphragmata, n. Plural of epiphragma.
epiphylune (ep-i-fil'in), a. [< Gr. £7r(, upon,
-I- (pvA'/Mv (= Ij. folium), leaf, + -inc^.] Same
as epiphyllous.
epiphyllospermous (ep-i-fil-o-sper'mus), a. [<
Gr. £-(', upon, + i^hUov (= Ij. fo-
lium), leaf, + a-rrepfia, seed, +
-ous.] In bat., bearing the fniit
or spores on the back of the
leaves or fronds, as ferns.
epiphyllous (ep-i-fil'us), a. [<
Gr. £7r/, upon, + ipiiXXov (= Jj. fo-
lium), a leaf, + -ous.] Growing
upon a leaf, as applied to fungi ;
epigenous : often limited to the
upper surfaoe,indistinctionfrom
hypogenous. Also epiphylline.
Epiphyllum (ep-i-fil'um), n.
[NL. (so called from the apparent position of
the flower), < Gr. fir/, upon, + tjivTikov (= L. foli-
um), a leaf.] A Brazilian genus of low cacta-
ceous plants, with numerous branches formed
of short, flattened, bright-
green joints, bearing showy
rose-red flowers at the sum-
mit. There are three species.
E. truncatum and E. Bussel-
lianum are frequently culti-
vated in greenhouses.
epiphyses, ». Plural of epi-
physis.
epiphysial, epiphyseal (ep-i-
fiz i-al, -e-al), a. [< epiphysis
+ -al.] tertaining to or hav-
ing the nature of an epiphy-
sis. Owen.
epiphysis (e-pif 'i-sis), n.; pi.
epiphyses (-sez). [L. , < Gr. liri-
<pvaig, an outgrowth, epiphysis,
K hnupheaOai, grow upon, < tvi,
upon, + (jiixmai, grow.] 1 . In
anat. : (a) A part or process
of bono which has its own
center of ossification separate
from the main center of the
shaft or body of the bone, and
which therefore only gradual-
ly joins the rest of the bone
by the progress of ossification: so called be-
cause it grows upon the body of the bone.
Thus, the end of a long bone, as the humerus or femur,
Part of Epiphyllo-
spemious Frond.
epipleura
lias for a while a gristly cap of cartilage, which ossifies
sepai'ately from one or several ossiflc centers, and finally
coossifles with the shaft. An ejnphygU is properly distin-
guished from an oi)02>hysi8, or mere bony process or out-
growth without independent ossific center, being always
autogenous or endogenous, and not merely exogenous ; but
the distinction is not always observed, especiaUy as a com-
pleted and coossitled epiphysis cannot be recognized as
such with ceilainty. See cut under endoskeleton.
The epiphysis of the foetus becomes the apophysis of the
adult. DuTKjlimn.
{h) Some part or organ that grows upon or to
another. — 2. A small superior piece of each
half of an alveolus of a sea-urchin, united be-
low to its own half of the alveolus, joined to its
fellow of the other half of the same alveolus,
and connected by the rotula with the epiphysis
of another alveolus. See lantern of Aristotlej
under lantern — Epiphysis cerebri, the conarinm or
pineal body of the brain : contrasted with the hypophysis
cerebri, uy pituitary body.
epiphytal (ep'i-fi-tal), a. [< epiphyte + -a/.]
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an epi-
phyte; epiphytic.
epiphyte (ep'i-fit), n, [NL., < Gr. err/, upon, +
(pvrovj a plant.] 1. In hot., a plant which grows
upon another plant, but which does not, like a
parasite, derive its nourishment from it. Very
many orchids and species of the Bromeliacece are epi-
phytes; also some ferns and many mosses, liverworts,
lichens, and algae. The tenii is used by De Bary to de-
note any plant, whether parasitic or not, growing on the
surface of another plant, as distinguished from entophyte.
2. In zool.j a fungus parasitic on the skin and
its appendages or on mucous surfaces of man
and other animals, causing disease; a dermato-
phyte. Thomas, Med. Diet.
epiphytic, epiphytical (ep-i-fit'ik, -i-kal), a.
[< epiphyte -f -ic-aW] Pertaining to or having
the nature of an epiphyte.
The epiphytic orchids have often a very curious look,
with all their domestic economy in view— -their long,
straggling white roots reaching down into the air below
them to gather nutriment and moisture from it.
The Century, XXX. 231.
epiphytically (ep-i-fit'i-kal-i), adv* After the
manner of an epiphyte.
epiplasm (ep'i-plazm), w. [NL., < Gr. e-rri, upon,
+ TcTJiofia^ anything formed, < irTM-aaEtv^ form.]
A name given by De Bary to the protoplasmic
residuum in the spore-sacs of the Ascomycetm
after the spores are formed: same as glycogen-
mass.
epiplastron (ep-i-plas'tron), m. ; pi. epiplastra
(-tra). [NL., < Gr. knij upon, + NL. j>/a5<ro»,
q. v.] The anterior lateral one of the nine pieces
of which the plastron of a turtle may consist.
It has been usually called epistemiun, from a mistaken
view of its sternal character. There are a pair of epiplas-
tra, one on each side of the single median entoplastron,
and in front of the hyoplastra. ^eeplastron, second figure
under carapace^ and second cut under Chelonia.
The entoplastron and the two epiplastra correspond
with the median and lateral thoracic plates of the Laby-
rinthodont Amphibia, and very probably answer to the
interclavicie and clavicles of other Vertebrata.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 175.
epiplerosis (ep-'-'i-ple-ro'sis), w. [NL., < Gr.
ennr'/iijpuGi^y an overfilling, < ETti7z7.7)povv, fill up
again, < frr/, upon, in addition, + ivATjpovv, fill, <
lOiTipT)^^ full.] In pathoLf excessive repletion ;
distention.
epipleura (ep-i-plo'ra), w, ; pi. epipleurce (-re).
[5ftj., < Gr. fTTf, upon j 4- 7r/cu/>d, a rib, the side:
see pZewra.] 1. A scleral spine or process super-
posed upon a rib. as in various fishes. "The latter
[epipleural spines] nave been called ' upper ribs ' and in
Polypterus are stronger than the ribs themselves " {Owen,
Anat., I. 43).
2. In ornith.j one of the uncinate processes
borne upon most of the ribs of a bird, forming
Right Femur of a
Youth.
E, E, epiphyses ; fftr,
Itr, greater and lesser
trochanter ; h, head ;
et, it, external and in-
ternal tuberosity ; ec,
ic, external and inter-
nal condyle ; n, neck.
Epipleurae.— Thorax, scapular arch, and part of pelvic arch
of a bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivonts],
fp, four epipleurae or uncinate processes of as many ribs : pi, pleura-
pophysial parts of seven ribs; hp, hemapophysial parts of six ribs; v,
dorsolumbar vertebrae; st, sternum (the letters are on the carina or
keell; m, manubrium stemi; c/. costal processof sternum, bearing
six ribs; cr, coracoid bone; s, base of scapula, the rest cut away:
/", furcula; *c, epiclidium of furcula ; A. hypoclidium of furcula; gl^
glenoid fossa, formed by coracoid and scapula; iV, ilium ; u, ischhiml
/, pubis ; a, acetabulum.
epipleura
a series of splint-bones passing obliquely back-
ward from one rib to overlie the succeeding
rib or ribs, and thus increasing the stability of
the walls of the thorax. These splints are either
articulated or aiikylosed with their respective ribs, and
have indei>endent centers of ossiftcatioii. They do not
occur on the posterior or sacral ribs, and are found only
upon the pleurapophysial part of any rib. Also epipleural.
3. In entom., the outer side of a beetle's wing-
cover when it is inflexed or turned down so as
to cover partially the side of the thorax and
abdomen. Also caUed the side-cover. Though
commonly applied to the whole inflexed portion, the terra
is properly limited t«) a distinct part bonlering the inner
margin, and often much narrower than the inflexed por-
tion, or entirely wanting. The name is also applied to an
inflexed part of each side of the pronotuni, distinguish-
ed as the prothoracic epipleura. — Discoldal epipleUTSB.
See (li9coidal.
epiplenral (ep-i-plo'ral), a. and n. [< epipleura
+ -a'.] L a. 1. Situated upon a pleurapophy-
sis or pleural element of a vertebra, as a spine
of a fish's back-bone; specifically, in rerUbrate
zool., pertaining to or of the nature of an epi-
Sleura. — 2. In entom., pertaining to, on, orbor-
ering the epipleura or inflexed outer side of
a beetle's elytrum — Epipleural appendage, an epi-
pleura.—Epipleural car&ia, i" entom., a rid^re dividing
such an inltexed portion from the rest of the elytrum. —
Epipleural fold, in entom., the outer part of the ely-
trum when it is sharply turned down over the thorax and
abdomen.
n. n. Same as epipleura, 2.
epiplezis (ep-i-plek'sis), n. [LL., < Or. hri-
->.n;<i, chastisement, blame, reproof, < eiztK?.^-
aeiv, chastise, blame, reprove, lit. strike at, <
ivl, upon, + ir'/Jjaativ, strike.] In rhet., the em-
ployment of rebuke or reproaches, in order to
produce an oratorical effect, as when a speaker
geeks to rouse a legislative or popular assem-
bly and impel it to decided action : accounted
by some a figure. Also called epitimesig.
epiploa, ". Plural of epiploon.
epiploce (e-pip'lo-se), n. [LL., < Gr. imT?jM0j,
a |>l<iiting together, interweaving of clauses bj
way of epanastrophe orclimax, < t7Tir'/.iKeiv, plait
together, < tin', upon,+ it'/Jkcw, plait, twist.] 1.
In rhet,, a figure by which in a number of suc-
cessive claoses the last (or the last ira|>ortaiit)
word of one clause recurs as the first of the
next; accumulated epanastrophe ; in general,
climax, especially climax combined with epa-
nastrophe : as, "be not only spared his enemies,
but continued them in employment; not only
continued them, but advanced them." See cli-
max.— 2. In pros., according to the nomencla-
ture of ancient metricians, a group or class of
measures comprising as subclasses measnres
or feet of the same magnitude, but of opposed
or contrasted form — that is, feet containing the
same number of longs and shorts, but with these
following in a reversed or different sequence.
epiplocele (e- ip'16-sel), n. [< Gr. tKMMv, the
caul. -I- nii'/Ji, a tumor.] In svrfl., hernia of the
<I)i[ilo8n or omentum; omental hernia.
epiploic (ep-i-pl6'ik), a. [< epiploon + -ic]
i>{ or porfainiiig to the epiplo<Sn ; omental.
epiploischioceleCep'i-plo-is'ki-o-sel), n. [NL.,
< Gr. im-Aoitv, the caul, + i<r^/"i', the hip-joint,
+ Kf/'/ji, a tumor.] In surg., hernia in which the
omentum protrudes through the sciatic fora-
men.
epiploitis (ep'i-plo-i'tis), ». [NL., < epiploon
+ -ifw.J In pathol., inflammation of the epip-
loon.
eplplomerooele (ep'i-plo-me'ro-Bel), n. [NL.,
< Gr. itriiT'/Jxiv, the caul, + fiipoc, the thigh, +
it^>J7, a tumor.] In surg., femoral hernia with
profriisioii of the omentum.
epiplomphalocele (ep-i-pIom'fa-lo-sSl), n.
[N lj., < Gr. iirin'/joov, the caul, + ou(pa/.6c, the
navel, + idjhi, a tumor.] In surg., hernia with
protnision of the omentum at the navel.
epiplo5n(e-pip'16-on),B.; pi. epiploa (-i). [NL.,
< ( ir. iirin'/joov, the caiil, < iiri, upon, + -T?.oof, as
in ^(^^.(Jof, double, twofold : see dinloe.'] X. The
caul or apron of the intestines ; the great omen-
tum; a qnadniplicaturo of the peritoneum,
banging iiown in front of the intestines from
the stomach and transverse colon. It conalsu
actually of tour layer* of peritoneam, which become two
by union of their appoaed (outer) lurfacea, and thui form
a dupllcaturt; of the peritoneum htoping down from the
ttotnach and colon, the interior of which is the lesser
cavity of the iKfritoncum communicating with the greater
cavity by the foramen of Wlnslow, and the folds or walls
of which usually contain much fat. See omentum.
2. In entom., the peculiar fatty substance in
insects.
epiploBcheocele (ep-i-plos'kf-o-sel), «. [NL.,
< Gr. (TiT/jjuv, the caul, -h io'xtov, scrotum, +
1973
K^^-V, a tumor.] In surg., a hernia in which the
omentum descends into the scrotum.
eplpodia, «. Plural of epipodium.
epipodial (ep-i-p6'di-al), a. and n. [< epipodium
+ -«'.] I. a. 1. Jn'anat., of or pertaining to
the epipodialia. — 2. In conch., of or pertain-
ing to tie epipodium.
In this genus [Aptysia], and iu Gasteropteron, there are
very large epipodial lobes, by the aid of which some spe-
cies propel themselves like Pteropods.
Utudey, Anat. Invert., p. 438.
H. n. One of the epipodialia : as, the epipo-
dials of the leg are the tibia and the fibula. See
cut under cms.
epipodialia (ep-l-p6-di-a'li-a), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. t7r(n-od(Of, upon the feet: see epipodium.'^
In vertebrate anat., the corresponding bones of
both fore and hind limbs, which extend from
the elbow to the wrist, and from the knee to
the ankle, thus constituting the morphological
segments which intervene between the propo-
dialia and the mesopodialia.
Marsh has proposed (18S0) to apply general names to the
corresponding bones of the arm and leg. Thus, the bones
of the proximal segments are the ossa propodialia ; the ra-
dius and ulna, the tibia and libula, constitute the epipodi-
alia; the bones of the carpus and tarsus are niesopoilialia ;
the metacarpalia and metatarsaliaare . . . the metapodi-
alia. Wilder and Gaffe, Anat. Tech., p. 41.
epipodite (e-pip'o-dit), n. [< Gr. hi, upon, -I-
:roi< (-06-), = E.'foot, + -iffl. Cf. epipodium.']
A third branch of the limb of a crustacean, as
distinguished from both the endopodite and the
exopodite ; a se^ent of the typical limb, actu-
ally developed in some of the limbs in relation
with the branchiae, and articulated with the pro-
topodite or coxopodite. Also called flabellum.
See cut under endopodite.
The four anterior pairs of ambulatory limbs [of the cray-
flsb) differ from the last pair in possessing a long curved
appendage, which ascends from the coxopoilite, with which
it IS articulate<l, and paaaea into the branchial chamber,
in which it lies. This is the epipodite.
Htuuey, Anat. Invert., p. 270.
epipoditic (ep'i-po-dit'ik)^ a. [< epipodite +
-ic] Pertaining to an epipodite.
epipodium (ep-i-p6'di-um), n. ; pi. epipodia (-&).
[NL., < Gr. (T/irWiof, upon the feet, < fwi, upon,
+ jroiif (jrod-) = E. foot.'] One of the appen-
dages of the side of the foot of certain mol-
lusKs, as the odontophorous or cephalophorous
univalves ; some lateral part or process of the
foot, in any way distinguished from the mesial
propodium, mesopodium, and metapodium. in
pteropods a pair <if large wing-like epipodia serve as fins
to swim witli, and in fact give name to the order Ptero-
poda. The funnels of cephalopods are supposed by some
to be mo4Hfle4l epijMjdia-
epipolic (ep-i-pol'ik), a. [< Gr. emTo>4, a sur-
face, < c^i7T(/.ta6at, come to or upon, < itri, upon,
to, + Tf /.foftj/, come, be.] Pertaining to or pro-
duced by epipolism or fluorescence EpipoUc
dispersion, a phrase applied by Sir John Uerschel to the
phenomena of fluorescence.
epipolism (e-pip'o-lizm), n. [As epipol-ic +
-ism.] Fluorescence.
epipolized (e-pip'o-lizd), a. [As epipol-ic
+ -i:e + -crfi.] Affected or modified by
the phenomena of fluorescence : as, epipolized
light.
epipsyche (ep-i-si'ke), n. [< Gr. ^1, upon, -f-
xl'vxt/, spirit, life: see Psyche.] In ana f., the
afterbniin or medulla oblongata ; the myeleu-
cephalon or metencephalon. Haeckel.
epiptere (ep'ip-ter), n. [< F. ipiptire (Dum^ril,
1806), < Gr. ini, upon, -I- TTTepiv, a wing, fin.] In
ichth., the dorsal fin. [Bare.]
epipterlc (ep-ip-ter'ik), a. [< Gr. itri, upon, +
■TTipiv, a wing, + -ic.'] Situated over the ali-
sphenoid or greater wing of the sphenoid bone :
specifically applied, in human anatomy, to a
supernumerary or epactal bone of the skull
sometimes found in the fontanel at the anterior
inferior angle of the parietal bone, just above
tho end of the ali.sphenoid.
epipterons (e-pip'te-rus), a. [< Gr. M, upon,
+ -rtpov, a wing, 4- -ous.] In hot., having a
wing nn the summit: applied to seeds, etc.
epipubes, n. Plural of epipubis.
epipnbic (ep-i-pu'bik), a. [< Gr. eiri, upon, +
NL. pubi.'i, <j. v.] 1. Situated upon or before
the pubes : applied to the so-called marsupial
bones of marsupial mammals. Specifically —
2. Of or pertaining to the epipubis: as, an cpi-
puliir l)one or cartilage.
epipubis (e|>-i-pu'bi8), n. ; pi. epipubes (-bez).
[NL., < Gr. cTTt, upon, + NL. pubis, q. v.] A
median symphyseal bone or cartilage situated
in front of and upon the pubis proper. It is
episcopacy
supposed to correspond, in the pelvio arch, to
the episternom of the scapular arch.
Epira, Epiridae. See Epeira, Epeirklw.
Epirote, Epirot (e-pi'rot, -rot), n. [< Gr. 'YLirei-
puT!/;, an Epirote, < 'Hneipo^, Epirus, lit. the
mainland (sc. of western Greece, as opposed
to the adjacent islands), < fjTrcipo^, the main-
land, a continent.] A native or an inhabitant
of Epirus, the northwestern part of ancient
Greece, now chiefly included in Albania, Tur-
key ; anciently, a member of one of the indi-
genous tribes of Epirus. Epirus was at one time a
powerful kingdom, and was always independent till con-
quered by the Komans in 168 B. c. The Epirotes proper,
though closely connected with Grecian history, were not
regarded as Greeks. Also written Epeirote, Epeirot.
Of the E^irots there are bronze coins of the regal period,
and both silver and bronze of the republic (238 -168 B. C).
Encyc. Brit., XVII. 641.
Epirotlc (ep-i-rot'ik), a. \_< Epirote + -ic] Of
or pertaining to Epirus or the Epirotes.
Achilles calls upon the Zeus of the Epirotic Dodona ts
the ancestral divinity of his house.
Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 431, note.
epirrhema (ep-i-re'ma), «. [< Gt. 'tiripptifia,
what is said afterward (in comedy, a speech
spoken by the coryphaeus after the parabasis),
also an adverb, a nickname, < iiri, upon, +
}>^pa> what is said, a word, a verb : see rhemat-
ic] In anc. Gr. comedy, a part of the parabasis
(or second parabasis also, if there is one), con-
sisting in a direct address of the chorus to
the spectators, and containing humorous com-
plaints and direct attacks upon the follies and
vices of the public, the mismanagement of
state affairs, etc., with special reference to
passing events and hits at well-known indi-
viduals.
epirrhematic (ep'i-re-mat'ik), a. [< Gr. emp-
pilfiaTiKCi^, only in sense of ' adverbial,' < tTrip-
ptjna(T-), epirrhema (also an adverb) : see epir-
rhema.] Of or pertaining to the epirrhema of
the Attic old comedy ; containing or of the
character of the epirrhema.
His [Zielinski's] theory of the original epirrhematic com-
position of a comedy as compared with the "epeisodic"
of a tragedy. Amer. Jour. Philol., VIII. 183.
epirrheology (ep'i-re-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. Mp-
poia, equiv. to cmppo'^, afiux, influx, inflow (<
eirippeiv, flow upon, flow in, < iirl, upon, -I- l>eiv,
flow), -I- -'/.oyia, < /.{-yen; speak: see -ologp.]
That department of physiological botany which
treats of the effects or physical agents, as cli-
mate, upon plants.
epirrUzous (ep-i-ri'zus), a. [< Gr. M, upon, +
pi^a, root, + -ous.] In hot., growing on a root.
episcenium (ep-i-se'ni-um), n. ; pi. episcenia (-a).
[L., < Gr. imoK^tov, also c^rianrivoc, a place above
or on the stage, < en-/, upon, over, 4- oKr/vt/, the
stage: see scene.] According to Vitruvius, a
chamber or the like, or a merely ornamental
structure, over the stage in some Greek thea-
ters.
episcleral (ep-is-kle'ral), a. [< Gr. eiri, upon,
-I- oK'/r/pof, hard (see sclerotic), + -al.] Situated
upon the sclerotic coat of the eye.
episcleritis (ep'is-kle-ri'tis), n. [< Gr. eiri,
upon, -¥■ oK?r/p6i, hard' (see sclerotic), + -itis.]
In pathol., inflammation of the connective tis-
sue covering the sclerotic coat of the eye.
episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. [As episco-
patt:'^ + -acy.] 1. Government of the church
by bishops ; that form of church government in
which there are three distinct orders of minis-
ters— bishops, priests or presbyters, and dea-
cons. In episcopacy the order of bishops is superior to
the other clergy, and has exclusive power to confer orders.
Episcopacy is the organic system since early times of all
the Oriental churches (Greek, Armenian, Coptic, etc.) and
of the Roman Catholic Church, and also of the Anglican
Church and its vaiious branches. Tht^e churches teach
that ft is of apostolic origin and essential to the mainte-
nance of valid orders. Oovernmei|t by bishops was con-
tinued in tho Scandinavian churches (called Lutheran) in
Denmark and Sweden, in the latter country apparently
without Interruption at the Reformation. The .Moravian
Church also claims an uninterrupted succession. 'Hie bish-
ops of the Moravian and American Methodist Episcopal
churches are Itinerant, and have no special diocesan juris-
diction. The Mormons also have an olficer called bishop.
Maintainers of episcopacy hold that (whether the word
triahop, inivKono^, epi»:opwi, was for a time equivalent to
presbyter or not) there was in apostolic times an order of
presbyters superior in autliority to ordiniu-y presbyters,
consisting of ttie twelve apostles, other apostles, and their
colleagues, who transmitted so much of their authority as
was to be used in continuing and governing the ininistiy
to successors called bishnpg after tho first ceutuiy, consti-
tuting an order which has continued till the present day.
2. The state of being a bishop; episcopal rank
or office.
ITnder (Tanute and his successors the practice of Inves-
titure with the ring and staff, or crozier, seems to hare
episcopacy
been began. Those emblems of episcopacy were sent by
the chapt^ to the King, when a vacancy occurred, and
were returned by him with a notification of the person
whom be appointed.
S. W. Dixon, Hist Church of Eng., iil., note.
episcopal (e-pis'ko-pal), a. and n. [= D. epis-
kopaal = (j. Dan.'Sw. episkopal = F. episcopal
= Sp. Pg. episcopal = It. episcopale, < LL. epis-
eopalis, pertaining to a bishop, < ejnscopus, a
bishop, > ult. E. bishop, q. v.] I. a. 1. Be-
longing to or vested in bishops or prelates;
characteristic of or pertaining to a bishop or
bishops ; characterized by episcopacy : as, epis-
copal jaiisdietion; episcopal authority ; thee^is-
copal costume ; the Episcopal Church.
There is just before the entrance of the choir a little
subterraneous chapel, dedicated to St. Charles Borromec,
where I saw his body, in episcopal robes, lying upon the
altar.in a shrine of rock-crystal.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 368.
2. [cap.l Of or pertaining to the Episcopal
Church, especially some branch of the Angli-
can Church specifically^ so called; relating to
or connected with Episcopalianism : as, Epis-
copal principles or practices; an Episcopal
clergyman or diocese ; the Protestant Episco-
pal liturgy — Episcopal bench. Seeb^iwA.— Episco-
pal chaplain. 3eer/ia;5ain.— Episcopal ring. Sanieas
bishop's n"ji^(which see, u!uler^ft/>?>).— Episcopal staff.
See staff.— The Episcopal Church, the name popular-
ly given to the Anglican Church in a broad sense, in the
1 "nited States and elsewhere. (See Anglican ChuTch{b\ un-
der Anglican, and Church of England, under church.) In
the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States each
diocese has its own bishop, and a diocesan convention
consisting of clerical members and lay members repre-
senting the parishes. This convention elects the bishop
and legislates for the diocese. A General Convention, con-
sisting of a House of Bishops and a House of Clerical and
Lay Deputies from the dioceses, meets triennially, and is
the supreme ecclesiastical legislature. The senior bishop,
with the title of Presiding Bishop, has the presidency
among the bishops, and represents the church to foreign
churches. Each parish and congregation is governed in
spiritual matters by the rector or priest in charge, while
temporal affairs are intrusted to the churchwardens and
the vestry elected by the people. The rector is elected by
the vestry and appointed by the bishop. The Apostles'
and the Nicene Creed and the Thirty-nine Articles are the
standards of doctrine in both the English and American
branches of the church ; but the American church omits
the Athanasian Creed, which the English church retains,
and has made some alterations in the Thirty-nine Articles,
omitting Article xxi. The church acknowledges two sacra-
ments, baptism and the Lord's Supper, as generally neces-
sary to salvation (see sacrament), practises infant baptism,
admits none to communion till confirmed or ready and
desirous to be confirmed, suffers those only to officiate as
ministers who have received episcopal orders, and does
not agree doctrinally with either Arminians or Calvinists.
There are three vaguely defined parties in the Episcopal
Church. Those who especially emphasize the apostolic ori-
gin and authority of the church in contradistinction to non-
Episcopal denominations are popularly called High-church'
men, and those who attach less importance to this distinc-
tion are known as Low-churchmen. (See High-churchman,
Low-churchman.) Those who urge the largest liberty of
faith and practice within the church communion are called
Broad-churchmen. Those of rationalizing tendencies gen-
erallyafflliate themselves with this party; hence the name
Broad Church is often used to signify a rationalistic ele-
ment in the Episcopal Church and even in non-Episcopal
denominations.
H. n. [cap.'\ An Episcopalian. [Bare.]
The dissenting episcoptUs, perhaps discontented to such
a degree as . . . would be able to shake the firmest loyalty.
Swift, Letter on the Sacramental Test, iv. 42.
Whether the Episcopals shun us as the Catholic Review
says the devil shuns holy water. The Jntervtr.
episcopalian (e-pis-ko-pa'lian), a. and n. [<
episcopal + -ian.^ I, a. If. Pertaining to gov-
ernment by bishops ; relating to episcopacy.
The departure of King Richard from England was suc-
ceeded by the episcopalian regency of the Bishops of Ely
and Durham. Peacock, Maid Marian, ix.
2. leap.'} Same as Episcopal, 2: as, the Epis-
copalian Church.
H. n. Properly, one who belongs to an episco-
pal church, or adheres to the episcopal form of
church government and discipline ; popularly
[cap.'], a member of the Anglican Church in
general, but more especially of some branch
of that church specifically called Episcopal.
See episcopal.
We are considered as p^arishioners of the missionaries,
no less than professed episcopalians.
Seeker, Ans. to Dr. Mayhew.
episcopalianism (e-pis-ko-pa'lian-izm), n. [<
episcopalian + -ism'.'] 1. 'The system of episco-
pal church government ; episcopacy. — 2. [cap.]
Adherence to or connection with the Episcopal
Church ; belief in Episcopal principles or doc-
trines.
episcopalism (e-pis'ko-pal-izm), n. [< episco-
pal + -ism.] That tlieory of the constitution
of the Catholic Church according to which the
pope is the chief bishop, but only primus inter
1974
pares, or first among equals, who can exercise
no legislative power in ecclesiastical matters
except with the consent of the bishops as rep-
resentatives of the entire church. This doctrine
was defended by the Galileans, but was dogmatically re-
jected by the Vatican Council (1869-70). Compare col-
legialism, papaUinn, and territorialism.
episcopally (e-pis'ko-pal-i), adv. By episcopal
agency or authority ; in an episcopal manner.
The act of uniformity required all men who held any
benefices in England to be episcopally ordained.
Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1661.
episcopantt (e-pis'ko-pant), n. [< ML. episco-
pan{t-)s, ppr! of episco])are, deponent episco-
^on, be a bishop : see episcopate^.] A bishop.
The intercession of all these Apostolick Fathers could
not prevaile with them to alter their resolved decree of
reducing into Order their usurping and over provender'd
Episcopants. Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.
episcopariant (e-pis-ko-pa'ri-an), a. [< ML. as
if *episcoparius, equiv. to episcopalis, episcopal :
see episcopal.] Episcopalian. [Rare.]
The episcoparian government then lately thrown out of
doors. Wood, Athenie Oxon., II. 305.
episcopateif (f-pis'ko-pat), v. i. [< ML. epis-
copatus, pp. of episcopare, deponent episcopari,
be a bishop, < LL. episcopus, a bishop: see epis-
copal, bishop.] To act as a bishop; fill the of-
fice of a prelate.
There he commits to the presbyters only full authority,
both of feeding the flock and episcopating.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 2.
episcopate^ (e-pis'ko-pat), n. [= D. episko-
paat = G. episkopat = F. ^iscopat = Sp. Pg.
episcopado = It. episcopato, < LL. episcopatus,
the office and dignity of a bishop, \ episcopus,
a bishop, -I- -atus, E. -ate^.] 1. The office and
dignity of a bishop; a bishopric. — 2. The in-
cumbency of a bishop.
Germanus, ... in his twenty-five years' episcopate,
contrived so to fill up his suffragan Sees as to have a
majority of Greeks. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 159.
3. The order of bishops; the episcopal insti-
tution ; a body of bishops.
It is, indeed, from Dunstan that we may date the be-
ginnings of that political episcopate which remained so
marked u feature of English history from this time to the
Reformation. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 333.
There was a territorial episcopate, and the bishops exer-
cised their judicial powers with the help of archdeacons
and deans. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 299.
episcopicidei (f-pis'ko-pi-sid), n. [< LL. epis-
copus, a bishop,' -I- -cida, a killer, < ctedere, kiU.]
One who kills a bishop.
episcopicide^ (e-pis'ko-pi-sid), n. [< LL. epis-
copus, a bishop, + L. -cidium, a killing, < cce-
dere, kill.] The killing of a bishop.
episcopize (e-pis'ko-piz), V. ; pret. and pp. epis-
copized, ppr. episcopizing. [< LL. episcopus,
bishop, + -ize.] I. intrans. To act as a bishop.
W. Broome.
Who will episcopize must watch, fast, pray,
And see to worke, not oversee to play.
T. Scot, Philomythie (ed. 1616).
II. trans. To consecrate to the episcopal of-
fice ; make a bishop of.
There seems reason to believe that Wesley was willing
to have been episcopized upon this occasion.
Southey, Wesley, xxvi.
episcopus (e-pis'ko-pus), TO. [NL., < LL. epis-
copus, a bishop: see bishop.] The name of a
typical tanager, Tanagra episcopus.
episcopyt (e-pis'ko-pi), n. [< Gr. tTnaKoma, a
looking at (the second sense is taken from ini-
oKoiTT/, the office of a bishop), < emoKonelv, look
at, oversee: see bishop.] 1. Survey; super-
intendence; search.
The censor, in his moral episcopy.
Milton, Church-Government.
2. Episcopacy.
It was the universal doctrine of the Church for many
affes . . . that episcopy is the divine or apostolical insti-
tution. Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, I. iv. 9.
episeiorrhagia, n. See episiorrhagia.
episeiorrhaphy, n. See episiorrhaphy.
episemon (ep-i-se'mon), TO.; pi. episema (-ma).
[< Gr. imar/iiov (cf. equiv. £iriaT//ia), any dis-
tinguishing mark, a device, as on a coin or
episodical
shield, a badge, crest, ensign, neut. of cmatuxo^,
having a mark or device on, marked, < cti, on,
-I- c^/ia, a sign, mark.] 1. In Gr. antiq., a de-
vice or badge, corresponding to the crest of
later times, as that borne on the shield of a sol-
dier, or that chosen as its distinguishing mark
by a city, etc.
The episemon of the town is a Ram's head. ,
B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 470.
2. In the Greek alphabet, one of three obsolete
letters used only as numerals. They are ?", a form
of the digamma, F, paO, vau (a similar character being
used, later, as a ligature for ?t, ctt, and called stigma);
p, KOTTira, koppa; and ^, trdf, san, later called aatint or
aafjiTtl, sampi. As numerals they were written with a
mark over them : thus,?"' = 6,<p' = 90, g'= 900. Seerau,
koppa, san, sampi.
episepalous (ep-i-sep'a-lus), a. [< Gr. cttI, upon,
-I- NL. scpahim, sepal, -I- -ous.] In hot., borne
upon or opposite to a sepal: applied to stamens.
episiohoematoma (ep-i-si-o-he-ma-to'ma), n. ;
pi. episiohatmatomata (-ma-ta). [>lL., < Gr. etri-
aetov, the pubes, + hcemaioma, q. v.] A puden-
dal hematocele. Also spelled episiohematoma.
episioperineoixhaphy (ep-i-si-o-per''''i-ne-or'a-
fi), n. [NL., < Gr. ciriaeiov, the region of the
pubes, + perineorrhaphy, q. v.] Episiorrhaphy
combined with perineorrhaphy.
episiorrhagia (ep-i-si-o-ra'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr.
etviaeiov, the region oi the pubes, + -payia, <
pnyvvvai, break forth. ] Hemorrhage from some
part of the vulva. Also spelled episeiorrhagia.
episiorrhapliy (ep"i-si-or'a-fi), «. [< Gr. emaeiov,
also written siviaiov and iireiaiov, the region of
the pubes, + paij>rj, a sewing, suture, < paTrretv,
sew.] A plastic operation for prolapsus uteri.
Also spelled episeiorrhaphy.
episkeletal (ep-i-skel'e-tal), a. [< Gr. em,
upon, -t- OKE/ieTdvj a dry body (see skeleton), +
-al.] In anat., situated above the axial endo-
skeleton ; epaxial, as those muscles collectively
which are developed in the most superficial
portion of the three parts into which the pro-
tovertebroB of a vertebrate are differentiated :
opposed to hyposkeletal.
As the episkeletal muscles are developed out of the pro-
tovertebraj, they necessarily, at first, present as many seg-
ments as there are vertebraj. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 44.
episodal (ep'i-s6-dal), a. [< episode + -al.]
Same as episodic.
episode (ep'i-sod), n. [= D. 6. Dan. episode =
8w. episod = F. Episode = Sp. Pg. It. episodio,
< NL. "episodium, < Gr. innaootov, a paren-
thetic addition, episode, neut. of iituaiSLoi, fol-
lowing upon the entrance, coming in besides,
adventitious (cf. iirticodo^, a coming in be-
sides, entrance), < eti, besides, + elmSo^, en-
trance (uadSioq, coming in), < fif, into, + odtif, a
way.] 1. A separate incident, story, or action
introduced in a poem, narrative, or other writ-
ing for the purpose of giving greater variety ;
an incidental narrative or digression separable
from the main subject, but naturally arising
from it.
But since we have no present Need
Of Venus for an Episode,
With Cupid let us e'en proceed.
Prior, The Dove.
Faithfully adhering to the truth, which he does not suf-
fer so much as an ornamental episode to interrupt.
Hallam, Introd. Lit. of Europe.
Episema.
Two Greek shields bearing devices, from ancient vases.
The tale [the history of Zara] is a strange episode in a
greater episode. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 123.
2. An incident or action standing out by itself,
but more or less connected with a complete
series of events : as, an episode of the war ; an
episode in one's lite.
Then you think that Episode between Susan, the Dairy-
Maid, and our Coach-Man is not amiss.
Congreve, Double-Dealer, iii. 10.
3. In music, an intermediate or di^essive sec-
tion of a composition, especially in a contra-
puntal work, like a fugue.
episodial (ep-i-s6'di-al), a. [< episode + -iah]
Same as episodic.
episodic (ep-i-sod'ik), a. [= F. episodigue =
Sp. episddico = Pg. It. episodico (cf . D. G. episo-
disch = Dan. Sw. episodisk) ; as episode + -ic]
Pertaining to or of the character of an episode ;
contained in an episode or digression. Also,
sometimes, episodal, episodial.
Now this episodic narration gives the Poet an opportu-
nity to relate all that is contained in four books.
Pope, Odyssey, xii., note.
episodical (ep-i-sod'i-kal), a. [< episodic + -al.]
Same as episodic.
In an episodical way he had studied and practised den-
tistry. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, x\L
episodical
Up to 1865 poetrj- was, as he [MrTiittier] himself wrote,
"something epimilical. something apart from the real ob-
ject anil aim of my life. " Quarterly Jler., CXXVI. 376.
episodically (ep-i-sod'i-kal-i), adr. In an epi-
sodical manner; by way of episode.
A distant perspective of burning Troy might be thrown
into a comer of the piece . . . episodically.
Bp. Hunt, Notes on Horace's Art of Poetry.
Passing epimdically to a broader ground, my paper argues
that there are some positive reasons for the enfranchise-
ment of persons who contribute to the revenue and to the
national wealth. Gladttane, Oleanlngs, I. 172.
epispastic (ep-i-spas'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. im-
a-aariKo^, drawing to oneself, adapted, as drugs,
to draw out humors, < £!r«Tjra<7T0f, drawn upon
oneself, < cTzta-Kav, draw npon, < em', upon, +
OKav, draw.] L a. In med., producing a blister
when applied to ^he skin.
n. n. An application to the skin which pro-
duces a serous or purif orm discharge by exciting
inflammation; a vesicatory; a blister.
Epispastica (ep-i-spas'ti-kS), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. fTKnca<n-«of, drawing (tJlistering) : see e^'-
spastic.'] A gr
bli.ster-beetles.
e em-
spastic.'] A group of coleopterous insects ; the
bli.ster-beetles.
episperm (ep'i-spirm), n. [< Gr. iiri, upon, +
I
Section of
Seed.
episperm (ep i-sperm;, n. \s "'• *"■'! npon, t-
(TTfpuo, seed.] In hot., the testa or outer in-
tegument of a seed. The figure
shows («) the episperm, (6) the en-
dopleura. and (c) the endosperm.
epispermic (ep-i-spfer'mik), a. [<
episperm + -I'c] In hot., pertaining
to the episperm.— Epispennlc embryo,
au eml>ryo immediately covered by the epi-
spenu or proper integument, as In the kid-
ney-bean,
episporangitim (ep 'i-sp6-ran' ji-um),
II. ; \>\. iiiisporaiiffia (-&). [NL., < Gr. im, upon,
+ .fiiiiraiiijium.] In 6of., au indusium overlying
the spore-cases of a fern.
epispore (ep'i-spor), n. [< NL. episporium, q.
v.] In hot., the second or outer coat of a spore,
corresponding to the extine of pollen-grains.
episporinm (ep-i-spd'ri-um), ». [NL., < Gr.
I -I, upon, + airdpoi, seed: see spore.} Same
as epispore.
Immovable ooiporei, which are finally red, and *r« sor-
rounded by a doable epinforium or coat.
H. C. Wood. Fresh- W«ter AIgM, p. lOa
epistalt, n. An erroneous form of epistyle.
epistasiB (e-pis'ta-sis), n. [NL., < Qr. iviaraaii,
sciun, < i^iaraadat, stand upon, < f^i, upon, +
iaraadai, stand.] A substance swimming on
the surface of urine : opposed to hyposUuis, or
sediment.
epistaxis (ep-is-tak'sis), n. [NL.^ < Gr. as if
'i-icrafti (a false reading for cvujrayfiof, a
bleeding at the nose), < iirtari^eiv, bleed at the
nose again, let fall in drops upon, < iiri, upon,
-I- ardietv, fall in drops: see stacte.} Bleeding
from the nose; nose-bleed.
epistelt, n. An obsolete form of epistle.
epistemological (ep-i-ste-mo-loj'i-kal), a. [<
rinxli iiiiiliiiiy + -ic-al.1 Relating or pertaining
to epistemology.
Prof, Volkelt expreMly declines, as not forming part of
the evitUtiwtoffieal problem, the Inquiries into the meta-
physical nature of this relation,
R. Adamson, Mind, XIL 128.
eplstemology (ep'i-st^mol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. tirj-
ari/ii//, kiiijwlciljfe (< eviaraadai, know), + -?j)yia,
< >t}eiv, speak : see -o/oj/y.] The theory of cog-
nition; that branch of logic which undertakes
to explain bow knowledge is possible. Proba-
bly first used by Ferrier.
tiliistemiUiyry may be said to have passed with Hegel into
a completely articulated ** logic," that claimed to be at the
same time a metaphyaic, or an iUtiiDat« expreaalon of the
nature of the real. Bneyc Brit., XV1IL 794.
epistema, n. Plural of epistemum.
epistemai (ep-i-st^r'nal), a. [< epistemum +
•ill.] Ill zofil., of or pertaining to the epister-
nuin; anterior, as a pleural sclerite Epister-
nal grantlles, minute irregular oadclea found Tn man
and some animals, suppoaed to be in soine cases, as that
of the howling monkey (JfyMtes), represented by a dis-
tirii-t bone on each side of the prestemnm.
epistemite (ep-i-8t6r'nJt), ». [< Gr. en-i, upon,
+ K. xttriiile.J In entom., one of the pieces pri-
inariiycomposingthesidesof a segment; apleu-
rite. Lacaze-Dnthiers applied this term to the upper
pair III plates forming the valves of the female ovipositor.
• -I" ■r.iWy 111 orthrititerous Insects. These are modifleil
-I !■ i'i'-r-e.iof one of the alMlomlnnl rings.
epistemum (ep-i-8t6r'num), n.; pi. epistema
(-na). [< Gr. irri, upon, + orlpvov, breast,
<'liest, breast-bone: see sternum.'] 1. In mam-
mals, the manubrium stemi : the presternum of
most authors, (iegenbiiur. — 2. In lower verte-
brates, some prestemal part. See interclaviele.
1975
A [median] posterior plate which has the name of a
sternum, and an anterior i)late linown as the eputemvm
[in batrachians], C(ai(8, Zoology (trans,), II. 179.
3. In entom., the anterior one of the three
sclerites into which the propleuron, the meso-
pleuron, and the metapleuron of an insect are
severally typically di\-i8ible, lying above the
sternum, below the tergum, and in front of an
epimeron.
The lateral regions are divided into an anterior piece,
epigtemum. and a posterior, epimenmi.
Claus, Zoology (trans.X I. 525.
4. In Chelonia, same as epiplastron : so called
by most anatomists, who have considered it an
element of a sternum. See second cut under
Chelonia. — 5. pi. la comparative anat., the lat-
eral pieces of the inferior or ventral arc of the
somite of a crustacean.
eplsthotonos (ep-is-thot'o-nos), n. fGiven as
< Gr. •"iiTia6ei>, forward"'(but there is no such
word, it being appar. made up from tiri, upon,
-I- -OTfv, in imitation of i'lrtadcv, behind, back),
-f- t6vo^, a stretching, tension: see tone.] Same
as emiirosthotonos.
epistilbite (ep-i-stil'bit), n. [< Gr. cmarO.jieiv,
glisten on the surface, < eiri, upon, + ari^jieiv,
glisten, glitter, gleam, shine: see stilbite.] A
white translucent mineral crystallizing in the
monoclinio system and belonging to the zeo-
lites. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminium,
calcium, and sodium.
epistlar (e-pis'l&r), a. [< epistle + -ar^. Cf.
epistolar, epistlef.] Pertainmg to an epistle or
epistles : specifically applied (eccles. ) to the side
of the altar on which the epistle is read.
epistle (e-pis'l), n. [< ME. episf/e, epistcl, epys-
tulle, etc. (of mixed AS. and OF. or^;in),< A8.
epistol = D. epistel = OHG. epistula, G. epistel =
Dan. 8w. epistel = OF. epistle, epistre, mod. F.
epUre = Pr. pistola = 8p. epistola = Pg. It. epi-
stola, < L. epistola, usually accom. epistula, < Gr.
tjr«rTO?jJ, a letter, message,< iTziaT('/J.etv, send to,
< £Ti, to, + aTiX>.eiv, send. This word, like apos-
tle, which is of similar formation, appears also
in ME. and AS. without the initial vowel : see
pistle, postle.] 1. A written communication
directed or sent to a person at a distance ; a
letter ; a lett.er missive : used particularly in
dignified discourse or in speaking of ancient
writings: as, the epistles of Paul, of Pliny, or of
Cioero.
Called nowe Ck>n>na, Jn Uorea, to whome aeynt Poole
wrote aondi7 epyttoUes,
air B. Ouytford*, Pylgrymage, p. 11.
I TerUm, who wrote tliia epistU, aalute you in the Lord.
Bom. xvL 22.
He has here writ a letter to yoa ; I should have given it
yon to-day rooming, but as a madman's epitUea are no gos-
pels, so It skills not much when they are delivered.
Shak., T. N., v. 1.
2. [oop.] In liturgies, one of the eucharistic les-
sons, taken, with some exceptions, from an epis-
tolary book of the New Testament and read be-
fore the gospel. In the early church a lection from
the Old Testament, called the prophecy, preceded it, and
such a lection is still sometimes used instead of It In the
Greek Charch the epistle (called the apoMe, as also In the
early chorch) Is preceded by the prokeimenonsnd followed
bj "Peace to thee "and "Alleluia": in the Westeni Church
It Is preceded by the collects and followed by the Deo
gmtlas, the gradua], tract, or alleluia, with the verse or
sequence. It u read in the Oreek Church by the anagnost or
lector at the bolv doors, and In the Westeni Church by the
subileacon or epistler (In the Roman Catholic church the
celebrant also reciting it in a low voice) at the south side
of the altar, that is, at a part of the front of the altar on
the celebrant's right as he faces It, Formerly it was read
from the amtN> (sometimes from a separate or epistle anibo)
or pulpit, or from the step of the choir. Sometimes called
tile lection simply,
3t. Any kind of harangue or discourse; a com-
munication.
So prelatyk he sat intiil his cheyre !
Scho roundls than ane epietU Infill eyre,
Dunbar, Poems (In Maltland's MS., p. 72X
Canonical epistles. .See cannn/cn;.— Ecclealastlcal
epistles. See *cc(cin(w<tca/.— Epistle side of the altar
(fcrlen.X the s«>uth side ; the side to tin- l.-ft of the priest
when facing the people. — Pastoral Eplstles, a general
name given to the epistles of Paul to Tlniutliy and Titus,
Itecause these letters largely consist of directions respect-
ing the work of a pastor,
epistlet (e-pis'l), V. t. [< epistle, n.] To write
as a letter; communicate by writing or by au
epistle.
Thus much may be epittled. Milton.
epistler (e-pis'lSr), M. [Formerly also epistolrr:
= F. epistolaire = Sp. epistolero = Pg, ejiistolei-
ro, < LL. epistolarius, epistularius, also (pi.ttola-
ris, e})istularis, a secretary, prop, adj., of or per-
taining to a letter or an epistle : see epistolary,
epistolar.] 1. A writer of epistles.
epistolographic
What needs the man to be so furiously angry with the
good old epi^itler for saying that tlie apostle's charge , , .
is general to all? Bp. Halt, Honour of .Married Clergy.
2. In the Anglican Ch., the bishop, priest, or
deacon who acts as subdeacon at the celebra-
tion of the eueharist or holy communion: so
called from his office of reading the liturgical
epistle, in distinction from the gospeler or
deacon.
In all cathedral and collegiate churches the Holy Com-
munion -shall be administered upon principal feast-days,
- . , the principal minister using a decent cope, and be-
ing assisted with the gospeler and epiMer agreeably.
24tA Cation of the Church of England.
epistlin|;t (e-pis'ling), «. [Verbal n. of epistle,
v.] Epistolary matter ; correspondence.
Here's a packet of Epintling, as bigge as a Packe of
■Woollen cloth,
G. Harvey, quoted in Dyce'e ed. of Greene's Plays, p, xcvi,
epistolarf (e-pis'to-lar), a. [= P. epistolaire =
bp. Pg. epiMolar = It. epistolare, < LL. episto-
laris, epistularis, of or belonging to a letter: see
epistolary.] Epistolary.
This epistolar way will have a considerable efficacy upon
them. Dr. H. More, Epistles to the Seven Churches, p. 7,
epistolary (e-pis'to-la-ri), a. and n. [= F. Spis-
tolaire = Sp'. Pg. It. epistolario, < LL. epistola-
rius, epistularius, of or belonging to a letter, <
L. epistola, epistula, a letter: see epistle.] I.
a. 1. Pertaining to epistles or letters ; suitable
to letters and correspondence; familiar: as, an
epistolary style.
I . . . write in loose epiitolary way.
Dryden, Ded. of £neid.
If you will have my opinion, then, of the Serjeant's let-
ter, 1 pronounce the style to be mixed, but truly episto-
lary ; the sentiment relating to his own wound is in the
sublime ; the postscript of Pegg Hartwell, in the gay.
Steele, Tatler, No. 87.
The few things he wrote are confined to the epistolary
. . . manner.
Qotdstnith, Encouragera and Discouragers of Eng, Lit,, ii.
2. Contained in letters ; carried on by letters.
A free epistolary correspondence, H', Mason.
n. w.; pi. epistolaries (-riz). A book for-
merly in use in the Western Church, containing
the liturgical epistles, in the Greek church tlie
epistles are contained in a book called the apostle (apos-
tolos or apostolus, a name also used In the West), or, as
comprising the lections from both the Acts and the epis-
tles, the praxapotitolos. The epistolary was sometimes
known as the leciionary. Also In the forms epistolare,
epistotariitm. See comes.
epistolean (e-pis-to-le'an), n. [Irreg. < L. epis-
tolit, an epistle, -f- -ean.] A writer of epis-
tles or letters ; a correspondent. Airs. Cowden
Clarke.
epistoler (e-pis'to-l^r), n. A form of epistler.
epistolet (f -pis 'to-let), «. [= It. eptstoletta,
dim., < L. epistola', epistula, a letter: see epis-
tle.] A short epistle or letter. [Humorous.]
You see thro' my wicked Intention of curtailing this epis-
tolet by the aljove device of large margin.
Lamb, To Barton.
epistolic, epistolical (ep-is-tol'ik, -i-kal), a.
[= Sp. (obs.) epistiilico = Pg. It. episiolico, < L.
epistMieus, < Gr. tvurrokiKdq, < eniaTo^ii, a letter :
see epistle.] Pertaining to letters or epistles ;
epistolary.
eplstolise, epistollser. See epistolize, episto-
li:fr.
epistolist (e-pis'to-list), n. [< L. epistola, a let-
ter, + -ist.] A writer of letters ; a correspon-
dent. [Rare.]
James Howell fulfils all the requirements of a pleasant
letter- writer, and was, less than mimi e}nstolints oi liisage,
dependent on his matter for the charm of his correspon-
dence. Quarterly Ren.
epistolize (e-pis'to-Uz), v.i piret. and pp. epis-
toli:ed, ppr.'epistotizing. ^<L. epistola, a letter,
' ' - ■■ L intrans. To wnte epistles or letters.
-I- -tjc]
[Rare.]
Very, very tired ! I began this epistle, having been epis.
tolising all the morning. Laml>, To Miss Fryer.
n. trans. To write letters to. [Rare.]
A "Lady, or the Tiger?" literature was the result, of
which a partfound its waylnto print, . , . Of course such
an excuse for epistoHang the author was not neglected.
The Century, XXXII. 405.
Also spelled epistoUse.
epistolizer ( e-pis't o-li-z6r), M. A writer of epis-
tles. Also si^eMed' epistoliser.
Some nuMlern authors there are, w ho have exposed their
letters to the World, but most of them, I mean your Latin
Epistolizers, go freighted with mere Bartholomew Ware.
Howell, Letters, I. i. l-
epistolographic (e-pis'to-lo-graf'ik), a. [= F.
rjii.stolDf/riijiliiquf, < Gr. 'fKiBToh>ypail>m6^, used in
writing letters, < ciTiaTo?.oyi)d<jioi, a letter- writer:
epistolograpMc
see epistoloffraphy.'] Pertaining to the writing
1976
order, also known by its Koman name, the ar-
chitrare : a massive horizontal beam of stone or
wood resting immediately upon the abaci of
the capitals of a range of columns or pillars.
See cut under entablature.
of letters — EpistolograpMc characters or alpha-
TBet, the ancient Eto"Ptian deniotic charactei*s, so called
because they were used in correspouileuce. See demotic.
In E^rj-pt, written language nnderwent a further differ-
entiation : whence resulted the hieratic and the epistolo-
(iraphii^ or enchorial ; both of which are derived from the
original liieroglyphic,
//. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 19.
[= F. Epistylis (ep-i-sti'lis), n
epistolography (e-pis-to-log'ra-fi),
epistolographie, < Gr. as if ''e:riaTO?X)}pa^ia, < cki-
BTo}xi)pdipoi, a letter-writer, < kwicno'Aii, a letter,
+ ipaipen', write.] The art or practice of writ-
ing letters.
epistom (ep'i-stom), n, [See epistoma.'] Same
as epistoma (h).
The posterior antennee [of decapods] are usually inserted
externally, and somewhat ventrally to the first pair, on a
dat plate placed in front of the month (fpiMom).
Claus, Zoology (trans.), I. 476^
epistoma (e-pis'to-mjj), «. ; pi. epistomata (ep-
is-to'ma-ta). [NIj., iy Gr. em, upon, -1- aro/ia,
mouth.] In zool., some part, region, or organ
borne upon or lying before the mouth. Specifi-
cally—(a) In Potyzoa, a process overhanging the mouth
of many species; the prostomium. Also epiglottis, (b)
In Cntstacea, a preoral part or parts above and before
the mouth, on the antennaiy somite, and formed more
or less by the stemite of that somite. It lies between
the labrum and the bases of the antennae. Sometimes
c&Wed anlennary sternites. A\ao epistom. See cuts under
Brachyura, cephalothorax, and Cyclops.
In front of the labrum and mandibles [of the crayfish]
is a wide, somewhat pentagonal area, prolonged into a
point in the middle line forwards, and presenting a small
spine on each side ; this is the epii^toma.
Huxley, Anat. Invert,, p, 272.
(e) In entom.: (1) That part of an insect's head which is
between the front and labrum. It Is sometimes membra-
nous or softer than the rest of the surface. When large,
this part is commonly called the clypetis. See cut under
llymenoptera. (2) An outer envelop of the rostrum, or
anterior prolongation of the head, found in the Tipulikce.
Osten-Sacken.
Also epistome.
epistomal (e-pis'to-mal), a. [< epistoma +
-a}.~\ Pertaining to, consisting of, or constitut-
ing an epistoma; preoral; prostomial.
epistomata, n. Plural of epistoma.
epistome (ep'i-stom), n. [< NL. epistmna, q. v.]
Same as epistoma.
epistomium (ep-i-sto'mi-um), n. ; pi. epistomia
(-a). [L., < Gr. eiriord/jiov, a faucet, < ctti, upon,
-*- cToua, mouth, spout.] In Rom. antiq., a fau-
cet.
epistrophe (e-pis'tro-fe), n. [= P. ipistrophe
= Pg. epistrophe = It. epistrofe, < LL. epistrophe,
< Gr. tTnaTfxxpij, a turning about, < iviaTpitpeiv,
turn about, turn to, < kiri, upon, -t- aTpe<peiv, turn. ]
1. In rhet., a figure in which several successive
clauses or sentences end with the same word
or aflirmation: as, "Are they Hebrews? so am
I. Are they Israelites? so am I. Are they the
The walls and pavement of polished marble, circled with
a great Corinthian wreath, with pillars, and b'/iiatolx of
like worknuinship. Sandys, Travailes, p. 221.
[NL. (cf. Gr. eTTWTi-
'/.lov, epistyle), < M, on, + uriAoc, column :
epistyle.'] A
genus of peri-
trichous iu-
fusorians, of
the family
VorticelUdai,
having the
branched pe-
dicle rigid
throughout,
only the base
of the body
contractile,
the ciliary
disk axial,
and no col-
lar-like mem-
brane. These
animalcules
grow in dendri-
form colonies,
forming a zoo-
dendrium. They
are campanu-
late, ovate, or
pyriform, and
structurally re-
semble the or-
dinary bell-ani-
malcules of the
genus V'orticet-
la. E. aimstati-
ca is the species
longest known,
having been de-
scribed by Linnaeus in 1767 as a species of Vorticella. It
is found in fresh water, on water-fleas and other entomos-
tracous crustaceans, and on aiinatic plants. Al>out 20
species are described, from various sites, as aquatic shells,
insect-larvaj, plants, etc.
episyllogism (ep-i-sil'o-jizm), n. [< Gr. em,
upon, -t- avlXoyia/tos, syllogism: see syllogism.}
A syllogism having for one of its premises the
conclusion of another syllogism.
episynaloephe (ep-i-sin-a-ie'fe), n. [< LGr.
e-invi>aloi<p!/, elision or synaloephe at the end
of a verse, < evi, iipon, in addition, + CTwaAo/-
^7, synaloephe: see synaloephe.'] In anc. pros.:
(a) Elision of a vowel ending one line before
a vowel beginning the next; synaloephe of the
final vowel of a verse with the initial vowel of
the verse succeeding it. (6) Union of two vow-
els in one syllable ; synseresis.
Epistylis anastatica, magnified, growing
in seven zoodendria or dendriforui colonies
of zooids, on an entomostr.^coiis crustacean.
( Two detached individuals at the left are much
more highly magnified.)
seedof Abraham? SO a/»/." 2 Cor. xi. 22.— 2. episynthetic (ep"i-sin-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. imaw-
tie-ui6q, compounding, < eiriavvderoi, compound :
see episyntheton.'] In anc. pros., composed of
cola of different measures or classes of feet;
compound: as, an episynthetic meter.
episyntheton (ep-i-sin'the-ton), re. ; pi. episyn-
theta (-tii). [< Gr. eiriavvBeTov (sc. iihpov, meter),
neut. of ewiaivdeTOC, compound, < eiriawTiOevai,
add besides, < em, upon, in addition, -I- amnBe-
vo^, put together: aee synthesis.'] Inane, pros.,
a meter composed of cola of different mea-
ep-i-stro'fe-al), a. [< epistro- sures.
Of or pertaining to the epistro- epitactic (ep-i-tak'tik), a. [< Gr. emraicnKd^,
commanding, authoritative.] Of the nature
epistropheus (ep-i-stro'fe-us), n. ; pi. epistro- of an injunction or command.
jiliei (-1). [NL., < Gr. em'aTpo(j>ei'C, the first cer- The categorical form involves an ejyitaclic meaning,
vical vertebra, < eTziarpetpew, turn about, < eiri, Whewell, Elements of Morality, Pi-ef., p. 16.
upon, -I- arpeipew, turn.] In atiat, the second epitaph (ep'i-taf), re. [< ME. e;«(a;)7ie, < OF. c;«'-
eervieal or odontoid vertebra; the axis: so ta2)he,F.epitaphe = Sp.epitafio =Pg.epitaphio
In music, in a cyclic composition, the original
conclmling melody, phrase, or section, when
repeated at the end of the several divisions ; a
refrain. — 3. In bot., the arrangement of chlo-
rophyl-grains, under the influence of light, on
the surface-walls of cells and on those parts
of the walls which bound intercellular spaces
(Frank), or more properly on those walls which'
are at right angles to the plane of incident
light (.Moore).
epistropheal (ep-i-stro'fe-al), a. [< epistro-
pheits + -al.] Ot or pertaining to th
pheus,
called because the atlas turns upon it.
epistrophic (ep-i-strof'ik), a. [< epistrophe +
-ic] Relating or pertaining to epistrophe.
epistrophize (e-pis'tro-fiz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
ei>istrophi:ed, ppr. epistrophizing. [< epistrophe
+ -ize.] To induce epistrophe in thechlorophyl-
grains of, as a plant.
epistrophy (e-pis'tro-fi), n. [< Gr. emaTpo<pii, a
turning about: see epistrophe.'] In 6ot, the re-
version of an abnormal form to the normal one,
as when the cut-leafed beech reverts to the
normal type.
epistylar (ep'i-sti-liir), n. [< epistyle + -nr'^.]
Of or belonging to tHe epistyle Epistylar arcu-
ation, a systcr.i in which columns support arches instead
of horizontal architraves.
epistyle (ep'i-stil), n. [< L. epistylium, < Gr.
eTnarvXiov, epistyle, < etti, upon , -H otv^mc, col umn
= It. epitaffio, epilafio = D. epitaaf = G. epi-
taph = Dan. Sw. epitaf, epitafium, < ML. epi-
taphium, L. epitaphium or epitaphius, < Gr. eiri-
Ta(piog (se. Ao/oc)^ a funeral oration, adj. over
or at a tomb, (. eiri, over at, + to^oc, a tomb,
< Ba-KTtw (■\/ *Ta<p), dispose of the dead, burn or
bury. C{. cenotaph.'] 1. An inscription on a
tomb or monument in memory of the dead.
After your death you were better have a bad epitaph
than their tthe players'] ill report while you lived.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
2. A brief enunciation or sentiment relating to
a deceased person, in prose or verse, composed
as if to be inscribed on a monument.
An Epitaph . . . is an inscription such as a man may
commodiously write orengraue vpon a tombe in few verses,
pithic, ({nicke, and sententious, for the passer by to peruse
and iudge vpon without any long tariaunce.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 45.
Style: see style^.] In anc. arch., the lower epitaph (ep'i-taf), i;. [< ejntaph , n .] I. trans.
member of the entablature, properly of a Greek To commemorate in an epitaph. [Rare.]
epithalamize
H I neuer descrue anye better remembrance, let mee
... be Bpitaphed the Innentor of the English Hexame-
ter, (r. llarcey, Koure Letters, etc. (1592).
He is dead and bui-ied.
And epitaphed, and well forgot.
Lowell, On Planting a Tree at Inverara.
II. intrans. To make epitaphs ; use the epi-
taph io style.
The Commons, in their speeches, epitaph upon him, as
on that pope, " He lived as a woUe, and died as a dogge."
Bp. Hall, Heaven upon Earth, § 18.
epitapher (ep'i-taf -er), re. A writer of epitaphs ;
an epitaphist.
Epilaphers . . . swarme like Crowes to a dead carcas.
J\'a«/i, Pref. to Greene's Menaphon, p. 14.
epitaphial (ep-i-taf 'i-al), a. [< epitaph + -i-nl.]
(If or pertaining to an epitaph; used in epi-
taphs. [Rare.]
Epitaphial Latin verses are not to be taken too literally.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 16.
epitaphian (ep-i-taf i-an), a. [< Gr. eTr-iTa^to^,
adj. : see epitaph.] Pertaining to an epitaph ;
of the nature of or serving as an epitaph.
[Rare.]
To imitate the noble Pericles in his epitaphian speech,
stepping up after the battle to bewail the slain Severianus.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
epitaphic (ep-i-taf'ik), a. and n. [< ejntaph +
-ic] I. a. Relating to epitaphs; having the
form or character of an epitaph.
Il.t re. An epitaph.
An epitaphic is the writing that is sette on deade mennes
tombes or graues in memory or commendacion of the par-
ties there buried.
J. Udall, tr. ot Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 221.
epitaphist (ep'i-taf-ist), n. [< LL. epitaphista,
\ LGr. *e~iTa(piaT!i^, < Gr. emTtt(pto^, epitaph : see
epitaph.] A writer of epitaphs.
epitasis (e-pit'a-sis), re. [NL., < Gr. emramc,
a stretching, increase in intensity, epitasis, <
emreiveiv, stretch upon, stretch more, increase
in intensity, < e-n-t, upon, in addition, -I- reiveiv,
stretch: see tend^.] 1. Thatpartof anaueient
drama which embraces the main action of the
play and leads on to the catastrophe ; also, that
part of an oration which appeals to the passions :
opposed to protasis.
Do you look . . . fnr conclusions in a protasis? I thought
the law of comedy had reserved [them] . . . to the catas-
trophe ; and that the epitasis, as we are taught, and the
catastasis had been intervening parts.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, i. 1.
How my Uncle Toby and Trim managed this matter
. . . may make no uninteresting underplot in the epitasis
and working up of this drama.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. b.
2. In logic, the consequent term of a proposi-
tion.— 3t. In med., the beginning and increase
of a fever. — 4. In music, the raising of the
voice or the strings of an instrument from a
lower to a higher pitch: opposed to anesis.
epitela (ep-i-te'la), re. [NL., < Gr. en-i, upon, +
L. tela, a web, tissue: see tela.] In anat., the
thin and delicate tissue of the valvula or valve
of Vieussens.
It is so thin that it might well be included with the
other tolas as the epitela.
Wilder and Gage, Anat Tech., p. 491.
epitelar (ep-i-te'lar), a. [< epitela + -«rl.)
Pertaining to or consisting of epitela.
epithalamia, n. Plural of epithalamium.
epithalamial (ep ■' i - tha - la ' mi - al ), n . l< epi-
thalamium -I- -al.] Same as epiihalamic.
He [Filelfo] wrote epithalamial and funeral orations.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 162.
epithalamic (ep'^i-tha-Iam'ik), a. [< epithala-
mium + -ic] Relating to or after the manner
of an epithalamium. North British Rev.
epithalamium, epithalamion (ep''''i-tha-la'mi-
ura, -on), n.; pi. epithalamia (-a). \\ji epitha-
lamium (neut., sc. carmen), < 'Gr. eiridalapioQ,
(m., se. viivo^; fern., sc. tj<)'/), a nuptial song,
prop, adj., of or for a bridal, nuptial, < eiri,
upon, -t- ddXaiiog, a bedroom, bride-chamber:
see thalamus.] A nuptial song or poem ; apoem
in honor of a newly married person or pair, in
praise of and invoking blessings upon its sub-
ject or subjects.
I made it Ijoth in form and matter to emulate the kind
of poem which was called epithatainimii, and (by the an-
cients) used to be sung when the bride was led into her
chamber. B. Jonson, Masque of Hymen.
The book of the Canticles is a representation of God in
Christ, as a bridegroom in a marriage-song, in Jfn cpitha-
laniion. Donne, Sermons, vii.
epithalamize (ep-i-thal'a-miz), V. i. ; pret. and
pp. epithalumizcd, ppr. cpithal<imi~tng. [< epi-
thalamium + -^^e.] To compose an epithala-
mium.
epithalamy
epithalamyt (ep-i-thara-mi), n. Same as cpi-
thalamium.
Those [rejuicingsl to celebrate marriages were called
songs niiptiall, or Kpithalamiee, tiut in a certaine niisti-
call sense. Putteiiftam, Arte uf Eng. Poesie, p. 37.
Sanctvm-Sanctorvm is th.v Song of Songs, . . .
Where thon (devoted) doost divinely sing
Christ's and his Ch>Tche3 Epithalamy.
SijhcMrr, tr. of l)u Bartass Weelcs, ii., The .Magnificence.
epitballine (ep-i-thal'in), a. [< epithallus +
-iiie'''.'] In cryptogamic bot., situated or grow-
ing upon the thaUus: applied to various out-
growths or protuberances, as tubercles, squa-
mnles, etc., on a lichen thallus.
epithiulns (ep-i-thal'us), n. [NL.. < Gr. tx/,
on, + fa/./ Of, a branch.] In some lichens, the
amorphous upper cnist of the cortical layer.
epitheca (ep-i-the'ka), n. ; pi. epithecce (-se).
I XL. (ef. Gr. hiridijiai, an addition, increase), <
Gr. £Ti, upon, + B^Kri,a, case: see theca.'\ 1. In
zool.. a continuous external layer investing
and surrounding the thecse of certain corals.
It is the external indication of tabula;, and is well seen
in the Tubipora, or organ-pipe corals. It is a secondary
calcareous investment, probably a tegumentary secretion,
very commonly developed both in simple and in compound
corals. In the former It Is placed outside the proper wall,
to which it may be closely applied, or separated by the
co«t». It may be verj' thin or quite dense, and in the lat-
ter case it is developed at the expense of the proper wall,
which is then often indistinguishable. In compound corals
it is not unusual to find a well-formed epitheca inclosing
the whole corallum below, while each individual corallite
has its own wall. See tabula.
2. [cap.] In entom., a genus of neuropterous
insects, of the family LibellulieUe, or dragon-
flies.
epithecal (ep-i-the'kal), a. [< epitheca + -a/.]
Pertaining to an epitlieca.
epithecate (ep-i-the'kat), a. [< epitheca +
-rtffi.] ProWded with an epitheca, as a coral.
epithecinm (ep-i-the'si-um), n. ; pi. epithecia
(-&). [NL., < Gr. M, upon, + dm, a case: see
tlieca, and cf. epitheca.^ The surface of the
fruiting disk in discocarpous lichens and dis-
comvf ctnns fungi.
Epithelaria (ep'i-the-la'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., <
Gr. i-i, upon,+ ^/-/J, nipple, teat, + -aria, neut.
pi. of -arius : see -aryl. J A prime division of
the grade Ccelentera, including all the coelen-
terates excepting the sponges, which are dis-
tinguished as AfdutoderMO/ta. Also called Aema-
to/)Aor«, Ciiidaria, and Teli/era. B. von Lenden-
fehl.
e'pithelarian (ep'i-the-la'ri-an), a. and n. [<
Xpithelaria + -an.'] t. a. Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Epithelaria.
n. «. A member of the Epithelaria.
epithelial (ep-i-the'li-al), a. [< epitheUum +
-al.] Pertaining to epithelium, in any sense;
constituting or consisting of epithelium: as,
epithelial celU; epithelial tissue.
Cells placed side by side, and forming one nrmore layers
ifn - -
then, consists simply of cella^
which mT«st the surface of the IxkIv or the walls of. the
internal spaces, are called epithelial. Epithelial tlasae.
Oejenbaur, Comp. Anat (trans.), p. Zl.
epithelicell (ep-i-the'li-sel), n. [< NL. epi-
thelium + celUi, cell.] An epithelial cell; the
form-element of epithelium or of epithelial tis-
sue. iU}nes.
epithelioid (ep-i-the'li-oid), a. [< epithelium +
-oitLI Kesembling epithelium.
The epUhilioid tubes formed in the two halves of the
heart remain for some time separate.
M. Patter, Embryology, p. 88.
epithelioma (ep-i-the-li-6'm&), n. ; pi. epithe-
luimata (-ma-til). [NL., < epithelium + ■oma.']
In pritlinl., carcinoma of the skin or mucous
membrane.
epitheliomatoos (ep-i-the-li-om'a-tos), a. [<
eititlitliiiiKiii I-) + -oujt.] Pertaining to or of the
nature of epithelioma.
epithelium (ep-i-the'U-um), n. [NL., orig.
used to designate the outer layer of the iu-
tegnment of the lips, which covers the papil-
la; < Gr. f T(, upon, + (hiH, the nipple, tcat,.< di-
eif, suckle.] 1. In anal., the superficial layer
of cells of mucous membranes, covering the
connective-tissue layer, corresponiling to the
epidermis of the outer skin and continuous with
it at the mouth and other natural openings.
The usual ruf-anlns of the word, however, is somewhat
wider than tbl% and Includes all tissues similar in struc-
ture to the almve. It embraces the proper tiaeue of se-
creting glands, whether derived from the hypoblast, as in
the case of the gastric and intestinal ghuids, the liver and
the paaomu, or from the epiblast, as in the case of the
mdoriparoas, sebaceoas, and mammary g^da, or from
tbe mesoblast, as in the case of the liidneya, ovaries, and
testes; ftisapplicd, moretjver.totheependymaof thecere-
brosplnal ventricular cavities and to the epidermis itself.
WitA what seems a distinct widening of Ita meaning, the
1977
term is not infrequently employed to designate the endo-
thelium of blood- and lymph channels and of serous mem-
branes. The epithelium is thus the covering of all free
surfaces, mucous, external, and even serous, and forms the
glands and other organs derived from these coverings.
Epithelial tissue consists of cells, usually compactly set;
the nuclei are usually distinct, with an intranuclear net-
work and nucleoli. The intercellular substance is scanty,
often inappreciable, and is called cement. It contains no
blood-vessels or lymphatics, but nerve fibrils extend into
it. The epithelial tissue, forming the outermost cover-
ing of free surfaces, is favorably situated for performing
protective and secreting functions. TTie protective func-
tion is not only exhibited by the general layer of easily
replaced cells coating the mucous membrane and outer
8l(in. hut in the latter case by a peculiar tendency to
form Iteratin, and this results in a quite impervious outer
horny layer, ^vhich guards against minor violence, the
absorption of deleterious substances, and the invasion of
pathogenic bacteria, as well as in the development of
such especial means of protection as scales and feathers,
hair and nails. This chemical feature of that epithelium
which is especially devoted to protection, the production
of keratin, can be matched by no single peculiarity on the
part of the secretory epithelium ; for that must respond
equally whether it is called upon to eliminate waste pro-
ducts, or to elaborate digestive ferments, or to manufac-
ture milk. It is probal)le that some of the cells lining
the digestive tract have an active absorptive function with
reference to the products of digestion, and that they select
and take up certain substances from the intestine, and
after more or less elaboration pass them on to the blood-
or lymph-channels. This forms a kind of inverted secre-
tion. The epithelial cells of secreting glands are, in part
at least, under the direct control of the nervous system.
Whether epithelial cells having a purely protective func-
tion are, as regards their nutrition, under similar control is
stUl a question. See cuts under Malpighian and villia.
The epUhelium is the epidermis of the mucous mem-
brane. Wileon, Anat. (1S47), p. 540.
2. In ornith., specifically, the dense, tough cu-
ticular lining of the gizzard. It is sometimes
even bonv, and sometimes deciduous. — 3. In
hot., a delicate layer of cells lining the inter-
nal cavities of certain organs, as the young
ovary, etc.: also applied to the thin epidermis
of petals.— ciliated epithelium, any variety of true
epithelium the cells of which are individually funiished
on their free surface with cilia. The cells are usually
of columnar form, packed closely side by side, with the
cilia on their exposed ends. These cilia are microscopic
proceases of. the cell, like eyelashes from an eyelid, and
keep np a continual lashing or vlbratlle motion, by which
mociia la swept along the passages. Ciliated epithelium
is foand in man In the whole respiratory tract, the mid-
dle ear and Eustachian tube, the Fallopian tubes and part
of the aterus, in portions of the seminal passages, and in
the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. — ColUnmaT
or cylindrical epithelium, epithelium whose cells are
more or less nHi-like in shape, set on end, and Joined to-
gether by their aides into a membrane. These cella are
usoally fUUened or somewhat prismatic by mutual pres-
sure. Ooblet-cells ai« a modification of ordinary colum-
nar epithelium cells, ft<-attered here and there among the
latter. — Oermlnal epithelium. See the extract.
The epithelial investment of the abdominal cavity re-
tains its primitive character along a tract which corre-
sponds to the rudiment of the primitive kidney longer
than it does in other regions; and this epithelial layer
may be distinguished as the germineU epithelium.
Oegenbauer, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 606.
Pavement epItbeUtim, epithelium in which the cells
sre flattened and coherent by their irregular polygonal
edges, like the tiles of a mosaic pavement. Also called
temrllaUd, mianunu, lamellom, lamellar, and fiatttned em-
thMvm. R may be either timvle, when It consists of a
single layer of cells, as in the epithelium of the pulmonary
alveoli, or ttnUfied, when it consists of several layere,
as In the epidermis.— Simple epithelium, any eiiithe.
Hum whose cells form a single layer : distinguished from
ttratijied epithelium. — ipbeTOiial eplthelliun, glandu-
lar epithelium, characteristic of the terminal recesses and
crypta of the secreting surfaces of glands, with more or
less spherical or p<dyhedral cells. — Stratified epltbe-
llnm, any epithelium whose cells are in two or more la.v-
en or strata, one upon another. — Tegumentary eplthe-
Utun,the epidermis.— Tessellated epithelium, ."'anie
■s pavemertt epithelium.— TrSLnsitionAl epithelium,
stratified epithelium of three dibtin^uihliable layers of
cells, such as occurs in the uretera and urinary bladder.
—Vascular epitbellum. the epithelial or endothelial
lining of blood-vessels and lymphatics.
epithem (ep'i-them), n. [< LL. epithema, a
poultice, < Or. iiriBijtia, something put on, a lid,
cover, slab, etc., < ewtndivai, put on: see epi-
thet.] In med., any external topical applica-
tion not a salve or plaster, as a foraentation, a
poultice, or a lotion.
Vpon this reason, epithemt or cordial applications are
Justly applied unto the left breast.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 2.
epithema (ep-i-the'ma), n.; pi. epithemata (-ma-
tii ). [NL., \ Gr. ivldrifta, something put on : see
cpilhcm.] In ornith., a homy or fleshy excres-
cence upon the beak of a bird. [Little used.]
epithesis (e-pith'e-sis), 71. [NL., < Gr. iviBcatf,
a laying on, an addition, < emTidlvai, lay on,
add : see epithet.] 1. In gram., same as para-
goge. — 2. The rectification of crooked limbs by
means of instruments. Ihmglison.
epithet (ep'i-thet), 11. [Formerly also epitheton;
= V. /■pithite = Sp. cpiteto = Pg. epithelo = It.
epiteto, < L. epitheton, < Gr, M6eTov, an epithet,
epitome
neut. of fTTiflrrof, added, < iniriBhat, put on, put
to, add, < tTTi, on, to, + ridevai (•y' *Wf), put, =
E. rfol; see thesis and do^.] 1. An adjective,
or a word or phrase used as an adjective, ex-
pressing some real quality of the person or
thing to which it is applied, or attributing
some quality or character to the person or
thing: as, a benevolent or a hard-hearted man;
a scandalous exhibition; sphinx-like mystery;
a Fabian policy.
When ye see all these improper or harde Epithets vsed,
ye may put them in the number of vncouths, as one that
said, the llouds of graces.
Puttenhajn, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 214.
By the judicious employment of epithets wo may bring
distinctly to view, with the greatest brevity, an object
with its characteristic features.
A. D. Hepburn, Rhetoric, § 60.
In no matter of detail are the genius and art of the poet
more perceptible and nicely balanced than in the use of
epithets. Amer. Jour. Philol., IV. 455.
Hence — 2. In rhet., a term added to impart
strength or ornament to diction, and differing
from an adjective in that it designates as well
as qualifies, and may take the form of a sur-
name: as, Dionysius the Tyrant; Alexander the
Great.
The character of Bajazet ... is strongly expressed in
his surname of Ilderim, or the lightning ; and he might
glory in an epithet which was drawn from the fiery energy
of his soul and the rapidity of his destructive march.
Oibbon, Decline and Fall, Ixiv.
3f. A phrase ; an expression.
" Suffer love ; " a good epithet 1 I do suffer love, indeed,
for I love thee against my will. Shak., Much Ado, v. 2.
epithet (ep'i-thet), V. t. [< epithet, n.] To en-
title; describe by epithets. [Rare.]
Never was a town better epitheted.
Sir H. Wotton, Reliqulte, p. 566.
epithetic, epithetic^l (ep-i-thet'ik, -i-kal), a.
[< Gr. cTTiBeriKuc, added (neut. iiriBcTiKdv, an epi-
thet, adjective), < iV/flerof, added: see epithet.]
Pertaining to an epithet; containing or con-
sisting of epithets; characterized by epithets;
abounding with epithets : as, the style is too
epithetic.
Some, Milton-mad (an affectation
Glean 'd up from college education).
Approve no veree but that which flows
In epithetic measur'd prose. Lloyd, Rhyme.
The principal made his way to the bar ; whither Sam,
after Imndyiug a few epithetical remarks with Mr. Smouch,
followed at once. Dickens, Pickwick, xl.
epithetically (ep-i-thet'i-kal-i), adv. In an epi-
thetic manner; by means of epithets.
epitheton (e-pith e-ton), n. [< L. epitheton, <
Gr. iiriOcTov, an epithet : see epithet.] An epi-
thet.
Alter the epithetotu, and I will subscribe.
Foxe, Martyrs (Second Exam, of J. Palmer).
I spoke it, tender Juvenal, as a congruent epitheton, ap-
pertaining to thy yoiujg days, which we may nominate
tender. Shak., L. L. L., i. 2.
epithymeticalt (ep'i-thi-met'i-kal), a. [Writ-
ten irreg. cjiilhumctical ; < Gr. eTrithfirrriKdc, de-
siring, coveting, lusting after (ro intdviiriTiKdv,
that part of the soul which is the seat of the
desires and afifections), < cm0v/ielv, set one's
heart on, desire, < cTri, upon, + 0vft6(, mind,
heart.] Belonging to the desires and appetites.
The heart and parts whicli God requires are divided
from the inferior and epithumetical organs.
Sir T. Bromie, Vulg. Err.
epitimesis (ep'i-ti-me'sis), w. [LL., < Gr. emW-
firinic, reproof, censure, criticism, < etriTi/iav, lay
a value upon, lay a penalty upon, censure, < im,
upon, + Ttfiiv, value, honor, < Tipi/, value, hon-
or.] In rhet., same as epiplcxis.
epitomator (e-pit'o-ma-tor), n. [< ML. epito-
mator, < hh. epitomare, epitomize, < epitome,
epitome : see e/MtoJwe.] An epitomizer. [Hare.]
Tills elementary blunder of the dean, corrected by none.
is repeated by nearly all his epitomalors, expositors, and
iniitatora. Sir W. Hamilton.
epitome (e-pit'o-me), n. [< L. epitome, epitoma,
< Gr. i^TiToiii), an abridgment, also a surface-
incision, < cTnTi/jvetv, cut upon the surface, cut
short, abridge, < eiri, upon, + rifiveiv, ra/jEiv,
cut.] 1. An abridgment; a brief summary or
abstract of a subject, or of a more extended
exposition of it; a compendium containing the
substance or principal matters of a book or
other writing.
He that shall out of his own reading gather for the use
of another must (I think) do it by epitome or abridgment,
or under heads and commonplaces. E/nlomes also may
be of two sorts; of any one art or part of knowledge out
of many IxHjks. or of one liook by itself.
Essex, Advice to Sir Fulke Orevllle, 1.196 (in Bacon's
[Letters, II. 22).
epitome
A» for the corruptions anil moths of history, which are
Epitomti, the use of tlieiu deserveth to be banished.
Betcon, Ailvanoeiuent of Learning, ii. 127.
Epitomet are helpful to the memory. Sir H. Wotton.
1978
denominated first, second, third, or fourth epi-
trite, according as the short syllable is the first,
second, third, or fourth : as, s&lutantes, conci-
tati, intercalans, incantare.
Hence — 2. Anything which represents ano- epitritic (ep-i-trit'ik), a. [< epitrite + -ic.']
ther or others in a condensed or comprehen-
sive form.
Thus God beholds all things, who contemplates as fully
his works in their epitmne as in their full volume.
Sir T. Brou-ne, Keligio Medici, i. 50.
A man so various that he seem'd to be
Not one, but all mankind's epitome,
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 546.
The Church of St. Mark's itself, harmonious as its struc-
ture may at first sight appear, is an epitome of the changes
Pertaining to or of the nature of an epitrite
as, an epitritic foot in prosody.
epitrocUea (ep-i-trok'lf-a), «.; pi. epitrochlece
(-e). [NL., < Gr. eiri, upon, + NL. trochlea, q.
v.] In anat., the iimer condyle of the hume-
rus, opposite the epicondyle and over or above
the trochlea, or trochlear surface with which
the ulna articulates. Latterly also called the
internal epicondyle. See epicondyle.
of Venetian architecture from the tenth to the nineteenth epitrocMear (ep-i-trok'le-ar), a. [< NL. ejntro-
""°'^" chlearis, < epitrocMea, ql\.'] Of or pertaining
to the epitrochlea.— Epltrochlear foramen. See
foratncn.
epitrochlearis (ep-i-trok-le-a'ris), K. ; pi. epi-
trochleares ^-rez). [NL. ; see epitrochlea.'] A
muscle, constant in some animals, occasional
in man, extending from the border of the latis-
simus dorsi to the ulna at or near the elbow.
epitrochleo-anconeus (ep-i-trok"le-o-ang-ko-
ne'us), n. [NL., < epitrochlea + ancon.] A
small aneonal muscle of the inner side of the
elbow, arising from the epitrochlea or inner
condyle of the humerus, and inserted into the
olecranon of the ulna.
epitrochold (ep-i-tro'koid), n. [< Gr. en-i, upon,
+ Tpox6g, a wheel, + eWoc, form.] In geovi.,
the curve traced by a point in the plane of a
circle which rolls on the convex side of a fixed
circle. The curve thus generated belongs to the family
of roulettes, and becomes an epicycloid when the gener-
ating point is in the circumference of the rolling circle.
Hirst.
century. Jiuskln.
A work of art is an abstract or epitome of the world. It
is the result or expression of nature in miniature.
Emerson, Misc., p. 27.
=Syn. Compendium, Compend, etc. See abridgment.
epitomise, epitomiser. See epitomize, epito-
mizer.
epitomist (e-pit'o-mist), n. [< epitome + -ist.]
An epitomizer.
Another famous captain Britomarus, whom the epilo-
mitt Floras and others mention. Milton, Hist Eng. , i.
The notes of a scholiast or epitomist.
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 7.
epitomize (e-pit'o-miz), v. ; pret. and pp. epito-
mized, ppr. epitomizing. [< epitome + -ize. Cf.
equiv. LL. epitomare: see epitomator.'] I. trans.
1. To make an epitome of; shorten or abridge,
as a writing or a discourse; reduce to an ab-
stract or a summary the principal matters of ;
contract into a narrow compass.
All the Good she I Nature] did impart
To 'Womankind Epilomizd in you.
Cowley, To a Lady who made Posies for Rings.
■Want of judgment ... too often observable in com-
pilers, whereby they frequently leave far better things
than they take, . . . want of skill to understand the
author they cite and epitomize. Boyle, Works, IV. 66.
What the former age has epitomized into a formula or
rule for manipular convenience, it [the mind) will lose all
the good of verifying for itself. Emerson, History.
2t. To diminish, as by cutting off something;
curtail; abbreviate.
We have epitmniud many . . . words to the detriment
of our tongue. Addison, Spectator.
3. To describe briefly or in abstract.
Epitomize thelife ; pronounce, you can,
Authentic epitaphs on some of these.
Wordsworth, Excursion, v.
=Byn. 1. To reduce, condense, summarize.
n. intrans. To make an epitome or abstract.
Often he [Alfred] epitomizes as if he were giving the
truth of the paragraph that had just been read to him.
C. H. Pearson, Early and Mid. Ages of Eng., ii.
Also spelled epitomise.
epitomizer (e-pit'o-mi-zSr), n. One who
abridges or summarizes; a ■writer of an epit-
ome. Also spelled epitomiser.
I shall conclude with that of Baronlus and Spondanus
his epitomizer. Prynne, Histrlo-Mastix, I., vii. 1.
epitonion (ep-i-to'ni-on), «. ; pi. epitonia (-a)
[Gr. cxcrdviov, < cirtTciveiv, stretch out,< em, ujion
+ Ttivttv, ' Z ^ "
wrench or -handle ; also, a pitch-pipe.
EpitragUS (e-pit'ra-gus), n. [NL. (Latreille,
1804), < Gr. £n-(, upon, -t- rpdyof, a goat.] A
genus of beetles, of the family Tenebrionidce,
confined to the new world. They are mostly South
American, but 9 species are found In North America. E.
toin^ntoxus, of Rorida, feeds upon scale-insects.
Epitrichat (e-pit'ri-ka), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. M,
upon, -t- dpi^ (rpix-), liair.] In Ehrenberg's sys-
tem of classification (1836), a di^vision of anen-
terous infusorians, containing such ciliated
forms as Cyelidina and Peridincea. Also Epi-
e pluribus unum
An example of accumulated (fourfold) epi-
zeuxis is :
Alone, alone, all, all alone.
Alone on a wide, wide sea.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, iv.
See })alillogy. Also called diplasiasmus.
Epizoa (ep-i-zo'ii), n.pl. [NL., pi. of ejnzoon.]
1. External parasites or ectoparasites which
live upon the sur-
face or in the sMn
of the host: the
opposite of Ento-
ZOa, The term is a
collective name, hav-
ing no systematic or
classiflcatory signifi-
cance ill zoology.
Among Epizoa are
lice, Heas, ticks, etc.,
as well as some para-
sites which burrow in
the skin, as itch-insects
and follicle-mites.
2. Specifically, an
order of very sin-
gular low aber-
rant Crustacea de-
graded by parasit-
ism, including the
many grotesque
forms commonly
known as fish-lice.
The Epizoa are some-
times rated as a sub-
class of Crustacea, di-
vided into the orders
Siphonostomata and
Lemceoidea. They are
also called Ichtkyoph-
thira. Chondracan-
thus yibbosus, a louse
of the angler (Loptiius
piscatorius), is an ex-
ample. See Chondra-
canthus nni\Jish.louse.
3. [i!. c] Plural of
epizoon.
epizoal (ep-i-zo'-
al), a. [< epizoon
+ -al.] Same as
epizoic.
epizoan (ep-i-z6'an), a. and n.
-an.] I. a. Same as epizoic.
II. n. One of the Epizoa, in any sense ; an
passion. (01 permission to an uppoiieiii ^, ". .'_,.,. _. -..".l.-^-iit^
a fact by any name he pleases. Implying OpiZOlC (ep-l-ZO ik), a. [As ep8«00n + -JC] 1- In
It appears, then, that a planetary system with a direct
epicycle belongs to both the epitrochoid and the external
hypotrochoid. Penny Cyc, XXV. 284.
epitrochoidal (ep'''i-tro-koi'dal), a. [< epitro-
choid + -al.] Of or pertaining to an epitro-
choid.
epitrope (e-pit'ro-pe), n. [LL., < Gr. i-Kirpovi],
a reference, < iiiTplnciv, turn over, yield, per-
mit, < £T(, upon, + rpivctv, turn.] In rhet., a
figure by which one commits or concedes some-
thing to others. Especially — (o) Professed readi-
ness to leave one's cause entirely to judge, jury, or audi-
ence, in order to express entire confidence in its justice,
or to excite compassion. (6) Permission to an opponent
to call an act or a fact by any name he pleases. Implying
that his choice of words cannot alter its true character,
(c) Concession of a point to an opponent, in order to fore-
stall his use of it, or to show tliat he will gain nothing by
urging it : as, I admit that all this may be true, but what
is this to the purpose 1 1 concede the fact, but it over-
throws your own argument.
epitropous (e-pit'ro-pus), a. [< NL. "epitroptis
Female of Chondracartthusgibbosus,
enlarged ; an example of the cnistaceous
Epizoa.
J lateral view ; B, ventral view : a,
head ; tr, c, appendages : d, d, medio-
dorsal processes ; e, e, medioventral pro-
cesses ; /, i', h, lateral processes ; g, ovi-
sacs ; *, terminal segment ; /. minute
male lodged in vulva of female ; "t, n,
mcdiodorsal ovarian tubes : /, lateral
ovarian tubes; o, o, oviduct: 2, 3. an-
tennules ; 4, 5, 6, antennae, gnathites.
[< epizoon +
trichia.
epitricMum (ep-i-trik'i-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
cm, upon, + rplxtov, dim. of 0pif (jpiX-), hair.] gpiujal (ep-i-n'ral), a. and n.
A superficial layer of epidermis detached from j£„xley.
the surface in an early stage of development epixylous (e-pik'si-lns), a.
in some animals, so as to form a case inclos- -■- ' • -■ ^
jng the embryo.
The same speaker presented a paper on a new mem-
brane of the human skin, which he homologizes with the
epitrichium of the Sauropsida. It is situated outside the
homy layer, and is entirely distinct from it : an extension
covers both hairs and glands. It probably causes the ver-
nix caseosa by retaining the sebaceous secretion.
Science, VI. 226.
nat. hist., living on the surface or in the skin of
animals, as lice, ticks, and many other insects,
various parasitic fungi, etc. Also ejiizootic. —
2. Specifically, of or pertaining to the crusta-
ceous parasites known as Epizoa. Huxley.
^ ^ ^ _ ^ AhiO epizoal, epizoan.
(eY."Gr."fjr«'rpan-of, n.,"on'e to -whom anything is epizonal (ep-i-z6'nalX a. [< Gr. ivi, upon, +
trusted), < Gr. emrpinecv, turn to, turn over to, E. zone + -al.] Cut by a zone,
intrust, < M, upon, -I- rpivetv, turn.] In hot., epizoon (ep-i-z6'on), n. ; pi. epizoa (-a). [NL.,
turned toward: the reverse of apotroj>ous: ap- < Gr. kiri, upon, -f fuov, an animal.] One of the
plied by Agardh to an ovule with its raphe Epizoa ; an epizoan.
turned away from the placenta when erect or epizootic (ep"i-zo-ot'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. em,
' ■■ ' ' ' upon, + Z<t>ov, an animal, + term, -ur-wtif.] I.
a. 1. In nat. hist., same as epizoic, 1. — 2t. In
geol., containing fossil remains : said of moun-
tains, rocks, formations, and the like.
Epizootic mountains are of secondary formation.
Kirufan.
3. Prevailing among the lower animals: ap-
plied to diseases, and corresponding to epidem-
ic as applied to diseases prevalent among men.
In 1871, rabies showed Itself in a truly epizootic and
alarming manner, on account of which the "Dogs Act,
1871," was passed and almost immediately enforced.
Contemporary Bev., LI. 108.
II. n. 1. The temporary prevalence of a dis-
ease among brutes at a certain place : used in
exactly the same way as epidemic in reference
as epural to human beings. — 2. A disease thus prevalent.
I[uxlev - • epizoSty (ep-i-z6'o-ti), n. [As epizobt-ie + -y.]
-•'' ^. ^ • , ._- I Same as epizootic.
lu%m. wood, '+ -OUS.] In hot., grotving upon Mr. lleming ascribes the wide and serious extension
„«^^ «=i^or„rf„n<n aTid ntheriflants of the cpiiodfj, in a great measure to the msufflciency of
wood, as many tungl and otner plants. ^ ^^^^ j-^^ measures adopted in the different towns and
epizeUXiS (ep-i-ziik sis), n. [LL., K trr. eirtl,ev- jj5t,.jets. Contemporary Ben., LI. 109.
f(r, a fastening together, repetition of a word, ij„a,te (e-pU'kat), a. [< L. e- priv. + liUca-
< emZevyvvvat, fasten together, goin to, < em, to, "J^^^, ^^-^^^^ .^^^^ plicate.] In hot., not plaited.
+ i;jvyvbvat = t..jungere,Tiom: eeejotn, zeugma.] ^ pf^ri^bus unum (e plo'ri-bus u'num^ [L.:
'^^*"' e, out of, of; plurihus, abl. pi. oiplus, more, pi.
ascending, or toward it when pendulous,
&vtov,^.emTelvetv,stvete\i.om.,\em,upon. eDitympanic (ep'i-tim-pan'ik), a. and n. [<
, stretch.] Inane. Gr. mime, a tuning- 5i./^;rL upon, -I- Tvimavov, a drum (see tympa-
,,._i,o„^i^. oioo n. T^itoh-nine. mim), + -ic] I. a. In icWA., situated above or
upon, or forming the uppermost piece of, the
tympanic pedicle which supports the mandible
in fishes ; hyomandibular.
II. n. In ichth., the uppermost or proximal
bone of the tympanomandibular or third cranial
hemal arch in fishes, by means of which the
lower jaw is suspended from the skull : so named
by Owen, but now usually called the hyomandib-
ular (which see). The term is correlated with
hypotympanic, mesotympanic, and pretympanic.
The piers, or points of suspension of the arch, are formed
by the epitympanics. Owen, Anat., 1. 121.
Same ;
epitrite (ep'i-trit), n. [< LL. epitritos, < Gr. em-
TpiTog, containing one and one third, i. e., in the
ratio of 4 to 3 ; the name of a metrical foot.
opounded of a spondee (4 short) with an ^
ibus or a trochee (3 short) ; < em, upon, + -
comj
iambus _
rpiVoc = E. third.] In pros., a foot consisting
of three long syllables and one short one, and
1. in anc. pros., union of two successive ]
a minore so that the last syllable of the first
and the first syllable of the second interchange
quantities : thus, ...^w—w]— ^ for^--'
I _ w . The syllables representing an Ionic
a majore ( ^ ^) thus suffer anaclasis, taking the form
2. In rhet, immediate or almost immediate
repetition of a word, involving added emphasis.
plures, more, several, many; unum, neut. of
umts = E. one: see e-, ex-, ex, plural, unity..
This phrase does not seem to occur in classical
Latin ; it appears as a motto on the title-page
of the " Gentleman's Magazine" in 1731.] One
from manv; one (composed) of many: the
motto of the United States of America, as be-
e pluribns nnam
ing one nation formed of many independent
States.
epoch (e'pok or ep'ok), n. [= F. epoque = Sp.
Vg. It. epoca = D. epoque (< F.) = G. epoche =
Dan. evoke = Sw. epok, < ML. epocha, < Gr. ctrox'/,
a cheek, cessation, stop, pause, epocli of a star,
i. e., tlie point at which it seems to halt after
reaching the highest, and generally the place of
a star; hence, a historical epoch; < c-Kexeiv, hold
in, check, < e-i, upon, + Ix^tv, have, hold, = Skt.
■^ sah, bear, undergo, endure.] 1. A point of
time from which succeeding years are num-
bered; especially, a point of time distinguished
by some remarkable event, or the event itself
as distinguishing the time of its occurrence.
Diocletian reared the palace which marks a still greater
tpoch in Roman art than his political changes mark in
Boman polity. E, A. Freeman, Venice, p. 140.
It is an epfKh in one's life to read a great book for the
first time. J. F. aarke, Self-Culture, p. 318.
Hence — 2. A specific period of time ; any space
of time considered as a unit with reference to
some particular characteristic or course of
events.
The fifteenth century was the unhappy epoch of military
establishments in time of peace. Maduoti.
By the siile of the balf-naked, running Bedouins, they
(the Turkish infantry) looked as If epoeht disconnected by
long centiu-ies bad met B. F. Burton, El-Medlnah, p. 468.
3. In geol., speciflcally, one of the shorter di-
visions of geological time. This word is used dif-
ferently by dllTerent geological writers. Thus, Jukes di-
vides the entire series of fossiliferous strata into only
three epochs, while Dana makes eight out of the Lower
Silurian alone. Some later writers avoid the use of such
words as epoch and age, saying, for instance, instead of
Silurian epoch or age, simply Silurian.
The " second bottoms," probably, are later than the yel-
low loam, and belong to the " terrace epodi."
Eneyc. Brit., XVI. 623.
4. In astron., an arbitrary fixed date, for which
the elements of a planetary orcoraetary orbit, or
of any motion, arc ffiven.-Antlochlan, elephan-
tine, glacial, Gregorian, etc., epoch. See the aiijec-
tives. — Mohammedan, Olympladic, PenUui. Span-
iBh. etc., epoch. See equivalent phraaea nnder era,
= 8yn. 1. Er'-h. Kra, Period, Aije. ^jJoeA and era should
be distinguished, though in common usage tbey are in-
terchanged. "An era is a sucoeaalon of time: an epoch
Is a point of time. An era commonly begins at an epoch.
We five in the Christian era, in the Proteatant era, In the
era of liberty and letters. The date of the birth ol Christ
was an epoch : the period of the dawn of the Reformation
was an epoch" (A. Pheipe, Eng. Style, p. 806). Period
may be the opposite of epoch, in being the date at which
anytiiing endii, or it may be mere duration, or duration
from point to point ; the word la Tery free and often in-
definite In Ita range of meaning. TIm meaning at age is
niodiSed by Its connection with boman life, so aa often to
he associated with a penon : aa, the age of Pericles ; but
It Is also freely applied to time, viewed as a period of some
length : as, the bronze age ; the golden age ; this la an aye
of investigation.
epocha (ep'o-ktt), n. [< ML. epoeJta : 8e« epoeh.l
An epoch. [Archaic]
The second day of July, 1776, will be the moot memora.
hie epocha In the history of America.
J. Adanu, To Mr*. Adams, July S, 1776.
But why of that epocha make such a fnaa?
Burnt, To Wm. Tytler.
epochal (ep'o-kal), a. [< epoch + -al.] Be-
longing to an epoch ; of the nature of an epoch ;
relating to epochs; marking an epoch.
Who shall say whether . . . this epic . . . will stand
out . . . aa one of the epochal compocltiona by which an
age is symbolized? Stedman, Vict. PoeU, p. 180.
An epochal treatment of a portion of general European
History. Stubb; Medieval and Modem Hiat., p. 98.
epoch-makin£(e'pok-ma'king),a. [=(i.epoeke-
machend.^ Constituting an epoch; opening a
new era ; introducing new conceptions or a new
method in the treatment of a subject. [Recent.]
"The Methods of Ethics" was published in 1874, but
whether or not most of the joint-work of Profs. Fowler
and Wilson was written before that time, it is at least fair
to say that the position of Prof. SIdgwick is not dealt with
In the way which is demanded by the epochmakini] char-
acter of his lxH>k. Mind, XII. 596, note.
roode (ep'od), n. [< OF. epode, P. ipode z= 8p.
Pg. It. epodo, < L. ^todog, < Gr. im^df, an epode,
an aftersong, adj., singing to or over, < ivi,
upon, to, besides, + aeiAitv, ^eiv, sing, > ^r/,
s song, ode: see orfe.] 1. In ano. pro*. : (a) A
third and metrically different system subjoined
to two systems (the strophe and aniittrophe)
which are metrically identical or corresponsive,
and forming with them one pericope or group
of systems.
The Third .Stanza was called the Bpode (It may he as Iw-
ing the After-song), which they sung In the middle, neither
turning U) one Hand nor the other.
Cimijrere, The Pindaric Ode.
(6) A shorter colon, subjoined to a longer colon,
and constituting one period with it ; especially,
1979
sneh a colon, as a separate line or verse, form-
ing either the second line of a distich or the
final Une of a system or stanza. As the closing
verse of a system, sometimes called ephymnium.
(c) A poem consisting of such distichs. Archi-
lochu8(al)out 700 B. c.) first introduced these. The Epodes
of Horace are a collection of poems so called because
mostly composed in epodic distichs.
Horace seems to have purged himself from those sple-
netic reflections in those odes and epodeg, l>efore he un-
dertook the noble work of satires.
Dryden, Ded. of Juvenal.
I shall still be very ready to write a satire upon the
clergy, and an epode against historiographers, whenever
you are hard pressed. Gray, Letters, I. 262.
Specifically — 2. In music, a refrain or burden.
epodic (e-pod'ik),o. [< epode + -ic] Pertain-
ing to or containing an epode.
epculicate (e-pol'i-kat), a. [< NL. epollicatus,
\ L. e- priv. -I- pollex (pollic-), the thumb.] In
zool., having no pollex or thumb.
Epollicatit (e-pol-i-ka'ti), n. pi. [NL. : see epol-
lica te. ] A group of birds naving no hallux.
IlHger.
Epomophorus (ep-o-mof'o-rus), n. [NL., < Gr.
eKt, upon, -I- <wof, shoulder, + -0opof, bearing,
< ^pctv = E. oear^.'] A remarkable genus of
fruit-bats, of the family PterojMdidte tmd subor-
der Megaehiroptera, confined to ultra-Saharic
Africa. They have, in the males, large distensible pha-
ryngeal alr-saca, and peculiar glandular pouches on the
neck near each shoulder, lined with long yellowish hairs
projecting or forming a tuft like an epaulet, whence the
name ; also, a white tuft of hairs on the ears, the tail ru-
dimentary or wanting, and the premaxillaries united in
front. The teeth are : incisors, 2 or 1 in each half of each
jaw ; canines, 1 ; premolars, 2 in upper jaw and 3 in lower ;
and molars. 1 in upper jaw and 2 in lower. There are
alM>ut half a dozen species, of which E. franqueti Is a lead-
ing example. They feed chiefly on flgs.
eponychiTUn (ep-o-nik'i-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
firj, upon, + 6wf (owx-), nail: see onyx.'] In
embryol., a mass of hardened epidermis on the
dorsal surface of the distal extremity of a pha-
lanx of the embryo, preceding the formation of
a true nail.
eponym (ep'o-nim), n. [Formerly also written
eponyme; \ (Jr. iKuvv/ioc, given as a name, sur-
named, named after a person or thing, giving
one's name to (as a noun, in pi., iirum/ioi, sc.
Vpue(, eponymous heroes, legendary or real
founders of tril>cs or cities, as those after whom
the Attic phylje had their names), < f jti, upon,
to, + dwfui, .£olio for ivo/ja = L. nomen = E.
name: see onym.] 1. A name of a place, peo-
ple, or period derived from that of a person.
The famous Assyrian Eponym Canon, which gives an
unbroken series of the officers after whom each year was
named for about two hundred and sixty-flve years, and
also note* the accession of each successive Assyrian king
during that time. BiUiotheca Sacra, XLV. 63.
2. A name of a mythical or historical person-
age from whom the name of a country or people
has come or is siipposed to have come: thus,
Italus, Bomulus, Brutus, Heber, the names of
imaginary persons invented to account for
Italy, Some, Britain, Hebreui, are mythical
eponyms; Bolivar is the historical eponym of
Bolivia.
In short, wherever there was a elan there was an Ejio-
nym, or founder, whether real or legendary, of that clan.
H'. E. tiearn, Aryan Household, p. 14.'>.
3. A name of something, as a part or organ of
the body, derived from a person : thus, circle of
Willis, fissure of Sylvius, aqueduct of Fallopius,
are eponyms. [Rare.]
The very awkward dionymic eponym, CIrculus Wlllisi.
Wilder, Trans. Amer. Neurol Assoc. (1886), p. 349.
eponymal (e-pon'i-mal), a. [< eponym + -al.]
1 . (Jf or pertaining to an eponymos. — 2, Same
as eponymic.
eponjnnic (ep-o-nim'ik), a. [< Gr. eiruvvfUKdc,
called after or by the name or a person, < in-u-
fv/u>(, given as a name : see eponym.'] 1 . Relat-
ing or pertaining to an eponym : as, an epo-
nymic name or legend.
Epon)imic myths, which account for the parentage of a
tri))e by turning its name into the name of an imaginary
ancestor. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 7.
2. Name-giving, mythically or historically;
from whom the name of a country, people, "or
period is derived : as, Hellen was the eponymic
ancestor of the Hellenes or Greeks.
The invention of ancestries from ejxmymic heroes or
name-ancestors has . . . often ha<l a serious effect in cor-
rupting historic tnith, iiy helping to fill ancient annals
with swarms of fictitious genealogies.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 3<il.
eponymist (e-pon'i-mist), n. [< eponym + -ist.]
One from whom a country or people is named ;
eprouvette
an eponjrmic ancestor, hero, or founder. Glad-
stone.
eponymos (e-pon'i-mos), n. and a. [Gr. evinw-
/io( : see eponym.] A titular epithet of the first
archon (archon eponymos) in ancient Athens,
and of the first ephor (ephor eponymos) in Spar-
ta, because the year of the service of each was
designated by his name in the public records,
etc.
eponymous (e-pon'i-mus), a. [< Gr. iiruwiio^,
given as a name : see eponym.] Giving one's
name to a tribe, people, city, year, or period;
regarded as the founder or originator.
Will Summer — the name of Henry VIII. 's court-fool,
whose celebrity probably made him eponyTnous of the
memtiers of his profession in general.
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 144.
Lydus and Asies are . . . eponymous heroes ; Meles is
an ideal founder of the capital.
G. Baulinson, Origin of Kations, 1. 74.
eponymy (e-jion'i-mi), w.; pi. eponymies (-miz).
[< Gr. iiruvv/iia, a surname, < 'tnuvvfioq, given as
a name, giving a name : see eponym, eponymos.]
1. The office, dignity, or prerogatives of an
eponymos. — 2. "The period or year of office of
an eponymos : used, as at Athens, as a unit of
reckoning and reference for dates.
The earliest examples of the barred form of the letter
shin are found on three tablets dated from the eponymiee
of Silim-asstir and Sin-sar-uzur(660-640 B. c).
7«aac Taylor, The Alphabet, 1. 237.
epoSphoron (ep-o-of'o-ron), «.; pi. epoophora
(-rii). [NL., < Gir. fjri, upon, -I- ^xxpopo^, laying
eggs: see oophorous.] Same aa parovarium.
epopee (ep-o-pe'), «• [< NL. epopceia, < Gr.
iTToTToiia, epic poetry or an epic poem, < «jrof,
an epic, + tvoic'iv, make.] 1. An epio poem.
The Kalevala, or heroic epopee of the Fiims.
Encyc. Brit., V. 306.
2. The history, action, or fable which makes
or is suitable for the subject of an epic.
The stories were an endless epopee of suffering.
G. KenvMn, The Century, XXXV. 760.
epopceia (ep-o-pe'ia), n. Same as epopee.
epopceist (ep^-pe'ist), n. [< epopceia + -ist.]
A writer of epopees.
It is not long since two of our best-known epopceists, or,
to use the more common term, of our novel-writers, have
concluded each a work publistied by instalments,
S. Phillips, Essays from the Times, II. 321.
epopt (ep'opt), n. [< NL. epopta, < Gr. eirSirTTig,
a watcher, spectator, one admitted to the third
grade of the Eleusinian mysteries, < CKdipeaBat,
fut. associated iipopav, look on, < ejrt, on, + ipav,
tut. ixlMoffat, look, see.] A seer ; one initiated
into the secrets of any mystical system. Car-
lyle.
epopta (e-pop'tS), n. ; pi. epoptce (-t§). [NL. :
see epopt.'] Same as epopt.
epoptic (e-pop'tik), a. [< epopt + -ic.] 1.
Having the character or faculty of an epopt or
seer. — 2. Perceived by an epopt: as, an epop-
tic vision.— Epoptic figures, in optict. See idiopha-
lunis.
Eporosa (ep-o-ro'sft), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
eporosus : see eporose.] A group of stone-cor-
als with eporose or imperforate corallum. See
Aporosa.
eporose (e-po'ros), a. [< NL. eporosus, < L. e-
priv. + porus, pore: aee pore, porous.] With-
out pores; aporose.
epos (ep'os), «. [< L. epos, < Gr. Ino^, a word,
a speech, tale, saying, pi. poetry in heroic verse,
orig. rfffof = Skt. vachas, a word; akin to i^
(*fwr-f) = Skt. vdch = L. vox (voc-), voice : see
voice, vocal, vomel.] 1. An epic poem, or its
subject ; an epopee ; epic poetry.
The early epos of Greece is represented by the Iliad and
the Odyssey, Ilesiod and the Homeric hymns; also by
some fragments of the "Cyclic " poets. Pro/. Jebb.
2. In anc. pros., a dactylic hexameter. — 3. In
paleography, a series of words or letters, ap-
proximately of the length of a dactylic hexam-
eter, anciently used as a line of normal size in
writing manuscripts or estimating their length.
It seems to have averaged from 34 to 38 letters. See coZonl,
n. , 3, and utichmnetry.
eposculationt (ep-os-ku-la'»hon), n. [< Gr. M,
upon, -I- L. oticulatio(n-),a, kissing: see oscula-
tion.] A kissing. Becon.
epotationt (ep-o-ta'shgn), n. [< L. epotare,
drink out, drink' up, < e, out, -I- potare, drink:
see potation.] A drinking or drinking out.
When drunkenness reigns, the devil is at war with man,
and the epotations of dumb liquor damn him.
Feltham, Resolves, I. 84.
eprouvette (e-pro-vef), n. [F. Eprouvette, <
eprouver, try, assay, < e- + prouver, try: see
epronvette
prove.'] 1. An apparatus for testing the ex-
plosive force of powders or other explosives.
The most simple form is a pistol having the muzzle closed
by a plate, which is maintained in position by a spring.
When the pistol is tired, the tension of the spring is over-
come and the plate is blown back, turning a ratchet-wheel
which i-egisters the force of the explosion.
2. A spoon used in assaying metals. — 3. A
short mortar.
epruinose (e-pro'i-nos), a. [< NL. *epruino-
sus, < L. c- priv. + pruina, frost: see 2>ruinose.']
In hot., not pruinose.
epsilon (ep-si'lon), n. [< LGr. I fMv, 'simple £'
( i'l'/.oi; neut. of fuoc, simjile) : so called by late
grammarians to distinguish it from the diph-
thong at, which had come to he pronounced
like f. So LGr. ti Tpi?.6v, 'simple v,' as distin-
guished from the diphthong oi, which had come
to be pronounced like v. see upsilon, ypsilon.']
The fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, equiva-
lent to short e.
epsomite (ep'sum-it), n. [< Epsom + -ite'^.}
Native Epsom salt, occasionally found as a deli-
cate fibrous or capillary efflorescence on rocks,
in the galleries of mines, upon the damp walls
of cellars, etc. Also called hair-salt.
Epsom salt. See salt. , , .l, x t.
epulationt(ep-u-la'shon), TO. l<'L.epulatio{n-), equableness (e'kwa- or ek wa-bl-nes),re. l!<qua-
< cjjH/aci, banquet, <ep«te,abanquet.] Afeast- bility.
19S0
This [Patagonian] line of coast has been upheaved with
remarkable equability, and that over a vast si>ace both
north and south of S. Julian.
Dartviii, Geol. Observations, ii. 347.
equable (e'kwa- or ek'wa-bl), a. [= It. egtia-
bilc, < L. cegudbilis, that can be made equal,
equal, consistent, unifoi-m, < ccquare, make
equal: see equate.'] 1. Characterized by uni-
formity, invariableness, or evenness ; equal and
uniform at all times ; regular in action or in-
tensity; not varying; steady: as, an equable
temperature.
He spake of love, such love as spirits feel,
In worlds whose course is equable and pure.
Wordsworth, Laodamia.
He was naturally of an equable temper, and inclined to
moderation in all things. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 24.
His spirits do not seem to have been high, but they were
singularly equable. Macaulay.
2t. Even; smooth; having a uniform surface
or form : as, an equable globe or plain.
He would have the vast body of a planet to be as elegant
and round as a factitious globe represents it ; to be every-
where smooth and equable, and as plain as Elysian fields.
Bentley.
ECLuable motion, motion by which equal spaces are de-
scribed in equal times.
mg;
a feast.
He [Epicurus] was contented with bread and water, and
when he would dine with Jove, and pretend unto epula-
tion, he desired no other addition than a piece of Cythe-
ridian cheese. Sir T. Brotmie, Vulg. Err., vii. 17.
epulis (e-pii'lis), n. ; pi. epuUdes (-li-dez). [NL.,
< Gr. cTTovkk, a gum-boil, < im, upon, + ov'aov,
usually pi. oD/ia, the gums.] Inpathol.: (a) A
equably (e'kwa- or ek'wa-bii), adv. In an
equable manner.
If bodies move equably in concentrick circles, and the
squares of their periodical times be as the cubes of their
distances from the common centre, their centripetal forces
will be reciprocally as the squares of the distances.
CkeyTie.
Equably accelerated, accelerated by equal increments
in equal times.
small elastic tumor of the gums, most frequent- equal (e'kwal), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
ly a sarcoma. (6) Loosely, any other variety
of neoplasm appearing in this situation.
epulosis (ep-ti-lo'sis), «. [NL., < Gr. inovTMaiq,
a cicatrization, < *fffoD/luTd?, verbal adj. of hvov-
y.ohadai, cicatrize, be scarred over, < f m, upon, +
ov'/Mvadai, be scarred over, < oi?.^, a wound scarred
over, a cicatrix, < ov7iOc, Epic and Ionic form of
o/.of, whole, = L. salvus, whole, safe : see halo-.]
In med., cicatrization.
epolotic (ep-u-lot'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. iirovTioi-
Ti/cdf, promoting cicatrization, < *i77ov?.orr6c, ver-
bal adj. of 'tTTov^MvcQai, cicatrize: see epulosis.]
I. a. Healing; cicatrizing.
n. n. A medicament or an application which
tends to dry, cicatrize, and heal wounds or ul-
cers.
The ulcer, incarned with common sarcoticks, and the
ulcerations about it were cured by ointment of tuty, and
such like ejndoticks. Wiseman, On Inflammation.
epupillate (e-pfl'pi-lat), a. [< L. e- priv. +
pupilta, pupil : see pupillate.] Having no pu-
pil : applied in entomology to a color-spot when
it is surrounded by a ring of another color, but
is without a central dot or pupil.
epural (e-pii'ral), a. and ii. [< Gr. 'evi, upon,
+ o'vpd, tail, +' -al.] I. a. Situated upon the
tail, or over the caudal region of the axial col- ■
umn. Compare hypural.
II. n. One of the osseous or cartilaginous
neural spines, or pieces upon the upper side of
the hinder end of the axial column of fishes,
which may or may not support fin-rays. J. A.
JHyder.
Also epiural.
epuration (ep-u-ra'shon), 11. [< L. e, out, + pu-
rare, pp. puraitis, purify, < purus, pure.] The
act of purifying.
Tlie epuration of sewage, by irrigation and agriculture.
Science, III., ^'o. 66, p. v.
epure (e-piir'), 1. [F. Spure, a clean draft, work-
ing-drawing, < epurer, purify, clarify, cleanse,
refine, < L. e, out, + purare, purify : see epura-
tion.] In arch., the plan of a building, or part
of a building, traced on a wall or on a horizontal
surface, on the same scale as that of the work
to be constructed.
Epyornis, ». See ^pyomis.
equability (e-kwa- or ek-wa-bil'i-ti), n. [For-
merly uiqiiability'; < L. mquabiliia{t-)s, < aquu-
bilis, equable : see equable.] The condition or
quality of being equable ; continued equality,
regularity, or uniformity : as, the equability of
the velocity of the blood ; the equability of the
temperature of the air ; equability of temper.
For the celestial . . . bodies, the equability and con-
stancy of their motions . . . argue them to be ordained
and governed by wisdom and undei-standing.
Ilay, Works of Creation.
I should Join to these other qualifications a certain cequa-
bility or evenness of behaviour. Spectator, No. 68.
equall; < Mfi. equal (also egal: see egal), < OF.
equal, equail, equaul, egual, egal, aigal, ugal,
etc., eical, emoel, yewel, yevel, ievel, ivel, yvel,
etc., F. egal = Pr. egual = Sp. Pg. igual =
It. eguale, uguale, < L. cequalis, equal, like, <
cequus, plain, even, level, flat (cf. a!quiim, a
plain, cequor, a level, esp. the level sea), equal,
like; perhaps akin to Skt. ete, one.] I. a. 1.
Having one measure ; the same in magnitude,
quantity, degree, amount, worth, value, or ex-
cellence. Thus, two collections of objects are equal in
number when the operation of counting, applied to the two,
ends with the same number ; two lengths are equal when
either will cover the other; two stars appear of equal
brightness when the eye can detect no difference between
them in this respect. Quantities of two or more dimen-
sions are equal only when they are equal in each dimen-
sion separately. Thus, two vectors are not necessarily
equal because they are equal in length ; it is necessary
that they should also be parallel. It is therefore prefera-
ble not to speak of two forces (or anything else capable of
representation by vectors) as equal, unless they are paral-
lel. Nevertheless, the prevalent mathematical usage is,
or has been until recently, to call two such things equal
when their tensors or moduli are equal. On the other hand,
common usage presents an opposite inconsistency in refus-
ing to call geometrical figures (particularly triangles) equal
unless they can be superposed. Euclid and some modern
geometers make it an axiom that figures which can be su-
perposed are equal ; but others define equal figures as such
as can be superposed.
They . . . made the maimed, orphans, widows, yea, and
the aged also, equal in spoils with themselves.
2 Slac. viii. 30.
Thou therefore also taste, that equal lot
May join us, equal joy, as equal love.
Milton, P. L., ix. 881.
Here, however, I could use the word equal only in its
practical sense, in which two things are equal when I can-
not perceive their difl'erence ; not in its theoretical sense,
in which two things are equal when they have no differ-
ence at all. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 266.
The difference between Rome and any other Latin city
appears at once in the fact that Rome by herself always
deals on at least equal terms with the Latin league as a
whole. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 316.
2. Even ; uniform ; not variable ; equable : as,
an equal mind.
An equal temper jn his mind he found.
When fortune flatter'd him, and when she frown'd.
Dryden.
Let us swear an oath, and keep it with an emial mind.
Tennyson, Lotos-Eaters (Choric Song).
3. Having a just relation or proportion; corre-
spondent ; commensurate.
Were my fortunes equal to my desires, I could wish to
make one there. Shak., Pericles, ii. 1.
I hope your noble usage has been equal
With your own person.
Beau, and FL, King and No King, iv. 2.
It is not permitted me to make my commendations
equal to your merit. Dryden, Fables, Ded.
4. Impartial; not biased; just; equitable; not
unduly favorable to any party : as, the terms
and conditions of the contract are equal; equal
laws.
equal
Ye say, the way of the Lord is not equal. Ezek. xviii. 25-
The coiulemn'd man
Has yet that privilege to speak, my lord ;
Law were not equal else.
Fletcher, Valentinian, ii. 3.
Oh, equal Heaven, how wisely tliou disposest
Thy several gifts !
Fletcher (and another). Love's Cure, iii. 2,
O, you equal gods,
Whose justice not a world of wolf -turned men
Shall make me to accuse. B. Jonson, Sejanus, iii. 1.
It could not but much redound to the lustre of your
milde and equall Government. Milton, Areopagitica.
5. Of the same interest or concern ; of like mo-
ment or importance.
They who are not disposed to receive them may let them
alone or reject them ; it is equal to me. Cheyne.
6. Adequate; having competent power, ability,
or means: with to : as, the army was not equal
to the contest ; we are not equal to the under-
taking.
The Scots trusted not their own numbers as equal 1o
fight with the English. Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
His health was not equal to the voyage, and he did not
live to reach Virginia. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 117.
7. Of the same rank or dignity ; having a com-
mon level or standing ; having the same rights,
interests, etc. : as, we are all equal in the sight
of God.
These last have wrought but one hour, and thou hast
made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden
and heat of the day. Mat. xx. 12.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men
are created equal ; that they are endowed, by their Creator,
with certain unalienable rights ; tliat among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Declaration of IndependeiKe.
8. In hot., symmetrical, as applied to leaves and
to various organs of cryptogams ; of uniform
thickness, as the stipe of an agaric. — 9. In en-
tom., same as equate — Curve of equal approach.
See approach.— Equal counterpoint, in mrisic. counter-
point made up of tones of equal duration ; a contrapuntal
composition thus constituted. — Equal decrement of
life. See decrement .—I^MaX propositions, propositions
which state the same fact.— Equal Rights party. See
Locofoco. — Equal surface, in €*(^o»)., oncwithont mark-
ed irregularities or sculpture, but not necessarily plane ;
an equate surface.— Equal temperament. See temjxra-
me»tf.— Equal voices, in music, strictly, voices having
the same quality and compass, but often applied to male
voices as opposed to female, or vice versa.— Surface Of
equal head. See head. = Syn. 2. Equable, regular, un-
varying.— 3. Proportionate, conformable, equivalent. — 4.
Fair, even-handed.— 6. Fit, competent.
II. n. 1 . One wlio or that which is not differ-
ent in all or some respects from another ; spe-
cifically, one who is not inferior or superior to
another ; a person having the same or a similar
age, rank, station, office, talents, strength, etc.
It was thou, a man mine equal, my guide, and mine ac-
quaintance. Ps. Iv. 13.
Miranda is indeed a gentleman
Of fair desert and better hopes ; but yet
He hath his equals.
Beau, and FL, Knight of Malta, iii. 2.
Those who were once his equals envy and defame him.
Addison.
In taste and imagination, in the graces of style, in the
arts of persuasion, in the magnificence of public works,
the ancients were at least our equals. Macaulay, History.
2t. The s'.ate of being equal ; equality.
Thou that presum'st to weigh the world anew.
And all things to an eqxmll to restore.
Spenser, F. Q.,V. ii. 34.
equal (e'kwal), adv. [< equal, a.] Equally; in
a manner equal (to). [Obsolete or colloq.]
Thou art
A thing that, equal with the Devil himself,
I do detest and scorn.
Massinger, Duke of Milan, ii. 1.
The head is painted eqtml to Titian ; and though done,
I suppose, after the clock had struck flve-and-thirty, yet
she retains a great share of beauty.
Walpole, Letters, II. 365.
equal (e'kwal), v.; pret. and pp. equaled or
equalled, ppr. equaling or equalling. [< ME.
equalen, equelen; < equal, a.] I. trans. 1. To be
or become equal to ; be commensurate with ;
be as great as; correspond to or be on a level
with in any respect ; be adequate to : as, your
share equals miae ; no other dramatist equals
Shakspere.
Aiul will she yet abase her eyes on me, . . .
On me, whose all not equals Edward's moiety?
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
And (according to all the opinions of the lesuites there
abiding) equalling or exceeding in people- fonre of the
greatest Cities in Europe. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 436.
No falsehood
Equals a broken faith.
Ford, Broken Heart, iv. 2.
2. To make equivalent to; recompense fullyj.
answer in full proportion.
e<itial
She songht Sicheua through the shady grove,
Who answer d all her cares, anil equalVd all her love.
Dryden, .Eneitl.
3. To count or consider as equal ; make com-
parable.
I think no man, for valour of mind and ability of body,
to be preferred, if eaualUd, to Argalus.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
And haue thereupon obtruded on many other dayes as
religious respects or more then on this (which yet the
Apostles entitled in name and practise The Lords Day),
with the same spirit whereby they haue fiualled tradi-
tions to the holy Scriptures. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 121.
And smiled on porch and trellia
The fair democracy of flowers,
That equais cot and palace.
Whittier, Among the Hills.
To eauaJ aquals, to make things equal ; bring about an
equality, or a proper balance or adjustment. See equal-
aqual. [Scotch.)
If I pay debt to other folk, I think they suld pay it to me
— that equals aquals. Scott, Heart of .Mid-Lothian, viii.
n.f intrans. To be equal ; match.
I think we are a liody strong enough.
Even as we are, to equal with the king.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 3.
equal-aqual (e'kwal-a'kwal), a. [A varied re-
duplication of equal.'] Alike. [Scotch.]
eqoal-ended (e'kwal-en'ded), a. In oologij. el-
liptical, as an eeg, in long section, and there-
fore having both ends alike; not distinguish-
able as to point and butt.
equal-falling (e'kwal-fa'ling), a. Havingequal
velocities iif fall.
eqnalifiorons (e'kwal-i-flo'rus), a. [< L. ceqna-
Us, equal, -I- flos {flor-). flower, + -ous.'] Hav-
1981
Making the major part of the inhabitants . . . believe
that their ease, and their satisfaction, and their equaliza-
tiim with the rest of the fellow-subjects of Ireland, are
things adverse to the principles of that connection.
Burke, Affaira of Ireland.
Board of equalization, in the State and county govern-
ments of some of the United States, a board of commis-
sioners whose duty it is, in order that the incidence of
State or county taxation may be the same in all the local
subdivisions, to reduce to a uniform basis the valuations
made by local assessors.
equalize (e'kwal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. equal-
ized, ppr. equalising. [= F. egaliser; as equal +
-«re.] If. To be equal to; equal.
equation
Of an even, composed frame of mind; of a
steady temper ; not easily elated or depressed.
Out of an equanimous civility to his many worthy
friends. Eikon Basilike.
equant (e'kwant), a. and n. [< L. a;quan{t-)s,
ppr. of cequare, make equal: see equate.'] I. a.
Having equal ares described in equal times;
figuratively, regulating. See II. [Obsolete or
archaic]
Love is the circle equant of all other affections.
Burton, Anat. of Mel.,
Islam, like any great Faith, and Insight Into the essence
of man, is a perfect' «/«aVi2rr of men.
Carlyle, Heroes and Hero- Worship, ii.
ing equal flowers : applied to a plant when all
the flowers of the same head or cluster are
alike in form as well as character. J. Gray.
Also spoiled wqualitlorons.
equalisation, eqtialise, etc. See equalization,
etc.
equalitarian (C-kwol-i-ta'ri-an), a. and n. [<
equality + -ari'an.] I. a. Believing in the prin-
ciple of equality among men. [Bare.]
The er/ualitarian American — proud of hl» city, proud
of his State, devoted to local interests, as a good citixen
sbonld lie — protests, as one can readily understand,
asiiDst the supremacy of New York.
Fortnightly Ree., N. 8„ X.X.XIX. 226.
H. n. One who believes in or maintains the
principle of e(iuality among men. [Kare.]
equality (e-kwol'i-ti), n. [ME. egaliU, < OF.
eijalile: tte'a egality ; OF. cqualite,egalite,egalte,
eugalte,igmlete,icelie,etc.,F.^galiti='PT.engal-
taf = Sp. iaualdad = Pg. igualdade = It. egualita, equalizing-bar' (e ' kwal - i - zing- bar), n.
ugualitil,<h.(Equalita{t-)ii,e<iiia,lnes8,<<equaU.<i, i,,,,!.
equal: see <■</«<(/.] 1 . The state of being equal ; equalizing-flle (e'kwal-i-zing-fil), n. 8ee//ei.
identity in magnitude or dimensions, value, equally (6'kwal-i), adv. 1. In an equal man-
qualities, degree, etc. ; the state of being neither ner or to the same degree ; alike,
superior nor inferior, greater nor less, better
nor worse, stronger nor weaker, etc., with re-
gard to the thing or things compared.
Equality of two domestic powers
Breeds scrupulous (action.
Shak., A. and C, L 3.
If they [the democrats] restrict the word equaiity as
carefully as they ought, it will not import that all men
have an equal right to all things, but that, to wliatever
they have a right, It is as much to be protected and pro-
vided (or as the right of any persons in society.
Amet, Works, II. 210.
In the (edsral constitution, the equality of the States,
without regtvd to population, size, wealth, institutions, or
any other considermtion. Is a fundamental principle ; as
nnx'h so as is the equality of their citizens. In the govern,
meiits of the several States, without regard to property,
iiiHueiice, or superiority of any description.
Calhoun, Works, I. 18«.
2. Evenness; uniformity; sameness in state
or continued course; equableness: as,eqttality
p. 438.
U. n. In the Ptolemaic system of astronomy,
a circle about whose center the center of the
epicycle of a planet was supposed to describe
equal angles in equal times. Also called eccen-
tric equator.
equate (e-kwaf), v. t. ; pret. and pp. equated,
ppr. equating. [< L. aquattts, pp. of aiquare,
make equate, like, even, level, etc., < cequus,
equal, even: see equal.] 1. To make equal or
equivalent; regard or treat as equal. [Rare.]
We equate four hundred and forty-five early Greek
years with the last three hundred and twenty English
years. De Quincey, Homer, iii.
Am I at liberty to equate Widefleet with Broad wall, the
present boundary line between Lambeth and Southwark?
A', and Q., 7th ser., HI. 444.
2. To reduce to an average; make such cor-
rection or allowance in as will reduce to a com-
mon standard of comparison, or will bring to a
true result : as, to equate observations in astron-
omy.— 3. To be equal or equivalent to ; equal.
[Bare.]
>'o doubt Fori equates " Cheap " as a place of barter,
but the real Roman Forum would become a closed build-
ing, like a town-hall. A', and Q., 7th ser., IV. 15«.
Equated anomaly. Same as true a}iomaly (which see,
under a)ioiiio(,u). — Equated bodies, a line on Gunter's
scale showing the ratio uf volumes of two regular bodies.
equate (e'kwat), a. [< L. ivquatus, pp. : see the
verb.] In entom., smooth, as a surface ; having
... . . , nospecialelevationsordepressions. AlsocgKOi.
ing, if he did not perpetrate, one of the mostatrocious g.^^tjc (e-kwat'ik), a. [< equate + -ic] In
of oppre«iion. Brougham. «« ^^^^^ ^^^^j. ^^.^^'^^ ^ 1^^,^^^ ^^.^^^^ \^^^^
elevations or depressions, though it may be
convex or gibbous as a whole, and have punc-
2. Specifically, a pivoted bar attached to the tures or otlier small sculptural marks on it.
pile of B wagon and carrying at its ends the e<l'^«0Il(?:''«''>i'9'^°''-''j^!^")'"-Jl^,f, •;!?"""
Outsung the Muses, and did equalize
Their king Apollo. Chapman, Ep. Ded. to Hiad.
In some parts were found some Chesnuts whose wild
fniit equalize the best in France, Spaine, Germany, or
Italy. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 122.
It could not equalize the hundredth part
0( what her eyes have kindled in my heart.
Walter, At Penshurst.
2t. To represent as equal ; place on a level (with
another).
The Virgin they do at least equalize to Christ.
Dr. 11. More, Antidote against Idolatry, v.
3. To make equal ; cause to be equal in amount
or degree as compared : as, to equalize accounts ;
to equalize burdens or taxes.
Death will equaliee us all at last
Burton, Anat of Mel., p. 356.
The philosophers among the democrats will no doubt
insist that they do not mean to equalize property, they
contend only (or an equality of rights.
Amet, Works, II. 210.
One poor moment can suffice
To equalize the lofty and the low. Wardmorth.
Also spelled equalise.
equalizer (e'kwal-i-z6r), n. 1. One who or
uiat which equalizes or makes equal; an ad-
juster; a leveler.
We find this digester of codes, amender of laws, de-
stroyer of feudality, equalizer of public burdens, &c., per
niittii
acU
swingletrees to which the norses are attached ;
an evener. Also called equalizing-bar.
Also spelled equalixer.
equalizer-spring (e'kwal-i-z^r-spiing), n. A
sprint; wliich rests on an equalizing-bar and
arrics the weight of a car. Car-Builder's Diet.
- - - See
God loves equally all human iKlngs, of all ranks, nations,
conditions, and characters; . . . the Fatlier has no favor-
ites and makes no selections.
Channing, Perfect Life, p. 67.
2. In equal shares or portions : as, the estate
is to be equally divided among the heirs.
No particular (acuity was preeminently developed : but
manly health and vigour were equally dillnsed through
the whole. Maeaulay, Lord Bacon.
3. Impartially ; with equal justice.
I do require them of you, so to use them.
As we shall find their merits and our safety
May equally determine. Shak., Lear, v. S.
Equally pinnate, in bot. , same as abruptly pinnate (which
„>■,■. tiii.ii r 'ifTiififhi),
equalness (e'kwal-nes), n. The state of being
equal, in any seiise ; equality.
Let me lament . . . that our stars,
Unreconclllable, should divide
Our equalneu to this. ShtU:., A. and C, v. 1.
of^surface; an equality of temper or constitu- gq^^^gular (e-kwang'gn-lar), a. Samease^wi-
(iiii/nl"r. [Bare.]
equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti), n. [< L. aqua-
niinita(t-)s, calmness, patience, even-minded-
tion.
Alle fortune Is blysful to a man by the egreablete or by
the egalyte o( hym that suflreth hyt
CAaueer, Boethius, 11. prose 4.
Measure out the lives of men, and periodically deflne the
alterations of their tempers ; conceive a regularity in mu-
tations, with an equality in constitutions.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
Circle of equality, an eqnant— Doable or triple
equality, :i *> -tem of two or of three eci nations.— Ratio
Of equality, the ratio of two eqnal quantities. — Sign of
equality, the sign », used — (a) In math., lM;tween the
symbols of two quantities, to indicate their e<|nality : as,
t + h = i\ ; ■>x + 3y = 13, the whole forming an equa-
tion (whi. li we), (h) In other cases, to indicate equality
or etiulvaloMci: of sense : as, Ijitin graliwi = Ihanie. (c)
I,. ,11, . -.n, Mil, the etymologies of this dictionary, to
icrally equality (ultimate identity) of form :
' — lAtin ditn =r Gi " "
ness, < cequanimis, even-minded: see equani-
mous.] Evenness of mind or temper; calm-
ness or firmness, especially under conditions
adapted to excite great emotion ; a state of re-
sistance to elation, depression, anger, etc.
Tills watch over a man's self, and the command of his
temper, I take to be the greatest of human perfections.
. . . I <lo not know how to express this habit of mind, ex.
cept you will let me call it equanimity. Tatter.
When selfishness has given way to generosity, and per-
fect love has cast out fear — then all this shows itself in
that equipoise of soul which we call gmid temper or eqiia-
„ , .. , uimity. J. F. Clarke, .Self-Culture, p. 287.
Jrcek «vo = Sanskrit dra.
eau<iiii5ation(e'kwal-i-za'8hon), H. [irqualize equanimoust (o-kwan'i-mus), a. [< L. a;qtia-
+ -(iliim.] The act of equalizing, or the state ximi.i (only in glosses), mild, kind, lit. eveu-
of being equalized. Also spelled equalisation, minded, < aquus, even, equal, + animus, mind.]
cion, cquacioun, < L. <equatio(ii-), an equalizing,
equal distribution, < aquare, make equal : see
equate.] If. A making equal, or an equal di-
vision; equality.
Again the golden day resum'd its right.
And rul'd in just equation with the night
Rowe, tr. of Lucan, 11.
2. In math., a proposition asserting the equal-
ity of two quantities, and expressed by the
sign = between them ; or an expression of the
same quantity in two terms dissimilar but of
equal value : as, 3 lb. = 48 oz. ; x = b + m — r.
In the latter case x is equal to b adtled to m with r sub-
tracted from the sum, and the<|uantitieson the right hand
of the sign of e<|Uatiun are said to be the value of x on the
left hand. An equation is termed simple, quadratic, cubic,
or biquadratic, or of the 1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th degree, ac-
cording as the index of the highest power of the unknown
quantity is one, two, three, or four ; and generally an
equation is said to be of the 6th, 6th, nth, etc., degree,
according as the highest power of the unknown quantity
is of any of these dimensions.
3. In astron., the correction or quantity to be
added to or subtracted from the mean position
of a heavenly body to obtain the true position;
also, in a more general sense, tie correction
arising from any erroneous supposition what-
ever.— 4. In chem., a collection of symbols
used to indicate that two or more definite bod-
ies, simple or compound, having been brought
within the sphere of chemical action, a reac-
tion will take place, and new bodies be pro-
duced. The symliols of the bodies which react on each
other form the left-hand member of the equation, and are
connected by the sign of ei|iiality with the symbols of the
products of the reaction. It is called an equation because
the weight of the substances reacting must exactly equal
the weight of the pnxlucts uf reiirtiun'.— Abelian equa-
tion. .See .fifdnir-." Absolute equation. See «6»o-
/«'f.— Absolute personal equation, see persoiml ci/tia-
^'"11. -Adfected or affected equation. See niifecied.—
Algebraic equation. S(e«/i/.(»riiic— Bernoulli's equa-
tion, (a) The e(ination d;/;<U = I'l/ + '■ill'", wberc I' and
Q are functions of x only. It is solved by substituting z =
j/1— m. (6) An equation for the steady motion of a liquid,
namely,
where p is the pressure, p the density, V the potential of the
impressed forces. <; the velocity, and C a constant for each
stream-line and vortex-lino, and in the case of Irrotation-
al motion a constant for all space.— BesseVS equation,
the equation A2yiAx'i + x-'^AylAx + (\-v-ix-^)ii = 0, the
solution of which involves the Besselinn function. — Bi-
nomial equation. Sue Wnoj/imi.— Biquadratic equa-
tion. Sucli e(|nation8 were first solved by the Italian
mathematician Ludovico Ferrari (1622-66). His method
equation
is as follows : Let the biquadratic be «4 + ax^ -f 6x2 + cz
+ d = 0. Find a root of the cubic y 3 — by- +((«; — id) i/ —
d(a2 — 46) — c2 = 0. Then the roots of the biquadratic
are the same as those of the two quadratics
(a2 — 46 + 4y) (2i2 + ox + y)
± >/a2_46 + 4y [x(o2 — 46 + 4y) + ay— 2c] =0.
Canonical equation, an equation brought into a stan-
dard form; especially, the LagniiiKimi and Ilamiltonian
equations of dynamics.— Characteristic equation, an
algebraic equation which ieads to the solution of a linear
differential or difference equation with constant coeffi-
cients.—Chemical equation. See cAcmtcrt/.- Circulat-
ing equation, a ditference eiiuation in which the coeffi-
cients lake successive forms of a cycle of forms for succes-
sive values of the variable. Thus, if we have the equation
ux+i H- PxWx = 0, where P = 1 when x is divisible by 3, P = x
whenx- 1 is divisible by 3, and P=2»whenx + 1 is divis-
ible by 3, the eiiuation given is a circulating equation.—
Clairaut's equation, ttie equation y = xdy/dx+F(dy/
da-).— Complete equation. See incomplete equation.—
Compound equation. Same as ad/ected equation. — Con-
nected equations, a system of equations such that one
of them can be deduced from the rest.— Constitutive
equation, the equation which expresses the conditions of
a proi)iem. — Construction of equations. See construe-
fion.— Conversion of equations. See conversion.- Cu-
bic equation, an emulation of the third degree. The alge-
braic solution of the general cubic etjuation was discov-
ered by Scipione dal Ferro (died 1525 ?). His method, com-
monly known as that of Cardan, and perfected by Hudde,
is as follows : Let the cubic etiuation be x-* + 3ax2 + 66x
+ 2c = 0. Calculate three subsidiary quantities, p, q, R,
by means of the equations p = 2b — a2, g = a-* — Sab + c,
B2 = j>3 -f q2. Then, denoting by p any cube root ol
unity, and by the radical a real quantity,
a! = p^— g + K-f-pS)/— 9 — R— a,
which gives three values for the three values of p. If all
the roots are real, this method is inconvenient; and we
have the "irreducible case of Cardan's solution," when
we may calculate two subsidiary quantities, r and 9, by
the equations r6 = ^2 _ it2, tan2 3$ = — R'^lq% and the
three roots will be x^ = — 2r cos 9 — a, X2 = — 2r cos
(9 -f 120°) — a, X3 = — 2r co8(tf — 120°)— a.— Darhoux'a
equation, the equation Ada; + Bdy + C (ydx — xdy) = 0,
where A, B, C are rational functions of x and y.— De-
pression of an equation. See de/^remon.— Derived
equation, the equation which expresses the vanishing
of the differential coefficient of a given equation. Thus,
if x5 + x3 = x2 -f 1 is the given equation, the derived
equation is b3pi + 3x2 = 2x. — Determinate equation,
an equation containing only one unknown quantity, or
only as many as there are equations in the system.- Dif-
ference equation, an equation expressing a relation be-
tween the value of a function (or the values of several
functions) for all values of the variable or variables and
the values when the several variables are increased by
1,2,3, etc. Thus, /(x, y) = /(x + 1, y) +/(x, y — 3)isa
difference equation. The order of a difference equation
is equal to the difference between the highest and low-
est values of the variable it involves. Thus, the equa-
tion just given is of the first order with respect to x and
of the third order with respect to ?/. The degree of a dif-
ference equation is the degree of the equation in the un-
known functions as variables. Thus,/(x + 2) — [/(x -f 1)]2
-H /x = 0 is a difference equation of the second degree.
But some mathematicians would make the degree of a
difference equation strictly analogous to that of a differ-
ential e<|uation. A linear difference equation with con-
stant coefficients is solved by means of its characteristic
equation (which see, above). — Differential equation,
an equation expressing a relation l^etween functions and
their differential coefficients. An ordinary differential
equation is one which contains only one independent va-
riable ; a partial differential equation is one which con-
tains two or more independent variables. The order of
a differential efjuation is that of the highest differential
coefficient it contains. The degree of a differential equa-
tion is that of the power to which the highest differential
coefficient is raised when the equation is in rational form
and freed from fractions. A solution of a differential
equation is an equation containing no differentials nor
integrals unless of explicit functions and such that the
given differential equation can be deduced from it. A
general golution is one which Is as indeterminate as pos-
sible— that is, which contains the number of arbitrary
constants or functions indicated by the order of the equa-
tion. A particular solution is — (a) with modern writers, a
solution which is a particular case of the general solution ;
<b) with older writers, any solution not general. A sinqu-
lar golution is one which is neither general nor implied
in the general solution. The complete integral of a par-
tial differential equation is a solution containing the full
number of arbitrary constants or functions. — Disjunc-
tive equation. See di»;«7Mr(iw.— Emtnential equa-
tion. See eminen(ia/.— Equation Of achromatlcity,
an equation between the radii of curvature of a com-
pound lens, determining it to be achromatic ; also, a simi-
lar equation determining the distance between the lenses
of an eyepiece. — Equation Of condition. See condi-
tion.—tqvLSLtion of continuity. See cfm^muj'^/.— Equa-
tion of differences, the ecjuation for the squared dif-
ferences of the roots of a given algebraic equation. —
Equation of hydrodynamics, an equation often used in
solving problems in hydrodynamics, expressing a differen-
tial relation between the pressure, the components of the
velocity, and the forces.— Equation of Laplace's func-
tions, the partial differential equation
{ (»'"* ds)' + C^)^ + "<° + »<"" *>' } 2' = "•
Also called Laplace's secondary e^uotton.- Equation of
lUrbt. (o) In older writings, the sum of those equations
ofthe moon's motion which depend on Its distance from
the sun. (&) In modem writings, the correction to be
applied to the position of a planet or to the time of an
eclipse, etc., owing to the finite velocity of light— Equa-
tion of living force <vis viva), an equation derived from
the immediate application of the principle that the liv-
ing forc« added to the potential energy is a constant.—
1982
Equation of moments, an equation of rigid dynamics
expressing the forces of rotation.- Equation Of motion,
the differential equation of dynamics connecting the forces
and accelerations.— Equation Of payments, an arith-
metical rule for the purpose of ascertaining at what time
it is equitable that a person should make payment of a
whole debt which is due in different parts payable at dif-
ferent times. — Equation of rest, a special case of the
equation of motion, showing the conditions of equilibri-
um.—Equation Of the argument, in old astron., the
angle at ihe earth between a planet and the center of Its
epicycle ; but in the cases of the sun and moon, the dif-
ference between the true and mean places. (Clavius, In
Sacro Bosco.)— Equation Of the center, (a) In old as-
tron., usually, the difference between the true and mean
place of the center of the epicycle (Short, Kepler, § 4:s);
but in the case of the moon, generally the angle at the
center of the epicycle between the true and mean apogee
(Clavius; Oza7uim\ but sometimes the first inequality
(Halina, Almagest, V. vii.). (6) In modem astron., the ex-
cess of the true over the mean anomaly. (Gauss. Theoria
Motus, I. 7.) — Equation of the orbit, in old astron. : (a)
The total correction of the mean place of a planet to give
its true place. (&) The equation of the argument. (Kepler,
DeMoti])U8 Martis, I. iv.)— Equation of time, the reduc-
tion from mean solar time to apparent solar time.— Equa-
tion of translation, the differential equation for the
translation of asystem.— Equation toacurve, surface,
etc., an equation detlning tlie shape and i»o.sition of the
curve, surface, etc.—Equatlon to corresponding alti-
tudes, in astron., a correction which nmst be apjmeti to
the apparent time of noon (found by means of the time
elapsed between the instants when the sun had equal al-
titudes, both before and after noon) in order to ascertain
the true time.— Eulerlan equation, (a) The equation
expressing the addition theorem of elliptic functions. (6)
Any one of the usual equations of hydrodynamics, where
the components of the velocity at fixed points of space are
taken as variables: so called in contradistinction to the
Lagrangian equations where the coordinates of a definite
particle are taken as variables ; these equations, though
also discovered by Euler, having been used by Lagrange.
— Exponential equation. See exj>07ien.(irt^— Fluential
equation, the equation of the fluents : corresponding to
the solution of a differential equation.— Fluxlonal equa-
tion, the equation of the fluxions. — Functional equa-
tion, an equation in which the unknown is not a quan-
tity, but a functional operator. Such, for example, is the
equation F2 = I, which means that the operation F is such
that the result of performing it twice is to restore the ori-
ginal operand.— General eciuatlon. an equation in which
no account is taken of initial conditions, or of special or
exceptional featm'es of a problem.— Group Of an equa-
tion, a group of permutations of the roots such that they
all give tlie same values for rational functions of the known
and adjunct quantities, and for no others.— Hamlltonian
equation, one of a certain system of equations for ex-
pressing problems of dynamics. The equations are dpjAt
= — Sll/fiu and d«/d( = 6H/6;), where u is an element of
position , p is the differential coefficient of the vis viva rel-
atively to u\ and H is the total energy.— Hesse's equa-
tion, an equation of the ninth degree, expressing the posi-
tions of the inflections of a plane cubic. — Homogeneous
equation, one of which all the terms are of the same de-
gree.—Identical equation, one which is satisfied by all
values of the literal quantities. — Incomplete equation,
an equation in which some power of the unknown quan-
tity lower than the highest does not appear. Thus, x-i -f
3px -f 2g' = 0 is an incomplete equation.— Independent
equations, a system of equations no one of which is ne-
cessarily satisfied when the others are satisfied. —Indeter-
minate equation or system of equations, an equation
with two unknown (juantities, or a system of equations
less in number than the unknown quantities. — Intrinsic
equation of a plane curve, an equation between the
arc measured from a fixed point upon it and tlie radius
of curvature.— Irreducible differential equation, one
which admits only of proper solutions.- Irreducible
equation, an equation whose first member, after all the
terms have been transposed to one side, has no rational
divisor.- Jacobfs equation, the equation
(ax -f by + cz) (ydz — zdy)
+ (a'x + b'y 4- c'z) (zdx — xd2)
+ (a"x -f b"y -f c"2) (xdy — ydx) = 0.
Iiagrange'S equation, one of the equations dx.'P -Sy IQ
= SzjK used in the solution of Lagrange's linear equation.
— Lagrange's linear equation, the equation 'PSzlSz
+ Q 6zl&!i = it, wliere P, Q, R are explicit functions of x,
y, z. — Lagrangian equation, (a) An equation of the
form
dar
dtau'
equational
tial coefficients.- Modular equation, in elliptic func-
tions, an equation between X and k, where
Mdy dx
dT ?X^Q
where T is the living force, Y the positional enei^y, u an
element of position, and t the time, (b) A general equation
of hydrodynamics, in which, instead of considering the ve-
locity at each fixed point of space, the motion of each par-
ticle is followed out. This is called a Lagrangian equa-
tion because used by Lagrange in his "M^chanique Ana-
litique," though invented hy Enler.— Lamp's equation,
theequationd2t//dx2 — [m(m + l)/-2sn2a; + fi]y = 0, where
rii is an integer and k is the modulus of the elliptic func-
tion sux.— Laplace's equation, the equation
a2u d2u
9x2^ dya "
92u
yi-y'-i.l- y-iy^ y 1 - A2. 1
Monge's equation, the equation
32j
- = 0.
Also called Laplace's principal equation. See equation of
Laplace's functions, above. — Legendre's equation* the
equation
(1 _ a;2) ^ _ 2x ^ + n (» + 1) y = 0.
dX"! dx
Linear equation, an equation of the first degree. — Lit-
eral equation, one in which all the quantities are ex-
pressed l)y letters.— Local equation, the equation of a
locus.— Lunar equation, the correction of the Grego-
rian culendar for the error M the lunar cycle, wliich adds
1 to the (pact in 18()(), 2100, etc. See <!/>ffc^— Mixed equa-
tion of differences, or equation of mixed differences,
an equation which contains both differences and dlfferen-
-k2x2.
-S-
-f T — ^ = V,
where R, S, T, V are functions of z, y, z, ZzjZx, and 32/
ay.— Kormal equation, in least squares, one of the sys-
tem of equations equal in number to the unknown quan-
tities, which are formed from the more numerous equa-
tions of condition, according to the rule of least squares.
—Numeral or numerical equation, an ecjuation hav-
ingallitscoefficientsindividualnuniliers.- Opticalequa-
tion, in anc. astron., the apparent displacement vi a plan-
et owing to the eccentricity of the orbit ; more precisely,
the angle at the center of the epicycle between the center
of the world and that of the orbit.— Ordinary equation,
partial equation. See differential f^/uahou. -Particu-
lar equation, an equation which takes account of initial
positions and velocities or other peculiarities of a special
problem.— Personal equation. («) The constant which
must be added to every time observed by one observer, in
order to make the mean of such observations agree with
those of another observer. If, for example, two observers
note the times of jiassage of a series of stars over the same
meridian, it will generally be found that one observer has
a tendency to note the time later than the other, so that the
mean difference, say for sets of twenty-five observations,,
presents some approach to constancy. In conseqftence of
this, if we have to combine observations of the two ob-
servers, it will be proper to apply to all the observations of
one of them a constant, in order to give the times such as
they would have been observed by the other. This constant
is the personal equation. The absolute personal equation is
the amount which has to be added to the time as observed
by any given observer in order to reduce the error of the
mean of a large number of his observations to zero, or as
nearly so as possible by any such constant correction. The
personal equation is said to be eliminated when the ob-
servations are so treated that it does not affect the re-
sult. Thus, in determining the difference of longitude of
two stations by the telegraphic transmission of the times
of transit of stars over the two meridians, the result will
be affected by the personal equation between the observ-
ers at the two stations. But if the observers afterwai'd
change places and redetermine the difference of longitude,
the personal e<|uation will enter into this second result
with the opposite sign to that which it had before. Con-
sequently, the mean of the two results will give a third
result whicli is free from the effect of any constant per-
sonal equation. Hence, loosely — (/>) Any kind of tendency
to error of a determinate kind and amount peculiar to a
given observer or reasoner for which it is possible to make
any approximate allowance.—- Physical equation, in
astron., the displacement of a planet from the position
which an equable circular motion would give it owing
to the eccentricity of the orbit being only one half that
of the equant.— Primitive equation, any equation from
which another is derived in any way.— Pure eauation,
one in whieb each unknown occurs to only one degree. —
Quadratic equation, an equation of the second degree.
Such etpiations were solved by the ancients. Given kx^
-f 2Kx + C = 0, the solution is
B B , ,
x = --±-Wl-
:^/^
AC
B2'
When B2 is much larger than ±AC, the two roots are
nearly
2B C , C AC2
--r + — «"<•
23
2B
8B3
Quadrato-quadratic equation*, a biquadratic equa-
tion.--Quartic equation, one of the fourth degree. —
QulntiC equation, oiu- of the fifth dep-ee. Tlie general
equations of tlie fiftll Jind lii.i^lier dejrree.s cfinnot lie solved
by means of radicals,— Reciprocal equation, an equation
which is satisfied hy the reciprocal of the unknown quan-
tity.— Resolvent equation, an algebraic equation which
has to be solved in order to solve another equation. Thus,
the cubic which has to be solved in order to solve a bi-
quadratic is a resolvent equation. — Rlccatl's equation^
the equation di//dx -f 6;/2=cxin.— Root of an equation,
a number or known quantity which substitutetf for the un-
known quantity in tlie equation satisfies the latter identi-
cally.— Secular equation, the equation of the secular
inequalities.— Simple equation, an equation of the form
Ain> -f B = C— Simultaneous equations, two or more
equations which are true at the same time.— Solar equa-
tion, the correction of the ei^act in the Gregorian calen-
dar tor the fact that three out of every four century-years
are not leap-years. See epact,^ Solution of an equa-
tion. See dijferential equation.— Symbolic equation.
(a) A functional equation, or an equation whose niembera
are not quantities. (6) An equation of analytical geom-
etry in which certain curves are represented by single let-
ters. Thus, if U = 0, V = 0, W = 0, represent the equa-
tions of three circles, UV = W- is the symbolic equation
of a bicircular quartic— The equation of a quantlc,
the equation formed by putting the quantic equal to zero.
Caytei/, 1854.— Theory Of equations, that branch of al-
gebra which seeks those functions of tlie roots of any given
equation that are expressible rationally as functions of its
coefHcients and of certain given irrationals called the ad-
juncts of the equation. Gauloig.—To eliminate the Per-
sonal equation, to remove from the results of an obser-
vation or calculation the amount of error to which the
person making it is found to be liable ; hence, in a general
sense, to make allowance for personal prejudice or bias in
considering a statement or an expression of opinion. See
personal equation, atiove.- Total difTerentlal equation,
one which has only one independent variable, but two or
more dependent variables.— Transcendental equation,
one in which the unknowns enter in a more complicated
way than in algebraic equations.— Transforming equa-
tion. See emiation of limits, aliovc.— Vector equation,
an e(iuation hetweeu vectors. (See also J'ormula, theorem,
.serif'.^. laif.)
equational (f-kwa'shon-al), a. [< equation -H
-al.'] In macA., equalizing; adjusting: equiva-
eqnational
lent to differential as applied to gearing and the
like Equational box, a system of ditferential gear-
iut; used in bobbiii-aiul-tly niachiiies to obtain clianges in
the relative speed i>f tlie lx>bl>in and flier. See diferen-
tial iie^r {uadariti^erentiai), bobbin^ &nd Jly-fratne.
eaoator (e-kwa'tor), n. [< ME. equator = F.
eqitateur = Pg. equador = Sp. ecuador = It.
equatore = D. (equator = G. aquator = Dan.
(ekeator = Sw. eqvator, < ML. (equator, the
equator, < L. (equare, make equal : see equate.']
1. In astron., that imaginary great circle in
the heavens the plane of which is perpendicu-
lar to the axis or the earth, it ia everywhere 90'
distant from the celestial poles, which coincide with the
extremities of the earth's axis, supposed to be produced
to meet the heavens, and its axis U this produced axis.
It divides the celestial sphere into the northern and
aoothem hemispheres. Dtiring his apparent yearly course
the sun is twice in the equator, in the months of March
and September. Then the day and night are everywhere
eqtial, whence the name equatvr.
This same cercle is cleped also the weyere, equator, of
the day, for whan the sonne is in the hevedes of Aries &
Libra, than ben the dales & the nyhtes illilce of lengthe in
al the world, Chaucer, Astrolabe, t 17.
As when his beams at noon
Culminate from the equator. Milton, P. L., ill. 617.
2. In geog., that great circle of the earth every
point of which is 90° from the earth's poles,
which are also its poles, its axis being also the
axis of the earth, it is in the plane of the celestial
equaUjr. Our earth is divided by it into the northern and
southern hemispheres. From this circle is reckoned the
latitude of places both north and south.
Hence — 3. A similarly situated circle about
any spherical body, or the region adjacent to it.
— Eccentrto equator. Same a* ryuan/.— Magnetic
equator, a line wliich nearly coincides with the geo-
graphical equat^jr, and at eveiy point of which the verti-
cal component of tlte earth's magnetic attraction is zero —
that is to say. a dipping-needle carrie<l along it remains
horizontal. It is hence calletl the aclinic lint.
ei^natorlal (e-kwa-to'ri-jil), a. and n. [= F.
equatorial, etc., (. ML. (e(fuator, equator: see
equator.] L «■ Of or pertaining to the equator:
as, equatorial climates ; the etjuatoriat diameter
of the earth is longer than the polar diameter.
— Equatorial circle. s«i- II —Equatorial dial See
iliat. -Equatorial migration. .See i/nVrariuii.— Equ*-
tortal telescope "r instrument. See II.
II. II. .-Vn astroiioiui<al instrument contrived
for the purjKjso of din-ctiiig a telescope upon
any celestial object of which the right ascen-
sion and declination are known, and of keeping
the object in view for any length of time not-
withstanding the diurnal motion. For these pur-
poses a principal axis resting on Arm supiM>rts Is placed
parallel to the ails of the earth's rotation, and conse-
quently pointing to the pole* of the heavens. On this polar
axis there is placed, usually near one of it* extreraltie*,
a graduated circle, the plane of which i* perpendicular
to the polar axl*. and taerefore parallel to the equator.
This circle 1* called the equatonal circle, and measures
by its arcs the hour-angles, or dilTerences of right ascen-
sion. The polar axl* carrie* a second circle, called the
tUcliiuUion circle, the plane of which is at right angles to
that of the equatorial circle. This last circle has a tele-
*cope attached to it for mailing observation*, whicli move*
along with It in the same plane. The name ttjutUorial, or
equatorial inatrumewt, i* sometime* given toany aatronom-
ical instrument wtiich ha* It* principal axl* of rotation
pnnllel to the axl* of the earth,
equatorially (e-kwa-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an
equatorial manaer; °80 as to Have the motion or
position of aji equatorial.
With the equatorially mounted refracting telefloope*,
onlv the usual observation* were conducted.
Science, IV. (32.
eqnery, equerry (ek'we-ri or 5-quer'i), n. ; pi.
eqiurien, equerries (-riz). [AltJered, in simula-
tion of L. equus, a horse, from OF. escuyrie, es-
cuirie, raixl. P. SiMrie, a stable, < ML. «c«rMi, a
stable, < OHG. teiura, MHO. stMiure, G. tcheuer,
a shed. Hence, by apheresis, querry, quirry:
see querry. In the second sense appar. mixed
with OF. cs(myer, a squire, in the phrase esrmyer
(Tcscui/rie, an equery, lit. squire of the stable :
esquyer, '>'£•. esquire, squire : teeesquirc^, squire.]
It. A stable for horses.
I made the proof ofttime* upon Sir R. P. that is, . . .
Sir Rol>ert I'ye of the equerry. Boyle, Work*, VI. 354.
2. In the household of a prince or nobleman,
an officer who has the superintendence and man-
agement of hort^es. In F,ni{land the eouerie* are offl-
'•er- of the lioiHchold of the sovereign. In tlie department
ot tlic Maater of the Horse, of whom the first Is styled chief
equery and clcrkmamhal. Their ilutits fall In rotation.
an<I wlien tlie sovereiKu rides abroad in state an equery
goes in the leading coach. ofBiers with the same denomi-
nation form part of the establishments of tile members of
tile royal family.
The Kinx In royal robe* and equipage. Afterwards fol-
lowed equtrrieg, footemen, gent, pensioners.
Evelyn, Diary, April 23, 1B61.
eques (e'kw8z),n.; pi. equites (ek'wi-tez). [L.,
a horseman, a knight, < equus, a horse : see
£quus.'] 1. Iniiom.anffg., one of the knights,
1983
an order of Boman citizens. See equites. —
2. [eaj).] A genus of fishes of the pereoid
series and family Scitenidce, represented by
species found in the Caribbean sea and along
the Atlantic coasts of tropical America, typi-
cal of the subfamily Equitina: The tielted horse-
man, Eques laiiceotatiui, is a conspii-ucusly striped species,
liavin;^ an oblong body, with the )>ack luimped and the
doi-sal line very convex, a short, high, and acute tirst dor-
sal tin, a long, low second dorsal ttn, and belted broadly
with blackish-brown on a grayish-yellow ground, each belt
bt'ing edged with a whitish color. Two other species are
known from the Atlantic coast and one from the Pacific.
eqnestrian (e-kwes'tri-an), a. and n. [= F.
equcstre = Sp. ecuestre = Pg. It. equestre, < L.
equester (equestr-), belonging to a horse (or to a
horseman), < equus, a horse (> eques (equit-), a
horseman): see Equus.] I. a. 1. Pertaining or
relating to horses or horsemanship; concerned
with horses or riding; consisting in or accom-
panied with performances on horseback : as, a
person of equestrian tastes; an equestrian pic-
ture; equestrian teaXa, exercise, or sports.
I should be glad if a certain equestrian order of ladies,
some of whom one meets in the evening at every outlet
of the town, would take this subject into their serious
consideration. Spectator, No, 104,
2. Riding or represented as riding on a horse ;
exercising or mounted on horseback : as, eques-
trian performers ; an equestrian statue of Wash-
ington, Equestrian statue* are usually cast in bronze
ana mounted on a stone pedestal. Few early monuments
of this kind are extant, the valuaide metal they contained
tempting ravagers to destroy them.
An eqitettrian lady appeared upon the plain. Spectator.
3. Of or pertaining to the Roman equites or
knights: aSj the e^/uesfrwn order. See equites.
II. n. A rider on horseback; specifically, one
who earns his living by performing feats of
agility and skill on horseback in a circus.
equestrianism (e-kwes'tri-an-izm), n. [< eques-
Iriiiii + -i.iiii.] The performance of an eques-
trian ; horsemanship,
eqaestrienne (e-kwes-tri-en'), n. [A spurious
F. form (in circus-bill French), < equestrian +
F. fem. suffix -enne.] A female riaer or per-
former on horseback.
equi-. [L. cequi-, before a vowel (e(tu-, combin-
ing form of (tquus, e<^ual : see equal.] An ele-
ment of words of Latin origin, meaning ' equal '
('having equal . . .'),&a\-a equidistant, equiva-
lent, etc.
equiangled (e'kwi-ang'gid), a. [< L. mquua,
e<(ual, + E. angle^ + -ea^. Cf. equiangular.]
Having equal angles ; equiangular.
For. whereas that con*i*ta of twelve isquilateral and
(equianifled penta^n*, alrooat all the planes that made up
our granite were quadrilateral. Boyle, Works, III, 534.
equiangular (e-kwi-ang'gu-lttr), fl. [Formerly,
in accorilanee with strict L, analogy, equangu-
Inr ; < L. (rquii.i, c(iual, + aiiguliis, an angle, +
-<ir-.] In i/itiiii., having all the angles equal.
— Equiangular spiral, the logarithmic spiral, a curve
making t'v<-r>u here the same angle with its radius vector.
eqnianharmonlc (e-kwi-an-h&r-mon'ik), a. [<
L. lequii.s, equal, + E. anharmonie.] Equally
anharmonic : applied in mathematics to the
situation of fotir points or other elements (one
of which at least must be imaginary) whose an-
harmonic ratio is a cube root of unity.
equianharmonlcally (e-kwi-an-har-mon'i-kal-
i), 'iilr. Ill an eqiiianhamionic situation.
equibalance (e-kwi-bal'ans), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
equibalanced, ppr. equilMlancing. [< L. (equus,
equal, + E. balance. Cf. e<j«tW«-ote.] To be of
equal weight with something ; counterbalance.
[Rare.]
In Mahomet . . . the passions of amoronsnes* and am-
bition were almost equitMlaneeeL
Clirittian lieUgion'$ Appeal, p, 48 (Ord .VIS,),
eqnibiradiate (e'k-wi-bi-ra'di-st), a. [< L.
n'ljHus, (-(lual. -I- W-, two-, + radius, ray.] Hav-
ing two equal rays, as a sponge-spicule. Sollas.
eqnicon'Vex (e-kwi-kon'veks ), a. [< L. (Equus,
equal, -t- cnnvexus, convex.] Having two con-
vex surfaces of equal curvature.
equicrescent (e-kwi-kres'ent), o. [< L. (equus,
equal, + crcscen(t-)s, increasing.] Increasing
at the same rate ; having equal increments.
equicrural (e-kwi-kro'ral), a. [< L. a:quus,
equal, 4- criui (crur-), leg', + -al.] Having legs
of equal length; isosceles.
We successively draw lines from angle to angle, until
seven equicrural triangles l>e descritied.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err,
equicmret (e'kwi-kr8r), o. Same as equicrural.
\xi fquicnire triangle . , , goes upon a certain propijr-
tioii lit liiigth ami breadth. Sir K. Diijby, Bodies, ix.
Equicolus (§-kwik'v-lu8), n. Same as Equu-
leua, 1.
equiformity
eqoid (ek'wid), n. A hoofed mammal of the
family Equida:
Equidse (ek'wi-de), n. pi. [NL., < Equus +
-id(e.] A family of solidungulate perissodac-
tyl hoofed quadrupeds ; the horse family. The
middle digit and hoof of eacii foot are enlarged, and alone
support the body ; and the lateral digits are more or less
reduced in size, and are functionless orwanting. In living
genera the first and fifth digits and corresponding meta-
podials are wanting ; the second and fourth digits are also
wanting, but their metapodials are present, though re-
duced to mere splint-bones ; the femur has a fossa above
SlceletoQ of Hone {Equus cabattus).
/r, frontal bone ; C cervical vertebne ; D. dorsal vertetnse ; L, lum-
bar vertebrae; cd, caudal vertebnc; sc, scapula; pe, pelvis; fna.
mandible; Am, iiumerus; ra, radius; cf, carpus; tnc, metacarpus;
/(■, femur: /r'^. tibia ; ca, calcaneum : /a r, tarsus; wf/. metatarsus ;
/, phalanges.
the ectocondyle ; the shaft of the ulna is atrophied, and
it* extremity is consolidated with the radius ; the fibula
is rudimentary and ankylosed with the tibia; the skull is
much elongated ; the lower jaw is very deep i)ehind ; and
the liony orbit of the eye is complete. The dentition is :
milk-teeth, dl. \, dc. \, dm. } ; permanent teeth, 1. \, c. \,
pm. and m. | X 2 = 40. The two genera Kqxiue and Ag\-
nu» (scarcely distinct from each other) are the only living
representatives of the family; hut there are many fossil
genera, ranging through the Tertiary, as Hipparion, Mery-
chippus, I'rotohippuji, MiohippuH, Kpihippun, and Eohip-
pus. See these words ; see also home, ass^,zet/ra, quango,
and cuts under hork, hoof, jieriniKHlacli/t, and golidunffutate.
eqoidifferent (e-kwi-dif '6r-ent), a. [< L. (vquus,
equal, + (lifferen(t-)s, different.] 1. Having
equal differences ; arithmetically proportional.
— 2. In crystal., having a common difference;
havinf^a different number of faces presented by
the pnsm and by each summit, the three num-
bers fonning a series in aritlmietical progres-
sion, as 6, 4, 2.— Equldlfferent series, an arithmet-
ical series having the tlitference )>etween the first and sec-
ond, the second and third, the thin! and fourth terms, etc.,
the same; an arithmetical progression.
equidistally (e-kwi-dis'tal-i), ude. Peripheral-
ly; e((iiully as regards distal arrangement.
The genu* Actlnophry* ha* l>een cited, where the ani-
mal i* composed of cell* arranged equidistally around a
common center. E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p, 192.
equidis'tance (e-kwi-dis'tans), n. [= It. equi-
(tinlanca, < NL. ' equidisUiittia, 'vequidistantia, <
LL. (equi(listan(t-)s, equidistant: see equidis-
tant.] Equal distance.
The collateral equidistajice of cousln-german from the
stock whence both descend,
Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, Iv, 5,
equidistant (e-kwi-dis'tant), a. [= F. Equidis-
tant — Pr. equidistant ="It. equidistante, < LL.
(equidistan{t-)s, < L. eequus, equal, + distan{t-)s,
distant.] Equally distant.
The compleat Circle ; from whose every-place
The Centre stands an equi-disfant space.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, 11. , The Columnes.
Any constant l)erio<lical appearance or alternation of
ideas in seemingly equidistant spaces of duration, if con-
stantly and universally observable, would have as well
distinguished the intervals of time as those that have been
made use of. Ijocke, Human Understanding, II. xiv, 19,
eqnidistantly (e-kwi-dis'tant-li), adv. At the
same or an etiual distance.
The porch is simple, consisting only of sixteen pillars,
disposed eqttidistantly.
J. Ferqusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 389.
equidiurnal (e'kwi-di-<'r'nal), a. [< L. (equus,
(•(lual, + (Humus, daily: see diurn, diurnal.]
Having or pertaining to days of equal length:
equivalent to equitioctial.
The circle which the sun descriiies in his diurnal mo-
tion when the days and nights are e<|iial the (Jreeks called
the equidiurnal, the Latin astronomers the equinoctial,
and the corresponding circle on the earth was the eiiuator.
Whewell.
equifonn (e'kwi-fdrm), a. [< L. (equiformis,
uniform, < eequus, equal, -l-/or»ia, shape.] Hav-
ing the same shape or form.
equiformal (e'kwi-f6r-mal), a. [< equiform +
-al.] Same as e<iui/orm.
The teith lieing equi/ormal. Bncyc. Brit., XVI. 660.
equiformityf (e-kwi-f6r'mi-ti), «. [< equiform
+ -ity.] The character "of being equiform ;
uniformity.
Equilateral Tri-
angle.
eqnlformity
The heavens admit not these sinister anil dester re-
spects ; there lieing in them no diversity or difference, but
a simplicitv of parts and equifonnitii in motion continual-
ly succeedi'ns! each other. Sir T. Bmime, Vulg. Err., iv. 6.
equilateral (e-kwi-lat'e-ral), a. and v. [< LL.
irquiUiteralis, < L. wquus, equal, +
latus {later-), side.] I. a. 1. In
geom., having all the sides equal:
as, an equilateral triangle. — 2.
In rod?.: (a) Having the two
sides equal : said of surfaces
■which can be divided into two
parts of the same form by a
longitudinal median line. (6) Having all the
sides equal, (c) Having all the convolutions
of the shell in one plane : said chiefly of fora-
minifei-s Equilateral bivalve, a shell in which a
transverse line, drawn through tlie ape,K of the umbo of
either of the valves, bisects the valve into two ciiual and
symmetrical parts.— Equilateral hemianopsia, hy-
perbola, prlam, etc. .See the nouns. =Syn. 2. Eipnlal-
erai, E(iuiKUve. In cotich., an equilateral bivalve has one
half of each valve of the same size and shape as the other
half of the same valve ; an equimlm bivalve has each valve
shaped like the other one.
n. n. A figure having all its sides equal.
equilaterally (e-kwi-lat'e-ral-i), adv. 1. With
all the sides equal.— 2. "hi zobl.: (a) Equally
on two sides : as, equilaterally rounded ; equi-
laterallij hisinusite. (b) So as to have two sides
equal: as, equilatcrallypToduaoA; equilaterally
angulose.
eqtulibrant (e-kwi-li'brant), n. [< L. as if
*cequilihran{t-)s, ppr. of *cequilihrare, balance
equally: see equilibrate.'] In physics, a system
of forces which would bring another given sys-
tem of forces to equilibrium.
Any system of forces which if applied to a rigid body
would balance a given system of forces acting on it is
called an equilibrant of the given system.
Thomson and Tail, Nat. Phil., § 558.
equilibrate (e-kwi-U'brat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
equilibrated, ppr. equilibrating. [< LL. a:quili-
bratus (adj., equiv. to wquilibris : see equilib-
rium), pp. of "(Bquilibrare (> It. equilibrare =
Sp. Pg. equilibrar = F. iquilibrer), balance
equally, < L. cequus, equal, + librare, balance,
poise : see librate.'] To balance equally ; keep
even with equal weight on each side; keep in
equipoise.
The bodies of fishes are equilibrated with the water in
which they swim. Arbuthtwt, Effects of Air.
Here, as wherever there are antagonistic actions, we
see rhythmical divergences on opposite sides of the medi-
um state — changes which equilibrate each other by their
alternate excesses. H. Speiuer.
equilibration (e"kwi-li-bra'shon), n. [= Sp.
equilibracion = Pg. equilibragao = It. equili-
brazione; as equilibrate + -io».] Equipoise;
the act of keeping the balance even; the state
of being equally balanced ; the maintenance of
equilibrium.
In so great a variety of motions, as running, leaping,
and dancing, nature's laws of equilibration are observed.
Sir J. Denham,
Considered in the widest sense, the processes which we
have seen to cooperate in the evolution of organisms are
all processes of equilibration or adjustment.
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., II. 64.
equilibratory (e-kwi-li'bra-to-ri), a. [< equi-
librate + -ory.) Tending or serving to equi-
librate or balance: as, equilibratory action.
Jevons.
equilibret, n. [< F. Squilibre, < L. wquilibrium,
an even balance: see equilibrium.'] Equilib-
rium. [Rare.]
It is by the equUibre of the muscles . . . that the head
maintains its erect posture. Foley, Nat. Theol., ix.
equilibrial (e-kwi-lib'ri-al), a. [< L. <equili-
bris, evenly balanced, -f' -aU] Pertaining to
equilibration.
equilibrioust (e-kwi-lib'ri-us), a. [< L. a;qui-
Ubris, evenly balanced, 4- -ous.] Being in a
state of equilibrium or equipoise ; balanced.
Our rational and sensitive propensions are made in such
a regular and equilibriaut order that, proportionably as
the one does increase in activity, the other always decays.
J. Seolt, Christian Life, i. 2.
eqnilibriouslyt (e-kwi-lib'ri-us-li), adv. In an
equilibrious or balanced manner; in equipoise.
Some truths seem almost falsehoods, and some false-
hoods almost truths ; wherein falsehood and truth seem
almost equilibriou^ty stated.
Sir T. Browtie, Christ. Mor., iii. 3.
equilibrism (e-kwi-li'brizm), n. [< L. aiquili-
bris, evenly balanced, -I- -ism.] A special form
of the doctrine of free will which supposes a
power of counteracting every volition by an
opposite inhibitory volition.
equilibrist (e-kwi-li'brist), n. [= F. iquili-
briste = Sp. Pg. equilibrista ; as L. aquilibris,
1984 equinoctial
evenly balanced, + -ist.] One who balances equilibrium-valve (e-kwi-lib'ri-um-valv),
equally; one who practises balancing in unnat-
ural positions and hazardous movements, as a
rope-dancer or fimambulist.
A monkey has lately performed, . . . both as a rope-
dancer and an equilibrist, such tricks as no man was
thought equal to before the Turk appeared in England.
Granger, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 30;
The case of the equilibrist and rope-dancer ... is par-
ticularly favourable to this explanation. Dugald Stewart.
equilibrity (e-kwi-lib'ri-ti), n. [< L. wquilibri-
ta(t-)s, < wquilibris, evenly balanced : see equi-
librium.] The state of being equally balanced ;
equal balance on both sides; equilibrium;
equipoise : as, the theory of equilibrity.
equilibrium (e-kwi-lib'ri-um), n. [Formerly
also wquilibrium; = F. iquilibre = Sp. ecuili-
brio = Pg. It. eqtiilibrio, < L. wquilibrium, an
even balance, a horizontal position, < wquili-
bris, level, horizontal, evenly balanced, < wquus,
equal, + libra, a balance: see libra.] 1. Equi-
poise; the state of being equally balanced ; a
situation of a body in which the forces acting
on it balance one another; also, a determina-
tion of forces such that they balance one an-
other, so that their resultant vanishes. Thus,
when a heavy body rests on a table, the weight and the
elastic forces wliich the weight evokes are in equilibrium
(a phrase often used in the Latin form in aquililmo, or
more commonly in equilibria)— that is, are precisely equal
and opposite ; thus, a man walking a tight-rope usually
carries a pole or balancing-rod to aid him in preserving
his equilibrium— that is, in keeping his center of gravity
over the rope, so that his weight and the spring of the
rope may act iu the same vertical line. Similarly, a float-
ing l>ody is in equilibrium when its weight and the up-
ward pressure or buoyancy of the liquid are exactly equal
and opposite. When a body, being slightly moved out of
its position, always tends to return to its position, the lat-
ter is said to be one of stable equilibrium ; when a body,
on the contrary, once removed, however slightly, from the
position of equilibrium, tends to depart from it more and
more, like a needle balanced on its point, its position is
said to be one of unstable equilibrium ; and when a body,
being moved more or less from its position of equilibrium,
will rest in any of the positions in which it is placed, and
is indifferent to any particular position, its equilibrium is
said to be neutral or indifferent. A perfect sphere, of uni-
form material, resting upon a horizontal plane, is m a
state of neutral equilibrium; an oblate spheroid with its
axis of rotation vertical is in stable equilibrium ; while a
prolate spheroid with its axis vertical is in unstable equi-
librium on the same plane. A body suspended by its center
of gravity is in a state of neutral or indifferent equilibrium.
If a body is suspended by any other point, it will be in a • j„ rS-kwin'i-a") n TNL
state of stable equilibrium when its center of gravity is CqUinia (6 KWin i a),n. li>ij
perpendicularly below the point of suspension; but if the a horse : see egmHe.J A Uant .
center of gravity is above the point of suspension, the disease, communicated usually by contagion
equilibrium will be unstable.
If any forces, acting on a solid or fluid body, produce
equilibrium, we may suppose any portions of the body to
become fixed . . . without destroying the equilibrium.
Thomson and Tait, Nat. Phil., § 664.
When at rest under the action of two equal and oppo-
site forces, a point is said to be in equilibrium.
li. S. Ball, Exper. Mechanics, p. 6.
2. The state of balance of any causes, powers,
or motives, so that no effect is produced.
The balance is turned, and wherever this happens there
A valve having nearly equal pressure on both
sides, to enable it to be easily worked.
equilobed (e'kwi-lobd), o. [< L. wquus, equal,
+ NL. lobus, lobe, + -ed^.] In bot., having
equal lobes.
equimomental (e"kwi-mo-men'tal), a. [< L.
(vquus, equal, + momentum, moment, + -al.] In
physics, having equal moments of inertia about
parallel axes, or axes which may be brought
into parallelism, all at once — Equimomental el-
lipsoid. See ellipsoid.
equimultiple (e-kwi-mul'ti-pl), a. and n. [=
P. equimultiple = It. equimultiplicc, < L. wquus,
equal, + multiplex (-plic-), multiple: see multi-
ple.] I. a. Produced by multiplication by the
same number or quantity ; divisible by the same
number or quantity.
II. n. In arith. and geom., one of two or more
numbers or quantities produced by multiplying
other numbers or quantities by the same num-
ber or quantity; one of two or more numbers
or quantities divisible by the same number or
quantity: as, »iA, wB are equimultiples of A
and B. Equimultiples are aUvays in the same ratio to
each other as the numbers or quantities multiplied. If 6
and 9 are each multiplied by 4, the equimultiples 24 and
36 will be to each other as 6 to 9.
equinalt (e-kwi'nal), a. [ME. equinall; as equine
+ -al.] Same as equine. [Rare.]
Chalchas devisde the high equinall pile.
That ills huge vastnesse might all entrance bar.
Heywood, Troia Britannica (1609).
equine (e'kwin or -kwin), a. and n. [< L. equi-
nus, pertaining to a horse, < equus, a horse : see
Equus.] I. a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling
a horse, or its structure, etc. ; belonging to the
horse kind; in a narrow sense, like a horse, as
distinguished from an ass: as, equine and asi-
nine genera, traits, etc.
The shoulders, body, thighs, and mane are equine ; the
head completely bovine. Barrme.
II. n. Ahorse; an animal of the horse family .
equinecessaryt (e-kwi-nes'e-sa-ri), o. [< L.
wquus, equal, + necessarius, necessary.] Equal-
ly necessary. [Rare.]
For both to give blows and to carry [hear],
In fights are equi necessary.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. iii. 1034.
, < L. equinus, of
p7rpendi7ula'rly"below"the'point of suspension ; but if the a' horse : see equiiie.] A dangerous infectious
i3 an end of the doubt or (equilibrium.
Sharp, A Doubting Conscience.
Enabled them eventually to restore the equilibrium
which had been disturbed by the undue preponderance of
tlie aristocracy. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 6.
3. A state of just poise ; a position of due bal-
ance. Especially — (a) Mental balance.
Only Shakespeare was endowed with that healthy equi-
librium of nature whose point of rest was midway between
the imagination and the understanding.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 316.
(b) In the fine arts: (1) The just poise or balance of a fig-
ure or other object, making it appear to stand firmly. (2)
The properly balanced disposition or arrangement of ob-
jects, lights, shadows, etc.
4. Equality of influence or effect; due or just
relationship.
Health consists in the equilibrium between these two
powers. Arbuthnot.
Center of equilibrium. See ccnfcri.— Relative equi-
librium, the instantaneous equilibrium of a particle ; a
situation from which a particle does not tend to move
BO long as other particles are held in their actual posi-
tions. Thus, a drop of water on the crest of a wave is in
relative equilibrium.— IbeTmSll equilibrium, such a
distribution of heat within a gas subject to external
forces (say the atmosphere) that no slow currents of its
parts will alter the distribution of the heat in space.
Thus, if the increase of pressure due to bringiijg a portion
of air from any height to the earth would increase its
temperature just enough to bring that air to the tempera-
lure of the surrounding air, the atmosphere would be in
thermal equilibriun}.
equilibrium-scale (e-kwi-lib'ri-um-skal), n. A
scale or balance for weighing so arranged that
if disturbed by any increase or diminution of the
weight on the platform it will immediately re-
turn to a state of equilibrium or constant bal-
ance. It is used in recordinji the increase or loss of
weight in living plants or animals, under varying circum-
stances of work or feeding, evaporation, etc.
occurring principallj^ in horses, asses, and
mules, but also occasionally in other domestic
animals except cattle, and in man. The salient
features of the disease are the formation of small tuber-
cles, breaking down into ulcers, and the diffuse infiltra-
tion of large and irregular patches with a serous fiuid con-
taining numerous round cells. In addition, abscesses of
considerable size are formed, and the lymphatics become
inflamed and swollen. These processes go on for the
most part in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, and
in the mucous and submucous tissues of the lungs and air-
passages, especially the nose. If the cutaneous symptoms
are in abeyance while the mucous niemhrane of the nose
is severely affected and the discharge profuse, the disease
is called qlanders ; if the cutaneous symptoms are well
developed while the discharge from the nose is insensible,
it is called farcy. Each of these forms may be either acute
or chronic. Equinia in man is in a majority of cases fatal.
It seems to he caused by a bacillus of about the size of the
tubercle-bacillus.
equinna (e-kwin'a), n. [Amer. Ind. (Oregon).]
Same as quinnat.
equinoctia (e-kwi-nok'shiii), n. pi. [< L. (Eom-
noctia, pi. of wquinoctium : see equinox.] The
equinoxes. [Rare.]
Tempests in State ... are commonly greatest when
things grow to equality, as natural tempests about the
equinoctia. Bacon, Seditions and Troubles (ed. 1887).
equinoctial (e-kwi-nok'shal), a. and n. [For-
merly also wquinoetial ; < ME. equinoctial, equi-
noxial = OF. equinocial, F. equinoxial = Pr. Sp.
Pg. equinoccial = It. equinoziale, < L. wqtiiiioc-
tialis,< wquinoctium, equinox: see equinox.] I.
a. 1. Pertaining to the equinoxes; marking an
equal length of day and night : as, the equinoc-
tial line, or equator.
The middel cercle in wvdnesse of thise 3 is cleped the
cercle equinoxial upon whiche turneth evemio the hedea
of Aries and Libra. Chaucer, Astrolabe, i. 17.
Thrice the equinoctial line
He circled ; four times cross'd the car of night
From pole to pole, traversing each colure.
.Milton, P. L., IX. 64.
2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the
equinoctial line, or equator ; in ornear that line :
as, equinoctial heat; an equinoctial sun; equi-
noctial wind.— 3. Occurring at the time of an
equinox: as, an equinoctial storm — Equinoctial
COlure the great circlepassingthrouKh the polesandequl-
lioctiia'p"ints. See co^wre.- Equinoctial dial. Seediol.
— Equinoctial flowers, flowers that open at a regular
equinoctial
■Uted hour.— Equinoctial points, the two points in
which the celestial equator ami tlie ecliptic intersect each
other. The one is the tlrst point of Aries, and is called
the vernal poiiU or emiiutx; the other is the first point of
Libra and is called the autumnal point or equinox. (See
equinox ) These points are found to be moving backward
or westward at the rate of 50" of a degree in a year, a
movement constituting the precession of tlie equinoxes.
See BiWMWon.— Equinoctial time, time reclioned from
the instant at which the sun passes the vernal equinox : a
method of reckoning time independent of the longitude,
invented by Sir John Herschel.
n. n. [For equinoctial line.'] 1. In astron.,
the celestial equator: so called because when
the sun is on it the days and nights are of equal
length in all parts of the world.
Wliereby a Ship . . .
Knowes where she is ; and in the Card descries
What degrees thence the Equinoctiall lies.
Sylretter, tr. of Du Bartass Weeks, i. 3.
2. A gale or storm occurring at or near the time
of an equinox.
The wind increased to half a gale, while heavy showers
kept rattling along the decks. ..." We are in for it at
last.'" "The tf'/u»/M>c(iaf<.? ' "Yes."
W. Black, White Wings, xii.
eqninoctially (e-kwi-nok'shal-i), adv. In the
direction of the equinoctial'. Formerly also
(gquinoctially.
The floure [convolvulus] twist* aquinoctially from the
left hand to the right Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, iv.
eqtlinOX (e'kwi-noks), n. [(ME. equinoxium, pi.
equinoiiis, < L.) < P. equinoxe, formerly eqiii-
nocce = Pr. equinoeci = Sp. Pg. equinoeeio =
It. equino2io, < L. aquinoctium, the equinox, <
ceqiiiis, equal, + nox {noct-) = E. night: see
night.] 1. The moment when the sun crosses
the plane of the earth's equator, making the day
and uight everywhere of equal length (whence
the name). There are two annual equinoxes, the rer-
nal. whicli falls in the spring, namely, on the 21»t of March
according to the Gregorian calendar, and the autumnal,
which falls in the autumn, namely, on the 2-2d of .Septem-
ber. The tenn emdnox is also loosely applied to the equir
noetitU poinU (which see, luider equmoetiat).
Live long, nor feel in head or chest
Oar changeful equinoxeM.
Tennyion, Will Waterproof.
2. An equinoctial gale or storm; an equinoc-
tial. [Rare.]
The passage yet was good ; the wind, 'tis true.
Was somewhat high, but that was nothing uew.
No more than osual equinoxet blew.
Dryden, Hind and Panther.
3. Anything equal; an equal measure. [Rare.]
Do but see-hia rice ;
' Tis to his virtue a just etjuinox.
The one as long as the otiier.
Sliat., Othello, it 3.
Preceaslon of the equinoxes. See pntmrnUm.
eqnlnamerant (e-kwi-nii'me-rant), a. [< L.
aquus, equal, + numeran(t-)a, ppr. of numerare,
numtier: see numerate.'] Having or consisting
of the same number. [Rare.]
This talent of gold, though not equinumerant, nor yet
p<|uiponderant, as to any other, yet was equivalent to tome
I orn-spondcnt talent in brass. Arbuthnot, Ancient Coins.
eqnip (e-kwip'), r. *. ; pret. and pp. equipped,
ppr. equipping. [Formerly esquip, eMp ; < OF.
equiper, eiquiper, equip, fit out, etc., F. iquiper,
equip (a solmer, horseman, ship, fleet, etc.), >
8p. esquipnr, fit out a ship, = Pg. esqui/mr,
equip (a ship, etc.);< Icel. «».-(>a, place in order,
1985
To me his secret thoughts he first declar'd.
Then, well equipp'd, a rapid bark prepar'd.
Hoole, tr. of Orlando ii'urioso, xiti.
I had never heard a parliamentary speech that was so
vigorous, or which seemed to come from a man so thor-
oughly equipped.
Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past, p. 286.
Specifically — 2. To fit up; dress out; array;
accoutre.
The church, as it is now equipped, looks more like a
green-house than a place of worship. The middle aisle is
a very pretty shady walk, and the pews look like so many
arbours on each side of it. Steele, Spectator, No. 282.
Then over all, that he might be
Equipp'd from top to toe.
His long red cloak, well-brush'd and neat,
He manfully did throw. Courper, John Gilpin.
eqnipagel (ek'wi-paj), «. [= Sp. equipaje = Pg.
equipagem = It. equipaggio, < OF. equipage, F.
equipage = D. G. Dan. equijiage = Sw. ekipage;
< OF. equiper, F. equiper, equip: see equip.]
1 . An outfit ; provision of means or materials
for carrying out a purpose ; furniture for effi-
cient service or action ; an equipment: specifi-
cally applied to the outfit of a ship or an army,
including supplies of all kinds for the former,
and munitions of war for the latter. For an army.
equipoise
equiparate (e-kwip'a-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
equiparated, ppr. equiparating. [< L. cequiita-
ratus, pp. of wquiparare, better cequiperare (>
It. cquiparare = Sp. Pg. equiparar), put on an
equality, compare, liken, intrans. become equal
to, < wqtcus, equal, + pararc, make equal, <
par, equal (cf. LL. cequipar, perfectly equal),
or (f) parare, make ready, prepare. Cf. com-
pare.] 1. To compare. [Rare.] — 2. To re-
duce to a level ; raze ; assimilate. [Rare.]
Th' emperiall citie, cause of all this woe.
King Latines throne, this day I'le ruinate.
And houses tops to th' ground lequiparate.
Vicarg, tr. of Virgil (1632).
equiparatiou (f-kwip-a-ra'shon), n. [< L. <Bqui-
paratio(n-), oeqiiiperati'oin-), < (tquiparare, make
equal: see equiparate.] Equal ranking; the
putting on a relation of equality: as, the equip-
aratiou of legacies effected by changes in the
law made by Justinian, who abolished previous
artificial distinctions, and enacted that all leg-
acies should be of one kind, and might be sued
for by real as well as personal actions. [Rare.]
The equiparation of legacies and singular trust-gifts,
and the application of some of their rules to mortis causa
donations. Encyc. Brit., XX. 714.
comjj e?»i|)ai/« consists of tents, utensils, and everything _ , ^ , ^ . j/,^ r -n ■ ■ \j /
necessary for encampment, and field equipage consists of eqUipedal (e-kwi-ped al), O. [= Jc . eqmpeae, <.
military apparatus, means of transport, and all requisites £;l_ cBquipedus, also cequipes {-ped-), equal-f oot-
for march or action.
The F.mir Hadge, or Prince of the pilgrims that go to
Mecca, is named yearly from Constantinople, and gener-
ally continues in the office two years, to make amends for
the great expeuce he is at the first year for his equiparif.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 16.5.
2. Furniture; garniture; accoutrements; ha-
biliments; dress.
And thus wel armd, and in good equipage.
This Galaiit came vnto my lathers courte.
. Qatcoigne, Steele 01a8(ed. Arber), p. 51.
He never saw so many complete gentlemen iu his life,
for the number, and in a neater equipage.
Houxll. Letters, I. vi. 21.
Nowhere, out of tropical regions, is the vernal equipaiie
of nature so rich . . . asprecisely in this unhappy Egypt.
De Quincey, Homer, i.
3. Retinue, as persons, horses, carriages, etc. ;
a train of attendants or dependents ; esj)ecially,
a coach with the horses, servants, liveries, har-
ness, etc.: as, the equipage of a prince; Lady
A-'s equipage was the handsomest in the park.
A Country Squire, with the Eiruinaiie of a Wife anil two
Daughters, came to Mrs. SnipwelVs Shop while I was there.
Cowjrepe, Old Hatchelor, iv. 8.
4t. A collection of little implements often car-
ried about the person, either in an 6tui made
ed, isosceles, < L. a-quus, equal, + pes (ped-) =
E. foot.] Equal-footed; in zool., having the
pairs of feet equal.
equipendency (e-kwi-pen'den-si), n. [= Pg.
equipendencia : see equipendent and -cy.] The
act of hanging in equipoise ; the state of being
not inclined or determined either way.
The will of man, in the state of innocence, had an en-
tire freedom, a perfect equipendency and indilferenee to
either part of the contradiction, to stand or not to stand.
South, Works, I. ii.
Cuwper, Task, lii. 98.
arrange, appoint, establish, equip" man (usually equipage^t (ek'wi-paj), «. [An erroneous use
of a ship or boat, provide with a crew, but also ^,f equipage^, due to a supposed derivation from
U8e<l of manning a haU with wamors; even a ^ aquus, equal.] Equality. (This sense, as Bishop
equipendent (e-kwi-pen'dent), a. [< L. a'quus,
equal, + pcndere, hang: see jiendent.] Haug-
ing in equipoise; evenly balanced. Maunder.
equipendyt, «■ [< L. (equus, equal, + pendcre,
hang. Cf. equipendent.] A plumb-line ; a per-
pt'iuiicular or straight line. Halliwell.
equipensatef (e-kwi-pen'sat), v. t. [< L. aquus,
equal, -I- pensatus, pp. of pensare, weigh, > ult.
E. poise. Cf. equipoise.] To weigh equally;
esteem alike. Coles, 1717.
equiperiodic (e-kwi-pe-ri-od'ik), a. [< L. aquus,
equal, + NL. periodus, period, -I- -ic.] Per-
taining to or occurring in equal periods: as,
equiperiodic vibrations,
for the purpose, "or suspended from a chatelaine, equipment (e-kwip'ment), «. [< F. 4quipemmt,
- <^- ■ - ■ ■ • (^ equiper, eqax^: see equip ana -ment.] 1. Ihe
act of equipping or fitting out, or the state of
being equipped, as for a voyage or an expedi-
tion.
The equipment of the fleet was hastened by De Witt.
Brnne, Works, vi. 454.
2. Anything that is used in or provided for
equipping, as furniture, habiliments, warlike
apparatus, necessaries for an expedition or for
a voyage, or the knowledge and skill necessary
for a vocation: as, the equipments of a hotel, a
ship, or a railroad; the equipment of a man for
the ministry, or for the law.
Tlie several talents which the orator employs, the splen-
did f</iii';»«m( of l>eniosthenes, of ^lUchines, . . . deserve
a special enumeration. Emermn, Eloquence.
especially in the eighteenth century. They con
sisted of tweezers, a toothpick, an earpick, nail-cleaner,
bodkin, and often knife and scissors, anil sometimes even
the private seaL
Behold this equijinne by Mathers wrought.
With fifty guineas (a great penn'orth) bought.
See on the toothpick Mars ami Cnpiii strive ;
And both the struggling figures seem alive.
Lady U. W. Montagu, Town Eclogues.
eqtlipage^ (ek'wi-paj), r. t. [< equipage^, n.]
To furnish with an equipage or outfit.
Well dressed, well bred.
Well tquipaged, is ticket good enough
To pass US readily through ev ry diwr.
tree is said to be "alskipadhr af eplum," fully
"eiiuipped" with apploB), = Norw. skipa, place
in order, arrange, appoint, etc.. man (a ship
or boat), = Sw. skipa, administer, distribute,
dispense; prob. connected with Icel. Norw.
Sw. skapa = E. shape, form, etc., but the word
came to be associated, in both Scand. and Rom.,
with the notion of furnishing a ship (Icel. Norw.
skip = Sw. ske]>p = Dan. skib = D. sehip = AS.
aeip, E. ship) : cf. Icel. skipa upp, unload a car-
go, = Norw. skipa (also skjejta, skcepa = Sw<
Jacolison observes, clears up the passage in the
has perplexed commentators.
Merry
Wives of Wludsorj " which has perplexed commentators.
The expression occurs only in the quarto, and is not found
in the best modem editions. Daviee.
Fait. I will not lend thee a penny.
Pitt. I will retort the sum in equipage.
Sliak., M. W. of W., 11. 2.)
Nor doth it sound well that the examples of men. though
never so godly, should, as to the effect of warranting our
actions, stand in so near equipage with the commands of
<!od as they are here placed jointly together, without any
character of difference so much a-n in degree.
Bp. Sander$im, Works, Pref. (165!)), il. 10.
a-ra-bl), a. [< L. aqui-
] Comparable. Voles,
ship': see ship. n. and v.] 1. To fit out; fur-
nisli with means for the prosecution 6f a pur-
pose ; provide with whatever is needed for ef-
ficient action or service: extended from the fit-
ting out of ships and armies to that of other
things, and also of persons either materially or
mentally : as, to equiji a ship with rigging, sails,
tackle, etc., for a cruise or voyage; to equip a
soldier or an army with arms and accoutre-
ments, or a traveler with clothing and con-
veniences for a journey; to be equipped with
knowledge and skill for a vocation.
125
equiparance, equiparancy (e-kwip' a -rans,
-ran-si), «. [<. equiparant.] Identity of recip-
rocal relations. Thus, cousins arc said to l»e in a rela-
tfou of effUiiKtrance, liecause if A is cousin to B, then B is
e<iually cousin to A. [Rare.)
Kelateds synonymous are usually called relateds of
tr'pnparancy; as, friend, rival, etc.
Burgertdiciue, tr. by a Gentleman, I. vii. 17.
equiparant (e-kwip'a-rant), n. and a. [< L.
a;quiparan{t-)s, ppr. of wquiparnre. compare:
see equiparate.] I. «. Anything whose relation
to another thing is that of equiparance. [Rare.]
H. a. Identically reciprocal.
The Greeks generally showed themselves excellent sol-
diers; their ef/uipment made them at once superior to
their neighbors. Von Ranke, Univ. Hist (trans.), p. 132.
Specifically— 3. pi. J/iJit., certain of the neces-
saries for officers and soldiers, as horses, horse-
appointments, and accoutrements; the clothes,
arms, etc., of a soldier, or certain furnishings
for artillery. Thus, the cannoneers' equipments are the
priming-wire, vent-punch, thumb-stall, primer-pouch, car-
tridge-ixiuch or haversack, and hausse-iMUch. The equip-
ments for a fleld-piece include the vent-cover, paulin,
tompion, and strap ; the other articles used in the ser-
vice of catuion are called tH*;»f^mfn^8.^ Equipment com-
pany, a form of organization common in railroad busi-
ness, for the purpose of furnishing the rolling-stock or
equipment of a railroad or railroads by creating a car-
trust (which see, under trust), and transfening the con-
tract to do so to the trustee as security for Iwiids to be
issued by the ei|uipniciit company to raise funds for the
purpose of proviiling the equipment. =Syn. 2 and 3. Ac-
coutrement, rigging, gear, outfit.
equipoise (e'kwi-poiz), ». [< L. a'quus, equal, +
E. jKiisc. Cf. equipensate.] 1. An equal distri-
bution of weight ; equality of weight or force ;
just balance; a state in which the two ends or
sides of a thing are balanced or kept in equi-
librium : as, hold the scales in equipoise.
.So does the mlnil, when influenced by a just equipoiu
of the passions, enjoy tranquillity.
Ooldtmitli, Citizen of the World, xlvit
equipoise
The life which is, uiul that which is to come,
Suspended liaag in such nice eqnipQi«t,
A breath disturljs the balance.
jAfng/etiotp, Golden Legend, ii.
2. A balancing weight or force; a counter-
poise. [Rare.]
From tliat moment the Scotch aristocracy Iwgan to de-
cline ; and, the eijuipoiie to the cler^ry l)ein^ removed, the
Church became so powerful that during the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries it was the most effectual obsta-
cle Ui the progress of Scotland, Buckie^ Civilization, II. ii.
eqaipollence. equipoUency (e-kwi-pol'ens,
-eu-si), II. [Formerly also cqiiipoleiice, (eqitipol-
ience ; < ME. equipoleiice = F. eqiiipolleiice =
Sp. eqaipoleiicia = Pg. equijiollencia = It. equi-
polUnza, < ML. as if "wquipollentia, < LL. (equi-
pollen{t-)s, having equal power: see equipol-
leiU.2 1. Equality of power or force.
These phtenomena do much depend upon a mechanical
€ttjuipoUence of pressure. BoyU, Worlds, III. 612.
2. In logic, identity of meaning of two or more
propositions.
And if he have noon sich pitaunces,
Late him study in equipotences,
And late lies and fallaces, Jiom. qf the Rose.
The immediate inference of equipoUence is merely the
grammatical translation of an affirmation into a double
negation, or of a double negation into an affirmatiot].
Sir W. Hamilton.
3. In niath., equality of length with parallel-
ism of direction.
equipollent (e-kwi-pol'ent), a. [ME. equipo-
Uiit, < OF. equipolent, ¥. equipollent = Sp. eqni-
polente = Pg. It. equipoflente, < LL. wqiiipol-
len(t-)s (ML. erroneously wquipoleH(t-)s), hav-
ing equal power, equivalent, < L. wquus, equal,
+ pollen(t-)s, ppr. of pollere, be strong.] 1.
Having equal power or force ; equivalent.
Superstition is now so well advanced that men of the
first Idood are as firm as butchers by occupation ; and vo-
tary resolution is made equipollent to custom, even in mat-
ter of blood. Bacon, Custom and Education (ed. 1887).
2. In to^rJc, having the same meaning : applied
to two propositions. — 3. In math., equal and
parallel.
equipollently (e-kwi-pol'ent-li), adv. With
equal power.
Both the spirit of God and the power of God St. Paul
doth equipollently express by the power of the Holy Ghost.
Barrow, Sermons, I. xxxiv.
equiponderance, equiponderancy (e-kwi-
pon'der-ans, -an-si), n. [= F. equiponderance
= Pg. equiporiderancia = It. equiponderanza ;
as equiponderant + -ce.'\ Equality of weight;
equipoise.
equiponderant (e-kwi-pon'd6r-ant), a. [= F.
equiponderant = Sp. Pg. It. equipoiideriinte, <
ML. cequiponderan\t-)s, ppr. of a'qiiijxiiKlcrare,
regard as equal, compare : see equiponderate.^
1 . Being of the same weight ; evenly balanced ;
in a state of equipoise.
Suppose in the two scales of a balance there was placed
two equally capacious and equiponderant phials.
Boyle, Worlts, III. 633.
2. Of equal weight, force, or influence.
Having accurately weighed the reasons, ... I find
them . . , nearly equiponderant.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 1.
equiponderate (e-kwi-pon'd6r-at),».; pret. and
pp. equiponderated, ppr. equiponderating. [<
ML. (equiponderare, tr., regard as equal, com-
pare (= It. equiponderare = Sp. Pg. equij>on-
derar), < L. wquus, equal, + ponderare,weisii:
see ponder.'] I. intrans. To be equal in weight ;
weigh as much as another thing. [Rare.]
The evidence on each side doth equiponderate.
Bp. WUkint, Natural Religion, i. 1.
II. trans. To weigh as much as in an oppo-
site scale; counterbalance.
More than equiponderated the declension in that direc-
tion. De Quincey.
equiponderoust (e-kwi-pon'dSr-us), a. [< L.
(Equus. equal, + pondus (ponder-), weight: see
ponderous.'] Having equal weight. Bailey.
equipondioust (e-kwi-pon'di-us), a. [< L.
tequipoiidiuin, an equal weight, counterpoise, <
(equus, equal, + pondus, a weight.] Having
equal weight on both sides.
The Scepticlis affected an indifferent equipondious neu-
trality. Glanville, Seep. Sci., xxiii.
equipotential (e ■' kwi - po - ten ' shal), a. [< L.
cequus, equal, + potentia, power: see poten-
tial. ] In physics, connected with a single value
of the potential. See potential.
These planes and their bounding line around the moun-
tain are called with respect to gravitation equipotential
planes and equipotentiM lines.
J. Trowbridge, New Physics, p. 164.
1986
Equipotential line, a line drawn on an equipotential
surface ; one along which the potential is everywhere the
same. Thus, if two points in an electrically equipoten-
Equipotenttal Lines about two similarly electrified spheres, A and
S, the quantities of electricity being as 2 ; i. The lines of force are
also shown radiating from the spheres. (Maxwell.)
tial line be joined by a conductor, no flow through the
conductor will talte place.— Equipotential surface, a.
surface throughout which tlie potential (sec yoteiitial) is
everywhere the same; one which is everywhere perpen-
dicular to the lines of force which it meets. If a particle
were sni>ject to the attractions and repulsions of a num-
ber of bodies that were held motionless, there would bo
a resultant force upon it in some certain direction. If,
while held so that it could not acquire momentum, it
were either allowed to move as ui-ged by tli8 resultant
force or compelled to move directly counter thereto, it
would describe a course, called a line of force, having an
attracting body at one extremity and a repelling one at
tile otlier, or else passing off to infinity in one direction or
the other. Through every point of space there would Ije
such a line ; and a surface so bending as to be everywhere
perpendicular to these lines of force would be an equipo-
tential or level surface. If such a surface were to be ren-
deied impenetrable, the particle could lie upon it without
tendency to move along it in any direction. Similarly, if
any two points of an electrically equipotential surface are
joined by a conductor, no flow will talte place. The term
equipotential is most generally used as applying to elec-
trical or magnetic forces, but is also extended to gravita-
tion, or forces having any origin whatever.
eguiprobabilist (e-kwi-prob'a-bil-ist), n. [<
L. cequus, equal, + probabilis, probable, + -ist.]
In Bom. Cath. theol., one of a school of casu-
ists. See the extract.
Equiprohabilists, who teach that in a balance of opin-
ions the less safe opinion may be lawfully followed, pro-
vided it be as probable, or nearly as probable, as its oppo-
site. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 636.
equirotal (e-kwi-ro'tal), a. [< L. cequtts, equal,
+ rota, a wheel, + -al.] Having wheels of the
same size or diameter ; having equal rotation.
6quis^ (a-kwe-za'), a. In her., same as aiguise.
equisegmental (e"kwi-seg-men'tal), a. [< L.
wquus, equal, + E. segmental.] In math., hav-
ing equal segments : applied to two lines such
that to any segment of the one corresponds an
equal segment of the other.
1. Eguisetum sytvaticum : a, a, sheath crowned with teeth : *,
branches ; c, e, fruiting spikes, z. Clypeola, bearing sporangia. 3.
Spore, with elaters coiled about it. (2 and 3 magnified.) (FromLe
Maout and Decaisne's " Trait6 g^n^ral de Botamque." )
equitable
Equisetaceae (ek"wi-s6-ta'se-e), «. pi. [NL.,
< Equisetum + -acca:.] A very distinct natural
order of vascular cryptogamous jjlauts. peren-
nial, solid, running rootstoelts are present in most eases,
producing usually upright hollow stems with a grooved
surface. In atldition to the central canal of the latter,
there is near the surface a circle of smaller canals (val-
lieutar canals), opposite to the grooves (vallieulic) wliich
marlt the surface. Opposite the ridges is anotlier set of
still smaller cavities (carinal canals). The stomata are In
the grooves, in some species forming a row on eacli side
of the groove. The cuticle of the stem in many species
contains a large amount of silica. Tlie stem is jointed,
and the central canal is intercepted by a partition (dia-
pliragni) at each joint. Eacli joint bears at its ui)per end
a circle of leaves whieli are united to form a sheatli, while
their tips project as teeth, which are deciduous in some
species, in others persistent. Itranches, when present,
are formed in whorls at the joints of the stem, wliich they
resemble, except in the absence of the central canal ; and
these may l)e again branched. Tlie stems are eitlier jieren-
nial and evergreen or annual. The fructification, borne
eitlier by the vegetative stems or by special fruiting stems,
is a terminal conical structure wliose central axis l>ears nu-
merous angular, shield-sliaped bodies (elypeolas) attached
by horizontal pedicels. Each clypeola Ijeais from 0 to fi spo-
rangia, wliicll open on tlieir inner side and discliarge their
spores. The spores are spherical. The outer coat breaks
into four slender, cinli-shaped filaments (elaters), which
are attached to one side of tlie spore, and are coiled about
it when moist, uncurling when dry. Theii- elasticity aida
the discharge of the spores from the sporangia, and favors
distribution. The germination of the spores results in ir-
regularly lobed dicecious prothallia above ground. Equi-
seiuiu is the <jiily genus. See cut in preceding column.
equisetaceous (ek"wi-se-ta'shius), a. In bot.,
jiertaining to the Eqtmetacew.
equisetic (ek-wi-se'tik), a. [< Equisetum + -ic]
lu chem., pertaining to, existing in, or derived
from Equisetum Equisetic acid. Same as aco«!(ic
«ci*(f (which see, under acoiiitic).
equisetiform (ek-wi-se'ti-f 6rm), a. [< NL. Equi-
setum + h. forma, shape.] Having the form of
Eqiii-'ietum ; resembling E^quisetum.
Equisetites (ek"wi-se-ti'tez), n. [NL., < E^qui-
setuin + -ites.] A genus of fossil plants, be-
longing to the Calamarice, an order represented
at the present time by the Equisetacecu (which
see). This genus, although now of little impoitanee,
was once most widely distributed, and formed a very con-
spicuous portion of the flora of the eartli, especially dur-
ing the Carl)oniferous and Triassic periods. There is innclj
difficulty in classifying the fossil Equisetaceae, in conse-
quence of the imperfect preservation of important por-
tions of the specimens studied. By some authors tlie
genus Eqnimtit£s is not admitted as liaving been clearly
established. Some also retain the name Equisetaceae (in-
stead of Calamarice) for the fossil order, as well as for the
recent.
Equisetum (ek-wi-se'tum), «. [NL., < L. equi-
satum, -sa;)a, -swtis, < equus, a horse, + .'letn,
steta, a bristle.] A genus of plants, constitut-
ing alone the order Equisetacea'. There are about
2.S species known, of whicll 8 are found in Great Britain
and 13 in North America, some being common to both
countries. Tlie cuticle abounds in silica, on which ac-
count the stems of some species are used for polishing
wood and metal. Equisetum hiemale, the scouring-rush,
is best suited lor this purpose, and is largely imported
into England from the Netherlands. The species of Equi-
setum are popularly called horsetails. See cut in preced-
ing column.
equisided (e'kvri-sl-ded), a. [< L. wquus, equal,
+ E. sjVfcl + -ef?2.] Equilateral. [Rare.]
equison (ek'wi-sou), n. [< L. equiso(n-), a
groom, stable-boy, < equus, a horse : see
Equus.] A horse-jockey; one who manages
race-horses. [Rare.]
Who announces to the world the works and days of
Newmarket, the competitors at its games, their horses,
their e5«iso)is, and colours. Landor, Soilthey and Person.
equisonance (e'kwi-s6-nans), «. [Formerly also
a'quisonance ; = F. equisonnance ; < equisonant.]
In anc. and medieval music, such consonance as
that of the unison, the octave, or the double oc-
tave.
equisonant (e'kwi-s6-nant), a. [Formerly also
wquisonant; < L. wquus, equal, + sonan{t-)g,
ppr. of sonare, sound: see sonant.] In music,
unisonal or consonant in the octave or double
octave.
equitable (ek'wi-ta-bl), a. [< F. equitable =
Sp. equitable; as equity + -able.] 1. Accord-
ing to the principles of equity ; just and right
under all the circumstances of the particular
case; fair and equal : as, an equitable decision;
an equitable distribution.
The law of Moses did allow of retaliation in case of real
Iniuries, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth ; and so, by
an equitable construction of the law, it may extend to per-
sonal affronts. Stillinij/eet, Works, IV. vii.
I can demand it as my right by the most emilaMe law in
nature. Goldsmith, To Edward >iills.
2. Pertaining to or dependent upoif strict equi-
ty or justice ; regarding or relating to abstract
right in individual cases : applied in law to tlie
administration of justice by courts of equity,
and to the principles established and methods
ecLUitable
of prooednre practised by them: as» equitable
rigfits or remedies ; equitable rules or powers.
See equity.
There ia hardly a subject of litigation, between individ-
uals, which may not involve those ingredients of fraud,
aoeident, truat, or hardship, wliich would render the mat-
ter an object of eqttitable, rather than of legal, jurisdic-
tion, as the distinction is known and established in several
of the slates. A. Hamilton, Federalist, >'o. Ixxx.
Equitable assets, (a) Property not leviable under execu-
tion, and only to be reached by interposition of a court of
equity, (fr) Property l>elonging to the estate uf a decedent
by law not subjectto payment of his debts in course of ad-
ministration, but voluntarily cliar-ed by the testator with
payment of deljts genei'aHy, or upon which equity fas-
tens a trust for that purpose.— Equitable conversion,
a transformation of a fund from real to personal or from
personal to real, assumed in e<juity to have Ijeen made in
order to secure the application to the succession to or
administration of that fund of the principles which the
intention of a testator or the rights of parties interested
retjuire. Thus, wliere a will imperatively directs real prop-
erty t^) be wdd and distributed as money, the court may
treat tlie fund as equitably converted from the testators
death, although the executors neglect to make an actual
conversion into money.— Equitable defense or plea, a
defense or plea which, thuimh it wutiUi not he available
at conmion law, is availalde under the riiles of equity. —
Equitable disseizin, estate, estoppel, mortgage,
owner, seizin, waste, etc. see the nouns.— Equitable
Utle.
fate, under exUite.-^yxL 1. I'l'ir,
lianded.
upriirhl. honest.
eqaitableness (ek'wi-ta-bl-nes), n. The qua'
ity of being equitable"or impartial; justice;
equity; fairness: a8,thec^itoW^iic«sof a judge;
the equitabteness of a decision, or of a distribu-
tion of property.
Demonstrating both the equUttbUnetM and practicable-
ness of the thing. Locke.
equitably (ek'wi-ta-bli)» adv. In an equitable
manner; justly; impartially; fairly.
N'ow, say tlie objectors, hail the law concealed a future
state front the Jews, it is plain they were not equUaiUy
dealt with, since they were to be judged in a future state.
WttHmrton, Divine Legation, i. 4.
Mrirc justly and perhaps more eauitabl;/.
Goliumilh, Tho Bee, No. 5.
equitancy (ek'wi-tan-si), n, [< equiian{t) +
-c;/,] ilorsomanship. [Rare.]
eqoitangential (e'Kwi-tan-jen'shal), a. [< L.
(equus, equal, + E. taiifjential.'\ Savingequal
tangents.— Equitangentlal curve. See curve.
eqnitant (ek wi-taut), a. [= F. 4quitant (in
sense 2), < L. equitan{t-)9f ppr. of eqiUtare, ride,
< eques {equit~)f a horseman, < equus, a horse :
see Equug.^ 1. Riding on horseback ; mounted
upon a horse. Smart. [Rare.] — 2. Straddling,
Hence— (rt) In /«>^,conduplicate and overlapping: applies!
to diBtiehous h-uves whose crowded, conduplicate bues
successively overlap from below upward, the upper part
of the leaf l*eing a tiat, vertical lilatle ; alto to a fonn of
vemati'in in which two-ranked (dlstichous)or three-ranked
leaves similarly overlap.
Tlie leaves of the Iris are said to be cguitant.
r. B. CarpenUr, Micros., f 883.
(b) III entom., applied to the antennie or other Jointed
organs wh'>n they are compressed, and each joint appears
Uy W' hin;.'itudlnally folded. Inclosing the base of tlie sue*
ceediti-' "Ue.
equitation (ek-wi-ta'shon), «. [= F. equita-
tion = Si>. equitacion = Pg. equitit^o =: It. equi-
tazione^ < L. equitatio{n-)j < cquitarCy pp. equita-
tus, ride: see eqnitant.'] 1, Tho act or art of
riding on horseback ; horsemanship.
The pretender to equitation mounted. Irving.
There Is a species of equitatu^n peculiar to our native
land, in which a rail from the nearest fence ... Is con-
verted into a steeil. Lowell, Kireslde IVavels p. 203.
2t. A ride on horsebaclE.
I hane lately made a few rural equiUUiont to visit some
■eats, ganlens, etc. .
Quoted In XichoU't lllus. of Lit. BUtory. IV. 497.
eqaitemporaneotis (e-kwi-t^m-po-ra'ne-tis), a.
[= It. ffjiiitrmporaneOf < L. a'quus, equal, + tem-
pus {temper-) J time: see temporal^ ^ and cf. con-
temporaneou.H.I Isochronous ; occupying the
same len^h of time. [Rare.]
Till Galileo . . . ttjok notice of the vibrations with a
mathematical eye. men knew not this property of swing-
ing iHMlies, that the greater and smaller arches were, as
to sense, eifuitnniKtraneowt. Boyle, Works, III. 476.
unites (ek'wi-t^z), M. pi. [L., pi. of eaues^ a
horseman, knight, < equuM, a horse: see tquus.l
i. In ancient Rome, the knights, a body origi-
nally constituting the cavalry of the army, of
patrician rank, and equipped by the state, but
afterward comprisinif also rich plebeians, and
in part finding their own equipments. The cfpiites,
or the ^'fu^fi'ri'in tntlnrdu distinction from tlie neiuitoruil
order), finally lost in great part their distinctive military
cliaractcr. and were constituted as a class intermediate
l»etween the tenntoriat order and the ludinary citizens,
based on certain limits <»f property, with a prescriptive
right to Judicial ani flnanct.il offlces, to high nilHtiU'y rank,
and to some s<>ci:il 'lirttiiit-tions.
1987
2f. [cap.'] In ^00?., a Linnean group of butter-
flies, corresponding to the old genus Fapilio.
equitoon (ek-wi-ton'), n. A kind of African
antelope, Antelope adenota, found on the Gam-
bia. Also called kobana.
equity (ek'wi-ti), n. [< ME. equiteey < OF.
iquite, F. equite = Pr. eqvitat = Sp. equidad =
Pg. equidade = 11. equita, < L. €equita{t-)s^ equal-
ity, justice, fairness, < <equuSy equal, just, fair:
see equal.] 1. That which is equally right or
just to all concerned ; equal or impartial jus-
tice; fairness; impartiality.
This Kyng is so rightfulle and of equytee in his Doomes
that men may go sykerlyche thorghe out alle his Contree.
J^andevUle, Travels, p. 198.
He dede equite to alle euene-forth his powere.
Piers Plounnan (B), xix. 305.
With righteousness shall he judge the world, and the
people with equity. Ps. xcviii. 9.
Justice is not postponed. A perfect equity adjusts its
balance in all parts of life. Hmernon, Compensation.
2. In law: (a) Fairness in the adjustment of
conflicting interests; the application of the
dictates of good conscience to the settlement
of controversies : often called natural equity.
Equity in Law is the same that the Spirit is in Religion,
what every one pleases to make it.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 46.
(b) The system of jurisprudence or body of doc-
trines and rules as to what is equitable and fair
and what is not, by which the defects of, and
the incidental hardships resulting from, the in-
flexibility of the forms and the universality of
the rules of the common-law tribunals are cor-
rected or remedied, and substantial justice is
done. In the early history of the English people it was
found, as society advanced, that many grievances arose
which were not included in the classes of cases which the
common law authorized the judges to take cognizance of.
Hence it Iwcame customary for those who could not ob-
tain redress in the courts, because no commonlaw action
appropriate to their grievance had been sanctioned, or
because the common law, while equitaljle and fair in its
general application, was unfair In its application to their
particular case, to apply to the king in Parliament or in
council for JTistiee. Petitioners in such cases (if it could be
showT) that there wasnoadetjuate remedy at law, or that the
operation of the common law was unfair in its application
to the particular case In hand) were referred to the chancel-
lor (originally an ecclesiastic), the keeper of the king's con-
science, who, after hearing the parties, required what was
equitable and just to be done, under i>eualty of imprison-
ment, excommunication, etc. Thus, the conmioii-law rem-
edy of collecting a debt by getting judgment and execution
became establlMied at a time when property consisted al-
most entirely of lands and goods; but as wealth increased,
and appeared in the forms of intangible property, such
as valuaide rights in action, contracts, securities, patents,
copyrights, etc., the chancellor would entertain aconiplaint
(calletl a tnll iH«'/ui7.i/)from a creditor, setting forth that he
was unable to cnllect his judgment out of property that
could be reache<l by legal process, and that the ae)>tor had
oUier property which ought to be applied in payment,
and asking that the defendant be compelled to do what
equity and gootl conscience required to be done. The
chancellor(the Court of Chancery) could compel the debtor
to assign his Intangible property to a receiver, a mode of
relief which the law had never conferred on a sherifT the
power to afford. Or if a creditor, to secure his demand,
obtained from his debtor a deed which in terms was an
absolute conveyance, and was proceeding to enforce it as
if it were so intended, the Court of Chancery would en-
tertain a complaint froni the debtor offering to pay the
debt, and asking to be allowed to redeem the land. The
steady growth of the complexities of property and of
business and social relations Increased the coses requiring
equitable remedies to supply the deficiency of common-
law remedies, or equitable interference with the uncon-
scionable enforcement of common-law rules, until the
procedure in eqnfty developed a substant ve system of
doctrines and remedies covering a great variety of sub-
iects scarcely contemplated by the common law. In Eng-
and and the United States the doctrines of the conmion
law have now generally been subjected to the established
motliflcations introduced by equity, and in many jurisdic-
tions the two systems of rules thus merged and motlified
are administered by the same courts. Ihis new system
is generally known In the United States as the code prac-
tice, or the iiew or re/ormcd procedure.
Tliere Is not ... a single department of the law which
ts more completely fenced in by principle, or that is let-
ter limited by considerations of public convenience, both
in doctrine and discipline, than equity.
Story, Misc. Writings, p. &40,
(c) The court or jurisdiction in which these doc-
trines are applied : as, a suit in equity, ((f) An
equitable right; that to which one is justly en-
titled ; specifically, a right recognized by courts
of equity which the common law did not provide
for: as, the wife*s ff/wi/y, or her right, when her
husband sought to enforce his common-law
claim to reduce her property to his own posses-
sion, to have a portion of it settled on herself.
(e) The remaining interest belonging to one
who has pledged or mortgaged his property,
or the surplus of value which may remain after
the propertv has been disposed of for the satis-
faction of liens. [U. 8.] (/) A right or obli-
gation incident to a property or contract as
equivalent
between two persons, but not incident to the
property or contract from its own nature. In
this sense used in the plural. Rapalje and Law-
rence. — Equity of a statute, etfect given to a statute in
accordance with what is deemed its reason and spirit, which
might not l)e given to it by a strictly literal reading. —
Equity of redemption, (a) The right of a mortgager or
a pledger by al)solute deed to redeem the property by pay-
ing the debt, even after forfeiture, but before sale under
foreclosure, or unconditional transfer of title, or before
this right is barred by statutes of limitation, {b) In
conveyancing, in the United States, the ownership of or
title to real pi-operty which is subject to a mortgage : some-
times simply called egui(i/.— Equity side of the courts
or equity term, in a court in which both equity and the
common law are separately retained and administered, a
session or a term in which causes in equity are heard, as.
distinguished from those in which common-law causes ai"e
heai-d. =Syn. 1. Rectitude, fairness, honesty, uprightness.
~2. Hifffit, Law, etc. fiee justice.
eguity-<lraftsman (ek'wi-ti-drafts''''man), «.
In England, a barrister wfio draws pleadings in
equity.
equivale (e'kwi-val), r. t.; pret. and pp. equi-
valed, ppr. equivaling. [< LL. a'quivalere, have
equal power, be equivalent, < L. (eqvuSj equal,.
+ valerCj be strong, have power: see valiant^
validj and cf. equivalent] To be equivalent to.
[Rare.]
A unit of thought would equivale many units of life;
and a unit of life, many units of purely meclianieal force.
Alien, and Neurol., VI. 515-
equivalence (e-kwiv'a-lens), n. [= F. equiva-
hnce = Sp. Pg. equivalenda = It. equivalenzay
< ML. a^quivalentiaj < LL. (equival€n{t-)s, equiv-
alent: see equivalent.] The condition of being
equivalent; equality in value ; correspondence
in signification, force, nature, or the like : as, a
universal equivalence of weights and measures
is extremely desirable; exact equivalence be-
tween different words is rare. Also equivalency.
To restore him to some proportion or equivalence with
that state of grace from whence he is fallen.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 18-2.
That there is any equivalence or parity of worth betwixt
the good we do to our brother and the good we hope for
from God, all good Pi-otestants do deny. Bp. Smalndffe.
Since we regard as the highest life that which, like our
own, shows great complexity in the corre8i>ondences, . . .
the equivalence between degree of life and degree of coi-
respondence is unquestionable.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 32.
Equivalence of force, the doctrine that force of one
kind becomes transformed into force of another kind of
the same value. See energy. — Equivalence of fimctlOns.
See function.
OQuivalencet (f-^twiv'a-lens), r. t. [< equiva-
lence, «.] To be equivalent to; counterpoise.
Whether the resistibllity of his reason did not equioa-
tence the facility of her seduction.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 1.
equivalency (e-kwiv'a-len-si), n. 1. Same as
equivalence. — SS. In chein., the property pos-
sessed by an element or radical of combining
with another element or radical or of replacing
it in a compound body in definite and unalter-
able proportions. Tlie word is sometimes used as
synonymous with valence or quantiinlence, as in the ex-
tract. See law 0/ equivalents, under equivalent.
A radicle may as a rule be made to change its equiva-
lency, or basic power, by the removal of hydrogen.
W. A. MUler, Elem. of Cheni., § 1068.
eauivalent (e-kwiv'a-lent), a. and n. [= F.
equivalents ^p. Pg. It. equivalente, < LL, a'quiva-
len(t-)s, having equal power, ppr. of wqttivalerc,
have equal power: BQe equivale.] I. a. 1. Equal
in value, force, measure, power, effect, import,
or meaning; correspondent; agreeing; tanta-
mount: as, circumstantial evidence may be
almost equivalent to full proof.
There is no Request of yours but is equivalent to a Com-
mand with me. Howell, Letters, iv. 34.
Samson, far renown'd.
The dread of Israel's foes, who with a strength
Equivalent to angels, walk'd their sti^ets.
None offering fight. , Milton, S. A., 1. 343.
Kor now to serve and to minister, servile and ministerial,
are terms equivalent. South, Sermons,
Expressions which are identical are also equivalent, but
the converse does not hold.
G. II. Leices, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 80.
If the constraining force be not literally law, but some-
thing of equivalent effect, such as a social opinion or ex-
mctation, the morality that results will be of the same
kind. J It Seeletf, Nat. Keligion, p. 159.
2. In </eo'., contemporaneous in origin; corre-
sponding in position in the scale of rocks: as,
the equivalent strato. of different countries. See
11.^ 2. — 3. In geom.y having equal areas or
equal dimensions: said of surfaces or magni-
tudes.—4. In hioh, having the same morphie
valence; homologous in structure — Calculus of
equivalent statements, see calculus.
equivalent
n. n. 1. That which is equal in value,
measure, power, force, import, or meaning, to
something else; something that corresponds,
balances, compensates, etc.
For every dinner he pave tlieni, they returned an equiv-
alent in praise. Goldsmith, CTtizen of the World, xxvil.
[Some men] fancy a regular obedience to one law will
be a full equivaieiit for their breach of another. Rogers.
2. In geol., a stratum or series of strata in one
district formed contemporaneously with a stra-
tum or series of a different lithologieal character
in a different region, or occupying the same rel-
ative position in the scale of rocks, and agreeing
in the character of its fossils if deposited under
similar circumstances: thus, the Caen building-
stone of France is the equivalent of the Eng-
lish Bath oolite.— Endosmotic equivalent. See en-
dosmolic— Law Of equivalents, in chem., tlie law that the
several conibiuing weights of any number of bodies which
form compounds withajiiven other body are either the same
or simple multiples of the combining weights of these sev-
eral bodies when they form compounds with one another.
Thus, if a body A unite with other bodies B, C, D, then the
quantities B, C. D (the letters being used to denote the com-
bining quantities as well as the bodies) which unite with
it, or some simple multiples of tliese quantities, represent
for the most part the proportions in which they unite
among themselves. The various quantities A, B, C, D (or
multiples of them) are termed the equivalents of one an-
other. Tljus, 1 part by weight of hydrogen unites with 8
parts by weight of oxygen to form water, with 3.S.6 of cblo-
rin to form hydrochloric acid, with 16 of sulphur to form
sulphureted hydrogen ; these quantities or their multiples
are therefore regarded as equivalents of one another, 8
parts of oxygen uniting with 35.5 of chlorin to form chlorin
inouoxid(Cl20), and 16 of sulphur with 8 x 2 of oxygen to
form sulphurous oxid (SOg). When the atomic weights are
taken into account (H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, CI = 36.6), it is
seen that one atom of hydrogen is the combining equiv-
alent of one of chlorin, and two atoms of hydrogen of
one of oxygen and one of sulphur; and talking the quan-
tivalence of hydrogen as unity, chlorin is univalent, oxy-
gen and sulphur are bivalent. Upon this equivalency or
quantivalence of the different elements is based their clas-
sification into monads, dyads, triads, tetrads, etc., and ac-
cents (sloping strokes) are fi'equently appended to the sym-
bols in a formula toshow to which class the bodies belong, as
HoO", yUx, C""H4 or c>>H4.— Mechanical or dynamic
equivalent of heat, in physics, the amount of mechan-
ical energy which is equivalent to (that is, which when
transformed into heat will produce) one heat unit. Tliis
constant quantity has been determined in several ways.
The first accurate experiments were by Joule, who mea-
sured the amount of heat produced by the friction of a
paddle-wheel in a vessel of water, the energy required to
turn the paddle being supplied by a known weight de-
scending through a known distance. Joule found that to
raise one pound of water V F. (heat unit), 772 foot-pounds
of mechanical work were required, and to raise it through
1° C. , 1,390 foot-pounds. Tliis con.stant is often called Joule's
equivalent. See Aea(.— Morphological equivalents, the
similar forms which occur in different genetic series hav-
ing a common origin, and probably due to similar causes.
A. Hyatt.
equivalent (e-kwiv'a-lent), v. t. [< equivalent,
rt. ] To produce or constitute an equivalent to ;
answer in full proportion; equal or equalize.
J. K. Lockyer.
equivalently (e-kwiv'a-lgnt-li), adv. 1. In an
equivalent manner.
We seldom in kind, or equivalently, are ourselves clear
of that which we charge upon others.
Barrow, Works, I. xx.
2t. In a manner equal to the occasion; suffi-
ciently; adequately.
Insufficient am 1
His grace to magnify,
And laude equivalently.
Skelton, Poems, p. 88.
equivalue (e-kwi-val'ii), v. t. ; pret. and pp. equi-
valued, ppr. equivaluing. [< Li. wquus, equal, +
E. value. Cf. equivale.'] To put the same value
upon; rate as equal. [Bare.]
He has the fault of all our antiquaries, to equivalue the
noble and the rabble of authorities.
W. Taylor, in Eobberds, I. 470.
equivalve (e'kwi-valv), a. and n. [< L. wquus,
equal, + valoa, the leaf of a door, a folding
door: seeralve.'] I. a. In cohc/j., having valves
equal in size and form, as a bivalve mollusk.
Also equivalvular. =Syn. fiee equilateral.
II. n. A bivalve shell in which the valves
are of equal size and form.
equivalved (e'kwi-valvd), a. [< equivalve +
-e(f2.] Same as equivalve. [Rare.]
equivalvnlar (e-kwi-val'vu-lar), a. [< equi-
valve, after valvular.'] Same as eqtiivalve.
equivocacyt (f-kwiv'o-ka-si), n. [< equivo-
ca{te), a., + -cy.] Equivoealness.
It is unreasonable to ascribe the equivocacy of this form
unto the hatching of a toad, Sir t. Broume, Vulg. Err.
equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal), a. and n. [= It.
equivocate, <'LL. eequivocus, of like sound, am-
biguous: see equivoke.'] I. a. 1. Being of
doubtful signification; capable of being under-
stood in different senses; ambiguous; doubt-
1988
ful : as, an equivocal word, term, or sense ; an
equivocal answer.
Tlie beauties of Shakspere are not of so dim or equivocal
a nature jis to l»e visiljle only to learned eyes. Jeffrey.
One man's gift is to tell the truth. ... He does not
know how to say anything which is insincere, or even
equivocal or dubious. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 418.
2. Of doubtful quality, origin, or significance ;
capable of being ascribed to different motives
or causes; suspicious; dubious: as, an equivo-
cal character ; equivocal relations ; an equivo-
cal reputation.
For this reason he has cut but an equivocal figure in
benevolent societies. Lamb, My Kelations.
3t. Equivocating.
What an equivocal companion is this I
Shak., All's Well, v. 3.
Equivocal action. See action.— Equivocal causet, a
prmcipal cause which is of a different nature from and
better than its effect. — Equivocal Chord. See chord, 4.
— Equivocal generation, in biol., a supposed spontane-
ous evolution from something of a different kind. See
spontaneous yeneratiun, wnAer generation, and abiogenesis.
— Equivocai Sjmiptom, in 'pathol., a symptom wliicli
may arise from several different diseases. — Equivocal
test, an inconclusive test.
I know well enough how equivocal a test this kind of
popular opinion forms of the merit that obtained it (pub-
lic confidence]. Burke, To a Noble Lord.
= Syn. Doubtful, Ambiguous, etc. (see obscure, a.); inde-
terminate.
II. n. A word or term of doubtful meaning,
or capable of different interpretations.
Shall two or three wretched equivocats have the force
to corrupt us ? Dennis.
In languages of great ductility, equivocals like those
just referred to are rarely found.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 168.
equivocally (e-kwiv'o-kal-i), adv. In an eqtuvo-
cal manner ; so as to leave the matter uncertain ;
ambiguously; uncertainly; doubtfully.
Which [courage and constancy] he that wanteth is no
other than equivocally a gentleman, as an image or car-
case is a man.
Barrow, Sermon on Industry in our Several Callings.
No language is so copious as to supply words and
phrases for every complex idea, or so correct as not to in-
clude many equivocally denoting different ideas.
Madison, Federalist, No. xxxvii.
equivoealness (e-kwiv'o-kal-nes), n. [< equivo-
cal 4- -ness.] the character of being equivo-
cal ; ambiguity ; double meaning.
The equivoealness of the title gaue a handle to those
that came after. Waterland, Hist. Athanasian Creed, viii.
equivocant (f-kwiv'o-kant), a. [< ML. wquivo-
ean{t-)s, ppr! of cequivocari, be called by the
same name, have the same sound : see equivo-
cate, v.] 1. Having like sounds but different
significations. — 2. Equivocal.
An answere by oracle . . . which verely was true, but
no less ambiguous and equivocant, Aio te, .Eacide, Roma-
nos vincere posse, I say, thyself ^acides the Romans van-
quish may. Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 224.
equivocate (e-kwiv'6-kat), v. ; pret. and pp.
equivocated, ppr. equivocating. [< ML. wquivo-
eatus, pp. of wquivocari, be called by the same
name, have the same sound (> It. equivocate =
Sp. Pg. equivocar = F. dquivoquer, equivocate),
< LL. aquivocus, having the same sound, am-
biguous: see equivocal, equivoke.] I. intrans.
To use words of a doubtful signification ; ex-
press one's opinions in terms which admit of
different interpretations; specifically, to use
ambiguous expressions with a view to mislead;
prevaricate.
They were taught by the Jesuits to equivocate on oath.
Proceedings against Garnet (1606), sig. V, 3.
You have a sly equivocating vein
That suits me not. Shelley, The Cenci, i. 2.
Prebendaries and rectors were not ashamed to avow
that they had equivocated. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvi.
H.t trans. To render equivocal ; render false
or lying.
He equivocated his vow by a mental reservation.
Sir G. Buck, Hist. Richard III., p. 142.
equivocatet (e-kwiv'o-kat), a. [< ML. (cquivo-
catus, pp.: see the verb.] Having a double
signification.
equivocation (f-kwiv-o-ka'shgn), n. [= F.
equivocation = Sp. equicocacion = Pg. equivo-
eagao = It. equivocazione, < ML. wquivocatio(n-),
< wquivocari, have the same sound: see equivo-
cate, v.] 1. In tojrje, a fallacy depending upon
the double signification of some one word : dis-
tinguished from amphibology, whicli depends
upon the doubtful interpretation of a whole
sentence.
The great sophism of all sophisms being equivocation
or ambiguity of words and phrase, specially of such words
as are most general and intervene in every inquiry.
Bacon, Advancement of Leaniing, II. iii. 394.
Equulids
Although there be no less than six [verbal fallacies], yet
are there but two thereof worthy our notation, and unto
which tlie rest may l)e referred : that is, the fallacy of
equivocation, and amphibology, which conclude from the
ambiguity of some one word, or the amljiguous syntaxis of
many put together. .Su- T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 4.
2. Ambiguity of speech; specifically, the use,
with a view to mislead, of words or expressions
susceptible of a double signification; prevarica-
tion.
To lurk under shifting ambiguities and eqtdvocations of
words in matters of principal weight is childish.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, viii 1.
I pull in resolution, and begin
To doubt the equivocation of the fiend,
That lies like truth. Shak. Macbeth, v. 6.
=SyH. Prevarication, etc. (see evasion); shuffling, quib-
bling, (iniblile, equivoke.
equivocator (e-kwiv'o-ka-tor), n. [< ML.
wquivocator, < 'wquivocari, have the same sound :
Bee equivocate.] One who equivocates ; a pre-
varicator.
Knock, knock : who's there i' the other devil's name?
'Faith, here's an equivocator. that could swear in both the
scales against either scale ; . . . yet could not equivocate
to heaven ; O, come in, equivocator. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3.
A secret liar or equivocator is such a one as by mental
reservations, and other tricks, deceives him to whom he
speaks, being lawfully called to deliver all the truth.
Fuller, Holy State, p. 390.
equivocatory (e-kwiv'6-ka-to-ri), a. [< equivo-
cate + -cry.] Indicating or characterized by
equivocation. Craig.
equivockt, «• See equivoke.
equivoke, equivoque (ek'wi-v6k), n. [For-
merly also equivock; = G. equivoque = Dan.
ehvivok = Sw. ekivok, < F. equivoque = Pr. equi-
voc = Sp. equivoco = Pg. It. cquivoco, < L. (equi-
vocus, of like sound, of the same sound but of
different senses, ambiguous, < wquu,s, equal, +
vox (!)oc-), voice, sound, word, vocare, call: see
vocal.] It. One of two or more things of dif-
ferent nature but having the same name or
designated by the same vocable.
I know your equivocks.
You are growne the better fathei-s of 'em o' late.
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, iii. 1.
Equivokes be such things as have one self name, and yet
be divers in substance or definitiou : as a natural dog and
a certain star in the firmament are both called by one
name in Latin, Canis, yet they be nothing like in sub-
stance, kind, or nature. Blundeville (1599).
2. An ambiguous term ; a word susceptible of
different significations.
I loved you almost twenty years ago ; I thought of you
as well as I do now ; better was beyond the power of con-
ception ; or, to avoid an equivoque, beyond the extent of
my ideas. Bolinghroke, To Swift.
3. Equivocation.
When a man can extricate himself with an equivoque in
such an unequal match, he is not ill off.
Sterne, .Sentimental Journey, p. 33.
equivorous (e-kwiv'o-rus), a. [< L. equus, a
horse, -H vordre, devour, -t- -ous.] Feeding or
subsistingonhorse-flesh; hippophagous. Smart.
Equivorous Tartars. Quarterly Rev.
Equula (ek'wo-Iii), n. [NL., < L. equula, a little
mare.] A genus of fishes, type of the family
Equula eeUntuta.
Equuiaiw, embracing a few species of the West
Indies and the Pacific ocean, as E. edentula.
Equuleus (e-kw6'le-us), n. [L., usually contr.
eculcus, a colt, a rack (instrument of torture)
in the shape of a horse, dim. of equus, a horse.]
1. An ancient northern constellation, supposed
to represent a horse's head. It lies west of the
head of Pegasus, and its brightest star is of the
fourth magnitude. Also Equiculus. — 2. ['. c]
In Ifom. antiq., a kind of rack used for extorting
confessions from suspected or accused persons.
— Equuleus pictoris [painter's easel], generally called
Pictor, a soutlierii constellation invented by Lacaille. It
lies south of the Dove and west of Canopus, and its bright-
est star is of the fourtli magnitude.
Equulidae (e-kwo'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Equula
-I- -idw.] A family of aeanthopterygian fishes,
typified by the genus Equula. They have an oblong,
Eannlids
compressed body covered with deciiliious cycloid scales
an elevated supra-occipital crest, very protractile jaws'
minute teeth on the jaws and none on the palate, a long
dorsal flu with alx>at 8 spines in front, and a long anal fln
with 3 spines. These flslies have been generally approx-
imated to the scombroids, hut have rather the aspect o(
GerritUe. About 20 species of small size occur in the Indo-
Paciflc region.
Eqnns (e'kwus), n. [L., a horse, = AS. eoh, eh
(poet.), a horse, = OS. ehu = OHG. ehu, a horse,
= IceLjor, ace. jo (poet.), a horse, stallion, =
Or. iTT-of, dial. Ikko^ = Skt. a^ra, a horse.] The
typical genus of the family Equidm, formerly
conterminous with the family, now often re-
stricted to the horses proper, as distinguished
from the asses and zebras. The horse is E.
caballus. See horse, and cut under Eq"icUe.
ert, adv. A Middle English form of ere^.
■«rl. [< ME. -ere (in early ME., as in AS., the
final e was sounded), < AS. -ere = OS. -eri =
OFries. -ere, -er= D. -er = MLG. -ere, -er, LG.
-er = OHG. -«n, -4ri, -eri, MHG. -ere, -er, G.
-er =z Icel. -art = Sw. -are = Dan. -er = Goth.
-areis; a, common Teut. formative, suffixed to
verbs to form nouns of the agent, as in AS. b<e-
cere, a baker, credperc, a creeper (cripple), del-
fere, a delver, etc. ; = L. -drius (whence di-
rectly E. -<jry 1, -ari-an, and ult. -erS) = Gr. -ijpto-c
(in L. and Gr. forming adjectives (used also as
noiuis) from nouns or verbs) ; orig. a compound
suffix, < '-ar + -K(.] An English suffix, origi-
nally and properly attached to verbs to form
nouns of the agent, as in baker, creeper, delver,
driver, reader, sower, writer, etc. Though denotUig
usually a peraoo. It may denote also, or only, a thing, ai
rutfr, heate- gmttr, j>6ker, etc. In me it is equivalent
to the Latin -or in such forms sa irutructor, one who in-
structs, (urtor, one wlio acts, eonfe$tor, one who confesses
etc. Accordingly, English verta from Latin supine or per-
fect participle stems may form their noun of the agent
with English -«rl or Latin .or: iitttrucler or iiulruelor con-
iTf "f.'»y«»"''. etc- Usually they prefer the Utin form,
taking it directly (or mediately through Middle English
■our, < Old French -our, < Latin -or, etc.) from the Latin
or forming It by analogy (as depotUor, radiator, etc.. for
which there U no LaUo original). The aulDx -or it thai
a rough means of distinguishing words of Latin origin •
compare auditor, intlruetor.faaor, etc., with their literal
EnglUh equivalents hearer, teacher, dotr, etc. In many
words, as biograplier, geographer, phUologer, phUoeopher
etc., there ta no accompanying verb, the sulBx, which is
equal y referable to -»r«, being attached, cumulatively
(first In philooophef), to the original (Utin or Greek) term
•ignifylng an agent. fSee-«r2.) In another use, also with-
out reference to a verb, -er, attached to names of towns or
countrta, slgnines an inhabitant of or one who belongs
to the town or coantry, as Londoner, XeuhYorker, //of-
Uinder BngUtnder, Neui-Baglander, etc, likeOerman Ber-
liner, Leipager, JSngliinder, Hollander, etc.
-«r2. [< MR -er, .-ere, < OP. -er, -ier, P. -ier =
op- Pg- ->ero, -ero = It. -iere, -ero, < L. -drius
(whence directly E. -aryl, -ari-an, as in anti-
qnanj, antiquarian, «., justiciarif, etc.) = -eri:
see -eri.'] \ suffix of Latin origin, denoting
iisually a person, and often an agent, but not,
like -eri, usually assoeiated with a verb, it ap
pears In lustieer. eommiMMutiutr nm^^t* •»■'•«■«, «._...■
1989
pears injiutiwr, eommiuioner, ojleer, prirnner, peruion-
er, etc In many words of more recent formation the »iif-
lU may be taken as either -eri or -era. In some words, as
cAaneeUor, it has assumed the form of Uitln -or. In words
recently formed or taken from the French It appears as
-i^r or -eer. In many words it has become merged or
is mergeable with the English eri.
-erS. [< SfE. -er, with suffix of declension -ere,
often with syncope -re, < AS. -er, -or in adverbs,
but m adjectives always with sufflr of declen-
sion, masc. -a, fem. and neut. -e, and reg. with
sjrncope -r-a, -r-e; = 08. -ir-o = D. -?r = OHG.
•ir-o, -ro, MHG. -ere, -er, G. -er = Icel. -r-i =
8w. -r-e = Dan. -r-e = Goth. -ir-<i, -oz-a, fem.
-iJ-ei, -6z-ei, neut. -iz-o, -d:-d = L. m. f. -ior, neut.
-tus (-ior) = Gr. m. f. -iuv (-lov-), neut. -iov =
Hkt. -lyas (nom. in. -igdn, t. -iyasi, n. -iuas); a
comparative suffix, of the orig. Indo-Eur. form
-las. It appears as -es- in the superlative suf-
fix -estl. q. v.] A sufHx of adjectives, forming
the comparative degree, as in colder, deeper,
'ireater, bigger, etc., and being cognate with the
lAtin comparative suffix -or, -ior, neuter -us,
-MW, represented in English in vuijor, minor,
Zl*t!' SH^^^'O^Penor, inferior, etc. i„ u«er,
jcnur, the snlBi Is cnmulative. In heUer, worm, Un
tor Irregular snlBi see etymology), the snflU Is attached
;, "•'.*' '''?n-««'«'l'Ur positive. In upper, inner, outer,
u'mc'ti P"'"« i« adverhUI. See the words men-
-«r*. [< ME. -er-en, < AS. -er-ian (not common)
= U. -er-en = G. -er-en, -er-n, etc.] A suffix of
verbs, giving them a frequentative and some-
times a diminutive sense, as patter from pat,
swagger from swtg, flutter from float, sputter
from spout etc. U la eqaivalent to and cognate with
t^/r*'"*",^""/ ■'' ("»' •». •«0. »» in dialectal patlte =
£rir'..f "'"' ''?"' '™<'' •*«•*»» formative of new
words It is scarcely used.
•«r6. [< OP. -er, -re, term, of nouns from inf.,<
inf. -er, -re, < L. -are, -ire, -ere, inf. suffix of Ist,
2d, and 3d declensions respectively.] A suffix
of certain nouns, mostly technical terms of the
law (from Old Law French), as attainder, mis-
nomer, trover, user, non-user, waiver, etc. In
endeavor, endeavour, the orig. -er is disguised in
the spelling.
Er. In ckem., the symbol for erbium.
er. In her., an abbreviation of ermine.
era (e'ra), n. [First in the LL. form wra; = G
ara = Sw. era = Dan. wra = F. ere = Sp. Pg. It.
era, < LL. cera, an era or epoch from which time
IS reckoned (first in Isid. Orig. 5, 36, in the 7th
century), appar. a particular use of LL. wra, a
given number according to which a reckoning
or calculation is to be made (occurring but once
in this sense, and somewhat doubtful), this be-
ing a particular use of wra, an item of an ac-
count, a sing, formed from wra, pi., the items
of an account, counters, pi. of ws, ore, brass,
money: see ws and orel. Some refer the LL.
word to Goth, jer = E. year, q. v.] 1. A tale
or oount of years from a fixed epoch ; a period
durmg which, in some part or parts of the
world, years are numbered and dates are reck-
oned from a particular point of time in the
past, generally determined by some historical
event. See phrases below.
The series of years counted from any civil epoch is
termed an era or count of years. Thus, we speak of the
«ro of the olympiads, of the foundation of Bonie, etc. The
practice of some historians of treating the terms epoch
and era as synonymous is not advisable.
/deter. Handbook of Chronology (trans.).
It Uoor purpose . . . to fli the epochs at which the eras
respectively commenced.
»'. L. It. Catet, Encyc Brit., V. 711.
2. A series of years having some distinctive his-
torical character : as, the era of good feeling (see
below).— 3. Loosely, an epoch from which time
is reckoned, or s point of time noted for some
event or occurrence; an epoch in general: as,
the era of Christ's appearance.-Annenlan era_
an era commencing A. ». 552, July »tli.- Byzantine era!
same u era nf Coiulantinople.—CtBsaxeaji era liJii- of
**!? . .''^ used.in Syria, coinmeiu i.iK from 40 to'i; b. c
--that U between the battle of I'harm.lia and the arrival
? t ^!^!." *yrt»- — ?ftka or Saka era, an era much used
In Indll^ beginning a. Dj8.-Catonlc era. See era of the
/on n</a<ion<!//{<,„.<.._(aial(lean era, an era beginning in
the autumn of 311 B. c, but id.rjtitled by some cbronolo-
gers with the era of the SeUutida;.— Oirlstlan era. .Ve
mi^rera — Commonera. Sameaaimfoarcra.^Eraof
Acaom, an era datinif from the battle of Actimn 31 b c
SeptemlMr M^Era of Alexander, an era dating from
thedeathof Alcxaii.kr theiJieat, In May or June, 823 B. e.
— Era Of Alexandria, one or mo ira.s used by early chris-
tians In Alexandria. According to that which was used
twevioua to the accession of Diocletian, that event (A. D.
. ' «^* P'«« In the year 6787 of the worid ; but soon af-
.rrS!3i.'*VfW!*" t*me^ off from the count— Bra of
A?^**Sit_<"> * C"«««»n tra beginning «» b. c, Sept. ist.
ifi .^Tf5~?J?.!'*«'''"*'"' *** "■ <'-. Oct. 1st. (c) An
ere coinciding with the reformed era of Alexandria. -Era
or Augustas, an era dating from the acces-slmi of f Oc-
tavius to the ilUe of Augustus, 27 B. c- Era of Christ
SlS'i".^*^"'"^-?* Of Constantinople, th. .ni
naed in the OrMk Church, a.xor.liin.' t.. whiib tbV In-.-in-
ning of the migar era fell in the year iM.) of tbu world
The civil year commences September 1st, but the ecilcsi-
astical year in the spring. Also called Byzantine cm-
Bra of contracts. Same as ^efeuctdan era.— Era of Dlo-
jSletUn, an era beginning A. v. 284, August anth, being the
bBginningof the flrst Egyptian year after tbc actession of
the emperor Diocletian.- Era Of good feeling, in U. S
J •■, ^ P*V,<x* corresponding to the greater part of the
aominutrations of James Monroe, or about 1817 to 1824
during which there was little party strife, Jfonroe luing
reelected President In 1820 without o|>p.)siti..n -Era Of
SWn<*'I°?i" *'"**««» ,^n-«- Era of martyrs, the
era of Di<Kletlan : so called because of the great mrsitu-
tions during his relgn^ Era Of Nabonassar. an imjH.r-
tant era In ancient astronomy, drtlng from 747 B c Keb-
raarrasUvatnoon.— Era oftlieCJBSars. Sameas.<(iwn.
wA ero.--Era Of the foundation of Rome (abbrevia-
tion, A. U. C, representing tbe Ijitiii anno urbis comlitir
in the year of the buibiing of the city), the era of ancient
Rome, usually reckoned after Varro from 753 B c Other
dates are those fixed by M. Porclns Cato (the Catoiiic era)
<51 B. c. ; Polyl)iiis, 750; and Fabius Pictor. 747 All these
eras begin April 21st. - Era of the Incarnation. .Same
a* eutoirero.- Era of Tjrre. an era n. koning from 126
B. c, October I9th.-Era of Varro. Sce .-m „f the fonn-
f? H ^""u^^ <•' Vlkramadltya, an' era much
111 ■? *■ 5S?i"?.^°* *^ "■ <^-Era of Yezdeglrd. an
era beginning with the accession of Yezdecinl III a b
MiJiliie lBth.-<}elal88an era. same as fermnn'em.-
JawUIl era, the era used in modem times by tbe Jews
dating from about :i7(»i b. c. and connected with their in-
tricate ralendar- Julian era, an era dating from there-
form .if the cabri.iar by Julius Ciesar, 46 B. c, January Ist
— Honanunedan era, the era in use among the Arabs
lurks, etc., dating from the hejira, a. d. 622 July 16th
T lie calendar Is lunar.— Hundane era, an era beginning
with the supposed epoch of tbe creation. Such arc the
Jewish and other eras. Bi8h.)p fsslicr jilaced this event
e" . nl^*'^^"'.**J'■ "^ -Olympladlc era, the epoch of the
flrst Olympiad, 776 B. c, July Ist— Persian era, an era
having the same epoch as that of Yezdegird, but reckon-
Ihg the years according to a complicated solar-lunar cal-
endar. Also called Gelalman fra.— PharaonlC era. astip-
p.,je,l era attrlbiite.l to the Kgyptians under the Pharaohs.
K°i^^?^'^ MF^ ■''"""' "" "ic era of Alexander: so
called after Philippus Arrhidajus, the haU-brother and
Eragrostis
successor of Alexander.- Seleucidan era, an era dating
from the occupation of Babylon by Seleucus Nicator l5
the autumn of 312 B. c, extensively followed in the Le-
vant, and not yet entirely disused. Also called era of
h2tTl '™?-^'<™"-'f'«-r Spanish era. an era dating
from 38 B. c. January 1st, in use in Spain until the end of
the fourteenth century. Also called era of the Canars -
KMwTf.'briS'^,^"*^®'^*' '•"= ""■" beginning with
tie biith of ( hrist; the ordinary count of years in Chris-
tian countries; the "years of our Lord." the ''yearrof
Se'vi J S The abbreviation A. D. (Latin anno Domini, in
Chriln ^s "if ^l'^^'^' ^- ^- (^"» Po"- Christum, after
ami tPl ^F''1*""'?.^■'^^ "''""^'" o' y^*" ""er the epoch,
ftire hVi S'-.fo'-e Christ), or A. C. (Latin ante Christum, bel
fore Lhrist) is suffixed to the years before the epoch. The
faUer''vear''n"fnH%H » '« 1 =• «• ; but astronomers ckllthi
latter year 0 and the year preceding it 1. The vulgar era
was invented in the sixth century by Dionysius Exi-guus?
and came into general use under the Carlovingiaus The
years were originally and are now considered al beginning
January 1st Dionysius supposed that Jesus Christ was
torn December 25th, a. d. 1, a date which is now univer-
sally considered to be from three to six yeare too late It
w-iu however, until this century generally understood
tliat the era was fixed upon the supposition that Christ
was born December 25th, 1 b. c. It wIls for several centu-
nes a common practice to begin the year on March 25th,
the day of the Annunciation. The result was that in some
places the year which according to the original and now
universal practice would begin on January Ist, was taken
to begin on the previous JIarch 25tli, while in other places
It was taken to begin on the subsequent JIarch 25th. In
England the latter method was used. The year was often
taken to begin on December 25th. During a part of the sev-
enteenth and eighteenth centuries both years were com-
monly given to dates between December 26th and the fol-
lowing March 26th: thus, January 9th, 169|. Also called
comnion era, era o/ChHM, era of the Incarnation. =Svn. 2
Period, Age, etc. .See epoch. '
eradiate! (|-ra'dl-at), v. i. [< L. e, out, -I- radt-
atus, pp. of radiare, radiate : see radiate.] To
shoot forth, as rays of light ; radiate ; beam.
A kind of life eradiating and resulting both from intel-
lect and Psyche. Dr. II. More, Notes on Psychozoia.
eradiation (e-ra-di-a'shon), n. [< eradiate +
-ton.] Emission of rays or beams, as of light;
emission by or as if by rays ; radiation.
He first supposeth some eradiation and emanation of
spint, or secret quality, or whatsoever, to be directed from
our bodies to the blood dropped from It.
llalet, Golden Remains, p. 288.
God gives me a heart humbly to converse with him from
whom alone are all the eradiationi of true majesty.
Eikon Bagilike.
eradicable (f-rad'i-ka-bl), a. [< eradica{te) +
-ole.] Capable of being eradicated.
eradicate (e-rad'i-kat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. erad-
tcated, ppr. eradicating. [< L. eradicatus, pp.
of eradicare (> It. eradicare = OF. eradiquer,
erradiquer, vernacularly aracier, arachier, F.
arracher: see araeei),root out, < e, out, + radix
(radic-), a root: see radical, etc.] 1. To pull
up by the roots ; destroy at the roots ; root out ;
extirpate : as, to eradicate weeds.
Slaking it not only mortall for Adam to taste, the one
Iforbiclden tniit|, but capltall unto his posterity to eradi-
cate the olhur [muninye].
Sir T. Brmme, Vulg. Err., 11. 6.
An oak tree eradicated, that Is, torn up by the roots.
Scott.
Hence— 2. To destroy thoroughly ; remove ut-
terly: as, to eradicate errors or disease.
Some men, under the notion of weeding out prejudices
eradicate virtue, honesty, and religion. '
Swi/t, Thoughts on Various .Subjects.
The work of eradicating crime is not by making pun-
IshmenU familiar, but formidable.
Goldmnith, Vicar, xxvil.
eradication (e-rad-i-ka'shpn), w. [= OF. eradi-
cation, < L. eradicatio(n-), 'i eradicare, root out:
see eradicate.] \. The act of plucking up by
the roots, or the state of being plucked up by
the roots ; extirpation.
The third (assertion) afflrmeth the roote of Mandrakes
doe make a noyse or give a shreeke upon eradication.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 6.
Hence — 2. Complete destruction or removal in
general.
Be true and sincere to thy liest hopes and Interest by
a perfect eradication of all thy exorbitant luste and cor-
ruptions. Ilallywell, Melampronoea, p. 105.
eradicative (e-rad'i-ka-tiv), a. and n. [= OF.
rradicfitif= It. eradica'tiro ; as eradicate + -ive.]
I. a. Tending to eradicate or extirpate; remov-
ingor serving to remove entirely.
n. n. In med., a remedy that effects a radi-
cal cure.
Thus sometimes eradicativet are omitted. In the begin-
ning re<|nisite.
Whillock, Manners of English People, p. 88.
eradicnlose (e-ra-dik'u-16s), a. [< L. e- priv.
+ radicula, a rootlet (see radicle), -i- -ose.] In
hot., without rootlets.
Eragrostis (or-a-gros'tis), n. [NL., prob. < Gr.
ipa, earth, -t- aypotartc, a kind of grass : see Agros-
Eragrostis
Us."} A lai^ genus of grasses, distinguished
from I'oa by the more flattened spikelets and
the deciduous, carinate, three-nerved flower-
ing glume. There are about 100 species, of wai-m ami
temperate regions, of which 20 are found in the United
st;\tes. They are of little agricultural value.
erandt, »• Au obsolete form of errancP-.
Eranthemuin (e-ran'the-mum), )i. [NL., <(ir.
r/p, coutr. of cap (orig. *fiap = L. ver), spring
(see ver, vernal), + avdc/iov, a flower, < av6civ,
flower, bloom. Cf. cJtrijsanthemum.l A tropi-
cal g:enus of aeanthaceous plants, including 30
species, a few of which are occasionally culti-
vated in greenhouses.
Eranthis (e-ran'this), «. [KL., < Gr. ijp, contr.
of tap (= L. ver), spring, +
drSof, a flower.] A genus of
dwarf spring-flowering herbs,
of the natural order Banun-
eulacece, allied to Hellehorus.
The stem bears a solitary flower
with several colored sepals. There
are only two species, the winter
aconite, E. hiemalis, of Europe,
and E. Sibiricug, of the mountains
of Asia.
erasable, erasible (e-ra'sa-
bl, -si-bl),a. \<.erase + -able,
-ible.'] Capable of being
erased. Clarke.
erass (e-ras'), V. t. ; pret. and
pp. erased, ppr. erasing. [<
L. erasiis, pp. of eradere,
scratch out, < e, out, + ra-
dere, scrape, scratch: see
rase, raze.'] 1. To rub or
scrape out, as letters or char-
acters written, engraved, or
painted; efface; blot or wimet Aconite (fi'aw-
strike out; obUterate; ex- 'his ni^maM.
punge : as, to erase a word or a name.
The image that, wellnigh erased..
Over the castle gate he did behold.
Above a door well wrought in colored gold
Again he saw.
WUliain Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 328.
Hence — 2. To remove or destroy, as if by rub-
bing or blotting out.
New England, we love thee ; no time can erase
From the hearts of thy children tlie smile on thy face.
O. W. Holmf.s, Semi-Centennial of the N. E. Society, p. 136.
3t. To destroy to the foundation ; raze.
The city |Aquileia| was entirely erased by Attila in the
year four hundred and flfty-three.
J'ococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 266.
= S3m. 1. Cancel, Obliterate, etc. (see efface) ; wipe out, ruu
off, remove.
erase (e-ras'), «• [< L. erasus, pp.: see the
verb.] In entom., sinuate, with the sinuses
cut into smaller irregular notches: applied
especially to the wings of certain Lepidojjtera.
erased (e-rasf), j). a. In her., ^ ^
represented as having been for-
cibly torn off, the separated
parts being left jagged, as op-
posed to couped. Also erazed.
erasementt (f-ras'ment), n. [<
erase + -meiit.] Same as era-
sure, 1. Bailey (1727), Suppl.
eraser (e-ra's6r), n. One who
or that which erases. .Specifically— (a) A sharp-
pointed Itnife or blade set in a liandle for scraping out
in)c-marl{B. (6) A piece of prepared caoutchouc used for
rubl)injf out pencil-marlcs or inlc-marks; a rubber.
erasible, a. See erasable.
erasion (e-ra'zhgn), n. [< L. as if *erasio(n-),
< eradere, pp. erasus, erase: see erase.] Same
as erasure, 1.
Erasmian (e-ras'mi-an), a. and n. [< Erasmus
(see def.) 4- -iaii.] 1. a. Pertaining or relat-
ing to Erasmus, a famous Dutch theologian,
scholar, and satirist (died 1536).
He is sighing for . . . the monastery of the White
Fathers, where he sipped the golden cordial, and listened
to Erasmian stories while tlie mistral rushed howling
tlirough the belfry. Essays from The Critic, p. 121.
Erasmian pronunciation (of Greek). See pronuncia-
tion.
n. n. One who supports the system of an-
cient Greek pronunciation advocated by Eras-
mus: opposed to Beuchlinian.
Erastian (e-ras'tian), a. and n. [< Erastus (see
def.) + -Jan.] I. a. Pertaining to Thomas Eras-
tus, a Swiss polemic (1524-83), author of a
work on excommunication, in which ho pur-
posed to restrict the jurisdiction of the church.
Erastianism, or the doctrine of state supremacy in eccle-
siastical matters, is often, but erroneously, attributed to
him.
An Erastian policy has often smoothed the way for
Hlldebrandine domination.
Bp. Chr. Wordsworth, Church of Ireland, p. 102.
A Lion's Head
Erased.
1990
The Erastian doctrine, according to which the Church,
as such, has none of the prerogatives of government,
whicli inhere wholly in the .State, hiid its adherents in
England, and left its inliuence upon the English polity.
(r. P. Fisher, The Reformation, p. 500.
II. j(. One who maintains the doctrines held
by or attril)uted to Erastus.
Erastianism (e-ras'tian-izm), n. [< Erastian
+ -ism.] The doctrine of the supremacy of the
state over the church. See Erastian, a.
This, they said, was absolute Erastianism, or subjec-
tion of tlie Church of God to the regulations of an earthly
government. Scott, Old Mortality, xxi.
erasure (e-ra'zur), n. [< erase -(- -ure.] 1.
The act of erasing, or nibbing or scraping out
or off ; obliteration. Also erasion.
Fear would prevent any corruptions of them [records]
by wilful mutilation, changes, or erasures.
Horsley, Prophecies of the Messiah.
2. An instance of erasing, or that which has
been erased, scratched out, or obliterated ; the
place where something has been erased or ob-
literated : as, there were several erasures i» the
document.
Tischendorf and Tregelles, in their separate examina-
tions of several thousands of corrections and erasures,
differed in hardly a single case respecting the original
reading.
T. II. Home, Introd. to Study of Holy Script., IV. xv.
If some words are erased [in the deed] and others su-
perinduced, you mention that the superinduced words
were written on an erasure. Prof. Menzi£S.
3+. The act of razing or destroying to the
foundation; total destruction: as, the erasure
of cities. Gibbon.
Erato (er'a-to), n. [L., < Gr. 'Eporu, lit. the
Lovely, < "ipard^, lovely, beloved, < epav, love.]
1. In Gr. myth., one of the Muses, she presided
over lyric and especially amatory poetry, and is generally
represented crowned with roses and myrtle, and with the
lyre in the left hand and the plectrum in the right in the
act of playing.
2. [NL.] In zool., a genus of cowries, of the
family Cyprwidcs.
Risso, 1826.
Erax (e'raks), n.
[NL., irreg. <Gr.
epav, love.] A ge-
nus of dipterous
insects, or flies,
of the family
Asilidw, found-
ed by Macquart
in 1838 (after
Scopoli, 1763). It
is characterized by
a prominent face, by
the third joint of the
antennaj being long-
er than the first, and
by the second sub-
marginal cell of the
wing being appen-
dicular. The larva of Erax bastardi feeds on the eggs of
tlie Kocky Mountain locust, Caloptenus spretus.
erazed (f-razd'), a. In her., same as erased.
erbt, erbet, »■ Obsolete spellings of herb.
erber^t, erljeret, «• Middle English forms of
arbor^.
Orchegardes and erberes euesed well clene.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 166.
In a lytyl erber that I have.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 97 (1st version).
erber^t, ». [ME.] The gullet : a hunting term.
Sythen thay slyt the slot, sesed the erber,
Schaued wyth a scharp knyf, & the schyre knitten.
.Sir Gawaijne and the Green Kniffht (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1330.
erbia (6r'bi-a), B. [NL., < erbiuyn.] In chem.,
the oxid of tlie metal erbium (ErgOs), a white
powder soluble in acids only.
erbium (er'bi-um), ». [NL., < (Ttt)erby in
Sweden, where gadolinite, the mineral which
contains this substance, is found.] Chemical
symbol, Er; A rare metal found along with
yttrium, terbium, and a number of other rare
elements in some rare minerals, as euxenite,
fergusonite, and gadolinite, in which it exists
as a tantalate or silicate.
erdef, v. i. [ME., < AS. eardidn, dwell, < eard,
dwelling, country: see eard.] To dwell.
ere^ (ar), adv., prep., and conj. [Also dial, ear
(see ear*^), yer; < ME. ere, er, (er, ar, or (see
OJ'l), < AS. air, adv., before, sooner, earlier,
formerly; prep., before; in the conjunctional
phrases cer tham the, air than the {wr, prep., be-
fore ; tham, dat. of tha:t, that; the, rel. conj.,
that), abbr. ar tham, a^ thon, or simply mr, conj.,
before (always with reference to time); a contr.
of the full eompar. form ^ror, adv., which also
is frequent (= OS. er = OFries. er = D. eer,
sooner, = OHG. er, G. eher, ehe = Icel. dr, early,
(I, fly: J, pupa : {■, full-grown larva. (All
natural size.)
Erechtlieum
= Goth, airis, sooner), eompar. form of AS. cer
= Icel. ar = Goth, air, adv., soon, early. See
the superl. erst and the deriv. early.] I.t adv.
1. Early; soon.
Er ant late y be thy fo. Lyrical Poems (ed. Wright), p. 99.
Or thay be dantit [daunted] with dreid, erar will thai de.
Gawan and Goloyras, ii. 16.
2. Before; formerly.
When it turnyt to the tyme as I told ere.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 980.
Whan Galashyn hadde herde that Gawein hadde seide,
he was neuer er so gladde. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 190.
Sich noyse hard [heard] I never ere.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 156.
II, prep. Before, in respect of time.
We sculen . . . forleten ure misdede er ure lives ende.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), I. 19.
He would ere long make it dearer, and make a Penny
Loaf be sold for a Shilling. Baker, Chronicles, p. 75.
Our fruitful Nile
Flow'd ere the wonted season.
Dryden, All for Love.
HI. conj. Before ; sooner than.
But his term was tint, or it time were.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 30.
It was not long ere slie inflam'd him so.
That he would algates witlt Pyrochles fight.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 20.
Yer Eurus blew, yer Moon did Wex or Wane,
Yer Sea had flsh, yer Earth had grass or grain,
God was not void of sacred exercise.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.
The nobleman saith unto him. Sir, come down ere my
child die. John iv. 49.
ere^t, »«. An obsolete form of ear-.
ere^t, v. t. An obsolete form of ear^.
ereart, v. t. [An erroneous spelling of arear^,
appar. by association with erect.] To raise up.
That other love infects the soul of man ; this cleanseth ;
that depresseth, this erears. Burton, Anat. of iiel.
Erebus (er'e-bus), n. [L., < Gr. 'E/)t/3oc, in Ho-
mer, etc., a place of nether darkness between
the Earth and Hades (see def. 1); in Hesiod a
mythical being; cf. adj. ipcjievvo^, contr. ipcft-
vdi;, dark, gloomy; perhaps akin to opijivTi, the
darkness of night, night, or else to Goth. riktHs,
darkness, Skt. rajas, the atmosphere, thick air,
mist, darkness.] 1. In classical myth.: (a) A
place of nether darkness through which the
shades pass on their way to Hades.
The motions of his spirit are dull as night.
And his affections dark as Ereljus.
Shak., M. of V., v. 1.
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
Of Erebus. Milton, P. L., ii. 883.
(6) The son of Chaos, who married his sister
Night and was the father of Mthei (the pure
air) and Day; darkness. — 2. [NL.] In zoo I.,
a genus of noctuid moths. E. odora is the largest
North American s\ieciesot A'octuidce, expanding six inches
or more, and is of a dark-brown color sprinkled with gray
scales ; the reniform spot is black, with blue scales, and
encircled with brownish-yellow. The species is found from
Maine to Brazil. See cut under Noctuidat.
Erechtheion (er-ek-thi'on), n. Same as Erech-
theum.
Erechtbeum (er-ek-the'um), ji. [NL., < Gr.
''Epexdeiov, < 'E,pixOn%, Erechtheus.] The ' ' house
of Erechtheus " ; a temple of Ionic order on the
Acropolis of Athens, noted as one of the most
original achievements of HeUenie architecture.
In the Erechtheum were grouped togethcrthe distinct cults
of Athena Polias (this foundation taking the place of the
ancient temple destroyed by the Persians), of Poseidon, of
the mythical hero-king of Athens, Erechtheus, and of other
subordinated divinities and heroes. The material of the
The Btechtheum, eastern elevation.
Erechtheum was Pentelic marble almost throughout ; there
was but little plastic decoration, apart from the caryatids :
but the architectural carving, all the projxirtions, the
masonry, and the execution in general were of the utmost
perfection and refinement. (See cuts under atUhrmion.
molding, etjiy-and-dart moldinfj, and caryatid.) The tem-
ple was cornpleted toward the close of the fifth century
B. c. In the court of the temple grew the original olive-
tree, created by Athena, which sprouted again in one night
after its destruction by the Persians : and in buildings con-
nected with this court dwelt the priestess of Athena and
lier attendant maidens called arrhephores.
Erechthites
Erechthites (er-ek-thi'tez), H. [NL., orig. er-
roneously Erechtites (Raflnesque), appar. < Gr.
£p£^irK"(Dioscorides), a name for Henecio or
groundsel, < ipixStiv, rend, break.] A small
genus of seneeioid composite plants, found in
America, Australia, and New Zealand. The only
species in the IniteJ states is the (Ireweed, E. hieraci-
JMa, !k coarse nnnual with numerous heads of whitish
Bowers ami abundant soft white pappus. It is especially
frequent where recent clearings have been burned over.
erect (e-rekf), r. [< L. erectus, pp. of erigere
(> It. erigere, ergere = Pg. Sp. Pr. erigir = F.
eriyer), set up, < e, out, up, + regere, make
straight, rule: see regent. Cf. arrecl, correct,
direct, etc.] I. trans. 1. To raise and set in an
upright or perpendicular position ; set up ; raise
up : as, to erect a telegraph-pole or a flagstaff.
There is a little Chappell made conduitwlse, wherein is
erected the picture of Christ and the Virgin .Mary.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 11.
Once more
greet the itandard there of ancient Night.
MUtan, V. L., il. 986.
There came out from the niche a low laugh that erected
the hairs upon my head. Pae, Tales, I. 352.
2. To raise, as a building; build; construct:
as, to erect a house or a temple ; to erect a fort.
Inscriptions-round the Imscs of the pillars inform us
that the hall was erected by Darius and Xerxes, but re-
paireil or restored by Artaxerxes Mnenion, who added the
inscriptions. J. Fergvtton, Hist. Arch., I. 200.
3. To set up or establish; found; form; frame:
as, to erect a kingdom or commonwealth ; to erec<
a new system or theory.
There has been more religious wholesome laws
In the half-circle of a year erected
For common good than memory e'er knew of.
MiddUtun, Chute Maid, 11. 1.
1991
ing or declined ; upright : as, an erect stem ; an erect leaf or
ovule, (c) In eiUum., upright: applied to hairs, spines,
etc., when they are nearly but not quite at right angles
to the surface or mariiiii on which they are situated. In
this sense distinguished from perpendicular or vertical.
Hence — 2. tJpright and firm; bold. — 3. In-
tent; alert.
Tliat vigilant and erect attention of mind, which in
prayer is very necessary, is wasted and dulled.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
All this they read with saucer eyes, and erect and primi-
tive curiosity. Tlioreau, Walden, p. 115.
Erect decliner, a dial which stands erect, hut does not
face any cardinal point.— Erect dial See dioi.— Erect
direct, in the position, as a dial, of vertically facing a
cardinal point. — Erect Stem. in />o(., an upright stem; a
stem tliat does not twine or require a support- Erect
vision, the seeing things right side up — that is, the prop-
er association between local signs of the ditTerent parts
of tlie retina and the different parts of the liody.— Erect
wings, those wings which in repose are held upright over
the boily, as in most butterflies.
erectable (e-rek'ta-bl), a. [< erect + -able.]
Capable of being erected ; erectile.
These erectaUe feathers, that form the auricles [of the
short -eared owlj when alive, are scarcely longer than the
rest, and are always depressed in a dead bird.
Montagu, Ornlth. Diet.
erectedt (e-rek'ted), p. a. Mentally or morally
elevated ; magnanimous ; generous; noble; as-
piring.
Hiving found in him a mind of most excellent composi-
tion, a piercing wit, quite void of ostentation, high erected
thoughts seated in a lieart of courtesy.
, Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
Glory, the reward
That sole excites to high attempts, the flame
Of most erected spiriU. MUton, P. R., ill. 27.
erector (e-rek't^r), ». One who or that which
erects ; specifically, one who raises or builds.
He had drawn above twenty persons to his opinion, and Erecti (e-'rek'ti), n. »/. [NL., pi. of L. erectus,
pp. of ertjere, erect.] A group of mammals con-
they were intended to erect a plantation about the .Narra-
gansett Bay. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 208.
They procured a royal i>atent for erecting an academy
of projectors in Lagado. A'aVf, Gulliver's TraveU, ill. 4.
taining man alone: same as Bimana, Archen-
cephala, Archontia, Anthrapidcc, Hominidce. See
these words. IlUgcr, 1811.
eremite
9. In physiol., turgidity and rigidity of a part
into which erectile tissue enters: speciiically
said chiefly of the penis and clitoris.
erective (e-rek'tiv), a. [< erect + -ive.} Set-
ting upright ; raising.
erectly (f-rekt'li), adv. In an erect posture ;
upright.
For birds, they generally carry their heads erectly litvc
man. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 1.
erectness (f-rekt'nes), n. The state of being
erect ; uprightness of posture or form.
If we talie erectness strictly, and so as Galen hath de-
fined it, . . . they onely, saith he, have an erect figure,
whose spine and thigh t>one are carried in right lines.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 1.
erectopatent (e-rek-to-pa'tent), a. [< L. erec-
tus, erect, + pdten(t-)s, spreading: see pat^it.]
1. In hot., having a position intermediate be-
tween erect and spreading. — 2. In entom., hav-
ing, as the wings of an insect when in repose,
the anterior pair erect or nearly so, and the
posterior pair horizontal, as in the skipper-but-
terflies.
erector (f-rek'tor), n. ; pi. erectors or erectores
(-torz, e-rek-to'rez). [< NL. erector,<. L. erigere,
ppl erectus, erect: see erect.] 1. One who or
that which raises or erects, .specifically — (a) In
anat., a muscle which erects or assists in the erection of
a part or an organ, as tlie penis or clitoris, (t) In optics,
an attachment to a compound microscope, inserted in the
draw-tul>e, which causes a second inversion of the image,
so that the object viewed is seen in an erect or normal
position. Also called erectinri idass.
2. One who builds, establishes, or founds.
The three first Monarchies of the world ; whereof the
founders and the erectory thought that they could never
have ended. Raleigh (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 654).
A teacher of learning, and erector of schools.
Waterhoti^e, Apology, p. 21.
Erector spinsB, the longest muscle of the back. It assists
in maintaniiiig the erect posture. It has several sulxii-
visions, the jirincipal of which are the longissimus dorsi
and the sacrolumbalis, or iliocostalis. Also called spini-
draL BaJier, Chronicles, p. 58.
I am far from pretending to infallibility ; that would be
to erect myself Into an apostle.
Locke, On the Epistles of St. Paul.
causes the part to become turgid aiul more or less rigit
The substance of the cavernous and spongy IxmIIcs nf the
penis, the parts composing ami surrotmding the clitoris,
the mammary nipples, and to some extent the lips, are
«.. ..»..,. . t * *,. T ,1. examples of this tissue.
When It Palestine was in poaaeMlon of the Urwiltes, -_««tii«t-. /«.rpk-til'i-ti1 n r< erectile + -itv.^
It was erected into a kingdom under Sanl. 'S.?^^. »^ • " „' .-i "^ .w Zt o,o^
- - - Thequality of being erectile or capable of eree-
Poeoete, DMcriptlon of the East, II.
They tried to ertel IhemselTes Into a community where
til should be equally free. Goldnnilh, Vicar, xlx.
6t. To animate ; encourage.
Erect your princely countenances and spirits.
Fletcher {and othen\ Blixidy Brother, iVL 1.
Variety (as both Vlusick and Rhetorick teaches UB)irr«T(ji
and nmies an Auditory, like the malsterfull running over
many Cords and dlvislona
MiUon, On Det. of Humb. Remonst.
6t. To advance or set forth ; propound.
Malebranche ereett this proposition. Locke.
7. To draw, as a flgnre, upon a base ; construct,
as a figure : as, to erect a horoscope ; to erect a
circle on a given line as a semidiamet«r ; to
erccf a perpendicular to a line from a given
point in the line.
To ereH a figure of the heavens at birth. This Is merely
to draw a map of the heavens as they may appear at the
moment a child was bom.
Zadlriel, Gram, of A»troIi>gy, p. S76.
Srectliic glass. -Same as n-eefor.i (6).— Erecting mlam.
.Ve /TKin. = Syn. 1. Upraise, uprear.— 3 and 3. Constmct,
build, institute, estabUab, plant — 1 and 4. Eleeat: See
raise.
n. mtrang. To take an upright position;
rise.
The trifoile, against ralne, swelleth In the stalk, and so
standeth more oprigbt; for by wet, stalkes iloc erect, and
leaves Imw downe. Bacon, .Nat. Hist., f 827.
erect (e-rekt'). a. [< ME. erect (= Pg. erecto =
It. ereito, erto: see alert), < L. erectus, pp., up-
right, set up: see the verb.] 1. Having an
upright posture; standing; directed upward;
raised ; uplifted.
Ills piercing eyes, *reet, appear to view
Huperior worlds, and look all nature through.
Pope.
Among the Greek colonie* and chnrches of Asia, Phila-
delphia U still erect — a column In a scene of ruins.
OiUtn.
Tall and eree^ the maiden stands.
Like some young priestess of the wood.
Whittier, Mogg Megone.
The head Is droopad as an accompaniment of shame ; It
Is held erect and firm when defiance is expressed.
F. Warner, Physical Expression, p. 40.
f'peciflcally — (a) In her., set vertically In some unusu-
al way : thu^ a Itoar's head charged with the muzzle or
snout uppermost, pointing to the top of the Held, Is said
to be erecL (p) In Int., vertical throughout; not spread-
soon.
Mounted upon his [a horse's) backe, and soe following
the stagge, erelonge slewe him. Spenser, State of Ireland.
The world erelong a world of tears must weep.
Milton, P. L., xi. 627.
[Commonly, and preferably, written as two words, ere
long. 1
ereinacausis (er'e-ma-ka'sis), M. [NL., < Gr.
tiptfia, slowly, gently, quietly, + xawif, a burn-
ing, < (ca(£(i', bum: see caustic] In chem.,& slow
combustion or oxidation; the act of gradual
combination of the combustible elements of
a body with the oxygen of the air, as in the
slow decay of wood, in the formation of acetic
acid from alcohol, or of niter by the decompo-
sition of animal matter, and in numerous other
processes : a term introduced by Liebig.
Slow combustion, such as that of eremacausis or decay,
may cause light, as in the luminosity of decaying wood.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Pliysics, p. 468.
tion.
erection (e-rek'shon), fi. [= F. Erection z= Sp.
ereecion =" Pg. ertci;So = It. erezione, < L. erec-
tio(n-), < erectus, pp. of erigere, set up, erect:
see erect.] 1. Thoact of erecting, or setting
upright ; a raising or lifting up ; a stiffening or
bristling up: as, the erection of a flagstaff or of
a building ; the erection of drooping leaves or
of a crest of feathers.
He was chosen by all the congregation testifying their
consent by erection ot hands.
Winthrop, Hist New England, I. 136.
2. The state of being erect.
And so Indeeil of any we yet know man onely Is erect. __«_«_ Cp.rS'mikl n {< Or conuoc desert, ion-
... As for the en.l of this erection, to look np toward erOinlC (e-re miKJ, n. l\ "V .> 1 J^VLy^Ui^L
heaven, though conltrined bys<"veral testimonies, and the /"o, a desert (see eremite), + -IC.J InnaDIting
Greek etymologie of man, it is not so readily to Ije ad- deserts; living in dry, sandy places: chiefly
mitted. Sir T. Brotme, Vulg. Err., Iv. 1. j,gej j,, zoology.
3. The act of building or constructing: as, the eremitaget (er'e-mi-taj), n. [< eremite + -age.
Cf. hermitage.] ' Hermitage.
A leaden l)ox . . . found in the ruins of an old eremitage,
erection of a church.
I employed a whok day in walking about this great city,
to find out proper places for the erection of hospitals.
Addison, A Friend of Mankind.
4. That which is erected, especially a building
or structure of any kind : as, there are many an-
cient erections of unknown use. — 6. The act of
establishing or founding ; establishment ; set-
tlement ; formation ; institution : as, the erec-
tion of a commonwealth ; the erection of a bish-
opric or of an earldom.
It must needs have a peculiar Influence upon the erec-
tion, continuance, and dissolution of every society.
.South, Sermons.
6. The act of raising from a lower position or
condition to a higher; elevation: as, the erec-
tion of a church into a cathedral.
The hist<»ry of the various and strange vicissitudes they
[the Jews) utiderwent, from their first erection into a peo-
ple down to their final excision.
Bp. Atterlmry, Sermons, I. vii.
7t. Elevation or exaltation of sentiments.
Ah ! but what misery is it to know this?
Or. knowing it, to want the mind's erection
In such extremes?
B. Jonmn, Every Man In his Humour, II. 1.
8t. The act of rousing ; excitation.
When a man would listen sud<lenly he startetb ; for the
starting Is an erection of the spirits to attend. Bacon.
as it was a repairing. Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, p. 136.
eremi'talt (er'e-mi-tal), a. [< eremite + -al]
Eremitic.
Not that a conventual, and still less an eremilal, way of
life would have been more rational. •
Soiithey, The Doctor, Ixviii.
eremite (er'e-mit), w. and a. [Formerly also
eremit; = D'. eremiet, heremiet = G. Dan. Sw.
eremit = F. ermite, hermite (whence the older
E. forms ermit, hermit, now only hermit) = Pr.
erniita = It. eremita (cf. Pr. herviitan = Sp.
ermitaHo = Pg. ermitSo, < ML. ercmitanus), <
LL. eremita, < Or. fft^niTrK, a hermit, prop. ad,i.,
of the desert, < ipm'ia, a solitude, desert, wil-
derness, < f/)i7^of, desolate, lonely, solitary, des-
ert; prob. akin to ?/pf//a, stilly, quietly, gently,
slowly, Lith. ramu, quiet, tranquil, Goth, rimis,
n., quiet, Skt. -y/ ram, rest, find pleasure in:
see Acr»ij<, a doublet of eremite.] I. n. 1. One
who lives in a wilderness or in retirement; a
hermit.
Thou seem'st Iwneath thy huge, high leaf of green.
An Eremite beneath his mountain's brow.
0. Croty, Lily of the Valley.
Specifically — 2. In church hist, in the earlier
period, a Christian who, to escape persecution,
eremite
fled to a solitary place, and there led a life of
contemplation and asceticism. Later the name was
applied to a religious order whose members lived isolated
from one another: as, the Eremites of St. Augustine.
The king of Portugall caused a Church to be made there,
. . . where there are onely resident Eremits, and all other
are forbidden to inhabit* there.
Uakluyft Voyages, II. 280.
No wild Saint Dominies and Thehaid Eremites, there
had been no melodious Dante. Carlyle.
=Sjm. See anchoret.
n. (I. Eremitic.
eremitic, eremitical (er-e-mit'ik, -i-kal), a. [=
F. eremitique = Pg. It. eremitico, < ML. eremiti-
cus, < eremita, an eremite: see eremite.'i Relat-
ing or pertaining to, having the character of,
or like an eremite or hermit ; living in solitude
or in seclusion from the world.
The austere and eremitical harbinger of Christ.
Bp. Halt, Contemplations, iv.
Persons of heroical and eminent graces and operations,
... of prodigious abstinencies, of eremitical retirements.
Jer. Taylor, Works <ed. 1836), I. 46.
The eremitic instinct is not peculiar to the Thebais, as
many a New England village can testify.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 73.
eremitish (er'e-mi-tish), a. [< ereviite + -fs/il.]
Of or pertaining to or resembling a hermit;
eremitic.
I account Christian good fellowship better than an ere-
mitish and melancholike solitariness.
Bp. Hall, Meditations and Vows.
A priest, old, bearded, wrinkled, cowled — never being
more perfectly eremitish. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 213.
eremitism (er'e-mJ-tizm), n. [< eremite + -wm.]
The state or condition of a hermit ; voluntary
seclusion from social life.
eremobryoid (e-re-mo-bri'oid), a. [< Gr. ipy-
uog, desolate, solitary (see eremite), + fip'vov, a
kind of seaweed, + -oirf.] In ferns, having the
fronds produced at intervals (nodes) along the
sides of the rootstoek, riot at the end, and hav-
ing the stipes articulated with the rootstalk,
becoming detached when old, leaving protuber-
ances with a concave surface. This is the case
in the tribe represented by Polypodium. See
Vesmohrya.
Eremomela (er-e-mom'e-la), «. [NL., < Gr.
ipVfioc, solitary, -\r fd^, a song.] The typical
genus of African warblers of the subfamily
EremomeliucB. C. J. Sundevall, 1850.
Eremomelinae (er-f-mom-e-li'ne), n.pl. [NL.,
< EremomeUi + -inw.'] A group of warbler-like
African birds, of some 50 species, of doubtful
relationships, commonly referred to the Timeli-
idw.
Eremophila (er-e-mof 'i-la), n. [NL., < Gr. cpij-
, fioc, solitary, + flf-og, loving.] " 1 . In ichth., a ge-
nus of fishes. In this sense commonly written
Eremophilus. Htimboldt, 1S05. — 2. lnornith.,ei
notable genus of larks, of the family Alaudidw,
Horned Larlc, or Shore-lark ^Eremitphila alpestris).
containing the homed larks or shore-larks, char-
acterized by the plumicom on each side of the
head. There are several species or varieties, inhabiting
the northern hemisphere, of which the best-known is E.
alpestrix, common to Europe and North America. Also
called Phileremos and Otocorys. Boie, 1828.
3. In entom., a genus of orthopterous insects.
Burmeinter, 1838.
Eremopteris (er-e-mop'te-ris), n. [NL., < Gr.
epjjfioq, solitary, -I- irrepiq,
a fern.] A genus of fos-
sil ferns, separated from
Sphenopteris by Sehimper
in 1869, by whom it is
said to "have no analogy
with any living fern. The
upper pai-t of the fronds is di-
cnotomous. It is found in the
coal-measures of Great Britain,
1992
as airchindeaeh (airchindech, archennach, etc.),
"a superior, prior of a convent, provincial of a
religious order" (O'Reilly), these being other
forms of airchidechoiii, (lircliideochain, an arch-
deacon, < LL. archidiacoiiu.i: see archdeacon. ~\
In the Irish Ch., previous to the twelfth century,
the name of an ecclesiastic having duties akin
to those of an archdeacon.
erenow (ar'nou'), pre}), phr. as adv. [< ere^ +
now.'] Before this time. [Now written as two
words.]
My father has repented him erenow. Dryden.
ereptt (c-repf), a. Snatched away. Bailey,
17-J7.
ereptationt (e-rep-ta'shon), n. [< L. as if *erep-
tatio{H-), < *ereptare, assumed freq. of erepere,
creep out, <e, out, + repere, creep: see: reptile.']
A creeping forth. Bailey, 1727.
ereptiont (e-rep'shon), n. [< L. ereptio(n-), <
ereptus, pp. of eripere, snatch away, < e, away,
+ rapere, snatch, seize. Cf. correption.] A
taking or snatching away by force. E. Phil-
lips, 1706.
erert, ereret, »• Middle English forms of earer.
Eresidae (e-res'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eresus +
-i'fte.] A family of saltigrade or leaping spi-
ders, typified by the genus Eresus, having the
cephalothorax much elevated and convex in
front, the two posterior eyes much further apart
than the next pair, and the tarsi furnished with
2 or 3 claws. .Also Ertsoidce and Eresides.
EresinSB (er-e-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Eresus +
-ince.] One of two subfamilies of Eresidw, hav-
ing an inframammillary organ and calamis-
trum (wanting in Palpimaninw). It is composed
of the genera Eresus and Dorceus.
Eresus (er'e-sus), n. [NL.] The typical ge-
nus of spiders of the family Ercsidm, contain-
ing a few species, such as E. Uneatus and E.
cinnabarinus. Walekenacr, 1805.
erethic (e-reth'ik), a. [Irreg. < Gr. iptdeiv, ex-
cite: see erethism.] Excitable; restless. [Rare.]
My mental raake-up is inherited mostly from the pater-
nal side, and is erethic in quality.
Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 375.
erethism (er'e-thizm), n. [< Gr. tpcdia/jSc, irri-
tation, < ipeBi^tiv, equiv. to epidecv, rouse to
anger, excite, irritate.] In physiol., excitement
or stimulation of any organ or tissue, specifi-
cally of the organs of generation : as, the sexual
erethism — Mercurial erethism, an irritated state of
the system produced V)y the poisonous action of mercury,
accompanied by depression of strength, irregular action of
the heart, etc.
erethismic (er-e-thiz'mik), a. [< erethism +
4c.] Pertaining to erethism . — Erethismic shock,
a shock in which symptoms of excitement are combined
with those of prostration.
eretbistic (er-e-this'tik), a. [< Gr. spediarmd^,
< ipMl^ew, excite: see erethism.] Relating to
erethism.
eretbitic (er-e-thit'ik), a. [Irreg. < ereth-ism
+ -it-4c.] Pertaining to or of the nature of
erethism; characterized by erethism ; excited;
restless.
Erethizon (er-e-thi'zon), n. [NL. (F. Cuvier,
1822), < Gr. ipMt^av, ppr. of ipetlit^uv, excite, ir-
ritate : see erethism.] A genus of porcupines,
of the family Hystricidw, having a stout form,
short spines overlaid by hair, a short, thick,
blunt, and flattened tail, non-prehensile, the
toes four in front and five behind, all armed
with strong curved claws, and the habits ar-
boreal and terrestrial. There are two living species,
E. dorsatus, the urson or Canada porcupine, of eastern
North America, and E. epixanthus, the yellow-haired por-
cupine, of western North America. A fossil form is Aa-
zcvihei ss, E. cloaeinus. Echinoprocta m & iynQUyii\. See
cut nwAev porcupine.
Eretmocnelys (er-et-mok'e-lis), n. [< Gr. ipcr-
fiMi, an oar (< ipeaaeiv, row), + x^'^'^it tortoise.]
Ergates
Eretmosauria (e-ret-mo-sa'ri-a), n. pi. [NL.,
< Erctmusaurus + -ia.] A group of reptiles,
taking name from the genus Eretmosaui-us.
Also Erctmosaura'.
Eretmosaurus (e-ret-mo-sa'rus), «. [NL., <
Gr. iper/w^, an oar, -I- aavpog, a lizard.] A ge-
nus of reptiles. Seeley, 1874.
Eretrian (e-re'tri-an), a. [< L. Erctria, Gr.
'EptTpia, Eretria (see def.), + -an.] Pertaining
to Eretria, an ancient city in the island of Eu-
boea, Greece — Eretrian school of philosophy, the
Eliac or Elean school : so called from the fact that it re-
moved to Eretria.
Ereunetes (er-ij-ne'tez), n. [NL. (lUiger,
1811), < Gr. iptwTfrijg, a searcher, < cpcm>av, search
after.] A genus of small sandpipers, of the
family Seolopacida; having the general charae-
Eremopteris artemisia.
/otia.
and all through the Appjila-
chian coal-field in the United
States.
erenacht, «• [Also written herenach, repr. Ir.
airchinneach, a vicar, an erenach, or lay super-
intendent of church lands" (Donovan), the same
Hawkbill Turtle {Sretmockfiys intbricata).
A genus of sea-turtles, including the caret or
hawkbill, E. imhricata.
Eretmopodest (er-et-mop'o-dez), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. ipe.Tfi6v, an oar, -t- Troi'f (ivoS-) = E. .foot.]
A division of schizognathous swimming birds,
containing the grebes and finfeet, or the fami-
lies PodieipedidtE and Heliornithidce.
Semipalmated Sandpiper {Ereunttes fusillus).
ters of that section of the genus Tringa grouped
under the genus Actodromas, but the feet semi-
palmate. The type species, E. pusilltis, is one of the
cfiniiiioiiest saiiiliiipers of North America, well known as
the st'iiiipatiiial'''! .-^andi/iper or peep.
erewhile (ar'lnvir ),a(ie. [< erei -I- xchile.] Some
time ago; a little while before.
I am as fair now as I was erewhUe.
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2.
O, did you find it now? You said you bought it ere-
while. B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, v. 1.
The knife that was levell'd erewhile at his throat.
Is employ'd now in ripping the lace from his coat.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 16.
erewhile (ar'hwil'), o. [< eretchile, adv.] For-
mer; recent.
Disraeli . . . has . . . been in a great degree all things
to all men, complimenting now the Home Rulers ou their
good taste and moderation, now some erewhile antagonist
on the conscientious energy of his career.
Escott, quoted in Higginson's Eng. Statesmen, p. 49.
erf (ferf ), n. [ME. erf, erfe, < AS. yrfe = OS. erU
= D. erf, inheritance, patrimony, ground, =
OHG. erbi, arbi, G. erbe = Dan. arv = Sw. drfv-
(ande) = Goth, arbi, inheritance.] If. Inheri-
tance ; patrimony ; specifically, stock ; cattle.
Ilk kinues er.f . . .
AVas mad of erthe.
Genesis and Exodus, 1. 183.
2. [D. erf.] In Cape Colony, some parts of the
State of New York, and other regions originally
settled by the Dutch, a small inherited house-
and-garden lot in a village or settlement.
erf-kint, «• [ME., <erf+ UiA.] Cattle.
Al erf-kin hauen he ut-Ied.
Genesis arul Exodus, 1. 3177.
erg (6rg), n. [< Gr. ipyov = E. worl; q. v. Cf.
energy.] In physics, the unit of work in the
centimeter-gram-second system — that is, the
amount of work done by the unit of force, one
dyne, acting through the unit of distance, one
centimeter. One foot-pound is approximately equal to
1.356 X 10' ergs, and one horse-power (English) is equal
to 7.46 X 10® ergs per second. Also ergon.
We request that the word ergon, or erg, be strictly lim-
ited to the C. G. S. unit of work, or what is, for purposes
of measurement, equivalent to this, the C. G. S. unit of
energy. J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Const., p. 167.
ergasilan (6r-gaa'i-lan), «. One of the Ergasi-
lida:
Ergasilidae (er-ga-sil'i-de), n. pi. [NL. , < Erga-
silus + -ida\] A family of epizoic siphonosto-
matous crustaceans. Species of Ergasilus are
parasitic upon fishes ; others, of the genus .^1-
cothoe, upon lobsters.
Ergasilus (6r-gas'i-lus), n. [NL.] The typical
genus of the family Ergasilidw. AlsoErgasilins.
ergatt, v. See ergot^.
ergatat (6r'ga-ta), n. [L., < Gr. cpyaTT/c, a sort
of capstan or windlass, also a workman, < ipyov
=:'E.worJc.] A capstan; a windlass; a crane.
E. Phillips, 1706.
Ergates (er'ga-tez), n. [NL., < Gr. ipyarrj^, a
workman, < ipyov = E. work.] A genus of longi-
corn beetles, of the group Priotiince. It is a very
wide-spread genus, though it has but few species, being
found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South Amer-
ica. E. faber is a large pitch-brown European species,
from IJ to 2 inches long, the larva of which feeds on pii.e-
wood. E. spiculalus is the only form known to be found
in the United States.
Ergatis 1993
Ergatis (^r'ga-tis), n. [NL., < Gr. epydri^, tern, tack of the fvmgus Clavieeps purpurea. See
of f^} arw, worker.] 1. A genus of spiders, of ergofl. , , i r>
the family Agalenidie, having several European ergotic (er-got'ik), a. [< ergot^ + -ic] fer-
species Blackicall, 1841.— 2. A genus of tineid taining to or derived from ergot.— Ergotic acid,
moths, of the subfamily Getee/ii/KB. There are a volatile aciil saU to exist in eivot.
6 species, all European, as E. brizelta. Heine- ergotina (er-go-ti na), n. [NL.] Same as ergo-
nimin 1870 tiii€.
ergO(VKo),eo,^., [L., therefor. Cf.«r^.] e?°«^f ';^^;^J;:^-2£^f ::i:u
-2. An aqueous extract of ergot, purified of
erigant
Therefore : used technically in logic to intro-
duce the conclusion of a complete and neces-
sary syllogism.
Here an Anabaptist will say, " Ah, Christ refused the
office '<t a judge; eri/o, there ought to be no judges nor
ma^strates among christian men."
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
He that loves my flesh and blood is my friend ; ergo, he
that kis-ses niy wife is my friend. Shak., Alls Well, i. 3.
albumen and gum, and evaporated to a soft ex-
tract: specifically called Bonjean's ergotine. —
3. An extract of ergot soluble in alcohol but
insoluble in water or ether.
ergotinine (er-got'i-nin), «. [< ergotine + -ine".1
A crystallizable alkaloid from ergot: suspect-
ed, however, of being a mixture.
ergometer (er-gom'e-t«r), n. [< Gr. ipyov, work, ergotlsml (fer'got-izm), n. [< F. ergotisme, < er-
-f fiirpov, measure.] An instrument for mea- got, ergot: see ergot^ and -j«m.] 1. The spur
suring work; a dynamometer. Watt's indi- of rye; ergot.— 2. The morbid state induced
cator-diagram is an example of an ergometer. by the excessive ingestion of ergot, as from the
Also caUed electro-ergometer. use of spurred or ergotcd rye as food. Spas-
Work-measuring dynamomrters. or er.jameter>. «, the modic and gangrenous forms are distinguished
author term. them. A'oiure, XXX. 240. orgotism^ (fer'got-izm), «. L< F. ergotisme, <
ergon (^r'gon), w. [< Gr. Ipyov = E. work. See
erg.} Same as erg.
ergot^ (tr'got), ». [< F. ergot, also argot, a
spur, the extremity of a dead branch, in bot.
ergot; origin unknown.] 1. In /arriery, a stub,
like a piece of soft horn, of about the size of
a chestnut, situated behind and below the pas-
tem-joint, and commonly hidden under the tuft
of the fetlock.— 2. A morbid growth arisinf
from a diseased condition of the ovarv of vari
ous grasses, caused by a fungus of the genus
ClaricepK. The growth of the fungus ))egina by the
formntiun of a tllaraentuus mycelium upon the surface
of the ovary, which it destroys and displaces, retaining
approximately its shape. The surface of this tissue Is
marked by furrows. At this stage conidia are produced . -_». ,,
upon the tips of short hypha : and in this form it was on, ens, "^
formerly considered a distinct species, under the generic
name SphaetUa (which has become a common name co-
ordluate with scferodum). When the formation of coni-
dia is at Its height, a thick belt of more compact hyphie is
formed at the base of the mass. This assumes a dark-Tlolet
color, and continuei, l^) grow, pushing upward the spha-
cella, which is torn from its attachments, ahd soon falls off.
ergoter, cavil, quibble: see ergo'.'] A logical
inference ; a conclusion.
states are not governed by erfjotimii*.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., U. 4.
ergotized (i'r'got-izd), a. [< ergot + -ize +
-ed". ] Changed to ergot ; infested with the fun-
gus (Clavieeps) which produces ergot: as, ergo-
tized grasses.
of the fetlock.— 2. A morbid growth arising erg-ten (ferg'ten), n. A unit of work, tased on
the c. g. 8. system of imits, equal to 10'" (10,-
000,000,000) ergs, or about 737 foot-pounds.
One horse-power Is about three-tjuarters of an erg-ten per
second. More nearly, it is 7.M erguines per second ; and
one force-decheval is 7.36 erg-nines per second.
J. D. Ecerelt, Units and Phys. Const., p. 168.
__^ [Native name, Assam.] The name
given ill .Assam to one of the wild silkworms,
which feeds on the castor-oil bean, and is more
frequently domesticated than the other native
varieties, it was described by Boisduval as Attaeut ri-
cini, and is now referred to the genus Phiiommia. It is a
very near relative of the ailantus-silkwonn, Bombtpc eyn-
thia. The worms are reared in houses, and the silk ob-
tained is worth from 12 annas to 1 rupee per seer of sicca
weight.
eri£ch\, «. Same as eric.
Erian (e'ri-an), a. [< Erie + -o«.] Relating to
Luke Erie or its shores.
The term £n'ni> is used as synonymous with Devonian,
and prolmbly should 1>e preferred to It, as pointing to the
best development of this formation known, which is on the
shores of Lake Erie. Princeton Hev., March, 1879, p. 280.
On the islands and coasts of this sea was introduced the
Krian flora. Sir William Dawon, I'op. Sci. Mo.
Erianthns (er-i-an'thus), ». [NL., < Gr. Ipiov,
wool, + 4t*bc, flower: so called from the dense-
ly villous pedicels of the dowers.] A genus of
coarse grasses, chiefly American. E. Ravenna,
of the Mediterranean region, grows to a height of 8 or 10
feet, with large handsome plumes, and is cultivated for
■ ornament ami winter decoration.
eric, erick (er'ik), n. [Formerly also eriach, <
Ir. eiric.'\ A pecuniary fine formerlv paid in
Ireland by one guilty of murder to the family
of the murdered person.
The malefactor shall give unto them [the friends), or to
.. Cn»«ection of the .v«t (.!*.««.), •» lb. «r.r «... o» a. the child or wife of him that is slaln^compence vvhl^.^^
ha^,^ ibowiw the m^Uiim(a a • ), ooaliUo^wns ii iTuxl cs»>i- they call an n-utcA Spenwr, State of Ireland.
i?l '£^«^SZ^""SS£SirS',«^?»r'^ES5'5S According U) this (the Brehon) Code, murder was not
iii-iS^*S.SSSS^5.TSSSStaS SSZ,it«to.??R^ punUhable by death, but only by line levied on the rela-
tlves of the murderer, and called an Erick. Hence bIoo<l-
shed wa* fre<iuent; and no Irishman's life was safe.
Bp. Chr. Wordtworth, Church of Ireland, p. 140.
In eases of aggravated manslaughter, when a man could
not pay the Eric, he was put into a l>oat and set a^lrift on
the sea. O'Curry, Anc. Irish, I. 11.
SNL., < L. 'erica, erice, < Gr.
A large genus of branched
rigid shrubs, of the natural order Ericaeete, con-
sisting of more than 400 species, most of which
are natives of southern Africa, a few being
found in Europe and Asia; the heaths, i-he
leaves arc very small, narrow, and rigid, anil the globose
or tubular four-lobed flowers are axillary, or In terminal
racemes. The common British heaths are K. Telralix and
E. cinerea. Many of the Cape species are cultivated in
greenhouses for the l)eauty of their flowers. .See Itealh.
Branch of Erica cinerea, with section of flower magnified.
petalous corolla, and extrorse anthers ; and Monotropete,
herbaceous root-parasites without green herbage. The
genera Gayltisgacia and V'acnnium, of the Vaccinieo!,
yield the hucklel)erry, blueberry, and cranberry. Besides
the large genera Erica, Rhododendron, and GatUtheria,
the Ericea: include Kalmia, Arbutus, Andromeda, Epi-
gcea, and other well-known genera. In the Pyrolece the
more common genera are Ctethra, Pyrola, and Chima-
phila : and the more notable of the Monotropeoe are the
Iiulian-pipe, Monotropa, and the snowplaut, Sarcodes.
erlcaceons (er-i-ka'shius), a. [< NL. ericaceus,
<ij. 'erica, heath. Ct. Ericacew.l Of or pertain-
ing to heath or to the Ericacew; resembling or
consisting of heaths.
erical (e-ri'kal), a. [< Erica + -a/.] Pertain-
ing to or including the Ericacea:
Ericese (e-ris'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < Erica + -e«.]
A group of the natural order Ericacece, contain-
ing the true heaths.
ericetal (er-i-se'tal), a. [< L. as if 'ericetum,
a heath (< erice, heath), + -«?.] Composed of
heaths ; pertaining to species of the genus Erica.
The botany of the high-lands east of Macclesfleld is
nearly ericetal in its nature. Encyc. Brit., V. 589.
ericinone (e-ris'i-non), n. [< NL. ericinus (< L.
trice, heath) + -titie.] In chem., a crystalline
substance obtained by the dry distillation of
ericaceous plants: identical with hydroquinone.
ericins (e-ri»'i-us), «. [L., also erinacetis (see
Erinaceiis), a hedgehog, both prop, adj., < er
(once in LL.), ong. *her = Gr. x^l> (only in
Hesychius), a hedgehog, prob. akin to x^P'">(t
Attic x^pppi, hard, dry, still, L. hir.ttitiis, bristly,
hairy (> E. hirsute), liorrcre, be bristly, bristle,
Skt. V harsh, bristle : see horrid, horror. Hence
(from L. ericius) ult. E. urchin, a hedgehog: see
urchin. The AS. name for hedgehog was igl,
contr. »'/.] A hedgehog. See Heniicentetes.
And I will make it a iwssession for the ericiug and pools
of waters, and I will sweep It, and wear it out with a be-
som, saith the Lonl of HosU. Isa. xiv. 23 (Doiiay version).
Gr. 'Hpida-
uspradocedrstiomats. 5. l^oagHodteal
Ihowiag the ntnaerou* perfdiecla lust benealti die mtrtmee. A. Loaat.
tadtaaTaMdlsl section of a pcrMMCiuiii, showine the slender sad am-
,_, I, showinff the s
lac ttom Hw bnae. 7. An leoLaled bkbs from wntch tlie Hlfftmn agMSS
I. S, and
lt?i
(Fi^s. a. ^ and 4 soniewhat reduced ;
lifhly msgiimcd. )
The resulting structure Is the tderotium or ergot. It Is a
hornlike mass, often one Inch In length. It lies dormant ^^ -/, ..\
till fall or usually till the following spring, when branches £riCa (e-n ka), n.
arise in a tuft. Kacli becomes a stroma, consisting of a ' '
stalk anl a small head. In the head are formed a ntun-
ber of nask-shnri«-<l pcritheda, each containing many asci,
of wliirh i-ach III tiini inclose* sereral flllfonn spores. The
ergot lit rye is causeil \\y Clatieept purpurea. Ergot is said
to caiiw -A if^rt iif uangrene in t^atile, especially In the feet.
It is used ill ini-'liriiie to caiue contraction of the atems
and of the arterioles and at an ahortifacient. and also In
certain morbid states o( the cerebrospinal axis, where its
effect may or may not be due entirely to Its action on the
Teasels. Also called trpurred riie.
8. In onnt., the calcar, spur, or hippocampus Ericacea (er-i-ka'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Erica +
« »t t rT> -1 -acea.] An order of gamopetalous exogenous
plants, including 73 genera and over 1,300 spe-
cies, mostly natives of temperate and cold re-
gions, shrubby, or sometimes herbaceous, and
often evergreen. They are divided Into 4 suliorders,
which are by some authors i-egarded as distinct onlers :
tU., Vaceinuce, shrulis, mostly American, dlstinguisheil
by the Inferior baccate fruit ; Ericea, shrubs or trees with
superior ovary, gfunopetalotis corolla, and Introrse an-
thers: Pyroiea, mostly herbs with superior ovary, poly-
minor of the brain. [Rare.]
ergot^t C'r'got), r. [Also ergot ; < F. ergoter (=
8p. ergotear), cavil, quibble, < ergo, < L. ergo,
therefore.] I. trans. To infer ; arrive at.
Little doth It concern us what the schoolmen ergat in
their si'hools. Ilewyt, Scrmous, p. 178.
n. ill Irani. To draw conclusions,
ergoted (/T'got-ed), a. [< ergot^ + -ed^.}
Diseased, its rye and other grasses, by the at^
erick, n. See eric.
EridanUS (e-rid'a-nus),
foc, the mythi-
cal and poetical
name of a river
later identified
with the Po, Pa-
dus, by others
with the Rhone,
/f/foda«tw,orthe
Rhine, Shenus.']
The ancient
southern con-
stellation of the
River. It is situ-
ated south of Tau-
rus, and contains
the star Achemar,
or Acanar, of the
first magnitude,
which is, however.
Invisible in Europe,
and barely visible
In Alexandria. In
the United States
It can be seen in
winter anywhere
south of Savan.
nah.
erigantt, ». [ME., an erroneous form tor arro-
gance.] Arrogance.
Thou praysed uie A my place ful pouer * ful Iglnede,
That watz so prest to aprochc my presens here-inne ;
Uopez thou I be a harlot thi erigant to prayse ?
AUiteraHtt Poena (ed. Morris), il. 148.
Aohemar^lt
The Constellation Erldanus.
Erigeron
Xrigeron (e-rij'e-ron), «. [NL., < L. erigeron,
equiv. to senecio, groundsel, < Gr. i/piyfpav,
KTOUudsel, lit. early-old, so called from its
hoary down, < vpi, adv., early, connected with
i/ipuK, adj., early, + repov, old, an old man.] A
genus of composite herbs, nearly related to As-
ter, from which it is distinguished chiefly by the
narrower and usually more numerous ray-ttorets
*nd by the equal and less herbaceous bracts of
the involucre. Tliere are over 100 species, 70 of which
»re found iit North America. They are of little impor-
tance. The horseweed, JS. CanadeiisU, a native of the
United States, and widely naturalized in other countries,
yields a volatile oil, wliich is used in medicine as a stimu-
lant. E. Philadelphieiut (the common Aeabane of North
AmericaX i' stri(/o9u^ (the daisy-Ileabane), and £. annmts
(the sweet scabious) are employed as diuretics.
erigiblet (er'i-ji-bl), a. [< L. erig-ere, erect (see
erect), + -ible.'\ Capable of being erected.
On each side the base of the tail there is a very strong
spine, . . . erigibU at the pleasure of the animal.
Shaic, Zoology, IV. 878.
Eriglossa (er-i-glos'a), K. 1)1. [NL., < Gr. ept-,
a strengthening prefix, + y7X>aaa, the tongue.]
A suborder of Lacertilia, including the lizards
proper; all e-xisting lacertilians excepting the
chameleons or Bhiptoglossa. They are character-
ized by the flattened tongue, the presence of clavicles
whenever limbs are developed, contact of the pterygoid
with the quadrate, and entrance of nasal bones into the
formation of the nasal apertures. See Rhiptofflosb-a.
Twenty families are combined in the suborder Lacer-
tilia vera, which may be better called Erifjlosna.
Gill, Smithsonian Report, 1885, 1. 801.
^riglossate (er-i-glos'at), a. [< Eriglossa +
-ate^.'\ Pertaining to or having the characters
of the Eriglossa or true lizards.
£rignathus (e-rig'na-thus), n. [NL., < Gr. cpi-,
a strengthening prefix, + yvddog, the jaw.] A
genus of earless hair-seals, of the family Fho-
cidw and subfamily PUocinm. The type is the
bearded seal, E. Ixti-batus, a circumpolar species of dark
1994
ericiiis, a hedgehog: see ericius.'] The typical
genus of the subfamily Erinaceinw, containing
the true hedgehogs. There are several species, of
which the European lied^ehog (A\ europ(eus)is tlie best-
known ami the most pecidiar. All have the power of roll-
Eriogaster
ble for the long tuft of Lairs on the palpi. There
is only one known species, E. mitrula. Guenee,
1852.
Eriocnemis (er"i-ok-ne'mis), n. [NL., < Gr.
ipiov, wool, -I- livriiiig, leggin.] 1. A genus of
humming-birds, containing about 18 species,
Bearded Seal [Eri^athus barbatus).
tx)lor and large size, the male sometimes attaining a length
of 10 and the female 7 feet. The genus is closely related to
Phoca proper, but differs from it in various osteological
and especially cranial characters. GUI, 1867.
Erigone (e-rig'o-ne), n. [NL.] A genus of
spiders, of the family Tlieridiidm, including
some of the smallest known spiders, the males
of which often have curious protuberances or
horns on the head, upon the ends of which the
eyes may be borne, and maxillee dilated at the
base.
Irimyzon (er-i-mi'zon), n. [NL., < Gr. ipi-, a
strengthening prefix, -I- fiv^eiv, suck.] A genus
of suckers, of the family Catostomidte. E. sucetta,
the chub-sucker, is found in most streams of the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains. D. S. Jordan, 1876.
See cut under chub-HUcker,
erinaceid (er-i-na'se-id), n. An animal of the
family Erinaceidce ; a hedgehog or gymnure.
JBrinaceidse (er^'i-na-se'l-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Erinaceus -t- -idee.'] A family of terrestrial in-
sectivorous mammals, the hedgehogs and gyra-
nures. They have no cajcum, a slight pubic symphysis,
slender or imperfect zygomatic arches, a skull with a
small brain-case, no postorbital processes, a triangular
foramen magnum, flaring occipital condyles, distinct par-
occipital and mastoid processes, and annular tympanic
bones. The tibia and fibula are ankylosed above. The
family contains two very distinct subfamilies, Eriiuweijue
and Gtimnuriiice. .See these words.
Erinaceinse (er-i-na-se-i'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Eri-
naceivi + -iiiw.'] The typical subfamily of the
family Eriimceidie, containing the hedgehogs.
They are characterized by a defective palate, a spiiiiger-
otis skin, a highly developed subcutaneous nuiscle or pan-
Qiculus carnosus, and the absence of a tail, the caudal ver-
tebne being rudimentary. Thegroup contains the genera
Brinaceiu, with several subdivisions, &i\i. Atelerix ; it is
"widely distributed in the old world, throughout Europe
and Africa and in the greater part of Asia.
erinaceons (er-i-na'shius), a. [< L. erinaceus,
a hedgehog, prop, adj., pertaining to a hedge-
hog: see Erinaceus.'] Belonging to the hedge-
hog family ; resembling a hedgehog.
Erinaceus (er-i-na'se-us), n. [NL., < L. eri-
naceus, a hedgehog, prop, adj., like the equiv.
Common European Hedgehog {Erinaceus europaus).
ing themselves into a ball, presenting the bristling spines
in every direction, a process effected by enormously de-
velope<l and complicated cutaneous muscles, by the ac-
tion of which the animals tie themselves up in their own
skins. See hedgehog.
erineum (e-rin'e-um), n. ; pi. erinea (-§,). [NL.,
< Gr. ipivcoQ, woolly, woolen, < ipiov, wool, from
the same root as E. wool, q. v.] An abnormal
growth of hair-like structures caused on leaves
by attacks of mites (Acarida), the latter gener-
ally, perhaps always, belonging to the genus
I'hytoptus, The erinea were formerly consider-
ed to constitute a genus of fungi.
eringO (e-ring'go), n. [Sometimes spelled
eryngo to suit Eryngium; a corrupt form (cf.
Sp. It. cringio) of L. eryngion or erynge. See
Eryngium.'] A common name for species of the
genus Eryngium, especially for E. maritimum,
which is found in Great Britain on sandy sea-
shores. Its roots were formerly candied as a
sweetmeat, and were believed to possess strong
aphrodisiac properties.
Let the sky rain potatoes, . . . hail kissing-comflts, snow
eringoes, let there come a tempest of provocation.
Shak., M. W. of W., v. 6.
Who lewdly dancing at a midnigiit ball.
For hot eringoes and fat oysters call.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vi. 419.
erinose (er'i-nos), )i. [< Gr. epi(ov), wool, +
maoc, disease.] A disease of the leaves of the
grape-vine caused by a minute acarid, the Phy-
ioptiis vitis.
Erinys (e-n'nis), n. ; pi. Erinyes (e-rin'i-ez).
[L., less correctly &jjHij/« (e-rin'is), < Gr. 'Epi-
vix, pi. 'Ep(tiii£f, an avenging deity, in Homer al-
ways in the plural; in later poets the number
is given as three, to whom afterward the names
TisipJione, Megcera, and ^fecto became attached.
They were identified with the Roman Furiw.]
1 . In Gr. myth. , one of the Furies : usually in
the plural, Erinyes. See fury and Euinenides'^.
Mysterious, dreadful, and yet beautiful, there is the
Greek conception of spiritual darkness ; of the anger of
fate, . . . tlie anger of the Erinnyes, and Demeter Erin-'
nyx, compared to which the anger either of Apollo or
Athena is temporary and partial.
Uuskin, Lectures on Art, § 151.
2. [NL.] In zool. : (a) A genus of butterflies,
of the family Hesperidce, or skippers. As at
present restricted, it has but one species, E.
comma. It is usually spelled Erynnis. (6) A
genus of trilobites, of the' family Proetidw.
Eriocaulonacese (er"i-o-ka-lo-na'se-e), ». pi.
[NL., < EriocauloH (the typical genus) (< Gr.
epiov, wool, + KOD/ldf = L. caulis, a
stalk: see caul^, caulis, cole^) +
-acem.l An order of aquatic herbs
or marsh-herbs, stemless or nearly
so, with a cluster of linear leaves,
and naked scapes bearing dense
heads of minute monoecious or di-
oecious flowers. There are 6 genera
and a)>out 325 species, mostly found in the
warmer regions of the globe. They are
known as pifeivorU. The principal gen-
era are Eriocaulon and Pcepalanthus.
There are a few species found in the Unit-
ed States, of which Eriocaulon geplangu-
tare occurs also in the west of Ireland and
in the isle of Skye, and is the only spe-
cies found in Europe or northern Asiil.
Eriocera (er-i-os'e-ra), «. [NL.
(Macquart, 1838), i. Gr. ipiov,
wool, -I- Kfpaf, horn.] 1. A genus
of dipterous insects, of the fami-
ly Tipulidai, or crane-flies, widely
distributed, and containing 6 North American
species. E. longicornis is common in eastern
parts of North America. — 2. A genus of noctuid
moths, of the subfamily GonepteriruB, romarka-
Pod ot ErimUndren an/ractuosufn.
Copper-bellied Puffleg {Eriocnemis cufreiventris),
which have downy pulfs or muffs about the
legs, whence the name. Eeichenbach, 1849.
Also Eriopus. — 2. In entoni., a genus of large
beetles, of the family Lucanidce, of which more
than 12 spe-
cies, from Aus-
tralia, the East
Indies, the Mo-
luccas, and Ja-
va, have been
described.
Eriodendron
(er"i-o-den'-
dron), w. [NL.,
< Gr. ipiov,
wool, + iev-
dpov, a tree.]
A genus of
tropical mal-
vaceous trees,
including 8
species, all
but one Amer-
ican. They grow
from 50 to 100 feet
high, and have
palmate leaves
and showy red or
white flowers.
From the abun-
dant cottony cov-
ering of the seeds, they are known as gilk-cotton Ireen. and
the material is used for stuffing cushions and for similar
purposes.
Eriodes (er-i-6'dez), n. [NL., < Gr. ipiov, wool,
-f eWof, form.] A genus of South American
sapajous or spi-
der-monkeys, of
the subfamily
Cehinm and fam-
ily Cehido', hav-
ing the thumb
more or less ru-
dimentary. E.
araclmoides is
the leading spe-
cies. Also called
liracliyteles. I.
Geoffron, 1829.
Eriodictyon
(er"i-o-dik'ti-
on), n. ' [NL. (so
called from the
woolly, net-
veined leaves),
< Gr. ipiov, wool,
+ SiKTvov, anet.]
A small genus of
low, evergreen,
resinous shrubs,
of the order Ey-
dropliyllacece, found from California to New
Mexico. The species are said to possess^medicinal
virtues, but their real value is tloubtful. E. glutinosum
is used as a stimulating expectorant.
Eriogaster (er"i-o-gas'ter), «. [NL. (Germar,
1811), < Gr. fp(o»>, wool, -(- )'a(jT»/p, belly.] 1. A
genus of bombycid moths, remarkable for the
densely woolly apex of the abdomen of the fe-
male. E. lacustris is the type. Species are
Spider-monkey {Eriodes arac/tnaides).
Eriogaster
found in Europe, Africa, Australia, and South
America. — 2. A genus of tiies, of the family
JCiiipidtv. Macquart, 1838.
Eriogonum (er-i-og'o-num), «. [NL., < Gr.
ipioi; wool, + yom, tHe knee. The original
species is tomentose and geniculate.] A large
genus of plants, characteristic of the flora of
the western United States. Of the more than 120
•pecies, 2 only are found east of the Mississippi, and 2
in Mexico. It Itelongs to the order Polygonacetx, and is
the type of a tribe characterized Ijy having Involucrate
flowers and no stipules. Tliey are mostly low herbs or
wootly-ba.-*ed perennials, very variable in their manner of
jfrowth, with small flowers, and of no recognized value.
eriometer (er-i-om'e-ter), n. •[< 6r. ipiov, wool,
+ uiTfiov, a measure.] An optical instrument
for measuring the diameters of mioute particles
and fibers from the size of the colored rings
produced by the diffraction of the light in which
the objects are viewed.
Eriophorom (er-i-of'o-mm), «. [NL., < Gr.
£^;oyo,j<j<;, wool-boaring (cf. Sevdpov ipux^pov, the
cotton-tree), < cpiov, wool, + (j>tpetv = E. ftearl.]
A small genus of eyperaceons plants, found in
the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere,
distinguished by the delicate capillary bristles
of the perianth, which lengthen greatly after
flowering, and form a conspicuous cotton-like
tuft; the cotton-grass.
Eriopins (er'i-o-pi'ne), n.pl. [NXi., < Eriopus
+ -KKF.] A subfamily of noctuid moths, typi-
fie<i by the genus Eriopus. More correctly Eri-
opodiikce.
Eriopus (e-ri'o-pus), M. [NL., < Gr. iptov, wool,
-H Toif (-oA-) = E./oo<.] 1. laentom., the tj^i-
cal genus of Eriopince, having the fore and hind
legs f urnishe<l with long hairs, whence the name.
The species are found all over the world.
Treittchke, 1825.— 2. In ornith., same as Erio-
cnemig, Gould, 1847.
Eriosoma (er'i-o-so'm&'i, n. [NL., < Gr. Ipiov,
wool, + nuua, body.] 1. Same as ScUizuneura.
Letwlt, 18lS). — 2. Agenusof cerambycid beetles:
synonymous with Xyloeharis. Blanckard, 1842.
— 3. A genus of flies, of the family Museida.
Hoy, 1864.
Eriphia (e-rif'i-a), «. [NL.] 1. A genus of
brachyurous decapod crustaceans, or ordinary
Bripkia t4niman^.
crabs, of the family Cancridte. E. lavimaHO is
an example. IxttreiUe, 1817. — 2. In entom. : (a)
A genus of flies, of the family Antkomyida,
founded by Meigen in 1838. It contains large black-
Ish-gray 8p«cie«. whoae metamorphotea are unknown.
There are a few Eun>pean species, and 10 have tieen
described by Walker from the Hudaon'a Bay Territopf.
(6) A genus of zygsenid moths. Felder, 1874.
(c) A genus of tineid moths. Chambers, 1875.
Erirhinida (er-i-rin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eri-
rhiiiiiy + -itla.] A family of rhynchophorous
('iiliiijitirii, typified by .the genus Erirhinus.
Also Erirhiniaes.'
Erirhinus (er-i-ri'nus), n. [NL. (SchSnherr),
< Gr. ipi-, a strengthening prefix, + />'( (ptv-),
nose.] A genus of curculios or weevils, giving
naraf to the family Erirhinida. E. inflrmut is
an example.
Erismatura (e-ris-ma-tu'rft), n. QjfL., < Gr.
iptutfta(T-), support, + oipd, tail.] The typical
genus of ducks of the subfamily Erismaturina;.
Kwldy Dock (HrttMntmra riiorda).
1995
E. rubida is the common ruddy duck of the United States,
and there are several other species. See d«c*2. Also called
Cfvcfmfctrs, (;i/innura, Oxyura, and Undina.
Erisinaturinae(e-ris''ma-tu-ri'ne), ji.pl. [NL.,
< Erismatura + -inw.'i 'The rudder-ducks, a sub-
family of Anatidw. They are distinguished from Fuli-
gulijuB by the stiffened lance-linear tail-feathers, from 16
to 20 in number, exposed to the base by reason of the
shortness of the coverts ; a comparatively small head and
thick neck ; a moderate bill ; short tarsi ; and very long
toes. There are several species, as of the genera Erignta-
tuva, Sinnonyz, etc.
Eristalina (e-ris-ta-U'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Eris-
taiis + -i«(e.] A subfamily of Syrphidm, typi-
fied by the genus Eristalis.
Eristalis (e-ris'ta-lis), n. [NL. (Latreille,
1804).] A remarkable genus of flies, typical of
the subfamily Eristalince, having the marginal
cell closed and petiolate, the thorax without any
yellow markings, and the front evenly arched.
The larvie are known as rat-tail maffffots, and feed in ma-
nure and soft decaying vegetable substances. The genus is
widely distributed over the globe, and more than 20 North
American species are described. E. tenax is an almost
cosmopolitan species, occurring in Europe, Asia, Africa,
and America, and closely resembles a large bumblebee.
eristic (e-ris'tik), a. and n. [= F. 6ristiq%ie =
It. eristito, < Gr. epurriKoc, given to strife, < epi-
(eiv, strive, dispute, < Ipi^, strife.] I. a. Per-
taining to disputation or controversy; contro-
versial; disputatious; captious.
The ground for connecting any such associations [ma-
terialistic] with this ideal of perfect identity without dif-
ference lies in what Plato would have called its eristic
character : that is, its tendency to exclude from judgment,
and therefore from truth and knowledge, all ideal synthe-
sis. B. Bommiwt, Slind, XIII. 357.
Eristic science, logic.
H. H. 1. One given to disputation; a contro-
versialist.
Kanatick Errour and Levity would teem an Euchite aa
well as an Erittick, Pr»yant aa well as Predicant, a Devo-
tionist as well as a Disputant.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 9».
2. An art of logical criticism practised by the
Megarics and other ancient pliilosophers. It
has the appearance of mere captiousness and
quibbling, but had a serious motive.
eristical (e-ris'ti-kal), a. [< eristic + -al.']
Same as eristic.
erithacet, n. [< Gr. epidoK^, bee-bread.] The
honeysuckle.
Eril, H. See Eryi.
erket, ». A Middle English form of irk.
erlichet, adv. See early.
erlisht, ". An obsolete variant of eldrich.
And up there raise an erluh cry —
" He's won aniang us a'! "
The Young Tamlane (Child's B«Ilads, I. 124).
erl-king (ftrl'king), «. [E. accom. of G. erl-
konig, erlen-kimiq, accom. of Dan. elte-konge,
elrer-konge, Ut. king of the elves, eUe-, elver-,
being the pi. (only in comp.; = Sw. elfror, pi.)
of alf, pi. otherwise alfcr, = E. elf; ef. Dan.
al/e-koiige, elf-king.] In German and Scandina-
vian poetical mytnology, a personified natural
power which devises and works mischief, espe-
cially to children.
The hero of the present piece is the EH or Oak King, a
Aend who is supposed to dwell in the recesses of the forest,
and thence to issue forth upon the benighted traveller to
lure him to hi* destruction. Scott, Erl King, Pref.
erlyt, adv. See early.
ermet, »•. «'. A Middle English form of earn*.
ennefult, «. A Middle English form of yearnful.
ennelint (tr'me-lin), n. [Also ermilin, hermc-
Une (and ermlyj; < O. hermelin (whence also It.
enneWtno.etc.), the ermine: seeerminei.] Same
as ermine.
Sables, Martemes, Beuen, Otters, Bemulinei.
HaUuyfs Voyagti, 1. 493.
They haue in their eies adamants that will drawe youth
as the let the strawe, or the sight of the Panther the
Brmly. Greene, Never Too Late.
Fair as the furry coat of whitest ermilin.
Shenetone, Schoolmistress.
erminB^ (Ar'min), n. [Early mod. E. also er-
min, ermyn; < ME. ermin, ermyn, ermine, < OF.
ermin, ermine, hermine, mod. F. hermine = Pr.
ermini, ermi, hermin = Sp. armilio = Pg. ar-
minho, ermine: the same, with reduced term.,
as E. ermelin, ermly (obs.) = Sw. Dan. herme-
lin = It. ermellino, armellino (ML. armelinus),
< MHG. hermelin, G. hermelin (cf. LG. harmke,
hermeike), ermine, dim. of MHG. harme, OHG.
harmo, the ermine, = AS. hearma (in glosses,
e. g., " netila, hearma" between otor, otter, and
mearth, marten, an ermine or ratlier weasel
(netila is a scribe's error for L. nnistela), =
tilth, szermii, szarmU, szarmonys, a weasel. The
common "derivation" from Armenia (cf. Er-
erminites
mine^), as if mus ArmeniiiS, 'Armenian mouse,'
equiv. to vms I'onticus (Pliny), an ermine, is
without any foimdation.] 1. The stoat, /'wto-
rius erminea, a small, slender, short-legged car-
Ennine, or Stoat {Putarius erntinea), in winter pelage.
nivorous quadruped of the weasel family, Mus-
telid(e, and order Ferw, found throughout the
northerly and cold temperate parts of the north-
em hemisphere. The term is specially applied to
the condition of the animal when it is white with a black
tip to the tail, a change from the ordinary reddish-brown
color, occurring in winter in most latitudes inhabited by
the animal. The ermine is a near relative of the weasel,
the feiTet, and the European polecat, all of which belong
to the same genus. There are several allied species or
varieties of the stoat which turn white in winter and yield
a fur known as ermine. The ermine fur of conmierce is
chiefly obtained from northern Europe, Siberia, and Brit-
ish America, and is in great request. See stoat,
I'l rob no Ermyn of his dainty skin
To make mine own grow proud.
J, Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 117.
2. In entom., one of several arctiid moths: so
called by English collectors. The buff ermine
is Arctia lubricipeda ; the water-ermine is A,
urtiea. — 3. The fur of the ermine, especially
as prepared for ornamental purposes, by hav-
ing the black of the tail inserted at regular in-
tervals so that it contrasts with the pure white
of the fur. The fur, with or without the black spots, is
used for lining and facing certain official and ceremonial
garments, especially, in England, the robes of judges.
Their chiefe f urres are . . . Blacke fox. Sables, . . . Our-
nestalles or Armine. Ilakluyt » Voyages, I. 477.
Law and gospel both determine
All virtues lodge in royal ermiiu.
Swift, On Poetry.
Hence — 4. The office or dignity of a judge,
and especially the perfect rectitude and fair-
ness of mind essential to the judge's office : as,
he kept his ermine unspotted.
I call upon . . . the judges to interpose the purity of
their ermine to save us from this pollution.
Lord Chatham.
5. In her., one of the furs, represented with its
peculiar spots black on a white ground (argent,
spots sable). The black spots are in-
determinate in number. In some cases
a single spot suftlces for one surface:
thus, in a mantling ermine the dags have
each one spot In the middle. Abbrevi-
ated er.
The arms of Brittany were " Ermine,"
1. e. white, with black ermine spots.
Baoke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra
(ser.), I. 96, note 3. " "
Ermine spot, in her., one of the black spots representing
the tail I'l tile ermine and contributing to form the tinc-
ture so railed.
ermine^ (tr'min), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ermined,
ppr. ermining. [< ermine^, «.] To cover with
or as with ermine.
The snows that have ermined it (a tree] in winter.
Lutivll, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 237.
Ermine^t, ". [ME.; cf. OF. Ermenie, ML. Ber-
nutiia, Armenia.] An Armenian. Chaucer.
ermini (6r-mi-na'), fl. [Heraldic F., < OF. er-
min, ermine, ermine.] In her. , composed of four
ermine spots : said of a cross so formed. This
cross is always sable on a Held argent, and this need not l)e
mentioned in the blazon; it is also blazoned four ermine
sfiots in cross.
ermined (er'mind), a. 1. Clothed with ermine ;
adorned with the fur of the ermine.
Ermined Age, and Youth in arms renown'd,
Honouring bis scourge and hair-cloth, meekly kissed the
ground. Scoff, Don Roderick, St. 29.
2. Invested with the judicial power, or with the
office or dignity of a judge.
ermine-moth (ir'min-moth), n. A moth, 1^)0-
nomciita pailella, so called from its white and
black coloration.
ermines (^■r'minz), ». In her., a fur of a black
ground with white spots (sable,
spots argent): the reverse of
ermine. Also called counter-er-
mine, contre-ermine.
erminltes (f'r'mi-nits), n. In
her., a fur sometimes men-
tioned, the same as ermine, but
with a single red hair on each
Qgi
>:> V
erminites
side of tbe black spots. This
can be shown only on a very
large scale, and is rare.
erminois (^r ' mi - nois), n.
[Heraldic F., < OF. ermin,
ermine.] In her., a fnr of
a tincture resembling er-
mine, except that the ground Erminois.
is or.
ennitt, ». An obsolete form of hermit. Jer.
Tai/lor.
em^t, eme^t, »• t. Obsolete forms of ear»i.
em-t, erne'4, «'. •'. Obsolete forms of earn^.
em-^, eme^, ». See earn^.
em^t, erne*t, ''• '• Same as earn*.
em^t, "• [AS. mrn, a retired place or habitation,
scarcely used except in comp. {-wrn, -em), as
in berern, contr. hern (> E. barn^), eorth-crn, a
grave, etc.] A retired place or habitation:
chiefly in composition. See etymology.
-em. [L. -ernus, -erna, -temus, -terna, prop, a
compound suffix, < -er, -Ur + -no- ; used to form
nouns and adjectives.] A termination of Latin
origin, occiirring in nouns, as in cavern, cistern,
lantern, tavern, etc., also in adjectives, as mod-
ern, but in adjective use generally extended
with -al, as in eternal, fraternal, maternal, pater-
nal, external, internal, infernal, siipernal, etc.
In some words -ern is an accomraodation of various other
terminations, as in pastern, pattern, postern, bittern, etc.
em-bleater (6m ' ble " t6r), «. The common
snipe, Gallinago media or cmlestis. Also called
hog-bleater, heather-bleater.
erriestif, »• and a. An obsolete form of earnest^.
ernest-'t, ». An obsolete form of earnest^.
Ernestine (er'nes-tin), a. Of or pertaining to
the elder and ducal branch of the Saxon hotise
which descended from Ernest (German Ernst),
Elector of Saxony (1441-86), who in 1485 divided
with his younger brother Albert the territories
ruled by them in common. Tlie Ernestine and Al-
bertine lines thus founded still continue. The latter
■wrested the electoral title from the former in 1547, and
became the royal house of .Saxony in 1806. The Ernestine
line now holds the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar and the
dachies of Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha.— Ernestine pamphlet, a pamphlet pub-
lished about 1530, under the auspices of the Ernestine
Saxon line, advocating the debasement of the currency.
See Albertine tracts, under Alberline.
erode (e-rod'), v.; pret. and pp. eroded, ppr.
eroding. [< L. erodere, gnaw off, < e, out, off,
+ rodere, gnaw: see rodent.1 I. trans. 1. To
gnaw or eat into or away ; corrode.
It hath been anciently received, that the sea-air hath
an antipathy with the lungs if it cometh near the body,
and erodeth them. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 983.
The blood, being too sharp or thin, erodes the vessels.
Wisenuin, Surgery.
Hence — 2. To wear away, as if by gnawing:
specifically used in geology of the action of
water, etc., in wearing down the earth's sur-
face.
When this change began, it caused a decreasing river-,
slope in the northern portions, and a diminishing power
to erode. Science, III. 57.
H. intrans. To become worn away Eroded
margin, in eniom., a margin with irregular teeth and
emarginations.— Eroded surface, in entoni., a surface
with many irregular and sharply defined depressions, ap-
pearing as if gnawed or carious.
erodent (e-ro'dent), n. [< L. eroden(t-)s, ppr.
of erodere, gnaw off: see erode.'i A drug which
eats away, as it were, extraneous growths ; a
caustic.
Erodii (e-ro'di-i), n. pi. [NXi., < Gr. cpuSidc, the
heron or hemshaw.] Same as Herodii.
Erodium (e-ro'di-um), n. [< Gr. ipu6i6g, also
puSidc (= L. ardea), the heron (Ardea cinerea,
A. egretta, A. stellaris, A. nycticorax).'] A ge-
nus of plants, closely related to Geranium, from
which it differs in having only five fertile sta-
mens, and the tails of the carpels bearded upon
the inside. There are about 50 species, natives mostly
of the old world, though several are very widely natural-
ized. Some of the common species are known as fieron's-
hill or stork's-bill.
erogatet (er'o-gat), v. t. [< L. erogatus, pp. of
erogare (> It! erogare = Sp. Pg. erogar), pay,
pay out, expend (prop, out of the public trea-
sury, after asking the consent of the people), <
e, out, + rogare, ask: see rogation. Cf. arro-
gate, derogate.'] To expend, as public money;
lay out; bestow.
For to the acquirynge of science belongeth understand-
yng and meraorye, which, as a treasory, hath power to re-
tayne, and also to eroqate, and dystribnte, when opportu-
nitie happeneth. Sir T. Elyot, The Oovernour, iii. 22.
eroeationt (er-o-ga'shon), n. [= Sp. erogacion
= It. erogazione, < L. erogatio{n-), < erogare, pay
out: 846 erogate.'] The act of erogating.
Erosc Leaf.
1096
Some think such manner of erogation not to be worthy
the name of liljerality. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour.
Touching the Wealth of England, it never also appeared
so much by public Erogations and Taxes, which the long
Parliament raised. Howell, Letters, iv. 47.
erogenic (er-o-jen'ik), a. Same as erogenous.
In somnambulism the various hyper-excitable spots or
zones — erogenic, reflexogenic, dynamogenic, hypnogenic,
hysterogenic — are best studied.
Arrwr. Jour. Psychol., I. 497.
erogenous (e-roj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. fpuc, love (see
Eros), + -yer^c, producing: see -genous.] In-
ducing erotic sensation; producing sexual de-
sire.
Eros (e'ros), n. [L., < Gr. "Epuf ('Epur-), the god
of love, a personification of ipug (epur-), love,
< f pav, love.] 1. P\. Erotes or Eroses (e-To'tez,
e'ros-ez). In Gr. myth., the god of love, iden-
tified by the Romans with Cupid. See Cupid.
On the front of the base [of the statue of Zeus at Olym-
pia] were attached works in gold representing in the cen-
tre Aphrodite rising from the sea and being received by
Eros and crowned by Peitho.
A. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, II. 127.
A bevy of Erases apple-cheek'd,
In a shallop of crystal ivory-beak'd.
Tennyson, The Islet.
2. [NL.] In «o67., a genusof mal-
acodermatous beetles, of the fam-
ily Telephoridw. There are many
species, of Europe and America, as
M. mundus of North America.
erose^ (e-ros'), a. [< L. erosus, pp.
of erodere, gnaw off: see erode.]
• Gnawed; having small irregular si-
nuses in the margin, as if gnawed :
applied to a leaf, to an insect's
wing, etc,
erose'-^ (e'ros), a. See wrose.
erosion (e-ro'zhon), n. [= P. Boston = Sp. ero-
sion = Pg. erosao = It. erosione, < L. erosio(n-),
< erodere, pp. erosus, gnaw off: see erode.]
1. The act or operation of eating or gnawing
away. Hence — 2. The act of wearing away
by any means. Specifically — (a) In gun., the wearing
away of the metal around the interior of the vent, around
the l)reecli-raechanism, and on the surfaces of the bore and
chamber of cannon, due to the action of powder-gas at the
high pressures and temperatures reached in firing.
The heated gases, passing over these fused surfaces at a
high velocity and pressure, absolutely remove that sur-
face, and give rise to that erosion which is so serious an
evil in guns where large charges are employed.
Science, V. 392.
(&) In zooL, the abrasion or wearing away of a surface
or margin, as if by
gnawing ; tlie state
of being erose ; the
act of eroding, (c)
In geol., the wear-
ing away of rocks
by water and other
agencies of geo-
logical change.
Erosion through solvent action is promoted by the pres-
ence in the waters both of carbonic acid and organic acids.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXX. 186.
3. The state of being eaten or worn away;
corrosion; canker; ulceration Erosion theory,
in geoL, the theory that valleys are due to the wearing in-
fluences of water and ice, chiefly in the form of glaciers,
as opposed to the theory which regards them as the result
of fissures in the earth's crust produced by strains during
its upheaval.
erosionist (e-ro'zhgn-ist), n. [< erosion + -ist.]
In geol., one who holds the erosion theoi-y.
There were the erosionists, or upholders of the efficacy
of superficial waste. Geikie, Geol. Sketches, ii. 5.
erosive (e-ro'siv), a. [= It. erosivo, < L. ero-
dere, pp. erosus, erode (see erode, erose^), + -ive.]
1 . Having the property of eating away or cor-
roding; corrosive. — 2. Wearing away ; acting
by erosion.
The great erosive effect of water on the clay soil of the
west. Science, III. 214.
erostrate (e-ros'trat), a. [< L. e- priv. + ros-
tratus, beaked, < rostrum, a beak: see rostrum.]
In hot., having no beak.
erotematic (er"o-te-mat'ik), a. [< Gr. kpurrj-
/lanKog, interrogative, < ipo>Ttifia{T-), interroga-
tion: see eroteme.] Proceeding by means of
questions.— Erotematic method, a method of in-
struction in which the teacher asks questions, whether
catcciietical or dialogical.
eroteme (er'o-tem), n. [< LL. erotema, < Gr.
ifMTTjfia, a question, < eporiiv, ask.] The mark
or note of interrogation: a name adopted by
the grammarian Goold Brown, but not in com-
mon use.
Erotes, n. Latin plural of Eros.
erotesis (er-o-te'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. cpurt/aic, a
questioning, < epurav, question, ask.] In rhet.,
a figure of speech consisting In the use of a
[< NL. eroto-
I. a. Of orper-
Section showing the erosion of the summit
of a mass of stratified rock bent into a low
anticlinal.
err
question or questions for oratorical purposes,
as, for instance, to imply a negative, as in the
following quotation. Also called eperotesis and
epitrochasmits. See question.
Must we but weep o'er days more blest?
Must we but blush? — Our fathers l)led.
Byron, Don Juan, iii., The Isles of Greece (song).
erotetic (er-o-tet'ik), a. [< Gr. ipumrcKog, skill-
ed in questioning, < ipixrav, question, ask.] In-
terrogatory.
erotic (e-rot'ik), a. and n. [Formerly crotick ; =
F. erotique = Sp. erdtico = Pg. It. erotico (cf. D.
G. erotisch = Dan. Sw. erotisk), < Gr. cpuriKd^,
fertainingto love, < ipu; (cpur-), love : see Eros.]
, «. Pertaining to or prompted by love ; treat-
ing of love ; amorous.
An erotic ode is the very last place in which one would
expect any talk about heavenly things. Saturday Hev.
II. n. An amorous composition or poem,
erotical (e-rot'i-kal), a. [< erotic + -al.] Same
as erotic.
So doth Jason Pratensis . . . (who writes copiously of
this eroticall love) place and reckon it amongst the affec-
tions of the braine. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 442.
erotomania (e-ro-to-ma'ni-a), n. [NL., < Gr.
ipuTofiavia, raving love, < ipuc (fp^r-), love, +
/lavta, madness.] In pathol., mental alienation
or melancholy caused by love; love-sickness.
erotomaniac (e-ro-to-ma'ni-ak), n. [< eroto-
mania + -ac] A person suffering from or af-
flicted with erotomania.
erotomany (er-o-tom'a-ni), n.
mania.] Same as erotomania.
erotylid (e-rot'i-lid), a. and n.
taining to the Erotylidce.
II. n. One of the Erotylidce.
Erotylidse (er-o-til'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ero-
tylus + -idee.] A family of elavicorn Coleop-
tera. The dorsal abdominal segments are jjartly mem-
branous ; the ventral segments are free ; the tarsi are four-
jointed, more or less dilated and spongy beneath ; the
wings are not fringed with haii-s ; and the anterior coxse
are gloljose. The species are mostly South American, and
fungicolous. Groups corresponding more or less nearly
to the Erotylidce are named Erotyli, Erotyliiiee, Erotylida,
Erotylides, and Erotylusidce.
Erotylus (e-rot'i-lus), n. [NL., < Gr. eptjrvlog,
a darling, sweetheart, dim. of Ipug (ipur-), love.]
The typical ge-
nus of the family
Erotylidce, dis-
tinguished by
the two spines
with which the
maxillae are
armed at the tip,
and the ovate,
not cylindric,
form of the body.
The species are pecu-
liar to Central and
South America, only
one, E. boisduvali,
extendingfrom Mex-
ico into Arizona and
Colorado. It is 10
millimeters long, ob-
ovate, black, opaque,
with the elytra
ocherous and cov-
ered with numerous
deeply impressed
black punctures,and
having a triangular
black spot near the
middle of the side
margin. It lives in
fungi growing on old
pine logs.
erpetology (er-pe-tol'o-ji), n.
form of lierpetology.
err (6r), v. [< ME, erren, < OF. errer
Pg. error = It. errare, < L. errare,
Fungus-beetle ( Erotylus boisduvali).
a, b, larva, lateral and dorsal views ; c,
d, pupa, ventral and dorsal surfaces ; e,
beetle : /. palpus : ff, tarsus, from below :
h, terminal jomt of tarsus, from above ; i,
antenna. /, g, h, and i enlarged.
An erroneous
: Pr. Sp.
wander,
stray, err, mistake, orig.'ersare = Goth, airzjan,
tr., cause to err, mislead, = OHG. irreon, irron,
MHG. G. irren, intr., wander, stray, err; cf.
Goth, airzjis, adj., = OHG. irri, G. irre, astray;
prob. the same word as OHG. irri = AS. yrre,
eorre, angry, enraged (for sense cf. L. delirus,
crazy, raving, lit. out of the furrow: see deliri-
ous), but (?) cf. L. ira, anger.] I. intrans. 1.
To wander; go in a devious and uncertain
course. [Obsolete or archaic]
0 verrey goost, that errest to and fro.
C/iaucer, Troilus, iv. 302.
O, in no labyrinth can I safelier err,
Than when I lose myself in praising her.
B. Jonson. Poetaster, i. 1.
2. To de-Wate from the true course or purpose ;
hence, to wander from truth or from the path of
duty; depart from rectitude ; go astray morally.
We have erred and strayed from thy ways like lost sheep.
Book of Camrrum Prayer, General Confession.
err
Bat errg not Nature from thia gracious end,
From burning suns wlien livid deaths descend ?
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 141.
Aim'd at the helm, his lance err'd, Tennpson, Geraint.
3. To go astray in thought or belief ; be mis-
taken; blunder; misapprehend.
Thereby shall we shadow
The numbers of our host, and make discovery
ISrr in report of us. Shalr., Macbeth, v. 4.
They do not err
Who sa_y that, when the poet dies.
Mute Nature mourns her worshipper.
Scott, L. of L. M., V. 1.
H.t trans. 1. To mislead; cause to deviate
from truth or rectitude.
Sometimes he [the devil] tempts by covetoiisness, drun-
kenness, pleasure, pride, Ac, erra, dejects, saves, kills, pro-
tects, and rides some men as they do their horses.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 50.
2. To miss; mistake.
I shall not lag behind, nor err
The way, thon leading. MUton, P. L, \. 266.
errable (^r'a-bl), a. [< err + -able.'] Liable
to mistake: fallible. Bailey, 1727. [Bare.]
errableness (er'a-bl-nes), n. Liability to mis-
take or err. [Bare.]
We may infer, from the errablenag of our natur«, the
reasonableness of compassion to the seduced.
Decay o/ Ckrittian Piety.
Sixabtmd (er'a-bund), a. [< L. errabundus,
wandering to and fro, < errare, wander: see
err.] Erratic; wandering; rambling. [Bare.]
Your errabuiul guesses, veering to all iwints of the lit-
erary compass. Southty, The Doctor, Interchapter xiii.
errancy (er'an-si), «. The condition of erring ■
liability to err.
errandi (er'and), n. [Early mod. E. also errant,
arrand, arrant; < ME. erende. erande, arende,
etc., < AS. (erende = OS. drundi = OHG. dranti,
drunti, drandi, etc., = Icel. eyreiidi, orendi =
Sw. drende = Dan. cerende, errand, message;
cf. AS. dr = OS. pi. eri = Icel. drr = Goth, ai-
rus, a messenger; origin uncertain: perhaps
ult. connected with Skt. V ar, go.] A special
business intrusted to a messenger; a verbal
1997
bicolous: as, the errant annelids. — 4t. Notori-
ous ; manifest : in this sense now spelled only
arrant. See arrant, 2.
n. n. A knight errant. [Bare.]
"I am no admirer of knights," he said to Hogg, "and
if we were erranti, you should have the tilting all to
yourself." E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 166.
errant^t (er'ant), a. [< OF. errant, ppr. oterrer,
esrer, oirer, oirrer, earlier edrer, edrar, make a
journey, travel, go, move, etc., < ML. iterare ''"'Pff- SirT.Brom
(for LL. itinerari), make a journey, travel, < L. erraticalness (e-rat'i-kal-nes),
iter (itiner-). a ionmBv i-naH wa^r ^ m? />,-^» of being erratic.
error
We have erratics, unscholarly foolish persons.
J. Cook, Marriage, p. 98.
erratical (e-rat'i-kal), a. [< erratic + -al.]
Same as erratic. [Bare.]
erratically (e-rat'i-kal-i), adv. In an erratic
manner; without rule, order, or established
method ; irregularly.
.Thsy • • ■ eome not forth in generations erratically, or
different from each other, but in speciflcal and regular
''"'P«8. Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., ii. 6.
n. The state
iter (itiner-), a joumev, road, way, > OF. erre, — "v.—e — ""-
eire. ME. ejre, eire, eyre, mod. E. (in archaic errationt (e-ra'shon), n.
of being erratic.
^ "ont(e-ra' ' .. ,,
rare, wander: see err.]
[< L. erratio{n-), < er-
A wandering. Cock-
eram.
erratum (e-ra'tum), ».; pi. errata (-ta). [L.,
neut. of erratus, pp. of errare, err, mate a mis-
take: see err. Ct errate.] An error or mistake
in writing or printing. The list of the errata of a book
18 usually printed at the beginning or end, with references
to the pages and lines in which they occur.
A single erratum may knock out the brains of a whole
passage. Copper.
spelling) eyre, a journey, circuit : see eyre, itine-
rant. Cf. errant^.] Itinerant.
Our judges of assiie are called justices errant, because
they go no direct course, but this way and that way from
one town to another, where their sittings be appointed.
C. Butter, Eng. Grammar (1633).
Errantia (e-ran'shia), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L.
erran{t-)s, ppr. of errare, wander: see erranfi.]
A group of active locomotory polyeheetous an-
nelids, as distinguished from the sedi '
or tubicolous group of the same order. They
seldom construct tubular habitations, have numerous para-
podia not couftned to the anterior parts of the liody, and
possess a pnestomiuin, and usually eyes, tentacles, and
a proboscis armed with chitiuous teeth. Like the rest
of the Potychetta, they are normally dioecious and marine
worms, vermiform in shape, with large setigerous feet,
and gills on the back : they correspond somewhat to the
Linnean genus Ifereit (which see), and are known as A n-
lennata, Hapaeia, XotobrancAia, Chatoimla, etc., ranking
as wi order or a suborder. The families A«reuf<r and „"".'• , ,, ,. ... _,
Aephthyida are central groups. .See PolynOe, a typical emngly (er ing-li), adv. In an erring manner.
^2'^tJ^f^''^*^-^ r, , . -. , He serves the muses 6mn,,fy and ill
errantry (er ant-n), n. [< errant^ -k- -ry.] If. Whose aim is pleasure, light and fugitive.
A wandering ; a roving or rambling about. Wordeumth, White Doe of Rylstone, Ded.
After a short space of errantry upon the seas, he got erTOneOUS (e-ro'ne-us), a. [Formerly also er-
«afe back to Dunkirk. Addimn, Freeholder, ronious ; < L. erroheus, wandering about, stray
nelids, as distinguished from the sedentary „,":?*' a n^-..^, t. ,. , ,
or tubicolous ktoud of the same order. ti..„ ®"£t' "• , A Middle English form of orrl.
errnine (er in), a. and n. [< Gr. eppivov, an er-
rhine, < h, in, + pir; (^n-), the nose.] I. a.
In med., aflfeeting the nose, or designed to be
snuflfed into the nose ; occasioning discharges
from the nose.
n. n. A medicine to be snuffed up the nose,
to promote discharges of mucus ; a sternuta-
torv.
2. The condition or way of life of a knight er-
rant. See knight-errantry.
In our day the errantry is reversed, and many a strong-
hearted woman goes jounieying up and down the land
bent on delivering some beloved hero from a captivity
more terrible than any the old legends tell.
■L. il. Aleolt, Hospital Sketches, p. 288.
charge or message ; a mandate or order; some- ''• •'' '"'"'"' "'"i
thing to be told or done: as, the servant was errata, n. Plural of erratum.
sent on an errand; he told his errand; he has orratet, n. [< L. erratum, n
done the errand. turn.] A mistake ; a fault. 1
done the errand.
Ye do symply youre mayster erende, as he yow co-
maunded for to seche Merlin. .Merlin (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4a
I have a secret errand unto thee, O king. Judges Ul. 19.
One of the four and twenty i|ualitie( ol a knave is to
stay long at his arrand. Howell, Eng. Prorerbs, p. 2.
f <>0}'» ?f «awk'« erraad, the pursuit of something uii-
atuinable; an absurd or fruitless search or enterprise
To send one on a/.wr« errant is to direct or Induce one
to set about doing something that the sender knows or
■ih.MiI.I know, will be useless or without result,
errand^t, a. An obsolete variant of arrant.
errant> (er'ant), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
iirnmt (see arrant, now differentiated from er-
rant); < ME. erraunt, arraunt, < OF. errant (un
chevalier errant, a knight errant, le Juif errant,
the wandering Jew, etc.), usually taken as the
ppr. (< L. erran(t-)s) of errer, < L. errare, wan-
der ( see err) ; by some taken as the ppr. of errer,
make a journey, travel: see errant^.] L a. 1.
Wandering; roving; rambling: applied partic-
ulariy to knighU (knights errant) of the middle
ages, who are represented as wand.-ring about
to seek adventures and display their Ijcroism
and generosity.
An oatUwe, or a theef errauiX.
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 120.
Wliere as nocn arraunt knyght sbolde not cesse to karole,
till that a certein knyght com- thider.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.X IL 868.
A shady glade
Of the Riph<Ban hils, to her reveald
By errant SprigfaU, bat from all men conceald.
Sprnter, F. Q., III. rill. 6.
I am an errant knight that follow'd arms,
^V ith spear and shield.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, ill. 4.
2. Deviating; straying from the straight, true,
or right course; erring.
Knot..*, I.y the fondux of nu'plins sap.
Inf.-. I th.- >..un.| pin.-, iui.l .liv.rt his grain
I'orllv..- and errant from bis i .mrsc of growth.
ShaJc., T. and C, L 8.
But she that has been bred up under you, . . .
Having no errant motion from obedience.
Flies from tbeae vanities as mere Illusions.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1.
Slipped at the Lord Cbamberlaine's, where also supped
the famous beauty and errant ladv the Dutchesse of Maza-
""*• Bvdyn, Diary, Sept 6, 1676.
But when the Prince had brought his errant eyes
Home from tlic ro< k, Hideways be let them glance
At hnid, where she ilrcopt. Tennyton, Oeralnt.
3. In zoiil.. free; not fixed; locomotory; spe-
cifically, perUining to' the ErranHa; not tu-
mistake : see erra-
, , Hall. (HalliaeU.)
erratic (e-rat'ik), a. and n. [< ME. etratik,
erratyk, < OF. (and F.) erratique = Pr. erra-
tic, eratic = Sp. errdtico = Pg. It. erratico, < L.
m-attciw, wandering, < errare, wander: see err.]
1. a. 1. Wandering; having no certain course;
roving about without a fixed destination.
.Short remnants of the wind now and then came down
the narrow street In frrafic puffs.
a. W. Cable. Old Creole Days, p. 160.
2. Deviating from the proper or usual coarse in
opinion or conduct ; eccentric.
A flne erratic genius, ... he has not properly used his
birthright. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 249.
3. Moving; not fixed or stationary: applied to
the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars.
Ther he saugh, with ful avyseniente,
The erratyk sterres, herkenynge armonye.
With Bownes ful of hevenyssh melodie.
Chaucer, Trolliis, v. 1812.
4. In mcrf., irregular; changeable; movingfrom
point to point, as rheumatic or other pains, or
appearing at indeterminate intervals, as some
intermittent fevers.
Tlicy are incommoded with a slimy mattery cough, stink
of breath, and an erraticic fever. llart>ey. Consumptions
dition and distribution of erratics." See II., 2.
— Brratic blocks, the name given by geologists to those
boulders or fraunienU of rocks which appear to have been
transported from their original sites by ice in the Pleisto-
cene period, and carried often to great distances. Such
blocks are on the surface or in the most superficial depos-
its. See i>o«M«r.— Erratic map, one on which the dis-
tribution of thi- i-rr!itii-.s in a certain district Is Illustrated.
—Erratic phenomena, the plu-noinena connected with
erratic blocks. =Syn. 4. Abnonnal, unreliable. See iV-
reguiar.
n. n. 1. One who or that which has wan-
dered ; a wanderer.
WllUam. second Earl of Lonsdale, who added two splen-
did art galleries to Lowtber Castle, which he . . . made a
baven of rest for various erratict from other collections
Bdinhnroh Ret., CLXIV. 609.
Specifically— 2. In geol, a boulder or block
which has been conveyed from its original site,
probably by ice, and deposited at a distance ;
an erratic block. See erratic blocks, under I.
We have good reason to believe that the climate of
America during the glacial epoch was even then some-
what more severe than that of Western Europe, for the
erratict of America extend as far south as latitude 40',
while on the old continent they are not found much be-
yond latitude .W. ./. Croll, Climate and Time, p. 72.
3. An eccentric person.
mg (cf. <Tro(n-), a wanderer, error, wandering),
< errare, wander: see en:] If. Wandering;
roving; devious; unsettled; irregular.
They roam
J?rrone»iM and disconsolate. Philipe.
2. Controlled by error ; misled ; deviating from
the truth.
A man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing,
and as the Judgment, so also the conscience may be er-
roneoui. Hobbee, Works, III. 29.
And because they foresaw that this wilderness might
lie looked upon as a place of liberty, and therefore might
in time be troubled with erroneoua spirits, therefore they
did put In one article into the confession of faith, on pur-
pose, about the duty and power of the magistrate in mat-
ters of religion.
A'. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 146.
8. Containing error ; false ; mistaken ; not
conformable to truth or justice ; liable to mis-
lead : as, an erroneous opinion ; erroneous doc-
trine or instruction.
I must . . . protest against making these old most er-
roneoue maps a foundation for new ones, as they can be
of no use, but must be of detriment.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 267.
There are, probably, few subjects on which popular
judgments are commonly more erronemiit than upon the
relations between positive religions and moral enthusi-
■"""• l^ecky, Europ. Morals, II. 150.
erroneonsly (e-ro'nf-us-li), adv. In an errone-
ous manner; by mistake; not rightly; falsely.
The protcs-sion and vse of Poesie is most ancient from
the Ix'ginninK, and not. as manie erroniousti/ suppose, af-
ter, but licfore any ciuil society was among men.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 3.
How Innumerable have been the instances in which
legislative control was erroneously thought necessary!
//. Spencer, .Social Statics, p. 4.39.
8. In j,co;., relating to or explanatory of the con- „„„„,„„„„ , Jt- Spencer, .Social statics, p. 4.,9.
dition and distribution of erratics. See II. 2. erroneousness (e-ro ne-us-nes), n. \< erroneous
■ness.] The state of being erroneous, wrong,
or false; de-viation from truth or right : as, the
erroneousness of a judgment or proposition.
error (er'or), ». [Early mod. E. also errour;
< ME. errour, arrore,< OP. error, errur, mod. F.
erreur = Pr. Sp. Pg. error = It. errore, < L.
error, a wandering, straying, uncertainty, mis-
take, error, < errare, wander,.err: see err.] 1.
A wandering ; a devious and uncertain course.
[Obsolete or archaic]
He (.fineasl through fatal! errour long was led
Full many yeares. Spenser, F. Q., III. ix. 41.
Drivn by the winds and errours of the sea.
Dryden, .£neid.
The damsel's headlong error thro' the wood.
Tenmison, Gareth and Lynette.
2. A deviation from the truth ; a discrepancy
between what is thought to be true and what is
true; an unintentional positive falsity; a false
proposition or mode of thought.
I^ird. such arrore aniange them thei haue.
It is grete sorowe to see. I'orjfc Plays, p. 283.
Error is ... a mistake of our judgment, giving assent
to that which is not true.
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xx 1
error
In my mind he was gtiilty of no error, he was charge-
able with no exaggeration, he waa betrayed by his fancy
into no metapiior, who once said, tliat all we see about ns,
Kiug, Lords, and Connnons, tlie whole machinery of the
st«te, all the appai-atus of the system, and its varied work-
ings, end in simply bringing twelve good men into a box.
Broughatn.
There is but one effective mode of displacing an error,
and that is to replace it by a conception which, while
readily adjusting itself to conceptions firmly held on other
points, is seen to explain the facts more completely.
G. H. Lewes, Prohs. of Life and Mind, Int. I. i. § 6.
WTien men do not know the truth, they do well to agree
in common error based ni>on common feeling ; for thereliy
their enei-gies are fixed in the unity of deflnite aim, and
not dissipated to waste in restless and incoherent vaga-
ries. Mmiddey, Body and Will, p. 219.
3. An inaccuracy due to oversight or accident ;
something different from what was intended,
especially in speaking, writing, or printing: as,
a clerical error (which see, below).
Errors, like straws, upon the surface flow ;
He who would search for pearls must dive below.
Dryden, All for Love, Prol.
4. A wrong-doing ; a moral fault ; a sin, espe-
cially one that is not very heinous.
WTio can understand his errors? cleanse thou me from
secret faults. I's. xix. 12.
If to her share some female errors fall.
Look on her face, and you'll forget them all.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 17.
If it were thine error or thy crime,
I care no longer. Tennys&n, Vision of Sin, Epil.
6. The difference between the observed or oth-
erwise determined value of a physical quantity
and the true value : also called the true error.
By Ihe error is often meant tile error according to some
possible theory. Thus, in physics, the rule is to make tlie
sum of the squares of the errors a minimum — that is, that
theory is adopted according to which the sum of the
squares of the errors of the observations is represented
to l)e less than according to any other theory. The error
(J an obseroatioii is separated into two parts, the acci-
dental error and the constant error. The accidental error
is that part of the total error which would entirely disap-
pear from the mean of an indefinitely large series of ob-
servations taken under precisely the same circumstances ;
the constant error is that error which would still affect
such a mean. Tlie law of error is a law connecting the
relative magnitudes of errors with their frequency. Tlie
law is that the logarithm of the frequency is proportional
to the square of the error. Tliis law holds only for the
accidental part of the error, and only for certain kinds of
observations, and Ui those only when certain observations
affected by abnormal errors have been struck out. Tlie
protMble error is a magnitude which one half the acci-
dental erroi"s would in the long run exceed ; this is a well-
estalilished but unfortunate expression. The jneatb error
is the quadratic mean of the errors of observations simi-
lar t ) given observations.
6. In law, a mistake in a judicial determination
of a court, whether in deciding wrongly on the
merits or ruling wrongly on an inciden tal point,
to the prejudice of the rights of a party, it im-
plies, without imputing corruptness, a deviation from or
misapprehension of the law, of a nature sufficiently serious
toentitle the aggrieved party to carry the case to a court of
review.
7t. Perplexity; anxiety; concern.
He . . . thought well in his corage that thei were right
high men and gretter of astate than he cowde thinke, and
a-boute his herte com so grete crrour that it wete all his
visage with teeres of his yieu. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 318.
Assignment of errors, in law, specification of the errors
suggested orol)j>!cted to.— Clerical error, a mistake in
writing ; the erroneous writing of one thing for another ;
a slip of the pen; from all writers having been formerly
called clerics or clerks. — Court of error, court of er-
rors, a court exercisi[ig appellate jurisdiction liy means
of writs of error. The highest judicial court of Connecti-
cut is called the Supreme Court of Errors, those of Dela-
ware and New Jersey the Courts of EiTors and Appeals.
— Error in fact, a mistake of fact, or ignorance of a fact,
embraced in a judicial proceeding and affecting its valid-
ity, as, for example, the granting of judgment against an
infant as if he were adult— Error of a clock, the differ-
ence between the time indicated by a clock and the time
which the clock is intended to indicate, whether sidereal
or mean time. — Error of colUmation. See collimation.
— Joinder in error, in laic, the taking of issue on the sug-
gestion of error.— Writ of error, a process issued by a
court of review to the inferior court, suggesting that error
has been committed, and requiring the record to be sent
up for examination : now generally superseded by aj>p(;a^.
= Syn. 2 and 3. Mistake, Bull, etc. .See blunder.
errorist (er'or-ist), n. [< error + -ist.] One
who errs, or who encourages and propagates
error. [Rare.]
Especially in the former of tliese Epistles {Colossians and
EphesiansI we find that the Apostle Paul censures a class
of errorists who are not separated from the Church, but
who cherish and inculcate notions evidently Gnostical in
their character. G. P. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 387.
ors (6rs), n. [< F. erg = Pr. ers = Cat. er = Sp.
yervo = It. ervo, < L. ervum, the bitter vetch:
see Ervum,'] A species of vetch, Vicia Ervilia.
Erse (6rs), a. and n. [Also Earse ; a corruption
of Irish.] I. a. Of or belonging to the Celts of
Ireland and Scotland or their language : as, the
Erse tongue.
The native peasantry everywhere sang Erse songs in
praise of Tyrconnet Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vf.
J.998
n. «. The language of the Gaels or Celts in
the Highlands of Scotland, as being of Irish
origin. The Highlanders themselves call it
Gaelic.
The Erse has many dialects, and the words used in some
islands are not always known in otliers.
Johnson, Jour, to Western Isles.
ersh, n. See earsli.
erst (erst), adv. [Early mod. E. (dial.) also
yerst; < ME. erst, arst, cerst, erest, ceresi, iirst,
once, formerly, for the first time, < AS. wrest,
adv., first (cf. adj. wresta, ME. erste, the first),
superl. of wr, before, formerly, sooner, in posi-
tive use soon, early: see ere^, early, etc.] 1.
First ; at first ; at the beginning.
On of Ector owne brether, that I erst neuenyt.
And Modernns, the mayn kyng, on the mon set.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 6792.
2. Once; formerly; long ago.
Once All was made ; not by the hand of Fortune
(As fond Democritus did yerst importune).
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 1. 1.
Gentle spirit of sweetest humoul, who erst did sit upon
the easy pen of my beloved Cervantes.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 24.
3. Before; till then or now ; hitherto.
Hony and wex as erst is nowe to make,
What shal be saide of wyne is tente to take.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 196.
Whence look the Soldier's Cheeks dismay'd and pale ?
Mrst ever dreadful, know they now to dread?
Prior, Ode to the Queen.
[Archaic in all senses.]
At erstt. (o) At first ; for the first time. (6) At length, at
present : especially with noiv {now at erst).
In drenies, quod Valerian, ban we be
Unto this tynie, brother myn, ywis ;
But Tlow at erst in trouthe our dwelling is.
Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 264.
My boughes with hloosmes that crowned were at flrste . . .
Are left both bare and barrein tiow at erst.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., December.
Of erst, formerly.
The enigmas which of erst puzzled the brains of Socrates
and Plato and Seneca. The Catholic World, April, 1884.
erstt, o. [ME. erste, < AS. wresta = OS. erista
= OFries. erosta, arista = OHG. eristo, MH6.
ereste, G. erst, first: see erst, adv.] First.
erst'wMle (erst'hwil), adv. [< erst + while.]
At one time ; formerly. [Obsolete or archaic]
Those thick and clammy vapors which erstwhile ascended
in such vast measures . . . must at lengtli obey the laws
of their nature and gravity.
Glanville, Pre-exlstence of Souls, xiv.
The beautiful dark tresses, erstwhile so smoothly braided
about the small bead, . . . were tangled and matted until
no trace of their former lustre remained.
Harper's Maij., LXXVI. 227.
ertlf, V. An obsolete form of aril.
ert-t, V. 1. An obsolete form of art^.
erthet, "• An obsolete form of earth.
erubescence, erubescency (er-o-bes'ens, -en-
si), n. [= F. erubescence = Sp. erubescencia =
It. erubescenza, erubescemia, < LL. erubescentia,
blushing (for shame), < erul)escen(t-)s, ppr.,
blushing: see erniesccnt.] A becoming or grow-
ing red; specifically, redness of the skin or
other surface ; a blush.
erubescent (or-g-bes'ent), a. [= F. Erubescent
= It. erubescente, < L. erubescen{t-)s, ppr. of eru-
bescere, grow red, redden, esp. for shame, blush,
< e, out, -t- rubescere, grow red: see rubescent.']
Growing red or reddish; specifically, blushing.
er'Ubescite (er-o-bes'it), n. [< L. eriibcscere,
redden, + -ite^.] An ore of copper, so called
because of the bright colors of its surface when
tarnished, its surface is often iridescent with hues of
blue, purple, and red : hence called varietfated copj^er ore,
and by miners peacock ore and horse-Jlesh ore, and by the
French cuivre panachi. It is a sulphid of copper and
iron, with a varying proportion of the latter. Also called
bomite.
eruca (e-ro'ka), n. [L., a caterpillar, a canker-
worm, also a sort of colewort: see eruTce.] 1.
An insect in the larval state ; a caterpillar. —
2. [cap.] [NL.] A small genus of cruciferous
plants, of the mountains of Europe and central
Asia. E. sativn is tlie garden-rocket, which when young
and tender is frequently eaten as a salad, especially on the
continent of Eui'ope.
3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of univalve moUusks.
eruciform (e-ro'si-form), a. [< L. eruca, a cat-
er])illar, + forma, form.] 1. In cntom., resem-
bling a caterpillar: said of certain larvie, as
those of the saw-fly. — 2. In 6oi., worm-like;
shaped like a caterpillar: applied to the spores
of certain lichens. Also erucwform.
emcivorous (er-ij-siv'o-ms), a. [< NL. erucivo-
rus, < L. eruca, a caterpillar, -f- vorare, eat,
devour.] In entovi. and ornith., feeding on cat-
erpillars, as the larvse of ichneumon-flies and
many other Hymenoptera, and various birds.
erupt
eructt (e-rukf), V. t. [= It. eruttare = Sp. cruc-
lar, < L. eructare, belch or vomit forth, cast
forth, < e, out, -t- ructare, belch: see ructa-
tion.] Same as eructate. Bailey, 1727.
eructate (e-ruk'tat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. eruc-
tated, ppr. eructating. [< L. eructatum, pp. of
eructare, belch forth : see eruct.] To belch
forth or eject, as wind from the stomach.
^tna in times past hath eructated such huge gobbets of
flie- Howell, Letters, I. i. 27.
eructation (e-ruk-ta'shon), n. [= F. eructation
= Pr. eructatio = Sp. eructacion = Pg. eructa-
<;do = It. eruttazione, < LL. eructatio(n-), < L.
eructare, belch: see eruct.] 1. A belching of
wind from the stomach; a belch.
Calibage ('tis confess'd) is greatly accused for lying un-
digested in the stomach, and provoking eructati&ns.
Evelyn, Acetaria.
2. A violent bursting forth or ejection of mat-
ter from the earth.
Therma; are hot springs or fiery eructations. Woodward.
erudiatet (e-rS'di-at), v. t. [Irreg. < L. erudire,
pp. eruditus, instruct : see erudite/] To instruct ;
educate ; teach.
The skilful goddess there erudiates these
In all she did. Fanshaw.
erudite (er'ij-dit), a. and n. [= F. erudit = Sp.
Pg. It. erudito, < L. eruditus, learned, accom-
plished, well informed, pp. of erudire, instruct,
educate, cultivate, lit. free from rudeness, <
e, out, + rudis, rude: see rude.] I. a. 1. In-
structed ; taught ; learned ; deeply read.
The kinges highnes as a most erudite prince and a most
faithfuU kinge. Sir T. More, Works (trans.), p. 646.
2. Characterized by erudition.
Erudite and metaphysical theology. Jer. Taylor.
H, n. A learned person.
We have, therefore, had logicians and speculators on the
one hand, and erudites and specialists on the other.
X. F. Ward, Dynam. .Sociol., I. 140.
eruditely (er'o-dit-li), adv. With erudition;
learnedly. Bailey, 1727.
eruditeness(er'o-dit-nes),n. [< erudite + -ness.]
The quality of being erudite. Coleridge.
erudition (er-o-dish'on), «. [= F. erudition =
Sp. erudicion = I'g. erudi^ao = It. erudizione, <
L. eruditio(n-), an instructing, learning, erudi-
tion, < erudire, instruct: see eriidite.] Learn-
ing; scholarship; knowledge gained by study
or from books and instruction ; particularly,
learning in literature, history, antiquities, and
languages, as distinct from knowledge of the
mathematical and physical sciences.
Tliere hath not been . . . any king ... so learned in.
all literature and erudition.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 4.
Fam'd be thy tutor, and thy parts of nature ,
Thrice-fam'd beyond, beyond all erudition.
Shak., T. and C, ii. 3.
The great writings of St. Thomas Aquinas and his fol-
lowers, and, in more modern times, the massive and con-
scientious erudition of the Benedictines, will always make-
certain periods of the monastic history venerable to the-
scliolar. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 222.
Those who confound coinnientatorship with philosophy,
and mistake erudition for science, may be said to study,
but not to study the universe.
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 53.
There is a superfluity of erudition in his novels that'
verges upon pedantry, because ft is sometimes jiaraded
with an appearance of ostentation, and is introduced in
season and out of season. Edinburgh Ilev.
= Syn. Learniwi, Scholarship, Lore, etc. See literature.
erugatet (er'o-gat), a. [< L. erugatus, pp. of
eruijare, clear from wrinlsles,. < e, out, + ruga,
wrinkle: see rugate.] Freed from wrinkles;
smoothed; smooth. Smart.
erugationt (er-S-ga'shon), n. [< L. eruga1io(n-),
< crugare, pp. erugatus, clear from wrinkles:
see erugate.] The act of smoothing, or freeing
from wrinkles. Bailey.
eruginOUS, a. See wi-uginous.
eruket, w- [ME., < L. eruca, canker-worm.] A
canker-worm. Wyclif.
erumpent (e-rum'pent), a. [< L. crumpen(t-)s,
ppr. of crumpere, break out: see erupt.] In
bot., prominent, as if bursting through the cor-
tical layer or epidermis, as is seen in some tet-
raspores of algas, certain structures in lichens,
and many leaf-fungi.
erunda, erundie (e-run'da, -di), n. [E. Ind.,
< Skt. cranda.] The castor-oil plant, Bicinus
communis.
erupt (e-rupf), V. [< L. eruptus, pp. of erum-
pere, break out, burst forth, tr. cause to break
out, < c, out, + rumpcre, pp. ruptus, break: see
rupture. Cf. abrupt, corrupt, irrxipied.] I. m-
trans. To burst forth suddenly and violently;;
break or belch out; send' forth matter.
erupt
"Old Faithful " is by no means the most imposing of the
geysei-s, eitiitr in the volume of its dischaiye or in the
heiglit to which it rrupls. Geikir, Geol. Slietclies, ii. 20.
n. tram. To throw out suddenly and with
great violence; emit violently; cast out, as
lava from a volcano; belch.
It must be borne in niinil, liowever, that it (a volcano]
does not "burn" in the sense in which a lire bums, but
it merely otters a channel through which heated matter
is erupted from below. Huxley.
The summit of Flagstaff Hill once formed the lower ex-
tremity of a sheet of lava and ashes, whicll were erupted
from the central, craterifonn ridge.
Darwin^ Geol. Observations, i. 88.
eruption (e-rup'shon), n. [= F. ^uption =
Sp. erupcidn = Pg. "erupqSo = It. eritzione, < L.
eruj/tio(n-), a breaking out, < erumpere, pp.
erupttut, break out: see erupt.'i 1. A bursting
forth; a sudden breaking out, as from inelosure
or confinement ; a violent emission or outbreak :
as, an eruption of flame and lava from a vol-
cano ; an eruption of military force ; an eruption
of ill temper.
This bodes some strange eruption to our state.
Shak., Hamlet, L 1.
The Turks having then embraced the Mahometan su-
perstition ', which was two hundred and fourteen years
after their eruption out of Scythia.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 34.
Dr. JuDghuhn ascribes the origin of each volcano [in
Javal to a succession of snbaerial eruptions from one or
more central vents. Lyeli.
The period of eruption, or " cutting" of the teeth.
W. H. Flower, Encyc. Brit., XV. SiiO.
2. The act of forcibly expelling matter from
inelosure or confinement.
Pompeii . . . was overwhelmed by the eruption of Ve-
suvius, Aug. 24, 79. Amer. Cye., XIII. 8»4.
3. In pathol. : (a) A breaking out, as of a cu-
taneous disease.
.Seven initial symptoms, followed on the third day by an
eruption of papules. Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1442.
(b) The exanthema accompanying a disease, as
the rash of scarlet fever.
The declining rash of measles leaves a mottling of the
skin, not unlike the roull>erry eruption of typhus.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 027.
= 8yn- 1. Outburst, outbreak.
eruptional (f-rup'shon-al). a. [< eruption +
-ul.] Of or pertaining to eruptions; of the na-
ture of an eruption; eruptive: as, eruptional
phenomena. R. A. Proctor.
eruptive (e-rup'tiv), a. and n. [= F. 6rMptif=
bp. Pg. er'uptiro = It. eruttivo, < L. eruptwi, pp.
of erumpere, break out: see erupt.'] 1, a. 1.
Bursting forth ; of the nature of or like an erup-
tion.
The sudden glance
Appears far south eruptive through the cloud.
Thonuon, Summer, 1. 130.
2. In pathol., attended with a breaking out or
eniption ; accompanied with an eruption or
rash : as, an ervptire tevet.
All our putrid diseases of the worst kind; I mean the
eruptiee fevers, the jietechial fever, . . . and the malig-
nant sore throat. Sir If. Fordyce, Muriatic Acid, p. 1.
It Is the nature of these «rup(iM disease* in the state to
sink in by flts, and to re-appear.
Burke, A Regicide Peace, I.
3. In geol., produced by eruption : as, eruptive
rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic.
H. n. In geol., a rock or mineral produced
by eruption.
The more southerly rocks are all eruptiites.
Amer. Jour. Sei., 3d ser., XXIX. 541.
Quartz veins that are sometimes auriferous, and cut by
erupfives of the granitic group. Science, III. 762.
emptivlty (e-rup-tiv'j-ti), n. [< eruptive +
-ily.] Kruptive action. [Bare.]
In one of these the volcano continues in a state of com-
parativciy gentle erupticity. Contemporary Rev., L. 4U:<.
ErvlUa, Ervillia (6r-vil'i-»), n. rNL.] 1. A
genus of siphonate acephalous mollusks. of the
f&mi\y A mpkidesmida. TurtoH,lS22; Gray, 1847.
— 2. A genus of infusorians, giving name to
the Krriliime. Dujardin, 1841 ; .Stein, 1878.
ervilian f^r-vil'i-an), a. Of or pertaining to
th.- I'.nitiince.
Erviliinx (*r-vil-i-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Ervilia
-^ -(««;.] 1. In Stein's system of classification
(1878), a family of hypotrichous ciliate infu-
sorians, represented by Krrilia, Trochilia, ami
Hurlrya. — 2. In Diijanlin's system of classi-
fication (1841). a family of ciliate infusorians,
(vmsistiiig of the genera Ervilia and Trochilia.
Ervillia, «. See Emilia.
Ervum (fcr'vum), n. [NL., < L. ervum (> It.
ervo = Hp. iferim = Pr. F. erg: see ers), a kind
of pulse, the bitter vetch, = Gr. bpo^, the bit-
1999
ter vetch (of. ipejitvSoQ, the chick-pea, = Skt.
aravinda, the name of a certain plant), = OHG.
araweiz, arwiz, MHG. erwei::, anriz, G. erbse =
D. erieet, ertct, ert, the pea; hence the Scand.
forms, leel. ertr, pi., = Sw. arler = Dan. art,
ert, pi. arter, erter, peas.] A leguminous genus
of plants not now maintained, its species being
referred to Vicia and Lens.
ery (er'i), a. A dialectal contraction of every^.
-ery. [Early mod. E. also -erie; < ME. -erie, < OF.
-erie, F. -erie = Sp. It. -eria, -aria, < L. -eria,
-aria, fem. of -erius, -arius: see -ary, -eel, -er'^.
Etymologically, -er-y is -er^ (ult. -erl) with an
abstract fem. ending.] A suffix originally of
nouns from the French, but now used freely as
an English formative, it is added to nouns, adjec-
tives, and sometimes veriis, to form nouns in which the
force of tlie suffix varies. Originally abstract, denoting
the collective qualities of the subject (as in foxery, /oolerji,
goosery, hoogery, witchery, etc.), it has also or only a con-
crete sense, as in finery, greenery, etc. In a particular
phase of tills use it denotes a business, as in fishery, gro-
cery, pottery, etc. ; hence it came to refer to wares, etc.,
collectively, as in grocery, now usunlly in plural <;roceri««,
pottery, crockery, etc., and to the place where such wares
are made or sold, or to any place of business, as in grocery,
pottery, etc., cannery, fishery, tannery, tripery, etc., or to
any place where the things represented by the subject are
collected, as in. fernery, pinery, rockery, etc., especially to
f daces where animals are collected, or to the animals col-
ectively, as \nhemiery, goosery, rookery, piggery, hoggery,
etc. This termination easily associates with -er of what-
ever origin, especially with ■«■! or -er2, denoting a person
engaged in business. Compare fisher and fishery, grocer
and grocery, potter and pottery, crocker and crockery, tan-
ner and tannery, etc. In many cases it appears synco-
pated as -ly, especially in the collective use, as in citizen-
ry, Engliwry, yeomanry, etc.
ErydcUe (e-ris'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,< Eryx{Eryc-)
+ -ida:.'] A family of colubriform serpents
found in deserts of many parts of the world,
having a pair of conical anal protuberances,
and a short, thick, non-prehensile tail, which
assists the creature in working its way into sand
and gravel ; the sand-snakes. Charina has been
regar^d as an American representative, but is quite dis-
tinct. The family is seldom maintained, most of*its mem-
l)ers liciiiu' placed in Boidoe, Charina being made the type
of aiK'tlicr lamily. See Eryx.
Erycina (er-i-si'nS), B. [NL., < L. Erycina, <
Gr. 'EfwKivri, an epithet of Venus (Aphrodite),
fem. of Erycinus, Gr. 'Ept'iavof, adj., i 'Epwf, L.
Eryx, the name of a high mountain in Sicily
(now called San Giuliano), and of a city near it
famous for its temple of Venus.] 1. A genus
of butterflies, giving name to the family Ery-
einida. The species are of brilliant colors and
known as dryads. Fahricius, 1808. — 2. A ge-
nus of bivalve mollusks. Also Erycinia. La-
mnrrk; 1805.
Erycins (,er-i-si'ne), «. ;)i. [NL., < Eryx (Eryc-)
+ -iiitt'.] In herpet., a subfamily of Boidcc, rep-
resented by the genus Eryx and its relatives,
having a non-prehensile tail. It corresponds to
the Eryrida without the genus Charina, or the
old-world sand-snakes. See cut under Eryx.
erycinid (c-ris'i-nid), a. and n. I. a. Pertain-
ingto the Erycinida:
II. n. 1. In r<«ic/i., a bivalve mollusk of the
family Erycinida. — 2. A butterfly of the fam-
ily Erycinida:.
Erycinidte (er-i-sin'i-de), «. pi. [NL. (West-
wood, IS.'il), < Erycina + -iVfe.] 1. A family
of butterflies, named from the genus Erycina.
Also called I^moniidae (which see). They are in-
termediate Itetween the nyniphalids and lycvnids. There
are alxiut too species, mainly tropical and especially South
Ameri'-an, diviiled Into 38 genera and 4 subfamilies.
2. A family of bivalves, typified by the genus
Erycina. The shell is thin and usually transparent; the
hinge narrow, with 1 or 2 teeth, and generally elongated
cardinal ones; the muscular Impressions small and indis-
tinct, ami the pallial line simple. The species are of small
size, and are fouml in most seas.
Eryngium (e-rin'ji-um), n. [NL., < L. eryngion
and irynge, < Gr. r'/pvyyiov, dim. of i/pvyyoc, also
ipi-/ ytj, a sort of thistle, the eringo: see eringo.']
A genus of coarse, umbelliferous, perennial
herbs, with coriaceous toothed or prickly leaves,
and blue or white bracted flowers, closely ses-
sile in dense heads. iTiere arc more than 100 species,
found ill temperate and subtropical climates. A few are
occasionally cultivated for ornament. E. maritimum and
E. campestre, Enrope-in species known as eringo, were for-
merly celebrated as diuretics. (See erin/jo.) The button-
snakeroot, E. yueaB/otium, a native of the United States,
is reputed to be diaphoretic and expectorant. E. /cetidum
is {-itltivated in tropical America for flavoring soups.
eryngO, «■ See eringo.
eryngust, «• [< Gr. ^pvyyo^, eringo: see Eryn-
gtum, eringo.'] Same as eringo.
When the leading goats . . . have taken an eryngus, or
sea holly, into their mouths, all the herd will stand still.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1886), I. 77.5.
Erythacinae
Eryon (er'i-on), n. [NL. (so called from the
large expanded carapace), < Gr. epi<M, ppr. of
iplcw, draw, draw out, keep off.] A genus of
fossil macrurous crustaceans, representing a
peculiar type occurring in the Mesozoic rocks,
and giving name to the subfamily Eryonince.
The species lived in the seas of the Secondary
period.
Eryonidae (er-i-on'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eryon
+ -«/«'.] Same as Eryontidce.
Eryoninse (eri-o-ni'ne), M.p?. [NL., < -Bryo»
-t- -)Hrt'.] A subfamily of marine and chiefly
fossil crawfish, of the family Astadda, having
four or five pairs of chelate feet. Eryon is a fossil
jienus from the Solenhofen (Bavaria) slates ; Polychelen (or-
iyiUemoi'Sia) is a deep-sea form.
eryontid (er-i-on'tid), a. and n. I. a. Of or-
relating to the Eryontidw.
II. H. A crustacean of the family J5ryoHMda\
EryontidsB (er-i-on'ti-de), H. pi. [NL., < Eryon,
+ -(■(/«'.] A family of macrurous crustaceans,
related to Astacidw, typified by the genus Eryon.
The l>road carapace has lateral margins liorizontally com-,
pressed and serrate, the cephalon is dorsally depressed
and without a rostrum, the eyes are wanting or atmonnal,
the first pair of antenna; supiKjrt two multiarticulate flagel-.
la, and tile foot-jaws or gnathopodites are pediform. The.
typical genus is extinct, but a number of deep-sea rela-
tives iiave l>een described in recent yeai-a. Also Eryonidce.
Erysimum (e-ris'i-mum), n. [NL., < L. erysi-.
mum, a sort of grain also called irio (Pliny), <
Gr. ipiat/iov (var. cipiaiiiov, piai/jov), hedge-mus-
tard.] A genus of cruciferous plants having nar-
row entire leaves and yellow or orange flowers.
The number of species is variously estiniatetl at from 20 to
over 100, natives of the mountains of Europe and central
Asia, and of North America. Two or three species are
cultivated for their showy Howers, among them the west-
em wftlltiower, E. aspenim, common over a large part of
tlie I'liiteil States, with large flowers '■esembling those of
the wallfl4)wer.
erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las), n. [Formerly ery-.
siprly; < OF. erysipele, F. crysipele = Pr. crisi-
pila = Sp. Pg. erisipela = It. risipola, < L. ery-
siiielas, < Gr. tptmVe/ac (-jrf?.ar-^, erj'sipelas, lit.
'red-skin,' < cpvai-, equiv. to ipv0p6(, red (see
Erythrus), + irf>U<z, skin, = 'E.fell^.] A disease,
characterized by a diffuse inflammation of the
skin and subcutaneotis areolar tissue, spread-
ing gradually from its initial site and accom-
fanied by fever and other general disturbance,
t seems to be caused by a micrococcus. Also,
called St. Anthony's fire, and popularly in Great.
Britain rose.
erysipelatoid (er^'i-si-pera-toid), a. [< Gr.
'ipi'Oiirc'/MToeid^C, contr. ifxvdnTf?.aTi>67K, like ery-
sipelas, < ipvame'Aa^, erysipelas, -)- fitiof, form.]
Rpsombling erysipelas.
erysipelatous (er* i-si-pel'a-tus), a. [< erysipe-
las (-jwhtt-) -t- -ous.'] Of the nature of or re-
sembling erysipelas; accompanying or accom-
panied by erysipelas.
When a person, who for some years had been subject
to erysipelatous fevers, perceived tixe usual forerunning
symptoms to come on, I advised her to drink tar-water.
Bp. Berkdeii, Siris, § 8.
erysipelous (er-i-sip'e-lus), a. [< erysipel(as) +
-ous.] Hamc&B erysipelatous. Clarke. [Rare.]
Erysiphe (e-ris'i-fe), n. [NL.,< Gr. epvai-, equiv.
to ipitJpii, red, + aiijiuv, a tube.] A genus of
ftmgi, belonging to the group Erysiphew, in
which the perithecia have appendages similar
to the mycelium, and each perithecium con-
tains several asci. E. communis is injurious to the
common pea and other plants. E. Cichoracearum grows
on numerous jilants. e^peeially of the order Composita.
Ervsiphese, Erysiphei (er-i-sif'e-e, -i), n. pi.
[NL., fem. or masc. pi. of *erysi]iheiis, adj., <
Erysiphe, q. v.] A group of parasitic eleisto-
carpous pyrenomycetous fungi. Their vegetative
portion c<ili»lst8of a loose network of threads spread over
the surface of the supporting leaf (or stem), appearing as
a white mildew. Reproduction is of two kinds. Conidia
are formed in chains by abstriction at the tips of erect
hyphse. .Some of these were formerly referred to tlie ge-
nus Oidium. The sexual fruit consists of closed splieroi-
liai perithecia. which api)ear as lilackish specks among
the mycelial threads. Eacll peritlieriuni has several or
many appendages radiating from it, like the spokes of a
wheel. In the genera Pfidosvho'ra and Micros]ihcera the
appendages are dichotomously forked at the tip, often in
Erynnis, «. See Erinys, 2 (a).
very Ix-autifiil manner. Each ])eritlieciiini contains from
one to many asei, according to the genus and species to
which it belongs, and the asci contain from two to eight
spores. The principal genera are Spho'rotheca, Eri/siphe,
fijuinula, Phyllactmia, Podonjihcera, and Microsphcera.
Many species are injurious to cultivated plants.
Erythaca (e-rith'a-ka\ n. [NL. ; cf. Erytha-
cu.1.] 1. In orn(7/i., same as £n/WirteMS. — 2. A
genus of mollusks. Steainson, 1831.
Erythacinae (er'i-tha-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Erylhucus + -inai.] A group of oscine passer-
ine birds, of no determinate limits or exact
definition, containing the genus Erythacus and,
several others, chiefly of the old world.
Erythacns
Erythacus (e-rith'a-kus), n. [NL. (Cuvier,
1800, improp. for Erithaeus (Gesner, 1555) ; Lin-
naeus), < L. erithaeus (Pliny), < Gr. ipidaKo^, an
unidentified solitary bird which could be taught
to speak; also called the ipifh/jo^&TxA ipiBfvc; sup-
posed, erroneously, to be connected with cpvdpoc,
red, and hence assumed to mean 'red breast,'
whence the NL. use and spelling.] A genus of
old-world oscine passerine birds, of the family
Sylviid<r, the type of which is the European
robin redbreast, Erythacus rubecula. Also Ery-
thaca. See cut under robin.
erythanthema (er-i-than'the-ma.), n. [NL., <
Gr. ^pl■6po^-, red (see Erythrusj, + avOri/ia (in
comp.), a flowing; ci. exanthema.] In pathoL,
an angioneurotic and neurotic affection of the
skin in which inflammation is prominent.
erythema (er-i-the'ma),>i. ; pl.erythemata (-ma-
ta). [XL., < Gr. ipi^fxa, a redness or flush on
tte skin, < epvdaiveiv, poet, for epv6paiveiv, red-
den, < ipv6p6c, red.] A superficial redness of
some portion of the skin ; specifically, in pa-
thol, such a redness, varying in extent and
form, which may be attended with more gen-
eral disorder.
The blush of shame and anger is an erythema produced
by the immediate action of the vaso-niotor nervous system.
Qxiain, Med. Diet., p. 464.
erythematic, erythematous (er"i-the-mat'ik,
er-i-them'a-tus), «. [< erythema(t-) + -ic, -ous.']
Pertaining to or of the nature of erythema ; at-
tended with erythema.
erythematoid (er-i-them'a-toid), a. [< erythe-
iii<i{t-) + -oiil.'] Kesembling erythema.
erythematous, a. See erythematic Erythema-
tous eczema, see eczema.
£rythraea (er-i-thre'ii,), ». [NL., < Gr. cpvdpaia,
fern, of ipvffpaloc, equiv. to epmpoc, red: see
Erythrus.l A genus of plants, of the natural
order GentianacetB, of about 30 widely distrib-
uted species. They are low herbs, mostly annuals,
with reil or pink flowers, and are bitter tonics, like the
gentians. The centaury, E. Centaurium, is a common
species of Europe. AlK)ut a dozen species are found in
western North .\merica and Mexico, where several are in
medicinal repute under the name of canchalaffua. E.
Centaurium and E. Chilensig are used in medicine like
gentian.
erythrean (er-i-thre'an), a. [< L. erythranis,
reddish, < Gr. ipv6paio(, red, reddish ; 'EpvOpaloc
-uvroc, 'Epvdpaia 6dAaaaa, the Red Sea (Indian
ocean). See Erythrwa.'] Of a red color Ery-
threan Sea, in atK. geog. , the Indian ocean, including its
two arms, tlie Red Sea and the Persian gulf.
erythric (e-rith'rik), «. [< Gr. Epvdpdc, red, +
-ic] Of or pertaining to erythrin Erythric
acid. Same as erythrin, 1.
Erythrichthini (er"i-thrik-thi'ni), n.^i. [NL.,
< Erythrichthys + -jni.] A group of fishes, typi-
fied by the genus Erythrichthys : same as Ery-
thrininw. C. L. Bonaparte, 1837.
Erythrichthys (er-i-thrik'this), n. [NL., < Gr.
ipvOpur, red, + ix^'V, a fish.] The typical ge-
nus of Erythrichthini: same as Erythrinus.
erythrin (e-rith'rin), n. [< erythr-ie + -in^.]
1. An organic principle (C20H22O10) obtained
from Roccella tinctoria, Lecanora tartarea, and
other lichens, which furnish the blue dyestuff
called litmus. It is a crystalline compound formed
by the union of ether, orsellinic acid, and erythrite. Also
called erythric acid, eriithrinic acid.
2. Same as erythrite, 1.
Erythrina (er-i-thn'na), n. [NL., < Gr. cpv-
0p6(, red. Cf. Erythrinus.'\ A genus of legumi-
nous shrubs or trees, of 25 species, mostly tropi-
cal, with trifoliate leaves, andterminalracemes
of large flowers, usually blood-red. They are or-
dinarily known as coral-trees. One species, E. herbacea, is
common through the southeastern part of the United
States, and two othei-s, tropical American species, are also
found in Horida. .Several are cultivated in greenhouses
for the beauty of their flowers. E. Indica is often men-
tioned by Indian poeta, and is fabled to have been stolen
from the celestial gardens by Krishna for his wives. It is
a spiny species, and is planter! for hedges. E. Caffra, the
kaflrIXK)ni of South Africa, furnishes, like the last men-
tioned, a very soft and light wood, which has industrial
value.
erythrinic (er-i-thrin'ik), a. [< erythrin + -ic.}
Pertaining to or consisting of erythrin Ery-
thrinic acid. Same as erythrin, I.
Erythrinidse (er-i-thrin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <;
Erythrinus + -idee.'} A family of characinoid
fishes, typified by the genus Erythrinus, con-
taining such CiMracinidiE as have no adipose
dorsal fin.
Erythrinina (e-rith-ri-ni'na), n. pi. [NL., <
Erythrinits + -ina^.'] In Gunther's system of
classification, the first group of Cluiracinidw,
having no adipose dorsal fin. its constituents are
dJBperaed by others among the subfamilies Erythrinince,
LeSiasininae, Pyn'hulininx, and Stevardiinte.
2000
Erythrininse (e-rith-ri-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Erythrinus + -ina:~\ A South American sub-
family of fishes, of the family Characinida;
differing from others of the family in having
no adipose fin. They have an elongated form, short
dorsal anil anal flns, ventrals under the dorsal, and acute
conic teeth in the jaws and palate. They are fresh-water
flshes, some of them of economic importance. They are
known as haivira, trahira, waubeen, and yarrow, and be-
long to the genera Erythrinus, Heterythrinux, and Macro-
don. Also Erythrichthini.
erythrinine (e-rith'ri-nin), a. and n. I. a. Per-
taining to or having the characters of the Ery-
thrinince.
II. n. A characinoid fish of the subfamily
Erythrinina;.
erythrinoid (e-rith'ri-noid), a. and n. Same as
erythrinine.
Erythrinus (er-i-thii'nus), n. [NL., < Gr. cpv-
Opcvog, a kind of red mullet, < ipvdpoq, red.] A
Imag^o (with wings closed and spread ) and
Pupa of F.rythroneura tricincta. (Closs
ana lines show natural sizes. )
<'m
Waubeen {Erythrinus unitaniatus),
genus of South American characinoid fishes, as
E. unit(Eniatus, giving name to the subfamily
Erythrinince.
ersrthrism (e-rith'rizm), n. [< Gr. ipvSpdg, red,
ruddy, + -ism.} In ornith., a condition of di-
chromatism characterized by excess of red pig-
ment in the plumage of birds which are nor-
mally brown, gray, etc. It is constantly exhibited
by sundry owls, as species of Scops and Glaucidium, the
common screech-owl of the United States {Scops asio), for
example, occurring indifferently in the red or the gray
plumage. Compare albinism and melanism.
erythrismal (er-i-thriz'mal), a. [< erythristn
+ -at] Characterized by erythrism; exhibit-
ing erythrism : as, " the er^t/imwja/ condition,"
Cones. Also erythritic.
er3rthrite (e-rith'rit), n. [< Gr. ipvdpdg, red, +
-«te2.] 1. A hydrous arseniate of cobalt, of a
rose-red color, occurring in radiated or acic-
ular crystalline forms and as a pulverulent
incrustation. Also called cohalt-bloom and
erythrin. — 2. A rose-red variety of orthoclase
feldspar from amygdaloid near Kilpatrick,
Scotland. — 3. A crystalline organic principle
(C4Hq(OII)4) obtained from several species of
lichens by extraction with milk of lime.
erythritic (er-ith-rit'ik), a. [< Gr. epv6p6g, red,
+ -it-ic.} 1 . Pertaining to or containing eryth-
rite, in either sense. — 2. Same as erythrismal.
erythrobenzene (e-rith-ro-ben'zen), n. [< Gr.
ipvBpof, red, -f- E. benzene, q. v.] A red color-
ing matter made directly from nitrobenzol by
the action of iron-filings and concentrated hy-
drochloric acid.
erjrthrocarpous (e-rith-ro-kiir'pus), a. [< NL.
erythrocarpus, < Gr. ipvdpdc, red, + Kaptrd^, fruit.]
In lichenology, red-fruited; having red or red-
dish apothecia.
erjrthrodextrine (e-rith-ro-deks'trin), n. [<
Gr. ipvdpiif, red, + E. dextrine, q. v.] A modifica-
tion of dextrine, which is colored red by iodine.
It is an amorphoiis substance, soluble in water, dextro-
rotatory, not directly fermentable, but fermenting in the
presence of diastase.
Ersrthrogonys (er-ith-rog'6-nis), n. [NL. (J.
Gould, 1837), < Gr. Ipvepd'c, red, + yovv = E.
knee.'] A genus of Australian plovers, the type
and only species of which is the red-kneed dot-
terel, E. cinctus.
erythroid (er'ith-roid), a. [< Gr. cpvdpoeid^c, of
a ruddy look, < cpvdpdg, ruddy, + eWof, form.]
Of a red color.
Erythroides (er-ith-roi'dez), n.pl. [NL., < Gr.
ipvdpouSf/^, of a ruddy look: see erythroid.] A
family of malacopterygian fishes : same as Ery-
tlirinida. Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846.
erythroleic (er-ith-ro'lf-ik), a. [< Gr. epv6p6(,
red, + L. oleum, oil, +'-ic.] In chcm., having
a red color and an oily appearance : applied to
an acid obtained from archil.
erjrthrolein (er-ith-ro'le-in), n. [As erythrole-
ic + -in'^.] A compound contained in litmus.
It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalis, and
gives a purple color.
erjrthrolitmin (e-rith-ro-lit'min), n. [< Gr.
iptSpdq, red, -I- NL. litmus + -in^.] A compound
contained in litmus. Its color is red, and it dis-
solves with a blue color in alkalis.
erythromelalgia (e-rith"ro-me-lal'ji-a), n.
[NL., < Gr. Ipvdpofii'Aa^, blackish red (< ipvdpdg.
Erythroxylon
red, + pi?M^, black), + d/.yof, pain.] In palhol.,
an affection of the feet and occasionally of the
hands, characterized by burning pain and ten-
derness in the soles (or palms) attended with a
purplish coloration.
Erythroneura (e-rith-ro-nii'ra), «. [NL., <
Gr. 'tpvOpog, red, + vtvpov, nerve, sinew, = L. ner-
vtis, > E. nerve.] A genus of homopterous in-
sects, contain-
ing small slen-
derly fusiform
species, with
four cells on
the wing-cov-
ers, confined to
their tips, as
E. tricincta. E.
vitis is a United States species which infests grape-leaves,
is ivory-yellow in color, and is marked witli black and
crimson. This species is everywhere erroneously called
by American grape-growers the grape-vine thrips. See
teafhopper.
Erythronium (er-i-thro'ni-um), n. [NL., < Gr.
ipvOpuviov, a certain plant of the satyrium kind,
< ipv6p6g, red.] 1 . A genus of liliaceous plants,
natives of northern temperate regions, com-
monly known as the dog-tooth violet. They are
low and nearly stendess herbs, with a solid scaly bulb, two
smooth leaves which are often mottled, and a scape bear,
ing one or several large yellow, purplish, or white nod-
ding lily-like flowers. The only species found in the old
world is E. Dens-canis, which has solitary purple flowers.
The remaining 10 or 12 species are Korth American.
2. [I. c] A name sometimes given to vanadate
of lead.
Erythrophloeum (e-rith-ro-fle'um), «. [NL., <
Gr. cpvHpog, red, '+ ip}jii6c,' bark.] A genus of
tropical trees, natural order Leguminosa% con-
taining three species, two found in Africa, and
the third in Australia, if. Guitieeme, the sassy-bark
of Sierra Leone, is a large tree, native of western tropical
Africa, the bark of which is a powerful poison, and is used
by the natives in their ordeals. The red juice of the tree
is equally poisonous. Both kinds are sometimes used mere-
ly as strong emetics.
erythrophobe (e-rith'ro-fob), n. [NL., < Gr.
epvfipdc, red, + <j>ojitiv, fear.] An animal so con-
stituted as to be made uncomfortable by red
light, and which hence seeks to avoid it, as if
fearing it.
erjrthrophyl, erythrophyll (e-rith'ro-fil), n.
[= P. erythrophyUc ; < Gr. ipvOpui;, red, -f- (pi'/./.ov
= L. folium, leaf. Of. chlorophyl.] A name
given by Berzelius to the substance to which
the red color of leaves in autumn is due.
erythrophyllin (e-rith-ro-fil'in), «. [As eryth-
rophyl + -in'^.] Same as erythrophyl.
erythrophytoscope (e-rith-ro-fi'to-skop), «. [<
Gr. kpvdp6(, red, + iptrrov, a plant, + aKotzeiv,
view.] Same as erythroscope.
erythroprotid (e-rith-ro-pro'tid), n. [< Gr.
ipvdpu^, red, + E. prot-ein + -id.] A reddish-
brown amorphous matterobtained from protein.
erythroscope (e-rith'ro-skop), n. [< Gr. (pv-
6pdg, red, + aKoirelv, view.] A form of optical
apparatus devised by Simler, used in examin-
ing the light reflected from different bodies.
It consists of two plates of glass, one of them cubalt-blue in
color, thick enough to allow the extreme red of the spectrum
to pass through, but no orange or yellow, the other of deep
yellow, capable of transmitting the light-rays as far as
the violet. A landscape viewed through these glasses is
strikingly transformed, the green of the foliage appearing
of a deep red (since green leaves reflect the retl rays), the
sky greenish-blue, the clouds purplish-violet, and so on.
The effect of light and shade are left unchanged. Also
callerf erythrophytoscope.
erythrosis (er-i-thro'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. cpv-
6p6(,ved, + -osis.] In ^o^fto^ , plethora or poly-
emia.
erythrostomum (er-i-thros'to-mum), «.; pi.
erythrostomata (e-rith-ro-sto'ma-ta). [< Gr. ipv-
0p6c, red, -1- cripa, mouth.] A term proposed
by Desvaux for an aggregate fruit composed
of drupelets, as in the blackberry; a form of
hetffirio.
erythroxyl (er-ith-rok'sil), H. In bat., one of
the Erythro.rylew.
Erythroxyleae (e-rith-rok-sil'f-e), w.jjZ. [NL..
< Erythroxylon + -ea;.] A tribe of the natural
order Linacea; distinguished from the rest of
the order by a shrubby or arboreous habit and
by the drupaceous fruit.
Erythroxylon (er-ith-rok'si-lon), n. [NL., <
Gr. ipvdpd^, red, + ^vfMv, wood.] The principal
genus of the tribe Erythroxyleae. It contains 30
species, natives mainly of tropical .\mertca. The best-
known species, E. Coca, of Bolivia and Peru, yields the
drugcoca. (Seecocal.) Several other South American spe-
cies arc reputed to possess medicinal properties. E. mo-
nogynmn is a small tree of southern India, with a very
hard dark-brown heart-wood, which is used as a substi-
tute for sandal-wood. Some others have a bright-red
wood, occasionally used in dyeing. See cut on next page.
erythrozym
Flowering BT»Dch o( Eiythrojcy/an Coca, with leaf on larger scale.
[< Gr. ipvdpii,
erythrozym (e-rith'ro-zim)
culiar
has the power of effecting
of rubian.
Erythms (er'ith-rus), n. [NL., < Gr. ept^pi^,
red, ■/ *fpu#, 'pvd, = E. red, rud.l In entom.:
(a) A genus of chalcid hymenopterous insects.
Walker, 1829. (6) A genus of longicom beetles,
of the family Ccrambycidce, erected upon certain
eastern Asiatic forms by ^Vhite in 1853.
Eryz (e'riks), h. [NL., appar. named from L.
Eryx. a moun-
tain in Sicily
(now San Giu-
lianfi) : see
Erycina.'] 1.
The typical
genus of
sand- snakes
of the family
Erycidte. E.
jaiulus is a
European and
Asiatic repre-
sentative ; E.
jnhiii is an
Indian spe-
cies. O'litdin, SM»tM.k.c£rr*>««'«;.
2001
ace. pi. of masc. and neut. nouns having orig.
vowel-stems: see -«2.] The earlier form of the
now more common plural sufSx -s, retained
after a sibilant (like the phonetically similar
possessive sufiix : see -esi), as in lasses, paces,
horses, roses, bushes, churches, hedges, foxes, etc.
When the nominative singular ends in a final silent e, the
plural suffix is regarded, orthographically, as simply -s,
but it Is historically -en (the nominative final e being
dropped before inflectional suffixes, and the medial e (in
-ex) being suppressed by syncope after vowels and non-
sibilant consonants), as in does, dues, ties, etc., coynpayiies,
/amilies, etc., plural of doe, due, tie, etc., company, /a»i-
ily, and other words in -y, originally -ie.
-es*. [ME. -es,-s: see -s^.] The earlier form
of -«3, the suffix of the third person singular of
the present indicative of verbs, retained after
a vowel, as in huzzaes, goes, does, etc. When the
infinitive ends in silent e. the personal suffix is regarded,
orthograpliically, as simply -«, but it is historically -es, the
infinitive -e being dropped before inflectional sufilxes, as in
rttes, endues, etc., defies, supplies, accompanies, etc., in-
finitive nu, endue, defy, accompany, etc., the termination
-1/ being formerly
In her., same as
. 4- ifun, leaven.] ' A name given to the pe- -«S*- C?^- -**' ?»™- 1"??- 1*'™- P^ some nouns and
iar fermentative substance o? madder, which adjectives of the 3d declension, being usually
, the power of effecting the decomposition stem-vowel -e- or -^ + nom.smg. -s.] The nom-
inative singular termination of some Latin
nouns and adjectives of the third declension.
Examples of such nouns, used in New Latin or
English, are tabes, pubes.
-es^. [L. -es, also -is, nom. and ace. pi. of masc.
and fern, nouns and adjectives of the 3d declen-
sion, = AS. -as, E. -es, -s: see -es^, -s^.} The
nominative plural termination of Latin mascu-
line and feminine nouns and adjectives of the
third declension. Examples of such nouns,
used in New Latin or English, are Arcs, I'isces,
fasccii.
escalade (es-ka-lad'), n. [Formerly also esca-
lade; < OF. escalade (also F.), < Sp. Pg. escala-
da (= It. scalata), an escalade, prop. fern. pp.
of escalar (= It. scalare), scale, climb, < escala
= It. scala, < L. scala, a ladder: see scaled.'] A
mounting by means of a ladder or ladders ; es-
pecially, an assault on a fortified place by troops
who moimt or pass its defenses by the aid of
ladders.
lu this Tim« of the Begent's Abaence from Paris, the
King of France drew all his Forces thither, using all
Meaas possible, by Btealado, Battery, and burning the
Gates, to enter the City. Baier, Chronicles, p. 1&4.
,-„-, Slnenters, notbyeseoMdc, butbycunnlngortreachery.
about 1800. — Buctminster.
2. In entom., a genus of beetles, of the family escalade (es-ka-lad'), v. t; pret. and pp. esca-
laded, jipr. escalading. [= F. escalader; from
TenebrionidcB : synonymous with Vistella. Ste-
plieiis, 1832. — 3. A genus of bivalve moUusks.
Swainson, 1840. — 4. A genus of crustaceans.
Also Erix.
es^, «. See ess.
es''' (es), n. [G.] In mutic, Eb — Ea dur, the key
of EJ major — Ea moll, the key of Eb minor.
««-!. [ME. es-, as-, < OF. es-, as-, < L. ex-: see
the noiyi.] To scale; mount and pass or enter
by means of a ladder : as, to escalade a wall.
The Spaniards, by battering a breach in the wall with
their cannon on the first day, and then etcalading the
inner works with remarkable gallantry upon the second,
found themselves masters of the place.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 318.
fj;-.'] 'a prefix of Latin origin, being a French escalader (es-kA-la'dfer), n. [= 8p. Pg. esea-
oscape
escallop^ (es-kal-o-pa'), a-
cscaHoped.
escalloped, escaloped (es-kol'opt), a. In her.,
represented as covered with escallop- or scal-
lop-shells: said of the field;
also, covered with an imbri-
cated pattern of curving lines.
Also escallope, countcr-escal-
loped, counter-scalloped.
escallop-shell (es - kol ' op-
shel), n. See scallop-shell.
escambio (es-kam'bi-o), n. [<
It. escambio, now scambio (= The Fieu uscaiioped.
E.excha>iffe),<.^lj.excambium,
exchange : see exchangc.'\ In Eiig. law, a writ
f orm erly granted to merchants to empower them
to draw bills of exchange on persons beyond
the sea.
escapable (es-ka'pa-bl), a. [< escape + -able.'i
Capable of being escaped ; avoidable. Xorth
British Rev.
escapade (es-ka-pad'), n. [< OF. and F. esca-
pade, a prank, trick, frolic, fling of a horse,
orig. an escape, < It. scappata (= Sp. Pg. esca-
pada), escape, flight, prank, < scappare, escape :
see escape.'\ 1. The fling of a horse, or a fit of
flinging and capering about.
He with a graceful pride,
While his rider every hand survey "d,
Sprung loose, and fiew into an escapade ;
Not moving forward, yet with every bound
\ Pressing, and seeming still to quit his ground.
Dryden, Conquest of Granada, 1. 1.
2. A capricious or freakish action; a wild
prank ; a fooUsh or reckless adventtire.
There was an almost insane streak in her, showing it-
self in strange freaks and escapades.
J. Ilaicthome, Dust, p. 135.
More than once I have had to pay for the escapades of
my horse in snatching up a bunch of spring onions and
incontinently devouring it under the nose of the merchant.
O'Donovan, Merv, vi.
escape (es-kap'), ». ; pret. and pp. escaped, ppr.
escaping. [< ME. escapen, assibilated eschapen,
more commonly with initial a, ascapen, aska-
j>en, aschapen, achapen, and by apheresis sea-
pen (> mod. scape^, q. v.), < OF. escaper, escha-
per, exaper, F. echapper = Pr. Sp. Pg. escapar =
It. scappare, escape, prob. orig. ' slip out of one's
cape or cloak' (witli ref. to thus expediting
flight, or getting away after being seized); <
ML. ex capa, ex cappa, out of cape or cloak : L.
ex, out of; ML. capa, cappa, a cape or cloak:
gee cape^, cope^. Cf. It. incappare, invest with
a cape or cope, fall into a snare, be caught;
Gr. UMeadai, escape, get away, lit. put off one's
clothes.] I. intrans. 1. To slip or flee away ;
succeed in evading or avoiding danger or in-
jury ; get away from threatened harm : as, he
escaped scot-free.
or other Romance modification of Latin ex-
F.ianiple* are seen In escheat, tsekaufe, etc. Words having
In Middle English es- have reverted to the original Latin
ex-. .See excluinge. exploit, etc
e8-2. [ME. es-, < F. es-, 8p. Pg. es-, < LL. <-^- : see
def.] An apparent prefix, of Romance origin, be- escaladot, «
lador = It. scalatore; from the verb.] One who
enters a fortified or other place by escalade.
The succeasfal esealaders opened the gates to the entire
Persian host. Orote, Hist Greece, V. 117.
See escalade.
preceded by a slight euphonic vowel, as in esca-
lade, esquire, espwial, estate, estray, of ultimate
Latin origin, and escarp, eschew, etc. , of Teutonic
origin, some of which have also forms (original
or aphetic) without the e-, as tattckeon, s^tiire,
special, sta te, stray, etc. , while some with original
(Old French or Middle English) e»- have only*- Egcallonla (es-lia-16'niT&), «.
in modem English, as «cnPCT»er,»p«nh*oJ,»<rain, after Escallon,
etc. This Old French et- In most cases became later e-,
mwlern French d- : see equery, Mu. In exchequer this ori-
ginal es- has become ex-, soggntlng falsely a Latin origin.
-es*. [Mod. E. reg. written 's, < ME. -es, -is, <
AS. -es: see -«i.] The early form of the pos-
sessive or genitive case singular, now regular-
ly written '«, but still pronounced as -es (-ez)
after a sibilant, namely, s, z, sh, ch (= tsh), j,
written -dge, -ge (= dzh), x (= ks), as in Utsis's,
pace's, horses, rost^s, bush's, church's, hedge's,
fox's, etc. (formerly written lasses, paces, horses,
roses, hushes, churches, hedges, foxes, etc.), words
forced to conform in spelling to other words,
likn boy's, man's, etc. (formerly written boys,
mans, etc.), where the r is actually suppressed
in pronunciation; in Middle English and ear-
lier the suffix was regularly -/*«, which still re-
i mains in possessives like horses (Anglo-Saxon
1 and Middle English horses), guides (Middle Eng-
; lish gidin), now written with the apostrophe,
i like othfT words, V>r.«c'», f/MiV/<-'«. See -«1.
f -es^, [Mod. E. -e» or -« according to preceding escallop, escalop (ed-korop), n. and v.
Mk consonant, < ME. -es, -is, < AS. -as, nom. and as scallop
Escape for thy life ; .
thou be consumed.
escape to the mountain, lest
Gen. xix. 17.
ing radical initial s before another consonant, escalier-lace (es-kal'ia-las), n. [< P. escalier, a
staircase (< LL. ML. scalare, L. (in pi.) scala-
ria, a staircase, neut. of L. «ca2<iris, pertaining
to a stair or ladder: see scalary), + E. lace."] A
solid or fiUed-up lace, with small set patterns,
of squares, made by leaving out two or three
stitches at a time.
[NL., named
a Spanish trav-
eler in South
America, who
fljst found the
species in the
United States of
Colombia.] A
South American
genus of trees or
shrubs, of the
natural order
Saxifragaceie, al-
lied" to the Ilea
of the United
States. There are
aliont 25 species,
evergreens, bearing
panicles of red or
white flowers. A
few have been In-
trmlnced into culti-
vation.
Escallonia macranlka.
Same
All perishen of man, of pelf,
Ne aught escapen'd but himself.
Shak., Pericles, 11., ProL
Thieves at home must hang, but he that puts
Into his overgorg'd and bloated purse
The wealth of Indian provinces escapes.
Cou-per, Task, i. 738.
2. To free or succeed in freeing one's self from
custody or restraint; gain or regain liberty.
Our soul is escaped as a bird out of the snare of the
fowlers ; the snare Is broken, and we are escaped.
Ps. cxxlv. 7.
Like the caged bird escaping suddenly.
The little innocent soul flitted away.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
=8yn. To alMcond, decamp, steal away, break loose, break
away.
II. trans. To succeed in evading, avoiding,
or eluding ; be unnoticed, uninjured, or unaf-
fected by ; evade ; elude : as, the fact escaped
his attention ; to escape danger or a contagious
disease ; to escape death.
A small number that escape the swortl shall return.
Jcr. xliv. 28.
Be thou aschaste as Ice, as pure as snow, thou slialt not
escape csdamay. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
How few men escape the yoke.
From this or that man's liand.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 220.
escape (es-kap'), n. [< escape, v. Also, by
apheresis, sca;>e; see scapci, n.'i 1. Flight to
shun danger, injury, or restraint; the act of
fleeing from danger or custody.
I would hasten my escape from the windy storm and
tempest. Ps- Iv. 8.
2. The condition of being passed by without
receiving in jury when danger threatens; avoid-
ance of or preservation from some harm or in-
escape
jury: as, escape from contagion, or from bank-
ruptcy.
You have cause
(So have we all) of joy ; for our escape
Is much beyond our loss. Shak., Tempest, ii. 1.
3. In laWy the regaining of liberty or transcend-
ing the limits of confinement, without due
course of law, by a person in custody of the law.
A constructive escape is where the prisoner, though still
under restraint, gets more liberty than the law allows him.
The word escape is commonly used in reference to tlie lia-
bility of the sheriff for sutfering an escape ; and, thus con-
sidered, escapes are voluntary orinvolujUai-y or netjliffent :
voluntary, when an otttcer permits an offender or a debtor
to quit ills custoiiy without consent of the creditor or with-
out legal discliarge ; and involuntary or negligent, when
an arrested person quits the custody of the othcer against
his will.
4. A means of flight; that by which danger
or injtiry may be avoided, or liberty regained:
as, a hre-eacape.
The refuge and consolation of serious and truly religious
minds is more and more in literature and in the free es-
capes and outlooks which it supplies.
John Burroughs, The Century, XXVII. 926.
5t. Excuse; subterfuge; evasion,
St, Paul himself did notdespise to remember whatsoever
he found agreeable to the word of God among the heathen,
that he might take from them all escape by way of ignorance.
Raleigh.
6t. That which escapes attention; an over-
sight ; a mistake.
Beadyer to correct escapes in those languages, then to
be controlled, fitter to teach others, then learue of anye.
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 459.
In transcribing there would be less care taken, as the
language was less understood and so the escapes less sub-
ject to observation. Brerewood, Languages.
7t. An escapade; a wild or irregular action.
Home will despise her for this foul escape.
Shak., Tit. And., iv. 2.
0. In hot., a plant which has escaped from cul-
tivation, and become self-established, more or
less permanently, in fields or by roadsides. —
0. Leakage or loss, as of gas, or of a current of
electricity in a telegraph or electric-light cir-
cuit by reason of imperfect insulation ; also, in
elect. , a shunt or derived current. — 1 0. In arch . ,
the curved part of the shaft of a column where
it springs out of the base; the apophyge. See
cut under column.
escapement (es-kap'ment), n. [< OF. ^escape-
mentj eschapementy eschappement^ F. ^chappe-
ment = Sp. escapamiento = It. scampamento ; as
escape + -ment.'l If. The act of escaping; es-
cape.— 2. The general contrivance in a time-
piece by which the pressure of the wheels
(which move always in one direction) and the
vibratory motion of the pendulum or balance-
wheel are accommodated the one to the other.
By this contrivance the wheelwork is made to communi-
cate an impulse to the regulating power(which in a clock
is the pendulum and in a watch the balance-wheel), so as
to restore to it the small portion of force which it loses in
every vibration, in consequence of friction and the resis-
tance of the air. The leading re-
quisiteof a good escapement is
that the impulse communicat-
ed to the pendulum be invari-
able, notwithstanding any ir-
regularity or foulness in the
train of wheels. Various kinds
of escapement* have been con-
trived : such as the crown- or
verge-escapement, used in com-
mon watches, and the anchor-
or crutch-escapernent, in com-
mon clocks — both also termed
recoiling escapements; thedead-
beat escapeinent and the grav-
ity- or renunitoir-escapement, used in the finer kind of
clocks; the horizontal escapement or cylinder-escapenient,
the detached escapemeyit, the leDer-escapemefnt, the duplex
escapement, the pinwheel escapement, all used in the finer
classes of watches ; and the half-dead escapement. In which
there is a slight recoil. In the horizontal escapement the
teeth of a horizontal wheel act upon a hollow cylinder on
the axis of the balance, to give the impulse.
escaper (es-ka'p^r), n. One who or that which
escapes. 2 Ki. ix. 15, margin.
escape-valve (es-kap'valv), n. A loaded valve
fitted to the end of a steam-cylinder for the es-
cape of the condensed steam, or of water car-
ried mechanically from the boilers with the
steam; a priming- valve. E. H. Kniaht.
escarbuncle (es-kar'bung-kl), n, [< F. escar-
houde (with excrescent es-), a carbuncle: see
<arhunclc.~\ In her., same as carbuncle.
escargatoiret, n. [Prop, ^escargotoire, repr. a
possible F. *€8cargotoir€, equiv. to escargotih'e,
< escargot, a snail, OF. escargol (with excrescent
es-) = Sp. Pg, caracolj a snail: see caracole.'}
A nursery of snails.
At the Capuchins I saw the escargatoire. ... It is a
square place iMjarded in, and filled with a vast quantity of
large snails, that are esteemed excellent food wheit they
are well dressed.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 617.
2002
escheat
opening reduced, the colony consisting either of rounded
or flattened branches, with the cells on opposite sides.
The iwlyzoju'ium is calcareous, radicate, and erect, foli-
aceous or ramose, or incrusting ; the zoa'cia are urceolate,
entirely calcified in front, and the cells ai-e disjwsed quin-
cuncially on one or both sides of the zoarium.
tismrp i,«»jt scarpare, cut steep, as rooks or
escarpar -.^gj. ^j^g^ inaccessible. Hence, by
Slopes, 10 re. ^^^ ^^^^g^j g ^^^^ . ^^^ scarp, ».]
apheresis,«crf ' jyg j^ gj j.^
In fort., to slo.,Jjg^^jj ,v ^f r^p gggarpe (= Escharina (es-ka-ri'na), n. pi. [NL., < Esclia-
escarp, escarpe . j^ Scarpa) • from the verb. '" "*" -'"<'•] ^ superfamily of chilostomatous
Sp. Pg. <^*ca>j>ai;g'j"^^_5 j.jj'g Tigual E. form: gymnolsematous polyzoans, containing those
Hence, by apheret.,'.^ jjj^^J. gj^jg ^j ^ ditch sur- ^'^^ ^^^ zooecium mostly calcareous, and a lat-
see scarp, n.] In fj'-\f.^ jg nearest to the ram- eral opening of the quadrate or semi-oval cell,
roundmg a rampart wi ,„terscarv ^^ ^^ '■^^ families Eschariporida, Eschartate,
part : the opposite of co,, ^ ^^ Y< F esearve- and others.
escarpment (es-karp'ment;,,.;^^^ j^^^^^^j^ Escharipora (es-ka-rip'o-ra), n. [NL.,
meiit, < escarper, escarp : see <- J verticallv ^"X^P'^t a sear, -f- Tropof, a passage, pore.]
1. In /or*., ground out away, n?,{^ i^^^gggg^jl
about a position in order to render i.
ble to an enemy.
The old Porto Batavo walls still surround the '
with moat and escarpments. io
W. U. RussM, Diary in India, I.t
< Gr.
The
Arch, tower, and gate, grotesquely windowed hall,
And long escarpment of half-crumbled wall.
Whittier, The Panorama.
typical genus of polyzoans
of the family Escharipori-
dm. Hall, 1847.
Esctaariporidse (es"ka-ri-
por'i-de), «. pi. [NL., <
Escharipora + -irfts.] A
family of chilostomatous
Tnnolsematous polyzo-
^•^ having rhomboid or
^"{idrical cells, with semi-
opening, and the
"yl'-ar
circui. .
anterio
forated,
margin split or per-
, a
a.
nd
Escharipora ph ilamela ,
highly magnified, showiug
Hence — 2. The precipitous side of any hill or
rock ; the abrupt face of a high ridge of land ;
a cliff.
We here [In the mountains of New South Wales] see an
original escarpment, not formed by the sea having eaten loraieu. j^gg.Jja-rot'ik), a
back into the strata, but by the strata having originally eSCnarOtlC '<_ i„.^„^„il/.r-
extended only thus far. and «. r< 'f- f°;toP"™,"i.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 149. forcing a scaV •"^'•J"'"""''
escartel6(es-kar-te-la'), a. [OF.,pp. of escarie- form a. scar, ^ -i j
to',quarter,<2i(ar<je»', fourth, quarter: see gwar- scar: see **"'""" o no'wer
ter.] In /jer., broken by a square projection or Caustic; having tn-^jjjg
depression: said of a straight line serving as of searing or destroyi"
the division between two parts of the field, and
also of either of the divisions.
escarteled (es-kar'teld), a. In her., same as es-
cartele. — Escarteled counter, in her. , broken by projec-
tions, one tincture into the other and reciprocally. Prop-
erly this should be limited to square projections, but
pointed and even curved breaks of the boundary-line are
stmietimes blazoned in this way.
escartelee (es-kar'te-le), a. [< OF. escartele,
pp. of escarteler, quarter: see escartele.'i Same
as escartele.
-esce, [L. -escere, parallel to -iscere, -ascere = Gr. s"ka-t6-lo1'ik
-f(TKE(i', -('(TK«v, -doKCiv, being a formative suffix -sc eschatologic, eschatological (<-| of'orper-
added to the simple verb-stem to form the pres- -i-kal), a. [K eschatology + -ic-a
ent, rarely other tenses, with inceptive force, taining to eschatology. , _.
The L. suffix -escere, -iscere is also the ult. I do not mean to say that Christ nevccupie^sopromi-
source of the termination -ish in E. verbs like seltintheescAatoto^icananguagewhicl,,,, j,, the Gospels.
abolish, diminish, finish, etc. : see -islfi. The suf- "snt » pa'-* »' ">« utterances assigned K, skeptics, II. 85.
n 1 • rn .1. •_ *i. „ -u » .• J. Owen, Evenings wi _, . ^ ,
fix -sc appears also in Teut., in the verb mix, i, ^ i • + / i,- V i'- • t-i - [^ eschatol-
AS.miscan: see mix."} A termination of verbs eschatOlOglSt (es-ka-tol o-gist), '..^^g^^ j^ ^■j^^
of Latin origin, having usually an inceptive or o</y,+ -if^-i ^^^ versed m or e:
inchoative force, as in convalesce, begin to be
well, eJejTesce, begin to boil up, (7eHg«esce, be- — - -- ^,„ ^„^„,„..,
gin to melt awav, etc. ; in some verbs, as coa- furthest, uttermost, extreme, lasc^ superl
lesce, the inceptive force is less obvious. The
present participle of such verbs appeai-s in English as an
adjective in -escent, as in effervescent, deliquescent, et€.,
such adjectives often existing without a corresponding verb
in .esce (which, however, is optionally usable), as in opa-
lescent, phosphorescent, etc. The noun is in -escence, as ef-
/ermscence, opalescence, etc.
-escence, -escent. See -esce.
eschti "• The fish commonly called the grayling.
flesh.
After the nature of septick a^
escharotick medicines, it corrodt
and consumes the flesh in a very liuee'ceii? and"haVves'3'
short time. wo others.
Qreenhilt, Art of Embalming,
tp. 272. ,. ..
„ . i. ,. i- an applicartion
II. n. A caustic application
which sears or destroys flesh. , ... .. .
•' , k, which we thrust
An eschar was made by the catharet.^^
off, and continued the use of e8charot^■{gf,,^f^f^^ .Surger>'.
study of eschatology.
eschatology (es-ka-tol'o-ji), n.
'. Gr. iaxaroq,
{to laxarov.
the end), prob. transposed from ' „^^\ <,£ -„nf\
of £f, out (cf. ntmost, uttermost, sv -. j^ j;,gpj '
+ -%oyia, < 7vi:yeiv, speak : see
the doctrine of the last or of final
The esch (thymallus), the trout (trutta).
Hoole, Orbis Pictus, xxxiv.
eschalot (esh-a-lof), »• [< OF. eschalote: see
shallot.'] Same as shallot.
branch of theology which treats of tlf^gj, death,
world and man's condition or state a,,atology are
The topics which belong tlieologically to esc,„j coming
death, immortality, the resurrection, the se< the future
of Christ, the millennium, the judgment, an
state of existence. -oyy of the
Hamack also lays great stress on the cJ*c/ia^ot*i„gui8h-
early believers, which he makes, in fact, their dist v. 575.
ing peculiarity. Bibliotheca Sacra, XL .
Recoilinfr and Dead-beat Es-
capements.
eschari (es'kar), «., [Fonnerly also escarre,< eschaufet J J. lU^.e^ha.^en escha^^^^^
OF. escare, < L. eschara, < Gr. iaxapa, a scab,
scar: see scar^, the same word through ME.]
In pathol., a crust or scab on the skin, such as
is occasioned by a bum or caustic application,
and which sloughs off.
The ashes of certain locusts . . . cause the thick roufes
and escarres that grow about the brims of ulcers to fall off.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxx. 13.
At length nature seem'd to make a separation between
the cancerated and sound breast, such as you often see
where a caustic hath l>een applied, the eschar divides be-
tween the living and the dead. Boyle, Works, VI. 647.
eschar^t, ». See esltar.
Eschara (es'ka-ra), n. [NL., < Gr. iaxapa, a
scar, scab: see eschar^.'] The typical genus of
polyzoans of the
family Escharidm.
Escharids (es-kar'i-
de), n. pi. [NL., <
Eschara + -idai.'] A
family of chilosto-
matous gymnolre-
matous polyzoans,
typified by the genus
Eschara. They have
the principal opening of
the cell semicircular or £„Aara ^Ayo»j. natural size and
circular, the secondary magnified.
OF. eschaulfer, F. echauffer (= Pr. escaJfar^^^
L. excalfacere, heat, < ex, out, + ealfacere, h^j^^
chafe: see cAa/is. Q,i. excalfaction.'\ Tom.
hot; heat. ^(
The develes fornays that is eschaufid with the fuyr i
helle. Chancer, Parson's Tale.
Which that apperid as thing infinite;
With wine of Angoy, and als of Rochel tho
Which wold eschawfe the braines appetite.
Rmn. of Partenay CE. E. T. S.), 1. 969.
eschaunget, «• A Middle English form of ex-
change. ■
escheat (es-chef), «. [< ME. eschete, also abbr.
chete, an escheat, < OF. eschet, escheit, escheoit,
AF. escheat, m., also eschete, escheite, escheoite,
etc., f ., that which falls to one, rent, spoil, orig.
pp. of esclieoir, F. echoir = Pr. escha:er = It.
scadere, fall to one's share, < ML. excadere, fall
upon, meet, a restored form of reg. L. excidere,
fall upon, fall from, < ex, out, + cadere, fall:
see cosel, chance, accident, decay, etc., from the
same ult. source. Hence, by apheresis, cheat.']
1. The reverting or falling back of lands or
tenements to the lord of the fee or to the state,
whether through failure of heirs or (formerly)
through the corruption of the blood of the ten-
ant by his having been attainted, or by forfeit-
ure for treason. By modem legislation there can be
escbeat
no escheat on failure of the whole blood wherever there
are collateral kindred capable of inheriting; and in the
United States there can be no escheat to any private
person.
There is no more certain argrunient that lands are held
under any as lord than if we see that such lands in defect
of heirs do fall by ewheat unto him.
Urmker, Eccles. Polity, viii. 2.
All Lands in his Monarchic are his, giuen and taken at
his pleasure. Eicheats are many by reason of his seueri-
tie. PuTchas, Klgriniage, p. 545.
To the high honor of Kentucky, as I am informed, she
is the owner of some slaves by etcheat, and has sold none,
but liberated alL Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 302.
2. In England, the place or circuit within which
the king or lord is entitled to escheats. — 3. A
writ to recover escheats from the person in pos-
session.— 4. The possessions which fall to the
lord or state by escheat.
God is the supreme Lord, to whom these efchtaU de-
volve, and the poor are his receivers.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 8.
The proflta which came in to the king In his character
of feudal lord, the reliefs, the eteheaU, the aids.
E. A. Freeman, Nonuaa Conquest, V. 295.
6t. That which falls to one ; a reversion or re-
turn.
To make one great by others losse is bad exchfat,
Spenter, F. Q., I. v. 28.
escheat (es-chef). ''• t< ME. 'escheten, abbr.
rhritn, tr.. confiscate, with verbal n. chetynge,
dietinge, cheating, i. e., escheating, < OF. es-
cheoiter, receive an escheat, succeed ; from the
noun : see escheat, n. From ME. form and sense
were developed the mod. form and sense of
cheat, defraud, swindle: see cheat^.'] I. intram.
To suffer escheat; revert or fall back by es-
cheat.
The images of four brothers who poysoned one another,
by which nieanes there eteheattd to y« Republic that vast
treasury of relicques now belonginR to the church.
Evelyn, Diary, June, 164S.
He had proclaimed that all landed estates should, in
lack of heirs male, uehtat to his own exchequer.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. &S.
IL trans. 1. To divest of an estate by con-
fiscation: as, he was escheated of his lands in
.Scotland. — 2. To conflscate ; forfeit. [Rare.]
The ninepeuce with which she was to have been re-
warded being etcheaud to the Kenwiga family.
IHfkene, Nicholas Mckleby, xv.
escheatable (es-che'ta-bl), a. [< escheat +
-tiliir. ) Liable to escheat. Bacon.
escheatage (es-che'taj), n. [< escheat + -age.'}
Till- rij^lit of succeeding to an escheat. Sher-
irnnil.
escheator (es-ehe'tor), h. [Formerly also ex-
rlndtor; < ME. escHeter, exeketer, "eschetour, <
OF. (AF.) esclietor, esehetour, esehieoitor, eschoie-
tour, escheator, < eseheoiter, eschoiter, succeed,
escheat: see escheat, r. Hence, by apheresis,
cheater, now with the sense of ' swindler': see
cheat^, cheater.'i An officer anciently appoint-
ed in English counties to look after the es-
cheats of the sovereign and certify them into
the treasury.
In 1390 Richard II. conferred the same dignity on York
[made it a county with an elective sheriff), constituting
th«- mayor the king's e«cA<a(or. Stubbe, Const. Hist., i 48».
escheatorship (es-che'tor-ship), n. [< escheat-
or -t- -ship. ] The post or office of an escheator.
When he applied for the etehtatonhip. he informed Lord
''astlereash that he Intended to have his seat transferred
U> Mr. Balfour. Xineteenth Century, XXII. 788.
eschekert, "• [ME. form of checker'^, exchequer.]
1 . A chess-board.
And alle be hit that In that place square
Of the Ustes, I mene the etteMier.
OecUce, US. Soc. Antlq., 134, foL 2ea.
2. Exchequer (which see).
eschelt, ». [ME., < OP. esehele, escheUtjMeiele,
tskuik, esquiere, scare, < OHG. skara, MHG. G.
sehar, a company, troop. Cf. Muttigiette.l A
troop or company.
A stiff man A a stem, that was the kinges stiward,
& cheueteyn waa chose that eeelul to lede.
WiUiam of Paleme (a E. T. 8.), L SS79.
Eschel blue. Same as smalt.
eschevet, f. t. A Middle English variant of
ilrlii/ rf,
eschevint (es'ehe-vin), n. [OF. esehevin, P.
('(■hirin = Sp. esclavin = It. srhiarino, scabino, <
ML. Kcahinus. a sherifT, < OHO. scaffln, sceffin,
KC'ffiiw, MHO. scheffen, scheffe. O. schoffe, also
(after lAi.) schoppe (= OLG. seepino = I).
Hchepen), sheriff, justice; < OHG. scaffan. MHG.
6. schaffea, shape, form, order, etc., = E. shape,
q. v.] The elder or warden who was principal
of an ancient guild.
2003
eschewt (es-eho'), a. [ME. eschew, eschiewe, <
OF. eschiu, eskiu, shy, unwilling, = Pr. esquiu
= Sp. Pg. esquivo = It. schifato, reserved, dis-
creet, circumspect, etc., < OHG. "scioh, MHG.
schiech{G.scheu) = 'E.shy: see «Ayl, a. Hence
eschew, f.] Unwilling; disinclined.
He ... is the moore eschew for to schryven hyni.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
eschew (es-cho'), v. t. [< ME. eschewen, eschu-
en, eschuwen, < OF. eschuer, eschiwer, eschiver,
eschever, eschiuver, eskiver, etc., = Pr. eschivar,
esquivar = Sp. Pg. esquivar = It. schifare, avoid,
shun, eschew, < OHG. seiuhen, MHG. schiuhen,
G. scheuchen, frighten, scheuen, avoid, shun,
fear, < OHG. "scioh, MHG. schiech (G. scheu),
shy: see eschew, a., and shy'^, o.] 1. To refuse
to use or participate in ; stand aloof from ;
shun; avoid.
If thou wilt haue health of body euill dyet eschew.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 88.
Let him eschew evil, and do good. 1 Pet ilL 11.
For, eschewing books and tasks,
Nature answers all he asks.
Whittier, Barefoot Boy.
2t. To escape from ; evade.
Than is it wisdom, aa it thinketh roe,
To maken vertu of necessity.
And take it wel, that we may nat etehue.
Chaucer, Knights Tale (ed. Morris), L 2185.
A certalne wall that they made to eschew the shot of the
bulwarks. HaUuytt Voyages, II. 86.
He who obeys, destruction shall eschew. Sandys.
eschcwal (es-cho'al), n. [< eschew + -oJ.] The
act of eschewing; eschewment. S. Wentworth.
esche'wance (es-cnO'ans), n. [< eschew + -ance.]
The act of eschewing; avoidance. Imp. Diet.
eschewer (es-cho'dr), n. One who eschews.
eschewment (es-cho'ment), n. [< eschew +
-mciit.] Tilt- act of escfiewing. [Rare.]
Eschscholtzia (e-sholt'si-a), n. [NL., named
after J. F. von Escltscholti, a German natural-
ist (1793-1831).] 1. A small genus of delicate
glabrous and glaucous herbs, of the natural or-
der Vapaveraceir, natives of California and the
adjacent region. Tliey have finely divided leaves and
bright-yellow or orange-colored flowers. E. CatifonUca,
the California poppy. Is very common in cultivation..
2. In zool.i (a) A genus of beetles, of the family
Elaterida;. Also called Aihous. Laporte, 1840.
(h) A genus of saccate cteuophorans, of the
family Cydippidce. E. cordata is a Mediterra-
nean species. Also Eschschollhia. Lesson, 1843.
eschnet, v. t. An obsolete form of eschew.
I hii iicer.
eschynite, n. See ceschynite.
esclandre (es-klan'd6r), n. [F., scandal: see
.■<l(tiiili-r and scandal.'] Disturbance; a cause
of scandal ; a scene.
Scoutbush, to avoid escbuidre and misery, thought It
well to waive the proviso. Kingsley, Two Yean Ago, xl.
esclatt^ (es-kla-ta'), a. [OF. eselaU, pp. of
esclater, mod. P. Mater, shiver, shatter: see
4elat.'] In her., violently broken; shattered:
thus, a shield esclatte is a bearing representing
a shield shattered as by the blow of a battle-ax.
escla'7age (F. pron. es-kla-v&zh'), n. [P.] A
heavy necklace worn by women in the middle
of the eighteenth century, it was commonly com-
posed of several chains, or strings of beads, arranged in
featoooB so as to cover the neck and fall very low in front,
to corraapond with the low-cut waist of the period. The
famous diamond necklace of Marie Antoinette was of this
iMirt.
esclopette (es-klo-pef), n. [P.] A light gun.
S<'e escojiet and srfopos.
escocheont, escochiont, n. Obsolete forms of
i:<cutcheon.
escopet (es-ko-pef). »• [< Sp. Pg. escopeta, a
firewck, a gun, = OP. escopette, a carbine, < It.
schioppetto (also scoppietto), dim. of schioppo
(also seoppio), a gun, musket: cf. scoppio, a
burst, crack, explosion, < scoppiare, burst,
crack. Cf. ML. sclupare, shoot, < L. sclonpus,
var. sclopus, the sound produced by striking
suddenly upon the inflated cheek.] A carbine
or short nfle, especially a form used by the
Spanish Americans. Compare escopette.
escopette (es-ko-pef), n. [OP.: see escopet.}
A hand-jrun. (n) Same as sctopelle. (6) A carbine or
Miiort riMe. See fitcopet.
escorial (es-ko'ri-al), n. [Sp.] In the western
mining districts of the United States, a place
where a mine has been exhausted.
escort (es'kdrt), n. [< F. escorte = Sp. Pg. es-
colta, < It. scorta, an escort, guide, convoy,
fem. pp. of scorgere, see, perceive, guide, < L.
as if 'excorri^ere, < ex, out, -I- corrigere (> It.
corjrere), set right, correct : nee correct.] 1. A
protecting, guiding, or honorary guard in a pro-
escrow
gress of any kind ; a person or a body of per-
sons accompanying another or others for pro-
tection, guidance, or compliment ; especially,
an armed guard, as a company of soldiers or
a vessel or vessels of war, for the protection of
travelers, merchant ships, munitions of war,
treasure, or the like.
The extent of an escttrt is usually proportioned either to
the dignity of the person attended, if it he meant as a
compliment, or, if of treasure, according to the sum and
the dangers lying in the way. Rees, Cyc.
2. Protection, safeguard, or guidance on a
journey or an excursion : as, to travel under the
escort of a friend.
escort (es-k6rt'), V. t. [< F. escorter = Sp. escoU
tar, < It. scortare, escort; from the noun.] To
attend and guard on a journey or voyage ; ac-
company ; convoy, as a guard, protector, or
guide, or by way of compliment : as, the guards
escorted the Duke of Wellington; to escort a
ship, a traveler, or a lady.
In private haunt, in public meet.
Salute, escort him through the street.
P. Francis, tr. of Horace's Satires, i.
Burleigh was sent to escort the Papal Legate, Cardinal
Pole, from Brussels to London. Macaulay, Burleigh.
= Syn, To conduct, convoy.
escott (es-kof), n. [OF.] Same as scot.
escott (es-kof), «• t. [OF. eseotter; from the
noun: see escot, n., and scot.] To pay a reck-
oning for ; support or maintain.
Who maintains them ? how are they escoted ?
Shot., Hamlet, ii. 2.
escouadef (es-kS-ad'), «. [P., < Sp. escuadra,
a siiuad, = It. squadra, > OF. esquadra, escadre,
> E. squall, q. v.] Same as squad.
escontt (es-kouf), n. An obsolete form of
sook/I.
escribe (es-krib'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. escribed,
ppr. escribing. [< L. e, out, -I- scribere, write : so
formed in distinction from exscribe, < L. ftr«cr»-
bere, write out: see
exscribe.] To draw
so as to touch the
one side of a tri-
angle outside of the
triangle, and the
other two sides pro-
duced: as, an es-
cribed circle.
escrime (es-krem'),
n. [F. escrime (=
Pr. escrima = Sp.
Pg. esgrima = It.
scherma), fencing, <
escrimer, OP. eskermir = Pr. escrimir = Sp. Pg.
esgrimir = It. schermare, schermire, fence, skir-
mish: see skirm, skirminh.] The art of using
weapons other than missive weapons, includ-
ing attack and defense with sword and shield,
sword and buckler, saber, rapier, and poniard,
small-sword, and even the ax and mace: gen-
erally restricted to the use of the sword or
saber according to some one of the recognized
methods in use at the present day.
e8Criptt(e8-kript'),»i. [<. OF. escript: seescript.]
A writing; manuscript. Cockeram.
Ye have silenced almost all her able guides, and daily
bum their escripts.
BrUish Bellman, 1648 (Harl. MUc, VII. 626).
escritoire, escritoir (es-kri-twor'), n. [< P.
^critoire, < OF. tscriptoire = Pr. escriptori =
Sp. Pg. eseritorio, Pg. also escriptorio = It. scrit-
torio, scrittoria, a writing-desk, pen-tray, earlier
a writing-room, scriptorium, < tth. scriptorium,
a writing-room: see scriptorium.] A piece of
furniture with conveniences for writing, as an
opening top or falling front panel, places for
inkstand, pens, and stationery, etc. ; also, a tray
to hold inkstand, pens, and other implements
for writing.
A hundred guineas will buy you a rich escritoir lot your
billets-doux. Farquhar, Constant Couple, v. 1.
escritorial (es-kri-to'ri-al), a. [< escritoire +
-nl.] Pertaining to an escritoire. Cowper.
escrivenert, «• Same as scrivener.
escrod, ». See scrod.
escroli (es-krol'), ». [SeescroZi.] InA«r., same
lis seroU — that is, the ribbon upon which the
motto is displayed. Also escrol.
escrow (es-krd'), n. [< ME. "escrowc, by apher-
esis scrowe, a scroll, < AF. escrowe, OF. escrt
eserne QMh. escroa, scroa, srrua), a roll of wr*
ings, a bond, F. ^crou, an entry in the jail- '
See further under «croic, «eroH.] 1. In,
writing fully executed by the parties,
into the custody of a third person to h(
Escribed Circles.
escrow
the fulfilment of some condition, when it is to
be delivered to the grantee. Kot until such deliv-
ery does it take clfect as a deed or binding contract, and
then it ceases to be called aii encrotr. But the word deed
is often applied in a loose way to the writing from the time
of its execution, in anticipation of its becoming the deed
of the party by ultimate delivery.
The defendant asserted that he had executed an escroir,
making his resignation null and void thereby.
A', ami Q., 7th ser., V. 429.
2. The conditional execution and deposit of an
instrument in such way. — 3. The custody of a
writing so deposited.
escryt, «'. [< ME. cscrieti, var. of ascrien, as-
cryen : see aseri/.'i I. trans. 1. To call out. —
2. To descry.
lie could uot esery aboue 80. ships in all.
Haktttyt's Voyages, I. 696.
H. intrans. To cry out.
They beyng aferd escried iind sayd veryly this is an
empty vessell. Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 1U9.
escoage (es'ku-aj), n. [< OF. escuage, F. ecuage,
< OF. escu, F.' ecu, a shield : see ecu and scu-
/aje.] In ?ater/e«dai /oit', a commutation paid
by feudal tenants in lieu of military service ;
scutage.
The most and best part that spake was for the remain-
ing of escttafje: but tlie generalest applause was upon
tliem that would have taken it away.
Sir T. Wilmii, Note of Dec. i, 1606.
Escuaffe, which was the commutation for the personal
service of military tenants in war, having ratlier the ap-
pearance of an indulgence than an imposition, niiglit rea-
sonably be levied by the king.
Ilallam, Middle Ages, viii. 2.
escudero (es-ko-da'ro), n. [Sp., = E. esquire,
q. v.] A shield-bearer ; an esquire.
His escuderos rode in front,
His cavaliers behind.
T. B. Atdrich, Knight of Aragon.
escudo (es-ko'do), n. [Sp. (= It. scndo = F.
dcu, a coin), < L. scutum, a shield: see scutum,
seudo, ecu.'] A Spanish silver coin, in value
equal to about 50 cents in United States money.
Esculapian, a. and ». See JEsculapian.
esculent (es'ku-lent), a. and n. [< L. esculcntus,
good to eat, eatable (ef. LL. cscare, eat), < esca,
food, toT'edsca, < edere^'E. eat.'] I. a. 1. Eat-
able ; edible ; fit to be used for food : as, esculent
j)lants; esculent ^sh.
We must not ... be satisfied with dividing plants, as
Dioscorides does, into aromatic, e^cuUnt, medicinal, and
vinous. Whewell, Hist. Scieutitlc Ideas, II. ll.'i.
2. Furnishing an edible product : as, the escu-
lent swift (a bird, Collocalia esculenta, whose
nests are eaten in soup).
II. n. 1. Something that is eatable; that
which is or may be used as food. Specifically
— 2. In common use, an edible vegetable, espe-
cially one that may be used as a condiment
without cooking.
This cutting off the leaves in plants, where the root is
the esculent, as in radisli and parsnips, it will make the
root the greater. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
escnletin (es-ku-le'tin), n. Same as esctiUn.
esculin, aesculiii (es'ku-lin), «. [< JEsculus +
-in-.] A crystalline bitter principle, difficultly
soluble in water and alcohol, wliieh is found
in the bark of the horse-chestnut tree, JEsculus
Hippocastan urn .
escatcbeon (es-kuch'on), «. [Formerljr esco-
clteon, escockion (rare), but in E. first in the
abbr. form, scutcheon, scutchion, scuchin, etc., <
OF. escusson, escugon, F. ecusson, an escutch-
eon. < OF. cscu, cseut, F. ecu, < L. scutum, a
shield: seescute, scutum, scutcheon.] 1. InJwr.,
the surface upon which are charged a per-
son's armorial bearings, other than the crest,
motto, supporters, etc., which are borne sepa-
rately. This surface is usually shield^shaped, and nhield
is often used as synonymous with escutcheon. But the
escutcheon of a woman is lozenge-shaped and should not
be styled a shield, and the sculptured escutcheons of tlie
eighteenth century were commonly panels of fantastic
form, surrounded by rococo scrollwork, and usually hav-
ing a convex rounded surface. (.See cartouche, 7.) The
space within the outline of the escutcheon is called, for the
purposes of blazon, the field. (See field.) A shield used as
n bearing is sometimes improperly called an escutcheon,
.See shield. Also scutcheon.
The duke's private band, . . . displaying on their breasts
broad silver escutcheons, on which were emblazoned the
anns of the Guzmans. Prescott.
2. Something, either artificial or natural, hav-
ing more or less resemblance to an escutcheon.
.^Specifically — (fl) Naut., the panel on a ship's stern where
her name is painted, (t) In cnrp., a plate for protecting
the keyhole of a door, or to which the handle is attached ;
a scutcheon, (c) In tnaimnal., a shield-like surface or
area upon the rump, defined by the color or texture of the
hair. It is conspicuous in many animals, especially of
the deer and antelope kind, f^»rming a large white or light
area of somewhat circular form over the tail, as in the
2004
North American antelope and wapiti. Tlie escutcheon is
also a distinctive nuirk of some breeds of ilomcstic cattle.
(d) In conch., the depression behind the beak of a bivalve
motlusk which corresponds to the lunule or that in front
of the beak, (f) In entom., the scutellnra, or small piece
between the bases of the elytra, in a coleopterous or he-
niipterous insect.— Escutcheon of pretense, in her., a
small escutcheon char^^cd ujion tlie liiaiii escutcheon, in-
dicating the wearer's iireteiisioiis to some distinction, or
to an estate, ai-morial bearings, etc., which are not his by
strict right of descent. It is especially used to denote
the niarri.ige of the bearer to an heiress whose arms it
bears. Also called inescutcheon. Compare impalement. —
False escutcheon, in entom., the postscutellum.
escutcheoned (es-kuch'ond ), a. Having a coat
of arms or an ensign; marked with or as if
with an escutcheon.
For what, gay friend ! is this escutcheoned viovM,
Which hangs out Death in one eternal night?
Young, Night Thoughts, ii. 356.
escutellate (e-skn'tel-at), a. [< L. c- priv.
-I- NL. scutellum : see scutcllum, scutellate.] In
cntom., having no visible scutellum : applied to
Coleoptera in which the scutellum of the meso-
tliora.x is liidden under the elytra. Also cxscu-
tcllate.
eset, n. and v. A Middle English form of case.
-ese. [OF. -ese, later -ois, -nis = Sp. Pg. -cs = It.
-ese, < L. -cnsis, forming adjectives from names
of places, as Hispani-ensis, of Hispania, Spain,
etc.] A sufiix of Latin origin, added to names
of places (towns or countries), (a) properly,
to form adjectives meaning ' of or belonging to '
such a place, and hence (the same being used
as nouns by omission of the appropriate noun)
to signify (6) ' an inhabitant of' such a place,
or (c) the 'language' or 'dialect of such a
place, as in Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Mi-
lanese, Veronese, Viennese, Berlinese, etc. Nouns
with this sufiix (Iieing originally adjectives) remain un-
changed in the plural, though plurals like Chineses (Mil-
ton), Portugueses, etc., occur in the literature of the sev.
enteenth century. Nouns in .ese (which are much oftener
used in the plural than in the singular) are sometimes
pojiularly regarded as plurals in -s, and give rise to singu-
lars like Chinee, Portuguee. With reference to language,
this suffix is sometimes used humorously with the name
of a person, as in Johnso7iese, Carlglese, etc., the language
or style of Dr. Johnson, Carlyle, etc. In burgess the suf-
iix, of eai'lier introduction, is shortened ; in bourgeois, of
recent introduction, it retains tlie French form.
E. S. E. An abbreviation of east-southeast.
esementt, "• A Middle English form of ease-
ment.
esemplastic (es-em-plas'tik), a. [< Gr. ig, c'lC,
into, + ev, neut. of fif (fv-), one (= E. same),
+ TT^.aanKog, skilful in molding or shaping: see
plastic, emplastic] Molding, shaping, or fash-
ioning into one.
It was instantly felt that the Imagination, the esemplas-
tic power, as Coleridge calls it, had produced a truer his-
tory . . . tlian the professed historian. A. Falconer.
eseptate (e-sep'tat), a. [< L. e- priv. + sep-
tum, partition: see septum.] In hot. tmAzool.,
without septa or partitions.
eserine (es'e-rin), n. [< esere, a native name
of the plant, -I- -ine"^.] An alkaloid obtained
from the Calabar bean, I'hysostigma renenosum,
assumed by some authorities to be identical
with physostigmine. It forms colorless bitter crys-
tals, wliich are an active poison ; applied to the conjunc-
tiva, it produces contraction of the pupil.
esguardt (es-gard'), «• [Improp. < es- + guard,
formally after OF. esgard, respect, heed, re-
gard (where the prefix is superfluous); perhaps
suggested by cscoj'i.] Guard; escort: as, "one
of our esguard," Beau, and Fl.
esh (esh), n. [Tent, csch.] A dialectal form of
«s7»l. Brockett. [Prov. Eng.]
Breiik me a bit o' the esh for bis 'eiid, lad, out o' the fence !
Tennyson, Northern Farmer, New Style.
esiet, a. A Middle English form of easy.
esilicht, adv. A Middle English form of easihi.
esiphonal (e-si'fo-nal), a. [< e- priv. -1- siphon
+ -al.] Having no siphons: applied to mim-
mulitic or foraminiferous shells when they were
supposed to be minute fossil oephalopods.
esipuonate (e-si'fo-nat), a. [< L. e- priv. + E.
siphon + -«(cl.] Same as asiphonate.
eskar, esker (es'kiir, -ker), m. [Also, less prop.,
cscar, eschar; < Ir. eiscir, a ridge.] In geol., a
ridge of water-worn materials running across
valleys and plains, alongliillsides, and even over
watersheds, and forming a very marked feature
in the topography of certain regions, especially
Sweden, Scotland, Ireland, and parts of New
England. These ridges are often very nan-ow on the top,
having steep slopes, and may sometimes be followed for
many miles. The word eskar was until recently used only
liy Irish geologists, but it is now sometimes employed by
writers in English on glacial geology, as the equivalent of
the Swedish as. " That these ridges are in some way cou-
' nected with the former glaciation of the regions where
esodic
they occur is considered highly probable by most geolo.
gists : but no very satisfactoiy explanation of the mode
of tlieir formation lias yet been given." A. Geikie (1885).
Called in Scotland kame.
Tlie great elongated ridges of gi-avel called eskers, and
the wide-spread deposits of similar material wliich are
met with so abundantly, especially in the central parts of
Ireland, have long been famous. J. Oeikie, Ice Age, p. 374.
Eskimo (es'ki-mo), «. and a. [PI. prop. Eski-
mos, but also like sing., in imitation of the F.
pi. Esquimaux, pron. es-ke-mo' ; < Dan. Esld-
mo, pi. Eskimoer ; G. Esquimo, sing, and pi.,
based, Uke the obsolescent E. Esquimaux, pi.
(> sing. Esquimau), on P. Esquimaux, pi., > Sp.
Pg. Esquimales, etc. The name was orig. ap-
plied by the Indians of Labrador to the Eski-
mos of that region; Abenaki Eskimatsic, Ojiba
Askimeg, are said to mean ' those who eat raw
flesh.' The natives call tliemselves Innuit, the
people.] I. n. One of a race inhabiting Green-
land and parts of arctic America and Asia (on
the Bering sea), on or near the coasts. They .ire
generally short and stout, with broad faces, are naturally
of a light-brown color, live by hunting and fishing, and
dress in skins. Tlieir dwellings are tents of skin in sum-
mer and close huts in winter, usually partly underground,
and often, for temporary use, made of snow and ice. Their
affinities are uncertain, anil some regard them as remains
of a preliistoric coast race of Europe. Tlie Eskimo lan-
guage is polysynthetic, and has been cultivated to some
extent by missionaries. Also Esquimau.
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Eskimos Es-
kimo curlew, the dough-bird, Nuuienius borealis. See
curlew and Numenius. — Eskimo dog. See dog.
eskin (es'kin), n, [E. dial.] A pail or kit.
[North. Eng.]
esloint, esloynet, «'■ Obsolete forms of eloin.
esmalt, esmaylet, «• Same as amel.
Esmia (es'mi-ii), «. [NL.] 1. A genus of gas-
tropods: same as Ajihjsiu. J. E. Gray, 1847,
after Leach's MS. — 2. In entom., a genus of
beetles, of the family Cerambycidie, containing
one species, E. turhuta of Brazil. Pascoe, 1860.
esne, n. [AS. : see earn'^-.] In Anglo-Saxon
hist., a hireling of servile condition.
The esne or slave who works for hire.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 37.
esnecy (es'ne-si), n. [< ML. (csnecia {ainescia,
a'nescia, cnecea, eyneia), < OF. ainsneece, ains-
neesse, aainncesche, etc., mod. F. alnesse (ML.
type *antenatiiia), OF. also ainsneage, aisnenge,
csneage, etc. (ML. antenagium),t\xe right of the
first-born, < OF. ainsne, F. atne, < ML. antena-
ius, first-bom, one born before: see ante-nati.]
In Eng. law, the right of the eldest coparcener,
when an estate descends to daughters jointly
for want of a male heir, to make the first choice
in the division of the inheritance. Also spelled
wsnecy.
eso-. [< Gr. eao, older form of uau, adv., to
within, within, < i:Q, fif, prep., into, orig. prob.
*tvf. Cf. iv = L. in = E. in.] An element in
some words of Greek origin, meaning ' within.'
Esoces (es'o-sez), n. pi. [NL., jjl. of Esox.]
In Cuvier's system of classification, the second
family of Malacopterygii abdominalcs, without
adipose dorsal fin, with short intestine having
no cajca, and the edge of the upper jaw formed
by the intermaxillary, or, whennot thus formed,
the maxillary edentulous, and concealed in the
thickness of the lips, it included the pikes, Esocida,
and a number of fishes of other families now known to be
little related to the type.
esocid (es'o-sid), n. A fish of the family Eso-
cido'; a lucioid.
Esocidse (e-sos'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,< Esox (Esoc-)
+ -idw.] A family of haplomous physostomous
fishes, typified by the genus Esox. They have a
long slender body, with long head, flattened snout, and
mouth armed with numerous strong sharp teeth, some of
which are movable; upper jaw not protrusile, its border
formed by the maxillary bone; dorsal fin far back, op-
posite the anal; scales small; and no pyloric ca?ea. The
family is now restricted to the single genus Esox, the pikes.
(See cuts under Emx, optic, and scapvlocoracoid.) In
Bonaparte's and some other early systems it was etiuiv-
alent to Cuvier's Esoces. Groups approximately or ex-
actly corresponding to Esoeidoe have been named Esoces
(Clivier, 1817), Esocino! (Swainson, 1839), Esocini (Bona-
jiarte, 1841), and Esoxidea (Katinesque, 1816). Also called
Lueiidre.
esociform (e-sos'i-f6rm), a. [< L. esox {esoc-),
pike (see Esox), + forma, form.] Having the
form of a pike ; pike-like.
esocoid (es'o-koid), a. and n. [< Esox (Esoc-)
+ -old.] I,' a. Of or relating to the Esocidw.
II. n. An esocid or pike.
esoderm (es'o-derm), n. [< Gr. cau, within, -t-
dipua, skin.] ' In entom.. the delicate cutaneous
layer forming the inner surface of the integu-
ments, elytra, etc. Kirhy.
esodic (e-sod'ik), a. [< Gr. ff, fie, into, + o66q,
a way.] In physiol., conducting impressions
esodic
to the brain and spinal eord; afferent: said of
certain nerves.
eso-enteritis (es-o-en-te-ri'tis), n. [< Gr. lao,
witliin, + enteritis, q. v.] Intlammation of the
mucous membrane of the intestines; enteritis.
esogastritis (es'o-gas-tri'tls), n. [NL., < Gr.
eau, within, + gastritis, q. v.] Inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the stomach ; gas-
tritis.
esonarthez (es-o-niir'theks), n. [< Gr. kau.
2005
goes numljerless modifications of relative size, of shape,
stiiictuie, and position. It very often presents special di-
latations, as tile crop or craw of birds, and its lower end,
where it enters the stomach, may present special contri-
vances for condnctiny food and drink, as tile esophageal
groove of a ruminant. Special aggregations of esophageal
tilands are also fonnd.
Esopian, a. See JEsopian.
Esopic ( (l-sop'ik). a. Same as ,3Ssopian.
esorediate (e-s6-re'di-at), a. [< L. e- priv. +
soredium + -f/fe^.] In lichenology, without sore-
dia ; not granular,
The eaanarthex opens on to the church by nine doors,
to the exonarthex by Ave.
J. a. SeaU, Eastern Church, L 245.
esophageal, oesophageal (e-so-faj'e-al), a. [<
t.'si,lih<iijuf!,'S\j.o'-<oi,liiiijuK: see esopliagus.'i Per-
taining or relating to the esophagus: as, eso-
phageal glands — Esophageal fold, (a) One of the
ordinary lengtliwise folds or ridges of the esophagus when
undistended. {ij) The lip of the spci ial esophageal groove
of ruminants. — Esophageal glands, numerous small
compound racemose' cryjits ur follicles of the esophagus,
as of man, lo<lged in the sulnnucous tissue and openiug by
excretory ducts upon tlie mucous surface of the tulte. In
some cases, as of birds, they ai-e highly specialized and
yield a copious milky fluid used to feed the young, as those
of the crop of pigeons. This secretion is called pyjtoHt
milk. The remarkable proventricular glands of Idrds, of
similar <lmracU;r, yield a digestive fluiil like gastric juice.
—Esophageal groove. See the extract, and rumination.
A groove (otiiopha;j'-at yt^trnt^) which leads from the oesoph-
agus into the reticiilum. and is shut off by a valvular pro-
cess froui the first two divisions of the st4>niac)), represents
that |>ortion of the osophagiis which lias entered into
tlte formation of the stomacll and formed the first two
portions of that oi-gan by bulging out on one siile.
Gegenliaur, Comp. Aliat. (trans.), p. 589.
Esophageal opening or orlfloe, the bole in the dia-
piiragui tln-ougti which tite giiflct passes with the pneu-
moinmric nerves. — Esophageal ring, in InverteSrata,
a circlet of ctfuiuiiiisurul nerves around the anterior part
of tha alimentary canal, con-
necting ttie cerebral or pre-
oral ganglia with the ventral
ganglionic chain. It is a usual
structure in aiinelidous, arthro-
po<tou4, and many other inverte-
brate animals, but varies greatly
in iu details. Saeamsftrol. Also
kn<i»ii as ev^/hageal ernnmii-
turfn, tirree-niyj, in*rm-penta-
ffoii (in echiii04lerms),ctc. - Eso-
phageal teeth, certaiii enam-
eled prtMicsses of the backbone
whicti project into tlie gullet of
serpents of the sntifamtiy Dwii-
jt^ltinfr. See Rhnchiii'hmliilir.
esophageal!, oesophageal!
(i5-sr(-l'nj'c-iin), a. Same
us i.tiiiiliiifiral.
esophagotomy. oesopha-
gOComy (e-8of-a-gi)t'o-
mi), n. [< Gr. w.jo^;i>';,
esophagus, -f- rouf/, a cut-
ting.] In sur^., the oper-
ation of making an inci-
sion intotheeBophaga8,as
-7fpof, compar. siiffi-x, -t- -Mof.] I. a. 1. Liter-
ally, inner: originally applied to certain writ-
ings of Aristotle of a scientific, as opposed to
a popular, character, and afterward to the se-
cret or acroamatio teachings of Pythagoras;
hence, in general, secret; intended to be com-
municated only to the initiated; profound,
Tliei-e grew up, in tile minds of some commentators, a
supposition of exoteric doctrine as denoting what Aristotle
promulgated to the puljlic, contrasted witii another secret
or mystic doctrine reserved for a special few, and denoted
l»y the term enoteric ; though this term is not found in use
liefore the days of Luciaju I believe the supposition of a
double doctrine to be mistaken in regaiil to Aristotle ;
but it Is true as to the Pythagoreans, and is not witliout
some colour of trutli even as to Plato. Grote.
He [Josephus] fancied himself to have learned all, whilst
in fact tliere were secret rmteric classes which he had not
so much as suspected to exist.
D<s Quineey, Secret Societies, II.
When there exist two distinct explanations, or state-
ments, about the signification of an enddem, the true one
esoteric, and known otdy to the few, the other exoteric,
Incorrect, and known to the many, it is clear that a time
may come when the first may Iw lost, and the last alone
renuiin. T. Inman, Symbolism, Int., p. viii.
especially
fishes, typical of the Esocid(e, formerly used in
a very comprehensive sense, including repre-
sentatives of diverse families, but now restrict-
ed to the common pike and closely related spe-
cies. Also called iucJMS. See cut under j)iAc.
espadon (es'pa-don), II. [Sp. (> F. cspadon), =
It. spadone, aug. of sjiada = OP. es2>ee, P. dpee,
a sword: see spade^ and spade'^.'] A kind of
two-handed sword used by infantry in the fif-
teenth century and later. See spadone.
espalier (es-pal'yer), n. [< P. espalier, former-
ly espalUer (ult. identical with ipauliere, q. v.),
< It. spalliera, a support for the shoulders, back
(of a chair, etc.), espalier (= Sp. espaldera, es-
palier), < spalla = Sp. Pg. espalda = OF. es-
paule, P. epaule, the shoulder, < L. spatula, a
broad piece, a blade: see cpaide, spatula.'] In
horticulture: (a) A treUiswork of various forms
on which the branches of fruit-trees or -bushes
are extended horizontally, in fan shape, etc., in
a single plane, with the object of securing for
the plant a freer circulation of air as well as
better exposure to the sun.
0 blackbird ! sing me something well: . . .
The etipatiers and the standards all
Are thine ; the i-auge of lawn and park.
Teiinygon, The Blackbird.
(6) A tree or plant trained on such a trellis or
system. Trees trained as espaliers are not sub-
jected to such abrupt variations of temperature
as wall-trees.
liehold Vlllarlo's ten years' toll complete,
His arbors darken, his e*palieri meet.
Pope, Moral Essays, iv. 80.
espalier (es-pal'yfer), V. t. [< espalier, n.] To
train on or protect by an espaUer, as a tree or
trees.
The religion of Egypt perished from being kept away egparcet (es-par'set), 11. [< F. esparcette, es-
om the people, as an f«.(<rtc system l^i the hands of j,„rfgt, < Sp. esparceta, sainfoin; cf. Sp. espar-
from ...
priests. J. F. Clarke, Ten Ureat Religions, i. i
2. In cmbryol., endoblastic. See the extract.
[Rare.]
An upper layer of cells iliffcrentiated from the lower, an
esoteric as contrssle<l with an exoteric layer, the represen- ■•'*-\m
tatives of these being respectively the apicals and basals in espaTbO (es-par lo;, n
the earliest stages of the Calcispoogiie, and In Utar stages [< Up. esparto, < L. Sjmr-
the entioblast and ectoblast.
cilia, spurry, both dim., appar. < esparcir, 6Sp.
espargir, scatter, < L. spargere, scatter: see
sparse.'] A kind of sain-
foin.
Anterior eml of nervous
svitein of P»tyn^, a poly.
CDjetous aanelld, fthowtng.
a. cerebral ifanslia. connect,
ed by the csopaaMal ring,
A. with the ventral series of
ganglia, t.
Hyatt, Froc. Boat .Soc. Nat. Hist, 1884, p. 91.
U. n. 1. An esoteric doctrine. [Rare.]
As to what emittricM I have vented, such as the founda-
tion of moral duties upon self-interest ; the corporeity of
mental organs; . . . these seemed necessary to compleat
a regular system. A. Tucker, Light of Nature, V. II. { 8.
2. A believer in esoteric doctrines.
esoterlcal (es-o-ter'i-kal), a. [< esoteric + -al.]
Saini' as esoteric.
esoterically (es-o-tcr'i-kal-i), adv. In an eso-
tfcie manner.
esotericism (e8-9-ter'i-8izm), n. [< esoteric +
-ism:] Ksoterio doctrine or principles; devo-
tion to or inclination for mysticism or occult-
ism. Also esoterigm.
esoterics (es-o-ter'iks), h. [PI. of esofmc; see
-!<•.*.] Mysterious or hidden doctrines; occult
Hcieiioe.
[< esoter(ie) +
Espaito-Grj
I, 4. stalk and fruit of Macro-
chtoa unacisiima. a, 3, 5,
stalk, Auwering stem, and fniit
of tj'gfurM Sfartufn.
for the purpose of removing any foreign sub- esoterism (es'o-ter-izm), n,
stance tliat obstructs the passage. -i.sm.] Same as esotericism.
esophagus, oesophagtlS (e-sof'a-gus), n. [< esoteristies'o-ter-ist), ii. [< esoter{ic) + -ist.]
S^A. (cs ijihagus, < <,ir. owojktivoc, the gullet, lit.
the passage for food, < olaeiv, f ut. inf., associated
witli ^peiv = E. ftenrl, carrv, + i^yeiv, eat.]
The gullet; the canal through which foo<l and
drink pass to the stomach, in man the esophagus
is a musculoinembranous tube about nine inclies long, ex-
t«Miding from the phanrux to the stomach. It begins in
th'f neek, where the pharynx is reduced from a funnel to
a tutie, opprisito the fifth Intervertebral space, descends
vertically ujion the front of the spinal column behind
the windpipe, traverses the chest in the nosterior medi-
1-'' I the front of the spine, perforates the dia-
' )ier with the pnenmogastrlc nerves, and ends
1 - orifice of the stomach, opposite the ninth
<ra. It is nearly straight, but has a slight
'tli antempoaterlorly and laterally. Its sur-
14 are very Important, especially hi the neck.
1,,, , -,','u i,:iis has two principal coats. The muscular
coat i-t ruin[M>^d of two planes of contractile flljen, the
outer loiiLfitiiiilnal ami the inner cireular. They are con.
titri'i;M aij4>vewlth fillers of the inferior constrictor of the
p'l I vjix. The muscles in the upper iMirtof the esophsgiis
ai id and m ipart a' least strtpeil, but lielow are pale,
Ufiitiipetl, and "involuntary." The mucous coat is in-
ternal, continuous with that of the pharv-nx al>*>ve and the
stotnach itelow. It is thick, of n reddish color alxive and
paler below, disposal in longitudinal folds or plirie. which
disappear on distention. Its surface is studded with mi-
nute {>api1lie an'l invested timmghont with stnitified pave-
ment epitliflium. The mucous and muscolar coats are lfK>se-
ly '-Mini'M i,'d with each other \ty a layer of connective tis-
8!i.-, rtorii.-tiines descriljed as the ar^ttlar font. l)etween
wliii-h :tn<i tho mucous memlimne is a layer of longitudinal
nnstrip.*d n.nscnlsr fll>crs railed the muMCularia inueoMt.
The esopliau'iis is well supplied with glands called eeo-
phoffenl (wliich see, and see cuts under alimentarji, dia-
phragm. Htid mnufh). In lower animals the cHophagus, as
a caiial from tlie mouth or fauces to the stomacll, uuder-
Au esoteric philosopher, as an occultist or a
cabalist ; an adept or initiate in mysticism.
esotery (es'6-ter-i), n.; pi. esoterics (-iz). [<
esoterlic) + -y.] Mystery; secrecy. [Rare.]
The ancients . . . could a<lapt their subjects to their
audience, reserving their enoteriee for ailepts.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature.
ESOZ (e'soks), n. [NL., < L. esox, var. isox, a
fish of the Rhine, a kind of pike.] A genus of
CartUaglnotis Cranium of the Pike r Ftox /uciut 1 , with its Intrinsic
o«ificatk>ns.
lum, < Gr. oTzdpTov, also,
more commonly, andpro^,
a broom-like plant, com-
prising, it is said, both
Spartiuiii junccum and
StiiHi tenacissima ; also
applied to the common
broom: see Spartium.]
A name given to two or
three species of grass,
the Macrochloa (Stipa)
tenacissima, M. arenaria,
and Lugeum .Sjjartum of
botanists, and especial-
ly to the first, which
is abundant in northern
Africa. The others are
found ill Spain anil Portugal,
and elsewhere in sontiiern
Europe. From esparto ai'e manufactured printing-paper,
cordage, slioes, matting, baskets, nets, mattresses, sacks,
etc.
esparto-grass (es-pftr'to-gr&s), n. Same as
cxparlo.
esparver (es-par'v^r), )i. Same as sparrer.
espathate (e-spa'that), a. [< L. e- priv. -I- spa-
tha, spathe, + -afei.] In hot., not having a
spathe.
espaulidre, «. Same as (panliere.
especial (es-jiesh'al), a. [Early mod. E. espe-
cialt, < ME. especial, < OF. especial, mod. F.
special = Sp. P^. especial = It. speziale, < L.
sjyecialis, belonging to a particular kind, < spe-
cies, kind : see species, special.] Of a particular
kind; distinguished from others of the same
class or kind; particular; eminent; principal;
chief: as, in an especial manner or degree.
Abraham, the father of the faithful, and ej^x-rini friend
of God, was called out of his country, and from his khi-
dred, to wander in a strange land.
Barrow, Works, III, viil.
Take eeiwcial knowledge, pray,
Of this dear gentleman, my absolute friend.
Fletcher (and another"!), Kice Valour, i. 1.
In especial, especially. [Archaic]
Wltli grete wroiige and a geiu right do the barouns of
this londe a gelli liym werre, and i>i etpeciall thel that
ought hyin to love and holde moste dere.
* Merlin (E. K, T, S,), it. 190.
In etpeeial all offlccn to dyne witli the olde niaire.
English Gilds (E. E, T. S.), p. 418.
= Syn. See tipecial.
especially (es-pesh'al-i), adv. [< ME. espeeiaU
A, top view ; B, side view : f. ^///, exiu of trigeminal t
pncnmogastric nerves; 3, small ossifications in the rostrum;
nasal (bisae: /Or, interorwtal septum ; A/A, ethmoid; /*r/, ^^. ixe- — — ^— — — „ v- . - ,. -■ - . -
frontal and postfnmtai ! Pro, pioMic ; EfO. epiotic ; Ofo. opisthot- Ju ■ < esitecial + -Iv^.] In an espccial manner ;
^d^J'^^pi^''"'"*" ' "''• '-*^'**' ' ^^' """"^ particufariy ; principally ; chiefly ; peculiariy ;
especially
specially; in reference to one person or thing
in particular.
Pirriis full priuely peraayuit onon,
By a spie, that M/winHi/ sped for to wete,
That hys Enies full egurly etllt to wode,
Forto hunt in the holtes.
Destruction 0/ Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13618.
A savase holds to his cows and his women, but especially
to his cows. Sir S. W. Baker. Heart of Africa, p. 205.
The Duke was especially angered with Michelangelo \>e-
cause he refused to select a site for a fortress which he
wished to build at Florence.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 295, note.
especialness (es-pesh'al-nes), n. The state of
being especial. Loe. [Rare.]
espeirt, ». [ME., also e»peyre, < OF. espeir, es-
poir (= Pr. esper), hope, < esperer, hope, < L.
sperare, hope.] Expectation.
Thus stante envie in good espeire
To ben him self the divels heire.
Gower, Conf. Amant, I. 265.
esperancet (es'pe-rans), n. [< ME. esperaunce,
< OF. esperance, V. "espirance = Pr. esperansa =
Sp. esperama = Pg. esperan(;a = It. speranza,
hope, < L. speran(t-)s, ppr. of sperare, hope.]
Hope.
There is a credence in my heart.
An esperance so obstinately strong.
That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears.
Shak., T. and C, v. 2.
Esperella (es-pe-rel'a), n. [NL.] The typi-
cal genus of EsperelUnw. Vosmaer.
Esperellina (es"pe-re-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Es-
perella + -inw.'i A subfamily of sponges, of
the family Desmacidonidce, typified by the ge-
nus Esperella, whose fiber is not characterized
bv projecting spicules. Eidley arid Dendy.
Esperia (es-pe'ri-a), «. See Hesperia.
espiaillet, «• A. Middle English form of espial.
espial (es-pi'al), n. [< ME. espiaile, espiaille,
< espien, espy: see es])y. Hence, by abbrev.,
spial.'i 1. The act of espying ; observation;
watch; scrutiny.
He had a somonour redy to his hond,
A slyer boy was noon in Engelond ;
For subtillye he had his espiaille.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 25.
Screened from espial by the jutting cape.
Byron, Corsair, i.
The Council remained doubtful of the conformity of
Mary's chaplains : and her house, for the next thing, was
placed under espial.
B. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvni.
2t. A spy.
By your espials were discovered
Two mightier troops. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 3.
Her father and myself (lawful espials)
Will so bestow ourselves, that, seeing, unseen.
We may of their encounter franltly judge.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
Our judge stands as an espiai and a watch over our ac-
tions. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 111.
espibawn (es'pi-ban), n. [It. easpuig-ban.'] An
Irish name for the whiteweed or oxeye daisy,
Cliry.<ianthemum Leueanthemum.
espieglerie (es-pia-gle-re'), n. [F.] Jesting;
raillery ; good-humored teasing or bantering.
They chaff one another with sickening espiiglei-ie.
Athenmtm, Jan. 14, 1888, p. 48.
2006
the sloping of the parapet of the covered way
toward the eounti-y. (6) The open space be-
tween the glacis of a citadel and the first houses
of the town. — 2. Any open level space or course
near a town, especially a kind of terrace along
the seaside, for public walks or drives.
There was a temple here [at Tenedos] to Sminthean
Apollo, which probably was in the flue esplanade before
the castle, where there now remain some liuted pillars of
white marble. Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 21.
All the world was gathered on the terrace of the Kur-
saal and the esplanade below it, to listen to the excellent
orchestra. U. James. Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 181.
esplees (es-plez'), "■ pi. [OF. espies, espleits
(pi. of espleit, pp.), < ML. expleta, the products
of land, pi. of expletum, rent, service, etc. : see
exploit.] In law, the products of land, as the
hay of meadows, herbage of pastures, corn of
arable lands, rents, services, etc.
esplei'tt, espleytt, v- Obsolete forms of exploit.
esponton (es-pon'ton), n. Same as spontoon.
espousaget (es-pou'zaj), n. [< espouse + -age.
Hence,' ' '"
lock.
esauamate
The Puritans espoused the cause of civil liberty mainly
because it was the cause of religion. Macmday, Milton.
4t. To pledge ; commit ; engage.
In the election of our friends we do principally avoid
those which are impatient, as those that will espouse ua
to many factions and quarrels.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 315.
espousement (cs-pouz'ment), n. [< espouse +
-tnent.'] The act of espousing; espousal. Craig.
espouser (es-pou'z6r), ». 1 . One who espouses,
or betroths or weds.
As wooers and espousers, having commission or letters
of credence to treat of a marriage.
Bp. Gauden, Hieraspistes (1653), p. 156.
2. One who defends or maintains something,
as a cause.
The espousers of that unauthorized and detestable
scheme haue been weak enough to assert that there is a
knowledge in the elect, peculiar to those chosen vessels.
Allen, SeiTuon before Univ. of Oxford (1761), p. 11.
espressivo (es-pres-se'vo), a. [It., = E. ex-
i)ressive.'] In WJMsic, expressive : noting a pas-
,get (es-pou'zaj), n. [<• espouse -t- -age. ^ ^^ ^^ rendered with ardent expression.
byapheresis,«poMsa^e.] Espousal; wed- egpringalt, espringaldt, espringalet, esprin-
golet, «• See springnl.
Such a one as the king can find in his heart to love, and esprit (es-pre'), ». \¥ .,<.'L. spiritus, spirit: see
...>.;. i,.„ i .. „„,i ..i„.t„ „„,m,.„„« gprite, spirit.'] Spirit ; wit ; aptitude, especially
of comprehension and expression — Esprit de
corps, the common spirit or disposition developed among
men in association, as in a military company, a body of of-
ficials, etc.
espy (es-pi')» '"•'^ pret. and pp. espied, ppr.
espying. [Formerly also espie ; < ME. espyen,
usually with initial a, aspyen, aspieu, also abbr.
spyen, spien, mod. E. spy : see aspy and spy^ v.]
I. trans. 1. To see at a distance; catch sight
of or discover at a distance.
espier (es-pi'fer), «. [< ME. aspiere, < aspien,
espien, espy, see aspy, espy.] One who espies,
or watches like a spy.
Ye covetous misers. . . . ye crafty espier* of the neces-
sity of your poor brethren ! „ „„
Uannar, tr. of Beza s Sermons (1587), p. 175.
espignole(es-pi-ny61'),«. [OF.] An early war-
engine somewhat resembling the modem mi-
trailleuse, having a number of barrels mounted
on a cart and fired by machinery. Compare
argues,
espinel (es-pi-nel'), n. [< OF. espinelle, F. spt-
nelle: see spinel.] Same as spinel.
espinette (es-pi-nef), »• Same as spinet.
espionage (es'pi-6-naj or, as F., es-pe-o-nazh'),
«. [< F. espionnage, < espion, a spy, < It. spione,
a spy: see spy, espy.] The practice of spying;
secret observation of the acts or utterances of
another by a spy or emissary; offensive sur-
veillance.
espiotte (es'pi-ot), n. [Cf . Sp. espiote, a sharp-
pointed weapon.] A species of rye.
espirituelt, «• [< OF. espirituel, < L. spiritualis,
spiritual: see spiritual.] A Middle English form
of spiritual.
esplanade (es-pla-nad'), n. [< OF. esplanade =
Sp. Pg. esplanada = It. spianata, < OF. espla-
ner, level, explain, = Sp. esplanar, explanar =
It. spianare, < L. explanare, level, explain, etc. :
aee explain. Hence, by apheresis,.s/>ia«ade.] 1.
la fort.: (a) The glacis of the counterscarp, or
lead his life in pure and chaste espousage.
Latimer, 1st Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
espousal (es-pou'zal), n. and a. [Early mod.
K also espousall, < ME. espousaile, < OF. espou-
sailles, pi., F. epousailles = Pr. esposalhas— Sp.
esponsales = Pg. esponsaes, esponsalias, < L.
sponsalia, a betrothal, neut. pi. of sponsalis,
adj. (see sponsal), < sponsus, fem. sponsa, one
betrothed, a spouse: see spouse. Hence, by
apheresis, spousal.] I. n. 1. The act of es-
pousing or betrothing ; formal contract or cele-
bration of marriage: frequently used in the
plural.
I remember thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love
of thine espousals. Jcr. ii. 2.
This was the burnt offering which Shalum offered in
the day of his espousals. Addison, Hilpah and Shalum.
2. Assumption of the protection or defense of
anything; advocacy; a taking upon one's self ;
adoption as by wedding.
If political reasons forbid the open espousal of his cause,
pity commands the assistance which private fortunes can
lend him. Waipole.
Espousals of the Blessed Virgin, in the Rom. Cath.Ch.,
a festival celebrated on January 23d.
II. a. Relating to the act of espousing or be-
trothing; marriage (used adjeotively).
The ambassador . . . put his leg . . . between the es-
pousal sheets. Bacon, Henry VII., p. 80.
espouset (es-pouz'), «• [< ME. espouse, < OF.
espous, espoux, m., espouse, f. (= It. sjMSO, m.,
sposa, f.), < L. sponsus, m., sponsa, f., one be-
trothed, pp. of spondere, promise, promise in
marriage: see sponsor, respond, etc. Hence,
by apheresis (though actually older in E.),
spouse, n., q. v.] A spouse.
The Erie the espouse courtoisly forth lad.
liom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 954.
espouse (es-pouz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. espoused,
ppr. espousing. [< ME. espousen, < OF. espou-
ser, F. epouser = Pr. espozar = \i:sposare, <
LL. sponsare, betroth, espouse, < L. spondere,
pp. sponsus, promise, promise in marriage, be-
troth: see espouse, n. Hence, by apheresis
(though actually older in E.), spouse, v., q. v.]
1. To promise, engage, or bestow in marriage;
betroth.
When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph.
Mat. i. 18.
I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present
you as a chaste virgin to Christ. 2 Cor. xi. 2.
If her sire approves.
Let him espouse her to the peer she loves. Pope.
2. To take in marriage ; marry; wed.
He which shall esimusc a woman bringeth witnesses, and
before them doth betroth her with money, or somewhat
money-worth, which he giueth her, saying, Be thou es-
poused to me according to the Law of Moses and Israel.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 213.
The rest [of the Bucentaur is) accommodated with
seats ; where he [the Doge) solemnly espovjseth the Sea ;
confirmed by a ring thrown therein.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 2.
3. To take to one's self, or make one's own;
embrace ; adopt ; become a participator or par-
tizan in: as, to espouse the quarrel of another;
to espouse a cause.
They have severally owned to me that all men who
I did espie
Where towards me a sory wight did cost.
, Spenser, Daphnaida.
I was forced to send Captaine Stafford to Croatan, with
twentie to feed himselfe, and see if he could espie any
sayle passe the coast.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 92.
Now as Christian was walking solitary by himself, he
espied one afai- off, come crossing over the field to meet
him. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 92.
2. To see or discover suddenly, after some
effort, or unexpectedly, as by accident: with
reference to some person or thing in a degree
concealed or intended to be hidden: as, to espy
a man in a crowd.
"If it be soth," quod Pieres, "that 30 seyne I shal it sone
asspye ! ..
xeben wastoures, I wote wel and Treuthe wote the sothe !
Piers Plouman (B), vi. 131.
M. More thinketh that his errors be so subtilly couched
that no man can espy them.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850), p. 15.
As one of them opened his sack, ... he espied his
money. Gen. xlil. 27.
Apollyon, espying his opportunity, began to gather up
close to Christian, and, wrestling with him, gave him a
dreadful fall. Bunyan, Pilgrims Progress, p. 128.
3t. To inspect narrowly ; explore and examine ;
observe and keep watch upon ; spy.
Full secretly he goth hym to aspye,
Hvm for to do sum shame and velanye.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1357.
In Ebron, Josue, Calephe, and here Companye comen
first to aspyen, how thei myghte wynnen the Lond of Be-
jieste. MandevUle, Travels, p. 66.
Moses . . . sent me ... to espy out the land ; and_I
brought him word again. Josh. xiv. 7.
He sends angels to espy us in all our ways. Jer. Taylor.
= Syn. To discern, descry, perceive, catch sight of.
ll.t intrans. To look narrowly; keep watch ;
spy-
stand by the way and espy. Jer. xlviii. 19.
And to espie in this meane while, if any default were in
the Lambe. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 123.
espyt (es-pi'), n. [Formerly also espie; < ME.
espie, usually with initial a, aspye, aspie; abbr.
S2>ye, spie, mod. E. S2)y : see spy, n.] 1. A spy ;
scout; watch.
Than thei sente their espyes thourgh-outc the londe, for
to knowe the rule of kynge Arthur. ..
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), 11. 146.
Of these he made subtile inuestigation
Of his owne espie, and other mens relation.
Bakluyfs Voyages, I. 203.
2. Espial; espionage.
The muster-niiister general . . . thought a check upon
his office would be a troublesome espy upoji him.
Suift. Character of the Earl of Wliarton.
Esq., Esqr. Abbreviations of esquire^, as an
appended title.
espotue a party must expect to be blackened by the con- pa„„,mate (e-skwa'mat), a. [< NL. "eSQuatna-
,Z. .i,ie Druden. Vind. of Duke of Gu.sc. ^^^^f^^f_ ^^^^_ +jquama, scale, + -ate^ : see
tr'ary side! Dryden, Vind. of Duke
He that doth not openly and heartily esimuse the cause ,.„,,,,,,,„»p n
of truth will be reckoned to hiive been on the other side. fquii'nutc.j
Bp- Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxiv.
scales.
In zool., not squamate ; having no
esqnamulose
esqnamulose (e-skwam'u-los), a. [< NL.
'esqiuimulosus, < L. f- priv. + NL. squamula,
dim. of L. squama, a scale: see sqiuimiilose.^
lu bot., without squamulse or minute scales.
-esque. [< F. -esque, < It. -esco, < OHG. -isc,
MHG. G. -isch = AS. -ise, E. -w/il, an adj. suf-
fix, = L. -iscKS, a dim. suffix of nouns: see -isftl
and -igCKS, -i.il:.] A termination in adjectives
of French or other Romance origin, meaning
'having the style or manner of,' as in grotesque,
pietiiresqiie.arabesque. Moresque, Dantesque,etc.
Esquimau, «.; pi. Esquimaux. See Eskimo.
esquire^ (es-kwir'), n. [< OF. esquier, escuier,
escuyer, an esquire, shield-bearer, also a shield-
maker, mod. F. 4cuyer = Pr. escudier, escu-
der, escuier = Sp. eseudero = Pg. eseudeiro = It.
scttdiere, srwliero, < ML. scutarius, a squire,
a shield-bearer, shield-maker, < L. scutum, a
shield: see scutum, scute, scutage, escutcheon,
geutcheon, etc. Hence, by apheresis (though ac-
tually older m E.), squire, q. v.] It. A shield-
'bearer or armor-bearer ; an armiger ; an atten-
dant on a knight. See squire^, 1. — 2. A title
of dignity next in degree below that of knight.
In EligUnd this title it* properly given to the eldest sons
of knights and the eldest sons of the younger sons of no-
blemen and their eldest sons in succession, ofBcers of the
king's courts and of the household, barristers, justices of
the peace while in comniission, sheriffs, gentlemen who
have held commissions in the army and navy, etc. There
are also esquires of knights of the Bath, each knight ap-
pointing three at his installatioa. The title is now usu-
ally conceded to all professional and literary men. In the
United States the title is regarded as belonging especially
to lawyers. In le}:al and other formal documents Etquire
Is ntually written in full after the names of those consid-
ered entitled to the designation ; in common usage it is
abbreviated Etq. or Btqr., and appended to any man's
name as a mere mark of respect, as in the addtvaaes of
letters (ihuugh this practice is becoming lest prevalent
than formerly). In the general sense, and ai a title either
alone or preflxe<l to a name, the form Squire has always
been the more common in familiar use. See $quire.
1 am Rolieri Shallow, sir ; a poor enquire of this couuty,
and one of the kind's Justices of the peace.
Shot., 2 Hen. IV., ilL 2.
Etquires and gentlemen are confounded together by Sir
Edward Coke, who observes that every esquire is a gentle,
man, and a gentleman is defined to be one nul arma gerit,
who Ijears cnat-armour, the grant of which was thought
to add gentility to a man's family. It Ls indeed a matter
somewhat unsettled what constitutes the distinction, or
who is areal enquire ; for no estate, however large, per se
confers this rank upon ita owner.
1 Broom and Had. Com. (Wait's tA.\ p. 317.
The oflice of the esquire consistad of several depart-
ments ; the eitnuire for the iMxly, the esquire of. the cham-
ber, the M'/iiire of the stable, and the carving etauire ;
the latter stooii In the hall at dinner, carved the dillerent
dishes, and distributed them to the gneata.
StruM, Sports and Pastimes, p. 10.
It makes an important practical dlllerence to an Eng-
lishman. Iiy the way. whether he Is legally rated as Ksouire
or "(tcntteman," the former claas being exempt from
some hurthensome jury duties to which the latter is sub-
ject. C. A. Bruted, English University, p. 408, note.
3. A gentleman who attends or escorts a lady
ill public — Esquire bedeL Stehsdet.
esquirelf (es-kwir'), r. <. [< MgiMrel, n.] To at-
tend; wait on ; escort, as a gentleman attend-
ing a lady in public. Todd. See squire^, v.
eSQQ^e^ ('es-kwir'), n. [< OF. esguiere, esquierre,
esquarre, a square : see square and squire^.] In
ker., a bearing somewhat resembling the gyron,
but extending across the field so that the point
touches t)ie opposite edge of the escutcheon.
^squirearchy (es-kwir'ilr-ki), n. [< esquire^ +
-arrhy, as in hierarchy, oligarchy, etc., < Gr.
apx'/, rule. Cf. squirearchy.} The dignity or
rank of an esqnire ; squirearchy. [Rare.]
As to the tender question of eequirearehy, I am con-
vinced that the only prudent principle now is to bestow
the envied title on every one alike.
Mri. Chat. Meredith, My Home in Tasmania, p. 317.
tea, es^ (es), n. [< ME. ««, est, < AS. ess, < L.
e», the name of the letter S, s, < e, the usual
assistant vowel in forming the names of let-
ters, + «.] 1. The name of the letter 8, ».
It is rarely so written, the symbol 8, s, being
used in its stead. — 2. A large worm: so called
from its often assuming the shape of an S.
[Prov. Eng.]
■ess. [(1) Early mod. E. also -esse, -isse, -is, <
ME. -esse, -isse, < (a) OF. -esse, F. -esse, (6) AS.
-isse (as in ahbodisse, abbess), < L. -issa, < Or.
-laaa (i. e., -i-fina, the vowel i and sometimes the
first a-, in that case orig. r-, prop, belonging to
the stem of the noun), a fem. suffix of adjec-
tives, and nouns from adjectives, orig. com-
pound, < -K (as in -i-Ki-i, L. -i-cu-s, E. -«c) + -yo
(as in -to-r, L. -iu-s, fem. -ta, L. -ia), bothcommon
Indo-Eur. formatives. (2) In some words, as in
empress, -ess is a reduced fonn of Latin -trix, -tri-
cem, in E. usually -tress, as in actress, directress,
2007
etc., fem. forms usually associated with masc.
ones in -tor, -<ress being in popular apprehension
equiv. to -tor + -ess (1).] A suffix theoretically
attachable to any noun denoting an (originally
masculine) agent, to form a noun denoting a
female agent, as hostess, abbess, prioress, ehief-
tainess, authoress, etc. Itismostfreiiuentwith nouns
in -eri, as bakeregs, brewerees, Quakeress, etc. In such
words as inttructre^g, directrem, editress, mistregg, visi-
tress, etc. , the suffix is really -treas (see -tress), but in popu-
lar apprehension it is -ess added to the termination of the
corresponding masculines, instructor, director, editor, mis-
ter {master), visitor, etc., such masculines being usually in
pronunciation, and sometimes in spelling, assimilated to
native English nouns in -er, as directer, instructer, visiter,
etc., editor as if *editer, etc. In some cases the feminine
form exists, while the masculine form is obsolete, as in
aovemess {governor in a corresponding sense being obso-
lete) ; mistress, used in some senses without a correspond-
ing use of mister or master.
essay (es'a, formerly e-sa'), n. [The older E.
form is assay, q. v. ; < ME. assay, asay, assai,
asaie, trial, attempt, < OF. asai, essai, essay (later
only essai, > later E. essay), mod. F. essai = Pr.
essay = Sp. ensayo = Pg. ciisaio = It. saggio,
assay, trial, experiment,?LL. cxnj/tMW, a weigh-
ing, a weight, a balance, < L. *exagere, exigere,
pp. exactus, drive out, require, exact, examine,
try, < ex, out, + agere, drive, lead, bring, etc.
See examen, examine, from the same source.
The Gr. e^ayiov, sometimes quoted as the origin
of the L. exagium, is rare LGr., and is taken
from the L. term ; it denotes a certain weight,
H drachmte. Popular etym. altered the form to
eiayiav, as if < ff = E. six.} 1. A trial, attempt,
or endeavor; an effort made; exertion of body
or mind to perform or accomplish anything: as,
an essay toward reform ; an essay of strength.
All th' admirable Creatures made beforn,
^liich Heav'n and Earth and Ocean doo adorn.
Are bat Essays, compar d in every part
To this dlvUiest Master-Piece of Art.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 6.
Your essay In crossing the channel gave us great hopes
you would experience little inconvenience on the rest of
the voyage. Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 331.
Well hast thou done, great artist Memory,
In setting round thy first experiment
With royal frame-work of wrought gold ;
Needs must thou dearly love thy Hrst essay.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory.
My essay In the profession after which my soul had
longed was an ignoble failure.
Arch. FortMts, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 4*2.
2. An experimental trial ; a test.
I hope, for my brother's justlHcation, he wrote this but
as an essay or taste of my virtue. Shak., Lear, i. 2.
The Poet here represents the Supreme Being as making
an Essay of his own Work, and putting to the tryal that
reasoning Faculty with which he had endued his Creature.
Addison, Spectator, No. 345.
3t. An assay or test of the qualities of a metal.
See assay, n. — 4. In lit., a discursive composi-
tion concerned with a particular subject, usual-
ly shorter and less metho<lical and finished than
a treatise ; a short disquisition : as, an essay on
the life and writings of Homer ; an essay on fos-
sils ; an essay on commerce.
To write Just treatises requlreth leisure In the writer
and leisure in the reader, . . . which ia the cause that
hath made me choose to writ« certain brief notes, setdown
rather signillcantly than curiously, which I have called
Essays. The word Is late, but the thing Is ancient.
Bacon, To Prince Henry.
.Seneca's Epistles to Lucilius, If one mark them well, are
but Essays, that is dispersed meditations, though conveyed
in the form of epistles. Bacon, quoted in Abbott, p. 438.
The essay is properly a collection of notes, indicating
certain aspects of a subject, or suggesting thought con-
cerning it. rather than the orderly or exhaustive treatment
of it. It Is not a formal siege, but a series of assaults, es-
says, or attempts upon it. It does not pursue Its theme
like a i>olnter, but goes hither and thither like a bird to
find material fur Its nest, or a bee to get honey for Its
comb. Xetp Princeton Rev., IV. 228.
To take the essayt (of a dish), to try It by tasting : for-
merly done In great houses by the steward or the master
carver. Nares.
To come and uncover the meat, which was served in
covere(I tlishes, then taking the essay with a square slice
of breail which was prepared for that use and purpose.
G. Hose, Instruct for OfBcers of the .Mouth (1882), p. 20.
= 8yn. 1. Stniggle.— 4. Treatise, dissertation, disquisi-
tion, paper, tract, tractate. See ueAnition of treatise.
essay (e-sa'), v. t. [The older E. form is assay,
q. V. ; < ME. assayen, asayen, assaien, asaien,
try, make trial of, < OF. asaier, essayer, F. es-
sayer = Pr. assaiar, essaier = Sp. ensnyar =
Pg. ensaiar = It. snggiare, assaggiare, try ; from
the noun.] 1. To make trial of; attempt;
exert one's power or faculties upon ; put to the
test: as, to essay a difficult feat; to essay the
courage of a braggart.
While 1 this unexampled task essay.
Sir R. Blaekmore, Creation, 1.
essence
Then in my madness I essay'd the door :
It gave. Tennyson, Holy Grail.
And twice or thrice he feebly essays
.\ trembling hand with the knife to raise.
Whittier, Hogg Megone.
2t. To try and test the value and purity of, as
metals. Now written assay (which see).
The standard of our mint being now settled, the rules
and methods of essaying suited to it should remain unva-
riable. Locke.
= Syn. 1. Undertake, Endeavor, etc. See attempt.
essayer (e-sa'*r), «. 1. One who essays or at-
tempts to do something ; one who makes trial.
— 2 (es'a-6r). One who writes essays; an es-
sayist. [Rare.]
A thought in which he hath been followed by all the es-
sayers upon friendship that have written since his time.
Addison, Spectator, No. (58.
essayette (es-a-yef), «. [F.,<e«saye)', test: see
essay, v.] In eeram., a piece used as a test of
all the contents of a kiln, by means of which
the degree of baking of the other pieces in the
kiln can be judged. The essayette is put where
it can easily be seenby aperson looking through
the montre.
essayish (es'a-ish), a. [< essay + -jsfcl.] Re-
sembling or having the character of an essay.
Carefully elaborated, confessedly essaifish ; but spoken
with perfect art and consummate management.
Trerelyan, Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, II. 281.
essayist (es'fi-ist). n. [= F. essayiste; as essay
+ -ist.'\ A writer of an essay; one who prac-
tises the writing of essays.
Such are all the essayists, even their master Montaigne.
B. Jonson, Discoveries.
I make, says a gentleman essayist of our author's age,
as great dilference between Tacitus and Seneca's style and
his [Cicero's] as musicians between Trenchniore and La-
chrymie. B. Jonson, Masques.
'* If then," said the gentleman, ... "if I am not to
have admittance as an essayist, 1 hope I shall not be re-
jiulsed as an historian." Goldsmith, A Reverie.
essayistic (es-a-is'tik), a. [< essayist + -ic]
Pertaining to or characteristic of an essay or of
an essayist.
Gomi specimens of De Qnincey's writings — autobio-
graphical, imaginative, narrative, critical, and essayistic,
11. W. Beecher, quoted in Independent, May 29, 1882.
ess-cock (es'kok), n. The European water-ou-
zel or dipper, Cinclus aquaticus. [Aberdeen,
Scotland.] C. Swainson.
essed, esseda (es'ed, es'e-dS), n. [L. essedum,
later also fem. esseda, of old Celtic origin.] A
heavy two-wheeled war-chariot, used by the
ancient Britons and Gauls, and adopted at
Rome as a pleasure vehicle.
British chariots have been described by Roman histori-
ans as consisting of two kinds, called respectively the co-
vina and the esseda ; this last from esse, a Celtic word.
The fonner was very heavy and armed with scythes, the
latter much lighter, and consequently better calculated
for use in situations where it would be difficult to employ
the covina. E. M. Stratton, World on Wheels, p. 260.
essence (es'ens), «. [= D. essence = G. essenz
= Dan. Svr.'essens, < F. essence= Pr. essentia =
Sp. esencia = Pg. essencia = It. essentia (obs.),
essensa, < L, essentia, the being or essence of a
thing, an artificial formation from esse (as if
< 'esseni, t-)s, ppr. ), to translate Gr. maia, being, <
(jv (oiT-), ppr. of cJ-vat = L. esse, be: see am (un-
der 6cl), and ens, entity.'] 1. The inward nature,
true substance, or constitution of anything.
The Greek ovaia (see the etymology) denotes a subject in
esse, something whose mode of being corresponds to that
of a subject, as distinguished from a predicate, in speech.
But while this Is the original conce]>tion, the word essence,
even in l.atin, usually carries a dilTerent sense. The es-
sence is rather the idea of a thing, the law of its being,
that which makes it the kind of thing that it is, that
which is expressed in its dclhiition. In regard toartiflcial
things, the conception of an essence is usually tolerably
clear: thus, the essence of a bottle is that it should be
a vessel with a tubular orifice. Those philosopbcrs who
speak of the essences of natui-al things hold that natural
kln<ls are regulated by similar ide&s. Nominalists hold
that definitions do not l>elong to things, but to words ; and
ai'cordingly they speak of the essences of words, meaning
what is directly implied in their definitions.
Justice In her very essence is all strength and activity.
itiilon, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.
First, essence may be taken for the lieing of anything,
whereby it is what it is. And thus the real internal, hut
generally In substances unknown, constitution of things,
whereon their discoverable qmdities depend, may be
called their MX'nc. . . . .''econdly, . . . but, it being evi-
ilent that things are ranked under names into sorts or spe-
cies only as they agree to certain abstract ideas, to which
we have annexed those names, the essence of each genus .
or sort comes to Ik> nothing but that abstract Idea which
the general or sortal (if I may have leave so to call it from
sort, as I do general from genus) name stands for. And
this we shall find to be that which the word essence Im-
rirts In its most fiimiliaruse. These two sorts of essences,
suppose, may not unfitly be termed, the one the real,
the other the nominal, essence.
Locke, Human Understanding, III. UL 15.
essence
Whatever makes a thing to be what it is, is properly
called its essence, SeU-consciousness, therefore, is the es-
fence of the luiml, liecaiise it is in virtue of self-toiiscious-
iiess that tlie mind is the mind — that a man is himself.
Ferrier,
Rnt when in heaven she shall his rsnence see,
This is her soveraigne goo«.[ and perfect blisse.
Sir J. Davies.
I shall not fear to know tilings for what they are. Their
fssi'uce is not less beautifnl than their appearance.
Emerson^ Essays, 1st ser., p. 180.
To hold everjthing worthy of knowledge but the faith
Vy which he has lived, is to hold the accidents of life bet-
ter tliau its essence. Contemporary Jiev., LI. 218.
Hence — 2. The distinctive characteristic ; that
which is expressed by the definition of any term :
as, the essence of a miser's character is avarice.
When Lonis XIV. said, *' I am the state," he expressed
the eiftii'JU'e of the doctrine of unlimited power.
D. Webstery Bunker Hill Monument, June 17, 1825.
The esse }ice of savagery seems to consist in the retention
of a primordial condition.
Darwin, Express, of Emotions, p. 235.
He who believes in goodness has the esuence of all faith.
He is a man "of cheerful yesterdays and confident to-
morrows." J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 259.
3. That part of anything which gives it its in-
dividual character or quality : as, this summary
contains the essence of the book.
Mix'd with bestial slime,
Tliis essence to incarnate and imbrute.
Milton, P. L., ix. 16(3.
4. Existence; being.
I might have been persuaded to have resign'd my very
es^nce. Sidney.
I would resign my essence, that he were
As happy as my love could fashion him.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 4.
Our love scarce measur'd a short hour in essence,
But in expectancy it was eternal.
Beau, and Ft. (?), Faithful Friends, iii. 3.
5. An elementary ingredient or constituent;
anything uncompounded : as, the fifth essence
(that is, the fifth element in the philosophy of
Aristotle, or the upper air, the other four be-
ing, in their order^. earth, water, air, and fire).
See quintessence.
Here be four of you, as differing as the four elements;
and yet yon are friends : as for Eupolis, because he is tem-
perate and without passion, he may be the fifth essence.
Bacon.
6. Anything of ethereal, pure, or heavenly sub-
stance ; anything immaterial. [This meaning
is derived from the use of fifth essence for the
ether or upper air (see def. 5).]
Her honour is an essence that's not seen.
SAajb., Othello, iv. 1.
As far as gods and heavenly essences
Can perish. Milton, P. L., i. 138.
7. Any kind of matter which, being an ingredi-
ent or a constituent of some better-known sub-
stance, gives it its peculiar character ; an ex-
tract ; especially, an oil distilled at a compara-
tively low temperature from a plant in whicli
it already exists: as, essence of peppermint.
In pharmacy the term is applied also to solutions of such
oils in alcohol, to strong alcoholic tinctures, etc.
These poems differ from others as atar of roses differs
from ordinary rose water, the close packed essence from
the thin diluted mixture. Macaulaij, Milton.
8. Perfume; odor; scent; also, the volatile
matter constituting perfume.
What though the Flower it self do waste,
The Essence from it drawn does long and sweeter last.
Cowley, The Mistress, Dialogue.
Nor let th' imprisoned essences exhale.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 94.
His essences turn'd the live air sick.
Tennyson, Maud, xiii. 1.
9t. Importance; moment; essentiality.
I hold the entry of common-places to be a matter of
great use and essence in studying.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 231.
There's something
Of essence to my life, exacts my care.
Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 1.
Banana essence. See banayux.— Being of essence.
.See quiilditatitye being, under dei/if/.— Bergamot-pear
Gssencet an artificial essence imparting the flavor of the
I>ergamot-pear. It is a solution of 30 parts of acetate of
amyl ether and 1 of acetic ether in 200 parts of alcohol.
— Essence of anchovies, a kind of anchovy-sauce.—
Essence of bergamot. See ?>er,7a»(on.— Essence of
cumin. -See c«//(/;i. — Essence of mirbane. same as
ni/roie/uroi. — Essence Of pineapple. Same as ethyl hu-
tyrate (which see, under ^»////v»^).— Nominal, real es-
sence. See the citation from I^ocke under def. l.— Orl-
ental-pearl essence, essence of the East, a liquor pre-
pared from the si.-ale.s of various cyptinoid and clupeoid
fishes, some of whicit are popularly known as whitings, as
the bleak, Albumus lucidmt, and used to give their bril-
liant iridescent coating to artificial pearls. Tlie scales are
taken from the flsh, left in water until the slimy matter
adliering to them settles, then rubbed down in a mortar
2008
with fresh water, and strained through a linen cloth. Am-
monia is added, both to prevent decomposition and, by its
volatilization, to aid In coating the pearls, whether the na-
creous film is to be on the interior surface of a blowji pearl
or on tiie exterior of a bead of glass or paste, as for Chi-
nese or Roman pearls.
essence (es'eus), v. t. ; pret. and pp. cssenccdy
ppr. essencing, [< essence, «., 8.] To perfume;
Bcent.
Let not powder'd Heads, nor essene'd Hair,
Your well-believing, easie Hearts ensnare.
Conyreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
And tender as a girl, all essenced o'er
With odours. Coxvper, Task, ii. 227.
essence-peddler (es'ens-ped^ler), n. The skunk.
[Low, U. S.]
Essenes (e-senz'), h. ph [Formerly also Es-
sens ; < LL. Essenlj < Gr. 'Eacr^w/, also 'Eaaafo/,
the Essenes. The origin of the name is un-
known. See Assidean,'] A community of Jews
in Palestine formed in the second century B. C,
originally representing a tendency rather than
constituting an organized sect, and aiming at
a higher degree of holiness than that attained
by other Jews. Later they were organized into a sort
of monastic society, bound together by oaths to piety,
justice, obedience, honesty, and secrecy. According to
Philo, their conduct was regulated by three rules—" the
love of God, the love of virtue, and the love of man."
Titey rejected animal sacrifices, but were strict in their
observance of the non-Levitical [Mosaic law. They were
ascetics and generally celibates. They never extended, as
a body, beyond the bounds of Palestine, and disappeared
after the destruction of Jerusalem.
Except happely we like the profession of the Essens, of
whom Josephus speaketh, that thei will neither have wife
nor servaiintes. Sir T. Wilson, Art of Kiietoric (1558).
Essenian (e-se'ni-an), «. [< Essene + -v«».]
Of or pertaining to the Essenes.
The survivors of those [Jewsl who had suffered in Egypt
under Trajan, who were half Christian and ^jfscnian, . . ,
had at first no dislike to Hadrian.
N. A. Rev., CXXXVIL 496.
Essenism (e-se'nizm), n. [< Essene + -ism.'\
The doctrines, principles, or practices of the
Essenes.
essential (e-sen'shal), «. and n. [=F. cssentiel
= Pr. essencial = ^p. esencial = Pg. cssencial =
It. essenzialCj < ML. essentialiSj < L. essentia^ es-
sence: see essence,'] 1. fl. 1. Involved in the*
essence, definition, or nature of a thing or of a
word: as, an essential character; an essential
quality.
Life's but a word, a shadow, a melting dream,
Compar'd to essential and eternal honour.
Fletcher (and another), Ix)ve's Cure, v. 3.
The soul's essential pow'rs are three : •
The quick'ning pow'r, the pow'r of sense, and reason.
Sir J. Davids, Immortal, of Soul, xxxiii.
In proportion to the diversity and multiplicity of the
cases to which any statement applies is the probability
that it sets forth the essential relations.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 262.
As physicists we are forced to say that, while somewhat
has been learned as to the properties of matter, its essen-
tial nature is quite unknown to us.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, Int., p. 2.
2. Constituting or making that which is eJiar-
acteristic or most important in a thing; funda-
mental; indispensable: sls, &n essential fealnre
of Shakspere's style.
To the Nutrition of the Body there are two essential
Conditions requiretl, Assumption and Retention.
ifoivell, Letters, I. v. 9.
I doubted If the near neighborhood of man was not es-
sential to a serene and healthy life.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 143.
For verification is absolutely essential to discovery.
J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 128.
3, Specifically, in merl., idiopathic, not symp-
tomatic merely. — 4. Pertaining to or proceed-
ing from an essence ; of the nature of an es-
sence or extract.
From humble violet, modest thyme,
Exhaled, the essential odors climb.
Wordsworth, Devotional Incitement.
Essential act. See nr/.— Essential breadth. See
6r('<f(////. — Essential character, a character involved
in the detlnition of that to whicli it belongs.— Essential
co^tiont. See ro.7«/7/o/t.— Essential conveniencet,
unity of essence; identity.
Simple convenience is either essential or accidental.
Essential is that which we call identity.
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman, i. 20.
Essential definition. See f/r/?ni7tott.— Essential dif-
ference, distinction, diversity, a diiference, distinc-
tion, etc., givt-n in the definitions of the things distin-
guished.— Essential dignity. See dignity.— Essential
form. Same as *-((/j.sVrt 'J 'm//o;m. (which see, nnder.Ain^O-
— Essential harmony. See harmony. — Essential
notes. *See jjo?*-.- Essential oil, a volatile oil occurring
in a plant, and giving it its characteristic odor. Essential
<»ils are either distilled or expressed; they are mostly hy-
drocarbons, ^lanyof them have precisely the same chem-
ical composition, and though they are distingidshed by
various physical characters, their excellence can only be
essoiner
determined by the sense of smell. — Essential perfec-
tion. See ):)^?/(?c/i'07i. — Essential seventh, in nmxic, the
seventh t()ne or the seventh chord of the duminantof any
key.— Essential singularity, a singularity of a function
consisting ill tlic latt«--i- hfrf)niMiy altOiietlier indeterminate
for a certain value »>t the variiilile. Tiius,^^.* is altogether
indeterminate for a; = 0; for it is represented by an infinite
series of circles tangent to one another at one point ; and
one of these circles is infinitesimal. — Essential Whole,
that whose parts are matter and form. = Syn. 2. Requisite,
etc. (see Tiecessary), vital.
II. ». If. Existence; being. [Rare.]
His utmost ire, which, to the heighth enraged,
Will either (juite consume us, and re<luce
To nothing this essential. Milton, P. L., ii. 97.
2. A fundamental or constituent principle ; a
distinguishing characteristic.
I maintain this to be a dedication, notwithstanding its
singularity in the three great essentials, of matter, form,
and place. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, i. 8.
The dispute . . . almnt surplices and attitudes had too
long divided those who were agreed as to the essentials of
religion. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
In what regards poetry I should just as soon expect a
sound judgniehtof its essentials from a lioatman or a wag-
goner as from the usual set of persons we meet in society.
Landor.
essentiality (e-sen-shi-ari-ti), n. [< essential
+ -ity.'] The quality of being essential.
Another property, the desirableness and essentiality of
wliich is no less obvious on the part of an aggregated mass-
of testimony, is that of being complete.
Bentham, Judicial Evidence, i. 2.
The essentiality of what we call poetry.
Poe, Poetic Principle.
essentially (e-sen'shal-i), adv^ 1 . By reason of
natural constitution; in essence: as, minerals
and plants are essentially different.
That I essentially am not in madness,
But mad in craft. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4,
Malvolio is not essentially ludicrous. Lamb, Old Actors.
We cannot describe the time of an event except by ref-
erence to some other event, or the place of a body except
by reference to some other body. All our knowledge,
botii of time and place, is essentially relative.
Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, art. xviii.
2. In an essential manner or degree ; in effect ;
fundamentally: as, the two statements do not
differ essentially.
In estimating Shakespeare, it should never be forgotten
that, like Goethe, he was essentially obsei-ver and artist,
and incapable of partisanship.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 152.
essentialness (e-sen'ahal-nes), «, Same as c.s-
scntialify.
essentiatet (e-sen'shi-at), r. [< L. essentia, es-
sence, + -atc^.] I. intrans. To become of the
essence of something.
What comes nearest the nature of that it feeds, con-
verts quicker to nourishment, and doth sooner essentiate.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of His Humour, v. 4.
II, trans. To form or constitute the essence
or l>eing of. Boyle.
essling (es'iing), ». A young salmon. Quar-
fivhf Rev., CXXVI. 352. [Eng.]
essoinf, essoignt(e-soin'), n. and a. [= Se. es-
sonyiCj esson::ie; < ME. essoync essoine, essonie^
asoine, assoine, excuse, < OF. essoine, essoigne,
exoine, mod. F. exoine, reflected in ML. essonia,
exoina, exonia (> E. exon, q. v.), < es-, L. ex, out,
+ som, care, trouble. Cf. hisognio.] 1. n. 1.
In old Eng. laiv, an excuse for not appearing ii»
court to defend an action on the day appointed
for that purpose; the alleging of such an ex-
cuse.
In which suite no essoine, protection, wager of lawe. or
iniunction shall be allowed. Jlalduyt's Voyages, I. 371.
The freeman who ought to have attended [the Popidar
C:o«rts] preferred to stay at home, sending his excuse or
essoin for the neglect, and submitting to a fine if it were
insufficient. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 178.
2. Excuse; exemption.
From everie worke he clialenged essoj/ne
For contemplation sake. S2}enser, F. Q., I. iv. 20.
3. One who is excused for non-appearance in
court on the day appointed — Clerk of the es-
soins. See clerk.
II, a. In law, allowed for the appearance of
suitors: an epithet applied to the first three
days of a terra, now disused.
essbint (e-soin'), ?'. ^- l< essoin, n.] In old Eng.
laic, to allow an excuse for non-appearance in
court; excuse for absence.
Awav, with wings of time ; I'll not essoin thee ;
Denounce these fiery judgements, I enjpin thee.
Qnarles, Hist. Jonah (16-20), sig. O, 3. (E. D.)
essoinerf (e-soi'ner), n. One wlio essoins, or
offers an excuse for non-appearance in court;
specifically, an attorney who sufficiently ex-
cuses the absence of his clients or of one who
has been summoned.
essonier
essonier (e-so-nia'), «. In her., a diminutive of
the orle, ha%-ing usually half its width.
essonite (es'o-nit). n. 'Same as hessonite.
essorant (es'o-rant), a. [< F. cssorant, ppr. of
cssorer, soar: see «Ortr.] In her., about to soar :
said of a bird, especially an eagle, standing with
the wings lifted up as if about to rise on the
wing.
est^t, a. and «. A Middle English form of east.
est2t, estet, «■ [ME., < AS. e.s« (= OFries. ekf,
( «>•< = OS. anst = OHG. anst = Icel. dst = Goth.
tiHSt), grace, favor.] Grace ; favor.
As y yow say, \>e GoiUlys egt !
Rom. o/ Ayr Tryamoure (eii. Halliwell), I. 1416.
-est'. [ME. -est, < AS. -est, -ast, -ost, -st = OS.
-ist, -ost = OFries. -ist, -ost, -est = D. -est =
MLG. LG. -est = OHG. -ist, -ost, IIHG. -ist, -est,
G. -est = leel. -str, -astr = Sw. -ast = Dan. -est
= Goth, -ist, -ost = L. -iss-imus (regarded, with-
out much probability, as an assimilation of
'•ist-imus: for the additional suffix -mu-s, see
former^ and -most) = Gr. -taroq = Skt. -ishtha ;
a superl. suffix, of the orig. form "-yas-ta, being
the eompar. *-yas, E. -er^, + -ta, E. -th in ordi-
nals, etc.: see -er^, and -th^, -ettfi. The suffix
appears as -st in some contracted forms, as best,
erst, first, last, least, most, worst, next (tor ME.
nehsi), obs. hext (for ME. Iiehst).^ A suffix of ad-
jectives, forming the superlative degree, as in
ciililest, deepest, greatest, bigyest, etc. See -er^.
-«8t-. [MK. -est, < AS. -est, -ast, st = OS. -is,
-OS = OFries. -est, st = D. sst, st = MLG. LG.
-est, -st = OHG. -is, MHG. -es, -est, G. sst, st =
Icel. -r, -ar = Goth, -is, -os, -eis = L. -is, -as, -es
= Gr. -ai, -eig = Skt. si, prob. orig. identical
with the second personal pronoun, Gr. ai = L.
tit = AS. thu, E. tJiou : see «Aom. Cf. -eth^, -c«3.]
The suffix of the second person singular of the
present and preterit indicative of English verbs,
often syncopated to st : as, present singest or
singst, doest or dost, hast, etc., preterit sangest,
sungest, thoughtest or thougbtst, diddest or didst,
hadst, etc. lu use in the preterit of atrong verix is
oimiiaratirely recent and is rare (tlie aniiliary conatrur-
tlori Ihnudidit ting, etc., heixig use<l initead); anil.owini^
to tile disappemraace of (Aoit in ordinary speech, its use in
either teiue U now conflned almost enUreljr to the lan-
u'liai:'; of prajfer and poetry.
establet, a. A Middle English form of stable'^.
Chancer.
establiall (es-tab'lish), r. t. [< ME. establissen,
< Oh', establisg-, stem of certain parts of establir,
F. etablir (cf. D. etablisseren = G. etabliren =
Dan. etablere = 8w. etablera) = Pr. establir,
sinhlir = 8p. estableeer = Pg. estabelecer = It.
stdhitire, establish, < L. stabuire, make stable, <
.stabilis, stable : see stable^. Hence, by aphere-
sis, iltihli.th, q. v.] 1. To make stable, firm, or
sure; appoint; ordain; settle or fix unalterably.
1 will ftltMith my corenant with him (oran ererlaatini;
covenant. Oen. xvii. 19.
O king, eMaUuh the decree. Dan. vi. 8.
Tlie conntry lieing thus take.i Into tlie kinft'a hamla, Ids
majesty was pleased to etiabliuh the constitution to he by
a governor, council, and assembly.
Becerlry, Virginia, i. ^ 53.
2. To nut or fix on a firm basis; settle stably
or fixedly; put in a settled or an efficient state
or condition; inceptively, set up or found: as,
his health is well established; an esttiblishcd
reputation; to establish a person in business;
to establish a colony or a university.
He istephen] ;{ot the Kingiioni by Promises, and he £>■
talilUh'd it l>y Perfonuancea. Baker, Chronicles, p. 46.
As mv favour with the Bey was now atablithed by my
miilniKtit interviews, 1 thouxht of leavlnic my solitary
mansion at the convent. Brucr, .S«»un:e of the Nile, I. 3:».
A Kovcmment was to l>e estnHitkfd. without a throne,
witluiut an aristocracy, without castes, orders, or privi-
IcKiB. V. Wehtler, Speech, Keb. 2-i, 1832.
3. To confirm or strengthen ; make more sta-
ble or determinate.
So were the churches ettaUithed in the faitli.
Acta xvl. 5.
Do we then make void the law tliroui;h faith? Oo<l for-
estate
7. The quota or number of men in an army,
regiment, etc.: as, a peace establishment — Es-
tablishment of the port, the mean interval between
the time* of liiirli water at any given port and the time of
the moon's passinji; the meridian immediately precedins.
This interval is influenced by local circumstances, and con-
sequently is different at ditferent places. For New York
the establishment is 8 liours 13 minutes.
establislunentarian (es - tab 'lish - men - ta ' ri -
an), a. and ii. [< establishment + -arian.'] I.
a. Pertaining to or connected with an estab-
lished church, or the doctrine of establishment
in religion. [Rare.]
H. H. An upholder of the doctrine of the
recognition of a church by the state and its
maintonanee by law. [Rare.]
establishmentarianism (es-tab'lish-men-ta'-
ri-an-izm), n. The doctrine or principle of
establishment in religion; support of an es-
tablished church. [Rare.]
Egfablishmentariamsm, all the more grateful for its
"linked sweetness long drawn out," was, liowever, wont,
no doubt, to roll over the prelatial tongue as the most
savoury of polysyllables. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 44.
estacade (es-ta-kad'), «• [< F. estacade, < Sp.
Pg. estacada (= It. steccata, steccato), a paling,
a palisade, < estacar, stake, inclose with stakes
set in the groimd, < estaca = It. stecca = OF.
estaque, estache, a stake, of LG. origin: see
stake.'] A dike formed of piles set in the sea,
a river, or a morass, and connected by chains,
to clieck the approach of an enemy.
oitabli^hAnd estadal (Sp. pron. es - tii - dal ' ), «• [Sp.] A
esmoiisn anu ^pj^^jg^ j^^g measure, equal to 12 feet of Bur-
2009
lish one's claim or one's case ; to establish a mar-
riage or a theory.
For they, . . . going about to establiili their own right-
eousness, have not submitted themselves unto the right-
eousness of God. Rom. .\. 3.
The certainty of them [miracles] was so well tftaUahed
and transmitted to after-ages as that no fair, impartial
considerer should be able to doubt of it.
Bp. Attertmn), Sermons, II. 1.
6. To fix or settle permanently, or as if perma-
nently: with a reflexive pronoun.
From that period Sir Giles had established himmlf in
what were called the " state apartments."'
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 17.
The ability of the English to estaUiih themseltex in
New Englanil in spite of the objections of the original in-
habitants, was tested in a serious manner twice, and only
twice. M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., I. 147.
7. To settle, as property.
We will eslahlith our estate upon
Our eldest, Malcolm. Shak., Macbeth, I. 4.
Established churcll. See church. =Syn. 2. To plant,
constitiitf, organize, form, frame.
establisher (es-tab'lish-ir), n. One who es-
tablishes, in any sense.
God lieing the author and entahliiher of nature, and the
continual sustainer of it by his free providence.
Barrow, Works, II. xx.
I reverenced the holy fathers as divine ataMi»hrr» of
faith. 1-ord Dijby.
establishment (es-tab'lish-ment), n. [< OF.
esttibli-isemciit, F. etablissemen't (= Sp. estable-
cimiento = Pg. estabelecimento ; cf. It. stabili-
mento), < establir, establish: see
-me»/.] 1. Theact of establmhing ordaining, - j ^^^^^^ j, jj^j^
confirming, setting up, or placing on a firm ba- f,„t^,„„,t „,,i,„ n.^i^^s it exceed ll feet is incorrect. In
sis or sure footing ; the act of settling or tixing p^ru the estadal is equal to only 6 Peruvian feet, or 5 feet
permanently, or of proving, substantiating, or 7 inches English.
making good: as, the f«ta6<isAffic«tof afactory; estafet, estafette (es-ta-fef), »i. [i¥ . estafette
the establishment of a claim. = Sp. Pg. cst<ifeta, < It. staffetta, a courier, < It.
LInnicus, by the ettablUhment of the binomial nomen- staffa, a stirrup, < OHG. stapho, staph, MHG.
clalure, made an epoch in the study of systematic Iwtany. stapf, a step, = E. sfc/), q. v.] A military COU-
0. Beniham, Euphorbiacea;, p. 193. ^jg,. gjj express of any kind.
Tills ftlablithment or discovery of relations — we natur
bill : yea, we egtaUuh the law.
Bom. lil. 31.
I pray continually, that Ood will pleaa« toufaMuA your
heart, and i>less these good beginnings.
Winlhrojj, Hist. -New England, I. 407.
4. To confirm by affirmation or approval ; sanc-
tion; uphold.
Every vow, and every hIndInK oath to aflllct the sold,
her linaband may utaUuh It, or her husband may make
it void. Num. XXX. 13.
6. To make good ; prove : substantiate ; show
to Iw valid or well grounded ; caiwe to be rec-
ognized as valid or legal ; cause to be accepted
as true or as worthy of credence : as, to estab-
ally call It e4laMUhment when we think of it as a func-
tion of onr own minds, discovery when we think of It as
a function detemiinetl for us by the mind that is in the
world — is the es.sential thing in all understanding.
T. II, Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, | 132.
2. A fixed or settled condition; secured or cer-
tain permanence; fixity or certainty.
There he with Relga: did awhile remaine . . .
I'ntiU he had her settled in her raine
With safe ossurauuce and ettabiidiment.
SlKiuier, F. Q., V. xi. 35.
Whilst wo set up our hopes and etiabluihment here, we
ilo not serioiialy consider that God has provided another
and better place for lis. Jkp. Wake.
An eita/et was despatched on the part of our ministers
at the Hague, retpiiring Marshal Bender to suspend his
inarcl). .Sir /'. Boothby, To Edmund Burke, p. 84.
estallt, f. t. [ME. ; var. of stall, or enstall, in-
stall.} To install.
She was translated eternally to dwelle
Amonge sterres, where that she Is extalled.
MS. Digby, 230. (Uaniwell.y
estamin (es-tam'in), w. [< OF. estamin, esta-
mine, F. diamine, bolting-cloth : see etamine,
iamin, tamimj, tammy, stumin.'] A woolen stuff
made in Prussia, used for cartridges, sackcloth,
plush caps, etc. ; tammy. Simmonds.
3. Fixed or settled orderof things ; constituted estaminet (es-ta-me-n^'), n. [F., of unknown
order or system, as of government; organiza-
tion.
Bring In that ettaUiAtiunt by which all men should Iw
contained in duty. Speruer, State of IreUnd.
4. Fixed or stated allowance for subsistence;
income; salary.
Ills excellency, who had the whole disposal of the em-
perour's revenue, might gradually lessen your ulaMM-
ineltl. Siri/I.
6. That which has been established or set up
for anypuri>OBe. Specifically— (n) A permanent civil
or ndlitary force or organization, such as a fixed garrison
or a local government: as, the king has ettalfiitihinentg to
support in the four tpiarters of the glol>e, (h) An organ-
Izetf household or business concern and everything con-
nected with it, as aervants, employees, etc.; an institu-
tion, whetlier public or private : as. a large eftahtixhiueut
in the cmnttry; a large iron or clothing ettaUiahuient ; a
hydropathic or water-cure ejitaUishment.
However, Augusta has her carriage and ntabtuhment.
Charlotte BroiUe, Villette, rL
6. The authoritative recognition by a state of
a church, or branch of a church, as the national
church; the legal position of such a church in
relation to the state; hence, also, the religious
body thus recognized by the state, and main-
taine<l and more or less supported as the state
church: especially used of the Church of Eng-
land and the Church of Scotland. See estab-
lished church, under church.
The essence of an EtIablithiMnt seems to be that It la
maintained by law, which secures the payment of Its
endownienta, accruing from the soil, or prmluce of the
country. Bp. Chr. Wordtwtrrth, Church of Ireland, p. 295.
The charch is accepted by the state as the religious iHxly
In England which is the legitimate possessor of all proper-
ty set apart and devoted to religious uses, except the rights
of some other religious bodv be specially expressed. , . .
Its rightsare carefully guarded by law. . . . This position
of the church towards the state is called its Egtablxshment.
It has arisen not from any definite act of parliament or
the state, hut from the gradual interpenetration of the
state by the church, and from their having mutually grown
up together. Encyc. Brit., VIII. SSO.
origin.] A cheap coffee-house where smoking
is allowed; a tap-room.
Freiiuenters of billiard-rooms and estamineU, patrona
of foreign races and gannng-tables. Thackeray,
We scrambled ashore ami entered an estaminet where
some sorry fellows were drinking with the landlortl.
R. L. Steveimni, Iidund Voyage, p. 31.
estancia (cs-tan'si-il), «. [Sp. Pg., = E. stance,
<{. v.] A mansion; a dwelling; an establish-
ment; in Spanish America, a landed estate; a
domain.
We stopped for a time at Mr. Holt's large estancia,
where . . . the traces of the ravages of the locusts were-
oidy ti>o visible. Lady Ilrassey, Voyage of .Smibeam, I. vi.
estate (es-taf), «. [< ME. estat, < OF. esUit, F.
ilat = Pr. estat, slat = Sp. Pg. estado = It.
stalo, < L. status, state, condition: see statCy
which is partly an aphetic form of estate."] 1.
A fixed or established condition ; u special form
of existence ; state.
I gin to l»e a-weary of the sun.
Ami wish the estate o' the world were now undone.
SAaJr., Macbeth, v. 5..
2. Condition or circumstances of a person or
thing; situation; especially, the state of a per-
son as regards external circumstances.
I will settle you after your old estates. Ezek. xxxvi. 1 1 .
The congregated college have concluded
■I'hat labouring art can never ransom nature
From her inaidable estate. Shak., All a Well, 11. 1.
Dost thou look back on what hath been,
As some divinely gifted man,
Wliose life in low e«tate lH>gan
And on a simple village green?
Tennyson, In Slemoriam, Ixiv.
Thou. O Most Compassionate I
Who tiidst stoop to our estate.
Whittier, My Dream.
3. Rank; quality; status.
Who hath not heard of the greatness of ynnr estate/
Sir P. Sidney.
estate
He (the chancellor] had said . . . that " if he had done
atiythiug that touched tlie king in his sovereign entate, lie
would not answer for it to any person alive save only to
the king when he came to his age."
Stubbs, Const. Hist., I 333.
4. Style of li\-ing: usually with a distinctive
epithet, high, great, etc., implying pomp or
dignity.
His doughter quene of Inde as ye shall here,
Kepyng right arete estate withynue the lande.
Genenjdes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 18.
6. In Jaw : (a) The legal position or status of
an owner, considered with respect to his prop-
erty; ownership, tenancy, or tenure ; property
in land or other things. When the thing in question
is an immovable, such aa land, etc., tlie estate, if a fee, or
for a life or lives, is termed rcai. (hee real.) If it is only
for a term of years, or relates only to movables, it is
termed personal.
Land was once not regarded as property at all. People
owned not the land, but an estate in the land; and tliese
estates still continue to haunt, like ghosts, the language of
real property law.
Sir J, F. Stephen, National Rev., Laws relating to Land.
(6) More teohuioally, and with relation only to
land, the degree or quantity of interest, con-
sidered in respect to the nature of the right, its
period of duration, or its relation to the rights
of others, which a person has in land, if that
interest, in a given case, does not amount to au absolute
entire ownership, it is ijecause there is at the same time
another interest in the same thing pertaining to other per-
sons. Thus, one man may have the ultimate right of prop-
erty, another the right of i>ossession, and a third actual
possession ; each of these interests iieing qualijied or in-
complete estates, which, if transferred to and merged in one
person, would constitute au absolute estate or fee simple.
(See merger.) Such special estates are said to be carved
out of the fee. A/uture estate — that is, one which is not
to be enjoyed until a future time — is nevertheless deemed
to have a present existence in anticipation, even if it may
never take effect, or if it is wholly uncertain who will be
its owner; it is, in such case, called a contingent estate.
A', r. Jiei: St., III. 2175, § 6.
The grant of land to a man, without specifying what es-
tate he is to take, will to this day give him no interest be-
yond his own life. F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 55.
6. Property in general ; possessions ; particu-
larly, the property left at a man's death : as, at
his death his estate was of the value of half a
million ; the trustees proceeded to realize the
2010
Cap of estate. Same as cap of maintenance (which see,
undcrmniii(f««ncf).—Clotli Of estate. See ctoM.— Con-
ditional estate, or estate upon condition, an estate
the existence of wliieh depends upon the happening or
not happening of some uncertain event, wiiereby the
estate may lie either originally created or enlarged, or
tlnullv dft'oaled. Blackstone. See condition, 8.— Con-
ventional estates. See conventional.— Convention of
estates. See c(i;tiit!7i<i(m.— Equitable estate or title,
a right to claim the ]irofits or enjoyment of ownership
from the person who holds the legal title as trustee ; a
beneficial interest, recognized by courts of equity as lie-
longing to one person, while the legal title — that is, the
title recognized by courts of tjommon law — is in another
person. Thus, sometimes a trustee is said to hold the legal
title to tlie trust pruprrty, aii<l the benettciary an equitable
estate or title.— Estate at Will, that estate held by one who
Which charge of feeding so many beastly [beasts']
mouths is able to eat up a countryman's estate.
The Great Frost (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 89).
7. A piece of landed property; a definite por-
tion of land in the ownership of some one : as,
there is more wood on his estate than on mine.
No need to sweat for gold, wherewith to buy
Estates of high-priz'd land. Quartes, Emblems, v. 9.
But that old man, now lord of the broad estate and the
Hall,
Dropt off gorged from a scheme that had left us flaccid and
drain'd. Tennyson, Maud, i. 5.
8t. The body politic; state; commonwealth;
public ; public interest.
The Moscouite, with no lesse pompe and magnificence,
. . . sends his Ambassadors to forren Princes, in the af-
faires of estate. Uakluyt's Voyages, I. 261.
The true Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates.
Bacon, Title of Essay.
I call matters of estate not only the parts of sovereignty,
but whatever introduceth any great alteration, or danger-
ous precedent, or concemeth manifestly any great portion
of people. Bacon, Essays.
9. One of the orders or classes into which the
population of some countries is or has been di-
vided, with respect to political rights and pow-
ers. In modern times this division has been into nobility,
clergy, and people (now, in Great Britain, lords temporal
and spiritual and commons), called the three estates. For-
merly in France a legislative assembly representing the
three estates, called the states-general, was summoned only
In emergencies; the last began the revolution of 1789.
When the crowned Northman consulted on the welfare
of his kingdom, he assembled the estates of his realm. Now
an estate is a class of the nation invested with political
rights. There appeared tlie estate of the clergy, of the
barons, of other classes. In the .Scandinavian kingdom to
this day the estate of the peasants sends its representatives
to the diet. Disraeli.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is gov-
erned by its king or queen and two Houses of Parliament.
These are commonly known as the "Three Estates of the
Realm"; but this phrase properly applies to the three
classes of which Parliament is'composed, viz., the Lords
Spiritual, the Lords Temporal, and the Commons.
A. Fonblanfiue, How we are Governed, p. 11.
lOt. A person of high station or rank; a noble.
Richard, Duke of Gloucestre.f was! . . . liarde fauoured
of vysage. such as in estates is called a warlike vysage, and
amonge commen persons a crablied face.
Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 314.
She is a dutchess, a great estate. Latimer.
Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high
captains, and chief estates [revised version, men] of Galilee.
Mark vL 2L
esteem
He intended that son to my profession, and Iiad provided
him already 300£. a-year, of his own gift in churcli livings,
and hath estated 300£. more of inheritance for their chil-
dren. Donne, Letters, Ixx.
To the onely tise and behoof of my s'd child, I do hereby
estate and intrust all the particulers hereafter mentioned.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 458.
3. To settle an estate upon; endow with an
estate or other property.
Then would I,
More especially were he, she wedded, poor,
Estate them witll large land and territory
In mine own realm beyond the narrow seas.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
estatelyt, a. [< ME. estately, estatly, estatlich ;
is in possession of the land of another by his consent, and < estate + -lij^. Hence, by apheresis, stately.']
holds U at the will of the latter, or at the '^iH of both par- gtatelv " dignified.
It peined hire to countrefeten chere
Of court, and ben estatlich of manere.
And to ben liolden digne of reverence.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 140.
ties.— Estate by statute. See s(a(u(e.— Estate by suf-
ferance. .See swi^eraMe.- Estate by the courtesy. See
courtesy of England (under courtesy). — Estate for life, an
estate limited to a man to hold the same fur the term of his
own life, or for that of any other person, or for more lives
thanone. (StepA«n) 'When used without qualification the estatutet, M. An obsolete formofstetMte. Chau-
phrase usually implies tenancy for one sown life.— Estate c"""""""!!
foryears, an estate which, by the terms of its creation, is <"'''•
measuredbythelapseof a specified period of time (it may estCt, »• See est^.
he a fraction of a year or more), so that it must expire by eS'teeiU (es-tem'), r. [First at end of 16th cen-
'"*" '" ""*"'" '""' '"■" """" """"'' " '"""' tury; < F. estimer = Pr. Sp. Pg. estimar = It.
a certain date. An estate for years is often called a term
— Estate In common. See tenaney. — Estate in expec-
tancy. ^VQ expectance. — Estate In fee. See /<■*,■-. — Es-
tate m joint tenancy, an estate held, whether in fee, for
life, for years, or at will, by several persons jointly (as dis-
tinguished from an estate in severalty, or held separately).
Its characteristics are that it was created as a single es-
tate, in which the owners were conjoined (unity of estate),
and must therefore owe its origin to one act or deed (ttnity
of title), the interest of each commencing at tlie same time
(unity of time), and the possession of either being legally
equivalent to the possession of all {unity of possession).
It follows from these qualities that on the death of one
the entire estate remains in the others, who are said to
take by right of survivorship. A conveyance by one of his
interest terminates tlie joint character of the interest con-
veyed, because the unities are not preserved, and the
transferee, if a stranger, is a tenant in common. To il-
lustrate the distinction, trustees hold as joint tenants,
heirs as tenants in common. See (cnajici/.— Estate in
possession. See possession. — Estate in severalty.
See seuerarti/.— Estate In tall, an estate in fee cut down
(taille) by restricting it to certain descendants or classes
of descendants, leaving usually a right of reentry in the
creator of the estate, in the event of tlie failure of such
descendants. See tail and entail. — Estate Of Inheri-
tance, an estate that on the death of the owner survives,
and if he dies intestate passes to his heirs. One subject
to a condition that might prevent its passing (as where
tlie lord's consent was necessary) has been termed an
estate of inheritance qualijied. — Estate tail female, an
estate limited to females and female descendants of fe-
males.—Estate tail general, an estate limited to the
heirs of the donee's body generally, without restriction,
in which case it would descend to every one of his lawful
posterity who could take in due course. — Estate tail
male, an estate limited to males and male descendants of
males, thus securing tliat the land should always be owned
by one of the same surname as the ancestor. — Estate
tall special, an estate limited to certain' heirs of the
holder s body, usually the issue of a particular marriage.
— Executed estate, an estate ill possession, as distin-
guished from an executor;/ estate, which depends on some
contingency for coining into existence in enjoyment in
the future. — Executory estate, a future estate wllich is
contingent, but yet is not necessarily dependent, for its
commencement in possession upon the time when some
precedent estate sliall have terminated, as distinguislied
from one which is limited to take effect on the termina-
tion of a precedent estate, and is termed a remainder.
See executory devise, under devise, and remainder. — Ex-
pectant estate, ^ee expectance. — Fourth estate. (a)A
name for the lowest classes of society, as the artisans, ser
estimare, stimare,<, L. cestimare, wstumare, value,
rate, weigh, estimate : see estimate, and aim,
an older word, partly a doublet of esteem.'] I.
trans. 1 . To estimate ; value ; set a value on,
whether high or low ; rate.
Then he forsook God which made him, and lightly es-
teemed the Rock of his salvation. Dent, xxxii. 15.
One man esteemeth one day above another ; another es-
teemeth every day alike. Rom. xiv. 5.
You would begin then to think, and value every article
of your time, esteem it at the true rate.
B. Jonson, Epicoene, i. 1.
Specifically — 2. To set a high value on ; prize ;
regard favorably, especially (of persons) with
reverence, respect, or friendship.
Will he esteem thy riches? Job xxxvi. 19.
Not he yat hath scene most countries is most to be es-
teemed, but he tliat learned best conditions.
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 245.
On the backs of these Hawksbill Turtle grows that shell
■which is so much esteevi'd for making Caliinets, Combs,
and other things. Dumpier, Voyages, I. 103.
3. To consider; regard; reckon; think.
Those things we do esteem vain, which are either false
or frivolous. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 38.
When I consider his disregard to his fortune, I cannot
esteem him covetous. Steele, Tatler, No. 211.
Conversation in its better part
May be esteem'd a gift, and not an art.
Cowper, Conversation, L 4.
= Syn. 2. Value, Prize, Esteem, etc. (see appreciate) ; to re-
spect, revere. — 3, To think, deem, consider, hold, account.
II. intrans. To regard or consider value ; en-
tertain a feeling of esteem, liking, respect, etc.:
with of.
For his sake,
Though in their fortunes fain, they are esteem'd of
And cherish'd by the best.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1.
They [the Tamoyes] esteem of gold and gems, as we of
stones in the streets. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 841.
We our selves esteem not of that obedience or love or
gift, which is of force. 3/i«o?i, Areopagitica, p. 25.
vants, day-laborers, etc., as distinguished from the third „otoom res terri'l ri r< eifeem Jil 1 Estima-
estate or commons; the proletariat. (6) A name humor- esteem (es-tem ),n. L<- esieem, J'.J J., ^stima
ously given in recent times to the newspaper press, or the tion ; opinion or judgment of merit or demerit,
body of journalists, as constituting a power in the state ^nd live a coward in thine own esteem.
distinct from tliat of the three recognized political orders. Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
- Freehold estate. See.free^oid.— Future estate. See „„;«„„ii„ o ■p„.„„_„v,i„ ,^T^;T.lnT, fnrmt^A
def. 6 (ft).-Laiided Estates Court. See c.mrt.-Legal Specifically— 2. favorable opinion, tormea
estate. See equitable est air, and lefial—MergeT of es- upon a belief in the merit of itsobject; respect;
tates. See m«r'/«r. — Particular estate, the estate,
usually a lesser one, that precedes a remainder. See par-
(I'cuior.— Settled Estates Act. See se«te.— Third es-
tate, the common people in their relations to the state or
to political power : a plirase made famous by the struggles
of the representatives of this order (the tiers Hat) in the
last Freneli states-general for power equal to that of both
the other orders, and tlieir final assumption of supreme
authority, consummating the great revolution.— 'Vested
estate, an estate in which there is an immediate right
of present enjoyment or a present fixed right of future
enjoyment, or in regard to which, if all precedent estate
should instantly terminate, the right to enjoyment would
immediately be in an existing person. If, however, not-
withstanding such supposed termination, the right of en-
joyment would still depend on an unascertained contin-
gency, the estate is said to be contingent.
estate (es-taf), v. t.; pret. and pp. estated, ppr.
estating. [< estate, n.] If. To establish in pos-
session; settle.
Sir, I demand no more than your own offer; and I will
estate your daughter in what I have promised.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, ii. 1.
Our nature will return to the innocence and excellency
in which God first estated it.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 672.
2t. To settle as a possession; bestow; deed.
A contract of true love to celebrate ;
And some donation freely to estate
On the bless'd lovers. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
regard; liking.
Who can see.
Without esteem for virtuous poverty.
Severe Fabricius? Dryden, MaeiA.
I am not uneasy that many, whom I never had any es-
teem for, are likely to enjoy this world after me. Pope.
3. The character which commands considera-
tion or regard ; value ; worth.
This arm — that hath reclaim'd
To your obedience fifty fortresses, . . .
Besides five hundred prisoners of esteem —
Lets fall his sword before your highness' feet.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 4.
And let me tell you that angling is of high esteem, and
of much use in other nations.
/. Waltoti, Cofnplete Angler, p. 60.
4i. Valuation; price.
I will deliver you in ready coin
The full and dearest esteem of what you crave.
Webster and Rowley, Cure for a Cuckold, ii. 2.
=Syn 1 and 2. Estimate, Esieem, Estimation, Respect,
Reqard; honor, admiration, reverence, veneration. Es-
timate, both as noun and as verb, supposes an exercise of
the judgment in determining external things, as amount,
weigllt, size, value; or internal things, as intellect, ex-
cellence. It may be applied to that which is unfavor-
able : as, my estimate of the man was not high. Esteem
as a noun has commonly tlie favorable meanings of the
verb; it is a moral seutiment made up of respect aud
esteem
2011
attachment, the resultof the mental process of reckoning esthesiogenic, SestbesiOgeiliC (es-the'si-O-jen'
op the merits or useful qualities of a person : as, he is held
In very general m(<!«i». Estimation has covered the mean-
ings of both ealintalt and ateem. Resptct is commonly the
result of admiration and approbation : as, he is entitled
to our retpect for his abilities and his probity ; it omits,
sometimes pointedly, the attachment expressed in etteem.
Keijard may include less admiration than retpect and be
not quite so strong as esteem, but its meaning is not
closely fixed in quality or degree.
The nearest practical approach to the theological egti-
nuUe of a sin may be tound in the ranks of the ascetics.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 117.
The trial hath indamaged thee no way,
Bather more honour left, and more enteein.
Milton, P. R., iv. 20'
_k), a. [< esthesiogen, wsthesiogen, + -ic] Per-
taining to an esthesiogen or to esthesiogeny.
Alsthegiogenic points are developed.
Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 499.
esthesiogeny, sesthesiogeny (es-the-si-oj'e-nl),
H. [As esthesiogen, (esthesiogen, + -y.] The
action of an esthesiogen ; the induction of ex-
alted sensations.
The transference of hemianajsthesia by magnets (the
form of cesthesiogeny which has been most debated). ♦
F. W. II. Myers, Proc. Soc. Psych. Ees., Oct., 1SS«, p. 151_
Dear as freedom is, and in my heart's
Just estimation prizd above »'J,P^«^ ,j.^^ j. ^ tise on the organs_ of sense
. esthesiography, aesthesiography (es-the-si-
'" og'ra-ti), H. [< Gr. aiaBr/cnc, feeling, + -ypai^ia,
< yfXLi^tv, write.] A description of or a trea-
Ettitnation of one's society is a reflex
and assertion of one's society's claims is an indirect asser'
tion of one's own claims as a part of it.
U. Spencer, .Study of Sociol., p. 285.
Peel, too, had, even at the l)eginning of his career, too
great a retpect for his own character to allow himself to
be dragged through the dirt by his superior colleagues.
W. R. Grey, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 220.
A generation whom his choice regard
Should favour equal to the sons of heaven.
MiUon, P. L., 1. 653.
esteemable (es-te'ma-bl), o. [< esteem + -able.
Cf. estimable.^ Worthy of esteem; estimable.
[Bare.]
Homer . . . allows their characters etteemabU qualities.
Pope, Iliad, vi. 890, note.
esteemer (es-te'm^r), n. One who esteems;
one who sets a high value on anything.
This might instruct the proudest esteemer of his own
)>arta, how useful it is to talk and consult with others.
Locke.
ester (es'tir), n. Same as comjwuiKlctter (which
see, under ether).
estliacyte (es'tha-sit), ». [feeg. < Gr. aiada-
itnikti, perceive, feel, -I- kitoj-, a hollow (cell).]
One of the supposed sense-cells of sponges.
See the extract. Also <e»thacyte.
owper lasa, u. o*. ggtiegioiogy^ aestheslology (es-the-si-ol'o-ji),
of self-estimation; „ [^^ q^. mi7t)>/<7ir, perception, + -/.oyia, < leyew,
ipeak: see -ology.} That branch of science
which is eoiieenied with sensations. Dunglison.
esthesiometer, sesthesiome-
ter (es-the-si-om'e-ter), n.
[< Gr. aiaOtiai^, feeling, + /li-
rpov, measure.] An instru-
ment for determining the de-
gree of tactile sensibility.
It resemitles a pair of dividers, hav-
ing the points or extremities of tlie
legs somewhat blunted. The two
points are pressed upon the skin,
and the distance Ijetween them
necessary to their being distin-
guished aa two, aa shown on the
scale, gives the degree of tactile
sensilitlity of the skin at th:»t ,ipot.
esttaesioneuTOsis, aesthesio-
neurosis (es-the si-o-nu-rO'-
sis), n. [NL. (BSthesioneuTO-
sis, < Gr. aioBtiai^, perception,
+ vevpov, nerve, + -osis?] An
affection of sensation, espe-
cially when marked by no dis-
coverable anatomical lesion.
It is applicable to cases In which there is loss of sensation
in a part (anBsthesia) ; loss of the sense of pain (analgesia);
pain on slight stimulation (hyperalgesia) ; and formication
«,_. . • • K. —J K„ a>._...< ...I k... »'"' other disorders of sensation.
,inl''^S'"^'SJ^?^u;^iX^^''''. rtXl esthesionosus, asthesionosus (es-the^si-on'o-
spindle^haped cells, ... the dUUl end proJecU beyond HUS), ii. [M-.. ir.slhe.'.ioNo.iii.-.; < Ur. aiattriat^, per-
the ectodermal epithelium In a line hair or palpocil ; the eoptioii (see irxthf.iid ), -I- vdaoc, disease.] Same
liody is granular and conuins a large oval nucleus, and the „„ (.<;/„„o,„ »roMs
inner end Is produced Into line threads which extend into „^i,l,„j„ _„4.i,.-i-'/,.„ ,), = /_:_■, _ nsTT /•,•>»/•«,'<
tlie coUenchyrae and are supposed ... to become con- e8thesiS,aB8tlie81S(e>-the 8is),n. INL,. (BSthesiS,
tlnuoos with large muUlradlate collencytes. < Gr. mnttr/oic : see iisthe.fia.j Same as eesthesM.
SaUat, Encyc Brit, XXII. 420. esthesodlc, SStheSOdlC (es-the-sod'ik), a. [<
EstbesiometeT.
esthematology, aesthematology (es-the-ma-
tol'6-ji), n. [< Gr. mnft!/im(r-), a perception
(< aioHuvtatiai, aiaOeoOai, perceive: see esthetic),
+ -'/Jiyia, < ?Jyeiv, speak : see -ology.] That de-
partment of science which relates to the senses,
or the apparatus of the senses.
Estheria (es-the'ri-a), ». [NL., said to be an
anagram of the name of St. Theresa.'\ 1. A
genus of dipterous insects. Desvoidy, IS30. — 2.
The typical genus of crustaceans of the family or faculty is highly developed; one very sensi-
Eitthenida. The origin of the species dates ble of the beauties of nature or art. — 2. Com-
Gr. maittjaiq, sensation, + orf(Sc, a road, a way.]
In physiol., sensitive; sensory; conveying sen-
sory impulses or impressions.
He (Schin) named it the asthesodic substance.
Quoted In X. and Q., 7th ser., I. 804.
esthete, aesthete (es'thet), n. [< esthetic, es-
thetic, formed after the analogy of athlete, ath-
letic] 1. Properly.onewhocultivatesthe sense
of the beautiful ; one in whom the artistic sense
ongin or tne species
back to the Devonian epoch, and they are still
existent.
estherian (es-the'ri-an), a. and n. L a- Per-
taining to the Estheriuia.
n. n. One of the Kstheriida.
Estheriida (es-thS-ri'i-dS), «. pi [NL.., < £»-
theria + -wte.] A family of Crustacea, of the
order PhyUopoda or Branchiopoda, represented
by such genera as Estheria, Limnadia, and Lim-
netis. The shell
Is bivalve ; the an-
tenna} are highly
developed ; the an-
tennulie small ; the
swimming-feet from
10 to '^ in numljer ;
the telaon is large,
with a pair of ap-
pendages ; and one
or more pairs of legs
are chelate in the
male. The soft, bi-
valve carapace re-
sembles that of
Oaphnia ; but the
numerous segments Est/una catt/crntca, hi^Iy magnified.
of the body and the
foliaceotis limbs are those of typical Phytlopoda. The
males are equal In numtier to the females, or may exceed
them. The structure of the family is clearly Illustrated
under Liinnetis. Also called Limnadiidm.
esthesia, m. Roe (rsthrsin.
esthesiogen, aesthesiogen (es-the'si-o-jen), ».
[< Gr. luaOr/nir, feeling (see cesthesia), + -yev^,
producing : see -f/en. ] A substance whose con-
tact with or proximity to the body is supposed
to give rise to certain unexplained nervous ac-,
tions or affections, as exalted sensation. Proe.
Soc. Psych, lies., Oct., 1886, p. 150.
monly, a person who affects great love of art,
music, poetry, and the like, and corresponding
indifference to practical matters; one who car-
ries the cultivation of subordinate forms of the
beautiful to an exaggerated extent: used in
slight contempt.
You perhaps mean the mania of the CBsthetes — boudoir
pictures witn Meissonler as the chief deity — an art of
mere fashions and whims.
.i . D. White, Century's Message, p. 16.
esthetic, aesthetic (es-thet'ik), a. and n. r=
F. estMtique = 8p. est^tico = Pg. esthetico = It.
estetico, < Gr. aumririK6<;, perceptive, sensitive, <
autOqrd^, perceptible by the senses (cf. ala9riai(,
perception), < ainOavtaOai, aiaOeaOai, perceive by
the senses, extended from autv, hear, perceive,
akin to L. audire, hear: see audient.] I. a. 1.
Pertaining to the science of taste or beauty;
pertaining to or originating in the sense of the
beautiful : as, the esthetic faculty.
romparatlve criticism teaches us that moral and ^jt-
Ihetic defects are more nearly related than is commonly
supposed. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 1'27.
Beauty, If it does not take precedence of t'tility. Is cer-
tainly coeval with it; and when the first animal wants
arc satisfied, the aeathetic desires seek their gratification.
G. II. Leuxs, Probe, of Life and .Mind, II. iv. i Itj.
2. Having a sense of the beautiful ; character-
ized by a love for the beautiful.
On the whole, birds appear to be the most cesthetic of
all ajiimals, excepting of course man, and they have nearly
the same taste for the beautiful as we have.
Darwin, Descent of Man, II. 37.
3. Pertaining to the practice of the fine arts ;
pertaining to or accordant with the rules, prin-
ciples, or tendencies o( the fine arts : as, an
Esthonian
esthetic pose ; esthetic dress. — 4. In the Kantian
philos., pertaining to sensation or the sensi-
bility; sensuous.- Esthetic accent. See accent, 8
(a).— Esthetic certainty, that kind of certainty which
can be produced liy inductive reasoning; scientific cer-
tainty, as opposed to pliilosopliical or discursive certainty.
— Esthetic clearness, f^ee cUaDieex. — Esthetic per-
fection, beauty.— Esthetic sense, the mental power to
perceive and appreciate the beautiful.
II. n. 1. The science of beauty. See esthetics.
It is now nearly a century since Baumgarten, a cele-
brated philosopher of the Leibnitzio-Wolfian school, first
applied the term (esthetic to the doctrine which we vaguely
and periphrastically denominate the philosophy of taste,
the theory of the fine arts, the science of the beautiful and
sublime, etc.; and this term is now in general acceptance,
not only in Germany, but throughout the other countries
of Europe. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. In the Kantian philos., the forms of sensa-
tion (space and time), or of sensibility — Tran-
scendental esthetic, in the Kantian phUos., the science
of the a priori principles of sensibility, space, and time.
Its main proposition, according to Kant, is that space and
time are pure intuitions and forms of sensibility, not
tilings, or forms of things, independent of the perceiving
mind.
esthetical (es-thet'i-kal), a. [< esthetic + -al.]
Same as esthetic.
esthetically, aesthetically (es-thet'i-kal-i),
adv. According to the principles of esthetics ;
with reference to the sense of the beautiful.
Bowles, in losing his temjier, lost also what little logic
he had, and though, in a vague way, (esthetically right,
contrived always to be argunientatively wrong.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 430.
In the evening ... I again repaired to the " Navel of
the World " ; this time (esthetically to enjoy the delights
of the hour after the "gaudy, babbling, and remorseful
day. " K. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 396.
esthetician, aesthetician (es-the-tish'an), h.
[< esthetic, a\sthetic, -H -ian.] One skilled or en-
gaged in the study of esthetics; a professor of
esthetics.
estheticism, aestheticism (es-thet'i-sizm), n.
[< esthetic, (esthetic, + -ism.] 1. The principles
or doctrines of esthetics. — 2. Attacliment to
esthetics ; a tendency to indulge and cultivate
the sense of the beautiful : often used in a dis-
paraging sense, to imply an exaggerated devo-
tion to tne subordinate forms of the beautiful,
which often results in mere whimsicality or gro-
tesqueness.
estheticize, aestheticize (es-thet'i-siz), v. t.;
pret. and pp. esthetici:ed, astheticized, ppr. es-
theticizing, lestheticieing. [< esthetic, aesthetic,
+ -ize.] To render esthetic; bring into con-
formity with the principles of esthetics.
Schasler speaks of these essays (of English writers] as
" Emplristic esthetics, " tending in one direction to raw
materialism, in the other, by want of method, never lift-
ing Itself above the plane of "an eestheticisiny dilettante-
ism. " J. Sully, Encyc. Brit., I. 221.
esthetics, aesthetics (es-thet'iks), n. [PI. of
esthetic, asthctic : see -ics.] The science which
deduces from nature and taste the rules and
principles of art; the theory of the fine arts;
the science of the beautiful, or that branch of
philosophy which deals with its principles; the
doctrines of taste.
The name jf.sthetie* is intended to designate a scientific
doctrine or account of beauty in nature and art, and of
the faculties for enjoying and for originating beauty which
exist in man. EtKyc. Brit., IX. 194.
Categorical (esthetics are useless, because the final Judg-
ment of the world on questions of taste is intuitive.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 466.
esthetophore, aesthetophore (es-thet'o-for),
«. [< (Jr. a\athiT(ii;, sensible, perceptible by
the senses (see esthetic), + -^^/loc, < iplpetv = E.
bear^.] A hyjiothetioal substance which may
sustain consciousness ; a supposed physical
basis of consciousness and primary means of
its manifestation other than ordinary matter.
Like coniliuatioii, which is only communicable under
suitaiile conditions, consciousness, having been once trans-
mitted to a new (rstbeto^thore, lives on It, and requires con-
stant supplies of material for Its sustenance.
E. D. Cope, Amer. Naturalist, XVI. 467.
esthlology, aesthiology (es-thi-ol'o-ji), n.
[Sliort fill' islhesidlogij, asthesiology, q. v.] Same
as e.'<lhoiihi)si(>logy.
esthiomene (es-thi-om'e-ne), w. [NL., < Gr.
i(jHin/ii 17/, f em. of eoBidfinxi^, ppr. mid. of eadiciv,
eat, corrode: see esthiomenous.] In j>at/io/., lu-
pus of the genitals. [Rare.]
esthiomenous (es-thi-om'e-nus), «. [< Gr.
inihi'ifiivitt-, ppr. mid. of laOitiv, eat, corrode.]
In pathdi., eating; corroding: applied to dis-
eases which quickly eat away the part affected,
as in syphilis or cancer.
Esthonian (es-tho'ni-an), a. and n. [< Estho-
nia + -a».] I, a. Of or pertaining to Esthonia,
a government of Russia ly'^K between the gulf
Esthonian
of Finland on the nortli and Livonia on the
south.
A German aristocracy, with German traders in the towns,
ruled over a peasantry of tlie EKthoman, Lettisli, anil Lith-
uanian races. FurtniffMltj J{ee., N. S., XLI. Sii.
n. n. 1. One of a Finnish people inhabiting
Esthonia, Livonia, and other districts of Eus-
gia. — 2. The language of the Esthonians. It be-
longs to the Fiiniish family, ami exists under two piineipal
dialects the Dorpat Esth'>nian and the Ueval Kstlionian.
esthopiiysiology, sesthophysiology (es'thd-
fiz-i-ol'6-ji), II. [Short for *eslhcsiophysiology,
"(EsthetdopUysMogy, < Gr. aiad^aic;, perception '
(see esthetic), + E. physiology.'] The physiolo-
gy of sensation ; that branch of science which
treats of the correlation of phenomena of con-
sciousness and nervous phenomena; nervous
phenomena treated as phenomena of conscious-
ness.
jEstho-phytioloyy has a position that is entirely unique.
It belongs neither to the objective world nor to the sub-
jective world, but, taking a term from each, occupies it-
self with the correlation of the two.
//. Spemer, Priii. of Psychol., § 62.
estiferous, aestiferous (es-tif'e-rus), a. [< L.
(estus, heat (see eslirel-), + fcrre, = E. hcar^,
+ -OK.'J.] Producing heat. Cotes, 1717.
estimable (es'ti-ma-bl), a. and n. [< F. csti-
mablc = Pr. Sp. esilmable = Pg. estimavel = It.
estimdbile, stimat)ite, < L. wstima1)ilis, worthy of
estimation, < cestimare, value, esteem: see esti-
mate, esteem.} I. a. 1. Capable of being esti-
mated or valued: as, estimable damage. — 2\.
Valuable ; worth a price.
A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man.
Is not so estimable, profitable, neither,
As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats.
Shak., U. of v., i. 3.
3. Worthy of esteem or respect ; deserving of
good opinion or regard.
A lady said of her two companions that one was more
amiable, the other more eetimatUe. Temple.
He now . . . found that such friends as benefits had
gathered round him were little estimable.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
2012
estoppel
Conunisslonera of estimate and assessment. See estivation, sestivation (es-ti-va'shon), «. [;
fu/ii:m:»»iiiHei-. =Syn. A\(ii;in(i««, Ji(S/«'i-'. etc. Hee esteem.
estimation (es-ti-ma'shon), 11. [< ME. estyma-
e.yoii, < OF. estimation, F. estimation = Pr. esti-
matio = Sp. estimacion = Pg. e-itima^ao = It. es-
tima.:ioiie, stimazione, < L. a'Stimatio{ti-), a valu-
ation, < (vstimare, value: see estimate, esteem.}
1. The act of estimating; the act of judging
something with respect to value, degree, quan-
tity, etc.
Dear as freedom is, and in my heart's
Just cstimatiun priz'd above all price.
Cmvper, Task, ii. 34.
2. Calculation; computation; especially, an
approximate calculation of the worth, extent,
quantity, etc., of something; an estimate:
as, an estimation of distance, magnitude, or
amount, of moral qualities, etc.
The Tolle and the Custom of his ilarchantes is with-
outen estijmacioun to ben nonibred.
Maiuieville, Travels, p. 149.
It the scale do turn
But in the estimation oi a bair,
Thou diest, and all thy goods are confiscate.
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
3. In chem., the process of ascertaining by
!•'. estifution = ti\). entii-acioii, < L. as if *wstiva-
tio(>i-), < U'Stivare, pass the summer: see esti-
vate.] 1. The act of passing the summer.
On the under storey, towards the garden, let it be tunied
to a grotto, or place of shade, or estivation.
Bacon, Uuilding (ed. 1887).
Specifically — 2. In zoiiJ., the summer sleep of
certain animals, as mollusks ; tlio act of falling
into a more or less permanent condition of
sleep or dormant state in summer. — 3. In bot.,
pretloration ; the disposition of the parts of a
flower in the bud.
estiveif, aestivet, a. [< L. a-stivus, of summer,
< (vstas (asiat-), summer, akin to wstvs, fire,
heat, glow, surge, tide (> ult. E. estuary, estu-
ate), to Gr. aift/p, the upper air (> E. ether^),
aWog, fire, heat, and AS. dd, funeral pile, as*, a
kiln (> E. oast), etc. ; from the verb repr. by Gr.
alOeiv, glow, Skt.-/ «<"'> kindle.] Of summer;
of glowing heat.
Auriga mounted in a chariot bright
(Else styl'd Heniochus) receives his light
In th' cestive circle.
Ileywood, Hierarchy of Angels, iii.
analysis the quantity of a given substance con- gstive^ (es'tiv), n. [P., = Sp. estiva = It. stiva,
tained in a compound or mixture. — 4. Opinion - ... , ^ .
or judgment in general; especially, favorable
opinion held concerning one by others; esteem;
regard; honor.
The very true cause of our wanting estimation is want
of desert. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
I shall have estimation among the multitude, and hon-
our with the elders. Wisdom viii. 10.
Tacitus, in the obscure passage in which he describes
the apportionment of the land, mentions the dignatio, or
the sto-wing of a cargo ; from the verb, F. esti-
vcr, Sp. Pg. estivar, It. stivare, pack: see sieve.}
Same as estivage.
estivoust, a. [ME. estyvoHS, < L. aistivus, of
summer: see estive^, estival.} Of summer; sum-
mer-like.
It wol moost avannce
In landes that beth estyvoiis for heete
The flgtree latly riping forto gete.
Palladius, Uusbondrie (K. E. T. S.), p.
, 124.
estivMtion of the individual, »%"7, f "'j' P''JJ\^^'P'^/ j°' estOCt (es-tok'), "• [OF., < Q..^tock = E. stock
partition. Stubbs, Const. Hist.
5t. Conjecture; supposition; surmise.
I speak not this in estimation
As what I think might be, but what I know
Is ruminated, plotted, and set down.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV.
i. 3.
=S3T1. 2. Appraisement, valuation.— 4. Estimate, Regard,
etc. (see esteem); admiration, reverence, veneration.
Jesus was always more tender with the Sadd'ucees than estlmative (es'ti-ma-tiv), a. [Formerly also
with the Pharisees. He evidently regarded an honest
sceptic as more estimable than a ritualist.
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 185.
n.t n. That which is valuable or highly es-
teemed ; one who or that which is worthy of re-
gard. [Bare.]
The Queen of Sheba, among presents unto .Solomon,
brought some plants of the balsam tree, as one of the pecu-
liar exd'wa'/tes of her country. Sir T. Browne, Misc., p. 60.
estimableness (es'ti-ma-bl-nes), 11. The char-
acter of being estimable ; the quality of deserv-
ing esteem or regard.
estunably (es'ti-ma-bli), adv. In an estimable
manner; so as to" be capable of being esti-
mated.
estimate (es'ti-mat), v. t.-. pret. and pp. esti-
matecl, ppr. estimating. [< L. cestimatus, pp. of
cestimare, older form wstumare, value, rate, es-
teem: seo esteem.} 1. To form a judgment or
opinion regarding the value, size, weight, de-
gree, extent, quantity, etc., of; compute, ap-
wstimative; = F. estlinatif= Pr. cstimatiu = Pg.
estimativo = It. estimativo, stimativo; as esii-
inate + -ive.} 1 . Having the power of estimat-
ing, comparing, or judging.
The errour is not in the eye, bnt in the estimative facul-
ty which mistakingly concludes that colour to belong to
the wall which indeed belongs to the object. Boyle, Colours.
We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.
2. Meditative; contemplative. [Bare.]
Phantasie, or imagination, which some call astimative,
or cogitative, ... is an inner sense which doth more
fully examine the species perceived by common sense, . . .
anil keeps them longer, recalling them to mind againe, or
making new of his owne. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 23.
estimator (es'ti-ma-tor), B. [= F. estimateur
= Sp. Pg. cstimador = It. estimatorc,^ stimatore,
< L. (estimator, < O'Stimare, value, estimate: see
estimate.} One who estimates or judges.
Yet if other learned men, that are competent estimators,
. . . profess themselves satisfied with them, the proba
tions may yet be cogent "-"■'" '»'"■■'"' iv. i7r.
Boyle, Works, IV. 175.
reckon. ,.,,..,,„ ,, ,.„,.„,.,„„, guish: see extinct, extinguish.} In music, ex- estop (es-top ), v.t.
There is so much infelicity in the world, that scarce any f. ° ,. , ^ , . ^„t;„' *!,„ pTrtTPme of softness in
manhaslei8urefromhisowndi8tressesto<!»(M«rt(cthecom- tinguished . noting tne extreme or soilness in
parative happiness of others. Jo/mson, Rambler, No. 103. piano-music.
John of Salisbury's acquaintance with Roman literature estivagO (es'ti-vaj), n. [F., < estiver = Sp.
'" <(far, pack: see Sieve.] A mode of stowing
can only be estimate by a careful reading of the Polycra-
ticus. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 154.
My belief is that, as years gather more and more upon
us, we estimate more and more highly our debt to preced-
ing ages. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 13.
2t. To esteem ; honor.
A man . . . eMimated by his brethren.
Uoffinan, Course of Legal Study (2d ed., 1836), p. 196.
=Syn. Valw, Prize, Esteem, etc. (see appreciate); to
count, judge, appraise.
estimate (es'ti-mat), n. [< estimate, v.} 1. A
judgment or opinion as to the value, degree,
extent, quantity, etc., of something; especially,
a valuing determined by judgment, where ex-
actness is not sought or is not attainable.
Let us apply the rules which have been given, and take
an estimate of the true state and condition of our souls.
Bp. Attertmry, Sermons, II. xii.
Shrewd, keen, practical estimates of men and things.
W. Black.
'Tis as different from dreams.
From the mind's cold, calm estimate of bliss,
Aa these stone statues from the flesh and blood.
Browning, In a Balcony.
2t. Estimation; reputation.
There stands the castle ; . . .
In It are the lords of York, Berkley, and Seymour,
None else of name and noble estimate.
Shak., Rich. II., iL 3.
es , ^- - -
cargoes by pressing or screwing by means ot
capstan machinery, in order to trim the vessel :
practised in American and Mediterranean ports.
Also called estive.
estival, aestival (es'ti-val), a. [= F. Pr. Sp.
Pg. estival — It. estivale, < LL. a;stivalis, equiv.
to L. (BStiVttS, of summer: see estive^.} Per-
taining or appropriate to summer.
Beside vernal, eif/t'rrt/, and autumnal, . . . the ancients
had also hyemal garlands. Sir T. Browne, Misc., p. 92.
Occident estival, Orient estival. See the nouns.
estivate, aestivate (es'ti-vat), v. i. ; pret. and
pp. estivated, wstivated, ppr. cstirutiiig, aistivat-
ing. [< L. a;stivatus, pp. of wstivare (> Pr. es-
tivar = F. estiver), pass the summer, < eestivus,
of the summer: see c.stire^.} 1. To pass the sum-
mer, as in a given place or in a given manner.
Smart.— 2. In zooL, to pass into or remain in
the summer sleep, as some mollusks; be dor-
mant in summer.
They [certain mollusks] also wstivate, or fall into a sum-
mer sleep, when the heat is great. MiiUer.
The curious Binneia, with a body much larger than its
shell, envelopes itself, in cestivatintf, in a case of materials
similar to the hibernacula of other land shells.
Science, IV. 366.
see stock, n., and et.'tuck^.} A sword used for
thrusting, especially a second sword carried by
knights in the middle ages. In ^ome cases it was
worn in place of the dagger at the right side, in others
attached to the saddle, while the sword of arms was at-
tachetl to the belt or armored skirt of the knight.
estocadet (es-to-kad' ), «. [F. (after Sp. Pg. es-
tocada = It. stoccata), < e.stoe, a sword: see es-
toc, tuck'^.} In the latter part of the sixteenth
century, a heavy rapier: so called to distin-
guish it from the swords used more for cutting
and for breaking through steel armor than for
thrusting. The term continued in use through-
out the seventeenth century for a thrusting-
sword of any sort.
estoile (es-toil' ), n. [Also etoile, OF. estoile, F.
e'tof/e, astar, < L. stei/a, astar: see stellate.} In
her., a star, usually having six
points, and then distinguished
from the mullet in having the
rays wavy instead of straight.
When it has more than six points they
are either all waved or more usually
alternately waved and straight. The
number of points must always be
mentioned in the blazon when it ex-
ceeds six. Also etoile. — EstOlle of
four points, in her., same as cross
estuili (which see, under croKsl).
estoill (F. pron. es-two-la'), a. [OF. estotle,
pp. of estoilcr, set with stars, < estoile, a star:
see estoile.} In her., like a star.— Cross estoil^.
Seecros'sl.
pret. and pp. estopped,
pprT estopping. [< OF. estoper, estovper, stop
with tow, impede, cram, F. etouper = OSp. e*-
tojmr = It. stoppare, < ML. stupare, stop with
tow, cram. From the same ult. source, through
AS., comes E. stop; see stop.} To bar; stop;
debar ; specifically, in law, to bar, prevent, or
preclude, usually by one's own act. See estoppel.
A man shall always be estopped by his own deed, or not
permitted to aver or prove anything in contradiction to
what he has once . . . solemnly avowed.
Blackstvne, Com., II. xx.
The President ot the United States ... is a politician,
chosen for but four years to the highest office open by
election to man, and conventionally estopped, at least m
modern times, from essaying any other line of public pre-
fenncut after leaving the presidential office.
Tlie Century, XXXV. 964.
Gules, an estoile ar-
gent.
estoppel, estopple (es - top ' el), n. [Formerly
also estopel, estoplc; < estop, V.} 1. Stoppage;
impediment.
But estoples of water courses doe in some places grow
by such meanes, as one private man or two cannot by
force or discretion make remedie.
.Voriien, Snrveiors Dialogue (1610).
2. In law, the stopping of a person by the law
from asserting a fact or claim, irrespective of
its truth, by reason of a previous representa-
tion, ■ act, or adjudication inconsistent there-
with.
If a tenant for years levies a fine to another person, it
shall work as an estoppel to the cognizor. Blackstone.
estoppel
JBstOPPel by deed, estoppel resnlting from the execution
of ail instrument under seal.— Estoppel by record, es-
toppel resultinj,' from an aiijudk-ation of a court of record.
—Estoppel en pals, or equitable estoppel, estoppel
resulting' from conduct or words under circumstances ren-
dering it ine<iuitable to allow the party to withdraw from
the position taken ; tlius, where the claimant of property
has stood by and allowed it to be sold as the property of
another without olijection. the law holds him estopped
frtim rpclaiming it from tlie buyer.
estonfade (es-to-fad'), «• [< OF. estouffade,
F. itoiiffude, < OF. estouffer, F. etouffer, stifle,
choke, suffocate : see stuff,} In cookery, a mode
of stewing meat slowly in a closed vessel.
estovers (es-to'verz), «. }}l. [< OF. estover, cs-
toveir, estovoir, estevoir, estavoir, estuver, etc.,
need, necessity, necessaries, being a substan-
tive use of the inf. estover, estovoir, etc., be
necessary, be fit. Hence, by apberesis, stover,
q. v.] In laic: (a) So much of the wood and
timber of the premises held by a tenant as may
be necessary tor fuel, for the use of the tenant
and his family, while in possession of the prem
2013
In truth, there could hardly he found a more efficient
device for extranffinff men from each other, and decreas-
ing their fellow-feeling, than this system of state-alms-
piving. //. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 351.
3. To keep at a distance; withdraw; with-
hold : generally used reliexively.
Had we . . . estranfjed ourselveg from them in things
indifferent, who seeth not how greatly prejudicial this
might have beeu to so good a cause ?
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
I thus estrange my person from her bed. Dryden.
We must estrange our belief from everything which is
not clearly and distinctly evidenced. GlanviUe, Seep. Sci.
4t. To cause to appear strange or foreign.
Sure they are these garments that estrange me to you.
D. Jomon, Challenge at Tilt.
estrangedness (es-tran'jed-nes), n. The state
of being estranged.
Disdaining to eat with one being the greatest token of
estrangedness or want of familiarity one with another.
I'njnne, Vind. of i'our Questions (1645), p. 2.
ises, and so much asmay be necessary for keep- estrangefult (es-tranj'fiil), a. [< estrange, a.,
" " es thereon in suit- + -y«'-] Strange; foreign.
ing the buildings and fences
able repair. Biiigkam. See hote^, 2 (6). (6)
The right which the common law gave a ten-
ant to take such wood, (c) In a more gener-
al sense, supplies, as alimony for a wife, or
Over these they drew greaves or buskins, embroidered
with gold and interlaced witli rows of feathers ; altogether
enstrange/ul and Indian-like.
Beaumont (and others), Mask of the Middle Temple
.. . Land Lincoln's Inn.
Z^hiif lilTmnSZ'' °f n't l°° ""'^ ^'' ^'""''^' estrangement (es-tranj'ment), n. [< esiranqe
l%7ai«fe ^ '^°™°° Of estovers. + .,„,^f.] The act of estran^ng, or the state
estrade (es-trad'), ». [F., < Sp. Pg. estrado, a °' ^®*°S estranged, in any sense of that word,
drawing-room or guest-chamber, its carpets. Desires, ... byalongeTwJran^niien/frombettcrthinga,
etc., = Pr. estrat = It. strata, floor, pavement ""'"^ "' '*"«** Pert«tly to loath, and ayotllrom them
carpet, etc., < L. *<raf«m, a pavement, floor! ^ ,.-,-.. South Work,, ll. vl
bed-covering, couch, etc.: see stratum and ^^^^K^r (es-tran jfer), ». One who estranges,
street.] An elevated part of the floor of a room ; ■'"■""•"""?•
a raised platform or dais.
He [the teacher] himself should hare his desk on a
mounted rstrade or lilatforni.
J. (J. Fitch, Lectures on Teaching, p. 69.
«8tradiot (es-trad'i-ot), n. [< OF. estradiot =
Sp. estradiote = It. stradiotto, < Gr. orpaTiurrK,
a soldier: see stratiotes,stradiot.'] A soldier of
a light cavalry cor|>8 in the Venetian service
and in the service of other European conntries
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
estradiols were recruited in Ualmatia, Albania, etc. ; they
wore a semi-uriental <lress, and carried Javelin, bows and
arrows, etc. Also stradiot.
-olCHlttg,
estranglet (es-trang'gl), v. t. [< OF. estrangler,
strangle : see strangle.'] To strangle. Golden
Legend.
Accompanied with crosse-bowe men on horaebacke. «-
tradiats, and footmen. Comintt, tr. by Danet, lig. Ff 3.
«8traitt, V. t. [Var. of strait, v.] To narrow or
confine ; straiten.
manege, the action of a horse that tries to get
rid of his rider by rearing and kicking.
'^° estrayt (es-tra'), r. i. [< OF. estrayer, estraier,
stray: see astray and stray.] To stray.
How much from verity this age estrayt.
Middleton, Micro-Cynicon, i. 1.
estray (es-tra'), »i. [< estray, v.] 1. A tame
beast, or valuable animal, as a horse, ox, or
sheep, which is found wandering or without an
So that at this day the Turk hath atragled a* very nere,
and brought it within a right nairow coranus.
Sir T. More, Dlalose, p. 145.
estramatjon (es-tram'a-son), n. [F., < It. »tra-
ma:;ime. a cut with a sword, gash : see strama-
zoun, Hlramash.] I. A long and heavy sword
for cutting as well as thrusting. — 2. That part
of the edge of a cutting-sword which is near the
point. — 3. A cut with the edge of a sword: a
term in sword-play. [Hare in English in any
sense.]
estranget, a. and n. [< ME. estraunge, < OP.
estrange, F. strange = 8p. extraHo = Pg. estranho
= It. estraneo, estranio, straneo, stranio, < L. ex-
traneiis, foreign, outside, < extra, without: see
extraneous, extra. Hence, by apheresis. stra nge,
q-v.] La. 1. Foreign; strange.— 2. Reserved;
haughty.
Uis highe porte and hla manere estraunge.
estuarine
estrat = It. estratto), < estraire (F. extraire), <
L. extrahere, draw out, extract : see extray, ex-
tract.] In £iig. law, an extract or a copy of a
writing; a certified extract from a judicial rec-
ord, especially of a fine or an amercement im-
posed by court.
The said commissioners are to make their estreats as ac-
customed of peace, and shall take the ensuing oath.
Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish.
The commissioners were to amerce severely all rebel-
lious or disobedient jurors and bailirts of the king or lords
of liberties who should neglect to attend and to assist and
obey them, causing the estreats of the amercements to be
sent into the exchequer.
S. Doicell, Taxes in England, I. 65.
Clerk of the estreats, a clerk charged with recording
estreats in the English Exchequer. The ofllce was abol-
ished by 3 and 4 Wm. IV., c. 99.
estreat (es-tref), f. <. [< estreat, n.] In Etig.
laic : (a) To extract or copy from records of a
court of law, as a forfeited recognizance, and
return to the Court of Exchequer for prosecu-
tion.
If the condition of such recognizance be broken, . . .
the recognizance becomes forfeited or absolute ; and being
estreated or extracted (taken out from the other records,
and sent up to the Exchequer), the party and his sureties
... are sued for the several sums in which they are re-
spectively bound. Blackstone, Com., IV. xviii.
(6) To levy (fines) under an estreat.
The poor . . . seem to have a title, as well by justice as
by charity, to the amerciaments that are estreated upon
trespasses against their lord.
Boyle, Against Swearing, p. 112.
Estrelda (es-trel'da), »i. [NL., also Estrilda
(Swainson, 1827), Istrelda, Astrilda.] A genus
of small conirostral oscine passerine birds,
based on the Loxia astrilda of Linnteus, com-
monly referred to a subfamily Spermestinw, of
the family Ploceida; and held to cover a large
number of African species.
'ni-an), a. and n. [<
inhabitant of Estremadura,
_' „ or relating to Estre-
madura.
n. n. A native or an inhabitant of the an-
cient province of Estremadura in Spain.
estrepe (es-trep'), »'■ «. ; pret. and pp. estreped,
ppr. estreping. [< OF. cstreper = Pr. estrepar,
waste, ravage, destroy, < L. extirpare, exstir-
pare, root out, uproot: see extirpate.] In laie,
to commit waste or destruction, to the dam-
age of another, as by depriving trees of their
branches, lands of their trees, buildings, etc.
owner; a beast supposed to have strayed from estrepement (es-trep'ment), «. [< OYlestrepc-
the power or the mclosure of its owner, in law ment (ML. estrepamentum), a wasting, waste,
it implies that the owner is unknown, wherefore the com- ^ estrener waste • sen /.«/r^)<. 1 Ir, Inw =„oil
inon law gave the ownership to the sovereign. In other "^ ^sireper, v,a.st.e . Bee estrepe. i In fa M!, spoil ;
than legal usage the more common form is stray. waste ; a stripping of land by a tenant, to the
nie king had a right to . . . Mfroys — valuable anl- P'*j'"lice of the owner.— Writ of estrepement,
nials found wandering in a manor, the owner being un- _"'.' »"i'Jent common-law process to prevent waste.
known, after due proclamation made in the parish church estrich, estridge (es'trich, -trij), n. [Early
[ to the pUce where mod. E. var. forms of OitncA; see osfnc/i.] "
and two market towns next adjoining
they were found. A'. Dowett, Taxes In England, I. 25.
Then the sombre village crier,
Binglng loud his brazen bell.
Wandered down the street proclaiming
There was an etiray to sell.
Longfellow, Pegasus In Pound.
2. Figuratively, anything which has strayed
away from its owner.
Our minds are full of waifs and estraifs which we think
are our own. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 5W7.
An ostrich.
It.
Let them both remember that the eser{d.7edlsgesteth hard
yron to preserve his health. Lyly, Eu'phues, slg. N 4, b.
All plum'd like estridges that with the wind
Bated — like eagles having newly batli'd.
ShaJc., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
The brains of (leacocks and of estriches,
Shall be our food. B. Jonson, Volpone, ill. 8.
2. The commercial name of the fine down of
the ostrich. Ilrande, Diet, of Sci., Lit., and Art.
How he grides upon some promising ««tra.v, and makes — _.. . ■ ■
the most of it I Stedman, PoeU of America, p. 33. E-Strmg (e string), n. In a stringed instrument,
Chaucer, Troilns, L 1084. estre^t, *• [ME., state, eondition,< OP. estre be- " string which is tuned to give the note E when
ing, state, condition, etc., prop. inf. estre, mod. °P?" ' specifically, the smallest and highest
F. <?fre, be, < L. esse (LL. -essere, > 'estere, > stnng of the violin; the chanterelle.
OF. estre), be : see am (under W) and essence.] estrot, n. [< L. wstrus, < Gr. oior/ioc, a gadfly :
State; condition. Bee a-strus.] 1. An oestrus; a gadfly. Hence
n. tt. A stranger ; a foreigner.
V Is to sey y' non Mraunges bey or selle wt any oder
estraunget any maner inarcbandlaes wythyn y« fraunches
of the same cite vpon neyne of torfetur of yi same niar-
chandise. Charter of London, in Arnold's Chron., p. 39.
estrange (es-tranj'), v. t.; pret. and pp. es-
tranged, ppr. estranging. [< OF. estranger, P.
etranger (= Pr. estranhar= Sp. extraHar = Pg.
estranhar = It. straniare, stranare), alienate,
< OF. extrange, ad^., strange: see estrange, a.]
1. To alienate; divert from its original use or
possessor ; apply to a purpose foreign to its on- estre'^^t, estreet, «
— 2. Any violent or irresistible impulse. Nares.
But come, with this free heat.
Or this same estro, or enthusiasnie
(For these are phrases both poetical),
will we go rate the prince.
Marston, The Fawne,
See (cstuance.
ii.
ginal, proposed, or customary one.
They . . . have estranged this place, and have burned
incense in it unto other gods. Jer. xli. 4.
2. To alienate the affections of; turn from
kindness to indifference or enmity ; turn from
intimate association to strangeness, indiffer-
ence, or hostility.
I believe that our ettranned and divided ashes shall
unite again. Sir T. Browne, Rellgio Medici, i. 48.
Will you not dance? How come you thus estrangd t
Shak.. L. L. L., V. 2.
All sorts of men, by my successful arts.
Alihorring kings, ettrangt their alter'd hearU
Irom David's rule. i>rvdcn. Aba. and Achit.,L 280.
What schal I telle unto .Sllveatn,
Or of your name or of your eiCn t Oowtr.
Poms the krng had will with the mestie
To wite of Alisauodrea etrt ;
To wite his etn and his beyng
Orete wllle had Poms the kyng. .
King Alisaunder, L aen (Weber's Metr. Rom I ). estuancet, n.
TME < OF estree yiree estuautt, a. [ME. estuant, < L. (estuan(t.)s, ppr.
ifag;:kdL.fc.)'.v go'^^^:"''"^'Klow: seeestnate.] bumfng;
Yit leve a Utel hool oute atte to brethe
Thalre heetes estuant forto alethe.
I'alladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 202.
estnarian (es-tu-a'ri-an), a. [< estuary + -an.]
Same as estuarine.
estnarine (es'tu-a-rin), a. [< cstuar-y + -ineX.]
1. Of or pertaining to an estuary; formed in
an estuary.
strae, a way, road, passage,
tr^, a paved road, a street,' < L. strata (sc. r'i'«),
a paved road, a street : see street, of which estre^
is a doublet.] Away; a passage: usually in the
plural: applied to the various passages, turn-
ings, etc., of a house, garden, etc.
The ettrei of the grisly place,
Tliat htghte the grete temple of Mars in Trace.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1113.
Tlian jede a grom of Orece in the gardyn to plele.
To bihold the estres and the herberes (arliorsj so falre.
William o/ ralerne (K E. T. S.), I. 1768.
estreat (es-tref), n. [< OF. es&et, estrait, es-
treile (F. extrait), an abstract, extract (= Pr.
Beds of red clay with marly concretions, which from
their niineraloglcal resemblance to the overlying Panipean
formation seeineil to indicate that at an ancient period
the Rio Plata had dejiosited an estuarine formation.
Darwin, Geol. ObservaUons, 11. 867,
estuarine
2014
rarely
Fossil remains of land animals are, of course,
found except in lacustrine or e^ttiariite deposits.
Encyc. Brit., VII. 285.
The seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, writ-
ten H or 7/.
etaac, «. Same as hlauwbok, 1.
2. Inhabiting or foiuid in estuaries: as, "fluvia^ etacism (a' ta-sizm), «. [< Gr. i/ra (as pro-
»;i„ „- «„*.,„,.-,.^ r<oto„o<. " Huxley, Anat. Vert., nouueed a'ta) + -c-ism. Cf. iotacism, rhota-
cism, lambdaeism, etc.] The Erasmian pro-
nunciation of ancient Greek, characterized by
giving the letter t/ its ancient sound of a in mate
or ey in they: opposed to iotacistn, the Reuch-
linian and modern Greek method, which gives
to (? and to some other vowels and some diph-
thongs the sound of e in 6c or i in machine.
tUe or estuarine Cetacea
p. 342.
estuary (es'tu-a-ri), n. and a. [Formerly also
(estuary; < iJ. aituarium, a part of the sea-coast
which during the flood-tide is overtlowed but
at the ebb-tide is left covered with mud, a chan-
nel extending inland from the sea, an air-hole,
in ML. also a hot bathing-room, < a'stus (wstu-).
the swell of the sea, the surge, the tide, also etacist (a'tii-sist), j». lAsetac-ism + -ist.] One
glowing heat, fire, etc. : see ci-toei.] I. «.; pi,
estuaries (-riz). 1. An arm or inlet of the sea,
particularly one that is covered by water only
at high tide. [The original sense, now rare.] —
8. That part of the mouth or lower course of a
river flowing into the sea which is subject to
tides ; specifically, an enlargement of a river-
channel toward its mouth in which the move-
ment of the tides is very prominent. The prin-
cipal estuaries, as tlms restricted, are tliose of the St. Law-
rence in Nortii America, the Plata in Soutli America, the
who practises or upholds etacism
§tag§re (a-ta-zhar'), «• [F., < etager, place in etch^ (ech), ti.
rows one above another, < etage, a stage : see
stage,'] An ornamental piece of furniture con-
sisting essentially of a set of open shelves in-
tended for holding small ornamental objects.
et al. A common abbreviation of Latin et alii
(masculine) oi et alice (feminine), ' and others':
used in legal captions : as. Smith, Brown, Jones,
et al.
etching
cifieally, to engrave by the use of a mordant t
as, to etch a design on a copperplate : applied
in the fine arts either to a design or to the plat©
upon which it is made. See etching.
I have very seldom seen lovelier cuts made by the help
of tile best tempered and best handled gravers than I
have seen made on plates etched, some I)y a l-'rench and
others by an English artificer. Boyle, Woriis, III. 459.
It was found to liberate iodine from potassium iodide,
attack mercury, and etch glass.
Jonr. Franklin Inst., CXXV. 317.
2. To sketch ; delineate — To etch with the dry-
point, to draw in free-hand upon bare copper with a sharp
tool ground to a cutting edge.
II. intrans. To practise etching.
A contracted form of eddish.
Fence III -^oi in Aiiieiica, uie riiim in owuwi j^iiicin-a, n«: __ ./j./ .\ ta 7j • 4-1
Thames in England, the Elbe in Germany, and the Gironde Etamin (et a-min), n. [Ar. ras-el-tanntn, the
in France,
The other side of the peninsula is washed by the mouth
— here we must not say estuary — of a stream yellow as
Tiber. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 99.
3t. A place where water boils up.
Whether it be observed that over the estuary . . . there
arise any visible mineral fumes or smoak, . . . and, if such
fumes ascend, how plentiful they are, of what colour, and
of what smell? Boyle, Works, IV. 799.
H. a. Belonging to or formed in an estuary:
as, estuary strata.
We may conclude that the mud of the Pampas continued etape (e-tap'), «• \_¥. itape : see Staple.'] 1. A
to be deposited to within the period of this existing esr«- public store-house for goods; a staple-town,
art/ shell. iJaram, Geol. Observations, ii. 317. JJ. Phillips, 1706. — 2. An allowance of provi-
Lay dung upon the etch, and so'v it witli barley.
Mortimer, Husbandry.
etch^ (ech), V. t, [< ME. echen, var. of ehen, eke :
see eke.] A dialectal or obsolete variant of ehe.
Where the lion's skin is too sliort, we must etch it out
with tlie fox's case. Cotton, tr. of Montaigne, v.
It is, not without all reason, supposed that there are
many such empty terms to be found in some learned writ-
ers, to which they had recourse to etch out their systems,
where their understandings could not furnish them with
conceptions from things. Locke.
one whos<>
dragon's head.] A star of the second magni-
tude above the head of the Dragon ; y Draconis.
It is the zenith-star of the Greenwich observatory, where otclier (ech'er), n. One who etches
it has always been used for determinations of aberration. „,„f„„^;„„ :„ Jtn\,\r,„
etamine (et'a-min), n. [< F. etamine, OF. esta- protession is etcnmg,
wijne, bolting-cloth : see estamin, tamin, tammy,
stamin.] A textile fabric ; a kind of bunting.
See tamin.
Cream-colored etarninee with close canvas ground. . . .
Then there are cotton etainineg.
Philadelphia Times, March 21, 1886.
sions and forage for soldiers during the time of
their march through a country to or from winter
quarters. Bailey, 1727. —3. In Russia, a prison-
like building with a stockaded yard, used to
confine and shelter at night parties of exiles
proceeding under guard from one place to ano-
ther.
Our convict party spent Tuesday night in the first regu-
lar itape at Khaldeyeva. . . . Half the prisoners slept on
the floor under the nares [sleeping-platforms] and in the
corridors. . . . The sleeping-platforms and the walls of
every Siberian ^tape bear countless inscriptions, left there
by the exiles of one party for the information ... of their
comrades In the next.
Kennan, The Century, XXXVII. 43.
etapiert, »• [F. etapier, < ^tape : see etape. Cf .
stapler.] One who contracts to furnish troops
with provisions and forage in their march
through a country. E. Phillips, 1706.
6tat-major (a-ta'ma-zh6r'), n. [F.] Milit., the
staff of an army or a regiment. See staff.
etc. -A. common abbreviation of etcetera.
et cetera, etcetera (et-set'e-ra). [L. : et, and I
cetera, neut. pi. of ceterns, tern, cetera, neut.
ceterum, other, another, rare in sing., usually
pi. ccteri, ceterce, cetera, the others, the other
things, the rest, the remainder (the L. spelling
cetera, etc., is preferred, but cwtera is in good
use) ; prob. < *cj-, qui-, pronominal stem in quis,
any one, etc., + -ierus, eompar. suffix, as in
alter, other. See alter, other, etc. In E. also
written etcwtera, et cwtera; also abbr. etc., cf-c,
formerly &'c., the character &, &=, being a liga-
ture of et.] And others ; and so forth ; and so
on: generally used when a number of individ-
uals of a class have been specified, to indicate
that more of the same sort might have been
mentioned, but for shortness are omitted: as,
stimulants comprise brandy, rum, whisky, wine,
beer, etcetera. [It is sometimes used as an
English noun, with plural etceteras.]
Come we to full points here, and are etceteras nothing?
SAa*., 2Hen. IV., ii. 4.
And is indeed the selfsame case
With theirs that swore et coeteras.
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. ii. 650.
I have by me an elaborate treatise on the aposiopesis
called an et coetera. Addison, Tatler, No. 133.
I called the pangs of disappointed love
And all the sad etcetera of the wrong,
To help him to his grave.
Wordsworth, Prelude, viii.
An oath imposed on the clergy by the Anglican bishops
in 1640, "binding them to attempt no alteration in the
government of the Church by bishops, deans, archdeacons,
.„ r<L. ,. 1 ~ II 1 A «! ct i- „_i™;„ i« " i/aiiam. Const. Hist., ix.
-et^. [See-a<cl, -arfl.] A suffix of Latin origin,
another form of -ate, -ad, as in ballet, sallet, .son- etch^ (ech), v. [< D. ctsen, etch, = Dan. aitse =
net, etc. Compare the doublets ballad, salad, Sw. etsa, < G. atgen, feed, bait, corrode, etch, <
sonata. MHG. etzen, OHG. ezzen, give to eat, lit. cause
eta (§'- or a'ta), n. [Gr. vra, orlg. the name toeat, caus. of e^an = E. eo(.- seeeot] I. trans.
of the aspirate, < Phen. (Heb.) heth. See H.] 1. To cut or bite with an acid or mordant ; spe-
estuatet, estuationt. See testuate, cestuation.
estuft, «. An obsolete form of stuff.
estofa (es-to'fa), «. [Sp. : see stove.] A stove ;
an oven ; a close room where heat or a fire is
steadily maintained for any purpose. See the
extract, and stove (in horticulture). F. Park-
man. [Used in parts of the United States ori-
ginally settled by Spaniards.]
At different points about the premises were three cir-
cular apartments sunk in the ground, the walls being of
masonry. These apartments [in whicii a fire is kept con-
stantly burning) the Pueblo Indians called estufas, or
places where the people held their political and religious
meetings. L. H. Morgan, Araer. Ethnol., p. 157.
estnret, n. See (esture.
esurient (e-sii'ri-ent), a. and n. [< L. esurien(t-)s,
ppr. of es'urire, essurire, be hungry, hunger, lit.
desire to eat, desiderative of edere, pp. esus, eat,
= 'E.eat: Bee eat.] I. a. Inclined to eat ; hun-
gry. [Rare.]
The severest exaction surely ever invented upon the
self-denial of poor human nature ... is to expect a gen-
tleman to give a treat without partaking of it ; to sit esu-
rient at his own table, and commend the flavour of his
venison upon the absurd strengtii of his never touching it
himself. Lamb, Elia, p. 427.
n.t n. One who is hungry or greedy.
Sure it is that he was a most dangerous and seditious
person, a politic pulpit driver of independency, an insati-
able esuriemt after riches and what not, to raise a family,
and to heap up wealth. Wood, Athense Oxon.
esnrinet (es'u-rin), a. and n. [Improp. < L.
esurire, be hungry (see esurient) ; in the adj. use
with ref . to edere, eat.] I, a. Eating; corrod-
ing; corrosive.
Over-much piercing is the air of Hampstead, in which
sort of air there is always something esurine and acid.
Wiseman.
II. n. In med., a drug which stimulates the
appetite or causes hunger.
et, prep. A dialectal variant of at.
-efcl. [ME. -et, < OF. -et, m., -ete, f., mod. F.
-et, -ette = Sp. -eto, -eta = It. -etto, -etta, a dim.
suffix ; cf. -ette, and -ot, -otte. E. -et represents
both F.-et,Tn., and -ette, f . ; later words from F.
-ette retain that ending in E. Cf . -let. In some
words -et is of AS. origin: see def.] A suffix
of French or other Romance origin, properly
diminutive in force, as in billet^, billet^, bullet,
fillet, hatchet, islet, jacket, locket, m,allet, pallet,
pullet, ticket, etc. in most words of this sort the di-
minutive force is but slightly or not at all felt in English,
and it is no longer used as an English formative, except
as in -let. In summit this diminutive suffix appears as -it.
In some words, as f/annet, hornet, perhaps linnet, etc., -et
is of Anglo-Saxon origin.
[See-a<cl, -arfl.] A suffix of Latin origin.
etch-grain (ech'gran), n. A crop sown in spring
after plowing the stubble. [Prov. Eng.] See
eddish, 2.
etching (ech'ing), n. [Verbal n. of etclt^, v.] 1 .
A process of engraving in which the lines are
produced by the action of an acid or mordant
instead of by a burin. A plate (usually of copper,
but sometimes of glass, stone, etc., according to tlie use
to which it is to be put, or the effect sought to be pro-
duced) is covered with a ground made of asphaltum, wax,
and pitch, which is evenly blackened witli the smoke of
wax tapers. (See etching-ground.) On this ground the
design is drawn with a steel point or needle, as with a-
pencil on paper (care being taken not to cut the metal),
the point leaving the metal exposed where it passes.
The plate is tlien submerged in a liath of dilute acid,
which bites in those parts of the surface exposed by the
drawn lines, while the remainder of the surface is pro-
tected from its action by the wax coating. P'un-ows are
thus formed which, wlien the plate has been cleaned and
charged with ink, will, if impressed upon a piece of moist
pai>er, print an impression of tlie design. When blackened,
the plate may be plunged into cold water to give its sur-
face a polish. For copperplates to be used in printing,
the mordant commonly used is nitric acid, but in its place
some modern etehei-s employ a so-called " Dutch mor-
dant," made of muriatic acid and chloi-ate of potash.
Wlien the fainter lines of the design appear to be suffi-
ciently bitten in, the plate is taken from the bath and,
after being carefully washed in cold water these lines are-
stopped out with a paint-brush charged witli a varnish
made of asphaltum and turpentine, so that they will be
protected from the acid when the plate is replaced in
it. This process is repeated from time to time until the
strongest lines in the desigii have been sufficiently bitten-
in, after which the remaining gronnd is washed off with
spirits of turpentine, and the plate is ready to be inked.
Artists who etch from nature while the plate is in the acid
bath proceed inversely — that is. they liegin by liiting in
tlie stronger lines, and end with the fainter ; but in either
case, whether the latter are stopped out or last put in, they
are subjected to a smaller degree of acid action. If the fii-st
impressions are imperfect, the plate can be retouched with
tlie dry-point, or rebittcn after a fresh ground has been
laid on with a roller. The tools used in etching comprise
needles, gravers or burins of different shapes, scrapers,
burnishers, oil-rubbers, dabbers, camels-hair brushes, etc.
A surface of porcelain may be etched and bitten, and the
sunken lines then filled with a metallic pigment which on
refiring can be burned into the ware and covered with
glaze.
Some plates were sent abroad aljont the year 1530, eateik
with aqua fortis after Parmesano ; and etching with cor-
rosive waters began by some to be attempted with lauda-
ble success. Evelyn, Sculpture.
2. An impression taken from an etched plate.
— 3. A line etched, or appearing as if etched.
[Rare.]
Never is my imagination so busy as in framing his re-
sponses from the etchings of his countenance.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 32.
Calligraphic etching, a process consisting in drawing
with a pen dipped in common ink on a w-ell-cleaned cop-
perplate. When the ink is dry the plate is covered with
a thin etching-gi-ound, and afterward smoked. It is then
left for a quarter of an hour in a bath of cold watei,
which softens the ink, so that when on removal from the
bath the surface is gently rublied with a piece of flannel,
the ink and the varnish over it will come away tos-ether,
leaving the design clearly traced in bright lines on the cop-
per, to be bitten in as usual.— Etching-embroidery, a
kind of fancy-work done with black silk and with water-
color, such as sepia and India ink, upon a light silk
ground, in imitation of prints from engravings and etch-
ings. It was very much in fushifm during the early part
of the nineteenth century.— Etching figure, i^et. figure.—
Painter's etching, a phrase used to designate an etch-
ing which in first conception, comiiositioii, delineation,
and mechanical execution is entirely the work of one art-
ist, as opposed to an etching executed after a design or
picture by another artist.— Soft-ground etching, also
called gravure en manit-rc dc crayon, an etcliing executed
by covering a plate with a ground made of equal parts of
etcUng
the ordinary etching-ground and tallow, or, in summer, of
two thirds of the first and one third of the second, melted
tosrether. which, wlien cooled, is rolled into balls wrapped
in'silk. After layini,' the ground and smoking it lightly, a
piece of thin paper with a grain is laid upon it, on which
a design is drawn with a lead-pencil. As the varnish at-
taches itself to the paper in pnipurlion to the pressure of
the hand, when the paper Is lifted the lines traced hy the
pencil are exjiosed upon the plate, and when bitten in
will yield a facsimile impression of the design.
etching-ground (ech'ing-ground), II. The var-
nish or coating used in etching to protect the
surface of the metal plate from the action of the
mordant. An ordinary ground ismadeof2ouncesof nat-
ural or Egyptian asphaltum, 1 J ounces of virgin wax, and
1 onnceof Burgundy pitch. These Ingrettients are melted
over a slow fire, thoronghly compounded, and, while still
pliant, rolled into balls for use. A transparent ground
for retouching is made of 5 parts of white wax, to which,
when melted, 3 parts of gum mastic in powder have been
added ; or of 1 ounce of resin and 2 ounces of wax, set to
simmer over a fire in a glazed pipkin ; or of turpentine
varnish with a smaii qnantity of :)xid of bismuth.
etching-needle (ech'ing-ne'dl), n. A sharp
instrument of steel for tracing outlines, etc.,
on plates to be etched. Needles tot use in etching
proper are sharpened perfectly round and are of several
degrees of fineness ; those used in etching w ith the dry-
point are shai-pened on a fiat hone but not strapped, so as
to produce a cutting angle on one sitle of the point.
etching-point (ech'ing-point), n. A steel or
diamond point employed in etching; an etch-
ing-needle.
eteopolymorphism (et'e-o-pol-i-m6r'fizm), n.
[< (jr. irciir, true, -1- E. poli/ntorphism.'] True
polymorphism. [Rare.]
eteo'stic (et-e-os'tik), K. [With last syllable
accom. as in acrostic, q. v. ; prop, 'eteottich, <
Gr. n-oc {cTco-), a year, + <rri xfK, a line, a verse.]
A cbronogrammatical composition; a phrase or
piece the numeral letters in which form a date .
a chronogram.
eterio, ". See heUerio.
etenninablet (e-t*r'mi-na-bl), a. [< L. e-
priv. -\- E. terminable. Cf. interminable!] With-
out end ; interminable. Skelton.
etem, eteme (e-tim'j, a.andn. [<ME. e<em«,
< OF. tterne ='Sp. Pg. It. etemo, < L. atemus,
everlasting, eternal, contr. of 'mvitemus. (with
gnlfix -turnus) < cewm, older cevom, an age, eter-
nity, = Gr. aiuv {'(uFini), an age (> eeon, eon):
see age, ayi, eon.] I. a. Eternal; perpetual;
everlasting. [Obsolete or archaic]
Now be welle ware that thou have not misdrawe
Hire tendir ^ongthe fro Ood that is eterne.
L'jd'jate, MS. Soc Ant., 1S4, fol. 6. (nallimll.)
but in them nature's copy 's not eteme.
Shak., Macbeth, UL 2.
O thou EienM by whom all beings move !
W. Brmcne, Britannia's Pastorali, L 4.
A library . . . full of what Lamb calls *' Great Nature's
Stereotypes," the etfnu copies that never can grow stale
or unproductive. J. T. Fieldt, Underbrtuh, p. 8.
n. n. Eternity. Chaucer. [Obsolete or ar-
chaic]
etemt, etcmet, t>. t [< etem. a. Cf. etemish.l
To make ctt-rnal or immortal.
O idiot's Khiinii'. and Envy of the learned I
O Vcmc ll'B.-ilins of David) right-worthy to be »jelemedl
O ricliest Arras, artiflciall wrought
With liuelicst I'ljlours of Conceipt-full Thought !
Sylrrttfr, tr. of Du Bartaa's Weeks, II., The Itophles.
eternal (e-t*r'nal), a. and ii. [< ME.«(enMi/, eter-
nalt (with the simple form eteme : see etem), <
OF. etemel, F. itemel = Pr. 8p. Pg. eternal =
It. etemale, < LL. atemdUs, < L. wlemtu, ever-
lasting, eternal: see e(er».] I. a. 1. Existing
without beginning or end of existence; exist-
ing throughout alftime.
To know whether there Is any real being whose dura-
tion has tieen eternal. Locke.
2. Having a beginning but no end of existence
or duration; everlasting; endless; imperish-
fiMe : as, eternal fame.
He there does now enjoy elrrnaU rest.
Spenter, F. (J., I. Ix. 40.
Thus did this holy ordinance which Ood had instituted
for the refreshing of their l>odiea, the instruction of their
soules, and as a type of txtemal happiness, vanish into a
smoky superstition amongit tbem.
Purchtu, Pilgrimage, p. 123.
3. In a special metaphysical use. existing out-
side of alt relations of time ; independent of all
time-conditions ; not temporal.
For there were no ilays on<i nights and months and years
Ijefore th*r In-aven waa created, but when he created the
heaven li.- created them also. All these are the parts of
timf, and the past and fntnri* are created B]>ecle» of time,
whi'li w.- unconsciously but wrongly transfer to the rtrr-
nnl r^^r-nr.- ; for we say Indeed that he was, he Is, he will
•>e. but thf tnUh is that "he is" alone truly expresses
him, and that "was" and "will Iw" are only to be spoken
of generation in time.
Plato, Timietu (trans, by Jowett), I S8.
2015
4. By hyperbole, having no recognized or per-
ceived end of existence ; indefinite in duration ;
perpetual; ceaseless; continued without inter-
mission.
1'henceforth etemall union shall be made
Betweene the nations different afore.
Spenser, F. Q., III. ill. 49.
The summer is here eternal, caus'd l)y the natural and
adventitious heate of the earth, wami'd through tlie sub-
terranean fires. Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 7, 1645.
The sound the water made,
A sweet eternal murmur, still the same.
Bryant, Sella.
Eternal generation, in iheol., the communication of the
divine essence from God the Father to (iod the Son. The
Catholic, orthodox, or Trinitarian doctrine is that God the
Son, being truly God e<iually with God the Father, is ex-
istent from all eternity to all eternity, and that accord*
ingly God has always existed as Father and as Son, so that
the divine act of generation is itself eternal, that is, never
had a beginning and can never have an end. This doctrine
is opposed to the Arian teaching that "there was (a time)
when he [the Son] was not," and that "before being begot-
ten he was not." As involving paternity and filiation, the
act liy which the Son proceeds from the Father is distinc-
tively called be'jetting or t/etieration, while that by which
the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father (according to
John XV. 26 and the terminology of the F.astern ChurchX
or from the Father and the Son (in the language of West-
em theology), ia called procession simply, or distinctive-
ly spiratum. ssSyn. Eternal, Everlagtintj. Immortal, Per-
petual; interminable, perennial, imperishable. Eternal
Srimarily means without beginning or end, but secondar-
y without end; eveHaMinti properly means lasting from
the present to an endless future. Both eternal and crer-
lasting are peculiarly associated with the divine being or
function. Immortm applies to that which cannot or wiU
not die : as, '•{mmortea hate." MUton, P. L., L 104; "mar-
ried to immortal verse," Milton, '.'Allegro, L 187. It is
sometimes applied to God (1 Tim. i. 17). Perpetual points
to the future, and applies especially to that which is e«-
tablished: aa, A perpetual covenant, desolation, feud. It
is freely applied to anything that lasts indefinitely. AU
the four words are often used by hyperbole for that which
lias long duration. See xneettanL
What can it then avail, though yet we feel
Strength undindnish'd, or eleriuUhemfc,
To undergo eternal punishment?
lUaton, P. L, 1. 166.
Those summer seas, quiet aa lakes, and basking in ever-
laitinQ sunshine. De Quincey, Homer, L
Some, for renown, on scraps of learning dote,
And think they grow immortal aa they quote.
Young, Love of Fame, 1. 89.
Their time seems to have been consumed in a perpetual
struggle with the sea, which they had not yet learned to
confine with dykes and emiiankments.
C. EUim, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 51.
n. n. 1. That which is everlasting. [Rare.]
All godlike passion for etemalt quench'd. Young.
2. Eternity. [Bare.]
Since eternal is at hand,
To swallow time's ambitions,
. . . what avail
High titles, higb descent, attaiiimenU high.
If uiiattain d our hlchMt?
Young, Kight Thonghte, vlll. 34.
The Eternal, Ood.
The law whereby the Sternal himself doth work.
Hooker, Ecclea. Polity.
Hla tnist was wttb the Eternal to be deem'd
Equal in strength, and rather than be leas
Cared not to be at all. Milton, P. L., 11. 48.
etemalist (f-t^r'nal-ist), n. [< eternal + -m/.]
One who holds that matter or the world has
existed from eternity.
1 would ask etemalitte what mark is there that they
could expect or desire of the novelty of a world, that is
not found In this? Bp. Burnet, Theory of the Earth.
etemali'ty (e-tir-nal'i-ti), ». [Early mod. E.
etcrnalitie, etemalitee ; = It. eternalitA; as eter-
nal + -«<y.] The condition or quality of being
eternal; etemalness.
The great goodnem of God . . . dyd. In the fayth of the
sayd Medlatoor, remytte and forgeue theim the etemali-
tie of the payne dew unto theyr offence.
Sir T. MWe, Works, p. 1292.
For thus he spcaketh unto Moses, I am that I am ; signi-
fying an etemaiitee, and a nature that cannot chaunge.
J. Vdall, On John ix.
eternalize (f-t^r'nal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
eternalized, ppr. eternalizing. [< eternal + -ize.']
To make eternal; give endless existence to;
eternize. [Kare.]
We do not eternalize memory by making It Inherent in
them [atoms]. O. S. Ilall, German Culture, p. 96.
eternally (e-tfer'nal-i), adv. 1 . Without begin-
ning or end of diiiration, or without end only;
with reference to or throughout eternity.
That which is morally gooii . . . must be also ^^crmif/j/
and unchangeably so. South, Sermon.
Both body and soul live eternally In unsi^eakalile Idiss.
Sharp, Works, I. xii.
2. Perpetually; incessantly; at all times.
Where western gales eternally reside.
Additon, Letter from Italy, 1. 65.
Eternally in pursuit of happiness, which kee|>s eternally
befon us. Jtjenan, Correspondence, II. 96.
eternness
The sea
Sighed further off eternally,
As liuman solTOW sighs in sleep.
D. G. Bossetti, Ave.
etemalness (f-ter'nal-nes), n. The state or
quality of being eternal,
eteme. See etem.
eternifyt (e-ter'ni-fi), r. t. [< L. mtemus, eter-
nal, + -jlcare, make : see -/y.] To make eter-
nal or everlasting ; eternize.
True Fame, the trumpeter of heau'n, that doth desire in-
flame
To glorious deeds, and by her power etemijieg the name.
Mir. for Mags., p. 559.
This said, her winged shoes to her feet she tied.
Formed all of gold, and all etemijied. Chapman.
etemisation, eternise. See etemization, eter-
nize.
etemisht (e-t§r'nish), f. t. {< etem + -ish'^.'] To
make eternal or immortal.
If thisorderhadnotbeneinourpredecessors, . . . they
had neuer bene elernished for wise men.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 126.
eternity (f-t^r'ni-ti), n. ; pi. eternities (-tiz). [<
ME. etemite, eternytee, < OF. etemite, F. eter-
nite = Pr. etemitat = Sp. etemidad = Pg. eter-
nidade = It. etemita, < L. wtermt<i(t-)s, eternity,
< (eternus, eternal : see etern.'] 1. The condition
or quality of being eternal, (a) Infinite duration
or continuance, or existence witliout beginning or end.
Democritus . . . expressly asserts the eternity of mat-
ter, but denies the etemity of the world.
Bacon, Physical Fables, i., Expl.
By being able to repeat the Idea of any length of dura-
tion we have in our minds, with all the endless addition
of numl)er, we come by the idea of eternity.
Locke, Hun^ Understanding, II. xvii. 5.
(6) The state of things in which the flow of time has ceased.
There time, like fire, having destroyed whatever itcould
prey on, shall, at last, die itself, and shall go out into eter-
nity. Boyle, Serapliic Love,
(c) Existence outside of the relations of time.
Some years ago I vcntOTed to make an apology tor the
popular conception of eternity, as l)eing endless time, in
opposition to the ordinary metaphysical doctrine thateter-
nity is timelessness. BiUiotheca Sacra, XLIII. 601.
2. The state or condition of existence preced-
ing life, or subsequent to death.
Sho inyght be assumpt, I pray thyn excellence,
Vnto till troone, and so to be commende.
In bodye and sauie euer withoutyn eude
With the to reyne In tliyne etemyte.
York Plays, p. B16.
At death we enter on eternity. Duright.
The narrow isthmus twixt two boundless seas.
The past, the future, two eternities !
Moore, Veiled Prophet.
8. Indefinite duration of time or vast extent of
space; anything that seems endless; endless
round: as, an eternity of suspense; the great
desert with its eternity of sand.
Thus maketh thai of thaire fertiiitee
In helping nature a leire eter)tytee.
Patladius, Hnsbondrie (E. E. T. H.), p. 121.
Call this «(eriu'(|/ which is to-day.
Nor dream that this our love can pass away.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 288.
Small matters acting constantly in the eternities, or in
the vast tracts of space and periods of time, produce great
effects. The Century, Feb., 1884.
eteimization (e-t6r-ni-za'shon), n. [< eternize
+ -alion.'j The act of eternizing; the act of
rendering immortal or enduringly famous. Also
spelled etemisation. Imp. Did.
eternize (e-t6r'niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. eter-
nized, ppr." eternizing. [< OF. efer«»scr, F. ^ter-
niser (= Sp. Pg. eternizar), < eteme, L. wternus,
eternal: Bee etern and -ize.'] 1. To make eter-
nal, everlasting, or endless.
Where is the fame
Which the vainglorious mighty of the earth
Seek to eternize I Shelley, Queen Jlab, iil.
2. To prolong the existence or duration of in-
definitely; perpetuate.
With two fair gifts
Created him endowd ; with happiness,
And immortality ; that fondly lost.
This other served but to eternize woe.
MUton, P. L., xi. 60.
3. To make forever famous ; immortalize : as,
to eternize the exploits of heroes.
Julius Caisar was noe less diligent to eternize his name
lie the pen then i>e the suord.
A. Hume, Orthographic (E. E. T. 8.), Ded., p. 2.
The Queen Phillppa . . . added one thing more to the
etemisingol her husliand's and son's famous and renowned
valours. Eng. Stratagem (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 808).
My verse your vertues rare shall eternize.
Spenser, Sonnets, Ixxv.
Also spelled eternise.
etemnesst (e-t6m'nes), n. [Early mod. E. eter-
nesse; < etern + -ness.] The quality of being
eternal. Nareti.
etemness
Corruption »nd tttmesm at one time,
And ill one subject, let togetiier, loosse?
Chapman, Byron's Tragedy.
etesian (e-te'zian), a. [= F. etesiens, pi., = Sp.
Pg. It. eiesio (It. more common etesie, pi.), < L.
etesius, < Gr. cTijmo^, lasting a year, recm-ring
yearly, annual, < ero?, a year, orig. ffrof = L.
vetus, old : see veteran.'] Recurring every year ;
occurring at stated times of the year; periodical.
The term was especially applied by Greek and Eonian
writers to the winds which blow from the north during
the summer numths, with great regularity and accom-
panied by a clear sliy, over the Meiliteiranean, especially
in its eastern portion. The etesian wind is the trade-wind
abnormally prolonged toward the north by the peculiar
climatic influences of the Sahara.
• And he who rules the raging wind,
To thee, O sacred ship, be kind ;
And gentle breezes fill thy sails.
Supplying soft Etesian gales.
Dryden, tr. of Horace's Odes, i. 3.
6t§t6 (F. pron. a-ta-ta' ), a. [F. , < ^- priv. + tSte,
head: see t^te.] In her., headless: applied to
a beast or bird used as a bearing. Such a bearing
is usually represented with tlie neck erased, as if the head
had been torn off violently.
e'ti (eth or eTH), n. [< e, the usual assistant
vowel in letter-names, as in cs, em, etc., + tli,
representing AS. d: see Wi.] A name of the
Anglo-Saxon character d or S, used to distin-
guish it from the other character for th, namely
p, called thorn. See thorn and th.
-ethi. [See -t/ii.] AsuiBxnowmergedin-«7ii,
of -which it is one of the forms. See -th^.
-eth'-^. [See -(/i2.] The form of -th, the ordi-
nal suffix, after a vowel, as in twentieth, thirti-
eth, etc. See -th^.
-eth^. [ME. -eth, < AS. -eth, -ath, etc. See -th^
and -es'^, -s^.] The older form of the suffix of
the third person singular present indicative of
verbs, as in singeih, hopeth, etc. See -(/(3 and
ethal (e'thal), n. [< eth{er) + al{cohol).1 Ce-
tyl alcohol '(C16H33OH), a substance separated
from spermaceti by Chevreul, and named by
2016
operculum. Tliere are about 70 species. Also Etheosto-
matina. See cut under darter.
etheostomoid (e-the-os'to-moid), a. and ». I.
ti. Pertaining to or liaving the characters of the
Ethcostomoidce or Ethcostomicla:
II. n. A tish of the family Eiheostomoida or
Ethcostomidce. L. Agassiz.
Etheostomoidae (e-the-os-to-moi'de), n. pi.
him. It is a solid, fusible at nearly the same point as
spermaceti, and on cooling crystallizes in plates. It is sus-
ceptible of union with various bases, with which it forms
salts or soaps.
ethaldehyde (e-thal'df-hid), n. [< eth(er) +
aldehyde.] An oxidation product of alcohol
(CH3CHO). It is a mobile inflammable Hquid having
a pungent odor, used in the arts as a solvent and reducing
agent. Also called acetic aldehyde or acetaldehyde.
ethet, a. and adv. See eath.
etheli (eth'el), n. [AS. ethel, inheritance, prop-
erty, home: see allodium, udal.'] In Anglo-
Saxon times, the domain or allotment of an in-
dividual.
Whatever land a man could call his own, whether it
■was the house and enclosure of the free Townsman or the
domain of the kins; or great man, was his ethel or alod.
K. E. Digby, Hist. Law of Real Prop., p. 11.
The land held in full ownership might be either an
ethel, an inherited or otherwise acquired portion of ori-
ginal allotment, or an estate created by legal process out
of the public land. Stnbbs, Const. Hist., § 38.
ethel^t (eth'el), a. See athel^.
etheling, «. See atheling.
etliene (e'then), n. [< eth{,er) + -ene.'\ Same as
ethiilene.
Ethieostoma (e-the-os'to-ma), n. [NL. (Rafi-
nesque, 1819), provided by the orig. namer with
adef. ('having different mouths') which shows
that he was attempting to form 'Heterostoma
(Gr. erepof, other, different), but accepted by
zoologists in the orig. form and provided with
another etymology, namely, irreg. < Gr. rjduv,
sift, strain. + aroixa, mouth.] A genus of small
American fresh-water fishes, typical of a sub-
family Etheostominw and family Etheostomida;.
They are known as darters. See darter.
Etheostomatinae (e-the-os"t6-ma-ti'ne), n. pi.
[NL., < Etheostoma{t-) + -?»«;.] Same as Ethe-
ostomince.
etheostomatine (e"the-o-st6'ma-tin), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of
the Etltcostominte.
n. n. A fish of the subfamily Etheostamatinte
or Etheostomince.
etheostome (e'the-o-stom), n. A percoid fish
of t)ie subfamily Eiheostomina:.
etheostomid (e-thf-os'to-mid), n. One of the
Ethtostiiniida;.
Etheostoii:iidae(e'the-6-st6'mi-de), n.pl. [NL.,
< Etheostoma + -idee.'] The darters as a fam-
ilv of percoid fishes.
Etneostominae (e-the-os-to-mi'ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Etheostoma + -ind.] The darters as a sub-
family of I'ercida;. They have 6 brancliiostegal rays,
obsoleU pseudobranchlie, and generally an unarmed pre-
[NL.] Same as Etheostomida: or Etheostomince.
L. Agassiz.
ether'l (e'ther), li. [Also a:ther ; = F. ether =
Pr. ether = Sp. eter = Pg. ether = It. etere = D.
ether = G. cither = Dan. wther = Sw. eter, < L.
a;ther, < Gr. aWr/p, the upper, purer air (opposed
to aj/p, the lower air), hence heaven, the abode
of the gods ; also the blue sky (cf. aWpa, alBpr/,
the clear sky, fair weather), < aifeiv, kindle,
burn, glow: see estive\ e.stiral.] 1. The upper
air; the blue heavens. It vf as supposed by Aris-
totle to extend from the fixed stars down to
the moon.
There fields of light ami liquid ether flow,
I'urg'd from the pond'rous dregs of earth below.
Dryden.
It lies in Heaven, across the flood
Of ether. D. G. Hoxsetti, Blessed Damozel.
2. In astron. and j>hysics, a hypothetical me-
dium of extreme tenuity and elasticity supposed
to be diffused throughout all space (as -vv-ell as
among the molecules of which solid bodies are
composed), and to be the medium of the trans-
mission of light and heat. See the extract.
The phenomena of Light are best explained as those of
undulations; but undulations, even in the most extensive
use of the term, as signifying any periodic motion or condi-
tion whose periodicity obeys thelawsof wave motion, must
be propagated through some medium. Heat, whilepassing
through space, presents exactly tlie same undulatory char-
acter, and requires a medium for its propagation. Elec-
trical attraction and repulsion are explained in far the
most satisfactory way by considering them as due to lo
cal stresses in such a medium. Current electricity seenii
due to a throb or series of throbs in such a medium, when
released from stress. Magnetic phenomena seem due to
local whirlpools, set up in such a medium. . . . We are
led to infer, therefore, that there is such a medium, which
we call the Luminiferous Ether, or simply the Ether; that
it can convey energy ; that it can present it at any instant,
partly in tlie form of kinetic, partly in that of potential
energy; that it is therefore capable of displacement and
of tension ; and that it must have rigidity and elasticity.
Calculation leads us to infer that its density is (Clerk Max
well) T^^mnnmSSSnnminrainra tliat of water
I0555aDlIOOOO0C555CCTFiTO
etherification
or heaven; heavenly; celestial; spiritual: as,
ethereal space ; ethereal regions.
Nor would I, as thou dost ambitiously aspire
To thrust thy forked top into th' etherial Are.
Drayton, Polyolbion, vii.
Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger.
Sent from whose Sovran Goodness I adore I
Milton, P. L., viii. 646.
Tliose cethereat fires shall then be scattered and dis-
persed throughout the Universe, so that the Earth and all
the works that are therein shall be turned into one funer-
al Pile. StiUin'jfleet, Sermons, I. xi.
2. Figuratively, ha\'ing the characteristics of
ether or air; light, intangible, etc.
A lady . . . with ... an ethereal lightness that made
you look at her beautifully slippered feet, to see whether
she trod on the dust or floated in the air.
Ilauihorne, Seven Gables, iil.
3. Existing in the air; resembling air; looking
blue like the sky; aerial: as, "ethereal moun-
tains," Thomson. — 4. In physics, of, pertain-
ing to, or having the constitution of ether
(sense 2).
It has been supposed for a long time that light consists
of waves transmitted through an extremely thin ethereal
jelly that pervades all space.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 85.
5. In chem., of or pertaining to an ether or to
ether: &s," ethereal liquids," Gregory.— Etheieal
extract, an extract made by means of a inenstruum con-
taining ether.— Ethereal medium, the ether.— Ethe-
real oil. (o) The oleum ictheriuni of the pharmacopoiia,
a volatile liquid consisting of equal volumes of lieavj
oil of wine and of stronger ether. Also called heavy oil 0/
wine, (i) Same as volatile oil (which see, under volatile).
= Syn. 1. Airy, aerial, empyreal.
etherealisation, etherealise. See etherealisa-
tion, etherealize.
etherealism (e-the're-al-izm), n. [< ethereal +
-ism.] The state or character of being ethe-
real : ethereality. Eclectic Rev.
Cu"?;n;electAdtysee;™ ethereality (e-the-re-al'i-ti), «. \< ethereal +
- = ■' >' " -ity.] The quality or condition of being ethe-
real; incorporeity ; spirituality.
The ghost, originally conceived as quite substantial,
fades into ethereality. U. Spencer, Prill, of Sociol. , § 116.
In the Tonga islands, the future life was a privilege
of caste ; for while the chiefs and higher orders were to
pass in divine ethereality to the happy land of Bolotn, the
lower ranks were believed to be endowed only with souls
that died with their bodies.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 19.
equal to
that of our atmosphere at a height of aliout 210 miles, a „4.-u__„„n_,4.s„_ (-5 t>,p"rp nl i-yS'shonl « r<
density vastly greater than that of the same atmospliere in etHereallZatlOn (e-tne re-ai-1-za snon;, n. L^
density vastly greater ____ ._
the interstellar spaces, and that its rigidity is about
liuiraJoijiio that of steel ; hence, that it is easily displace-
able by a moving mass, that it is not discontinuous or gran-
ular, and hence that as a whole it may be compared to
an impalpable and all pervading jelly through which
Light and Heat waves are constantly throbbing, which is
constantly being set in local strains and released from
them, and being whirled in local vortices, thus producing
the various phenomena of Electricity and Magnetism, and
through which the particles of ordinary matter move
freely, encountering but little retardation, if any, for its
elasticity, as it closes up behind each moving particle, is
approximately perfect.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 208.
etherealize + -atioii.] THe'act or the result of
etherealizing, or making ethereal or spiritual.
Also spelled etherealisation.
He [Aristotle] conceives the moral element as . . . ethe-
realization, spiritualization of the physical, rather than
as something purely intellectuaL J. U. Stirling.
etherealize (e-the're-al-iz), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
etherealizcd, ppr. etherealizing. [< ethereal +
-ize.] To make ethereal; purify and refine;
spiritualize. Also spelled ethereaUse.
Etherealizcd, moreover, by spiritual communications
with the better world. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, ■ ■
3. In chem.: (a) One of a class of organic bodies ., „.„^„n_ ,- n-^/lg „i :■, „^,, j„ „„ pthereal
divided into two groups: (1) Simple ethers, con- ethereally (e4here-|^^^^^^^^ In an ethereal
sistingoftwobasichydrocarbonradicalsunited manner, as or with reterence to etner.
by oxfgen and xITh Ocfl^X^e'iheT u^-^^^V^^^^^^^!^^^^^^ "
to the metallic oxids, as CHsOLHs, methyl etner, ■' q jj soardman. Creative Week, p. 74.
ormethyloxid,analogoustoAgOAg,silveroxid. .j^ j^ggg (g-the're-al-nes), n. [< ethereal
(2) Compound ethers, consisting of one or more «^?,y®^^®?^heVality of being ethereal. Bai-
ley, 1727.
'J^'w'mn ethereOUS (e-the're-us), a. [Prop, etherious (=
K^aa^uyj ^^ ^^^^ _^ p^ gf/^^^g^ _ n etereo), < L. O'the-
rius (not *a:therens),< Gr. aMptoq, of ether, ethe-
real: see ethereal.] Formed of ether; heavenly;
ethereal.
This ethereous mould whereon we stand,
This continent of spacious heaven, adorn d
With plant, fruit, flower ambrosiiil, gems, and gold
basic or alcohol radicals and one or more acid
liydrocarbon radicalsunited by oxygen, and cor-
responding to salts of the metals, as CH3COC
C2H5, ethyl acetate, or acetic ether, correspond-
ing to CHsCOONa, sodium acetate, .^so called
esters, (b) Specifically, ethyl oxid or ethj'l ether
(€2115)20, also called, but improperly, sulphuric
ether, because prepared from a mixture of sul-
phuric acid and alcohol. Ether is a light, mobile,
colorless liquid having a characteristic refreshing odor
and burning taste. It is highly volatile and inflammable.
It is chiefly used as an anesthetic agent, by inhalation.
The ordinary ether of the United States I'harniacopicia
consists of 74 per cent., and the stronger (ether fortior) of
94 per cent., of etliyl oxid.— Acetic ethers. See acetic.
—Benzoic, butyric, Chloric, formic, etc., ether. See
the adjectives.— Ether-englne. See en,';tne.— Gelati-
nized ether, in vied., ether shaken with white of eggs
until it forms an opaline jelly. If. S. Dispensatory.—
Hydrochloric ether, same as chloric ether (which see,
under cA(oric).—Methylic ether, (CHsJoO, methyl oxid,
colorless agreeable-smelling gas.
Milton, P. L., vi. 473.
Etheria, n. See jEtheria.
etheric (e-ther'ik), a. [= F. 4thirique ; as ether
+ -ic] 1. Of or pertaining to the ether.
The "etheric force " of Mr. T. A. Edison was primarily
a question of physics, but for its investigation needed and
obtained the cooperation of physiologistii.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 331.
2. Of or pertaining to or of the nature of the
chemical substance known as ether: as, etheric
oils.
ether^t, a., pron., and conj. An obsolete form g^jjeiical (e-ther'i-kal), a. [< etheric + -al.]
of either.
ether^, «. and v. A dialectal variant of edder'.
ether*, n. A dialectal form of adder^.
ethereal (e-the're-al), a. [Prop., as formerly,
etherial, formerly also wthereal; < L. aitherius,
< Gr. a'lOepmg, high in air, heavenly, ethereal, <
aW/p (aWep-), ether: see ether^.] 1. Formed of
or containing or filled with ether (sense 1);
hence, relating or belonging to the heavens
Same as etheric.
Etheridae, ". pi. See JEtheriidw. ^
etherification (e"ther-i-fi-ka'shon), n
fy (see -fy) + -ation.] ""
[< etheri-
The formation of the
chemical substance ether.
Several attempts were made to prepare this compound
(ethylic dinltroethylate] by the usual methods of ilherifi-
cation, but with only partial success.
E. Frankland, Exper. in Chemistry, p. 224.
I
etherifonn
etheriform (e'th^r-i-fdrm), a. [< L. eeiher, ether,
+ forma, form.] Having the character of ether.
The author believes that the original etfuri/orm mass of
our solar system eomlenseci to cosmical clouds ; the solid
particles aggregated forming large rotating bodies lilte
the earth, which continue to enlarge by the addition of
cosmical material from without. Science, V. 432.
etherify (e'th6r-i-fi), v. t.; pret. and pp. etheri-
fied, ppr. etherifying. [< L. tether, ether, +
-ficare, < facere, make : see -/v.] To convert
into the chemical substance ether.
Various salts are . . . capable of etherifying alcohol, if
heated strongly with it under pressure.
W. A. MiUer, Elem. of Chera., § 1142.
etherin (e'thfer-in), n. [< etterl + -in2.] Inchem.,
a polymeric form of ethylene which separates
in transparent, tasteless crystals from heavy oil
of wine. Also called concrete oil of urine.
etliering(e'ther-ing), n. anda. [<ether^ + -ing.^
I. n. A flexible rod used in making hedges.
H. o. Made of flexible rods.
When you intend to stock a pool with Carp or Tench,
make a close etkering hedge across the head of the p<x>I,
about a yard distance of the dam, and atx>ut three feet
above the water, which is the best refuge for them 1 know
of, and the only method to preserve pool-flsh.
Quoted in Walton a Complete Angler, p. 200, note.
etherisation, etherise, etc. See etherization, etc.
etherism (e'ther-izm), n. [< efAfrl + -i«»i.] In
null., the aggregate of the phenomena produced
by administering ether as an anesthetic.
etherization (e'thfer-i-za'shpn), n. [< etherize
+ -ation.'\ 1. The act of administering ether
as an anesthetic. — 2. The state of the system
when under the anesthetic influence of ether.
— 3. In chem., the process of producing ether;
etherification.
Also spelled etherisation.
etherize (e'th*r-iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. etherized,
ppr. etherizing. [= F. 4thiriser = It. eteriz-
zare ; aselher^ + -ize.] 1. To convert into the
chemical substance ether. — 2. To subject to
the influence of ether: as, to etherize a patient.
And gradually the mind waa etherized to a like dreamy
placidity, till fact and fancy, the substance and the image,
floating on the current of reverie, became but as the up-
per and under halves of one unreal reality.
Lomll, Flreaide Trareli, p. 139.
Also spelled etherite.
etherizer (e'th*r-I-zfer), ». An apparatns for
administering ether. Also spellea etheriaer.
etherol (e'th6r-ol), n. [< ether^ + -ol.'] hiehem.,
a pale-vellow oily liquid, having an aromatic
odor, obtained from heavy oil of wine.
ethic (eth'ik), a. and n. [I. a. = F. ithique =
Sp. etieo = Pg. ethico = It. etieo, < LL. etkicus,
moral, ethic, < Or. r/dixof, of or for morals, moral,
expressing character, < i/do^, character, moral
nature: see ethos. U. n. ME. ethigue, < OF.
ethique, F. ethique = Sp. etica = Pg. ethica = It.
etica, < LL. ethiea, tern, sing., also neut. pi., <
Gr. fjdudi, fem. sing, also rfiua, neut. pi. of ^ixuf,
ethic: seel.] I. a. Same ita ethical.
A minority of minds of high calibre and culture, lovers
of freedom, m(»reover, who, though its objective hull Ik;
riildled by logic, still And the ethic life of their religion
unimpaired. TyndaU.
II. ». Same as ethics.
Tlie maxims of ethic are hypothetical nuuilnu.
W. K. Clifard.
[Rare in both uses.]
ethical (eth'i-kal), a. [< ethic + -al.'] Relat-
ing; to morals or the principles of morality;
pertaining to right and wrong in the abstract
or in conduct ; pertaining or relating to ethics.
He IPope] is the grekt poet of reason, the llrstof ethical
authors In vene. T. Warttm, Essay on Pope.
In the absence of a social environment ethical feelings
have no existence. Mind, X. 7.
Ethical dative, the dative of a flrat or second peraonal
ftronoun. implying a degree of interest In the perton speak-
ng or the person addressed, used collo<)uially to give a
lively or familiar tone to the sentence : thus, ri aoi tLm0ri'
ffoftot, what shall I learn /or you/ quid mihi Celsua aglt,
how is my Celsus ?
It (sackl ascends m* Into the brain ; dries me there all
the foolish ditll.andcnidy vapours which environ it ; . , .
then the vital commoners and Inland petty spirits muster
i« all to their captain, the heart. Shale., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
Ethical truth, the agreement of what la said with what
in n-ally iH-licVHrl ; veracity : oppoaed to tyin^.
ethically (eth'i-kal-i), adv. According to the
doctrines of morality.
The law. giver has the same need to be ethieatty In-
structed as the individual man.
Gtadetone, Church and State, ii. i 69.
The principle of non-resistance Is noietkically true, but
only that of non-aggression.
//. Speneer, Social Statics, p. 300.
ethicist (eth'i-sist), n. [< ethic + -wf.] A
writ<?r on ethics; one versed in ethical science.
Imp. Diet.
127
2017
ethldze (eth'i-Hz), f. t. ; pret. and pp. ethieized,
ppr. ethicizing. [< ethic + -ize.'\ To render
ethical ; assign ethical attributes to.
It . . . (the English school] by naturalizing ethics re-
verses the idealizing process which rather ethicizes na-
ture.
J. Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory, quoted in Science,
[VI. 136.
ethicoreligious (eth'i-ko-rf-Uj'us), a. Touch-
ing both ethics or morality and religion.
In its interpretation of Christianity, theosophy does not
limit itself to its practical ethico-retigious import for man,
but seeks to apprehend its cosmical meaning, its signifi-
cance for the universe.
Brit. Quarterly Bet., LXXXIII. 241.
ethics (eth'iks), n. [PI. of ethic (see -if*), after
Gr. ra ifima, neut. pi., (J tfiiKfi, fem. sing., ethics :
see ethic.'] 1. The science of right conduct and
character; the science which treats of the na-
ture and grounds of moral obligation and of the
rules which ought to determine conduct in ac-
cordance with this obligation ; the doctrine of
man's duty in respect to himself and the rights
of others. Kant distinguishes between pure morals, or
the science of the necessary moral laws of a free will, and
ethicg properly so called, which considers those laws as un-
der the influence of sentiments, inclinations, and passions
to which all human beings ai'e more or less subject.
This fable seems to contain a little system of morality ;
so that there is scarce any better invention in all ethicn.
Bacon, Fable of Dionysius.
Elhiet may either be regarded as an inquiry into the
nature of the Good, the intrinsically preferable and de-
sirable, the true end of action, &c. : or as an investiga-
tion of the Right, the true rules of conduct. Duty, the
Moral Law, &c. H. Sidffwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 2.
Professor Birks came nearer a satisfying definition when
he said that Ethics is the science of ideal humanity — the
only objection to it being that it does not necessarily im-
ply self-determination and obligation.
A'eio Princeton Rev., I. 183.
Ethict, taken in its proper signiflcation, Includes two
things. On the one hand, it consists of an investigation
into the nature and constitution of human character ; and,
on the other hand, it is concerned with the formulating
and enunciating of rules for human conduct.
JVind, XIII. sg.
2. The whole of the moral sciences ; natural
jurisprudence. In this application ethict includes
moral philosophy, international law, public or political
law, civil law, anti history, profane, civil, and political.
3. A particular system of principles and rules
concerning moral obligations and regard for
the rights of others, whether true or false;
rules of practice in respect to a single class of
human actions and duties: as, social ethics;
medical ethics — Stoical ethics. See sfoiaif. = Syn.
1. Virttie, Mannere, etc. .See morality.
ethide (eth'id or -id), n. [< eth(ul) + -ide.] In
chem., a compoimd formed by the union of an
element or a radical with the monad radical
ethyl.
ethine (e'thin), ». [< eih{er)l + -ine^.'] Same as
acetylene.
ethionic (e-thi-on'ik), a. [< e(thylene) + 6r.
tteiov, sulphur, + -I'r.] Relating to the combina-
tion of a radical of the ethylene group with a
sulphur acid.- Bthlonlc acld,C2H4.H2.v>7. a dibasic
acid (ethylene sulphuitii: acid), known only in aqueous
soltltion. whlcii f«trni8 crj-staliiiie but very unstable salts.
-rEthlonlC anhydrld,('2HiSoO«, a crystalline compound
formed by the action of sulpliur trioxid on absolute al-
cohol. Also called carbyt tutphate.
Ethiop (e'thi-op), w. [< L. JEthions, pi. ^thi-
opes, < Gr. Aidiof, pi. Aidioirc^, an Ethiop, Ethi-
opian, i. e., an inhabitant of Ethiopia, an in-
definite region south of Egypt. The Ethiopians
of Homer are mythical; later the term came to
imply a negro, a blackamoor, and popular ety-
mology, followed by modem writers, derived
the name from aidetv, burn (or aWd^, burnt), -I-
o^, iiip, eye, face; as if 'the Burnt-Paces' (cf.
ailiof, flery-looking, flashing, sparkling, fiery,
hot, in LOr. also swart, black, < aWd^, burnt,
fiery, + dtji, face); but the form Aift'o^ would
not result from such composition, and it is prob-
ably a corruption of some Egyptian or African
original.] 1. An inhabitant of ancient Ethi-
opia; an Ethiopian. — 2. In a wider sense, in
both ancient and modem times, an African ; a
negro.
Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night
As« rich jewel in an Ethiep's ear.
5Aa<r., R. and J., I. S.
Also spelled .Ethiop.
Ethiopian (e-thi-6'pi-an), a. and n. [Also for-
merly .Ethiopian ; < L.' Ethiopia, < Gr. AWioiria,
Ethiopia: see Ethiop.] I. a. In j/cojr., relat-
ingto Ethiopia or to its inhabitants.
II. H. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Ethio-
pia, an ancient region of eastern Africa, south
of Egypt, including mo<lern Abyssinia. Thedom-
inant race of Ethiopians, also called Cuihitei, were Se-
ethmopalatal
mltic, and are represented by the modem Abysslnians,
who, however, have become much mixed. Ethiopia in a
restricted sense denoted a kingdom corresponding partly
with Nubia, and also called Meroe.
A man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under
Candace queen of the Ethiopians. Acts viii. 27.
2. In an extended sense, an African in general ;
a negro. See Ethioj), 2.
Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his
spots? Jer. xiii. 23.
Also .Ethiopian.
Ethiopic (e-thi-op'ik), a. and n. [< L. Mthiopi-
cits, < Gr. AiftoTocof, pertaining to the Ethiopi-
ans or to Ethiopia.] I. a. Pertaining or relat-
ing to Ethiopia or Abyssinia ; Ethiopian.
The alphabet of the early Christian period, which is still
used by the Abysslnians for liturgical purposes, is usually
called the Ethiopic. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 350.
n. n. The language of ancient Ethiopia or
Abyssinia, a Semitic tongue, most allied to the
Himyaritio of southwestern Arabia, and hav-
ing a Christian literature. Also called Geez.
ethiops, «. See cethiops.
ethmocranial (eth-mo-kra'ni-al), a. [< eth-
moiid) + cranial.] Pertaining to the ethmoid
and to the rest of the cranium: as, the ethmo-
cranial angle (the angle made by the inclination
of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone with
reference to the basicranial axis).
ethmofrontal (eth-mo-fron'tal), a. [< ethmo{id)
+ frontal.] Pertaining to the ethmoid and
frontal bones: as, the ethmofrontal notch.
ethmoid (eth'moid), a. and n. [< Gr. ii8fioet6r/(,
like a strainer or sieve (rd ift/ioudi^ barovv (Ga-
len), the ethmoid bone), < ifiiio^, a strainer, col-
ander, sieve, < ifiuv, rfiieiv, sift, strain.] I. a.
1. Sieve-like; cribriform: in anatomy specifi-
cally applied to a bone of the skull. See II. —
2. Specifically, pertaining to the ethmoid : as,
the ethmoid region of the skull.
H. n. A bone of the cranium, situated in
the middle line of the skull, in advance of the
sphenoid, above the basicranial axis, transmit-
ting the filaments of the olfactory nerve, and
constituting the bony skeleton of the organ of
smell: so called because, in the human sub-
ject and mammalia generally, it has a cribri-
form plate perforated with numerous holes for
the passage of the olfactory nerves. The human
ethmoid is comparatively small, of a cubical figure, with
its cribriform plate horizontal. It consists of a median
perpendicular plate or mesethmoid, and of the horizon-
tal or cribriform plate, from which latter the main body
of the bone depends on either side, fonning the so-called
lateral masses, or ethnioturbinals. The texture of these
is extremely light and 8i>ongy, full of large cavities con-
necting with the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses, and lined
with mucous membrane, the Schneiderian membrane,
uiwn which the olfactory nerves ramify after leaving the
cavity of the craninni through the holes in the cribriform
plate. (.See cut under iiaKat.) The so-called os planum of
the ethmoid is simply the exterior surface of these lateral
masses, which contrilnites to the inner wall of the orbit of
the eye. The lateral masses are each partially divided
into two, called the superior and middle turbinate bones,
or 8croll-lH>ne8 (the inferior turl)inate being a diflferent
iHjne), which resiK'ctively overlie the corresponding nasal
meatuses. (.Seecut under »im/fA.) The ethmoid is wedged
into the ethmofrontal notch of the frontal bone, and also
articulates with the vomer, sphenoid, sphenoturbinals,
nasals, maxitlaries, lacrymals, palatals, and nmxiltoturbi-
nals. It is developetl from three ossific centers, one for
the periM-ndicular plate, and one for each lateral mass.
In other animals the ethmoid exhibits a wide range of va-
riation in size, shape, and connections, and below mam-
ntals loses nmch or all of the particular characters it pre-
sents in man. (See cut under i'soa:.) It is relatively larger
and more complicated in mammals of keen scent, as car-
nivores and riiniiiiuiits.
ethmoidal (eth'moi-dal), a. [< ethmoid + -al.]
Pertaining to the ethmoid Anterior ethmoidal
canal, a canal formed from a groove on the anterior part
of the ethmoidal edge of the orbital plate of the fl'olltal
l)one by articulation with the ethmoid. It transmits the
nasal branch of the ophthalmic nerve and the anterior
ethmoidal vessels. — Ethmoidal foramina. See /ora-
men. — Posterior ethmoidal canal, a canal formed from
a groove on the posterior part of the ethmoidal edge of
the orbital plate of the frontal hone'l^y articulation with
the ethmoid bone. It transmits the posterior ethmoidal
vessels.
ethmolacrymal (eth-mo-lak'ri-mal), a. [< eth-
mo(id) + lacrymal.] Pertaining to the ethmoid
and to the lacrymal bones: as, the ethmolacry-
mal articulation.
ethmomaxillary (eth-mo-mak'sl-la-ri), a. [<
ethmo(id) + maxillary.] Pertaining to the eth-
moid and to the maxillary bones : as, the ethmo-
maiiUary suture.
ethmonasal (eth-mo-na'zal), a. [< cthmoiid)
+ nasal.] Pertaining to the ethmoid and to
the nasal bones: as, tlie ethmonasal suture.
ethmopalatal (eth-mo-para-tal), a. [< eth-
mo(id) + palatal.] Pertaining to the ethmoid
and to the palatal bones: as, the ethmopalatal
notch.
ethmopresphenoidal
ethmopresphenoidal (etlx-mo-pre-sfo-noi'dal),
a. [< etlimo(ul) + pirsplie}ioi(lal.] Of or per-
taining to the ethmoid and to the presphenoid
bone: as, the ethmopresphenoidal suture. Mux-
ethmose (eth'mos), a. and n. [< Gr. tjdttoc, a
sieve, + -ose.} I. a- Full of interstices or small
openings; ethmoidal; areolar: as, ethmose tis-
sue.
n. »■ lu histol., areolar tissue.
Ethmosphaera (eth-mo-sfe'ra), n. [NL., < Gr.
^^of, a sieve, + cipalpa, sphere.] The typical
genus of radiolarians of the family Ethmosphce-
rida: Baeekel, 1860.
Ettimosphaeridse (eth-mo-sfe'ri-de), «. 1)1.
[NL., < Ethmosphwm + -idccl A family of
monocyttarian radiolarians, of the group Fohj-
cystinn, tvpified by the genus Ethmosphwi-a.
etnmosplienoid (eth-mo-sfe'noid), a. [< eth
mo{id) + sphenoid.}
and sphenoid bones: as, the ethmosphenoid ar-
ticjilation.
etlunoturbinal (eth-mo-t^r'bi-nal), a. and n.
[< cthmo{id) + turbiiial.'] I, a. Turbinated or
scroll-like, as the lateral masses of the eth-
moid; pertaining to the ethmoturbinal.
n. n. One of the two so-called lateral masses
of the ethmoid bone, constituting the greater
part of that bone, as distinguished from the
perpendicular and cribriform plates ; the light
cellular or spongy bone of which the ethmoid
chiefly consists, known in human anatomy as
the superior and middle turbinate bones, form-
ing most of the inner wall of the orbit of the eye,
and nearlv filling the nasal f oss88 above the in-
ferior meatus of the nose. See cut under nasal.
ethmoturbinate (eth-mo-t6r'bi-nat), a. [< eth-
Same as ethmoturbinal.
2018
ethyl-blue
of the Oriental, by treating tlie Turks with indulgence and
perseverance. Lowe, Bismarcli, II. 131.
The High Priest . . . went abroad in Procession, . . .
having a rich silver crosse carried before him, and acconi
panied with many that carried sillie Imnners and flags -tlmopsycliology (eth"n6-si-kol'6-ji), n. [< Gr.
after a very i-W.„u.a«.-.ndprophane,po„,pe.__^_ , _ i^^^^Se a nation, "+ E. psichXgyX^-^
The investigation of the spiritual conditions
Coryai, Crudities, I. 4.
ethnically (eth'ni-kal-i), adv. With regard to
race; racially.
Viewed ethnically, the Celtic race, he [Bismarck] argued,
was of tlie female sex, while the Teutonic people was the
masculine element permeating and fructifying all Europe.
Lowe, Bismarck, I. 588.
ethnicism (eth'ni-sizm), n. [< ethnic + -ism.']
Heathenism; paganism; idolatry.
A hallowed temple, free from taint
Of ethnicisme, makes his muse a saint.
B. Jonnon, Underwoods, xiii.
The other was converted to Christianity from Ethni-
cisme. Coryat, Crudities, I. 66.
ethnogenic (eth-no-jen'ik), a. [< ethnogeny +
etlun08I.lienoid .(^eth-mor-sfe'noid), aT [< eth- ,^^^l^it&^^^T\< 6r. ee.o,, a na-
- Pertammgto the ethmoid «J^°f ?y,Ve,a, < -yem, producing : see -geny.]
That branch of ethnology which treats of the
origin of races and nations of men.
ethnographer (eth-nog'ra-fer), n. One who is
engaged or versed in the study of ethnography.
ethnographic, ethnographical (eth-no-graf 'ik,
-i-kal), a. [< ethnography + -ic-al.] Pertain-
ing to ethnography.
The document [the tenth chapter of Genesis) is in fact
the earliest ethnographical essay that has come down to
our times. G. RawUnson, Origin of Nations, il. 168.
If the Greeks were as purely Aryan as their langu&ge
would lead us to believe, all our ethnographic theories are
at fault. J- Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 232.
ethnographically (eth-no-graf'i-kal-i), adv.
As regards ethnography ; in accordance with
the methods or principles of ethnography.
He (Mr. Bancroft] divides the natives of the Pacific Coast
into seven groups, arranged geogi-aphically rather than
ethnographically. ^- ^- •"«"■. CXX. 37.
[< ethnogra-
mo{id) + turbinate.']
ethmovomerine (eth-mo-vom'e-rin), a. [< eth
vio{id) -^■ vomerine.] Pertaining to the ethmoid ethnographist (eth-nog'ra-fist),
and to the vomer, or to the ethmoidal and vo- .,;,„ + _,-^( ] Xu ethnographer,
merine regions of the skull : specifically applied
to a foi-ward expansion of the trabeculse cranii
of an embryo, which forms the foundation of the
future mesethmoid and ethmoturbinal bones.
See cut under chondroeranium.
The ethmovomerine cartilages spread over the nasal sacs,
roof them in, cover them externally, and send down a par-
tition between them. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 22.
ethnarch (eth'nark), n. [< Gr. cBvApxvU < e^-
vog, a nation, people, + apxeiv, rule.] In Gr.
antiq., a viceroy ; a governor of a province.
In lieu thereof, he created him ethnarch, and as such
permitted liim to govern nine years.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 78.
ethnarchy (eth'nar-ki), n. ; pi. ethnarchies (-kiz).
[< Gr. iOvapxia, < cfhdpxK, an ethnarch : see eth-
nmch.] The government or jurisdiction of an
ethnarch.
ethnic (eth'nik), a. and ». [Formerly also eth-
nique; < F ' '
= It. etnico.
for a nation, national, in eccles. writers gen
tile, heathen, < idvog, a company, later a peo-
ple, nation; pi., in eccles. use, to. idvii, L. gentes,
A ilve-year-old girl playing with her doll is a better me-
dium for studying primitive mythologies than tlie heaviest
volumes of anthropologists and ethnographist g.
Pop. Sei. Mo., XXV.
ethnography (eth-nog'ra-fi), n. [= F. ethno-
(/raphie = Sp. etnografia = Pg. ethnographia =
It. etnografia, < Gr. iBvoc, a people, a nation, +
-ypa(pia, < ypa^eiv, write.] The scientific descrip-
tion and classification of the different races and
nations of mankind. See extract under ethnol-
ogy-
It is the object of ethnography, or ethnology, whichever
we like to call it, to trace out, as far as the facts of his-
tory, of physiology, and of language permit, the intercon-
nection of nations. ..
0. Eawlinson, Origin of Nations, n. 17o.
ethnologer (eth-nol'o-j6r), n. Aji ethnologist.
A body which the ethnologer proper would most likely
call mainly Celtic. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 93.
^ etlmiq^ = Sp. etnico = Pg. ethnico ethnologic, ethnological (eth-no-loj'ik, -i-kal),
CO, < L. ethnicus, < Gr. edviKO,;, of or a. l<ethnology-t--ic-al.] Relating to ethnology.
The ethnological confusion is like that of another self-
styled Imperial personage, who thought that he could get
at a Tartar by scratching a Russian.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 160.
and institutions of races.
For this method [philological] we propose to substitute,
as one main instrument, the method of Volkerpsychologie,
or " Folklore," or ethnopsychology, or anthropology, or, to
use Dr. Taylor's term, "tlie Hottentotic nietliod."
nineteenth Century, XIX. 58.
ethography (e-thog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. ifioQ, cus-
tom, + -}pa(pia, < -)pa(j>c'iv, write.] A description
of the moral characteristics of man. Krauth-
Fleming.
ethologic, ethological (eth-o-loj'ik, -i-kal), a.
[< ethology + -ic-al.] Treating of or pertaining
to ethics or morality.
ethologist (e-thol'o-jist), n. [< ethology + -ist.]
1 . One versed in ethology ; one who. studies or
writes on the subject of manners and morals. —
2t. A mimic. Bailey, 1121-
ethology (e-thol'o-ji), n. [= F. ethologie =
Pg. etholog'ia = It. etologia; in sense based on
tlie moral sense of ethos, ethics; in form < L.
ethologia, < Gr. ifioloyia, the art of depicting
character by mimic gestures, < iiBoAoyoi;, L.
ethologus, depicting, or one who depicts, char-
acter'by mimic gestures, < Gr. ifioi, character,
manners, + -'/.oyia, < Ujuv, speak: see -ology.]
1. The science of ethics; especially, applied
ethics.
Mr. Mill calls ethology the science of the formation of
character. Krauth-Fleming.
We want an ethology of the schoolroom, somewhat more
discriminative than that ethology of the assembly that
Aristotle gives in his "Rhetoric."
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 259.
2t. Mimicry. Bailey, 1731.
ethopoetiC (e"th6-po-et'ik), a. [< Gr. ifioTzoiti-
tik6(, expressive of character, < ifionoiuv, form
or express character or manners, < ifiog, char-
acter, manners, + irottlv, make.] Pertaining
to or suitable for the formation of character ;
character-making. [Rare.]
ethos (e'thos), n. [< Gr. ifiog, an accustomed
seat, in pi. abodes or haunts (of animals, etc.) ;
custom, usage ; the manners and habits of man,
his disposition, character (L. ingenium, mores);
in pi., manners ; a lengthened form of fSof, cus-
tom, habit (orig. *ffF£f-), = AS. sidu, sido, seodu
(lost in E.) = OS. sidu = D. mle = OHG. situ,
MHG. site, G. sitte = Icel. sidhr = Sw. sed =
Dan. sa:d = Goth, sidus, custom, habit, etc., =
Skt. svadhd, wont, custom, pleasure. The verb
appears in the Gr. Iduv, being accustomed, perf.
eiiJla, as pres. be accustomed, perf. part, tiuduc,
accustomed.] 1. Habitual character and dis-
position.
Many other social forces, national character, ideas, cus-
toms — the whole inherited ethos of the people — individ-
ual peculiarities, love of power, sense of fair dealing, pul>-
lic opinion, conscience, local ties, family connections, civil
legislation — all exercise upon industrial afl'airs as real an
influence as personal interest ; and, furthermore, they ex-
ercise an influence of precisely the same kind.
Rae, Contenip. Socialism, p. 211.
the nations^' i, «;; t^„%|-f -'.^arttrrcl ethnplogically (eth.no-loj'i.kal-i),,a... As re
1. a. 1. Pertaining
or nation ; ethnological
Between Frenchmen, .Spaniards, and northern Italians
there is, indeed, a close ethnic affinity.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 86.
Unless we are sure that an ethnic title is one which a
race gives itseU, we can draw no conclusion from its ety-
mology. 6. Rawlinson, Origin of Nations, ii. 226.
2. Pertaining to the gentiles or nations not con-
verted to Christianity ; heathen ; pagan : op-
posed to Jewish and Christian.
This man beginning at length to loath and mislike the
ethnik religion, and the multitude of false gods, applyed
his minde vnto the religion of Clirist.
Ilakluyfs Voyages, I. 222.
"What means," quoth he, " this Devil's procession
With men of orthodox profession '(
'Tis ethnique and idolatrous,
From heathenism derivd to us."
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. 11. 761.
Those are ancient ethnic revels.
Of a faith long since forsaken. Longfellow.
n. n. A heathen ; a gentile ; a pagan.
No certain species, sure; a kind of mule
That's half an ethnic, liall a Cliristian I
B. Jonson, Staple of News, ii. 1.
The people of God redeem'd, and wash'd with Christs
blood and dignity d with so many glorious titles of Saints,
and sons in the Gospel, are now no better reputed tlien
impure ethnicks, and lay d<»8- . . „
MilUm, Reformation in Eng., i.
ethnical (eth'ni-kal), a. [< ethnic + -al] Same
as ethnic.
gards race or nationality ; according to or in
accordance with the methods or principles of
ethnology.
People and folk in the singular form usually meant, in
Old-English, a political state, or an ethnologically related
body of men, considered as a unit; in short, a nation.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xii.
ethnologist (eth-nol'o-jist), n. [< ethnology +
-ist.] One skilled in ethnology; a student of
ethnology.
The ethnologist, from his point of view, is much less
concerned with individuals than with masses.
Nature, XXXVII. 293.
ethnology (eth-nol'6-ji), n. [= F. ethnologic =
Sp. etnologia = Pg. ethnologia, < Gr. l6voc, a peo-
ple, a nation, + -h>yia, < Uyetv, speak: see
-ology.] The science of the races of men and
of their character, history, customs, and insti-
tutions. See the extract.
Ethnography and Ethnology liear the sanje relation al-
most to one another as geology and geography. While
ethnography contents herself with the mere description
and classification of the races of man, ethnology, or the
science of races, "investigates the mental and physical
differences of mankind, and tlie organic laws upon whicli
they depend ; seeks to deduce from these investigations
principles of human guidance in all the important rela-
tions of social and national existence." Krauth-Fleming.
ethnopsychological (eth'no-si-ko-loj'i-kal), a.
Of or pertaining to ethnopsychology.
Prince Bismarck has been the first to solve the ethno-
ptychologicai problem which lies concealed in tfee nature
From the end of the second to the beginning of the six-
teenth century there can be no douljt as to the contents
and e(Ao» of that system. ^--tvtvios
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 188.
Specifically — 2. In the Gr. fine arts, etc., the
inherent quality of a work which produces, or
is fitted to produce, a high moral impression,
noble, dignified, and universal, as opposed to a
work characterized by pathos, or the particu-
lar, accidental, passionate, realistic quality.
By ethos, as applied to the paintings of Polygnotus, we
understand a dignified bearing in his figures, and a mea-
sured movement throughout his compositions.
Encyc. Bnt., II. 359.
Ethusa, ". See Mtlmsa.
ethyl (eth'il), n. [< etHer) + -yl.] CaHg. The
radical of ordinary alcohol and ether. It has
never been obtained in the free state. Alcohol is the
hydrate of ethvl.- Ethyl hutyrate. See i-ufj/rate —
Ethyl oxld, ethyl ether, -'^ee (rt,«-i, 3(!-).— Ethyl saits,
salts in wliicli tlie radical etliyl plays the part of a base.
ethylamine (eth'il-am-in), «. [< ethyl + amine.]
An organic base formed by the substitution of
ethyl for all or part of the hydrogen of ammonia.
ethylate (eth'i-lat), H. [< ethyl + -ate^.] Same
as (iJcoholate.
ethylated (eth'i-la-ted), a. Mixed or combined
witli ethyl or its compounds.
ethyl-blue (eth'il-blo), «. A coal-tar color
used in dyeing, prepared by treating spint-
blue with ethyl chlorid. The blue possesses a
purer tone than spirit-blue, and is used for dye-
ing silk.
ethylendiamlne
ethylendiainuie(eth'i-len-di'a-miii), n. l<ethyl
+ -eiie + di-~ + amine.'] A powerfully poison-
ous substance (C2H4(NH2)2H20) formed by the
putrefaction of tish-tlesh.
ethylene (eth'i-len), n. [< ethyl + -ene.'] C2H4.
A colorless poisonous gas having an unpleas-
ant, suffocating smell, it bums with a bright lu-
minous flame, aud when mixed with air explodes violently.
It is one of the constituents of illuminating gas. Also
called ethene, elayie, oUfiant na*, bicarbureted hydrogen^
hsavy carbureted hydrogen. — Ethylene platlnochlorid,
S|H4PtCl2, a substance prepared Ijj toiliiik' platinic ihlo-
d with alcohol and evaporatiitg the solution in a vacuum.
A very dilute solution of it heated on a sheet of glass or a
porcelain plate yields a lustrous coating of platinum.
ethylene-blae (eth'i-len-blS), n. A substance
similar to methylene-blue, diethylaniline being
used in place of dimethylaniline.
ethylic (e-thil'ik), a. [< ethyl + -»<•.] Related
to or containing the radical ethyl: as, ethylic
alcohol.
£t IncamatTls (et in-kar-na'tns). [So called
from the first words: L. et, and; inearnatus,
incarnate.] 1. In the Roman Catiiolio mass, a
section of the Credo. — 2. A musical setting of
that section.
etiolate (e'ti-o-lat), v. ; pret. and pp. etiolated,
ppr. etiolating. [Formed, as if from a L. pp.
in -atus, < F. etioler, blanch, < OF. estioler, be-
come slender or puny (Roquefort) ; F. dial.
(Norm.) refl. s'etieuter, grow into stalks or
straw^ < esteule, straw, stubble, F. eteule, stub-
He, < L. stipula, straw: see gtipule.'] L •»-
trans. To grow white from absence of the nor-
mal amount of coloring matter, as the leaves
or stalks of plants ; be whitened by exclusion
of the light of the stm, as plants: sometimes, in
pathology, said of persons.
n. trans. To blanch; whiten by exclusion of
the sun's rays or by disease.
Celery is in this manner blanched or etiolated.
Whewell, BridgewaterTTeatUes(Astron. and Physics), xIlL
Who could have any other feeling than pity for this poor
human weed, this dwarfed and etiolated soul ?
O. W. Holinee, Old Vol. of Ufe, p. aa
= Byn. Blanch, etc. 8e« uihilen.
Also etiolize.
etiolation (e'ti-o-la'shon), n. [< etiolate +
-ion.] 1. The becoming white thrbogh loss of
natural coloring matter as a resoit of the ex-
clusion of light or of disease. Specifically — 2.
In hort., the rendering of plants white, crisp,
and tender by excluding the action of light from
them, as celery for the table. Compare albin-
ism.
etiolin (e'ti-o-lin), n. [< etiol(ate) + -i»2.] A
yellow modification of chlorophyl, formed by
plants growing in darkness.
etiolize (e'ti-o-liz), e. ; pret. and pp. etiolized,
ppr. etiolising. [As etiol-ate + -«e.J Same as
etioUitf.
etiological, etiologically, etc. See eetiological,
etc.
etiquette (et-i-kef), »• [< F. itiquette, t., for-
merly also itiquet, m., a ticket, a label, hence
(> 8p. Pg. etiqueta = It. etichetta), convention-
al forms (of a court, of society, etc.), a mod.
sense due to the use of tickets giving informa-
tion or directions as to the observances to be
followed on particular occasions. See ticket, the
earlier E. form.] 1. A ticket or label, specifi-
cally one attached to a specimen of natural his-
tory. [Bare.] — 2. Conventional reonirement
or custom in regard to social behavior or ob-
servance; prescriptive usage, especially in po-
lite society or for ceremonial intercourse ; pro-
priety of conduct as established in any class or
community or for any occasion ; good manners ;
polite behavior.
Without hesitation klM the alipper, or whatever else the
etiquette of that court raqoirei. ChttterfiM.
In strict eti'iuette, the visitor should not, at flrst, suf-
fer his hands to appear, when entering the room, or when
»e»'«d. IS. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 2S5.
BtiquetU, with all ito liltlenenea and niceties, Is fonnd.
ed apon a central Idea of right and wrong.
Dr. J, Brown, Spare Bonn, 8d ser., p. 279.
A strangled titter, oat of which there brake
On all sides, clamouring etiquette to death,
Unmeasured mirth. Tennyton, Prinoeaa, r.
etna (et'na), n. [< Etna, It. Etna, < L. JBina,
< 6r. Alrvri, a volcano in Sicily; perhaps con-
nected with Gr. aWetv, brum: see etherl.] A
vessel used for heating water in the sick-room
or at table, consisting of a cup or vase for the
water, with a fixed saucer surrounding it in
which alcohol is burned. [U. S.]
Etnean (et-ne'an), a. [< L. JEtiutm, < Gr.
Airvaiof, Etnean, < Alrvv Etna.] Pertaining;
2019
to Etna, the celebrated volcanic mountain in
Sicily : as, the Etnean fires. .Also spelled et-
nean.
^toile (a-twol'), ». [F., < OF. estoiU, < L. Stella,
a star: see stellate, estoile.] 1. In her., same
as estoile. — 2. A name given to the star-shaped
or many-lobed spots or figures in embroidery.
Etonian (e-to'ni-an), a. and n. [< Eton +
-I'an.] I. a. Of of pertaining to Eton or Eton
College in England.
H, n. One who is or has been a pupil at
Eton College, a famous educational estaolish-
ment of England, at Eton in Buckingham-
shire, opposite Windsor, founded in I'flo by
Henry Vf.
^tonpille (P. pron. a-to-pely'), «. [F.,< etouper,
stop with tow, oakum, etc. : see stop.] A
quick match for firing explosives, made of three
strands of cotton steeped in spirits mixed with
mealed gunpowder.
Et Besurrexit (et res-u-rek'sit). [So called
from the first words: L. et, and; resurrexit, he
rose again, 3d pers. sing. perf. ind. of resur-
gere, rise again: see resurrection.] 1. In the
Roman Catholic mass, a section of the Credo.
— 2. A musical setting of that section.
Etnirian (e-tro'ri-an), a. and n. [< L. Etruria,
Hetruria, tte country of the Etrusci : see Etrus-
can.] Same as Etruscan.
Etmscan (e-trus'kan), a. and n. [< L. Etrus-
cus. Etrurian (y\." Etrusci, the Etrurians), <
Etruria, Etruria. Hence ult. Tuscan, q. v.]
I. a. Pertaining or relating to Etruria, an an-
cient country in central Italy, bordering on the
part of the Mediterranean called the Tyrrhe-
nian sea, between Latium and Liguria (includ-
ing modem Tuscany), or to its inhabitants, and
especially to their civilization and art. These, be-
fore Hellenic tnltnence was actually felt in Etruria, resem-
bled in many ways those of primitive Greece. Compare
Tuecan — Etruscan art, the art of ancient Etruria; an
artistic developinent l>elieved with probability to have
fn\>wn up Independently from the same root as the art of
Oreece, but far Inferior in every way to Greek art, though
In ita later stages influenced by it Etruscan masonry
closely resembles the Greek in it* progress from the mas-
sive polygonal to admirable rectangular work In even
courses; the arch and the vault were consistently em-
{doyed, and were passed on to become the characteristic
eature of Roman architecture ; while the Etruscan tnuse
of rectangular plan with central court was the prototype
of the Roman house. (See Tuxan order, under Tiucan.)
Etruscan Art.
in Art.— I-;tnis- .m s ir'-o],h.i,:iis in l.-rri- -tt.t, frora
period of fiill developfnenl.— Museo Egizio, Florence.
The beat works of Etruscan sculpture were It* strongly
colored terra-cotta statues, of life-size and lai^r, and Its
sarcophagi of terra-cotta bearing reclining figures on their
lids, showing, however, but little anatomical truth, de-
spite much research in details of dress and ornament.
The native Etruscan Jewelry exhibits masslveness and
Intrinsic value, as In heavy and complicated chains, pen-
dants, and the like, in preference to the delicacy and
artistic reflnenient of the importe<l Greek and Phenl-
clan examples found with the native productions in the
tombs. See fruf/a.— Etruscan pottery, (o) Tlie pot-
tery of the ancient Etruscans, wfiicli may be roughly di-
vided Into four main classes : (1) the early cinerary urns,
called Canopie nuet, with covers in the fonn of human
heads (see Canopie) ; (2) the black, unglazed ware, with
ornamental figure* and designs, impressed or in low relief,
called btieehen or bucchero nero vaeee (see biKchero) ; (3)
the painted vases Imitated more or less closely from those
of Greek manufacture ; (4) the rases coated with a bril-
liant black varnish, and bearing reliefs, called Etrutco-
Campanian (which see). (6) An epithet erroneously ap-
plied to Greek painted vases. This application, originat-
log In the eiglitcinth century, before tlic study of archeol-
ogy had made much advance, Is still in use among persons
whose ideas atnuit thpse subjects are obtained from books.
Wedgwtxxl had tlii» use in mind when he named his works
£(rurta.— Etruscan ware, a pottery made liy a person
named Dillwyn, at Swansea in Wales, alwut 18.10, and
decorated with figures, borders, etc. , of classical design,
usually in Idack or red. This ware was known as Dillmm't
Etruscan ware, and these words were printed in blacken
the bottom of each piece. Jewitt.
n. n. 1. An inhabitant of Etruria ; a mem-
ber of the primitive race of ancient Etruria.
Etrusco-Campanian
Vase.
ottle
The Etruscans were distinguished ethnologically from all
neighboring races, and their affinities are unknown, though
there were similar people in ancient Rhfetia, Thrace, etc.
They called tliemselves RaseiM, and the Greeks called
them Tyrrhenians, between which and Etruscans there is
probably a philological connection. See Tytrhenian.
2. The language of the Eti-uscans, which from
its few remains appears to have been unlike
any other known tongue, it was spoken by many
people In Italy outside of Etruria, till gradually supersed-
ed by Oscan and Latin ; but a form of it continued in use
in Rh;etiu(tlie Orisons and Tyrol) several centuries longer.
Etrusco-Campanian (e - trus ' ko - kam - pa ' ni-
an), a. Pertaining to
Etruria and Campania,
of ancient Italy Etrus-
co-Campanian pottery, the
latest class of Etmscan pot-
tery, made also in Campania,
in the third century b. c. and
later. The vases of this class
are coated with a brilliant
black varnish, present a great
diversity of forms, and, like
the older bucchero vases, affect
shapes more appropriate to
metal than to clay. All bear
ornament in relief, from sim-
ple ribs or flutings to medal-
lions, groups of figures, etc.
et seq. An abbreviation
of the Latin et sequentia,
or et sequentes, meaning
'and what follows,' 'and the following': as,
compare page 45 et seq.
-ette, [See -«fi.] A French suflBx, the femi-
Jiine form of -efl (which see), retained in French
words of recent introduction, as grisette, sil-
houette, etiquette, palette, sextette, coquette, etc.
Some of these have older English forms in -cfi,
as ticket, pallet, or are recently so spelled, as
sextet, octet, coquet, etc.
ettent, «• [Also written ettin, eaton, etc. ; < ME.
eten, eotend, etc., < AS. eoten, a giant (only in
the poem of "Beowulf"), = Ice\. jotunn = Dan.
jette = Sw.jdtte, a giant.] A giant or goblin.
Quen Dauid fajt gaine that etin
Has he nogt his staf for-3etin ;
Vn-to the bataile he hit bare,
Mujt na kinge squorde do mare.
i/o/y Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 118.
They say the King of Portugal cannot sit at his meat,
but the giants and the etiins will come and snatch it from
him. Beau, and Ft., Knight of Burning Pestle, i. 1.
etter (et'fer), n. A Scotch form of atter^.
ettercap (et'6r-kap), n. A Scotch form of atter-
cop.
A flery ettercap, a fractious chiel.
As het as ginger, and as stieve as steel.
Robertson of Stman,
etter-pike (et'6r-pik), n. [< Sc. etter, = E.
attcr, poison, + pike, a fish.] Same as adder-
pike.
ettlei (et'l), V. ; pret. and pp. ettled, ppr. ettling.
[S<!., also written ettil, attle, attel, etc.; < Icel.
(etla, etla, think, mean, suppose, intend, pur-
pose, related to AS. eahtian, meditate, devise
(=08. ahton, meditate, devise, = OFries. acht-
ja = D. achten = OHG. ahton, MH6. ahten, Q.
achten, regard, esteem, = Dan. agte = Sw. akta,
esteem, intend, observe, heed), connected with
Goth, ahti, understanding, ahma, soul, ahjan,
think.] I. trans. 1. To aim; propose; intend;
attempt; try.
Heraude In Anger atled to sle
Cryste thurgh his curstnes, as the clause tellus.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4304.
I never ettled harm to thee.
Quoted in ChiUCs Ballads, VI. 178.
2. To exx>ect; reckon: as, I'm ettling he'll be
here the mom.
I save the syr Arthure es thyne enmye forever.
And etietles to bee overlynge of the empyre of Rome,
That alle his ancestres aughte, hot Utere hymselfe.
Morle Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 620.
IL intrans. 1. To take aim.
NIxt scharp Mnestheus war and awysee,
Vnto the held has halit vp on hie
Baith arrow and ene, etland at the merk.
Qavin Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 144.
2. To make attempt.
If I but ettle at a sang, or speak.
They dit their lugs [stop their ears].
Ramsay, Poems, II. 66.
3. To direct one's course.
The cherl grocching forth goth with the gode child,
& euene to themperour thei atteleden sone.
Wiltiam of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 272.
4. To aspire ; be ambitious.
Oeordle will be to us what James Watt Is to the ettling
town of Greenock, so we can do no less than drink pros-
perity to his endeavors. Gait, The Provost, p. 237.
[Obsolete in all uses except in Scotch.]
ettle
ettle^ (et'l), n. [< ettfei, f.] Intention; intent ;
aim. [Scotch.]
Nannie, far before the rest,
Hani upon noble Magjyie prest,
And flew at Tani wi' furious ettle.
Buriig, Tam o* Shanter.
ettle* (et'l), «. A variant of addle^.
ettle^ (et'l), w. [A dial, corruption of nettle;
a nettle taken as an ettle, like a nadder taken
as an adder: see adder^.'] A nettle. [Prov.
Eng.]
In the Ch'wardens' accounts of Minchingharapton, 1688,
one shilling appears as paid "for cutting ettlets."
Archceologia, XXXV. 451.
ettlement (et'1-ment), «. [< ettle^ + -ment.']
Intention. [Scotch.]
ettler (et'l^r), n. One who ettles or aims at
a particular object. [Scotch and North. Eng.]
An eydent ettler for preferment.
Oalt, Ringan Gilhaize, II. 298.
ettlingS (et'lingz), n. pi. [Verbal n. of ettle'^
= arfd/«2.] Earnings; wages. [North. Eng.]
ettOW (et'6), n. [Appar. of W. Ind. origin.]
The Cordia Sehestena, a boraginaceous shrub
of the West Indies, with handsome scarlet flow-
ers and a drupaceous fruit.
ettweet, ». See etui.
6tade (a-tild'), n. [F., < L. stvMum, study: see
study. ^ A study ; a lesson ; especially, in music,
a composition having more or less artistic value,
but intended mainly to exercise the pupil in
overcoming some particular technical difficulty,
or two or more related difficulties fitude do
concert, concert-study ; an ^tude of exceptional brilliancy
or artistic vahie.
6tlli (a-twe'), n. [Formerly also cttuy (= D.
Gr. Dan. Sw. etui), and in vernacular spelling
etwee, ettwee; < F. etui, formerly estui, estuy
= Pr. estui, estug = Sp. estuche = Pg. estojo
= It. astuccio, a case, box. With loss of the
initial vowel (by apheresis), etwee became twee,
whence, in the plural, with a deflection of sense,
tweese, tweeze, whence tweezers : see twee, tueeze,
tweezers.'^ A small case, especially one of orna-
mental character and intended to contain deli-
cate or costly objects, in the seventeenth and eigh-
teenth centuries such cases were carried hanging from the
belt by ladies, and used to contain their utensils for needle-
work and some articles of the toilet.
Estuy [F.], a sheath, case or box to put things in, and
particularly, a case of little instruments, or sizzers, bod-
kin, penknife, etc., now commonly tearmed an ettwee.
Cotgrave.
etweet (et-we'), «. See 4tui.
-ety. See -ity and -ty.
etym., etsrmol. Abbreviations of etymology,
etymological, etymologically, etymologist.
etymic (e-tim'ik), a. [< etymon + -ic] Of or
pertaining to the etymon or primitive form of
a word.
etymologert (et-i-mol'd-jer), n. [As F. etymo-
logue = Sp. etimologo = It. etimologo = G. Dan.
Sw. etymolog, < L. etymologos, < Gr. crv/ioAoyoc,
an etymologist: see etymology and -cri.] An
etymologist.
Laws there must be; and "lex iiligando,"saith the ety-
molorjer : it is called a law from binding.
Dr. Griffith, Fear of God and the King (1660), p. 82.
etymologic, etymological (et"i-mo-loj'ik, -i-
kal), a. [= F. ctymologique = Sp. etimologico =
Pg. etymologico = It. etimologico (ef. G. etymolo-
ffisch = Sw. Dan. etymologist), < LL. etymologi-
cus, < Gr. cTVfio'/.oymig, belonging to etjTnology, <
frv/zoAoj-ia, etymology: see etymology.^ Pertain-
ing to, treating of, or determined by etymology.
Without help from etynwlogic or other record we may
safely go back ages further. Athenceum, No. 3067, p. 165.
etymologica, «. Pltiral of etymologicon.
etymologically (et"i-mo-loJ'i-kal-i), adv. Ac-
cording to or by means of etymology; as re-
gards etymology.
We prefer the form which we have employed, because
It is etymologically correct.
Macautay, Sadler's Kef. Refuted.
Vergers do not seem to have been recognised as "cardi-
nal " by the Commission, though they might etymologically
make good their claim to that title as doorkeepers.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 175.
etymologicon, etymologicum (et"i-mo-loj'i-
kon, -kum), b. ; pi. etymologica (-ka). [ML., <
Gr. tTv/jio/MyiKov, an etymological dictionary,
neut. of hv/io?MytK6(, etymological : see etymo-
logic.'] A work containing the etymologies of
the words of a language ; an etymological dic-
tionary; a treatise on etymology.
No English dictionary at all fulfils the requisites either
of a truly scientific or of a popular etymologicon. They
all attempt too much and too little — too much of compar-
ative, too little of positive etymology.
fr. /*. Marsh, Lectures on Eng. Lang., iil.
2020
etymologise, v. See etymologize.
etymologist (et-i-mol'o-jist), ». [= F. 4tymolo-
giste = Sp. It. etimologista = Pg. etymologista ;
as etymology + -ist.l One versed in etymology ;
one who specially studies, teaches, or writes the
history of words ; a historian of words.
etymologize (et-i-mol'o-jiz), v.; pret. and pp.
etymologized, ppr. etymologizing. [< F. 4tymo-
logiser, formerly etymologizer, = Sp. etimologi-
sar = Pg. etymologizar = It. etimologizzare, <
ML. etymologisare (cf. equiv. ML. etymologi-
care, Gr. tTvuo?.oyelv) ; as etymology + -ize.'] I.
intrans. 1. To study etymology or the history
of words; search into the origin of words. — 2.
To provide or suggest etymologies for words.
How perilous it is to etymologize at random.
Ally. Trench, Study of Words, p. 208.
II. trans. To give the etymology of; trace
the etymology of; provide or suggest an ety-
mology for.
Breeches, quasi bear.riches ; when a gallant bears all his
riches in his breeches. — Most fortunately etymologized 1
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels.
The habit of etynwlogizing words off-hand from expres-
sive sounds, by the unaided and often flighty fancy of a
philologer. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 147.
Also spelled etymologise.
etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), «. ; pi. etymologies
(-jiz). [Early mod. fe. etymologic, etimologie;
= G. etymologic = Dan. Sw. etymologi, < F. ety-
mologic, now etymologic = Sp. etimologia = Pg.
ctymologia = It. etimologia , < L. etymologia, ML.
also etimologia, cthimologia, < Gr. cTv/Jo?ioyia, the
analysis of a word so as to find its origin, ety-
mology (translated notatio (see notation) and
veriloquium (see veriloqiient) by Cicero, and
originatio (see origination) by Quintilian), < hv-
/loUyoc, studying etymology, telling the true
origin of a word (as a noun, an etymologist),
< eTv/jov, the true literal sense of a word accord-
ing to its origin, its etymolog}', + -loyia, < /Jynv,
speak, tell: see etymon and -ology.] 1. That
part of philology which treats of the history of
words in respect both to form and to meanings,
tracing them back toward their origin, and set-
ting forth and explaining the changes they have
undergone.
Etymology treats of the structure and history of words.
It includes classification, inflection, and derivation.
F. A. March, Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 33.
Specifically — 2. The particular history of a
word, including an account of its various forms
and senses. Ih its widest sense, the etymology of a word
includes all its variations of form and spelling, and all its
different meanings and shades of meaning, from its first
appearance in the language to the present time, and, fur-
ther, the same facts concerning the original or the cognate
forms of the word in other languages. This would be im-
practicable for any large number of words, and accord-
ingly the fullest etymologies, as in this dictionary, give
but one form or a few typical forms for a given period of
a language, or but one form for the whole period of the
language, with a like sunmiary treatment of the meanings,
a more coniplete exhibition of forms and meanings being
given only at critical or important points in the history.
In a very restricted but common acceptation, the wortl
implies merely the "derivation" of the word, namely, the
mention of the word or root from which it is derived, as
when bixhop is said to be "from Greek eiriirKon-o?," or chie.f
" from Latin caput."
Expoundinge also and declaringe the etimologie and na-
tive signification of suche wordes as we have borowed of
the Latines or Frenche menne, not evyn so comonly used
in our quotidiene speche.
Quoted in Babees Book (E. E. T. S,), p. xxi.
This tenne [barbarous] being then so vsed by the aun-
cient Greekes, there haue bene since, notwithstanding,
who haue digged for the Etimologie somewhat deeper, and
many of them haue said that it was spoken by the rude
and barking language of the Affricans now called Bar-
barians. Pultenham, Arte of Eng, Poesie, p. 210.
Before attempting an etymology, ascertain the earliest
form and use of the word ; and observe chronology. Ob-
serve history and geography ; borrowings are due to actual
contact. Observe phonetic laws.
Skeat, Etym. Diet., Pref., p. xxi.
Those etymologies which seemed strong because of like-
ness in sound, until it was shown that likeness in sound
made them impossible. George Eliot, Middlemarch, II. 59.
3. In gram., that division of grammar which
treats of the parts of speech and their inflec-
tions.
etymon (et'i-mon), n, [= Sp. etimo = Pg. ety-
mon, < L. etymon, < Gr. irvfiov, the true literal
sense of a word according to its origin, its ety-
mology, its primitive form or root ; prop. neut.
of erv/iog (also in lengthened form cri/Tv/jof, both
chiefly poetical), true, sure, real ; with forma-
tive -ftog, akin to hcoc, true, real, genuine, umoc,
hallowed, sacred, holy, pious, devout (= Skt.
satyas, true); ef. frdfffv, examine, test; the root
*fT being ult. a reduced form of "aevr, *sant,
which appears in <Jv (ovr-), dial. c6v (eovr-) (=
L. ens («»<-), orig. sens {sent-), as in absens,
Eublepharis
absent, pra;sens, present), ppr. of elvat, be, =
AS. soth (orig. *santh), E. sooth = loel. sannr,
true, sooth: see sooth, and ens, entity, ontology,
etc., and am (under 6cl), which represents the
orig. root of all these words. Hence etymology,
etc.] 1. The original element of a word ; the
root or primitive.
Blue hath ita etymon from the High Dutch blaw,
I'eacham, On Drawing.
The etymologist, therefore, whoever he were, hath de-
ceived himself in assigning the etymon of this word As-
syria, while he forgeth this distinction between it and
Syria. J. Gregory, Postbuma (1650), p. 179.
2. The original or fundamental sense; the
primary or root meaning.
The import here given as the etymon or genuine sense
of the word. Coleridge.
etypic (e-tip'ik), a. [< L. e- priv. + E. tyjnc]
In bioL, unconformable to type; diverging or
divergent from a given type ; developing away
from a norm or standard of structure : opposed
to attypic.
etypical (e-tip'i-kal), a. [< etypic + -a/.] Same
as etypic.
Etypical characters are exceptional ones, and . . . are
exhibited by an eccentric offshoot from the common stock
of a group. Gill, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. 293.
eu-. [L., etc., eu-, < Gr. ev-, a very common
prefix, being the stem of the old adj. ii% (dial.
'/"f)) good, brave, noble, neut. ace. ih, later ev
(dial, ijii), as an adv., well ; prob. orig. *hvQ,
< ■)/ *ea (= Skt. ■^ as), be, in dvai, be : see am
(under 6cl), etymon, etc. The prefix is strictly
the stem of the adj., and not the adv. ev; but
the distinction is slight, and is generally dis-
regarded, the prefix being more conveniently
referred directly to the adverb. The prefix is
used in Greek primarily to form adjectives, the
second element being usually a noun or verb
root, and the compound being an adjective
meaning ' with good ...,'' having good . . . ,'
'well-' or 'easily ed,' as in ti'X^'P, having
good (quick, dexterous) hands, well-handed,
cv(pt4c, well-grown, having a good nature, Eiuvu-
/jog, having a good name, well-named, tvdyyc?j)c,
bringing good news, etc. ; such adjectives being
often used as nouns, and often having abstract
or other nouns derived from them.] A pre-
fix of Greek origin, meaning 'good' (for the
purpose) or, as used adverbially, ' well,' ' easi-
ly,' implying excellence, fitness, abundance,
prosperity, facility, easiness. It is opposed to dys-,
as in eulogy, eupepsnj, opposed to dyslogy, dyspepsi/. In
evangel and its derivatives eu- has taken the form ev-,
whicli also appears, less properly, in some recent New Latin
formations.
euaster (u-as'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. ev, well, +
aaTT/fi, a star.] In sponges, a regular polyact
or stellate calcareous spicule with stout conic
rays radiating from one center.
Euastrosa (ii-as-tro'sa), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of *eriastrosus : see euastrose.'] In SoUas's clas-
sification of sponges, a group of choristidan
tetractinellid sponges having microscleres or
flesh-spicules in the form of starlike or radi-
ated spicules, without spirasters, as in the fam-
ily Stellettidai : distinguished from Spirastrosa
and Sterrastrosa.
euastrose (u-as'tros), a. [< NL. *euastrosus, <
CJr. fr, well, + aarpov, a star.] Of or pertain-
ing to the Euastrosa.
Eubagis (u'ba-jis), n. [NL. (Boisduval, 1832).]
In entom., a genus of nymphalid butterflies, of
which E. arthcmon is the tj'pe and sole species.
eublepharid (u-blef'a-rid), n. A lizard of the
family Eublepliarida:
Eublepharidse (ii-ble-far'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Euhlcpliaris + -idee.'] A family of gecko-like
EubUpkaris hardluiiki.
lizards, typified by the genus Euhlcpliaris, hav-
ing amphieoelous vertebne, unitid parietal
bones, no parietal bar, and incomplete orbital
ring.
Eublepharis (Q-blef'a-ris), «. [NL., < Gr. d\
well, and ji'/.iifapa, the eyelids.] A genus of
lizards, typical of the family Eublepliaridte, con-
taining such as E, hardwicki.
eublepharoid
eublepharoid (u-blef a-roid), n. and n. I. a.
Having the ehafacters of the Eublepharicke.
II. «. One of the Eiiblepharidee.
Eublepharoidea (u-blef-a-roi'df-a), «. pi.
[XL., < Eublepharii + -oidia.'i A 'superf amily
of eriglossate laeertilians, conterminous with
the famUy Kublepharida; having concavo-con-
cave vertebne, proximally dilated and loop-
shaped clavicles, and no postfrontal or post-
orbital squamosal arches. T. Gill, Smithsonian
Report, 1885.
Eaboean (u-be'an), a. and n. [< Eubaa + -an.]
L a. Of or pertaining to Eubaa, a large island
of Greece northeast of Attica and Boeotia, or
to its inhabitants: as, the Eubaan standard of
coinage.
H. R. A native or an inhabitant of Euboea.
encairite, n. See eukairite.
eucalin ( u'ka-lin), n. [Written less prop, euca-
Ij/n; < Eucaliyptus) + -in^.] A non-fermentable,
sweetish, syrupy body (CeHi206* produced in
the fermentation of melitose (the sugar of
Eucalyptus). It is dextrorotatory and reduces
copper salts like sugar.
eticalypt (li'ka-lipt), n. A plant belonging to
the sri'iius Eucalyptus.
Eucalyptocrinidse (ii-ka-lip-to-krin'i-de), n.}>l.
[XL., \ Eiiaih/jildcriniifi + -i(i<r.] A family of
fossil crinoids, typified by the genus Eucalypto-
crinu.s. Also Calyptocrinida;.
encalyptocrinite (ii'ka-lip-tok'ri-nit), ». [<
XL. Eucaluptocrinites ; formed as Eucalyj)tocri-
nus + -ite2.j An encrinite of the genus Euea-
lyptorrinus.
Eucalyptocrinus (u'ka-lip-tok'ri-nus), n.
[XL. (.so called from the inversion of the calyx
rn itself) (historically a shortened form of
alyptocrinites), < Gr. tv, well, + KoAinrTeiv,
cover, + Kpivov, a lily. For the element -crinus,
see encrinite.} The typical ^enns of Eucalyp-
tocrinidw, occurring in thfe Silurian and Devo-
nian formations. Agasitiz, 1834. Also Eucalyp-
U)cniiitrs. Gold/Mis, 1826.
encalyptography (u'ka-lip-tog'ra-fi), ». [<
EuculifjitiiK + Gr. -ypa^a, < ypa^tv, write.] The
description of eucalypts; a treatise upon the
genus Eucalyptus.
encalyptol (u-ka-lip'tol), ». [< Eucalyptus +
-tjl.] A volatile, colorless, limpid oil having a
strong aromatic odor, obtained from Eucalyp-
tu-i nhihiilus.
Eacalyptns (u-ka-lip'tus), «. [NL., < Or. ei,
well, + Ka/.virretti', cover, conceal.] An impor-
tant genus of myrtaceous evergreen trees and
shrubs, including about 120 species, abundant
in all parts of Australia, and occurring rarely
in New Guinea, Timor, and the Moluccas. The
flowers are usually In axillary umliels, with a firm, de-
cldaous, calyptra-llke calyx, iiu petals, and very iiumer-
ona •tamens. The seeds are very small The leaves are
thick and smooth, moatly similar on hoUi sides,and thrown
Intoaverticalpu-
sitlon by a twist
of the petiole,
glandular • punc-
tate, and with a
strong, peculiar
odor. The ma-
tared wootl is al-
ways hard, and
the timber is of-
ten very valuable.
Many of the ar-
boreous species
are very tall; and
some, as B.
amjfffdaiina and
B. divenieotor,
reach a height
of over 400 feet,
exceeding in this
respect all oth-
er known trees.
Many species ex-
ude a gam (a kind
of kino), whence
the common
name of qum-tree. Kroro the extreme hmrdness or the
■brous character of the bark, some are known as iron-
bark or stringy-bark trees, and others are distinguished
■a mountain-ash, box-, or mahogany-trees, etc. B. tide-
rapMa, which Is the principal iron bark-tree, and S.
' "ef source of
2021
by means of successive inductions, rising from
narrower to wider laws, to make nature intel-
ligible.
That which I meditate and propound is not acatalepsia,
hut eucatalepsia ; not denial of the capacity to understand,
but provision for understanding truly.
Bacon, Novum Organum (ed. Spedding), I. § 126.
Eucephalal (u-sef'a-lS), ». [XL., fem. sing,
of Bucephalus: see eucephalous.'] In ornith.,
a genus of humming-birds, so called from the
beauty of the head. E. gray* is a fine Ecuado-
rian species, with blue head and golden-green
body. Eeichenbach, 1853.
Eucephala'-^ (u-sef'a-la), n. pi. [XL., neut. pi.
of Bucephalus : see euiephaloiis.'] In entom., a
group of tipularian or nemoeerous dipterous in-
sects, the larvee of which have usually a well-dif-
ferentiated head.
eucephalous (u-sef'a-lus), a. [< NL. Bucepha-
lus, i Gr. tv, well, -f laipa/Ji, the head.] Well-
headed, as a larval crane-fly ; specifically, of or
pertaining to the EucephaUt.
After moulting the larval skin the eueephaloxu larvte
become quiescent or freely moveable pupse.
Ctaun, Zodlogy (trans.), p. 677.
Eucera (u'se-ra), n. [NL. (Scopoli, 1769^, < Gr.
evKcpao^, cvKipa^, with beautiful horns, < fv, well,
-I- (c/fjof, the horn.] A genus of solitary bees,
of the family Apidte, having the antennae in the
male as long as the whole bodjr, the thorax
thickly pubescent, and the fore wings with only
two submarginal cells. There are over 30 Eiuijpean
species. One has lieen recognized in North America, but
is probably not indigenous.
Encerocoris (S-se-rok'o-ris), n. [XL., < Gr. n',
well, + A'>"f, a horn, -f- *opif, a bug.] A notable
genus of heteropterous insects, of the family
Captida or Phytoeorida, having antennae near-
ly twice as long as the bodv. Ifestuiood.
Eachstes (u-ke'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. ev, well,
-t-^air;?,long,
loose, flow-
ing hair.] 1,
A genus of
Coleoptera.
Dtjean, 1834.
— 2. A genus
of bombycid
moths, form-
ed by Han-is
in 1841. The
subcostal vein
gives rise to two
marginal ner-
voles, aiil .1
short c<>«t;il < ' li
is formed 1»
tween the set-
ond marginiil
uervule and the
\IHI /
y'^r^^iyy.
TllTlTV
apicat B. effU is
Biaty-gny. and
Flowering Braacl) of Bltte^m Tree (£aw«-
Te^j^fera, are the chief
\ Botany Bay kino. The
I
I
leaves of various species, especially of E, glabulm, and the
oil extracted from them, are said to have important reme-
dial powers In asthma, bronchitis, and various other dis-
eases. The trees are of very rapid growth, and several
species, especially the blue-gum, B. globultu, have been
extensively planted in warm countries for their timber.
Their < .iltiire in malarious district* has also been reconi-
meniled for the purpose of counteracting miasmatic influ-
ences.
encatalepsia (u-kat-a-lop'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr.
IV, well, + knra/jplnf, a grasping, seizing: see
calalKjiny.] In Bacon's philosophy, true under-
standing: a term designating the attempt, made
, _ ■/, «*iM mu- .vj<y/«, natural kUe.
has a brigtilly
tufted orange, white, and black larva, which feeds on At-
eUpiat. E. eittlaru Is white, and has a white, hairy larva,
which feed^ on ApoeynuiH,
3. A genus of birds. Sclater, 1858.
Enchalina (u-ka-H'nft), n. [NL., < Gr. ei, well,
+ ;fa>jwif, a bridle.] The typical genus of Eu-
chaliHino'. Lendenfeld.
Enchalinlnae (u'ka-li-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
chatinn + -iiia'.] A group of marine sponges,
typified by the genus Euchalina of Lendenfeld
( Chalina of authors generally), containing regu-
larly digitate slender forms with a fine network
of fibers and sleniler spicules.
Encharinse (u-ka-n'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Eucha-
ris + -i«<r.] A subfamily of the parasitic Iiy-
menopterous family Clialcidida; founded by
Leach (1812), includingthe strongest and hand-
somest forms among UyniBnoptera, having flve-
jointed tarsi, no
stigmal vein, a won-
derful development
of the mesotnorax,
and an extension of
the second abdomi-
nal segment which
incloses all subse-
quent segments.
Also Eucharida.
Eucharis (u'ka-ris),
n. [NL.. < Gr. tl-
Xap'C, agreeable, <
rf, well, + x^P^i,
grace.] 1. In en-
tom., the typical
genus of chalcioians
of the subfamily i?H-
charinw. iMtreillB,
1804.— 2. A genos *"'*"'" "Jl'S'.S..)'"""*""
Euchlte
of moUusks: same as Glaucus. Peron, 1807. —
3. A genus of ctenophorans. Eschscholtz, 1829.
— 4. A genus of 3 species of bulbous amarylli-
daceous plants of the Andes of Colombia, of
which E. yiandiflora (E. Amazoniea) is fre-
quently cultivated. Its flowers, borne upon
the summit of the scape, are large, pure white,
and very fragrant.
eucharist (u'ka-rist), «. [= F. eucharisUe = Sp.
eucaristia = Pg. Bucharistia = It. eucaristia, <
LL. eucharistia, < Gr. evxapiaria, thankfulness,
a giving of thanks, in eccles. use the sacra-
ment of the Lord's supper (with ref. to the giv-
ing of thanks before partaking of the elements),
< ci'xaptaToq, grateful, thankful, < ft, well, +
XapiZeaBai, show favor to, gratify, please, < x^-
pt^, grace, favor, gratitude, thanks (.ef. x'^P^t
joy)? ^ X^'Pf^'"! rejoice. See grace and yearn^.}
If. The act of giving thanks; thanksgiving.
When St. Laurence was in the midst of the torments of
the gridiron, he made tliis to he the matter of his joy and
euffiarijft, that he was admitted to tlie gates througli which
Jesus had entered. Jer. Taylor, Worlcs (ed. 1S35), I. 26.
2. The sacrament of the Lord's supper; the
communion ; the sacrifice of the mass. See com-
munion, mass^, and transubstantiation.
Of all those Comforts and Exercises of Devotion which
attend that Blessing [redemption], the Eucharist or Holy
Sacrament may claim the prime Place.
Howell, Letters, ill. 4.
The Corinthians desecrated the Holy Eucharist; but
their gluttony and drunkenness did not lead St. Paul to
hinder the guiltless among tlieni from participating in
that holy rite. Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 178, note.
Bingliam shows that the administration of the Eucha-
ritt to infants continued in France till the twelfth century.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 6.
3. The consecrated elements in the Lord's
supper.
To Imagine that, for the first Ave hundred years, each
one of the faithful who w-as allowed to stay in church
throughout the whole celetiration of the holy sacriflce
always received the euchariiit at it, is no small mistake.
Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 139, note.
Clement of Alexandria speaks of the ministers distrib-
uting the cuc/iariit, that is, the elements, to the commn*
nicants. W. Smith, Diet, of Christian Aiitiq., I. 626.
encharistic, encharistical (u-ka-ris'tik, -ti-
kal), a. [= F. luchariatique = Sp. Bucaristico =
Pg. eucharistico = It. eucaristico, < LL. eucha-
ristia, eucharist: see eucharist.] If. Contain-
ing expressions of thanks; of the nature of
thanksgiving or a thanksgiving service.
The latter part was eueharixtical, which l)egan at the
breaking and blessing of the bread.
Sir T- Brou-ne, Vulg. Err.
This [profusion of Mair Magdalene's anointing] Jesus
recelvetf, as he was the Christ and anointed of the Lord;
;inil l>y tills he suifered himself to he designed to burial,
and be received the oblation as euchariatical for the ejec-
tion of seven devils. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 24.
[See other examples under euctical.'] — 2. Per-
taining to the eucharist or sacrament of the
Lord's supper.
Tlie doctrine of the Euchariatic sacriflce depends upon
the doctrine of the real objective Presence.
Putey, Eirenicon, p. 33.
Our own eucharistic service and the Roman mass alike
are founded upon the doctrine of an atoning sacrifice.
Quarterly Rev.
Encharistic vestments, the vestments worn by a priest
wherL eitga)<ed in the service of the mass or the Lord's sup-
Eucheira,Eucheiridse. See Euchira,Euchirid(e.
eucbelaion (u-ke-la'on), «. [NGr. evx(^aioti, <
Gr. cix'/, prayer, -1- l^amv, oil: see Elads and
oil.] Unction of the sick with oil: one of the
seven sacraments or mysteries of the Greek
Church, inherited from apostolic or early Chris-
tian usage, and answering to the sacrament of
extreme unction in the Latin or Roman Catholic
Church.
Euchira (il-ki'rS), n. [NL., < Gr. eiixeip, quick
or ready of hand, < ei, well, + x^iP' hand.] A
genus of butterflies, of the subfamily Pierime.
E. Hocialis is a Mexican species remarkable for undergo-
ing its metamorphosis in a community of individuals, one
|)archn,ent-like nest, flaskshaiwd and 8 or 10 inches long,
serving for a whole Ijrood. Weittivood, 1834. Also spelled
Euchetra.
Euchiridse (u-kir'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Euchirus
+ -ilia:] A family of Coleoptera, taking name
from the genus Euchirus. Hope, 1837. Also
spelled Eucheiridw.
Euchite (ii'kit), n. [< LGr. tvxiriK (in pi. evxlToi)
(see def.), < Gr. evxn, prayer, < evxemai, pray.]
A member of a sect which arose in the fourth
century in the East, particularly in Mesopota-
mia and Syria, l ts members at tached supreme impor-
tance to prayer and the presence of tlie Holy Spirit, led an
ascetic life, and rejected saeninients and the moral law.
The sectcontinue(l until tlie seventh century, and was for
a short time revived a few centuries later. Its members
Euchite
2022
are also -rariously called Addphiam, Etithusiaatt, Eusta- Euchone (u-ko'ne), «. [NL., < Gr. n', well, +
thianx, MfnttaiuitiS. etc,
Enchitonia (u-ki-td'ni-a), n. [NL., < Gr. ev,
well, + ivrur, a tunic.]" The typical genus of
Kuchitoniida: Haeckel.
euchitoniid (u-ki-ton'i-id), n. A member of the
Kucliitoiiiidie.
EacUtoniidse (u'ki-to-ni'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Eudiitonin + -idee.'] A pelagic family of radio-
flagellate infusorians, typified by the genus
Euchitonia. The animalcules are free -floatiiifr, with a
diversiform cancellate sllicious lorica having a central cap-
^ur;/, a funnel.] A genus of tubicolous an
nelids, of the family
Terebellidw. E. eleijmu,
a beautiful worm of the
New England coast, buikts
a slender tube covered
witli fine sand, from which
it protrudes its long bran-
chiie like a spreading
flower.
euchre (u'kfer), n.
[Sometimes -written
euci'e ; the spelling is
evidently corrupt. If
of G. origin, as some-
times said (with some
probability; of. how-
e)-6 in this game, of G.
origin), it would per-
haps represent a LG.
form 'juker, but no
connection is made
out. Cf. G. jttcks, a
i'oke (= E. joke), with
i. joker, a certain
card; LG. jneh-hei, a
merry company, an
exclamation of boisterous joy, = MHG. jucli,
>G.jaMC/ireM, shout.] 1. A game of cards play-
ed by two, three, or four persons with the 32,
28, or 24 highest cards of the pack. Five cards are
dealt to each player, two and then three at a time, or
three and then two, and one to mark trumps is turned
Euchitonia virchtnvi, magnified.
flole, ray-like pseudopods from all parts of the surface, and
a flagellate appendage anteriorly. They resemble radio-
larians. Also I^uchitonidce. S. Kent.
Euchlanidse (u-klau'l-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
chlanis + -idd.'] A family of rotifers having
the trochal disk rounded, the wreath in inter-
rupted curves and clusters, the trophi submal-
leate or virgate, lorica in two parts meeting
in a fuiTow or entire with additional pieces,
and the foot jointed, feebly retractile, not tele-
scopic or transversely wrinkled, furcate or sty-
late.
Euchlanidota (u-klan-i-do'ta), n. pi. [NL., <
Euchlanis {Euchtanid-) + -ota, neut. pi. of -otus :
see -ote."] A group of rotifers or wheel-animal-
cules, taking name from the genus Euchlanis,
but more comprehensive than the modern fam-
ily Euehlanidw. Ehrenberg.
Euchlanis (ii'kla-nis), 11. [NL., < Gr. tv, well,
+ x''-''vii (;t''-ai'"'-), an upper garment of wool.]
1. The typical genus of roti-
fers of the family Euehlanidtg,
or referred to a family Braehi-
onidte. E. macrura is an ex-
ample.— S. In entom., a genus
of longicorn beetles, of the
family Ceramliycidte, based on
E. coUaris, from Sarawak.
Pascoe, 1869.
enchlore (u'klor), a. [< Gr.
ev, well, + x/'"P^! greenish.]
Same as euchloric. [Rare.]
enchloric (u-klo'rik), a. [< eu-
chlore + -ic] Having a dis-
tinct green color. — Euchloric
gas. Same as euchlorin.
enchlorin (u-kl6'rin), ». [<
Gr. cv, well,'+ x^'^pk, green-
ish, + -»n2. See chlorin.] A very explosive
gas, a mixture of chlorin and chlorin dioxid.
Ruchianis macrura,
magnified.
Euchone eUgans.
Eucope
euchroite (u'kro-it), «. [< Gr. evxpoo^, well-
colored (< tv, well, + xpof't W"'? color), + -ite^.']
A transparent and brittle mineral, an arseniate
of copper, of a light emerald-green color.
enchrone (ii'kron), n. [< euchr(oic) + -one.]
In chem,, a dark-blue substance, of unknown
composition, precipitated when zinc is added
to an aqueous solution of euchroic acid. It is
soluble in alkalis, and oxidizes quickly to eu-
chroic acid.
euchymyt (u'ki-mi), n. [< Gr. evxv/iia, goodness
of flavor, < ciixv/jof, well-flavored, < cv, well, +
XVfi6(,inioe: see chyme.] In mecZ. , a good state
of the blood and other fluids of the body.
euclase (u'klas), «. [< Gr. cv, well, + KAaai(,
a breaking (cf. cviOiaaToi;, easily broken), < i0.av,
break.] A very brittle mineral of a pale-green
color and high luster, crystallizing in prismatic
crystals belonging to the monoclinic system.
It consists of silica, aluminium, and glucinum, and occtirs
in the topaz districts of Brazil and the gold districts of
the southern Vral, and sparingly in the Alps.
Euclea (u-kle'a), «. [NL. (Hubner, 1816), <
Gr. cvKlcla, glory, < cvKiier/g, glorious, < cv, well,
-I- K?iof, glory, fame.] In entom. : (a) A genus
of bombycid moths, of the family Limacodid<B,
peculiar to North and South America. The
species are often merged in Limacodca. (V) A
genus of longicorn beetles, of the family Ce-
ramhycida;, confined to the Malay archipelago.
Newman, 1842. (c) A genus of dragon-flies, of
the family Libellulidai, containing only North
American species. Selys-Longcliamps, 1861.
faceup; the eldest hand has the right either of ordering EucUdeaU (u-kli-de'an), a. [< L. Euclides, <
Gr. ^vKAEior^^y a man's name (see aei.)) prop, a
patronymic, < ei-zc/lf^f, glorious : see Euclea,'] 1,
Of or pertaining to Euclid, an illustrious Greek
mathematician (who lived about 300 b. c), the
author of the "Elements of Geometry," which
lias been the chief text-book of this subject
down to recent times, and is still much used in
England. By fixing the admission of certain proposi-
tions as more elementary than others, the work has great-
ly influenced the mode of presentation of mathematical
tlieories.
2. Of or pertaining to Euclid, or Eukleides, Ar-
chon Eponymos of Athens for the year 403 B. C.
'J he term specifically notes this date in Greek epigraphy,
because under Eukleides the so-called Ionian alphabet,
with the letters eta and omega and the upright gamma
and lambda, was first brought into official use for public
documents, and thereafter became usual, and soon univer-
sal, in all inscriptions, etc. ; hence it also notes the alpha-
bet commonly used at Athens after the year of Eukleides.
Also spelled Eukleidean.
Euclidean geometry. See geometry. — Euclidean
space, space as having the properties attributed to it by
i^elid, especially the property that the sum of the three
angles of every plane triangle is equal to two right angles.
this card into the dealer's hand, who discards another,
and then playing the game, or of " passing "— that is, doing
nothing ; likewise the second and third hands if more
than two play ; should all pass, the dealer can take up
into his hand the trump card, or can pass, which he does
by turning down the card which had been turned face up ;
if the latter, the eldest hand either names a new suit as
trumps, the game being then played through, or passes
again. Should he pass, the second hand, the third hand, and
the dealer in turn have the same right of naming the trump
or passing. If all pass on this second rouiid, then a new
deal is made by the hand next in order. In playing the
hands, each player throws one card, following suit if pos-
sible, and the highest card takes the trick ; the winning
of three tricks counts one, of five tricks two ; should a
player on one side order up, take up, or name the trump
and fail to secure at least three tricks, that side is euchred,
and its opponent scores two. The cards rank from ace
through king, queen, etc., to the lowest card used, except
in trumps, where the knave, known as the right bower,
is the highest, and the other knave of the same color,
or left bower, is the next highest. Sometimes an addi-
tional card, called the joker, which is the highest of all
the cards, is used, the game being then known as rail-
road euchre,
2. The winning of at least three tricks in a
hand, in a game of euchre, from the side which
makes the trump: as, that is a euchre Cut-
throat euchre, three-handed euchre, in which one person euclionismt (u'kli-on-izm), n. [< £uclio{n-)j a
miser in Plaiitus's * ' Aulularia," '+ -ism,'] Stin-
giness. Davies.
Strooke with such stinging remorse of their miserable
cuclionisme and snudgery.
Na^he, Lenten Stufle (Harl. Misc., vi. 147).
^ayer and his partner take the number of tricks -Rn^tioTYiiHsp Crik--nPTn'i-de1 ii nl PNL CWest-
they add that to their score; if not. their oppo- -^^^^f^?^ ^> J^^™ \-aey,n.pi. l^^^'^^^l^^
-Progressive euchre, a series of games of wood, 1839;, < Eucneims + -irfff.] A family of
• • - - — sternoxine beetles, allied to the click-beetles or
Elateridce (in which it is sometimes merged),
but having the antennse inserted at the inter-
nal border of the eyes and the epistoma trape-
zoidal. The larvae resemble those of bupres-
tids. Nearly 100 genera are known.
plays against the other two together.— French euchre, a
variety of the game .of euchre played by four persons witli
the 24 highest cards of the pack. Each player, in turn, has
the right of bidding, or offering to take a certain number
of tricks, and that one who bids highest names the trump.
The game then proceeds as in four-handed euchre. If the
bidding player
proposed,
nents do,
euchre played by tliree or more sets of four persons each.
All the sets begin playing at the same time, and when
those at the first or " head " table finish, those at the other
tables must stop playing. Tliose who win or are ahead
score one, and are advanced to the next table, except
those already at the head table, who stay where they
are. Those who lose or are behind stay where they are.
except wlien at the first table, in which case they go back
to the last or "booby table. AU wh" ?ose w^fllai'^he EucnemiS (ak-ne'mis), n. [NL., < Gr. ci, well,
last table score one as *' boobies. ' At the end of the play + KV^fiig, a greave, leggin.] ihe typical genus
prizes are given.— Slx-handed or bid euchre, a variety of of Eucnemidcc,
the game of euchre played by six persons (three on a side), p«««iy1p Cfik'ni-del « TNL
with the joker and the 29, 32, or 34 highest cards of the _m^ „ ,1"+!". oli Z>i ~ ~
pack. That player who bids or offers to make the most
points names the trump. The game then proceeds as in
four-handed euchre. If the player who bids and his part-
ners secure the number of points proposed, they add it
to their score ; if not, it is counted for their opponents.
obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,^^_^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^,^^, ^^.^ ^^„^^ .. ^^^ ^.^„^,
potassium cmorate. , i 7 ■ the player who names the trump has the privilege of se-
euchologion (i-ko-lo'ji-on), n. ; pi. euchologia lecting such of them as he may wish, and using them in
(-a). [NL.] Same as euchology. place of others discarded from his hand.
euchology (ii-kol'6-ji), «. ; pi. eucholoqieg (-jiz). euchre (u'kfer), V. t. ; pret. and pp. euchred, ppr.
'" ' ' '^ '- ^- / euchring. l<euchre,n.] In the game of euchre,
[< LGr. eiixo/Myiov, a prayer-book, < cvx^, pray-
er, + yjyetv, say.] The book which contains
the ritual of the Greek Church for the cele-
bration of the eucharist and other sacraments,
and for all ecclesiastical ceremonies, corre-
sponding to the Missal, Pontifical, and Ritual
of the Latin Church; more generally, any lit-
urgy.
He . . . took out of the ancient evcholofjies. or prayer-
booiu of the Jews, what was good and laudable in them. eUChroiC (ii-kro'ik), a. [< Gr. ciixpooi;, well-col-
Bp. Bvll, Works, II. 556. ^^^^^ ^ ri.well, + xP^a, color.] In chem., used
The Liturgies ... are fre<juently printed with the ad- j^ jjjg phrase euckroic acid, a dibasic acid form-
ministration of the remainmg Sacraments, and other . wViUo nwatallinfi nnwrlRr nbtained hv
forms of prayer, and are then known by the name of the }°g » wn"e crystalline powder, ODtamea Dy
Euchology. J. it. yeale. Eastern Church, i. 829. heating paramide With alkalis.
< Gr. ci; well, +
Kvi6}!, a nettle : see cnida.] A genus of loasa-
ceous plants, of northern Mexico and the adja-
cent region. They are low, adhesively bristly herbs,
with mostly showy yellow flowers. E. bartoniodeis is sonie-
.,- ,^ times cultivated.
When more than 30 cards are iised, those not dealt are J. jg^ (u-se'la), n. [NL. (Westwood, 1833,
TilftcpH face down on the table, and are called 'the widow ; ^ ., k^v ^ *•'* ,-, , ^.- v n ' -i \
Eucoila), < Gr. tv, well, + koi/.oq, hollow.J A
genus of hymenopterous insects, of the fam-
ily Cynipidai, or gall-flies, belonging to the sub-
family Figitinw, having moniliform antennae,
13-,iointed in the female.
to win a hand over, when an opponent has
ordered up, taken up, or named the trump,
thus securing two points ; hence, to turn the
tables on ; defeat ; get the better of. See the
noun.
Don't you think you cried game just a little too fast.
That you played a lone hand and got euchred at last?
Quoted in Barttettfi Diet, of Americanisms.
15-jointed in the male.
The genus is wide-spread,
and a number of American
and European species have
been described. They are
parasitic upon aphids.
eucolite (ii'ko-lit), n.
See eudialyte.
Eucope (u-ko'pe), n.
[NL. , < Gr. cvKUTvoq, well
equipped with oars, <
ci, well, + Kinrn, an
oar.] The typical ge-
nus of the family Eu-
Eucofic diafihana. with a part
magnified.
Eacope
variabilis is an example.
2023
copidtr. E. variabilis is an example. Gegeii- eudemonology (u-de-mon-or6-ji), «. [< Gr.
hdur 1856. Maifiui; haypy {see eudeinoti), + -Myia,i /.eyeiv,
Eucopida (u-kop'i-<le), n. ^;. [KL., < Eueoi>e speak: see -«to(?y.] The science of human hap-
+ -ida:] A family of vesiculate or campanu- piness.
laTi&n Hydr'miedus<e : s&me SiS Campanulariida: Eudendriidae (u-den-dri'i-de), «. pi. [NI"., <
encrasyt (ii'kra-si), n. [< Gr. cvKpaaia, a good Eudendrium + -ida.'] Afumily ot Hydropolypi-
temperature, mildness (of the air, etc.), a good
temperament, < cvuparo^, well-tempered, tem-
perate, < f i', well, + Ktpaii'ivat, mix : see crauLf,
crater.'] In med., that combination of qualities
in the body which constitutes health or sound-
ness.
encrite (u'krit), ». [< Gr. evKpiroc, easy to dis-
cern, < fi", well, + Kpivtiv, discern, decide.] A
name proposed by Rose for all massive anor-
thite-augite rocks, similar to Zirkel's designa-
tion corgite for those composed of anorthite
and hornblende.
eucryptite ( u-krip'tit), n. [< Gr. rtxptnTTOf , easy
to be hidden (< ev, well, -1- Kpv-reiv, hide), -r
-ite2.] A silicate of aluminium and lithium as-
sociated with albite as alteration products of
spoduraene.
eucticalt (uk'ti-kal), o. [< Gr. evKTiKdt, express-
ing a wish, votive, optative, < fi'/rr<*f, wished
for, desired, < fi';f toftw, wish for, vow, pray.]
Containing acts of supplication ; supplicatory ;
precatory.
The euclUal or eucharistical oReriug miut consist of
three degrees or parta ; the offering of the heart, of the
mouth, of the hand. J. Mede, Diiconrsea, i. 48.
Sacrifices . . . distinguished into expiator}-, euetical, and
eucharistical. Law, Theory of Religion, p. 226.
eocycllc (u-sik'lik), a. [< Gr. rf, well, + icviAik6(,
circular : see cyclic.] In hot., isomerous, with
regular alternation of parts: applied to flowers
in which the petals, stamens, etc., are equal
in number in each whorl, and alternate with
one HMother.
Eucyrtidiidse (u-s6r-ti-di'i-<le), n.vL [NL., <
Euryrlidium + -ida;.] A familyof polycvgtine
monocyttarian radiolarians, typified by the ge-
nus Euciirtidium.
Encyrtidiain (ii-s6r-tid'i-um), «. [NL., < Gr.
fi', well, + Kvpridiov, dim. of (ct'prof, Kvprti, a fish-
ing-basket, creel, < Kuprof, bent, curved.] The
typical genus of the family Eucyrtidiida, or
referred to the family I'olyrystinidfe. E. galea
and E. iraimitlis of llaeckel are examples.
eodemon, eadaemon (u-de'mon), «. [< Or. ri-
dai/iuv, aaj., blest with a good genius, fortunate,
happy, < ev, well, -I- iaifiuv, a genius, spirit, etc. :
gee demon. Cf. Agathodtemon, eaeodemon.] 1.
A good angel or spirit.
The simple appendage of a tail will cacodemonize the
EutUmiKn. .Soulhty, 1'he I>octor, Fragment on Beards.
2. In astrol., the eleventh house of a celestial
figure: so called on account of its good and
M<E which form colonies, all polyps of which may
mature sexual products whereioy they are often
changed into polypostyles without mouth or
tentacles. The alimentary jooids possess one verticil
of filiform tentacles, and mature the generative elements
on tentacular appendages. During the maturing of the
sexual products the sexual zobids often become rudimen-
tary and lose their tentacles. Eudendrium cochUatum
is a good example. Also Eudendridtr,
Endendritun (fi-den'dri-um), «. [NL., < Gr. ev,
well, + devdpiov, dim. of (Sfvdpov, a tree.] A
genus of gymnoblastic hydrozoans, type of a
EudtnJrtHm tockltatum, about natural size.
family Eudendriida; the stock of which is stiff-
ened by a homy, cbitinous substance which is
secretes! by the animal as a covering, and ex-
tends all over the colony excepting the zooids.
One of the roost common forms [of hydroids] found in
shallow water . . . from Vineyani Sound northward Is
Eudendrium digfxir. It grows In colonies from two to
nearly tour inches in length, and the parts of the colony
which correspond In appearance to the stems and branches
of a plant are dark brown or black. At the tip of each
branch and branchlet is a hydra-like animal or zooid, which
Is directly connected with every other one In the colony.
Stand. .Va(. Ilitt., I. 79.
endialyte (u-di'a-lit), n. [< Gr. ei)(!(dAurof, easy
to break up or dissolve, < ev, well, + iUiXvTOC,
dissolved, < rfmXieff, dissolve: Bee dialysis.'] A
mineral of a brownish-red color, occurring in
rhombohedral crystals, also massive, in Green-
land. When powdered It disaolves readily In hydro-
chloric acid, whence the name. It is a silicate of zirco-
nium, iron, manganese, calcium, ■o4lluni, and other ele-
^ Also
Euelephas
in France in 1643 by Jean Eudes, a priest of
the Oratory, for educational and missionary
purposes, its official name is The Congregation of Jegul
and .Mary. The order was suppressed in 1792, and revived
in 1826.
Eadocimus (u-dos'i-mus), n. [NL., < Gr. ev,
well, + doKiuog, esteemed, notable, < ioKdv,
think, seem.] 1. In ornith., a genus of ibises,
containing such species as the white and scarlet
ibises of America, E. alba and E. rubra. Wag-
ler, 1832. — 2. In entom., a genus of Coleoptera.
Schonhcrr, 1836.
Eudoxia (u-dok'si-a), «. [NL., < Gr. tixJofof, of
good repute : see £'udoxian.] A spurious genus
of hydrozoans, of the family Diphyidce; a group
of individuals, consisting of a nutritive polyp
with nematocysts, gonophores, and usually a
hydrophyllium, separated from any diphyid, as
a species of Dipliyes and of Abyla. The term
is retained as the name of such objects.
Eudoxian (u-dok'si-an), o. and n. [< Gr. Ei-
66^10^, a proper name, < eirfofof, of good repute,
honored, famous, < ev, well, + (5dfa, opinion,
reputation.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Eudox-
ius or his doctrines. See II.
II. ». A follower of Eudoxius, a bishop of
Constantinople and an extreme Arian of the
fourth century: same as Anomoean, Aetian, and
Eunomian.
Eudromias (u-dr6'mi-as), n. [NL. (Brehm,
1831), < Gr. ei'Spofiia^, a good runner, < ei; well,
-I- -ipofioc, running, < dpaftelv, run.] A genus
of plovers, of the family Charadriida, the type
of which is the common dotterel, E. morinellus.
There are several species, of different parts of
the world. See cut under dotterel.
eudyalite, n. See eudialyte.
Eudynamis (u-di'na-mis), n. [NL., also spelled
Eudijnainys (Vigors and Horsfleld, 1826); < Gr.
fi', well, + 6irvaiii(, power.] A genus of Indian,
Australian, and Papuan cuckoos, of the family
Cuculidce, containing such as E. honorata of In-
dia, E. mindanensis of the Philippines, and E.
cyanocrphala of Australia.
Eudyptes (u-dip'tez), n. [NL. (Vieillot, 1816),
< Gr. ev, well, + (ii'TTTi/r, a diver, < iinrTem, duck,
< iveiv, dive.] A genus of crested penguins, the
ments. EueolUe is the uune mineral from Norway.
-D -...-. . y • . J spelled, erroneously, endyof iff .
prosperous significations, aa store of fnends, eudiometer (u-di-K)m'e-t6r), n. [< Gr. eWiof,
attainment of hopes, etc. E. I'liitlips, 1706. ^^1^,^ fl„g^ elg„^ serene (of "
endemonics (ii-<le-mon'iks), n. [< Gr. evim/w-
mna, the constituents of happiness, neut. pi. of
tidaz/iovixof, conilueive to happiness, < evSaifujv,
happy: see eiideuioii.] Eudemonism.
eademonism, endaemonism (ii-de'mon-izm), n.
[< Gr. lii'idiuiivinuor, a thinking happy, < fi<I<u-
poviCen; think or call happy, < evimituv, having
a goofl genius, happy, fortunate: see eudemon
and -ism.] The doctrine of happiness, or the
system of philosophy which makes human hap-
piness its highest object, declaring that the pro-
duction of bdppinegs is the sole criterion for
the validity of moral maxims; hedonism, gome
writers distlngniHh fwlemonistn, aa Including the satis-
faction of altrulstir' u'UtinMDla under liapplness, from the
p^irely etfoistic h^donigm.
Ktlii< ti liracetl up into stoical vigoar by renouncing all
eHciiiiiiiitf 'lallyings with Budtrmonism wouM Indirectly
liave co-operated with the sublime Ideals of Christianity.
De Quinety, Lut Days of Kant.
The discuaaion of the different sorts, degree*, and con-
setpien'^ei of enjoyment led to the true eudatmoniMm of the
Epirin>-;iii'i. ^\fH< t:i>!-)it that mental pleasure Was prefer-
able t.. th.it if til. .. rjjcs, and that friendship, and frcc-
(lr>[n fruiii )i;k..i-.i, and ilestre, were the supreme forms of
ha|i|iiH.— a. .S. //off, German Culture, p. 179.
endemoiiist ( u-de'mon-ist), n. [As eudemonism
+ -int.] A believer in endemonism. ,
I am too much of a eudemonitt: I hanker too much af- eudlpleiiral (fl-di-plo'ral), a
tcr a state of happiness Ijoth for tnyself and others.
De Quincty.
endemonistic (u-de-mon-is'tik), a. [< eudemon-
Ut + -ir. ] Of or pertaining to eudemonism.
The mundane positive eudetmonistie morality.
»a. .S. Hall, aerman Culture, p. 179.
Christianity Itself proceeds from a eudctmimiatic pes-
•Iml.ni WrMmiml'r Rev., CXXVI. 4.'>.1.
endemonologlcal fu-de'mon-6-loj'i-kal), a.
.Same us iHiTemonialic. Mind, il. 137.
(of air, weather, sea,
etc.) (< ft', well, + ii; seen in <!<of, heafenly,
ZfiC, orig. the sky, etc. : sec deity), + /liTpov,
ameasure.] An instrument originally designed
for ascertaining the purity of the air or the
quantity of oxygen it contains, but now gener-
ally employed in the analysis of gases, for the
determination of the nature and proportion of
the constituents of any gaseous mixture, one
form consists of a graduated glass tube, either straight or
bent In the shape of the letter V. hermetically sealed at
one end and open at the other. Two platinum wires. In-
tended for the conveyance of electric sparks through any
mixture of gases, so as to cause the union of certain of
them, are Inserted through the glass near the shut end of
the tube, and closely approach but do not touch each
other. The nature and proportions of the constituents of
the gaseous mixture are determined by the diminution in
volume after tlit- i)a8.siiii.' <'f tin- »park.
endiometric, eudiometrical (ii'di-o-met'rik,
-ri-kal), a. Pertaining to a eudiometer or to
«udiometry ; performed or ascertained by a eu-
diometer: 08, eudiometrical experiments or re-
sults.
eudiometry (ii-<li-om'e-tri), n. [As eudiometer
+ -y.] The art or practice of ascertaining the
punty of the air, or of determining the nature
and proportions of the constituents of any gas-
eous mixture, by means of the eudiometer.
_" 'ral),a. [< Gr. tt, well, +
e)(f, two-, + TrXevpa, side, + -al.] Bilaterally
symmetrical; having lateral antimeres well
marked ; exhibiting right and left sides of the
body as symmetrically opposed and antimeri-
cally disposed parts.
The eudipleural form, which Is generally known as that
of bilateral symmetry.
Geyenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 128.
Eudist (u'dist). n. [< F. EudisU : see def.]
One of a Koman Catholic congregation founded
Rock-hopper {Eu4yfltt ckrysocemt).
rock-hoppers, containing such species as the
jackas.s-penguin or macaroni of the sealers, E.
chryKDcomc or chrysolophus.
Endyptnla (u-dip'tu-ltt), n. [NL., dim. of Eu-
dyptes.] A genus of Australian pygmy pen-
guins, the type of which is E, minor, a bluish
species with white throat and no collar, crest,
or tracheal septum. Also Eudyptila. Bona-
iiartf, 1856.
Euechinoidea (u-ek-i-noi'de-ft), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. eii, well, + ex'vfK, the hedgehog, + -01*0.]
The ordinary sea-urchins collectively, as dis-
tinguished from the exclusively fossil ones,
or Tessellata; the Echinoidea less the Palcechi-
noidea.
Eaelephas (ii-ere-fas), n. [NL. (Falconer), <
Gr. ev, well, + e'Aiipac, elephant.] A genus of
proboscidean mammals, of which the Asiatic
elephant, Elephas or Euelephas indicus, is the
type : distinguished from Loxodon, the African
elephant, by the extremely deep, narrow inter-
vals, completely filled with cement, between
the ridges of the molar teeth: same as Eleplias
proper. See Loxodon and elepltant.
euemerism 2024
See euhenierism, born, of noble race, + Kpivov, a lily.] The typi-
cal genus of the family Eugeniacrinidw. Agas-
si;:, 1834.
eugenic! (u-jen'ik), a. [< Gr. niytvr/c, well-born
(see eugeny), + -tc] Of or pertaining to vaee-
culture.
If eugenic principles were universally adopted, tlie
chance of exceptiontd and elevated natures would be large-
ly reduced. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 469.
Female Moth of Goosebeiry-spanworm
{Eufitchia ribearia), natural size.
euemerism, euemerist, etc.
etc.
Euereta (u-er'e-ta), «. j>/. [NL., < Gr. fi>, well,
-I- ifxriK, a rower, an oar (usually in pi.), < ipca-
aeivy row.] Huxley's name f6r a group of tur-
tles composed of the two genera Sphargis and
Chelone, inhabiting the seas of warm climates.
They have a blunt snout with hooked horny Vieak, the tym-
panum hidden by the intejiument, and the limbs, of which
the anterior pair are much the longer, converted into pad-
dles, the digits being flattened and bound immovably toge-
ther by integument, and only one or two of them bearing
nails. .See Sphargig and Chelone.
euergetes (u-6r'je-tez), ». [< Gr. evepycTTK, a
well-doer, < rf, well, + ipyov, work, a deed (cf.
cpyd-rK, a doer), < *fpyf<v, work, do: see work.']
A benefactor: a title of honor in ancient Greece
of such as had done the state some service, and
sometimes assumed as a royal surname, as by
Ptolemy III. of Egypt (Ptolemy Euergetes),
and Ptolemy VII. (Euergetes 11.).
As euergeteg of Greek cities, Hadrian completed the
Olympieion at Athens.
C. O. Miiller, JIanual of Archied, (trans.), § 191.
EufltcMa (u-fich'i-a), H. [NL. (Packard, 1 876),
< Gr. ev, well, + Fitchia, q. v.] A genus of geo-
metrid moths. E. ribearia is a species which lays its
eggs iu the autumn on the stems of currant- and goose-
berry - bushes. They
hatch when the bushes
are in full bloom in the
spring, and the larva,
a whitish measuring-
worm with black spots
and yellow stripes,
called the gooseberry-
epamvorm, feeds upon
the leaves until full-
grown, when it goes
under ground to pn-
pate, remaining in this
state for two or three
weeks before it issues as a moth. The remedies are pow-
dered helIet>ore, either in solution or applied dry when
the plants are moist, and hand-picking.
euget (u'je), inter}. [L., < Gr. tvye, good! well
said! well done! an exclamatory use of the
adv. ei7f, or el ye, well, rightly, in replies eon-
firming or approving what has been said : ev,
well (see eu-) ; ye, an enclitic particle.] Well
done! well said! good! an exclamation of ap-
plause, encouragement, joy, and the like.
To solemnize the euges, the passionate welcomes of
heaven poured out on penitents.
Hammond, Works, IV. 500.
eugenesic (u-je-nes'ik), a. [< eugenes{is) + -ic]
Same as eugenetic.
eugenesis (u-jen'e-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ev, well,
-I- yevcmc, generation.] The quality of breed-
ing freely; fertility; specificallj;, the produc-
tion of young by the union of individuals of
different species or stocks.
eugenetic (u-je-net'ik), a. [< eugenesis, after
genetic, q. v.] Of, belonging to, or character-
ized by eugenesis. Also eugenesic.
Eugenia (u-je'ni-a), n. [NL. ; in def. 1, named
in honor oif Prince Eugene of Savoy (died 1736);
in def. 2, named from the Empress Eugenie of
France. The name Eugene, G. Eugen, F. Eugine,
etc., NL. Eugenius, fem. Eugenia, G. Eugenie, F.
Eugenie, etc., NL. Eugenia, means ' well-born,' <
Gr. evyevf/g, well-bom : see etigeny.] 1. A genus
of myrtaceous shrubs and trees, of over 500 spe-
cies, which are found in tropical or subtropical
America and tropical Asia, with a few species
in Africa and Australia. About half a dozen are
found in Florida, The flowers are tetramerous, with nu-
merous stamens, and are followed by a baccate fruit. The
leaves are opposite, and often glandular-punctate and fra-
grant, and tile wood is hard and sometimes of value. The
most important species is E. cargophyltata, of India, which
yields the clove of commerce. (See cut under dove.) Sev-
eral species bear edible fruits, as the rose-apple (E. Jam-
bos) and the jambolana (E. Jambolana), which are culti-
vated in tropical countries. The astringent bark of the
latter is used in dyeing and tanning, and in medicine.
Others are cultivated in greenhouses for the beauty of
their foliage or flowers.
2. A genus of humming-birds. E. imperatrix
is a fine species from Ecuador, green with a
violet throat-spot. Gould, 1855. — 3. A genus
of dipterous insects, of the family Muscida.
Desvoidy, 1863.
Eugeniacrinidae (u-je'ni-a-krin'i-de), n.pl.
[NL., < Eugeniacrinus + -idee.] A family of
encrinit«8 or fossil orinoids, ranging from the
Oolite to the Cretaceous.
engeniacrinite (u-je-ni-ak'ri-nit), «. [< NL.
Eugenidcrinites ; as Eugeniacrinus + -ite^,] An
encrinite of tlie family Eugeniacrinidce,
EtUieniacrinites (u-je-ni-ak-ri-ni'tez), n. pi.
[NL. : see Eugeniacrinus.] Same as Eugenia-
crinus.
Eugeniacrinus (u-je-ni-ak'ri-nus), n. [NL. (re-
duced from Eugeniacrinites), < Gr. eiiyevfn, well-
eugenic^ (u-jen'ik), a. [< Eugen-ia, 1, + -ic]
Pertaining to or derived from cloves.— Eugenic
acid, an acid derived from cloves. It is a colorless oil,
becoming dark in color and resinous when exposed to
the air. It reddens litmus-paper, and has a spicy burning
taste and a strong smell of cloves.
eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. [PI. of eugenic'^: see
-ics.] The science of generative or procreative
development; the doctrine of progress or evo-
lution, especially in the human race, through
improved conditions in the relations of the
sexes.
The ingenious speculations of Mr. F. Galton iu the deli-
cate domain of eugenics, and in the idiosyncrasies of men-
tal imagery, . . . are now recognised as a necessary de-
velopment of the method into which Darwin has cast the
thought of the age. Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, II. 110.
The heredity of genius has been fully proved by that very
interesting writer and accurate observer, Francis Galton,
and he has put forward in a masterly way the claims of
eugenics, or race-culture. Pop. Sci, Mo., XXIX. 641.
eugenin (ii' je-nin), n. [< Eugen-ia, 1, + -i?|2.] A
substance (<5ioHj202) which settles spontane-
ously from the distilled water of cloves. It crys-
tallizes in small laminee, which are colorless, transparent,
atul pearly, but in time become yellow.
eugenyt (u'je-ni), «. [< Gr. evyeveia, poet, ei-
yevia, nobility of birth, < evyevijQ, well-born, of
noble race, < ev, well, + yevoq, race, family: see
genus.] Nobleness of birth. Ogilvie.
eught, eughent. Lawless spellings of yew, yew-
en. Spenser.
Euglena (u-gle'na), m. [NL., < Gr. eii, well, -I-
y'f.ijvri, the pupil of the eye, the socket of a joint.]
The typical genus of infusorians of
the family Euglenidcs. E. viridis is
one of the commonest and best-known of
infusorians, inhabiting stagnant pools, of-
ten occurring in vast shoals on the sur-
face of the water. Ehrenberg, 1832.
Euglenia (u-gle'ni-a), n. pi. [NL.,
< Euglena.] A group of flagellate
infusorians, taking name from the
genus Euglena, and corresponding
nearly to the Astasiwa of Ehren-
berg and less exactly to the mod-
ern family Euglenidce. Dujardin.
euglenid (u-glen'id), n. An infu-
sorian of tlie family Euglenidce,
Euglenidae (u-glen'i-de), «. pi.
[NL.,< Euglena + -idee.] A large
family of monomastigate eustoma-
tous flagellate infusorians, typified
by the genus Euglena, highly di-
versiform or metabolic, with bril-
liant, usually green, endoplasm. F„^i„a-uiri.
These remarkable animalcules form a nat- dis. magnified,
xiral family, whose bright colors (for the
most part green, though sometimes red) and peculiar en-
dogenous nmltiplication (noted below) are highly charac-
teristic. They vary much in the different genera, being
free-swimniing or sedentary, naked or loricate, and soli-
tary or colonial. The flagellum is single and terminal ; the
oral aperture is distinct ; the endoplasm often contains
highly refractive particles of apparently amylaceous sub-
stance ; one or more eye-like pigment-specks are often
developed at the anterior end ; and the contractile vacuole
and the endoplast are conspicuous, the former usually lo-
cated close to the anterior border. The euglenids multi-
ply both by longitudinal and transverse fission, by the
subdivision of the body-substance into sporular elements,
and by the development of independent germinal bodies
out of the substance of the endoplast. The sporulation,
or breaking up of the colored endoplasm. usually conse-
quent upon a process of encystment, results in the forma-
tion of germs variable in number and of irregular contour,
released as small green amoebiforms, without trace of the
flagellum, oral aperture, or pigment-spot, which are sub-
sequently acquired. The fusiform zobids resulting from
the sporulation of the endoplasm of motile euglenids, on
the contrary, appear to be usnally furnished with a flagel-
lum and an eye-speck. Another form of encystment, not
coimected with reproduction, occurs in euglenids when
the water dries up in the ponds or ditches where they
live. The animalcules become spherical and quiescent,
develop a gelatinous covering which indurates, and in this
condition have been mistaken for green algals. These
several changes of the animalcule give rise to the term
euglenoid, applied to other organisms, as gregarines, which
present similar conditions of encystment and sporulation.
According to Saville Kent, the genera composing the fam-
ily as at present recognized are Euglena, Aviblyophis,
Phacus, Chloropeltis, Trachelomo7ias, Rhaphidomottas.
Caeloinonas, Ascoglena, and Colacium. Nearly all occur
in fresh water, especially when stagnant, though a few
are found in brackish water. They may be single or in
small groups, or may form very extensive colonies.
Euglenina (u-gle-ni'na), «. pi. [< Euglena +
-ina.] In Dujardin's "system of classification
(1841), same as Eugletiidce,
euhemeristic
euglenoid (u-gle'noid), a. and «. [< Euglena +
-aid.] I. o. 1. Of the form of or resembling
infusorians of the family -t'K(7/e«Jrfa'; especially,
becoming encysted and sporulating like the
Euglcnidie ; ejuiibiting the movements during
the process of reproduction which characterize
species of Euglena.
The movements [of gregarines after fission] now become
neither vibratile nor amceboid, but definitely restrained,
and are best described as euglenoid.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 852.
They are apparently Gregarinie, which have been killed
in variotis states of euglenoid movement.
W. B. Benham, Micros. Science, XXVII. 670.
2. Of or pertaining to the Euglenoidea.
II. n. A sporozoan, as a gregarine, in the
euglenoid state.
The euglenoid is always a single contractile sac, with
one mass of medullary substance, in which floats the large
vesicular transparent nucleus.
E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 853.
Euglenoidea (vi-gle-noi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., < •
Euglena + -oidea.] In Biitsehli's system of
classification, an order of flagellate infusori-
ans, represented by the Euglenidce and related
groups, of large size and well organized, uni-
flagellate or rarely with a pair of flagella, and
having a mouth and pharynx. The families besides
Euglenina assigned to this order are ilenoidina, Perane-
inina, aiul Petalomonadina.
eugnomosyne (iig-no-mos'i-ne), n. [< Gp. ev-
yvufioavvti, considerateness, indulgence, < evyvu-
liuv, kind-hearted, considerate, < ev, well, +
yvufit], the mind: see gnome.] The faculty of
judging well concerning matters which fall un-
der no known rule and concerning which one
has had no experience ; good sense in novel sit-
uations and unexpected emergencies. [Bare.]
eugonidia (il-go-nid'i-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
cv, well, + NL. gonidia, q. v.] In lichenology,
proper or typical gonidia, as distinguished from
gonimia. They are inclosed in a distinct cel-
lular membrane, and are usually bright-green.
Eugubine (li'gu-bin), a. [< It. Eugttbbio (NL.
Eugubium), usiially Gubbio, < L. Iguvium, a city
of Umbria.] Of or belonging to the ancient
town of Eugubium or Iguvium (now Gubbio)
in Umbria, Italy: specifically applied to cer-
tain tablets or tables of bronze (seven in num-
ber) discovered there in 1444, and now preserved
in the town-hall of Gubbio. These tablets, called
the Eugubine or Jguvine tables, constitute an important
memorial of the ancient Umbrian tongue, and show that
it somewhat resembled the ancient Latin, as well as the
Oscan. Only four of the tables are wholly Umbrian, one
is partly Umbrian and partly Latin, and two are Latin.
The inscriptions relate to the acts of a corporation of
priests, and contain the names of several deities otherwise
unknown.
euharmonic (H-har-mon'ik), a. [< Gr. ev, well,
+ dp/ioviKoc, harmonic] Producing perfectly
concordant sounds, as opposed to sounds pro-
duced by tempered instruments Euharmonic
organ, an organ or harmonitnn having enough keys to
the octave to provide for playing in pure intonation.
euhemerism (u-he'me-rizm), n. [Also euemer-
ism; < L. Euhemerus, < Gr. Evt/fiepoc, a Greek
philosopher of the 4th century B. c, who wrote
a work setting forth the view of mythology
which goes under his name. The name means
'having a happy day, cheerful,' < ev, well,
-I- ijiiepa, day.] The doctrine that polythe-
istic mythology arose exclusively, or in the
main, out of the deification of dead heroes ; the
system of mythological interpretation which
reduces the gods to the level of distinguished
men, and so regards the myths as founded on
real histories; hence, the derivation of my-
thology from history.
Euheinerigm has become the recognized title of that
system of mythological interpretation which denies the
existence of divine beings, and reduces the gods of old to
the level of men.
Max Mailer, Sci. of Lang., 2d ser., p. 416.
Again very many Arab tribes are named after gods or
goddesses, and the euhemerism which explains this by
making the deity a mere deified ancestor has no more
claim to attention in the Arab field than in other parts of
the Semitic world.
If'. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 17.
euhemerist (u-he'me-rist), n. and a. [Also eu-
emerist; < Euhemerus (see euhemerism) + -ist.]
I, n. A believer in the doctrine of euhemerism.
II. fl. Euhemeristic.
euhemeristic (u-he-me-ris'tik), a. . [Also eu-
emeristic; < euhemerist + -ic] Of or pertain-
ing to euhemerism or euhemerists ; given to
or concerned with the derivation of mythology
from history: as, euhemeristic historians.
A Euhemeristie licbiuSi of Phoenician theology and
mytliology. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 764.
enhemeristically
euhemeristically (u-he-me-ris'ti-kal-i), adv.
After the manner of Euheiaerus ; rationalisti-
eally: as, to explain a mj-th euhemeristically.
Also euemeristicalli/.
euhemerize (u-he'me-riz), v.; pret. and pp.
euhemerized ppr. euhemerizing. [< Euhemerus
(see etthemerism) + -ire.] I. trans. To treat or
explain in the manner of Euhemerus ; treat or
explain rationalistically : as, to euhemerize a
myth (that is, to explain it as being founded on
a basis of history). See euhemerism.
He (the ethnographer) can watch how the mythologj' of
classic Europe, once so true to nature and so quick with
her ceaseless life, fell among the commentators to be plas-
tered with allegory or euKemerued into dull sham his-
tor}-. E. B. Tytor, Prim. Culture, I. 24».
By the beginning of the twelfth century, the Irish had
long been Christians, their deities had been either etiA<-
merized into mortals or degraded into demons and fairy
chiefs. Ainer. Jour. PkUol., VII. 196.
n, intrans. To believe in or practise euhe-
merism; treat or explain myths euhemeristi-
callr.
Eoic^thyes (u-ik'thi-ez), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. n',
well, + i^if,' fish.] In Claus's system of elas-
sitieatiou, a subclass of fishes, containing all
fishes except the Cydosiomi and Leptoeardii.
Eoisopoda (u-i-sop'o-da), H. pi. [NIj., < Gr. f i",
well, + iffof, equal, + iroi'^ (vod-) = E./oof.] A
group of isopodous crustaceans, having seven
free appendaged thoracic segments, with a
comparatively short and broad abdomen, whose
appendages form branchial lamellte, and con-
taining the t}-pical isopods.
eokairite, encairite (u-ka'rit), n. [Prop., in
Latinized form, 'eucarile; so called by Berze-
lius because found "opportunely" soon after
the discovery of the metal selenium; < Gr. £!■-
icoupof, timely, opportune (< ei; well, + Koz/xif,
time, season), + -ite-.l A mineral of a shining
lead-gray color and granular structure, consist-
ing fhieny of selenium, copper, and silver.
Eukleidean, a. See Euclidean.
Eulabes (u'la-boz), n. [NL. (Cuvier, 1817), <
Gr. li; well, + '/jaiifiavtiv, Aa0€h>, take.] The
typical genos
of the sub-
family EuUt-
betina, based
upon the Gra-
eula religiona
of Linnsns,
the mina or
mino. There are
several other 8i»e-
cies of these re-
Uffious grackles,
often teen in cod-
flnement.
EulabetinsB
(u 'lii-ljo-ti'-
ne), «. pi.
[NL., < Eula-
bes (-€/-) +
-iN<r.] A sub-
family of old-
world stumoid passerine birds, of the family
SturniiUr, related to the starlings proper, typi-
fied by the genus Eulabes. They are the ao-called
grackles of India and the eastern islands. There are about
12 species, of several genera, commonly known as minat
(ntinon. rni/na/u, et£.X
enlachon (ii'la-kon), n. [A native name in
tiie northern Pacific islands.] The candle-fish,
Tlialeichlkjfs paei/Sctw.— Enlaction-oU, oil obtained
from the ThaUuMiyt paeifieut, which has been propoaed
a* a sulMtitate for cud-liver oil.
Enlalla (u-la'li-ft), n. pfL., appar. < Gr. tl-
'/ji/ju:, sweet-spoken, < m, well, + TjiXtiv, talk,
speak.] 1. A genus of errant cluetopodous
annelids, of the family I'hyllodoeida. Savigny,
1817. — 2. A genus of caraboid beetles. — 3. A
genus of tall grasses, the species of which are
now referred to other genera, chiefly to I'oUinia.
E. Jafonica is often cultivated for the decoration of
lawns, on account of it« handsome planm anS often va-
rlecat4Ml foliage.
Eulerian (u-Ie'ri-an), a. [< Euler (see def.) +
-i«".] Pertaining to or invented by the Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler (X707-M). —
Eolerlan constant, the value of
2025
Eulerian integral of the first Mnd, the integral
/-ir;2
B (p, q) =J 2 cos2j-i<^. sins'— I*. d<(>.
o
Eulerian integral of the second kind, the gamma
function, ur
'■"=/
. dar.
MiJM.or RcligwosGrmckle {Eutaktt
rtiigi»sa t.
-M-
^dn-(,
»-H'*'i»-l-t"'"'
^)
■
where n Is Inflnlta. Itl«0.6T;nMM9ni&328«)eo +.— Bn-
lerlan Mnatlon. See aTwrtim.— Eolerlan function,
the fuoctlon
I* -!.(- !)■/■! («-(■»).
9
Eulerian method, in hydrvdynamics, the ordinary me-
th*Mi, by the use uf the Eulerian equations.
Euler's numbers, Euler's solation. See num-
ber, solution.
Eulima (u-li'ma), H. [NL., < Gr. n', well, +
/(/iof, hunger, ?amine.] A remarkable genus
of gastropods, formerly referred to the family
Pyramidellidce, but now regarded as typical of
a family Eulimidte. Some of the species live on holo-
thurians or other echinoderms. An American species, E.
oleacea, is a parasite of Thymic briareut^ a common holo-
thurian of the Atlantic coast
Eulimacea (ii-li-ma'se-a), n.pl. [NL., < Eulima
+ -<«•<•«.] Same as kulimida.
eulimid (ii'li-mid), n. A gastropod of the fam-
ily Kulimidce.
Etilimidse (u-lim'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Eulima
+ -iVte.] A family of gastropods, taking name
from the ^nus Eulima. The animal has subulate
tentacles, with eyes sessile outside, and the shell is tur-
reted, milky-white, and polished, and hits an oval mouth
with smooth colunicllar lip. Numerous species live in
different seas. Also Eulivuuea.
eulogia (u-16'ji-a), n. [ML., the eucharist, etc.,
< Gr. cvAoyia, praise, blessing : see eulogy."] In
the early church: (a) The sacrament of the
Lord's supper. (6) Later, the name of the
portion of the eucharist sent to the sick, or by
bishops to other bishops and churches as a
token of Christian love. These practices were
early discontinued, because of the growing rev-
erence for the elements, (c) Later still, the
name given to the unconsecrated bread not
needed in the eucharist, but blessed and dis-
tributed as a substitute for the eucharist
among those members of the congregation who,
though they had the right to take tue commu-
nion, did not commune. This custom still ex-
ists in the Greek Church. Also called anti-
doroH (which see). Also eulogy.
As soon as Mass had been ended, a loaf of bread was
bleaied, and then, with a knife very likely set apart for
tlia piuiMMe, cut Into small slices, for distribution among
the people, who went up and receiveil it from the priest,
whoee hand they kissed. This holy loaf, or eiUoffxa, was
meant to be an emblem of that brotherly love and union
which ought always to bind Ctiristians together.
Rock, Church of our Father^ L 137.
eulogicallyt (u-loj'i-kal-i), adc. In a manner to
convey praise ; eulogistically. [Bare.]
Give me leave evlogitaUji to enumerate a few of those
many attributes. Sir T. Utrbert, Travels In Africa, p. 387.
enlogise, r. t. See eulogize.
enlog^ist (u'lo-jist), n. [< eulog-y + -ist."] One
who pronounces a eulogy; one who praises
highly or excessively.
Such bigotlT «** rare to And its euloffitt.
BuckU, Cirillzation, II. vii.
A name . . . that«iij(>^« hold up to the world a* with-
out spot or blemish.
Theodore Parker, Historic Americans (Franklin),
enlogiBtic, eulogistical (u-lo-jis'tik, -ti-kal), a.
[< lulot/ist + -ic-til.] Pertaming to or contain-
ing eulogy, or high or excessive praise ; lauda-
tory.
EtdogUtic phrases, fint used to supreme men, descend
to men of less authority, and so downwards.
H. Spencer, Prin. of SocioL, I sa&.
eulogistically (ii-lo-jis'ti-kal-i), adr. With
high or undue commendation or enlogy.
eulogium (ii-16'ji-um), n. [< ML. eulogium,
eulogy : see eulogy.'] Eulogy, or a eulogy. [Now
rarej
A lavish and uudistlngtilshlng eulogium Is not praise.
. Ama, Works, II. 72.
= 8yn. iiee eulogy.
eulogize (ii'lo-jiz), r. (. ; pret. and pp. eulogized,
ppr. eulogizing. [< eulog-y + -ize.] To pro-
nounce a enlogy upon ; praise highly or exces-
sively ; extol in speech or writing. Also spelled
eulogise.
Bishop Hoisley '. . . publicly eulogiud this treatise In
the charges delivered to his clergy, recommending it to
their partlctdar perusal.
Y. Kmz, The Lord's Supper, Pref., p. 8.
Stanhope eulogited the law of Charles II. absolutely for-
bidding the Importation of French goods into England.
Ltcky, Eng. In ISth Cent., I.
eulogy (u'lo-ji), n. ; pL eulogies (-jiz). [First in
ML. form eulogium (5 OF. euloge) ; later eulogy =
F. eulogie, < ML. eulogia (a blessing, salutation,
Eumeces
present, etc.), < Gr. d'/.oyia, good or fine lan-
guage, praise, eulogy, panegyric, in N. T. bless-
ing (see eulogia), < cv, well, + -Aoyia, < Aeyeiv,
speak: see-ology.] 1. High commendation of
a person or thing, especially when expressed in
a formal manner or to an undue degree ; spe-
cifically, a speech or writing delivered or com-
posed for the express purpose of lauding its
subject.
Many brave young minds have oftentimes, through hear-
ing the praises and famous eulogies of worthy men, been
stirred up to affect tlie like commendations.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
Yet are there many worthy personages that deserve bet-
ter than dispersed report or barren eulogies.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 132.
2. Same as eulogia.
At Angers one Lent he [St. Malan] gave what Is called
the **eulogie" (sacred bread) to four bishops.
N. and Q., 7th ser., VI. 14.
= Syn.l. Encomium, Eulogy, Eulogium, Panegyric. These
words are best understood through their history. (See
the derivations.) Eulogy is stronger than encomium, but
still is the most general word. An encainium is an ex-
pression of warm praise, of some fullness and complete*
ness, like the ancient laudatory ode : encomium is not a
distinctive name for a set speech ; the others may be : as,
Everett's Eulogy upon the Pilgrim Fathei-s ; the Panegy-
ric of Isocrates. Eulogium is only a more formal word
for eulogy. The last three may be used abstractly, but
not encomium; we may say, it was mere eulogy or pan-
egyric, but not mere encomium. Eulogy, a eulogy, and
an encomium may be tempered with criticism ; panegyric
and a panegyric are only praise ; hence, panegyric is often
used for exaggerated or undiscriminating praise.
Plutarch assures us that our author (Cicero] . . . made a
speech in public full of the highest encomiums on Crassus.
Melmoth, tr. of Cicero, i. 5, note 3.
'Men with tears coursing down their cheeks in listening
to his [Choate's) sonorous periods in his eulogy upon Web-
ster yet silly made a memorandum that they would count
the words in some of those periods when they should be
printed. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 99.
Collectors of coins, dresses, and butterfties have aston-
ishe<l the world with eulogiums which would raise their
particular studies into the first ranks of philosophy.
1. D Israeli, Lit. Char., p. 375.
I think I am not inclined by nature or policy to make a
vanrgyrick upon auytliiug which is a just and natural ob-
ject of censure. Burke, Kev. in France.
Eulophia (u-16'fl-a), n. [NL., so called with ref.
to the crested lip, < Gr. e'vhxfo^, well-plumed,
having a beautiful crest: see Euloplius.] A
genus of epiphytal or terrestrial orchids, of
Africa and southern Asia. The tubers of some
Asiatic species were formerly used as salep.
Eulophinae (ii-lo-fi'ne), n. pi. [NL., < £tt/«>-
;)*«,■( + -ina-.] A subfamily of parasitic insects,
of the hymenopterous family Clialcidida, found-
ed by Westwood in 1840. They have 4-jointed tarsi,
unbroken subniarginal veins, slender hind thighs, and un-
divided mesoscutum. The males of many species have
branched or tialtellate antenntc. All the species, so far
as known, arc parasitic, usually upon lepidopterous larvw.
Eulophus (u'lo-fus), fl. [NL., < Gr. tv'^oi^,
beautifully crested, well-plumed, < ei, well, +
/<i^ crest.] The typical genus of the subfam-
ily EuUtphince. Geoffroy, 1764.
eulysite (u'li-sit), «. [< Gr. tiilvaia, readiness
in loosing, < fWi;7"0f, easy to loosen, untie, or
dissolve : see eulyti te.] The name given by Axel
Erdmann, in 1849, to a rock found by him at
Tunaberg in Sweden, which he described as be-
ing a granular mixture of diallage, garnet, and
altered olivin. Tliis rock contains also grains of mag-
netite, and the olivin is now and then altered into serpen-
tine. It is one of the varieties of peridotite. Kocks sim-
ilar in composition to eulysite have been found in Ger-
many, Italy, and Greece.
eulytin (u'li-tin), n. [< Gr. eiiXvTo^, easy to
untie, loose, or dissolve (see eulylite), + -in^.]
Same as eulytite.
eillytite (u'li-tit), n. [< Gr. evivroc, easy to un-
tie, loose, or dissolve (< ni, well, + ?.vt6(, ver-
bal adj. of /.ieiv, loose, dissolve), + -ite^.] A
mineral consisting chiefly of sUieate of bis-
muth, found at Schneeberg InSaxony. It occurs
in groups of tetrahedral crystals of a delicate brown or
yellow color. Also called eulytin and bismuth-Uemle.
Eumseus (u-me'us), «. [NL. (Hiibner, 1816), <
Gr. Kv/ja'ioi, a man's name.] A genus of lycsenid
butterflies, of a few North and Central Ameri-
can species, bronzed black with a golden sheen,
and with bright-green or blue maculate borders.
E. alala is very abundant in Florida, where the liriglit-
red laria is known as the coonlieimrm, from the Indian
name of the plant Zamia iiUegrifolia, a cycad, which it
defoliates.
Eumeces (u-me'sez), n. [< Gr. ev/j^ntjc, of a
good lengtfi, great, considerable, < ei, well, -I-
//^(tof, length. Cf. faKpdc, long.] A genus of
skinks, of the family Scincida:. It contains small
harmless lizards known as Uuelaits and scorjiions, of
which there are many siiccies in the warmer portions of
the glol>e; about 12 occur In the Vnited States. They
have well-developed 5-toed limbs, a smooth fusiform tall.
Etuneces
2026
euouae
shape.] An organic form resulting from eu-
merogenesis ; a eumeristic organism : opposed
to (h/sineromorph.
eumeromorpllic (u"me-ro-m6r'fik), a. [< eume-
romorph + -Jc] Having the character or qual-
ity of a eumeromorph ; eumerogenetic or eu-
_ „ ___ meristio in form : opposed to (JysmeroOTorjj7(ic.
~miorwa8psoYthef;miTfi;umem"<te,ira'^^^^^ (u-me-to'pi-as), n. [NL. (Gill, tl^el^^er case always) held by castrated men
•^ ^ J . 6 ^ ^1^^ ^ ^ _l_ ^^y^,-Q^_ having a broad and often bringing to its holders m princely
- forehead, < //irwffov, the forehead, < ^erd, be- houses great political influence.
the nostrils in a single median plate, thin polished scales,
and no palatine teeth. E. faeciatuti, the connnon blue-
tail of the United States, is 8 or 9 inthes long, green with
yellow stripes, passing on the tail into blue, and pearlj-
white below. A'. Imvjirogtris is the Bennuda skink.
Eumenes (a'me-nez), «. [NL., < Gr. eii/ievK,
well-disposed, friendly, gracious, < ei, well, +
/ifi'of, mind, temper, disposition.] The typical
the Greek empire, generally a castrated man) ;
hence, a castrated man (applied also to cas-
trated beasts and to seedless fruits); < evv^,
bed, -I- lx"^t have, hold, keep.] I. n. 1. In
the East, a chamberlain ; a keeper of the bed-
chamber, or of the women in a large or polyg-
amous household: an office generally (and in
the latter case always) held by castrated men,
EuTtunes fraterna. (Line shows natural size. )
the abdomen pyriform, with a very long pedicel
formed by the first abdominal segment. E. fra-
terna is a common North American species.
Eumenidse (u-men'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
menes + -idk.'] A family of true wasps, by
some ranked only as a subfamily, containing
the solitary wasps, and distinguished from the
social wasps by having the claws armed with
a tooth instead of being simple. These wasps ace
of only two forms, male and female, the latter having the
dual r61e of queen and worker. Also Eumenida, Eumeni-
deg. ,
Etunenidesi (a-men'i-dez), n. pi. [L., < Gr. Et)-
/ifvideg (sc. deal), lit. the gracious goddesses, <
ev/icv?/;, well-disposed, favorable, gracious, < ev,
well, + fiiviK, mind, temper, disposition.] In
classical myth., the Erinyes or Furies: a eu-
phemistic name. See Erinys and fury.
While Apollo or Athena only slay, the power of Deme-
ter and the Eumenides is over the whole life.
Buskin, Lectures on Art, § 151.
Eumenides^ (u-men'i-dez), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
menes + -ides.] 1. Same as Eumenida:. — 2. A
group of lepidopterous insects. Boisduval, 1836.
Eumeninae (ii-me-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
menes + -)■>(«;.] The Eumenida considered as
a subfamily of Vespidw.
eumerism (u'me-rizm), n. [< Gr. tv, well, + fd-
tween, + ui// (utt-), the eye.] A genus of eared
seals, of the family Otariidw. The type is the north-
ern sea-lion, E. slellen, which inhabits the northern Pa-
cific from Bering's strait to Japan and California. The
male measures from 12 to 14 feet in length, and weighs
upward of a thousand pounds ; the female is much smaller
and more slender. See cut in preceding column.
Eunectes (u-nek'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. ei, well, +
vijKTri^, a swimmer (cf. vr/Kids, adj., swimming), <
v^;i;£(i.', swim.]
1 . A genus
of enormous
South Ameri-
can serpents,
of the fam-
ily Boid<B,
or boas. E.
murinus is
the anaconda
(which see).
Wagler, 1830.
— 2. A genus
of water-bee-
tles, of the
family Dytis-
cidw, contain-
ing about 12
species, of
Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America.
Erichson, 1832.
Eunectus (u-nek'tus), TO,
Same as Eunectes.
Eunice (u-ni'se), n. [NL., < Gr. Eweik^ or Ei.
viKT/, a rJereid.] In zool., a genus of
annelids, typical of the family Eimi-
cidw. It is characterized by having no fewer
than 9 distinct dentary pieces, 2 large flat
ones united below, and 3 dextral and 4 sinis-
tral cutting teeth working against each other.
E. giganlea is a large West Indian sea-centi-
pede, with several hmulred joints. E. anten-
iiata is another example.
Euniceae (u-nis'e-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Eunice + -ew.} A group of annelids
approximately corresponding to the
family Eunicida;-
From the domestic service of the palace, and the ad-
ministration of the private revenue, Narses the eunuch
was suddenly exalted to the head of an army.
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, xli.
Hence, in general — 2. Any castrated male of
the human species.
H, a. Unproductive ; barren. [Rare.]
He had a mind wholly eunuch and ungenerative in mat-
ters of literature and taste. Godwin, Mandeville, III. 96.
eunuch (u'nuk), v. t. [< eunuch, to.] To make
a eunuch of; castrate, as a man. [Rare.]
They eun'ich all their priests ; from whence 'tis shewn
That they deserve no children of their own.
Creech, tr. of Lucretius.
eunuchatet (ii'nuk-at), v. t. [< LL. eunuchatus,
pp. of eunuchare, make a eunuch, < L. eunuehus,
a eunuch.] Same as eunuch.
It were ... an impossible act to eunuchute or castrate
themselves. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 4.
eunUcUsm (li'nuk-izm), n. [< LL. eunuchismus,
< LGr. evvovxuy/J^i, < cvvovxiC^iv, make a eunuch,
< eimoixoc. see eunuch.] The state of being a
eunuch.
That eunuchism, not in itself, but for the kingdom ol
heaven, is better than it [marriage], we doubt not.
Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, p. 54.
euomphaloid (u-om'fa-loid), a. Like species
of the genus Euomplialus : as, a euomphaloid
shell. F. P. Carpenter.
[NL.: see .Eunectes.] Euomphalus (u-om'fa-lus), n. [NL., in allu-
sion to the wilie umbilicus, < Gr. eii, well, -I-
Anaconda {EunecUs murinus).
poi, part (division) (see eumeristic), + -ism.] In Eunicidae (li-nis'i-de), ». pi. [NL., <
Eunice + -idee.] A family of errant, pre-
daeeous,polych88tousannelids,typified
by the genus Eunice. The body has many
segments ; the pricstomium bears tentacles ; the
para podia are usually uniramous, sometimes bi-
ramous, and ordinarily provided with dorsal and
ventral cirri as well as branchlie. There are
several genei-a.
biol., an aggregate of eumeristic parts ; a pro-
cess or result of eumerogenesis : a kind of me-
rism opposed to dysmerism.
eumeristic (ti-me-ris'tik), a. [< Gr. evfitpiaroq,
easily divided, < zv, well, + /itpiardc, divided, di-
visible, < fiepitetv, divide, < /lipof, a part.] In
hiol., regularly repeated in a set or series of
like parts which form one integral whole; eu- Eunoma (u-no'mi-a), n. [NL., < Gr.
merogenetic : opposed to dysmeristic. ' • - • - ••- ™.
eumerogenesis (li'me-ro-jeu'e-sis), n. [NL., <
Gr. ev, well, + //fpof, part (division) (see eume-
rism), + yeveatc, generation.] In biol., the gene-
sis, origination, or development of many like
parts in a regular series forming an integral
whole ; repetition of forms without modification
or specialization: opposed to dysmerogeneais.
Ordinary cell-division and the budding of suc-
cessive joints of a tapeworm are examples.
eumerogenetic (u'^me-ro-je-nefik), a. [< eu-
Eunice
antenna.
Kiivofiia, daughter of Themis, a per-
sonification of evvofita, good order: see
eunomy.] 1. la. zool.: (a) A genus of
zygaenid moths. Hubner,\9,\&. (6) A genus of
polyps. Lamarck,!^!, (c) A genus of worms.
Risso, 1826. {d) A genus of North American
bees, of the family Andrenidce, having the api-
cal joint of the antennse spoon-shaped. There
are two species, E. apacha and E. heteropoda.
— 2. In astron., the fifteenth planetoid, discov-
ered at Naples by De Gasparis in 1851
merogenesis, after genetic.'] In biol., produced Eunomian (u-no'mi-an), a. and w. [< LL. Eu
by or resulting from eumerogenesis ; chara,cter- ^^omius, < Gr! ^vvdfimg, a projier name, < t'vvofiog,
ized by or exhibiting eumerism ; eumeristic : -(vell-ordered : see eunomy.'] I. a. Of or per-
opposed to dysmerogenetic. ^ taining to Eunomius or his doctrines.
eumeromorph (u'me-r9-m6rf), n. [< Gr. ev, jj „ ^ follower of Eunomius, an extreme
well, + /itpoc, part (see eumerism), + iMp<^i, Arian of the fourth century, pupil of Aetius,
and some time bishop of Cyzicus : same as Ano-
mcean, Aetian, and Eudoxian.
eunomy (ii'no-mi), n. [< Gr. evvo/iia, good or-
der, good laws well obeyed, < tvvofio^, well-or-
dered, under good laws, <ei', well, + v(i/jo?,law.]
ofuj>a/.6c, the navel, umbilicus.] A large genus
of fossil gastropods, belonging to the family
Turbinidce, appearing in the Silurian strata, and
keeping its place till the Triassic period. The
remains consist of depressed or discoidal shells, with a
polygonal aperture and very wide umbilicus (whence the
name). The operculum is round, shelly, and multispiral.
euonym (ii'o-nim), «. [< Gr. cv6vvfioc, having
a good name, < ev, well, + 6vo/ia, bm/ja, a name.]
In terminoh, a good, proper, or fitting name of
anything ; a term which conforms to the rules
and answers the requirements of a system of
naming, and is therefore available as a tech-
nical designation : opposed to caconym. [Rare.]
euonymin (u-on'i-min), «. [< Euonymns + -in^.]
1. An uncrystallizable, bitter substance, sol-
uble in alcohol and water, obtained from Euo-
nymus. — 2. A complex substance precipitated
from the tincture of euonymns by adding water.
Euonymus (u-on'i-mus), TO. [NL., < L. euony-
mos (Pliny), < Gr. ciiuvvfjoc (to tvuvvjiov iMvdpov),
the spindle-tree, < cinOw/iof , having a good name,
honored, prosperous, lucky, < rf, well, + bvofja,
ovvfia, name : see onym.'\ 1. A celastraceous ge-
nus of shrubs and small trees, natives of north-
em temperate regions, including about 40 spe-
cies. They have opposite leaves, and loose cymes of small
purplish flowers, followed by usually crimson or rose-col-
ored capsules, which on opening disclose the seed wrap-
ped in an orange-colored aril. The spindle-tree of Europe,
E. Europcea, the leaves, flowers, and fruit of which are
said to be poisonous to animals, is sometimes cultivated,
but less frequently than the more ornamental American
species, E. atropurpurea and E. Americaita. known re-
spectively as the wahoo or bvming-bush and the straw-
berry-btish. E. Japonica, sometimes called Chinese box,
is a handsome evergreen species of Japan, often with fine-
ly variegated leaves. All parts of the European spindle-
tree are emetic and purgative, and the bark of the wahoo
is used as an active purgative. See cut under burning-
bush.
2. [I. c] The bark of Euonymus atropurpurea,
which is used as a purgative and laxative.
euonymy(u-on'i-mi), TO. ^As euonym + -y. Cf.
synonymy, etc.] A system of or the use of euo-
nyms ; right or proper technical nomenclature.
NoiUiern Sea-lion t Humffoj.ias stellerC).
[Rare.]
Equal law, or a well-adjusted constitution of Euomithes (ii-6r'ni-thez), to. pi. [NL., < Gr.
government. Mitford. ev, well, + opvk (opvid-), a bird.] A superordinal
Eunota (u-no'ta), n.pl. [< Gr. evvuro^, well- group of birds, containing all living birds ex-
backed, stout-backed, < ev, well, + vurog, the ceptmg the struthious or ratite forms, the tma-
baek.] A group of existing Lacertilia, having mous, and the penguins. It is the same as Cari-
the more important characters of the Platynota, natw without the tinamous and pending,
but distinguished from them by having two euomithlc (u-6r-nith'ik), a. [< Euornithes +
nasal bones, and the integument of the head -ic] Pertaining to or having the characters of
covered with epidermic plates. the Euornithes.
eunuch (ii'nuk), TO. and a. l=F . eunuque = 8p. euotomous (u-ot'o-mus), o. An incorrect form
It. eunuco = Pg. eunucho, < L. eunuehus, < Gr. of eutomous.
evvovxoi, a chamberlain (in Asia, and later in euouse (u-o'e), to. See evovee.
Enpagnms
Eupagurus (u-pa-^'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. re,
well, + J'agiirus.2 A genus of hermit-crabs.
A', benihardug
is one of the
commonest spe-
cies of hermit-
crab along the
Atlantic ciiast
of the United
States, and is
often found In
the shell of the
sea-snail Luna-
tia heros and
otht-rs.
eupathia (u-
path'i-a), >i.
[See eupa-
ihy.} In pa-
thoL, same
as euphoria.
eupathyt (u'pa-thi), n. [< Gr. tinrdBeia, the en-
joyment of good things, comfort ; with the Sto-
ics, a happy condition ; < nitaBii^, enjoying good
things, in happy condition, < ft', well, + jtoSoc,
feeling.] Right feeling.
Hennit-crab [EufafntrHs b€rnhardHS)ia Shell
of S«a-snan {LuMalia Aeros}.
And yet verily they themselves againe do terme those
jiiyes. those promptitudes of the will, and wary circum-
spections, by the name of eupathies, i. e. good affections,
and not of apathies, that la to say, impoflsfbilities ; where-
in they use the words aright and as they ought.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 82.
Eupatoriaceae (li-pa-to-ri-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Eupatorium + -acece.'] A tribe of the natural
order Compositte, having perfect flowers (never
yellow) in discoid heads, the anthers not cau-
date, and the elongated clavate stylo-branches
stigmatic only below the middle. It includes S5
genera and over 750 species, of which only 16 l>elong to the
old world. The principal genera are Eupatorium, Stevia,
Miknnia. and Briekellui.
enpatoriaceons (li-pa-to-ri-a'shius), a. Belong-
ing to or characteristic of the tribe Eupatoria-
rew.
eupatorine (u-pa-to'rin), n. [< Eupator-ium +
-iiie'-.] An alValoid contained, according to
Kighoni, in EupaUtrium cannabinum. it is a white
powder, having a peculiar sluupand bitter taste, insoluble
111 water, but soluble in ether and alcohol. It c«tmbinen with
sulphuric acid, and the salt crystallizes in silky needles.
ETipatorimn (ii-pa-to'ri-um), n. [NL. (L. eu-
patoria, fem., Pliny ),< Gr. n.maT6pun>, agrimony,
named in honor of Mithridates, sumamed Ex-
pator, Gr. EinraTup (evrraTup, bom of a noble fa-
ther, < TO, well, + iToT^p = E. father).} 1. A ge-
nus of the natural order Compoifitce, mostly per-
ennial herbs and natives of America, of the more
than 400 species, only 10 are found in the old world, 2 of
which are European. Tliere are about 40 in the I'nited
2027
This was the patent, so to speak, of the Roman patrician,
of the Greek eiipa/nrf, of the Teutonic warrior.
Edinburgh Itev.
H. a. Of or pertaining to the Eupatridse.
Just as a Roman or Athenian noble, settled at any point
of the Ager Konianns or the Attic territory, would still
count himself a member of his patrician house or eupatrid
tribe. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 271.
Eupatridae (u-pat'ri-de), 71. pi. [< Gr. fmarpi-
iSk, born of a noble father, of noble family;
pi. EviraTpi(ht, the Eupatridse ; < fi', well, +
Trar^p = E. father.'] The. ancient aristocracy
of Athens and other Greek states, in whom, in
primitive times, were vested the privileges and
powers of lawgivers, the lower classes having
no voice. See patrician.
Eupelminse (u-pel-mi'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Eii-
pelmiis + -/««'.] A prominent subfamily of in-
sects, of the parasitic hymenopterous family
Chalcididce, chiefly distinguished by the en-
larged first joint of the middle tarsi and the
long spine at the tip of the middle tibiae. Tlie
antennae are 1.3-jointed, and the wings have a long stig-
mal vein. Many of the species are parasitic in the eggs
if other insects, while others live in larva;.
Eapelmus (u-pel'mus), n. [NL. (Dalman, 1820)
< Gr. ti', well, + ireXfia, the sole of the foot.^
Euplioberiidae
Euphausia (u-fa-6'si-a), 71. [NL., appar. < Gr.
tij, well, + ipaiveiv (y *^), make to appear (cf.
einpar/^, very bright, < eir, well, + tmoc, 0uf , light, <
Ipaiveiv (■^ '(j>a), make to appear) {see jihantasm,
fancy), + ovaia, substance.] A genus of schi-
zopodous crustaceans or opossum-shrimps, typ-
ical of the family Eupham-iidce. Dana, 1850.
Eupkaunia leaves the egg as a true nauplius with its
three pairs of appendages, a mouth being present, tliough
the alimentary canal is not open at the posterior end.
With succeeding mouths new appendages are formed and
the carapace outlined, while the abdomen does not make
its appearance, except in a very rudimentary condition,
until six appendages are outlined. A modified zoeal con-
dition now ensues, from which the adult is gradually pro-
duced by a series of mouths. Stand. Nat. Hist., 11. 43.
Euphausiidse (u'fa-ij-si'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Eu-
phausia + -idee.'] A family of opossum-shrimps,
taking name from the genus Euphauma. They
have a small non-calcareous carapace, firmly connected
with the trunk along the dorsal face, leaving only part of
the last segment closed above. Eight genera have been
established. The species are mostly pelagic.
Euphema (u-fe'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. el<l>i)fio(, ut-
tering sounds of good omen : see euphemism.']
A genus of Australian grass-parrakeets, founded
Ftmale ot EM^imnsjtariJaMHs. (Croaibowsnatiixalrise.)
The typical genus of Eiipelmin<F. There are many
species, of wide geographical distribution, ditfering much
as rcganls the Insects which they infest. E. jtoridanuji is
a liand*fine N'orth American species.
enpepsia, eupepsy (fl-pep'si-a, -si), w. raii.
cniHjisia, < Gr. c'vtzi-to^, easy of digestion, nav-
ing a ^ood digestion, < tv, well, + irenriic, ver-
bal adj. ot niiTTcrv, -jiaoeiv, digest: see dyspepsy,
jiepsin, peptic.'] Good digestion : opposed to
dyspepma.
An age mer«1y mechanical ! Eupepsy its main object
Carlyle, Signs of the Times.
enpeptic (u-pep'tik), a. [< Gr. ti'irtirroc, easy
of digestion, having a goo<l digestion: see c«-
jtepgia.] 1. Having good digestion: opposed
to dygpeptic.
The eupeptic right-thinking nature of the man , . .
fitfod Bsillie to lie a leader In General Assemblies.
CarlyU, Misc., IV. 224.
Thus It seems easy for a large, eupeptic, and JoUy-looking
man to hare a good temper.
Saturday Rev., March t, 1877, p. S&l.
2. Easy of digestion.
Enpetes (u'pe-tez), n. [NL. (Temminck. 1830),
< Gr. eintcT^, flying well, < tv, well, + Trmadat,
fly.i A remarkable genus of passerine birds
of the Malayan and Papuan regions, it is of un-
certain affinities, and is sometimes brought under the fam-
ily Timeliida, sometimes made type of Bupetidat, in which
Plnwiring Branch of Ayapana {Eu^atcrfum IriftintrtKe).
The leaves are usually opposite, resinously dotted,
I bitter, and the white or i>ur;ilish Mowers are in snull
7mbo«ely cymose heails. I'he hemp-agrimony, B. enn-
mnum, is found thniughout Europe, and has long been
Icommou use as a tonic and febrifuge. Thoroughwort
Tboneiet, B. prr/oliatum. which Is ■ popnlar stimulant,
^Ic, and diaphoretic, and the joepye-weed, E.purpu-
n, are common species of the Vnited States. Various
T species are used medicinally, as the bitter-bush, B.
lum, of Jamaica, and the ayapana, B. triplinene, of
anion.
[/. c] A species of this genus,
patory fu'pa-to-ri), n. Same as eupatoriiim, 2.
eupatrid (li-pat'rid), n. and a. I. n. One of the
^upatridie.
.At the iM-ginnlng of Athenian history we find the Athe-
i*n Cfimmonalty the bondslaves, through lieiit. of the En-
Utride. Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 167.
^The honour given to the beads of the houses, which
"Twhere formed the primary monld of the Aryan com-
uty, . . . was certainly one great source of nubility.
-^
EHp*tet imacrttrrciu.
the grallatorlal genus Metilet has been placed, there being
some superficial resemblance between these two genera.
It appears to be nearest the Crateropodidre, or true babbling
thrushes. The bill Is long, the neck extremely slender,
and covered like the bead with short, velvety feathers.
The type species, E. macroeercue, inhabits the Malay pen-
insula an<f Sumatra; E. etxruletceru Is found in New
'fiiinea.
Eupetldaet (u-pet'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eupetrs
+ -iilir.] A highly unnatural association of the
passerine genus Eupites and the grallatorial
genus Mesites, made oy G. B. Gray in 1869.
Grass-parrakeet {F.u^hrma ttegans).
by Wagler in 1830. it contains such species as E. tie-
ijaneanAE. pvlehella, and was made by G. R. Gray in 1840
to include such species as E. discolor. Also Etiphemia.
enphemism (u'fe-mizm), n. [< Gr. fi)0!?///<T//of,
euphemism, i. e., the use of an auspicious for
an inauspicious word, < ev^rifiil^eiv, use a good
for a bad, an auspicious lor an inauspicious
word, < tvip^fioc, uttering sounds of good omen,
abstaining from inauspicious words, < cv, well,
+ ^w"?. a voice, a prophetic voice, rumor, talk
(= h.fama, rumor, fame), < <l>avai, speak, say:
Bee fame, fate.] 1. In r/ie<., the use of a mild,
delicate, or indirect word or expression in place
of a plainer and more accurate one, which by
reason of its meaning or its associations or sug-
gestions might bo offensive, unpleasant, or em-
barrassing.
This instinct of politeness in speech — euphemism, as
It Is called — which seeks to hint at an unpleasant or an
indelicate thing rather than name it directly, has had
much to ilo in making wonts ac(|llire new meanings and
lose old ones ; thus 'plain ' has nsuiped the sense of ' ugly ' ;
'fast,' of 'dissipated' ; 'gallantry, ' of 'licentiousness.'
Chambers, Inf. for the People.
2. A word or expression thus substituted: as,
to employ a euphemism.
When It was said of the martyr St. Stephen that "he
fell asleep," insteiul of " he died," the euphemism partakes
of the nature of a metaphor, intimating a resemblance be-
tween sleep and the death of such a person.
Denltie, Moral Science, { 866.
euphemistic, euphemistical (u-fe-mis'tik, -ti-
kal), a. Pertaining to or characterized by eu-
phemism.
euphemistically (u-fe-mis'ti-kal-i), adv. In a
I'uplK'niistic manner; as a euphemism.
euphemize (ii'fe-miz), v. ; pret. and pp. euphe-
mtzed, ppr. euphemizing. [< Gr. evfti/uCetv : see
euphemism.] I. trans. To make euphemistic ;
express by a euphemism.
tl. in trans. To indulge in euphemism ; speak
cujihemistically.
Euphoberia (ii-fo-be'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. cv,
well, + ipolirpo^, fearful, formidable, < ^/3of,
fear.] An extinct genus of myriapods, typical
of the family Euphobcriidar.
Euphoberlidae (u'fG-oe-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NIj.,<
Euplioherid + -idir.] An extinct family of my-
riapods, of the order Arrhipolypoda. They had the
anterior and po8teri(»r parts differentiated, the dorsal
plates more or less consolidated, and several longitudinal
rows of spines or protuberances along the back. The spe-
cies lived during the Carboniferous epoch.
euphone
eaphone (u-fo'ne), «. [< Gr. cvtjxjvoc, sweet-
voieed, musical.] In organ-buU4i»g, a sixteen-
foot stop, consisting of a set of pipes with free
reeds, and giving a sweet, subdued, clarinet-
like tone.
Eupbonia (u-f6'ni-a), M. [NL. (Desmarest,
1805), < Gr. ft'^twof, sweet-voiced, musical: see
euphonous, euphony.'] 1. A large genus of Cen-
tral and South American tanagers, of the fam-
ily Tanagrida; giving name to a section Eupho-
niinw of that family. E. vmsica is the organist-tana-
per of the West Indies. One species, E, etegantiseinui, is
found on the borders of tlie United States ; 31 others extend
through the neotropical regions to, Bolivia and Paraguay.
Also called Cyanophonui, Acroieptes, lliolopha, and Pho-
tutica. Also written Euphona.
2. II. c] A member of this genus.
The very peculiar structure of the digestive tube of the
euphtmias was first pointed out by Lund.
P. L. Sclaler, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI. 53.
euphoniad (u-fo'ni-ad), «. [< euphony + -arfl.]
A musical instrument of the orchestrion class.
euphonic (u-fon'ik), a. [As cuphon-ous + -ic]
Of, pertaining to, or characterized by euphony ;
agreeable to the ear; easy or pleasing in re-
spect to utterance.
The conclusion was drawn that the vowel is an impor-
tant element in the make-up of the verb for e«?*Ao7iic pur-
poses. Trans. Amer. PhitoL Ass., XV. 6., App.
euphonical (H-fon'i-kal), a. [< euphonic + -al.]
Same as euphonic.
Our English hath what is comely and euphonical in each
of these [other European languages], without any of their
inconveniences. Bp. Witkins, Real Character, iii. 14.
Euphoniinse (u-fo-ni-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
phonia + -tncB.] A subfamily of tanagers, hav-
ing a short turgid bill, the upper mandible usu-
ally with terminal notch and also some slight
serrature, a short tail, and certain peculiarities
of the stomach. There are 4 genera, Euphonia, Chloro-
phonia, Pijrrhuphonia, and Hypophcea. Also Euphoniiue.
euphonious (u-fo'ni-us), a. [< LL. euphonia (<
Gr. iiipuvia), euphony, -I- -ous. See euphonous.']
Consisting of agreeable articulate elements;
well-sounding; euphonic.
Euphonious languages are not necessarily easy of ac-
quu-ement. The Fin, in which it is rare to find two con-
cun-ent consonants in the same syllable, is too fine and
delicate for remembrance. The mind wants consonantal
combinations, or something equally definite, to lay hold
of. Latham, Elem. of Comp. Philol.
euphoniously (u-fo'ni-us-li), adv. With eu-
phony; harmoniously.
euphonism (ii'fo-nizm), n. [< Gr. evijxjvoc, eu-
phonous (see euphonous), + -ism.] An agree-
able sound or combination of sounds. Oswald.
[Kare.]
euphonium (u-f6'ni-um), n. [NL., < Gr. ci^u-
vof, sweet-voiced, musical : aee euphonous.] 1.
A musical instrument, consisting of a set of
glass tubes, connected with graduated steel
bars, to be put in vibration by the moistened
finger: invented by Chladni in 1790. — 2. A
musical instrument, the lowest or bass of the
saxhorn family, having a compass of about
three octaves upward from the second C below
middle C. Its tone is powerful, but unsympa-
thetic.
euphonize (ii'fo-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. eupho-
nized, ppr. euphonizing. [< Gr. tii^uvof, having
a good voice, sweet-voiced, musical (see eupho-
nous), + -ize.] To make euphonic or agreeable
in sound.
The spreading of classical learning had not at first that
general effect in e^iphonizing our language which might
have been expected.
Milford, Harmony of Language (1774), p. 174.
euphonous (li'fo-nus), a. [< Gr. ev<ponioc, hav-
ing a good voice (i. e., having a sweet voice,
as a singer, e. g., the Muses, or having a loud,
distinct voice, as a herald) (appar. not used
with ref. to easy or agreeable pronunciation),
< cv, well, + (pov^, voice, sound: see euphony.]
Same as euphonious. Mitford.
euphony (ii'fo-ni), ». [= P. euphonic = Sp.
eufonia = Pg. euphonia = It. eufonia, < LL. eu-
phonia, < Gr. eix^ia, the quality of having a
good voice (i. e., a sweet or a loud voice), loud-
ness of voice, euphony, < ey^uvof , having a good
voice : see eM/>ftonoi««. J 1. Easy enunciation of
sounds; a pronunciation which is pleasing to
the sense; agreeable utterance. As a principle
active in the historical changes of language, euphony is
a misnomer, since it is ease of utterance, economy of ef-
fort on the part of the organs of speech, and not agreeable-
ness to the ear, that leads to and governs such changes.
Euphony, which used to be appealed to as explanation
[of phonetic change], is a false principle, except so far as
the term may be made an idealized synonym of economy
[in utterance]. Whitney, Encyc. Brit, XVIII. 773.
2028
2. Harmonious arrangement of sounds in com-
position ; a smooth and agi'eeable combination
of articulate elements in any piece of writing.
Euphony consists, also, in a well-proportioned variety of
structure in successive sentences. A monotonous repeti-
tion of any construction can not be made euphonious, ex-
cept by singing it. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 327.
= Syn. Euphony, Melody, Ilannony, lihythm. Euphony
in style respects simply the question of pleasing sounds
in the words themselves. Melody respects the succession
of sounds, especiaiiy as affected by the pitch appropriate
to the thought and required by the arrangement of clauses.
Ilannony respects the adaptation of sound to sense.
liliythm respects the emphasis — that is, the succession of
emphatic and uneniphatic syllables. In music melody re-
spects the agreeable combination of successive sounds of
various pitch, while harmony respects the agreeable blend-
ing of simultaneous sounds of different pitch, the sounds
in either case being from voices or musical instruments ;
thus, a song for children to sing must depend for its effect
upon melody rather than harmony.
The Attic euphony in it, and all the aroma of age.
D. O. Mitchell, Wet Days.
The river that I sate upon
It made such a noise as it ron,
Accordaunt with the birdes arviony.
Me thought it was the beste melody
That mighte ben yheard of any mon.
Chaucer, Cuckoo and Nightingale, 1. 81.
By the harmony of words we elevate the mind to a sense
of devotion, as our solemn musick, which is inarticulate
poesy, does in churches. Dryden, Tyrannic Love, Pref.
Ourself have often tried
Valkyrian hymns, or into rhythm have dash'd
The passion of the prophetess.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
Euphorbia (u-f6r'bi-a), n. [NL. (L. euphorbea
and euphorheum), < 6r. tixjiipfitov, an African
plant, also its juice (euphorbium, q. v.), said to
be named from Euphorbus, Eii^/a/Sof, physician
to the king of Mauretania. The name Ev<pop[ioQ is
prop, an adj., cixjioftfioq, well-fed, < ev, well, 4- (pkp-
/Jfii', feed.] 1. The typical genus of the natural
order Euphorbiacece, characterized by having its
achlamydeous. unisexual flowers within a cup-
shaped, calyx-like involucre, the central soli-
tary pistillate flower being surrounded by nu-
merous monandrous staminate ones, and the
whole resembling a perfect flower. There are
over 600 species, known generally as spurges, found in all
temperate regions, and more sparingly within the trop-
ics. They vary greatly in habit, especially the tropical
Top of stem of Euphorbia resintftra.
a, involucre with inclosed flowers ; d, section of same.
species, which are sometimes shrul)s or trees; and many
African species have succulent, leafless, spiny, and angled
stems, reseniljling columnar Cactacece. They abound in
an actid milky juice, which possesses active medicinal and
sometintes poisonous properties. The blooming spurge,
E. cwollata, and the ipecac spurge, E. Ipecacuanha, of tlie
United States, and numerous other species, are employed
medicinally in the countries where they are native. (See
euphorbium.') Various species are also cultivated for or-
nament, as E. marcfinala for its color-margined leave.'i,
E. pulcherrima for its bright-colored floral bracts, E. ful-
yens for its bright-red involucre, and several African spe-
cies for their cactus-like habit, as E. resini/era.
2. U. c] A plant of this genus.
Euphorbiaceae (u-f6r-bi-a'se-e), n.pl. [NL., <
Euphorbia + -acece.] An important order of
mostly apetalous plants, including 200 genera
and over 3,000 species, found in all temperate
and tropical regions, but especially abimdant
in South America. They are herbs, shrubs, or trees
with mon(eciou8 or dioecious flowers, and the fruit a tricoc-
cons 3-seeded or 6-8eeded capsule. They have an acrid
milky juice, and some are poisonous ; but the fruits of a
few species are edible, and the roots of others alK)und in
starch. The order includes the box-tree {Buxus), the cas-
sava plant (Manihot). the castor-oil plant {Iticinus), the
croton-oil and cascarilla ])lants (Croton), several species
that furnish caoutchouc {Hevea, Castilloa, etc.), and nu-
merous other more or less useful plants. The larger gen-
era are Et'phorhia, Crofnn. Plu/llanthtts, and Acalypha.
euphorbiaceous, euphorbial (u-f6r-bi-a'shius,
u-f6r'bi-al), a. Pertaining to or having the
characteristics of the Euphorbiacece.
euphmsm
euphorbium (u-f6r'bi-um), n. [ME. euforbia;
< NL. Euphorbium, formerly applied to the plant
now distinguished as Euphorbia, < Gr. eixpopjiiov,
the African plant, also its acrid juico : see i'lt-
phorbia.] 1. A gum-resin, the product of Eu-
phorbia resini/era, a leafless, cactus-like plant of
Morocco. It is extremely acrid, and was formerly used,
even by the ancients, as an emetic and a purgative, but it
is now employed only as an ingredient in plasters and in
veterinary practice.
J'ixe therinne the 5 essence of tho laxatyues that purgen
flewme and viscous humoris, as a litil of eujorhie, or tur-
bit, or sambucy.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 16.
Euphorbium, the gummy Juice or Sap of that Tree
much us'd in Physick and Surgery. E. Phillips, 1706.
2t. Same as euphorbia, 2.
His Shield flames bright with gold, imbossed hie
With Wolves .and Horse seem-running swiftly by,
And freng'd about with sprigs of Scammony,
And of Euphorbium, forged cunningly.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Magnificence.
euphoria (u-ft'ri-a), «. [NL., < Gr. evfpopia,
power of bearing easily, < ev6opoc, bearing well,
< cv, well, + (jicpeiv — E. ftcarl.] In palhol. : (a)
A disposition to bear pain well. (6) The state
of feeling well, especially when occurring in a
diseased person. Also called eupathia.
euphoric (u-for'ik), a. [< euphoria + -ic] Per-
taining to, characteristic of, or characterized
by euphoria.
Dr. Battaglia, director of an insane asylum in Cairo,
describes many experiments upon himself with different
qualities of hashish. ... He produced a great variety of
symptoms with great uniformity, but never the common-
ly reported et/j>Aoric apathy. Amer. Jour. Psychol. ,1.^1.
euphotide (u-fo'tid or -tid), n. [P. euphotide,
< Gr. tv, well, + ^uf (^<^-), light, + -ide.] See
gabbro.
Euphrasia (u-fra'si-a), n. [NL. ; ML. also eu-
frasia ; < Gr. ci<<ppaaia, delight, good cheer, <
evippaiveiv, delight, cheer, gladden (cf. ft^puv
{ev(j>pov-), cheering, gladdening, < iv, well, +
^p^v {<ppsv-), the mind) : see frantic, frenzy,
phrenetic, etc.] A small genus of low herbs,
of the natural order Scrophulariacew, widely dis-
tributed. The flowers are small, in dense spikes. The
common eyebright of Europe, E. o^tcinalis, is the only
North American species. It is astringent, and was for-
merly in repute as a remedy for diseases of the eyes.
euphrasy (li'fra-si), n. [< ME. "euphrasy
(spelled heufrasy), < ML. eufrasia, euphrasia:
see Euphrasia.] The eyebright, Euphrasia of-
ficinalis.
Then purged with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve ; for he had much to see.
Milton, P. L., xi. 414.
With fairy euphrasy they purged my eyes,
To let me see their cities in the skies.
Hood, Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, st. 114.
Euphratean (u-fra'te-an), a. Of or pertaining
to the Euphrates, an important river of Asia,
rising in Armenia, and after a course of 1,600
miles falling into the Persian gulf. The region
called Mesopotamia is included between the Euphrates
and the Tigris, which flows into the Euphrates from the
east about 100 miles from its mouth.
The early life of the "Father of the Faithful" belongs
to the time when Turanian and Semitic elements were
mingled in the Euphratean valley.
Dawson, Origin of World, p. 253.
euphroe, ». See uphroe.
Euphrosyne (u-fros'i-ne), «. [NL., < L. Eu-
phrosyne, < Gr. Ev(j>poavm/, one of the three B<b-
otiau Charites, or (iraces, who. with her fellows,
presided over all that constitutes the charm
and brilliancy of life ; lit. mirth, merriment, fes-
tivity, < £v<l>pon>, merry, cheerful : see Euphrasia.]
In zodl., a genus of errant cheetopodous anne-
lids, of the family Amphinomidw.
euphuism (ii'fu-izm), J). [< Euphues, the hero of
two works by John Lyly, viz., "Euphues, or the
Anatomy of Wit," 1579, and "Euphues and his
England," 1580, written in a strange ornate and
affected style, which became fashionable at the
court of Elizabeth, + -ism. The name Euphues
(prop. *Euphycs) is taken from Gr. cvijii'i/c, well-
shaped, of good natural disposition, naturally
clever (6 etKjnrt/c, a man of genius), etc., < ev,
well, + ipvi, growth, stature, nature, <,ipreiv, pro-
duce, pass. (pi)eadai, grow.] In Eng. lit., an af-
fected literary style, originating in the fifteenth
century, characterized by a wide vocabulary,
alliteration, consonance, verbal antithesis, and
odd combinations of words. The style, although
l)oml)astic and ridiculous originally, contributed to the
flexibility and verbal resources of later English. It as-
sumed its most extreme form in the works of John Lyly,
called the Euphuist.
All our Ladies were then his [tyly's] Scholars ; and that
Beauty in Court which could not Parley Eupheism. was as
little regarded as She which now there speaks not French.
Edward Blount, in Lyly's Euphues, Epist. to Header.
2029
jrAe*T(5f, < irUKctv, plait.] A genus of Hyalo-
sponffUB, referred to the family HexactineliicUe,
or made type of a family Eupleetellidtr. it in-
cludes the beautiful glass-sponge, H. asjKr(iiUum, known
as Venus's flower-basket, in wbich the highly developed
silicious spicula form a regular pitlygonal network, aa the
„ ^^ .-.,_ ^. . wall of a deep cup or basket attached by its base.
tendencie. which he shared not only with a generation of EuplectelMse (u-plek-tel'i-de), n. pi. [< £«-
enpbiilsm
The discourse of Sir Piercie Shaf ton, in "The Monasteiy,"
is rather a caricature than a fair sample of euphuism. . . .
Perhaps, indeed, our language is, after all, indebted to
this writer [LylyJ and his euphuism for not a little of iU
present euphony. Crai*, Hist. Eng. Lang., I. 495.
So far, then, there is in the father of euphuittn (Lylyl
nothing but an exaggerated developement of tastes and
writers, but with the literary currents of a century, in
of more centuries than one.
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit, 1. 166.
=8yiL This word is sometimes confounded with euphe-
mism and euphimii. It has nothing to do with either.
enphuist (u'fu-ist), «. [As euphu-ism + -ist.'\
One who uses the euphuistie style ; one who af-
fects excessive elegance and refinement of lan-
guage: applied particularly to a class of writ- Eupieres (ii-ple'rez). n.
ers in the age of Queen Elizabeth, at the head ^'^^pJJ^^ jf„jj -
of which stood John Lyly. . . '
euphuistie (u-fu-is'tik), a. [< euphuist + -ic]
Characterized fcy euphuism; of or pertaining
to the euphuists: as, e«pAKi«?(C pronunciation.
The all-seeing poet laughs rather at the pedantic school-
master than at the fantastic knight ; and the euphuistie
pronunciation which he makes Holofemes so malignantly
criticise was most probably his own and that of the gen-
erality of his educated contemporaries.
CraOi, HUt. Eng. Lang., I. 473.
The euphuistie style was an exaggeration of the "Ital-
ianating" taste which had began with the revival of our
Eurasia
carotid artery, the right. E. australis is the
bustard of Australia. Lesson, 1839.
Eupolidean (ii"po-li-de'an), a. and n. [< 6r.
Kv-o/.i^ (-«'-) (see def.) + -can.'] I. a. Of or
pertaining to Eupolis, a dramatist of the Attic
old comedy, who flourished about 425 b. c. :
as, the Eupolidean verse or meter Eupolidean
epionic. See epionie, n.
II. n. InaHc.i>ros.,ameter, confined to Greek
comedy, composed of a first glyconic and a tro-
chaic tetrapody catalectic : thus,
ptectelld + -irffF.] A family of silicious sponges,
or Hyalospongice, taking name from the genus
EuplecteUa,aiaA presenting a very beautiful type
of six-rayed spicules ; the glass-sponges : often
merged in a family Hexactinellidce. ~ ' - - i - - •
enplere (ti'pler), n. A species of the genus Eupolyzoa (u-pol-i-zo a), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. ev,
- *^ • "- ^ " ^ ^ well, -t- Polyzoa, q. v.] The Polyzoa in the
usual sense ; the Polyzoa proper. The term is used
by some n ho place certain worm-like organisms in a class
Polyzoa and then proceed to divide it into three sections.
Eupleres.
"-('rez), n. [NL., < Gr. rf, well,
] A remarkable genus of vi-
verriform carnivorous quadrupeds of Madagas-
car, related to the Viverridte, from which it dif-
poct]
Lyly
ticij literature in the days of Henry VIII., but to which
ipn . ' * .
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit, I. 157.
was the first to give full expression in prose.
In a eu-
euphuistically (u-fu-is'ti-kal-i), adv.
phuistie manner.
A most bland and euphuistieaUy flattering note.
Cartyle, in Froude, IL 42.
enphnize (u'fu-iz), r. «". ; pret. and pp. euphuized,
piiT. euphuiziiig. [Aa euphu-i»m + -ize.J To ex-
press one's self by euphuism ; use an affected-
ly fine and delicate style.
If thou Euphuize, which once was rare.
And of all English phrase the life and blood, . . .
ni say thou bonowst
MiddUUm, Father Hubbard's Tales.
fa.\xtaAiA {Em^Urtt r^Mdcti). •
fers in some cranial and dental characters,
forming the type of a family Euplerida. The
only species taiown is E. goudoti, the falanaka.
Doyere.
euplerid (ii'ple-rid), n. A carnivorous mammal
of the family Euplerida.
Vt'nni/vnnia (genus FhvroniK alone), Pterohranchia (gen-
era libnhdoplfura and Aphalodiacvji), and Eupolyzoa.
eupolyzoan (u-pol-i-z6'au), a. and «. I. a.
Pertaining to the Eupolyzoa; polyzoan in the
proper or usual sense.
II. ». A polyzoan proper.
enpolyzoSn (u-pol-i-z6'on), n. One of the Evh
polyzoa ; a eupolyzoan. Lankester.
eupractic (u-prak'tik), a. [< Gr. tvirpaKToc, easy
to be done,' well-to-do, prosperous, < n', well, -I-
irpdaaeiVfdo: see practic, practice.'\ Doing well;
prosperous. [Rare.]
Good-humoured, eupeptic, and eupraetie.
Corfyie, Misc., III. 215.
Enprepia (u-prep'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. eimpmit^y
wrfl-looking, < o', well, + npiiruv, become, suit.]
A genus of oombycid moths, sometimes giving
name to a family Euprepiidee, and containing
enphyllum (li-fil'mn), «.; pi. CMphyUa (-&). Euplerida (u-pler'i-de), n. pJ. paj.,< Eupleres
[yh.,<(ir.tviwel\, + <l>i>J'x>v=l,.folium,\esl.'\
A tnie or foliage leaf, in distinction from cata-
phytlum, jirophyllum, etc.
eupion, eupione (u-pi'on, -on), n. [< Gr. nnriuv,
very fat, < ft', well, + muv, fat.] In chem., the
name given by Keichenbach to a fragrant, col-
orless, highly volatile, and inflammable liquid,
produced in the destructive distillation of bones,
wood, coal, and many other orjjanic bodies, and
consisting es.sentially of hydnd of amyl. It is
insoluble in water, but mixes with alcohol, ether, and oils,
and acts as a solvent of fats, camphor, heated caoutchouc,
eU-.
TlceT.tnoCli {Eitprrpia caja), about two thirds natural size.
+~-irfa.] A family of viverriform carnivorous
quadrupeds, represented by the single genus
Eupleres, differing from the ViverridiB in the
convexity of the skull posteriorly, the small ca-
nine teeth, and the onapproximated incisors.
The type is peculiar to Madagascar.
Euplexoptera (u-plek-sop'te-ril), ». pi. [NL.,
ting.] ' An ' abe^.^'n^sul^rdeV'^o? orthop^ * p3^nYiZ"/,l n;e ^TdlT'»",)/"'^'rNL
ojAieets, or an order of i-ects^e same as ^nP^^^Pf »,iY ^'aSof ■bi:Wc'ld ^
Demwiptero, constituted by the earwigs or /or- *"'_,, .,.-' „ ^.f, .■„
tieuluue: so called from the crosswise
lengthwise folding of the under wings.
ForfirulidiV. Also Kuplecoptcra.
and
Eupithecia (fi-pi-the'si-a), «. [NL. (Curtis,
1855), < Gr. .;., well, + m^,«of, an ape.] A ge- eipiexopterous (u-plek-sop't«-ni8), a. Having
nus of geometnd moths with non-tufted thorax ,,^, ""ractLrsbf the suborder Euplexoptera.
and narrow wings. It Is of great extent, comprising «____- f ,-in.ne'il^ M TNL < Gr. ti. well, +
over 100 species, more than 80 of which are European, otii eUpHOBa ^up-ne a;, »I. .!>;':'/• \ '^'f''^',?''/
ers being found In Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, -mt'l, breath, < vvtiv, breathe.] In pathOl., a
and North America. E. sutmolata Is a well-known Eng- normal condition of respiration.
lisb B|..-. ifs. Some are called pugs; thus, E. venosata is Pnnoda (li'pd-da), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. n', well,
the netted pug: E puleh^Uala. tfie foxglove-pug. ^r~^ {:r,^= E. fiofi In LatreiUe's sys-
eupla8tic(u-pla8'tik),a.andn. [< Gr. rwr>a<rro{-, > ^ -'- •' J -.. . .. j .
eas.v to mold or form, < ev, well, + Tr^Maonv,
moid, form.] I. a. In physiol., capable of be-
ing transformed into permanent organized tis-
sue.
II. II, .-X substance thus transformable.
Euplecoptera (u-ple-kop'te-r&), n. pi. [NL.]
Kaine as F.iiplexnptera.
Enplectella (u-plek-tel'l), ». [NL., < Gr. rt-
TMKTor, well plaited, weU-twisted, < tv, well, -f-
such tiger-moths as E. caja and E. plantaginis,
the long-haired larvso of which are known as
bear-caterpillars. Also called Clielonia.
""., <.Ett-
moths,
named from the genus Euprepia.
Se« Eupsalis (up'sa-lis), n. [NL., < Gr. ei, well,
+ in'/ii, a pair of shears.] A genus of rhjTi-
chophorous beetles, or weevils, of the family
BrenthidtE. E. minuta is a common United States
species, averaging half an Inch in length, of a shining ma-
hogany-brown spotU'ii w ith yellow, whose larva is found
In decaying oak wood. See cut under Urentlius.
Eupsamma (up-sam'ft), «. [NL., < Gr. re, well,
-1- ij'diuiix: or i'afiiirt, sand.] A genus of perfo-
rate stone-corals, as E. brong-
niartiana, of the family Eup-
sammidw. Also Eupsammia.
tern of classification (1817), the fifth family of
tetramerous Coleoptera, corresponding to the
modem family t'ri««Ttrf<p, and divided into the EupsaminidSB (up-sam'i-de),
Sagrideg aud Crioeerideg. n. pi. [NL., < Eupsamma +
Eupodia (ii-p6'di-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. rf, well,
-I- -oix (Toi-) = i^.foot. Cf. Gr. nmoiia, good-
ness of foot.] In Gegenbaur's system of classi-
fication, an order of Holotkurioida, containing
the holothurians proper or sea-cucumbers, as
distinguished from Apodia {.Synapta).^
Eupodotis (li-po-do'tis), M. [< Gr. A, well, -f-
ircJf (jTod-), = ft. foot, + Otis, a bustard, well-
Ht'arrtana,
AusltaUas BalCald {BHfadttli auitralli-l.
footed bustard.] A genus of bustards, of the
family Otididte, peculiar in possessing only one
id'fF.] A family of perforate
stone-corals, taking name
from the genus Eupsamma.
They have the corallum simple or
coi]i|)nund, with iiunierous well-de-
veloi>ed lamellar septa for the most
part perforated, a spongy columel-
la, interseptal loculi open or with
few dissepimenU, and rudimentary
costje.
eupyrchroite (u-p*r'kro-it),
n. [< Gr. ft', well, + ^ip, fire, -I- ;r/KM<i, XP«"'
color, + -«te2.] A massive variety of apatite
from Crown Point, New York. It has a concentric
subflbrous structure and an ash-gray or bluish-gray color,
and gives a green phosphorescence when heated (whence
the name).
eupyrion (ii-pir'i-on), n. [NL., < Gr. re, well,
+ Ti|) = E.'^rc] "Any contrivance for obtain-
ing light, as luciler-matches. etc.
-eur. [F. <ur, < OF. -«r, -or, < L. -or, aco. -orem :
see -or.'] A form of the suffix -or in abstract
nouns, occurring in recent words from the
French, as in grandeur, and mostly pronounced
as French, as in hauteur.
Euraqnilo (u-rak'wi-lo), «. [LL.: see Eurody-
don,'] Same as Euroclydon.
A tempestuous wind, which is called Euraquilo.
Acts xxvii. 14 (revised version).
Eurasia (u-ra'shia or -zhia), n. [< Eur(opr) +
Asia.] file name given by some geographers
to the continental mass which is made up of
Snrasia
Europe and Asia, there being no natural divi-
sion between the two land-masses.
Eurasian (u-ra'shiau or -zhian), a. and n. [<
Euragia + -an.'] 1. a. 1. I^ertaining to Eu-
rasia ; consisting of both Europe and Asia. See
£urasia.
The mountains of England . . . stand apart from its
main wat«r partings ; but those of the Eurasian continent
coincide with the lines of separation of the great water-
sheds. Huxley, Physiography, p. 803.
2. Having both European and Asian connec-
tions ; combining European and Asiatic blood.
See 11.
The Euragian girl is often pretty and graceful. . . .
What if upon her lips there hung the accents of her tchi-
tchi tongue? O. A. Mackay, Tour of Sir Ali Eaba.
H. n. A half-caste one of whose parents is
European, or of pure European descent, and
the other Asiatic : originally restricted to one
born in Hindustan of a Hindu mother and a
European (especially a Portuguese) father, but
now applied to all half-breeds of mixed Asiatic
and European blood, and their offspring. Also
called ehee-chee.
The shovel-hats are surprised that the Eurasian does not
become a missionary, or a schoolmaster, or a policeman,
or something of that sort. The native papers say, " De-
port him " ; the white prints say, " Make him a soldier " ;
and the Eurasian himself says, " Make me a Commission-
er, give me a pension."
G. A. Mackay, Tour of Sir Ali Baba.
Enrasiatic (ii-ra-shi- or u-ra-zhi-at'ik), a.
[< Eurasia -f- -atic, after Asiatic.^ Same as
Eurasian.
A fact of the same character meets us at the other side
of the Euragiatic continent, the Japanese and the Amur-
land crayfishes being closely allied.
Huxley, Crayfish, p. 311.
eureka (u-re'ka). [Prop, 'heureka, < Gr. evpT/Ka,
I have found (it), perf. ind. act. of evpianew (evp-,
eiipe-), find, discover.] Literally, I have found
(it): the reputed exclamation of Archimedes
when, after long study, he discovered a method
of detecting the amount of alloy in King Hiero's
crown (see crown problem, under crown) ; hence,
an exclamation of triumph at a discovery or
supposed discovery, it was adopted as the motto
of the State of California, in allusion to the discovery of
gold there.— Eureka projectile. See projectile.
Enrema (u-re'ma), ». [NL., prop. *Heurema,
< Gr. evprifta, an invention, discovery : see eure-
maties.'] A large genus of butterflies, of the
subfamily Pierince, containing upward of 100
species : now usually called Terias (which see).
eiirematics (ii-re-mat'iks), n. [R'op. 'heure-
matics, < Gr. evpti'fm(j-), an invention, discovery,
< evpioKeiv, find out, invent, discover: see eure-
ka.'] The history of invention; that depart-
ment of knowledge which is concerned with
mechanical inventions.
Invention responds to want, and the want may originate
in some crisis or event having no apparent affinity in char-
acter with the want it engendered or the invention that
sprang to meet it. And these are not mere accidents :
they are the natural course of what I venture to call the
fixed laws of eurematics. Anier. Anthropologist, I. 28.
Euretes (u-re'tez), «. [NL.] The typical ge-
nus of the family Euretidw. Carter.
euretid (u-ret'id), n. A sponge of the family
Euretifla;!
Euretidse (u-ret'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Euretes
-(- -idw.] A family of dictyonine hexactinellid
silicious sponges with radially situated scapu-
IsB, branched anastomosing tubes, and the skel-
etal network in several layers. F. E. Schulzc.
Also Eureteidce.
Enrhipidura (u-rip-i-du'ra), n. pi. [NL. (Gill,
1873), neut. pi. of eurhipidurus : see eurhipidu-
rous.] A primary ^oup of birds, distinguished
by the concentration of the caudal vertebrsB
into a coccyx terminated by a pygostyle, around
which the tail-feathers are arranged like a fan,
whence the name, it includes all existing birds (com-
monly placed in the two subclasses Hatitce and Carinatce),
as distinguished from the Saururte, or lizard-tailed birds
of the Jurassic period.
The most homogeneous [class] is that of Birds, all the
living representatives of which seem to be members of a
single order (which may be distinguished by the name
Enrhipidura). Gill, Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., VI. 435.
eurhipidUTOUS (u-rip-i-du'rus), a. [< NL. eu-
rhipidurus, < Gr. 'tv, well, -I- piTzii (pimS-), a fan,
-H ovpd, tail.] Having the tail-feathers dis-
posed like a fan, as a bird ; not saururous ; spe-
cifically, belonging to or having the characters
of the Eurhipidura.
enripet (u'rip), n. [< L. euripu^, < Gr. ebpmo(, a
strait, channel: see euripus.] A euripus or
channel.
On either side there is an euripe or arm of the sea.
HoltUTid.
2030
A sea full of shelves and rocks, sands, gulfs, euripes,
and contrary tides. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 694.
euripus (u-n'pus), «. [L., < Gr. eiipiTTog, any
strait or narrow sea where the flux and reflux
is violent (see def.), < ev, well, -1- pint/, impetus,
rush, as of wind or waters.] A strait or nar-
row sea where the flow of the tide in both di-
rections is violent, as in the strait between the
island of Euboea and Boeotia in Greece, specifi-
cally called Euripus. The name was also given to a
water-channel or canal between the arena and the cavea
of the Roman hippodrome.
The Euripus as well as the basin (lacus) of the spina
(distinctly to be seen in the circus of Caracalla and in
mosaics) served to moisten the sand.
C. O. Midler, Manual of Archfeol. (trans.), § 290.
eurite (ii'rit), «. [F. eurite, appar. < Gr. evpv^j
wide (or Eipof, Eurus?), -t- -ite"^.] A name
given in 1819 by D'Aubuisson to a rook de-
scribed by him as being a fine-grained, homo-
geneous granite, consisting mainly of feldspar
(the other ingredients being intimately mingled
with the feldspar, as if fused with it), having a
hardness a little less than that of quartz, and
being partly fusible before the blowpipe. The
name is at present but little used in France, where p«(ro-
silex is preferred, and hardly at all in other countries.
See quartz-porphyry and feltiite.
eurithiny, n. See eurythmy.
euritic (u-rit'ik), a. [< eurite + -ic] Contain-
ing, composed of, or resembling eurite.
Near the Pacific, the mountain-ranges are generally
formed of syenite or granite, or an allied euritic porphyry.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 470.
Euroclydon (u-rok'li-don), n. [< Gr. 'EvpoAv-
6uv, only in Acts xxvii. 14; appar. < Etipof,
Eurus, the east or east-southeast wind, -I- kav-
Suv, a wave, a billow, < k?.v(eiv, wash, dash, as
waves ; but the formation is unusual, and the
readings vary. EvpoK?.v6uv is prob. an accom.,
by popular etym., of evpaKv?Mv, another read-
ing, confirmed by the Vulgate Euro-aquilo, bet-
ter Euraquilo, in the same passage ; this being
a Roman compound, < L. Eurus, Gr. Eipof, the
east or east-southeast wind, -t- L. Aquilo(n-),
the north wind; Euro-aquilo being thus the
northeast wind. See aquilon.] A tempestuous
northeast or north-northeast wind that fre-
quently bio ws in the Levant ; alevanter; hence,
the northeast wind in general ; a northeaster.
Not long after there arose against it a tempestuous wind
called Euroclydon [revised version Euraquilo].
Acts xxvii. 14.
Then comes, with an awful roar.
Gathering and sounding on.
The storm-wind from Labrador,
The wind Euroclydon,
The storm-wind !
Longfellow, Midnight Mass.
Europasian (u-ro-pa'shian or -zhian), a. [<
Europe + Asia -1- -an.] Same as Eurasian, 1.
The languages of the Europasian continent.
J. A. H. Murray, 8th Ann. Address to Phil. Soc, p. 26.
European (u-ro-pe'an), a. and n. [< L. Euro-
meus, < Gr. 'Evpoiraioq, pertaining to Evpu-jrri, L.
£MroiJa, Europe.] I. a. Pertaining or relating
to or connected with Europe ; native to or de-
rived from Europe: as, the European race of
men ; European plants ; European civilization ;
European news — European alcomoque, fan-palm,
etc. See the nouns.— European plan, tbut metliod of
conducting a hotel accoi-iliug to whicli the charjie per day
includes only lodging.nnd service, the guests taking their
meals a la carte at the attached restaurant, or wherever
they please, and paying for them separately : opposed to
the American plan, in which the charge per day includes
both board and lodging. [('. S.j
II. m. 1. A native of Europe ; a person born
of European parents or belonging to Europe. —
2. More generally, a member of the European
race, or of any one of the races of Europe ; a
person of European descent in any country
outside of Europe, as distinguished from the
indigenous people of such country.
Europeanism (ii-ro-pe'an-izm), M. [< Euro-
pean + -ism.] The state or condition of being
European or Europeanized ; European charac-
ter, or inclination toward that which is Euro-
pean.
The men of ideas, who are suspected of the deadly sin
of Europeanism or Westernism.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLI. 832.
Europeanization (u-ro-pe'an-i-za'shon), n. [<
Europeanize -t- -ation.] The process of making
or becoming European.
Everything is thus already provided for the opening out
and complete Eurojieanization of North Africa, except the
colonists. Contemporary Rev., LIII. 534.
Europeanize (fl-ro-pe'an-iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
Europeanized, ppr. Europeanizing . [< European
+ -ize.] To make or cause to become Euro-
Euryalidn
pean ; assimilate to Europeans in any respect,
or bring into a condition characteristic of Eu-
rope : as, a Europeanized Hindu.
Without being Europeanized, our discussion of impor-
tant questions in statesmanship, political economy, in
aesthetics, is taking a broader scope and a higher tone.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 78.
A few of the streets [in Moscow] have been European-
ized — in all except the paving, which is everywhere exe-
crably Asiatic. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 409.
Europeo-Asiatic (ii-ro-pe"6-a-8hi-at'ik), a.
In phytogeog., pertaining to Europe and Asia;
palasarctic.
Under the name of Europceo-Aniatic or North temper-
ate and Mountain region of the Old World, I would desig-
nate that vast area extending from the Atlantic to the
North Pacific. U. Bentham, Notes on Compositie, p. 642.
Eurotium (ii-ro'shi-um), n. [NL., < Gr. evpa;
(fipuT-), mold, dank, decay.] A genus of py-
renomycetous fungi, belonging to the I'erispo-
riacece, and closely related to the Erysiphew.
The fructification consists of yellow closed pcrithecia,
each containing numerous asci, which are filled with
spores. In this genus the process of reproduction in as-
coniycetous fungi is easily observed. A portion of a my-
celial thread assumes a spiral form and constitutes the
female organ, while a branch arising at the base of the
Eurotium repens, highly magnified.
A, a small portion of the niycelium with a conidiophore (f ). termi-
nated by the sterigmata ( j/), from which the spores nave fallen, also
with the spiral female organ, the ascogonium {as). B, the spiral as-
cogonium [as) with the antheridium ip). C. the same beginning to
be surrounded by threads, out of which the wall of the perithecium is
formed. D, a perithecium. E, F, sections of young perithecia : -w,
cells composing the wall ; y, false parenchyma underneath the wall ;
(zy, ascogonium. ^, ascus. //, an ascospore. ( From Sachs's " Lehr-
buch der Botanilt.")
spiral becomes the male organ. After fertilization these
organs and some additional branches develop into the
perithecium and its contents. There is also a conidial
fruit, which is a gray mold. It consists of erect hyphse,
each tenninated by a capitate enlargement upon which
numerous sterigmata are situated ; each of the latter bears
a chain of spores. This was formerly considered a dis-
tinct fungus, known as Aspergillus. Etirotium with its
conidial form is a common mold which grows on a great
variety of sutjstances, especially dead herbs and jellies.
Eurus (ti'rus), n. [L., < Gr. Evpoc, the east or
more exactly the east-southeast wind. Cf . Eu-
roclydon, Euraquilo.] The southeast wind.
Euryale (u-ri'a-le), n. [NL., < Gr. evpiaM, with
broad threshing-floor, broad, < evpix, broad,
wide, -I- oAuf, a threshing-floor (a round area) :
see halo.] 1. The typical genus of sand-stars
or brittle-stars of the family Euryalidte, or re-
ferred to the family Astrophytidce. Species are
known as the Medusa's-head, gorgon's-head, basket-Jish,
etc. See these words, and AHrophylon.
2. A genus of water-lilies, of India and China,
with large peltate leaves and a spiny calyx.
The only species, E. ferox, is sometimes cultivated in hot-
houses. Its seeds are edible. Baillon refers the Victoria
regia of the Amazons to this genus.
Euryalese (ii-ri-a'le-e), n. pi. [NL., < Euryale
+ -c(e.] The euryaleans, or ophiurians with
branched arms: contrasted with OpA»«rffP. J.
Muller.
euryalean (ii-ri-a'le-an), a. and «. I. a. Hav-
ing extensive and branching arms, as a sand-
star; resembling a brittle-star of the genus Eu-
ryale or family Euryalidw.
II. n. A member of the Euryalew or Eurya-
lidce.
Also euryalidan.
Euryalida (ii-ri-al'i-da), n. pi. [NL. , < Euryale
+ -ida.] In Gegenliaur's system of classifi-
cation, an order of Asteroidea, represented by
such forms as Astrophyton.
Euryalidse (ti-ri-ari-de), n. pi. [NL., < EuryaU
+ -Ida.] A family of ophiurians, or brittle-
stars, of the order Ophiuroidea, having much-
Enryalida
branched arms without plates, and the ventral
groove closed by soft skin. See Astrophytidw.
euryalidan (ii-ri-ari-dan), a. and «. Same as
eurijdkaii.
Euryapteryx (u-ri-ap'te-riks), ». [NL., < Gr.
fi'pif, wide, + NL. Apterux, q. v.] A genus of
dinomithic birds of New Zealand, of the family
Palai> teryi/UUt.
Eurybia (fl-rib'i-S), n. [NTj., < Gr. evpv^idr, of
far-extended might, mighty, < evpi;, wide, +
i}ia, might, force.] 1. A genus of butterflies,
of which E. nicteus is the type. Hiibner, 1816.
— 2. A genus of gymnosomatous pteropods, of
the family Eurybiidie. Bang, 1827. — 3. A ge-
nus of acalephs. Egchscholtz, 1829. — 4. A ge-
nus of buprestid beetles, with one species, E.
chalcodes, from Swan river, Australia. Castel-
nau and Gory, 1838.
Eurybiidae (ii-ri-bi'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Eurybia
+ -Uhe.] A family of pteropods, taking name
from the genus Eurybia.
eurycephalic(u'ri-se-farik or u-ri-sef'a-lik),a.
[< Gr. eipif, wide, + Kt<pd?ji, the head, + -«c.] In
ethnol., broad-headed: applied to a subdivision
of the braehycephalic or short broad-skulled
races of mankind having heads of excessive
breadth.
Eoryceros (u-ris'e-ros), n. [NL. (Lesson, 1830),
< Gr. cipiiapuf, having broad horns : see eury-
eeroua.'i The only genus of EuryeeroHiux. The
•ole ipecles, E. prevotti, is black, with rufona back and
winpi. Also. injproi)er!y. Eurietrot. Bonaparte, 1849.
EurycerotinSB (u-ris'e-ro-tS'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Euryceros (-ctrot-) + -»»<E.] A subfamily of
gtumoid passerine birds peculiar to Madagas-
car, represented by the genus Euryceros. Also,
improperly, EuricerotiniB. Bonaparte, 1849.
enrycerous (u-ris'e-rus), a. [< Gr. evpvKepuc,
having broa<l horns, < rvpi^, broad, + lUpof, a
horn. J Ha\ing broad horns. Smart.
enrycoronine (ii'ri-ko-ro'nin), a. [< Gr. tiiplt,
broad, -I- «)p<iv7, crown, + nnei.] In 200/., hav-
ing broad-crowned molars: specifically applied
to the dinotherian type of dentition, as distin-
guished from the stenocoronine or hippopota-
mine type. Falconer.
Enrydi'ce (u-rid'i-se), n. [L., < Gr. EvpvStiai, in
myth, the wife of Orpheus.] 1. A genus of
EurydUt fuUkra, about oatural li2«.
isopods, of the family C'ymothoida, containing
such as E. pulchra. fr. E. Leach, 1818.— 2. A
genus of mollusks. Eschscholtz, 1826.
Eniyggea (u-ri-je'jl), n. [NL. (Gill, 1884), < Gr.
ripi'f, broad, + yaia, poet, for Y'i, earth.] In
zoofjeng., one of the prime realms or zoological
divisions of the earth's land surface, including
Europe. Africa north of the Sahara, and Asia
north of the Himalayas, its southern line nearly
corresponding with the tropic of C'ancer in low-
lands, and with the isotherm of the same in
more elevated regions.
Enrygsean (ii-ri-je'an), a. Of or pertaining to
Euryga»a.
Enrygaster 'u-ri-gas't^r), n. [NL., < Gr. eiptc,
broad, + yaini/p, belly.]
1. The typical genus of
bugs of the family Scu-
trlleridee and subfamUy
Eurygnntrintf. — 2. A ge-
nus of flies, of the fam-
ily Muscida. Macquarl,
1835.
EurygastrlnjB (li'ri-gas-
tri'ne). «. /)/. [NL., <
Eun/ganlrr + -ituE.I A
subfamily of heteropter-
ous insects, of the fam-
ily .Sculellerida, of oval
fiirm, more or less deeply
convex, with a comparatively long and nar-
row scutelltuu, and coloration either brown
2031
or mixed gray and yellow. Also Eurygastrida,
Eurygastrides.
Eorygona (u-rig'p-na), ». [NL., < Gr. Evpi-r,
broad, + y6vv = E. fcwee.] 1. A genus of but-
terflies, giving name to the subfamily Eurygo-
nirue. Boisduval, 1836. — 2. A genus of tene-
brionid beetles, having as type E. chilensis.
Castelnau, 1840.
Eurygoninse (ii'ri-go-m'ne), «. pi. [NL., <
Eurygona + -in<F.] Same as Eiiselasiina.
Eurylaemidse (u-ri-lem'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Euryla:mus + -idee.'] A family of passerine
birds, formerly supposed, from their resem-
blance to rollers, barbets, etc., to be piearian.
The feet are symiactyl, by connection of the onter and
middle toes ; the syrinx is mesomyodian and tracheo-
bronchial ; the plantar tendons are desmopelmoiis ; the
oil-gland is untufted ; caeca are present ; and the ster-
num is paaserine, though without a furcate manubrium.
It is a small family of East Indian birds, containing such
genera as Euryloemus, SerUophuti, Fsarisomus, Cjpnbi-
rhynchus, and Calyptomeiia, represented by less than a
dozen species, known as broadrnouthg, broadbms, and ga-
jierg. Also written Eurytaimidce,
Eurylaeminse (ii'ri-le-mi'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Eurykvmus -t- -t«<B.] ' A subfamily of birds, the
same as the family Eurylamidm minus the ge-
nus Calyptomena. Formerly, the group was consid-
ered piearian, and referred to the family Corfuiida, from
some superficial resemblance to the rollers. Also Eury-
laimitur, Ettrylaimini.
Eurylaemoidese (ii'ri-le-moi'de-e), «. pi. [NL.,
< Euryhtmus + -oideir.'] A superfamily of pas-
serine birds, represented by the Eurylwmidte.
Also, improperly, Eurylaimoidece. Stejneger,
1885.
Enrylsmos (ii-ri-le'mus), n. [NL. (Horsfleld,
1S20, a.s Eurylaimus) (so called from the breadth
of the bill, which resembles that of some roll-
ers), < Gr. evpix, broad, + 'kaiuo^, the throat.]
The tj-pical gentis of the family Euryl<einidie.
The type is E. jataniix, of Java, Sumatra, etc.
Also written Eurylaimus. Also called I'laty-
rhynchun.
enryleme (ii'ri-l€m), n. A bird of the genus
Eurylainus. Also written eurylaime.
Emylepta (u-ri-lep'ta), ». [NL., < Gr. riipfcc,
broad, -f- '/.arrdv, the small gut.] The typical
genus of the family Euryleptidce.
Enryleptida (li-ri-lep'ti-de), n.pl. [NL., < Eu-
ryU/ita + -wte.] A family of dendrocoelous
marine turbellarians, having a broad, smooth,
or papillate body, in front of the middle of
which is placed the mouth. They have nnmeroui
eyes near the anterior margin, and a pair of tentacullform
lobes on the head. The lexaal openings are distinct
Eurymela (u-rim'e-lS), n. [NL., < Gr. eipix,
broad, + fiiio^, a limb.] The typical genus of
bugs of the family Cercopidw and subfamily
Eurymelina. g. /mutrala It an Auitrallan species,
half an Inch long, and of a bronzed black color, varied
with white and orani^. There are some 20 apeciea, all
AuHtraliaii or Taamaniaii.
Eurymelilia (u'ri-me-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Eu-
rymela + -ina.'] A subfamily of homopterons
hemipterous insects, of the family Cercopida>.
They are characterized by a conical figure* with a broad,
blunt head : a triangular scutellum as long as or longer
than the prothorai ; thick, oblique elytra extending l>e-
yond the conic-acute aiidonien ; stout, short, prismatic
legs, bristly on the thtgha and slianka ; and hind shauka
with two teeth. Also Burymelida and Burynutida.
Earynorhynchiis (u'ri-no-ring'ktis), n. [NL.,
irreg. < Gr. n'piwtiv, make wide, broaden (< ri-
pix, broad), ■¥ ltvyx<K, bill.] A genus of spoon-
billed sandpipers, of the family Scolopaeidte,
having a spatu-
late bill. E. pyg-
moeru, the only spe-
clea, is a rare Asiatic
and Alaakan sand-
piper, of small size,
cloaely resembling
a stint in size, form,
and coloration, but
with the bill very
broadly dilated or
spooned at the end.
In other respects
the genus is much
the same as that
section of the genus
Trinqa referred to
Aetodromat. Also,
Improperly, JSuri-
norhynrh^tM.
Enryomia (ti-ri-
6 'mi -a), n.
[NL. , <^Gr. f I'/nf , Spooa-hUlea s 'vmirHyntMitt
broad, + ''■'fK,
shoulder.] 1. A genus of cetouiau lamellicom
beetles. E. irnla is a common species of the United
States, about half an inch long, light-brown in color with
black spots, and emitting a peculiar acrid odor when irri-
teted.
Eurypterida
2. II. c] A member of this genus: as, "the
melancholy euryomia," Riley and Howard, In-
sect Life, p. 53.
Euryophrys (u-ri-of'ris), n. [NL., < Gr. tvpi%,
broad, -I- o^prf = E. brow.'] A genus of chalcid
hymenopterous insects, of the subfamily Pire-
ninw, having the eyes far apart, the short 10-
jointed anteimse inserted at the border of the
mouth, and 4-jointed maxillary palpi. For-
merly called Calypso, a name preoccupied in
botany.
Eiirypauropodidae (u-ri-pa-ro-pod'i-de), «. pi.
[NL., < Eurypauropus + -ida:.] A family of
myriapods, established for the reception of the
genus Eurypauropus.
Eurypauropns (ii-ri-pa'ro-pus), w. [NL. (J. A.
Ryder, 1879), < Gr. evpix,' broad, -I- NL. Pauro-
pus.] A genus of myriapods, having the more
mobile portion of the head beneath the cepha-
lic shield, the mouth-parts confined to a small
circular area, no eyes, and the legs ending in a
single curved claw.
eurypharyngid (ii"ri-fa-rin'jid), n. Afishof the
family Eiirypharyngidec. Also eurypharyngoid.
Euiypharyngidse (u'ri-fa-rin'ji-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Eurypharyiix + -ida;.] A family of
fishes, represented by the genus Eurypharynx.
The brancliio-anal portion is nmcli shorter than the rostro-
branchial ; the tail is very elongate, but niodVrately at-
tenuate backward ; the liead is fiat ai)ove with a trans-
verse rostral margin, at the outer angles of which the eyes
are exposed ; the jaws are excessively elongated backward,
the upper being parallel and closing against each other as
far as the articulation of the two suspensorial 1>ones;
there are minute teeth in l>oth jaws ; the dorsal and anal
tins are well developed, and continue nearly to the end of
the tail ; and there are very small narrow pectoral fins.
The family embraces two most remarkable deep-sea fishes,
Eun/pharmix peUcauoides and Gastrostomug bairdi, of a
black color, and two feet or more in length.
eurypharyngoid (ii'ri-fa-ring'goid), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of
the Enryjiharyngidte.
H. «. Same as eurypharyngid.
Eurypharynx (u-rif'a-n"gks), n. [NL., < Gr.
fiV'C, wide, + '(^pvyi, throat: see pharynx.]
The typical gemis of fishes of the family Eury-
pharyngidw. E. pelceanoides is the typical spe-
cies, remarkable for the enormous capacity of
the pharynx.
Euryplegma (u-ri-pleg'mft), n. [NL. (Schulze),
< Gr. fi'yjif, wide, + irMyfia, anything twisted.]
The typical genus of the family Euryplegma-
tidte.
Euryplegmatidse (u'ri-pleg-mat'i-de), n. pi.
[NL.,< Eiiryplrgnia(t-) + -ida:] A family of
hexactinellidan ISilicisjwngiw, typified by the
genus Euryplegma. They are goblet- or saucer-shaped
sponges, having the wall deeply folded longitudinally so aa
to pro<hice a number of dichotomously branched canals
or ruvered-in grooves.
Euryptera (u-rip'te-rtt), n. [NL., < Gr. riipdf,
broad, + irrepdv, wing.] In entom.: (a) A ge-
nus of cerambycid beetles of North and South
America. E. lateralis is a species found in the
United States. Serrille, 1825. (ft) A genus of
Oriental hemipterans, of the family Fulgoridce.
ducrin. 1834.
Eurypterida (ii-rip-ter'i-d&), n. pi. [NL., <
Euryptcrus + -ida.] A group of extinct Silu-
rian Crustacea,
sometimes in-
cluded in Mero-
stomata, some-
times made a
distinct order.
Some of them at-
tained a large size,
and in many re-
spects resembled
Limulua, while in
others they ap-
proached the Co-
pepoda. An ante-
rior cephalothorax,
bearing eyes and
liml>s, is succeeded
by 12 or more fi-ee
somites, the iKHly
then terminating in
a telson. Some of
the anterior limbs
may l>e chelate, :)s
in Plerttfrotim, and
the terminal joints
of the last pair arc
usually expanded
and paddle-like.
Also Kunfptfrina.
Eurypteridse
(u-rip-ter'i-de),
n. pi. [NL., < Euryptcrus + -ida;.] A family
of fossil Crustacea, taking name from the ge-
nus Enrypterus. See the extract.
Doraal VX^n cX Eurypttrus rtmifes.
Clh, cephalothorncjc shield, hearing a,
eyes, and *, c. d. t,f, locumutory limbs ; /,
telson.
Eurypterlds
The powerful body of the Euri/pterida . . . consists of
a cephalothoracic shield with median ocelli as well as lar^e
projecting mar)riiial eyes, also of an abdomen with nu-
merous sejnnents ^usually 12). which become longer poste-
riorly, and of a caudal shield, which is prolonged into a
spine. Round the mouth on the under side tliere are five
pairs of long spiny legs, of which the last is much the
largest, and ends in a broad swimming fln. Some of the
anterior appendages may be armed with a chela. The re-
semblance of the true Eurypteridce ... to the Scorpioni-
diB is very striliing. Ctaus, Zoology (trans.), I. 479.
Eurypterina (ivrip-te-ri'na), «. pi. [NL., <
Eurypterus + -Ina-.'] " Same as Eurypterida.
eurypterine (u-rip'te-rin), a. and n. I. a. Per-
taining to the Eurypterina.
II. «. Oue of the Eurypterina.
Eurypterus (u-rip'te-rns), n. [NL.,< Gr. evpvg,
wide, + TTTepov, wing.] 1. The typical genus
of Eurypteridce. E. remipes is an example. De
Kay, 1826. — 2. A genus of hesperid butterflies,
the type of which is E. gigas of the Peruvian
Andes. Mabille, 1877.
Eurypyga (ii-ri-pi'ga), n. [NL., < Gr. Apv^,
broad, + ~vyii, the rump.] A genus of birds,
2032
Dollar-bird t^Httrystotnus faci/icus).
eurythmy (u-rith'mi), «. [Also, improp., eu-
riiJimij ; < Gr.' tvpv6/jia, rhythmical order ormove-
ment, liarmony, < evpv0/joc, rhythmical, orderly,
< rf, well, + i>v6p6g, rhythm.] 1. In the fine
arts, harmony, orderliness, and elegance of pro-
portion.— 2. In med., regularity of pulse.
Surjrtoma (u-rit'o-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. evpvg,
broad, -I- rop?/, a cutting, a segment.] A genus
of hymenopterous insects, of the family Chalci-
didcB, founded by Rossi in 1807. ahe wings are
star-coral {Eusmilia knoeri). Left
branch shown in section.
Sun-bittem {Eurypyga helias).
constituting the family Eurypygidce. E. lielias
is the South American sun-bittem. Illiger,
1811.
Eurypygidae (li-ri-pij'i-de), n. pi [NL., < Eu-
rypyga + -id<B.'\ An American family of altri-
cial grallatorial birds ; the sun-bitterns. They
have a peculiar aspect, resembling both rails and herons,
with ample wings and tail, comparatively short legs and
low hind toe, slender bill, very slim neck, and soft plu-
mage of variegated colors. They lay blotched eggs. There
is but one ^'enus, Eurypyga.
Enrypygoideae (.ii''ri-pi-goi'de-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Eurypyga + -oidew.'] A superfamily of birds,
composed of the Eurypygidte, or American sun-
bitterns, the Rhynochoetidce, or kagus, of New
Caledonia, and the Madagasoan Mcsitida.
eunrpylous (u-rip'i-lus), a. [< '!^h. eurypylus,
< Gr. evpvKvAij^, with wide gates, < evpv^, wide,
-I- TTvh], a gate.] In zoiil., having large and
wide openings, placing the endodermal cham-
bers in direct and free communication with both
excurrent and ineurrent canals: said of a type
of sponge-struetvire.
This may be termed the eurypyloiis type of rhagon canal
system. Sollag, Encyc. Brit., XXII. 414.
Enrystomata (u-ri-sto'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of eurystomatus : see eurystomatous.']
An order of ctenophorans, having an oval or ob-
long body without oral lobes or tentacles, and
a very large mouth, whence the name. Beroe
and .Ve(.s are examples.
eurystomatous (li-ri-stom'a-tus), a. [< NL.
eurystomatus, < Gr. as if 'nipvaToparoc, equiv.
to eiipvaropoc, wide-mouthed, < eipvg, wide, + ard-
fia (ardpar-), mouth.] Having a wide or large
mouth. Speclflcally — (a) In herpet,, having a dilatable
mouth, as most serpents ; not angiostomatous.
The two halves of the jaw are raovably connected to-
gether in the eurygtomatoug Ophidii.
Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 463.
(6) In ctenophorans, pertaining to the Emystomata.
Also eurystomous.
eurystome (ii'ri-stom), n. A bird of the genus
Eiir>isto>iiHS.
eurystomous (ii-ris'to-mus), a. [< Gr. evpharo-
poc, wide-mouthed : see eurystomatous.'] Same
as eurystomatous.
Eurystomus (u-ris'to-mus), n. [NL., < Gr. cv-
pvaropoc, wide-mouthed: see eurystomatous.] A
genus of African, Indian, and Oriental piearian
l)irds, of the family CoraciitUe, having the bill
dilated and the coloration lilac or blue; the
broad-billed rollers. There are several species, of
which E. orientatis, one of the best-known, is chiefly blue,
with red bill and feet, and about 11 inches long. A sec-
tion, Cornoijut, contains the ruddy African and Madagas-
can eurystomeo.
Eurytcma frunicula.
a, female : *, male ; c, abdomen of female ; rf, abdomen of male ;
e, antenna of female ;y, antenna of male. ( Hair-lines show natural
sizes. )
perfectly hyaline ; the marginal vein is but slightly larger
than the stigmal ; the posterior tibiae are nearly smooth ;
the mesonotiim is umbilicate-punctate ; and the claws are
sharp. The species of this genus are especially parasitic
upon gall-making insects. E. prunieola is bred from the
oak-gall of Cynips quercus-prunits.
Eurytomidse (ti-ri-tom'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Eurytoma + -idee.] The Eurytominw regarded
as a family. Also Eurytomides. Walker; West-
wood.
Eurytominae (ii"ri-t9-mi'ne), ». pi. [NL., <
Eurytoma + -itue.] A subfamily of the para-
sitic hymenopterous family Chalcididm, found-
ed by Walker in 1832. It is distinguished by the very
prominent subquadrate pronotum, the abdomen usually
compressed from the sides and often highly arched, and
by the incised joints and conspicuous whorls of hair of
the antenna) in the male. The genus Isosoma of this
group is not parasitic, but plant-feeding.
Eusebian (u-se'bi-an), a. and n. [< Eusebius
+ -an. The proper'name Eusebius, Gr. Evaifiioc,
means ' pious, godly,' < Gr. cvaejif/p, pious, godly,
< ev, well, + ai,3eadm, honor with pious awe,
reverence, worship.] I. a. Of or pertaining
to Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop of
Constantinople in the fourth century A. D., or to
his doetrinae.
II. n. A follower of Eusebius. See Arian^.
Euselasia (ii-se-la'si-a), n. [NL. (cf. Gr. evae-
/Mog, bright-shining),"< Gr. rf, well, + iji?M(,
brightness.] A genus of butterflies, giving
name to the Etiselasiina, Hilbner, 1816.
Euselasiinse (li-se-la-si-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Euselasia + -ina'..] A subfamily of erycinid but-
terflies, containing over 70 species, in which the
wings are usually abruptly truncate at the apex,
with deep marginal sinuses. Also called Eury-
gonince.
Eusepii (u-se'pi-i), ». pi. [NL., < Gr. ev, well,
-t- (TT/iria, the cuttlefish.] A subfamily of sepi-
oid cuttlefishes, containing the typical squids :
same as the family Sepiida.
Euskara (us-ka'ra), n. [Basque.] The native
name of the Basque language. See Basque'^.
Euskarian (us-kar'i-an), a. [< EusMra -I- -tan.]
Basque. See Euskara.
Nor can we ever al)solutely know that the Basques did
not borrow their Euskanan dialect, as the French their
Romanic dialect.
Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., p. 275.
Eustathian
Eusmilia (u-smil'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. ti), well,
-t- api'At), a knife for cutting.] A genus of star-
corals, or epo-
rose madrepo-
rarian stone-
corals, of the
family Astraii-
dce, having a
cespitose po-
lypary. The
polyps are pro-
duced by fis-
sion, and re-
main only ba-
sally connect-
ed. E. knoeri
is an example.
Eusmiliinse (u-
smil-i-i'ne), n.
pi. [NL.,<£w-
smilia -t- -ince.]
A group of corals, taking name from the genus
Eusmilia. Also written Ensmilince.
Eusmilus (u-smi'lus), n. [NL., < Gr. cv, well, -I-
aplAog, poet, for apVka^, the jaw.] A genus of fos-
sil saber-toothed tigers, representing the cul-
mination of the machserodont dentition, having
in the lower jaw only four incisors, a pair of
small canines, one pair of premolars, and one
pair of sectorial molars. The ramus of the jaw
was greatly expanded to protect the enormous
upper canines.
Euspiza (u-spi'za), n. [NL. (Bonaparte, 1832),
< Gr. ev, well, 4- aniC.a, cm(,r), a finch.] A ge-
nus of North American buntings, of the family
Fringillidw, the type of which is the common
black-throated bunting of the United States,
E. americana. Also called Spiza.
Euspongia (u-spon'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. ev,
well, -i- airoyytd, aTrdyyoc, a sponge : see sponge.]
The typical genus of fibrous sponges of the fam-
ily Spongiidw, having a very elastic and homoge-
neous framework throughout. It contains the
ordinary bath-sponges, usually placed in Spon-
gia.
eusporangiate (u-spo-ran'ji-at), a. [< Gr. ev,
well, + NL. si>orangium + -ate^.] Having
sporangia formed from a group of epidermal
cells, as in OpMoglossacece and Marattiacece.
Compare leptosporangiate.
Eustachian (u-sta'ki-an), a. [< Eustachius +
-an. The proper name Eustachius (> It. Eusta-
chio, 8p. Estaquio, Pg. Estacio, F. Eustache, E.
Eustace) (sometimes confiised with Eustathius,
of different origin: see Eustathian) is from Gr.
evaraxvi, rich in com, blooming, fruitful, < ev,
weU, -I- a-dxvc, an ear of corn : see stachys.]
Pertaining to or named from Bartolomeo Eu-
staehio, an Italian anatomist (died 1574) Eu-
stachian canal. See canan.— Eustachian tube, the
tube .leading from the middle ear to the pharynx. It Is
the communication between the cavity of the tympanum
and that of the mouth. Jlorplndogically, this tube is a
part of the remains of the primitive visceral cleft of the
embryo which places the mouth in direct communication
with the exterior through the ear. Were it not for the
membrane of the tympanum or ear-drum, which stops up
the passage, there would be notiiiug to prevent the pas-
sage of a sufficiently slender and flexible probe from the
mouth through the Eustachian tube, tympanum, and ex-
ternal meatus of the ear, and the passage would corre-
spond to that of a twig or the finger into a fish's mouth
and out through one of the gill-slits. In man the Eusta-
chian tube is IJ to 2 inches long, directed downward, for-
ward, and inward from the tympanum to the fauces. It
is formed partly of bone, partly of gristly and fibrous tis-
sue. The bony part, about half an inch long, is included in
the temporal bone, between its squamosal and petrosal
portions. The cartilaginous part is about an inch long,
formed of a scroU-like piece of flbrocartilage, the interval
between whose edges is completed by fibrous tissue. It
is trumpet- or funnel-shaped, and ends by an oral orifice
at the upper back part of the pharynx, a little to one
side of the median line, and nearly opposite the middle
meatus of the nose. The nnicous membrane of the pha-
rynx continues directly through the tube, and is covered
with ciliated epithelium. See cut under ear.— Eusta-
chian valve, a semi-lunar mendu-anous fold in the right
auricle of the heart, between the mouth of the inferior
vena cava and the auriculoventricular aperture, serving
to direct the course of the blood.
Eustathian (u-sta'thi-an), a. and «. [< Eusta-
thius -i- -an. The proper name Eustathius (>
It. Eustazio, F. Eustathe, G. Eustathius. etc.)
(sometimes confused with Eustachius, as above)
is from (Jr. eva-a&jQ, well-based, well-built,
steady, stable, <ev, well, -1- a-ad-, as in araSepdc,
steady, firm, stable, < laravai, set up, cause to
stand: see stand, steady.] I. a. Of or pertain-
ing to Eustathius. See II.
II. n. 1. A member of the orthodox faction
in Antiooh in the fourth century A. D., who ob-
jected to the replacing of Eustathius, Bishop
of Antioch, by an Arian. — 2. A member of an
Enstathian
extreme ascetic sect of the fourth centiuy a. d.,
probably so called from Eustathius, Bishop of
Sebaste in Pontus.
For the churches of the reformation, I am certain they
acquit . . . the Eu^talhiani for denying invocation of
saints. J'r. Taylor. Worlis (ed. Is3;j), II. 317.
Eostomata (u-sto'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of eiishnnatm: see eiis't'omatous.'i 1. A super-
family of Infusoria, having a definite oral aper-
ture, whence the name. Tlie eetosarc i.-* compara-
tively flmi, and the botly, as a rule, is less plastic than
is usual in infusorians. There are not more than two
Bat'ella. There are several families and numerous Renera,
2. In Saville Kent's system, one of four classes
of I'rotozoa, consisting of most of the Infusoria,
as Ciliata, CiUoflagellata, and some other forms.
eastomatoOB (u-stom'a-tus), a. [< Nil. eusto-
miitiis, < Gr. as if *£tiTf<j//arof, equiv. to twrro/zof,
haviug a good month, < tv, well, + ardiia (oto-
tiar-), mouth.] Having a well-formed mouth
or definite oral aperture; specifically, having
the cliaracters of the Eustomata.
EnstrongyltlS (li-stron'ji-lus), ». [NL., < Gr.
ev, well, -t- NL. Strottgylup, q. v.] A genus of
nematoid worms, of the family Strongylidce:
same as Stroiigi/lus proper. E. itigat is a large para-
sitic neiuU'iid w.irm, found in the kidneys and elsewhere
in various animals, rarely in man. The female may at-
tain a Kii_'tli of a meter and a thickness of a centimeter,
or a little more ; usually the dimensions are much less.
The male is only one third the length of the female. DU-
fiii-i. 1851.
eostyle (ii'stil), a. [< Gr. ebarv^, with goodly
2033
euzenite
salt fnsed per se acts as a solvent to another salt, forming euthytatic (u-thi-tat ' ik), a. [< Gr. evd{t(,
eutectic Mlt_ alloys, simil^ to rafwtic metallic alloys and straight, + Tiat(, a stretching, tension, < Torof,
the cryohydrates. F. Guthne, ^ature, XXXIII. 21. ^.^^^^|j ^'^. ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^|^^^^ . ^^ ,^„^i j
n. «. A eutectic substance or mixture, as In }>hymcs, pertaining to direct or longitudinal
an alloy. stress. Rankins, Royal Society, June 21, 1855.,
Euterpe (u-ter'pe), «. [L., < Gr. 'Eivripnti, one eutomous (ii'to-mus), a. [< Gr. evTo/xoc, well-
of the Muses, lit. the well-pleasing, < ev, well,
+ TtpTetv, please, delight.] 1. la classic myth.,
one of the Muses, a divinity of joy and plea-
sure, inventress of the double flute, favoring
rather the wild and simple melodies of primi-
tive peoples than the more finished art of mu-
sic, and associated more with Bacchus than with
Apollo ; the patroness of flute-players. She is
usually represented as a virgin crowned with flowers, hav-
ing a flute in her hand, or with various ntusical instru-
ments about her.
2. [NL.] A genus of palms, having slender cy-
lindrical stems, sometimes nearly 100 feet in
height, crowned by a tuft of pinnate leaves, with
the leaflets narrow, regular, and close together.
The bases of the leaf -stalks are dilated, and form cylindri-
cal sheaths round a considerable portion of the upper part
of the stem. The fruit is a small drupe. There are 7 or
8 species, natives of South America and the West Indies.
E. oUracta and B. edulix are cabhaKe-palma, the growing
bud of which is eaten. The fruit of the first fnnitsbes an
oil, and the wood is used for floors. The latter is the
assai-palm of Brazil, which has a fruit resembling a sloe
in size and color, from which a beverage called assail is
made. .Mixed with cassava flour, assal-i forms an impor-
tant article of diet.
3. [NL.] In zool. : (a) A genus of butterflies.
Also called Archonias. Svcainson, 1831. (6) A
divided (of a city), lit. well-cut, < sv, well,
TOfidf, verbal ad,], of refiveiv, raneiv, out.] In min-
eral., having distinct cleavages ; cleaving read-
ily-
Entozeres (ii-tok-se'rez), n. [NL., < Gr. ev,
well, + Toi^pT/c, furnished with a bow, bowed, <
To^ov, a bow (see toxic), + apapianeiv (y/ *ap), join,
fit, equip.] A gentis of TroehilicUe of large size
't^r,fmns,"w^th'coiumM"at the pMi)^r intli^"aTs, genu* of crustaceans. Ctai«, 1862
< f r. well -I- orD>.of, a column, piUa^ see styk'^.l Euterpean (u-t6r'p^-an), a. [< Euterpe + -a«.]
' ' ^' -'*■ .-'.J Pertaining or relating to Euterpe ; hence, per-
Having the columns at the proper intervals;
specifically, in arch., noting an intercolumnia-
tion of two and a quarter diameters.
ensynchite (u-sing'kit), n. [< Or. ei, well, +
avj fdt, commingle (< oir, together, + X"'^j X""'
pour), 4- -ite^.] A native vanadate of lead and
zinc, occurring in nodular or stalaetitic forms
of a vellowish-red color.
Eutaenla (u-te'ni-S), ». [NL., < Gr. ev, well,
-t- ratvia, a band: see Tania.^ In zool.: (n) A
large genus of common, harmless colubriform
serpents : the garter-snakes, so called from their
characteristic striped coloration. There are alMut
■>ii sill i, , in North America, of which the best-known are
A' -;r'"/'v anil E. taurita, the common striped and the
ixiii garter-suake. (fc) A genus of ceram-
;.,
taiuiiig to rau.sic.
euthanasia (u-tha-na'si-a), n. fNL., < Gr. ev-
bamaia, an easy, happj death, < evSdvaToc, dying
easily or happily, < ev, well, -I- davaroc, death.]
An easy, tranquil death ; death of an easy, pain-
less kind.
A recoTery in my cue and at mrage !• imposaible; the
kindest wish of my friends Is euthantuia.
Arbulkiwt, To Pope.
Thongh we conceive that, from causes which we have
already Investigated, our poetry must neceaurily have
declined, we think that, unless its fate had been acceler-
ated by external attacks, it might have enjoyed an eu-
thanania. Maeaulay, Dryden.
I&ward euth&iuisia, freedom from distress, fear, and
agitat ji>n of niind in one's last hours.— Outward eutba-
., . ««««,".„' «T;tT. I7i.^..f..vi... ...;.> nasla. freedom fnun iMHlily pain in death.
1^7 Tri^rus of aS m.^ h ■ euth^asy (u-than'a-si or ii'tha-na-zi), n. [<
;. l^- R^'LiCTrol ?he -I^ZI^: e««Aa»*««.] same as euthanasia.
Dare I, profane, so irreligious be.
To greet or grieve her soft tutkantuy
Sickle-billed Humming-bird {Eutoxeres afuiia).
and rather plain coloration, wedge-tailed, and
with falcate bill bent into nearly a third of a
circle ; the sickle-billed or bow-billed humming-
birds. There are three species, of Central
America, Colombia, and Ecuador.
eutrophic (u-trof'ik), a. and n. [< eutrophu +
-I'c] I. a. Pertaining to or promoting healthy
nutrition.
n. n. A medical agent employed to improve
the nutrition.
eutrophy (li'tro-fl), «.
having as type E. seaputoaa from the Transvaal.
Wallengren, 1876.
eutaxiological (fl-tak'si-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< eu-
liirinliiqij + -ic.<il.] Pertaining to eutaxiology.
[Kare.'i
One of which [argaments] he calls the teteological and
the other the eutaxiotoffieai. The American, XXVI "'8.
eutaxiology (u-tak-si-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ev, well,
+ rii^.c, onler, + -/Jiyia, < /Uyetv, speak: see
-ology.] The doctrine of plan or method as an
argument for the existence of God: correlated
with teleology, the doctrine of design or purpose
in the same argument. Hicks, 1883. [Rare.]
Entheria (u-the'ri-|), n.
well, + Ot/piov, a beast.]
proposed by Gill in 1872 for one of the major
groups of the Mammalia, including the Mono-
delphin and the Didelphia, as together contrast-
ed with I'rolotheria. (6) Restricted later by
Huxley to the Monodelfhia, the Didelphia be-
ing called Metatheria: in this sense, an exact
synonym of Monodelphia and I'laeentalia.
euthumiat, »• See euthymia.
^__ [< Gr. fw-po^/o, good nur-
ture,"thriving condition, < evrjm^, nourishing,
well-nourished, thriving < ev, well, + rpt^iv,
nourish.] In physiol., healthy nutrition.
eutropic (u-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. evrporroc,^ easily
turning (used in sense of 'versatile'), < "', well,
+ rpeireiv, turn: see tropic.'] In 6ot., revolving
with the sun ; dextrorse, as that word is often
.. _, . used. Gray.
B. Joiuon, l'nderwoo<l8, ciL Eutychian (u-tik'i-an), a. and n. [< Eutyches
" -I- -ian. ThopropernameA'ufwfAe»,<Gr.Ei)rv^f,
i\ A ] * — ^ « ff«-*
pi. I;NL.. < Gr.
In zool.: (a) A term
entaxitic (ii-tak-»it'ik), a. [Irreg. < eutaxy + euthymia (ii-thim'i-a), «. [NL., < Gr. eHhuia.
-ite'i + -ic. The analogical fonn would be "PM- ' "'" * • - .
lactic.] Characterized by eutaxy ; well-ordered.
Kutaxitie, which
Theylth* apparently distinct types] were evidently all
derived from one magma, and exhibit very beautifully the
structure tenneil by Fritft<'h and Iteias k\
is so commonly olMterved in aciif
phonolite. Am^r.
\ mtaxy (il'tak-si), n. [< Gr. tvra^ia, good ar-
rangement, good order, < f troxrof, well-ordered,
orderly, < ev, well, + raxT^r, verbal adj. of raa-
etai, arrange, order : see taetie.] Good or right
order.
a composed condition of mind, tranquillity, <
(i; well, + 6vii6^, mind.] Philosophical cheer-
fulness and calm ; the avoidance of disturbing
passions, as inculcated by Demoeritus and Epi-
curus.
means 'having good fortune, fortunate, lucky,'
< ev, well, + Tvx'l, fortune.] I. a. Of or per-
taining to Eutyches or his doctrine.
n. n. A follower or one holding the doctrine
of Eutyches, a monk of Constantinople in the
fifth century, who taught that Christ had but
one nature, the divine, so that it was proiier to
say that God had been crucified for us. He was
an opponent of Nostorius, and the founder of
the sect of Monophysitcs. See Monophysite.
EutycManism (u-tik'i-an-izm), M. [< Eutychian
+ -iKm.] The doctrine of Eutyches, or belief
in his doctrine.
The orthodox doctrine maintains, against Eulychianittn,
. . . the distinction of natures even after the act of incar-
nation, without contusion or conversion.
J . Sehaff. Christ and Christianity, p. 65.
,, „ , , , ^ prime di- ^ > ■
vision of anisopleural gastropods, containing euxanthic (uk-san'thik), a. [< etixanth-in +
those in which the visceral nerve-loop is not -i>-.] Pertaining to or derived from euxanthin.
twisted, as in the opisthobranehs andpulmo- -Euxanthic acid C2,n,„o,,, an acid obtained from
vr,MJv^«, . , , i, i„ I * • *i. imrree or liniiaii yellow (see e«j:rt»/nrn); it forms yellow
nifers. It includes the two orders of opistho- ;,„„,,„„„„i8 „ith the alkalis and the earths. Also called
branchiate and pulmonate gastropods. jmrrrii- nrid.
This ambition made Abalom rebel; nay, It endangered euthTOSUTal (u-thi-nii'ral), a. Pertaining to eUXanthin (iik-san'thin), n. [< Gr. ev, well, +
^'^^^^^i^^l^^^^'f^f^f^.,.^.^.^ or havi.m the character^of the £«<Ayn«iro. " ..-..„, ™.
(r«terAou«,ApoI.forL..n.lnB(l«»).p.m. e^jthyneUTOUS (u-thi-nu'rus), a. Sami as ct«%.
1^ eutectic (u-tek'tik), a. and n. [< Qr. el, well, neural.
+ ri/Keiv,
|fy: solidifying at a low temperature: specifl- Possessing rigiit symmetry ; having such a re-
* cally applied by Guthrie to a mixture of sub- Ution of parts that the one half is like the im-
■ stances m such proportions that the fusing- age of the other in a mirror.
While the mean lines He In the plane of symmetry, the
planes of the optiq axes for different colours may be per-
pendicular to this plane. In this cue the ttauroscopic
':/™r''^.',T.i;'^''.xxvVa S?." Euthyneura (u-thi-nu'rs), «. pi. [NL,, < Gr.
, , fioif, straight, + vevpov, nerve.J A
„ ^u-^o. ».»/, M. ■•••>» ™. 1 ^ v»i. n, nt.i. neural.
V, melt, fuse, > riyxTfif, molten, dissolved euthysymmetrical (u'thi-si-met'ri-kal), a. [<
mic, able to dissolve).] I. a. Fusing easi- Gr. i i«i f, straiglit, + avfifuTprndi, symmetrical.]
point is lower than that of either of the con-
stituents themselves. Alloys are regarded u eatectle
I coopoands, and theaame principles apply to the mixture*
ct fnaed ailleatee o( wlilcli Tolcanic gfau, tlags, etc., are
fanned.
Metallic alloy
the ratio
' Ing the :
when metai<4 do utiite iti atomic ratios the alloy prodoced
iani:vvT rufrclic, i. e. having a minimum solidifying point.
Thus pure cast-iron Is not a carbide of iron, but an eutec-
tic alloy of carlM>n and iron. Similar hyperchemical maaa
ratios are found to exist among anhydrous salts ; when one
128
llic alloys are true homologues of the cnrohydrates ; euthTSmUnetrically (li ' thi - si -
''lo!;::,';!;c'lt;y;'"Jl?i;;?',t'^ira\':fmriC2S ""'• r» » euthysym'metncal ma
figure is of course etUhw)fmmetricai to the trace of the
piano of symmetry. Spoltttwoode, Polarisation, p. 112.
met'ri-kal-i),
manner.
The first mean line for each color may He In the plane
containing the oblique axes of the system. The planes
containing the optic axes may lie in this plane. In this
case the trace of this plane divides ruthytummtlrically the
Btauroflcoplc figure. Spottincoode, Polarisation, p. 112.
iai^ui; yellow, + -in2. ] The essential constitu-
ent of purree or Indian yellow, which is used
as a pigment, it Is obtained from India, and is said to
lie ilcriveil from the bile or urine of buffaloes which have
licen fed on mango-leaves, and also from that of the camel
and elephant It is also said to lie ol)taine<l from a vege-
table juice saturated with magnesia and l>oiled down. It
forms small yellow crystals, and is the magnesium salt of
euxanthic or pnrreic acid.
euzanthone (tik-san'thon), «. [< Gr. ev, well,
-I- faiOiif, yellow, + -one.] A neutral crystal-
line substance (C20H12O6) derived from pur-
ree or Indian vellow.
euxenite (iik'se-nit), n. [So called in allusion
to the number of different metals it contains;
< Gr. rvSevoc, hospitable, friendly (see Euxine),
+ -ite^.] A brownish-black mineral with a sub-
metallic luster, found in Norway, which con-
tains the metals yttrium, niobium (columbium),
titanium, uranium, and some others.
Euzine
Enxine (uk'sin), n. [< L. Euxinus (so. ponttts)
or Eiixinum (sc. mare), < Gr. Eif f(raf, Ionic form
of Ev^evoi (so. jrcirrof ), lit. the hospitable sea,
a change, perhaps euphemistic, from the ear-
lier name "A^cvo^, i. e., inhospitable, so called
with ref. to the savage tribes surrounding it;
<H; well (or a- priv.), + fevof, a stranger, guest.]
The ancient name of the sea between Russia
and Asia Minor, still often used ; the Black Sea.
eyacatet (e-va'kat), v. i. [< L. e, out, + vaca-
tur, pp. of vacare, be empty: see vacate.'} To
evacuate; discharge.
Dry air opens the surface of the earth to disincarcerate
venene botlies, or to evacate them.
Harvey, On the Plague.
evacuant (e-vak'u-ant), a. and n. [< L. eva-
cuan{t-)s, ppr. of evacuare: see evactiate.'] I.
a. In nied., emptying; provoking evacuation
or the act of voiding ; purgative.
n. n. 1. A medicine which procures evacu-
ations, or promotes the normal secretions and
excretions.
In some cases the influence of an evacuant over a se-
creting organ may be remote.
Pereira, Materia Medica, p. 234.
2. In organ-building, a valve to let out the air
from the bellows.
eracaate (f-vak'u-at), v.; pret. and pp. evacu-
ated, ppr. evacuating. [< L. evacuatm, pp. of
evacuare (> It. evacuare = Pg. Sp. Pr. evacuar =
F. ivaeuer), empty out, discharge, < c, out, -f va-
cuarc, make empty, < vacuus, empty: see vacu-
ous.'] I. trans. 1. To make empty; cause to
be emptied; free from anything contained : as,
to ecacMote a vessel ; to evacuate the stomach
by an emetic. [Now rare except in medical use.]
There is no good way of prevention but by evacuating
clean, and emptying the church. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
Hence — 2. To leave empty; vacate; depart
from; quit: as, the enemy evacuated the place.
They understood that Prince Rupert and others of tlie
King's party were marclied out of the town in pursuance
of thera, and that tlie garrison would be entirely evacu-
ated before they could signify their pleasure to the army.
Ludlow, Memoirs, I. 14.
The Norwegians were forced to evacuate the country.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist., ii. 6.
3. To make void or empty of something essen-
tial; deprive; strip. [Bare.]
Evacuate the Scriptures of their most important mean-
ing. Coleridge.
Mr. Marsh, in passing sentence on "in respect of, "taltes
his stand on an idea of grammar which evaeuateg the by-
gone usage of our ancestors of all authority to determine
what it was right that they should say.
P. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 86.
4t. To make void; nullify; make of no effect;
vacate : as, to evacuate a marriage or a contract.
Lest the cross of Christ should be evacuated and made
of none effect, he came to make this fulness perfect by in-
stituting and establishing a church. Donne, Sermons, i.
General councils may become invalid, either by their
own fault, or by some extrinsical supervening accident,
either of which eva^itat^H their authority.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 345.
He that pretends a disability . . . evacuates the precept.
South.
6. To void; discharge; eject: as, to evacuate
excrementitious matter.
The white Ihellebore] dote evaeuat the offencive humours
which cause diseases. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxv. 4.
H.t intrans. To produce an evacuation, as
by letting blood.
If the malady continue, it is not amiss to evacuate in a
part in the forehead. Burton, Anat. of Mel.
eyacnatiot (e-vak-u-a'shi-o), n. [LL.: see evac-
uation.'] In medieval music, the writing of full-
faced notes in outline only, by which their value
was reduced one half.
evacaatioil (e-vak-u-a'shon), n. [= F. Evacua-
tion = Pr. evacuacio = Sp. evacuacion = Pg.
evacua<;So = It. evacuazione, < LL. evacuatio{n-),
< L. evacuare, make empty, evacuate : see evac-
uate.] 1. The act of evacuating or exhausting;
the act of emptying or clearing of contents;
clearance by removal or withdrawal, as of an
army or garrison : as, the evacuation of the bow-
els ; the evacuation of a theater, or of a besieged
town.
A country so exhausted . . . was rather an object that
stood in need of every kind of refreshment and recruit
than one which could subsist under new evacuatUmit.
Burke, Affairs of India.
2. A diminution of the fluids of an animal body
by cathartics, venesection, or other means ; de-
pletion.
Where the humour Is strong and predominant, there
the prescription must be rugged, and the evacuation vio-
lent. South, Works, IX. v.
2034
St. Abolition.
Popery hath not been able to re-establish itself in any
place, after provision made against it by utter evacuatifin
of all Homish ceremonies. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
4. That which is evacuated or discharged ; es-
pecially, a discharge by stool or other natural
means: as, dark-colored evacuations Evacua-
tion day, the day on which the British troops evacuated
the city of New York after the treaty of peace and inde-
pendence, November 25th, 1783, which has since been an-
nually celel>rated there.
evacuative (f-vak'u-a-tiv), a. [= F. ivacuatif
= Pr. eracuatiu =^p. Pg. It. evacuativo; as
evacuate + -ive.] Serving or tending to evac-
uate ; cathartic ; purgative.
evacuator (e-vak ii-a-tor), n. [< evacuate -t-
-or.] One who or that which evacuates, emp-
ties, or makes void.
Take lieed, be not too busy in imitating any father in a
dangerous expression, or in excusing the great evacuutorn
of the law. Hammond, Works, I. 176.
evacuatoryt (f-vak'u-a-to-ri), n. ; pi. evacua-
tories (-riz). [< evacuate + -ory.] A purge.
Davies.
An imposthume calls for a lance, and oppletion for un-
palatable evacuatoriei. Qentleman Instructed, p. 309.
evacuityt (e-va-lm'i-ti), n. [Improp. for va-
cuitij, with prefix taken from evacuate.] A va-
cancy.
Fit it was, therefore, so many evacuitien should be filled
up, to mount the meeting to a competent number.
Fuller, Ch. Hist., XI. ix. 7.
evadable, evadible (e-va'da-bl, -di-bl), a. [<
evade + -able, -iblc] Capable of being evaded.
De Quinceij ; Coleridge.
evade (f-vad'), v.; pret. and pp. evaded, ppr.
evading'. [= F. evader = Sp. Pg. eradir = It.
evadere, < L. evadere, tr. pass over or beyond,
leave behind, escape from, intr. go out, go
away, < e, out, -1- vadere, go : see wade. Cf. in-
vade, pervade.] I. trans. 1. To avoid by effort
or contrivance ; escape from or elude in any
way, as by dexterity, artifice, stratagem, or
address ; slip away from ; get out of the way
of: as, to evade a blow; to evade pursuers.
In this point cliarge him home, that he alfecta
Tyrannical power: If he evade us there.
Enforce him with his envy to the people.
Shak., Cor., iii. 3.
Where shall the line be drawn between free Greece and
free Bulgaria? It must surely be tlie friglitful diflSculty of
this question . . . which makes diplomatists so anxious
to evade it by leaving an enslaved land between the two.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 226.
He seemed always to pursue an enticing shadow, which
always just evaded his grasp.
C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 9.
2. To escape the reach or comprehension of ;
baffle or foil : as, a mystery that evades inquiry.
We have seen how a contingent event baffles man's
knowledge and evades his powers. South.
H. intrans. If. To escape ; slip away : with
from.
His wisdom, by often evading from perils, was tunied
rather into a dexterity to deliver himself from dangers,
than into a providence to prevent. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.
2. To practise evasion; use elusive methods.
The ministers of God are not to evade and take refuge
in any of these two forementioned ways. South, Sermons.
He [Charles I.] hesitates ; he evades; at last he bargains
to give his assent for five subsidies. Macaulay.
evadible, a. See evadable.
evagation (e-va-ga'shon), n. [= F. evagation
= Sp. evagacio'n = It." evagazione, < L. evaga-
fto(«-), a wandering, straying, < evagari, wander
forth, < e, out, -I- vagari, wander: see vagrant.]
The act of wandering ; excursion ; a roving or
rambling. [Bare.]
These long chains of lofty mountains, which run through
whole continents east and west, serve to stop the evaga-
tion of the vapours to the north and south in hot coun-
tries. Bay.
evaginable (e-vaj'i-na-bl), a. [< evagin(ate)
+ -able.] Capable of being evaginated or un-
sheathed; protrusible.
evaginate (f-vaj'i-nat), v. t.; pret. and pp. eva-
ginated, ppr.' evaginating. [< LL. evaginatus, pp.
of evaginare, unsheathe, < L. e, out, + vagina, a
sheath: see vagina.] To unsheathe ; withdraw
from a sheath : opposed to invaginate.
evagination (f-vaj-i-na'shon), n. [< LL. eva-
ginatio(n-), a spreading out, lit. unsheathing, <
evaginare, unsheathe: see evaginate.] 1. The
act of unsheathing. Craig. [Rare.] — 2. In
zool. : (a) The act or process of evaginating,
unsheathing, or withdrawing ; hence, a protru-
sion of some part or organ, (ft) That which
is protruded, unsheathed, or evaginated : said
of any protrusible part or organ.
evanescently
The eye [of chelonians] occurs as a hollow vertical eva.
gination from the upper surface of the pineal outgrowth,
and leaves the stalk of the latter at the beginning of its
distal fourth, measuring from its rear end.
Amer. Naturalist, XXI. 1126.
evalt (e'val), a. [< L. axum, an age (see age,
etern), + -al. Cf. coeval.] Relating to an age.
Every one at all skilled in the Greek language knows that
olbtv, age, and atuif to«, eval, improperly everlasting, do nut
convey the ideas of a proper eternity.
Letter to Abp. of Canterbury (1791), p. 67.
evaluate (e-val'u-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. eval-
uated, pipT.'evaluuting. [< F. evaluer, value, es-
timate (< e- -t- value, value: see value), + -ate^.]
To determine or ascertain the value of; ap-
praise carefully ; specifically, in math., to ascer-
tain the numerical value of.
To evaluate the effect produced under the second hy-
pothesis, ... it is necessary to employ mathematical
analysis of a high order.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser. , XXXI. 297.
The evidence is of a kind which it is peculiarly difficult
either to disentangle or evaluate.
Hep. Comm. Soc. Psych, Besearch, 1884, p. 24.
evaluation (e-val-u-a'shqn), n. [< F. evalua-
tion (> late ML. evdluatio), < evaluer, value : see
evaluate.] Careful valuation or appraisement;
specifically, in math., the ascertainment of the
numerical value of any expression : as, the eval-
uation of a definite integral, of a probability,
of an expectation, etc.
Before applying the doctrine of chances to any scientific
purpose, the foundation must be laid for an evaluation of
the chances, by possessing ourselves of the utmost attain-
aide amount of positive knowledge.
J. S. Mill, Logic, III. xviii. § 3.
evalvular (e-val' vu-lar), a. [< L. e- priv. -t- NL.
valvula, dim. of L. vulva, valve : see valvular.]
In bot., without valves ; not opening by valves.
evanesce (ev-a-nes'), v. i.; pret. and pp. eva-
nesced, ppr. evanescing. [< L. evanescere, vanish
away, < e, out, -(- vanescere, vanish : see vanish.
Cf. evanish.] 1. To vanish away or by degrees;
disappear gradually ; fade out or away ; be dis-
sipated : as, evanescing colors or vapors.
I believe him to have evanesced or evaporated.
De Quincey, Confessions, p. 79.
Platitudinous is, unquestionably, very much more ser-
viceable than any evanescing squib of only one or twc
syllables. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 310.
2. To disappear, as the edge of a polyhedron,
by the rotation of two adjacent faces into one
plane. Kirkman.
evanescence (ev-a-nes'ens), n. [< evanescent:
see -f«ce.] 1. A vanishing away ; gradual de-
parture or disappearance ; dissipation, as of va-
por.
The sudden evanescence of his reward.
Johnson, Rambler, No. 163.
Taking the world as if is, we may well doubt whether
more would not be lost than gained by the evanesceiy:e of
the standard of honour, whether among boys or men.
H. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 237.
2. The quality of being evanescent ; liability
to vanish and escape observation or posses-
sion : as, the evanescence of mist or dew ; the
evanescence of earthly hopes.
evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent), a. [< L. evanes-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of evanescere, vanish away: see
evanesce.] 1. Vanishing, or apt to vanish or be
dissipated, like vapor; passing away; fleeting:
as, the pleasures and joys of life are evanescent.
We cannot approach beauty. Its nature is, like opaline
doves' neck lustres, hovering and evanescent.
Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 162.
In 1604 the astronomer Kepler . . . saw, between Jupi-
ter and Saturn, a new, brilliant, evanescent star.
Harpers Mag., LXXVI. 169.
He [Wordsworth] seems to have caught and fixed for-
ever in immutable grace the most evanescent and intangi-
ble of our intuitions, the very ripple-marks on the remot-
est shores of being.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 243.
2. Lessening or lessened beyond the reach of
perception; impalpable; imperceptible.
The difference between right and wrong, in some petty
cases, is almost evanescent. \Yollaston.
It is difficult to define what Is so evanescent, so impal-
pable, so chimerical, so unreal.
Sumner, True Grandeur of Nations.
3. In not. hist., unstable; unfixed; hence, un-
certain; unreliable: applied toeharacters which
are not fixed or uniformly present, and there-
fore are valueless for scientific classification. —
4. In c«to/H., tending to become obsolete in one
part; fading out: as, antennal scrobes evanes-
cent posteriorly.
evanescently (ev-a-nes 'ent-li), adv. In an
evanescent or vanisliing manner.
So quickly and evanescently as to pass unnoticed.
Chalmers, Bridgewater Treatise, II. i. 310.
apostlea alone were the depositaries of the
effect eoanffeL
I
1
■
evanescible
evanescible (ev-a-nes'i-bl), a. [< eranesee +
-ible.] Capable of evanescing — Evanescible edge
of a polyhedrr.H. one which is not terniiiuttt'd liy :i triace
nor is in'two faces that have one one summit and the otlier
another, tliat are in one face.
evangel (f-van'jel), ». [Early mod. E. also
ecangell, evangile, < ME. evangile, evaungile,
evangelie, ewangely, etc., < OF. eraiigile, P. evan-
gile = Pr. evangeli = Sp. evangelio = Pg. eran-
gelho = It. evangelio = D. evangelie = G. Dan.
Sw. ctangelium, < LL. evangelium, prop, euan-
geliuin (the change in pronunciation of «, Gr.
I', to r before a vowel being a late development
in both L. and Gr.), the gospel, < Gr. tva}-yc/uov
(in New Testament), the gospel, lit. good news,
flad tidings, being used in this lit. sense by
iutareh, Lucian, etc., and earlier by Cicero
(written as Gr.); in classical Gr. only in the
proper sense of 'a reward for good news, given
to the messenger'; usually in pi. ftajjf/.m (ef.
nay/i'/ua Svetv, make a thank-offering for good
news ; dietv, make sacrifice) ; < eidj^r/of , bring-
ing good news, < ci, well, + ayycUjciv, bring
news, bear a message, announce, > 5)7eXoc, a
messenger, later an angel : see angel.l 1. The
gospel, or one of the Gospels. [Obsolete or ar-
chaic]
The EtangxUt and Acta teach us what to believe, but
the Epistles of the Apostles what to do.
Donne, Letters, xcvi
The first
pare and pel
Swin/wme.'FortnlghUy Rev., N. 8., XUI. 170.
2. [In later use, with ref. to orig. sense.] Good
tidings.
Above all the Servians . . . read with much avidity
the eeanffUe of their freedom. Landor.
We wait for thy coming, sweet wind of the south.
Fur the touch uf thy light wing*, the kiss of thy mouth;
For the yearly erarurei thon bntrest from God,
Aeanrrection and lite to the graves of the sod !
Whittier, April.
Paul and .Silas, in their prison,
8ang of Christ, the Lord arisen, . . .
Bat, alas ! what holy angel
Brings the Slave this glad nangtlt
LtmgfMow, Slave Singing at Midnight
I this sense prop. < Gr. evayye'Ko^, bringing
1 news : see etymology.] A messenger or
earerof good tidings; an evangelist. [Kare.]
When Uw eMMfxK moat toil'd souls to winne,
Even then there was a falling trtmi the f.iitli.
Stirling, Doomes-day, Second Houre.
Strong frienfis in the ranks of the enemy saved the rash
nanffet of the rights of labor. The Money-Makert, p. S14.
evangelian (e-van-jel'ian), a. [A forced sense,
< eramitl + -ian (cf. Gr. tvayyCAtm, a reward for
good tidings) : see evangel.'^ Bendering thanks
for favors. Craig.
evangeliary (6-van-je^I-a-l:^, ».; pi. evangeli-
uritg (-riz). [< ML. erangeliarium, < LL. eran-
oe/ium, gospel: see evangel.} Same hs evange-
Itjitary.
The exiattng Oreek and Syrlac leotionariaa, or ntrngel-
iariet and synaxartea, . . . which cootain the Scripture
reading leaaonafor the churches.
Sehaf, Uist Christ Church, I. i 81.
evangelic (e-van-jel'ik), a. [Early mod. E. eran-
ijiUi-f:, erangelik : = F. ^angelique = Pr. evange-
lic = Sp. erangclico = Pg. It. evangelico (ct. D. G.
evangciisch = Dan. Sw. evangelitk), < LL. evan-
gelicus, prop, euangelicus (see evangel), < Gr.
tvayye/uKi^, of or for the gospel, of or for good
tidings, < eixiyyihav, the gospel, good tidings:
see evangel.] Same as evangeUieu.
In the tother parte (a* it were with an eyumgelOc ser-
mone) he calleth tliem all and vs to the knowledge of
Cryste. J<V< Expoa. of Daniel, ii.
What emnqtUe religion Is, is told In two words : faith and
charitic ; or beleef and practise. Milton, Clrll Power.
Such ihfear of God's power and Justice as is sweetly al-
laye<i and tempered by a sense of his goodnesa : that is, if
It tie an rvanffelie and filial fear, composed of an equal mix-
ture of awe and delight, of love and reverence.
Bp. Ati€rtmry, Sermons, II. xv.
evangelical (e-van-jel'i-kal), o. and n. [< evan-
gelic + -«/.] I. a. 1. Of'or pertaining to the
gospel of Jesus Christ; comprised in or relat-
ing to the ('liristian revelation or dispensation :
as, tlif f IV) //(//Vicoi books of the New Testament ;
the KKiiiijriirnI narrative or history; ecangrli-
eal interpretation. — 2. Conformable to the re-
quirements or principles of the gospel, espe-
cially as thfse tire sot fortli in the New Testa-
ment; charaetJTizfMl by or iniinifestingthe H|iirit
of ('hrist; consonant with the Christian faith:
as, evangelical doctrine.
The righteoiianeaaennifwUeai must be like Christ'sseam-
leaa coat, all of a piece fnmi the top to the iNittom ; it must
Invest the wbule souL Jer. Taylor. Hemions, III. L
2035
The first requisite, in order to extemporaneous preach-
ing, is a heart glowing and beating with evangelical affec-
tions. Shedd, Homiletics, ix.
3. Adhering to and contending for the doc-
trines of the gospel: specifically applied to a
section in the Protestant churches who profess
to base their principles on Scripture alone, and
who give distinctive prominence to such doc-
trines as the corruption of man's nature by the
fall, atonement by the life, sufferings, and death
of Christ, justification by faith in Christ, the
work of the Holy Spirit in conversion and sanc-
tification, and the divine exercise of free and
unmerited grace.
One of Uie Evangelical clergy, a disciple of Venn.
George Eliot, Scenes from Clerical LIfei x.
"Mrs-Waulealwayshasiilackcrapeon. . . ." "Andshe
is not in the least evanoelical," said Rosamond, ... as if
that religious point of view would have fully accounted for
perpetual crape. George Eliot, Middieniarch, xii.
4. In a restricted sense, relating or pertaining
to the spirituality of the gospel; seeking to
promote conversion and a sfrictly religious
fife: as, ecnni/e/K'a/ preaching or labors Evan-
gelical Alliance, the name of an association of Chris-
tians belonging to the evangelical denominations. It was
organized by a world's convention in London in 1846, and
iU object is to promote Christian intercourse between the
different orthodox Protestant denominations and more
effective cooperation in Christian work. Branches of the
Alliance exist in all countries where there are considerable
communitlea. Several general conferences have l>een held,
in which report* were received concerning the religious
condition of the world. Among the most important results
attained by the Ailiance is the establishment of a week uf
prayer, the first week of January in each year, now largely
observed throughout Protestant Christendom.— Einm-
gellcal ASSOdatlOn, the pn>per name of the iMxly some-
timeserroneously called the German Metho^iist Church. It
was organized at the beginning of the nineteenth century
by Jacob Albright in eastern Pennsylvania, and grew out
of an attempt on his part to introduce certain reforms in
the German churches. In its mode of worshiji, form of
organization, and doctrinal )K-lief8, it resemliles the Meth-
odiat Church.— Evangelical Church, the alilireviated
name of the German I'nited Evangelical Church, founded
in Pruaaia in 1817 by a union of Lutheran and Reformed
chnrchea. It la the laigeat of the Protestant churches In
Germany, ia Preabyterlan in polity, and is partially sup-
liorted by the government, wli^ch appoints the consistories
or provincial boards.- Evangelical Church Confer-
ence, the name of a periodical convention of delegates
from the evangelical churches of Germany — that is, the
Lutheran, Reformed, United, and Moravian churches. Its
aim was the religious unity of Germany. The movement
originated aHoiit IMS. hut its intiuence has gradually de-
clined.—Evangelical counsels. See eotinwf.- Bvan-
gelteal Union, a rclik'ious iKxiy formed in IMS by sev-
eral Scottish mlnisteni, of whom the most prominent was
James Mortoon of Kilmarnock, a minister deposed by
the Onited Secession Church for holding anti-Calvinlstlc
views. The church government of the liody is liulcpcn-
dent; its theology is Armlnlan.— Independent Evan-
mUcal Obnrcli of KaocliAtel See cAun;A.=8yn. 2.
BeeortAodoc
n. ». One who maintains evangelical prin-
ciples. The name BvmgtiieaU Is specifically applied to
that party in the Church a< England, often designated the
Low-church party, which insists on the acceptance and
rimnlgatlon of distinctively evangelical docMnea. See
. 3, above.
It is equally certain that the violence of the Evanpeli-
eaU, and their hard, artificial, yet feeble, theology. Is alien-
ating numbers, and that the younger members of their
families are specially feeling the Romish temptation.
F. D. Maurice, Biog., I. 423.
evangelicalism (e-van-iel'i-kal-izm), n. [<
evangelical + -4»ni.] Adherence to and insis-
tence upon evangelical doctrines, especially in
the Chnrch of England : sometimes employed
as a term of opprobrium.
The worst errors of Poper)' and fran^efica/wm combined.
Dr. Arnold.
Bmngeliealitm had cast a certain suspicion as of plague-
Infection over the few amusements which survived In the
Itriivini-es. Oeorrfe Eliot, Middlemarch, xvi.
evangelically (e-van-jel'i-kal-i), adv. In an
evangelical manner; in aoeoroanoe with the
gosi>el.
It appears that acta of saving grace are evangelieally
good, and well-pleasing to God.
Bp. Barbne, Remains, p. 432.
evangelicalness (e-van-jel'i-kal-nes), n. The
(|imlity of being evangelical in spirit or doc-
trine.
evangelicism (e-van-jel'i-sizm), n. [< evangelic
4- -i.«»i.] Evangelical principles.
evangelicity (c-van-je-lis'i-tijj n. [< evangelic
+ -ity.'] Tlie quality of being evangelical;
evangelicalism.
\ thorouirh earnestness and evangelieitp. Eclectic Hev.
evangelisation, evangelise, etc. See evangeli-
:iiti<i)i, <'!<•.
evangelism (e-van'jel-izm), n. [< ML, evange-
lium iix. the promulgation of the gospel {Evangr-
litmii Jixtuni, the fifth Sunday after Easter), <
LL. evangelium, gospel : see evangel.] The pro-
evangelize
mulgation of the gospel ; evangelical preach-
ing ; specifically, earnest effort for the spread
of the gospel, as by itinerant evangelists.
Thus was this land saved from infidelity . . . through
the apostolical and miraculous evangeligm of St Bartholo-
mew. Bacon, New Atlantis.
An aggressive evangelism Is now the demand of every
Western community, and never was there a more deter-
mined zeal than at present.
The Congregationalist, Aug. 19, 1886.
evangelist (e-van'jel-ist), n. [< ME. evange-
liste, evaungcliste, ewangeliste, < OF. evangeliste,
F. evangelisle = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. evangelista = D.
G. Dan. Sw. ecanqelist, < LL. evangelista, prop.
eKangeligta,<.QT. evayye^iarric, iuN. T, a preacher
of the gospel, eccles. one of the writers of the
four Gospels, < tvay-j M^eaBat, preach the gospel,
in classical Gr. bring good news, announce good
news, < f ioyye/tof , bringing good ne ws : see evan-
gel.] 1. In the New Testament, a class of
teachers next in rank to apostles and prophets,
but probably not constituting a permanent or-
der.
And we entered into the house of Philip the evangelist,
which was one of the seven ; and al)ode with him.
Acts xxi. 8.
But watch thou in all things, endure afllictions, do the
work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry.
2 Tim. iv. 5.
2. In chttrch hist., an itinerant preacher who
travels from place to place, according to op-
portunity or requisition, in contradistinction to
the pastor or teacher, who is settled in one
place and instructs the people of a special
charge.
EvangelistM many of them did travel, but they were never
the more evangeliets for that ; but only their oftice was
writing or preaching the gospel ; and thence they had
their name. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 170.
Men do the work of evangelists, leaving their homes to
proclaim Christ and deliver the written gospels to those
who were ignorant of the faith.
Eustbius, Ecclesiastical Hist (7) (trans.). Hi. 37.
3. One of the writers of the four evangels or
Gospels.
Almighty God, who hast instructed thy holy Church with
the heavenly doctrine of thy Evangelist Saint Mark.
Book of Common Prayer, Collect for St Mark's Day.
Tlie careful and minute study of the Evangelists, in the
light of grammar, of philology, and of history, results in
the unassailable conviction of their trustworthiness.
Shedd, Homiletics, i.
4. In the Mormon Ch., an ecclesiastical ofiScial,
also called a patriarch, whose duty it is "to
bless the fatherless in the Church, foretelling
what shall befall them and their generation.
He also holds authority to administer in other
ordinances of the Church" (Mormon Catechism,
xvii.).
evangelistarion (f-van'jel-is-ta'ri-on), ». ; pi.
evangelistaria (-&).' [< MGr. eiayyeMBrdptov: see
evangelistary.] Same as evangelistary.
I . . . consult the Bvangeli^arion, to see what is the
tone for the week.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, L 90S, note.
evangelistary (e-van-je-lis'ta-ri), n.; pi. evan-
gelistaiiix (-riz).' [= It. evdnqelistario, < ML-
evangclistarium, < MGr. emyytkioraptov, a booli
containing selections from the Gospels, < Gr.
evayyi'Xun!, the gospel : see evangel?] In the
Greek and Roman Catholic churches, a book
containing passages from the Gospels to be
read at divine service. Also evangelistarion,
evangeliary.
The critlcks complain that the evangelistaries and lec-
tlonaries have often transfused their readings into the oth-
er maniucripta. Porson, To Travis, p. 2.S0.
He compared the various readings in 8. Jerome's Evan-
gelistaries, E. E. Hale, In His Name, p. 77.
evangelistic (e-van-je-lis'tik), a. [< evangelist
+ -ic] Evangelical ; designed or tending to
evangelize ; pertaining to an evangelist or his
labors: as, evangelistic methods; evangelistic et-
forts.
Cnderlying and giving character to all great evangelis-
tic and missionary movementa there are profound convic-
tions of truth. Bibliatheca Sacra, .KLIII. 579.
Buildings, liooks, and other apparatus, necessary for
their [missionaries'] educational and evanqelistic labours.
(iuarterly Jiev., CLXIII. 122.
evangelization (e-van'jel-i-za'shon), n. [= F.
erangclisatiim = f*r, evangelisation ; as evangel-
i:e + -ation.] The act of evangelizing. Also
spelled evangelisation.
The work of Christ's ministers is rvangelization : that Is,
a proclamation of Christ, and a preparation for his second
coming ; as the evangelization of John Baptist was a prep-
aration to his first coming. Ilobbes, Leviathan, xlil. f 270.
evangelize (e-van'jel-iz), r. ; pret. and pp.
evangelized, ppr, evangelizing. [< ME. evange-
lizen, -isen,<. OF, evangelizer, evangeliser, P. 4va»-
evangelize
gilxser = Pr. Sp. Pg. evangelizar = It. evange-
lizsare, < LL. evangeli:are, prop, euangelizare, <
Gr. evaY)tMZe<!6ai, preach the gospel, in classi-
cal 6r. bring or announce good news, < Adyyt-
Xof, bringing good news: see evangel.'] I. in-
trans. To preach the gospel.
Thos (lid our heavenly Instructor . . . fulfil the predic-
tions of the prophets, and his own declarations, that he
would evangtliM to the poor. '
Bp. Porteous, Works, II. xii.
At that time 11786] the evangelizing energy of Christen-
dom had almost died out. Qitorterit/ Rev., CLXIII. 118.
H. trans. If. To bring as good tidings; an-
nounce as good news.
And I am sent to thee to speke and to evangelise to
thee these thingis. Wyelif, Luke i. 19.
2. To instruct in the gospel ; preach the gospel
to; convert by preaching: as, to evangelize the
heathen.
The Spirit,
Pour'd first on his apostles, whom he sends
To evangelize the nations. Milton, P. L., xii. 499.
The apostolic benediction of the Roman pontiff followed
families which exiled themselves to evangelize infidels.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 19.
Also spelled evangelise.
evangelizer (e-van'jel-i-z6r), n. One who evan-
gelizes or proclaims the gospel. Also spelled
evangeliser.
Now, the Essenes, if Christians, stood precisely in that
situation of evangelizers. De Quincey, Essenes, iii.
evangelyt (e-van'jel-i), n. [< ME. evangelic; a
var. of evangel, q. v.] The gospel ; good tid-
ings : same as evangel.
For thees aren wordes wryten in the euangetye,
Date et dabitur uobis. Piers Plotoman (C), ii. 196.
Faithfullie I shall knowlege and shall doo you seruice
due vnto you of the kingdorae of Scotland aforesaid, as
God me so helpe, and these holie euangeliex.
Holinshed, Descrlp. of Britain, xxii.
Good Lucius
That first received Christianity,
The sacred pledge of Christes Evangely.
Spenser, 1". Q., II. x. 63.
evangilet (e-van'jil), n. An obsolete form of
evangel.
Evania (e-va'ni-a), n. [NL., < Gr. evdvioc, tak-
ing trouble easily, < ei, well, + avia, trouble.]
The typical genus of the family Evaniida;. E.
appendiijaster is a parasite of the cockroach.
Evaniadae (ev-a-ni'a-de), n. pi. [NL.] Same
as Evaniidm.
evanidt (e-van'id), a. [< L. evanidus, passing
away, faint, frail, < evanescere, pass away: see
evanesce.'] Vanishing; evanescent.
I put as great difference between our new lights and
ancient truths as between the sun and an . . . evanid
meteor. GlanvUle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xix.
When they awake out of their fanciful! visions and re-
turn to a strength and consistency of reason, they then
discenie them to have been only evanid appearances repre-
sented (as all dreams are) upon the scene of imagination.
Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., p. 88.
Evaniidas (ev-a-ni'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eva-
nia + -idee.] A family of parasitic hymenop-
terous insects, related to the Ichneumonidw,
founded by Westwood in 1840, characterized by
the filiform or bristly antennae with from 13 to
Evania larvigata,
a, dona] view ; b, lateral view, showing point of attachment of petiole
to abdomen. (Cross shows natural size.)
16 joints, pedunculate abdomen, straight and
often prominent ovipositor, the front wings
with a distinct radial cell and from one to
three cubital cells, and the hind wings almost
veinless. AH the species are parasitic. Also
EvaniadAK, Evaniades, Evanidce, Evaniites.
Evaniocera (e-va-ni-os'e-ra), n. [NL., < Gr.
ridvioc, taking trouble easily (see Evania), +
ntpaq, horn.] A genus of heteromerous beetles,
of the family Rhipiphoridee, having a few wide-
ly distributed species, as the common Euro-
pean E. dufouri.
eTanish (e-van'ish), V. i. [< OF. evaniss-, es-
vaniss-, stem of certain parts of evanir, esvanir,
evanish, after L. evanescere, vanish: see eva-
2036
nesce and vanish. ] To vanish. [Chiefly poeti-
cal.]
No more the ghost to Margaret said,
But, with a grievous groan,
Evanish'd in a cloud of mist.
And left her all alone.
Sweet William's Ghost (Child's Ballads, II. 148).
Or like the rainbow's lovely form
Evanishing amid the storm.
Burns, Tam o' Shanter.
e'Vanishment (f-van'ish-ment), n. [< evanish
+ -ment.] A vanishing; disappearance.
Their evanishment has taken place quietly.
Daily Telegraph (London), Sept. 22, 1882.
evanition (ev-a-nish'on), n. [< OF. evanition,
esvanition,<. evanir, evanish: seeevanish.] Evan-
ishment. Carlyle.
e'Vansite (ev'anz-it), n. [Named after Brooke
Evans of England.] A hydrous phosphate of
aluminium, occurring in reniform masses on
limonite.
evaport (f-va'pgr), v. t. or i. [< F. Svaporer =
Pr. evaporar, esvaporar = Sp. Pg. evaporar =
It. evaporare, < L. evaporare, disperse in vapors,
< e, out, -t- vaporare, emit vapor, < vapor, vapor:
see vapor.] To evaporate.
^tna here thunders with an horrid noise ;
Sometimes blacke clouds euaporeth to skies.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 243.
evaporable (e-vap'o-ra-bl), a. [< evapor +
-able.] Capatle of being dissipated by evap-
oration.
The substances which emit these streams . . . must be
in likelihood a far more evaporable and dissipable kind of
bodies than minerals or adupt vegetables.
Boyle, Works, III. 676.
evaporate (e-vap'o-rat), v. ; pret. and pp. evap-
orated, ppr." evaporating. [< LL. evaporatus,
fp. of evaporare, disperse in vapor : see vapor.]
. intrans. 1. To pass off in vapor, as a fluid;
escape and be dissipated in vapor, either vis-
ible or invisible ; ejdiale.
As for rosin and gum, they are mingled with the rest,
to incorporate the drugs and spices, and to keepe in the
sweet odour thereof, which otherwise would evaporate
and soone be lost. » Holland, tr. of Pliny, xiii. 1.
3. Figuratively, to escape or pass off without
effect; be dissipated; be wasted: as, anger
that evaporates in words ; the spirit of a ■writer
often evaporates in a translation.
Thus ancient wit in modern numbers taught.
Wanting the warmth with which its author wrote.
Is a dead image, and a senseless draught.
While we transfuse, the nimble spirit flies.
Escapes unseen, evaporates, and dies.
Granville, To Dryden, on his Translations.
H. trans. 1. To convert or resolve into vapor;
dissipate in fumes or steam ; convert from a
solid or liquid state into a gaseous state ; va-
porize: as, heat evaporates water. — 2. Figura-
tively, to waste ; dissipate.
AH Enthusiastick unintelligible Talk, which tends to
confound Men's Notions of Religion, and to evaporate the
true Spirit of it into Tansies. StilHngJieet, Sermons, II. x.
Whatever airs I give myself on this side of the water,
my dignity, I fancy, would be evaporated before I reached
the other. Goldsmith, To Daniel Hodson.
He from whose bosom all original infusion of American
spirit has become so entirely evaporated and exhaled.
D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.
evaporate (e-vap'o-rat), a. [< L. evaporatus,
pp.: see the verb.] dispersed in vapors. [Bare.]
How still the breeze ! save what the fllmy threads
Of dew evaporate brushes from the plain.
Thomson, Autumn, 1. 1212.
evaporating-cone (e-vap'o-ra-ting-kon), re. An
evaporator for saccliarine solutions, in the form
of a hollow cone with double walls, the space
between which is filled with steam. Over the in-
ner and the outer surfaces of the cone the solution to be
evaporated is caused to run in a thin film, thus becoming
heated. E. H. Knight.
evaporating-disll (f-vap'o-ra-ting-dish), re. A
shallow diah of glass or porcelain used in phar-
macy in processes requiring evaporation.
The vessels used in the preparation of pyroxyline may be
large porcelain or glass evaporating-dishes.
Silver Sunbeam, p. 53.
evaporating-pan (e-vap'o-ra-ting-pan). n. In
sugar-manuf. , a large iron vessel in which the
juice of the sugar-cane is evaporated.
evaporation (e-vap-o-ra'shon), n. [= F. 6va-
poration = Pr. evaporacio = Sp. evaporacion =
Pg. evaporagSo = It. evaporazione, < L. evapora-
tio(n-), < evaporare, disperse in vapor: see va-
por, evaporate.] 1 . The act of resolving or the
state of being resolved into vapor; the conver-
sion of a solid or liquid by heat into vapor,
fumes, or steam; vaporization. The process of
evaporation is constantly going on at the surface of the
earth, but principally at the surface of the sea and other
evasion
bodies of water. The vapor thus formed, being specifi-
cally lighter than atmospheric air, rises to considerable
heiglits above the earth's surface, and afterward, l>y a par-
tial condensation, forms clouds, and finally descends in
rain. The effect of evaporation is to reduce the tempera-
ture of the evaporating surface, and the evaporation of
certain volatile liquids, such as ether, produces an in-
tense degree of cold. Evaporation by direct heat (boil-
ing down) is often practised on fluids, especially in phar-
n^cy and cookery, in order to reduce tliem to a denser
consistence, or to obtain in a dry and separate state the
fixed matters contained in them.
So in pestilent fevers, the intention is to expel the infec.
tion by sweat and evaporation. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 968.
In the seven last months of the year 1688, the evapora-
tion amounted to 22 inches 5 lines ; but the rain only to
11 inches 6J lines. Derham, Physico-Theology, i. 5, note 7.
2. The matter evaporated or exhaled; vapor.
[Rare.]
They are but the fruits of adusted choler, and the evapo-
rations of a vindictive spirit. Howell, Dodona's Grove.
Evaporations are . . . greater according to the greater
heat of the sun. Woodward.
3. In alg., the disappearance of a solution of a
system of equations by passing off to infinity.
Thus, the solution of the two equations x — ky = a and x —
y = b, which disappears when k = l, is said to pass off by
evaporation.
evaporation-gage (e-vap-o-ra'shon-gaj), n. A
graduated vessel of glass for determining the
rate of evaporation of a liquid placed in it, in
a given time and exposure.
evaporative (e-vap'o-ra-tiv), a. [= F. 6vapo-
ratif = Pr. evapora tiii = Sp. Pg. It. evaporativo,
< LL. evaporativus, apt to evaporate, < evapo-
rare, evaporate : see evapor, evaporate.] Caus-
ing evaporation; pertaining to evaporation:
as, an evaporative process.
evaporator (e-vap'6-ra-tor), n. [< evaporate +
-ori.] Any apparatus used to facilitate the
evaporation of the water contained in fruit,
vegetable juices, saline liquids, glue, syrups,
etc. ; a furnace or pan used in condensing ve-
getable and other juices.
Those who have fruit evaporators for sale give extrava-
gant statements about the increased value of evaporated
over sun-dried fruit.
New York Semi-weekly Tribune, July 22, 1887.
evaporimeter (f-vap-o-rim'e-ter), n. Same as
eva^wrometer.
evapor ometer (e-vap-o-rom'e-tfer), re. [Irreg.
< LL. evaporare, evaporate, -I- Gr. /jerpov, a
measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the
quantity of a liquid evaporated in a given time ;
an atmometer.
Evartlirus (e-var'thrus), n. [NL., < Gr. ev,
well, + dpdpov, a joint.] A genus of geadeph-
agous ground-beetles, of
the family Carahidw and
tribe Pterostichini, closely
allied to Pterostichus, from
which it differs in the form
of the maxillary palpi, the
last joint being shorter
than the penultimate one,
which is plurisetose near
the tip. The species are all
North- American. They are
elongate, subconvex, sliining or
opaque, the elytra striate-punc-
tate, with one dorsal puncture
near the third stria. E. orbatus
(Newman) occurs in the eastern
United States under stones and
logs in dry places.
6vas6 (a-va-za'), a. [F., pp. of ^aser, widen,
cause to flare, as a vase, < ^- (< L. ex-, out) +
vase, vase : see vase.] Spreading or flaring out-
ward: said of the neck of a bottle, vase, or sim-
ilar vessel, of the capital of a column, etc. •
evasible (e-va'si-bl), a. [< L. evasus, pp. of eva-
dere, evade, -I- -ible.] Capable of being evaded.
Eclectic Rev. [Rare.]
evasion (e-va'zhon), re. [= F. ^asiou = Sp.
evasion = Pg. evasSo = It. evasione, < LL. eva-
sio(n-), < L. evasus, pp. of evadere, evade: see
evade.] 1. The act of evading or eluding; a
getting away or out of the way; avoidance
by artifice or strategj- ; artful escape or flight.
[Rare in physical application.]
How may I avoid.
Although my will distaste what it elected.
The wife I chose? there can be no evasion
To blench from this, and to stand firm liy lionour.
Shak., T. and C, ii. 2.
If your present objection ... be meant as an evasion
of my offer, I desist. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxi.
In regard to disagreeable and formidable things, pru-
dence does not consist in evasion, or in flight, but in cour-
age. Emerson, Essays, Ist ser., p. 215.
On Tuesday, the 6th of June, Madame de la Motte . . .
escaped from the penitenti<ary of the Salp^tri^re. where
slie had been sentenced to be immured for life ; and in her
evasion Marie Antoinette, it was said, had been an influ-
ential agent. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLII. 289.
Hvartkrus orbatus.
(Line shows natural size.)
evasion
2. A means of avoidance or escape; an eva-
sive or elusive contrivance; a subterfuge; a
shift.
He speaks unseasonable Truths sometimes, l>ecause he
has nui Wit enough to invent an Evasion.
Congrece, Way of the World, L 6.
He is likewise to teach him the art of finding' flaws, loop-
boles, and evasions, in the most solemn compacts.
Spectator, So. 305.
Are we to say, with the great hotly of Latin casuists,
that, while equivocations and evasion* of all kinds are per-
missible, a downright falsehood can never be excused?
H. y. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 106.
3. In fencing, the avoiding of a thrust by mov-
ing the body without changing the position of
the feet. Rolando (ed. Forsytn). = Syn. Bmsian.
Enuivicatitin, Pretaricatian, Shift, Subterfuge, quibble, all
express artful or dishonorable modes of escaping from be-
inx frustrated or found out. The first three imply the u^e of
language ; shift and subterfuge may be by words or actions.
EtHiJiion in speech may be simply avoiding, as by turning
the conversation or meeting one question with another.
Etjuieoeation is usingwords in double and deceptive senses.
Pr^t-aricotion may 1^ in action, but is properly understood
to )je in words ; it includes all tricks of language that fall
short of downright falsehood ; it is, literally, a stepping
on Ijtjth sides of the truth ; the word is a strong one.
All these words convey opprobrium in proportion to the
amount of insincerity implied. Shift and subterfuge may
t>e iihxles of evasion: shift, a thing turned to as a mean
expedient, a trick; subterfuge, a place of biding, hence an
artitiee. Shift does not necessarily express a dishonorable
course, and emsion and subterfuge are often lightly used.
.See artifice and expedient, n.
This iletached and insulated form of dellTering thoughts
(in aphorismsl was, in effect, an evasion of all the difficul-
ties connacted with composiUon. De Quincey, Style, II.
I . . . begin
To doubt the equivocation of the fiend.
That lies like truth. Shak., Macbeth, v. 5.
Th' august tribunal of the skies.
Where no prevarication shall avail.
Where eloquence and artifice sliatl fall, . . .
And conscience and our conduct Judge us all.
Comper, Retirement, L 067.
For little souls on little shifu rely.
And cowards' arts of mean expedients try.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, I. 2217.
We may obserre bow a persecuting spirit in the times
drives the greatest men to take refuge in the meanest
arts of subterfuge. I. D' Israeli, Calam. of Authors, II. 276.
evasiye (e-va'siv), a. [= P. itsa»f= 8p. Pg.
It. evajiivo, < L. evtvtwi, pp. of etadere, evade :
see evade.'] 1. Using evasion or artifice to
avoid; shuffling; equivocating.
He . . . answered erosive of the sly request. Pope.
2. Containing or characterized by evasion;
artfully contrived for escape or elusion : as, an
etasire answer; an evasive argument.
He received very evasitt and ambiguous answers.
Goldsmilh, Bolingbroke.
Evasive arts will. It is feared, prevail, so long as distilled
spiriU of any kind are allowed. Bp. Berkeley, Sirls, 1 107.
3. Escaping the grasp or observation; not
easily seized or comprehended; faintly or in-
distinctly perceived; elusive; vanishing: as,
an evasioe thought or idea; evasive colors.
Above the cities of the plain the tender
Evasive strains dropt gently from the sky.
C. De Kay, VUion of .Vinirod, vi.
evBsively (e-va'siv-li), adv. By evasion or
equivucation ; in a manner to avoid a direct
reply or charge. •
t answered evasively, or at least Indeterminately.
Bryant.
evasiveness (f-va'siv-nea), n. The quality or
.-faii^ of being evasive.
evatt, ". Same a« evet, effet, etc., uncontracted
foritis of e/(l.
eve' (ev), n. [< ME. eve, a common form of even,
the final n, prop, belonging to the stem, being
often regarded as inflectional, and dropped : see
eri;n'i.'\ 1. The close of the day; the evening.
[Poetical.]
From mom
To noon lie tell, from noon to dewy tvt.
union, P. L, L 743.
Winter oft at eve resumes the breeze. Thomson,
2. The night or evening (often, and specifi-
cally in the Roman Catholic Church, the day
and night) before certain holy days of the
church, marked more or less generally by re-
lisrioiis and popular observances. The religious
V consist* of a service only, and in the
I of the reading of the collect peculiar
^^ t >ee nail.) Technically, an eve Is not
^^L«taervcd with a fast. AJao *Mn.
^^B Let the immediate (.receding day be kept a* the <M to
^^■Ws great feast.
^^B Bp. Duppa, Rules and Helps of Devotion.
^^B In former times it WAR rt]«tmnary in London, and in other
^^Hcreat cities. Ut set t' ' I , nor watch upon the eve ut
^^BSaint Jotin t)ie I'.-.r, iiiswas usually performed
^^Bvith great pomp iiii .
^^H Strutt, .Sports and Pastimes, p. 464.
■
2037
1 remember one Christmas Eee in the afternoon passing
one of those places, and seeing the porter putting up the
shutters, thinlving some one had died suddenly, I inquired
what was the matter. A', and Q., 7th ser., II. 605.
3. The period just preceding some specific
event ; a space of time proximate to the occur-
rence of something : as, the eve of a battle ; on
the eve of a revolution.
The French seem to be at the eve of taking Antwerp
and Brussels, the latter of which is actually besieged.
Waipole, Letters, II. 6.
Bobus is upon the eve of his return [from India], and I
rather think we shall see him in the spring.
Sydney Smith, To Lady Holland, vi.
eVO^ (ev), V. i.; pret. and pp. eved, ppr. eving.
[< CT-el, n.] To become damp. [Prov. Eng.]
eve^ (ev), «. [Appar. < eves, early form of eaves,
sing, taken as plural : see eaves.'] A hen-roost.
[Prov. Eng.]
eve-churr (ev'chtr), n. The night-jar or night-
fhurr, I (iprimulgus europceus. [Local, Eng.]
evecket, evicket (ev'ek, -ik), n. [A doubtful
form, appar. based on L. ibex (ibic-) (> OF. ibice,
Sp. ibiee, etc.), an ibex: see ibex."] A species
of wild goat.
Which archer-like (as long before he took his hidden
stand.
The eeicke skipping from a rock) into the breast he smote.
Chaptnan, Iliad, iv. 122.
evectant (e-vek'tant), n. [< 'evect (in evection)
+ -<in<.] In math., a contravariant considered
as generated by operating upon a covariant or
contravariant with an evector.
evecticst (e-vek'tiks), n. [< L. evectus, pp.
of evvherc, enrry out or away: see erection.']
That department of medicine which teaches
the method of acquiring a good habit of body.
Crabh.
evection (f-vek'shon), b. [= F. Section = Sp.
eveccioH, <' LL. evectio(n-), a carrying upward,
a flight, < L. evehere, carry out or forth, lift up,
< e, out, -I- rehere, carry: see vehicle, vector.]
It. The act of carrying out or away; a lifting
up; exaltation.
His [Joseph's! being taken out of the dungeon repre-
sented Christ's resnrrectlon, as bis evection to the power
of Egypt, next to Pharaoh, signified the session of Christ
at the right hand of the Father.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, v.
2. In astron. : (a) The second lunar inequality,
described by Ptolemy, it come* to iu maximum
value at the quadratures, and disappears at the conjunc-
tions and oppositions. Ptolemy accounted for it by sup-
|x«ing that the apogee of the moon's orbit or deferent
of its epicycle recedes t<j the west at a unlfurm angular
rate of IT 2* per diem, while the center of the epicycle
adrances to tne east at a unifomi angular rate of motion
about the earth of 13* 11', the mean sun always bisect-
ing the arc of the zodiac between the lunar apogee and
the center of the lunar epicycle. This theory represented
the longitudes with remarkable accuracy, but was ut-
terly inconsistent with the ntfist obvious observations re-
specting the moon's apparent diameter. Accortling to
modem astronomy, the evection is a perturbation of the
moon Ijy the sun, due to the fact that the sun tends to
separate the mjxjn and the earth by attracting more the
nearer tiody. It thus exaggerates the effect of the ec-
centricity of the moon's orbit when the transverse axis
of the latter lies near the line of syzyKies. (ft) The
moon's libration.— Evection of beatt, the <litfnsion
of heated particles through a fluid in the process of heat-
lot; it ; convection.
evectional (f-vek'shon-al), a. [< evection •¥
-al.] Kelating or belonging to the evection.
evector (e-vek'tgr), ». [NL. evector, < L. eve-
here, pp. erectus, carry out: see evection.] In
math., an operative quantic formed by replacing
the coefficients of a quantic a, nb, in(n — l)c,
etc., by dida, didb, dide, etc., and the facients
of the quantic by the indeterminate coefficients
of an adjoint linear form.
eveling (ev'ling), n. A dialectal corruption of
fvruiiiii. [Prov. Eng.]
evelongt, a. A Middle English variant of ave-
lomj.
Evemydoidse (ev'e-mi-doi'de), n. pi. [NIj., <
Gr. (II, well, -t- iiii-^, the water-tortoise, + tirfof,
form.] In L. Agassiz's classification of tor-
toises, a subfamily of his Emydoida, contain-
ing the box-tortoise of Europe and similar spe-
cies, having a movable hinged plastron and lit-
tle webbed toes. .
eveni (e'vn), a. and n. [< ME. even, evin, efen,
sometimes, esp. in inflection, emn (in comp.
tfen-, em-), < AS. efen, often, esp. in inflection,
contr. efn, emn = OS. ebhan = OFries. even, ivin
= D. even = OHG. eban, MUG. G. eben = loel.
jafn, jamn = Sw. jamn = "Daa. javn = Goth.
ibns, even ; prob. connected with Goth, ibuku,
adj., back, backward, and perhaps with ebb, q.
v.] I. a. 1. Level, plane, or smooth; hence,
not rough or irregular ; free from inequalities,
even
irregtilarities, or obstructions : as, even ground ;
an even surface.
First, if all obstacles were cut away.
And that my path were even to the crown.
Shak., Kich. III., iii. 7.
Smooth and even as an ivory ball.
Cowper, Anti-Thelypthora, 1. 47.
At last they issued from the world of wood.
And climb'd upon a fair and even ridge.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2. Uniform in action, character, or quality;
equal or equable ; unvarying ; unwavering : as,
an even temper ; to hold an even course.
And yet for all that, howe euen a mind did shee beare,
how humble opinion she had of herselfe also.
Vices, Instruction of Christian Women, i. 10.
There shall be a resurrection of the body ; and that is
the last thing that shall be done in heaven ; for after that
there is nothing but an even continuance in equal glory.
Donne, Sermons, xviii.
Prosperity follows the execution of eveji justice.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., Int.
3. Situated on a level, or on the same level;
being in the same line or plane ; parallel ; con-
sentaneous; accordant: followed by loitt.
For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies
. . . shall lay thee even with the ground. Luke xix. 43, 44.
Not wholly eleuated from the Horizon ; but all the way
the nether part of the Sun seeming iust and euen jcith it.
PviThan, Pilgrimage, p. 433.
"There nonght hath pass'd.
But even ufith law, against the wilful sons
Of old Andronicus. Shak., Tit. And., Iv. 4.
4. On an equality in any respect ; on an equal
level or footing; of equal or the same measure
or quantity; in an equivalent state or condi-
tion; equally balanced or adjusted: as, our ae-
coimts are even ; an even chance ; an even bar-
gain ; letters of even date ; to get even with an
antagonist.
I am too high, and thou too low. Our minds are even
yet. B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 6.
6. Plain to comprehension ; lucid; clear.
1 have promis'd to make all this matter even. . . .
To make these doubts all even.
Shak., As yon Like it, v. 4.
6. Without fractional parts; neither more nor
less ; entire ; unbroken : as, an even mile ; an
even pound or quart ; an even hundred or thou-
sand.— 7. Divisible, as a number, by 2: thus,
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, are even numbers: opposed to
odd, as 1, 3, etc. See evenly even, unevenly even,
below.
I.ct htm tell me whether the number of the stars is even
or odd. • Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.
The army that presents a front of even numbers is called
the even hoste, and the other the odd hoste.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 414.
8. Without projecting parts; having all the
ends terminating in the same plane : in ornithol-
ogy, said of the tail of a bird all the feathers of
which are of equal length.
The edge [of a book in gilding] should be scraped quite
flat and perfectly even. Workshop Jteceipts, IV. 245.
9. In entom., plane; horizontal, flat, and not
deflexed at the margins : applied especially to
the elytra when they form together a plane sur-
face, and to the wings when they are extend-
ed horizontally in repose. [Even was formerly
used in composition with the sense of fellow-
or CO-. See even-Christian, even-bishop, even-ser-
roH^.]— Even chance. See chance. — Even function.
See /uiic'ion. — Evenly even, divisible by 4.— Even or
odd, a very old game of chance played with coins or any
small pieces. See the extract. >ow commonly called od<f
or even.
The play consists in one person concealing in his hand
a number of any small pieces, and another catting even or
odd at his pleasure ; the pieces are then exposeil, and the
victory is decided tiy counting them ; if they correspond
with the call, the hider loses ; if the contrary, of course
he wins. Strutt, Sports aiid Pastimes, p. 493.
Even pa^, in jninting, a left-hand page of a printed
book, wliTcIi tiears an even niirnt)er. as 'I, 4, etc.— On
an even keel. See keel.— On even ground, on c(iuatiy
favoral>te terms ; having equal advantages : as, the advo-
cates meet on even grmintl in argument. — TO be even
With, to have retaliated upon ; to have stiuared accounts
with.
Mahomet . . . determined with himselfe at once to be
even with them [the Venetians] for all, and to iniploy his
whole forces tMjth l)y sea and land for the gaining of that
place (the Island of EiilKca]. Knottet, Hist Turks, p. 405.
Literature teas even rcith them [the Roundheads], as, in
the long run, it always is with its enemies.
Macatday, Milton.
To get even with, to retaliate upon ; square accounts
witli. — To make even, make even lines, or end even,
in ttijte-iteltin'i, ti> simce out a "take" or piece of copy so
as to make tlie last line full when it is not ttie end of a
paragraph. Hence the wi<lety spaced lines immediatety
lollowed l)y more closely spaced ones often seen in news,
papers, resulting from the necessary division of the work
even
Into small parts. — TO make even, to square accounts;
come out even ; leave nothing owiiij;.
Since if my soul make etvn with the week,
Each seventh note by right is due to thee,
G. Herbert.
Unevenly even, divisible by 2, but not by 4. = Sjm. 1.
Flat, etc. See level.
H. n. In the Pythagorean philos., that ele-
ment of the universe which is represented by
the even numbers : identified with the unlimit-
ed and imperfect.
even^ (e'vn), adv. [Also contr. (dial, and poet.)
een, eiie (usually written e'en) ; < ME. even, evene,
efne, < AS. efne, even, exactly, just, likewise (=
OS. efao = OPries. e/ne, evna, ivin = D. even =
OHG. ebano, MHG. ebene, eben, 6. ebeti, adv., =
Sw. d/ven, even, likewise, also, too), < efen, adj.,
even: see ecenl, a.] 1. In an even manner; so
as to be even; straight; evenly: as, torun erew.
— 2t. Straightway; directly.
He went euen to themperour & enys him sayde,
Knelyng on his kne curteysli & faire.
William ofPaleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1093.
The 3atis [gates of hell] to-burste, and gan to flee,
God took out Adam and Eue ful eueiie,
Ajad alle hise chosen companye.
Hymm to Virgin, etc. (E. E, T. S,), p. 62.
^Vhen he swiftly hade sworne to that swete maidon,
Thai entrid full eoyn into an Inner chamber.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 749.
3. Just ; exactly ; at or to the very point ; more-
over; likewise; so much as : 'used to emphasize
or strengthen an assertion : as, he was not sat-
isfied even then ; even this was not enough. In
verse often contracted e'en.
Lered ne lewed he let no man stonde,
That he hitte euene that euere stirred after.
Piers Plowmun (B), x.\. 102.
Than asked the kynge Arthur what a-visiouns ben tliei,
and Merlin hym tolde euen as tlie kynge hadde niette in
his dreme, that the kynge hym-self knewe well he seide
trouthe. ilerlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 416.
And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon
the earth. Gen. vi. 17.
The Northren Ocean even to the frozen Tluile was scat-
ter'd with the proud Ship-wracks of the Spanish Armado.
Milton, Keformation in Eng., ii.
Here all their rage, and ev'n their murmurs cease. Pope.
Some observed that, even if they took the town, they
shoold not be able to maintain possession of it.
Irving, Granada, p. 33.
even! (e'vn), v. [< ME. evenen, efnen, emnien,
make even, level, make equal, compare, < AS.
efnian, level, i. e., lay prostrate (once, doubt-
nil), ge-efnian, compare (cf. emnettan, make
even, regulate, ge-emnettan, make even, level,
make equal, compare), < efen, efn, emn, adj.,
even: see even^, a.'] I. trans. 1. To make even
or level ; level ; lay smooth.
Tliis temple Xerxes evened with the soil.
Raleigh, Hist. World.
It will even all inequalities. Evelyn.
2. To place in an equal state as to claim or ob-
ligation, or in a state in which nothing is due
on either side; balance, as accounts.
Nothing . . . shall content my soul.
Till I am even'd with him, wife for wife.
Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
3. To equal; compare; bring into comparison,
as one thing with another; connect or associ-
ate, as one thing or person with another: as,
such a charge can never be evened to me.
The multitude of the Percienes, quod he, may nogte be
evend to the multitude of the Grekes, for sewrly we are
ma than thay. MS. Lincoln, A. i. 17, fol. 19. (Halliwell.)
God never thought this world a portion worthy of you :
he would not even you to a gift of dirt and clay.
Rutherford, Letters, vi.
Would ony Christian even yon bit object to a bonny,
sonsy, weel-faurd young woman like Miss Catline?
Lockhart, Reginald Dalton, III. 119.
4t. To act up to ; keep pace with.
But we'll even
All that good time will give us.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 4.
H.t intrans. To be or become even; have or
come to an equality in any respect ; range, di-
vide, settle, etc., evenly: followed by with.
A like strange observation taketh place here as at Stone-
henge, that a redoubled numbering never evenelh with the
first. R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
To Westminster, where all along I find the shops even-
ing with the sides of the houses, even in the broadest
streets ; which will make the City very much better than it
was. Pepys, Diary, 11. 9.
Evened with W, Hewer for my expenses upon tlie road
this last journey. Pepys, Diary, III. 275.
even^ (e'vn), n. [Also contr. (dial, and poet.)
een, ene (usually written e'en), and abbr. eve (see
euel); < ME. even, efen, wven, cefen, also abbr.
we, < AS. cefen (the deriv. form (Jefnuny is rare :
2038
see evening) = 08. dbhand = OFries. avend,
ioven, iuven, etc., = D. avond = OHG. dbant,
MHG. abent, G. abend, even, evening. The
Seand. forms ai'e different: Icel. aptan, aftan
= Sw. afton = Dan. aften, where the vowel has
been shortened and the t inserted, perhaps in
simulation of Icel. aptr, aftr, etc., back, back
again, behind (= E. aft, after, q. v.), as if the
evening were considered as the latter part of
the day. The Goth, form is not recorded (the
Goth, word for 'evening' is andanahti, lit. the
time toward night). There is nothing to bring
the word into connection with off, Goth, af,
AS. of, etc.] 1. Evening: the earlier word for
evening, but now archaic or poetical.
As falls a Meteor in a Somnier Even,
A sodain Fl.ish coms flaming down from Heav'n.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Schisme.
Her tears fell witli the dews at even.
Tennyson, Mariana.
2. Same as eve^, 2.
Estern evyn, I com to Seynt John Muryan, ther I a bode
Ester Day all Day.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 3.
Tokyn he Stevene, and stonyd hym in tile way ;
And therefor is his evyn on Crystes owyn day.
St. Stephen and Herod (Child's Ballads, I. 318).
Often contracted e'en.
Good even. Same as.7oof/ evening {yih\c\\ see, uw^er good).
even-'bishopt(e'vn-bi8h''op),M. [ME. not found;
AS. efenbisceop (translating ML. coepiscopus),
< efen, even, equal, -I- bisceop, bishop.] A co-
bishop.
CVen-christiant (e'vn-kris''''tian), n. [< ME.even-
cristene, emcristene, -cristen, K AS. * efencristena
(evidenced by the forms evenchristen, emcristeii,
quoted in the Latin version of the laws of Ed-
ward the Confessor, $ 36) (= OFries. ivinkers-
tena, emicristena = OHG. ehanchristani, MHG.
ebenkristen; in 6. expressed by mit-christ), <
efen, equal, + cristena, Christian : see everi^ and
christen, Christian^.'] Fellow-Christian; neigh-
bor, in the Scriptural sense.
He that hath desdayn of his neigliebonr, tliat is to seyn,
of his evencristen. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Do non yuel to thine euenecrystene nougt by thi powere.
Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 104.
This gospel tellith bi a parable how eche man shulde
love his eve-ncristene.
Wyclif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), I. 81.
And the more pity, that great folk should have counte-
nance in this world to drown or hang tliemselves, more
tlian tlieir even christian. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
e'Ven-dO'Wn (e'vn-doun), a. [In Sc. usually
spelled even-doun; < even'^, adv., + doionS, doun.
Cf. downright.'\ 1. Perpendicular; downright:
specifically applied to a heavy fall of rain.
The rain, which had hitlierto fallen at intervals, in an
undecided manner, now burst forth in what in Scotland is
emphatically called an even-down pour.
Miss Ferrier, Inheritance, II. xvi.
2. Downright ; direct ; plain ; flat: as, an even-
doivn lie.
I'his I ken likewise, that what I say is the even-doun
truth. Gait, Entail, II. 119.
3. Mere ; sheer.
Oh what a moody moralist you grow !
Yet in the even-down letter you are right.
Sir H. Tatjlor, Ph. van Artevelde, I., i. 10.
But gentlemen, an' ladies warst,
Wl' ev'n-doun want o' wark are curst.
Burns, The Twa Dogs.
e'veneif (f-ven'), v. i. [< L. evenire, happen:
see etien*!.] To happen.
How often and frequently doth it evene, that after the
love of God hath gained the dominion and upper-hand in
the soul of man, that he is resolved to live well and re-
ligiously. Hewyt, Sermons (1668), p. 83.
e'vene^t, "^v- See even^.
evener (e'vn-6r), n. [< even^, v., + -erl.] 1.
A person or thing that makes even, as a stick
with which to push off an excess of grain from
a measure. — 2. In weaving, an instrument used
for spreading out the warp as it goes on the
beam; a raivel or raithe ; the comb which guides
the threads with precision on to the beam.
[Scotch.] — 3. In vehicles, same as equalizing-
bar (6) (which see, under bar^).
If the farmer wishes to carry a heavy load, he must har-
ness his horses tandem, liecause the conservating force of
vested interest has forbidden tlie introduction of the Amer-
ican evener. F. H. Stoddard, Andover Rev., VIII. 155.
evenfall (e'vn-fai), n. [< everfi + fall.'] The
fall of evening ; early evening ; twilight. [Poet-
ical.]
Alas for her that met me.
That heard me softly call,
Came glimmering thro' the laurels
At the quiet evenfaXl.
Tennyton, Maud, xxvi. 11.
evenlong
evenfortht, adr. [ME., also contr. emforth; <
cceftl, adv., + forth^.~\ Straight onward ; even-
forward.
And thanne y entrid in and even-forth went.
Piers Plowman s Crede (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 163.
e'Ven-for'Ward, <i(to. Directly forward; straight
onward. [North. Eng.]
evenhandt (e'vu-hand), »!. [< even^ + hand.']
Equality or parity of rank or degree.
Whoso is out of hope to attain to unotliei-'s virtue will
seek to come at emnhand by depressing another's fortune.
Bacon, Envy.
e'Ven-lianded (e'vn-han'''ded), o. [< even^ +
hand + -ed'^.] Impartial; rightly balanced;
equitable.
This even-handed justice
Commends tlie ingredients of our poison'd chalice
To our own lips. Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
O even-handed Nature ! we confess
This life tliat men so honor, love, and bless
Has filled thine olden measure.
0. W. Holmes, Bryant's Seventieth Birthday, Nov. 3, 1864.
ffven-liaildedly (e'vn-han'''ded-li), adv. In an
even-handed manner ; justly; impartially.
even-handedness (e'vn-han'ded-nes), «. The
state or quality of being even-handed ; impar-
tiality; justice.
Had Smith been the only offender, it might have been
expected that he would have been gladly sacrificed as an
evidence of Elizabeth's evenhandedness.
Froude, Hist. Eng., Reign of Elizabeth, vii.
e'\ren-hands (e'vn-handz), adv. [Sc.] On an
equal footing. Jamieson.
I's be even-hands wi' them an' mair, an' then I'll laugh
at the leishest o' them. Hogg, Perils of Man, I. 326,
evenhedet, ». A variant of evenhood.
evenhoodt (e'vn-hud), n. Equality; equity.
e'Vening (ev'ning), «. and a. [< ME. evening,
evenyng, < AS. wfnung (rare), evening, < wfen,
even, + -ung, E. -ingl: see ef expand -ing"^.] I,
n. 1. The latter part and close of the day, and
the beginning of darkness or night ; the decline
or fall of the day, or of the sun ; the time from
sunset till darkness ; in common usage, the lat-
ter part of the afternoon and the earlier part of
the night before bedtime.
The evening and the morning were the first day. Gen. i. 5.
Now came still evening on, and twilight gray
Had in her sober livery all tilings clad.
Milton, P. L., iv. 698.
And now you are happily arrived to the evening of a day
as serene as the dawn of it was glorious ; but such an
evening as, I hope, and almost prophecy, is far from nigiit ;
it is the evening of a summer's sun, which keeps a daylight
long within the skies. Dryden, ilock Astrologer, Ded.
Hence — 2. The decline or latter part of any
state or tei-m of existence: as, the evening of
life ; the evening of his power.
He was a person of great courage, honour, and fidelity,
and not well known till his evening.
Clarendon, Of the'^Earl of Northiinipton.
3. The time between noon and dark, including
afternoon and twilight. [Eng. and southern
U. S.] — 4t. The delivery at evening of a certain
portion of grass or corn to a customary tenant.
Kennett.
II. a. Being, or occurring at, or associated
with the close of day : as, the evening sacrifice.
Soon as the evening shades prevail,
The moon takes up the wondrous tale.
Addison, Ode.
Those evening bells ! those evening bells !
How many a tale their music tells I
Moore, Those Evening Bells,
Evening flower, a bulbous plant from the Cape of Good
Hope, oltlu' ^'enus Hesperantha: so called Itecause the
flowers cxi)and in the early evening. — Evening gUlL
See gun. — Evening hymn. Same as even-t^ong, 2. —
Evening primrose. See ffiHo(A,r«.— Evening star, a
bright planet, as Venus or Jupiter, seen in the west af-
ter sunset. Venus 1b the evening star during alternate
periods of 292 liays ; Jujiiter is usually considered as the
evening star for some months before conjunction, which
occurs once in 398 days ; and Mercury is the evening star
when it can be seen at its eastern elongation.
evening-song (ev'ning-s6ng), n. Same as even-
song.
It passed from a day of religion to be a day of order,
and from fasting till night to fasting till evening-song, and
evening-song to be sung aliout twelve o'clock.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), 1. 692.
evenlightt, ». [ME. evenUght, eveneln%'th, < AS.
mfenleoht (= G. abendlicht), < rnfvn, even, +
tedfe*, light.] The light of evei).Vng ; twilight.
Antme sche liidt me go^way^'
And sey it is ferr in p'le nyght.
And I swere it is evfjtilight.
MS. Cantab., }?f. i. 6, fol. 66. (HalliweU.)
evenliket, adv. An oljsolete form of evenly.
evenliness (e'vn-li-n.es), n. Equality. Fairfax.
evenlongt (e'-vn-ldnig), adv. Along In the same
line. Il'right, '
evenlong
One the upper syde make holys fcenelonr/e, as many as
thou »7lt. Farkhigton MS.
evenly (e'vn-U), adv. [< ME. evenly, evenliche,
e/enlil-e, < AS. efenlice, evenly, equally, < efenlic,
adj., even, equal, < efen, even, + -lie, -lyl.] 1.
With an even, level, or smooth surface ; with-
out roughness, or elevations and depressions ;
without inetiualities ; uniformly : as, the field
slopes evenly to the river.
A palish clearness, evenly and smoothly spread.
Sir U. Woltm.
2. In an even or equal manner ; so as to pro-
duce or possess equality of parts, proportions,
force, or the like : as, to di\ade anything evenly
in the middle ; they are evenly matched.
All men know that there is no great art in dividing
erenly of those things which are subject to number and
measure. Raleigh, Hist. World, Pref., p. 60.
3t. In an equal degree or proportion; to an
equal extent ; equally.
but the sovereyue good (quod she) that is eveneliche par*
posed to the good foUc and to l>adde.
Chauetr, Boethins, iv. prose 2.
The surface of the sea is etxniy distant from the centre
of the earth. Brerewood.
4. Without inclination toward either side;
equally distant from extremes; impartially;
without bias or variation.
You serve a great and gracious master, and there is a
moat hopeful young prince ; it behoves you to carry your-
self wisely and evenly between them both.
Bacon, Advice to Villiera.
6. Smoothly; straightforwardly; harmoniously.
Charity and self-love become coincident, and doth run
together evenly in one channel. Barrow, Works, 1. xxv.
Since ... we are so apt to forget God's administration
of the great affairs below, when they go on ecenly and
regularly, be Is pleased, I say, by awakening notices, now
and then to put us in mind of it.
Bp. AUerfmry, Sermons, I. vlL
6t. Straightway.
Ecbe man was eaed euenli at wUle,
Wanted hem no thing that thel haue wold.
WiUiam o/ Paler, u (E. E. T. 8.X 1. S3J8.
Erenly even. .'*ee eveni, a.
eTen-minded (e'vn-min'ded), a. [< erenl +
mintl + -i<r^. Equiv. to L. aquanimis: see
equttnimoii.i.] Having equanimity.
even-mindedly (e'vn-min'ded-li), adv. With
e(|uunimity.
evenness (e'vn-nes), n. [^< ME. «v«iin««, -ne«»e, <
AS. c/ennyg, equality, equity. < efen, even, + -nys,
-ness.] 1. The state of being even, level, or
smooth ; equality of surface : as, the evennea» of
the ground ; the evenness of a fluid at rest.
The explication of what is said concerning the ecenness
of the surface of the lunar spots.
Derkam, Astro-Tbeoloor, Pref.
5. Uniformity; regtilarity; equality: as, «r«ii-
ness of motion.
These gentlemen will learn of my admired reader an
evenness of voice and delivery. Stew, SjK.'c>tator, >'o. 147.
3. Equal distance from either e.xtreme ; free-
dom nrom inclination to either side ; impartial-
ity.
A crookeal stick is not straitened nnleas It be bent as
far on the clear contrary side, that so It may settle itself
at the length In a middle estate of •eeisnus between both.
Hooter, Eccles. Polity.
In her lap she held a perpendicular or level, as the en-
sign of evenneM and rest.
B. Joneon, King James's Coronation Entertainment
4. Calmness; equality of temper; freedom from
perturbation; equanimity.
He bote the loaa with great composnre and evennat of
mind. Hooter.
We . . . are likely to perish . . . onless we correct
those averseneiwa and natoral indispoaitions, and reduce
them to the eimmiim of virtue.
J*r. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S6X I. IQS.
8o mock'd, io spum'd. so h«lt«d two whole days —
I lost myself and fell from evmnm,
And raif'd.
Tennyeon, .Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.
even-servantt, «• [ME.] A fellow-servant.
Ilirt fr.'n arrant fell down and prayed him.
Wyeli/, Hat xiiil. 29.
even-song (e'vn-sdng), n. [< ME. evenaong,
evesonij, or -sang, < AS. Sfensang (= Dan. aften-
sang), < afen, eveniiig, + sang, gesang, song.]
1. In the Anglirtin Ck., a form of worship ap-
pointed to be said or song at evening. Known
an veHpern in the Roman Catholic Church. Lee's
Olossari/.
Thus the yonge kyng entred Into Keynes, the Saturday
at euerumuftyme,
Bemer», tr, of Frolssart's Chron., I. ccclxix.
Again, With In matins and in eteneong, is idolatry main-
tained for God's service.
J. Brad/ent, Letters (Parker Soc., 18i3), IL iOl.
I
■
2039
After eveneonff, they may meet their sweethearts, and
dance aboute a maypole. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 519.
2. A song or hymn sung at evening.
Thee, chauntress, oft, the woods among,
I woo, to hear thy evensong.
Milton, II Peuseroso, 1. 64.
S. The time of even-song ; evening.
He tuned ills notes both even-iong and mom. Dryden.
Also evening-song.
even-start (e''vn-star), n. [< ME. evensterre, <
AS. w/emteorra (= D. avondster = Q. ahendstem
= Dan. aftenstjerne), evening star, < afen, even,
+ steorra, star.] The evening star.
eventl (e-venf), n. [= OF. event = Sp. Pg. It.
evento, < L. eventus (eventu-), also eventum (prop,
neut. pp.), an event, occurrence, < evenire, pp.
eventus, happen, fall out, come out, < e, out, +
venire, come: see venture, and cf. advent, con-
vent, invent, etc., convene, evene, etc.] 1. That
which comes, arrives, or happens ; that which
falls out; especially, an occurrence of some
importance ; a distinctly marked incident : as,
the succession of events.
There is one event to the righteous and to the wicked.
Eccles. ix. 2.
Do I forebode impossible events.
And tremble at vain dreams?
Courper, Task, v. 491.
Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore,
And coming events cast their shadows before.
Campbell, Lochiel's Warning,
There is no greater event in life than the appearance of
new persons about our hearth, except it l>e the progress
of the character which draws them.
Knurson, Domestic Life.
2. The consequence of anything; that in which
an action, an operation, or a series of operations
terminates ; the issue ; conclusion ; end.
Of my ill-lMxiing Dream
Behold the dire Event.
Congreve, Semele, iii. 8.
My temporal concerns are slowly rectifying themselves ;
I am astonished at my own indifference to tlieir eveiU.
Shelley, in Dowden, I. 409.
One Ood, one law, one element.
And one far -off divine event.
To which the whole creation moves.
Tennyson, In Menioriam, (inclusion.
3. In public games and sports, each contest or
single proceeding in a program or series: as,
the events of the day were a bicycle-race, a foot-
race, high jumps, etc. ; the steeplechase was a
spirited event. — 4. A contingent, probable, or
possible happening ; a coming to pass ; in the
theory of probabilities, anything which may or
may not be ; any general state of things con-
sidered as having a probability : as, in the even t
of his death his interest will lapse Compound
evenL that which in reference to its probalillity is re-
gardea as consisting in the concatenatidri or c«iincjdence
of two or more ditferent events. - Double event, two
races, or other trials of strength or skill, U|>on the winning
of both of which depends the winning of a certain wager
or stake.— Simple STSnt, in the doctrine of probabili-
ties, something whose probability is deduced from direct
obaerration. atSyiL 1. Svent, Oeevrrenee, Incident, Cir-
eumstanee, affair. An event is of more importance than an
oeeurmice ; the word Is generally applied U> the larger
transactions in history. Oeeurrenee is literally that which
meets us In our progress through life, and does not con-
nect itself with the past as an event doea. An ineidsnt is
that which falls into a state of things to which it does not
primarily belong: as, the incidents of a Journey. It is
applied to matters of minor importance. Circumstance
does not necessarily mean anything that happens or takes
place, but may simply mean one of the surrounding or
accompanying conditions of an occurrence, incident, or
event ; it Is also applied to Incidents of minor moment
which take place along with something of more impor.
tance. A person giving an account of a campaign might
dwell on the leading events which it produced, might
mention some of its striking occurrences, might refer to
some remarkable incidents which attended it, and might
give details of the favorable or adverse circumstances by
which it wss accompanied. See exigency.
event^t (e-venf), V. [< L. eventus, pp. of eve-
nire, come out: see the noun.] I. intrans. To
come out; break forth.
O that thou saw'st my heart, or did'st behold
The place from which that scalding sigh evented !
B. Jonson, Case is Altered, v. 3.
n. trans. To bring to pass ; execute.
There are diuen things which are praised and dispraised,
as deedes doen by worthy men and polllcles euaUed by
great warriors. .Sir T. Wilson. Art of Rhetoric, p. 11.
event^t (e-venf), V. t. [< F. Center, fan. Cf.
eventilate.'] To fan ; cool.
A loose and rorid vapour that is flt
T* event his searching i>eams.
MarUnce and Chapman, Hero and Leander, 111.
The fervour of so pure a flame
As this my city tiears might lost? the name
Without the apt eventinn of her heat.
B. Joinon, King James's (Coronation Entertainment
eventual
even-tempered (e'vn-tem"perd), a. Having a
placid temper.
even'teratet (f-ven'te-rat), v. t. [Prop. *even-
trate (cf. equiv. F. eventrer), < L. e, out, -I- venter
(fentr-), belly: see venter, ventral. Ci. eventra-
tion.'] To eviscerate ; disembowel.
A bear which the hunters eve7iterated or opened.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 6.
eventful (e-venf ful), a. [< event + -fuW] Full
of events or incidents ; attended or character-
ized by important or striking occurrences: as,
an eventful reign; an eventful journey.
Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history.
Is second ciuldishness.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
The Colonial period, as I regard it, was the charmed,
eventftd infancy and youth of our national life.
Ii. Choate, Addresses, p. 44.
eventide (e'vn-tid), ». [< ME. even-tide; < even^
+ tide.] The time of evening. [Archaic]
And thei leiden hondes on hem and puttiden hem into
warde into the morewe, for it was then eueif-tide.
Wyclif, Acts iv. 3.
Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide.
Gen. xxiv. 63.
eventilatet (e-ven'ti-lat), v. t. [< L. eventilatus,
pp. of eventitare, set the air in motion, fan (>
OF. eventiler, esventiler, ventilate), < e, out, +
ventilare, toss, swing, winnow, fan: see venti-
late.] 1. To ventilate; sift by fanning. Cock-
eram. Hence — 2. To discuss.
Having well eventuated it (another circumstance], we
shall find that it depends upon the same principles.
Sir K. Digtiy, Sympathetic Powder.
eventilationt (e-ven-ti-la'shon), n. [= OF. es-
rentilation, < li. as if "eveniilatiof^n-), < eventi-
lare, fan : see eventilate.] 1. The act of venti-
lating or fanning ; ventilation.
Now for the nature of this heat, it is not a destructive
violent heat, as that of fire, but a generative gentle heat,
joined with moisture, nor needs it air for eventitation.
Howell, Letters, I. vi. 36.
That there is really such a thing as vital flame is an opin.
ion of some modems : [and) . . . that it requires constant
eventilativn, through the trachea and pores of the i>ody.
Bp. Berkeley, Siris, § 206.
Hence — 2. Discussion; debate. Bailey, 1731.
eventless (e-venf les), a. [< event + -less.]
Without event or incident ; monotonous.
Upon the tranquil little islands her life had been event-
less, and all the fine possibilities of her nature were like
flowers that never bloomed.
a. W. Curtis, Prue and I, p. 121.
even'tognath (e-ven'to-gnath), n. One of the
Kren toijiiit thi.
Eventognathi (ev-en-tog'na-thi), n. pi. [NL.,
< Gr. ev, well, + hndi, within, -I- jvatioq, the
jaw.] A large suborder of fresh-water phy-
sostomous fishes, of most parts of the world:
so called on account of the peculiar develop-
ment of the lower phaiyngeal bones. The brain-
case is produced between the orbits ; the basis cranii is
simple, and the anus is normal in position ; there is a dis-
tinct dorsal fin ; and the lower pharyngeal bones are fal-
ciform, and jiaraliel with the l>ranchial arches. The group
embraces the cyprinids, catostnmtds, and cobitids; it is
rated by some autiiors as an order etiuivalent to Ptecto-
sjtondpti, by others as a sulwrder of plectospondylous
fishes.
eventognathous (ev-en-tog'na-thus), a. Hav-
ing the cliaracters of the Eventognathi.
eventourt, ». A corrupt form of aventure.
eventration (e-ven-tra'shon), n. [< L. e, out,
+ renter (cewtr-), belly, + -ation. Cf. F. even-
trer. See eventerate.] In med.i (a) The con-
dition of a monster in which the abdominal
viscera are contained in a membiranous sac pro-
jecting from the abdomen. (6) Ventral hernia.
(<•) The pendulous condition of the lower ab-
domen in some women who have borne many
children, (d) The escape of a considerable part
of the intestine from a wound of the abdomen.
eventual (e-ven'tu-al), a. [=: D. eventueel =
Dan. Sw. eventuel,' <"F. iventuel = Sp. Pg. even-
tual = It. eventuate, < L. eventus (eventu-), an
event: see erenfl.] 1. Pertaining to the event
or issue ; happening or to happen or exist
finally; ultimate: as, his eventual success was
unexpected.
It is curious to observe the prophetic accuracy with
which he discerned, not only the existence, but the even-
tual resources of tlie western world.
Preteolt, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 18.
Eventual provision for the payment of the pul)lic secu-
rities. Hamilton.
Perhaps tliere was some idea of the evetittcal union of
Belgium with France. Quarterly Bev., CXLVI, 119.
2. Contingent upon a future or as yet unknown
event; depending upon an uncertain event;
that may happen or come about : as, an ever
tual succession.
eventual
Creating a new paper ciirreucy, founded on an eventual
sale of the church lauds. Burke.
=:SyiL 1. ntimate, Coiielusive, etc. See final.
eventuality (e-ven-tu-al'i-ti), n. ; pi. eventuali-
ties (-tiz). [= F. eventualite = Sp. eientualidad
= Pg. ecentualidade = It. eveiitualiti ; as even-
tual + -ity.'i 1. A contingent occurrence; a
result of environment; that which happens
froip the force of circumstances.
The ecentuatities and vicissitudes to which our Ameri-
can life is often subject. Harper's Mag., LXVIII. 158.
The stair was . . , constantly employed in drawing up
and revising schemes of concentration suited to every even-
tuality. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 306.
The only effect was that the hens left the nest, and, join-
ing the male birds, prepared for evetitualities, nor did they
take wing until we had begun to walk up to the rookery.
Nineteenth Century, XXII. 890.
2. In phren., a disposition to take note of
events or occurrences ; one of the perceptive
faculties, whose organ is supposed to be situ-
ated at the lower part of the forehead, below
comparisoti and above individuality. See cut
under ph renology.
eventually (e-ven'tu-al-i), adv. In the event;
ill the final result or issue ; in the end.
Allow things to take their natural course, and if a man
have in him that which transcends the common, it must
eventually draw to itself respect and obedience.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 125.
The organic matter is oxidised, and may thus be eventu-
ally converted into products which are perfectly harmless.
Huxley, Physiography, p. 126.
eventuate (e-ven'tu-at), v. i.; pret. and pp.
eventuated, ppr. eventuating. [< L. eventus {even-
tu-), an event, + -ate^.'] 1. To culminate;
close ; terminate : as, the agitation against sla-
very eventuated in civil war.
The ideas conveyed, sentiments inculcated, and usages
taught to children by parents who themselves were simi-
larly taught, eventuate in a rigid set of customs.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 535.
2. To fall out; happen; come to pass; result
as an event or a consequence.
If Mr. were condemned, a schism in the National
Church would eveyituate. Dr. M. Daviee.
eventuation (f-veu-tu-a'shon), n. [< eventuate
+ -JOM.] The act of eventuating; the act of
falling out or happening. Sir W. Hamilton.
ever (ev'6r), adv. [Also contr. (dial, and poet.)
e'er; < ME. ever, evere, evre, efer, efere, efre,
cBvere, avere, wfre, always, at all times, at any
time ; with comparatives, in any degree, in such
degree; with indef. (orig. interrogative) pro-
nouns, a generalizing addition; < AS. wfre,
ever, i. e., always (rarely, ever, i. e., at any
time), prob. ult. < a, ever, always, ay (see ayl,
oyel), orig. *««;_(= Goth, aiio) with umlaut of
the vowel (cf. cew, w, law, of the same origin)
and change of w tof(v), + -re, dat. fern. adj.
suffix, often formative of adverbs. Cf. AS. ece,
everlasting, from the same ult. source: see
eche*. Hence, with prefixed negative, never,
q. v.] 1. At all times; always; continually.
And iewes lyuen in lele lawe owre lorde wrote it hym-selue,
In stone, for it stydfast was and stonde siiolde eure.
Piers Plowman (B), xv. 573.
Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge
of the truth. 2 Tim. ill. 7.
This honey tasted still is ever sweet.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, xxx.
The wisest, happiest of our kind are they
That ever >valk content with nature's way.
Wordsiivrth, Evening Voluntaries, v.
2. At any time ; at any period or point of time,
past or future: in negative, interrogative, or
comparative sentences: as, no man is ever the
happier for injustice; did you ever see any-
thing like it? I do not think I ever did.
I sail yow telle als trewe a tale,
Als euer was herde by nyghte or daye.
Thomas of Ertseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 97).
No man ever yet hated his own flesh. Eph. v. 29.
Thou art a hopeful boy.
And it was bravely spoken : for this answer
I love thee more than ever.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1.
Such is now the one city in which the Turk ever ruled
on our side of Hadria. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 331.
3t. In any degree ; any ; at all : usually in con-
nection with an adverb or adjective in the com-
parative degree, and after a negative.
Let no man fear that harmful creature ever the less, be-
cause he sees the apostle safe from that poison. Bp. Halt.
The cruse of oil would not fail ever the sooner for be-
stowing a portion of it on a prophet, or any of the sons of
the prophets. Bp. Attertmry, Sermons, I. viii.
4. To any possible degree; in any possible
case: with as: a word of enforcement or em-
phasis : as, as soon as ever he had done it.
2040
His felawes fledde as fast as euer they myght.
Qenerydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1003.
Sometime the Dutchesse bore the child.
As wet as ever she could be.
Dutchess 0/ Suffolk's Calamity (Child's Ballads, VII. 302).
Ever amongt, ever and anon. Spenser.
And ever amotig,
A niayden song,
LuUay, by by, Inllay.
Carol of I5th Century.
Ever and anon. See anon.— Ever In onef , always ; con-
stantly: contiinially. Chaucer, — Ever SO, to whatever
extent ; to whatever degree ; greatly ; exceedingly : as,
ever so long ; be he ever so bold.
And grete thou doe that ladye well.
Ever soe well ifroe nice.
Childe Maurice (Child's Ballads, II. 314).
For ever, (a) Eternally ; in everlasting continuance.
This is my name /or ever. Ex. iii. 15.
(6) For all time ; to the end of life.
His master shall bore his ear through with an awl ; and
he shall serve him for ever. Ex. xxi. 6.
But here at my right hand attendant be
For ever. J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 42.
(c) Continually ; incessantly ; without intermission : as,
he is for ever in the way ; she is for ever singing, from
morning to night. [Colloq.] [These words are sometimes
repeated for the sake of emphasis : as. forever and ever, or
for ever and for ever. They are most commonly written
together as oneword,/oreyer.] — For ever and a day.for
ever, emphatically ; eternally. [Colloq.] — Or ever. .See
ori. = Syn. 1. Perpetually, incessantly, constantly, eter-
nally.
ever-bloomer (ev'iT-hWm^r), n. A gardeners'
or florists' name for a "perpetual" rose.
We have grown over sixty [varieties] named ever-bloom-
ers or tea-roses.
New York Semi-weekly Tribune, May 3, 1887.
ever-during (ev'er-diir'''ing), a. Enduring for-
ever ; everlastLng : as, ever-during glorj'. [Po-
etical.]
Heaven open'd wide
Her ever-during gates. Milton, P. L., vii. 206.
lly Notes to future Times proclaim
Unconquer'd Love, and ever-during Flame.
Prior, Henry and Emma.
everecht, a. A Middle English form of every'^.
everfernt (ev'6r-fern), n. The wall-fern. Ge-
rard.
He busked hym a hour, the best that he niygt,
Of hay & of euer-feme <fc erbeg a fewe.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Mon-i.s), iii. 438.
everglade (ev'6r-glad), n. A low, swampy tract
of land, more or less covered by a growth of
tall grass : a word in common use in Florida,
a large portion of the southern part of this
State being a marshy region known as the Ev-
erglades. Further north similar tracts, in the
region bordering on the sea, are called dismals
or pocosins — Everglade kite, Rostrhamus sociabitis,
having a long, very
slender, and much-
hooked bill. (See
Rostrhatnus.) This
bird is from 16 to
18incheslong, and
about 44 inclies in
extent of wings.
The adult of both
sexes is slate-col-
ored or dark plum-
beous, blackening
on the wings and
tail, with the base
of the tail white,
and its end with a
pale-grayish zone.
The bill and claws
are black; the base
of the bill, the
cere, and the feet
are orange ; the
iris is red. The
young birds are
nuich varied with
brown, yellowish,
and white. This
bird inhabits the
Everglades of
Florida and parts
of the West Indies and South America. In general habits
it resembles the marsh-harrier. It feeds on reptiles, in-
sects, etc., nests in bushes, and lays commonly two eggs
measuring 13 by Ig inches, whitish in color, irregularly
blotched with brown.
evergreen (ev'er-gren), a. and n. I. a. Al-
ways green; verdant throughout the year;
sempervirid: as, the pine is an evergreen tree.
The juice, when in greater plenty than can be exhaled
by the sun, renders the plant evergreen.
Arbuthnot, Aliments.
II. M. 1. A plant that retains its verdure
through all the seasons, as the pine and other
coniferous trees, the holly, laurel, holm-oak,
i'vy, rhododendron, and many others. Evergreens
shed their old leaves in the spring or summer, after the
new foliage has been formed, and consequently are ver-
dant through all the seasons.
I find you are against filling an English garden with
evergreens. Addison, Spectator.
Everglade Kite {Kostrkafnus sociabilis).
ever-living
Flourish'd a little garden square and wall'd :
And in it throve an ancient evergreen,
A yewtree. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
For ornament carrying two or three |)yramidal ever-
greens, stiff as grenadiers.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together.
2. A woolen material similar to cassimere : a
term in use about 1850.
evericht, everilkt, «• Middle English forms
of evcry^.
everichont, everichoont, pron. See every one,
under ercry^.
everlasting (ev-6r-las'ting), a. and n. [< ME.
everlastyngc, older evrelestinde ; < ever + lasting.']
1. a. 1 . Lasting forever ; existing or continu-
ing without end; having infinite duration.
The joye of Ood, he sayth, is perdurable : that is to sayn,
everlasting. Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus.
And Abraham planted a grove in Beer-sheba, and called
there on the name of the Lord, the everlasting God.
Gen. xxi. 33.
2. Continuing indefinitely long; having no de-
terminable or prospective end; enduring be-
yond calculation.
And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee,
the land wlierein tliou art a stranger, all the land of Ca-
naan, for an everlasting possession. Gen. xvii. 8.
But since now safe ye seised have the sliore.
And well arrived are (Iiigh God be blest!).
Let us devize of ease and everlasting rest.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 17.
3. Recurring without final cessation ; happen-
ing again and again without end; incessant:
as, I am tired of these everlasting disputes.
[Colloq.]
Heard thy everlasting yawn confess
The pains and penalties of idleness.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 343.
I saw but one way to cut short these everlasting delays.
Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 296.
Everlasting pea. See pea. =Syil. 1. Perpetital, Immor-
tal, etc. See e^enwii.— 2 and 3. Interminable, unceasing,
uninterrupted, perennial, imperishable.
II. n. 1. Eternity ; eternal duration, past and
future.
From everlasting to everlasting thou art God. Ps. xc. 2.
2. A strong woolen cloth, now used especial-
ly for the tops of boots. Also called lasting
and^jrimeHa, and formerly durance (which see).
Were't not for my smooth, soft, silken citizen, I would
quit this transitory trade, get me an everlasting robe, sear
up my conscience, and turn sergeant.
Beau, ajid FL, Woman-Hater, iv. 2.
3. A common name for plants whose scarious
flowers retain their form, color, and brightness
long after being gathered, it is applied to conmion
species of Gnaphalixaa, Anaphalis, and Antennuria, and
to cultivated species of the allied genera Iletichrysum.,
Xerophyllum, etc. Also called immortelle. — The Ever-
lasting, the Eternal Being ; God.
O, . . . that the Everlasting had not fix'd
His canon 'gainst self-slaughter !
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
everlasting (ev-er-las'ting), adv. Very; ex-
ceedingly : as, everlasting mean. [Vulgar, U. S.]
New York is an everlasting great concern.
Major Downing, May-day in New York.
everlastingly (ev-6r-las'ting-li), adv. 1. Eter-
nally; perpetually; forever.
Things everlastingly required by the law of that Lord of
lords, against whose statutes there is no exception to be
taken. Hooker, Eceles. Polity, Pref., ii.
2. For all time, or for an indefinitely long time ;
permanently; continuously; incessantly: often
used hyperbolically : as, you are everlastingly
grumbling.
Say, I will love her everlastingly.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
Many have made themselves everlastingly ridiculous.
Suift.
3. Beyond limitation or bounds ; excessively;
immoderately: as, he is everlastingly stingy.
[Vulgar, U. S.]
everlastingness (ev-er-las'ting-nes), n. [< ME.
everlastymjineKse.l The state or quality of be-
ing everlasting ; endlessness or indefinite length
of duration; immortality; endui'ing perma-
nence.
The conscience, the character of a God stampt in it, and
tlie apprehension of eternity, do all prove it [a soul] a
shoot of everlastingness. Feltham, Resolves, No. 64.
Nothing could make me sooner to confess
That this world had an everlastingness.
Donne, Progress of the Soul.
ever-li'Ving (ev'fer-liv'ing), a. 1.' Deathless;
eternal ; immortal ; having eternal existence.
So many idle hours as here he loiters,
So many ever-living names he loses.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1.
The everliving
High and most glorious i>oets !
£. W. fiitder. Call me not Dead.
ever-living
2. Continual; unfailing; permanent: as, an
ever-living principle.
That raost glorious house, that glistreth bright
With burning starres and everiivinff fire.
Spenser, ¥. Q., I. x. 50.
everlyt, '"'''• Constantly ; continually. Maekay.
evennot, af'f- [ME. ei-ermo, evere mo, etc. : see
ever and mo.~\ Evermore.
. And in a tour, in anguish and in wo,
Dwellen this Falamon and eke Arcite,
For evenno, there may no gold hem quite.
Chaucer, Knighf s Tale (ed. Tyrwhitt), 1. 10S4.
evermore (ev'*r-m6r), adv. [< ME. evermore,
evere mor, etc.: see ever and more, adv.'] 1.
Always ; forever ; eternally, or for all coming
time: oft«n preceded by /or.
For evermore ye schulen have pore men with you, and
whaone ye wolen ye moun do wel to hem, but ye shulen
not evermore have me. Wycli/, Mark xiv. 7.
Religion prefers those pleasures which flow from the
presence of God /or CTerniore. TiUatton.
Let me be
Evermore numbered with the truly free
Who find thy service perfect liberty !
Whittier, What of the Day?
2. At all times; continually: as, evermore
guided by truth.
Also a Knyght of the Temple wooke there ; and wysached
iPunevere more fulle of Gold. MandevOU, Travels, p. 147.
Their gates to all were open evermore.
Spenner, F. Q., I. x. 36.
In matters of religion, women hare evermore had a great
hand, though stmietimes on the left, as well as on the
right hand. Donne, Sermons, ixiii.
The sign and symbol of all which Christ is evermore do-
ing to the world. Abp. Trench.
Evemia (e-v*r'ni-8), n. [NL., < 6r. cvtpvi(,
sprouting well, < "tv, well, + ipvo(, sprout.] A
genus of parme-
uaceous lichens
having a frutic-
ulose or pen-
dulous thallns,
and apothecia
with a concave
disk of a color
different from
that of the
thallus. Evemia
Pruiuutri is used
for dyeing, and
was formerly used,
ground dc.wn with
starch, for halr-
poWii.T.
evemiaeform
(e-v6r'ni-e-f6rm), a. [< NL. Evernia + L.
forma, form . ] BesembUng Evemia in the form
of thp thallug.
evemic (e-v6r'nik), a. [< Eeemia + -<<•.]
Pertaining to the lichen genus Evemia — Erer-
nic add, an organic acid found to lichens of the genus
Eeemia,
eveminic (e-vtr-nin'ik), a. [< Evemia + -tn-ic.]
Sainf n* evemic.
evemioid (e-v^r'ni-oid), a. [< Eeemia + -oirf.J
Similar in form and substance to Evemia,
everriculuill (e-ve-rik'u-lum), ». ; pi. CT>«T»«i»-
la (-14). [L., a drag-net, sweep-net,< everrere,
sweep out, < e, out, + verrere, sweep, brash,
scrape.] In surr/., an instrument, shaped like
a scoop, for removing sand, fragments of stone,
or clotted blood from the bladder during or af-
ter the operation jf lithotomy.
everset (e-vfers'), v. t. [< OF. everser, < L. ever-
sicx, pp. of erertere, overthrow: see evert.'] To
overthrow or subvert.
The foundation of this principle is totally ntrid by the
most ingenious commentator npon immaterial beings, Dr.
B. More, In his Uiok of Immortality.
Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, iv.
eversible (e-vtr'si-bl), a. [< L. eversus, pp. of
everUrc, overturn (see evert), + -ible.'\ Capable
of being everted, or turned inside out. Also
evertile.
This Utter appendage is evertibU, and contains a pointed
calcareoos concretion (splcnium amorls).
OegenSaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 383.
eversion (S-vir'shon), n. [= OP. 0eer«ton, P.
everxion = 8p. eversion = Pg. evertSo = It. ever-
fione, < L. everfio{n-), a turning out, an over-
throwing, < evertere, pp. eversus, overturn : see
erert.'i If. Overthrow ; subversion ; destruc-
tion.
win you cause your own ^p^rnon.
EvtmUt fttrfmracea, with a bvaadl bear*
b^ a, an apothcdiiiii.
I
Beginning with despair, ending with woe 7
Middlelon, Solomon Paraphrased, L
All thcfle reasons floe moue me to coniecture thatQuto-
aay Is now liy fuiriiion of Earthquake, Warres, or both,
and by iliiii-rsion fif the (.'ourt from thence, conuerted into
this smaller rtticheum. I'urchag, Pilgrimage, p. 436.
The everiUm of their well-established govemraenta.
Jer. Tat/lor, Cases of Conidence.
2041
2. A turning outward, or inside out. — 3. In
hot., the protrusion of organs that are generally
produced in a cavity. Cooke's Manual — Eversion
of the eyelid, ectropion, in which the eyelid, as the re-
sult of disease or accident, is turned outward so as to ex-
pose thereii internal lining. It occurs most frequently in
the lower lid.
eversivet (e-v^r'siv), a. [< L. eversus, pp. otever-
tcre, overtfirow (see evert), + -ive.'] Designed
or tending to overthrow; subversive. [Rare.]
A maxim . . . eversive. of all justice and morality.
Dr. Geddes.
evert (e-v6rt'), v. t. [< L. evertere, evortere,
turn out, turn over, overthrow, < e, out, + tier-
tTe, vortere, turn : see verse, vertex, etc., and ef.
avert, advert, convert, invert, pervert, revert, sub-
vert.'] It. To overthrow ; subvert ; destroy.
Have I, fond wretch.
With utmost care and labour brought thee up.
And hast thou in one act everted all?
Chapman, AU Fools, iv. 1.
2. To turn outward, or inside out.
In Lagena the mouth is narrowed and prolonged into a
tubular neck. . . . This neck terminates in an everted lip.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 479.
They attack molluska by everting their stomachs.
Pop. Encyc.
evertebral (e-v6r'te-bral), o. [< L. e- priv. -I-
vertehra, vertebrsB, + -<ai.] Not derived from
vertebra; not vertebral in character: applied
to that portion of the skull which is not primi-
tively traversed by the notochord.
[Ibat] portion of the cranium which is vertebral, and
the anterior, or evertebral, portion, which does not exhibit
any relations to the vertebrae. «
Qegenlbaur, Comp. Anat (trans.), p. 447.
Evertebrata (8-v6r-te-bra ' ta), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of 'evertebratus : seeevertebrate.] Same
as Inrcrtehrata.
evertebrate (e-v6r't«-brat), a. [< NL. 'everte-
bratus. < L. e- priv. + vertebra, vertebrae.] Not
vertebrate; invertebrate.
evertile (e-v6r'til), a. [< evert + -«fe.] Same
as erersible.
everyi (ev'ri), a. and j>ron. [Early mod. E. also
everte; < ME. eeery, weri, earlier eeencA,ei'erecA,
everueh, everyeh, etc., evrieh, efrich, etc., everile,
everilk, teverelek, averelc, etc., cevcr<elc, < AS.
Sfre ale, every, lit. ever each: <e/rc, ever, a
generalizing adverb; ale, each: see ever and
each. Thus -y in every represents each, and
every is each generalized.] I. a. Each, con-
sidered indefinitely as a unitary part of an ag-
gregate ; all, of a collective or aggregate num-
ber, taken one by one; any, as representing
all of whom or of which the same thing is pred-
icated. A proposition containing every before a class
name is equivalent to the totality of itatementa formed
by replacing this expreasion by the name of each indi-
Tidual of the claas. But if not is placed before every, the
meaning is that some one or more of these Individual
propoaitl<ins are not tme. Thus, " not every man ii a
poet " does not mean that not any roan Is a poet, but only
that some men are not poets. In many cases, however,
every la ambiguous.
Tlie mother was an elfe by anentore
Ycome, by channea or by sorcerie,
And everiek man hatlth hire compagnle.
Chaueer, Man of Law's Tale, L 6176.
" Certea," selde the kynge, " euery day and euery honr
haue I to yow nede and myster. "
Merlin (K. E. T. 8.), Ui. 631.
Peace I thou hast told a tale whose every word
Threatens eternal alaughter to the soul.
Ford, 'TIS Pity, 11. 6.
The inductive method has been practised ever since the
beginning of the world by every human being.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
Bvwy t>lt, in every respect ; to all points ; altogether :
aa. hfs claim Is every bit aa good aa yours. (Colloq.] —
Every bullet has Its billet. See MZfefi.- Every deall,
in every part ; wholly.
Am I noght your loae euerideUf
Vro me ahold ye noght hide no maner thing.
Rom. qfParlenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2920.
Every eacht, every other.— Every now and then, re-
iieatedly; at short Intervals; frequently. -Every once
in a while, now and then ; from time Ui time. [Colloq.,
U. .s. ) ~ Every one 1 M E. everieh on, everyeh on (ocn, etc.),
generally written as one word, everiehon, etc.: see every
and one], each one (of the whole number); every penon;
everybody. [Now commonly written as two wonls, but in
accent and grammatical use practically one word, as for-
merly written.)
Harclal salth men In dyvers wise
Her flgges keep, and oon for everiehoone,
Aa campalne hem kepeth, shall snfilce.
PaUadiut, Hosbondrie (E. E. T. 8.), p. 127.
Every one that flatters thee
Is no friend In misery.
Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, xxl.
Every other. .See o(A«r.
n, pron. Each of any number of persons or
things; every one. [Obsolete or archaic]
evese
Everick of hem doth other greet honour.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale. L 906.
Euery bewepte hys deth mornyngly
Thys Erie bcried ryght ful solenipnely.
Rom. of Partetiay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 660.
And every of them strove with most delights
Him to aggrate, and greatest pleasures shew.
Spe7uer,¥. Q.,II. v. 33.
If every of your wishes had a womb.
And fertile every wish. Shak., A. and C, i. 2.
I desire I may enjoy my liberty herein, aa every of your-
selves do. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 142.
every^t, n. An obsolete form of ivory. Wright.
The towres shal be of every,
Clene corvene by and by. Porkington MS.
everybody (ev'ri-bod''i), n. \<.ecery^ + body.
Ct. anybody, somebody, nobody.] Every per-
son ; every individual of a body or mass of
persons ; people in general, taken collectively.
Everybody knows how the mental faculties open out
and become visible as a child grows up.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 94.
every-day (ev'ri-da), a. [< every day, adv.
phrase.] Pertaining to daily or common life or
occasions; used or occurring habitually ; suit-
able for or that may be seen every day ; com-
mon ; usual : as, every-day clothing or employ-
ments ; an every-day event or scene.
This waa no every-day writer.
Pope, quoted in Johnson's Akenslde.
A plain, business-like speaker ; a man of everyday tal-
ents in the House. Brougham, Mr. Dnndas,
Tlie antique In itself is not the ideal, though its remote-
ness from the vulgarity of everyday associations helps to
make it seem so. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 204.
The regular everyday facts of this common life of men.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 68.
everyone (ev'ri-wun), pron. See every one,
under ricry^, a.
everything (ev'ri-thing), n. [< every^ + thing.
C,'f . anything, something, nothing.] 1 . All things,
taken separately; any total or ag^egate, con-
sidered with reference to its constituent parts;
each separate item or particular : as, erery thing
in the nouse or in the world; everything one
says or does.
This hairy Covering is my only Bed,
My shirt, my cloke, my gown, my everything.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 121.
We feast on good cheer, with wine, ale, and beer.
And ev'rything at our command,
Robin Hood and Little John (Child's Ballads, V. 222).
Newcastle . . . had found that the Court and this aristoc-
racy, though powerful, were not everythincj in the state.
Macaulay, William Pitt.
2. That which is important in the highest de-
gree : as, it will be everything to him to get this
office. — 3. Very much; a great deal: as, he
thinks everything of her. [Colloq., U. S.]
everywhen (ev'ri-hwen), adv. [< every^ + when.
After everywhere. Cf. anywhen, somewhen, no-
when.] At all times. [Rare.]
Eternal law is silently present everywhere and every-
vhen. The Century, XXVI. Ml.
everywhere (ev'ri-hwar), adv. [< ME. eyeri-
hu-<ir, varer ihwcr, < ever, evere, etc. (AS. afre),
ever, a generalizing adverb, -1- ihicar, ihwer, <
AS. gehwter, everywhere, on every side, < ge-,
an indef. generalizing prefix, -I- hivter, where.
Thus, while everywhere is regarded as composed
of et'eryl + where, it is historically made up of
ever + y-where, the y- being a prefix, as in
y-clept, y-wis, etc. (see »'-), and quite different
from the -y in every^. Ct. anywhere, somewhere,
nowhere.'] 1. In every place ; in all places.
And the whole drifte of his discourse is this, that Christ,
being both God and man, liy the nature and substance of
hia Godhead is euerywhere. Bp. Jewell, Defence, p. 88.
Everywhere weighing, everywhere measuring, everywhere
detecting and explaining the laws of force and motion.
D. Webeter, Mechanics' Inst., Nov. 12, 1828.
Evermchere among primitive peoples trespasses are fol-
lowed by counter trespasses.
//. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 97.
2. Wherever; to whatever place or point: as,
you will see them everywhere you go. [Colloq.]
everywhither (ev'ri-hwiTH'6r), adv. [< every^
+ whither. Cf. anywhither, somewhither, no-
whither.] To every place ; in every direction.
George Eliot. [Bare.]
Everyz (ev'e-nks), n. [NL., < Gr. ev, well, +
Eryx, a generic name variously applied.] A
genus of sphinx-moths. E. myron is the green grape-
vine sphinx, of general distribution in the United States,
expanding about 2J Inches, of varied greenish and gray
colors, the hind wings mostly reddish.
evest, n. pi. An obsolete form of eaves.
evesdropt, evesdroppert. See eavesdrop, eaves-
dropper.
eveset, v. t. [ME. evesen, < AS. efesian, efsian,
shear : see eaves, eavesing.] To border.
evese
eveset, ». An obsolete form of eaves,
evestart, «. [ME.evesterre: see even-star,'] The
eveuing star.
evestigatef (e-ves'ti-gat), v. t, [< L. evesUgattiSy
pp., traced out, < c, out, + vestigatuSj trace.
See investigate, vestigate.~\ To investigate.
Bailey.
evet (ev'et), m. [E. dial, also evat^ efet (contr.
eft, also ewt^ whence, from an met taken as a
newt^ the other form newt), < AS. efete, a newt:
see c/fi, weicf.] 1. Same as e/ifl. — 2. A name
of the crimson-spotted triton of the United
States.
evibratet (e-vi'brat), v. i. [< L. evibratus, pp. of
ev-ibrare, swing forward, move, excite, < e, out,
+ vihrare, swing: see vibrate.'} To vibrate.
evickef, «. See evecke.
evict (e-vikt')j V. t. [< L. evictus, pp. of evin-
cerc, overcome, prevail over, recover one's prop-
erty by judicial decision, succeed in proving:
see evitice.'} 1. To dispossess by a judicial
process or course of legal proceedings ; expel
rrom lands or tenements by legal process.
If either party be evicted for the defect of the other's
title. Blackstone.
2. To wrest or alienate by reason of the hostile
assertion of an irresistible title, though without
judicial process. See eviction, 2.
His lands were evicted from him.
King Jaines's Declaration.
Hence — 3. To expel by force; turn out or re-
move in any compulsory way : as, to evict dis-
turbers from a theater. — 4t. To evince; prove.
I do not desire to be equal to those that went before,
but to have my reason examined with theirs, and so much
faith to be given them, or me, as those shall evict.
B. Jonson, Discoveries.
The main question is evicted.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 156.
5t. To set aside ; displace ; annul.
The will had been disputed; and the possible heir-at-
law had been bound over by tlie Council, "if lie do evict
the will, to stand to the King's award and arbitrement."
E. A. Abbott, Francis Bacon (1885), p. 171.
6f. To force out; compel. [Rare.]
Your happy exposition . . .
Evicts glad grant from me you hold a truth.
Chapman, Caesar and Pompey, iv. 3.
eviction (e-vik'shon), n. [= F. Eviction = Sp.
eviccion = Pg. evicgao = It. evizione, < LL. evic-
tio(n-), recovery of one's property by judicial
decision, < evictus, pp. of evincere, evict: see
evict.} 1, Dispossession by judicial sentence;
the recovery of lands or tenements from an-
other's possession by due course of law.
Eviction is the one dread of the Irish tenant, for once
evicted he has before him only emigration, the workhouse,
or the grave.
W. S. Gregg, Irish Hist, for Eng. Readers, p. 161.
2. An involuntary loss of possession, or ina-
bility to get a promised possession, by reason
of the hostile assertion of an irresistible title.
Hence — 3. Forcible expulsion ; the act of turn-
ing out or driving away, as a trespasser or dis-
turber of the peace. — 4t. Proof; conclusive
evidence.
Rather as an expedient for peace than an eviction of the
right Sir R. L'Estrange.
evictor (e-vik'tor), w. One who evicts.
As it is notorious that tenants rarely have any money
laid by, one of the main ideas in the mind of evictors since
its passing has been to break their tenancies under it (the
Act of 1881]. Contemporary Rev., LI. 129.
evidence (ev'i-dens), «. [< ME. evidence, < OF.
evidence, F. ^idence = Pr. evidencia, evidensa =
Sp. Pg. evidencia = It. evidenza, evidenzia, < L.
evidentia, clearness, LL. a proof, < eviden{t-)s,
ppr., clear, evident: see evident.} 1. The state
of being evident, clear, or plain, and not liable
to doubt or question ; evidentness ; clearness;
plainness; certitude. See mediate and imme-
diate evidence, etc., below. [Rare in common
use.]
Those beliefs are " evidently" true which can, on reflec-
tion, be seen to be so evident that we require no grounds
at all for believing them save the ground of their own very
evidence. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 133.
2. The means by which the existence or non-
existence or the truth or falsehood of an alleged
fact is ascertained or made evident; testi-
mony; witness; hence, more generally, the facts
upon which reasoning from effect to cause is
based ; that which makes evident or plain ; the
experiential premises of a proof.
"These aren euydences," quath Hunger, "for hem that
woUe nat swynken.
That here (their] lyflode be lene, and lytel worth here
clothes." Piers Plowman (C), ix. 263.
There Is not a greater Evidence of God's Care and Love
to hla Creature than Affliction. Howell. Letters. I. vl. 67.
2042
Evidence for the Imputation there was scarcely any ; un-
less reports wandering from one mouth to another, and
gaining something by every transmission, may be called
evidence. Macaiday, Warren Hastings.
Whenever a true theory appears, it will be its own evi-
dence. Emersmi, Nature, p. 7.
Evidence signifies that which demonstrates, makes clear,
or ascertains the truth of the very fact or point in issue,
either on the one aide or on the otlier.
Blackstone, Com., III. xxiii.
Specifically, in law: (a) A deed; an instrument or docu-
ment by which a fact is made evident : as, evidences of
title (that is, title-deeds) ; evidences of debt (that is, writ-
ten obligations to pay money).
A boxe with iiij. ewydence.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 327.
Of the pith or heart of the tree is made paper for bookes
and euidences. Pxtrckas, Pilgiiniage, p. 506.
I sent you the evidence of the piece of land
I motion'd to you for the sale.
Webster, Devil's Law-Case, i. 1.
(&) One who supplies testimony or proof ; a witness : now
used chiefly in the phrase "tm-ning state's (or queen's)
evidence."
Infamous knd perjured evidences. Scott.
(c) Information, whether consisting of the testimony of
witnesses or the contents of documents, or derived from
inspection of objects, which tends, or is presented as tend-
ing, to make clear the fact in question in a legal investi-
gation or trial ; testimony : as, he offered evidence of good
character.
His evideiice, if he were called by law
^ To swear to some enormity he saw,
For want of prominence and just relief
Would hang an honest man and save a thief.
Coivper, Conversation.
The evidence of a deeply interested witness, given on
the side which his interest would incline him to give it,
is of no value when the circumstances are such that he
cannot be contradicted on the subject-matter of his evi-
dence. Nineteenth Century, XX. 456.
(d) In a more restricted sense, that part of such information
or testimony which is properly receivable or has actually
been received by the court on the trial of an issue : some-
times more specifically characterized sa judicial evidence :
as, that is not evidence, my lord ; the age of the accused is
not in evidence. In this latter sense sometimes, especially
in equity practice, spoken of as the })roo/s. (e) The rules
by which the reception of testimony is regulated in courts
of justice : as, a treatise on evidence; professor of plead-
ing and evidence.— Adminicular, circumstantial, con-
clusive, cumulative, extrinsic, hearsay, etc., evi-
dence. See the adjectives.— Demurrer to evidence.
See demurrer^.— "Direct evidence, that which goes ex-
pressly to the very point in question ; that which, if be-
lieved, proves the point without aid from inference or
reasoning, as the testimony of an eye-witness to an occur-
rence, as distinguished from indirect or circumstantial evi-
dence, which goes expressly to other facts only, from which
it is proposed to infer what was the fact on the point in
question.— Documentary evidence, evidence supplied
by written instruments.— Documentary Evidence Act,
an English statute of 1868 (;il and 92 Vict., c. 37), making
all laws, proclamations, and other official documents which
purport to be printed in the Gazette or by the govern-
ment printer, or certified by the clerk of the Privy Coun-
cil, and also, by an amendment in 1882 (45 Vict., c. 9), if
they purpoi-t to be printed by authority of Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, receivable in evidence without furtlier
proof.— Evidence aliunde. See aiiwjirfp.— Evidences
of Christianity. See Christianity.— Formal evidence,
the character of the act of reason by which anything is
recognized as certain and indubitable. — Immediate evi-
dence, that state or degree of evidentness which belongs
to an object plainly perceived. — In evidence, (a) In law,
having been received by the court as competent evidence in
the cause on trial ; being a part of the accepted proofs. (6)
Plainly visible ; conspicuous: a recent phrase adopted from
the French en ^uitfence.— Instruments of evidence, the
media, such aa witnesses, documents, etc., through which
the evidence of facts is conveyed to the mind ()f a judicial
tribunal. Best.— King's evidence, queen's evidence,
state's evidence, one charged with a crime who waives
his privilege against criminiiting himself in order that his
testimony as a witness may })e used to convict anotlier im-
plicated with him.— Law of evidence, that part of the law
which determines the necessity, the methods, and the suffi-
ciency of proof of facts as a basis for the administration of
justice. It is a system consisting partly of principles and
partly of artificial rules, established partly by precedent
and partly bystatute, and originating partly in logical prin-
ciples and partly in judicial experience in investigating
controversies by means of human testimony ; the object
of the system being to guide courts in deciding what sub-
jects reqtiire proof, what facts are to be received as evi-
dence, what testimony or documents may be used for the
purpose and in what manner, and what the effect of evi-
dence thus received should be.— Mediate evidence, the
clearness and force of a demonstration.— Moral evi-
dence, the evidence of an irresistible probable ai^ument.
— Negative evidence. See positive ewde^ice.— Objec-
tive evidence, the diarju-ter of tlie object of a certain and
iiidnbitiihlero-iiition. — Opinion evidence. See opinion.
—Oral evidence, parole evidence, evidence by word
of mouth; testimony, as distinguislied from documentary
evidence. Testimony taken by deposition, and thus pre-
sented in writing, is deemed oral evidence, not documen-
tary evidence.— Positive evidence, (a) Direct evidence
(which see, above), (b) Testimony to having witnessed an
act or event, as distinguishcfl from tiegative evideiice, or
the testimony of a witness who was present and observant,
that such act or event did not take place. As between
equally credible witnesses, positive testimony is entitled
to more weight than negative, because it may be that one
witness, though present, did not see or hear that which
another witness did.— Presumptive evidence, prima
facie evidence, evidence sufficient if not controverted :
used technically in two distinct senses which are often
confused— (a) Evidence Bufflcient to go to the jury, and on
evidential
which therefore it would be error for the judge to decide
in place of the jury, but on which the jury may fairly
decide either way. {b) Evidence sufficient not only to go to
tlie jury, but to require them to find accordingly if no credi-
ble contrary evidence be given.— Primary e^dence, the
best evidence, as distinguished from secondary evidence;
or evidence of such a nature as to imply (uidess explanation
is given) that better evidence exists and is kept back. Thus,
if it is sought to prove the contents of a written contract,
the instrument itself is the best evidence of tlie contents,
and it must be produced, or satisfactory excuse must be
given, before witnesses can be allowed to testify what the
contents were. P.ut among such witnesses the testimony
of the writer of it, though more satisfactory than that of
others, is not therefore deemed the best or primary evi-
dence in the technical sense.— Real evidence, the evi-
dence afforded by inspection or actual examination of the
person or thing by the court or jury, when the question
inv(dves the condition of such person or thing.— Satis-
factory evidence, or suflacient evidence, such evidence
as in amount is adetjuate to justify the court or jury in
adopting the conclusion in support of whrch it is adduced.
— Secondary evidence, evidence not primary, but which
may he adniitteii upon showing i)roper reasons for failure
to olttaiu primary evidence. =Syn. Testimony, Evidence,
Proof, Exhibit, deposition, affidavit. In law, testimony
is evidence given by witnesses. Evidence is the broader
term, including that which is given by witnesses or af-
forded by documents or by the inspection of the person
or object itself. Proof is the efl"ect of evidence in estab-
lishing the conclusion of fact to support which it is ad-
duced. Proofs are the evidence in a cause, including tes-
timony and documents. An exhibit is a document which
has l)een presented as evidence.
evidence (ev'i-dens), v, t.; pret. and pp. evi-
denced, pipr. evidencing, [^(.evidence, 71.} 1. To
make evident or clear; show clearly ; prove.
These things the Christian religion requires, as might be
evidenced from texts. Tillotson.
If a beam of wood, freely suspended, be very gently
scratched with a pin, its particles will be thrown into a
state of vibration, as will be evidenced by the sound given
out, but the beam itself will not be moved.
Huxley and Youmans, Physiol., § 265.
The new chancellor of the exchequer [Gladstone] intro-
duced his budget, April 18, 1853, in a speech wliich evi-
denced a commanding grasp of fiscal details.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, 11. 321.
2t. To attest or support by evidence or testi-
mony; witness.
The commissioners weighed ye cause and passages, as
they were clearly represented & sufficiently evidenced be-
twixte Uncass and Myantinomo.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 424.
evidencert (ev'i-den-s6r), n. A witness.
Oates wrought, as it seems, for his good, to bring him
into the preferment of an evidencer's place.
Roger North, Examen, p. 238.
evident (ev'i-dent), a. and n. [< ME. evident,
< OF. evident, 'F. Evident = Pr. evident, eviden
= Sp. Pg. It. evidente, < L. eviden(t-)s, visible,
apparent, clear, plain (cf. LL. evideri, appear
plainly), < L. e, out, + videre, ppr. videu{t-)s,
see, deponent videri, appear, seem.] I. a. 1.
Plainly seen or perceived; manifest; obvious;
plain: as, an evident mistaike^ itia evident thaii
he took the wrong path.
And on my side it is so well apparel'd.
So clear, so shining, and so evident,
That it will glimmer through a blind man's eye.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4.
As for lying in the Campagnia, the Rain was so vehe-
ment we could not do that, without an evitlent danger both
to our Selves and Horses.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 9.
2. Clearly discernible or distinguishable ; cer-
tain; indubitable: as, in entomology, an evi-
dent scutellum (that is, one well developed, or
not concealed by other parts).
We must find
An evident calamity, though we had
Our wish whicli side should win.
Shak., Cor., v. 3.
3t. Furnishing evidence ; conclusive.
Render to me some corporal sign about her
More evident tlian this ; for this was stolen.
Shak., Cymbeline, 11. 4.
= S5T1, 1. Clear, Plain, etc. (see manifest, a.); palpable,
patent, unmistakable. See list under apparent.
II. n. Something which serves as evidence;
evidence; specifically, in Scots low, a writ or
title-deed by which property is proved: a term
used in conveyancing.
evidential (ev-i-den'shal), a. [< LL. evidentia,
evidence, + -al.} Of tlie nature of evidence;
affording evidence ; proving; indicative. Also
evidentiary.
The miracles of the English saints, about which we have
lately heard so much, never seem to have-1>een regarded
as evidential. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 180.
An anticipation, again, which was unknown and unheard
of until some of the ancient Fathers began to speculate
about it, long after it could have been of any evidential
use as a prophetic anticipation applicable to Christ:
Nineteenth Century, XX. 95
Evidential or evidentiary facts, in laic, details, cir-
cumstances, and consequences proper to be shown by way
evidential
of evidence, but not necessary or proper to be pleaded as
aii essential part of the cause of action or defense.
evidentially (ev-i-den'shal-i), adv. In an evi-
dential manner; as evidence.
Even the Angels stoop down and pry into the mysteries
of God. . . . Therefore they do not fiUly and evidentiaUy
know them, tor these are the postures not of those who
know alrea<ly, but of those that endeavour to know.
South, Works, IX. xi.
evidentiary (ev-i-den'shi-a-ri), a. [< LL. eri-
(Itntia, eviuenee, + -ary.] Same as evidential.
The supposed tvideruiary fact must be connected in
some particular manner with the fact of which it Is
deemed emdetUiary. J. S. MiU, Logic, V. IL f 1.
To present in the strongest light the emdentiary value
of these facts [in zoology and botany], I shall therefore have
recourse to an analogous series of facts in a quite distinct
science. J. Fviie, Cosmic Philos., I. 443.
Evidentiary facts. See ecidentuU.
evidently (ev'i-dent-li), adv. [< ME. evidently;
< evident + -ly^.'\ "Clearly; obviously; plainly;
lu a manner to be seen and understood ; so as
to convince the mind ; certainly ; manifestly.
O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye
should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ
hath been evidiiUiv set forth, crucified among you?
GaL Ul. 1.
The Bishop of Rochester preached at St. Paul's Cross,
and there shewed the Blood of Hales, affirming it to be no
Blood, but Honey clarified and coloured with Saffron, as
it had been evidettUy proved before the King and Council.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 286.
He was eridently in the prime of youth. Irving.
evidentness (ev'i-dent-nes), n. The state of
boiug evident; clearness; obviousness; plain-
nf.ss.
evigilatet (f-vij'i-lat), v. ». [< L. evigilatui,
pp. of evigilare, wake up, < e, out, + vigilare,
wake: ade vigilant.~\ To watch diligently. Bai-
lei/. 1727.
evigilationt (e-vij-i-la'shgn), w. [< LL. evigi-
liili>i{n-), < h. evigilare, intr., wake up: see evi-
t/ilate.] A waking or watching.
The eciffilatvm of the animal powers when Adam awoke.
BiUiolheca BMiograpkiea Oxon. (1730), I. lil.
evil^ (e'vl), a. and n. [I. a. Early mod. E. also
evill, evel, evyl; < ME. evel, trrf, ure/, yvel, < AS.
ufel = OS. ubhil = OFriea. evel = D. eutel =
LG. owel = OHG. ubil, MH6. ubel, ibel, G. Obel,
adj., ill, = Sw. ilia, adv., = Dan. ild, adj., obs.,
tide, adv., iU (> E. iU), = Goth. ubiU, evil. II.
n. < ME. evel, itel, uveLyvel, < AS. yfel = OS.
ubil = OFries. evel = D. euvel = LG. iiwel =
(JHG. ubil, MHG. «i6e/, ubel, Q. ubel = Goth, ubil,
n., evil ; neut. of the adj. Cf. ill, which is a con-
tracted form (of Scand. origin) of evil. In the
ME. period the place of evU as an adj. in com-
mon use began to be taken by bad, which is now
the more familiar word, and has a wider range,
evil being restricted usually to things morally
bad. The noon evil is applicable to anvthing
bad, whether morally or physically. Tne an-
tithesis of lK>th evil and had is good.] I. a. ;
eompar. usually leorse, superl. worst (see ftarfl),
or more evil, most evil (rarely eviler, evUest). 1.
Iliiving harmful qualities or characteristics;
proiluctive of or attended by harm or injury;
hurtful to the body, mind, orfeelings; effecting
mischief, trouble, or pain ; bad : as, an evil ge-
nius; evil laws.
Hony Is y»el to defye and engleymeth the mawe.
Pttrt Plowman (B), xv. 63.
Ao iwtt beast hath devoured bim. Oen. xxxrU. 33.
Some say. no evil thing that walks by night . . .
Hath hurtful power o'er true Virginity.
MUton, Comns, I. 432.
Every man calleth that which pleaseth. and is dellght-
^1 to himself, good ; and that evti which displeaseth him.
Ilobbee.
Wbat is apt to produce pain In tu we call evil.
Loeke, Human Understanding, II. xil. 42.
, Proceeding from a desire to injure ; hostile.
Orete doel and pite was It for the euyll will betwene
I and the kynge Arthur. Mirlin (E. E. T. S.X II. 161.
Contrary to an accepted standard of ri^ht
r righteousness ; inconsistent with or violating
be moral law; bad; sinful; wicked: as, evil
an evil heart.
Every evU word I bad spoken once.
And every evU tbooght I had thought of old.
And every evil deed I ever did.
Awoke and cried, " This Quest If not tor thee."
Tttinytm, Holy Orall.
And one. In whom all evQ faodea clung
Like serpent eggs together, laughingly
Wimid hint at worse. Tenny$on, Enoch Anlen.
14. Proceeding from, due to, or puiporting to be
idoe to immorality or badness of conduct or
leharacter.
Far and wide
That place was known, and by an evU tame.
WiUiam MorrU, Earthly Paradise, IIL U7.
2043
The evil eye, a baleful faculty superstitionsly attributed
to certain persons in former times, and still in some com-
munities, of intticting injury or bringing bad luck upon
a person l>y lo<iking at him.— The evil one, the devil:
sometimes written witli capitals as a personitlcation — the
EvilOne. =Syn. 1. Pernicious, injurious, hurtful, deleteri-
ous, destructive. no.\ious, baneful, unhappy, adverse, ca-
lamitous.—3 and 4. Bad, vile, base, vicious, wicked, iniqui-
tous.
n. n. 1. Anything that causes injury, as
to the body, miud, or feelings ; anything that
harms or is likely to harm.
And in soche maner it may be that it ought not to be
refused, for of two euellei it Is gode to take the lesse ; and
this is oure counseile. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 82.
There Is only one cure for the eviU which newly acquired
freedom produces ; and that cure is freedom.
Macaulay, Milton.
2. A malady or disease: as, the king's evil
(which see, below).
While my moder lyuede, heo hedde an vuel longe,
And Bou3te in-to diuerse studes, and niihte haue non hele.
Jotepk (^ AHmathie(je^ E. T. S.), 1. 633.
What's the disease he means?—
'Tls call'd the evil. Shak., Macbeth, Iv. 3.
His Majestie began fltst to touch for y evil, according
to costome. Evelyn, Diary, July 6, 1660.
3. Conduct contrary to the standard of morals
or righteousness, or a disposition toward such
conduct; violation of the moral law; harmful
intention or purpose.
Tliei lien alle the contrarle, and evere enclyned to the
Evylie, and to don evylle. MandevUle, Travels, p. 137.
The heart of the sons of men Is full of evil. Eccles. ix. 3.
No state of virtue Is complete, however total the virtue,
save as It Is won by a conflict with evil.
Buthnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 247.
4t. A harmful or wrong deed. [Rare.]
OlMerve the malice, yea, the rage of creatures
Discovered in their evils. B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 2.
King's evil, scrofula : originally so called In England be-
cause It was believed that the touch of the sovereign was
a sure remedy for it. The first to "touch for the evil "
was King Edward the Confessor (1042-66).— The social
evlL sexual immorality ; specifically, prostitution.
evlPt (e'vl), arfr, [< ME. evill, evell, evele, urele,
< AS. kfele, yfU = OS. ubhilo, etc., adv. ; from
the adj.] 1. Injuriously.
Troiell with tene tumyt with the kyng,
Gird hym to ground, & greuit him euul.
Detruetimq/Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 9927.
The Egyptians evil entreated as, and afflicted us.
Dent xxtL 6.
2. Not happily ; nnfortunately.
It went era with his house. 1 Chron. vil. 23.
3. Not virtuously; not innocently. — 4. Not
well; ill.
And ther-with he wax so etiell at eae that he wiste not
what to do. jrsrd'n (E. E. T. 8.), UL 608.
Ah, froward Clarence ! how evil it beseems thee
To flatter Henry, and forsake thy brother I
Shai., 3 Hen. VI., Iv. 7.
evil't, f. •'. [ME. eviltn, evylen; from the adj.]
To fall ill or sick.
.Sone aftyrware she evyld.
And deyd sunner than she wylde.
MS. UaH. (1701), foL 53. (Halliwell.)
evll» (e'vl), n. [E. dial.] 1. A fork; a hay-
fork.—2. A halter. [Prov. Eng.]
evil-disposed (e'vl-dis-pozd'), a. Inclined to
wickedness or wrong-doing.
The enl^Ktpoted affections and sensualities In us are
always contrary to the rule of our salvation.
Latimer, Misc. Selections.
evil-doer (e'vl-d8'fer), n. [< ME. eveldoer; <
ei-i/i + doer. ] One who does evil ; one who com-
mits moral 'wrong.
They speak against you as evildoeri. 1 Pet. 11. 12.
He |onr Saviour] adviseth his Disciples neither to suffer
as Fools, nor as eviU-doers, but to be wise as Serpents and
harmless as Doves. Stillingjteet, Sermons, II. v.
evil-eel (e'vl-el), n. A local Scotch (Aberdeen)
name of the conger-eel.
evil-eyed (e'vl-id), a. Supposed to possess the
evil eye; looking with an evil eye, or with envy,
jealousy, or bad design.
Yon shall not find me, daughter.
After the slander of most step-mothers,
KrU-etf'd unto you. Stiak., Cymbellne, 1. 2.
evll-favoredt (e'vl-fa'vord), a. Ill-favored,
cvil-favoredlyt (e'vl-fa*vord-li), adv. In an
ugly or ill-favored aspect.
In their Temples they haue his image euiU-favouredly
carved. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 13S.
evil-favorednesst (e'vl-fa'vord-nes), n. De-
formity.
Thou Shalt not sacrifice unto the Lord th^ God any bul-
lock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any eml/avourtdnefg.
Deut. xvli. 1.
evilly (e'vl-li), adv. [< evil>, a., + -ly^. See
evil^,adv.} In an evil manner; not well.
eviscerate
O, monument
And wonder of good deeds eoilly bestow'd !
Shak. , 1. of A., iv. 3.
Must thy eye
Dwell eviUy on the fairness of thy kindred.
And seek not wliere it should ?
Middleton, Women Beware Women, ii. 1.
It is possible to be just as immoderately and evilly ad-
dicted to work as to indulgence.
W. Mathews, Getting on in the World, p. 331.
e'Vil-minded (e'vl-min''ded), a. Having an evU
mind; having evil dispositions or intentions;
disposed to mischief or vice ; malicious; malig-
nant ; wicked.
But most she feared that, travelling so late.
Some evil-minded beasts mit^lit lie in wait.
And without witness wreak their hidden hate.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, ii. 689.
e'Vilness (e'vl-nes), n. 1. The state or char-
acter of being evil ; badness ; viciousness : as,
evilness of heart.
Every will and deed are good in the nature of the deed,
and the evilnens is a lack that there is.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1850), p. 190.
The apostle hath taught how wee should feast, not in
the leuen of euilnense, but in the sweet dough of puritie
and truth. Lide, tr. of Du Bartas's Sermon un Easter- Day.
2t. Badness of quality or condition; debase-
ment ; loss of value.
They say that the evilness of money hath made all things
dearer. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
evil-starred (e' vl-stard), a. Same as ill-starred.
In wild Mahratta-battle fell my father evil-starr'd.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
eviltyt.n. [ME. evelte; < etn7i + -ij^i.] Evil;
injury.
Men dide me moche exielte
Myn owyn that ou3t for to be.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 87.
e'Vil-'Willing (e'vl-wil'ing), a. Malevolent.
ilackay.
evince (f-vins'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. evinced, ppr.
evincing'. [= F. Mncer = It. evincere, dispos-
sess, evict, < L. evincere, overcome, conquer,
prevail over, recover one's property by a judi-
cial decision (see evict), succeed in proving, con-
vince, < e, out, -I- tnncere, conquer: see vanquish,
victor.] If. To overcome; conquer.
Errour by his own arms is best evinced.
MUton, P. R., Iv. 235.
2. To show clearly or make evident ; make clear
by convincing evidence ; manifest ; exhibit.
That which can be Justly prov'd hurtfull and offensive
to every true Christian will be evinc't to be alike hurtful
tu monarchy. Milton, Reformation In Eng., II.
Tradition then Is disallow'd
When not evinc'd by Scripture to be true.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, ii. 190.
The greater absurdities are, the more strongly they
evince the falsity of that supposition from whence they
flow. Bp. Atterbury.
In the quicker turns of the discourse.
Expression slowly varying, that evinced
A tardy apprehension. Wordsworth, Excursion, v.
evlncement (e-vins'ment), n. [< evince +
-ment.] The act of evincing.
evincible (e-vin'si-bl), o. [< evince + -ible.]
(Capable of proof ; demonstrable. [Bare.]
Implanted instincts In brutes are in themselves highly
reasonable and useful to their ends, and evii%cible by true
reason to be such. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 62.
Now if these ways of secret conveyance may be made
out to be really practicable, yea if it be evincible that they
are as much as possibly so, it will be a warrantable pre-
sumption of the verity of the former instance.
QUmville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xxl.
evincdbly (e-vyi'si-bli), adv. In a manner to
demonstrate or compel conviction. [Rare.]
e'Vlncive (e-vin'siv), a. [<CT>tnce + -ti^e.] Tend-
ing to prove ; having the power to demonstrate.
Smart. [Rare.]
e'Viratet (ev'i-rat), v. t. [< L. eviratus, pp. of
evirare, castrate, weaken, < e, out, + vir, man :
see virile.] To emasculate ; castrate.
Origen and some others that voluntarily evirated them-
selves. Bp. Hall, Christ. Moderation, i 4.
eviratet (ev'i-rat), a. [= OF. evire, F. Mr^ = It.
evirato,<. L. eviratus, pp. : see the verb.] Emas-
culated.
A certain esquier or targuetier, borne a verie evirate
eunuch, but such an expert and approved waniour, that
he might be compared either with old Sicinins or .Sergius.
Holland, tr. of Ammianns, p. 321.
evlrationt (ev-i-ra'shon), n. [= F. eviration,
< L. evirare, castrate: see evirate, v.] Castra-
tion.
e'Viscerate (e-vis'e-rat), v. t; pret. and pp.
evisceratid, ppr. eviscerating. [< L. evisceratus,
pp. of evifcerare (> It. cviscerare, sviscirare =
OF. eviscerer), disembowel, < e, out, -I- viscera,
bowels: see viscera.] 1. To remove the viscera
from ; take out the entrails of ; disembowel.
eviscerate
One woman vill eviwerate about two dozen of herrings
in a minute. Encyc. Brit., IX. 259.
2, Figuratively, to deprive of essential or vital
parts.
The philosophers who, like Dr. Thomas Brown, quietly
99iaeerate the problem of its sole ditficulty.
Sir W. Uamiltifn, Discussions, p. 586.
3. ToTinbosom; reveal; disclose.
Now that I have thus eviscerated myself, and dealt so
clearly with you, I desire by way of Correspondence that
you would tell rae what Way you take in your Journey
to Heaven. Hoioell, Letters, I. vi. 32.
evisceration (e-vis-e-ra'shon), n. [= F. ^'«?-
ceration = '^^,' evisceracion]' i L. eviscerate^ pp.
evisceratxts^ eviscerate: sqq eviscerate.'] The act
of eviscerating.
evitable (ev'i-ta-bl), a. [= F. Citable = Sp.
evitable = Pg. e'ntavel = It. evitabilCj < L. evita-
biliSy avoidable, < evitarCf avoid: see evite.'] Ca-
pable of being shunned; avoidable. [Rare.]
Of two such evils, being not both evitable, the choice of
the less is not evil. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. § 9.
The union of Canada to the United States is evitable
only through the establishment of complete freedom of
commercial intercourse. The Arnericaii, VIII. 55.
evitatet (ev'i-tat), t\ t. [< L. evitatus, pp. of
ertTrtre, avoid : see mfe.] To shun; avoid; es-
cape.
She doth ecitate and shun
A thousand irreligious cursed hours,
Which forced marriage would have brought upon her.
Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5.
evitationt (ev-i-ta'shon), n. [= OF. evitadon
= Sp. evitadon = Pg. evita^&o = It. evitazione^
< L. €vitatio{n-)y < evitare, avoid: see evitCj evi-
tate.'} An avoiding; a shunning.
The Englishman Pole had been preferred by election ;
and, true to his destiny of evitation, had declined the toils
and honours of the Papacy.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.
evitet (e-vif), v.L [< OF. eviterj F. Sviter = Sp.
Pg. evitar = It. evitare, < L. evitare, shun, avoid,
< e, out, + vitare, shun.] To shun; avoid.
What we ought t' evite
Afi our disease, we hug as our delight.
Quarles, Emblems, i. 8.
The blow once given cannot be evited. Drayton.
evitemal (ev-i-t^r'nal), a. [Formerly also cevi-
ternal; = OF. eviternelf also, without suffix,
eviternCf < L. *(evit€rnus, contr. ceternuSj eternal:
see eterrij eternal.'] Enduring forever through-
out all changes ; eternal.
Angels are truly existing, . . . evitemal creatures.
Bp. Hall, Mystery of Godliness, § 9.
evitemally (ev-i-t6r'nal-i), adv. Eternally.
The body hangs on the croase ; the soule is yeelded ;
the Godhead is evitemally united to them both ; acknow-
ledges, sustaines them both.
Bp. Hall, Passion Sermon, an. 1609.
evitemity (ev-i-t6r'ni-ti), n. [Formerly also
teviternity; = OF. eviternite, < L. *(eviternita{t-)Sy
contT. ceter7iita(t-)s, GteTnity: seeeternity.] Du-
ration infinitely long; eternity.
There shall we indisaolubly, with all the chore of heav-
en, passe our evitemity of blisse in lauding and praising
the incomprehensibly glorious majesty of our Creator.
Bp. Hall, Invisible World.
evittate (e-vit'at), a. [< L. e- priv. + vittwj
bands (see vitta), + -ate^.] In bot.j without
vittffi : applied to the fruit of some umbellifers.
evocable (ev'o-ka-bl), a. [< L. evocare, call
forth (see evoke), '+ -able.] That may be called
forth.
An inner spirit evocable at call.
The Independent (New York), Aug. 26, 1886,
evocatet (ev'6-kat), v. t. [< L. evocatuSj pp. of
evocare, call forth: see evoke.] To call forth;
evoke.
He [Saul] had already shown sufficient credulity, in
thinking there was any efficacy in magical operations to
evocate the dead. Stackhouse, Hist. Bible, v. 3.
evocation (ev-o-ka'shon), w. [= OF. evocadon,
F. evocation = t*r. evocatio = Sp. evocadon z=z Pg.
evocagch = It. evocazione, < L. evocatio(n-)j < evo-
care, call forth: see evoke.] 1. A calling or
bringing from concealment; a calling forth:
as, among the ancient Romans, the evocation ot
the gods of a besieged city to join the besiegers.
Would Truth dispense, we could be content with Plato
that Knowledge were but a remembrance ; that intellec-
tual acquisition were but reminiscential evocation.
Sir T. Bromne, Vulg. Err. , Pref.
He had called up spirits, by his evocation, more formid-
able than he looked for or could lay.
De Quincey, Homer, i.
If emotion, with him, infallibly resolves itself into mem-
ory, so memory is an evocation of throbs and thrills.
H. James, Jr., The Century, XXXV. 871.
2. In dvil law, the removal of a suit from an
inferior to a superior tribunal.
2044
evocator (ev'6-ka-tor), n. [< L. evocator, < evo-
care, call fortli: see evoke.] One who evokes:
as, the evocator of spirits. Byron.
evoke (e-v6k'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. evoked, ppr.
evoking. [= F. ^voquer = Sp. Pg. evocar = It.
evocare, < L. evocare, call forth, summon, call a
deity out of a besieged city, < e, out, + vocare,
call: see vocation, and cf. avokc, convoke, invoke, .
provoke, revoke,] 1. To call or summon forth
or out.
It was actually one of the pretended feats of these fan-
tastick Philosophers to evoke the Queen of the Fairies in
the solitude of a gloomy grove.
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, III. 496.
He beheld . . . the old magistrate himself, with a lamp
in his hand . . . and a long white gown enveloping his
figure. He looked like a ghost, evoked unseasonably from
the grave. Haicthorne, Scarlet letter, xli.
A waiiike, a refined, an industrial society, each evokes
and requires its specific qualities, and produces its ap-
propriate type. Lecky, Hist. Europ. Morals, I. 165.
2. To call away; remove from one tribunal to
another.
The cause was evoked to Rome.
Hume.
evolatict, evolaticalt (ev-6-lat'ik, -i-kal), a.
[< L. evolare, tly away (after volaticus, flying):
see evolation.] Apt to fly away.
evolationt (ev-o-la'shon), n. [< L. evolatio{n-),
< evolare, fly away, ^ e, out, away, + volare,
fly: see volant.] The act of flying away.
Upon the wings of this faith is the soul ready to mount
up toward that heaven which is open to receive it, and in
that act of evolation puts itself into the hands of those
blessed Angels who are ready to carry it up to the throne
of glory. Bp. Hall, The Christian, § 13.
evolute (ev'o-lut), n. [< L, evolutus, pp. of
evolvere, unroll, unfold : see evolve.] In math.,
a curve which is the locus of the center of cur-
vature of another curve, or the envelop of the
normals to the latter — imperfect evolute, the en-
velop of all the lines cutting a plane curve under any con-
stant angle.
evolution (ev-o-lu'shon), n. [= F. evolution
= Sp. evolucioil = Pg. evolugao = It. evoluzione,
< L. €Volutio{n-), an unrolling or opening (of a
book), < evolutus, pp. of evolvere, unroll, unfold:
see evolve.] 1. The act or process of unfolding,
or the state of being unfolded ; an opening out
or unrolling.
The wise, as flowers, which spread at noon
And all their charms expose,
"When evening damps and shades descend,
Their evolutions close. Young, Resignation, i.
The first appearance of the eye consists in the protru-
sion or evolution from the medullary wall of the thalamen-
cephalon or interbrain of a vesicle.
H. Gray, Anat. (ed. 1887), p. 121.
Hence — 2. The process of evolving or becom-
ing developed; an unfolding or growth from,
or as if from, a germ or latent state, or from a
plan ; development: as, the evolution of history
or of a dramatic plot.
The whole evolutimi of ages, from everlasting to ever-
lasting, is so collected and presentiflckly represented to
Cod at once, as if all things which ever were, are, or shall
be, were at this very instant really present.
Dr. H. More, Divine Dialogues.
Ability to recognize and act up to this law [of equal
freedom] is the final endowment of huraanity — an en-
dowment now in process of evolution.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 481.
The evolution of the sickening vapours emitted by foul
oxide need not be a source of annoyance, as the oxide can
be revivified in the purifiers.
■ W. B. Bowditch, Coal Gas, xi. 21.
Specifically ~ (a) In hiol. : (I) The actual formation of a part
or of the whole of an organism which previously existed
only as a germ or rudiment ; ordinary natural gj-owth, as
of living creatures, from the germinal or embryonic to the
adult or perfect state : as, the evolution of an animal from
the ovum, or of a plant from the seed ; the evolution of the
blossom from the bud, orof the fruit from the flower; the
evolution of the butterfly from the caterpillar; the evolu-
tion of the brain from primitive cerebral vesicles, or of the
lungs from an ott'shoot of the intestine. (2) The release,
emergence, or exclusion of an animal or a plant, or of some
stage or part thereof, from any covering which contained
it: as, the evolution of spores from an encysted animal-
cule ; the evolution of a moth from the cocoon, of an insect
from the wood or mud in which it lived as a larva, of a
chick from the egg-shell which contained it as an embryo.
The parasite is often taken for the Hessian fly. . . .
Many have been deceived by the specious circumstance of
its evolution from the pupa of the destroying insect. Say.
(3) Descent or derivation, as of offspring from parents;
the actual result of generation or procreation. As a fact,
tliis evolution is not open to <inestion. As a doctrine or
tlieory of generation, it is susceptible of different interpre-
tations. In one view, the germ actually preexists in one
or the other parent, and is simply unfolded or expanded,
but not actually formed, in the act of procreation. (See
ovulist, spermatist.) This view is now generally abandon-
ed, the current opinion being that each parent furnishes
materials for or the substance of the germ, whose evolution
results from the union of such elements. See epigenesis.
(4) The fact or the doctrine of the derivation or descent,
evolutionism
with modification, of all existing species, genera, orders,
classes, etc., of animals and phmt.s, from a few simple
forms of life, if not from one ; the doctrine of derivation ;
evolutionism. (See Darwinism.) In this sense, evolution
is opposed to creationism, or the view that all living things
have been created at some time substantially as they now
exist. Modern evolutionary theories, however, are less
concerned with the problem of the origination of life than
with questions of the ways and means by which living or-
ganisms have assumed their actual characters or forms.
Phylogenetic evolution insists ui>on the direct dei'ivation
of all forms of life from otiier antecedent forms, in no
other way than as, in ontogeny, offspring are derived from
parents, and consequently grades all actual affinities ac-
cording to propinquity or remoteness of genetic succession.
It presumes that, as a rule, such derivation or descent,
with modification, is from the more simple to the more
complex forms, from low to high in organization, and from
the more generalized to the more specialized in structure
and function ; but it also recognizes retrograde develop-
ment, degeneration or degradation. The doctrine is now
accepted by most biologists as a conception which most
nearly coincides with the ascertained facts in the case, and
which best explains observed facts, though it is held with
manyshadesof individual opinion in this or that particular.
See natural selection, under selection.
Evolution, or development, is, in fact, at present em-
ployed in biology as a general name for the history of the
steps by which any living being has acquired the morpho-
logical and the physiological charactei-s which distinguish
it. Huxley, Evolution in hiolc^y.
(6) In general, the passage from unorganized simplicity to
organized complexity (that is, to a nicer and more elabo-
rate arrangement for reaching definite ends), this process
being regarded as of the nature of a gi'owtli. Thus, the
development of planetary bodies from nebular or gaseous
matter, and the history of the development of an individual
plant or animal, or of society, are examples of evolution.
Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant
dissipation of motion ; during which the matter passes
from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite,
coherent heterogeneity; and during which the retained
motion undei^oes a parallel transformation.
H. Spencer, l?'irst Principles, § 145.
The hypothesis of evolution supposes that in all this vast
progression there would be no breach of continuity, no
point at which we could say, " This is a natural process,"
and, "This is not a natural process"; but that the whole
might be compared to that wonderful process of develop-
ment which may be seen going on every day under our eyes,
in virtue of which there arises, out of the semi-fluid, com-
paratively homogeneous substance which we call an egg,
the complicated organization of one of the higher ani-
mals. That, in a few words, is what is meant by the hy-
pothesis of evolution. Huxley, Amer. Addresses, p. 10.
(f) Continuous succession ; serial development.
3. Inmath.x (a) In (;eom., the unfolding or open-
ing of a curve, and making it describe an evol-
vent. The equable evolution of the periphery of a circle or
other curve is such a gradual approach of the circumference
to straichtness tliat its parts do not concur and equally
evolve or unbend, so that the same line becomes successive-
ly a smaller arc of a reciprocally greater circle, till at last
they change into a straight line. (J) The extraction of
roots from powers: the reverse of involution
(which see). — 4. A turning or shifting move-
ment ; a passing back and forth ; change and
interchange of position, especially for the work-
ing out of a purpose or a plan ; specifically, the
movement of troops or ships of war in wheel-
ing, countermarching, manoeuvering, etc., for
disposition in order of battle or in line on pa-
rade : generally in the plural, to express the
whole series of movements.
These evolutions are doublings of ranks or files, counter-
marches, and wheelings. Harris.
5. That which is evolved; a product; an out-
growth.
evolutional (ev-o-lu'shon-al), a. [< evolution
+ -oL] Of or pertaining to evolution ; produced
by or due to evolution; constituting evolution.
It is not certain whether the idiots' brains had under-
gone any local evolutional change as the result of educa-
tion or training. H. Spevicer, Inductions of Biology.
The origin of life, and the conditions which have gradu-
ally given rise to organization, are essential evolutional
moments, as yet in the twilight of mere fanciful conjecture.
Po2}. Sci. Mo., XIII. 457.
evolutionary (ev-6-lu'shon-a-ri), a. [< evolu-
tion + -ary.] 1. Of or pertaining to evolution
or development ; developmental : as, the evolu-
tionary origin of species.
Mr. Freeman owns no especial allegiance to Mr. Spencer
or to any general evolutionary philosophy.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 202.
The bond of continuity which makes man the central
link between his ancestors and his posterity is evolution-
ary, and, as such, dynamical. A'. A. Rev., CXX. 255.
2. Of or pertaining to evolutions or manoeuvers,
as of an army, a fleet, etc.
The French are making every effort to perfect the train-
ing of their naval officers and seamen. Evolutionary
squaiirons are constantly at sea, accompamed by rams and
torpedo-boats. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 435.
evolutionism (ev-o-lii'shon-izm), n. [< evoUi'
tion + -ism.] The'metapliysieal or the biologi-
cal doctrine of evolution or development-
I do not know whether Evolutionism can claim that
amount of currency which would entitle it to be called
eTolntloiiIsm
Brlti«b popular geology ; but. more or less vaguely, it Is
assuredly present in the tuiiids of most geologists.
Huxley^ Lay Sermons, p. 243.
Those who flud most satisfaction in insisting upon evo-
ItUwnigm as a finality are those who, unlike positivists,
need a creed. G. S. UaU, German Culture, p. 189.
The context shows that " unifomiitarianism " here means
that lioctrine, as limited in apiilication b)' Hutton and
Lyeil. and that what I mean by evotutumism is consistent
and thoroughgoing uniformitarianism.
Huxley, in Nineteenth Century, XXI. 486, note.
eTOlutionist (ev-o-lu'shon-ist), «. and a. [< evo-
lution + -i8t.'\ i. n. 1." One skilled in evolu-
tions, specifically in military evolutions. — 2.
A believer in the biological or oosmological
doctrine of evolution.
H. a. Of or pertaining to the doctrine of
evolution ; based upon or believing in the doc-
trine of evolution.
Theories that are evolutionist in the more special "dy-
namical " sense, such as that of Leibniz, . . . introduce the
conception of an end towards which the evolution of the
world is the necessary movement.
T. Whittaker, Mind, XIL 106.
Now, the great impression produced by Darwin's spec-
ulations and tii« prevalence of the evolxUionitt philosophy
have produced a leaning in the other direction.
Dawon, Origin of World, p. SS8.
eyolutionistic (ev-o-lu-shon-ls'tik), a. [< 900-
lutioniit + -ic.'] Same &a evolwti(mist.
Nor do I consider it fair for Mr. Romanes to infer that
Isolation, &c., do not explain the cause of variation, and
therefore that they fail as evolutionittic agents.
A'o<ur«, XXXIIL 128.
evolutive (ev'o-lu-tiv), a. [< evolute + -tre.]
Of, iif-rtaining to, or causing evolution or de-
velopment ; evolutionary.
Our question — .Supernormal or abnormal?— may then
be phrased, Evolutive or dissolutive ?
Ptoc. Soe. PiycK JUtareh, 111. SI.
The written sign of the idea came Into the «r>IuMm
history of man much later (than the spoken form], lost
as we observe In childhood.
Tr. in Alien, and NturoL, VIII. 212.
evolvable (e-vol'va-bl), a. [< evolve + -aftte.]
Capable of l>euig drawn or developed.
The vertical and horizontal forces are connected by in.
tennediary diagonal forces Into which they are converti-
ble, and from which they are eeolcable.
The Etiffineer, LXV. 438.
evolve (e-volv'), t>. I pret. and pp. evolved, y\>r.
eroliHng.' [< L. evolvere, roll out, unroll, unfold,
disclose, < e, out, + rolvere, roll : see volve, volu-
ble, volute, and cf. convolve, devolve, involve, re-
volve.] I. trans. 1. To unfold; open and ex-
pand.
The animal soul sooner erolveM Itself to It* fall orb and
eitt-nt than the human soul. Hale.
2. To imfcld or develop by a process of nat-
ural, consecutive, or logical growth from, or as
if from, a germ, latent state, or plan.
Animal* that are butlittlesnrfiied perform actionswhich,
besides being slow, are few io Und and severally uniform
In composition. U, Spmeer, Prin. of Psychol., i S.
In every living creature we may feel aaaored that a host
of long-lost characters lie ready to be evolved under proper
conditions. Darvin, Var. of Aulmals and Plant*, p. 360.
3. To unfold by elaboration ; work out ; bring
forth or make manifest by action of any kind:
as, to evolve a drama from an anecdote ; to evolve
the truth from a mass of confused evidence ; to
evolve bad odors by stirring a muck-heap.
Only see one purpose and one will
Evolve thenuelves I' the worid, change wrong to right.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. S2S.
It (the SootUsb ichooll strove for the flrst time Ut evolve
a system out of the manifold complications of nature.
aeikit, Geol. Sketches, li. 30.
H. intranii. To open or disclose itself; be-
come developed.
Here, then, are sundry ezperieoces, erentoally grouped
into empirical generalizations, which serve to guide con-
duct in certain simple cases. Bow doe* mechanical sci-
ence evolee from these experiences?
H. .Spencer, Data of Ethics, i 104.
evolvement (e-volv'ment), n. The act of evolv-
ing, or the state of being evolved; evolution.
Ferguson.
evolvent (6-vol'vent), n. [< L. evolven(t-)s,
ppr. of rrolvere : see evolve."] In geom., a curve
considered as correlative to its evolute; an in-
volute.
evolver (e-vol'vir), n. One who or that which
evolves or unfolds.
Evolution implies an evolver.
B. D. Cope, Origin of the ntteit, p. tf».
Bvolvnlus (e-vol'vu-lus), n. [NL., < L. evol-
vere, unroll: see evolve. Cf. Convi^vulus, < L.
Ieonvolvere.] A genus of low herbaceous or stif-
frutescent plants, of the natural order Convol-
wlacece, including about 00 niecies, natives of
warm countries, and chiefly American. They
liavc small funnel-shaped Sowers and du nut twine. There
2045
are half a dozen species in the southern portions of the
United States.
evomitt (f-vom'it), v. t. [Early mod. E. evomet;
< L. evomitus, pp. of evomere, spew out, vomit
forth, < e, out, + vomere, vomit: see vomit.] To
vomit; spew out.
These hath he not yet all, as vnsauerye morsels, evom-
eled for Christ, difflnynge rather wyth Aristotle than with
Paule in hys dayly disputations.
Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Chim:hes, li., Pref.
evomitatlont (e-vom-i-ta'shon), n. [< evomit
+ -ation. Cf. evomition.] Same as evomition.
He was to . . . receive immediate benefit, either by eruc-
tation, or expiration, or evomitation [in some editions evo-
mition]. Surift, Tale of a Tub, iv.
evomltiont (e-vo-mish'on), n. [.Aiter L. vomi-
tio{n-),<. L. evomitus, pp. of evomere : see evomit.]
The act of vomiting.
evoryet, ». An obsolete form of ivory. Weber.
EvotomyB (e-vot'o-mis), »i. [Nil. (Coues, 1874),
< Gr. ev, weU, + oiq (Ioto^), ear, + /Jtc, a mouse.]
A genus of myomorphie rodents, of the family
Muridce and subfamily Arvicolince, containing
voles with semirooted molar teeth, ears dis-
Red-b«ck< 'nst {Evotew^a rulitiu).
tinctly overtopping the fur (whence the name),
and sundry cranial characters, particularly of
the palate. The type Is E. rutUut, the northern red-
backmi meadow-mouse, a circumpolar species of which
there are several varieties, as E. gapperi of the United
States.
eronrti »• An obsolete form of ivory. Lydgate.
And the sates of the palace ware of evour, wonder whitt,
and the bandez of thame and the leggee of ebene.
MS. Lincoln, A. i. 17, fol. 25. (HaUiuxU.)
evovsB (e-v6've), n. [A mnemonic word made
up of the vowels of seculorum amen, the last
two words of the Gloria Patri.] In Gregorian
music, the trope or concluding formula, vary-
ing according to the mode used, at the end of
the melody for the Less Doxology ; also, any
trope. Also euoute.
evnlgatet (e-vul'gat), ». t. [< L. evulgatus, pp.
of evulgare, make public: see evulge.] To pnb-
lisli. Todd.
evnlgationt (e-vul-ga'shon), n. A divulging or
publishing. Bailey, 172?.
evnlget (e-vulj'), v. t. [< L. evulgare, make pub-
lic,^ e, out, + vulgare, volgare, make public:
see Vulgate. Cf. divulge.] To publish. Daviea.
I made this recneil meerly for mine own entertainment,
and not with any intention to evulge IL
Pr^. to Annot. on Sir T. Broumt't Beligio Medici.
emlsion (e-vul'shon), fi. [= p. ^vulmon = Pg.
evul»So, < L. evulHoin-), < evuleus, pp. of eveU
lere, pull or pluck out, < e, out, + veliere, pluck.
Cf. avulsion, eonvulsion.] The act of plucking
or pulling out by force ; f orciUe extraction, as
of teeth. [Rare.]
ewt, ". A Sfiddle English spelling of yew.
ewaget, n . [ME. , < OF. ewage, evage, of the color
of water (applied to precious stones), also, with
additional forms cuwage, eauage, aigage, living
in or by the water, filled with water, watery,
pluvious, < L. aquaticus, pertaining to water,
living in or by the water: see aquatic and eice^.]
Some precious stone having the color of water;
a beryl.
Fetlslich hlr fyngre* were fretted with golde wyre.
And thereon red rubyea a* red a* any glede.
And diamanta of dernst pri* and double manere saflere*,
Orientalea and euxigee ennenyme* to destroye.
Piere PUneman (B), 11. 14.
ewel (ti), n. [Early mod. E. also yewe, E. dial.
yow ; < ME. eiee, dial, aite, outce, etc., < AS.
eowu, rarely written ewe (fem., rarely with masc.
gen., eowes, ewex) = D. ooi = LG. ouwe, oye =
OFries. ei, ey, Iries. ei, ey, qje, qj, 6e, etc., =
OHO. awi, au, ouvii, MHO. ouice = Icel. ler, a
ewe, = Qoth. "awi, a sheep, in deriv. awethi (=
AS. eovede, eowde, eowd), a flock of sheep, aw-
istr, a sheepfold; OBulg. (prop, dim.) ovitsa =
Bulg. Serv. ovtsa = Bohem. ovce = Pol. owca =
Kuss. ovtJia = Lith. awis, awinas (> Finn, oinas)
= OPruss. awins = L. oin* (> ult. E. ovine) =
Gr. 4if (**f<c), a sheep, = Skt. avi, a sheep.] A
female sheep ; the female of an ovine animal.
ewle
The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baes will
never answer a calf when he bleats.
Shak., Much Ado, iii. 3.
A press
Of snowy shoulders, thick as herded ewee.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
ewe^t, n. [ME., < AP. ewe, OF. ewe, enwe, etc.,
euve, eve, eive, aive, eave, eauve, etc., aigue, aige,
auge, etc. (in many variant forms), F. eau = Pr.
aigua, aiga = Sp. Pg. agua = Olt. aigua. It.
aequo, < L. aqtia (= Goth, ahwa = AS. ed, etc.),
water: see aqua. Hence ewage, ewer^, ewer^,
ewery.] Water.
Ac water is kendeliche cheld [naturally chilled],
Tliagh hit be wamid of fere [fire] ;
Ther-fore me raey cristin ther-inne,
In whaut time falthe a yere of yse ;
So mey me naught in ewe ardauut,
That neth no wateris wyse.
William de Shoreham (Wright).
ewe-cheese (ii'chez), n. Cheese made from
the milk of ewes.
ewe-gowant, ». The common daisy. Brock-
ett.
ewe-lease (li'les), n. A high grassy and furzy
down, or comb, in the south of England. T.
Hardy.
ewe-neck (ii'nek), n. A thin hollow neck: used
of horses.
The animal he bestrode was a broken-down plough-
horse, . . . gaunt and shagged, with a ewe-neck, and a head
lil;e a lianiiner. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 436.
ewe-necked (ii'nekt), a. Having a thin, hol-
low neck like a ewe's, as a horse.
ewerif (ii'6r), n. [< ME. ewer, ewere, eware,
euwere, < AP. ewer, ewere, OF. ewer, "eweire,
aiguier, a water-bearer (= Sp. Acuario = Pg.
It. Aquario, the Water-bearer, Aquarius), < L.
aquarius, m. (ML. also aquaria, {.), a water-
bearer, the Water-bearer, Aquarius, prop. adj.
(> OF. aiguier, adj.), of or pertaining to water,
< aqua, water: see Aquarius, aqua, and ewe^, and
cf. ewer^. Hence the surname Ewer.] A water-
bearer; a servant or household officer who sup-
plied guests at the table with water to wash
their hands, etc.
An euvere in halle there nedys to be.
And chandelew schalle haue and alle napere;
He schalle gef water to gentilmen.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 321.
ewer- (ii'^r), n. [< ME. ewer, ewere, eware, < AP.
ewer, OF. ewaire, eweire, aiguiere, ayguiere, P.
aigui^re, t., < ML. aquaria, f., a water-pitcher,
ewer; cf. OP. aiver, yauver, aiguier, aighier,
ayguier, a water-pitcher (also, with the addi-
tional forms euwier, evier, P. Mer, a sink for
water, = It. acquajOj a cistern, conduit, gutter,
sewer), < L. aqu<trtum, a watering-place for
cattle, ML. also a conduit (and prob. also a
water-pitcher); fem. and neut., respectively, of
L. aquarius, of or pertaining to water, < aqua,
water: see Aquarius, aqua, and cf. ewer''-.] 1.
A large water-pitcher with a wide spout, usually
coupled with a basin for purposes of ablution.
.Set downe your basen and Eiver before your soueraigne,
and take the ewer in your hand, and gyue them water.
Babeet Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 68.
First, as you know, my house within the city
Is richly furnished with plate and gold ;
Basins and ewere, to lave her dainty hands.
5Aot.,T. of theS.,ii. 1.
2. In decorative art, any vessel having a spout
and handle, especially a tall and slender ves-
sel with a foot or base. See aiguiere.
ewer-* (u'6r), «. [E. dial., also ure, yurc; a
contr. of udder.] An udder. Grose. [North.
Eng.]
ewery (n'*r-i), n.; pi. eweries (-iz). [Also
ewry, early mod. E. ewerie, ewrie; < ME. ewery,
eurrie, appar. < OF. 'ewerie (not found), < ewere,
a water-pitcher, aver, a water-bearer : see ewer^,
ewer^.] 1. An office in great houses where wa-
ter was made ready in ewers for the service of
guests, and where also the table-linen was kept.
An office so called stiU exists in the royal house-
hold of England.
Cover thy cuppeborde of thy ewery with the towelle of
diapery. Babeee Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 129.
" No," says the King, "shew me y« way. 111 go to Sir
Richard's chamber," which he Immediately did, walking
along the entries after me ; as far as the ewrie, till he
came up into the roome where I also lay.
Evelyn, Diary, March 1, 1671.
2t. The scullery of a religious house.
ewght, n. An obsolete spelling ot yeiv.
ewk (iik), V. i. [He., a var. of yitctc, ult. < AS.
ificcan = D.jeuken = Q.jucken, itch : see itch.]
To itch.
ewky (u'ki), a. Itchy. [Scotch.]
ewlet, »■ An obsolete spelling of yule.
own, n. [A dial, contr. of oren.] An oven.
Grose. [North. Eng.]
OWtt, ». [ME. eirte; seee/<l, newt.] A newt.
In that Abbeje ne eiitrethe not no Flye ne Todes ne
Etcteg, ne suche foule venyniouse Bestes, ne Lyzs ne Flees,
be the Myracle of God and of oure Lady.
JUandevUU, Travels, p. 61.
ewte, r. t. [E. dial., ult. < AS. gedtan, pour:
see gush, gut.'] To pour in. Grose. {Exmoor.)
eii, n. A dialectal variant of axi.
ex^, ". A dialectal form of ax^.
ej?, V. A dialectal variant of ask'^.
ex* (eks), ». [< ME. "ex = AS. "ex, < L. ix, < »', an
assistant vowel, + x ; or a transposition of the
Gr. name fi, xi.] The name of the letter X, x.
It is rarely written, the symbol being used
instead.
ex^ (eks), prep. [L. ex, prep., out of, from.
See ex-.] A Latin preposition, meaning 'out,'
' out of.' It is used in English only in certain comnier-
cial formulas, as — (a) " 20 chests tea ex Sea-King," where
ex means taken out of or delivered from the vessel named ;
(6) " ex div." — that is, without dividend (meaning that the
dividend on the stocks sold has been declared and is re-
served by the seller) ; and in some Latin phrases : ex mero
motu, of his own accord ; ex neceasitate rei, from the neces-
sity of the case ; ex ojicio, by virtue of his office ; ex parte.
on one side only ; ex post facto (which see) ; ex vi termini,
from the very meaning of the term.
ex-. [ME. ex-, es-, as-, OF. ex-, es-, F. ex-, i- =
Sp. Pg. ex-, es- = It. ex-, es-, s-, etc., < L. ex-,
prefix, < ex, prep, (so always before vowels, be-
fore consonants either ex or e, more frequently
ex), of place, out of, from, away from, beyond;
of time, after, from, since; of cause, from,
through, by reason of, etc. ; in comp., out,
forth, out of, throughout, to the end, hence thor-
oughly, utterly, etc. (equiv. to out or up used
intensively) ; in LL. ex- is also used, as now in
E., to signify 'out of office ' : exconsularis, an ex-
consul, etc. As a prefix ex- stands before
vowels and h and before c, p, q, t, and before
s, the s being in this case optionally dropped ;
e. g., exsistere {' ecs-sistere) or existere, exist, one
s, orthographieally the second, phonetically the
first {existere being pronounced ec-sistere), be-
ing omitted ; before / ex- becomes ef-, some-
times ec-, rarely remaining unchanged; else-
where e-. L. ex = Gr. ff (before a vowel), ck
(before a consonant), out of, from (in comp.
ff-, £(£-), = Buss, iz', out. In ME., OF., Sp.,
etc., ex- may appear as es- ; ME. also as-, and
sometimes by confusion or interchange en- (cf .
example, ME. ex-, es-, as-, and en-sampU). In
most cases of this kind the L. form ex- has been
restored. See further under es-.] A prefix of
Latin, and in some cases of Greek origin, mean-
ing primarily ' out,' ' out of.' In English words
it preserves or reproduces its particular uses in the lan-
guage of its origin. (See etymology.) Thus, in exclude,
exhale, etc., it signifies 'out,' 'out of; in exscind, 'off';
in exceed, excel, etc., 'beyond.' It is often (especially in
the reduced form e-) simply privative, as in exstipulate,
eplicate. In some words it is intensive merely, in others
it has no particular force. Prefixed to names implying
olBce, ex- signifies that the person has held but is now ' out
of ' that office : as, ea^president, «a:-minister, eic-senator.
Ex. An abbreviation of Exodus.
exacerbate (eg-zas'6r-bat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
exacerbated, ppr. exacerbating. [< L. exacerha-
tus, pp. of exacerbare (> It. esacerbare = Sp.
Pg. exacerbar), irritate, exasperate, < ex -t- acer-
ftits, bitter: see acer6.] To increase the bitter-
ness or virulence of ; make more violent, as
a disease, or angry, hostile, or malignant feel-
ings; aggravate; exasperate.
A factious spirit is sure to be fostered, and unkindly feel-
ings to be exacerbated, if not engendered. Brougham.
I thought it prudent not to exacerbate the growing moodi-
ness of his temper by any comment. Poe, Tales, I. 56.
The march of events outside the frontiers of Piedmont
was calculated to exacerbate the resentment occasioned
amidst the people by the sudden downfall of their hopes.
E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 120.
exacerbation (eg-zas-fer-ba'shon), n. [= F. ex-
acerbation = Sp. exacerbacion = Pg. exacerba-
fSo = It. esacerbazione, < LL. exacerbatio(n-),
< L. exacerbare, pp. exacerbatus, irritate: see
exacerbate.'] 1. The act of exacerbating, or
the state of being exacerbated; increase of
violence or virulence ; aggravation ; exaspera-
tion.
The gallant Jacobns Van Curlet . . . absolutely trem-
bled with the violence of his choler and the exacerbations
of his valor. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 204.
With such exacerbation of temper at the commencement
of negotiations, their progress was of necessity stormy and
slow. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 158.
Every attempt at mitigating this [normal amount of suf-
fering] eventuates in exacerbation of it.
U. Spencer, Social SUtics, p. 356.
2046
2. In med. , an increase of violence in a disease ;
specifically, the periodical aggravation of the
febrile condition in remittent and continued
fevers: as, nocturnal exacerbatiom.
Likewise the patient himself may strive, by little and
little, to overcome the symptome in the exacerbation, and
so by time turn suffering into nature.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., S 61.
exacerbescence (eg-zas-6r-bes'ens), n. [< LL.
exacerbescere, become irritated, inceptive of ex-
acerbare, irritate : see exacerbate.] A state of
increasing irritation or violence, particularly in
a case of fever or inflammation.
exacervationt (eg-zas-6r-va'shon), n. [< LL.
as if *exaccrvatio{n-), < exacervare, pp. exacer-
vatus, heap up, < ex, out, -1- acervare, heap, <
acervus, a heap.] The act of heaping up. Bai-
ley.
ezacinate (eg-zas'i-nat), v. t.; pret. and pp.
exacinated, ppr. exacinating. [< L. ex- priv. -I-
acinus, a berry, the stone of a berry: see aci-
nus.] To deprive of the kernel. Craig. [Rare. ]
exacination (eg-zas-i-na'shon), n. [< exacinate
+ -ion.] The act of taking out the kernel.
Coles, 1717. [Rare.]
exact (eg-zakf), V. [< OF. exacter, < ML. ex-
actare, freq. < L. exactus, pp. of exigere, drive
out, take out, demand, claim as due, also mea-
sure by a standard, examine, weigh, test, de-
termine, < ex, out, + agere, drive : see agent,
act. Cf. exigent, examen, examine, etc., from
the same source.] I. trans. 1. To force or
compel to be paid or yielded ; demand or re-
quire authoritatively or menacingly.
Jehoiakim . . . exacted the silver and the gold of the
people. 2 Ki. xxiii. 35.
They [Turks] take occasion to exact from Passengers,
especially Franks, arbitrary and unreasonable Sums, and,
instead of being a safe-guard, prove the greatest Rogues
and Robbers themselves.
Maiindrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 4.
What Is it your Saviour requires of you, more than will
also be exacted from you by that hard and evil master who
desires your ruin ?
J. II. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 347,
Nature imperiously exacts her due ;
Spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 141.
After presents freely given have passed into presents
expected and finally demanded, and volunteered has passed
into exacted service, the way is open for a further step.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 543.
2. To demand of right or necessity ; enjoin with
pressing urgency.
And why should not I preach this, which not my call-
ing alone but the verie place it selfe exacteth?
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 96.
Years of service past
From grateful souls, exact reward at last.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc, iii. 1132.
3t. To claim ; require.
My designs
Exact me in another place. Massinger.
=Syn. 1. Exact, Extort, En/orce. Extort is nnlch stronger
than exact, and implies more of physical compulsion ap-
plied or threatened. Exact and extort apply to something
to be got ; enforce to something to be done. Enforce ex-
presses more physical and less moral compulsion than
extort.
From us, his foes pronounced, glory he exacts.
Milton, P. R., iii. 120.
The cheat, the defaulter, the gambler, cannot extort the
knowledge of material aiul moral nature which his honest
care and pains yield to the operative.
Emerson, Compensation.
Adam, now enforced to close his eyes,
Sunk down. Milton, P. L., xi. 419.
H.t intrans. To practise exaction.
The enemy shall not exact upon him. Ps. Ixxxix. 22.
exact (eg-zakf), a. [= F. exact = Sp. Pg.
exacto = It. esatto, < L. exactus, precise, accu-
rate, exact, lit. determined, ascertained, mea-
sured, pp. of exigere in sense of 'measure by a
standard, examine, determine': see exact, v.]
1. Closely correct or regular; strictly accurate ;
truly adjusted, adapted, conformable, or the
like.
The map of Ireland made by Sir William Petty is be-
liev'd to be the most exact that ever yet was made of any
country. Evelyn, Diary, March 22, 1675.
All which, exact to rule, were brought about.
Were but a combat in the lists left out.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 277.
2. Precisely correct or right ; real ; actual ;
veritable: as, the exact sum or amount; the
exact time ; those were Ms exact words. A state-
ment is exaet wliich does not differ from the true by any
quantity, however small. See synonyms under accurate.
It is positively affirm'd that seven thousand have died
in one day of the plague ; in which they say they can
make an exact computation, from the number of biers that
are let to carry out the dead.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 38.
exactitude
3. Methodical; careful; not negligent ; observ-
ing strict accuracy, method, rule, or order: as,
a man exact in keeping appointments ; an exact
thinker.
My soul hath wrestled with her, and in my doings I was
exact. Ecclus. li. 19.
'Tis most true
That he's an excellent scholar, and he knows it ;
An exact courtier, and he knows that too.
Beau, and Ft., Custom of the Country, it 1.
One must be extremely exact, clear, and perspicuous in
everything one says. Chesterfield, Letters.
The exactest vigilance cannot maintain a single day of
unmingled Innocence. Johnson, Rambler.
4. Characterized by or admitting of exactness
or precision ; precisely thought out or stated ;
dealing with definite facts or precise princi-
ples : as, an exact demonstration ; the exact sci-
ences.
Yea, there was nothing appertaininge either to God or
men, wherein he [Joseph] semed not to have had exact
knowledge. Golding, tr. of Justine, fol. 137.
That we might not go away without some reward for
our pains, we took as exact a survey as we could of these
Chambers of dai'kness.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 22.
If a writer can not express his meaning in exact defini-
tion, it is fair to presume that he can never be depended
on for exact discussion. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 119.
5t. Steady ; even ; well-balanced.
They say . . . that such a one who hath an exact tem-
perament may walk upon the waters, stand in the air, and
quench the violence of the fire.
StUling fleet, Sermons, I ix.
The exact sciences. See science. = 8yn. Accurate, Cor-
rect, etc. See accurate.
exacter (eg-zak'tfer), n. [See exactor.] One
who exacts ; an extortioner.
The poller and exacter of fees . . . justifies the common
resemblance of the courts of justice to the bush, whereunto
while the sheep flies for defence in weather, he is sure to
lose part of the fleece. Bacon, Judicature (ed. 1887X
This rigid exacter of strict demonstration for things
which are not capable of it. Tillotson.
exacting (eg-zaV'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of exact, v.]
1. Given to or characterized by exaction; se-
vere in requirement or requisition ; exigent in
action or procedure: as, an exacting master;
an exacting inquiry.
With a temper so exacting, he was more likely to claim
what he thought due than to consider what others might
award. Dr. Arnold, Hist. Rome.
2. Attended by exaction; requiring close at-
tention or application ; arduous ; laborious ; ab-
sorbing: as, an exacting office or employment;
exacting duties; exacting demands upon one's
time.
exactingness (eg-zak'ting-nes), n. The quality
of being exacting, in either sense.
It has fallen out that, because of exactingness as reg&rds
proof, philosophy is detained in what seems to be barren
inquiry, while because of a certain license as regards proof
science has prospered. Westminster liev., CXXVIII. 757.
exaction (eg-zak'shon), n. [< F. Pr. exaction
= Sp. exaccion = Pg. exacgao = It. esazione, <
L. exactio(,n-), < exigere, pp. exactus, demand,
exact: see exact, v.] 1. The act of demanding
with authority and compelling to pay or yield ;
compulsory or authoritative demand ; exces-
sive or arbitrary requirement : as, the exaction
of tribute or of obedience.
Take away your exactions from my people. Ezek. xlv. 9.
Under pretence of preserving the Sanctuary there from
the violations, and the Fryars who have the custody of it,
from the exactions of the Turks.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 46.
We may, without being chargeable with exaction, ask
of him to remit a little the rigour ot his requirements.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 348.
2. That which is exacted; a requisition; espe-
cially, something compulsorily required with-
out right, or in excess of what is due or proper.
Subjects as well as strangers . . . pay an unreasonable
exaction at every ferry. Addison, Travels in Italy.
His own exactio7is, and the Persian's boons.
O'erload his treasure. Glover, Athenaid, xv.
3. In law, a wrong done by an officer or one
in pretended authority, by taking a reward or
fee for that for which the law allows none. See
extortion.
exactitude (eg-zak'ti-tud), ». [< F. exactitude
= Sp. cxactitud, < L. exactus, exact.] The qual-
ity of being exact ; exactness ; ac_puracy ; par-
ticularity.
Every sentence, every word, every syllable, every letter
and point, seem ta have been weighed with the nicest ex-
actitude.
Dr. A . Oeddes, Prospectus of Trans, of the Bible, p. 92.
We can reason a priori on mathematics, because we can
deflne with an exact'tude which precbides all possibility of
confusion. MacauUy, Utilitarian Theory of Government
exactly
exactly (eg-zakt'U), adv. In an exact manner ;
precisely according to rule, measure, fact, cir-
cumstance, etc.; with minute correctness; ac-
curately : as, a tenon exactly fitted to the mor-
tise.
As concerninge the mlschaunce of Cotta and Sabinas,
he learned the treuth more exactly by hys prisoners.
Golding, tr. of Caesar, fol. 141.
The Kardens are exactly kept, and the whole place very
agreeable and well water'd. Evelyn, Diary, July 30, 1682.
We say that a lute is in tune whether it be exactly
played upon or no, if the strings l>e all so duly stretched
that it would appear to be in tune if it were played upon.
Boyle, Origin of Fomis.
It is seldom that an Egyptian workman can be induced
to make a thing exactly to order.
E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 385.
exactness (eg-zakt'nes), n. The state or con-
tlition of being exact; strict conformity to
what is requireil; accuracy ; nicety ; precision :
as, to make experiments with exactness; exact-
ness of method.
I copie<l them linscripUon*] with all the exacttuu I
possibly could, tho' many of them were very difficult to
be understood. Pocucke, Uescription of the East, I. 102.
They think that their ezactneit In one duty will atone for
their neglect of another. Roger).
He bad . . . that sort of exaetneu which would have
made him a respectable antiquary. MacaxUay.
Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind ei-
ceeding small ;
Though with patience he stands waiting, with exaetneu
griiid-s lie all.
Liin:i/rllow, tr. of Friedrich von Logan's Retribution.
exactor (eg-z»k'tor), n. [< ME. exaetour, < OF.
ixiutor, F. exacteiir = Sp. Pg. exactor = It. esat-
U>rc, < L. exactor, an expeller, demander, tax-
gatherer, etc., < exigere, pp. exaetus, exact: see
exart.^ 1. One who exacts or levies; specifi-
cally, an officer who collects tribute, taxes, or
customs.
Hereby the land was fliled with bitter cursings (though
in secret) by those that wish such vnreasonable exacton
nener to ave good end of the vse of that monie.
Holinthed, Uen. III., an. 1229.
The txactort of rates came to Simon Peter, asking him
it bis .Master paid the accustomed imposition.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5), I. 260.
2. One who or that which requires or demands
by authority : as, an exactor of etiquett*.
It ... is the rigidest exactor of truth, in all our beba-
rioor, of any other doctrine or institution whataoerer.
South, Worka, I. xiL
3. One who compels another to pay more than
is legal or reasonable ; one who is unreasona-
bly strict in his demands or requirements.
In re<iuyting a good tonme, shew not thy seUe negli-
gent nor contnrye : bee not an exaetour of another man.
Babea Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 106.
Men that are in health are severe exaeten of patience
at the hands of them ttiat are sick.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, II. { S.
The service of sin Is perfect slavery : and he who will
pay obedience to the command of It shall And it an unrea-
sonable task-master, and an nnmeaanrahle exaeOxr.
South, Works, II. I.
exactress (eg-zak'tres), n. [= It. esattriee, <
lAj. rxartrix, fem. of exactor, exactor: see ex-
actt/r.] A female who exacts or is strict in her
requirements. [Rare.]
That were a heavy and hard task, to satisfy Expectation,
who Is so severe an exactrem of datiea.
B. Janton, Neptone'a Triumph.
exacoatot (eg-zak'u-at), v. (. [Irrcg., with -aft"^,
< li. exaeuere, pp. exaeutus, sharpen, < ex, out,
+ acuere, sharpen: see acute.'] To sharpen;
whet.
Sense of snch an Injury received
Should so exaeuate and whet your choler
As yon should count yourself an host of men
Compared to him.
B. Jomon, Magnetick Lady, 111. 3.
CZacnationt (eg-zak-u-a'shon), n. [< exaeuate
+ -ion.] The act of whetting; a sharpening.
Coles, 1717.
ezaresist (eg-zer'e-eis), n. [>rL., < Or. iiaiptai^,
a takingout (of the entrails of victims, of teeth,
etc.), < i^aiptiv, take out, < ff, out, + aipe'iv,
take: nee heresy, apheresis.l jiimed. und surg.,
the removal from the body of anything that is
useless or injurious by evacuation, extraction,
exiisioii, etc.
Exaereta (e^-zer'e-t»), n. [NL., < Or. i^aiperoc,
chosen, choice, < i^a'ipeiv, take out, pick out: see
exirreMs.'] 1. A genus of moths, of the family
^tiotodon tidw, having very short palpi . The only
"T)ecips is K. u/»i»of Europe, which strongly re-
embles some nootuids. Iluhner, 1816.— 6. A
renusof bees, of the family .-(/(irffp. from Guiana.
\liO Exmrete. Erirhsnn, 1848. — 3. A genus of
_ of the family Cajisida. Also Exaretus.
eber, 1864. — 4. A genus of longicom beetles,
2047
of the family Cerambycidee, such as E. unicolor
of South Australia. Fascoe, 1865. — 5. A genus
of flies, of the family Stratiomyida. Also Ex-
aireta. Schiner, 1867.
exaggerate (eg-zaj'e-rat), e. ; pret. and pp. ex-
agtjcratcd, ppr. exaggerating. [< L. exaggera-
tus, pp. of exaggerare (> F. exagerer = Sp. Pg.
exagerar = It. esagerare), heap up, increase, en-
large, magnify, amplify, exaggerate, < ex, out,
up, + aggerare, heap up, < agger, a heap, mound:
see agger.] I. trans. If. To heap up; accumu-
late.
In the great level near Thorny, several oaks and firs
stand in Ann earth below the moor, and have lain there
hundreds of years, still covered by the fresh and salt waters
and moorish earth exaggerated upon them. Sir M. Hale.
2. To increase immoderately or extravagant-
ly ; make incongruously large or extended ; am-
plify beyond proper bounds.
Our days witness no such extreme servilities of expres-
sion as were used by ecclesiastics in the dedication of the
Bible to King James, nor any such exai/iierated adulations
aa those addressed to George III. by the House of Lords.
U. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 574.
Strychnia . . . possesses the power of considerably ex-
aggerating the excitability of the brain.
Tr. in Alien, and, Neurit., VI. 7.
3. To cause to appear immoderately large or
important ; amplify in representation or appre-
hension ; enlarge beyond truth or reason.
When . . . faithfully describing the state of his feel-
ings at that time, Bunyan was not conscious that he exag.
grated the character of his offences.
Southey, Bunyan, p. 15.
He exaggerates a few occasional acta of smuggling into
an immense and regular importation.
Maeaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
4. In the fine arts, to heighten extravagantly
or disproportionately in effect or design : as, to
exaggerate particular features in a painting or
statue. =8yn. 3 and 4. To strain, stretch, overcolor,
caricature. See list under a<igravate.
n. intrans. To amplify unduly in thought or
in description ; use exaggeration in speech or
writing.
exaggerated (cg-zaj'e-ra-ted), p. a. In sofil.,
lurj^er. more conspicuous, or more positive than
that which is normal ; specifically, in entom., of
deeper color: as, a species with exaggerated
characters ; exaggerated mtu'ks, spines, pro-
cesses, etc.; a dark band exaggerated in the
center.
exaggeratedly (eg-zaj'e-ra-ted-li), adv. To an
excessive or exaggerateii degree.
They are Intensely, even exaggeratedly, negroid In the
form of the nose.
W. U. Plomr, In Pop. ScL Uo., XXVIII. 31».
exaggeration (eg-zaj-e-ra'shon), n. [= F. ex-
iK/rrit lion = Sp. exageracion = Pg. exagera^Bo =
It. csagtrazione, < L. exaggeratio(n-), a heaping
up, an exaltation, < exaggerare : see exaggerate/]
li. A heaping together; accumulation; a pile
or heap.
Some towns that were anciently havens and porta are
now, by exaggeration at sand between these towns and the
sea, converted Into Arm land.
Sir M. llaU, Grig, of Mankind.
2. An undue or excessive enlargement or de-
velopment.
A very Indulgent apologist might perha]^ attempt to
show that his errors were but the exaggeration of virtues.
A. Dobeon, Int. to Steele's Plays, p. xl.
3. Amplification ; unreasonable or extravagant
overstating or overdrawing in the representa-
tion of things; hyperbolical representation.
exaggeration* of the prodigious condescensions in the
prince to paaa good laws would have an odd sound at
Westminster. Swi/t.
The language of exaggeration Is forbidden by the mod-
esty of his nature. Sumner, Hon. John Pickering.
4. In the fine arts, a representation of things
in which their natural features are emphasized
or magnified. — 6. In zoiil., amplification or in-
tensification ; emphasis or conspicuousness, as
of any characteristics : as, this form is but an
exaggeration of the other. =8yn. 3. Exaggeration,
Hyperbole. Strictly, exaggeration is always greater than
truth or good taste wcinld allow, while as a flgnre hyper-
bole Is an overstatement not likely to mislead, and sanc-
tioned by good taste, rising above the tmth only aa a means
of lifting the sluggish mind of the hearer U> the level of
the truth. Hyperboie iftocctialonaUy used of overstatement
that is mere exaggeration, or otherwise against good taste.
As the Brazen Age shows itself in other men by exag-
geration of phraae, so In him (Thoreau) by extravagance of
statement. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 202.
He [Dryden] was at first led to give greater weight to
correctneaa and to the restraint of arbitrary rules from a
consciousness that he had a tendency to hmeHmle and ex.
travagance. LoweU, Study Windows, p. 397.
exaggerative (eg-zaj'e-ra-tiv), a. [< F. exagi-
ratij = Sp. Pg. exageraiivo = It. esagerativo;
exalt
as exaggerate + -ire.] Ten(^ng to or charac-
terized by exaggeration ; exaggerating.
Not a history, but exaggerative pictures of the Revolu-
tion, is Mazzini's summing-up. The Century, XXXI. 406.
Hear Vicars, a poor human soul zealously prophesying,
as if through the organs of an ass, in a not mendacious,
yet loud-spoken, exaggerative, more or less asinine, man-
ner. Carlyle, Cromwell, I. 142.
exaggeratively (eg-zaj'e-rS^tiv-li), adv. In an
exaggerated manner; witli exaggeration.
■ Filled with what I exaggeratively thought a thousand or
two of human creatures. Carlyle, in Fronde, I. 7.
exaggerator (eg-zaj'e-ra-tor), n. [< F. exage-
rateur = Sp. Pg. exagerador = It. esageratore,
< LL. exaggerator, one who increases or en-
larges, < L. exaggerare, increase, enlarge: see
exaggerate.] One who exaggerates.
You write so of the poets and not laugh ?
Those virtuous liars, dreamers after dark,
Exaggerators of the sun and moon,
And soothsayers in a tea-cup?
Mrs. Broicning, Aurora Leigh, i.
exaggeratory (eg-zaj'e-ra-to-ri), a. [< exagger-
ate + -ory.] Containing exaggeration.
You fall into the common errours of exaggeratory de-
clamation, by producing, in a familiar disquisition, exam-
ples of national calamities, and scenes of extensive misery.
Johngon, Rasselas, xxviil.
exaglta'tet (eg-zaj'i-tat), V. t. [< L. exagitatus,
pp. of exagitare (> It. esagitare = Pg. exagitar),
shake up, stir up, rouse, disturb, rail at, re-
proach, < ex, out, + agitare, shake: see agitate.]
1. To shake violently ; agitate.
Did presage
Th' ensuing storms exagitated rage.
Chamberlayne, Pharonnida (165fl).
2. To pursue with invectives or reproaches;
rail at.
This their defect and imperfection I had rather lament
. . . than exagitale. Hooker, Ecclcs. Polity, ill. § 11.
exagl'tationt (eg-zaj-i-ta'shon), n. [= It. esagi-
ta:ioiie, < LL. exagitatio(n-% agitation, < L. ex-
agitare, shake up: see exagitate.] Violent agi-
tation ; a shaking.
Thunder's strong exagitatione.
Chamberlayne, Pharonnida (1659).
oxalate (eks-a'lat), a. [< L. ex- priv. + alatus,
winged: see alate^.] In hot., not alate; wing-
less.
exalbuminose (eks-al-bii'mi-nos), a. [< L. ex-
priv. -(- E. iilhuminose.] Same as exalbuminous.
exalbmninous (oks-al-bvi'mi-nus), a. [< L. ex-
priv. -I- E. tilbiiminous.] In hot., without albu-
men : applied to seeds.
exalt (eg-z&lf), ". '• [< OF. exalter, F. exalter
= Pr. Sp. Pg. exaltar = It. esaltare, < L. exaltare,
lift up, raise, elevate, exalt, < ex, out, up, + al-
ius, high: see alt, altitude.] 1. To raise high;
lift to a great or unusual altitude ; elevate in
space.
1 have seen
The ambitious ocean swell, and rage, and foam,
'To be exalted with the tbreat'ning clouds.
•SAo*., J. C, I. 8.
Rise, crown'd with light, imperial Salem, rise !
Exalt thy towery head, and lift thine eyes I
Po;x, Messiah, 1. 86.
2. To elevate in degree or consideration; bring
to a higher or more intense state or condition ;
raise up, as in rank, character, or quality: as,
to exalt a person to a high office ; to exalt the
passions.
Exalt him that I* low, and abase him that Is high.
Ezek. xxl. 26.
Now, Mars, she said, let Fame exalt her voice. Prior.
Bridget's memory, exalted by the occasion, warmed into
a thousand half-obliterated recollections of things and
persons. Lamb, Mackery End.
These apparently trivial causes had the effect of rous-
ing and exalting the imagination in a way that was mys-
terious to herself. George Eliot, Mill on the l-1oss, lit. 6.
3. To attribute or accord exaltation to; make
high or elevated in estimation or expression;
magnify; glorify; praise; extol.
Uliosoever exalteth himself shall be abased.
Luke xiv. 11.
He Is ... my father's Ood, and I will exalt him.
Ex. XV. 2.
" It (Christianity) exaltg the lowly virtues," the love
of peace, charity, humility, forgiveness, resignation, pa-
tience, purity, holiness. Story, Misc. Writings, p. 431.
4t. In chem., to purify; refine: as, to exalt the
juices or the qualities of bodies.
I exalt our med'cine,
By hanging him in I>alneo vaporoso.
And giving htm solution.
B. Jonmn, Alchemist, II. 1.
With chemic art exdlti the mineral powers.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 243.
= 83m. 1. Elevate, Lift, etc. See raiee.—X To ennoble,
dignify, aggrandize.— 3. To glorify.
ezaltate
2048
An obsolete form of hexameter.
ezaltatet, a. [ME. exaltat, < L. exaltatus, pp. ezametert, «•
of exo/tore, lift up, exalt: see ea;aJf.] Exalted; I'uttciiliam
exercising high influence.
Mercurie is desolat
In FiSceSf wher Venus is exaltat,
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Baths Tale, 1. "04.
exaltation (eks-&l-ta'shon), n. [< ME. exalta-
cioiiit, < OF. exaltacion, exaltation, F. exaltation
— Pr. exaltatio = Sp. exaltacion = Pg. exaltagSo
= It. esalta-ione, < LL. exaltatio(n-), elevation,
5 ride, < L. exaltare, lift up, exalt : see exalt.]
. The act of raising high, or the state of being ezaminant (eg-zam'i-nant), n.
raised high ; elevation as to power, office, rank
dignity, or excellence ; a state of dignity or lof-
tiness: as, exaltation of rank or character. The
word is specifically applied to the induction of a pope into
office : as, the exaltation of Leo XIII.
Wondering at ray flight, and change
To this high exaltation. Milton, P. L., v. 90.
2. Mental elevation ; a state of mind in which
a person possesses elevated thoughts and noble
aspirations.
Xh' Heroiclc Exaltations of Good
Are so far from understood,
We count them Vice.
Cowley, Pindaric Odes, vii. 2.
You are only aware of the impetuosity of the senses,
the upwelling of the blood, the effusion of tenderness,
but not of the nervous ezaltatimi, the poetic rapture.
Taine (trans.).
St. In alchemy, the refinement or subtilization
of bodies or of their qualities and virtues. — 4.
In astrol, an essential dignity, next in impor-
tance to that of house ; that situation of a planet
in the zodiac where it was supposed to have
the most influence. The sun is in exaltation in the
19th degree of Aries, the moon in the 3d degi-ee of Taurus,
Jupiter in the 15th degree of Cancer, Mercury in the 15th
degree of Virgo, Saturn in the 2l8t degree of Libra, Mars
in the 28th degree of Capricorn, Venus in the 27th degree
of Pisces. The position of the sun's ex.iltation is that in
which he passes wholly to the upper side of the zodiac.
The reasons for tlie otlier positions given by Ptolemy are
arbitrary and fanciful.
Mercurie loveth wysdom and science,
And Venus loveth ryot and dispence ;
And for hire diverse disposicioun
Ech falleth in otheres exaltaeioun.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, I. 702.
Astrologei-s tell us that the sun receives its exaltation
in the sign Aries. Dryden.
5t. In falconry, a flight of larks — Exaltation of
the Cross. See cross^.
exalted (eg-zal'ted), p. a. [Pp. of exalt, t).]
Raised to a height; elevated highly; dignified;
sublime; lofty.
All the books of the Bible are either already most ad-
mirable and exalted pieces of poesy, or are the best ma-
terials in the world for it. Cowley, Davideis.
When the music was strong and bold, she looked exalted,
but serious. Steele, Spectator, No. 503.
Her exalted state did not remove her above the sympa-
thies of friendship. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 16.
exaltedness (eg-zal'ted-nes), n. The state of
being exalted, elevated, or elated.
The exaUednesB of some minds . . . may make tfiem in-
sensible to these light things. Oray, To West, vi.
exalter (eg-zal't^r), «. One who or that which
exalts or raises to dignity.
O noble sisters, cryed Pyrocles, now you be gone, who
were the only exalten of all womenkind, what is left in
that sex but babling and business ?
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
But thou, Lord, art my shield, my glory.
Thee, through my story,
The exalter of my head I count.
Milton, Ps. iii. 9.
exaltmentt (eg-zMfment), n. [< OF. exalte-
ment, < exalter, exalt : see exalt and -ment.'] Ex-
altation.
Sanctity implying a discrimination, adistance, an exalt-
ment in nature or use of the thing which is denominated
thereby. Barrow, Sermons.
exam (eg-zam'), n. [Abbr. of examination.']
An examination. [College slang. ]
Things may be altered since the writer of this novelette
went through his exam. Driven to Rome (1877), p. 67.
exament (eg-za'men), n. [= F. examen = Sp.
exdmen = Pg. exame = It. esame = D. G. Dan.
8w. examen, < L. examen, the tongue of a bal-
ance, a weighing, consideration, examination,
contr. of "exagmen, < *exagere, exigere, measure
by a standard, weigh, examine, < ex, out, +
agere, weigh: see exact, essay, assay, exigent.
lience examine, etc.] Examination ; disquisi-
tion ; inquiry ; scrutiny.
After BO fair an examen, wherein nothinghas been exag-
gerated. Burke, Vind. of Nat. Society.
No questions were put to them [deacons to be ordained]
by the bishop, for that part of the service called the Ex-
amen belonged not to their degree.
it W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.
examinability (eg-zam"i-na-bil'i-ti), n. [< ex-
aminable: see -biiity.] The quality of being
examinable or open to inquiry. Law Eeports.
examinable (eg-zam'i-na-bl), a. [= F. exami-
nable ; as examine + -able.] Capable of being
examined; proper for examination or inquiry.
The draughts and first laws of the game are positive.
But how ? Merely ad placitum, and not examinable by
reason. Bacon, Works, I. 224 (Ord MS.).
[< L. exami-
nan{t-)s, ppr. of examinare, examine: see ex-
amine.] One who examines ; an examiner.
The examinantg or posers were Dr. Dnport, Greek Pro-
fessor at Cambridge ; Dr. Fell, Deane of Christ Church,
Oxon ; etc. Evelyn, Diary, May 13, 1661.
One window was so placed as to throw a strong light at
the foot of the table at which prisoners were usually posted
for examination, while tlie upper end, where the exami-
nanis sat, was thrown into shadow.
Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xiii.
examinate (eg-zam'i-nat), n. [< L. examinatus,
pp. of examinare, examine: see examine.] A
person examined.
Many inquisitions therefore by torments holden one
after another, and some exaininates through excessive
and dolorous tortures killed.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 363.
He asked in scorne one of the ea;ffl«ii)ia(e5, . . . '*Ipray,
sir, if Scribonianus liad been an Emperor, what would you
have done 1 " Bacon, Apophthegms.
The examinate found it so difficult to answer the ques-
tion tliat he suddenly became afflicted witll deafness.
Kingsley, Westward Ho, p. 52.
examination (eg-zam-i-na'shon), n. [= Dan.
Sw. examimition = F. examination = Pr. Sp. ex-
aminaoion = Pg. examinagdo = It. esaminaeione,
< L. examinatio{n-), < examinare, examine : see
examine.] 1. The act of examining, or the state
of being examined ; scrutiny by inquiry, study,
or experiment; careful search and investiga-
tion into parts, qualities, conditions, and rela-
tions, for the purpose of ascertaining the truth
and the real state of things ; inspection by ob-
servation, interrogation, or trial : as, examina-
tion of a ship or a machine ; examination of the
books of a firm; examination of one's mental
condition ; examination of a wound, or of a the-
ory or thesis.
The proper ofllce of examination, enquiry, and ratioci-
nation is, strictly speaking, confined to the production of
a just discernment and an accurate discrimination.
Cogan, Tlie Passions, ii., Int.
Nothing that is self-evident can be the proper subject of
examination. South, Works, V. vii.
2. In legal jyroceedings : (a) An inquiry into
facts by evidence; an attempt to ascertain
truth by questioning : as, the examination of a
witness. The steps in the examination of a witness are
the examination in chief, or direct examination by the
party calling liim, and the crosn-examination by the oppo-
site party ; after which may follow a reexaminatio}i or re-
direct examination by the former, a re-cross-examination
by the latter, etc.
The king's attorney, on the contrary,
Urg'd on the examinations, proofs, confessions
Of divers witnesses. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 1.
There remained examinations and cvo^^-examinations,
. . . bickerings . . . between the managers of the im-
peachment and the counsel for the defence.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
(6) In criminal law, inparticular, an inquiry con-
ducted by a magistrate before whom a pris-
oner is brought charged with crime, to ascer-
tain whether he should be held, bailed, or dis-
charged. It is conducted by questioning the witnesses
oilered, and receiving the voluntary statement, if any, of
the prisoner, (c) The result of judicial inquiries ;
testimony taken and duly reduced to writing.
Master constable, let these men be bound, and brought
to Leonato ; I will go before, and show him their exami-
nation. Shak., Much Ado, iv. 2.
3. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
the qualifications, capabilities, knowledge, ex-
perience, or progress of a person who is a can-
didate for some position or rank in a profession,
occupation, school or other organization, etc. :
as, the examination of a candidate for admission
to the ministry or bar; the periodical examina-
tion of a school.
To animate the students in the pursuit of literary merit
and fame, . . . there shall be annually a public examina-
tion, in the presence of a joint committee of the Corpora-
tion and Overseers. Revised Laivs of Harvard College, 1790.
4. Trial or assay by the appropriate methods
or tests, as of minerals or chemical compounds.
— Digital examination, in med., an examination or ex-
ploration made with tlie fingers.
Bob made what a surgeon would call a digital examina-
tion of the dungeon door.
E. Eggletton, The Graysons, xxiv.
examination-paper
Entrance examination, an examination for admission
to a school, college, etc.— Examination in cMef, the
questioning of a witness by the party who lias put him on
the stand, for the purpose of eliciting the testimony to
give whicll he is called : distinguished from the subse<iuent
cross-examination by the opposite party, and reexamina-
tion by the former party.— Examination of party, a pro- .
ceeding allowed under the new forms of le;:al jirocedure
to compel an adverse party to siil»niit to interri).:ati(in in
advance of tlie trial.— Examination of the brackets.
See braeketi^, 5.— Examination on the voir dire, a pre-
liminai-y interrogation of a witness by tlie party adverse to
him who called him, allowed on a trial at conimoii law, to
ascertain whetlier he is competent, etc.— Middle-Class
examinations. See middle-class.— Vaas examination,
an cxuininatiuii in whicli tlie leading object is to insure a
certain .standard, required as a qualitication for employ-
ment in tile civil service, or the like.— Senate House ex-
amination, tlie examination for degrees and lionors in
the University of Cambridge, England.
It was to correct this fault that the Senate House exami-
nation was introduced, and I am inclined to think that it
had its origin about the year 1780.
W. W. R. Hall, Mathematical Tripos.
=:Syn. 1. Exami7iation, Inquiry, Investigation, Inquisi-
tion, Scrutiny, Search, Research, Inspection ; overhauling,
proijing, canvassing. Examination is tlie general word ;
where it is applied to any work of severity, tlioroughness,
etc., the fact is expressed by a strong adjective or other
modifier : as, a superficial, thorough, brief, protracted, or
searching examination into facts, into a question, of a
candidate, or of a locality or premises. . Iiviuiry is made
by asking questions, but figtu-atively by study or investiga-
tion : as, an inquiry into the value of circumstantial evi.
deuce. An investigation is an examination long enough,
systematic enough, and minute enough to be thorough.
An iwfuisition is something still more thorough and
searching than an investigation, implying vigor with se-
verity; in modern times it generally implies a somewhat
hostile spirit, or that from which tlie person concerned
would shrink. Scrutiny is primarily a close examination
witll the eye : as, the scrutiny of one's features, of a manu-
script, of a field of vision ; but it is also a critical exami-
nation by the mind : as, the careful scrutiny of evidence.
Search is the effort to find primarily that which may be
seen, but secondarily that which may be apprehended by
the mind : as, the search for a lost coin, or for a clue to a
mystery. Research is search only of the second class above,
and in out-of-the-way fields of knowledge: as, archicologi-
cal research. Inspection, literally a looking into, is some-
times a ratlier general word and equivalent to «a:ffmiwi-
tion; but more often it implies an ofllcial examitmtion:
as, an inspection of work done under contract ; the sani-
tary inspection of a jail, or of a ship just come into port.
It is possible then, without disloyalty to our convictions,
to examine tlieir grounds, even though they are to fail
under the examination, for we llave no suspicion of this
failure. J. II. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 184.
A careful . . . Inquiry into the modern prevailing No-
tions of that Freedom of the Will which is supposed to be
Essential to Moral Agency. Edwards (title of treatise).
I have been speaking of investigation, not of inquiry;
it is quite true tliat inquiry is Inconsistent with assent,
but inquiry is something more than tlie mere exercise of
inference. J. II. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 181.
Davenant emulated Spenser ; and il his poem " Gondi-
bert" had been as good as his preface, it could still be
read in another spirit than that of investigation.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 37.
The judges shall make diligent inquisition.
Dent. xix. 18.
Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view
And narrower scrutiny. Milton, P. R., iv. 515.
Search for the truth is the noblest occupation of man,
its publication a duty.
Madame de Stael, Gennany (trans.), iv. 2.
Oh ! rather give me commentators plain.
Who with no deep researches vex the brain.
Crabhe, Parisli Register, i.. Int.
The measureless region of scientific Research is not only
capable of calling out every intellectual faculty, but is one
in which no exercise is sterile.
O. H. Lewes, l-robs. of Life and Mind, Int. I. i. J 24.
The habit of believing what will not bear inspection has
. . . completely become a second nature to men.
H. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 266.
examinational (eg-zam-i-na'shon-al), a. [< ex-
amination + -al.] Of or pertaining to exami-
nation.
The extortionate examinational aberration which brings
the cramming system into existence.
W. B. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 057.
He [Dr. Michael Foster] was sorry to say that he knew
some who had succeeded to the fullest extent during the
examinatixmal period of their life, yet did not maintain
their prestige as time rolled on. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 282.
examinationism (eg-zam-i-na'shon-izm), «.
[< examination + -ism.] The excessive prac-
tice of or reliance upon examinations as tests
of fitness, qualifications, progress, etc.
A reaction against that miseralile exavmiationijtm which
earns for us the title of the " Chinese of Europe."
London Jour. Sci., >'o. cxxiv., p. 240.
examination-paperCeg-zam-i-na'shon-pa'p^r),
n. 1 . A written or printed series of questions,
problems, or other matters, to V* answered or
worked out, to demonstrate the knowledge,
skill, or progress of the person examined.
A goodly supply of questions is .■ilready at hand in the
examination-pavers set at the Institute in past years.
Nature, XX^n'II. 4.58.
2. A written series of answers or solutions by
a person examined.
I
ezaminator
ezaminator (eg-zam'i-na-tor), H. [= F. exami-
iiateur = Sp. Pg. examinador z=z It. csaminatore,
< LL. examinator, a weigher, examiner, < L.
examinare, weigh, examine: see^iaminc.'] An
examiner: as, "a prudent examinator," Scott.
Sufficiently qualified for learning, manners, and that by
the strict approbation of deputed examiiuilorg.
Burton, Anat. of Jlel., To the Reader.
examine (eg-zam'in), f. t. ; pret. and pp. exani-
iiifil. ppr. examining. [Formerly also examin ;
< ME. examinen, examenen, < OF. examiner, F.
examiner = Pr. Sp. Pg. examinar = It. esaminare
= D. examineren = G. examiniren = Dan. exami-
nere = Sw. ex<tminera, < L. examinare, weigh,
ponder, consider, test, examine, < examen (ex-
amin-), the tongue of a balance, a weighing:
see eiamen.'\ 1. To inspect or survey careful-
ly; look into the state of; scrutinize and com-
pare the parts of; view or observe in all as-
pects and relations, with the purpose of form-
ing a correct opinion or judgment : as, to ex-
amine a ship (to leam whether she is sea-
worthy); to examine a composition (for the
purpose of correcting its errors).
And Ezrathe priest, with certain chief of the fathers, . . .
flat down in the first day of tlie tenth month to examine
the inatur. Ezra x. 16,
Let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that
bread, and drink of that cup. 1 Cor. xi. 28.
The busy race exajnine and explore
Each creek and cavern of the dangerous shore.
Coipper, Ketirement, 1. 151.
If, f(»r instance, we examin* the aiidress of Clytemnestra
to A;r:itnctiinon on iiis return, or the description of the
seven An^tve chiefs, Ity the principles of dramatic writing,
we shall instantly condemn them as monstrvus.
Maeaulay, Milton.
2. To subject to legal inquisition; put to ques-
tion in regard to conduct or to knowledge of
facts; interrogate: as, to fxn/«ine a witnessor
a suspected or accused person.
Time is the old justice that examine* all such offender*.
Shak., As yon Like it, iv. 1.
The Watch-men are armed with Staves, and stand in the
Street by the Wat«h-bouses, to examin every one that
passeth by. Dampier, Voyages, IL I. 77.
3. To inquire into the qualifications, capabili-
ties, or progress of, by interrogatories: as, to
examine the candidates for a degree, or for a
license to practise in a profession; to examine
applicants for office or employment.
First, there are the nppoalng lawyers, who were once
examined for adniisflion to the bar, and who may be dia-
liarred for unworthy or unprofessional conduct.
Pop. Sci. Mo., .XX XIII. 855.
4. To try or assay by appropriate methods or
tests : as, to examine minerals or chemical com-
pounds. ^Syn. 1. To scrutiniie, investigate, study, coa-
huUt. (-anvat(.4. — 3. To interrogate, catechize. '
examinet (eg-zam'in), n. [< examiue, v. Cf. ex-
it men.] Examination.
Divers persons were excommunicat att this tyroe, both
for ignorance, ud being absent from the dyetta of exatn-
ine. Lamont, Diary, p. 195.
examinee (eg-zam-i-ne'), ». [< examine + -«ei.]
Out- examined, or who undergoes an examina-
tion.
After repeating the Samaritan's saying to the inn-keep-
er, "When I come again I will repay thee," the unlucky
examinee added : "This h# saiii, knowing that ho should
s«e his face no more." Cambridge Sketches.
Thetr«>ntinentof the special subject is always one of the
l>eHt f* atiires of OUT examination : that in which the best
side of the mind of each examinee is as a rule most dia.
linrtly shown. Stuhhe, Medieval and Mod. Hist., p. Vt.
examiner (eg-zam'i-n6r), n. 1 . One who exam-
ines, inspects, or tries; one who interrogates a
witness or an accused person.
A crafty clerk, commissioner, or examiner will make a
witness speak what lie tnily never meant.
.Sir M. Hale, Hist. Com. Law of Eng.
2. A person appointed to conduct an examina-
tion, as in a scnool or college; one appointed
to examine candidates for degrees or for pub-
lic employment: as, the examiners in natural
science, metaphysics, classics, etc.; civil-ser-
vice examiners.
Coming forward with assumed carelessness, he threw
towards us the formal reply of his examinsn.
Barvardiana, III. 9.
3. In the English chancery, an officer of court
who examine.^ on oath the witnesses produced
on either side, or the parties themselves. — 4.
In the United States Patent Office, an official,
•nbordinate to the commissioner of patents,
whose duty it is to examine and report upon
applications for the issue and reissue of pat-
ents and upon alleged cases of interference
with rights secured by patent. — 8. A custom-
129
2049
house officer appointed to examine merchan-
dise, baggage, etc., in order to detect and pre-
vent smuggling and other frauds on the trea-
sury: called an inspector in the United States
customs service.
eXi tninership (eg-zam'i-n6r-ship), H. [< ex-
aminer + -shij>.] The office of examiner: as,
the chief examinership •f the civil-service com-
mission.
I had myself, in several examinerxkips in the school of
Law and Modern History, the best opportunities of mark-
ing its effects.
E. A. Freeman, Contemporary Rev., LI. 824.
examiningly (eg-zam'i-ning-li), adv. Scruti-
nizingly.
.•siie still kept lier hand in his, and looked at him exam-
ininilti/. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, li.
examplaryt, «• An obsolete variant of exem-
pl'inj.
example (eg-zam'pl), ». [Early mod. E. also
exemple; < ME. exampie, exsampk, also asaum-
ple, and by apheresis sample (> E. sample,
q. v.), but commonly ensample, ensampel, en-
gaumple, < OF. example, exemple, also essam-
ple, and rarely ensample (with prefix en- for
es-, ex-), F. exemple = Pr. exemple, essemple, etc.,
= Sp. ejemplo = Pg. exemple = It. esempio =
D. G. Dan. 8w. exempel, < L. exemplum, lit. what
is taken out (as a sample), a sample, pattern,
specimen, copy for imitation, etc., < eximerc,
pp. exemptus, take out, < ex, out, + eniere, buy :
see exempt. Cf. ensample, sample, exemplar.']
1. One of a number of tilings, or a part of any-
thing, generally a small quantity, exhibited
or serving to show the character or quality of
the whole; a representative part or instance;
a sample ; a specimen ; an exemplar.
These pillars are singularly graceful in their form and
elegant in their details and belong to a style which, if
there were more example* of it, I would feel inclined to
distinguisb as the "Gupta style "
J. fergtuton. Hist. Indian Arch., p. 247.
The Duonio of Eiesole, the exquisite Church of San
Miniato al Monte near Florence, the Duomo at Pisa, are
exampU* of the work of the Tuscan architects of the
eleventh century.
C. *. A'orfon, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 26.
2. An instance serving for illustration ; a par-
ticular ease or circumstance, quotation, or oth-
er thing, illustrating a general statement, prop-
osition, rule, or truth. [Thougli etymologically the
same as aample, an example, in tlits use of the word, is
not, like a sample, commonly taken at random, but chosen
with care for the puriK>se of aiding the mind of a reader
or hearer in comprehending an aliatract proposition or de-
scription. An example is, in fact, but a single instance,
either given alone or with a small number of others, and
in such a manner that the reader or person addressed has
no means of Judging as to how It has been chosen ; it there-
fore affords lltUe or no ground for inductive reasoning.
Seesampfs.)
An audience nishinff out of a theatre on Are, and in
their eagerness to get before each other Jamming up the
doorway so that no one can get throuKii, offers a good
example of unjust selfishness defeating Itself.
H. Spencer, .Social SUtica, p. 486.
Of the union of several distinct cities, standing apart,
each with its own territory, to form one greater political
whole, Greek history contains one example only.
B. A. Freeman, Amer. Lecta., p. 266.
3. A pattern in morals or manners worthy of
imitation; a model of conduct or manner; an
archetype ; one who or that which is proposed
or is proper to be imitated.
Al exemple* are not Imitable.
A. Hume, Urthographie (E. E. T. S.), p. 21.
I have given you an example that ye should do as I have
done to yon. John xiii. 15.
Oh, thou art gone, and gone with thee all goo<lness.
The great example of all equity.
Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4.
Moral principles rarely act powerfully upon the world,
except by way of example or Ideals.
Lecty, Enrop. .Morals, II. 287.
4. An instance serving for a warning; a warn-
ing.
God that Is almyghty wolde haue it to lie sheweil in
exeampU that men sholde not be prowde for worldly
richesse. Merlin (E. E. T. H.), iii. 434.
Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not
willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put
her away privily. Mat. 1. 1».
O tak example frae me, Maries,
O tak example frae me.
Mary Hamilton (Child's Ballads, III. 3'27).
5. In zo67., a prepared specimen. — 6. \nmath.,
an arithmetical or algebraic problem, illustrat-
ing a rule or method, to be worked out by a
student: as, an example in addition ; an example
in quadratics.— Argument from example, the same
as reamming from aitalogy, which latt^^r expression has
superseded the former, except in translations from Arts-
totle and other ancient writers on logic.
exanimate
An example is a maner of argumentation, wher one thing
is proved by another, for tlie likenesse that is founUe to
be in them bothe. Sir T. Wilnon, Rule of Reason.
=Syn. Example, Pattern, Model, Precedent, Ideal, In-
stance; archetype, prototype; exemplification. Example
is the most general of these words ; it. is the only one of
them that admits application to that which is to be avoid-
ed. An example is something to guide the understanding,
so that one may decide what to do and what not to do.
Pattern and model express that wliich is to be closely fol-
lowed or copied ; they primarily refer to physical shape ;
as, an artist's model ; but also freely to the shaping of con-
duct and chai-acter ; as, a patteim of sobriety ; a model of
virtue. Perhaps model suggests the more complete exam-
ple, but the dtrt'erence between the two words in this re-
spect is smalt. A precedent is an exaviple set in the past,
as a legal decision which may be pleaded in law as the
basis of a further decision, and in private affairs a thing
once done or allowed, and so pleaded as a reason or an
excuse for more of the same sort ; as, a precedent for indul-
gence. An ideal is a model of perfection, primarily imagi-
nary, but by hyperbole sometimes real. An example is
generally a representative person or thing, but the word
is sometimes used instead of instance with reference to
a representative act or course of conduct : as, to prove a
rule by example*; to prove a man's fidelity or treachery
by instances or example*.
Princes that would their people should do well
Must at themselves begin, as at the head ;
For men by their example pattern out
Their imitations and regard of laws.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
They already furnish an exhilarating example of the dlf .
ference between free governments and despotic misrule.
D. Webster, Speech at Bunker Hill Monument.
I do not give you to posterity as a pattern to imitate,
but as an example to deter.
Junius, Letters, xiii.. To the Duke of Orefton.
Yet he survives, the model ami the monument of a cen-
tury. Story, Speech at Salem, Sept. 18, 1828.
We have followed precedents as long as they could guide
us ; now we must make precedent* for the ages which are
to succeed us. O. W. Holmes, Essays, p. 115,
Every man has at times in his mind the ideal of what he
should be but is not.
Theodore Parker, Crit. and Misc. Writings, i.
All that can l>e expected in an ideal is that it should be
perfect in its own kind, and should exhibit the type most
neetled in its age, and most widely useful to mankind.
Lecky, Enrop. Morals, I. 163.
The world . . . has produced fewer instances of truly
great Judges than It has of great men in almost every other
department of civil life. Horace Binney, John Marshall.
example (eg-zam'pl), v.; pret. and pp. exam-
pled, ppr. exampling. [< example, n. Cf. the
older verb forms ensample and sample.] I.
trans. If. To furnish with examples; give ex-
amples of.
I'll example you with thievery:
The sun's a thief, and with his great attraction
Robs the vast sea ; the moon's an arrant thief,
And her pale fire she snatches from the sun.
Shak., T. of A., iv. 8.
2t. To justify by the authority of an example.
I will have that subject newly writ o'er, that I may ex-
ample my digression by some mighty precedent.
Shak., L. L. L., i. 2.
3. To set or make an example of; present as
an example.
Burke devoted himself to this duty . . . with o fervid
assiduity that has not often been exampled, and has never
been surpassed. John Morley, Burke, p. 87.
•Search, sun, and thou wilt find
They are the exampled pair, and mirror of their kind.
B. Jonson, Underwoods, xciv.
II.t intrans. To give an example.
I will example unto you : Your opponent makes entry
as you are engaged with your mistress.
B. Joneon, Cyntllia's Revels, v. 2.
examplert (eg-zam'pl6r), n. [< ME. exampleir:
see exemplar and sampler. Cf. ME. ensampler.]
An exemplar or a sampler; an example ; a pat-
tern.
In hys swete langage ther he me vnfold
That I ther take the exampleir wold
Off a boke of his which that he had made.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), Int., 1. 131.
I referre me to them which are skilfuU in the Italian
tongue, or may the better iudge, if it please them to trie
the same, casting aside this exampler.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 121.
examplesst (eg-zamp'les), a. [Contr. of *exam-
iilelessiUan. Sw. exempellos) ; < example + -less.]
Having no example ; beyond parallel.
Tliey that durst to strike
At so exampless and unblamed a life,
B. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 4.
exanguiousf, a. See exsanguious.
exanguloust (eks-ang'gu-lus), a. [< L. ex- priv.
+ aii(/iihi.i. a corner.] Having no angles or cor-
ners.' liiiilry, 1727.
exanimatet (eg-zan'i-mat), V. t. [< L. exani-
maliis, pp. of exanimare (> It. esanimare), de-
prive of breath, life, or strength, < ex- priv. +
anima, life: see animate.] 1. To deprive of
life; kill. Baitey, 1731. —2. To dishearten ; dis-
courage. Bailey, 1731.
exanimate
exanimate (eg-zan'i-mat), a. [= OF. exanime
= It. esanimato, < L. exanimatus, pp. : see the
verb.] 1. Inanimate; lifeless.
On whose sharp cliftes the ribs of vessels broke ;
And shivered ships, which had beene wrecked late,
Vet stuck with carkases exanimate,
Spemer, F. Q., II. xii. 7.
At the beginning of the skirmislj I had primed my pis-
tols, and sat witli them ready for use. . . . Shaykh Nur,
exanimate with fear, could not move.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 361.
2. Spiritless; disheartened; depressed in spir-
its.
The grey morn
Lifts her pale lustre on the paler wretch
Exanimate by love. Thonuton, Spring, 1. 1052.
exanimation (eg-zan-i-ma'shon), n. [= Sp. ex-
animacion = Pg. exanima^So = It. esanimazione,
< L. exanimaUo(n-), < exanimare, deprive of
breath, life, or strength: see exanimate.l De-
privation of life or of spirits ; real or apparent
death.
ex animo (eks an'i-mo). [L. : ex, out of, from ;
animo, abl. of animus, mind, heart: see ani-
vius.'i From the mind or heart; sincerely;
conscientiously.
exanimoust (eg-zan'i-mus), a. [< L. exanimis,
also exanimus, lifeless, < ex- priv. -I- anima,
life.] Lifeless; dead. Johnson.
exannulate (eks-an'u-lat), a. [< L. ex- priv.
+ aniiulus, prop, anulus, a ring: see aimulate.']
In hot., without a ring: applied to those ferns
in which the sporangium is without the elastic
ring or annulus.
exanthem (eg-zan'them), n. [< LL. exanthema.']
1. Same as exanthema, 1. — 2. In hot., a blotch
or excrescence on the surface of a leaf, etc.
exanthema (ek-san-the'ma), n. ; pi. exanthe-
mata (-ma-ta). [LL., < Gr. c^dvdr/fia, an efflo-
rescence, eruption, pustule, < i^avdelv, bloom,
blossom, break out, < tf , out, -I- avdelv, flower,
< dvflo?, a flower.] 1. Any diffuse or multiple
affection of the skin marked by inflammation
or simple hyperemia, or by effusion of lymph,
or excessive exfoliation of epidermis, but usu-
ally restricted to skin-affections belonging to
zymotic fevers. Also exanthem.
Dermatologists discriminate the febrile rashes or exan-
thema of local or individual origin — urticaria, erythema,
and roseola — from the true exanthemata, which are acute
specific infectious diseases. Quain, Med. Diet.
2. A zymotic fever of which a skin-affection is
normally one of the symptoms, as scarlatina or
measles.
exanthematic (eg-zan-thf-mat'ik), a. [< exan-
thema(t-) + -ic] Same as exanthematous.
exantliematology (ek-san-the-ma-tol'o-ji), n.
[< Gr. i^dvOriiui(T-), eruption, -I- -'/Myia, '< 'Aiyciv,
speak: see-ology.] The study of or knowledge
concerning the exanthemata.
exanthematous (ek-san-them'a-tus), a. [< ex-
anthema(t-) + -Oits.] Of or pertaining to exan-
themata.
Dr. Woakes . . . has indicated that . . . most impor-
tant nervous disorders arising from acute disease in the
ear may, by sympathetic connection, be induced from the
irritation from teething and from the exanthetnatoue dis-
eases. W. B. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 199.
exanthesis (ek-san-the'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ff-
dvdr/ai^, eflioresoence, eruption, < e^avdelv, bloom,
blossom, break out : aee exanthema.] In med.,
the appearing of an exanthema. See exanthe-
ma, 1.
exantlatet (eg-zant'lat), v. t. [< L. exantlatus,
pp. of exantlarej draw out, as a liquid, bear up
under, endure, go through, exhaust, < ex, out,
-I- "antlare = Gr. avf/Mv, draw out water, bail
out, as a ship, also exhaust, come to the end of
(cf. drr/.of, the hold of a ship, etc.), ult. < avd,
up, + *T'Aav = L. *tla- in tlatus, later lattis, pp.,
associated with /erre = E. bear^. Cf. atlas^, ab-
lative, etc. The L. verb is also spelled exan-
elare, and is referred by some to ex + anclare
or anculare, serve, < aneulus, a servant : see an-
cille.'] To draw out ; bring out; exhaust.
By time those seeds were wearied or exanttated, or un-
able to act their parts upon the stage of the universe any
longer. Boyle, Works, I. 497.
exantlationt (ek-sant-la'shon), n. [< exantlate
+ -ion.] The act of drawing out ; exhaustion.
What libraries of new volumes after ages will behold,
in what a new world of knowledge the eyes of our poster-
ity may be happy, a few ages may joyfully declare ; and
is but a cold thought unto those who cannot hope to be-
hold this exantiation of truth.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 5.
exaratet (ek'sa-rat), V. t. [< L. exaratus, pp. of
exarare, plow up, < ex, out, up, + arare, plow:
see arable, ear'i.] To plow; hence, to mark as
if by a plow; write; engrave. Blount.
2050
exarate (ek'sa-rat), a. [< L. exaratus, pp. : see
the verb.] In entom., having longitudinal and
parallel furrows which are distinctly defined,
with perpendicular margins, and are separated
by wide elevated spaces Exarate pupsa, those
pupie in which the limbs are free, but closely attached to
the body, as in many Coleoplera and llyinenoiitera.
exarationt (ek-sa-ra'shon), n. [< L. exara-
tio{H-), < exarare," plow up: see exarate.] The
act of plowing; hence, the act of marking as
with a plow, or of writing or engraving. Bai-
ley, 1727.
exarch (eks'ark), n. [Formerly also exarche;
= F. exarche, exarque, < LL. exarchus, < Gr. £f-
apx<K, a leader, beginner, later a prefect, < f|-
apxuv, begin, < ff, out, -f- dpxeiv, be first, rule.]
1. The ruler of a province in the Byzantine
empire. The most important was the exarch
of Ravenna. See exarchate.
This City [Vercellis] . . . revolted to Smaragdus the Sec-
ond Exarche of Ravenna. Cori/at, Crudities, I. 105.
2. In the early church, a prelate presiding over
a diocese : as. the exarch of Ephesus. The title
is often used as synonymous vfilh patriarch; but strictly
the exarch was inferior in rank and power to the patri-
arch, and superior to the metropolitan.
It was decreed that the bishop of the chief see should
not be entitled the exarch of priests, or the highest priest,
or anything of like sense, but only the bishop of the chief-
est see. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 16.
3. In the Gr. Ch. , a legate of a patriarch, whose
duty it is to sustain the authority of the patri-
arch, and to obtain accurate information con-
cerning the lives of the clergy, ecclesiastical
observances, monastic discipline, etc., in the
provinces assigned to him. The power of the ex-
archs is very great;. They can absolve, depose, or excom-
municate in the name of the patriarch.
exarchate (eks'ar-kat or eg-zar'kat), n. [For-
merly also exarchat; = F. exarchat, < ML. ex-
archatus, < exarchus, exarch: see exarch and
-ate^.] The office, dignity, or administration of
an exarch, or the territory ruled by an exatch ;
specifically, the Byzantine dominion in Italy
after its reconquest from the Ostrogoths by
Narses in the middle of the sixth century,
called from its capital the exarchate of Raven-
na. At first it embraced all Italy, but parts of it were
rapidly lost, until only the region around Ravenna (the
Romagna) was retained by the exarch. This was con-
quered by the Lombards in 751, and taken from them by
Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, in 755, and given to
the pope, who thus became a temporal sovereign.
Pepin, not unobedient to the Pope's call, passing into
Italy, frees him out of danger, and wins for him the whole
exarchat of Ravenna. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.
If we would suppose the pismires had but our under-
standings, they also would have the method of a man's
greatness, and divide their little mole-hills into provinces
and exarchates. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, i. 4.
exareolate (eks-a-re'o-lat), a. [< L. ex- priv.
+ NL. areola + -ate^.] In bot., not areolate;
without areoto.
exarillate (eks-ar'i-lat), a. [< L. ex- priv. -I-
NL. arilla + -ate^.] In bot., having no aril.
exaiistate (eks-a-ris'tat), a. [< L. ex- priv. +
NL. arista + -dte^.] In bot., destitute of an
arista, awn, or beard.
exarticulate (eks-ar-tik'u-lat), V. t. ; pret. and
pp. exarticulated, ppr. exdrticulating. [< L. ex-
priv. + articvlatus, pp. of articulare, joint: see
artictilate.] 1. To disjoint; put out of joint;
liLxate. Bailey, 1727. — 2. In surg., to sever the
ligamentous connections of at a joint ; ampu-
tate at a joint: as, to exarticulate the thumb.
exarticula'te (eks-ar-tik'u-lat), a. [< L. ex- priv.
+ articulatus, pp.: see the verb.] In zool.,
not jointed; not consisting of two or more
joints; inarticulate; composed of a single joint,
as the antennsB or palpi of certain insects. —
Exarticulate limbs, limbs without joints, as the pro-
legs of a caterpillar.
exarticulation (eks-ar-tik-u-la'shon), n. [< ex-
articulate + -ion.] 1. Luxation; the disloca-
tion of a joint. — 2. Removal of a member at
the articulation. — 3. The state of being exar-
ticulate or jointless.
exaspert (eg-zas'p6r), V. i. [< OF. exasperer, F.
exasperer = Sp. Pg. exasperar = It. exasperare,
< L. exasperare, roughen, irritate, < ex, out, 4-
asperare, roughen, < asper, rough : see osperl,
asperate.] To exasperate.
A lyon is a cruell beast yf he be exaspered.
' </oye. Expos, of Daniel, vii.
exasperate (eg-zas'pe-rat), V. ; pret. and pp.
exasperated, ppr. exasperating. [< L. exaspe-
ratus, pp. of exaspetare, irritate: see exasper.]
I. trans. 1. To irritate to a high degree; make
very angry ; provoke to rage ; enrage : as, to ex-
asperate an opponent.
ezauctorate
You know my hasty temper, and should not exasperate
it. Gold^nith, She Stoops to Conquer, iv.
Roger Niger . . . flying from the wrath of the king,
whom he has exasjierated by savage invective.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 147.
2t. To incite by means of irritation ; stimulate
through anger or rage ; stir up.
I did exasperate you to kill or murder him.
Shirley, The Traitor, iv. 1.
3. To make grievous or more grievous ; aggra-
vate ; embitter : as, to exasperate enmity.
Alas ! why didst thou on This-Day create
These harnifuU Beasts, which but exasperate
Our thorny life ?
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 6.
Many have studied to exasperate the ways of death, but
fewer hours have been spent to soften that necessity.
.Sir r. Broime, Christ. Mor,,ii. 13.
4. To augment the intensity of ; exacerbate : as,
to exasperate inflammation or a part inflamed.
The plaster would pen the humour . . . and so exof-
perate it. Bacon, Nat. Hi&t.
Her illness was exasperated by anxiety for her husband.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 16.
Our modern wealth stands on a few staples, and the in-
terest nations took in our war was exasperated by the im-
portance of the cotton trade.
Emerson, Fortune of the Republic.
= Syn. 1. Provoke, Incense, Exasperate, Irritate; vex,
chafe, nettle, sting. The first four words all refer to the
production of angry and generally demonstrative feeling.
Irritate often has to do with the nerves, but all have to do
with the mind. Provoke is perhaps the most sudden ; ex-
asperate is the strongest and least self-controlled; iTicense
stands second in these respects.
In seeking just occasion to provoke
The Philistine, thy country's enemy.
Thou never wast remiss. Milton, S. A., 1. 237.
I am one, my liege,
Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world
Have so incens'd that I am reckless what
I do to spite the world. Shak., Macbeth, ill. 1.
Intemperance . . . first exasperates the passions, and
then takes off from them the restraints of the reason.
Everett, Orations, I. 375.
It irritates to an incurable resentment the minds of your
adversaries, to overrun them with the mercenary sons of
rapine and plunder.
Chatham, Speech against the American War, Nov., 1777.
H.t intrans. To increase in severity.
The distemper exasperated, till it was manifest she
could not last many weeks.
Roger North, Lord Guilford, I. 158.
exasperate (eg-zas'pe-rat), a. [< L. exaspera-
ttts, pp.: see the verb.'] 1. Irritated; inflamed.
[Rare.]
Matters grew more exasperate between the two kings
of England and France. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 79.
No? why art thou then exasperate, thou idle immate-
rial skein of sley'd silk? Shak., T. and C, v. 1.
2. In bot., rough; covered with hard, project-
ing points.
exasperated (eg-zas'pe-ra-ted), p. a. In hei: , in
an attitude indicating rage or ferocity. [Rare.]
exasperater (eg-zas'pe-ra-ter), n. One who ex-
asperates or provokes ; a provoker. Johnson.
exasperating (eg-zas'pe-ra-ting), p. a. Irritat-
ing ; vexatious.
A boy who doubtless was often rude and disobedient
and exasperating to the last degree, but was her boy.
S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 200.
exasperation (eg-zas-pe-ra'shon), n. [= F.
exasperation = Sp. exasperaeion = Pg. exaspe-
racSo = It. esasperazione, < LL. exasperatio(n-),
< L. exasperare, roughen, irritate : see exasper-
ate.] 1. The act of exasperating, or the state
of being exasperated ; irritation ; provocation.
A word extorted from him by the exasperation of his
spirits. South, Works, X. ix.
2. Increase of ■violence or malignity ; exacer-
bation, as of a disease. [Rare.]
Judging, as of patients in fevers, by the ezasperation of
the fits. Sir H. Wotton. ReliquiK, p. 457.
Exaspideae (eks-as-pid'f-e), n.pl. [NL., < Gr.
ff, out, + aa-xi( (aatrid-), a shield ('mth ref. to the
soutelium), + -ece.] In Sundevall's system, the
third cohort of scutelliplantar passerine birds,
consisting of several South American families,
as the tyrant flycatchers, todies, and manakins,
divided into Lysodactylce for the first of these
families and Syndactyly for the other two.
exaspidean (eks-as-pid'f-an), «. [As Exaspi-
deae + -an.] In ornith., having that modifica-
tion of the scutelliplantar tarsus in which the
interior scutella overlap around the outside,
but are deficient on the inside. »
exauctoratet (eg-zak'to-rat), )'. t. [< L. exauc-
toratus, pp. of eiauctorare, ML. also exautorare,
dismiss from service, < ex, out, + auctorare. hire
oneself out, bind, < auctor, author: see author.]
To dismiss from service ; deprive of an office or
a dignity ; degrade. Also exauihorate.
ezauctorate
The flret bishop that was exauctoraled was a prince too,
Drinee and bishop of Geneva.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 147.
exauctorationt (eg-zak-to-ra'shon), n. Dismis-
sion from service ; removal from an office or a
dignity; deprivation; degradation. Also ex-
authoration.
Consequents harsh, impious, and unreasonable in de-
spight of government, in «:ai<c(oro(ion of the power of su-
periours, or for the commencement of schisms and liere-
sies. Jer. Taylor, Apol. for Set Forms of Liturgy, Pref.
exaognrate (eg-za'gu-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
exuuijuratcd, ppr. exauguratimj. [< L. exaugu-
ratus. pp. of exaugurare, < ex, out, + augura-
re, consecrate by auguries, < augur, an augur:
Bee augur. Ct. inaugurate.] In Bom. antiq. , to
deprive of a sacred character; hence, to secu-
larize. See exauguration.
He determined to ezaugurate and to unhallow certain
ihiirclies and chappels. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 3».
exaaguration (eg-za-gu-ra'shon), n. [< L. ex-
amjuratio(n-), < exaugurare: see exaugurate.']
In Horn, antiq., the act of depriving a thing or
person of sacred chiiracter; secularization: a
ceremony necessary before consecrated build-
ings could be used for secular purposes, or
priests resign their sacred functions, or enter
into matrimony in cases where celibacy was
required.
The birds by signes out of the auRnr's learning admitted
and allowed the exauguration and unhaltowing all other
eels and rliappels besides. llMand, tr. of Livy, p. 38.
exaxupicationt (eg-z&s-pi-ka'shon), n. [< L. as
if 'exausi)icatio(n-), < exauspicafe, pp. exautpi-
catus, take an augury, < ex, out, 4- auspieari,
take auspices: see aufptcate.] Anunlucky be-
ginning, as of an enterprise. Bailey, 1727.
exaathoratet (eg-z&'thor-at), r. t. Same as ex-
tiurtnrtiU-.
eiauthorationt (eg-za-thor-a'sbon), n. [< OF.
eiauthoration, < ML. exauctoratio(n-), < L. ex-
auctorare, dismiss from service : see exauctor-
ate.] Same as* exauctoration. Bp. Hall.
exanthorizet (eg-zA'thor-iz), r. t. [< ML. ex-
autoriziire, < L. ex, out,"+ ML. autorizare, au-
thorize: see authorize. Cf. exaMctorate.l To
deprive of authority. Selden.
Excaecaria (ek-se-ka'ri-ft), n. piL., so called
from the effect ot its juice upon the eyes, < L.
exarcarf, make blind: see exceeate.] A genus
of euphorbiaceoug trees and shrubs, of tropical
and subtropical Asia and Africa. The milky Juice
of most of the specie! Is acrid and very poisonous. The
ChinL-se UIIow-tre«, K. mb\fera, is a iuudsome tree, culti-
vated in China, Japan, and northern India. The seeds
are cmlM^dded in a solid inodorous fat which is largely
use<l in China for candles: tltey also yield an oil, and the
hirk yitl.Is a l.hick dye.
excaecationt, «. See excecation.
excalcarate (eks-kal'ka-rat), a. [< L. ex- priv.
+ calcar, a spur (see caVcori), + -atei.] In en-
tom., having no spurs or calcars ; ecalcarate.
excalceatet (eks-kal'sf-at), r. t. [< L. excalce-
atiiM. pp. of excaleeare, unshoe, < ex- priv. + cal-
er'trr, slioe : see ealeeate.] To deprive of shoes ;
make barefooted. Chamberi.
excalceationt (eks-kal-se-a'shon), n. [< exeal-
ceate + -ion.] The act of excaleeating or de-
priving of shoes. Chambers.
excalfactiont (eks-kal-fak'shon), n. [< L. ex-
ciilfn'ii"in-). < excal/aeere, warm, < ex, out, +
cal/iirirr, warm: see chafe, and cf. eschaufe.]
The ai't of making warm; calefaction. Blount.
excalfactivet (eks-kal-fak'tiv), a. [< excalfac-
tioii + -ire. J Same as excalfaetory. Cotgrave.
Excalfactoria (eks-kal-fak-td'ri-a), n. [NL.,
fem. of L. '■j<;a//(K;tor»iM: ae^ excalfaetory.'] A
genus of diminutive quails, of whioh the sexes
are dis.similar in pturaa^ and the coloration is
much variegated, inhabiting Africa, Asia, Aus-
tralia, etc. ; the painted quails. The best-known
species is the blue-breasted Chinese quail, E.
ckinen»i$. Bonaparte, 1856.
excalfactoryt (eks-kal-tok'to-ri), a. [< L. rx-
cnlfitrt'inu.i, < exealfacere, warm: see excalf ac-
tion.] Tending to heat or warm; heating;
warming,
2051
changer ; a broker ; one employed to exchange
lands.
excambie, c. t. See excamh.
excambium, excambion (eks-kam'bi-um, -on),
n. [ML., exchange: see eic/iOHf/e.] Exchange;
barter; speeiflcally, in Scots law, the contract
by which one piece of land is exchanged for
another.
He . . . acquired . . . divers lands, ... for which he
gave in excambion the lands of Cambo.
Spotticood, Hist. Church of Scotland, p. 100.
excandescence, excandescency (eks-kan-des'-
ens, -en-si), /i. [= Sp. Pg. escandecencia = It. es-
candeicenza, esca»desceii:ia, < L. excandescentia,
nascent anger, lit. a growing hot, < excandes-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of excandescere, grow hot: see ex-
candescent.] 1. A white heat; glowing heat.
[Bare.] — 2t. Heat of passion; violent anger.
Bailey. 1727.
excandescent (eks-kan-des'ent), a. [= Pg.
escandecente =z It. escandescente, < L. excandes-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of excandescere, grow hot, burn,
bum with anger, < ex, out, + candescere, be^in
to glow : see candescent, candid.] White with
heat. [Rare.]
excantationt (eks-kan-ta'shon), n. [< L. as if
'excaiilati(i(n-), < excantare, charm forth, bring
out by enchantment, < ex, out, + cantare, sing,
charm: see cant^, and cf. incantation.] Disen-
chantment by a couutercharm. [Rare.]
They . . . which imagine that the mynde is eyther by
incantation or excantation to bee ruled are as far from
trueth as the East from the West.
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 349.
The don — enchanted in his cage, out of which there
was no possibility of getting out, but by the power of a
higher excantation. Oaylon, N'otes on Don Quixote, p. 277.
excamate (eks-kftr'nat), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
excamated, ppr. excamating. [< ML. exeama-
tus, pp. of excarnare (> Pg. escamar = F. ex-
earner), deprive of flesh, < L. ex- priv. + caro
(earn-), flesh. Cf. incarnate.] To deprive or
clear of flesh ; separate, as blood-vessels, from
the surrounding fleshy parts.
He (Dr. Olesson] hath likewise given us certain notes
(or the more easy distinguishing of the vena cava, porta,
and vasa fellea in axamatim; the liver. Wood, Fasti, I.
excamate (eks-kSr'nat), a. .[< ML. excamatus,
pp.: see the verb.] Divested of tiesh; disem-
bodied. .Sears.
excamation (eks-k&r-na'shon), n. [= F. ex-
carnation = JPg. escama^So, < ML. "excama-
tio{n-), < excarnare, pp. excamatus, deprive of
flesh: see excomate.J 1. The act of divesting
of flesh ; the state of being divested of flesh : op-
posed to incarnation.
The apostles mean by the resurrection of Cluist the ex-
eanialion of the Son of man, and the consequent emer
gence out of natural conditions to his place of power on
high.
>repcu«l
cavities (as oi the blood-vessels of an organ or
iiigh. Seort.
2. In the prepcu«tion of casts of anatomical
Tlie Greeks have gone so neare, that they have scraped
he very filth frrjm the walls of tlieir pubficke halls and
placesof wrestling, and such like exercuee ; and the same
(say they) hath a speciali excat/actcris vertne.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, Hvlii. 4.
excamb, excambie (eks-kamb', -kam'bi), r. t.
K ML. excambiare, exchange: see exchange.]
To exchange: applied speeiflcally to the ex-
change of land. [Scotch.]
The [lower to exeamb was gradually conferred on en-
tailed proprietors. Bncric. Brit., VIII. 783.
excambiator (eks-kam'bi-a-tor), n. [ML., <
excamhiarr;, exchange : see excdange.] An ex-
of the air-passages of the lun^), the removal
of the tissues, as by a corrosive liquid, after
the cavities have been fllled with a hardening
injection,
excamicatet (eks-kilr'ni-kat), r. (. [< L. ex-
priv. + raro {eant-), flesh: the term, appar. in
imitation of exearnificate.] To lay bare the
flesh of ; scarify.
I did even excamicate his (a horse's] sides with my often
spurriiii; nf him. Coryat, Crudliies, I. S3.
excamiflcate (eks-kir'ni-fl-kat), c. t. ; pret. and
pp. excarnifieated, ppr. excarnificating . [< L.
excarnifiratus, pp. of excamifieare (> OF. eicar-
nifier), cut or tear any one to pieces, ML. de-
vour the flesh of, < ex, out, + carnificare, cut in
pieces, behead, < caro (cam-), flesh, + facere,
make. See camifex.] To deprive of flesh ; free
from flesh. SirT. More.
excamification (eks-kar'ni-fi-ka'shon), n. [<
exriiniilii-iitc -f -ion.] The act of clearing or
dejiriviiii; of flesh. Johnson.
ex cathedra. See cathedra.
excathedratie (eks-kath'e-drat), r. (. ; pret. and
pp. excathedrated, ppr. excathedrating. [< ex
cathedra + -ate^.] To condemn with author-
ity, or ex cathedra. [Rare.]
Whom sho'd I feare to write to, If I can
Stand tieforeyou, my learn 'd diocesan?
And never shew blood-guiltlDesae or feare
To see my lines excathMrattd here.
Herriek, Hesperides, p. 66.
excaudate (eks-k&'d&t), a. [< L. ex- priv. +
caudti, tail: Beeeaudate. Ct. ecaudate.] Imnol.,
tailless; destitute of a tail or tail-like process;
ecaudate.
excavate (eks'ka-vat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
cavated, ppr. excavating. [< L. excavatus, pp.
excecate
of excarare, hollow out, < ex, out, + cavarc,
make hollow, < cavus, hollow : see cave'^. Cf. ex-
cave.] \. To hollow out, or make a hollow or
cavity in, by digging or scooping out the inner
part, or by removing extraneous matter : as, to
excavate a tumulus or a buried city for the pur-
pose of exploring it; to excavate a cocoanut.
Fal>er himself put a thousand of them [cups turned of
ivory by Oswaldus Xorlinger of Suevia] into an excavated
pepper corn. i^y, Works of Creation, i.
2. To form by scooping or hollowing out ; make
by digging out material, as from the earth : as,
to excavate a tunnel or a cellar.
Striges . . . are those excavated channels, by our work-
men called flutings and grooves. Evelyn, Architecture.
It is only when we examine the chasm more minutely,
and And that it has actually been excavated out of the
solid rock, that we begin to see that the work has been
done by running water.
J. Crotl, Climate and Cosmology, p. 11.
I was living at this period in a tomb, which was exca-
vated in the side of the precipice, above Sheick Abd el
Gournoo. li. Ctirzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 102.
excavate, excavated (eks'ka-vat, -va-ted), a.
Imool.: (a) Formed as if by excavation ; hol-
lowed, but having the inner surface irregularly
rounded.
The front is deeply excavated for the insertion of the
antennw. Packard.
(b) Widely and irregularly notched : said of a
margin or mark — Excavated palpi, in entom., those
paljii ill which the last joint is concave at its apex,
excavation (eks-ka-va'shon), «. [= F. excava-
tion = Sp. excavacion = Pg. excavaqdo = It. es-
cavazione, < L. excavatio(:n-), < excavare, hollow
out: see excavate.] 1. The act of making a
thing hollow by removing the interior sub-
stance or part ; the digging out of material, or
its removal by any means, so as to form a cavity
or hollow: as, the excavation of laud by flowing
water.
The appearance therefore of the dry land was by the
excavation of certain sinus and tracts of the earth, and
exaggerating and lifting up other parts of the terrestrial
matters. Sir .1/. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 299.
2. A hollow or cavity formed by removing the
interior substance : as, many animals burrow in
excavations of their own forming.
A grotto is not often the wish or the pleasure of an Eng-
lishman, who has more frequent need to solicit than ex-
clude the sun ; but Pope's excavation was requisite as an
entrance to his garden. Johnton, Pope.
8. In engin., an open cutting, as in a railway,
in distinction from a tunnel. — 4. In zool., a
deep and somewhat irregular hollow with well-
defined edges, as if a piece had been taken out
of the surface,
excavator (eks'ka-va-tor), n. [= F. excava-
tfur.] One who or that which excavates.
An intelligent excavator had taken lietter care of them
[some valuable fossils], and laid them aside.
Sir H. Dt La Beche, Oeol. Oliserver.
Speciacally — (n) A horse- or steam-power machine for
digging, moving, or transporting lo*)se gravel, sand, or
BolL Tile ditch-excavator la practically a scoop-plow that
EKCavmtor, def. (a).
looiens the sod, while an endless band armed with buck-
ets scoops the soil, raises it, and throws it nut at one side
of the machine. The tramsportintj excfivnior loosens the
soli and raises it niMin a traveling apron to a hopper.
When the hopjier is full the machine is dragged away upon
a carrying-line to the place where the load is to be dis-
charged, (b) An instrument used by dentists in removing
carious parts of a tmith preparatory to filling it.— Odor-
less excavator, an apparatus consisting of a pump. tank.
andrxliir c'lTisiinier, used for emptying cesspools.— Pneu-
matic excavator, an apparatus for raising by pneumatic
force sanii. silt, etc., from a shaft in excavating, or tor
sinking a pile liy means of air-pressure.
excavet (eks-kav'), r. t. [< F. excaver = Sp.
Pg. exaivar = It. scavare, < L. excavare, hollow
out: see exoofufc, ('.] To excavate. Cockeram.
excecatet (ek-se'kat), V. t. [Also spelled excce-
cnte, < L. exca-catiis, pp. of exccecare, make blind,
<. ex -k- ccecare, make blind, < ca-cus, blind.] To
make blind. Cockeram.
excecation
«XCecationt (ek-se-ka'shgn), n. [Also spelled
eicctMtioit; = OY'.excecdtion, < L. as if *exca;ca-
fio(n-), < eiccFcare, make blind: see exeecate.'\
The act of making blind.
Their own wickeil hearts will still work and improve
their own induration, vjccecatioHt and irritation to further
sinning. Bp. Kichardnon, Ohs. on Old Test. (1655), p. 359.
excedet, '■• An obsolete spelling of exceed.
excedentt (ek-se'dent), «. [< L. exKden(t-)s,
ppr. of cxccdere, exceed : see exceed.^ Excess.
In France the population would double in one space of
two hundred and fourteen years, if no war, or no conta-
{(ious disease, were to diminish the annual excedent of the
births. UuiiibohU, Polit. Essays (trans.), I. 82 (Ord MS.).
exceed (ek-sed' ), r. [Early mod. E. also excede;
< ME. exceden, < OF. exceder, F. exceder = Sp.
Pg. exceder = It. eccedere, escedere, < L. excedere,
go out, go forth, go beyond a certain limit, over-
pass, exceed, transgress, < ex, out, forth, + ce-
dere,go: see cerfe, and cf. accede, etc.] I. trans.
1. To pass or go beyond; proceed beyond the
given or supposed limit, measure, or quantity
of: as, the task exceed^) his strength; he has ex-
ceeded his authority.
>'ame the time ; but let it not
Exceed three days. Shai., Othello, iii. 3.
He has a temper malice cannot move
To exceed the bounds of judgment.
Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, iii. 1.
Aged Men, whose Lives exceed the space
Which seems the Round prescrib'd to mortal Race.
Congreve, To the Memory of Lady Gethin.
Nothing can exceed the vanity of our existence but the
folly of our pursuits. Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, i.
2. To surpass; be superior to ; excel.
The forme and manner therof excedyd all other that
ever I Saw, so much that I canne nott wryte it.
Torkinrfton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 14.
Divine contemplations exceed the pleasures of sense.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vi., Expl.
Where all his counsellors he doth exceed.
As far in judgment as lie doth in state.
.Sir J. Davieg, Immortal, of Soul, i.
To be nameless in worthy deeds exceeds an infamous his*
tory. The Canaanitish woman lives more happily witliout
a name than Herodias with one. Sir T. Browne.
=Syn. 2. To transcend, outdo, outvie, outstrip.
n. intrans. 1. To go too far; pass the proper
bounds; go over any given limit, number, or
measure : as, to exceed in eating or drinking.
Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.
Deut. XXV. 3.
Emulations, all men know, are incident among Military
men, and are, if they exceed not, pardonable.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvi.
2. To bear the greater proportion; be more or
larger; predominate.
Justice must punish the rebellious deed.
Vet punish so as pity shall exceed. Dryden.
3t. To excel.
Mari;. I saw the duchess of Milan's gown, that they
praise so.
Hero. O, that exceeds, they say. 5A«/r., Much Ado, iii. 4.
These hils many of them are planted, and yeeld no
lesse plentie and varietie of fruit then the river exceedeth
with abundance of fish.
Caiil. John Smith, True Travels, I. 118.
exceedablet (ek-se'da-bl), a. [< exceed + -able.']
Capable of exceeding or surpassing. Sherwood.
exceeder (ek-se'der), n. One who exceeds or
passes the proper bounds or limits of anything.
That abuse doth not evacuate the commission : not in
the exceeders and transgressors, much lesse in them that
Hxceed not. Bp. Mountagu, Appeal to Caisar, xxxvi.
exceeding! (ek-se'ding), n. [Verbal n. of ex-
ceed, V.I The amount by which anything ex-
ceeds a recognized limit; excess; overplus.
He used to treat strangers at his table with good chear,
and seemingly kept pace with them in eating morsell for
morsell, whilst he had a secret contrivance wherein he
conveyed his exceedings above his monasticall pittance.
Fuller, Worthies, Yorkshire.
exceedilUBf (ek-se'ding), p. a. [Ppr. of exceed,
r.] 1. very great in extent, quantity, or dura-
tion ; remarkably large or extensive.
Cities were built an exceeding space of time before the
great flood. Raleigh, Hist. World.
Their learning is not so exeeedinq as the first Chinian
relations report, in the Mathematikes and other liberall
Sciences. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 439.
2. Surpassing; remarkable for beauty, etc.
[Bare.]
How long shall I live ere I be so happy
To have a wife of this exceedinfi formV
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 2.
exceeding (ek-se'ding), adv. [< exceeding, a.]
In a very great degree ; unusually : as, exceed-
ing rich. [Obsolete or archaic]
The Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea. Raleigh.
I am thy shield and thy exceeding great reward.
Gen. XV. 1.
2052
Atalanta, who was exceeding fleet, contended with Hip-
pomenes in the course. Bacon, Physical Faldes, iv.
exceedingly (ek-se'ding-li), adv. To a very
great degree ; in a degree beyond what is usual ;
greatly ; very much ; extremely.
Isaac trembled very exceedingly. Gen. xxvll. 33.
We shall find that while they [kings] adhered flrmly to
God and Religitm, tlie Nation prospered exceedingly, as for
a long time under the Reigns of Solonion and Asa.
Stillingjteet, Sermons, II. iv.
exceedingnesst (ek-se'ding-nes), n. Surpass-
ingness iu quantity, extent, or duration.
Never saw she creature so astonished as Zelmane, ex-
ceeding sorry for Pamela, but exceedingly exceeding that
exceedingness in feare for Philoclea.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
excel (ek-sel'), v.; pret. and pp. excelled, ppr.
excelling. [Formerly also excell ; < OF. exceller,
F. exceller = Pg. exceller = It. eccellere, < L. ex-
cellere, raise, elevate, intr. rise, be eminent,
surpass, excel, < ex, out, -I- 'cellere, impel, pp.
cete««, raised, high, lofty.] l. trans. 1. To sur-
pass iu respect to something; be superior to;
outdo in comparison; transcend, usually in
something good or commendable, but some-
times in that which is bad or indifferent.
Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excelleat
them all. Prov. xxxi. 29.
By the wisdom of the law of God David attained to ex-
cel others in understanding; and Solomon likewise to
excel David. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ii. 1.
I would ascribe to dead authors their just praises, in
those things wherein they have excelled us.
Dryden, Def. of Epil. to Conquest of Granada, ii.
Our gi-eat metropolis does far surpass
Whate'er is now, and equals all tliat was ;
Our wit as far does foreign wit excel.
And, like a king, should in a palace dwell.
Dryden, Prol. to King's House, L 25.
2. To exceed or be beyond. [Rare.]
She open'd, but to shut
Excell'd her power ; the gates wide open stood.
Milton, P. L., ii. 883.
II. intrans. To have certain qualities, or to
perform certain actions, in an unusual degree ;
be remarkable, distinguished, or eminent for
superiority in any respect; surpass others.
Bless the Lord, ye his angels, that excel in strength.
Ps. ciii. 20.
'Mongst all Flow'rs the Rose excels.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 21.
It was in description and meditation that Byron excelled.
Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
The art in which the Egyptians most excel is architec-
ture. F. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 2.
excellence (ek'se-lens), n. [< ME. excellense,
< OF. excellence, "F" excellence = Pr. excellencia
= Sp. excelencia = Pg. excellencia = It. eccellen-
zia (obs.), eccellenza = D. excellentie — G. excel-
lent = Dan. excellence = Sw. excellens, < L. ex-
cellentia, superiority, excellence, < excellen{t-)s,
excellent: see excellent.'] 1. The state of ex-
celling in anything or of possessing good qual-
ities in an unusual or eminent degree ; merit ;
goodness; virtue; superiority; eminence.
Consider first, that great
Or bright infers not excellence.
Milton, P. L., viii. 91.
Every beautiful person shines out in all the excellence
with which nature has adorned her. Steele, Tatler, No. 151.
It is true now as ever, indeed it is even more true, that
labor must be rewarded in proportion to its excellence, or
there will else be no excellence to reward.
W. H. Mallock, Social Equality, p. 182.
The Greek conception of excellence was the full and per-
fect development of humanity in all it's organs aud func-
tions, and without any tinge of asceticism.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 308.
2. A mark or trait of superiority; a valuable
quality; anything highly laudable, meritori-
ous, or virtuous in persons, or valuable and
esteemed in things ; a merit.
Meramius, him whom thou profusely kind
Adorn'st with every excellence refined.
Beattie, Lucretius, i.
3. Same as excellency, 2. [Rare.]
They humbly sue unto your excellence.
To have a godly peace concluded of.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 1.
Nor shall you need excuse, since you're to render
Account to that fair excellence, the princess.
Ford, Broken Heart, iv. 2.
excellency (ek'se-len-si), «.; pi. excellencies
(-siz). [As cxceHence ; see -e«ce.] 1. Same as
excellence, 1 and 2. [Obsolete or archaic ; but
excellencies is still sometimes used by mistake
as the plural of excellence.']
Is it not wonderful that base desires should so extin-
guish in men the sense of their own excellency as to make
them willing that their souls should be like to the souls of
beasts? Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
excelsior
For God was . . . desirous tliat human nature should
be perfected with moral, not intellectual excellencies.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemjtlar, Ded.
Eloquence is . . . improved by the perusal of the great
masters, from whose excellencies rules have been after-
wards formed. Goldsmith, Criticisms.
The excellencies of the British Constitution had already
exercised and exhausted the talents of the best thinkers
and the most eloquent writers and speakers that the world
ever saw. Burke, Appeal to Old Whigs.
2. A title of honor given to governors, ambas-
sadors (as representing not the affairs alone
but the persons of sovereigii princes, to whom
the title was formerly applied), ministers, and
other high officers : with your, his, etc. ; hence,
a person entitled to this designation. The title
His Excellency is given to the governor by the constitu-
tions of New Hampshire and Massachusetts ; and it is con-
ventionally applied to the governors of other States and
the President of the United .States, and sometimes to the
incumbents of other high offices.
Your excellencies, having been the protectors of the au-
thor of these Memoirs during the many yeai-s of his exile,
are justly entitled to whatever acknowledgment can be
made. jAcdlow, Memoirs, I., Ep. Ded.
"It was in the castle-yard of Konigsberg in 1861," said
Bismarck, once, " that I first became an Excellency."
Lowe, Bismarck, I, 270.
excellent (ek'se-lent), a. [< ME. excellent, ex-
celent, < OF. excellent, F. excellent = Sp. excelente
= Pg. excellente = It. eccellente = D. G. Dan. Sw.
excellent, < L. excellen(t-)s, high, lofty, eminent,
distinguished, superior, excellent, ppr. of ex-
cellere, rise, be eminent: see excel.] 1. Excel-
ling; possessing excellence ; eminent or distin-
guished for superior merit of any kind ; of sur-
passing character or quality ; uncommonly laud-
able or valuable for any reason ; characterized
by good or sensible qualities ; remarkably good :
as, an excellent magistrate; an excellent farm,
horse, or fruit; an excellent workman.
Her voice was ever soft.
Gentle, and low : an excellent thing in woman.
Shak., Lear, v. 3.
A private Man, vilified and thought to have but little
in him, but come to the Crown, never any Man shewed
more excellent Abilities. Baker, Chronicles, p. 44.
The World cries you up to be an excellent Divine and
Philosopher. Hoicell, Letters, ii. 41.
She is excellent to be at a play with, or upon a visit.
Lamb, Mackery End.
2t. Surpassing; transcendent; consummate;
complete : in an ill sense.
This is the excellent foppery of the world! that, when
we are sick in fortune ... we make guilty of our disas-
ters the sun, the moon, and stars. Shak., Lear, i. 2.
That excellent grand tyrant of the earth
Thy womb let loose, to chase xis to our graves.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
Elizabeth was an excellent hypocrite. Hume.
= Syn. 1. Worthy, fine, admirable, choice, prime, valuable,
select, ex(iuisite.
excellentt (ek'se-lent), adv. [< excellent, a.]
Excellently ; exeeefiingly.
Pol. Do you know me, my lord?
Ham. Excellent, excellent well ; you're a fishmonger.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
Gentlemen, please you change a few crowns for a very ex-
cellent good blade here? I am a poor gentleman, a soldier.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 2.
excellently (ek'se-lent-li), ade. 1. In an ex-
cellent manner; in an eminent degree; in a
manner to please or command esteem, or to be
useful.
Oliv. Is 't not well done ?
Viol. Excellently done, if God did all. Shak., T. N., i. 5.
2t. Exceedingly; superlatively; surpassingly.
Sir Philip Sidney in the description of his mistresse ex-
cellently well handled this figure of resemblaunce by im-
agerie. Puttenhain, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 204.
Hesperus entreats thy light.
Goddess, excellently bright.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
A sorrow shews in his true glory.
When the whole heart is excellently sorry.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, i. 2.
Here, as e'en in hell, there must be still
One giant-vice, so excellently ill
That all beside one pities, not abhors.
Pope, Satires of Donne, ii. 4.
excelsior (ek-sel'si-or), a. [< L. excelsior, masc.
and fem. eompar. (neut. excelsins) of excelsns,
elevated, lofty, high, pp. of excellere, rise, be
lofty, be eminent: see excel.] Loftier; more
elevated; higher: the motto of New York
State, hence sometimes called the Excelsior
State.
From the sky, serene and far,
A voice fell, like a falliug star.
Excelsior! Longfellow, Excelsior.
excelsior (ek-sel'si-or), n. [< excelsior, a.]
Tlie trade-name of a fine quality of wood-shav-
ings, used as stuffing for cushions, beds, etc.,
and as a packing material.
excelsltude
excelsitudet (ek-sel'si-tud), «. [< L. as if '^r-
,ekitud<i,<excelsus, high: seeexcelstor.] Mign-
ness. Bailey, 1727. , ., ,^ n
excelsityt (ek-sel'si-ti), n. [< L. excelsita(t-)s,
loftiness, < €xcefe««, high, lofty: see excelswr.^
Altitude; haughtiness. Bailey, n2i.
excentral (ek-sen'tral), a. [< L. ex, out, + een-
trum center. + -fl/.] In hot., out of the center.
excentric, excentrically, etc. See eccentric,
Excentrostomata (ek-sen-tro-sto'ma-tii), ». pi.
[XL., prop. * Eccentrostomata, < Gr. ff, ex, out,
+ KcvTpov, a point, center, + <rr6,ua, mouth.]
De Blainville's name for a group of irregular
or exocvclic sea-urchins; heart-urchins, as the
spatangoids: so called from the eccentric po-
sition of the mouth.
except (ek-sepf ), r. [< ME. excepten, < OF. ex-
copter, F. exceptcr =: Pr. exceptor == Sp. exceptor
(obs.), exceptuor = Pg. exceptuar = It. eccettare,
eccettuare, < L. exceptare, take out, ML. except,
freq. of excipere, pp. exceptus, take out, except,
make an exception of, take exception to, < ejr,
out, + capere, take: see ca]>able. Cf. occept.~\
I. trans. To take or leave out of consideration ;
e.\clude from a statement or category, as one or
more of a number, or some particular or detail ;
omit or withhold : as, to except a few from a
general condemnation.
When he salth all tliinss are put niider him, it is maiii-
(eat that he U excepted wlikb rtiU put all things under him.
He was excepted by name out of the acts against the Pa-
pists. Barham, Ingoldsby Legenils, I. -XB.
Errors excepted, errors and omissions excepted,
formulas used in rcnderiiii? an account, or in niakiii): a
Ubulated numerical statement of any kind, commonly
place<l at the close in the abbreviated forms K. k.,E. aiid
O. A'., to Invite scrutiny, or to guard against a suspicion
of intentional misstatement.
n. intrans. To object; take exception : now
usually followed by to, but formerly sometimes
by agninst: as, to except to a witness or to his
testimony.
They have heard some talk, " Such a one is a great rich
man," and another «t«p< (o It, " Yea, but he hath a great
charve of children." , . _
Baton, Marriage and Single Life (ed. 18S7).
The Athenians might fairly except againtt the practice
of Bemocritus, to be buried up lu honey.
Sir T. Brotme, V ni burial, ill.
I shall make use only of such reasons and authorities
■a religion cannot except ariaiiui.
Milton, Apology for Sniectymnaus.
But anything that is new will \k excepted to by minds
of a certain order. F. llaU, Mod. F.ng., p. 334.
except (ek-sepf ), prep, and conj. [< ME. except
(= Sp. Pg. except)) = It. eccetto), prop, used ab-
solutely as in L., < L. exceptwi, pp., taken out,
excepted, used absolutely in the ablative ; e. ^.,
in the first example except Chritt would be in
L. excepto Christo. As in other instances (e. g.,
during, notwithstanding), the participle came to
be regarded as a prep, governing the following
noun. Cf. exceptinq.] 1. prep. Being excepted
or left out; with the exception of; excepting:
usually equivalent to but, but more emphatic.
It were ajeynes kynde . . .
That any creature shulde kunneal«xc«p««Cry8teone |i. e.,
alone I. ''«"•« /'loirmon (BX xv. 53.
Richard exetpt, those whom we fight against
Had rather have us win, than him they follow.
Shak., Elch. III., v. 3.
1 could see nothing except the sky. Swijt.
n. conj. Excepting; if it be not that; unless.
Except the Lord build the hoiue, they lalwur In vain
that build It. Ps. cxivii. 1.
Cow. You know not wherefore I hare brought you hith-
er?
Cd. Xot well, except yon told rae.
B. Jmton, Volpone, 111. i.
Fertility of a country is not enough, exeept art and In-
dustry be Joined nnl^) It
Burton. Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 57.
Farted without the least regret,
Except tliat they had ever mtt.
Cowper, Pairing Time Anticipated.
N'o desire can be tatlsfled except through the exercise of
a faculty. H. Spencer. .Social SItatlcs, p. 02.
exceptant (ek-sep'tant), a. and n. [< except +
-ant.] I. a. Making or implying exception.
Lord KIdon. [Bare.]
n. n. One who excepts or takes an excep-
tion, as to a ruling of a court,
excepter (ek-sep'ttr), n. One who excepts,
excepting (ek-sep'ting), prep, and conj. [Ppr.
of except, V. Cf . barring^, during, etc.] I. prep.
Making exception of ; excluding; except.
Thy deeds, thy plalTuiess, and thy housekeeping
Hath won the grcat«t favour of the commons,
Bxeepting none but good Duke Humphrey.
Shot., 2 Hen. VI.. I. I.
2053
Our watch to-night, excepting your worship's presence,
have ta'en a couple of as arrant knaves as any in Messnia.
Shak., Much Ado, ni. 5.
n. conj. Unless J"except.
Exceptiivj in barbarous times, no such atrocious out-
rages could be committed. Brouijham.
exception (ek-sep'shon), n. [= F. exception =
Sp. excepcion = Pg. excepgao = It. eccezione, <
L. exceptio(n-), < excipere, pp. exceptus, take out,
except : see except, u.] 1 . The act of excepting
or leaving out of count ; exclusion, or the act
of excluding from some number designated, or
from a statement or description : as, all voted
for the measure with the exception of five.
He doth deny his prisoners ;
But with proviso, and exception.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.
I will do any thing, without
Do 't for you ! by this air,
KTception, be it a good, bad, or indifferent thing. '..
Beau, and Fl., King and No King, lu. 3.
2. That which is excepted, excluded, or sepa-
rated from others in a general statement or de-
scription ; the person or thing specified as dis-
tinct or not included: as, almost fevery general
rule has its exceptions.
Nay soft; this operation hath another exception annexed
thereto then you have yet heard : For ... if the divisor
contayne 2 digita or mo . . . this rule will not fve nor
hold in that point. T. HM, Arithmetic (1600).
I know no manner of speaking so offensive as that of
giving praise and closing it with an exception.
Such rare exceptions, shining in the dark,
Prove, rather than impeach, the just remark.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 841.
The exceptions do not destroy the authority of the rule.
ilacaulaij, West. Reviewer's Def. of Mill.
3. An objection ; that which is or may be of-
fered in opposition to a rale, proposition, state-
ment, or allegation : vrith to, sometimes with
against.
I will answer what exeeptioiu he can have atjainst our
acconnt. BeiUle<j.
4. Objection with dislike ; offense ; slight an-
ger or resentment : with at or against, but more
commonly with to, and generally used with take:
as, to take exception at a severe remark ; to take
exception to what was said.
Thou hast loi<ii anairtst me a most just exception.
Shak., Othello, Iv. •».
exceptive
exceptionable (ek-sep'shon-a-bl), a. [< excep-
tion + -able.] Liable to exception or objection ;
that may be objected to; objectionable.
This passage I loolt upon to be the most exceptionable
in the whole poem. Addison, Spectator, No. 279.
That may be defensible, nay laudable, in one character,
that would 1)6 in the highest degree exceptionable in an-
other. Steele, Spectator, No. 290.
The German visitors even drink the exceptionable beer
which is sold in the wooden cottages on tiie little hillock
at the end of the gardens. Howells, Venetian Life, xvii.
exceptionableness (ek-sep'shon-a-bl-nes), n.
The quality of being exceptionable.
exceptionably (ek-sep'shon-a-bli), adv. In a
manner that may be excepted to; objection-
ably.
exceptional (ek-sep'shon-al), a. [= F. excep-
tionnel = It. eccezionaie ; as exception + -al.'\
Relating to or forming an exception ; contrary
to the rule; out of the regular or ordinary
course.
Tom's was a nature which had a sort of superstitious
repugnance to everything exceptional.
George Eliot, Mill on tlie Floss, v. 6.
The mastery of Shakespeare is shown perhaps more
strikingly in his treatment of the ordinary than of the ex-
ceptional. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 136.
The mode of migration [by sea] which was natural, and
even necessary, in tlie seventeenth century was altogether
exceptional in the llfth.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 102.
= Syn. Irregular, unusual, unconnnon, unnatural, pecu-
liar, anomalous.
exceptionality (ek-sep-sho-nal'i-ti), n. [< ex-
ceptional -t- -ity.] The quality of being excep-
tional, or of constituting an exception.
Artistic feeling is . . . of so rare occurrence that its m-
ceplionalitij . . . proves the rule.
The Century, XXVI. 824.
exceptionally (ek-sep'shon-al-i), adv. In an
exceptional or unusual manner; in or to an un-
usual tlegree; especially: as, he was exceptiOM-
ally favored.
Neither should we doubt our intuitions as to necessary
truth To do so is not to be exceptionally intellectual, but
„cn>tionaUy foolish. ^.^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^
The country behind it is exceptionally fertile, and ia
covered over with thriving farms.
Froude, Sketches, p. 86.
What will you say now.
If he deny to come, and take exceptions
At some half-syllable, or sound deliver'd
With ah 111 accent, or some style left out?
Fletcher, Bonduca, ii. 2.
6. In late : (o) In conveyancing, a clause in a
deed taking out something from that which ap
pears to be granted by the preceding part ol
the deed, by which means it is severed from the
estate granted, and does not pass, (b) The
thing or part of the premises thus withheld, (c)
In equity practice, an allegation, required to be
in writing, pointing out the particular matter
exceptionalness (ek-sep'shon-al-nes), n. Ex-
ceptional character or quality.
It is not the meritoriousness but the exceptionalness of
the achievement which makes the few willing to attempt
it. Spectator, No. sa'iS, p. 1142.
''"''.''P; exceptionary (ek-sep'shon-a-ri), a. [< excep-
P"l". lion -i- -arj.J Indicating or noting an excep-
tion. [Kare.]
After mentioning the general privation of the "bloomy
Hush of life, " the exceptionary "all but ' includes, as part
of that bloomy Hush, an aged decrepit matron.
Scott, Essays, p. 263 (Ord MS.).
in an adverwiry's pfeading which is objected to exceptionert (ek-sep'shon-*r), ii. One who
as insufficient or improper, (rf) In comnion- takes exception or objects; an objector,
law practice, the specific statement, required .^.^^ _^ ^^^^^^ (Readers) in favour of the softer spirited
to be in writing or noted on the record, OI an oirigtian ; for other exceptiomrs there was no thought
objection taken by a party to a ruling or deci- taken. union. On Def. of Humb. Remonat, Pref.
Bion by the court or a referee, the object being exceptionless (ek-sep'shon-les), o. [< exception
to show to the higher court, to which the mat- ^ _^^^ -, -yvit^out exception ; incapable of be-
ter may be appealed that the ruling was ad- . excepted to. Bancroft.
hered to and carried into effect against explicit gj^ptio^lSt (ek-sep'shus), a. [< excepti-on +
objection, or to inform the adverse part v of the ^^^^^•^^ Disposed to take exception or make ob-
precise point of the objection, or both. See je^tion; inclined to object or cavil; captious,
hill of exceptions, below. In the Roman law excep
(to was a plea shnilar to i>ur confession and avoidance.
jection;
Tom. So : did yon mark the dulness of her parting now?
^fon. What dulness? thou art so ejcepd'ou* still!
Middleton and Rowley, Changeling, il. 1.
Thus, such a plea would lie a claim to offset a debt. In
a narrower sense, however. It was restricted l« the plea
that an action competent in law should lie excluded on
the givnnd of equity. Such a plea was held to be danger-
oos, because, the facts alleged by way of exception lielng
once disproved, the claim of the plaintiff was held to be
proved as good In law by the pleading of the exceptio.
Hence, probably, the maxim "Tlie exception proves the
rule • (Ijitin exceplio prohat retrulam, 11 Coke 41 ; French
I exception proute la rl'i/te), which is certainly of legal ori-
gin. The words "In cases not excepted " (Ijitln in casibus
nonexceplit)tn, however, commonly added ; and the max-
im Is taken to mean that an express exception implies that
the genera] rule is the opposite of the case mentioned.
At exception corrolmrates the application of law in cases excflDtionaneSSt (ek-sep'shus-nes), n. The char-
not excepted, so enumeration Invalidates it in cases not ''•^™*'"*Y" "„ „_ »:„„„ n„^,-/..,-
enumerated. .. ,,, ,,,
Bacon, De Augmentis (ed. Spedding), Vlll. Hi.
it he well weighed, that certificate makes against
Go dine with your F.arl, sir; he may be exceptimis: we
are your friends and will not take it 111 to be left.
' Wycherley, Country Wife, 1.
He has indeed one good Quality, he is not Excepliovt ;
for he so passionately affects the reputation of under-
standing raillery that he will construe an Affront into a
Jest. Congreve, Way of the World, i. 2.
It is his ancestor, the original pensioner, that has laid
up this inexhaustible fund of merit, which makes his
Grace so very delicate and exceptions aliout the merit of
all other grantees of the crown. fiur*e. To a Noble Lord.
If .. „
them; for as excetitio finnat letjem in castlnu i%on excep-
tis, so the excepting of that shire by Itself doth fortify
that the rest of the shires were Incluiled in the very [Hiiiit
of difference. Bacon. Jurisdiction of the Marches.
mU of exceptions, In common law practice, the docu-
ment drawn up liv llie party unsuccessful at the trial for
anthenticalion by the trial inilge, to show to an appellate
court all the rulings complained of as error, and the ex-
ceptic.m thereto taken on the trial.— The exception
proves the rule, see def. .^(d).— To note an excep-
tion, ■'^ee note.
actor of being exceptions. Barrow.
exceptive (ek-sep'tiv), a. [= OF. exceptif ^
Sn. Pg. excepiivo; as except, v., + -ti'e.] 1.
Making or constituting an exception.
A dispensation, improperly .»o called, is rather a particu-
lar and exceptive law ; absolving and disobliging from a
more general command for some just and reasonable cause.
Milton, Divorce, v. (Ord MS.).
I do not think we shall err In conceiving of the charac-
ter of Buddha as embrncing that rare combination of iiual-
itles which lends tocertain excepUre personalities a strange
Bower over all who come within the range of their inllu-
i„„e Faiths of Ihe World, p. 42.
exceptive
2. Disposed to take exception ;
ject Exceptive enunciation or proposition, » prop-
ositiou which contains an exceptive particle.
Eietptict itrofiotiiions will make s\ich complex syllo-
gism ; as, None but physicians came to the consultation ;
the nurse is no physician ; therefore the nurse came not
to the consultation. Watit, Logic, ill. 2.
Exceptive law, a law establishing an exception. — Excep-
tive psirtlcle, a conjunction introducing an exception, as
but, besitUs. excfpt, etc.
exceptlesst (ek-sept'les), a. [< except + -less.]
Making no exception ; extending to all.
Forgive my general and exeeptUss rashness,
You perpetual -sober gods ! I do proclaim
One honest man. Shak., T. ol A., iv. S.
exceptor (ek-sep'tor), n. [< excef>t + -or.'] 1.
One who objects or takes exception.
The exceptor makes a reflection upon the impropriety of
those expressions. T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth.
2. In lair, one who enters an exception.
excerebrate (ek-ser'e-brat), r. t.; pret. and pp.
excerebrated, ppr. exc'erebrathig. [< LL. exeere-
hratus, pp. of excerebrate, deprive of brains, <
L. ex- pviv. 4- cerebrum, the brain.] 1. To re-
move or beat out the brains of. liaUeij, 1731.
[Rare.] — 2. To east out from the brain or mind.
Hath it [faith] not sovereign virtue in it to excerebrate
all cares, expectorate all fears and griefs ?
S. Ward, Sermons, p. 26.
excerebration(ek-ser-e-bra'shon), n. [< excere-
brate + -10)1.] The act of removing or beating
out the brains; speciiieally, in obstet., the re-
moval of the brain of the child to facilitate de-
livery. Also called eccephalosis.
excerebrose (ek-ser'e-brds), a. [< L. ex- priv.
-I- cerebrum, the brain, + -ose.]
brains. Bailey, 1727. [Rare.]
excemt (ek-sfem'), "• '• [< L. excernere, pp. ex-
eretus, sift out, separate, < ex, out, + cernere,
separate : see certain. Cf. excrete.] To sepa-
rate and emit through the pores or through
small passages of the body ; excrete.
That which is dead, or corrupted, or excerned, hath an-
tipathy with the same tiling when it is alive and sound,
and with those parts which do excem. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
There is no Science but is full of such stuff, which by
Direction of Tutor, and Choice of good Bookes, must be
excerned. Uoicell, Letters, I. v. 9.
excerpt (ek-s6rp'), t-. t. [Formerly also exerp;
< OF. excerpsr, < L. excerpere, pick out, choose,
select, < ex, out, -I- carpere, pick, pluck: see
carpi.] To pick out ; excerpt.
In your reading excerp, and note, in your books, such
things as you like. Hales, Golden Remains, p. 288.
excerpt (ek-sferpf), v. t. [< L. excerptus, pp. of
excerpere, pick out: see excerp.] To take or
cull out (a passage in a written or printed
work); select; cite; extract.
Out of which we have excerpted the following particu-
lars. Fuller.
Justinian, indeed, has excerpted in the Digest and put in
the forefront of his Institutes a passage from an elemen-
tary work of Ulpian's, in which he speaks of a jus naturale
that is common to man and the lower animals.
Eiicyc. Brit., XX. 703.
excerpt (ek-serpf), «• [< L. excerptiim, an ex-
tract, selection from a book or writing, neut.
of excerptus, pp. of excerpere, pick out: see ex-
cerp, excerpt, v.] An extract from a written
or printed work: as, excerpts from the records.
His commonplace book was filled with excerpts from the
year-books. Lord Campbell, Lord Commissioner Maynard.
excerpta (ek-sferp'ta), n. pi. [L., pi. of excerp-
tum, an excerpt: see excerpt, n.] Passages ex-
tracted ; excerpts. [Rare.]
excerption (ek-serp'shon), n. [< LL. excerp-
tio(n-), an extract, < L. excerpere, pp. excerptus,
pick out: see excerp, excerpt.] 1. The act of
excerpting or picking out; a gleaning; selec-
tion.—2. That which is selected or gleaned;
an excerpt. [Rare.]
Times have consumed his works, saving some few ex-
cerptiont. Raleigh.
There is also extant among them, under the name of
Excerptiom. a collection . . . which might be compared
with the collections of the West, and perhaps referred to
their class. R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xix.
excerptiye (ek-s^rp'tiv), a. [< excerpt + -ive.]
Excerpting; choosing. Mackenzie.
excerptor (ek-serp'tor), n. [< excerpt + -or.]
One who excerpts; a selector; a culler.
I have not l)een surreptitious of whole pages together
out of the doctor's printed volumes, and appropriated
them to myself without any mark, or asterism, as be has
done. I am no such excerptor. Barnard, Heylin, p. 12.
excess (ek-ses'), n. [< ME. exees, excess, < OF.
exces, F. exces = Pr. exces = Sp. exceso = Pg.
excesso = It. eccesso, < L. excessus, a departure,
going beyond the bounds of reason, going be-
yond the subject, < excessus, pp. of cxredere, ex-
2054
inclined to ob- ceed : see exceed. ] 1 . A going beyond ordinary,
necessary, or proper limits ; superfluity in num-
ber, quantity, or amount; undue quantity I su-
perabundance : as, an excess of provisions ; ex-
cess of bile in the system.
With taper-light
To seek the beauteous eyes of heaven to garnish,
Is wasteful and ridiculous excese.
Shak., K. Jolui, iv. 2.
I will dazzle Cajsar with exceaa of glory.
Fletcher (and another). False One, iii. 3.
Every excess causes a delect; every defect an excess.
Emerson, Compensation.
Raw meat and other nutritious substances, given in ex-
cess, kill the leaves. Daru-in, Iiisectlv. Plants, p. 110.
2. Undue indulgence of appetite ; want of re-
straint in gratifying the desires ; intemperance ;
over-indulgence.
After al this excesse he had an accidie [fit of sloth],
That he slepe Saterday and Sonday til sonne jede to reste.
Piers Plowman (B), v. ,S86.
He plunged into wild and desperate excesses, ennobled
by no generous or tender sentiment.
Macautay, Moore's Byron.
Like one that sees his own excess,
And easily forgives it as his own.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
'Tis but the fool that loves excess ; hast thou a drunken
soul?
Thy bane is in thy shallow skull, not m my silver bowl !
0. W. Holmes, On Lending a Punch-bowl.
3. The amount by which one number or quan-
tity exceeds another; overplus; surplus: as, the
excess of revenue over expenditures is so much.
— Spherical excess, in triqon., the quantity by which
the sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds
two right angles.
Having no excessive (ek-ses'iv), a. [= F. excessif = Pr.
exccssiu = Sp. excesivo = Pg. excessivo = It. ec-
cessico, < ML. excessieus, immoderate, < L. ex-
cessus, pp. of excedere, exceed: see excess, ex-
ceed.] Exceeding the usual or proper limit, de-
gree, measure, or proportion ; being in excess of
what is requisite or proper ; going beyond what
is sanctioned by correct principles ; immoder-
ate ; extravagant ; unreasonable : as, excessive
bulk; excessive labor; excessive charges; exces-
sive vanity ; excessive indulgence.
They were addicted to excessive banketting and drun-
kennesse. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 68.
If a man worke but three dales in senen, hee may get
more then hee can spend vnless hee will be exceedingly ex-
cessiuc. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, II. 201.
Who is not excessive in the discourse of what he ex-
tremely likes? Steele, Tatler, No. 182.
His information would have been excessive, but for the
noble use he made ol it ever in the interest of humanity.
Emerson, Theodore Parker.
= S3fn. Immense, etc. (see enormous); superabundant,
superfluous ; inordinate, outrageous, extreme ; intemper-
ate, violent.
excessively (ek-ses'iv-li), adv. 1 . "With excess ;
in an extreme degree; beyond measure: as,
excessively impatient; excessively grieved; the
wind blew excessively.
The wind is often so excessively hot, that it is like the
air of an oven, and people are forced to retire into the
lower rooms and to their vaults, and shut themselves close
up. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 196.
A man must be excessively stupid, as well as unchari-
table, who believes there is no virtue but on his own side.
Addison.
2. Exceedingly; extremely: as, she was exces-
sively beautiful. [Now only in loose use.]
Cr(5billon said, then he would keep the picture himself
— it was excessively like. Walpole, Letters, II. 295.
3t. In excess ; intemperately.
Which having swallowd up excessively.
He soone in vomit up againe doth lay.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 3.
excessiveness (ek-ses'iv-nes), n. The state or
quality of being excessive ; excess.
exch. A common abbreviation of exchange and
exchequer.
exchange (eks-chanj'), v.; pret. and pp. ex-
changed, ppr. exchanging. [The verb does not
appear in ME. ; the,prefix restored to the orig.
ex-; < OF. eschanger, echanger, F. echanger =
Pr. escanjar, escambiar = It. scambiare, < ML.
excambiare, exchange, < ex, out, + cambia^e,
change, > OF. changer, etc., E. change: see
change, »., which is in part an abbreviation, by
apheresis, of excfeaiifl'e.] I. trans. 1. In com.,
to part with in return for some equivalent;
transfer for a recompense; barter: as, to ex-
change goods in foreign countries for their na-
tive productions; the workman exchanges his
labor for money.
They shall not sell of it, neither exchancje. nor alienate
the first fruits of the land. Ezek. xlviii. 14.
He has something to exchange with those abroad.
Locke.
exchange
2. To give and receive reciprocally; give and
take; communicate mutually; interchange: as,
to exchange horses, clothes, thoughts, civilities.
Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
Prisoners are generally eM/ianj^ed within the same rank
man for man, and a sum of money or, other equivalent is
paid for an excess of them on one side.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 146.
We exchanged a word or two of Scotch.
R. L. Stevenson, Silverado Squatters, p. 56.
3. To quit or part with for something else;
give up in substitution ; make a change or tran-
sition from : as, to exchange a crown for a cowl ;
to exchange a throne for a cell or a hermitage ;
to exchange a life of ease for a life of toil.
Wrong of right, and bad of good did make.
And death for life exchanged foolishlle.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 6.
When like the men of Rome and the men of Athens,
you exchanged the rule of kings for that of magistrates,
you did but fall back on the most ancient polity of the
English folk. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 386.
=8301. To change, trade, truck, swap, bandy, commute.
See the noun.
II. intrans. To make an exchange ; pass or
be taken as an equivalent : as, how much will
a sovereign exchange for in American money i
As a general rule, then, things tend to exchange for one
another at such values as will enable each producer to be
repaid the cost of production with the ordinary profit.
J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., III. iii. § 1.
exchange (eks-chanj' ), n. [The prefix restored
to the orig. ex-; < ME. eschange, eschaunge, < OF.
esehange, escange, mod. F. echange = Pr. escambi
= It. scambio, < ML. excambium, exchange, < ex-
cambiare, exchange : see exchange, v. See also
change, n., which in some uses is an abbrevia-
tion of exchange.] 1. The giving of one thing
or commodity for another ; the act of parting
with something in return for an equivalent :
traffic by interchange of commodities ; barter.
Exchange is so important a process in the maximising
of utility and the saving of labor that some economisU
have regarded their science as treating ol this operation
alone. Jevons, Pol. Econ., iv.
2. The act of giving up or resigning one thing
or state for another: as, the exchange of a crown
for a cloister.
I am glad 'tis night, yon do not look on me,
For I am much ashamd of my exchange [of garments].
Shak., M. of v., il. 6.
3. The act of giving andreceivingreeiprocally;
mutual transfer: as, an exchange of thoughts or
of civilities.
When, and where, and how
We met, we woo'd, and made exchange of vow,
I'll tell thee as we pass. Shak., R. and J., ii. 3.
4. Mutual substitution; return: used chiefly
in the phrase in exchange.
Joseph cave them bread in exchange for horses.
Gen. xlvii. 17.
0 spare her life, and in exchange take mine. Dryden.
The Lord Arundel, endeavouring to make good his prom-
ise of procuring my exchamje for his two sons, earnestly
solicited the king to it. Ludlow, Memoii-a, I. 94.
5. That which is given in return for some-
thing received, or received in return for what
is given.
There's my exchange : what in the world he is
That names me traitor, villain-like he lies.
Shak., Lear, v. 3.
The respect and love which was paid you by all who had
the happiness to know you was a wise exchange for the
honours of the court. Dryden.
An Atheist's laugh 's a poor exchange
For Deity offended !
Burns, Epistle to a Young Friend.
Hence — 6. Among journalists, a newspaper
or other regular publication sent in exchange
for another.— 7. In law : (a) A reciprocal trans-
fer of property for property, as distinguished
from a transfer for a money consideration. (6)
At common law, more specifically, a reciprocal
or mutual grant of equal interests in land, the
one in consideration of the other, as a grant of
a fee simple in return for a fee simple. — 8. In
com. : (a) The giving or receiving of the money
of one country or region in return for an equiv-
alent sum in that of another, or the giving or
receiving of a sum of money in one place for a
bill ordering the payment of an equivalent sum
in another.
Down to the time of Henry VII., the business of ex-
change was a royal monopoly, and carried on at the same
office as the mint or " bonlliou," as it was anciently called ;
and the royal exchanger alone was entitled to gi\ e native
coin for foreign coin or for bullion.
Bilhell, Counting-House Diet., p. 119.
(6) The method or system by which debits and
credits in different places are settled without
exchange
the actual transference of the money — docu-
ments, usually called bills of exchange, repre-
senting values, being given and received, (e)
The rate at which the documentary transfer of
funds can be made; the course or rate of ex-
change: as, if the debts reciprocally due by
two places be equal, the exchanfte will be at par ;
but when greater in one than in the other, the
exchaitffe will be against that place which has
the larger remittances to make, and in favor
of the other. Abbreviated exch. — 9. A place
where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of
a city in general, or those of a particular class,
meet at certain hours daily to transact business
with one another by purchase and sale, in some
exchanges, as the great Merchants' Exchange of London.
the dealings include all kinds of commodities, stocks,
bonds, and bills ; in others, as the Bourse of Paris and the
Stock Exchange of New V'ork, they are confined chiefly or
entirely to public and corporate stocks and bonds ; and
Btiil others are devoted to transactions in single classes of
commodities or investments, as cotton, corn, or produce
iu general, mining-stocks, etc.
I was at the Pallace, where there is an exchange: that
is, a place wliere the Marchauts doe meete at tliose times
of the day, as our Marcbants doe in London.
Citryat, Crudities, I. 30.
He that uses the same words sometimes in one, and
sometimes in another signification, ought to pass, in the
schools, for as fair a man as he does in the market and
exchange who sells several things under the same name.
Locke.
10. The central station where the lines from
all the subscribers in any telephone system
tneet, and where connections can be made be-
tween the lines. — 1 1 . In arith.^ a rule for find-
ing how much of the money of one country is
equivalent to a given sum of the money of an-
other. AH the calculations in exchange may l>e per-
formed by the rule of proportion, and the work may often
be abbreviatefi by tlie methixl of ali<]uut parta. — Arbitra-
tion of ezclian^^e. see arbitra</e. J. — Bill of exchange.
See 6t/^i. — Bills of Exchange Act. («) A liritish statute
of 1871 (34 and 3.'. Vict., c. 74) which alxjliahed days of
grace on bills and notes payable at sight or on presenta-
tion. (6) A sUtute of 1878 (41 VicL, c. 13) which declared
signature a sufflctent acceptance, (c) A statute of 1882 (45
and 46 Vict., c. 61) whicli codifiefl the whole body of Eng-
lish law relating to bills, notes, and checks.— CoUTse or
rate of exdiange, the varying rate or price, estimated
in the currency of one country, given for a fixed sum in
the currency of another. — Documentary exchange.
SKtne AS doeuinent bill (vfhich see, under ciocumejU).— Dry
exchange, an old expression fur a device for concealing
usury, t>y the txtrrower drawing a bill on an imaginary
drawee iu some foreign place which the payee accepta for
tiw sake of a higher commission, and costs of protut and
damages on return of the dishonored bilL
Dry exchange seemeth to bee a cleanly terme inuented
for the disguising of foale vsury, in the which something
is pretended to passe of both sides, whereas in truth, no-
Uung paaaeth, but on the one side ; in which respect, it may
well b<B called Drit. Minaheu.
Bxchaage cap. Bee rapi, 3.— Feigned excbanga, an
old expression for the lending of money upon agreement
that If not repaid by a certain day, in order to enable the
lender to meet a bill feigned to be drawn upon him from a
foreign country, the borrower may be charged with the ex-
penses and commisstuns : a device for charging the price of
foreign exchange and incidental expenses upon a domestic
loan. -First, second, or third of exchainge. the first,
second, or third of a set of bills of exchanue drawn in
duplicate or triplicate, all t>eing of "the same tenor and
date," any or:e of which being accepted, the others are
Toid.— Nominal exchange, exchange in its relation to
the comparative market values of the currencies of the
dflTerent ronntries. without refereme to the trade trans-
actions between them.— Owelty Of exchange. See ow
Wty.~Rea1 exchange, exchange in its relation t^) the
interchaiiKe of corntnodities, and not In the relation of
the moneys of the dirferent countries.— Theory Of ex-
changes, a theory introduced by Prevost for explaining
the e>|iiililirium of temperature of any body. It is found-
e<l on thi? Hiippt^Mition that the quantity of heat which a
l>ody dirfnses by radiation ts equal to the quantity which
It receiver by radiation from surrounding hiMlies. and
which it absorbs either wholly or in part. -To note a
bill of exchange. See no/«. =Syn. 1-3. Exrhtinne, In-
terchange. Bxehange may bring only one actor int<i prom-
inence, or two may l)e equally prominent: if more than
two take part in an exchange, the mtnd rests npon the act
as performed )iy pairs. An interchange is not the act of
one. nor generally of two, but of more than two, inUr-
ehan^je in thin hi'aiitii; to exchange the relation that among
bears to ftefitren. Kxrhange is primarily a single act; in-
Urchange may be a single act. but is often a system or
succession of changes.
I giTe away myself for yoo, and dote upon the exchange.
Shak., Much Ado, 11. 1.
Interekangeg of cold frosts and piercing winds.
Bp. Hall, Heaven upon Earth, t 8.
exchangeability (eks-chan-ja-bil'i-ti), n. [< ex-
chaiiffftthtr : Hee -bilitv.] The property or state
of being exchangeable.
The law ought not to be contravened by an express ar-
ticle admitting the exehangeability of such persons.
Washington.
exchangeable feks-cban'ja-bl), n. [= F. Man-
genhlf .- as fxrhatufe + -rt6/ie.] 1. Capable of be-
ing exchanged: fit or proper to be exchanged.
2055
Bank bills exchangeable for gold and silver. Jtamsay.
The ofllicers captured with Burgoyne were exchangeable
within the powers of General Howe. Marshall.
2. Ratable by exchange; to be estimated by
what may be procured in exchange: as, the
exchangeable value of goods.
But as soon as a limitation becomes practically opera-
tive, as soon as there is not so much of the thing to be
had as would be appropriated and used if it could be ob-
tained for asking, tlie ownership or use of the natural
agent acquires an exchangeable value. J. S. Mill.
exchanger (eks-chan'jer), n. One who ex-
changes ; one who practises exchange.
Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the
exchangers. Mat. xxv. 27.
excheatf, excheatort. See escheat, escheator.
exchequer (eks-chek'^r), n. [Early mod. E. ex-
cheker ; < ME. escheher, also abbr. cheker (> mod..
E. checker), a court of revenue, treasury, also lit.
a chess-board, < OF. escheker, eschekier, later
eschequieTy eschiquier (mod. F. echiquier) (ML.
scaccarium), a chess-board, checker-board ;
hence, the checkered cloth on which accounts
were calculated by means of counters; then
applied to a court of revenue, and the public
treasury; < OF. eschecSy chess, eschec, check at
chess: see check^y and ef. checker^, the more
vernacular form of exchequer.'\ 1. \_cap.'] In
England, an ancient court or tribunal, more
fully designated the ( 'our t of Exchequer, in which
all causes affecting the revenues of the crown
were tried and decided, in course of time it acquired
the jurisdiction of ordinary superior common-law courts,
by allowing any suitt^r who desired to bring his complaint
before it to allege that by the defendant s injustice he was
prevented from discharging his debts to the king's rev-
enues, which allegation the court did not allow to be de-
nied. The court also had, up to 1841, an equity side. The
judges were called barons. In 1875 the court was made
the Exchequer Division of the new High Court of Justice.
The Exchemter of the Norman kings was the court in
which the wnole financial business of the country was
transacted: and as the whole administration of justice,
and even the military organisation, was dependent upon
the fiscal officers, the whole framework of society may be
said to have passed annually under its review. It derived
its name from the chequered cloth which covered the
table at which the accounts were taken, a name which
suggested to the spectator the idea of a game at chess
between the receiver and the payer, the treasurer and
the sheriff. As this name never occurs before the reign
of Henry I. , and as the tradition of the court preserved the
remembrance of a time when the business which took
place in it was transacted 'ad taleas,' *at the tallies,' it
seems certain that the dateof complete organisation should
be referred in this period. Sttthbt, Const. Hist, S 126.
2. [cay?.] In Scotland, a court of similar nature
and history, abolished in 1857. — 3. [can.] In the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
that department of the government which has
charge of all matters relating to the public rev-
enue of the kingdom, the head of which is called
the Chancellor of the Exchequer. See chancel-
lor, 3 (c). — 4. A state treasury: as, the war
drained the exchequer.
Registering against each separate vfceroyalty, from Al-
giers to Lahore beyond the Indiu, what was the amount
of its annual tribute to the gorgeous exchequer of Susa?
De Q\iiticey, Herodotus.
5. Pecuniary reeonrces; finances: as, my ex-
chcffutr was ^rett jng low. [Colloq.] — Auditors of
the Exchequer. See nnnmissionerg 0/ audit, under au-
dit - Barons of the Exchequer. See baron, 2.— Court
of Exchequer Chamber, in England, formerly, a court
composed of the judnes of any two of the three superior
common-law court.8 (Kinx's Bench, Common Pleas, and
Exchequer) sitting to hear appeals from any of the three.
Appenl from its decision lay to the House of lx)rds. It
was supplanted by the Court of Appeal in 1ST6. — Exche-
quer Iml, a negotiable interest-bearing )dll of credit, is-
sued under the authority of acts of Parliament, by the Ex-
chequer l>epartment of the British government, for the
purpose of raising money for temporar>' purposes, or to
meet some sudden emergency. Exchequer bills run for
five years; the interest is payable per attached coupons
half-yearly, and is fixed every year, out can never exceed
5^ per cent, per annum. They are issued for sums of £100
each, or some multiple of £100. They were first issued in
1606, and form a large part nf the unfunded public debt
of Great Britain. —Exchequer bonds, iK>nd8 issued in
Great Britain by the Commissioners of the Treasury, un-
der authority of the same act as exchequer bills, and for
the same purpose, which run for a definite period of time,
not exceeding six years, the interest payable on the same,
which can neverexceed 5^ percent, per annum, lieing fixed
at the time of issue.
He (Disraelll therefore now repealed the Act for the war
sinking fund, and re-borrowed the amount in excheqtier
bondg. S. Dowell, Taxes fn England, II. 3.31.
Exchequer of the Jews, a branch of the Court of Ex-
chequer in England, prior to 1200, which had charge of
the revenues exacted from the Jews.
6Xcliequerf (eks-chek'^r\ v. t. [< exchequer, n.]
To sue in the Court of Exchequer.
Among other strange words, the following has arisen
in vulgar language, vi7. to exchequer & man.
Pegge, Anecdotes of the Eng. Lang.
excise
excide (ek-sid'), i\ t. ; pret. and pp. excided^ ppr.
exciding, [< L. excidere, cut out, < ex, out, +
c(vdere, ent. Ct. excise^,'] Sume&s excise^. North
British Eev. [Rare.]
excipient (ek-sip'i-ent), a. and n. [= F. excipi-
ent, < L. excipien{t-^s, ppr. of excipere, take out,
except: see except.'] 1. a. Taking exception;
objecting. [Rare or obsolete.]
It is a good exception, if such person be a capital ene-
my, or a conspirator against the party excipient.
Ayliffe, Parergon.
II, «■ 1. One who excepts. [Rare or obsolete.]
— 2. In me(?.,an inert or slightly active sub-
stance, as conserve of roses, sugar, jelly, etc.,
employed as the medium or vehicle for the ad-
ministration of an active medicine.
exciple (ek'si-pl), n. [Also exdpule; < NL. ex-
cipidum, < L. excipulum, a vessel for receiving
liquids, < excipere, take out, receive : see except.]
In lichenology, the margin of the apotheciima.
See cut under apothecium Proper exciple, an ex-
ciple that is not formed by the thallus, but consists of a
special development of the apothecium itself. — Thalllne
exciple, an exciple composed of a portion of the thallus.
wliicTi ftirms a rim about the apothecium.
excipular (ek-sip'ii-lar), a. [< NL. excipulum,
exciple, + -ar.] fn Hchenology, pertaining to
. the exciple.
excipule (ek'si-piil), w. [< NL. excipulum : see
cxcijyle.] Same as exciple.
excipuliform (ek-sip'ii-li-fdrm), a. [< NL. ex-
cipulum, exciple (see exciple), + L. forma,
shape.] Like an exciple; having a rim.
excipnltim (ek-sip'u-lum), n, [NL.] Same as
excijyle.
The further growth of the rudiment of the apothecium
is now occasioned by the increase in size of the excipulum
by the formation of new fibres.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 268.
excircle (ek-s^r'kl), M. [< L. ex, out, + circu-
lus, circle.] An escribed circle ; also, the radius
of the same.
excisable (ek-si'za-bl), a. [< excise^ + -able.]
Liable or subject to excise : as, beer is an ex-
cisable commodity. Also spelled exciseable.
The most material are the general licences which the
law requires to be taken out by all dealers in exciseable
goods. Burke, A Regicide Peace, ill.
The licenses which hitherto auctioneers had been re-
quired to take out if they sold exciseable articles.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, III. 25.
excise^ (ek-siz'), V, t. ; pret. and pp. excised,
ppr. excising. [Formerly also excise ; < L. ex-
cisus, pp. of excidere, cut out, < ex, out, + cce-
dere, cut: see excide.] To cut out or off: as,
to excise a tumor.
The copy of . . . (the book) was taken from the author
[John Birkenhead] by those who said they could not rob,
because all was theirs ; so exciz'd what they liked not.
Wood, Athenro Oxon.
To Mr. Collier . . . we owe the discovery of a noble pas-
sage excised in the piratical edition which gives us the
only version extant of this unlucky play ['* The Massacre
of Paris' J. Encyc. Brit., XV. 557.
excise^ (ek-siz'), ». and a. [A corruption (as-
sociated, as in the 2d extract below, with ex-
cise^, < L. excisus, pp. of excidere, cut off: see
excise"^) of earlier accise = MD. aksiiSy aksys =
G. accise = Dan. accise = Sw. accis, excise; cf.
mod. F. accise, It. accisa (ML. accisia), excise,
appar. a corruption (as if < L. acrisus, pp. of
accidere, cut into) of OF. assis, assessments,
taxes (cf. Sp. Pg. sisa, excise, tax), < assise, an
assize, sessions: see assize, assess, size^. The
assumed change of assise to accise is irreg., and
the relation of the Tent, and Rom. forms is
imcertain.] I. w. 1. An inland tax or duty
imposed on certain commodities of home pro-
duction and consumption, as spirits, tobacco,
etc., or on their manufacture and sale, in Great
Britain the licenses to pursue certain callings, to keep
dogs, to carry a gun, and to deal in certain commodities,
are Included in the excise duties, as well as the taxes on
armorial bearings, carriages, servants, plate, railways, etc.
Excise duties were first imposed by the Long Parliament
in 1643.
We have brought those exotic words plundring and
storming, and that once abominable word excise, to be
now familiar among them.
natcell, Parly of BeasU (1660), p. 37.
But the success of internal or inland duties on articles
of consumption — or excises as (hey were termed, from
the excision of a part of the article taxed — In Holland,
had brought prominently into notice the advantages of
taxes of this description.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, II. 8.
Excises is a word generally used in contradistinction to
Imposts in its restricted sense, and is applied to internal
or inland impositions, levied sometimes upon the con-
sumption of a commodity, sometimes upon the retail sale
of It, and sometimes upon the manufacture of it.
Andrews, On Revenue Law, { UtS.
excise
An txci*e "is based on no rule of apportionment or
equality whatever," but is a fixed, absolute, ami direct
charge 'laid on merchandise, products, or commodities,
without any i-egard to the amount of property belongiiit;
to those on' whom it may fall, or to any supposed relation
between money expendeil for a public object and a special
benefit occasioned to those by whom the charge is paid.
Btactuxll, On Tax Titles C4th cd.), 1, n. 1.
2. That branch or department of the civil .ser-
vice which is connected with the levj-ing of such
duties. In the United States this office is call-
ed the Office of Internal Hnenue — Act of the He-
reditary Excise, an English statute of lOSO (12 Oar. II.. c.
24) establishing duties on beer and other beverages, and
settlinij them upon the crown in lieu of the profits of the
courts of wards and liveries and of purveyance and pre-
emption then abolished. A similar grant for the king's
life only was termed the temporartj excite i\^ Car. II., c. 23).
— Conunlssloiiers of excise. See commisgioiier. = Syn.
1, Dutt/, Import, etc. See tax, n,
II. a- Of or pertaining to the excise: as, ex-
cise acts; fxc/«e commissioners.
The genius of the people will illy brook the inquisitive
and peremptory spirit of excUe laws.
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. xii.
excise^ (ek-siz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. excised,
ppT. excising. [< excise^, n.'\ 1. To lay or im-
pose a duty on ; levy an excise on.
No statesman e'er will find it worth his pains
To tax our labuui-s, and excise our brains.
Churchill, To Robert Lloyd.
It was certain that, should she [the queen] command
never so little a fee, the people would say straight that
their drink was "excwcrf," as it was in Flanders, and would
be more excised hereafter, and so the people and the brew-
ers would both repine at it.
S(oic, quoted in S. Dowell's Taxes in England, IV. 118.
2. To impose upon ; overcharge. HalUwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
excised (ek-sizd'),p. a. [Pp. of excise^, v.] In
hot. and zool., notched or retuse.
End sinuately excised. Wolle.
Scutal margin [of Dichelagpis waruncki] deeply excised
at a point corresponding with the apex of the scuta.
Darwin, Cirripedia, p. 121.
exciseman (ek-siz'man), M. ; pi. excisemen
(-men). In Great Britain, an officer engaged
in collecting excise duties, and in preventing
infringement of the excise laws.
A certain number of Gangers, called by the Vulgar Sx-
eise-men. Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, II. 108.
At a meeting of his brother exciseman in Dumfries,
Bums, being called upon for a song, handed these verses
to the president.
J. Currie, Note on Burns's The Deil's awa' wi' the
[Exciseman.
excision (ek-sizh'on), n. [= F. excision = Sp.
excision = Pg. excis&o, < L. exeisio{n-), a cutting
out, < cxcisus, pp. of excidere, out out : see cx-
eide, excwei.] 1. The act of cutting off, out,
or away, as a part (especially a small diseased
part) of the body by a surgical operation, the
tap-roots or other parts of a tree, etc.
They [the Egyptians] borrowed of the lewes abstinence
from Swines-rtesh and circumcision of their males, to which
they added excision of their females.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 577.
2. A cutting off from intercourse or union ; a
setting aside or shutting out ; exclusion ; ex-
communication.
O poore and myserable citie, what sondry tourmentes,
excisions, subuertions, depopulations, and other euyll ad-
uentures liath hapned vnto the !
Sir T. Elliot, The Governour, iii. 22.
This can no way be drawn to the condemnation and final
excision of such persons who after baptism fall into any
great sin, of which they are willing to repent.
Jer. Taylor, Repentance, ix. § 4.
3t. Extirpation ; total destruction.
That extermination and ex^vtion of the Canaanites, which
carries so horrible an appearance of severity.
Barrow, Works, III. xxxvii.
Such conquerors are .the instruments of vengeance on
those nations that have . . . grown ripe for excision.
Bp. Atterbury.
excitability (ek-si-ta-bil'i-ti), «. [= F. excita-
bilite = Sp. excitabilidad == Pg. excitabilidade =
It. eceitabilitd ; as excitable + -ity.] 1. The
quality of being excitable ; readiness or prone-
ness to be provoked or moved into action ; the
quality of being easily agitated ; nervousness.
This early exciiahility prepared his mind for the religions
sentiment thatafterwards became so powerfully dominant.
L. Horner, tr. of Villari's Savonarola, i. 2.
2. In physiol., irritability.
Nerves during regeneration may fail Ut^hovf excitability
to electrical stimulus, yet be capable of transmitting sen-
sory or motor impulses.
Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, V. 142.
excitable (ek-si'ta-bl), a. [= F. excitable = Sp.
excitable = Pg. excitavel; as excite + -able.']
Susceptible of or prone to excitement ; capable
of being excited; easily stirred up or stimu-
lated : as, an excitable temperament.
2056
His affections were most quick and excitable by their
due objects. Barrow, Works, I. hib.
= Syn. Passionate, choleric, hasty, hot.
excitant (ek-si'tant), a. and n. [< L. excitan{t-)s,
ppr. of excitare, excite : see excite.'] I, a. Tend-
ing to excite ; exciting.
The donation of heavenly graces, prevenient, subse-
quent, excitant, adjuvant.
Bp. Nicholson, Expos, of Catechism, p. 60.
II. n. That which excites or rouses to action
or increased action; specifically, in tlierap.,
whatever produces, or is fitted to produce, in-
creased action in any part of a living organism.
The French [affect] excitants, irritants — nitrous oxide,
alcohol, champagne. Coleridge, Table-Talk.
Tlie strength of dilute sulphuric acid generally employed
as an excitant for the Smee battery is one part (volume) of
s\ilphuric acid to ten parts of water.
J. W. Urquhart, Electrotyping, p. 47.
excitatet (ck'si-tat), v. t. [< L. excitatus,
pp. of excitare, excite: see excite.] To excite;
rouse.
It would excitate & stir them vp, so that tliey would be
willing to reade and to learne of them selues.
Levins, Manip. Vocab. (E. E. T. S.), Prel., p. 8.
The Earth, being excitated to wratli, in revenge of her
children brought forth Fame, the youngest sister of the
giants. Bacon, Sister of the Giants, or Fame.
But their iterated clamations to excitate their dying or
dead friends, or revoke them into life again, was a vanity
of affection. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, iv.
excitation (ek-si-ta'shon), w. [= F. excitation
= Sp. cxoitacion = Pg. exdtai^o = It. cccita-
zione, < LL. excitatio{n-), < L. excitare, excite :
see excite.] 1. The act of exciting or rousing
to action ; a stirring up or awakening.
Here are words of fervent excitation to the frozen hearts
of others. Bp. Hall, Works, II. 293.
It may be safely said that the order of excitation is fi-om
muscles that are small and frequently acted on to those
which are larger and less frequently acted on.
H. Spencer, Direction of Motion, § 90.
2. The state of being excited ; excitement.
All the circumstances under which an excitation origi-
nally occurred beiiig supposed the same, the degree of re-
vivability of the feeling that was produced varies with the
physiological conditions that exist when the revival takes
place or is attempted.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 101.
Excitation of electricity, the disturbance of the elec-
tric equilibrium by friction, elevation of temperature, con-
tact, etc.
excitative (ek-si'ta-tiv), a. [= F. excitatif =
Sp. Pg. excitativo = It. eccitativo; as excite +
-ative.] Having power to excite; tending or
serving to excite ; excitatory.
Admonitory of duty, and excitative of devotion.
Barrow, The Creed.
excitator (ek'si-ta-tor), n. [= F. excitateur =
It. eccitatore, < LL. excitator, < L. excitare, pp.
excitatus, excite: see excite.] In elect., an in-
strument employed to discharge a Leyden jar
or other electrical apparatus in such a manner
as to secure the operator from the force or ef-
fect of the shock.
excitatory (ek-si'ta-t9-ri),a. [< excitate -f- -ori/.]
Tending to excite ; containing or characterized
by excitement; excitative.
The experiments of physiology prove a definite measura-
ble period of molecular commotion, known as the excita-
tory stage, to precede invariably the excitation of the se*
sation. Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 104.
excite (ek-sif), v. t. ; pret. and pp. excited, ppr.
exciting. [< ME. exciten, exiten, < OF. exciter,
F. exciter = Sp. Pg. excitar = It. eccitare, < L.
excitare, call out, call forth, arouse, wake up,
stimulate, freq. of exciere, call out, arouse, ex-
cite, < ex, out, -f- ciere, call, summon: see cite,
and cf. accite, concite, incite, etc.] ' 1. To call
into movement or active existence by some
stimulating influence ; quicken int.o manifesta-
tion ; stir or start up ; set in motion or opera-
tion : as, to exdte a mutiny ; to excite hope or
animosity.
They might excite contest, emulation, jind laudable en-
deavours. Bacon, Pliysical Fables, ii., Expl.
The news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, and ex-
cited the fiercest and bitterest resentment.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
Many of her acts had been unusual, but excited no up-
roar. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 39.
Feelings of admiration and devotion are of various de-
grees, and are excited by various objects.
J. It. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 71.
Emotions are excited, not by physical agencies them-
selves, but by certain complex relations among them.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 97.
2. To induce action or activity in ; stimulate ;
animate; arouse.
exclaim
The degree to which a gland is excited can be measured
only by the number of the surrounding tentacles which are
inflected, and by the amount and rate of their movement.
Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 233.
3. To impel by incentives or motives; insti-
gate ; incite : as, to excite the people to revolt.
Beaten for loyalty
Excited me to treason. SltMk., Cymbeline, v. 5.
The remarkiible smoothness of that Language [Malay],
I confess, might excite some i>eople to learn it out of curi-
osity ; but the Tonquinese are not so curious.
Dantpier, Voyages, II. i. 59.
4. To arouse the emotions of ; agitate or per-
turb mentally ; move : as, he was greatly ex-
cited by the news.
I will excite their minds
With more desire to know.
Milton, P. L., iv. 522.
= Syn. To awaken, incite, infiame, kindle, irritate, pro-
voke.
excitedly (ek-si'ted-li), adv. In an excited man-
ner.
excitefult (ek-sit'ful), a. [< excite -t- -fiiL]
Fitted to excite; full of exciting matter: as,
exciteful stories or prayers. Chapman.
excitement (ek-sit'ment), n. [= It. eccitamen-
to; as excite + -ment.'j' 1. The act of exciting;
stimulation.
When I view the fairness and equality of his temper
and carriage, I can in truth descry in his own name no
original excitement of such distaste, which commonly
ariseth, not so much from high fortune as from high
looks. Sir H. Wotton, Reliquife, p. 553.
2. The state of being excited or roused into
action; agitation; sensation; commotion: as,
the news caused great excitement ; an excitement
of the people.
Remove the pendulum of conventional routine, and the
mental machinery runs on with a whir that gives a delight-
ful excitement to sluggish temperaments, and is, perhaps,
the natural relief of highly nervous organizations.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 128.
A man worn to skin and bone by perpetual excitement,
with baldish head, sharp features, and swift, shining eyes.
B. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 151.
3. In med., a state of increased, and especially
unduly increased, activity in the body or in any
of its parts. — 4. That which excites or rouses;
that which moves, stirs, or induces action ; a
motive.
Just before the battle of Trebia, the General, encourag-
ing his followers, by all the usual excitements, to do their
duty, concludes with a promise of the most magnificent
spoils. Warburton, Divine Legation, ix. 2.
The cares and excitements of a season of transition and
struggle. Talfourd.
exciter (ek-si't^r), «. 1 . One who or that which
excites ; one who puts in motion, or the cause
which awakens and moves or sets in operation.
— 2. In med., a stimulant; an excitant. — 3.
A small dynamo-electric machine used to excite
the fields of a larger machine.
exciting (ek-si'ting), 2>' «• Calling or rousing
into action ; producing excitement ; stimulat-
ing : as, exciting events ; an exciting story.
It is little matter for wonder that the idea of etiuality,
as presented to us by the modern Democrats, should be,
amongst the masses who do not detect its falsehood, the
most exciting idea that could be offered to the human
imagination.' W. H. Mullock, Social Equality, p. 207.
Exciting cause, in med., whatever immediately produces
a particular state or disease, as distinguished from predis-
posing cause.
Exposure to cold or damp is the exciting cause of a ca-
tarrh. Hooper, Med. Diet.
excitingly (ek-si'ting-li), adv. So as to excite.
excitive (ek-si'tiv), a. [< excite + -ive.] Tend-
ing to excite ; excitatory. Clarice.
excitomotor (ek-si't6-m6"tor), a. [Irreg. < L.
excitare, excite, + motor, a mover: see motor.]
In physiol., exciting muscular contraction ; per-
taining to reflex action — Excitomotor system,
Marshall Hall's term for that part of tlie spinal cord which
is concerned in reflex action together with the afferent
and efferent nerves which liilong to it.
excitomotory (ek-si't6-m6"to-ri), a. Same as
excitomotor.
exclaim (eks-klam'). t'. [< OF. exclamer, F. ex-
clamer = Sp. Pg. exclamar = It. esclamare, scla-
mare, < L. exclamare, cry out, < ex, out, -I- cla-
mare, cry, shout: see claimX.] I. intrans. To
cry out; speak with vehemence; make a loud
outcry in words: as, to exclaim against oppres-
sion; to exclaim with wonder or astonishment.
I will exclaim to the world on thee, and beg justice of
the Duke himself ; villain ! I will.
Ford, Love's Sacriflce, iii. 1.
The most insupportable of tyrants exclaim against the
exercise of arbitrary power. Sir Ji. L Estrange.
How I would wake weeping, and in the anguish of my
heart exclaim upon sweet Calne in Wilt.«hire I
Lamb, Christ's Hospital.
II. trans. To say loudly or vehemently; cry
out : as, he exclaimed, I will not \
exclaim
While Man exclaitm, "See all things for my use 1 "
Pope, Essay on Man, lii. 45.
He bless 'd the bread, but vaniahVi at the word.
And left them both exclaiming, Twas the Lord !
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 534.
ezclaimt (eks-klam'), H. [< exclaim, r.] Out-
cry ; clamor ; exclamation.
For thon hast made the happy earth thy hell,
Fiird it with cursing cries and deep exclaims.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
Their exclaim.^
Move me as much as thy l>reath moves a mountain.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, i. 1.
exclaimer (eks-kla'm^r), «. One who cries out
with vehemence; one who speaks with heat,
passion, or much noise : as, an exclaimer against
tyranny.
1 must have leave to tell this exclaimer, in my turn,
that if that were his real aim, his manner of proceeding
is very strange, wonderful, and unaccountable.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II., Pref.
exclamation (eks-kla-ma'shon), n. [< OF. excla-
mativn, F. exclamation = Pr. exclamatio = Sp.
exclamaeion = Pg. exclamafSo = It. esclamazione,
< L. exclamatio(H-), a loud calling or crying out,
iexclamare. ery out: see exclaim. 1 1. The act
of exclaiming; an ejaculatory expression of
surprise, admiration, pain, anger, dissent, or
the Uke ; an emphatic or clamorous outcry.
The ears of the people are continually beaten with ex-
damatiom against abuses in the church.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Ded.
Thus will I drown your exclamaliam.
Shak., Elch. III.,
iv. 4.
2. That which is uttered with emphasis or pas-
sion ; a vehement speech or saying.
It is said, that .Monsieur Torcy, when he signed this
instrument, broke into this exeiamation: Would Colbert
have signed such a treaty for France^ Tatler, No. 20.
A festive txelamation not unsutte<l to the occasion.
Abp. Trench.
3. The msurk or sign in writing and printing (!)
by which emphatic utterance or intenectional
force is indicated: usually called exc(rtmn<iOM-
mark or -point, and formerly note of admiration.
See ecphoueme. — 4. In gram., a word express-
ing outcry; an interjection ; a word expressing
some passion, as wonder, fear, or grief. — 5. In
rhet., same hs ecphonenix, 1. — 6. In the Gr. Ch.,
same as eephonesui, 2.
exclamation-mark, exclamation-point (eks-
kla-ma'slion-raiirk, -point), >i. See exclama-
tion, 3.
exclamative (eks-klam'a-tiv), a. [= F. ex-
clama tit' = Sp. Pg. exclamatieo = It. esclamativo,
< L. as if 'excUtmativus, < exclamare, pp. exclama-
tus, exclaim: see exclaim.'] Containing excla-
mation ; exclamatory. Ask,
exclamatively (eks-klam'a-tiT-U), adv. In an
exflaiiiiilivo manner.
exclamatorily (eks-klam'a-to-ri-U), adv. In an
exclaniiitorv manner.
exclamatory (eks-klam'a-to-ri), a. [< h. as if
'(■xcltiinatnriu», < exclamare, pp. excUimatus, ex-
claim : see exc/aim.] 1. using exclamation:
as, an exclamatory speaker. Ji<h. — 2. Contain-
ing or expressing exclamation : as, an exclama-
tory phrase.
Which iKiiut I shall conclude with thaw exelamatary
words of St. Paul, so full of wonder and astonishment. In
Rom. xi. Xi : Hmw unsearchable are his jndgmenta, and
his ways past Hnding out ! South, Works, IV. vli.
exclave (eks'klav), n. [< L. ex, out, + -clave,
in enrlare: opposed fo enclave.'] A part of a
countn-, province, or the like wtuch is disjoined
from the main part.
The term Thuringia alio, of coane. Include* the vari-
oiu " exelaoet'* ot Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, and Bohemia
which lie embedded among them.
TaU, Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 331.
exclude (eks-klSd'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. excluded,
ppr. excluding. [< ME. exdudm, < L. excludere
(> It. etchiudere, escludere = 8p. Pg. exeluir =
Pr. etclaure, esclure = OP. esclore, etelomre, es-
elure, F. exelure), shut out, < ex, out, + elaudere,
in comp. cludere, shut: see eloge^, closed, etc.,
and clause. Cf. conclude, include, occlude, pre-
clude, geclude.] 1. To shut 'out; debar from
admission or participation ; prevent from en-
tering or sharing.
It [poesy) hath had access and estimation in rude times
and barbarous regions wtiere other learning stood excluded.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 143.
All the Roman Catholic lords were by a new act for ever
OKlwUd tiie Parliament, which was a mighty blow.
Bvelvn, Diary, .Nov. 16, 1678.
>'o glad Beams of IJght can ever play.
Bat Night, succeeding Night, exclude* the Day.
Congreve, Death of Queen .Mary.
2057
2. To except or reject, as from a privilege or
grant, from consideration, etc.
What is opposite to the eternal rules of reason and good
sense must be excluded from any place in the carriage of
a well-bred man. Steele, Spectator, No. 75.
As no air-pump can by any means make a perfect vacu-
um, so neither can any artist entirely exclude the conven-
tional, the local, the perishable, from his book, or write
a book of pure thought. Emersmi, Misc., p. 76.
Nature, as the word has hitherto been used by acientiflc
men, excludes the whole domain of human feeling, will,
and morality. J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 85.
3. To thrust out; eject; extrude.
others ground this disruption upon their continued or
protracted time of delivery, wherewith excludinij but one
a day, the latter brood impatient, by a forcible proruption,
antedates their period of exclusion.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
In some cases, as in some species of Lepas, the larvse,
when first excluded from the egg, have not an eye.
Darwin, Cirripedia, p. 10.
Principle of excluded middle or third. See middle.
=:8yn. To exile, expel, bar out, preclude, prohibit. .See
txinigh.
excluder (eks-klo'd^r), n. One who or that
which excludes, or shuts or thrusts out.
The substances preferred (for antiseptic treatment of
timber] shoulil be not only germicides, hut germ exduderg.
Emjin. Man., XXXI. 496.
excluset, a. [< L. exclusta, pp. of excludere, shut
out: se% exclude.'] Shutout; kept out.
Clyves [hills] ther (where] humoure is not exclude.
Patladiwi, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 217.
exclusion (eks-klo'zhgn), n. [= F. exclusion
= Pr. exclusio = Sp. exclusion = Pg. exclusSo =
It. esclusione, < L. exclusio(n-), < exclusus,pp.
of excludere, shut out: see exclude.] 1. The
act of excluding or shutting out ; a debarring;
non-admission.
In lx)dies that need detention of spirits, the exetusion
of the air doth good ; but in bodies that need emission of
spirits, it doth hurt Bacon, Nat. Hist.
Whether to dare
The flend by easy ascent, or aggravate
His sad exclusion from the doors of bliss.
MiUon, P. L., Ul. 525.
A bill was brought in for the total exclusion of the duke
from the crown of England and Ireland.
Hume, Hist. Kng., Ixvii.
2. Non-inclusion or non-reception; exception.
There was a question asked at the table, whether the
French king would agree to have the disposing of the
marriage of Bretagne, with an exception and exclusion that
he should not marry herhimself. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VlI.
3. In logic, the relation of two t«rms each of
which is totally denied of the other. Thus,
animal and plant stand to each other in a re-
lation of exclusion, provided it is true that no
animal is a plant. — 4. The act of thrusting out
or expelling; ejection; extrusion.
How were it possible the womb should contain the child,
nay, sometimes twins, till they come to their due perfec-
tion and maturity for exclusion t Bay, Works of Creation.
The larvse in this Anal stage, in most of the genera, have
Increased many times In size since their exclusion frvm
the egg. Jtancin, Cirripedia, p. 14.
St. That which is emitted or thrown out ; ex-
cretion.
There may, I confess, from this narrow time of gesta-
tion ensue a minority or smalness in the exc^imon.
.Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 6.
Argument troxa exclusion, flee ar^<m«n/.— Exclu-
sion Bill, In Knff. Aur.a l>ill introduced into the House
of Conimiins. in 1679, for the purpose of debarring the
Duke of York (afterward James 11.) from succeeding to
the throne, on the ground of his being a Roman Catholic.
The bill passed the House of Commons, but was rejected
by the House of Ix>rds during 1680-81.
But Titus said, with his uncommon sense.
When the Kxclution Bill was in suspense,
" I hear a lion in the lobby roar ;
Say, Mr. .Speaker, shall we shut the door
And keep him there, or shall we let him in.
To try if we can turn him out again?"
Branislon, Art of Politics.
Exclusion of the pupil, synechia in which the iris ad-
heres to the capsule of the lens around the circumference
of the pupil, but the center of the pupil is left clear and
the visiongood. Alsoealledrireii/arorannuiar*(i//ircAui.
— Method of exclusions, (a) The method of reasoning
about natural pln-tioriM-tia advocated by Francis Bacon,
in which all p<M.sil>lee\planation8 but one are successively
excluded by crucial instances. <fr) A method in the theory
of numbers invented by Frenlcle de Bessy, and now for-
gotten.
exclusionary (eks-klo'zhou-a-ri), a. [< exclu-
sion + -iiry.] Tending to exclude or debar.
[Kiirc]
exclusioner (eks-klaV.hon-^-r), n. Same as ex-
rlu.'iioni.it. /■:. Phillins, 1706.
exclusionism (eks-klft'zhon-izm), »i. [< exclu-
.tioii + -ism.] Exclusive principles or practice,
exclusionist (eks-klo'zhon-ist), n. [< exclusion
+ -i.it.'\ One who would practise exclusion;
specifically, in Kng. hist., one of a party of poli-
exclusively
ticians in the time of Charles II. favorable to a
bill to exclude his popish heirs from the throne.
The exclusionists had a fair prospect of success, and
their plan being clearly the best, they were justified in
pursuing it. Fox, Hist. James II., i.
The gentlemen of every county, the traders of every
town, the boys of every public school, were divided into
exclusionists and abhorrers. Macaulay.
The exctusionii^t in religion does not see that he shuta
the door of heaven on himself, in striving to shut out oth-
ers. Emerson, Compensation.
exclusive (eks-klo'siv), a. and n. [= F. exclu-
sif = Sp. Pg. exclusivo = It. esclusivo; < L. ex-
cludere, pp. exclusus, shut out, exclude : see ex-
clude, excluse, and -ive.] I. a. 1. Causing or
intended for exclusion; having the effect of
excluding from admission or share ; not inclu-
sive or comprehensive : as, exclusive regula-
tions ; to make exclusive provision for one's self
or one's friends.
Obstacle find none
Of membrane, joint or limb, exclusive bars.
Milton, P. L., viii. 624.
2. Appertaining to the subject alone; not in-
cluding, admi:ting, or pertaining to any other
or others ; undivided ; sole : as, an exclusive
right or privilege; exclusive jurisdiction.
Exclusive devotion to any object, while it narrows the
mental range, anil contracts, if it does not paralyze, the
sympathies, usually diminishes the cause of temptation.
G. Ripley, in Frothingham, p. 210.
Land being, in early settled communities, the almost
exclusive source of wealth, it happens inevitably that dur-
ing times in which the principle that might is right re-
mains unqualified, personal power and ownership of soil
go together. H. Spencer, Pl-in. of Sociol., § 458.
3. Existing or considered to the exclusion of
something else ; not admitting or reckoning the
part or parts (one or both extremes of some
series) mentioned : usually followed by of, or
used absolutely, as if adverbial: as, you owe
me so much, exclusive of interest ; from 10 to 21
exclusive.
I know not whether he reckons the dross exclusive or
inclusive with his three hundred and sixty tons of copper.
Su-ift.
The truth ... is necessarily exclusive o.f its opposite;
and to propose a i)eace i»etween them is simply a disguised
mmie of proposing to truth suicide, and obtaining for false-
hood victory. Qladstone, .Might of Right, p. 95.
4. Prone to exclude ; tending to reject ; specifi-
cally, disposed to exclude other persons from,
or chary in admitting them to, society or fel-
lowship ; fastidious as to the social rank of as-
sociates : as, an exclusive clique.
I l)elieve such words as fa8hional)le, exclusive, aristo-
cratic and the like, to l>e wicked unchristian epithets that
ought to be banished from honest vocabularies.
Thackeray.
Cottage life (at the White Sulphur Spring] was never
the exclusive atfair that it is elsewhere ; the society waa
one body, and the hot^l was the centre.
r. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 210.
Exclusive Brethren. See 6ro(»«r.— Exclusive enun-
ciation or proposition, in logic, a proposition which
asserts something to be true of a certain class of things and
to be false of everything else. By some logicians exclu-
sives are regarded as simple propositions wttli quantified
predicates, but the more usual view is that they are com-
pound propositions. — Exclusive privilege, in Scots law,
in a limit*'d sense, the rights and frant-liises, of the nature
of monop«dies, formerly enjoyeii by the ditferent incorpo-
rated trades of a royal liurgh, in virtue of which the crafts-
men or meml)er8 of th<tse incorporations were entitled to
prevent "unfreemen," or tradesmen not members of the
corporation, from exercising the same trade within the
limits of the burgh.
H. n. 1. That which excludes or rejects.
This man is so cunning in his inclusiues and exclusiue*
that be dyscemeth nothing between copulatiues and dis-
ianctiue*. Sir T. More, Works, p. 943,
2. One belonging to a coterie of persons who
exclude others from their society or fellowship ;
one who limits his acquaintance to a select
few.
The exclusive In fashionable life does not see that he ex-
cludes himself from enjoyment, in the attempt to appro-
priate it. Einerson, Compensation.
exclusively (eks-klo'siv-li), adv. 1. With the
exclusion of all others ; without admission of
others to participation.
Tliere he must rest, sole judge of his affairs.
While they might rule exclusively in theirs.
Cralibe, Works, IV. 71.
The powers and privileges which the twelve were to
exercise exclusively are now to be exercised l>y others.
/). Webster, Speech, Marcli 10, 1818.
2. With the exclusion of the part or parts (one
or both extremes of some series, as in an ac-
count or number) mentioned ; not admitting or
reckoning these parts ; not inclusively.
The first part lasts from the date of citation to the join-
ing of issue, exclusively ; the second continues to a conclu-
sion iu the cause, inclusively. Ayliffe, Parergon.
exclusiveness
exclusiveness(eks-klo'siv-nes), M. The state or
quality o£ being exclusive, in any sense of that
word.
French ejuhtsiitmsi ami the hatred of compromise,
tlien, a the first reason why representative institutions
have' not flourisheii in France.
»'. K. Greg. Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 99.
exclusivism (eks-klo'siv-izm), n. [= Sp. cxclu-
sivismv; as eiclusk-e + -»shi.] The practice
of excluding or of being exclusive ; exclusive-
ness.
In Geneva and Lausanne I understooii that a more tlian
American exclusivi^n prevailed in families that held them-
selves to be peculiarly good, and believed themselves very
ol,l. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 678.
exclnsivist (eks-klo'siv-ist), »i. [< exclusive +
-ist.] One who favors exclusivism or exelu-
siveness in some particular direction.
Cannot these exclu»lvislt see . . . the unlovely, unfra-
ternal position into which their logic thrusts them ?
The Independent (New Vorlj), Jan. 6, 1870.
CXClusory (eks-klo'so-ri), a. [< LL. exclusorius,
< L. exclusus, pp. of excludere, shut out : see ex-
clude.l Exclusive ; excluding; able to exclude.
Bailey, 1731.
excoctt (eks-kokf ),v.t. [< L. excoctus, pp. of ex-
coqitere, boil out, < ex, out, + coquere, cook, boil :
see cooA-i.] To boil out ; extract by boiling.
Salt and sugar, which are excocted by heat, are dissolved
by cold and moisture. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 843.
excoctiont (eks-kok'shon), n. [< L. excoctio{n-),
a boiling or baking thoroughly, < excoctus, pp.
of excoquere, boil out: see exeoct.'] The act of
excocting or boiling out.
In tlie ezeoctions and depurations of metals it is a famil-
iar error, that to advance excoclion they augment the heat
of the furnace or the quantity of the injection.
Bacon, Learning, v. 2.
€XCOdicationt (eks-kod-i-ka'shon), n. [< LL.
excodicatio{n-), excaudicatio{n-), < excodicare,
excaiidicare, < L. ex, out, + codex, caudex, stem,
trunk.] Removal of the earth from the root of
a vine.
Atte Jaunerie ablaqueacion
The vynes axe (aslcl in places temporate ;
Italiens excodicacion
Hitt calle. „ „ , , , .
Palladms, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), I. 44.
excogitate (eks-koj'i-tat), V. t; pret. and pp.
excogitated, ppr. excogitating. [< L. excogitatus,
pp. of excogitare (> It. escogitare = Sp. Pg. ex-
cogitar = dF. cxcogiter), think out, contrive, de-
vise, < ex, out, + cogitare, think : see cogitate.]
To think out ; contrive ; devise.
They have also wittily excogitated and devised instru-
ments of divers fashions. „
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Rohmson), u. 7.
In his incomparable waires and busynes almost incredi-
ble, he [Csesar] dydde excogitate most excellent pollycies
and deuyses, to vanquish or subdewe his enneniyes.
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 23.
He must first think, and excogitate his matter, then
choose his words. B. Jonson, Discoveries.
Did at last excogitate
How he might keep the good and leave the bad.
Broiming, Ring and Book, I. 121.
excogitation (eks-koj-i-ta'shon), n. [= F.
excogitation = Pg. excogitagUo, < L. excogita-
tio(n-), < excogitare, think out: see excogitate.]
A thinking out; the act of devising in the
mind ; contrivance.
The labour of excogitation is too violent to last long.
Johnson, Rasselas, xliii.
ex commodo (eks kom'o-do). [L.] Leisurely.
excommunet (eks-ko-mun'), r. t. [< F. excom-
munier (OF., in vernacular form, cscomengier,
escomungier, etc.) = Pr. escomeniar, escomengar,
escumenjar, escumergar = Sp. excomulgar = Pg.
excommungar = It. escomunicare, scomunicare,
< LL. excommunicare, excommunicate: see ex-
communicate.'] To exclude from communion,
fellowship, or participation ; excommunicate.
Poets indeed were excommuned Plato's commonwealth.
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 21.
exconuuunicable (eks-ko-mii'ni-ka-bl), o. [<
excojfiimunic-ate + -able.] Liable or deserving
to be excommunicated; that may incur or give
occasion for excommunication.
Yea although they bee impious idolaters, wicked here-
tickes, persons excommunicable, yea, and cast out for no-
torious iniprobitie.
Bp. Hall, Apology, Advert, to the Reader.
What offences are excommunicable. Keble.
excommunicant (eks-ko-mu'ni-kant), w. [<
LL. excommunican(t-)s, ppr. of excommunicare,
2058 '
derivation < ex- + communicant.] One who has
been excommunicated. [Rare.]
InnumenAle swarms of excotmimnicants
Arians, Monophysites, Albigeiises, Hussites.
Cvntemiwrarg Rev.
Donatists,
LI. 416.
excrement
He caused all the infringers of it to be hon-ilily excom-
municated by all the bishops of England, in his owne pres-
enne, and of all his barons; and himselfe was one of the
exci»n)imnicalots. Prijnnc, Treachery and Disloyalty, i. 19.
excommunicatory (eks-ko-mu'ni-ka-to-ri), a.
[= OF. excommunicatoire ; < ML. excommunica-
torius, < LL. excommunicare, excommunicate:
see excommunicate, v.] Relating to or causing
exeommunieation.
excommuniont (eks-ko-mu'nyon), n. [= Pg.
excommuuhao, < ML. excommunio(n-), < L. ex,
out of, + co7nmunio{n-), communion. Cf. excom-
municate.] Excommunication.
Excommunion is the utmost of Ecclesiastical Judicature,
a spiritual putting to death.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.
excommunicate (eks-ko-mu'iii-kat), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. excommunicated, ppr. excommunii-dling.
[< LL. excommunicatus, pp. of excommunicure,
expel from communion, < L. ex, out, + commuiii-
carc, communicate : see communicate.] 1. Ec-
cles., to cut off by an ecclesiastical sentence,
either from the sacraments of the church or
from all fellowship and intercourse with its
members. See excommunication.
Christ hath excomtminicated no nation, no shire, no ,-, rr t «
house, no man; he gives none of his ministers leave to gj COHCeSSO (eks kon-ses o). [L. : ex, out or,
say to' any man, thou art not redeemed. , from: coucesso, B.h\. ot conccssum, Tieut. of con-
Dowu:, Sermons, .... ^^^^.^J ^^ concedere, concede : see concede.]
Elizabeth was excommunicated, and her subjects ab- , ^ j^ ^ conceded or granted: as,
^^J'^^]^'^^Z^&^^:S^^^'2^. anVument excon^sso (that is,^from what
„„ ,. jj- fti„ has been granted to that which IS to be proved).
Hence-2. To expel from ^^d^^eprive^of^the g^g^riabll (eks-ko'ri-a-bl), a. [< excori-ate +
„„ <>><,„« ,T, O.W Qoancifli Ti. .gj^g j Capable o£ being excoriated Or flayed ;
that may be rubbed or stripped off.
privileges of membership in any association.
I trow you must excommunicate .ne, or els you .nust goe
without their companie, or we shall wante no quai-eling.
Cuehman, quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation,
[p. 57.
3t. To prohibit on pain of excommunication.
Martin the 6 by his Bull not only prohibited, but . . .
was the first that excommunicated the reading of heretical
l,ooks. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 10.
excommunicate (eks-ko-mii'ni-kat), a. and n.
[< LL. excommunicatus, pp. : see the verb.] I.
a. Cut off from communion ; excommunicated.
Thou Shalt stand curs'd and excommunicate ;
And blessed shall he be that doth revolt
From his allegiance to an heretic.
Skak., K. John, iii. 1.
01)8ervable in such a natural net as the scaly covering
of fishes, of mullets, carps, tenches, &c., even in such as
are excoriable, and consist of smaller scales.
Sir T. Broume, Garden of Cyrus, ill.
excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), I', t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
coriated, ppr. excoriating. [< LL. excoriatus, pp.
of excoriare (> It. escoriare = Sp. Pg. excoriar =
F. excorier), strip off the skin, < L. ex, out, off, +
corium, the skin: see coriaceous.] 1. To flay;
strip off the skin of . Bailey, 1731. Hence — 2.
To abrade; gall; break and remove the outer
layers of (the skin) in any manner.
The heat of the Island Squauena Gregory used to call
infernal ; fo.-, says he, it excoriates the skin, melts hard
Indian wax in a cabinet, and sears your shoes like a red
hot iron. Boyle, Works, V. 694.
Offenders they put from their fellowship : and he which
is thus excommunicate may not receiue food offered of
any other, but, eating grasse and herbes, is consumed with . _, , ^ r ti
famine. P«rcAa», Pilgrimage, p. 145. exCOriatiOU (eks-ko-ri-a shon), «. [= J? . excon
II. n. One who is excommunicated ; one cut ation = Pr. excoriacio = Sp. excoriacion = Pg. ex
off from any privilege,
Poor Fernando, for her sake, must stand
An excommjmicate from every blessing.
Shirley, The Brothers, iii. 1.
Because thou hast neglected to abstain from the House
of that Excommunicate, in that House thou shalt die.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
I . . was accordingly considered an excommunicate.
and had so many little pieces of private malice practised
on me . . . that I found myself obliged to comply and
pay the money. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 79.
excommunication (eks-ko-mu-ni-ka'shon), n.
[= F. excommunication = Pr. escumeniazon = Sp .
excomulgacion, excomunicacion (obs.) = It. esco-
municazione, scomunicazione, < LL. excommuni-
catioln-), < excommunicare, pp. excommunicatus,
excommunicate: Bee excommunicate, v.] A cut-
ting off or casting out from communication;
deprivation of communion or the privileges of
intercourse ; specifically, the formal exclusion
of a person from religious communion and priv-
ileges. Excommunication, often with very severe con-
sequences, was practised in various ways among the an-
cient Greeks, Romans, and Jews, and is still m use among
the Mohammedans. In the early Christian cliurch it con-
sisted simply in the exclusion of an offending member
from fellowship by some formal action, and this is the
practice in most modern Protestant churches. As the
power of the church increased, excommunication became
more complicated in method and severe in effect. As
now practised in the Roman Catholic and related churches,
it may be either partial or total, temporary or perpetual.
By the partial, called the mitwr or lesser excommunica-
tion the offender is suspended from the use of the sacra-
ments, and perhaps from the privileges of church worship ;
by the total, or the major or greater excommunicatmn, he
is also cut off from the society and fellowship of the church,
and it may be from all intercourse with its members.
Further distinctions as to the sentence and its effects are
made in the Roman Catholic Church. See anathema, dis-
cipline.
Bring into the Church of England open discipline of e:r-
communication, that open sinners may be stricken withal.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1650.
The act of excommunication . . . neither shutteth out
from the mystical, nor clean from the visible, but only
from fellowship with the visible in holy duties.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii ■■
Excommunication seems but a light thing when there ting out
coriagdo = It. escoriazione, < L. 'excoriatio{n-),
< excoriare, strip off the skin: see excoriate.]
1. The act of flaying; the operation of strip-
ping off the skin. Bailey, 1731. Hence— 2.
The act or process of abrading or galling; es-
pecially, a breaking or removal of the outer
layers of the skin.
Full twenty years and more, our labouring stage
Has lost on this incorrigible age :
Our poets, the John Ketches of the nation.
Have seeni'd to lash ye, even to excoriation.
Dryden, Prol. to Albion and Albanius, 1. 4.
3. An abraded, galled, or broken surface of the
skin.
It healeth weeping eies that have run with water a lo.ig
time a.id the excoriations or frettings of the eye-lids.
Holland, U: of Pliny, xxiii. 3.
4+. The act of stripping of possessions ; spoli-
ation ; robbery.
It hath marvellously enhanced the revenues of the
crown though with a pitiful excoriation of the poorer
sort. "<"'•«"■
excorticate (eks-kor'ti-kat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
excorticated, ppr. excorticating. [< ML. excorti-
catus, pp. of excorticare, strip off the bark or
rind, < L. ex, off, + cortex (cortic-). bark : see
corfcl, corticate.] To strip off the bark or rind of.
Moss ... is to be rubbed and scraped off with some fit
instrument of wood, which may not excorticate the tree.
Ecelyn, Sylva, xxlx.
excortication (eks-kor-ti.ka'shon), «. [< excor-
ticate + -ion.] The act of stripping off bark.
E. Phillips, 1706.
excreablet (eks'kre-a-bl), a. [< L. excreabihs,
exscreaUlis, < excreare, exscreare, spit out : see
excreate.] Capable of being exereated or dis-
charged bv spitting. Coles, 1717.
excreatet (eks'kre-at), r. t. [< L. excreatus, ex-
screatus, pp. of excreare, exscreare, cough up,
spit out, < ex, out, + screare, cough, hawk, hem.]
To spit out ; discharge from the throat by hawk-
ing and spitting. Coclceram.
excreationt ( eks-kre-a' shon) ,n. The act of spit-
ISailey, 1731.
excommunicate: see exco?«»iMmca<e. The form excommunicator (eks-ko-niu ni-ka-tor), w.
prop, means 'one who excommunicates.' The [< ML. excommunicator, < LL. excommunicare,
sense given here, prop, that belonging to ex- excommunicate: see excommunicate, v.] One
communicate, n., seems to rest ou an assumed who exoonununieates.
communions. It was no light thing when it was excrcmentl (eks kre-ment), «. 1= U.excremenv
■ ■■ ■"'"' _ Q_ excremente, pi., = Dau. Sw. exkrementer,
pi., < F. excrement =zSyi. Pg. excrcmento = It. es-
cremento, < L. excrementum, what is sifted out,
refuse, usually of animal ejections, ordure, <
excernere, pp. excretus, sift out, separate : see
excern, excrete.] Anv matter eliminated as
useless from the living body; speciflcally, the
feces.
The earth's a thief,
That feeds and breeds by a composture stolen
From general excrement. Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
are many™ - „ .. . ^ ,
equivalent to outlawi-y ; when the person cxconimnnicated
might be seized and imprisoned at the will of the ordinary ;
when he was cut off from all holy offices ; when no one
might speak to him, trade with him, or show him the most
trivial courtesy ; and when his friends, if they dared to
assist him, were subject to the same penalties.
Froude, Hist. Eng., I. 1S5.
Excommunication by candle. See candle.
excrement
excrement* (eks'kre-ment), n. [With sense
due appar. to excrescence, < LL. excrementuni,
an elevation, prominence, ML. also an increase,
lit. that which has grown up, < L. excrescere,
grow out, grow up, rise: see excrescent. Cf. in-
crement.] Anything growing naturally on the
living bod)', as hair, nails, feathers, etc. ; an
outgrowth or natural excrescence. [Kare.]
Why is Time such a niggard of hair, being, as it is, so
pleutifiil an rzcreiitent^ Shak., C. of E., ii. 2.
I'pon tliis [head] grows the hair, which though it be es-
teemed an excrement, is of great use to clierish and keep
warm tlic brain. Ray, Worlra of Creation, ii.
excremental (eks-kre-men'tal), a. [= Sp. ex-
eremental = It. escre'mentale; as excrement^ +
-al.] Pertaining to or resembling excrement.
Wliether those little dusty particles, upon the lower side
of the leaves, l>e seeds and sen^iiial parts, vr rather, as it is
commonly conceived, excrementat separations, we liave not
been able to determine. Sir T. brotcne, Vulg. Err., ii. 7.
excrementaiy (eks-krf-men'ta-ri), a. [< ex-
crement + -ary^.'\ Excrementitious.
Wherever this man speaks, one gets a perception of Swe-
denborsrs Kxcrementary Hells.
Aew York Tribune, May 17, 1861
excrementitial (eks'kre-men-ti8h'al),a. Same
as excrementitious.
excrementitious^ (eks"kre-men-ti8h'iis), o. [=
Sp. Pg. excrcmenticio, < L. as if "excrementicius,
< excrementum, refuse, excrement: see excre-
ment^.'] Pertaining to excrement ; of the nature
of excrement.
ExcreineiUUioue animal juices, such as musk [and] civet.
Goldtmith, Taste.
Kain-water collected from the roofs of hoawa, and stored
in underground tanks, ... is often polluted to a danger-
ous extent by excretnentitiout matters, and is rarely of
Bufflciently good quality to be employed for dietetic pur-
pfises with safety. K. Franktand, Exper. in Chem., p. 553.
excrementitious* (eks'kre-men-tish'us), a.
[< excrement'^ + -itioua; &tter excrementitious^.']
Of the nature of a natural outgrowth or excre-
ment.
Hair is but an ezeretnetUitious Thing.
Hotreti, Letters, I. I. 31.
excrescence, excrescency (eks-kres'ens, -en-
si), n. ; pi. excrescences, excresceneies (-en-sez,
-siz). [= F. excrescence = Sp. excrecencia =
Pg. exerescencia = It. escrescenza (fem. sing.),
an excrescence, < L. exerescentia, morbid ex-
crescences on the body, neut. pi. of excres-
een(t-)s, growing out: see excrescent.] 1. An
abnormal superficial growth or appendage, as
a wart or tubercle; anything which grows
unnaturally, and without organic use, out of
something else, as nutgalls; hence, a super-
fluity; a disfiguring addition.
Providence . . . assigns to christians no more but " food
and raiment " for their own use : all other exeretceneiet of
possessions being Intrusted to the rich man's dispensation,
only as to a steward. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 228.
A man hath reason to doubt that his very best actions
ate sullied with some unhandsome aeertwetncy.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 183S), I. 799.
An extreteenee and not a living part of poetry. Dryden,
2t. Figuratively, an extravagant or excessive
outbreak: as, "excreseencesot joy," Jer. Taylor.
Cauliflower excrescence, in pathoi. See eaulijuncer.
excrescent (ek«-kres'ent), a. [< L. exeres-
ctn(t-)s, ppr. of excrescere, grow out, grow up,
rise up, in particular of morbid excrescences
on the body, < ex, out, -f crescere, grow : see
crescent.] Growing out of something else ; spe-
cifically, abnormally put forth or added; hence,
superfluous and incongruous: as, a wart is an
excrescent growth on the hand ; excrescent knots
on a tree; excrescent ornaments on a dress or
on a building.
Expunge the whole, or lop th' ejcereseent parts.
Pope, Essay on }fan, IL 49.
excrescential (eks-kre-sen'shal), a. [< excres-
cence (L. ixrriHcrntia) + -al."] Pertaining to
or resembliiit; an excrescence; of the nature
of an excrescence.
excreta (eks-kie'tA), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of ex-
cretus, pp. of exeemere, separate : see excem,
excrete.] Any matter eliminated as useless
from the living body ; specifically, such sub-
stances as have really entered into the tissues
of the t)ody and are the product of its me-
tabolism, as urino or sweat. In this restricted
sense the word would not include the feces.
excretal (eks-kre'tal or eks'kre-tal), a. [< ex-
creta + -al.] Pertaining to or of the nature
of excreta ; excremental ; excrementitious.
The surface waters of towiu are certainly not clean, but
where the streets are efHclently scavenged they are free
from taint of human exeretat refuse, and fit for admission
into the rivers. Sei. Amer. Supp., p. 8836.
2059
excrete (eks-kref), r. t. ; pret. and pp. excreted,
ppr. excreting. [< L. excretus, pp. of excernere,
Slit out, separate: 8©e excem and excrement^.
Cf. concrete, secrete.] To throw out or elimi-
nate ; specifically, to eliminate from an organic
body by a process of secretion and discharge.
Certain plants excrete sweet juice, apparently for the
sake of eliminating something injurious from their sap.
Daru'in, Origin of .Species, p. 95.
excrete (eks'kret), n. [= Sp. Pg. excrcto, < L.
excretum, neut. of excretus, pp. of excernere, sep-
arate: see excrete, r.] That which has been
excreted ; an excretion.
The fluid they excrete is the grand outlet for the nitroge-
nous exrretes of tbe animal body.
B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. '211.
excretion (eks-kre'shon), «. [= F. excretion =
Sp. excrecion = Pg. excregSo = It. escrezione, <
L. as if *excreHo{n-), < excernere, pp. excretus,
separate : see excern, excrete.] 1 . The act of
excreting.
In the case of the glands on the stipules of Vicia sativa,
the excretion [of a sweet liuidj manifestly depends on
changes in the sap, consequent on the sun shining brightly.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 403.
2. The substance excreted, as sweat or urine,
or certain juices in plants.
Nor do they [toads] contain those urinary parts which
are found in other animals, to avoid that serous excretion.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 13.
=SyiI. Excretion, Secretion. Secretion is the more general
word, and includes excretion. The latter is restricted to
the elimination of useless or harmful substances from the
body. Thus, the secretion of saliva or of milk would not
be called excretion ; but the latter term would be applied
to the secretion of the urine. IJotli terms are applied to
the pro<lucts as well as to the functions.
excretive (eks-kre'tiv or eks'kre-tiv), a. [< ex-
crete + -ive.] Having the power to excrete.
A diminution of the l>ody happens by the excretive fac-
ulty, exceniing and evacuating more than necessary.
Harvey, Consumptions.
excretory (eks'kre-to-ri or eks-kre'to-ri), a. and
n. [= F. excr^toire = Sp. Pg. excristorio = It.
escretorio, < ML. excretorius, < L. excretus, pp.
of excernere, separate : see excern, excrete.] I.
a. 1. Pertaining to excretion. — 2. Conducting
off ; serving for excretion : as, excretory ducts.
These glandules are respectively funiished with an ar-
tery, a vein, a nerve, and usually also an excretory vessel
suitable to its size and uses. Boyte, Works, Vl. 733.
The fact, however, of its being prolonged to the anus,
which is in a different position in tbe larva and mature
state, shows that the stomach serves, at least, as an excre-
tory channel. Darwin, Cirrlpedia, p. 20.
n. n. An excretory organ.
Excretoriea of the body are nothing but slender slips of
the arteries, deriving an appropriated juice from the blood.
Cheyne.
excmciable (eks-kr6'shi-a-bl), a. [< L. excru-
ciabilis, worthy of or deserving torture, tortur-
ing, < ercruoiare, torture: see ea;crttc»a<e.] Lia-
ble to torment ; worthy to be tormented. Bai-
ley, 1727.
ezcmciamentt, *>. [^ L. as if 'excrueiamentum,
torture, < excruciare, torture: see excruciate.]
Excruciation.
To this wild of sorrowes and exerueiament she was con-
fined. Sathe, Lenten Stulle (Harl. Misc., VI. 177).
excruciate (eks-krO'shi-at), f. i. ; pret. and pp.
excruciated, ppr. excruciating. [< L. excrucia-
tus, pp. ot excruciare (> OF. excrucier), torture
greatly, < ex, out, -♦- cruciare, torture (on the
cross), < crux {cruc-), cross: see cruciate^, cruci-
fy, cross^.] To torture ; torment ; inflict very
severe pain upon, as if by crucifying: as, to
excruciate the feelings.
Whilst they feel hell, being damned In their hate.
Their thoughts, like devils, them excruciate.
Drayton, Worldly Crosses.
excruciating (eks-krO'shi-a-ting), p. a. 1. Ex-
tremely painful ; torturing ; tormenting.
Leave them, as long as they keep their hardness and im-
penitent hearts, to those gnawing and exeruciatino fears.
Benttey.
He had long lieen troubled with a cancer In his cheek,
by which excruciating disease he died.
QoldtmUh, Holingbroke.
The North American Indians . . . are trained from their
infancy to the total suppression of their emotions of every
kind, and endure the most exeruciatin/j torments at the
stake without signsof suffering. Everett, Orations, 1. 310.
2. Extremely precise or elaborate ; extreme :
as, excruciating politeness. [Colloq., U. 8.]
excruciatingly (eks-kra'shi-a-ting-li), adv. 1.
In an excruciating manner. — 2. Extremely:
as, rxrrucialingly polite. [Colloq., U. S.]
excruciation (eks-kro-shi-a'shon), n. [= OF.
excruciation, < LL. excruciatio(n-), < L. excru-
ciare, torture : see excruciate.] The act of ex-
cruciating or inflicting extreme pain, or the
state of being excruciated; torture.
Excubitorium,
CaUiedral, EnglaDd.
Watching-loft, St. Albans
nglai '
excurrent
The frettings, the thwartings, and the excruciations of
life. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 57.
excubationt (eks-ku-ba'shon), n. [< LL. ex-
cubati()(n-), a watcliing, keeping watch, < ex-
cubarc, lie or sleep out of door?, iisually lie out
on guard, keep watch, < ex, out, + cubare, lie.]
The act of watching all night.
excubitorium (eks-ku-bi-to'ri-um), n. ; pi. ex-
cubitoria (-a). [LL., a post where guards
were stationed,
< excubare, pp.
excubitus, keep
watch : see ex-
eubatioH.] In
arch., a gallei^
in a church
where public
watch was for-
merly kept at
night on the
eve of some
festival, and
from which the
great shrines
were observed.
The watching-loft
of St. Albans, in
England, is alieau-
tiful structure of
W(K)d ; the excubi-
torium at Lichfield
is a gallery over
the door of the
sacristy.
excudet (eks-
kud'), V. t. [<
L. excudere, strike, beat, or hammer out, mold,
form, make, < ex, out, + cudere, strike.] To beat
out on an anvil ; forge ; coin. Bailey, 1727.
excudit (eks-ku'dit). [L., 3d pers. sing. perf.
ind. of excudere, strike, beat, or hammer out :
see excude.] Literally, he engraved (it): a
word appended to the foot of an engraving,
preceded by the name of the artist : as, Bar-
tolozzi excudit.
exculpable (eks-kul'pa-bl), a. [< exculp-ate +
-able!] Capable or worthy of exculpation. Sir
(i. Buck.
exculpate (eks-kul'pat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
culpated, ppr. exculpating. [< ML. "excmpatus,
pp. of 'exculpare (cf. ML. exculpatio(n-)), < L.
ex, out, -I- culpare, blame, < culpa, fault, blame :
aee culprit. Ct. inculpate.] 1 . To clear from a
charge or imputation of fault or guilt ; vindi-
cate from an accusation of wrong-doing.
He exculpated himself from l)eing the author of the he-
roic epistle. H'. Mason, To Dr. Shebbeare, note.
2. Serve to relieve of or free from blame ; serve
as an excuse for. =8yn. To exonerate, acquit, absolve,
pardon, justify.
exculpation (ekg-kiU-pa'shon), n. [< ML. ex-
cidpatio(n-), < 'exculpare, pp. *exculpatus, clear
from blame : see exculpate.] The act of excul-
pating or of exonerating from a charge of fault
or crime ; vindication.
In Scotland, the law allows of an exculpation, by which
the prisoner is sulTered liefore his trial to prove the thing
to lie impossible. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1684.
Letters of exctllpatlon, in Scots law, a warrant granted
at the suit of the accuse*! citing witnesses in his defense.
exculpatory (eks-kul'pa-to-ri). a. [< exculpate
+ -ory.] Fitted or intended to clear from a
charge of fault or guilt; exonerating; excus-
ing: as, exculpatory evidence.
He [Pope] wrote an exculpatory letter to the Duke [of
Chandos], which was answered with great magnanimity.
Johnson, Pope.
excurt (eks-kfer'), v. i. [< L. cxeurrere, run out.
run forth, project, make an excursion or irrup-
tion, < ex, out, + currere, run : see current^.]
To go beyond proper limits ; run to an extreme.
His disease was an asthma, oft exeurring to an orthop-
noeia. Harvey, Consumptions.
ex curia (eks ku'ri-S). [L. : ex, out of ; curia,
abl. of curia, court : see curia.] Out of court.
excurrent (eks-kur'ent), a. [< L. cxcurren(t-)s,
ppr. of excurrere, run out, project: see excur.]
1. Running out.
The insoluble resldueof the introduced food [in sponges),
together with the fluid excreta, Is-carried out through the
oscule by the excurrent water. Encye. Brit., XXII. 413.
2. Inhot: (o) Projecting or running bey ond the
edge or point of anything, as when the midrib
of a leaf projects beyond the apex. (6) Pro-
longed to the very summit: applied to the
trunk of a tree which is undivided to the top,
as in the spruce, in distinction fi-om a deliques-
cent growth. — 3. Giving passage outward : af-
fording exit: as, an excurrent orifice.
ezcurrent
2060
excuse
point to point; wandering off fi-om a subject;
deviating ; desultory ; erratic : as, an excursive
fancy or imagination.
He [William IV.] made another speech in French, in the
course of which he travelled over every variety of topic
that susECSted itself to his excursive mind.
Greville, Memoirs, Sept. 17, 1831.
In higher forms of sponges . . . the chambers cease
to open abruptly into the excurrent canals: each is pro-
longed into a narrow canal, aphcKlus or abitus, wliicli usu-
ally directly, sometimes after uniting with one or more
of its fellows, opens into an excurrent canal.
' i'.Kj/c.Brif., XXII. 414.
excurse (eks-k6rs'), *■•; pret. and pp. exeursed,
ppr. excursing. [< L. excurxits, pp. of excurrere,
run out. run forth, etc. : see excur.] l.iHtrans. . , , ,,,.,., , t
T^ake adigression or an excursion. [Kare.] excursively (eks-k6r'siv-li), adv. In an excur-
Buthowleicur*.' Yet thou usedst to say thou likedst sive manner. , ^. ^ . ^ ■ , . „ .,
mv escursions. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, iii. 71. The flesh of animals which feed excurnvely is aUowed
' , ,, J o I.- • • to have a hicher flavour than that of those who are cooped
When the Franklins and Sabines were exeurting m lo nave anibnei ua Bomvll Johnson.
Ireland, they went through some difficult pass. "i"- ■,,■■. m, ,
Carolitie Fox, Journal, p. 31. eXCUrsiveneSS (eks-k6r Siv-nes), n. The qual-
n. trans. To pass or journey through. Hal- ity of being excursive ; a disposition to ramble
lam. [Rare.]
excursion (eks-k^r'shon), n. [= F. excursion
= Sp. excursion = Pg. exeurs&o = It. escursione,
< L. excursio{n-), a running out, an inroad, in-
vasion, a setting out, beginning of a speech, ,,,..,.. , rivrr i
< excurrere, pp. excursus, run out: see excur.} Excursores (eks-ker-so rez), n.i*«. [NL , pi
1 . The act of running out or forth ; hence, de- L. excursm; a runner, skirmisher, scout, < exeur
viation from a fixed or usual course ; a passing
or advancing beyond fixed or usual limits.
The causes of those great excurgions of the seasons into
the extremes of cold and heat are very obscure.
Arbulhnut, Elfects of Air.
But in low numbers short excursions tries.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 738.
wandering. Johnson. Hence— 2. Veering from excusationt (eks-kii-za'shon), ji
. . , " , ^ j._: at i,;„„f. gacioti,<OV. excusation,i\excusatioH = Pi. ex-
[< ME. excu-
or deviate.
Remember that your excursiveness (allow nie the word ;
I had a rasher in my head) upon old maids and your lord
can only please youreelf.
Richardson, Sir Charles Graudison, V. 313.
of
rere, pp. excursus, run out : see excur.] In Mac
gillivray's system of classification, an order of
cuzatio = Sp. excusacion = Pg. escusa^ao = It.
scusasione, < L. excusatio{u-), excussatio{n-), <
excusare, excussare, excuse : see excuse, «.] Ex-
cuse; apology.
For oure mys-meuyng mon we make ;
Helpe may none excusacioune.
York Plays, p. 501.
Ye shall not withstond nor disobaey the sonnies of the
JIaster and Wardens for the tyme beyng, but there-to be
obedyent at al tyniys, with owt resonabell excusacion.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 317.
Prefaces, and passages, and exeusations, and other
speeches of reference to the person, are great wastes of
time. Bacon, Dispatch (ed. 1887).
excusatort (eks'ku-za-tor), n. [= Sp. excusa-
dor = Pg. escusador ='lt. scusatore, < LL. ex-
cusator, excussator, < L. excusare, excussare, ex-
cuse : see excuse, i-.] One who makes or is au-
thorized to make an excuse or apology.
This brought on the sending an exciisalor in the name
of the king and kingdom, to show that the king was not
bound to appeal" upon the citation.
Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation.
birds, the snatchers, comprising sundry birds excusatory (eks-kii'za-to-ri), a. [= OP. excusa-
which secure their prey as do the shrikes and toire,<Mli.excusatorius,'<lj. excusare, excussare,
flycatchers, which sally forth to snatch it and excuse: see excuse, i.] Making excuse; con
return to their post after such an excursion.
[Not in use.]
2. Digression J deviation; a wandering from a excursus (eks-ker'sus), ».; pi. «xc«rsMS or excwr
subject or mam design ; an excursus
No excursions upon words, good doctor ; to the question
briefly. B. Jonson, Epiccene, v. 1.
This excursion vpon this occasion, wherein I haue found
diners Interpreters mute, will (I hope) find pardon with
the Reader, who happily hiniselfe may flnde some better
resolution. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 134.
I am not in a scribbling mood, and shall therefore make
no excursimis. Coicper.
3. A journey; specifically, a short journey,
jaunt, or trip to some point for a special pur-
pose, with the intention of speedy return: as,
a pleasure excursion; a scientific excursion.
Making an excursion to S. Tliecla from Sidonaia, we dined
at Touaney, in a house appointed for the entertainment of
strangers. Poeoeke, Description of the East, II. i. 132.
4. A company traveling together for a special
suses (-sus, -ez). [< L. excursus, a sally, inroad,
excursion, digression, < excurrere, run out: see
excur.'] 1. A digression; an excursion.
Catechising concerning articles of export and import,
with an occasional excursus of more indirect utility.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, I. 211.
Returning, now, from the excursus upon the topic of
command of language, let us pass to consider a fourth
cause of the formation of a loose style.
A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 107.
2. A dissertation inserted in a work, as an
edition of a classic, to elucidate some obscure
or important point of the text.
The principal point to be noticed in the excursuses is
that a suggestion is made which carries the theory of a
Judeo-Christian origin of the Teaching further than it has
yet been pushed. Amer. Jour. PhiloL, VI. 103.
purpose ; a joint expedition, especially a holi- excurvate, excurvated (eks-ker'vat, -va-ted),
day expedition. a. [< L. ex, out, + CMraafws, curved, bent: see
An excursion numbering several hundreds, gathered curvate.'] Everted; excurved.
along the river towns by the benevolent enterprise of oxCUTVature (eks-ker'va-tur), n. [< excurvate
-1- -ure, after curvature.] In entom.: (a) 'Ihe
state of being excurved. (6) A part of a mar-
railway officials, came up to the mountain one day.
C. D. Warmr, Their Pilgrimage, p. 65.
5. Inp7<y«j<»,amovementofamovingorvibrat- gj^rk, etc., curved outwardly^ or away from
ing body from a mean position: as, the excur- f. ' . ' f A ^^ orean
siSn, of a planet from the ecliptic, of a satellite ^J^ "v^d (ete-W-rvdM a f < L ex, out, -I- E.
tTj^^^^'-^ttF::^:^ °* "' ''"'^''■^' "" ° ^'S in ill cLed ^LtXt' away
the prong of a tuning-f rk,
That sleepy-looking kind of escapement in which the
second-hand moves very slowly and the excursion of the
pendulum beyond the impulse is very little.
Sir E. Beckett, Clocks and Watches, p. 89.
6. In mack., the range of stroke of any moving
part; the travel: as, the excursion of a piston-
rod. — 7t. A projecting addition to a building.
Davies.
Sure I am that small excursion out of gentlemen's halls
in Dorcetshire (respect it East or West) is commonly call-
ed an orial. Fuller, Ch. Hist., VI. 285.
CSlrcle of excursion, a circle in the heavens parallel to
the ecliptic and so drawn that it is not traversed by any
or by some one of the planets. = Syn. Trip, Travel, etc.
See journey, n,
excursion (eks-k6r'shon), v. t. [< excursion, n.]
To make an excursion. [Rare.]
Yesterday I excursioned twenty miles : to-day I write
a few letters. Lamh, To Wordsworth.
ezcursional (eks-k6r'shon-al), a. [< excursion
+ -al.'i Of or pertaining to or of the nature of
an excursion.
Pray let me divide the little excursional excesses of the
journey among the gentlemen.
Dickens, To Mrs. Cowden Clarke, Letters (1848), III. 98.
excursioner (eks-kfer'shon-fer), n. An excur-
sionist. [Rare.]
The royal excursioners did not return till between six
and seven o'clock. Mme. D'ArUay, Diary, III. 111.
excursionist (eks-ker'shon-ist), n. [< excursion
+ -dsfi One who makes an excursion ; specifi-
cally, a member of a company making a jour-
ney for pleasure.
An excursion is always resented by the regular occu-
pants of a summer resort, who look down upon the excur-
sionists, while they condescend to lie amused by them.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 64.
excursionize (eks-kfer'shon-iz), V. i. ; pret. and
pp. excursionized, ppr. excnrsionizing. [< excur-
sion + 4ze.'] To make an excursion; take part
in an excursion. Imp. Diet.
excursive (eks-k^r'siv), a. [< excurse + -!t>e.]
1. Given to making excursions; rambling;
an excurved margin; an excurved mark — Ex-
curved antennse, in entom., antenna: constantly curved
out\var(i or away from each other.
excusable (eks-kii'za-bl), a. [< ME. excusable,
< OF. excusable, F. excusable = Pr. Sp. excusable
= Pg. escusavel = It. scusabile, < L. excusabilis,
excussabilis, < excusare, excussare, excuse : see
excuse.'] 1. Deserving to be excused ; pardona-
ble : as, the man is excusable.
Nay, nay, Octavia, not only that —
That were excusable, that, and thousands more
Of semblable import — but he hath wag'd
New wars 'gainst Pompey. Shak., A. and C, iii. 4.
A little timidity is excusable in a statesman placed in a
prominent station. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 194.
2. Admitting of excuse or palliation : as, an ex-
cusable delay.
Before the Gospel Impenitency was much more excusa-
ble, because men were ignorant. Tillolson.
Excusable homicide. See Ao>ntct'de2.=Syn. Pardona-
ble, etc. See venial. Excusable, Justifiahle. An action
injurious to another is excusable when not entirely free
from blame yet not ill-intentioned or culpably negligent ;
justifiable, when so tar provoked or necessitated as to be
entirely free from blame.
These sort of speeches, issuing from just and honest in-
dignation, are sometimes cxcKsaWe, sometimes commenda-
ble. Barrow, Works, I. xvi.
Clivewas more than Omichund's match in Omichund's
own arts. The man, he said, was a villain. Any artifice
which would defeat such knavery was justifiable.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
excusableness (eks-kii'za-bl-nes), n. The state
of being excusable; pard'onableness ; the qual-
ity of admitting of excuse.
excusably (eks-kii'za-bli), adv. In an excusa-
ble manner; so as to be pardoned; without
blame.
Why may not I excusably ngree with St. Chrysostom ?
Rarrow, The Pope's Supremacy, p. 16.
If even then we refuse it [restitution], unless the cause
be that we excusably mistake the nature of the case, we
preserve no ground for hope. Seeker, Works, I. xii.
taining excuse or apology ; apologetical : as, an
excusatory plea.
Yet upon further advice, having sent an exctisatory let-
ter to the king, they withdrew themselves into divers parts
beyond the seas. Lives of English Worthies.
He made excusatory answers.
Wood, Ann. Univ. Oxford, 1557.
excuse (eks-lmz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. excused,
ppr. excusing. [< ME. excusen, escusen, < OF.
eicuser, escuser, F. excuser = Sp. excusar = Pg.
escusar = It. scusare, < L. excusare, excussare,
excuse, allege in excuse, lit. free from a charge,
< ex, out, + causa, caussa, a charge : see cause.
Cf. accuse.] 1. To offer an excuse or apology
for : often reflexively.
Sche of that sclaunder excused hire al-gate,
& seide the child was in the see sunken ful gore.
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4045.
Think ye that we excuse ourselves unto you ?
2 Cor. xii. 19.
He excused his conduct to others, and perhaps to him-
self, by pleading that, as a commissioner, he might be able
to prevent much evil. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
2. To furnish or serve as an excuse or apology
for; serve as justification for; justify.
Icnorance of the Law excuses no man.
Seidell, Talile-Talk, p. 65.
He alleges the uprightness of his intentions to excuse
his possible failings. Milton, Eikonoklastes, vi.
The sinne or ignoraunce of the priestes shall not excuse
the people. Spenser, State of Ireland.
3. To pardon, as a fault; forgive entirely, or
overlook as venial or not blameworthy.
I must excuse
What cannot be amended. Shak., Cor., iv. 7.
4. To free or release from an obligation or
duty ; release by favor.
In the evening he sent me out of the Palace, desiring to
be excused, that he could not entertain me all night.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 99.
I pray thee have me excused. Luke xiv. 19.
5. To remit; refrain from exacting: as, to ex-
cuse a fine.— 6. To regard, permit, or receive
with indulgence.
Excuse some courtly strains.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 215.
It ever despondency and asperity could be excused in
any man, they might have been excused in Milton.
Macaulay, Milton.
7. To shield from blame.
When he was at school he was whipped thrice a week
for faults he took upon him to excuse others.
Steele, Spectator, No. 82.
= S5m 2 To extenuate.— 4. To exempt, release, let off.
excuse (eks-kus'), ». [< F. excuse = Sp. excusa
= Pg. cscttsa = It. scusa, an excuse ; from the
verb.] 1 . The act of excusing or apologizing,
exculpating or justifying.
Heaven put it in thy mind to take it hence,
That thou might'st win the more thy father's love,
Pleading so wisely in excuse of it.
SAa*.,2Hen. IV.. iv. 4.
2. A plea offered or reason jriven in extenua-
tion of a fault or a failure in duty ; an apology :
as, the debtor makes excuses for delay of pay-
ment.
Noo man then be absent wt-oute a resonable and sufti-
ciauntCTCMSC, vppou payne of euery Broder abscnte a 11. of
wax, to be paied to the Glide. „ „ „ „<
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 188.
They ever returning, and the planters so farre absent,
who could contradict their CTciwes .''
Capt. John Smith, True Travels. 1. 146.
excuse
I reject, at once, all such defence, excuse, or apology, or
whatever else it may be called.
D. Webster, Speech, Jan. 24, 1832.
3. That which serves as a reason or ground for
excusing; an extenuating or justifying fact or
argument, or what is adduced as such by way
of apology or to secure pardon.
My nephew's trespass may be well forgot.
It hath the excuse of youth.
.SAo*., 1 Hen. IV., v. 2.
There is no excuse to forget what everything prompts
unto us. SirT. Browne, Christ. Mor., lii. 10.
2061
executer
Howell, Letters, I.
Whence and what art thou, execrable shape ?
Milton, P. L., ii. 681.
But is an enemy so execrable that, though in captivity,
his wishes and comforts are to be disregarded and even
crossed? I think not ./e/erMn, Correspondence, 1. 169.
2. Very bad; intolerable: as, an execroft/e pun.
[CoUoq.] — 3t. Piteous; lamentable; cruel.
The execrable passion of Christ.
K. am. Pathway to Pity (1629), p. 49.
If eyes were made for seeing.
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.
Enterson, The Ehodora. ezecrablenesS (ek'se-kra-bl-nes), «.
= S3ni. Flapitious, Villainous, etc. (see ^ie/arious\ cursed
accursed, detestable; odious.
= SjTL Ajtoh^ti. Ezcwte, Plea. See apoloffy,
ezcuseless (eks-kus'les), o. [< excuse, n., +
-less.^ 1. Having no excuse.
You are liliely to come so excuseless to your tormenta,
so unpltied and so scorned, so witliout all honour in your
sufferings. Hammond, Works, IV. 624.
2. Inexcusable.
excnsementt (eks-kiiz'ment), n. [< ME. ex-
eusement, < OF. exeusement = Pr. escusamen t =
It. Bcusamento, < LL. excusamentum, an excuse,
< L. excusare, excussare, excuse: see excuse, r.]
An excuse.
But there ayene the counsaile saide
That tliei be nought excused so.
For he is one and thei be two ;
And two hare more witt« than one.
So thilke exeusement was none.
Goicer, Conf. Amant., i.
exciiser (eks-kii'z6r), n. 1. One who offers ex-
cuses or pleads for himself or for another.
In vain would his exaisers endeavour to palliate his
enormities by imputing them to madness. Suii/l.
2. One who excuses or accepts the excuse or
apology of another.
excnsiont, «. Execution. Chaucer.
excUSS (tks-kus'), ''. '. [< L. excussus, pp. of
eicutere, shake out or off, < ex, out, + quatere,
shake : see quash. Cf. concuss, disc^iss, percuss.]
It. To shake off or out ; get rid of.
They could not totally excuss tlie notions of a Deity out
of their minds. StiUiivtjIeet, Orlgines Sacne, L 1.
2t. To discuss; unfold; decipher.
To take some pains in excucnn^ some old documents.
F. Junius.
3. To seize and detain by law, as goods.
The person of a man ought not, by the civil law, to b«
token for a debt, unleaa his goods and estate have been
flrat exxuued. Aytife, Parergon.
excpariont (eks-kush'on), n. [= 8p. exeusion =
Pg. exeussSo = It. escussione, < LL. excussio(n-),
Bt shaking down, < L. excutere, pp. excussus,
shake out: see excuse.] 1. The act of excuss-
ing, discussing, unfolding, or deciphering; dis-
cussion.
The state
In an execrable
Aphorismea . . . cannot be made but oat of the pytb
and heart of science* : for illustration and exeustion are
cut off ; variety of example is cut off.
Bacon, On Learning, vl. 2.
2. A seizing by law; in civil law, the act of ex-
hausting legal proceedings against a debtor execrationst (ek-se-kra'shus), a. [< execrati-on
or bis property, before proceeding against the + -ous.] Imprecatory; cursing; ezecrative.
Property of a person secondarily liable for the A whole volley of such like execratums wishes
ebt ; discussion. Kiehardson, Clarissa Uarlowe, VIII. 99.
excussoryt (eks-kus'o-ri), a. [< L. excussorius, execrative (ek'se-kra-tiv), a. [< execrate +
sfr\inK to shake out, < excutere, pp. excussus,
shake out or off: see exeuss.] SbaVing off or
out. Bailey, 1727.
excntientt (eks-ku'shi-ent), a. [< L. exeu-
tien(t-)s, ppr. of fxcwtere," shake out or off: see
excuss.'] Shaking off. Bailey, 1727.
ex diV. An abbreviation of ex divuilendo (with-
out the dividend), used on the stock exchange,
and implying that the stock, bond, or other se-
curity 18 bought and sold without the dividend
due or accruing. Also written ex d. and xd.
exe^, n. An obsolete or dialectal form of axi.
exe^, ». An obsolete or dialectal form of ox2.
exeat (eks'e-at). n. [L., let him depart, 3d pers.
sing. pres. subj. of exire, go out, depart: see
exit.l 1. Leave of absence granted to a stu-
dent in the English universities.
Exeats, or permission to go down during term, were
never granted but in case* of life and death, and an un-
usual number of chapels were exacted. [Cambridge.)
C. A. Bristtd, EnglhOi Uoiretiity, p. 181, note.
2. Permission granted by a bishop to a priest
to leave his diocese. See tic exeat.
exec. An abbreviation of executor.
execrable fek'se^kra-bl), o. [= F. exicrahle = exectibnt, n. See exse'ction.
Sp. execrable = Pg. execravel = It. esecrabilc, <
L. execrahilis, exsecrabilis, < execrare, exsecrare,
curse: see execrate.'] 1. Deserving to be ex-
ecrated or cursed; very hateful; abhorred;
abominable : as, an execrable wretch.
s«l7uing Udf jarcrtorio^sTartgl ""'"'"■ '° «?^^,«^*?"* (eg-zek'u-tant), n. [< F. executant,
■ - PPi- ot executer, execute: see execute.] One
who executes or performs; specifically, in mu-
sic, a performer, whether vocal or instrumental.
Great executants on the organ. De Quincey.
Rosamond, with the executant's instinct, liad seized his
manner of playing. George Eliot, Middlemarch, xvi.
The executant . . . may be congratulated upon his re-
turn to the concert-room. Athenaeum, Jan. 14, 1888, p. 59.
execute (ek'se-kut), )'.; pret. and pp. executed,
ppr. executing. [< ME. executen (= D. execute-
ren), < OF. executer, F. executer = Sp. ejecutar
= Pg. executor = It. esecutare, execute, < L.
executus, exsecutus, pp. of exequi, exsequi, pur-
sue, follow out, < ex, out, + sequi, follow : see
sue, sequent. Ct persecute, prosecute.] I. trans.
1. To follow out or through to the end; per-
form completely, as sometJiing projected, pre-
scribed, or ordered ; carry into complete effect ;
accomplish: as, to execute a purpose, plan, de-
sign, or scheme.
They were as ferfent as ony lyre
To execute her lordys byddyng.
Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 138.
Spirits ... in what shape they choose,
Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure.
Can execute their aery purposes.
Milton, P. L., i. 430
2. To perform or do : as, to execute a difiScult
gymnastic feat; to execute a piece of music.
If the acceleration which tends to restore a body to its
median position liear a fixed proportion to tlie displace-
ment, the body will execute a snnple liarnionic motion
whose period is independent of the amplitude of oscilla-
tion. A. DaiTiell, Prin. of Physics, p. 77.
3. In law : (a) To complete and give validity
to, as a legal instrument, by performing what-
ever is required by law to be done, as by sign-
ing and sealing, attestation, authentication,
etc.: as, to execute a deed or lease. An instrument
is said to be executed when it is so nutlienticated as to be
complete as an instrument, althongli tlie contract or de-
claration of purjiose embodied in the instnmient may still
remain executory. See executory contract, under contrncf.
(6) To perform or carry out fully, as the con-
ditions of a deed, contract, etc. a contract con-
taining reciprocal obligations may in this sense be executed
on one side wldle remaining executory on the other, as,
for instance, when the purchaser pays tlie price in full
before he receives a conveyance.
4. To give effect to ; put in force ; enforce :
as, to execute law or justice ; to execute a writ ;
to execute judgment or vengeance.
This King IWilliam I.] ordained so good Ijiws, and had
them so well executed, that it is said a Girl might carry «
bag of Money all the Country over without Danger of rab
hing. Baker, Chronicles, p. 28.
But, for the use of arms he did not understand.
Except some rock or tree, that, coming next to hand,
Ue ras'd out of the earth to execute his rage.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 477.
He who molds public sentiment goes deeper than he
who enacts statutes or pronounces decisions. He makes
statutes and decisions possible or impossible to be executed.
Lincoln, quoted in The Century, XXXIV. 390.
6. To perform judgment or sentence on ; spe-
cifically, to inflict capital punishment on; put
to death in accordance with law or the sen-
tence of a court: as, to execute a traitor.
The duke hath lost never a man, but one that is like to
lie executed for robbing a church. Shak., Hen. V., ill. 6.
Hence — 6. To put to death ; kill ; do to death.
The treacherous Falstolfe wounds my heart !
Whom with my bare flsta I would execute.
Shak., 1 Hen. VL, i. 4.
Executed consideration, contract, estate, etc. .See
the nouns. — Executed trust, one ni.inllested by an in-
strument which defines its terms, as distinguished from an
executory/ trttst, or one sonianifested as to require a further
instriunent to declare some of its terms. See executory.—
Executed use, a use to which tlic legal title has been
united, citlKT by conveyance or by force of the statute of
uses. Sec H«(T. =Syn. 1. Accomplish, Effect, etc. (see^r-
form), fulfil, consummate.
II. intrans. 1. To carry out or accomplish a
course of action, a purpose, or a plan ; produce
an effect or result aimed at.
There comes a fellow crying out for help,
And Cassio following him with determin'd sword.
To execute upon him. Shak., Othello, ii. .'..
Judgment commands.
But resolution executes. Ford, Broken Heart, i. 2.
With courage on he goes ; doth execute
With counsel ; and returns with victory.
Daniel, Dcatli of the Earl of Devonshire.
2. To perform a piece of music: as, he executes
well.
execute!, a. [ME. execut, < L. executus, exse-
cutus, pp.: see the verb.] Executed; accom-
plished.
Execut was al. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 622.
executer (ek'se-lm-tfir), n. One who performs
or carries into effect. See executor.
of being execrable. [Rare.]
execrably (ek'se-kra-bli), adv.
manner; detestably.
Such a person deserved to bear the guilt of a fact so ex-
ecrably base. Barrow, Works, II. xxvi.
execrate (ek'se-krat), V. t.\ pret. and pp. exe-
crated, ppr. execrating. [< L. execratus, exse-
cratus, pp. of execrare, exsecrare (= It. esecrare
= Sp. Pg. cxecrar = F. execrer), take a solemn
oath with imprecations, curse, < ex, out, + sa-
erare, consecrate, also declare accursed: see
sacred. Cf. consecrate, desecrate.] 1. To curse ;
imprecate evil upon ; hence, to detest utterly ;
abhor; abominate.
They gaze upon tlie links that hold them fast,
With eyes of anguish, execrate their lot,
Then shake thein in despair and dance again.
Cowper, Task, ii. 665.
He [Pittl execrated the Hanoverian connection, . . .
[then] declared that Hanover ought to be as dear to us as
Hampshire. Macaulay, William Pitt.
He was very generally execrated as the real source of
the disturbances of the kingdom.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3.
2t. To declare to be accursed ; denounce as
deserving to be cursed or abominated.
As if mere plebeian noise . . . were enough to . . .
execrate anything as . . , devilish.
Jer. Taylor (?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 156.
The learned Le Fevre wrote a most elegant copy of Latin
veraes, execrating the flute and all the commentators on
It. CofiMon, Comedies of Terence, Pref., p. 33.
=Byn. See comparison under vudediction.
execration (ek-se-kra'shon), n. [= F. exi-
cration — Sp. exeeracion ="Pg. execraf3o = It.
eseerazione, < L. execratio{n-), exseeratio{H-), a
cnrsing, < execrare, curse: see execrate.] 1.
Theact of cursing; imprecation of evil ; male-
diction ; utter detestation expressed.
Cease, gentle queen, these execrations.
Shak., 2 Hen. VL, ill. 2.
There was another form of consecration, or, we should
rather say, of execration, by which the vengeance of one
or more deities was invoked on an offender, and he was
solemnly consigned to them for punishment in this world
and the next. C. T. Xewlon, Art and Archajol., p. 193.
2. The object execrated ; a thing held in abom-
ination.
They shall lie an execration, and an astonishment and •
cune, and a reproach. Jer. xliv. 12.
Syn. Curse, f wprecation, etc. See nuiUdietion.
-ite.] Imprecating evil; cursing"; denouncing.
Into the body of the poor Tatars, execrative Roman his-
tory Intercalated an alphabetic letter; and so they con-
tinue Tartars of fell Tartarean nature to this day.
Carlyte. French Rev., III. i. i.
execratively (ek'se-kra-tiv-li), adv. In an ex-
ecrative manner; with cursing.
Foul old Rome screamed execratively her loudest, so
that the true shape of many things is lost for us.
Carlyle, French Rev., III. i. 1.
execratory (ek'se-kra-to-ri), a. and n. [< LL.
as if 'execratorius, "exse'cratorius, < L. execrare,
exsecrare, curse: see execrate.] I. a. Denun-
ciatory; abusive.
I shall take the liberty of narrating Lancelot's fanatical
conduct without execratory comment, certain that he will
still receive his just reward of condemnation.
Kingtley, Yeast, xiv.
n. 1. ; pi. execratories (-riz). A formulary of
execration.
This notice of the ceremony Is very agreeable to the
execratory which is now used by them, wherein they pro-
foundly curse the Christians.
L. Addimm, State of the Jews, p. 179,
exectt, »'. t. See exsect.
executable (ek'se-ku-ta-bl), a. [= F. ex^cu-
taltlc = Sp. ejecutable; as execute + -able.] Ca-
pable of being executed or carried out.
The whole project is set down as executable at eight
millions. Edinburgh Rev., Jan., 1866, p. 244.
ezecuter
Would it not redoand to the discredit of an earthly
prince, to permit, that . . . the aeculers of his edicts
should have the least injury offered them?
Barrow, WorliS, I. xii.
execution (ek-se-ku'shon), n. [< ME. execucion
(= D. executie = G. execution = Dan. Sw. exeku-
tion), < OF. execution, F. execution = Sp. ejecu-
cion = Pg. execugao — It. esecuzione, < L. execu-
tio(n-), exsecutio(,n-), a carrying out, perform-
ance, a prosecution, etc., < exequi, exsequi, pp.
executus, exseeutus, carry out, execute : see exe-
cute.] 1. The act or process of completing or
accomplishing; the act or process of carrying
out in accordance with a plan, a purpose, or an
order.
Whatsoever thou, Lord, hast decreed to thyself above
in heaven, give me a holy assiduity of endeavour, and
peace of conscience in the execution of thy decrees here.
Donne, Sermons, vi.
The intention is good, and the method indicated is no
doubt sound, but it is impossible to spenlv liighly of the
txeeutio/t. Athetuxum, No. 3067, p. 172.
2. The act of performing or doing, in general ;
performance ; hence, mode, method, or style
of performance; the way in which a desired
effect is produced ; especially, in art and music,
the technical skill manifested ; facility in the
manipulation of a work or an instrument, in
singing, or in performing a part.
No art of execution could redeem tlie faults of such a
design.. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
If Petrarch had put nothing more into his sonnets than
executiiin, there are plenty of Italian sonneteers who would
be his match. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 420.
3. In law: (a) The act of affixing, as to an in-
strument, the tokens of assent, as by signing,
sealing, delivering, etc., or by the performance
of such acts and the observance of such forms
as are required by law to make it the act of the
party: as, the execution of a deed. (6) The in-
strument, warrant, or official order by which an
officer is empowered to carry a judgment of a
court into effect: properly called a writ of exe-
cution. An execution for debt is issued by a court or an
officer of a court, and is levied by a slieriff, his deputy, or a
marshal or a constable, on the property or person of the
debtor.
The tprit of execution, that
Her lieading did perport :
The which was executed soone
And in a solemne sort.
Warner, Albion's England, x. 56.
(c) Popularly, the levy itself.
Lady Sneer. But do your brother's distresses increase?
Joteph S. Every hour. I am told he has had another exe-
cution In the house yesterday.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
4. The act of giving effect (to) or of carrying
into effect; the act of enforcing; enforcement;
especially, the carrying into effect of the sen-
tence or judgment of a court.
The dealings of men who administer government, and
unto whom the execution of that law belongeth.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ii. 1.
Specifically — 5. The carrying out of a death
sentence ; capital punishment ; the act of put-
ting to death as directed by a judge of court:
as, the execution of a murderer.
'The high court of justice appointed a committee to in-
spect the parts about Whitehall for a convenient place
for the execution of the King. Ludlow, Memoirs, I. 244.
I believe that I could show that all the executiomi for
religious causes in England, by all sides and during all
time, are not so many as were the sentences of death
passed in one year of the reign of George III. for one
single sort of crime, the forging of banlc-notes.
Slubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 329.
6. Effective work, or the result attained by it :
generally after do : as, the speech did good exe-
cution for our side ; every shot did execution.
A maner sergeant was this privee man.
The which that feithful ofte founden hadde
In thinges grete, and eek swich folic wel can
Don execucion on thinges badde.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 466.
Even as an adder when she doth unroll
To do some fatal execution. Shak., Tit. And., ii. 3.
Women are armed with fans as men with swords, and
sometimes do more execution with them.
Addison, Tlie Fan Exercise.
7t. The pillaging or plundering of a country
by the enemy's army. Wilhelm, Mil. Diet.
You Itnow his marches.
You have seen his executions. Is it yet peace?
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 6.
Arrest In execution. See arrenO, .'i.— Dormant exe-
cution. See rfoTOMji/,— Droit d'ex^CUtlon. Hee droit.
— Execution by a messenger-at-arms or other of-
ficer of the law, in Scots law, an attestation under the
hand of the messenger or other officer that he has given
the citation or executed the diligence, in terms of Iiis war-
rant for so doing.
executioner (ek-se-ku'shon-fer), n. 1. One who
executes or carries into effect; especially, one
who carries into effect a death sentence of a
2062
court or tribunal ; a functionary who inflicts
capital punishment in pursuance of a legal war-
rant; a headsman or hangman.
Is not the causer of tlie timeless deaths . . .
As blameful as the executioner?
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
In this case every man hath a right to punish the offend-
er, and be executioner of the law of nature. Locke.
Having made a speech, and taken off his George, he
kneeled down at the block, and the executioner performed
his oitice. Ludlow, Memoirs, 1. 244.
2. That by means of which anything is per-
formed ; an instrument or implement used in
producing a desired effect. [Rare.]
.\U along
The walls — abominable ornaments I —
Are tools of wrath, anvils of torments hung;
Fell executioners of foul intents.
Crashaw, Sospetto d'Herode.
executi'Ve (eg-zek'u-tiv), a. and n. [= F. cx-
ecutif = Sp. ejecutivo = Pg. executivo = It. es-
ecuHvo, < L. executus, pp. ot exequi, exsequi, exe-
cute: see execute.} I, a. 1. Concerned with
or pertaining to executing, performing, or car-
rying into effect: specifically applied to that
branch of government which is intrusted with
the execution of the laws, as distinguished from
the legislative a,ndjudicial. The body that deliberates
and enacts laws is legislative ; the body that judges or de-
termines the application of the laws to particular cases,
their constitutionality, etc., is judicial; the person, or
body of persons, who carries the laws into effect, or super-
intends the enforcement of them, is executive : thus, in tlie
government of the United States these three bodies are
respectively the two houses of Congress, the Supreme
Court, and the President with the officials subordinate to
liim.
It is of the nature of war to increase the executive, at
the expense of the legislative authority.
A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. viii.
2. Suited for executing or carrying into effect ;
of the kind requisite for practical performance
or direction: as, executive ability Executive
offlcer, the officer on board a United States man-of-war
who has charge of all details of the drills, police, cleanli-
ness, and general management of the ship. He is next in
command to the commanding officer.
H. n. That branch of a government to which
the execution of the laws is intrusted ; an offi-
cer of a government, or an official body, charged
with the execution and enforcement of the laws.
The executive may be a king, emperor, presi-
dent, council, or other magistrate or body.
Besides the direct commerce which may take place be-
tween the Executive and a member, tliere are other evils
resulting from their appointment to office, wholly at war
with the tlieory of our government and the purity of its
action. T. H. Benton, Thirty Years, I. 85.
The executive was henceforward known as "the Presi-
dent." Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 121.
The liberty of the subject to act or speak, or even to
think, was reduced to a minimum under an executive
familiar with constructive treasons.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 264.
executively (eg-zek'u-tiv-li), adv. In the way
of executing or performing; by active agency.
Who did . . . execM^iyei?/ by miraculous operation con-
duct our Saviour into his fieslily tabernacle.
Barrow, Worlcs, I. xxxii.
It was the first appearance of that mysterious thing
which we call Life. How sliall we account for its intro-
duction? Natmally or supernaturally? Spontaneously
or executively! Atheistically or Divinely?
G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 120.
ex^CUtoire (eg-za-kti-twor'), n. [F., < LL. ex-
scctitorius : see executory.'] In French lato, an act
setting forth a judgment, or a notarial deed, by
virtue of which the creditor may proceed to ex-
ecution by seizing and selling the goods of his
debtor.
executor (eg-zek'u-tor, sometimes ek'se-ku-tpr
in senses 1 and 2), ». [< ME. executour, exe'c-
utur, exequitour, < OF. executour, executeur, es-
secutor, F. executeur = Pr. exequtor, executor =
Sp. ejecutor = Pg. executor = It. esecutore, ese-
guitore, < L. executor, exsecutor, a performer,
accomplisher, prosecutor, ML. also executor (of
a will), < exequi, exsequi, pp. executus, exsecutus,
perform, accomplish, execute : see execute.] 1.
One who executes or performs; a doer; an exe-
cutor.
Executor of this office, dirge for to synge.
Shall begynne ye bisshope of seynt as [Asaph].
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 7.
My sweet mistress
Weeps when she sees me work ; and says such baseness
Had never like executor. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
His [the mayor's] functions as receiver and exectitor of
writs devolved on the sheriffs of the newly constituted
shire. Stubbs, Const. Hist. (2d ed.), 5 810.
2t. An executioner.
This every lewed viker or personn
Can seye, how ire engendreth homycide ;
Ire is in soth executour of pride.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 304.
exedra
The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum.
Delivering o'er to executors pale
I'he lazy yawning drone. Shak., Hen. V., i. 2.
3. Specifically, the person appointed by a tes-
tator to execute his 'svill, or to see its provi-
sions carried into effect.
The deuil is his executur of his gold and is tresure.
Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 19.
Thou schalte be myn executur, for y am lyke to dye.
A'uyoe Poeticae (ed. Halliwell), p. 25.
I make your grace my executor, and, I beseech you,
See my poor will fulflll'd.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, iii. 5.
Confirmation of executor. See confirmation. — Execu-
tor Creditpr, in Scots law, a creditor who, when the ex-
ecutor nominate and the otlier executors legally entitled
to expede confirmation have declined to confirm, obtains,
in virtue of a liquid ground of del>t, confirmation to the
extent of administering as much of the estate as is suf-
ficient to pay ills debt.— Executor dative, in Scots law,
an executor appointed by the court ; equivalent to admin-
istrator in England. — Scecutor de son tort, one who,
without authority, intermeddles with tlie goods of a de-
ceased person, by which he subjects himself to the burden
of executorship without the profits or advantages. — Ex-
ecutor nominate, an executor appointed by the will of
the testator.
executorial (eg-zek-u-to'ri-al), a. [= It. ese-
cutoriale, < ML. execuiorialis, < LL. exsecutorius,
executory : see executory.] Pertaining to an ex-
ecutor; executive.
The ancient executorial rolls written and signed by
Queen Eleanor's executors, dated 1291-4.
A', and Q., 7th ser., VI. 117.
executorship (eg-zek'u-tor-ship), n. [< executor
+ -ship.] The office of executor.
executory (eg-zek'u-to-ri), a. [=F. executoire =
Sp. ejecutorio = Pg. executorio, < LL. exsecuto-
rius, < L. exequi, exsequi, pp. executus, exsecutus,
execute: see executor, execute.] 1. Of or per-
taining to execution, especially to the perform-
ance of official duties ; required or fitted to be
carried into effect ; executive.
A vigilant and jealous eye over executory and judicial
magistracy. Burke.
Two systems of administration were to be formed ; one
which should be in the real secret and confidence ; the
other merely ostensible, to perform the official and execu-
tory duties of government. Burke, Present Discontents.
In some traits of our politics we are not one. . . . You
may say these are subordinate, executory, instrumental
traits. B. Choate, Addresses, p. 486.
2. In law, to be executed or carried into effect
in future ; containing provision for its execu-
tion or carrying into effect ; intended or of such
a nature as to take effect on a future contin-
gency : as, an executory contract, devise, limita-
tion, or remainder.
In spite of the Austrian representation, the conference
refused to make its decisions executory.
E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy, p. 362.
Executory consideration, contract, devise, estate,
etc. See the nouns.— Executory process, in civil law,
an ex parte proceeding for the enforcement of a debt by
seizure and sale of property under an instrument notari-
ally authenticated, which therefore is allowed to be en-
forced by judicial powers like a judgment, without ordi-
nary suit brought.— Executory trust, a trust which re-
quires a further instrument, either to declare its terms
fully or carry it into effect, as where A devises property to
B in trust to convey it to C— Executory uses, springing
uses. See use.
executress (eg-zek'urtres), n. [< executor +
-ess. Cf. executrice.] A female who executes,
accomplishes, or carries into effect. See execu-
trix.
executricet (eg-zek'u-tris), «. [ME. executrice,
< OF. executeresse, F. executrice = It. esecu trice,
executrice, < ML. executrix {-trie-), fern, of ex-
ecutor, executor: see executor.] Afemaledoer
or accomplisher.
But O Fortune, executrice of wierdes !
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 617.
executrix (eg-zek'u-triks), n. [ML., fern, of ex-
ecutor: see executrice.] A female executor ; a
woman appointed by a testator to execute his
will.
A female at fourteen is at years of legal discretion, and
may choose a guardian ; at seventeen may be executrix ;
and at twenty-one may dispose of herself and her lands.
Blackstone, Com., I. xvii.
executry (eg-zek'u-tri), n. [< executor + -y.]
In Scots law, the whole movable estate and ef-
fects of a defunct person (with the exception
only of heirship movables), being the proper
subject of the executor's administration.
exedent (ek'se-dent), a. [< L. exeden(t-)s, ppr.
of exedere, eat of, < ex, out, + edere = E. eat.]
Eating ; eating out : as, an exedent tumor.
exedra (eks'e-dra or ek-se'drii), n. ; pi. exedr<B
(-dre). [L. exedra, a hall furnished with seats,
< Gr. i^idpa, < tf, out, + iSpa, a seat.] In anc.
arch., a raised platform ■with steps, in the open
exedra
air, often by a roadside or in some other pub-
lic place, provided with seats for the purpose of
repose and conversation. The form of the exedra
waa arbitrary, but it was always open to the sun and air.
Exedra, Sti«et of Tombs, Assos.
( From Report of Archaeolo^cal Institute of America. )
The term is now sometimes applied to an apse, a recess, or
a large niche in a wall, or a porch or chapel projecting from
a lari^c Imikling. Also, less properly, exhedra.
exegesis (ek-se-je'sis), n. [= F. exigise = Pg.
exegese, exegesis = It. esegesi = D. G. Dan. ex-
egese = Sw. exeges, < NL. exegesis, < 6r. i^ifyri-
aii, explanation, interpretation, < c^riyciadm, ex-
plain, interpret, < ef, out,+ ^ciadat, guide, lead,
<.ayciv,\e&d: see agent. Cf. epexegesis.'} 1. The
exposition or interpretation of any literary pro-
duction or passage ; more particularly, the ex-
position or interpretation of Scripture. See ez-
egetieal theology, under exegetieal.
Every progress in exetjesU nmst have its effect upon sys-
tematic theology and the symbolic statement of truth.
Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 169.
The ingenuity of orthodox extgegU has always been
equal to the task of making Scripture mean whatever is
required. J. Fitke, Evolutionist, p. 227.
2. A discourse intended to explain or illustrate
a subject ; specifically, an exercise in Biblical
interpretation sometimes prescribed to students
of theology when on examination preliminary
to licensure or ordination. — 3t. In math., in the
language of Vieta and other early algebraists,
the numerical or geometrical solution of an
equation.
exegesist (ek-se-je'sist), n. [< exeges(is) + -ist.'i
Same as exegetiat. [Rare.]
A recent writer, speaking of the religious tendencies of
the Degroe*, lay* that he would rather risk his chance of
the New Jerusalem, holding to the girdle of some negro
Mint* he has known who could neither read nor write,
than with the sharpest ex«0w#ut and the bestcreeded theo-
logian in the world.
The Independent (New York). May 15, 1862.
exegete (ek'se-jet), n. r= F. exigite = Sp. Pg.
exegeta = D. exegeet = G. exeget, < Gr. iSiyirvi,
a leader, adviser, expounder, interpreter, < tf^-
ytloBai, lead, explain: see exegesis^ One who
expounds or interprets a literary production,
particularly Scripture; one skilled in exegesis;
an exegetist.
Solitary monks and ambitious priest*, hard-headed criti-
cal extgeUt, allegorists, mystics, all found something con-
genial In his [Origen'sJ writings, fncye. £ri<., XVII. 842.
The change of interpretation on the part of exegeU* is
not proof that Moses did not write with "sclentlflc accu-
racy." .V. A. Rev., CXXVII. 324.
exegetic (ek-se-jet'ik), a. and n. [= F. exigi-
tique = Sp. Pg. exegeUeo z= It. es^tico (cf. D.
G. exegetisch = Dan. 8w. ezegeUik), < NL. exe-
geUcus, < Gr. i^ir)jTM6(, explanatory, < c^mv^,
an expounder, < i^eiadai, explain : see exegete,
exege»i».'\ L a. Pertaining to or of the nature
of exegesis ; explanatory ; tending to interpret
or illustrate; expository. Also exegetieal.
n. n. 1. Exegetieal theology ; exegetlcs; ex-
egesis.— 2t. That part of algebra which treats
of the methods of solving equations, whether
numerically or geometrically; the theory of
equations, in an early form.
exegetieal (ek-se-jet'i-kal), a. [< exegetic +
-al.] Hiirae as ereoettc.-Exe«etlc«l theology, that
branch of theology which treats of the eiposition and in-
terpretation of the Hible. It includes the study of the
original languages of the Bible its archaeology, and the
rules and principle* of its critlclam and Interpretation.
Also called rasj^ies.
Exegetieal Theoli/gy, at Biblical Science, has for It* ob-
ject the study and expoeltion of the Book of book*, the
Book of Ood for all age* and for all mankind.
Sehaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 2.
exegetically (ek-Ȥ-jet'i-kal-i), adv. By or by
way of exegesis ; as explanation.
This is not added exeyelicalty or by way of exposition.
Bp. Bull, Works, I. 200.
The phrase "In the form of Ood "... I* used by the
apostle with respect unto that other of "the form of a ser-
vant," ezejttieaUy continued " In the likeness of man."
Bp. Peamon, Expos, of Creed, II.
exegetics fek-se-jet'iks), n. [PI. ot exegetic: see
-to.] Exegetieal theology (which see, under ex-
egetieal).
In all Western Araniva . . . there was but one way of
treating, whether eieiietUi or doctrine, the practical.
J. H. A'ewman. Development of Christ. Uoct., v.
2063
exegetist (ek-se-je'tist), n. [< Gr. e^rnw^c, exe-
gete, + -ist.'] One skilled in exegetieal theol-
ogy ; an exegete. Quarterly Rev.
exelteredt, a- [For 'exletreed, < exletree, = axle-
tree, + HsrfS.] Furnished with an axletree.
strong exettered cart that is clouted and shod.
Tiuser, Husbandrie, p. 36.
exembryonate (eks-em'bri-o-nat), a. [< ex-
priv. -t- embryonate.'] In hoi., without an em-
brj'o : applied to the spores of cryptogams,
which differ in this respect from the seeds of
pheenogams.
exemplairet. See exemplar, a., and exemplar, n.
exemplar (eg-zem'plar), a. [<ME. exemplaire,
< OF. exemplaire, F. exemplaire = Sp. ejemplar
= Pg. exemplar = It. esemplare (cf. G. exem-
plarisch = Dan. Sw. exemplarish), < LL. exem-
plaris, that serves as pattern or model, < L. ex-
emplum, a pattern, copy: see example, sample,
exemplar, n."} If. Serving as an example ; ex-
emplary.
Thys lady full swete and ryght debonair,
To all other lades exemptair.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6377.
It hath pleased God to ordain and illustrate two exem-
plar states of the world for arms, learning, moral virtue,
policy, and laws: the state of Gnecia, and the state of
Rome. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, il. 129.
They could not deny but that he (ChristJ was a man of
God, of exemplar sanctity, of an angelical chastity.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 21.
He was a man of great parts and very ex«mp/ar virtues.
Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
2t. Conveying a warning; fitted to warn or de-
ter.
One judicial and exemplar iniquity in the face of the
world doth trouble the foiuitains of justice more than
many particular injuries passed over by connivance.
Bacon, Advancement of learning, ii. 315.
3. Pertaining or relating to an example or to
examples; containing or constituting an ex-
ample— Exemplar proposition, in togu:, a proposition
which states somethingtu he true of an example of a class:
namely, either of any example which may be chosen, as
"any man would struggle for his life," or of a suitably
chosen example, as "aman has been caught up to heaven,
or of any proportion of examples as they occur, as "a
citizen of the United States is about as likely to belong
to one political party as to the other." Many proposi-
tions in the logic of relatives can hardly be expressed other-
wise than in the exemplar form. Such is the following :
"Tlirough any four given points and tangent to any given
line two conies can be drawn."
exemplar (eg-zem'plftr), «. [< ME. exemplaire,
< Ol- . exemplaire, essemplaire, F. exemplaire =
Sp. ejemplar = Pg. exemplar = It. esemplare =
D. exemplaar = G. Dan. Sw. exemplar. < L. ex-
emplar, rarely exemplare, neut., exemplaris, m.,
LL. also exemplarium, neut., a copy, pattern,
model, example, < exemplaris (LL.), that serves
as a pattern or model: see exempUir, a.] 1. A
model, original, or pattern to be copied or imi-
tated; the idea or image of a thing formed in
the mind ; an archetype.
The idea and exemplar of the world was Bnt In Ood.
Sir W. Raleigh.
We are fallen from the pure exemplar and Idea of our
nature. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., 1. 28.
The second [kind of verse] was of a didactic, yet ele-
vated, nature, and had the imaginative strain of Words-
worth for its loftiest exemplar. Sledman, Vict. Poets, p. 4.
2. A specimen; a copy, especially a copy of a
book or writing.
They (the printers] desyred hym . . . diligently to over-
loke and peruse the hole copy, and In case he should fynd
any notable default that neede^l. correction, to amende
the same according to the true exemplare.
Tacemer, Ded. to New Test (1539).
ThI* epistle he wrote from Athenes by TIchlcus, a mln-
istre, after the Grekes writinge* : and our Ijitine argu-
mente* saye also, that Oneslmus bare him cumpanye : how-
belt there 1* no certayne auctour in the commune exem-
jilaree. J. L'datl, I'ref. to 1 Thes.
exemplarlly (ek'sem- or eg-zem'pla-ri-li), adv.
1. In an exemplaiy or excellent manner; in a
manner to deserve imitation.
A ble**ed creature she was, and one that loved and
feared Ood exemplarily. Ewlyn, Diary, Aug. 16, 1678.
2. In a manner that may warn others; in such
a manner that others may be deterred or re-
strained from evil ; by way of example.
Some he pnnlsheth exemplarily in this world.
Ilakewill, Apology.
exemjplariness (ek'sem- or eg-zem'pla-ri-nes),
n. The state or quality of being exemplary.
None should know (things better and) Ijetter things than
princes ; for their virtues and their vices, ... by an inHn-
ential exemplarineee, fashion and sway their subjects.
Boyle, Works, II. 311.
exemplarltyf (ek-sem-plar'j-ti), n. [= F. ex-
rmplarite = I'g, exempUtridaHe = It. esemplaritd,
< ML. exemplarita(t-)a, < LL. exe»ip2ar(«, exem-
exempliftr
plary: see exemplar, a., exemplary.'] 1. Exem-
plariness.
This is a scheme of Christian religion that some men
have laid down to themselves ; and if it be a true one,
then what becomes of the exemplarity of Christ's life?
Abp. Sharp, Works, V. v.
2. The quality of serving as a warning.
The evil also shall fall upon their persons, like the pun-
ishment of quartering traitors, . . . punishment with the
circumstances of dete.station and exemplarily.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. ISS.'i), II. 38.
exemplary (ek'sem- or eg-zem'pla-ri), a. [Ear-
ly mod. E. also exemplarie, examplarie ; < LL.
exemplaris, that serves as a pattern or model :
see exemplar, a.] 1. Serving for a pattern or
model for imitation ; worthy of imitation.
Tlierefore the good and exemplarie things and actions
of the former ages were reserued only to the historical!
reportes of wise and graue men : those of the present time
left to the fruition and iudgement of our sences.
Putlenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 32.
We are not of opinion, therefore, as some are, that na-
ture in working hath before her certayne exemplarie (in
some editions examplarie] draughtes or patternes.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. § 3.
The archbishops and bishops have the government of
the church : . . . their lives and doctrine ought to be ex-
emplary. Bacon.
2. Such as may serve for a warning to others;
such as may deter from wrong-doing : as, exem-
plary punishment.
In the fourth Year of the Queen, exemplary Justice was
done upon a great Person. Baker, Chronicles, p. 323.
Vague as were Arran's allusions to his royal descent,
they were followed, within the year, by his exemplary fall
from power and wealth and titles.
N. and Q., 7th ser., V. 469.
3t. Serving as an example, whether good or
bad ; attracting imitation ; influential.
Besides the good and bad of Princes is more exemplarie,
and thereby of greater moment, than the priuate persons.
Pultenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 34.
4t. Exemplifying; serving as an illustration.
Exemplary is the coat of George Villiers, Duke of Buck-
ingham ; five scallop-shells on a plain cross, speaking his
predecessors' valour in the holy war.
Fuller, Holy War, p. 271.
Exemplary damages. See damage.
exemplary! (ek'sem- or eg-zem'pla-ri), n. [<
LL. exemplarium, also exemplaris, a copy: see
exemplar^ An exemplar ; a specimen ; a copy,
as of a book or writing. Donne.
Whereof doth it come that the exemplariee and copies
of many lK)oks do vary, but by such means ?
Hunting of Purgatory (1661), fol. S22, b.
exemplifiable (eg-zem'pli-fi-a-bl), a. [< exem-
plify + -iihle.] Capable of being exemplified.
exemplification (eg-zem'pli-fi-ka'shon), n. [=
Sp. ejemplificacion = Pg. exemplifica<;(lo = It. es-
emplifieazione, < ML. exemplificatio{n-), < exem-
pHficare, exemplify : see exemplify. ] 1 . The act
of exemplifying; a showing or illustrating by
example.
For the more exempli/eation of the same, he sent the
Ixjrde de Roche with letters of credence.
Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 22.
It Is to be remarked, that many words written alike are
differently pronounced, ... of which the exemplification
may be generally given by a distich.
Johnson, Plan of Eng. Diet.
2. That which exemplifies; something that
serves for illustration, as of a principle, the-
ory, or the like.
Alone of vice, as such, a delighting in sin for its own
sake, is an imitation or rather an exemplification of the
malice of the devil. South.
3. A copy or transcript ; especially, an attested
copy, as of a record, under seal ; an exemplified
copy (which see, under exemplify).
An ambassadorof Scotland demanded an exemplificaiion
of the articles of peace. Sir J. Hayward.
exemplifler (eg-zem'pli-fi-6r), n. One who ex-
emplifies ; one whose character or action serves
for exemplification.
Nor can any man with clear confidence say that Jesus
(the author, master, and exemplifyer of these doctrines) is
the Lord, . . . but by the Holy Ghost.
Barrow, Works, III. Ixv.
exemplify (eg-zem'pli-fl), t'. t. ; pret. and pp.
exemplified, ppr, exemplifying. [= Pr. Pg. exem-
pUficar = Sp. ejemplificar = It. esempliflcare, <
ML. exemplificare, show by example, transcribe,
narrate, < L. exemplum, example, + facere,
make: see example and -fy.] 1. To show or
illustrate by example.
He did but . . . exemplify the principles in which he
had been brought up. Cowper.
Learn we might, if not too proud to stoop
To quadniped instructors, many a good
And useful quality, and virtue too.
Rarely exemplified among ourselves.
Cowper, Task, vi. 624.
exemplify
I shall . . . proceed to exemplify the elementary prin-
ciples which have been established. Calhoun, Works, 1. 91.
2. To copy ; transcribe ; make an attested copy
or transcript of under seal.
There were ambassadors sent to Atliens, . . . who were
commanded to tifmplijie and copie out the famous and
worthie lawes of Solon. Uollami, tr. of Livy, p. 109.
3. To prove or show by an attested copy. — 4t.
To make an example of, as by punishing.
Your exemplified malefactors,
That hare survived their infamy and punishment.
B. JoiMftn, Magnetick Lady, iii. 4.
Exemplified copy, a duplicate of the record of an act or
a proceediujr, authenticated under the great seal of the
state or under the seal of the court, with a certificate from
the authorities appearing to have official custody of the
record that they liave caused it to be exemplified.
exempli gratia (eg-zem'pH gra'shi-a). [L. :
ej-f»ij|j?(, gen. of ("xc»ijj/«)H, example; gratia, abl.
of gratia, sake, favor, grace.] For the sake
of example ; by way of example ; for example :
usually abbreviated ex. gr. or e. g.
exempt (eg-zempt')) '■• '• [< ME. exempten, < OF.
(and F.) eiempter = Sp. exentar = Pg. exemptar
= It. esentare, < ML. exemptare, freq., < L. exi-
mere, pp. exemptits (> Pr. eximir = Sp. Pg. exi-
mir = It. esimere), take out, deliver, free, < ex,
out, + emere, take, buy: see emption, and ef.
adempt, preempt, redeem. Hence also (from L.
eximere) example, exemplar, eximious.l To free
or permit to be free (from some undesirable re-
quirement or condition) ; grant immunity (to) ;
release ; dispense : as, no man is exempted from
pain and suffering.
Indeed we are exempted from no vice absolutely, but on
condition that we watch and strive.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 299.
Wliatsoever his fonner conduct may be, . . . his cir-
cumstances should exempt him from censure now.
Goldsmith, Vicar, vi.
1 perceive not wherefore a king should be exempted from
all punishment.
Jlacaulay, Conversation between Cowley and Milton.
Like the Copts, and for a like reason, the Jews pay trib-
ute, and are exempted from military service.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 344.
exempt (eg-zempf), a. and n. [< F. exempt =
Pr. exempt, exem = Sp. exento = Pg. cxempto = It.
esento, CL. exemptus, pp. of eximere, take out,
exempt: see exempt, v.] I. a. 1. Exempted;
having exemption; free or clear, as from sub-
jection or liability to something disagreeable,
onerous, or dangerous ; dispensed: as, to be ex-
empt from military duty ; exemjH from the juris-
diction of a court.
The convent {of Mount Sinai] is exempt from all juris-
diction, and is govern'd by a bishop, who has the title and
honours of an archl)ishop.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 151.
Here again his (Wordsworth's] lot has been similar to
that of Goethe, who has lost men's sympathies, partly be-
cause he was exempt from suffering.
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Beligion, p. 97.
2t. Removed; remote.
And this our life, exempt from public haunt.
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks.
Shah., As you Like it, ii. 1.
3t. Standing apart; separated; select.
Of whose fair sex we come to offer seven.
The most exempt for excellence.
Chapman, Iliad, ix. 604.
U. «. 1. One who is exempted or freed from
duty ; one dispensed from or not subject to
service, especially military or other obligatory
public service.
The only legal exempts were the clergy, hidalgos, and
paupers. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 3.
2. In England, one of four officers of the yeo-
men of the royal guard, styled corporals in their
commission ; an exon.
The exempt of the yeomen of the Guard is a resident
officer, who sleeps at St. James's as commandant of the
Yeomen on duty, which no other officer of the corps does.
Thorn, Bk. of the Court, p. 370, quoted in N. and Q.,
[6th ser., XI. 93.
exemptible (eg-zemp'ti-bl), a. [< exempt, v.,
+ -ible.] Capable of being exempted ; privi-
leged. Cotgrave.
exemption (eg-zemp'shon), n. [= F. exemption
= Pr. cxemptio = Sp. exencion = Pg. exempgSo =
It. esenzione, < L. exemptio^n-), a taking out, <
eximere, pp. exemptus, take out: see exempt.'^
1. The act of exempting; the state of being
exempt; freedom from some undesirable re-
quirement or condition; immunity; dispensa-
tion: as, exemption from servitude; exemption
from taxation.
All Laws both of God and Man are made without ex-
emption of any person whomsoever.
Milton, Elkonoklastes, xxviii.
The Roman laws gave particular exemptions to such as
built ships or traded in corn. Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins.
2064
The Mahh'mil is borne by a flue tall camel, which is
generally indulged with exemption from every liind of la-
bour during tlie remainder of its life.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 1S2.
2. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., a regulation through
wliich places or individuals are brought directly
under the control of the Holy See, instead of
being subject to the authority of the diocesan
bishop,
exemptitioust (ek-semp-tish'us), a. [< L. as if
*cxomptitiu.i, -ieiiis, <. exemptus, exempt: see ex-
empt, a.] Capable of being exempted or taken
out; separable.
If motion were loose or exemptitiovs from matter, I
could be convinced that it had extension of its own.
Dr. H. More.
exencephali, «. Plural of exencephalus.
exencephalous (ek-sen-sef'a-lus), a. [< NL.
cxencrph<tlu.i, < Gr. £f, out, -t- cyKe(pa'/.oc, brain.]
Having the character of an exencephalus ; per-
taining to cerebral hernia.
exencephalus (ek-sen-sef'a-lus), n. ; pi. exen-
ceplidli {-Ii). [i^Li.: see exeHcep]ialous.~] In ter-
atol., a monster in which the brain, more or
less malformed, is exposed by the incomplete-
ness of the cranium.
exenterate (oks-en'te-rat), v. t. [< L. exente-
ratus, exinteratus, pp. of exenterare, exinterare,
disembowel, acoom. of Gr, c^evrepO^eiv, disem-
bowel, < £f , out, -I- evrepa, bowels, entrails : see
enteron.'i To disembowel; eviscerate. [Bare.]
They alighted out of the coach, and went into a poor
woman's house at tlie bottom of Highgate Hill, and bought
a hen and made her exenterate it, and then stuffed the
body with snow, and my lord [Bacon] did help to do it
himself. Aubrey, quoted in N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 50.
exenterate (eks-en'te-rat), a. [< L. exentera-
<«.?, PP- : see the verb.] Disemboweled; evis-
cerated. [Rare.]
A soldier-bee
That yields his life, exenterate with the stroke
O' the sting that saves the hive.
Browninfj, Ring and Book, I. 262.
exenteration (eks-en-te-ra'shon), n. [< exen-
terate + -ion.'] 1. Disemboweling; eviscera-
tion. [Rare.]
Bellonius hath been more satisfactorily experimental,
not only affirming they [chameleons] feed on flies, cater-
pillars, beetles, and other insects ; but upon exenteration
he found these animals in their bellies.
Sir T. Broivjie, Vulg. Err., iii. 21.
2. The act of turning inside out; exposure of
the secrets of anything. [Rare.]
Dilaceration of the spirit and exenteration of the inmost
ndnd. Lamb.
Exenterus (eks-en'te-ms), «. [NL. (Hartig,
1837), < Gr. E^evTcpi^elv, disembowel : see exen-
terate, v.] A genus of ichneumon-flies, of the
subfamily Tryphoninai: so called from their
habits. About 50 European species are known. Those
of America which have been so called all belong to a genus
Cteniscus. E. marjinatorius of Europe is a parasite of tlie
larvie of sawflies.
exeCL'aatur (ek-se-kwa'ter), n. [L., let him per-
form or execute (it) ; 3d pers. sing. pres. sub j.
of exequi, exsequi, pursue to the end, execute :
see execute.] 1. An authoritative recognition
or authentication, as of a document or a right ;
an official warrant or permission.
He complained bitterly of the conduct of tlie councils
in those states which refused to allow the publication of
liis bulls without the royal exequatur. Prescott.
2. The right asserted by secular rulers and by
bishops to exclude from their territory or dio-
ceses any papal bulls which they consider in-
jurious.— 3. A written recognition of a person
in the character of consul or commercial agent
issued by the government to which he is ac-
credited, and authorizing him to exercise his
powers.
exequial (ek-se'kwi-al), a. [< L. exequialis,
exsequialis, < exequice, exsequiw, exequies : see
exequy.] Pertaining to funerals; funereal.
[Rare.]
Thetis herself to all our peers proclaims
Heroic prizes and exequial games.
Pope, Odyssey, xxiv.
exequious (ek-se'kwi-us), a. [< L. exequice, ex-
sequiw, exequies (see exeqny), + -ous.] Of or
belonging to exequies. [Bare.]
Prepare yourselves to build the funeral pile;
Lay your pale hands to this exequious fire.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, ii.
exequy (ek'se-kwi), n.; pi. exequies (-kwiz).
[Usually in plural; = OF. exeques — Pr. exe-
quias = Sp. Pg. exequias = It. esequie, < L. exe-
quiw, exsequice, pi., a funeral procession, fu-
neral rite, < exequi, exsequi, follow, follow out,
accompany to the grave, < ex, out, -I- sequi, fol-
exercise
low : see execute. Ci. obsequies.'] l.^Z. Funer-
al rites; the ceremonies of burial; obsequies.
Thay shul fynden iiij. torches, ffor to brenne the prin-
cipal day at messe, and at ezequises of euery brothir and
sistir that dies. English Oitds (E. E. T. 8.), p. 74.
Let's not forget
The noble Duke of Bedford, late deceas'd.
But see his exequies fulflll'd in Rouen.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii, 2.
Which civil society carrieth out their dead, and hath
exequies, if not interments. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, i.
The due order of Cliarity not less than the voice of
Scripture required prayers to l)e said for souls departed,
and alms to be given for masses and exequies.
Ji. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., vi.
2. A funeral hymn or elegy : as, the exequy on
the death of his wife by Henry King, Bishop of
Chicliester. [Rare.]
exercet, t;. t. [ME. exercen, < OF. exercer, F.
exercer = Pr. exercir = Sp. cjercer = Pg. exercer
= It. esercere, exercise, < L. exereere, drive on,
drive, keep at work, work, employ, exercise,
refl. exercise oneself, practise, < ex, out, + ar-
cere, keep off, shut up : see arV^. Hence exer-
cise, n., exercise, v., exercitation.] To exercise.
Certes all thing that exerceth or corigeth, it profiteth.
Chaucer, Boethius, iv.
exercent (eg-z6r'sent), a. [< L. exercen{t-)s,
ppr. of exereere, exercise: see exerce, exercise.]
Exercising ; practising ; acting. [Rare.]
The judge may oljlige every exercent advocate to give
his patronage and assistance unto a litigant in distress.
Aylijfe, Parergon.
exercisable (ek's6r-si-za-bl), a. [< exercise +
-able.] Capable of being exercised, used, em-
ployed, or exerted.
It is natural to see such powers with a jealous eye;
and, when stretched in the exercise, they alarm and dis-
gust those over whom they are exercisable.
Margrave, Judicial Arguments (1797), p. 10.
exercise (ek'ser-siz), n. [< ME. exercise, < OF.
exercise, F. exercise = Pr. exerciei, exereisi =
Sp. e^ercicio = Pg. exereicio = It. esercizio = D.
excrcitie = G. exercitium = Dan. exercits = Sw.
exercis,< L. exercitium, exercise (training of sol-
diers, horsemen, etc.), play, ML. also use, art,
etc., < exercitus, pp. of exereere, exercise, refl.
exercise oneself, practise: see exerce.] 1. A
carrying on or out in action ; active perform-
ance or fulfilment ; a physical or mental doing
or practising : used of the continued perform-
ance of the functions, or observance of the
requirements, of the subject of the action: as,
the exercise of an art, a trade, or an office ; the
exercise ot religion, of patience, etc.
To vex them, he appoints a Fair to be kept at West-
minster, forbidding under great Penalty all Exercise of
Merchandize within London for fifteen Days.
Baker, Chronic)es, p. 82.
She [the queen] is also allowed 28 Ecclesiastics of any
Order, except Jesuits; a Bishop for her Almoner, and to
have private Exercise of her Religion for her and her Ser-
vants. Howell, Letters, I. iv. 22.
He [God] cannot but love virtue, wherever it is, and re-
ward it, and annex happiness always to the exercise of it.
Bp. Atterbury, Sennons, I. xi.
2. Voluntary action of the body or mind ; ex-
ertion of any faculty ; practice in the employ-
ment of the physical or mental powers : used
absolutely, or with reference to the reflex effect
of the action upon the actor: as, to take exercise
in the open air ; corporeal or spiritual exercise;
\'iolent, htirtful, pleasurable, or healthful exer-
cise.
Bodily exercise profiteth little. 1 Tim. iv. 8.
To choke his days
Witli barbarous ignorance, and deny his youth
The rich advantage of good exercise.
Shak., K. John, iv. 2.
The joy, the danger, and the toil o'erpays ;
'Tis exercise and health and length of days.
Cowper, Progress of ElTor, 1. 91.
There is a back yard to it, with a high stone wall round
it, where a couple of prisoners niiglit easily get a little
exercise unseen. H'. Black, In Far Lochaber, xxi.
3. A specific mode or employment of activity;
an exertion of one or more of the physical or
mental powers; practice in the use of a faculty
or the faculties, as for the attainment of skill
or facility, the accomplishment of a purpose, or
the like : as, an exercise in horsemanship ; exei-
cises of the memory; outdoor exercises.
He was strong of body, and so much the stronger, as he,
by a well-disciplined exercise, taught it both to do and to
suffer. Sir P. Sidney.
For hunting was his daily exercise.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 6.
What more manly exercise than hunting the Wild Boar ?
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 30.
Patience is more oft the exercise
Of saints, the trial of their fortitude.
Wiilon. S, A., 1. 1287.
exercise
Natural philosophy was considered in the light merely
of a mental exercUf. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
But for the unquiet heart and brain,
A use in measured langiiage lies ;
The sad mechanic exercise.
Like dull narcotics, numbing pain.
Tennyson, In Memoriani, v.
4. Adiseiplinarytask or formulary ; something
done or to be done for the attainment of pro-
ficiency or skill ; a set or prescribed perform-
ance for improvement, or an example or study
for improving pract ice : &8, school exercises ; an
exercise in composition or music ; exercises for
the piano or violin.
She began to sing her florid ocerciKs.
ilUs Shtppard, Charles Auchester, xvli.
• 5. A performance or procedure in general ; a
definite or formal act for a purpose; specifical-
ly, a feature or part of a program or round of
proceedings: as, the exercises of a college com-
mencement, or of a public meeting; graduating
exercises.
The exercises lasted a full hour longer, and it was half-
past 10 before the presiding elder gave tlie benediction.
E. Effgleston, The Graysons, x.
6. A spiritual or religious action or effort ; an
act or procedure of devotion or for spiritual
improvement; religious worship, exhortation,
or the like.
In my exerciie among them (as you know) wee attend
/oure things, besides prayer unto God.
T. Shepard, Clear Sunshine of the Gospel, p. 30.
The meeting began with a weighty exercue and travail
in prayer, that the Lord would glorify his own name that
day. Penn, Travels in Holland, etc.
.Specifically — (o) Among the Puritans, a churchserrlce or
week^lay sermon : still occasionally used.
We of the pious shall be afraid to go
To a long ^xercwe, for fear our pockets should
Be pickd. Sir W. Daeenant, The Wits.
An extraordinary cold Storm of wind and Snow. . . .
Came not out to afternoon exereix. (Sew England Diary
of 1716.1 Quoted in Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 732.
The second service of the Lord's Day was generally about
two In the afternoon, a substantial repetition of the morn-
ing exereite.
a. L. Walker, Hist First Chiu^h in Hartford, p. 230.
(ft) Family worship. [Scotch.]
That honest person was, according to his own account,
at that time engaged in the exereUe of the evening.
Smtl, St. Ronan's Well, xxviil.
<c) Formerly, in Scotland, the critical explication of a pas-
sage of Scripture, at a meeting of presbytery, by a teach-
ing presbyter, succeeded by a speciflcation of the doc-
trines contained in it by another, lM>th discourses lietng
judged of, and censured, if necessary, by the rest of the
brethren, (d) Formerly, also, the presbytery. [Scotch. ]
The ministers of the Exereite at Dalkeith.
Act o/ Janu$ IV.
7. A disciplinary spiritual experience or trial;
spiritual agitation.
An heavy weight and unnsual oppression fell upon me ;
yea. It weighed me almost Ut the grave, that I could almost
say, " My soul was sad even unto death." I knew not at
present the ground of this exgreite; It remained about
twenty-four hours up<»n me.
Prnn, Travels In Holland, etc.
Art and exercise, srlioUstir: education und tmining in
bodily acconiplishnirnls.— Exercise and addition, the
name given to one of the exercises prescribed to students
of theology In the Scotch universities, and also to candi-
dates for the office of the ministry, being an exposition
of a passage of the Oreek New Testament. — Hannal ex-
erdse. Me manual.— SpMtoal Exercises, the name
given by Ignatius Loyola to a series of meditations com-
IMjsed by him, and used in the Roman Catholic Church,
es|iecially among the Jesuits,
exercise (ek't^r-slz), v.; pret. and pp. exercised,
ppr. exercising. [< ME. exercisen, exercysen, <
exercise, n. For the older and orig. verb, see
exerce.'] I. trans. 1. To put in practice ; carry
out in taction ; perform the functions or duties
of: as, to exercise authority or power; to exer-
0ise an office.
The new Best of whiche IIJ In the yere we txereyte.
Coventry Mytteriee, p. 71.
We need not pick Quarrels and seek Enemies without
Doors, we have too many Inmates at Home to exereim our
Prowess upon. Howell, Letters, IM. 1.
Many of them exereite merchandize In vessels called Car-
masals ; and have of late gotten the use of the Compasse,
yet dare they not adventure Into the Ocean.
Sandy, Travalles, p. 61.
But he [ByronI would not resign without a struggle the
empire wliich he had exerciaed over the men of his gener-
ation. Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
2. To put in action ; employ actively ; set or
keep in a state of activity ; make use of in act or
procedure: as, to exercise the body, the voice,
etc. ; to exercise the reason or judgment ; exer-
cise your skill in this work.
Moderatly fx€rci#e your body with some lalwur.or play-
eng at the tennys. Babeet Bouk (E. E. T. i.\ p. 247.
A fortune sent to exerciee
Your Tirtne, as the wind doth try strong tree*.
B. Jojuon, Sejaniu, iv, 1.
130
2065
He klss'd me afore a great many Lords, and said I was
a brave Man's Sou that taught him to exercue his Arms.
Steele, Grief Ala-Mode, iv. 1.
This right was exercised by all the organized communi-
ties. Stubbs, Const. Hist. (2d ed.), § 810.
3. To train or discipline by means of exertion
or practice ; put or keep in practice ; make, or
cau8« to make, specific trials : as, to exercise
one's self in music ; to exercise troops.
Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even
those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to
discern both good and evil. Heb. v. 14.
The .Arabs who came out to meet the Caflhif exercised
themselves all the way on horseback, by running after one
another with the pike, in the usual way.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 57.
He wore hair cloth next his skin, and exercised himself
with fasts, vigils, and stripes.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5.
4. To give mental occupation or exercise to ;
cause to think earnestly or anxiously; make
uneasy : as, he is exercised about his spiritual
state.
In that day we were an exercised people, our very coun-
tenances and deportment declared it.
Penn, Rise and Progress of Quakers, vi.
Our friends in the legislature are getting somewhat ex-
ercised, but are not half so frightened as I wish they were.
S, Boides, in Merriam, I. 291.
Several years ago my own housemaid was very much ex-
ercise-d, and well-nigh spell-bound, by an inexplicable tin-
kling at short intervals of the door-bell.
N. and Q., 7th ser., V. 418.
5. To impart as an effect ; put forth as a re-
sult or consequence ; communicate ; exert.
I am far from saying that the presence of the adopted
meml)ers exercises no influence on the IxKly into which
they are adopted ; but the Iwdy into which tl.ey are adopt-
ed exercises an Incalculably greater influence on them.
E. A. Freeman, Anier. Lects., p. 92.
=8yil. 2. Toapply. — 3. Todrill.— 4. To try, afflict, pain,
anmy.
II. intrans. 1. To use action or exertion ; ex-
ert one's self ; take exercise : as, to exercise for
health or amusement.
A man must often exercise, or fast, or take physic, or be
sick. Sir W. Temple.
2t. To conduct a religious exercise, as the ex-
position of Scripture.
Mr. Shepherd prayed with deep confession of sin, etc.,
and exercised out of Kph. v.
Winlhrop, Hist. New England, I. 214.
exerciser (ek'sfer-si-zir), «. One who or that
which fxercises.
Gotl never granteth any power or authority, but he ap-
polnteth also who shall l*e the lawfull exercisers and exe-
cutors of the same. FuUce, Against Allen (1586), p. 488.
exercisible (ek'str-si-zi-bl), a. [< exercise +
-ibie.] Same as exercisable. [Rare.]
An Incorporeal hereditament . . . annexed to or exer-
cieible within tlie same. Blackstone.
exercitation (eg-zAr-si-ta'shgn), n. [< ME. ex-
ereitacioun, < OP. ejcercitation, F. exercitation =
Pr. exercitacio = 8p. ejercitacion = Pg. exerci-
ta<fio = It. esercitazione, < L. exercitatio(n-), ex-
ercise, practice, < exercilare, exercise diligently,
freq. of exercere, exercise: see exerce, exercise.]
1. Exercise; practice; use.
Nor Is he (the king] In the least nnflt, as was reported,
for any kind of royal exercitation.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, v.
2. An exercise ; an act ; a performance ; par-
ticularly, a mental act or performance ; a play
of the mind.
The scholastic terms, which luul been banished from the
sch(K>ls, as we have seen, the year before, were not restored
in these private ererettotiotu; but otherwise freedom of
speech was allowed, or rather enconraged.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xii.
Sometimes they (resemblances] have no reality at all,
but they are of the nature of pure paradox, and then they
are but the exercitatiims of an Ingenious fancy.
W. It. drey. Misc. Essajs, 1st ser., p. 149.
exerdtor (eg-ztr'»i-tor), n. [< L. exercitor, an
exerciser, trainer, LL. one who exercises any
calling, as an inn-keeper, shipmaster, etc., <
exereere, exercise : see exerce.'] In late, the per-
son to whom the profits of a ship or trading-ves-
sel belong; theowner, managingowner, orchar-
tercr.
exercitorial (eg-zfer-si-to'ri-al). a. [< exercitor
+ -»a/.] Pertaining or belonging to an exerci-
tor— Exercitorial action, an action given against the
owners of a ship upon contracts entered into by the nias-
tir.
exergnal (eg-zfrr'gal), a. [< exergue + -al.]
Belonging to the exergue.
An artist's name Is sometimes written on the exertptal
line. B. V. Head, Ilistoria Numorum, p. 112.
exergue (eg-zirg'), ». [< f. exergue, lit. that
which is out of the work, accessory, < Gr. ff.
exeunt
out, + ipyov = E. toork.] In numis., that part
of the reverse of a coin or medal which is be-
low the main device ("type"), and distinctly
separated from it, generally by a line. Tlie ex-
ergue is either left plain or is tilled by an inscription,
syniliol, or numeral, which is then described as being "in
the exergue," or (as commonly abbreviated) "m* ex." See
cut uuder nianismatics.
On an ancient Phcenician coin, we find . . . tlie words
Baal Thurz, in Phcenician characters, on the exergue.
H. P. Knight, Anc. Art and Mytli. (1876), p. 20.
exert (eg-zferf), v. [Also in the lit. sense (def.
1) exsert; < L. exertare, exsertare, freq. < exer-
tiis, exsertus, pp. of exerere, exserere, stretch out,
put forth, < ex, out, + serere, join, put toge-
ther: see series. Of. insert] I. trans. If. To
put forth; thrust out; push out; emit.
ITie orchat loves to wave
With winter winds, before the gems exert
Their feeble heads. J. Philips, Cider, ii.
2. To put forth, as strength, force, or ability;
put in action ; bring into active operation : as,
to exert the strengm of the body ; to exert pow-
ers or faculties.
My friend was in some doubt whether he should not eX'
ert the justice of peace upon such a band of lawless va-
grants. Addison, Spectator, No. 117.
A little spirit exerted on your side might perhaps restore
your authority. Goldsmith, Good-natuied Man, L
The influence of the Government had been exerted to the
utmost, and the Church was still unwavering in its alle-
giance. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
3. To put forth as the residt of effort ; do or
perform.
When the will has exerted an act of command on any
faculty of the souL South, Sermons.
To exert one's self, to use one's utmost efforts ; strive
with energy ; put forth exertion.
He [Barwell] was most desirous to return to England,
and exerted himself to promote an arrangement which
would set him at liberty. Macaulay, Warren Hastiugs.
Force exerted itself as strongly under Napoleon as un-
der Peter the Great and Frederick the Great and Lewis
the Great. Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 237.
n. intrans. To put forth effort or energy.
[Rare.]
Provok'd at last, he strove
To show the little minstrel of the grove
His utmost powers, determined once to try
flow art, exerting, might with nature vie.
A. Philips, Pastorals, v.
exert, exerted (ek-s^rt', ek-sir'ted), a. See
txserted.
exertion (eg-ztr'shon), n. [< exert + -ion. Cf.
exsertioH.] The act of exerting; the act of put-
ting into motion or action; effort; a striving:
as, an exertion of strength or power; an exer-
tion of the limbs or of tne mind.
The constitution of their bodies was naturally so fee-
Iile, and so unaccustomed to the laliorious exertions of in-
dustry, that they were satisfled with a proportion of food
aiuazingly small. H'. Hobertson, Hist. America, iL
The dread of an ignominious death may stimulate slug-
gishness to exertion. Macaulay, William Pitt.
= ijTL Endeavor, attempt, trial.
exerti'Ve (eg-zfer'tiv), a. [< exert + -ire.] Ex-
erting; having power to exert. [Rare.]
exertmentt (eg-z*rt'ment), «. [< exert + -ment.]
Exertion.
exesiont (eg-ze'zhon), fi. [< L. excsus, pp. of
cxedere, eat out, < ex, out, + edere = E. eat.]
The act of eating out or through.
Who, though he (Theophrastus] denietli the exesion or
forcing tlirough the tielly (of vipers], conceiveth neverthe-
less that upon a full and jilentifull impletioii there may
perhaps succeed a disruption of the matrix.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., ill. 16.
exestuatet (eg-zes'tu-at), v. i. [< L. extestua-
tus, pp. of fxa-sfMare, boil up, < ex, out, + <rs-
iuare, boil, surge: see estuate, estuant.] To
boil up; bo agitated.
exestuationt (eg-zes-tu-a'shon), n. [< LL. ex-
a:stimtio(n-), < L. extestuare, boil up: see exe«-
tuate.] A boiling; ebullition ; effervescence.
Saltpetre Is In operation a cold body; . . . physicians
and chyniists give it in fevers, to allay the inward exestu-
atiom of the blood and humours. Boyle, Works, I. 364.
Exetastea (eks-e-tas'tez), n. [NL. (Graven-
horst, 1829), < Gr. eirraoT^, an examiner, < ff-
i:Ta(eiv, examine, inquire into, < ff, out, + frdfefv,
examine, try the truth of, < hedc, true, real : see
etymon.] 1. In entom., a genus of ichneumon-
flies, of the subfamily Ophionina: having slender
tarsi with impectinate claws. There are about
30 European and over 20 North American spe-
cies.— 2. In omith., a genus of South Ameri-
can eotiugas, related to Tityra. Cahanis and
Heine, 18.')9.
exeunt (eks'e-unt). [L., they go out; 3d pers.
pi. pros. ind. of exire, go out: see exit.] They
exeunt
to out: a word used in the text of plays to
enote that point in the action at which two or
more actors leave the stage.
Exeunt all but Hamlet and Horatio.
Shat., Hamlet, iii. 2. (Stage direction.)
[Sometimes improperly used as an English verb.
It would have had a good effect, i" faith, if you could
exeunt praying I — yes, and would vary the established
iiuHle of springing off with a glance at the pit
Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 2.)
Exeunt onmes, all go out: indicating that all the actors
leave the stage at the same time.
ex facie (eks fa'shi-e). [L. : ex, from ; facie,
abl. ot fades, face.] From the face: said of
what appears on the face of a writing or other
document, as distinguished from what appears
indirectly respecting its contents.
exfamiliation (eks"fa-mil-i-a'shon), ». [< L.
ex, out, + familia, family, + -ation.'] Expulsion
or separation from the family ; a dissolving of
family ties. [Kare.]
This power of admission on the one side, and on the
other side of expatriation — or, perhaps, I should rather
say oi exfamiliation — even when the change was absolute,
and not merely a transfer from one Household to another,
were always solemn public acts requiring the consent of
the comnmnity. W. E. Ilearn, Aryan Household, p. 131.
exfetation (eks-fe-ta'shon), «. [Also written,
less prop., exfwtation ; ^ L. ex, out, + E. feta-
tion.] Extra-uterine fetation, or imperfect fe-
tation in some organ exterior to the uterus.
exfiguration (eks-fig-u-ra'shon), n. [< exfigure
+ -ation.'] A typifying; a figurative present-
ment; a type. [Rare.]
Nature through her infinitely varied forms is the forth-
going and exfiguration of the Divine reason in self-mani-
festation.
E. H. Sears, The Fourth Gospel the Heart of Christ, p. 443.
exfigure (eks-fig'ur), V. t. ; pret. and pp. exfig-
itred, ppr. exfiguring. [< L. ex, out, + figura,
figm-e.] To typify; set forth in a figure.
[Rare.]
As surely as body involves spirit, and the natural world
involves and exjigureg the spiritual.
E. II. Sean, The Fourth Gospel the Heart of Christ, p. 28.
exflected (eks-flek'ted), a. [< L. ex, out, +
flectere, bend, + -ed^.] Turned or bent out-
ward: the opposite of inflected.
exfodiation (eks-fo-di-a'shon), n. [Irreg. < L.
ex, out, + fodire, dig, + -ation. The reg. form
would be *c/'osiOrt.] A digging up; exhumation.
exfoliate (eks-fo'li-at), V. ; pret. and pp. exfoli-
ated, ppr. exfoliating. [< LL. exfoliatus, pp. of
exfoliare (> Sp. Pg. exfoliar = F. exfoUer), strip
of' leaves, < L. ex, out, + folium, a leaf: see fo-
liate.] 1. intrans. 1. To throw off scales or
flakes ; peel off in thin fragments ; desquamate :
as, the exfoliating bark of a tree.
The rails near a station are caused to exfoliate by the
gliding of the wheel. Tyiidall, Forms of Water, p. 190.
In the deep layer ot the skin cells are formed by fission,
which, as they enlarge, are thrust outwards, and becom-
ing flattened to form the epidermis, eventually exfoliate,
while the younger ones beneath take their places.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 219.
Specifically — 2. In surg., to separate and come
off in scales, as carious bone.
While the bone was exfoliating, we deterg'd and cicatriz'd
the lips, disposing them t<) incarn with the flesh rising from
the exfoliated edges of the bone. Wiseman, Surgery, v. 9.
3. In mineral., to split into scales; especially,
to become scaly at the surface in consequence
of heat or decomposition : as, vermiculite exfo-
liates before the blowpipe.
The mountains of gneiss-granite are to a remarkable de-
cree abruptly conical, which seems caused by the rock tend-
ing to exfoliate in thick, conlcally concentric layers.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 426.
H. trans. To scale ; free from scales or splin-
ters.
exfoliation (eks-fo-li-a'shon), 11. [= F. exfo-
liation = Sp. exfoUacion = Pg. exfoliagalo, < LL.
as if *exfoliatio(n-), < exfoliare, exfoliate: see
exfoliate.] 1. A scaling off; the peeling off or
separation of scales or laminsB, as from the cu-
ticle, diseased bone, disintegrating rocks, etc. ;
desquamation.
The bullet struck in the Bishop of Orkney's arm, and
shattered it so, though he lived some yeai^ after, that they
were forced to open it every year for an ex^foliation,
Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1699.
Acting upon a tract of granite, they [the denuding ac-
tions of air and water] here work scarcely an appreciable
effect ; there cause exfoliations of the surface.
//. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 37.
2. That which is exfoliated or sealed off.
exfoliative (eks-fo'li-a-tiv), a. and n. [< exfo-
liate + -ive.] I. a. Having the power of caus-
ing or hastening exfoliation.
II. H. That which has the power or quality
of causing or hastening exfoliation : formerly
2066
used of certain applications supposed to have
such power, as alcohol, oil of turpentine, etc.
Dress the bone with the milder exfoliatives, and keep
the ulcer open, till the burnt bone is cast off.
Wiseman, Surgery, ii. 7.
ex. gr. An abbreviation of exempli gratia.-
exhalable (eks-ha'la-bl), a. [< exhale + -ahle.]
Capable of being exkaled.
They do not appear to emit any at all, if they be exam-
ined after the same manner with other exhalable bodies.
Boyle, Works, III. 280.
exhalant (eks-ha'lant), a, and n. [< L. exha-
lan(t-)s, ppr. of exhalare, breathe out: see ex-
hale.] I, a. Having the quality of exhaling or
emitting, in sponges, specifically applied to the oscu-
lum or opening through which water streams out. See
AscHta and Porifera.
The walls of the deeply cup-shaped Gastrula become
perforated by the numerous inhalent ostioles, while the
primitive opening serves as the exhalent aperture.
Huxley, Encyc. Brit., II. 51.
H. n. That which exhales or is exhaled.
As a general rule he [Dr. Cullen] supposes expectorants
to ojjerate ... by increasing the flow of the superficial
exhalents at large. Good.
Also, less properly, exhalent.
exhalate (eks-ha'lat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
halated, ppr. exhalating. [< L. exhalatus, pp. of
exhalare, breathe out : see exhale.] To exhale.
[Rare.]
The fiitting clouds it ceaseless exhalates.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
exhalation (eks-ha-la'shon), n. [< ME. exala-
tion, -don, < OF. exhalation, F. exhalation = Ft.
exhalacio = Sp. exhaladon = Pg. exhala^ao = It.
esalazione, < L. exhalatio(n-), an exhalation, va-
por, < exhalare, breathe out: see exhale.] 1.
The act or process of exhaling, or emitting as
an effluence ; evaporation.
It hath but a salt foundation, which, being moistened
by water driven through it by the force of the shaking ex-
halation, is turned into water also.
N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 292.
2. That which is exhaled ; that which is emit-
ted as or like breath, or which rises in the form
of vapor; emanation ; effluvium : as, exhalations
from marshes, animal or vegetable bodies, de-
caying matter, and other substances.
Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose, like an exhalation. Milton, P. L,, i. 711.
Thou art fled.
Like some frail exhalation which the dawn
Robes in its golden beams. Shelley, Alastor.
3. In her., a representation of a waterspout,
a torrent of rain falling from a cloud, or some
similar meteorological phenomenon : a rare
bearing, used as a rebus by a person whose
name allows of it.
exhale^ (eks-hal'), v.; pret. and pp. exhaled,
ppr. exhaling. [< P. exhaler = Sp. Pg. exhalar =
It. csalare, < L. exhalare, breathe out, exhale,
intr. expire, < ex, out, + halare, breathe. Cf.
inhale.] I. trans. 1. To send out as breath or
as if by breathing; emit an effluence of; give
out as vapor, either perceptible or impercep-
tible : as, marshes exhale noxious effluvia.
Less fragrant scents the unfolding rose exhales. Pope.
While discontent exhaled itself in murmurs among the
common people, however, it fomented in dangerous con-
spiracies among the nobles. Irving, Granada, p. 24.
2. To draw out as an effluence; cause to be
sent out or emitted in vapor; evaporate: as,
the sun exhales the moisture of the earth.
Move in that obedient orb again.
Where you did give a fair aiul natural light;
And be no more an exhal'd meteor,
A prodigy of fear. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1.
Till exhal'd asphodel,
And rose, with spicy fannings interbreathed,
Came swelling forth. Keats, Endyinion, ii. 663.
3t. To draw forth ; cause to flow, as blood.
For 'tis thy presence that exhales this blood
From cold and empty veins, where no blood dwells.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 2.
II. intrans. To rise or pass off as an efflu-
ence ; go off in vapor.
And se the floode be goode ther thou will duelle;
For ofte of it exaleth myst impure.
Paltadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 12.
Thy clear fount
Exhales In mist to heaven.
Keats, Endymion, ii. 723.
He wrote verses in which his heart seems to exhale in
a sigli of sadness. G. W. Curtis, Int. to Cecil Dreeme, p. 11.
exhalent (eks-hal'), f. '■ 1. To hale or drag
out.
Nay, I beseech you, gentlemen, do not exhale me thus.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, Iii. 1.
2. To di-aw, as a sword. [Humorous.]
exhaust
O braggard vile, and damned furious wight 1
The grave doth gape, and doting death is near ;
Thei-efore exhale. [Pistol and Nym draw.]
Shak., Hen. V., ii. 1.
exhalementt (eks-hal'ment), «. [< exhale^ -k-
-ment.] The act of exhaling; matter exhaled ;
vapor; exhalation.
Nor will polished amber, although it send forth a gross
and corporal exhalement, be found a long time defective
tlpon the exactest scales. Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., ii. 5.
exhalencef (eks-ha'lens), n. [< exhalen(t) +
-cp.] The act of exhaling ; the matter exhaled.
Imp. Diet,
exhalent, a. and n. A less correct form of ex-
halant.
exhaust (eg-z4st'), i>- '■ [< ML. exhaustare, cx-
austare, freq. < L. exhaiistus, pp. of exhaurire
(> It. esaurire = Pg. exhanrir), draw out, drink
up, empty, exhaust, < ex, out, + haitrire, draw
(esp. water), drain.] 1. To draw out or drain
off the whole of ; draw out till nothing of the
matter drawn is left; remove or take out com-
pletely: as, to exhaust the water of a well, or
the air from a receiver ; to exhaust the contents
of a mine, or of one's purse.
The greatest loues do nouryshe most fast, for as moch
as the fyre hath not exhausted the moisture of them.
Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, ii.
2. To use up or consume completely; expend
or make away with the whole of; cause the to-
tal removal or loss of: as, to exhaust the fertil-
ity of the soil; to exhaust one's strength or
resoui'ces; you have exhausted my patience.
The wealth
Of the Canaries was exhaust, the health
Of his good Majesty to celebrate.
Habington, Castara, ii.
"When the morning arrived on which we were to enter-
tain our young landlord, it may easily be supposed what
provisions were exhausted to make an appearance.
Goldstnith, Vicar, vii.
Encomium in old time was poets' work;
But poets having lavishly long since
Exhausted all materials of the art, -
The task now falls into the public hand.
Cowper, Task, vi. 717.
Tliese monsters, critics ! with your darts engage.
Here point your thunder, and exhaust your rage !
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. bbb.
3. To empty by drawing out the contents of;
make empty by drawing from ; specifically, in
chem., to empty or deprive of one or more in-
gredients by the use of solvents : as, to exhaust
a closed vessel by means of an air-pump ; to
exhaust a. cSstercL. Hence — 4. To make weak
or worthless by deprivation of essential prop-
erties or possessions ; despoil of strength, re-
sources, etc.; make useless or helpless: as, a
man exhausted by fatigue or disease ; bad hus-
bandry exhausts the land; the long war ex-
hausted the country.
And of their wonted vigor left them drain 'd,
Exha-usted, spiritless, afilicted, fallen.
Milton, p. L., vi. 862.
A breed
Sure to exhaust the plant on which they feed.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 604.
The Thirty Years' 'War exhausted Germany: even the
victorious powers were worn out, much more the defeat-
ed ones. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 230.
5. To treat or examine exhaustively; take a
complete ■view of; consider or view in all parts,
bearings, or relations: as, to exhaust a topic, a
study, or a pursuit ; to exhaust a book by care-
ful reading or study.
That theme exhausted, a wide chasm ensues,
Filled up at least with interesting news.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 393.
et. To draw forth ; excite.
Spare not the babe.
Whose dimpled smiles from fools exhaust their mercy.
Shak., T. of A., iv. 3.
These barbarous contumelies would exhaust tears from
my eyes. Shadwell, Bury Fair.
Exhausted receiver, in jthysics, a receptacle, as a bell-
glass, in which a vacuum has been formed by means of an
air-pump.
exhaustt (eg-zasf), a. [= Sp. Pg. exhausto =
It. esaustn, < L. exhaustus, pp.: see the verb.]
Expended; drained; exhausted, as of energy
or strength.
Single men, though they may be many times more char-
itable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the
other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted.
Bacon, Marriage and Single Life (ed. 1887).
Intemperate, dissolute, exhaust through riot.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 63.
exhaust (eg-z9,st'), «. [< exhaust, v.'] 1. Same
as cxhatist-steam. — 2. Eduction; emission, as
of steam from an engine.
If during the back stroke the process of exhaust is dis-
continued before the end, and the remaining steam is
exhaust
2067
compressed, this cushion of steam will finally fill thevol-
tune of the clearance ; and by a proper selection of tlie
point at which compression begins the pressure of the
cushion may be made to rise just up to the pressure at
which steam is admitted when the valve opens.
Elici/c. Brit., XXII. 487.
ezhanst-cliamber (eg-zast'eham'b^r), n. A
chamber or compartment in the smoke-box of
a locomotive, so situated as to prevent unequal
draft of the tubes.
exhauster (eg-zas'tiir), n. One who or that
which exhausts; specifically, in gas-making, a
device for preventing the reflex pressure of
gas upon the retorts.
nhaust-fan (eg-zast'fan), «. A fan used for
creating a draft by the formation of a partial exhaustmentt (eg-zast'ment), n. [< exhaust +
vacuum, in contradistinction to a fetoirer. -ment.'\ Exhaustion; draft or drain upon a
exhaustible (eg-zas'ti-bl), a. [< exhaust + thing.
-ible.'] Capable of being exhausted, drained off, This bishoprick [is) already very meanly endowed In
Consimied, or used up. regard of the continual charge and exhauetments of the
An injudicious method of teaching, which confounds
thoroughness with exhaustivetienK.
Quoted ii^ IVestmimter Bev., CXXVII. 36.
exhaustless (eg-zast'les), a. [< exhaust + -/es«.]
Incapable of being exhausted; that cannot be
wholly expended, consumed, or emptied ; inex-
haustible : as, an exhaustless fund or store.
So with superiour boon may your rich soil,
Exuberant, nature's better blessings pour
O er evry land, the nalied nations clothe,
And be the exhaustless granary of a world.
Thomson, Spring.
The exhausllexs mine of corruption opened by the pre-
cedent ... of the late payment of the debts of the civil
list. Burke, Present Discontents.
Though employed with profusion, and even with prodi-
place.
Cabbala, Dr. Williams, to the Duke.
gallty, yet iu sum total was delln^t'e and easily exA«u«(i. exhaust-nozle (eg-zast'noz'l), n. 1. In loco-
motive and some other steam-engines, the blast-
**«- Eustace, Tour througli Italy, xli.
exhaustibility (eg - zas - ti - bil ' i - ti), «. [< ex-
nozle or -orifice which discharges exhaust-steam
into the uptake to make a forced draft. — 2. A
device for silencing the noise occasioned by
the escape of exhaust-steam, or the steam of an
ejector used with a vacuum-brake ; a quieting-
chamber.
haustihle: aee-bility.'] The quality of being ex
haii.stible; the capability of being exhausted,
exhausting (eg-zas'ting), ]). a. Tending to ex-
haust, enfeeble, or drain the strength: as, ex-
hausting labor.
The study of the principles of government is the most exhaust-pallet (eg-zast'pal'et), n
{>rofound and exhausting of any which can engage the
lunian mind. Story, Misc. Writings, p. 616.
exhaustion (eg-zas'tyon), «. [= F. exhaustion, <
L.sisif 'cxhaustio(n-),"<exhattrire,pp.exhaustus, exhaust-pipe (eg-z4st'p5p), n
y, ... In organ-
building, a pallet or valve in the bellows by
which the air may be rapidly let out. Also
called exhaust-valve.
In a steam-
exhaust : see exhaust.'] 1 . The act' of exhaust^ engine, the pipe that conveys waste steam from
ing, or of drawing out or draining off; the act the cylinder to the condenser
of emptying completely of the contents. '' escapes to the atmosphere.
I found, by the long u»« of two or three physicians, the e^aust-port ^eg-zast'p6rt), n. In a steam-
<zAaiu(io» of my purse as ^at as other evacuations. engine, the exit passage for the steam from a
Sir //. Wotton, Beliquiie, p. 561. cylinder.
S. The state of being exhausted or emptied, or exhaust-steam (eg-z4st'stem), n. The steam
of being deprived of strength or energy. allowed to escape from the cylinder of an en-
Ot«at exhau*tiotu cannot be cured with sndden feme- ^°® "'*f ** ^** produced motion of the pis-
ton. Also called exhaust.
exhibition
The dispersion of the colours of the solar rays is exhib-
ited on the most magnificent scale by Kature herself in
the splendid phenomenon of the rainbow.
Lommet, Light (trans.), p. 122.
A sudden and severe demand develops as well as exhib-
its latent forces, but it cannot create what had no previous
existence. U. N. Oxcnham, Short Studies, p. 116.
3. To present for consideration ; bring forward
publicly or officially ; make a presentation of.
[Obsolete or archaic]
Why, 111 exhibit a bill in the parliament for the putting
down of men. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. i.
We shall, by the merit and excellency of this oblation,
exhibit to God an offertory in which he cannot but de-
I'Sl't- Jer. Taylor, W orks (ed. 1835), I. 64.
He suffered his attorney-general to exhibit a charge of
high treason against the earl. Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
4. In nied., to administer, as a specified drug.
— 5. In English universities, to hold forth (a
foundation or prize) to be competed for by can-
didates.— 6. To present or declaim (a speech
or an essay) in public.
If any student shall fail to perform the exercise assigned
him, or shall exhibit anything not allowed by the Faculty
he may be sent liome. Laws of Yale College (1837), p. 16!
II. in irons. 1. To make an exhibition; open
a show; present something to public view: as,
to exhibit at the Academy. — 2. In universities,
to offer or present an exhibition. [Eng.] — 3.
To present an essay in public ; speak in public
at an exhibition or college commencement.
No student who shall receive any appointment to ex-
hibit before the class, the College, or the public, shall give
any treat or entertainment to his class.
Laws of Yale College (1837), p. 29.
exhausturet (eg-z&s'tur), n. [< exhaust + -are.]
Exhaustion.
diet, no more In a kingdom than in a natural body.
Sir II. Wotlon, Eeliquia!, p. 334.
Specifically — 8. In geom., a method formerly
used for demonstrating the properties of curvi-
linear areas. Two such areas, as P and Q, being
given. It is shown that there i* ■ lerlea of rectilinear AxhAnst-valvfl fptr-7&st'vftlv) n 1 Tn o otoon,
constructions, x,, xo. etc.aU leu than P, but each after o*^™"*-**"^ C^S ^.^«\ vaiv), n. I. Inasteam-
the (Irat dirtering from it by leas than half as much as
the cylinder to the condenser, or through which exhibit (eg-zib'it), n. [< exhibit, r.] 1. Any-
'" ■ " ■ • thing or any collection of things exhibited pub-
licly: as, the Japanese exhibit in the Paris Ex-
position.— 2. A showing; specifically, a writ-
ten recital or report showing the state of any
matter at a particular date, as of the estate of
a bankrupt, etc.
What kind of historical development of the articular in.
flnltlve do we find between Thukydides and Demosthenes?
llie chronological exhibit is crossed all the time by the
law of the department, by the fancy of the individual.
Amer. Jour. Philol., VI. 54.
To the absolute exhautture of our own
uiure oi our own magazines.
Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 199.
the one preceding it in the series. Suppose there is an
other series of constructions, yj, y2, etc., related In the
unie way to Q. Then, if xi: y, = xg : yo = etc., it will
follow that xi : yi = P : g. The standanl example of this
method Is the second proposition of the twelfth book of
Euclid.
4. In logic, a method of proof in which all the
arguments tending to an opposite conclusion are
brought forward, discussed, and proved unten-
able or absurd, thus leaving the original propo-
sition established by the exclusion of every al-
ternative.— 6. In j>hysics, the act of removing
the air from a receiver, as by an air-pump, or
the extent to which the process has been carried.
A man thrtuting In hlsarme (Into Boyle's vacuum) upon
azAaustion of y aire, had his flesh immediately (weUed
•o as the bloud wa* neare bursting tlie veinea.
Evtiyn, Memoirs, May 7, 1662.
6. In c7im., the process of completelv extract- ^"^,S°° (eks-her-e-da'shon) n. [=
ing from a substance whatever is removable ^J^'^^J'O" = Sp; tucheredaeton^ tg. exker,
by a given solvent, or the state of being thus
completely deprived of certain soluble matters.
engine, the valve which regulates the passage
of waste steam from the cylinder ; a valve ui
the eduction-passage of the steam-cylinder of
an engine, placed between the cylinder and the
air-pump, and operated by the tappet-motion,
so as to open shortly after the equilibrium-
valve, and admit the steam to the condenser.
Weole. — 2. Same, as exhaust-pallet.
exhedra, «. See exedra.
exheredate (eks-her'e-dat), V. t. [< L. exhereda-
tus, pp. of exheredare (> It. eseredare = Sp. ex-
heredar = Pg. exherdar = F. exhMder), disin-
herit, < exheres (exhered-), disinherited, a disin-
herited person, < ex- priv. -I- heres, an heir: see
heir, hereditary.'] To disinherit.
^ladam, . . .
yet a l>iHiglas.
though exheridated and disowned, I am
Seott, Abbot, II. 222.
= F.
da-
If the precipitate after exhautlion with Imlling alcohol
is treated with boiling water, the latter dlisolvea a con-
siderable quantity of the body in question.
W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. S2.
exhau8ti7e (eg-zAs'tiv), a. [< exhaust + -ire.']
Exhausting; tending to exhaust; exhausting
all parts or phases; thorough: specifically ap-
plied to a disquisition, treatise, criticism, et<'.,
which treats of a subject in such a way as to
leave no part of it unexamined.
An exhaustive tulneas of tense. Coleridge.
In to far as his knowledge of the pbytlcal and chemical
properties of matter is exhauttict, ... hit conclusions
. . . will he correct. J. fHske, Evolutionist, p. 197.
exhaustively (eg-z&s'tiv-li), adv. In an ex-
haustive manner ; in such a manner as to leave
no point of a subject unexamined; thoroughly:
as, he treated the subject exhaustively.
Xew method* of preparation are constantly revealing
novelties In whole claatet of objecti which (it was sup.
IHjued) had lieen already studied exhausticelti.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., | 54.
exhaustiveness (eg-zfts'tiv-nes), n. The qual-
ity or state of being exhaustive.
A distinguishing characteristic of all these panert is the
exhauMlicenrts with which the subjects deemed worthy of
ooniideration are analyzed and discussed.
Aiaer. Jour. Sei., ikl ter., XXIX. 160.
cdo, < L. «rA«re(fafto(n-), < exheredare, disin-
herit: see exheredate.) In Rom. law, a disin-
heriting; the act of a father in excluding a child
from inheriting any part of his estate.
I thall flrtt demand whether sons may not lawfully and
reasonably fear punishment from their parents, in case
they shall detenre it, even the greatest punishment, ex-
heredatittn, and casting out of the family, upon their con-
tinuing disobedient and refractory to their father't com-
mands. Hammond, Works, II. 11. 144.
exhibit (eg-zlb'it), v.
hibere (> It. esibire = 8p. Pg. exhibir
[< L. exhibitus, pp. of ex-
>p. Pg. exhibir = F. exhi-
ber), hold forth, present, show, display, < ex, out,
+ habere, hold, have : see habit. Cf. inhibit, pro-
hibit.'] I. frnn.9. 1 . To offer or present to vnew ;
present for inspection; place on show: as, to
exhibit paintings ; to exhibit an invention ; to
exhibit documents in court.
Tournaments and Justs were usually exhibited at coro-
nations, royal marriages, and other occasions of solemnity
where pomp and pageantry were thought to be requisite.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 12.
The flrst thing men think of, when they love. Is to ex-
htbu their usefulness and advantages to the object of their
affection. Emerson, Woman.
2. To display; manifest conspicuously; bring
to light; furnish or constitute: as, to exhibit
an example of bravery or generosity.
One of an unfortunate constitution is perpetually exhih-
iling a miserable example of the weakness of mind and
body. foj,,.
3. In lair, a paper attached to a contract, plead-
ing, affidavit, or other principal instrument,
identified in and referred to by it ; a document
offered in evidence in an action, and marked
to identify it or authenticate it for future ref-
erence.
He [Gardiner] put In several other exhibits, and among
them his book against Cranmer on the Sacrament.
Ji. H'. Bi'jroji, Hist. Church of Eng., xvili.
= 8yn. 1. See exhibition.
exhibitant (eg-zib'i-tant), «. [< exhibit + -ant.]
In law, one wlio makes an exhibit.
exhibitor (eg-zib'i-t6r), n. One who exhibits.
See exhibitor.
He seems Indifferent ;
Or, rather, swaying more niK>u our part
Than cherishing the exhibiters against us.
Shak., Hen. V., I. 1.
exhibition (ek-si-bish'on), n. [= P. exhibition
= Sp. exhibicion = Pg. 'exhibi<;ao = It. esibizione,
< LL. exhibitio(n-), a handing out, giving up,
sustenance (mod. senses from the mod. verb), <
exhibere, present, exhibit : see exhibit.] 1. The
act of exhibiting or displaying for inspection ;
a sbo-wing or presenting to -view.
We may be assured, gentlemen, that he who really loves
the thing Itself loves its finest exhibitions.
D. Webster, Speech, Feb. 22, 1832.
2. The producing or showing of titles, author-
ities, or papers of any kind before a tribunal,
in proof of facts ; hence, in Scots lau; an ac-
tion for compelling delivery of writings. — 3.
That which is exhibited; a show; especially, a
public show or display, as of natural or artificial
productions, or of personal performances: as,
an iiitemational or universal exhibition (of pro-
ductions and manufactures); a school exhibi-
tion ; an athletic or dramatic exhibition.
Ode sung at the Openingof the International KrAi'6i(ion.
Tennyson (title of poemX
4. In med., the act of administering as a reme-
dy: as, the exhibition of stimulants. — 6t. -An
allowance for subsistence ; a provision of
money or other things; stipend; pension.
Thou art a younger brother, and hast nothing but thy
bare exhibition. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.
Page, will you follow me? I'll give you good exhibition.
B. Jonson, Case is Altered, v. 2.
My son lives here in Naples, and in 's riot
Doth far exceed the exhibition I allowed him.
H'ebster, Devil's Law-Case, ii. 1.
Hence — 6. A benefaction settled for the main-
tenance of scholars in English universities,
exhibition
not depending on the foundation : in Scotland
called a bursary.
There were very well learned scholars in the university,
able to teach and preach, who had neither benefice nor
exhiMioti. IL W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., i.
=Syn. Exhibition, Exhibit, Exposition, Exposure, Expoa^ ;
manifestation. Exhibition is more general than exhibit,
the latter expressing sometimes a section of the former.
As contrasted with exposition, exhibition deals more often
withiisible things and exposition with things mental : as,
an ejJtibition of machinery ; an expo^tition of a text or doc-
trine of philosophy. Hence in part, perhaps, the disincli-
nation of some to use exposition for a show. This new and
French use of exposition, so Jar as it prevails, is limited to
a large or international exhibition, a " world's fair." Ex-
posure expresses a laying open (as exposure to the sun, or
a southern exposure), especially in some undesirable way,
as to danger, unpleasant observation, etc. Expose is not far
from being synonymous with exhibit, being a formal exhi-
bition of facts in detail for the information of those con-
cerned, and sometimes the revelation in detail of things
that it was desirable to keep secret : as, an expose of cer-
tain tricks of the trade.
Copley's picture of Lord Chatliam's death is an exhibi-
tion of itself. Beattie.
Although every State and Territory In the Union, with
the exception of Utah, was represented by a handsome
collective exhibit of its natural resources, the enterprise
was essentially Southern. The Century, XXXI. 153.
His [Burnet's] work on the Thirty-nine Articles is per-
haps the most accredited exposition of the doctrines of
Anglicanism. Leckij, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
When we have our naked frailties hid.
That suffer in exposure, let us meet.
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3.
eihibitional(ek-si-bish'gn-al), a. [< exhibition
+ -al.] ' Pertaining to an exhibition.
Madame and her suite had gone to partake of their
yearly exhibitional refreshments.
New Princeton Rev., I. 121.
exhibitioner (ek-si-bish'on-6r), M. In English
universities, one who has an exhibition, pen-
sion, or allowance granted for his maintenance.
On receiving each instalment the exhibitioner shall de-
clare his intention of presenting himself either at the two
examinations for B. A., or at the two examinations for
B. Sc. Regulations of Univ. of London, 1865.
exhibitive (eg-zib'i-tiv), o. [< exhibit + -ive.']
Serving for exhibition; tending to exhibit or
show; representative.
But as the rock was a symbol of the one true Christ, so
is the sacramental bread a symbol exhibitive of the one
true body of Christ. Waterland, Works, VIII. 234.
A Last Confession is Rossetti's dramatic chef-d'oeuvre,
and at the same time exhibitive of his mastership over the
difScult medium of blank verse.
W. Sharp, D. G. Kossetti, p. 321.
exhibitively (eg-zib'i-tiv-li), adv. By repre-
sentation.
The word Christ, which is the predicate in one proposi-
tion (" that rock was Christ "|, is to be literally under-
stood, and the trope lies in the verb was, put for signify
or exhibitively signifies. Waterland, Works, YIII. 233.
exhibi'tor (eg-zib'i-tor), n. [= It. esibitore, <
LL. exhibitor, < L. exhibere, pp. exhibitus, show:
see exhibit.} One who exhibits, or makes an
exhibition of any kind; in law, one who makes
a documentary exhibit in court, or presents an
exhibit.
The exhibitors of that shew politickly had placed whif-
lera armed and linked through the hall.
Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 245.
eihibitory (eg-zib'i-to-rl), a. [< exhibit + -ory.']
Exhibiting; showing'; displaying.
In an exhibitory bill, or schedule, of expences for their
removal this year . . . mention is made of carrying the
clock from the college-hall to Garsington-house.
T. Wartan, Sir T. Tope, p. 379.
The order pronoimced might be . . . :zhibitory, when
he [the respondent) was ordained to produce something
he was unwarrantably detaining, e. g., the body of a free-
man he was holding as his slave, or a will in which the
complainer alleged that he had an interest.
Encyc. Brit, XX. 709.
exhilarant (eg-zil'a-rant), a. and n. [< L. ex-
hiUiran{t-)s, ppr. of exhilarare, gladden: see ex-
hilarate.'] I. a. Exhilarating; causing exhila-
ration.
H. n. That which exhilarates.
To Leonard it was an exhilarant and a cordial which
rejoiced and strengthened him.
Southey, The Doctor, Ixxvii.
exhilarate (eg-zil'a-rat), v. ; pret. and pp. ex-
hilarated, ppr. exhilarating. [< L. cxhilaratus,
pp. oi exhilarare, gladden, make merry, delight,
< ex, out, up, + hilarare, gladden, cheer, < hilaris,
glad: see hilarious.'] I. trans. To make cheer-
ful, lively, or merry; render glad or joyous;
cheer; enliven; gladden.
The physician prescribeth cures of the mind in phren-
aies and melancholy passions ; and pretendetli also to ex-
hibit medicines to exhilarate the mind.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, U. 185.
T^
2068
Nor rural sights alone, but rural sounds.
Exhilarate the spirit, and restore
The tone of languid Nature. Cowper, Task, i. 182.
To animate, inspirit, elate.
intrans. To become cheerful or joyous.
The shining of the sun whereby all things exhilarate.
Bacon, Speech in Parliament to Speaker's Excuse.
exhilarating (eg-zil'a-rS-ting), p. a. stimulat-
ing; enlivening.
That fallacious fruit.
That with exhilarating vapour bland
About their spirits had play'd, and inmost powers
-Made err. Milton, P. L., ix. 1047.
exhilaratingly (eg-zil'a-ra-ting-li), adv. In an
e.xhilarating manner.
exhilaration (eg-zil-a-ra'shon), n. [< LL. ex-
hilara iio{n-) , a gladdening, i L. exhilarare, glad-
den: see exhilarate.] 1. The act of exhilarat-
ing, or of enlivening or cheering; the act of
making glad or cheerful. — 2. The state of be-
ing enlivened or cheerful ; elevation of spirits ;
joyous enlivenment.
Exhilaration hath some affinity with joy, though it be
a much lighter motion. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 721.
= Syn. 2. Animation, joyousness, gaiety, hilarity, glee.
exhllarator (eg-zil'a-ra-tor), n. [< exhilarate
-i- -or.] One who or that which exhilarates.
exhort (eg-z6rt'), ". [< ME. exhorten, exorten,
< OF. exhorter, F. exhorter= Sp. Pg. exhortar =
It. esortare, < L. exhortari, exhort, < ex, out, +
hortari, urge, incite, exhort. Cf. dehort.] I.
trans. 1 . To incite by words or advice ; ani-
mate or urge by arguments to some act, or to
some course of conduct or action ; stir up.
And exortyd every man to confession and repentaunce.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, j). 26.
Young men likewise exhort to be soberminded.
Tit. ii. 6.
Gregory with pious and Apostolic perswasions exhorts
them not to shrink back from so good a work, but cheer-
fully to go on in the strength of divine assistance.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
2. To advise; admonish; caution.
I exhort you to restrain the violent tendency of your na-
ture for analysis, and to cultivate synthetical propensities.
Sydney Smith, To Francis Jeffrey.
= Syn. To incite, stimulate, encourage; appeal to, beg,
enjoin, adjure.
II. intrans. To deliver exhortation ; cedes.,
to use appeals or arguments to incite ; practise
public exhortation.
And with many other words did he testify and exhort.
Acts ii. 40.
His brethren and friends intreat, exhort, adjure.
Milton, Church-Government, ii. 3.
exhortt (eg-zorf), n. [< exhort, v.] The act of
exhorting; an exhortation.
The haue disceiued and betrayed, lo !
By the exort of vntrew man makyng,
Al this me hath made my cosin to doo.
y(o»i. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3972,
Drown Hector's vaunts in loud exhorts of fight.
Pope, Iliad, xii.
exhortation (ek-s6r-ta'shon), n. [< ME. exhor-
tacion, < OF. (also F.) exhortation = Sp. exhor-
taciOH = Pg. exhortagSo = It. esortazione, < L.
exhortatio(n-), < exhortari, pp. exhortatus, ex-
hort: see exhoi-t.] 1. The act or practice of
exigency
exhortator (ek's6r-ta-tor), n. [= Sp. Pg. ex-
hortutlor = It. csortatore, < LL. exhortator, < L.
exhortari, exhort t see exhort.] An exhorter :
an eneourager. [Rare.]
exhortatory (eg-z6r'ta-to-ri), a. [= F. exhoT'
tatoire= Sp. Pg. cxhortatorio = It. esortatorio,
< LL. exhortatorius, < L. exhortari, pp. exhorta-
tus, e.xhort: see exhort, exhortator.] Tending
to exhort ; serving for exhortation.
He wrote vnto those Scots letters exhortatorie, requiring
them most instantlie to an vnitie of Catholike orders as
might be agreeable with the church of Christ.
llolinshed, Chronicles, England, an. 610.
All of them [the Psalms] afford ground of praise at least ;
the doctrinal, the exhortatory, the historical, as well as
the rest. Seeker, "Works, III. xxvi.
exhorter (eg-z6r't6r), n. 1. One who exhorts
or encoiu-ages.
The which writing many bee agrieued withall: when
euery one taketh the matter, as said by himselfe, and will
not heare mee, as an exhorter and coimseller.
Vives, Instruction of Christian Women, Pref.
2. In the Meth. Epis. Ch., a layman, licensed
by the pastor, at the recommendation of the
class-meeting or leader's meeting, to hold meet-
ings for prayer and exhortation under the direc-
tion of the preacher in charge, and to attend all
the sessions of the quarterly conference. He is
subject to an annual examination of character
in the quarterly conference.
exhorto (eks-or'to), n. [Sp., < exhortar, exhort :
see exhort.] In Mexican and Spanish law, letters
requisitorial sent from one judge to another;
specifically, an order or a warrant for the ap-
prehension of a fugitive peon.
exhumate (eks-hii'mat), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
exhumated, ppr. exhumating. [< ML. exhumatus,
pp. of ex7i««iare, exhume: see exhurtie.] To ex-
hume; disinter. [Colloq.]
Exhumate. Somebody has coined this verb from the
good English noun "exhumation." The tnie verb is "ex-
hume." A. Phelps, English Style, p. 366.
exhumation (eks-hu-ma'shon), n. [= F. exlm-
mation = Sp. exhumacion = tg. exhumagao = It.
esumazione, < ML. exhumatio(n-), < exhumare, pp.
exhumatus, exhume: see exhume.] The act of
exhuming or disinterring that which has been
buried: as, the exhumation of a dead body.
Mr. Flaquet says, in his collection of tracts relative t*»
the exhumation in the great church at Dunkirk, that the
town became more healthy after the bodies of those who
had been buried in it had been taken up.
W. Seward, Anecdotes, V. 288,
There remain, then, only the metallic poisons which can
be reckoned on as open to detection thi'ough exhumation,
practically three in number, ai-senic, antimony, and mer-
cury. Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 11.
exhume (eks-hum'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. exhumed,
ppr. exhuming. [= F. exhumer = Sp. Pg. ex-
humar = It. esumare, < ML. exhumare, dig out
of the ground, < L. ex, out, + humus, the ground :
see humus. Cf. inhume.] To dig out of the
earth, as something, especially a dead body,
which has been buried; disinter.
In they brought Fomiosus' self.
The body of him. dead, even as embalmed
And buried duly in the Vatican
Eight months before, exhumed thus for the nonce.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 169.
exhorting; incitement by means of argument, exiccate, exiccation. See exsiccate, exsiccation.
appeal, or admonition ; the argument or appeal exiconizet (eks-i'ko-niz), v.t. [< Gr. i^aniyvil^ut.,
made. explainby a simile, be like, <ff, out, + tiKov/feo',
put into form, make like, < e'lKuv, a form, image :
see icon.] To image forth ; delineate ; depict.
Our faith, if you take in the whole, is no other but what
is exiconized in the Apostle's creed, included in the Scrip-
tures. Hammond, Works, II. 101.
Exidia (ek-sid'i-a), n. [NL.] A genus of fungi,
belonging to the group Tremellini. The jew's-
ear fungus is often referred to this ■;;enus under
the name Auricula-Judce.
exies (ek'siz), n. pi. [Sc, contr. of ecstasies:
see ecstasy.] Ecstasies; hysterics.
That silly fliskmahoy, Jenny Rintherout, has ta'en the
exies, and done naething but laugh and greet ... for twa
days successively. Scott, Antiquary, xx.\v.
I'll end my exhortation after dinner.
Shak.,M. of v., i. 1.
The Souldiers by his firm and well giounded Exhorta-
tions were all on a fire to the onset. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
When he [James II.] found his hearers obdurate to ex-
hortation, he resorted to intimidation and corruption.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
2. Incitement to action, as of a nerve; stimu-
lation; irritation. [Eare.]
Dr. Sanderson . . . gave the results of a series of experi-
ments conducted with regard to the measurement of the
period of time elapsing between the exhortation of the
[electric] fish and the delivery of its shock, and also con-
cerning the duration of the shock.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LVII. 226.
Exhortation week, the week prior to Septuagesnna Sun- exigeant exlgoante (eg-ze-zhon , -zhont ), a.
day : so called because the services of the week contam rv „rinJr,nt fom prinenvfe nxactini? narticu-
exhortations to the faithful to prepare duly for Lent. Lee's L* • cxigeant, lem. extgeanie, exacting, pariicii
prepare
Gl0H8anf. = SYa. 1. Homily, etc. See sermo7i.
exhortati'Ve (eg-z6r'ta-tiv), a. [= F. exhorta-
tif=: Pg. cxhortativo = It. esortativo, < L. exhor-
tativus, < exhortari, pp. exhortatus, exhort: see
exhort.] Containing exhortation; hortatory.
Considering St. Paul's style and manner of expression
in the preceptive and exhortative part of his epistles.
Barroic, Works, I. viii.
A little slip of paper upon which are written a few words,
generally exhortative to charity (as "He who giveth alms
will be provided for ").
E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 317.
lar, ppr. of exiger, < L. exigere, exact: see exact,
■v., and exigent.] Exacting.
To his highly developed imagination and fastidiously
exigeant intellect, no amount of relative or approximate
truth could compensate for a deficiency in that absolute-
ness which he regarded as truth's supremest altitude.
J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 319.
As a woman and a comrade for Shelley she was not to
be compared to Mary, but she might be less exigeante as
to his conduct. New Princeton Rev., IV. 302.
exigency, exigence (ek'si-jen-si, -jens), «. ; pi.
exigencies, exigences (-siz, -jgn-sez). [< OF. exi-
exigency
genee, F. exigence = Sp. Pg. exigencia = It. esi-
gema, esigemia, < ML. exigentia, < L. exigeH(t-)s,
ppr. of exigere, exact : see exigent.'i 1 . The state
of being urgent; pressing need or demand; ur-
gency: as, the exigency of the case or of busi-
ness.
Goldsmith . . . had had a lifelong familiarity with duns
and borrowing, and seemed very contented when the exi-
gency of the honr was tided over.
W. Black, Goldsmith, vii.
2. A pressing necessity; an urgent case; any
case which demands prompt action, supply, or
remedy : as, in the present exigency no time is to
be lost.
When the Romans were pressed with a foreign enemy,
the ladles voluntarily contributed all their rings and jewels
to assist the government under the public exigence.
Addigon, Party Patches.
In this exigence, . . . my only resource was to order my
son, with an important air, to call our coach.
Qoldnnith, Vicar, iv.
Let our aim be, as hitherto, to give a good all-round edu-
cation fitted to cope with as many exigencies of the day as
possible. Lowell, Harvard Anniversary.
8. A state of difficulty or want ; a condition of
distress or need.
My Lord Denbigh is returned from attempting to relieve
Bochel, which is reduced to extreme Exigence.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 6.
4. Command ; requirement : as, the exigency of
a writ.^gyn. 2. Occurrence, Occasion, Exigency, Etner-
gency, Crinu ; pressure, strait, conjuncture, pass, pinch.
An occasion is an orcurrence, or separate event, usually in-
volving considerations of importance, with the observance
of a degree of ceremony ; an exigency is an occasion of
urgency and suddenness, where something helpful needs
to be done at once ; an emergency is more pressing and
naturally less common than an exigency; a crins is an
emergencit on the outcome of which everything depends.
Seeecenti.
Upon laying his head on the block, [Sir Thomas More]
gave instances of that good humour with which he had
always entertained his friends in the most ordinary occur-
rencet. Addisfm, Spectator, No. 349.
There is always a rivalry l>etween the orator and the
teeasion, between the demands of the hour and the pre-
poflseaaion of the individual. Emerson, Eloquence.
The exigencies of foreign policy again speedily modified
the home policy of England. Leeky, Eng. in 18th Cent, 1.
There are certain emergencies of nations, in which ex-
pedients that In the ordinary state of things ought to be
forborne become essential to the public weaL
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. S«.
In all movements of the human mind which tend to
great revolutions there is a crisis at which moderate con-
cession may amend, conciliate, and preserve.
Macautay, Haltam's Const. Hist.
exigendt (ek'si-jend), n. [< AF. ezigende, < ML.
eitgemia, a writ of exigent, the state of one
against whom the writ of exigent was issued;
< L. exigendui, get. of exigere, drive otit, etc.:
see exigent.'] A writ of exigent.
If he (the sherifTl return, that he [a laborer who fled
from his employer] is not found, he shall have an Exigend
at the first Day, and the same pursue till he be outlawed.
Laws of Edw. III. (modem versionX quoted in Ribton-
[Tumer's Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 60.
exigendar7(ek-Bi-jen'da-ri), ti.; f\.exigendaries
(-riz). [< rxigend + -<iry.] Same as exigenter.
exigent (ek'si-jent), a. and n. [= F. exigeant
(see exigeant) =°Sp. Pg. exigente = It. esigenle, <
L. exigen{t-)s, ppr. of exigere, drive out, drive
forth, demand, exact, etc. : see exact, r.] I. a.
Urgently requiring ; exacting.
At this exigent moment, the loss of a finished man Is not
easily supplied. Burke.
But now this body, exigent of rest.
Will needs put In a claim.
Sir U. Taylor, Ph. van Artevelde, II., 1. 2.
n. n. It. An urgent occasion ; an occasion
that calls for immediate aid or action ; an exi-
gency.
Instead of doing anything as the exigent required, he
began to make circles and all those fantasticall defences
that hee had ever heard were fortifications against devils.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, Iv.
Why do yon cross me In this exigetU > Shak., J. C, v. 1.
From this needlesse surmisall I shall hope to disswade
the intelligent and equal auditor, if I can but say success-
fully that which In thin exigent behoovs nie,
Milton, Cburch-aovemment, Fref., IL
m. End; extremity.
By thiit time we were driuen to an exigent, all our pro-
olslon within the Citie stooping very lowe.
Haktuyfs Voyages, II. 126.
These eyes, like lamps whose wasting oil Is spent.
Wax dim, as drawing to their exigent.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., 11. B.
3. In Eng. law, formerly, a writ preliminary to
outlawry, which lay where the defendant could
not be found, or after a return of non est inven-
tus on former writs.
exigenter (ek'si-jen-tfer), n. [< exigent + -«•!.
( f. fxif/nitlary.) An officer formerly employed
in the Court of Common Pleas in England, who
2069
made out exigents and proclamations in cases
of outlawry. Also exigendary.
The cursitors are by comties ; these are the Lord Chan-
cellor's. The philizers and exigenterg are by counties also,
and are of the Common Pleas.
jRoger North, Lord Guilford, I. 186.
exigible (ek'si-ji-bl), a. [< F. exigible = Sp. exi-
gible = Pg. exigivel = It. csigibile, < L. as if 'exigi-
bilis, < exigere, exact: see exact, v.} Capable of
being exacted ; demandable ; requirable.
Discount is a deduction allowed for a payment being
made at a date prior to the time when the full amount is
exigible. Encyc. Brit., VII. 5^6.
exiguity (ek-si-gii'j-ti), n. [= F. exiguite = Sp.
exigiitdad = Pg. exiguidade, < L. exiguita(t-)s,
scantiness, smallness, < exigmts : see exiguous.]
1. SmaUness; slenderness; tenuity. [Kare.]
To prosecute a little what I was saying of the condu-
civeness of brinj^ing a body into small parts, in some cases
the comminution may be nmch promoted by employing
piiysical, after mechanical, ways ; and that, when the parts
are brought to such a pitch of exiguity, they may be ele-
vated nmch better than before. Boyte, Works, IV. 296.
The comparative exiguity of the gowns led to a corre-
sponding diminution in the quantity of material required.
Fortnightly Ren., N. S., XLII. 291.
2. Scantiness; slightness; meagerness: as,
the exiguity of a description. Jour. London Soc.
I'xych. Research. [Rare.]
exiguous (eg-zig'u-us), a. [= F. exign = Sp.
Pg. exiguo = It. esiguo, < L. exiguus, scanty in
measure or number, small, slender, lit. mea-
sured, exact (cf. immetise, great, huge, lit. un-
measured), < exigere, measure, determine, etc.:
see exact, a., and examen.] Small; slender;
diminutive.
Protected mice,
The race exiguous, uninur'd to wet,
Their mansions quit, and other countries seek.
J. Philips, Fall of Chloe's Jordan.
To tempt the coins from the exiguous purses of ancient
maidens. O. W. Holmes, The Atlantic, LIX. 839.
Over the little brook which wimpled along below tow-
ered an arch, as a bit of .Shakespeare bestrides the exigu-
ous rill of a discourse wltich it was intended to ornament.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 206.
exiguousness (e^-zig'u-us-nes), n. The char-
acter of being exiguous; exiguity; diminutive-
ness. Bailey, 1727. [Kare.J
exile^ (ek'sil, formerly eg-zil'), n. [< ME. exit,
exile, < OF. exit, essil, F. exil = Pr. essil = Sp.
Pg. exilio = It. esilio, < L. exilium, exsilium, ban-
ishment, < exul, exsul, a banished man, an exile ;
formation uncertain; perhaps < exsilire {'ex-
sal-), spring forth (go forth), < ex, out, -I- satire,
leap, spring, orig. go, = Skt. ^ sar, go: see
salient, and cf . ex%Ut, exilition ; less prob. lit.
one driven from his native soil, < ex, out of,
from, + solum, the ground, the soil, one's na-
tive soil, land, country: see soi'/*.] 1. Expul-
sion from one's country or home by an authori-
tative decree, for a definite period or in perpe-
tuity; banishment; expatriation: aa, the exile
of Napoleon ; exile to Siberia.
All these puissant legions whose exile
Hath emptied heaven. JfvUon, P. L., L 632.
2. Residence in a foreign land or a remote place
enforced by the government of which one has
been a subject or citizen, or by stress of cir-
cumstances; separation from one's native or
chosen home or country and friends ; the con-
dition of living in banishment.
You little think that all our life and Age
Is but an Exile and a Pilgrimage.
Syleetter, tr. of Du Bartu's Weeks, II., The Vocation.
He (Carolus Magnus] sent him (the King of the Longo-
bardsj captive to Liege, . . . where he died in Exile.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 10.1.
Uls (Clarendon's] long exile had made him a stranger in
the country of his birth. Macautay, Sir William Temple.
3t. Removal.
Fermors during their term shall not make waste, sale,
nor exile of house, woixls, or men, nor of any thing belong-
ing to the tenements that tliey have to term without spe-
cial license. Statute oj Marlt/ridge.
4 . [In this sense an accom. of F. exiU, an exile,
prop. pp. of exiler, exile (see exile, r.), to exile
above ; or an accom. of the L. exul, an exile :
see exul.'] A banished person; a person ex-
pelled from his country or home by authority,
or separated from it by necessity : as, Siberian
exiles; a band of exiles.
The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed, and
that he should not die in the pit. Isa. II. 14,
The pensive exile, Itending with his woe,
To stop too fearful, and too faint to go.
Goldsmith, Traveller.
=ftyn. 1. Proscription, expulsion, ostracism.
exile' (ek'sil, formerly eg-zil'), <•. t. ; pret. and
pji. exiled, j^r. exiling. K ME. exilen, < OF.
exiler, essiller, F. exiler = Pr. essilhar = It. esi-
exinanition
Hare, < ML. exiliare, send into exile, < L. exi-
lium, exile: see exile^, n.] 1. To banish from
a country or from a particular jurisdiction by
authority, with a prohibition of return, for a
limited time or for life ; expatriate.
And wanhope [despair] also y wole exile,
For he is not of oure fraternitee.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 77.
For that oif ence.
Immediately we do exile him hence.
Shak., E. and J., iii. 1.
So I, exiled the circle of the court.
Lose all the gooti gifts that in it I 'joyed,
B. Jonnon, Poetaster, iv, 6,
Hence — 2. To constrain to abandon country
or home ; drive to a foreign country, literally
or figuratively; expel — To exile one's self, to quit
one's country with the nitention not to return. =:Syn. Ex-
pel, Exclude, etc. See baniijh.
exile^t (ek'sil), a. [< OF. exile = It. esile, < L.
exilis, small, thin, slender, lank, contr. of *exi-
gilis, equiv. to exiguus, small, etc.: see exigu-
ous.] Slender; thin; fine; light.
Xowe late in lande ther ayer is hoot & drie.
And erthe exile or hilly drie or lene,
Vynes beth best ysette to multiplie,
Palladius, Husbondrie (E, E, T, S,), p. 188,
In a virginal, when the lid is down, it niaketh a more
exile sound than when the lid is open. Bacon, Nat, Hist,
exiledt (ek'sild), a. [< exile^ + -ed^.] Slen-
der; weak. Nares.
Which (to my exiled and slender learning) have made
this little treatise. Sorthbrooke, Dicing (1677).
exilementt (ek'sil-ment), n. [< exile^, v., +
-ment.] Banishment.
Fitz Osborn . . . was discarded into a foreign service,
for a pretty 8ha<low of exilement.
Sir H. Wotton, ReliquiBB, p. 103.
exilian (eg-zil'i-an), a. [< L. exilium, exile, +
-«H.] Pertaining to exile or banishment ; spe-
cifically, belonging to the period of the exile of
the Jews to Babylon.
The Messianic promise binds togetlier the primitive,
the patriarchal, the Mosaic, the prophetic, the exilian,
and the post-exilian periods,
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p, 46.
exilic (eg-zil'ik), a. [< exiled -I- -ic] Same as
exilian.
The Exilic and post-Exile propliets do not write in a
lifeless tongue, and Hebrew was still the language of
Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah (eh. xiii.), in the mid-
dle of the 5th century B. c. Encyc. Brit., XI. 697,
There are indications , . . in Deuteronomy and Ezekiel
sufllcient to preclude tlie supposition that the priestly
legislation was a creation of the exilic period.
Contemporary Be v., XLIX. 298.
exilitionf (ek-sl-lish'on), «. [Irreg. < L. exilire,
exsilire, spring forth, < ex, out, + satire, leap,
spring : see exult. ] A sudden springing or leap-
ing out.
From salt-petre proceedeth the force and the report;
for sutphure ami smal-coal mixed will not take fire with
noise or exilition. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii, 5,
exilityt (eg-zir,i,-ti), n. [= It. esilitd, < L. ex«7i-
ta{t-).s, smallness, < exilis, small: see exile^.]
1. Slenderness; thinness; tenuity.
It is with great propriety that subtlety, which, in its
original import, means exility of particles, is taken, in its
metaphorical meaning, for nicety of distinction,
Johnson, Cowley,
2. Fineness; refinement.
.Neither France nor Germany nor England had yet great-
ly advanced in tlie civil intercourse of life, and could not
appreciate such exility of elegance and such sublimated
refinement. 1. ly Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 327,
eximietyt, «• [^ LL. eximieta(t-)s, excellence,
< L. (limius, excellent: see ea:>»iioK«.] Excel-
lence. Bailey, 1727.
exlmioust (eg-zim'i-us), a. [= Sp. Pg. eximio
= It. (simio, < L. exiniius, select, choice, distin-
guished, excellent, also exempt, < eximere, take
out: see exempt.] Excellent; eminent; distin-
guished.
Take a taste out of the beginning of his dedicatory epis-
tle; " Egregious Doctors and masters of the eximious and
arcane Science of Physick." Fuller, Worthies, London.
He (Cromwell] respected all persons that were eximious
in any art, H'hitelocke.
eximiousnesst, «• Excellency. Bailey, 1727.
exinanite (eg-zin'a-nit), V. t.: pret. and pp. ex-
inanited, ppr. exinaniting. [< L. exinanitus, pp.
of rxinanire, make empty, < ex, out, + inanis,
empty: see inane.] To make empty; weaken;
make of little value, force, or repute.
He exinanited himself (Latin temel ipsum exinanivU]
and took the form of a servant.
Rhemish Trans, of New Test., Phil, il, 7.
exinanition (eg-zin-a-nish'on), n. [= F. «rt-
nanition = Sp. exinahicion = Pg. exinanicSo =
It. esinani:ione, < L. exinanitio(n-), an emptying,
< exinanire, empty : see exina?n'(e.] 1. An emp-
tying or evacuation ; a weakening.
exinanition
DiMftses of exinanition are more dangerous than dis-
eases of repletion, 6. Herbert, Country Parson, xxvi.
We are not commanded to imitate a life whose story
tells of . . . fastings to the exinanition of spirits, and dis-
abling all animal operations.
Jer. Tat/tor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 23.
Hence — 2. Privation; loss; destitution; low
estate.
Some theologians make a proper distinction between
exinanition and humiliation, and confine the former to
the life, the latter to the death of Christ.
Schajf, Christ and Christianity, p. 85.
ezindasiate (eks-in-du'si-at), a. [< ex-priv. +
indusiate.'\ In bot., not having an indusium:
applied to ferns.
exine (ek'sin), w. Same as extine.
ezmguinal (eks-ing'gwi-nal), a. and n. [< L.
ex, out, + inguen (inguin-), groin: see inguinal.']
I. a. In entom., situated outside the inguen or
groin, or beyond the insertion of the leg. See II.
n. H. The second joint of a spider's leg, the
first of the two forming the thigh, and corre-
sponding to the trochanter of a true insect.
ezmtine (eks-in'tin), n. [< ex(tine) + intine.'\
A name given by Fritzehe to a supposed mid-
dle membrane intermediate between the ex-
tine and the intine in the pollen-grains of cer-
tain plants. See intextine.
exist (eg-zisf), V. i. [= F. exister = Sp. Pg.
existir = It. esistere (= G. existiren = Dan. ex-
istere = Sw. existcra, after F.), < L. existere, cx-
sistere, stand forth, come forth, arise, be, < ex,
out, -1- sistere, set, place, cans, ot stare, stand:
see statid. Cf. assist, consist, desist, insist, per-
sist, resist.'] 1. To have actual being of any
kind; actually be at a certain moment or
throughout a certain period of time.
By all tlie operation of the orbs,
From whom we do exist, and cease to be.
Shak., Lear, i. 1.
The bright Idea Iwth exists and lives.
Such vital Heat thy genial Pencil gives.
Congreve, To Sir Godfrey Kueller.
New freedom could not exist in safety under tlie old ty-
rant. Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden.
Upon a very common confusion of the word exist with
the verb to be, which does not Qecessarily imply existence,
he founded his argument against the possibility of crea-
tion : creation cannot be, for being cannot arise out of
non-being ; nor can non-being be. Encyc. Brit., VIII. 1.
Hence — 3. To live; continue to have life or
animation: as, men cannot exist without air,
nor fishes without water.
Thou art not thyself ;
For thou exist'st on many a thousand grains
That issue out of dust. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
We know that the reindeer and the aurochs existed in
Europe up to the time of the Romans, and the great Irish
deer up to the time of modern peat l>ogs.
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 161.
exlstability (eg-zis-ta-bil'i-ti), n. See existi-
hility.
existence (eg-zis'tens), n. [< ME. existence, <
OF. existence, F. existence = Pr. Sp. Pg. exis-
tencia = It. esistenza (= G. existenz = Dan. Sw.
existens, after F.), existence, < ML. existentia, <
L. existen{ t-)s, existent : see existent.] 1 . Actual
being; being at a certain moment or through-
out a certain period of time ; being such as or-
dinary objects possess. See being.
Between creatures of mere existence and things of life
there is a large disproportion of nature.
Sir T. Broume, Religio Medici, i. 33.
If I know I doubt, I have as certain perception of the
existence of the thing doubting as of that thought which
I call doubt. Locke, Human Understanding, IV. ix. § 8.
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst
men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and in a word all
sensible objects, have an existcTice natural or real, distinct
from their being perceived by the understanding.
Bp. Berkeley.
Hence — 2. Life; vital or sentient being ; state
of life.
Is death to be feared that will convey thee to so happy
an existence f Addison, Vision of Mirza.
The soul, secured in her existence, smiles
At tlie drawn dagger, and defies its point.
Addison, Cato, v. 1.
I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and meta-
phorical sense, including dependence of one being on an-
other, and including not only the life of the individual,
but success in leaving progeny.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 62.
3. That which exists ; that which actually is
an individual thing ; an actuality.
The fact is as remarkable as it is incontrovertible that
the human race, all but universally, has conceived of some
ExisteTice more exalted than man.
Channing, Perfect Life, p. 3.
What is that to him that reaps not harvest of his youth-
ful loys,
Tho' the deep heart of existence beat for ever like a boy's?
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
2070
Existence — that is to say, the only Existence contem-
plated by us — is objective E.\perience : it is the external
aspect of Feeling.
ft //. Leices, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 8.
4t. Reality; fact; truth.
She [Fortune] maketh, thurgh hir adversite,
Men fulle clerly for to se
Hym that is freend in existe^ice
From hym that is by apparence.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 5646.
Being Of existence. See iieins'.— Finite existence. See
finite.
existency (eg-zis'ten-si), «. Same as existence.
Nor is it onely of rarity, but may be doubted whether
it l>e of existeiicy, or really any such stone in the head of
a toad at all. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 13.
existent (eg-zis'tent), a. and n. [= F. existant
= Sp. Pg. cxistent'c = it. esistente, < L. existen{t-)s,
exsisten(t-)s, existing, ppr. ot existere, exsistere,
exist : see exist.] I. a. Existing ; having exis-
tence.
The eyes and mind are fastened on objects which have
no real being, as if they were truly existent. Dryden.
The universe, according to Aristotle, is a continuous
cliain ; at the one end is the purely potential, matter
without form or qualities ; at the other end is pure un-
conditioned actuality, the ever existent, or God.
Encyc. Brit., II. 622.
Existent power, a power of doing or becoming some-
tliing belonging to an existing thing. Also called entita-
tive power.
II. n. That which exists, or has actual being.
The contention of those who declare the Absolute to be
unknowable is, that beyond the sphere of knowable phe-
nomena there is an Existent, which partially appears in
the phenomena, but is something wholly removed from
them, and in no way cognizable by us.
O. II. Leices, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. vi. § 8.
existential (ek-sis-ten'shal), a. [< ML. *exis-
tcniiiilis (in deriv. ex)Stentiiilita(t-)s), < existentia,
existence: see existence.] 1. Of, pertaining to,
or consisting in existence ; ontological.
Enjoying the good of existence, and the being deprived
of that existential good. Bp. Barlow, Remains, p. 483.
There is a certain parallelism between tlie logical and
existential analyses.
S. Hodgson, Philos. of Reflection, III. vii. § 1.
2. Expressing or stating the fact of existence.
Convention does not allow us to say "It executes," as
we say "It blows" or "It thunders," because (if for no
other reason) the group of plienomena is not one of famil-
iar immemorial occurrence. But we can just as conve-
niently adopt the existential form, " There was an execu-
tion," as the predicative form, "A man was hanged";
and as a matter of fact, one form would be as readily em-
ployed as the other. J. Venn, Miud, XIII. 416.
existentially (ek-sis-ten'shal-i), adv. In an
existential manner; in an existing state; ac-
tually. [Rare.]
Whether God was existentialUj as well as essentially in-
telligent. Coleridge.
exister (eg-zis't6r), n. One who or that which
exists. [Rare.]
Given a somewhat humdrum and monotonous existence ;
the exister finding " Denmark a prison."
The Atlantic, LIX. 672.
existibility (eg-zis-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [< existible:
see -bilitij.] Capacity of possibility of exis-
tence. Also existability.
The existability of perfect numbers.
Nature, XXXVII. 417.
existible (eg-zis'ti-bl), a. [< exist + -ible.]
Capable of existing or of existence.
It is evident that all corporeal and sensible perfections
are in some way existible in the human mind.
N. Grew, Cosmologia Sacra, p. 119.
existimationf (eg-zis-ti-ma'shgn), M. [< L. ex-
istimatio(n-), judgment, opinion, estimation, <
existimare, existumare, judge, estimate, < ex,
out, + cestimare, wstumare, value, estimate:
see esteem, estimate.] Esteem ; estimation.
If ... a man should bring forth any thing that he hath
read done in times past, or that he hath seen done in other
places ; there the hearers fare as though the whole existi-
viationoi their wisdom were in jeopardy to be overthrown.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. l)y Robinson), i.
Men's existimation follows us according to the company
we keep. Spectator, No. 466.
exit (ek'sit), n. [= Sp. Pg. exito = It. esito, <
L. cxitus, a going out, egress, a way out (in the
stage use, in E., < exit, v.), also in ML. issue,
offspring, vent, < exire, pp. exitus, go out, < ex,
out, + ire, go. Cf. issue, «., nearly a doublet of
exit.] 1. A way of departure ; a passage out.
Moving on I found
Only the landward exit of the cave.
Tennyson, Sea Dreams.
2. The departure of a player from the stage
when he has performed his part.
All the world's a stage.
And all the men and women merely players :
They have their exits, and their entrances.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
Exoceides
Hence — 3. Any departure ; specifically, the
act of quitting the stage of action or of life ;
death; decease.
We made our exit out of the Sepulcher, and returning
to the Convent din'd with the Fryars.
Mautuirell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 76.
No ideas strike more forcibly upon our imaginations
than those which are raised from reflections upon the
exits of great and excellent men.
Steele, Spectator, No. 133.
exit (ek'sit). [L., he goes out, a stage direc-
tion in plays; 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of exire,
go out: see exit, n.] In plays, a direction to
mark the time of an actor's quitting the stage.
exitial(eg-zish'al), a. [< L. exilialis, destructive,
fatal, < ej;i7mOT,'(lestruction, ruin, also lit. (like
exitus) a going out, egress, < exire, go out : see
exit. ] Destructive to life ; fatal ; dangerous.
Most exitial fevers, although not concomitated with the
tokens, exanthemata, anthraces, or carbuncles, are to be
censured pestilential. Harccy, The Plague.
exitiOUS (eg-zish'us), a. [< L. exitiosus, destruc-
tive, etc., < exitium : see exitial.] Same as ex-
itial.
To this end is come that beginning of setting up of im-
ages in churches, then iudged harmlesse, in experience
proved not only harnifull, but exitious and pestilent, and
to the destruction and subversion of all good religion.
Homilies, Against Peril of Idolatry, iii.
exitus (ek'si-tus), n. [L. : see exit, n.] In law :
(a) Issue; offspring. (6) Yearly rent or prof-
its of land.
exlet (ek'sl), n. An obsolete or dialectal form
of axle. Florin.
ex lege (eksle'je). [L. : ex, out of; lege abl..of
lex, law.] Arising from law.
exlext (eks'leks), n. [L., prop, adj., beyond
the law, lawless, < ex, out of, + lex, law : see
legal. Cf. E. outlaw.] An outlaw.
ex libris (eks li'bris). [L. : ex, out of; lihris,
abl. pi. of liber, a book.] 1. Literally, from
the books (of) : as, an ex libris exhibition (an ex-
hibition of books from the books or library of
certain collectors). — 2. A book-plate printed
with the name of the owner, and usually his
arms also; or, more rarely, a device or impresa
the motto of which should have some reference
to books or study.
I recently came across a curious ex libris. ... It is not
mentioned by Mr. Wairen in his list of early dated book
plates. N. ami Q., 6th ser., IX. 486.
ex necessitate (eks ne-ses-i-ta'te). [L.: ex, out
of; necessitate, abl. of necessita{t-)s, necessity:
see necessity.] Of necessity; from the neces-
sity of the thing or of the case ; necessarily.
exo-. [Gr. efu, adv., without, out of, outside,
< ff, prep., out: see ex-. Cf. ecto-.] A prefix
in words of Greek origin, meaning 'without,'
' outside ': used chiefly in scientific compoimds,
where it is usually equivalent to ccto- : opposed
to endo- or ento-.
exoarian (ek-so-a'ri-an), a. Having external
genitals, as a hydrozoan ; specifically, of or per-
taining to the Exoarii: opposed to endoarian.
Exoarii (ek-s6-a'ri-i), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. e(u,
outside, + (imptov, dim. of (mv = L. ovum, egg.]
The hydrozoans: so called by Rapp (1829),
with reference to their external genitalia : dis-
tinguished from Endoarii.
exocardiac (ek-so-kar'di-ak), a. Same as exo-
cardial.
exocardial (ek-so-kilr'di-al), a. _< Gr. ffu. out-
side, -I- Kapdla, = E. heart, + -dl] Situated
without, or external to, the heart.
Exocardines (ek-so-kar'di-nez), «. pi. [NL., <
Gr. ffu, outside, +'L. cardo (cardin-), a hinge.]
A division of lamellibranch mollusks, contain-
ing all the forms except the Endocardincs.
exocarp (ek'so-karp), )?. [< Gr. ffu, outside,
-I- mpiToQ, fruit.] In hot., the outer layer of a
pericarp when it consists of two dissimilar
layers.
exoccipital (ek-sok-sip'i-tal), a. and n. [< L.
ex, out, + occipnt {occipit-}, occiput: see occip-
ital.] I. a. Pertaining to or constituting that
part of the occipital bone of the skull which
lies on the right or left side of the foramen
magnum.
II. n. A lateral occipital bone ; one of a pair
of bones situated on each side of the basioeeipi-
tal, and with this and generally with the supra-
occipital circumscribing the foramen magnum.
It is the neurapophysial element of the occipital bone, cor-
responding to the greater part of the neural arch of a ver-
tebra. (See cuts under Anura, Balarnidet, Cyclodm, and
Esox.) In the embryo it has a distinct center of ossifica-
tion ; ill tho adult of man and other mammals it chiefly
forms tile condyloid portion of the occipital bone.
Exoceides(ek-so-se'i-dez), «. j>?. [NL.] Same
as Exoccetidm.
Ezocepbala
Exocephala (ek-so-scf 'a-la), II. pi. [NL., neut.
El. of 'exiicephalui, < Gi. i'iu, without, + kc^'aij,
ead.] A group of moUusks, comprising the
eephalophorous forms : contrasted with Etuio-
cfphiila.
Exochnata (ek-sok-na'ta), h. i)l. [XL. (Fabri-
eius, 1793), a perverted form intended for Ex-
ogiiatlui. neut. pi. of "exoynathus, < Gr. tfu, out-
side, + -/vdOo^, jaw.] In Fabricius's classifica-
tion of insects with biting mouth-parts, a divi-
sion characterized by having many maxillse
outside the labium (whence the name), and con-
taining the maerurous decapod crustaceans.
Exochorda (ek-so-k6r'da), n. [NL. (so called
because the thread-like placentas are left stand-
ing after the fall of the carpels), < Gr. f«<j, out-
side, + x^P^Vt a string: see chord.'] A rosa-
ceous genus of northern China, closely related
to Spirtea. The only species, E. fprandijfora. is a l>eau-
tiful stirub with axillary racemes of large white flowers,
and ii found iu cultivation,
«XOC0elar (ek-so-se'lar), a. [< Gr. tfu, outside,
+ Kn'i/jo^, hollow, Koifia, the hollow of the body,
the belly, -t- -ar.] In zool., situated on the outer
wall, or parietal surface, or somatic side, of
the coelomaor body-cavity; somatopleural: said
chiefly of bodies derived from a four-layered
germ, and hence with reference to the somato-
pleure or parietal division of the mesoderm.
From the Innermost layer of cells of this secondary
germ-layer develops the exocoelar — that Is, the outer, or
parietal — ccelom-epithel i am,
Uaeckel, Evol. of Man (trans. X I. 271.
exocoelariam (ek'so-se-la'ri-um), ». [NL. : see
€iocalar.'\ In :odl'., tte exocoelar layer of cells
forming the epithelium of the parietal, somato-
pleural, or outer wall of the body -cavity; the
parietal epithelium of the coeloma; exocoelar
ccelariura. Haeckel.
^occetidx (ek-so-se'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Exo-
attitsi + -iVte.] A family of fishes, typified by
the genus Exocatus. They have tu elongate form, the
head heini; »t moderate size, and the Jaws not extending
int4> long detitiKcroiu weftpona, though aometimes elon-
gated ; feeble teeth ; poiterlor and opposite dorsal and
anal fins, the csadal On with the lower lobe more or
less enlarged, generally enlarged rentrals, and well-de-
Teloped pectonls. The chief distinction from the Belo-
nida or gariUhes lies in the slcnll, especially the lower jaw
and in the vertebra. The family embraces the soft-rayed
flying-Ashes, and also some others agreeing in structure,
and has been divided into three subfamUles, Exoeatinat,
Heinirhamphiiim, and Scomberetoeinct. Also Bxoeeidet.
Ezocoetinae (ek'so-se-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Exo-
ctetH.s + -iiKS.'] I'he typical subfamily of Exo-
C(rti(liv.
exocCBtine (ek-so-se'tin), a. and n. I. a. Per-
. taining to or having the characters of the Exo-
coetina.
H. n. A fish of the subfamily Exoctelina,
«XOC0Btoid (ek-so-se'toid), a. and n. I. a. Per-
tainiui; to or having the characters of the I^o-
cu'tiilir.
II. ". A fish of the family Exocatidee.
exocoetoos (ek-so-se'tus), a. [< L. exocatus:
nee Efoiatitit.'] Same S8 exoeaetoid.
Exocoetos (ek-so-se'tus), n. [NL., < L. exoece-
tus, < Ur. i^uKMTo^, a fish supposed to come upon
the beach to sleep (also called dAjwf), < f,-u,
out, + Koirof, a bed, sleep, < lulaBat, lie, sleep.]
The typical genus of Exoecetida and ExoccetiiKF.
Eight species have been recorded as visitors to the United
States coaat, among which are £. vciitans, B. txUienM, and
E. nndtUU, wblcb are found along the eastern coast, and
E. ealifomieus (one of the largest of the geniuX which is
coinnii'n alouK the l»wcr Califomtan
r').xsl. Set- cut under Auin'i-J\»h.
fiXOCOrium (ek-so-fco'ri-um), n. ;
pi. exocoria (-ft). '[NL.,< Gr.^fu,
outside, -I- nL. corium, q. v.]
A narrow external marginal
part of the hemelytron of cer-
tain hemipterous insects.
«xoculatioii(ek-sok-u-la'shon), exj
«. [< L. exocutare, pp. exoculn-
tw, put out the eyes, < ex, out,
+ oeulug, the eye.] The act
of putting out the eyes; exce-
cation. [Rare.]
The history of Europe during the
dark a^abounds with examplesof ex-
oexUatum. .SoutA^y, Roderick, It, note.
exocyclic (ek-so-sik'lik), a.
Pertaining to tlie Exocyctica;
having an eccentric anus, as a
clypeastroid or spatangoid sea-
urchin.
Exocyclica (ek-so-sik'li-ka), H. pi. fNL., < Gr.
t;u, outside, + KVK/Mir, circular, < kvk?.o(, a cir-
cle.] An order of echinoderms, containing the
irregular or petalostichous sea-urchins, which
EzoooriuDi.
Donal view of vrater*
bog {BeUstpmaU
Alcatel; r,claTtis;
CO. coriutn; ex, exo-
corhiin : u. uncus ; m.
tneuibraiie.
2071
have the anus eccentric, as the shield-urchins
and heart-urchins.
Exod. An abbreviation of Exodus.
exodel (ek'sod), n. t= F. exode = Sp. Pg. ex-
odo = It. esodo, < LL. exodus, a going out, the
book so named: see exodus.'] Same as exodus.
[Rare.]
Their [the Israelites'] number increased in every gener-
ation so vastly, that they could bring, at that time of the
exode, si.x hundred thousand lighting men into the field.
Bolingbroke, Minutes of Essays.
exode^ (ek'sod), n. [< F. exode, < L. exodium,
a comic afterpiece, a conclusion, end, < Gr.
i^oScov, the finale of a tragedy, a tragical con-
clusion, a catastrophe, neut. of i^odiof, of or be-
longing to an exit {c^odiot vo/ioi, the finale of a
play), < liodoc, a going out, exit, close : see ex-
odus.] 1. In the Gr. drama, the concluding
part of a play, or the part which comprehends
all that is said after the last choral ode. — 2.
In the Bom. drama, a farce or satire, played as
an afterpiece or as an interlude.
The Romans had three plays acted one after another,
on the same subject ; the tlrat a real tragedy, the second
the Atellane, the third a satire or exode, a kind of farce
of one act. JioKommmi.
exodic (ek-8od'ik), a. [=F.exodique; aaexode^
+ -ie.] 1. Pertaining to an exodus, or a going
out. Specifically — 2t. Inphysiol., same as ef-
ferent.
exodlst (ek'so-dist), n. [< exode'^ + -is*.] One
who makes an exodus ; an emigrant ; one of a
band of emigrants. [Rare.]
As Want was the prime foe these hardy exodUU had to
fortify themselves against, so it is little wonder if that
traditional feud is long in wearing out of the stock.
Loioelt, Bigluw Papers, Ist ser., Int.
exodus (ek'so-dus), n. [< LL. Exodus, the book
so named, < Gr. i^oio^, a going out, a marching
out, a way out, issue, end, close ; the name in
the Septuagint of the second book of the Old
Testament; < «f, out, -I- odoc, a way.] 1. A go-
ing out ; departure from a place ; especially,
the migration of large bodies of people or ani-
mals from one country or region to another;
specifically, in hist., the departure of the Israel-
ites from Kgypt under the leadership of Moses.
ExoduM out of Egypt is entrance to the promised land.
Theodore Parker, Int. to Serni. on Theism, etc.
Exodiu of birds from sundry places afnicted with cholera
has been recorded,
T. OiU, Smithsonian Report, 1883, p. 730.
2. [cap.'] The second book of the Old Testa-
ment, designated by the Jews by its two initial
words, or, more commonly, by the second of
them, Shemoth. The Greek name Bxodut was attached
to it in the Septuagint version. The l)ook consists of two
distinct portions. The first (ch. i.-iix.) gives a detailed
account of the circumstances under which the departure
of the Israelites wa.<i accomplished. The second (ch. xx.-
xl.) describes the giving of the law, and tiie institutions
which completed the organization of the people. Abbre-
viate Kx.. Exod.
exodyt (ek'so-di), n. [Irreg. accom. of LL. exo-
dus?] An exodus.
In all probability their years continued to be three hun-
dred and sixty-five days, ever since the time of the Jewish
exody, at least. Sir M. Hate, Orig. of Mankind.
ex offiido (eks o-flsh'i-o). [L. : ex, from ; officio,
abt. of iifficium, ofBce : see office.] By virtue of
office (and without other especial authority) :
as, a justice of the peace may ex officio take
sureties of the peace: also used adjectively:
as, an ex officio member of a body.
exogamlc (ek-so-gam'ik), a. [<ero</o»jy + -»c.]
Same as exogamous.
The first stage Is tlie tribe, based on consanguinity with
exofjamie marriage. Science, III. M.
exogamltic (ek'so-ga-mit'ik), a. [Improp. for
exoyamic] Same aa exogamous.
exogamous (ek-sog'a-mus), a. [< exogamy +
-ous.] Pertaining to or of the nature of ex-
ogamy ; characterized by exogamy ; practising
exogamy. '
Thus there are in China large bodies of related clans-
men, each generally l>earing the same clan name. Tliey
are exonamoue: no man will marry a woman liaving the
same clan name as himself.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 223.
Peace and friendship were unknown between separate
groups or tril>es in early times, except when they were
forced to nnite against common enemies. . . . While this
state of enmity lasted, extitjainmu tril>es never could get
wives except i>y theft or force.
McLennan, Prim. Marriage, ill.
exogamy (ek-sog'a-mi), «. [< Gr. liu, outside, -I-
-',afiia, <. yiuoc, marriage.] The custom among
certain tribes which prohibits a man from
marrying a woman of his own tribe.
ExORen.
I. Section of a branch of tliree yeare* growth :
a, medulla or ptit) ; i b. medullary siieath ; ef,
medullary rays ; ecc, circles of annual growth ;
d. bark. 3. Netted veined leaf (oak). 3. Di-
cotyledonous seed ; a, cotyledon. 4. Germina-
tion of dicotyledonous seed : a a, seed-leaves
or cotyledons ; o, plumula. 5. Exogenous Hower
(crowfoot).
exomis
With respect to exogamy itself, Mr. MacLennan believes
that it arose from a scarcity of women, owing to female
iufanticiiie, aided perhaps by other causes.
Daninn, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 103.
exogastritis (ek"so-gas-tri'tis), n. [NL., < Gr.
ifu, outside, + yaari/p, belly, + -itis.] Same as
jierigastritis.
eX0gen(ek'80-jen), n. [< NL. exogenus, < Gr. cfu,
outside, + -jev^f, producing: see -gen, -genous.]
In hot., a
plant in which
the growth of
the stem is
itt- successive
concentric
layers. The
exogeiis, other-
wise called dico.
tyledong (see di-
cotyledon), forai
the larger of the
two classes into
which phienoga-
mous plants are
divided. They
are usually con-
sidered as in-
cluding two sub-
classes, the an-
giosperms and
the gymno-
sperms, though
the latter, which
have essentially the same structure and mode of growth,
but differ in having naked ovules, are by some late author-
ities separated as a distinct class. See endogen.
Exogens (ek-soj'e-ne), ». pi. [NL., fem. pi.
(se. plania:) of exogenus: see exogen.] In hot.,
the exogens.
exogenetic (ek-so-je-net'ik), fl. Having an ori-
gin from external causes : as, an exogenetic dis-
ease. Dunglison.
exogenite (ek-soj'e-nit), n. [< exogen + -ite.]
A generic name proposed, but not generally
adopted, for fossil exogenous wood of unknown
affinities.
exogenous (ek-soj'e-nus), a. [< NL. exogenus :
see exogen.] 1. Growing by additions on the out-
side; specifically, in 6o<., belonging to or char-
acteristic of the class of exogens. — 2. Produced
on the outside, as the spores of hyphomycetous
and many other fungi ; growing out from some
part : specifically applied in anatomy to those
processes of a vertebra which have no inde-
pendent ossific centers of their own, but are
mere outgrowths.
Tlie various processes of the vertebra) have been divided
Into those that are autogenous, or formed from separate
ossiflc centers, and exogenrnte, or outgrowths from , . .
primary vertebral constituents.
If. //. Flower, Osteology, p. 18.
The origin of lateral members is either exogenous or en-
dogettous. It is the former when they are formed by lateral
outgrowth of a superficial cell or of amassof cells includ-
ing the outer layers of tissue, as in the case of all leaves
and hairs and most normal leaf-forming shoots.
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 149.
Exoglossinse (ek'so-glo-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Exoglossum + -ime."] A subfamily of eyprinoid
fishes remarkable for the development of the
lower jaw, the dentary bones being laterally
expancfed and mesially united for their whole
length. It is represented by a single genus an^ species,
Ero:ilntisiim maxillingua, confined to the United States,
mill poiiulurly known as cut-lipa and gtone-toter.
exoglossine (ek-so-glos'in), a. and «. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Exoalossincr.
II. H. A fish of the subfamily ^xo(7?ossi)i«p.
Exoglossum (ek-so-glos'um),M. [NL.,< Gr. efu,
outside, -I- y'AiJaaa, tongue.] An American ge-
nus of eyprinoid fishes having the mandibular
rami of the lower jaw united in front : so called
because this formation resembles a projecting
tongue. It typifies the subfamily Exoglossince.
liafinesque.
exoletet (ek'so-let), a. [< L. exoletus, pp. of ex-
olCHCcre, grow out, mature, grow out of use, be-
come obsolete, decay, < ex, out, -I- olescere (only
in comp. ), grow ; cf . ohsolete.] Obsolete ; worn ;
faded; flat; insipid.
There is a Greeke inscription which I could not under-
stand, by reason of the antii|uity of those exolete letters.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 223.
exomis (ek-so'mis), n. [Gr. ffu/ii'c, a vest with-
out .sleeves, leaving one shoulder bare, < f f, out,
-I- (juof, shoulder : see humerus.] lu Or. atitiq.,
originally, a form of the short Dorian tunic
or chiton, which was fastened over the left
shoulder only, leaving the right arm entirely
free. Later, tunics were sometimes woven with a short
sleeve for the left arm, and none for tile right, the right
shoulder remainiiiK uncovered. This formed a usual dress
for slaves and workmen, as the limbs of the wearer were
unhampered.
exomologesis
exomologesist (ek-so-mol-o-je'sis), «. [NL., <
LiL., < Gr. i^ouokdytioii, a full confession, < £jo-
/loMyuadat, confess in full, < £f , out, + o/ioAoyeiv,
agree, assent, confess : see homologate.] A com-
plete or a common confession.
And upon this account all puWick criminals were tied
to a publick exomolomtit or repentance in the cliurch, who
by confession of their sins acknowledged their error, and
entered into the state of repentance.
Jer. Taylor, Repentance, x.
ezomphalos, exomphalus (eg-zom'f a-los,-lus),
n. [N L., < Gr. n6u(pa'/.o( , vrWh prominent navel,
as n. a prominent navel, < ff, out, + biKjMAog,
navel.] A hernia at the navel; an umbilical
hernia.
ezon (ek'son), n. [See es80in.'\ In England,
the name given to each of four officers of the
yeomen of the royal body-guard ; an exempt.
exonarthez (ek-so-nar'theks), K. [MGr. i^uvap-
(*7f, < i^u, outside, -f- vdpdrji, narthex.] In a
Greek church, the outer narthex or vestibule,
in case there were two, as in the church of St.
Sophia in Constantinople, the inner narthex
being called the esonarthex.
The exonarthexU ot inferior workmanship, and has been
thought by some of later date than the rest of the church.
J. M. Seale, Eastern Church, 1. 246.
ezonert (eg-zon'er), V. t. [< F. exonerer = Sp.
Pg. exonerar = It. esotierare, < L. exoncrare,
disburden: see exonerate.'] To exonerate.
My youthful heart was won by love,
But death will me exoner.
Andrew Lammie (Child's Ballads, II. 198).
exonerate (eg-zon'e-rat), f . t. ; pret. and pp.
exonerated, ppr. exonerating. [< L. exoneratus,
pp. of exonerare, disburden, discharge, < ex-
priv. + onerare, load, burden, < onus {oner-), a
load: see onus, oneroris.'] If. Totmload; dis-
burden
2072
exorcisation
exonsMp (ek'son-ship), n. [< cxon + -ship.] exoptationt (ek-sop-ta'shon), n. [< L. fzo/jtorc,
In England, the'office of exon of the royal body- pp. exoptatus, desire, long for, < ex, out, -t- op-
guard; • tare, desire : see optation.] Earnest desire or
exopathic (ek-s6-path'ik), a. [<Gr.£f6;, outside, wish. E. Phillips, 1706. [Rare.]
+ T<i(fef, suffering, + -ic] In pathol., pevtaining exoptile (ek-sop'til), n. [< Gr. e^u, outside, +
to or resulting from pathogenic factors external
to the organism: contrasted with autopathic.
The doctrine of disease ... is mostly an exopaihic one,
althouRh a small residue of it may be autopathic.
Encyc. Bnt., XVIII. 362.
exoperidlum (ek'so-pe-rid'i-um), n. ; pi. exope-
ridia (-A). [NL., < 'Gr. ff u, outside, -H NL. peri-
dimn.] In mycol., the out-
er peridium of a fungus
when more than one are
present, especially in
Geaster, in which the out-
er peridium separates,
and expands into a stel-
late form. Compare en-
doperidium.
exophagous (ek - sof ' a -
gus), a. [< exophagy '+
-ous.] Practising exo-
phagy.
But, as a rule, cannibals are exophagous, and will not
eat the members of their tribe.
London Daily News, June 7, 1883.
exophagy (ek-sof 'a-ji), n. [< Gr. e^u, outside, +
(payelv, eat.] A custom of certain cannibal
tribes, prohibiting the eating of persons of
their own tribe.
It would be interesting if we could ascertain that the
rules of exophagy and exogamy are co-extensive among
cannibals. London Daily News, June 7, 188S.
exophthalmia (ek-sof-thal'mi-ii), n. [NL., <
Gr. i^cKjSa'AiiOQ, with prominent eyes : see exoph-
thalmus.] In pathol., a protrusion of the eye-
ball, caused by disease. Also exophthalmy.
Geaster tenuipes.
a, endopcridium ; b, b, exo-
peridiutn. (From Le Maotit
and Decaisne's " Trait6 gfi-
n^ral de Botanique."J
Neither did this riuerCTojwrafe it selfe into any sea, but exophthalmic (ek-sof -thal'mik), a. [< exoph
was sxvaliowed vp by an hideous gulfe into the bowels of
the earth. UakluyVs Voyages, I. 113.
I would examine the Caspian Sea, and see where and
how it exonerates itself. Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 289.
2t. To ease (one's self) at stool.
thdlmia + -ic] Pertaining to, resembling, or
affected with exophthalmia — Exophthalmic goi-
ter, a disease characterized by exophthalmia, enlargement
of the thyroid gland, and frequent pulse. Also called
Graves's or Basedow's dinease.
, ,, '"'■ ,. , , ,, exOBhthalmuS (ek-sof -thal'mus), n. [NL., <
They .eat. three tm,es a day : but when they feast they ^"^^^^^y^i^ouvkv^ prominent eyes, < ^f, out, -1-
61t all the day long, unlesse they rise to exonerate nature
and forthwith return again. Sandys, Travailes, p. 51
3. To relieve, as of a charge or of blame resting
on one; clear of something that lies upon the
character as an imputation : as, to exonerate one
from blame, or from an accusation of crime.
We should not exoiierate an assassin who pretended that
his dagger was guilty of the murder laid to his charge
rather than himself. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 166.
4. To relieve of, as an obligation, debt, or duty ;
'a'/.fi6c, eye.] 1 . A person exhibiting exoph-
thalmia, or protrusion of the eyeball. — 2. Pro-
trusion of the eyeball. — 3. {_cap.] In entom., a
genus of eurculios, with over 60 West Indian,
Mexican, and Central American species, and
one from Senegal. They vary much in aspect, are usu-
ally covered with a powdery efflorescence, and are often
large and bi-ightly colored.
exophthalmy (ek-sof-thal'mi), n. [< NL. ex-
, . ophthalmia.] fi&me a.s exophthalmia.
discharge of responsibility or liabihty : as, a exophylloUS (ek-s6-fil'us), a. [< Gr. i^u, out-
bail exonerates himself by producing his prin
cipal in court.
Because the whole cure of the diocess is in the bishop,
he cannot exonerate himself of it, for it is a burden of
Christ's imposing. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 216.
=Syn. 3. To exculpate, absolve, acquit, justify, vindicate.
exonerate (eg-zon'e-rat), a. [< L. exoneratus,
pp.: seo the verb.] Exonerated; freed. [Bare.]
By right of birth exonerate from toil. .
Lowell, Under the Willows.
exoneration (eg-zon-e-ra'shon), n. [= F. ex-
oneration = Sp. exoneracion = Pg. exoneragao ;
< LL. exoneratio(n-), an unloading, lightening,
< L. exonerare, disburden : see exonerate.] The
act of exonerating, or of disburdening, discharg-
ing, or freeing, or the otate of being exoner-
side, ■+ (jivAAov = L'. folium, a leaf, + -ous.] In
hot., having a naked plumule : a word proposed
as equivalent to dicotyledonous.
exoplasm (ek'so-plazm), n. [< Gr. efu, outside,
-t- TTAdajia, anything formed, < irlaacuv, form.]
In hiol., external protoplasm or outer sarcode,
as of a cell or single-celled animal; an outer
cell-substance, in any way distinguished from
an inner or endoplasm. It constitutes sometimes a
pretty distinct cell-wall, cuticle, or other investment, but
is oftener indistinguishable by any structural character.
The "exoplasm" and "endoplasm " described in Amrebie,
Ac, by some authors are not distinct layers, but one and
the same contiimous substance — what was internal at one
moment becoming external at another, no really structural
difference existing between them.
B. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 838.
ated, disburdened, discharged, or freed from exopodite (ek-sop'o-dit),«. [< Gr. e^a, outside,
-1- TToiif (iroj-), = E.'foot, -t- -ite^.] In Crustacea,
the outer one of two main branches into which
TTTiAM', a feather, down, plumage.] In bat., a.
plant having a naked plumule : same as dicoty-
ledon. [Not in use.]
exorable (ek'so-ra-bl), a. [= F. exoraUe = Sp.
cxorable = Vg.' exbravel = It. esorahile, < L. ex-
orabilis, < exorare, move by entreaty, gain by
entreaty: see exorate.] Susceptible of being
moved or persuaded by entreaty.
He seemes offended at the very rumour of a Parlament
dlvulg'd among the people: as if hee had tak'n it for a
kind of slander that men should think him that way ex-
orable, much less inclin'd. Milton, Eikonoklastes, i.
It (religion] prompts us ... to be patient, exorable,
and recoiicileable to those that give us greatest cause of
offence. Barrow, Works, I. i.
exorate (ek'so-rat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. exorated,.
ppr. exorating. [< L. exoratus, pp. of exorare,
move by entreaty, gain by entreaty, < ex, out,
-1- orare, pray : see oration.] To obtain by re-
quest. [Bare.] Imp. Diet.
exoration (ek-so-ra'shon), «. [< L. exoratioin-),
< cjorare, move by entreaty: see exorate.] A
prayer; an entreaty. [Bare.]
I am blind
To what you do ; deal to your cries ; and marble
To all impulsive exorations.
Fletcher {and another), Love's Cure, v. 3.
exorbitance, exorbitancy (eg-z6r'bi-tans, -tan-
si), n. [= F. exorbitance = Sp. Pg. exorbitancia
= It. esorbitanza, < ML. exorbitantia, < L. cxorbi-
tan(t-)s, exorbitant: see exorbitant.] If. A go-
ing out of or beyond proper limits or bounds ; .
transgression of normal limitations or restric-
tions ; hence, inordinate extension or expan-
sion ; extravagant enlargement.
Great Worthies heertofore by disobeying Law ofttimes.
have sav'd the Common-wealth : and the Law afterward
by firme Decree hath approv'd that planetary motion, that
unblamable exorbitancy in them.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvi.
To such exorbitancy were things aiived.
Evelyn, Diary, May 12, 1641.
A good reign is the only time for the making of laws-
against the exorbitance of power.
Addison, The Head-dress.
2. Extravagance in degree or amount ; exces-
siveness; inordinateness : as, the exorbitance-
of desires, demands, or taxes.
exorbitant (eg-z6r'bi-tant), a. [= F. exorbi-
tunt = Sp. Pg. exorbitante = It. esorbitante, <
L. exorbitan{t-)s, ppr. of exorbitare, go out of
the track, deviate, < ex, out, + orbita, track: see
orbit.] If. Deviating from proper limitation
or rule; excessively enlarged or extended ; out
of order or proportion.
Sin is no plant of God's setting. He secth and flnd-
eth it a thing irregular, exorbitant, and altogether out of
course. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1.
Acts of this bold and most exorbitant strain.
B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 2.
2. Going beyond the bounds of reason; ex-
travagantly exacting or exacted; inordinate;
excessive : as, exorbitant charges or prices ; an
exorbitant usurer.
Once more I will renew
His lapsed powers, though forfeit and enthrall'd
By sin to foul exorbitant desires.
Milton, P. L., iii. 177-
An exorbitant miser, who never yet lent
A ducat at less than three hundred per cent.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 46..
He was . . . the steadfast antagonist of the exorbitant
pretensions of Spain. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 87.
Syn. 2. Inordinate, unreasonable, .unconscionable.
an accusation, imputation, obligation, debt, or
HefHenryVIILlchosetoexactmoneybyloanandthen the typical limb or appendage of any somite exorbitantly (eg-z6r'bi-tant-li), adv. 1+. In
to come to the nation that lent tlie money for 8ioi!«ra(ton. - -• ■ - '' ...--.■._ i,;t„.,+ „^„^=„„r<» «» ,^,.ofr,ilor Tnnnner--
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist.
is divided or divisible : opposed to endopodite
Compare epipodite. Like the endopodite, the exopo-
dite is very variously modified in different regions of the
body of the same animal. Thus, in the tail-fin, as of the
crawfish, it forms the outer part of the broad flat swim-
meret on each side of the tail. In abdominal and thoracic
somites it may be very sinall,-or entirely suppressed,
especially when the endopodite 18 highly developed as an
ambulatory leg. (See cut under endopodite.) In maxil
, P-
exonerative (eg-zon'e-ra-tiv), a. [< exonerate
-\- -ive.] Of the nature of exoneration; exon-
erating ; freeing from a burden or an obliga-
tion.
exonerator (eg-zon'e-ra-tgr), n. [< LL. exone-
rator, < L. exonerare: see exonerate.] One who
exonerates.
exonerattir (eg-zon-e-ra't6r), n. [L., he is dis-
charged; 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. pass, of ex-
onerare, disburden, discharge.] In law, an or-
der of discharge ; in particular, an order in-
dorsed by a judge on a bail-piece, discharging ,. ,
the bail from their liability as such, as upon exopoditic (ek"so-po-dit'ik), a. [< exopodite +
their surrender of the person bailed. -ic] Of or pertaining to the exopodite : as, the
exonenral (ek-s6-nu'ral), a. [< Gr. i^u, outside, exopoditic division of a limb or of an antenna.
+ veupov, nerve:' see neural] In anat., situated exoptablet (eg-zop'ta-bl), a. [< L. exoptabtlis,
or occurring outside of the nervous system. desirable, < exoptare, desiire: see exoptation.]
exoneurally (ek-so-nu'ral-i), adv. In an exo- Capable of being desired or sought after; de-
neural manner. ' " sirable. Coles, 1717. [Bare.]
an exorbitant, excessive, or irregular manner ;■
extravagantly.
'Tis the naked man's apparel which we shut up in our
presses, or which we exorbitantly ruffie and flaunt in.
Barrow, Works, I. xxxi.
2. In an excessive degree or amount ; beyond
reasonable limits ; inordinately: as, to charge
exorbitantly for a service.
lipedarysegmentsitformsavarionslymodifledappendage pyoj-hitatet Cee-zor'bi-tat), r. i. [< L. exorbi-
of those parts (see cut under Cyclops); m an ant^ennary J°^°"^^^li\^%rbitarc (> Pg. exorhitar). go out
segment it may be a mere scale at the base of the very
long and many-jointed endopodite (antenna or feeler).
The middle division of each maxillipede, answering to
the exopodite, is long, slender, many-jointed, and palpi-
form. Hwifet/, Anat. Invert., p. 271.
ofthetrack: nee cxorbit^xnt.] To go beyond the
usual track or orbit; deviate from theusual limit.
The planets . . . sometimes have ezorbitated beyond the
distance of Saturn. Bentley, Sermons, viii.
exorcisationt (ek-s6r-si-za'shon), n. [< ME.
exorsisacioun, < OF. exorcisacion, < ML. cxorci-
zatio{n-), < LL. exorci^re, pp. exoreirutus, ex-
orcise : see exorcise.] Exorcism ; conjuration..
Olde wyches, sorceresses.
That usen exorsisaciouns.
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1263.
exorcise
exorcise (ek's6r-siz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. exor-
ciseti, ppr. exorcisiiuj. [Formerly also cxorci:e
(the proper spelling according to the analogy
of other verbs in -i:e) ; < ME. 'exorcisen (in
deriv.), < OF. cxoreiser, ¥. exoreiser = Sp. Pg.
exorcicar = It. esorcizzare, < LL. exorci::are, <
Gr. c^opKi^ew, in eccles. writers drive away (an
evil spirit) by adjuration, in classical Gr. equiv.
to the earlier ffopKoiv, swear a person, admin-
ister an oath, < t^ + opKi^etv, opKovv, a<lminister
an oath, < op/.of, an oath.] 1. To expel by con-
jurations and religious or magical ceremonies ;
drive out by religious or magical agencies : as,
to exorcise evil spirits.
One of these was the Reverend Mr. Portpipe, whom we
hare already celebrated for bis proficiency in the art of
txoreising goblins by dint of venison and Medeira.
Peacock, Melinconrt, i.
Abate, cross your breast and count your beads
And exorciie the devil, for here he stands
And stiffens in the bristly nape of neck,
Daring you drive him hence !
Broicniwj, Ring and Book, II. 250.
2. To purify from unclean spirits by adjura-
tions and religious or magical ceremonies ; de-
liver from the influence of malignant spirits or
demons : as, to exorcise a house.
And friars, that through the wealthy regions mn,
Resort to farmers rich, and bless their halls.
And exorcise the beds, and cross the walls.
Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 28.
Do all you can to exorcise crowds who are in some de-
gree possessed as I am. Spectator, No. 40-2.
St. To call up or forth, as a spirit ; conjure up.
Be impudently exarciutk devils in the church.
Prynne, Histrio-Mastix, I. vi. 12.
exerciser (ek'sdr-si-z^r), n. 1. One who casts
out e^-il spirits by adjurations and conjuration.
They compared this performance of our Lord with those,
and perhaps with things which they had seen done in their
own times by professed exorcisers. HorsUy, Works, 1. x.
2t. One who calls up spirits ; a conjurer.
Gut. No exoreiser harm thee !
Are. Nor no witchcraft charm thee !
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2 (song).
exorcism (ek'sdr-sizm), n. [< ME. exorcisme =
F. exorcisnte = Sp. Pg. exorcismo = It. esorcismo,
< LL. exorcismus, < Gr. iioptuafi6t, eccles. exor-
cism, classical Gr. admiuistration of an oath, <
i^opKi^eiv, swearaperson, exorcise: see exorcise.'}
1. The act or process of expelling evil spirits
by conjurations and religious or magical cere-
monies ; a conjuration or ceremony employed
for this purpose. Exorcism has been practised iu all
times wherever a Wlief has existed in literal demoniacal
neS4ion. In the Roman Catholic and Greek churches
used in the l>aptisni of both adults and infanta, in the
consecration of water, salt, oil, etc, and in speciAc cases
of individuals supposed to be posMssed by evil spirits.
Exorcism i u baptism is still retained also in some Lutheran
churches.
It is the nature of the devil of tyranny to tear and rend
the body which be leaves. Are the miseries of continued
possession less horrible than the struggles of the tremen-
dous exorcism f Maeaulay, Milton.
The growth of Neoplstonism and kindred philosophies
greatly strengthened tiie belief, and some of the later
philosophers, as well as many religious charlatans, prac-
tised txarcism. Leeky, Europ. Morals, I. «0&.
St. The act of, or formula used in, raising the
devil or other spirit.
Will her ladyship behold and hear our exoreismsf . . .
Madam, sit yon, and fear not : whom we raise, we will
make fast within a hallow'd verge. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 4.
exorcismal (ek-sdr-siz'mal), a. [< exorcism +
-ill. ] Pertaining to or of tlie nature of exorcism.
In a short time nearly all the female imputation, excited
by the ejturcismal practicesuf the clergy, fell a prey to the
disease (hysteria). Fortrnghtly Her., S. »., X.U. 740.
exorcist (ek'sdr-sist), n. [< ME. exorcist = F.
rx'irciste = Sp. Pg. exoreista = It. esorcista, <
LL. exoreista, < Gr. ifopKurr^, an exorcist, < if-
opuKfiv, exorcise: see exoreise.'i 1. One who
exorcises evil spirits; eccles., a member of an
order of eeclosiastics, which became a distinct
class during the third century, whose office it
was to expel evil spirits. Thto order still exisU in
the Roman Catholic and Greek churches, with its original
utlicf and a few minor duties added, such as bidding the
non-conimunirants give place to the communicants at the
celebration of the eucharist.
He began to play the exorcist: " In the name of God,"
said be, " and all saints, I command thee to declare what
thou art" Fox* (Arbers Eng. Garner, I. 109).
Some few exoreisU among the Jews cured some demo-
niacs and distracted people.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1886), I. 239.
The exorcist, by loud noises, frightful grimaces, abomi-
nable stenches, etc., professes to drive out the malicious
Intruder. //. Speneer, Prin. of .Sociol., | aw.
JJf- Oiie who calls or conjures up evil spirits.
Thon, like an exorcist, hast conjur'd up
My mortified spirit. *»a*., 5. C, IL L
2073
exordial (eg-z6r'di-al), a. [< exordium + -al.1
Pertaining to an exordium ; introductory ; ini-
tial.
But the greatest wmAy i in i iiIiil of this life is to under-
value that unto which this is but exordial, or a passage
leading unto it. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 25.
If the exordial verses of Homer be compared with the
rest of the poem, they will not appear remarkable for
plainness or simplicity, but rather eminently adorned
and illuminated. Johiixon, Rambler, No. 158.
exordium (eg-z6r'di-um), n. [= F. exorde =
Sp. Pg. exordio = It. esordia, esordio, < L. exor-
dium, a beginning, the warp of a web, < exordiri,
begin, weave, < ex, out, + ordiri, begin a web,
lay the warp, begin.] The beginning of any-
thing; specifically, the introductory part of a
discourse, int«nded to prepare the audience for
the main subject ; the preface or proemial part
of a composition.
This whole exordium [of "Paradise Lost"] rises very
happily into noble language and sentiment, as I think the
transition to the fable is exquisitely beautiful and natural.
Addison, Spectator, No. 303.
The letters of invitation from the Pope to the princes
were sent by a legate, each commencing with the exordium
"To my beloved son." Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 299.
= Syn. Proem; Prelude, Preface, etc. ^e introduction.
exorganic (ek-s6r-gan'ik), a. [< ex- priv. + or-
gaHic.'\ Having ceased to be organic or organ-
ized. Xorth British Rev.
exorhiz, exorhiza (ek'so-riz, ek-so-ri'za), «.
[NL. exorhiza,<. Gr. l^u, outside, + p/^a, root.] A
plant having the radicle of the embryo naked:
equivalent to exogen or dicotyledon. [Rare.]
exorhizal, exorliizoas (ek-s6-ri'zal, -zus), a.
In hot., of, pertaining to, or oi the nature of an
exorhiz. [Rare.]
Exorista (ek-so-ris'ta), n. [NL., < Gr. iiopiaro^,
banished, < ffopiffir, banish, < ff, out, + opi(eiv,
separate by a boundary, bound : see horizon.'i
A genus of parasitic flies, of the family Tachi-
niaa, chiefly
distinguished
by the an-
tennee, which
are inserted
above the
middle of the
face, and have
the third joint
from two to
six times
longer than
the second
joint. The lar-
vie are parasitic
in caterpillars,
in which the
white oval eggs are deposited by the files. E. flaricauda
(Riley) is parasitic upon the army-worm, Leucania uni-
/'ffrirfd (llaworthX ^ee tachina-Jiy.
exomatet (eg-z6r'nat), r. t. [< L. exomatus,
pp. of exomare ( > Sp. Pg. exomar = It. esor-
nare = OF. exomer), fit out, equip, deck, adorn,
< ex, out, + omare, fit out, equip, deck, adorn:
see ornate.'} To ornament. [Rare.]
Their bemimeris of halfe foote semed not by licence
Poeticall or necessitie of words, but to hewtifie and exwr-
nats the verse. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 108.
exomationt (ek-sAr-na'shon), n. [= Sp. exor-
micion = Pg. exomafSo =" It. esomaeione, < L.
exorttatio(n-), < exornare, pp. exornatus, adorn :
see exomate.} Ornamentation ; decoration ;
embellishment.
So Is there yet re<)uisite to the periection of this arte
another maner of exornation, which resteth in the fashion-
ing of our makers language and style.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 114.
She doth give it that sweet, quick grace, and exornation
in the composure.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1.
Hypertwlical exomations, elegancies, &c., many much
affect. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 24.
exortivet (eg-z6r'tiv), a. [< L. exortitnis, per-
taining to the rising of the heavenly bodies,
eastern, < exoriri, pp. exortus, rise out or forth,
< ex, out, + oriri, rise: see orienf.] Rising;
relating to the east or the place of rising of the
heavenly bodies. Coles, 1717. [Rare.]
exoscopic (ek-so-skop'ik), a. [< Gr. e^u, out-
side, + oKoTTtlv, view, + -I'c] Considering a
thing in a superficial way, or without taking
into account its interior constitution Exoscop-
ic metliod, in alfj., a method of considering a ijuantic In
whii-h the coefficients are regarded as monads, without
reference to their internal constitution. J. J. Sylvester,
is.-a
exosculate (eg-zos'ku-lat), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
exosculated, ppr. exosculating. [< L. eiosctila-
tua, pp.. of exosculari, kiss fondly, < ex + oscu-
Yellow.tatled Tachina-fly {Excristm Jtavi-
C4ittdaj. ( Crocs shows aatural size.)
exostome
lari, kiss : see osculate.'] To kiss ; especially,
to kiss repeatedly and fondly.
exoskeletal (ek-so-skel'e-tal), a. [< exoskeleton
+ -«/.] Of or pertaining to the exoskeleton. Ex-
osteteton has acifuired such latitude of signification that
exoskeletal is nearly synonymous with tefjumentary , cuticu-
lar, or epidermal, and is applicable to any hardened super-
ficial structure, as hair, fur, feathers, claws, horns, hoofs,
nails, etc.
The connective tissue and muscles of the integument are
exclusively developed in the enderon ; while from the epi-
dermis all cuticular and ceWul&T exoskeletal parts, and all
the integumentary glands, are developed.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 55.
exoskeleton (ek-so-skel'e-ton), n. [NL., < Gr.
tf (J, outside, + ane/.eTuv, a dried body : see skele-
ton.'} In zool. and anat., any structure pro-
duced by the hardening of the integument, as
the shells of crustaceans or the scales and
plates of fishes and reptiles, especially when
such modified integument is of the nature of
bone, as the carapace of a turtle or the plates
of a sturgeon ; the dermoskeleton : opposed to
endoskeleton.
In the highest Annulosa, the exoskeleton and the muscu-
lar system never lose all traces of their primitive segmen-
tation. 11. Speticer, Universal Progress, p. 409.
exosmic (ek-sos'mik), a. Same as exosmotic.
exosmose (ek'sos-mos), n. [< NL. exosmosis.'}
Same as exosmosis,
exosmosis (ek-sos-mo'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. ef,
out, + uff/idf, a thrusting, an impulse, < uBelv,
thrust, push, drive ; ef. c^LSe'w, thi-ust out, force
out : see osmosis, and cf. endosmosis, diosmosis.']
The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids through
membranes or porous media from within out-
ward, in the phenomena of osmosis, the reverse
process being called endosmosis. See endos-
mosis, osmosis.
exosmotic (ek-sos-mot'ik), a. [< exosmosis (ex-
osmot-) + -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature
of exosmosis: as, an exosmotic ctirrent. Aiso
exosmic.
exosperm (ek'so-spferm), n. [<Gr. eiu, outside,
-t- a-fpua, seed.] Same as exospore.
exospore (ek'so-spor), n. [< NL. exosporium :
see spore.'i 1 . *rhe outer coat of a spore, corre-
sponding to the extine of pollen-grains: same as
ejnspore. — 2. An outer coat of dried protoplasm
adhering to the surface of a spore, as to the
resting-sjjores of Peronospora and Mucor.
Exosporese (ek-so-spo'rf-e), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
f«u, outside, + OTTopof, seed, + -ew.'] The first
of the two groups into which the Myxomycetes
are divided, it is characterized by the production of
spores externally upon a conidiopnore, and includes a sin-
gle genus, Ceratium, which .Saccardo's classification re-
fers to H yphomyeetes. Compare Endosporete.
exosporium (ek-so-spo'ri-um), )i. [NL., < Gr.
ff<j, outside, + (TTrdpof, seed: see spore.} Same
as exospore.
The product of conjugation is termed a zygospore. Its
cellulose coat l>ecomes separated into an outer layer of a
dark blackish hue, the exosporium, and an inner colour-
less layer, the endosporium. Huxley, Biology, v.
exosporoOB (ek-so-spo'rus), a. [< Gr. e^a, out-
side, + aTr6poi, seed (see spore), + -ous.} Produ-
cing spores exogenously; having naked spores.
exossatet (ek-sos'at), r. t. [< L. exossatus, pp.
of exossare, deprive of bone, bone, < exossis, ex-
ossus, also exos (exoss-), without bones, < ex,
out, + OS (oss-), a bone.] To deprive of bones;
bone. Ilailey, 1731.
exossationt (ek-so-sa'shon), n. [< exossate +
-ion.} The act of exossating, or depriving of
bones or of any similar hard substance ; the
state of being so deprived.
Experiment solitary touching the exossation of fruits.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., $ 854.
exosseonst (ek-sos'e-us), a. [< L. exossis, ex-
ossus, boneless (see"exo»«afe), + -eous. Cf. os-
seous.} Having no bones ; boneless.
The like also in snails, a soft and «o«<«oM«animal, where-
of in the naked and greater sort . . . nature, neer the head,
hath placed a fiat white stone, or rather testaceous con-
cretion. Sir T. Brourne, Vulg. Err., iii. 13.
Exostema (ek-so-ste'mji), n. [NL. (so called
with ref. to the exserted stamens), < Gr. ^fu,
outside, + arijpa, stamen.] A ge-
nus of rubiaceous trees or shrubs,
of tropical America, nearly allied
to Cinchona. West Indian or Prince-
wood bark, used in the West Indies as a
tonic, is obtained from E. Caribhetum.
exostome (ek'so-stom), n. [< Gr. „_ ek>-
ffu, outside, + oTofia, mouth.] In g""?': "^
bot. : (a) The aperture through the ° "'^ '"°''
outer integument of an o^^lle which, together
with the endostome, completes the foramen.
(6) The outer peristome of mosses.
Il
ezostosed
ezostosed (ek-sos'tozd), a. 1. Affected with
exostosis. Erasmus JTilson, Anat. — 2. Ossified
externally; dermosseous.
The Kaseoiis, liquid, aiul solid molecular conditions, be-
ing characters distinguishing otherwise allied substances
in the s:uue way morphologically (we can not say yet de-
velopnientally) as tlie cartilaginous, osseous, and exostosed
or dermosseous chanxcters distinguish otlierwise nearly
allied genera, E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 46.
exostosis (ek-sos-to'sis), H. [NL., < Gr. i^o, out-
side, + barior, bone, + -o«is.] 1. In patlioL, a
morbid bony growth on the surface of a bone,
arising from bone, periosteum, or articular or
epiphyseal cartilage. — 2. In hot., the formation
of woody, wart- like excrescences upon the stems
or roots of plants.
ezostotic (ek-sos-tot'ik), a. [< exostosis (-ot-)
+ -ic] Pertaining to or of the nature of ex-
ostosis.
ezostracize (ek-sos'tra-siz), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
exostrached, ppr. exosiracizing. [< Gr. k^oarpa-
Ki^eiv, banish by ostracism, < ff, out, + barpa-
ju'fe;)', ostracize : see ostracize.l To consign to
a state of ostracism.
That the dictionaries have overlooked the use of this
word which Mr. White exogtracizes goes for nothing.
F. Halt, False Philol., p. 70.
exoteric (ek-so-ter'ik), a. and n. [= F. exoterique
= Sp. exoterico = Pg. exoterico = It. esoterico
(= D. G. exoterisch = Dan. Sw. exoUrisk), < LL.
exotericus, < Gr. e^urepiKd^, external, belonging to
the outside, < lio>, outside, -I- -repoc, compar. suf-
fix.] I. a. 1. External; open; suitable for or
communicated to the general public; popular:
originally applied to the public teachings of Aris-
totle and other ancient philosophers, and some-
times used in a more special sense as opposed
to fancied or real esoteric doctrines. See esoteric.
He has ascribed to Kant the foppery of an exoteric and
esoteric doctrine. De Quiticey.
2. Pertaining to the outside ; holding an ex-
ternal relation ; publicly instructed.
He divided his disciples (says Origen) into two classes,
the one he called esoteric, the other exoteric. For to
those he intrusted the more perfect and sublime doctrines ;
to these he delivered the more vulgar and popular.
Warburton, Divine Legation, iii. § 3.
3. In embryol., ectoblastic. See extract under
esoteric.
H. n. One admitted only to exoteric instruc-
tion ; one of the uninitiated.
I am an exoteric — utterly unable to explain the myste-
ries of this new poetical faith, Macaulay, Petrarch.
exoterical (ek-so-ter'i-kal), a. [< exoteric +
-«/.] Of an exoteric character or quality; per-
taining to exoterics.
It being no unprecedented thing for the gardener to
carry his own fruit to maricet, nor for the wholesale dealer
to have a separate sliop wherein he carries on the retail
business : why may not I be indulged in the like attempt,
and permitted to try how the esoterics will look when
manufactured in the exoterical form ?
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, V. ii. § 7.
exoterically (ek-so-ter'i-kal-i), adv. In an exo-
teric or public manner.
But if the nature of the subject will not teach tliese
objectors that it must needs i>e handled exoterically,
Jamblichus's authority must decide between us.
Vi'ar}At,rton, Divine Legation, iii. 3.
exoteiicism (ek-s6-ter'i-sizm), n. [< exoteric +
-ism.'] Exoteric doctrines or principles, or the
profession or teaching of such.
exoterics (ek-so-ter'iks), n. [PI. of exoteric
(see -ics), after Gr. (rd) t^otrepiKa, neut. pi. of
i^uTepuid^, exoteric] That which is publicly
taught ; popular instruction, especially in phi-
losophy: originally applied to the public lec-
tures and published writings of Aristotle.
It is then evident from these passages that, in his exoter-
ics, he gave the world both a beginning and an end.
Warburton, Divine Legation, iii., note.
exotery (ek'so-ter-i), n.; pi. exoterics (-iz). [< ex-
oteric + -y. df. esotery.] That which is obvious
or common ; that which is exoteric. [Rare.]
Reserving their esoterics for adepts, and dealing out ex-
oteries only to the vnlgar. A. Tucker, Light of Nature.
exotheca (ek-so-the'ka), «.; pi. exotheece (-se).
[NL., < Gr. ff<j, outside, -I- 8^k^, a case.] The
aggregate of hard structures which are devel-
oped upon the exterior of the wall, or the proper
investment of the visceral chamber, of a coral :
distinguished from endotheca, and also from epi-
theca.
«X0thecal (ek-so-the'kal), a. [< exotheca + -al.]
Of or pertaining to exotheca} ; composed of or
developed in exothecm.
They [the costaj of the coral) may be ornamented with
spines or tubercles, and they maybe united by transverse
plates ("exothecal dissepiments ") which run horizontally
across the intercostal spaces. Eneye. Brit., VL 374.
2074
exothecate (ek-so-the'kat), a. [< exotheca +
-fl^'l.] Provided with e.xothecas, as a coral.
exothecium (ek-so-the'gi-um), II. [NL., < Gr.
liu, outside, + 6r/K7i, a case : see theca.'] In hot.,
the outer coat of an anther.
exothermic (ek-so-th^r'mik), a. [< Gr. tfu, out-
side, -t- tiippti, heat, 4- -ic] Relating to a libera-
tion of heat — Exothermic compounds, those com-
pounds wliose formation from elementary sulistances is
attended with liberation of heat, and whose decomposi-
tion into simpler compounds or elementary substances is
attended with absorption of heat.
exotliermous (ek-so-th6r'mus), o. Same as
exothermic.
exotic (eg-zot'ik), a. and n. [Formerly also ex-
otick; = F. exotiquc = Sp. exotico = Pg. exotica
= It. esotico (of. G. exotisch = Dan. Sw. exotisk),
< L. exoticus, < Gr. f f unxof, foreign, alien, eeeles.
heathen, < efu, outside.] I. a. Of foreign ori-
gin or character; introduced from a foreign
country; not native, naturalized, or familiar-
ized; extraneous: as, an eo^ofic plant; a,Ti exotic
term or word.
Your pedant sliould provide you some parcels of French,
or some pretty commodity of Italian, to commence with,
if you would be exotic and exquisite.
B. Joiwon, Cynthia's Revels, iii, 3.
Nothing was so splendid and exotic as the [Russian] am-
bassador. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 24, 1681.
I suppose a writer may be allowed to use exotic terms,
when custom has not only denizened them, but brouglit
them into retjuest.
Boyle, Considerations touching E.xperimental Essays.
Birds, Fishes, Beasts of each exotic Kind
I to the Limits of my Court conftn'd.
Prior, Solomon, ii.
I know not whether ever operas can be kept up in Eng-
land ; they seem to be entirely exotic.
Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 8.
II. n. Anything of foreign origin, as a plant,
tree, word, practice, etc., introduced from a for-
eign country, and not fully acclimated, natu-
ralized, or established in use.
Versiflcationinadeadlanguagei8anea:o(('c, a far- fetched,
costly, sickly imitation of that which elsewhere may be
found in healthful and spontaneous perfection.
Macaulay, Milton.
exotical (eg-zot'i-kal), a. [< exotic + -al.]
Same as exotic.
exoticalness (eg-zot'i-kal-nes), n. The state of
being exotic.
exoticism (eg-zot'i-sizm), n. [< exotic + -ism.]
1. Thestateof being exotic. — 2. Anything ex-
otic, as a foreign word or idiom.
Exoucontian (ek-so-kon'ti-an), n. [< Gr. ff
ovK bvTuv, lit. from things not being: ff, from;
ov (before vowels ovk), not; bvruv, gen. pi. of ov,
neut. of <Jv, ppx'. of elvai, be : see am (under 6el),
ens, entity, ontology.] In church hist., one who
held in regard to the Trinity that the Son once
was not : a name sometimes given to the f ollow-
ers of Arius. See Arian^.
Tile .Son, he said, "did not exist before he was begot-
ten." In other words, "He is of a substance that once
was not (ef ovKovToiv)" — hence the name of Exoucontiaiis
sometimes given to his followers. Encyc. Brit., II. 537.
expalpate (eks-pal'pat), a. [< L. ex- priv. -I-
NL. palpus, a feeler, -f- -ate^.] In entom., hav-
ing no palpi or feelers, as the mouth of a hemip-
terous insect.
expand (eks-pand'), V. [= Sp. Pg. expandir = It.
espandcre, spandere, < L. expandcre, pp. expan-
sus, spread out, < ex, out, + panderc, spread,
perhaps corinected with patere, be open: see
patent.] I. trans. 1. To spread or stretch out ;
unfold; display.
Then with expanded wings he steers his ilight.
Milton, P. L., i. 225.
My wife and daughters expanded their gayest plumage
upon this occasion. Goldsmith, Vicar, vii.
2. To increase in extent, size, bulk, or amount;
inflate ; distend ; extend : as, to expand the chest
by inspiration; heat expands all bodies.
[The editor] has thus succeeded in expanding i\\e\o\umQ
into one of the thickest . . . that we ever saw.
Macaulay, .Sir James Mackintosh.
Hence — 3. To make broader in scope or more
comprehensive : as, to expand the heart or affec-
tions, or the sphere of benevolence.
Let the Turk spread his Alcoran by the Sword, but let
Christianity expand herself still by a passive Fortitude.
Howell, Letters, iv. 29.
The gi'and object to which he dedicated himself seemed
to i'xpaml his whole soul. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 18.
Expanded type, in typog., aformof Roman type of broad-
er or wider face than that of the standard text-types of
books and newspapers. — To expand an insect, in en-
tom., to prepare it for the cabinet I>y spreading tlie wings
on a setting-board. — TO expand a pair, in math., to take
its prior member one earlier and its posterior member one
later in the linear series from which they are chosen,
= S3m. 1. To unfold, evolve.— 2. To swell, blow up, fill,
fill out, increase.
expansion
Tl.intrans. 1. To open out ; become unfold-
ed, spread out, or displayed.
His faculties, expanded in full bloom.
Shine out. Cawper, Task, iv. (»1.
2. To increase in extent, size, bulk, amount,
etc.; become dilated, distended, or enlarged.
Just so mucli play as lets the heart expand.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 60.
The trees have ample room to expand on the water side,
and eacli sends forth its most vigorous lirancli in that di-
rection. Thoreau, Walden, p. 203.
Wlien a gas cxpantts suddenly its temperature falls, be-
cause a certiiin amount of its heat passes out of existence
in the act of producing mechanical effect.
B. Stewart, Conserv. of Energy, p. 112.
3. In ro67., to spread over a certain space : used
iu stating the distance from tip to tip of out-
spread wings — in the case of insects, of ante-
rior wings.
Erebus is a gigantic moth ;' . . . our largest species is
Erebus odora, Drury ; it expands about five inches.
Packard.
Expanding arbor, auger, bit, chuck, drill, hanger,
etc. .See tlic noinis.
expander (eks-pan'der), n. One who or that
which expands ; especially, a tool or machine
used to expand something; specifically, in
plunMng, a tool used to spreacf lead-packing
into the inner ilange-reeesses of pipe-connec-
tions.
expanse (eks-pans'), a. and n. [< ME. expans, <
L. expansus, pp. of expandere, spread out, ex-
pand: see expand.] I.+ a. 1. Expanded; spread
out. — 2. Separate; single: said especially of
years in old planetary tables.
Hise tables ToUetanes forth he brought
Ful wel corrected, ne ther lakked nought.
Neither his collect, ne his expans yeres.
Chaucer, Franklins Tale, 1. 547.
H. n. [< L. exp.ansum, neut. of expansus, pp.]
1 . Spatial or superficial extension ; an uninter-
rupted stretch or area, especially one of con-
siderable extent.
Let there be lights
High in the expanse of heaven, to divide
The day from night. Milton, P. L., vii. 340.
On the smooth expanse of crystal lakes
The sinking stone at first a circle makes. Pope.
Specifically — 2. In rod7., the extent or stretch
of wing; the distance from tip to tip when the
wings, as of an insect or a bird, are fully ex-
panded. Also called alar expanse or extent. — 3.
Enlargement; extension; expansion. [Rare.]
To shut off the mighty movement of the great revolt from
its destined expanse. Motley, United Netherlands, IV. 532.
=Syn. 2. See extent.
expanset (eks-pans'), «'• t. [< L. exjmnsus, pp.
of expandcre, expand : see expand.] To expand ;
stretch out.
The like doth Beda report of Belerophon's hoi-se, which,
framed of iron, was placed between two loadstones, with
wings expansed, pendulous in the ayre.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 3.
expansibility (eks-pan-si-bil'i-ti), n. [= Sp.
cxpan.^ibilidad = Pg. cxpansibilidade ; as expan-
sible: see -hility.] The quality of being expan-
sible ; capacity of extension in surface or bulk,
or of distention: as, the expansihility of air.
Else all fluids would be alike in weight, expansibility,
and all other qualities. N. Grew.
A metal of low conducting power and high expa}isibility
is necessary, and lead answers these cemditions best.
Sillimans Journal, IX. 105.
expansible (eks-pan'si-bl), a. [= F. expansible
= Sp. expansible = Pg. cxpansivel = It. espan-
sihile, < L. as if 'expansibilis, < expansus, pp. of
expandere, exTpand: see expand, expanse.] Capa-
ble of being expanded or spread ; admitting of
being extended, dilated, or diffused.
All have springiness in them, and (notwithstanding) be,
by reason of their shape, readily expansible on the score
of their native structure. Boyle, Works, V. 614.
Bodies are not expansible in proportion to their weight.
A'. Grew.
Expansible pair, in math. , a pair containing neither the
first nor the last of the series of objects from which it is
taken.
expansibleness (eks-jjan'si-bl-nes), n. Expan-
sibility.
expansibly (eks-pan'si-bli), adv. In an expan-
sible manner; so as to be expanded.
expansile (eks-pan'sil), a. [< L. expansus, pp.
of expandcre, expand (see expand), + -ilc.] Ca-
pable of expanding or of expansion ; of a na-
ture to expand: as, expansile action. Scott.
expansion (eks-pan'shon), n. [= F. expansion
= Sp. expansion = Pg. expansao = It. espan-
sione, < LL. expansio{n-), a spreading out, < L.
expansus, pp. of expandere, spread out : see ex-
pand.] 1. The act of expanding, (o) The act of
spreading out.
expansion
The extent of his fathome, or distance betwixt the ex-
treniity t'f the ftngere of either hand upon expansions, is
ettual uuto the space between the sole uf the fot)t and the
crown. Sir T. Brou'ne, Vulg. Err., iv. 5.
(t>) The act of extending or distending, or of increasing in
«xtent, size, bulk, amount, etc.
It was an expansion, an awakening, a coming to man-
hood in a graver faatiion.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 220.
2. The state of being expanded ; enlargement ;
distention; dilatation; increase of extent, size,
bulk, amount, etc. In the case of the e.Ypansion of solids
U.v heat, account is talcen of the increase in length or linear
expansion, in surface (superficial expansion), and in volume
(cubical expansion^ The increment in lenjjth of the unit
for a change of 1" in temperature, or the rate of increase
of tlie unit with the temperature, is called the coeflftcient
of linear expansion ; and the coefficients of superficial and
cubical expansion, which ai-e respectively two and three
times the linear coefficient, are similarly defined. In the
ca^ of li<iuids and gases the expansion in volume is alone
considered, llie real or absolute expansion of a liquid is
the actual increase in volume, while the apparent expan-
sion is that which is observed when a liquid contained in
a vessel is heated, and which is less than the real expan-
sion, because of the sinmltaneous expansion of the vessel
itself. It is found that the coefficient of expansion is near-
ly the saiBe for different gases, and sensibly so for the so-
called permanent gases, as hydrogen, oxygen, etc. This
coefficient is equal to .003667 for 1' C, or about ^3— that
is, at 27S*C. the volume of a gas expanding under constant
pressure is double its volume at 0° ; and at — 273° C. the
volume would be theoretically zero. Ttiis last tempera-
ture is called the absolute zero.
Spread not into boundless ejntansions either of designs
or desires. Sir T. Browiie, Christ. Mor., i. 19.
.Some remarkable examples of expansion are furnished
by the influence of sunshine on the Britannia Tubular
Bridge. Ure, Diet., II. 319.
Specifically — 3. The increase in bulk of steam
in the cylinder of an engine when its com-
niimication ^vith the boiler is cut off, in which
case its pressure on the piston retreating be-
fore it is in inverse ratio to the space it fills.
. — 4. A part which constitutes an increase or
in which the expanding occurs ; specifically, in
entom., a flat projection of a margin, generally
lateral: as, a frontal expansion covering the
base of the antenme. — S. Extension or spread
of space ; extent in general ; hence, wide ex-
tent; immensity.
It would for ever take an useless Hlght,
Lost in expansion, void and intUiite.
Sir R. Blaetmore, Creation,
Venus, all-bounteoos queen, whose genial pow'r
DUToses tteauty, in unliounued store.
Through seas and fertile plains, and all that lies
Beneath the starr'd expansion of the skies.
Beattie, lACreUoa, 1.
Distance or space, in Its simple abstract conception, to
avoid confusion, I call expansion, to distinguish it from
extension, which by some is used to express this distance
only as It is In the solid parts of matter, and so includes
or at least Intimates the Idea of body. ... I prefer also
the word expansion to space, because space is often ap.
piled to distance of fleeting successive parts, as well as to
those which are permanent.
liocke. Human Undentandtng, II. xr. 1.
6. In math., the development at length of an
expression indicated in a contracted form, es-
IK'fiall V bv inoans of the distributive principle.
Ellipsoid' of expanaton. See eliipmid.
expansion-cam (eks-pan'shon-Kam), n. A cam
used todetermine the point oiF cut-^n of a steam-
engine.
expansion-curb (eks-psn'sbon-kirb), n. Acon-
tnvnnce to counteract expansion and contrao-
tii)ii by heat, as in chronometers.
expansion-dram (cks-pan'shon-drum), n. In
maiii., a drum of adjustable diameter used with
2075
controlling the automatic s> stem by independent eccentric
systems that may be automatic or niay be controlled by
the governor or by appliances practically outside the en-
gine. The elTect of thja,«upplementary system is to cut
off the supply of steam to the slide-valves at any required
point of the stroke, for the purpose of using the expansion
of the steam already admitted to finish the stroke. This
cut-off of the steam may be variable where the expansion
aiimits of it, changing the point of cut-off at will while the
engine is at work ; it may be fixed or secured at some pre-
determined point of the stroke ; or it may be automatic or
self-varying. The most common apparatus includes an ex-
pansion-valve moving on the slide-valve and controlled by
an eccentric cam on the shaft or by the governor. See cxtt-
o/Tand lifik-motion.
expansionist (eks-pan'shon-ist), n. One who
favors expansion, as of the currency, or the ex-
tension of national territory; one who advo-
cates the annexation of outlying territory.
expansion-joint (eks-pan'shon-joint), n. In
steam-engin.: (a) Any kind of joint for connect-
ing steam-pipes which permits the pipe to ex-
pand or contract under varying temperatures
without increase of its length over all. (6) An
attachment of a boiler in its framing to allow
the former to expand without affecting the
latter.
expansion-valve (eks-pan'shon-valv), n. In
a steam-engine, a valve which shuts off the
steam in itss passage to the slide-valves when
the piston has traveled a certain distance in
the cylinder, leaving the remaining part of the
stroke to be performed by the expansion of the
steam. See expansion-gear.
expansive (eks-pan'siv), a. [= F. expansif=:
Sp. Pg. expansivo, < L. expansus, pp. of expan-
(Icre, spread out : see expand, exjjon^e.] 1. Ca-
pable of causing or effecting expansion : as, the
expansive force of heat.
This internal pressure, resulting from the solidifying of
the fluid particles in the interstices of the ice, acts on the
mass of the ice as an expatisiee force.
J. CrM, Climate and Cosmology, p. 253.
2. Capable of being expanded, or of expanding
or spreading out in volume or extent ; dilata-
ble : as, the expansive quality of air ; expansive
gases or substances. — 3. Embracing a large
number of objects or particulars ; wide-ex-
tending; comprehensive: as, ea^janJrtrfi benev-
olence; aa expansive owtXook.
A distant view of .Egina and of Megara, of the Pineus
and of Corinth, . . . melted the soul of an ancient Ro-
man, for a while suspended his private sorrows, and ab-
sorbed his sense of personal affliction in a more expan-
sive and generous compassion for the fate of cities and
sUtes. Eustace, Tour through Italy, x.
4. Comprehensive in feeling or action ; sym-
pathetic ; effusive.
We English " are not an expansive people," and so we
seldom use the word poor in a sentimental sense of the
living, though we do so use it of the dead.
N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 474.
Expansiye balance. See balance.
expansively (eks-pan'siv-li), adv. In an ex-
piiiisivc inuiiiier; by expansion.
expansivenes8(eks-pan siv-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being expansive.
Her talk was charming, bright, eager, full of a fine ex-
pafisiveness. New Princeton Rev., II. 81.
expanstve
being expan-
s belt to effect changes m desired in the speed
of machinery. The drum consists of a central base and
several radiating arms, which can be moved in or out,
the lielt passing over curved plates at the end of the arms.
expansion-engine (eks-pan'shon-en'jin), n. A
stiiiiii-onniiii' in which the supply of steam is
cut off previous to the completion of the stroke,
the f.xpuMsivo power of the steam admitted be-
ing sumcicut to complete the stroke Triple ex-
panslon-enj^ne, a steam-engine In which steam Is ex-
panilcil in tbn-e cylinders In succession, the exhaust from
the fir^t driving; the piston of the second, and so on.
expansion-gear (eks-pan'shon-gSr), n. In a
steam-engine, all those parts'of the mechanism
that control the admission of the live steam
from the boiler to the main valve-system and
thus to the cylinder. The exiiansiongear la Inter-
mediate between the actual contntlling system of mecha-
nism, which makes the engine automatic, and the steam.
expansivltv (eks-pan-siv'i-ti), n. [<
+ -ity.] The state or quality of beii
sive; cxpansiveness. [Rare.]
In a word, offences (of elasticity or expansivity) have ac-
cumulated to such height in the lad's fifteenth year that
there la a determination taken on the part of Rhadaman-
thus-Scriblerus to pack him out of doors.
CarlyU, Misc., IV. S7.
expansnret (eks-pan'sur), n. [< expanse + -ure.']
Expanse.
>'uw love in night, and night in love exhorts
Courtship and dances : all your parts employ,
And suit night's rich expansure with your joy.
Marlowe and Chapman, Hero and Leander.
ex parte (eks pSr'te). [L., from a part: ex,
out of, from; parte, abl. ofpar(t-)», a part: see
party.] With reference to or in connection with
only one of the parties concerned: as, th§ re-
spondent being absent, the case was proceeded
with ex parte.
ex-parte (cks-pSr'te), a. [< ex parte.] In lato,
proceeding from or concerned with only one
part or side of a matter in question: witli ref-
erence to any step taken by or on behalf of one
of the parties to a suit or in any judicial pro-
ceeding without notice to the other: as, an ex-
port application ; an ex-j<arte hearing; ex-parte
evidence. Ex-parte hearings, evidence, etc., are often
resorted to for temporary relief, or for convcidence and
expedition, and are not supposed to affect the substantial
rights of tlie absent party. Btit outside of le^al use the
term often insinuates partiality onlcllriciit ;ircuracy: as,
a mere ex-parie statement.— Ex-parte cotmcil. In Con-
fjrefjatianalism, a council called by one of the parties con-
cerned In a contrvversy when the other party or the church
refuses to coiiperate in calling a mutual council.
expect
Councils are of two kinds — mutual and ex-parte. A
mutual council is one in the calling of which all parties
to the dirticulty or perplexity concerning which relief is
sought unite. An ex-parte council is one which is called
by one of those parties, after every proper effort to induce
all interested to call a mutual council has failed.
//. M. Dexter, Congregationalism (ed. 1865), p. 64.
expatiate (eks-pa'shi-at), V. ; pret. and pp. ex-
patiated, ppr. expatiating. [< L. expatiatus, ex-
spatiatus, pp. of expatiari, exspatiari, go out of
the course, wander, digress, enlarge, < ex, out,
-I- spatiari, walk, take a walk, roam, < spatium,
space: see space.] I. intrans. 1. To move at
large ; rove -without prescribed limits ; wander
without restraint.
I never travelled but in map or card, in which my uu-
confiiied thoughts have freely expatiated.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 16.
Bids his free soul expatiate in the skies.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 254.
Religion contracts the circle of our pleasures, but leaves
it wide enougli for her votaries to expatiate therein.
Addison, Spectator, No. 404.
Like winter flies, which in mild weather crawl out from
obscure nooks and crannies to expatiate in the sun.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 79.
2. To enlarge in discourse or writing; be co-
pious in argimient or discussion: with on or
upon.
(He] talked with ease, and could expatiate upon the com-
mon topics of conversation with fluency.
Goldsmith, Vicar, vii.
The passions of kings are often expatiated on ; but, in
the present anti-monarchical period [time of Charles I. ],
the passions of parliaments are not imaginable !
]. Disraeli, Curios, of Lit., IV. 380.
n. trans. To allow to range at large; give
free exercise to ; expand; broaden. [Rare.]
How can a society of merchants have large minds, and ex-
patiate their thoughts for great and publick undertakings,
whose constitution is subject to such frequent changes,
and who every year run the risk of their capital?
C. Davenant, Essays on Trade, II. 421.
expatiation (eks-pa-shi-a'shon), n. [< expatiate
+ -ion.] The act of expatiating.
Take them from the devil's latitudes and expatiations ;
. . . from the infinite mazes and bypaths of error.
f'arindoH, Sermons (1647), I. ii.
expatiator (eks-pa'shi-a-tor), n. [< eximtiate
+ -or.] One who enlarges or amplifies in lan-
guage.
The person intended by Montfaucon as an expatiator on
the » <ird " Endovellicus I presume is Thomas Reinesins.
Pcgge, Anonymiana, p. 201.
expatiatory (eks-pa'shi-a-to-ri), a. [< expa-
tiate + -ory.] Expatiating; amplificatory. Bis-
sett.
expatriate (eks-pa'tri-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
expatriated, ppr. expatriating. [< ML. expatri-
atus, pp. of expatriare (> It. spatriare = Sp.
Pg. expatriar = F. expatrier), banish, < L. ex,
out of, + patria, one's native cotmtry, father-
land, < pater = E. father : see patrial. Cf. de-
patriote, repair^.] 1. To banish; send out of
one's native country.
Tlie allied powers possess also an exceedingly numerous,
well-informed, sensible. Ingenious, high-principled, and
spirited iKxly of cavaliers in the expatriated landed in-
terest of France. Burke, Policy of the Allies.
2. Reflexively, to -withdraw from one's native
country; renounce the rights of citizenship
where one was bom, and become a citizen of
another country.
expatriation (eks-pa-tri-a'shon), »i. [= F. ex-
patriation = Sp. cxpatriacion = Pg. expatria^&o,
< ML. as if 'expatriatio{ti-),< expatriare, pp. ex-
j)a(rta(u«, expatriate: see expatriate.] 1. The
act of banishing, or the state of being banished ;
banishment.
Expatriation was a heavy ransom to pay for the rights
of their minds and souls. Palfrey.
2. In taie, the voluntary renunciation of one's
nationality and allegiance, by becoming a citi-
zen of another country. The right of expatriation,
or the right voluntarily to change one's allegiance, so as
to be free from the obligation of natural allegiance, was
fornjerly denied In F.ngland, and doubted by jurists in
the I nited ,States, although always maintained politically
In the latter country ; it was finally established by Con-
gress in 1868, and by Parliament In 1870, In other civil-
ized countries it had previously been conceded, with some
S[>ecific linntations.
expect (eks-pekf), v. [= OF. expeeter, espec-
ter = It. espcttare, < L. expectare, exspectare,
look for, await, anticipate, expect, < ex, out, +
spectare, look : see spectacle. Cf . aspect, inspect,
prospect, respect, suspect.] I. trans. 1. To look
for; wait for; await. [Archaic]
The guards.
By me encamp'd on yonder hill, expect
Their motion. Milton, P. L., xil. 69L
expect
Being at this time in most prodigious confusion and un-
der no govenmient, every body exi>fvtin{i what would be
next and wliat lie would do. EveUjn, Diary, Feb. 3, 1000.
The emperor and his whole court stood on the shore,
txptcling the issue of this great adventure.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, i. b.
2. To look for with anticipation ; believe in the
occurrence or the coming of ; await as likely to
happen or to appear.
Luc. When expect you them 1
Cap. With the next benefit o' the wind.
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2.
Whilst evil is expected^ we fear ; but when it is certain,
we despair. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. «S9.
Expect her soon with footboy at her heels.
Cowper, Task, iv. 550.
To incur a risk is not to expect reverse ; and if my opin-
ions are true, I have a right to think that they will bear
examining. J. 11. Nemman, Gram, of Assent, p. 183.
3. To reckon upon, as something to be done,
granted, or yielded ; desire with confidence or
assurance : as, to expect obedience or aid : I
shall expect to find that job finished by Satur-
day ; you are expected to be quiet.
There is a pride of doing more than is expected of us,
and more than others would have done.
Dryden, Amphitryon, Pref.
4. To count upon in relation to something;
trust or rely upon to do or act in some speci-
fied way ; require or call upon expectantly : as,
I expect you to obey, or to perform a task.
England expects every man to do his duty.
Lord Nelson (signal at the battle of Trafalgar).
5. To suppose; reckon; conclude: applied to
things past or present as well as to things fu-
ture : as, I expect he went to town yesterday.
[Prov. Eng., and local, U. S.] [This use, though
naturally derivable from sense 3, is probably in some in-
stances due to confusion with sitspect : as, I rather expect
he doesn't intend to conie.]=S3Tl. To anticipate, look for-
ward to, calculate upon, rely upon. ^* Hope, Expect. Both
express the anticipation of something future ; when the
anticipation is ipelcomc, we hope ; when it is less or more
eertain,vfe expect." (Ane^us, Handbookof the Eng. Tongue,
p. 378.) Expect, Suppose. Expect properly refers to the
future ; suppose may refer to the present, the past, or the
future. The two words do not differ materially in the de-
gree of certainty felt.
It would be the wildest of human imaginations to ex-
pect a poor, vicious, and ignorant people to maintain a
good popular government.
D. Webster, Speech at Pittsburg, July, 1833.
I suppose.
If our proposals once again were heard,
We should compel them to a quick result.
Milton, P. L., vi. 617.
H.t intrans. To wait ; stay.
I will expect imtil my change in death,
And answer at thy call.
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 22.
Where there is a Banquet presented, if there be Per-
sons of Quality there, the People must expect and stay till
the great ones have done. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 80.
Frosts that constrain the ground, and birth deny
To flowers that in its womb expecting lie.
Dryden, Astraia Redux, 1. 132.
expectt (eks-pekf), n. [< expect, vj] Expecta-
tion.
And be 't of less expect
That matter needless, of intportless burden,
Divide thy lips. Shak., T. and C, i. 3.
expectable (eks-pek'ta-bl), a. [= 8p. especta-
ble = Pg. expectavel, < L. expectahilis, exspecta-
bilis, to be expected, < expectare, exspectare, ex-
pect: see expect.^ To be expected; that may
be expected. [Rare.]
Occult and spiritual oi>erations are not expectable.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
expectance, expectancy (eks-pek'tans, -tan-
si), n. [< ML. expectantia, < L. expectan(i~)s,
ppr. of expectare, look for, expect: see expec-
tant.'] 1. The act or state of expecting; an-
ticipatory belief or desire.
There is expectance here from l)oth the sides.
What further you will do. Shak., T. and C, iv. 5.
How bright he stands in popular expectance .'
B. Jonson, Sejanus, iv. 3.
The returns of prayer, and the blessings of piety, are
certain, . . . though not dispensed according to the ex-
pectances of our narrow conceptions.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 65.
2. Something on which expectations or hopes
are founded ; the object of expectation or hope.
[Rare.]
The expectancy and rose of the fair state.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.
The Nations hailed
Their great expectancy.
Wordsworth, Prelude, vi.
3. Same as expectative, 2 Estate In expectan-
cy, or expecta^it estate, a present right or interest, either
vested or contingent, the enjoyment of which in posses-
sion is postponed to a future time. Expectant estates are
reversions, remainders, or executory iiiterests.— Tables
2076
of expectancy, tables showing the length of life which
remains on the average to males or females of every given
age.
expectant (eks-pek'tant), a. and n. [< ME. ex-
pectaiit, < OF. expectant = F. expectant = Pg.
expectantc, < L. expectan{t-)s, exspectan{t-)s, ppr.
of expectare, exspectare, look for, expect : see ex-
pect.] I. a. 1. Having expectation; expect-
ing.
Expectant ay tille I may mete
To geten mercy of that swete.
Horn, qf the Rose, 1. 4571.
Expectant of that news which never came.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden,
Rosy years that stood expectant by
To buckle the wiuged sandals on their feet.
Loteell, Agassiz.
2. Looking forward with confidence ; assured
that a certain future event will occur.
Her majesty has offered concessions, in order to remove
scruples raised in the mind of the expectant heir. Swift.
3. In nied., relating to or employed in the ex-
pectant method: as, an expectant medicine.
Dunglison. — Expectant estate. See estate in expec-
tancy, under expectance. — Expectant method, in iiied.,
the therapeutic method which recognizes the futility of at-
tempting an immediate cure in certain diseases, as typhoid
fever, but consists in watching for and checking any un-
toward symptoms as they may arise.
II. n. 1. One who expects; one who waits
in expectation ; one held in dependence by his
belief or hope of receiving some good.
The boldest expectants have found unhappy frustration.
Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, v.
Meantime, he is merely an expectant; but with pros-
pects greatly improved by the death of Salisbury,
E. A. Abbott, Bacon, p. 177.
2t. In Scotland, a candidate for the ministry
who has not yet received a license to preach.
No expectant shall be permitted to preach in publike
before a congregation till first he be tryed after the same
manner. Act of Assembly of Glasgow, Aug. 7, 1641.
expectantly (eks-pek'tant-li), adv. In an ex-
pectant manner; with expectation.
As it was, she listened expectantly.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, I. 367.
expectation (eks-pek-ta'shon), n. [= F. ex-
pectation = Pr. espcctacio,' expectacion = Sp.
expectacion = Pg. expectagSo = It. espettazione,
< L. expectatio(n-), exspectatio{n-), < expectare,
exspectare, expect: see expect.] 1. The act or
state of waiting or awaiting with confident an-
ticipation.
And there have sat
The livelong day with patient expectation,
To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome.
Shak., J. C, i. 1.
2. The act or state of expecting; a looking for-
ward to an event as about to happen ; belief in
the occurrence of something hereafter.
The same weakness of mind which indulges absurd ex-
^ec(a(ionfiproduces petulance in disappointment. Irving.
She spoke and turn'd her sumptuous head, with eyes
Of shining expectation flxt on mine.
Tennyson, Pi-incess, iv.
Christian nations live in a perpetual state of expecta-
tion, always hoping for something new and good ; heathen
nations expect little, hope for little, and therefore accom-
plish little. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 409.
3. That which is expected; what is anticipated
or looked forward to.
Now clear I understand . . .
Why our great Expectation should be call'd
The seed of woman. Milton, P. L., xii. 378.
4. Prospect of future good, as of possessions,
honors, advancement, and the like : usually in
the plural.
My soul, wait thou only upon God ; for my expectation
is from him. Ps. Ixii. 5.
You must know that I have a dev'lish rich uncle in the
East Indies, Sir Oliver Surface, from whom I have the
gi-eatest expectations. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3.
His magnificent expectations made him . . . the best
match in Europe. Prescott.
5i. A state or qualities in a person which ex-
cite anticipation in others of some future ex-
cellence; premise.
Sum not your travels up with vanities ;
It ill becomes your expectation.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, ii. 1.
By all men's eyes, a youth of expectation;
Pleas'd with your growing virtue I receiv'd you.
Otway.
6. In med., same as expectant method (which
see, under expectant). — 7. In the theory of
probabilities, the present value of contingent
future gain, it is equal to the value to he gained mul-
tiplied by the probability of gaining it. No account is
taken of interest, as not Ijcini; germane to the problems
usually treated. — Expectation of life, the average dura-
tion of life beyond any age of jjersons who have attained
that age.— Expectation week, the interval between As-
expectorate
cension day and Whit-Sunday : so called because it was the
season of the apostles' earnest prayer for and expectation
of the Comforter. =Syn. 2. Anticipation, expectance, ex-
pectancy, confidence, trust, reliance, presumption.
expectative (eks-pek'ta-tiv), a. and n. [= F.
expectative = Sp. Pg. expcctativa = It. espetta-
tiva, n., < ML. 'expectatimis (fem. expcctativa,
n.), < L. expectare, exspectare, pp. expectatus,
exspectatus, expect: see expect.] I, a. 1. Con-
stituting an object of expectation ; giving rise
to expectation; anticipatory. [Rare.]
Expectative graces or mandates nominating a person to
succeed to a benefice. iiobertson.
2. Eccles., pertaining to an expectative. See
IL, 2.
II. «. 1. That which is expected ; something
in expectation.
Tltough blessedness seem to be but an exjyectative, a re-
version reserved to the next life, yet so blessed aie they
in this testimony of a rectified conscience, which is this
purity of heart, as that they have this blessedness in a
present possession. Donne, Sermons, x.
Specifically — 2. In the Eom. Cath. Ch., the
right to be collated in the future to a benefice
not vacant when the right is granted. Expecta-
tives were either papal, granted liy a mandate of the
pope, or royal, granted by a mandate of the temporal
sovereign. Hence, the mandate so given is sometimes in-
correctly called an expectative. The right was abolished
by the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century, except
in a few specified cases. Also called expectance, expectan-
cy, and, when the benefice was specified, a survivorship.
Tlie king conferred upon him as many ecclesiastical pre-
ferments ... as he could be legally possessed of, as sup-
ports of his state and dignity, while this great expectative
was depending. Bp. Loivth, Wykeham, p. 34.
Before his return, Ximenes obtained a papal bull, or
expectative, preferring him to the first benefice of a speci-
fied value which should become vacant in the see of To-
ledo. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5.
Expectatores(eks-pek-ta-t6'rez), n.pl. [NL.,
pi. of LL. expectator, exspectator, one who
watches, a spectator, < expectare, exspectare,
lookout, expect: see expect.] In Macgillivray's
system of classification, an order of birds, the
watchers, as the herons and their allies : nearly
equivalent to the modem Herodiones. [Not in
use.]
expectatorilim (eks-pek-ta-to'ri-um), n.\ pi. ex-
pcctatoria (-ii). [ML., < L. expectare, exspecta-
re, wait for, expect : see expect.] In the mid-
dle ages, a disputation by cursorj- bachelors in
theology, in the University of Paris and else-
where.
expectedly (eks-pek'ted-li), adv. In an expect-
ed manner ; at a time or in a manner expected
or looked for.
Lord Mansfield . . . unexpectedly is supported by the
late Chancellor, the Duke of Newcastle, and that part of
the Ministry, and very expectedly by Mr. Fox.
Walpole, Letters (1758), III. 277.
expecter (eks-pek'ter), n. One who expects ;
one who waits for something or for another
person. Also expector.
Mneas, call my brother Troilus to me ;
And signify this loving interview
To the expecters of our Trojan part.
Shak., T. and C, iv. 6.
expectingly (eks-pek'ting-li), adr. With expec-
tation.
Prepar'd for fight, expectingly he lies.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vi.
expectlesst (eks-pekt'les), a. [< expect + -less.]
1. Unsuspicious.
But when he saw me enter so expectless,
To hear his base exclaims of murther, murther.
Chapman, Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois, ii. 1.
2. Unexpected ; not looked for ; unforeseen.
expector (eks-pek'tor), n. Same as expecter.
Dam. Who's that, boy?
Boy. Another juggler, with a long name. O that your
expectors would be gone hence, now, at the first act ; or
expect no more hereafter than they understand.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, i.
expectorant (eks-pek'to-rant), a. and n. [= F.
expectorant = Sp. Pg. expectorante = It. espetto-
rante, < L. expcctoran(t-)s, ppr. of expectorate:
see expectorate.] I. a. Pertaining to orpromot-
ing expectoration.
II. n. Something, as a drug, which promotes
or facilitates expectoration.
expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat), V. ; pret. and pp.
expectorated, ppr. expectorating. [< L. expecto-
ratus, pp. of expectorare ( > It. espettorare = Sp.
Pg. expectorar =. F. expectorer), only fig. banish
from the mind, but lit. (as in mod. use) expel
from the breast, < ex, out of, -1- pectus (pector-),
the breast: see pectoral.] I. trans. 1. To eject
from the trachea or lungs ; discharge, as phlegm
or other matter, by coughing or hawking and
spitting ; spit out.
expectorate
They affirm that as m ell the one as the other doth ex-
pectoratr the fleanie gathered in the chest.
UoUaiul, tr. of Pliny, xxiv. 16.
2. To eject or reject as if by spitting; cast out
or aside as useless or worthless. [Rare.]
Hath it [faith] not sovereign virtue in it to excerebrate
all cares, expectorate all fears ami griefs?
S. Ward, Sermons, p. 25.
n. intrans. To eject matter from the lungs
or throat by coughing or hawking and spitting;
by euphemism, to spit.
Inability to expectorate is often the immediate canse of
,U:illi. Quain, Med. Diet
expectoration (eks-pek-to-ra'shon), n. [= F.
expectoration = Sp. expectoracion = Pg. expec-
toraqao = It. espettorazione, < L. as if "expce-
toratio{n-), < expectorare, pp. expectorattis, in
lit. sense: see expectorate.] 1. The act of dis-
charging phlegm or mucus from the throat or
limgs, by coughing or hawking and spitting;
euphemistically, a spitting.
The act of expectoration is, as a rule, most easy in that
position in which respiration is most free.
Quain, Med. Diet.
2. The matter expectorated.
Saline matter is abundant in the transparent viscid ex-
pecttiratioii. i^uain, Med. Diet.
expectorative (eks-pek'to-r»-tiv), a. and n. [=
iip. expectoratico ; as expectorate + -ire.l I. a.
Having the quality of promoting expectoration.
n. n. An expectorant.
Syrups and other expectoraticet, in coughs, must neces-
sarily occasion a greater cough. Harcey, Consumptions.
expede (eks-ped'), v. t.; pret. and pp. expeded,
pi>r. cxpeding. [= D. expedieren = G. expediren
— Dan. eipedere = Sw. expediera, < OF. expe-
dier, F. expedier, despatch (< ML. as if 'expe-
ditare, freq.), = Sp. Pg. expedir = It. espedire,
spedire, despatch, < L. expedite, expedite, orig.
free the feet, as from a snare, hence disengage,
despatch, etc., impers. be serviceable or expe-
dient, < ex, out, + pes {ped-) = E. foot. Cf. im-
pede, despatch, depeach, impeach. Also expedite;
beuce {tioxa h. expedire) expedient, expedite,etc.]
To despatch; expedite. [Now only Scotch.].
When any see was vacant a writ was issued out of the
chancery for seising on all the temporalities of the bishop-
riclc, and then the Icing recommended one to tlie Pope,
upon which bis bulls were expeded at Rome.
Bp. Burnet, Hist, fiefonuation, i.
To expede letters, in Scoti law, to write out the princi-
pal writ and ^'et it signed, sealed, or otherwise compiet«tl.
expediatet (eks-pe'di-at), v. t. [< L. as if 'ex-
IKilidtus UiT expeditus : see eipede&niexpedite.'i
To expedite.
Oreat alterations in some kind of mercliandise may serve
for the present instant to expediate their business.
Sir E. Sandys, SUte of Religion.
expedience (eks-pe'di-ens), n. [< OP. expedi-
ence, F. expedience = Pg. expedienria, < ML. ex-
jiedientia, < L. expedien{t-).'<, expedient: see ex-
pedient.'] 1. Fitness; suitableness: same as
expediency. [Rare.]
The expedience of retirement b yet greater, as It removes
OS out of the wayof the most pressing and powerful temp-
tations that are Incident to human nature.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. x.
Sf. An expedition ; an adventure.
Then let me hear
Of you, my gentle cousin Westmoreland,
What yesternight our council did decree.
In forwarding this dear expedience.
Shot., 1 Hen. IV., L 1.
3t. Expedition ; haste ; despatch.
Three thousand men of war
Are making hither, with all due expedience.
Shak., Rich. II., 11. 1.
expediency (ek8-pe'di-en-si),». {^Aa expedience:
810 -'/icy. J 1. Thequality of being expedient;
fitness or suitableness to effect some desired
end or the purpose intended ; propriety or ad-
visability under the particular circumstances
ofaca.se; advantageousness.
We understand the expediency of keeping the functlont
of cook and coachman distinct.
Macaulay, Ballam's Const. Hist.
2. That which is expedient or suitable; the
proper or most efficient mode of procedure for
gaining a desired end.
Much declamation may he heard In the present day
airalnst expediency, as If It were not the proper object of
a deliberative assembly, and as if it were only pursued by
the unprincipled. Whately, Rhet<jrlc, ii. 1, note.
When InflMte Wisdom esUblUhe<l the rules of right
and honesty, he law to It that justice should lie always the
highest expediency. W. Phillipt, Speeches, p. 19.
3. Specifically, the principle of doing what is
deemed most practicable or serviceable under
the circumstances ; utilitarian wisdom, iiiiesin-
2077
later meaning often attached to this word is not inherent
in it, but arises from the frequent disregard of moral con-
siderations in deterininiiig what is expedient. Expedien-
cy may under proper erinflitions be consonant with the
highest morality.)
Through the whole system of society expediency is the
only governing principle. Brougham.
This will hardly be deemed strongly ethical language :
to ni.iny it will sound like the language of expediency rather
than of ethics. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLlll. 539.
The ill-repute which attaches to considerations of expe-
diency, so far as it is well founded, is chiefly due to the
fact that, when the question of conduct at issue is one
which the person debating it has a private interest in de-
ciding one way or the other — when he himself will gain
pleasure or avoid pain by either decision — the admission
of expediency as the ground of decision is apt to give him
an excuse for deciding in his own favour.
r. U. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 330.
4t. An expedient. Daries.
He proposed a most excellent expediency (which would
be of happy use if still continued), for the satisfaction of
some scrupulous members in the House of Commons, about
the ceremonies of our Church.
Bantard, Heylins Hist. Reformation, p. cxvii.
expedient (eks-pe'di-ent), a. and n. [< OF. ex-
pedient, F. expedient = Sp. Pg. expediente = It.
espediente, < L. expedien{t-)s, ppr. of expedite,
bring forward, despatch, etc., impers. be ser-
viceable, profitable, advantageous, expedient:
see ex/>erfe, ex;>erfite.] I. a. It. Serving to pro-
mote or urge forward ; quick ; expeditious.
Expedient manage must be made, my liege.
Ere further leisure yield them further means.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 4.
2t. Direct ; without deviation or unnecessary
delay.
His marches are expedient to this town.
Shak., K. John, il. 1.
3. Tending to promote some proposed or de-
sired object; fit or suitable for the purpose;
proper under the circumstances ; advisable.
It is expedient for you that I go away. John xvt 7.
All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not ex-
pedient. 1 Cor. vl. 12.
Though set times and forms of prayerare notabsolutely
necessary in private prayer, yet tliey are highly expedient.
J. H. Xewman, Parochial Sermons, i. 246.
He [Cleomenea] shonld not spare to do anything that
should be expedient tor the honour of Sparta.
Sorth, tr. of Plutarch, p. 675.
4. Conducive or tending to present advantage
or self-interest.
For a patriot' too cool, for a drudge disobedient.
And too fond of the right to pursue the expedient.
Gotdnnith, ReUllatlon, I. 40.
= 8yn. 3 and 4. Advisable, desirable, advantageous, prof-
itable, useful, best, wise.
IL »• 1. That which serves to promote or
advance a desired result ; any means which may
be employed to accomplish an end.
It puzzleth the wisest among our selves to find out ex-
pedients to keep us from ruining one of the liest Churches
of the Christian World. StiUinyjIeet, Sermons, I. vUL
What sure expedient then shall Juno And,
To calm her fears, and ease her iHMling mind?
A. Phillipt, Kable of Thule.
2. Means devised or employed in an exigency ;
a shift; a device.
The Roman religion Is commodious In nothing more than
In finding out expediente, either for removing quite away,
or for shifting from one to another, all personal punish-
ments. Breeint, .Saul and Samuel at Endor, xxi.
New expedlmU most accordingly be devised to meet the
anexpect«d ememncy.
Theodore Parker, Sermon on Providence.
The txptdUnt, In this case, was a very simple one, nei-
ther more nor leas than * bribe.
Maeaviay, Warren Hastings.
»8yn. Expedient, Setmtree, Retort, ConMnsnee, Device,
Shi/t. Expedient, eonlricanee, and detriee Indicate arti-
ficial means of escape from dilflculty or embarrassment ;
resource Indicates natural means or something possessed ;
remrt and ih\ft may indicate either. A ih\ft u a tempo-
rary, poor, or desperate expedient. When one's reeourcee
l>egin to fail, one has recoune to eontrieanees, expediente,
etc., and flnslly to almost any ehi/l. Retort Is less often
applied to the thing resorted to than to the act of resorting.
Contrivance and device suggest most of ingenuity.
We have the present Yankee, full of expedient), half-
master of all trades, Inventive in all but the beautiful,
full of thi/ts, not yet capable of comfort.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, Ist ser., Int
Different races of ants have very different rejoureet,
and . . . different individuals, even In the same race, show
a very different amount of resource In dealing with the
same difHculty. Pop. Set. Mo., .\XV1. 262.
Between justice as my prime support,
And mercy, fled to as the last retort,
1 glide and steal along with Ueav'n in view.
Cowper, Hope, I. 378.
They (new settlers] have a motive to lalmnr more assidu-
ously, and to adopt contrivance* tor making their labour
more effectual. J. S. MUt, Pol. Econ., I. vtii. i 2.
Courage the highest gift, that scorns to bend
To mean devicet for a sordid end.
Farquhar, Love and a Bottle, Ded.
expedition
You see what thi/ts we are enforc'd to try,
To help out wit with some variety.
Dryden, Indian Queen, Epil.
expediential (eks-pe-di-en'shal), a. [< expe-
dience (ML. expedientia) -I- -al."] Pertaining to
expediency ; regulated by expediency : as, an
expediential policy.
Calculating expediential understanding. Hare.
.Some churchmen have almost stript it of doctrinal sig-
nificance and left it with a mere expediential or political
value, as a sort of Episcopal Presbyterianism or so-called
Congregationalism tinctured with Episcopacy.
The CeiUury, XXXI. 78.
expedientially (eks-pe-di-en'shal-i), adv. In
an expediential manner ; for the sake of expe-
diency.
We should never deviate save expedientially.
F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 39.
expediently (eks-pe'di-ent-li), adv. If. Hast-
ily; quickly.
Do this expediently, and turn him going.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 1.
2. In an expedient manner; fitly; suitably;
conveniently.
expedimentt (eks-ped'i-ment), n. [< ML. ex-
pcdimciitum, explained 'impedimentum' but
prop, of opposite meaning, < L. expedite, set
free, disengage, despatch, etc.: see expede, ex-
pedite. Cf. impediment.'] An expedient.
A like expedimcnt to remove discontent. Barrow.
expeditate (eks-ped'i-tat), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
expeditated, ppr. expeditating. [< ML. (LawL.)
eipeditatus, pp. of expeditare, < L. ex- priv. -I-
pes (ped-) = E. foot.] In Eng. forest law, to
cut out the balls or claws of the fore feet of,
as a dog, to render incapable of hunting.
In the forest laws, every one that keeps a great dog not
exjtfditated forfeits three shillings and four pence to the
king. Chatnbert.
expeditation (eks-ped-i-ta'shon), «. [< ML.
expeditatio(n-), < expeditare, expeditate : see ex-
peditate.] The act of expeditating, or the state
of being expeditated.
ext>edite (eks'jie-dit), V. t. ; pret. and pp. expe-
dited, ppr. expediting. [< L. expeditus, pp. of
expedire, despatch, etc., impers. be serviceable,
advantageous, or expedient: see expede.] 1.
To remove impediments to the movement or
progress of; accelerate tlie motion or progress
of; hasten; quicken: as, the general sent or-
ders to expedite the march of the army; artifi-
cial heat may expedite the growth of plants.
By sin and Death a broad way now Is paved.
To expedite your glorious march.
Milton, P. L., X. 474.
The Prince himself had repeatedly offered to withdraw
forever from the country, if his absence would expedite a
settlement satisfactory to the provinces.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 519.
2. To despatch ; send forth ; issue officially.
Though such charters be expedited of course, and as of
right, yet they are varied by discretion. Bacon.
Orders were undoubtedly expedited from Jerusalem to
Damascus, as soon as messengers could be interchanged.
De Quincey, Essenes, 1.
= Syn. 1. To speed, forward, advance, press on, press for-
ward, urge on, urge forward, drive, push.
expeditist (eks'pe-dit), a. [= D. expediet = Dan.
Sw. expedit = Sp. Pg. expedito = It. espedito,
gpedito, < L. expeditus, unimpeded, free, ready,
easy, pp. of expedire, despatch : see expede, ex-
pedite, v.] 1. Cleared of impediments; unob-
structed; unimpeded; unencumbered.
Nature can teach the church but in part ; neither so
fully as is requisite for man's salvation, nor so easily as to
make the way plain and expedite. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
That the ways of his Lord and ours might be made clear,
ready, and expedite. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 8«.
2. Beady; quick; expeditious.
The second method of doctrine was introduced for ex-
pedite use and assurance sake.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, 11. 224.
Speech Is a very short and expedite way of conveying
their thoughts. Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 19.
expeditely (eks'pe-dit-li), adv. Expeditiously.
Who would not more readily loam to write fairly and
expeditely liy imitating one good copy than by hearken-
ing to a thousand oral prescriptions?
Barrow, Works, III. ii.
expedition (eks-pe-dish'on). n. [= D. expeditie
= G. Dan. Sw. expedition, < OP. expedition. F.
expedition = Sp. cxpedicion = Pg. cxpedi(;ao =
It. espedicione, spedizione, < L. expeditio{n-),&
despatching, a military enterprise, an expedi-
tion, < expedire, despatch, etc. : see expede, ex-
pedite.] 1. The state of being freed from im-
pediments ; hence, expeditiousness ; prompt*
ness ; baste ; speed ; quickness ; despatch.
expedition
Calvin therefore dispatclieth with all expedition his let-
ters unto some principal pastor in every of those cities.
Hooker, Eccles. Tolity, ii., Pref.
Even with the speediest expedition,
I will despatch him to the emperor's court.
Shak., T. G. of V., i. 3.
With winged expedition,
Swift as the lightning glance, he executes
His errand on the wickeil. Milton, S. A., 1. 1283.
2t. The state of being expedited or put in mo-
tion ; progress ; march.
Let us deliver
Our puissance into the hand of God,
Putting it straight in expedition.
Shak., Hen. V., ii. 2.
The silent expedition of the hloudy blast from the mur-
dering Ordnance. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 27.
3. -Aji excursion, journey, or voyage made by a
company or body of persons for a specific pur-
pose ; also, such a body and its whole outfit : as,
the expedition of Xerxes into Greece ; Wilkes's
exploring expedition; a trading expedition to
the African coast.
HelTempIeltalks . . . of sleepingonstrawforone night,
of travelling in winter when tl»e snow lay on the ground,
as if he had gone on an expedition to the North Pole.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
= S3m. 1. Celerity, nimbleness, alertness.— 3. Trip, raid.
expeditionary (eks-pe-dish'on-a-ri), a. [< ex-
pedition + -ary.'S Pertaining to or composing
an expedition.
The expeditionary forces were now assembled.
Goldsinith, Hist. Greece.
Fresh water was extremely scarce, the expeditionary
force spending much time iu digging wells.
0' Donovan, Merv, ii.
Lord Wolseley, who commands the expediHoiiary army.
The American, IX. 350.
expeditioner (eks-pf-dish'on-fer), ». Same as
cxpcflitioni,st.
expeditionist (eks-pe-dish'on-ist), «. [< exjje-
dittou + -ist.'\ One who makes or takes part in
an expedition. [Rare.]
Fortunately the zeal of the expeditioniutt averted the
rislt . . . that rather brusque usage would cause some of
the most important members of the expedition to with-
draw their aid. R. A. Proctor, Light Science, p. 103.
expeditious (eks-pe-dish'us), a. [< expediti-on
+ -o«6-.] 1. Performed with celerity; quick;
hasty; speedy: as, an expeditious raareh.
That method of binding, torturing, or detaining will
prove the most effectual and expeditions which makes use
of manacles and fetters. Bacon, Physical Fables, vii., Expl.
2. Nimble ; active ; swift ; acting with celerity :
as, an expeditious messenger or runner.
I entreated them to be expeditions.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xxiv.
expeditiously (eks-pe-dish'us-li), adv. In an
expeditious manner;' speedily; with celerity
or despatch.
The surgeon boasted that he could not only shave, which
on the continent is a surgical operation, but that he could
dress hair neatly and expeditioiishj.
T. Cogan, On the Passions, i., note A.
expeditiousness (eks-pe-dish'us-nes), n. The
quality of being expeditious; qviiokness; ex-
pedition. Bailey, 1727.
expeditivet (eks-ped'i-tiv), a. [= F. expMitif
2078
A united army of Bavarians and Hessians expelled the
Austrians from the greater part of Bavaria, and on Oct.
22 reinstated the Emperor in Munich.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii.
2. To exclude ; keep out or off. [Bare.]
O, that that earth which kept the world in awe
Sliould patch a wall to expel the winter's Haw !
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
3t. To reject; refuse.
And would ye not poore fellowship expell.
My selfe would offer you t' accompanic.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 96.
=S3m. 1. Exile, Exclude, etc. (see banish), expatriate, os-
tracize ; eject, dislodge.
expellable (eks-pel'a-bl), a. [< expel + -able.']
1. Capable of being expelled or driven out: as,
"a,a\AexpellaUe hy\\eaX," Kirwan. — 2. Subject
to expulsion : as, members of a club not expeU
lable on account of political opinions.
expellant (eks-pel'ant), a. and n. I. a. Ex-
pelling or having the power to expel: as, an
expellant medicine. Tliomas, Med. Diet.
II. n. That which expels: as, calomel is a
powerful expellant.
expeller (eks-pel'er), ». One who or that which
expels.
From Cunegiasushe cometh to the foresaid Maglocunus,
whome he nameth the Dragon of the Isles, and the expeller
of manic tyrants. Holinshed, Chron., England, I. v. 17.
Unspotted faith, expeller of all vice.
Fanshaxi'c, tr. of Guarini's Pastor Fido, p. 74.
expencet, n. An obsolete spelling of expense.
expend (eks-pend'), V. t. [= OF. espendre,
S2>endre = Sp. Pg. expender = It. spendere, < L.
expendere, weigh out, pay out, expend, < ex, out,
-f- pendere, weigh, akin to penderc, hang: see
pend, j)endent, poise. Of. dispend and spend.'\
1. To lay out; disburse; spend; payout.
I held it ever
Virtue and cunning were endowments greater
Than nobleness and riches ; careless heirs
May the two latter darken and expend.
Shak., Pericles, iii. 2.
The king of England wasted the French king's country,
and thereby caused him to expend such sums of money as
exceeded the debt. Sir J. JIayward.
It is far easier to acquire a fortune like a knave than
to expend it like a gentleman. Cotton.
2. To consume by use; spend in using: as, to
expend time, labor, or material; the oil of a
lamp is expended in burning; water is expended
in mechanical operations ; the ammunition was
entirely expended.
For I mine own gain'd knowledge should profane,
If I would time expend with such a snipe.
But lor my sport and profit. Shak., Othello, i. 3.
Youth, health, vigor to expend
On so desirable an end.
Cowper, The Moralizer Corrected, 1. 33.
expendable (eks-pen'da-bl), a. [< expend +
-able.'] That can be expended or consumed
by use : as, articles expendable and not expend-
able.
expender (eks-pen'der), n. One who expends,
uses, or consumes in using.
Among organisms which are large expenders of force,
the size ultimately attained is, other things equal, deter-
mined by the initial size. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 49.
= Sp. expeditivo = It. espeditivo, speditivo ; as expenditor (eks-pen'di-tor), n. [= Sp. expen-
expedite + -«»e.] Performing with speed; ex- dedor, a spendthrift, = It spenditore, < ML. ex-
peditious, penditor, < L. expendere, expend: see expend.]
I mean not to purchase the praise of expeditine in that In old Eng. law, a person appointed to disburse
kind ; but as one that have a feeling of my duty, and of the money.
ease of others, my endeavour shall be to hear patiently. ---nOTiflit.ri-r relt^-nen'di-triksl n r< ML. 'ex-
Bacon, Speech on taking his place in Chancery. expenOltnX (.CKS pen Ql inKS;, ». L^ ™^- ^-^
' ^ a f .> penditnx, tem. ot expenditor: see expenditor.]
expeditorrt (eks-ped'i-to-ri), a. [< ML. expe- j^ woman who disburses money.
ditorius, < L. expedire, pp. cxpeditm, despatch: jj^.^ ^^jj^^ ,^^3 ^^^^ go-between and expenditrix in af-
see expede, expedite.] Making haste; expedl- fairs, which lay much in relieving of Catholics, and taking
tious. Franklin. them out of prisons. Roger North, Examen, p. 257.
expel (eks-pel'), t'- '•; pret. and pp. expelled, expenditure (eks-pen'di-tflr), n. [< ML. ex-
ppr. expelling. [Formerly also expell;^ ME. ex- penditus, irreg. pp. of L. expendere (cf. expendi-
pellen, < OF. expeller = Sp. expeler = Pg. expel-
lir = It. espellere, < L. expellere, drive or thrust
out or away, < ex, out, + pellere, drive, thrust :
see pulse. Cf . compel, dispel, impel, propel, repel. ]
1. To drive or force out or away; send off or
away by force or constraint ; compel to leave ;
dismiss forcibly or compulsorily : as, to expel air
from a bellows or from the lungs ; to expel an
invader or a traitor from a country ; to expel a
student from a college, or a member from a club.
The force of sorrow to expell.
To view strange countreys hee Intends.
The Merchant's Daughter (Child's Ballads, IV. 329).
Till that infernall feend with fouleuprore
Forewasted all their land and them expeld.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 6.
Off with his robe ! expel him forth this place !
Whilst we rejoice and sing at his disgrace.
Dean, arul Fl., Knight of Malta, v. 2.
tor), + -ure.y 1. The act of expending; a lay-
ing out, using up, or consuming ; disbursement ;
outlay, as of money, materials, labor, time, etc. ;
used absolutely, outlay of money or pecuniary
means.
There is not an opinion more general among mankind
than this, that the unproductive expenditure of the rich
is necessary to the employment of the poor. J. S. Mill.
2. That which is expended ; expense. [Rare.]
And making prize of all that he condemns.
With our expenditure defrays his own.
Cowper, Task, ii. 605.
expense (eks-pens'). n. [Until recently also
expence; < ME. expense, expence, < OF. expense,
espense = Sp. Pg. expensas, pi., = It. spesa,<
MXi. expensa (sc. pecunia), L. expensum, money
spent, fern, and neut. of L. expensits, pp. of ex-
jiendere, expend: see expend.] 1. A laying out
expergefaction
or expending; the disbursing of money; em-
ployment and consumption, as of time or labor;
expenditure.
Godely of giftes, grettist in expense.
Ay fui-se on his fos, and to fight redy.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3766.
The person who was very zealous in prosecuting the
same, deseruing honourable remembrance for his good
mijide, and expense of life in so vertuous an entei-prise.
Ilakluyfs Voya'jes, III. 145.
Extraordinary expense must be limited by the worth of
the occasion. Bacon, Expense.
Raw in fields the rude militia swanns ;
Mouths without hands, maintained at vast expense ;
In peace a charge, in wai" a weak defense.
Dryden, Cym. and Iph., 1. 401.
Specifically — 2. Great or undue expenditure;
prodigality.
This sudden solemn feast
Was not ordain'd to riot in expense.
Ford, 'Tis Pity, v. 5.
I was always a fool, when I told you what your expencef
would bring you to. Congreve, Love for Love, i. 1.
3. That which is expended, laid out, or con-
sumed; especially, money expended; cost;
charge : as, a prudent man limits his expenses
by his income.
For his expencez and for his aray.
For hors or men that maye be for your spede,
He shall not lakke no tliyng that liyra nede.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 348.
We shall not spend a large expense of time.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 7.
4. Cost through diminution or deterioration;
damage or loss from any detracting caugp, es-
pecially a moral one: preceded by at: as, he
did this at the expense of his character.
Courting popularity at his party's expense.
Brougham, Sheridan.
His skill in the details of business had not been ac-
quired at the expense of his general powers.
Macaulay, Machiavelli.
Death-hed expenses. See death-bed. =%Ya. 3. Charge,
Cost, etc. See price.
expenseful (eks-pens'ful), a. [< expense + -fuh]
Costly; expensive. [Archaic]
See, you rate him.
To stay him yet from more expenceful courses.
Chapman, All Fools, ii. 1.
My mind very heavy for this my expejise/ul life.
Pepys, Diary, Nov. 13, 1661.
No part of structure is more . . . expenseful . . . than
windows. Sir H. Wotton, Elem. of Architecture.
expensefuUy (eks-pens'ful-i), adv. In an ex-
penseful or costly manner; with great expense.
[Archaic]
expenseless (eks-pens 'les), a. [< expense +
-less.] Without cost or expense. [Rare.]
What health promotes, and gives unenvy'd peace,
Is all expenseless, and procurd with ease.
Sir R. Blackmore.
expensive (eks-pen'siv), a. [< expense + -ive.]
1. Costly; requiring or entailing much ex-
pense : as, an expensive dress or equipage ; an
expensive family; expensive t&sXes or habits.
The loud and impetuous winds, and the shining fires of
more laborious and expeimce actions, are profitalde to
others only, like a tree or balsam, distilling precious
liquor for others, not for its own use.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 30.
It was asserted, with reason, that Anjou would be a very
expensive master, for his luxurious and extravagant habits,
were notorious. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 521.
2t. Free in expending; liberal; extravagant;
lavish.
Hee is now very expensiue of his time, for hee will waite
vpon your Staires a whole Afternoone.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Vniuersitie Dunne.
This requires an active, expensive, indefatigable good-
ness. Sp- Sprat.
expensively (eks-pen'siv-li), adv. In an ex-
pensive manner ; with great expense.
I never knew him live so great and expensively as he
hath done since his return from exile. Swift.
expensiveneSS (eks-pen'siv-nes), )i. The qual-
ity of being expensive, or of incurring or re-
quiring great expenditures of money ; cost-
liness; extravagance: as, the expensiveness of
war; expensiveness of one's tastes.
The courtiers studied to please the king's taste, and
gave in to an expensiveness of equipage and dress that ex-
ceeded all bounds. Bp. Lowth, Wykeham, p. 203.
expergefactiont (eks-per-je-fak'shon), n. [<
L. e.rpcrycfactio{n-), an awakening,/ cxperge-
facere, pp". expergefactus, awaken, arouse, < ex-
pergere, awaken, arouse (see experrection), +
facere, make.] An awakening or arousing.
Having, after such a long noctivagation and variety of
horrid visions, return'd to my perfect expergefaction.
Howell, Parly of Beasts, p. 45.
experience
experience (eks-pe'rl-ens), «. [< ME. experi-
ence; exjiiriens, < OF. experience, F. experience =
Pt. experieniia, esperientia = Sp. Pg. experiencia
= It. esperienza, sperienza, esperiemia, sperien-
eia, < li. experientia, a, trial, proof, experiment,
experimental knowledge, experience, < experi-
en{t-)s, ppr. of experiri, try, put to the test, un-
dertake, undergo, < ex, out, + "periri, go through,
in pp. peritus, experienced, expert : see expert
and peril. ] 1 . The state or fact of having made
trial or proof, or of having acquired knowledge,
wisdom, skill, etc., by actual trial or observa-
tion ; also, the knowledge so acquired ; person-
al and practical acquaintance with anything;
experimental cognition or perception : as, he
knows what suffering is by long experience;
experience teaches oven fools.
He that hath as much Experience of you as I have had
will confess that the Hamlmaid of God Almighty was never
ao prodi^ of her Gifts to any. Houxtl, Lettere, I. iv. 14.
We were sufficiently instructed hy experience what the
lioly Pulmist means hy the Uew of Hemion, our Teuts
being as wet with it as if it had rain'd all Night.
ilaundretl, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 57.
A man of science who . . . had made experience of a
spiritual affinity more attractive than any chemical one.
Hawthorne^ Birthmark.
Till we have some experience of the duties of religion,
we are incapable of entering duly into the privileges.
J. //. AVwjmirt, Parochial Sermons, L 245.
2. In philos., knowledge acquired through ex-
ternal or internal perception ; also, the totalitj'
of the cognitions given by perception, taken in
their connection ; all that is perceived, under-
stood, and remembered. Locke defines it as our ol>
senration. empIoyf<l cither alwut external sensible ob-
jects or about the internal operations of our minds, per-
ceived and reflected upon by ourselves. The Latin ex-
perientia was used in its philosophical sense by Celsus
and otbets, and in the middle ages by Roger Bacon. It
tranalates the Greek <)iir<ip<a of the Stoics. See empiric.
The great and indeed the only ultimate aonrce of our
knowledge of nature and her laws is experience, by which
we mean not tlie experience of one man only, or of one
generation, but the accumulated experience of all mankind
in all ages, registered in books, or recorded by tradition.
Sir J. Uertchel.
The unity of experience embraces both the inner and
the outer life. E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 387.
Specifically — 3. That which has been learned,
suffered, or done, considered as productive of
practical judgment and skill; the sum of prac-
tical wisdom taught by all the events, vicissi-
tudes, and observations of one's life, or by any
particular class or division of them.
That which all men's experience teacheth tbem may not
In any wise l>e denied. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8.
Who shall march out before ye, ooy'd and courted
By all the mistresses of war, care, counsel,
Qulck.ey'd experience, and victory twin'd to him?
Fletcher, Bonduca, It. S.
Knowledge comes, hut wisdom lingers, and be bears a
laden breast,
TtU of sad experiertce, moving toward the stillness of his
restt Tennyton, Locksley UalL
In a world so charged and sparkling with power, a man
does not live long and actively without costly additions of
Xrience, which, though not spoken, are recorded in his
1. Bmereon, Old Age.
4. An individual or particular instance of trial
or observation.
Beal apprehension is, as 1 have said, in the first liutance
an expenenee or information about the concrete.
J. U. Newman, Oram, of Assent, p. 21.
The like holds good with respect to the relations between
sounds and vibrating objects, which we learn only by a gen-
eralization of experieneet. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol.
This la what distance does tor us ; the harsh and bitter
features of this or that experienee are slowly obliterated,
and memoir begins to looK on the past. IK. Black.
6t. An experiment.
She caoaed him to make experience
Upon wild beasts. Spenter, F. Q.
If ray affection be suspected, make
Experience of my loyalty, by some service.
Shirley, Love Tricks, i. 1.
6. A fixed mental impression or emotion ; spe-
eiflcally, a guiding or controlling religious feel-
ing, as at the time of conversion or resulting
trom subsequent influences.
All that can be argued from the purity and perfection
of the word of Ood, with respect to experieneet, is this,
thst those experieneet which are agreeable to the word
of Ood are right, and cannot be otherwise; and not that
those affections must be right which arise on occasion of
the word of God coming to the mind.
Edward; Works, III. 82.
The rapture of the Moravian and Qnletht, . . . the re-
vival of the Calvinlstic churches, the exfieriencee of the
Methodists, are varying forms of that shn<lder of awe and
delight with which the individual soul always mingles
with the universal soul. Emerton, Essays, Ist scr., p. 2M.
Experience meetlnx, a meeting, especially in the Meth-
odist rhureh, where the members relate their religious
experiences ; a covenant or conference meeting.
2079
He is in that ecstasy of mind which prompts those who
were never orators before to rise in an experience vieeting
and pour out a Hood of f^ing in the tritest language and
the most conventional terms.
C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 127.
^Syn. Experience, Experiment, Observation. Experience
is strictly that which befalls a man, or which he goes
through, while experiment is that which one actively un-
dertakes. Observation is looking on, without necessarily
having any connection with the matter : it is one thing to
know of a man's goodness or of the horrors of war by ob-
nervation, and quite another to know of it or them by ex-
perienee. To know of a man's goodness by experiment
would be to have put it to actual and intentional test.
See practice.
experience (eks-pe'ri-ens), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
experienced, ppr. experiencing. [< experience, Ji.]
1. To learn by practical trial or proof; try or
prove by use, by suffering, or by enjoyment;
have happen to or befall one ; acquire a per-
ception of ; undergo : as, we all experience pain,
sorrow, and pleasure ; we experience good and
evil ; we often experience a change of sentiments
and ■views, or pleasurable or painful sensations.
Your soul will then experience the most terrible fears.
Southwell, Poetical Works, Pref., p. 56.
You have not yet experienced at her hands
My treatment. Browning, Ring and Book, 1. 309.
2t. To practise or drill ; exercise.
The youthful sailors thus with early care
Their arms experience and for sea prepare.
W. Harte, tr. of Sixth Thebaid of Statins.
To experience religion, to Iwcome converted. (CoUoq. 1
I experienced religion at one of brother Armstrong's
protracted meetings. Widow Bedott Paperx, p. 108.
experienced (eks-pe'ri-enst), p. a. Taught by
practice or by repeated observations ; skilful or
wise by means of trials, use, or observation : as,
an experienced artist ; an experienced physician.
1 esteem it a greater Advantage that so worthy and
vfeW-experieneed a Knight as Sir Talbot Bows is to be my
Collegue and Fellow-Burgess. Howell, Letters, I. v. 4.
We must perfect, as much as we can, our ideas of the
distinct species ; or learn them from such as are used to
that sort of things, and are experienced in them. Locke.
experiencer (eks-pe'ri-en-sfer), «. One who
experiences; one who makes trials or experi-
ments. [Rare.]
A curious experiencer illd affirm that the likeness of
any object, ... If strongly inlightned, will appear to an-
other, in the eye of him that Icxiks strongly and steadily
upon it, . . . even after he shall have turned his eyes from
It. .Sir A*. Digby, Nature of Bodies, viil.
experientt (eks-pe'ri-ent), a. [< OF. eiperient,
< L. experien{t-)s, ppr. of experiri: see experi-
ence.'] Experienced.
Which wisdom sure he leam'd
Of his experient father.
Chapman, All Fools, i. 1,
Why is the Prince, now ripe and full experient,
Not inatle a dore in the State?
Beau, and FL, Cupid's Revenge, iii. 1.
experiential (eks-pe-ri-en'shal), a. [< L. ex-
perientia, experience, + -a/. J Relating to or
having experience ; derived from experience ;
empirical.
Again, what are called physical laws — laws of nature —
are all generalisations from observation, are only empir-
ical or experiential information. Sir W. Hamilton.
It is evident that this <listinction of necessary and
experiential truths involves the same antithesis which
we have already eonaldered — the antithesis of thoughts
and things. Neeessan truths are derived from our own
thoughts ; experiential truths are derived from our obser-
vation of thinp shout us. The opposition of necessary
and experiential truths Is another aspect of the funda-
mental antithesis of philosophy.
Whewell. HUt Scientific Ideas, I. 27.
But notwithstanding the utter darkness regarding ways
and means, our imagination can reach much more readily
the final outcome of our transcendental than of our expe-
riential attitude. jif in<f, IX. 368.
experientialism (eks-pe-ri-en'shal-izm), n. [<
ex/ieriential + -ism.'] The doctrine that all our
knowledge has its origin in experience, and
must submit to the test of experience.
Experientialvrm Is, in short, a philosophical or logical
theory, not a psychological one. </. C. Jloberteon.
experientialist (eks-pe-ri-en'shal-ist), n. and a.
[Cerpcrirnlidl + -i.st.} I. n. One who holds the
doctrines of experientialism.
n. a. Pertaining or relating to experiential-
ism.
experiment (eks-per'i-raent), n. [< ME. experi-
ment = O. G. Dan. 8w. experiment, < OF. experi-
ment, experiment = Sp. Pg. experimento = It. es-
perimento, < L. experimentum, a trial, test, ex-
rriment, < experiri, try, test: see experience.]
A trial; a test; specifically, the operation
of subjecting objects to certain conditions and
observing the result, in order to test some prin-
ciple or supposition, or to discover something
new.
experimentalize
The craft of coniuracioun tho cumly did vse ;
With Spretis & experyvient so spend thai there lyf.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13217.
A political experiment cannot be made in a laboratory,
nor determined in a few horn's. J. Adamn.
Observation is of two kinds ; for either the objects which
it considers remain unchanged, or, previous to its applica-
tion, they are made to undergo certain arbitrary changes,
or are placed in certain factitious relations. In the latter
case the observation obtains the specific name of experi-
ment. Sir If. Hamilton.
'All successful action is successful experiment in the
broadest sense of the term, and every mistake or failure
is a negative experiment, which deters us from repetition.
Jevons, Social Reform, p. 253.
2t. A becoming practically acquainted with
something; an experience.
This was a useful experiment for our future conduct.
Defoe.
Cavendish's experiment, an important mechanical ex-
periment, first actually made by Henry Cavendish, for the
purpose of ascertaining the mean density of the earth
by means of the torsion-balance. — Controlling experi-
ment. See control. = Zya. Observation, etc. (see experi-
ence), test, examination, assay.
experiment (eks-per'i-ment), V. [= D. experi-
menteren = G. experimentiren = Dan. experimen-
tere = Sw. experimentera, < F. expmmenter (OF.
espermenter) = Pr. experimentar, expermentar =
Sp. Pg. experimentar = It. esperimentare, speri-
mentare, < ML. experimentare, experiment ; from
the noun.] I. intrans. To make trial ; make an
experiment ; operate on a body in such a man-
ner as to discover some unknown fact, or to
establish it when known: as, philosophers ex-
periment on natural bodies for the discovery of
their qualities and combinations.
We live, and they experiment on life,
Those poets, painters, all who stand aloof
"To overlook the farther. Browning, In a Balcony.
n.t trans. 1. To try; search out by trial;
put to the proof.
This naphta is . . . apt to Inflame with the sunbeams
or heat that issues from fire ; as was mirthfully experi-
mented on one of Alexander's pages.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa.
2. To know or perceive by experience; expe-
rienee.
When the succession of Ideas ceases, our perception of
duration ceases with it, which every one experiments while
he sleeps stinndly. Locke.
experimenta, «. Plural of experimentum.
experimental (eks-per-i-men'tal), a. [= G.Dan.
Sw. experimental (in comp.), (. F. exp&rimental
=1 Sp. Pg. experimental = It. esperimentale,< ML.
'experimentalis, < L. experimentum, experiment:
see experiment.] 1. Pertaining to, derived from,
founded on, or known by experiment ; given
to or skilled in experiment: as, experimental
knowledge or philosophy ; an experimental phi-
losopher.
He (Calvert) was a liberal In politics, and had a lively,
if amateurish. Interest in experimental science,
E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 209.
2. Taught by experience ; ha'ving personal ex-
perience ; known by or derived from experi-
ence; experienced.
Trust not my reading, nor my observations.
Which with experimental seal doth warrant
The tcnour of my book. Shak., Much Ado, Iv. 1.
Admit to the holy communion such only as profess and
appear to be regenerated and experimental Christians.
H. Humphrey.
Of liberty, such as it Is in small democracies, of patriot-
ism, such as it is In small independent communities of
any kind, they had, and they could have, no experimental
knowledge. Macaulay, History.
Experimental proposition, in logic, a proposition
whiih Is founded uixm experience.— Experimental phi-
losophy, that philt»8ophy which accei>t.s notliing a.s abso-
lutely certain, but holds that opinions will gradually ap-
proximate to the truth In scientific researches into nature.
The chief reason why I prefer the mechanicall and ex-
perimentall philosophy before the Arlstotelean is not so
much because of its greater certainty, but because it puts
inquisitive men into a methoti to attain it, whereas the
other serves only to obstruct their Industry by amusing
them with empty and insignificant notions.
Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., 2d cd. (1067), p. 47.
Experimental religion, religion that exists as an actual
experience. a»t ilNtinct from that which is held simply as
an opinion or i)racti8ed externally from some ulterior con-
siderations ; a state of religions feeling or principle which
has sustained the test of trial, as opposed to a religious
belief whirh is held merely as a tl^eory.
experimentalise, v. i. See experimentalize.
experimentalist (eks-per-i-men'tal-ist), n. [<
experimental + -ist.] One who makes experi-
ments; one who practises experimentation.
In respect of the medical profession, there is an obvious
danger of a man's being regarded as a dangerous experi-
mentalist who adopts any novelty.
Whately, Rhetoric, I. Hi. 8 2.
experimentalize (eks-per-i-men'tal-iz), V. i. ;
pret. and pp. experimentalized, ppf. cxj>erimen-
experimentalize
tali::ing. [^(.experimental + -ize.'] To make ex-
periment. Also spelled experimentalise.
The impression ... [of Mr. Weller] was that Mr. ilar-
Un was hired by the establislnueut of Saiyj-er, hite Ni>ck-
emorf, to take strong medicine, or to go into tits and be
experiuunUaiized upon. Dickeim, Pickwick, xlviii.
Tlie old school has gone— gone, it may l>e added, to the
regret of all who do not share the motiern rage for expert-
uifntatizinn, and who are inclined to suspect that our
fathers were at least as wise as oxirselves.
Quarterly Rev., CXXVII. 258.
experimentally (eks-per-i-men'tal-i), adv. By
experimeut ; by experience or trial ; by opera-
tion and observation of results.
He will experimentally find the emptiness of all things.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Slor., iii. 22.
It is not only reasonably to be expected, but expert-
nuntaUy felt, that in weak and ignorant understandings
there are no sufficient supports for the vigorousness of a
holy Ufe. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 761.
The law being thus established experimentalbf.
J. S. Mill, Logic.
experimentarian (eks-per'i-men-ta'ri-an), a.
and N. [< experiment + -arian.'] I. a. Rely-
ing upon experiments or upon experience.
Uobbes . . . treated the experimentarian philosophers
as objects only of contempt. D. Stewart.
U. n. One given to making experiments.
Another thing . . . that qualifies an experimentarian
for the reception of revealed religion.
Boyle, Works, V. 537.
exi>erimentation (eks-per'i-men-ta'shon), n.
[= F. experimentation; as experiment, v., +
-ation.} The act or practice of making experi-
ments; the process of experimenting.
Thus far the advantage of experimefitation over simple
observation is univei-sally recognized: all are aware that
it enables us to obtaiu innumerable combinations of cir-
cumstances which are not to be found in nature, and so
add to nature's experiments a multitude of experiments
of our own. J. S. Milt, Logic, III. vii. § 3.
experimentative (eks-per-i-men'ta-tiv), a. [<
exjieriiiieiit + -ative.] Experimental. Coleridge.
experimentatort (eks-per'i-men-ta-tor), m. [=
F. experimentateur = Sp. Pg. experiiiieniador =
It. esperimentatore, sperimentatore, < ML. experi-
mentator, < experimentare, experiment: see ex-
periment, ».] An experimenter.
The examination of some of them was protracted for
many days, the nature of the experiments themselves, and
also the design of the experimentaton, requiring such
chasms. Boyle, Works, IV. 507.
ezperimentedt (eks-per'i-men-ted), p. a.
Proved by experience.
There be divers that make profession to have as good
and as experimented receipts as yours.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
experimenter (eks-per'i-men-t6r), n. One who
makes experiments; one skilled in experi-
ments; an e.xperimentalist.
ezperimentist (eks-per'i-men-tist), n. [< ex-
periment + -ist.'] An experimenter.
experimentize (eks-per'i-men-tiz), V. i. ; pret.
and pp. experimentized, ppr. experimentizing. [<
experiment + -ize.'\ To try experiments; ex-
periment. Also spelled experimentise.
It has been one of the greatest oversights in my work
that 1 did not experimentise on such [small and incon-
spicuous] flowers.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 387.
experimentnm (eks-per-i-men'tum), n. ; pi. ex-
pcrimenta i-t'A,). [h.: see exj>eriment.'i An ex-
periment.—Experimentum crucis, a crucial or de-
cidiiij; experiment or test. See crucial, 3.
experrectiont (eks-pe-rek'shon), n. [< L. ex-
perrectus, pp. of expergisei, be awakened,
awake, < expergere, tr., wake, arouse, < ex, out,
-(- pergere, wake, arouse, pursue, proceed, go
on, < per, through, -I- regere, keep straight,
guide, direct: see regent. Cf. insurrection, res-
urrection.'] A waking up or arousing.
The Phrygians also, imagining that God sleepeth all win-
ter and lieth awake in the summer, thereupon celebrate
in one season the feast of lying in bed and sleeping, in
the other, of experrection or waking, and that with much
drinking and belly cheer. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 1069.
expert (eks-pfert' as a. ; eks-p6rt' or eks'pfert as
«.), a. and n. [< ME. expert, < OF. expert, espert,
P. expert = Pr. expert, espert = Sp. Pg. experto
= It. esperto, sperto, < L. expertus (for *expe-
ritus; cf. equiv. peritus), experienced, skilled,
expert, pp. of experiri, try, put to the test, go
through : see ex^jeriencc] I. a. 1. Having had
experience ; experienced ; practised : trained ;
taught by use, practice, or experience.
Experte am I thaire planntes best to growe
But sette hem nowe.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 97.
And nouhte to hem of elde that bene experte
In govemaunce, nurture, and honeste.
Babeei Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 1.
2080
2. Skilful; dexterous; adroit; having facility
acquired by practice.
Expert in trifles, anil a cunning fool,
Able t' express the parts, but not dispose the whole.
Dryden.
The sceptic is ever expert at puzzling a debate which he
finds himself unable to continue.
Goldsmith, English Clergy.
3. Pertaining to or resulting from experience ;
due to or proceeding from one having prac-
tical knowledge or skill: as, expert workman-
ship ; expert testimony.
what practice, howsoe'er expert, . . .
Hath power to give thee as thou werf?
Tennyson, In Menioriam, Ixxv.
= Syil. Adroit, Dexterous, Expert, etc. (see adroit); train-
ed, practised. See skilful.
II. n. 1. An experienced, skilful, or prac-
tised person ; one skilled or thoroughly inform-
ed in any partiftular department of knowledge
or art.
The point is one difficult to settle : and none can be
consulted about it but natives or experts.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 11.
To read two or three good books on any subject is equiv-
alent to healing it discussed by an assembly of wise, able,
and impartial experts, who tell you all that can be known
about it. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 313.
He was a man of wide and scholarly culture, with espe-
cial aptness in literary quotation, an expert in social sci-
ence and public charities.
Q. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II. 68.
2. In late, a person who, by virtue of special
acquired knowledge or experience on a sub-
ject, presumably not within the knowledge of
men generally, may testify in a court of justice
to matters of opinion thereon, as distinguish-
ed from ordinary witnesses, who can in gen-
eral testify only to facts. =S3m. Adept, Expert. See
adept, ?l.
expert (eks-perf), V. t. [< L. expertus, pp. of
experiri,tTy,,test: see expert, a.] If. To experi-
ence.
We deeme of Death as doome of ill desert ;
But knewe we, fooles, wliat it us bringes until.
Dye would we dayly, once it to expert !
Spenser, Sliep. Cal., November.
2. [< expert, «.] To examine (books, accounts,
etc . ) as an expert ; have examined by an expert :
as, the accounts have been experted. [Colloq.]
expertly (eks-pert'li), adv. [< ME. exjiertly;
< expert + -ly^.~\ If. By actual experiment.
Unbynde it thenne, and there expertly se
How oon tree is in til an otlier ronne.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 162.
2. In an expert or skilful or dexterous man-
ner ; adroitly ; with readiness and accuracy.
expertness (eks-pfert'nes), n. The quality of
being expert ; skill derived from practice ; read-
iness; dexterity; adroitness: as, expertness in
musical performance, or in seamanship; ex-
pertness iu reasoning.
You shall demand of him whether one Captain Dumain
be i' the camp, a Frenchman ; what his reputation is with
the duke, what his valour, honesty, and expertness in wars.
Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.
There were no marks of expertness in the trick played by
the woman of Endor upon the perturbed mind of .Saul.
T. Cogan, Theol. Disquisitions, ii.
= Syil. Facility, Knack, etc. See readiness.
expetiblet (eks-pet'i-bl), a. [< L. expetibilis,
desirable, < expetere, desire, long for, seek af-
ter, < ex, out, 4- petere, seek: see petition, com-
pete.'] Fit to be sought after; desirable.
An establishment ... is more expetihle than an appoint-
ment in some circumstances more perfect, without the
same uniform order and peace therewith.
T. Puller, iloderation of Church of Eng., p. 410.
expiable (eks'pi-a-bl), a. [< OF. expiablc, < L.
as if 'expiahilis, <. expiare, expiate: see expi-
ate.] Capable of being expiated or atoned for :
as, an expiable offense ; expiable guilt.
They allow them to be such as deserve punishment,
although such as are easily pardonable : remissible, of
course, or expiable by an easie penitence.
Feltham, Resolves, ii. 9.
The Gregorian purgatory supposed only an expiation of
small and light faults, as immoderate laughter, imperti-
nent talking, which nevertheless he himself sayes are ex-
piable by fear of death.
Jer. Taylor, Diss, from Popery, II. ii. § 2.
expiamentt (eks'pi-a-ment), n. [< L. as if *ex-
piamentum,<. expiare, expiate: aee expiate.] An
expiation. Bailey, 1727.
expiate (eks'pi-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. expiated,
ppr. expiating. [< L. expiatus, pp. of expiare
(> It. espiare = Sp. Pg. expiar = ¥. expier), atone
for, make satisfaction for, < ex, out, + piare,
appease, propitiate, make atonement, < pius,
devout, pious: see piovs.] 1. To atone for;
make satisfaction or reparation for; remove
or endeavor to remove the moral guilt of (a
expirant
crime or evil act), or counteract its evil effects,
by suffering a penalty or doing some counter-
balancing good.
It is true indeed, and granted, that the blood of Christ
alone can expiate sin. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, 1. ii.
Tlie treasurer obliged himself to expiate the injury.
Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
The pernicious maxims early imbibed l)y Mr. Fox led
him . . . intogreat faults which, though afterwards nobly
expiated, were never forgotten. Macaulay, Lord Holland.
2. To avert by certain observances. [Rare.]
Frequent showers of stones . . . could ... be expiated
only by bringing to Rome Cybele.
T. II. Dyer, Hist. Rome, | 2.
expiatet (eks'pi-at), a. [< L. expiatus, pp. : see
the verb.] Expired.
Make haste, the hour of death is expiate.
Shak., Rich. IIL, iii. 3.
expiation (eks-pi-a'shon), n. [= P. expiation
= Pr. expiacio = Sp. expiacion = Pg. exjriagao
= It. espiazione, < L. expiatio(n-), < expiare, ex-
piate: see exi>iate.] 1. The act of expiating,
or of making satisfaction or reparation for an
offense; atonement; reparation. See atone-
ment.
His liberality seemed to have something in it of self-
abasement and expiation. Irving
Our Lord offered an expiation for our sins. Church Diet-
In the expiations of the heathen peoples the main thing
is to have enough suffered; for the apprehended wrath
will be stayed when the rages of the gods are glutted.
Bushnell, Forgiveness and Law, p. 83.
2. The means by which atonement, satisfac-
tion, or reparation of crimes is made ; an atone-
ment.
Those shadowy expiations weak.
The blood of bulls and goats.
Milton, P. L., xii. 291.
3t. An observance or ceremony intended to
avert omens or prodigies.
Upon the birth of such monsters, the Grecians and Ro-
matis did use divers sorts of expiations, and to go about
their principal cities with many solemn ceremonies and
sacrifices. Sir J. Uayward.
The Great Day of Expiation, an annual solemnity of
the Jews, observed on the 10th day of the month Tisri,
which answers to our September.
expiational (eks-pi-a'shon-al), a. [< expiation
+ -al.] Pertaining to, characterized by, or for
the purpose of expiation.
The most intensely expiational form of Christianity, in-
stead of being most robust and steadfast, is poorest.
Bushnell, Forgiveness and Law, p. 91.
expiator (eks'pi-a-tor), n. [= It. espiatore, <
LL. expiator, < L. expiare, expiate : see expiate.]
One who expiates.
expiatorioust (eks'''pi-a-t6'ri-us), a. [< LL. ex-
piatorius : see expiatory.] ^waie &s expiatory.
Which are not to be expounded as if ordination did con-
fer the first grace, which in the scliools is understood only
to be expiatoriou^. Jer. Taylor, Office Ministerial, § 7.
expiatory (eks'pi-a-to-ri), a. [= F. expiatoire
= Sp. Pg. expiatorio = It. espiatorio, < LL. ex-
piatorius, < L. expiare, pp. expiatus, expiate:
see expiate, expiator.] Having the power to
make atonement or expiation ; offered by way
of expiation.
His voluntai-y death for others prevailed with God, and
had the force of an expiatory sacrifice.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
expilatet (eks'pi-lat), V. t. [< L. expilatiis, pp.
otcxpilare (> It. espilare = Pg. expilar), pillage,
plunder, < ex, out, + pilare, pillage, plunder:
see compile and. pillage.] To pillage; plunder,
expilationt (eks-pi-la'shon), n. [= Pg. expi-
lagao = It. espilazione, < L. expiliaiio{n-), < ex-
pilare, pillage: see expilate.] The act of pil-
laging or plundering; the act of committing
waste.
So many grievances of the people, expilations of the
churcli, abuses to the state, entrenchments upon the roy-
alties of the crown, were continued.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 100.
Within the same space [the last six months of his reign]
he [Edward VI. ] lost by way of gift about twice as much of
the relics of the monastic spoil as he had lost in the whole
of any of his former years (except the first two). . . . This
final expilation, for such it was, avenged upon the son the
sacrilege of the father.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xxi.
expilatorf (eks'pi-la-tor), n. [= It. espilatore,
< L. expilator, < expilare. pillage: see expilate.]
One who expilates or pillages.
Where profit hath prompted, no age hath wanted such
miners [for sepulchral treasure], for which the most bar-
barous expilators found the most civil rhetorick.
Sir T. Browne, Urn-bnrial, iii.
expirable (eks-pir'a-bl), a. [< expire + -able.]
That may come to an end. Smart.
expirant (eks-pir'ant), n. [= F. expirant = Sp.
espirante, < L. expiraH{t-)s, exspiran(t-)s, ppr. of
ezpirant
expirare, exspirare, expire: see expire.'] One
who is expinng. Is. Taylor.
ezplration( eks-pi-ra'shon), »i. [= F. expiration
= Pr espiracio = Sp. enpiracion = Pg. expira-
gSo ■=. It. espira:ioHe, < L. expiratio{n-), exspi-
ratio(n'), a breathing out, < expirare, exspirare,
breathe out: see expire.'] 1 . The act of breath-
ing out ; expulsion of air from the lungs in the
process of respiration: opposed to inspiration.
The moveraenta fin respiration] are both thoracic and
abdominal, the former being distinctlj' made up of expan-
sion and elevation during inspiration, of retraction^ and
depression during expiratitm, especially when a full breath
is taken. Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1339.
2. The last emission of breath; cessation; death.
This is a very great cause of the dryness and expiration
of men's devotion, because our souls are so little refreshed
with the waters and holy dews of meditation.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 66.
We have heard him breathe the groan of expiration.
Johwton, Rambler.
S. Close; end; conclosion; termination: as,
the expiration of a month or year; the expira-
.tion of a contract or a lease.
Thou . . . art come,
Before the expii'ation of thy time.
Shot., Rich. II., ii. 3.
4. That which is produced by audible expiring
or breathing out, as a sound.
The aspirate "he," which is none other than a gentle ex-
piration. Abp. Sharp, Dissertations, p. 41.
5. Emission of volatile matter from any sub-
stance ; evaporation ; exhalation : as, the expi-
ration of oxygen by plants. [Bare or obsolete.]
The tme cause of cold is an expiration from the globe
of the earth. Bacon, Nat. Hist., { 866.
expirator (eks'pi-ra-tor), n. [< L. expirare, pp.
(xpiratus, breathe out: see expire.] A device
for sending a stream of air outward.
The instrument has ... a simpler form when required
to act only as an aspirator. . . . When an increased re-
■istance has to be overcome, the Instrument being used
either as aspirator or as expirator, the tube / is drawn
farther out. Vre, Diet, I. 261.
expiratory (eks-pir'a-to-ri), a. [< expire +
-atory.] Pertaining to tlie emission or expira-
tion of breath from the lungs.
expire (eks-pir'), V. ; pret. and pp. expired, ppr.
expiring. [< OF. expirer, espirer, F. expirer =
Pr. expirar, espeirar = 8p. espirar = Pg. expirar
= It. espirare, gpirare, < L. expirare, exspirare,
breathe out, exhale, breathe one's last, expire, <
«r, out, + «p»rore, breathe: 8ee»;>»r»t. Ct. aspire,
conspire, inspire, perspire, respire, suspire, tran-
tmire.] L trans. 1. To breathe out; expel
from the mouth or nostrils in the process of
respiration; emit from the lungs: opposed to
inspire.
All his hundred Houthi at once expire
Volumes of curling Smoke.
Cangrete, Pindaric Odes, iL
This year Captain Miles Standlsh expired his mortal life.
a. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 262.
This chaf'd the boar, his nostrils flames expire.
And his re<l eyeballs roll with tiring Ore.
Dryden, .Meleager and Atalanta, 1. 121.
2. To give out or forth insensibly or gently, as
afluidorvolatile matter ; exhale ; yield. [Bare
or obsolete.]
And force the veins of dashing flints to expire
1'he lurking seeds of their celestial fire. Speneer.
The expiring of cold out of the Inward parts of the earth
in winter. Bacon, Nat. Hist, I (M.
8t. To exhaust; wear oat; bring to an end.
To swill the drinke that will expyre thy date?
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 77.
Now when as Time, flying with wlnges swift.
Expired had the tenue.
Spemer, Mother Hub. Tale, L SOS.
n. intrans. 1. To emit the breath : opposed
to inspire. Specifically — 2. To emit the last
breath; die.
My last was a DUConrse of the Latin or primitive Ro-
man Tongue, which may be said to be expird in the Mar-
ket, tho' living yet In the .Schools. Howell, Letters, U. 50.
Thus on Maeander's flowery margin lies
Th' expiring swan, and as he sings he dies.
Pope, R. of the L., t. 66.
Wind my thread of life up higher.
Cp, through angels' hands of Are !
I aspire while I expire.
Mn. Brotming, Bertha in the Lane.
3. To come to an end; close or conclude, as
a given period; come to nothing; cease; ter-
minate ; fail or perish ; end : as, the lease will
expire on the first day of May ; all his hopes of
empire expired.
And when forty years were expired, there appeared to
It Sina an angel of the Lord
him in the wilderness of mount
In a flame of fire in a bush.
131
AcU vli. SO.
2081
For still he knew his power
Not yet expired. Milton, P. R., iv. 395.
4t. To come out ; fl^ out.
The distance judg'd lor shot of every size.
The linstocks touch, the ponderous ball expireg.
Dryden.
- Syn. 2. Perish, etc. See di«i.
expiring (eks-pir'ing),^. a. 1. Pertaining to or
used in the breathing out of air from the lungs.
If the inspiring or expiring organ of any animal be stopt,
it suddenly dies. /. Walton, Complete Angler.
2. Pertaining or belonging to the close of life ;
occurring just before death: as, expiring ef-
forts ; expiring groans.
expiry (eks'pi-ri), n. [< expire + -y.] Expira-
tion; termination.
We hatl to leave at the expiry of the term.
Lamb, To Wordsworth.
Expiry of the legal, in Scots law, the expiration of the
period wittiin whicn the subject of an adjudication may
l»e redeemed, on payment of the debt adjudged for.
expiscate (eks-pis'kat), e. t. [< L. expiscatus,
pp. of expiscari, search out, find out, lit. fish out,
< ex, out, + piscari, fish, < piscis = E. fish.] To
search out ; hence, to discover by subtle means
or by strict examination.
Expiscating if the renown 'd extreme
They force on us will serve their turns.
Chapman, Iliad, x. 181.
That he had passed a riotous nonage, that he was a
zealot, . . . and that he figured memorably in the scene
on Magus Muir, so much and no more could I expiscate.
R. L, Stevenson, Hist, of Fife.
explscation (eks-pis-ka'shon), «. [< expiscate
+ -ion . ] The act of expiscating, fishing, or fish-
ing out ; hence, the act of getting at the truth of
any matter by strict inquiry and examination.
All thy worth, yet, thyselfe must patronise
By quaffing more of the Castalian head ;
In expiseation of whose mysteries.
Our nets must still be clogg'd with heavie lead
To make them sinke and catch.
Chapman, On B. Jonson's Sejanus.
expiscator (eks'pis-ka-tor), n. [< expiscate +
-fir.] One who expiscates or examines care-
fully and minutely into the truth or meaning
of something.
This battle of BIggar Is worthy of the attention of these
mighty expiecator* and exploders of myths. Sir George C.
I^ewis, and our own inevitable Burton.
Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 329.
expiscatory (eks-pis'ka-to-ri), a. [< expiscate
+ -ory.] Fitted or designed to expiscate or get
at the truth of a matter by inquiry and exami-
nation.
By innumerable confrontations and expiscatory ques-
tions, through entanglements doublings, and windings
that fatigue eye and soul, this moat Involnte of lies is
finally winded off. CarlyU, Diamond Necklace, xvl.
explain (eks-plan'), V. [< OF. explaner = Sp.
Pg. ex/ilanar = It. spianare, < L. explanare, flat-
ten, spread out, make plain or clear, explain, <
ex, out, + planare, flatten, make level, (.planus,
level, plain: see plain, plane. Ct. esplanade,
splanade] I, trans. If. To make plain or flat ;
spread out in a flattened form ; unfold.
The Constantlnopolitan, or horse chesnut, is tnrgld with
buda and ready to explain Its leaf,
Evelyn, Letter to Sec. o( Hoyal Society.
2. To make plain or clear to the mind; render
intelligible ; unfold, analyze, state, or describe
in sucn a manner as to make evident to the
minds of others ; exhibit the nature, meaning,
or significance of; interpret; elucidate; ex-
pound.
Tls revelation satisfies all doubts,
Explaini all mysteries except her own,
And so illuminates the path of life
That fools discover it, and stray no more.
Cowper, Task, U. 628.
Commentators explain the difflcnlt passages. day.
3. To exhibit, disclose, or state the grounds or
causes of the existence or occurrence of; reveal
or state the causal or logical antecedents or con-
ditions of ; account for.
Why from Comparisons ahoald I refrain.
Or fear small things by greater to explain I
Congreve, tr. of Ovid s Art of Love.
His errors are at once explained by a re/erence to the
circumstances in which he was placed.
Macaulay Hachlavelll.
If Protestants commit suicide more often than catholics,
we mpfoin this fact by showing that suicide is increased
by civilization, and that in the main catholics are m>)re
Ignomiit and uncivilized. F. li. Bradley, Ixjgic, III. ii. 2.
To explain away, to deprive of significance by explana-
tion ; nullify or get rid of the apparent import of; clear
away by interpretation: generally with an adverse im-
plication : as. to explain away a passage of Scripture ; to
explain away one's fault or offense.
Those explain the meaning quite away.
Pope, Easay on Criticism, 1. 117.
explanation
Conscience is no longer recognized as an independent
arbiter of actions ; its authority is explained away.
J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 312.
= Syn. Explain, Expound, Interpret, Elucidate. Explain
is the most general of these words, and means to make
plain, clear, and intelligible. Expound is used of elabo-
rate, formal, or methodical explanation : as, to expound a
text, the law, the philosophy of Aristotle. 'To interpret is
to explain, as if from a foreign language, to make clear
what before was dark, and generally by following the ori-
ginal closely, as word by word and line by line : as, to in-
terpret Hegel, Swedenborg, Emerson. To elucidate is to
bring or work out into the light that which before was
dark, usually by means of illustration ; the word generally
implies, like expound, a somewhat protracted or elaborate
process. See translate.
The quarrel is a very pretty quarrel as it stands ; we
should only spoil it by trying to explain it.
Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3.
The aim in expounding a great poem should be, not to
discover an endless variety of meanings often contradic-
tory, but whatever it has of great and perennial signifi-
cance. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 44.
One speaks the glory of the British Queen,
And one descriljes a charming Indian screen ;
A third interprets motions, looks, and eyes.
Pope, R. of the L., ill. 2.
The scheme of the Gospel is not only of the most tran-
scendent use, as it confirms, elucidates, and enforces the
moral law, but of the most absolute necessity.
Bp. Hurd, Works, VI. iv.
H, intrans. To give explanations.
I shall not extenuate, but explain and dilucidate, ac-
cording to the custom of the ancients.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
explainable (eks-pla'na-bl), a. [< explain +
-able.] Capable of being explained or made
plain; interpretable.
It is symbolically explainable, and implieth purification
and cleanness, when in the burnt offerings the priest is
commanded to wash the inwards and legs thereof in water.
. Sir T. Bromte, Vulg. Err., v. 21.
explainer (eks-pla'n^r), n. One who explains ;
an expositor; an interpreter.
Unless he can show his authority to be the sole ea;ptotn«r
of fundamentals, he will in vain make such a pudder about
his fundamentals. Another explainer, of as good author-
ity as he, will set up others against them.
Locke, Vind. of Christianity.
explaitf, n. [ME. expUiit, esplait, expleit, espleit,
< OF. esplait, espleit, expleit, an action, exploit,
etc.: see exploit, »., of which explait is an earlier
form.] 1. Achievement. — 2. Advantage; fur-
therance; promotion.
For explait of their spede, thai spekyn in fere
To chese hom a cheftayn to be chefe of them all.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 3661.
explaitt, V. t. [Also expiate; < ME. "expleiten,
espleiten, < OF. espleiter, expleiter, achieve, per-
form, exploit: see exploit, v., of which explait
is an earlier form.] 1. To perform; achieve;
promote. — 2. To explicate; explain.
Thou dost deal
Desired justice to the public weal.
Like Solon's self expiafst the knotty laws
With endless labours.
B. Jonson, Underwoods, Ixv.
explanate (eks'pla-nat), a. [< L. explanatus,
pp. of explanare, flatten, spread out: see ex-
plain.] 1. In 6o<. and ^o67., flattened; spread
out. — 2. In entom., having the margin flat and
dilated, forming an edge : said of the thorax or
elytra when the outer sides are so dilated, of
the mandibles, etc.
explanation (eks-pla-na'shon), n. [= F. ex-
planation (rare) = Sp. explanacion = Pg. ex-
planaqdo, < L. explanatio{n-), an explanation,
interpretation, < explanare, explain: see ex-
plain.] 1. The act of explaining, (a) The act
or process of making plain or clear the nature, meaning,
or significance of something ; the act of rendering intel-
ligible what was before obscure, as by analysis or descrip-
tion ; elucidation ; interpretation : as, the explanation of
a passage in Scripture, or of a contract or treaty.
Explanation, then, is analysis, real or ideal, sensible
or extra-sensible. It takes the object, or the feeling, to
pieces ; and is a perfect analysis when the pieces that are
obtained can be put together again, and form the original
whole, a. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 3.
(5) The process of showing by reasoning or investigation
the caunU or logical antecedents or conditions of some
thing or event which is to be accoimtcd for; specifically,
the making clear by reasoning how certain observed or
admitted facts may have been brought al)out by the action
of known principles, if a certain supposition is allowed;
the unification of a confused mass of facts, by means of a
single known or supposed fact from which they would all
necessarily or probably result.
The word explanation occurs so continually, and holds
so Important a place In philosophy, that a little time
spent In fixing the meaning of It will be profitably em-
ployed. An individual fact is said to be explained, by
pointing out its cause, that is, by stating the law or laws
of causation, of which its production is an instance. Thus,
a confiagration la explained, when it is proved to have
arisen from a spark falling into the midst of a heap of
combustibles. J. S. MUl, Logic, III. xii. i 1.
explanation
Wh»t is called the exi>lanal(on of a phenomenon by the
discovery of its cause, is simply the completion of its de-
scription by the disclosure of some intermediate details
whicli had escaped observation.
O. H. Lewet, Aristotle, p. 76.
We suppose the cryptograph to be an English cipher, be-
cause, as we say, this explains the observed phenomena
that there are about two dozen characters, that one occurs
much more freiiuently than the rest, especially at the ends
of words, etc. The expianation is: Simple English ciphers
have certain peculiarities ; this is a simple Knglishcipher :
hence, this necessarily has these peculiarities. This ex-
pianation is present to the mind of the reasoner, too ; so
much so, that we commonly say that the hypothesis is
adopted for the sake of tlie explanation, C. S. Peirce.
2. That which is adduced as explaining or
seeming to explain ; specifically, a meaning or
interpretation assigned ; the sense given by an
expounder or interpreter.
The ill effects that were like to follow on those different
expianation^ [of the Trinity] made the bishops move the
king to set out injunctions retiuiring them to see to the re-
pressing of error and heresy with all possible zeal.
Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1698.
3. An inquiry into language used, actions, or
motives, with a view to adjust a misunderstand-
ing and reconcile differences ; hence, reconcili-
ation or reestablishment of good understanding
between persons who have been at variance.
= Syn. 1. Explication, elucidation, description.
ezplanative (eks-plan'a-tiv), a. [< L. as if *ex-
planativus,<. explanare, pp. explanatus, explain :
see explain.'] Explanatory.
What follows ... is explanative of what went before.
Warburton, Julian's Attempt to Rebuild the Temple, ii. 5.
explanatorily (eks-plan'a-to-ri-li), adv. In an
explanatory manner ; by way of explanation ;
with a view to explain.
"All . . , were absorbed in the batter," said the Profes-
sor explanatorily. Philadelphia i^imeti, June 2, 1885.
explanatoriness (eks-plan'a-to-ri-nes), n. The
quality of being explanatory. Bailey, 1727.
explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri), a. [< LL. ex-
jnatiatorius, < L. explanare, pp. explanatus, ex-
plain: see explain.] Serving to explain; con-
taining explanation ; of the nature of explana-
tion: as, explanatori/ notea.
To give a long catalogue of pictures and statues witli-
out explanatory observations appeared absurd.
Eustace, Tour in Italy, I., Pref., p. ix.
These explanatory ideograms, which in Egyptian and
Cuneiform are nailed determinatives, in Chinese go by the
name of keys, radicals, or primitives.
Isaae Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 30.
explatet, "• *■ See explait.
expleitt, expleitet, »• and v. See explait.
explement (eks'ple-ment), n. [< L. explemen-
ium, that which fills tip, a filling, < explere, fill
up: see expletion. CI. complement.'] lageom.,
the amount by which an angle falls short of
four right angles.
expletiont (eks-ple'shon), n. [< L. expletio(n-),
a filling up, a satisfying, < expletus, pp. of ex-
plere, fill up, < ex, out, + pUre, fill : see plenty.
Ct. completion, depletion.] A fulfilling; accom-
plishment; fulfilment; satisfaction.
They conduce nothing at all to the perfection of men's
natures, nor the exphtion of their desires.
Killingheck, Sermons, p. 374.
expleti've (eks'plf-tiv), a. and n. [= F. exple-
tif= Pr. expleUu'= Sp. Pg. expletivo = It. es-
pletivo, < LL. expletivus, serving to fill out (ap-
plied to conjimctions, etc.), < L. expletus, pp. of
explere, fill up: see expletion.] I. a. Serving
to fill up ; added to fill a vacancy, or for fac-
titious emphasis: specifically used of words.
See n., 2.
There is little temptation to load with expletive epithets.
Johnson, Addison.
U. n. 1. Something used to fill up; some-
thing not necessary but used for embellish-
ment.
The custard-pudding which Mrs. Quick had tossed up,
adorned with currant-jelly, a gooseberry tart, with other
ornamental expletives of the same kind.
Graves, Spiritual Quixote, ix. 15.
She ever promised to be a mere expletive in the creation.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xcii.
2. In rhet. and gram., a word or syllable which
is not necessary to the sense or construction,
or to an adequate description of a thing, but
which is added for rhetorical, rhythmical, or
metrical reasons, or which, being once neces-
sary or significant, has lost notional force. Ex-
pletives of the former kind are usually trite adjectives,
added, as in feeble prose or verse, for the mere sound or
to fill out a line, or else irrelevant words or terms used
for factitious emphasis, as in profane swearing. Exple-
tives of tlie latter kind are usually particles like the in-
troduct<jry there, used without local reference, and the
auxiliary do, used as in the first line of the quotation from
Pope.
2082
Expletives their feeble aid do join.
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 346.
Circuitous phrases and needless expletives distract the
attention and diminish the strength of the impression
produced. //. Spencer, Style.
What are called expletives in rhetorical treatises are
granmiatically allied to the interjections, though widely
differenced from them by the want of meaning, which the
interjection is never without.
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xiii.
3. Hence, by euphemism, an oath; an exclama-
tory imprecation : as, his conversation was gar-
nished with expletives.
He who till then had not known how to speak unless he
put an oath before and another behind to make his words
have authority, discovered that he could speak better
and more pleasantly without such expletives than he had
ever done before. Southey, Bunyan, p. 16.
expleti'yely (eks'ple-tiv-li), adv. In the man-
ner of an expletive.
expletory (eks'ple-to-ri), a. [< L. as if "exple-
torius, < explere, pp. expletus, fill up : see ex-
pletion.] Serving to fill up; superfluous; ex-
pletive.
Dr. Garden is so fond of this expletory embellishment
as even to introduce it twice in the same verse.
British Critic, Feb., 1797.
explicable (eks'pli-ka-bl), a. [= F. explicable
= Sp. explicable = Fg.eiplicavel = It. esplica-
bile, < L. explicabilii, < explicare, unfold, expli-
cate: see explicate.] Capable of being unfold-
ed, explained, or made clear or plain ; capable
of being accounted for; admitting explanation.
A beauty not explicable is dearer than a beauty which
we can see to the end of. Emerson, Essays, 2d ser., p. 21.
The obvious fact that there has been a gradual increase
in variety and elevation of living beings, from the earlier
periods until now, is often adduced as an evidence of
derivation, but is equally explicable on the supposition of
a creative plan. Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 143.
explicableness (eks'pli-ka-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being explicable or explainable. Bailey,
1727.
explicand (eks-pli-kand'), n. [< L. explicandus,
ger. of explicare, explicate : see explicate.] A
fact or speech to be explained.
explicate (eks'pli-kat), V. ; pret. and pp. ex-
j>licated, ppr. exjMcating. [< L. explicatus, pp.
of explicare (> It. esplicare = Sp. Pg. Pr. expli-
car = F. expliquer), unfold, spread out, set in
order, treat, explain, explicate, < ex, out, + pli-
care, fold : see plait, pleat, plicate. Prom the
other form of the pp. of explicare, namely ex-
fUcitus, come E. explicit, explait, exploit, q. v.]
trans. If. To unfold ; expand ; open.
They explicate the leaves and ripen food
For the silk labourers of the nmlberry wood.
Sir R. Btackmore.
2. To unfold the meaning or sense of ; explain ;
interpret.
He might have altered the shape of his argument, and
explicated them better in single scenes.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1.
We may easily suppose him [Christ] to teach tis many
a new truth which we knew not, and to explicate to us
many particulars of that estate which God designed for
man in his first production, but yet did not then declare
to him. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I., Pref., p. 14.
There is no truth concerning God which is not explicated
by truths of our own moral consciousness.
Bushnell, Forgiveness and Law, p. 14.
For a logic mainly concerned with inference — i. e., with
explicatiiirj what is implicated in any given statements
concerning classes — there is nothing more to be done but
to ascertain agreements or disagreements.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 78.
II. intrans. To give an explanation.
Let him explicate who hath resembl'd the whole argu-
ment to a Comedy, for Tragicall, he sayes, were too omi-
nous. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
explicate (eks'pli-kat), a. [< L. explicatus, pp. :
see the verb.] Unfolded; explicated.
Thus was his person made tangible, and his name ut-
terable, and his mercy brought home to our necessities,
and the mystery made explicate, at the circumcision of
this holy batie. Jer^^'aylor, Great Exemplar, i. § 5.
explication (eks-pli-ka'shon), n. [= F. expli-
cation = Sp. explicacion = Pg. explicagao = It.
esplicazione, < L. explicatio(n-), < ex)>licare, un-
fold, explain: see explicate.] 1. The act of
unfolding or opening.
Theology may be described as the explication and articu-
lation of the idea of God, or the interpretation of Nature,
Man, and History, through that idea.
Contemporary Rev., LL 203.
2. Explanation; especially, an exposition of
the meaning of any sentence or passage.
The exposition and explication of authors, which resteth
in annotations and commentaries.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 256.
Explications of every material difficulty in the text, in
notes at the bottom of each page. Goldsmith, Criticisms.
explicitness
A declaration is called an explication when the predicate
or defining member indeterminately evolves only some of
the characters belonging to the subject. It is called an
exposition when the evolution of the notion is continued
through several explications. Sir If'. Ilaviilton.
explicati're (eks'pli-ka-tiv), a. [= F. explica-
tif = Pr. explicatiu = Sp. Pg. explicativo =
It. esjilicativo, < L. as if *ex2)licativHs, < expli-
care, pp. explicatus, unfold, explicate: see ex-
plicate.] Serving to explicate, or unfold or ex-
plain; tending to make clear or intelligible;
explanatory. Also explicatory.
Thought is, under this condition, merely explicative or
analytic. Sir W. Uamilton, Discussions, p. 578.
Explicative Judgment, in the Kantian logic, a judgment
wliich does no more than explicitly declare what is im-
plicitly contained in the notion of the subject; an analyti-
cal judgment ; an essential proposition.
explicator (eks'pli-ka-tor), n. [= F. expliea-
teur = Pg. explicador = It. esplicatore, < L. ex-
plicator, < explicare, unfold, explicate : see
explicate.] One who unfolds or explains; an
expounder.
The supposition of Epicurus and his explicator Lucre-
tius, and Ills advancer Gassendus.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 10.
explicatory (eks'pli-ka-to-ri), a. [< explicate +
-ory.] Same as explicative.
Hereupon , . . are grounded those evangelical com-
mands, explicatory of this law, as it now standeth in force.
Barrow, Works, I. xxv.
explicit! (eks-plis'it), a. ■ [= F. explicite=8p. Pg.
explicito = It. esplicito, < L. explicitus, pp. of ex-
plicare, unfold, explain, etc., the later pp. ex-
plicatus being more common: see exjtlicate and
exploit.] 1. Open to the understanding; ex-
press ; clear ; not obscure or ambiguous : op-
posed to Jwip/icit/ as, explicit iaslractions.
All that Leibnitz effected was therefore to render ex-
plicit what had been implicit in the argument of Locke.
G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 408.
The language of the proposition was too explicit to ad-
mit of doubt. Bancroft.
2. Plain; open; unreserved; having no dis-
guised meaning or reservation; outspoken:
applied to persons : as, he was explicit in his
terms.
He that curses iu his heart shall die the death of an ex-
plicit and bold blasphemer.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 200.
Seeing that my informant was determined not to be ex-
plicit, I did not press for a disclosure.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 181.
Explicit differentiation. See dtjferen(ta<i(m. — Ex-
plicit fimction, in alg., a function whose value is given
in terms of the independent variable or variables. Thus,
if y = a:5 + ax^ -f bx^ -f cx^ -{- dx -\- e,yU an explicit func-
tion of x, while X is an implicit function of y. Brande. —
Explicit proposition or declaration, one in which the
words, in their common acceptation, express the true
meaning of the person who utters them, and in which
there is no ambiguity or disguise. = Syn. Explicit, Express;
definite, determinate, positive, categorical, unambiguous,
unmistakable. Explicit means clear and defliiite; express
means clear, definite, and emphatic. Explicit (literally,
unfolded) directions are detailed enough to leave no room
for mistake. An express prohibition is one that is clearly
and emphatically laid down.
If you place yourselves as I directed, you shall hear his
explicit declaration. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, v.
An express command, under penalty, to deliver his head
in tlie view of Angelo. Shak., M. for M., iv. 2.
explicit^ (eks'pli-sit), v. impers. [Orig. an abbr.
of L. explicitus (est liber), the book is unfolded
or ended: explicitus, pp. ot explicare, imfold, ar-
range ; but later understood as a 3d sing. pres.
ind.: see second extract.] It is finished or com-
pleted : a word formerly inserted at the conclu-
sion of a book, in the same way as finis. See
etymology.
The Liber Festivalis of Caxton concludes with "Ex-
plicit: Emprynted at Westminster, Ac, mcccclxxxiij."
Johnson.
The title of the work was written at the end of the roll ;
and at the same place was recorded the number of col-
umns and lines, (rrixoi, which it contained — probably for
the purpose of estimating the price. To roll and unroll
was eiXelv and tfeiAetc, plicare and explicare; the work
unrolled and read to the end was the liber explicitus.
Hence comes the common explicit written at the end of a
work ; and from the analogy of incipit liber in titles, the
word was afterward taken for a verb, and appears in such
phrases as explicit liber, explicit, expliceat, &c.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 144.
explicitly (eks-plis'it-li), adv. Plainly; with-
out disguise or reservation of meaning ; not by
inference or implication ; clearly ; unmistak-
ably : as, he explicitly avows his intention.
explicitness (eks-plis'it-nes), n. The quality of
being explicit ; plainness of language or state-
ment ; direct expression of knowledge, views,
or intention, without reserve or ambiguity; out-
spokenness.
explode
explode (eks-plod'), r. ; pret. and pp. exploded,
ppr. exploding. [= It. esplodere = G. explodi-
ren = Dan. explodere = Sw. explodera, < L.
explodere, exjylaudere, pp. explostis, explausus,
drive out by clapping, hoot off (an actor), hence
diive away, disapprove, reject, < ex, out, +plau-
derf, clap, applaud : see applaud, ptatisible.'] I.
<ran«. If. To decry or reject with noise; ex-
press disapprobation of with noise or marks of
contempt ; niss or hoot off : as, to explode a play
or an actor.
That which one admires another explodes as most ab-
surd and ridiculous.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 22.
I am, therefore, in the first place, to aclinowledge with
all manner of gratitude their civility, who were pleased
. . . not to «a^<Kf« an entertainment which was designed
to please them. Dryden, Don $el)a8tian, Pref.
He was imiversally exploded and hissed otf the stage.
jEmp's Fables (ed. c. 1720).
2. To destroy the repute or demonstrate the
fallacy of; disprove or bring into discredit or
contempt ; do away with : as, an exploded cus-
tom ; an exploded hypothesis.
I shall talk very freely on a custom which all men wish
exploded. Steele, Tatler, No. 25.
Some late authors have thought that this [Mount 7'al)or]
was not the place of the transfiguration ; hut as the tra-
dition has Ijeeu so universal, their opinion is generally ex-
ploded. Poeocke, Description of the East, II. i. 65.
Old exploded contrivances of mercantile error. Burke.
8. To cause to burst suddenly and noisily into
an expanded or gaseous state, or into frag-
ments, as gunpowder or the like, a steam-boU-
er, etc. See U.
Some of these experiment* (on gancotton] are made
hy expl(idin(f under water equal weights of the same Bul>-
atances under identical circumstances. (Ire, Diet., II. 761.
4. To drive out with sudden violence and noise.
But late the kindled powder did explode
The massy balL Sir R. Btadmurt.
6. In phygiol., to cause to break out or burst
forth ; bring into sudden action or manifesta-
tion ; develop rapidly and violently.
Worn some peculiar neurotic state, either induced by
alcohol, or existing before alcohol was used, or exploded
hy this drug, a profound suspension of memory and con-
•cloanies* and literal paralysis of certain brain-functions
loliow. Pop. Sei. Mo., XXVI. 18».
n. intrans. 1. To burst with force and noise,
as gunpowder or an elastic fluid, through sud-
denly developed chemical reaction, as from the
applicatiou of fire or friction.
Chloride of nitrogen, when covered with a fllm of water,
explodet with great violence when brought into contact
with a decomposing agent Ure, Diet., II. 321.
2. To be broken up suddenly with a loud report
by an internal force ; fly into pieces with vio-
lence and noise from any cause, as a boiler from
excessive pressure of steam, a bombshell from
the expansion of its charge by heat, or a wheel
from too rapid revolution. — 3. To burst noisily
into sudden activity ; break out with loud noise
from some internal force, or into violent outcry
or speech, as from emotion : as, a geyser which
explodes at regular intervals; to explode with
rage or with laughter.
>'o lack of customers Ideating their ttoaoma and exploding
with Incredulity at the prices demanded.
T. B. Atdrich, i'onkapog to Peith, p. i!41.
4. Id physiol., to break out or burst forth; be-
come suddenly manifest in operation or effect.
The irritation may exist as such for an indefinite time,
or may so reduce the vitality and resisting power of the
tissue of the disc and surrounding parts, a* to develop
gradually, or explode saddenly, Into an actual inflamma-
tion — that is, into a neoritii.
Allen, and Neural., VUL ISO.
Exploding maw. In cephalopoda. See extract nnder
tj>^r)nafn]'Tirrre,
explodent (eks-pld'dent), n. In philol., same
a-. ' .ijihtsire, 2.
exploder (cks-plo'dir), n. 1. One who or that
which explodes.-^ 2t. A hisser ; one who rejects
with contempt.
According to the republican divinity of some scandalous
explodere of the doctrine of passive obedience.
South, Works, VI. vii.
exploit (eks-ploif), n. [< ME. 'exploit, esploit
( » 1 Ko pxpleit, emtleit, exploit, esplait : see explait),
advantage, achievement, < OF. esploit, espUnet,
earVieT cupleit, expleit, an exploit, action, deed, an
execution of or upon a judgment, a seizure, the
possession or usmg of a thing, also revenue,
profit, etc., mod. I . exploit, an exploit, etc., a
writ, = Pr. esplec, espfeij, espUnt, esplev, m., e»-
plecha, t., < ML. 'expli'etum, pi. expl&ta, also
(altered partly in imitation of the OP., and
partly by merging with L. expletus, pp. of ex-
plere) expletum, expletus, expleytus, etc., a ju-
2083
dicial act, writ, execution, seizure, revenue,
profit, products of l^d {esplees, q. v.), contr.
of L. expUcitum, neut. of L. expUcitus, pp. of
explicare, unfold, display, arrange, settle, ad-
just, regulate, etc.: see explicate, and cf. plait,
pleat.'] 1. Achievement; performance; usu-
ally, a deed or act of some exceptional or re-
markable kind ; a conspicuous performance ;
more especially, a spirited or heroic act; a
great or noble achievement : as, the exploits of
Alexander, of Csesar, of Wellington.
He seem'd
For dignity composed and high exploit.
Milton, P. L, il. m.
His own exploitg with boastful glee he told,
What ponds he emptied and what pikes he sold.
Crabbe, Works, 1. 101.
Looking back with sad admiration on exploits of youth-
ful lustihood which could be enacted no more.
Prof. Blackie.
The recovery of Acre from the forces of the King of Na-
ples . . . was the one brilliant exploit of a long and other-
wise unhappy reign.
Stxiibs, Medieval and Uodem Hist, p. 181.
2t. Advantage; benefit.
The sail goth up and forth they straught.
But none esploit therof they caught.
Gouxr, Conf. Amant, U. 258.
= Syn. 1. Deed, Feat, etc. See/«ii(i.
exploit (eks-ploif), V. [< ME. "exploiten, es-
ploiten, also "expleiten, espleiten (see explait), <
OF. exploiter, later exploicter, earlier espleiter,
perform, despatch, execute, achieve, etc., mod.
F. exploiter, cultivate, farm, work, grow, etc., =
Pr. expleitar, explectar, espleyar, explechar,<. ML.
explectare, explictare, execute : from the noun.]
L trans. It. To achieve ; accomplish.
There . . . a man may see well and diligently f;rp2ot<Af
and furnished, not only those things which husbandmen
do commonly in other countries, as by craft and cunning
to remedy the l)arrenne9s of the ground — but also a whole
wood by the hands of the people plucked up by the roots
in one place, and set again in another place.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 7.
He made haste to exploit some warlike service. Holland.
2. To make complete use of; work up; bring
into play; utilize; cultivate. [Recent, from
modem French exploiter.']
Perhaps it was as well that they did not exploit that
passion of patriotism as an advertisement.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 89.
Freedom — that was the word ; tlie right of a man to
exploit his nature from the top to the bottom.
J. Uauthome, Dust, p. 96.
Plutarch's dialogue **0n the Cessation of Oracles" — a
quarry largely exploitedhy the poets, but still unexhausted.
A'. andQ., 7th ser., I. 161.
Specifically — 3. To employ or utilize selfishly ;
turn to one's own advantage without regard to
right or justice ; make subservient to self-in-
terest. [Beceut.]
Better far, be (Marx) holds, for the labourer to stick to
day's wages, for he can be much more easily and exten-
sively expUnted by the piece system.
Btu, Contemp. Socialism, p. 160.
He exploits them all for bis own service.
a. Allen, Colin Clout's Calendar (1883X P- 118.
In the economic field as amongst animals, in the strug-
?le for existence and in the conflict of selHsh interests,
he strongest will crush or exploit the weakest, unless the
State, as an organ of Justice, intervene to secure to each
what Is his due. Orpen, tr. of Ijivelaye's Socialism, p. 272.
The noisy, passionate quarrel l>etween the two factions
of the ruling class about the question, which of the two
exploited the laliourers the more shamefully, was on eacli
hand the midwife of the truth.
Marx, Capital (trans.), xxv. } 6.
H. intrans. To make research or experiment;
explore. [Rare.]
Some two years ago, M. Debay, a Belgian engineer, pro-
posed to exploit tor petroleum. Pop. Sei. Mo., XXX. 857.
enloitable (eks-ploi't»-bl), a. [= F. exploita-
hft, < MI J. ex]}lectabilis, K explectare, exploit: see
exploit, v.] Capable of being exploited, in any
sense.
It Is not the diminished rate either of the absolute or
of the proporiional increase in lalKiur-power, or labour-
ing population, whtch causes capital to be in excess, but
conversely this excess of capital that makes exploitable
lalmur i)ower insuRlcient. Jfarx, Capital (trans.), xxv.
exploitage (ek»-ploi'taj), n. [< exploit + -age.]
Same as exploitation, '2.
It [mere profit-sharing with workmen In one's employ)
would do nothing toward the extinction of explnilaae.
Wxaiam Morris, The Century, XXXII. 397.
exploitation (eks-ploi-ta'shon), n. [< F. ex-
ploilfitidii, cultivation, improving, working, <
exploiter, exploit: see exploit, v.] 1. The act or
process of exploiting, making use of, or working
up ; utilization by the application of industry,
argument, or other means of turning to ac-
explore
count : as, the exploitation of a mine or a forest,
of public opinion, etc.
Joint stock companies, or associations of capital, are
now very advantageously employed for the exploitation of
diiferent branches of industry.
J. C. Brown, Reboisement in France, p. 201.
Specifically — 2. The act of exploiting solely
for one's own purposes or advantage ; selfish
use or employment, regardless of abstract right ;
self-seeking utilization : as, the exploitation of
the weak by the strong, or of the laborer by
the capitalist. Also exploitage.
Marx holds that the system of piece payment is so prone
to abuse that when one door of exploitation shuts another
only opens, and legislation will always remain ineffectual.
Roe, Contemp. Socialism, p. 166.
All who voluntarily engage in the exploitation of man
by man, or of race by race, as opposed to the service of
the common weal, are slave-drivers at heart.
Westmimter Rev., CXXV. 374.
exploitative (eks-ploi'ta-tiv), a. Serving for
or used in exploitation : as, exploitative indus-
try.
exploiter (eks-ploi't^r), n. [= F. exploiteur, <
exploiter, exploit: see exploit, v.] 1. One who
exploits or utilizes; one who works up or de-
velops.
Happy mining company, . . . tliese fortunate ea;i)foi(«r».
The Nation, March 10, 1870, p. 152.
Specifically — 2. One who exploits selfishly, un-
justly, or oppressively.
The pockets of all the railroad exploiters of that State
have now for some years been crammed with public money.
The Nation, Feb, 17, 1870, p. 101.
exploiter (eks-ploi'tfer), V. t. [< exploiter, ».]
All error for exploit.
It is sad to see the well-meaning, but ignorant, disciples
of this Church hi America exploitered by a twofold Jesu-
itry. Theodore Parker, Sermons on Theism, Atheism,
[and Popular Theology.
exploitnre (eks-ploi'tur), n. [< exploit + -ure.]
The act of exploiting.
The commentaries of Julius Ctesar, which he made of
his erploiture in Fraunce and Britaine.
AV T. Elyot, The Govemour, 1. 11.
enlorable (eks-pl6r'a-bl), a. [= F. explora-
ble; as explore + -able.] Capable of being ex-
plored.
exploratet (eks-plo'rat), t'. t. [< L. exploralus,
pp. of explorare, explore: see explore.] To ex-
plore.
They [snails) will . . . exclude their homes, and there-
with explorate their way.
Sir T. Brmcne, Vulg. Err., Hi. 20.
exploration (eks-plo-ra'shon), Ji. [= F. explo-
ration = Sp. explordcion = "Pg. ciploraqSo = It.
esplorazione, < L. exploratio(n-), iexplorare, ex-
plore: see explore?] The act of exploring;
search, examination, or investigation, espe-
cially for the purpose of discovery; specifical-
ly, the investigation of an unknown coimtry or
part of the earth.
For the a{>osto]ical imposition of hands that there was
an exptoratnin oi doctrine, and a profession of faith, the
history doth nmnift-stty witness,
Bp. Uail, Imposition of Hands, Acta xix.
Good folk, who dwell in a lawful land, . . . may for want
of exploration judge our neighbourhood harshly.
R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, p. 28.
explorative (eks-plor'a-tiv), a. [< explorate +
-ivc.] Exploring; tending to explore ; explor-
atory.
explorator (eks'plo-ra-tor), n. [= F. explora-
teur = Sp. Pg. explorador = It. esploratore, <
L. explorator, a searcher out, an examiner,
scout, spy, skirmisher, etc., < explorare, ex-
plore : see explore.] One who explores ; one
who searches or examines closely. [Rare.]
This envious explorator or searcher for faults.
Hallywell, Melamproncea, p. 92.
exploratory (eks-pI6r'a-to-ri), a. [= OF. ex-
ploiratoire, < L. exploratorius, < explorare, pp.
exploratiis, explore : see explore, explorator.]
Exploring; searching; examining.
All honor to the pioneers by whom this first exploratory
work has lieen so nobly done. Geikie, Oeol. Sketches, ii. 33.
explore (eks-plor'), V. t.\ pret. and pp. explored,
ppr. exploring. [= OF. explorer, esplorer, P.
explorer = Sp. Pg. explorar ^ It. esplorare, < L.
explorare, search out, seek to discover, investi-
gate, explore, < ex, out, + plorare, cry out, wail,
weep; cf. deplore.] If. To search for; look for
with care and labor ; seek after.
Explores the lost, the wand'ring sheep directs.
Pope, Messiah, 1, 61.
2. To search through, examine, or investigate,
especially for the purpose of making discover-
ies in general or for the discovery of some par-
ticular thing; hence, to examine or search mto
explore
with care, for the purpose of ascertaining the
appearance, nature, condition, circumstances,
etc., of ; inquire into; scrutinize; specifically, to
traverse or range over (a part or country) for
the purpose of geographical discovery : as, Mo-
ses sent spies to explore the land of Canaan;
to explore a gunshot-wound to find the bullet.
Explore all their intents ;
And what you find may profit the republic,
Acquaint me with it B. yo/wwi, Catiline, iii. 2.
Behold them, leaninK on their scythes, look o'er
The labour past, and toils to come explore,
Crabbe, Works, I. 9.
The attempt to explore the Red river, . . , though con-
ducted with a seal and prudence meriting entire approba-
tion, has not been equally successful.
Jefferson, Works, VIII. 6«.
To explore the hitherto unexplored resources of our own
country. D. Webster, .Speech, Boston, June 5, 1838.
= SyiL 2. Scrutinize, etc, ^ee search,
explorement (eks-pl6r'ment), n. [< explore +
-ment,'^ The act of exploring; search; trial.
[Rare.]
It is surely very rare, as we are induced to believe from
some enquiry of our own . . . and the frustrated search
of Porta, who, upon the exploreinent of many, could scarce
flnde one. Sir T, Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 13.
explorer {eks-pl6r'6r), n. One who or that
which explores : of tenest applied to a geograph-
ical worker. Specifically — (a) One who makes geo-
graphical discoveries by traveling in unknown or imper-
fectly known regions, (b) Any instrument used in explor-
ing or sounding a wound, or a cavity in a tooth, etc. (c)
An apparatus employed in examining the bottom of a body
of water.
exploring (eks-pl6r'ing), p. a. Employed in or
designed for exploration: as, exploring paTties.
explosible (eks-pl6'zi-bl), a. [= F. explosible;
< L. explosus, pp. otexplodere, explode, + -tftZe.]
Capable of exploding or of being exploded.
It proved itself to be by no means so readily explosible
as has usually been supposed.
AthencBum, No. 3155, p. 473.
explosion (eks-plo'zhon), n. [= F. explosion =
Sp. explosion = Pg. explosSo = It. esplosione, <
L. explosio(n-), a driving off by clapping, < ex-
plodere, pp. explosus, clap, explode: see ex-
plode.l 1. The act of exploding; a sudden
expansion of a substance, as gunpowder or an
elastic fluid, with force and, usually, a loud re-
port; a sudden and loud discharge: as, the ex-
plosion of powder ; an explosion of fire-damp.
In explosion vast
The thunder raises his tremendous voice.
Thomson, Summer, 1. 1131.
Explosive mixtures of coal-gas and air may be inflamed
by sparks struck from metal or stone. Thus an explosion
may arise from the blow of the tool of a workman against
iron or stone, from the tramp of a horse upon pavement,
etc. E. Frankland, Exper. in Chemistry, p. 541.
2. A sudden bursting, or breaking up or in
pieces, from an internal or other force ; a blow-
ing up or tearing apart: as, the explosion of a
steam-boiler. — 3. A bursting into sudden ac-
tivity ; a violent outburst, as of natural forces
or of human emotion, expression, or action.
He [the Bishop of Ossory] has left a narrative of his
brief episcopate, in which, amid the explosions of rjincour
and disappointment, it is possible to discern the reality
of some things concerning the Church and country of Ire-
land. R. W, Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xxi.
Is not the inaudible, inward laughter of Emerson more
refreshing than the explosions of our noisiest humorists ?
0, W. Holmes, Emerson, v.
4. The discharge of a nerve-cell ; the emission
of nervous energy from a cell or from a group
of cells.
Keeping up the treatment till all tendency to psychical
or motor explosion in the cerebral centers disappears, if
it takes a lifetime to do it. Alien, and Neurol., VIII. 105.
.Somehow, though we cannot tell how, the exquisitely
fine and complex organisation of nerve-structure is dam-
aged by the intense molecular commotion which is the
condition of the epileptic explosion.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 261.
explosive (eks-plo'siv), a. and n. [< L. explo-
sus, pp. of explodere, explode, + -ive.'] it a.
1. Pertaining to or of the nature of explosion ;
tending or liable to explode, or to cause explo-
sion : as, the explosive force of gunpowder ; ex-
plosive mixture ; explosive paroxysms of nerve-
force. — 2. In philol., involving in utterance the
breach of a complete closure of the organs ; not
continuous; mute; forming a complete vocal
stop: as, an explosive consonant. See II., 2.
II. n. 1. Any substance by whose decomposi-
tion or combustion gas is generated with such
rapidity that it can be used for blasting or in
firearms, of these substances gunpowder, often called
simply powder, is by far the best-known, and has been in
use for a long time. Guncotton, nitroglycerin, and vari-
ous preparations containing nitroglycerin, known as po-
tentlte, forcite, etc., are some of the explosives more re-
2084
cently Introduced. The principal explosive agents used
for military purposes are guncotton, dynamite, the vari-
ous gunpowders, nitTOglycerin, and the fulminates. See
these words.
2. In philol., a non-continuous or mute conso-
nant, as A", t, p. Also explodent.
The law of least effort requires that the vowel should
precede the continuants and follow the explosives,
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 144, note.
High explosive, an explosive which is quicker or more
powerful tliiin gunpowder.
explosively (eks-pl6'siv-li), adv. In an explo-
sive manner ; by or with explosion.
explosiveness (eks-plo'siv-nes), n. The prop-
erty of being explosive.
expoliationt (eks-p6-li-a'shon), n. [= Sp. ex-
poliacion, < LL. expoliatio{n-), exspoliatio{n-), <
expoUare, exspoliare, rob, spoil, < ex, out, from,
-1- spoliare, rob, strip: see spoil.'] A spoiling;
spoliation.
Now thy bloody passion begins ; a cruel exspoliation be-
gins that violence. Bp. Hall, The Crucifixion.
expolisht (eks-pol'ish), V. t. [After polish, q. v.,
< Li. expolire, smooth off, polish, < ex, out, +
polire, polish : see polish.] To polish with care.
To strive, where nothing is amiss, to mend ;
To polish and expolish, paint and stain.
Heywood, Hist. Women (1624).
exponet (eks-pon'), 'V. t. [= D. exponeren = Gr.
exponiren = Dan. exponere = Sw. exponera =
Sp. exporter = It. esponere, esporre, < L. expo-
nere, set forth, expound: see expound.] 1. To
set forth ; explain ; expound.
Expone me this; and yee shall sooth it find.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 197.
Ye say it belongs to you alone to expone the covenant.
Drummond, Sklamachia.
2. To expose, as to danger.
The exponing of this christian calling to be euill spoken
of is a greater sinne. Rollocke, On 1 Thes., p. 183.
3. To represent; characterize.
He declared the marquis of Argyle his good opinion he
conceived of the people of Aberdeen, taking them to be
worse exponed than they were indeed.
Spalding, Hist. Troubles in Scotland, II. 200.
exponent (eks-po'nent), a. and n. [= D. G.
Dan. Sw. exponent = Sp. Pg. exponente = It.
esponente, < L. exponen{t-)s, ppr. of exponere, set
forth, indicate, expound: see expone, expound,
ajiA expose.] I. a. Exemplifying; explicating.
— Exponent proposition, a proposition setting forth
the meaning of an obscure proposition of the kind called
exponible, and stating it in regular form. See cxponible.
II. TO. 1. One who expounds or explains.
We find him [llr. Green] for the first time coming for-
ward as the exponent of Coleridge's view of the '* National
Clerisy." Saturday liev.
2. One who or that which stands as an index
or representative ; one who or that which ex-
emplifies or represents the principle or char-
acter of something: as, the leader of a party is
the exponent of its principles.
It is always a little diflicult to decipher what this public
sense is ; and when a great man comes who knots up into
himself the opinions and wishes of the people, it is so
much easier to follow him as an exponent of this.
Emerson, Fugitive Slave Law.
The religions that demanded toleration but meant ty-
ranny were no true exponents of religious liberty.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 235.
3. In alg., a symbol placed above and at the
right of another symbol (the base), to denote
that the latter is to be raised to the power in-
dicated by the former. Thus, aS = aa, 2 being the
exponent. The process symbolized by a negative exponent
is the same as taking the reciprocal of the quantity with
the positive exponent. Thus, a-^ = — ^. A fractional
exponent, the numerator of the fraction being unity, indi-
cates the operation of taking that root of the base which is
indicated by the denominator of the exponent ; thus, x-
= yx. Exponents are usually understood to follow the
associative law (ai>)c = a(bc}, and the distributive law ab-fc
= abac. But in quaternions and multiple algebra the lat-
ter holds only in a modified form. In Hamilton's notation
of quaternions, (a*X = at*^*). Exponents were introduced
into the notation of algebra by Descartes.
4. A particular example illustrating the mean-
ing of a general statement.
exponential (eks-po-nen'shal), a. and n. I. a.
Of or pertaining to an exponent or exponents ;
involving variable exponents Exponential cal-
culus, tlie doctrine of the fluxions and fluents, or differeii-
tial.s and integrals, of exponential functions. — Exponen-
tial curve or equation, a curve or an equation depend-
ing upon an exponential function. — Exponential func-
tion, a function into which the variable enters as a i>ai't
of the exponent : often restricted to cases in wliicii the base
of the exponent is real.— Exponential Integral, the in-
tegral
expose
Exponential theorem, the theorem that every quantity
is eijual to the sum of all the positive integral powers of
its logarithm, each divided by the factorial of its expo-
nent ; or, in algebraical form,
x3 xi
e^-l + x + ix2 +
1.2,3
»/ 00
- du.
H. n. The function expressed by the infinite
series l + x + ix^ + -^x^ -I-, etc., or the Napierian
base raised to the power indicated by the varia-
ble. Thus, e" = exp. x is the exponential of i.
exponible (eks-po'ni-bl), a. [= It. esponihle, <
L. exponere, set forth (see expone, expound), +
-ihle.] 1. That can be explained. — 2. Admit-
ting or requiring exposition — Exponible enun-
ciauon. See c/m7!cia(joji.— Exponible proposition, an
obscure proposition, or one containing a sign not included
in the regular forms of propositions recognized by logic.
Such are, Man alone cooks his food ; Every man but Enoch
and Elijah is mortal.
export (eks-port'), v. t. [= F. exporter = Sp.
exportar = D. exporteren = G. exportiren=: Dan.
exportere = Sw. exportera, < L. exportare, carry
out, carry away, < ex, out, -I- portare, carry,
bear: see port.] 1. To take or carry away.
They export honour from a man, and make him a return
in envy. Bacon, Followers and Friends (ed. 1887).
Specifically — 2. To send to a distant point, as
commodities ; send for sale or exchange to other
countries or places.
The liberty of exporting wool had . . . been cut down
before the English manufactures were able to take up the
home supply. Encyc. Brit., VI. 410.
export (eks'port), n. [= D. Dan. Sw. export;
from the verb.] 1. The act of exporting; ex-
portation : as, to prohibit the export of grain.
An efficient patrol of the sea by armed cruisers would
stop the importation of food and the export of commodi-
ties in a week. The Engineer, LXV. 407.
2. That which is exported ; a commodity car-
ried from one place or country to another for
sale : generally in the plural.
The ordinary course of exchange . . . between two places
must likewise be an indication of the course of their ex-
ports and imports.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, iv. 3.
The amount of exports for 1833 being, according to the
treasury estimate, no less than ninety millions of dollars.
D, Webster, Senate, March 18, 1834.
exportable (eks-p6r'ta-bl), a. [< export +
-able.] Capable of being exported.
We are putting up the price of our exportable products.
The American, IX. 477.
exportation (eks-por-ta'shon), n. [= F. expor-
tation = Sp. exportacion = tg. exportaqdo = It.
esportazione, < L. exportatio{n-), a carrying out,
exportation, < exportare, carry out : see export,]
1. The act of carrying out or taking away.
They were wont to speak by it [the corpse] from the
time of its death till its exportation to the grave.
Bourne, Pop. Antiq. (ed. 172,5), p. 15.
Specifically — 2. The act of conveying or send-
ing to a distance, especially to another state
or country, commodities in the course of com-
merce.
The cause of a kingdom's thriving is fruitfulness of soil
to produce necessaries, not only sufficient for the inhabi-
tants, but for exportation into other countries. Swift.
3. The thing or things exported.
exporter (eks-por'ter), n. One who exports;
specifically, one who ships goods, wares, and
merchandise of any kind to a foreign country
or distant place for sale : opposed to importer.
Money will be melted down, or carried away in coin by
the exporter. Locke.
exposal (eks-po'zal), n. [< expose + -al.] Ex-
posure.
I believe our corrupted air, and frequent thick fogs, are
in a great measure owing to the common exposal of our
wit Swift, Advice to a Young Poet.
expose (eks-poz'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. exposed,
ppr. exposing. [< OF. exposer (— Pv. expansar),
< L. exponere, pp. expositus, set forth, lay open,
expose (see expone, expound), but in form con-
fused with OF. poser, etc., ML. pausare, place.
Cf. appose^-, appose'^, compose, depose, impose,
propose, repose, stippose, transpose.] 1 . To place
or set forth so as to be seen or known ; lay open
to view ; lay bare ; uncover ; reveal : as, to ex-
pose a thing to the light ; to expose a secret.
To deal plainly with you, it were an Injury to the public
Good not to expose to open Light such divine Raptures.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 12.
The lid of the chest stood open, exposing, amid their
perfumed napkins, its treasure of stuffs and jewels.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 362.
2. To place on view; exhibit; show; as, to ex-
pose goods for sale.
It was now neere Easter, and many images were c^rjxw'tf
with scenes & stories representing ye Passion.
Evelyn, Diary, March 18, 1644.
expose
The Chatelet (where those are exposed who are found
Murthereil in tlie Streets, wliich is a very coiiimou busi-
ness at Paris). Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 87.
3. To present to the action or influence of
something: as, in photography, to expose a
sensitized plate to the action of the actinic
rays of light.
Those who seek truth only freely expose their principles
to the test. Locke.
4. To place or leave in an unprotected place or
state ; specifically, to abandon to chance in an
open or unprotected place : as, among the an-
cient Greeks it was not uncommon for parents
to expose their children.
A father, unnaturally careless of his child, gives him to
another man ; and he again exponeg him. Locke,
The hero, we are told, was grandson to a Greek erape-
ror in Constantinople, but, being illegitimate, was exposed
by his mother, immediately after his birth, on a mountain.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 211.
5. To place in the way, as of something wliich
it would be better to avoid ; subject, as to some
risk ; make liable : as, vanity exposes a person to
ridicule; the movement exposed him to the dan-
ger of a raking fire in his flanks.
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel.
Shak., Lear, lit 4.
Frora them I go
This uncouth errand sole, and one for all
Myself expose. MUton, P. L., U. 82a
Tlie multitude of evil accidents, which the state of hu-
man life will necessarily expose him to.
Abp. Sharp, Works, L ix.
6. To make known the actions or character of ;
reveal the secret or secrets of; lay open to
comment, ridicule, reprehension, or the like,
by some revelation : as, to expose a hypocrite
or a rogue ; to expose an impostor.
Though she exposes all the whole town, she offends no
one body in it Steele, Spectator, No. 427.
We have, if we do not deceive ourselves, completely ex-
poted the calculations on which his theory rests.
tiaeaulay, Sadler's Bef. Refuted.
Smith's perception of moral distinctions is so acute, that
he easily exposes the deceptions of style and sentiment.
Whipple, Ess. and Ber., L 150.
7. To expound, as a theo^. [Rare.]
expos^ (eKs-po-za'), n. [P., < exposer, expose:
see expose."] 1. A formal recital of the causes
and motives of an act or acts, or of the facts
of a case. — 2. Exposure; specifically, an unde-
sired or undesirable exposure.
She has l>een negotiating with them for some time
through the agency of Sir Lucius Grafton, and the late
expose, will not favour her interests.
Disraeli, Young Duke, T. 12.
=8yil. Exposition, Exhibit, etc. See exhibititm.
exposed (eks-pozd'), p. a. 1. Unconcealed;
bure or open ; 8X>ecificaUy, in entom., external-
ly visible; not concealed under other parts:
espeeiiiUy applied to a part of the upper sur-
face of the abdomen which is left uncovered
by the elytra in repose, as in many Coleopiera.
— 2. Unprotected; nosbeltered; open to wind,
cold, attack, risk, etc.: as, an expoKd situation.
~Exi>osed antennn, antenna; which. In repose, are not
concealril it) (.T'Ktves lieneath the body.
exposedness (eks-pd'zed-nes), n. The state of
being exposed; exposure: na, exposedness to aia
or teinjitation.
exi>OSer (eks-pd'z6r), ». One who exposes,
uncovers, lays bare, etc. : as, an exposer of
fraiul.
exposition (eks-po-zish'on), n. [< ME. exposi-
tioun, exposicioH, <C OF. exjiosition, F. exposition
= Pr. expositio, espositio = Sp. exposieion = Pg.
exposiqda = It. esposizione, < L. expositio(,n-), a
setting forth, narration, explanation, < expo-
nere, pp. expositus, set forth: see expone, ex-
pound, expose."^ 1. The act of exposing, un-
covering, raakmg bare, revealing, laying out
to or bringing into view, or the ^te of being
exposed or brought clearly into view.
They could not repent, in matters little or great, be-
cause they felt that their actknu were a sincere expontion
of the wants of their srjuls.
Mary. Fuller, Woman In 19th Cent, p. 257.
2. An exhibition or show, as of the products
of art and manafacture.
With steam transportation from the heart of the city
[Philadelphia! to the exponlum grounds, and with nnpre-
cedentedly low railroad rates, there is every assurance of
The Century, XXXI. 153.
8. The act of exposing to danger; exposure.
[Rare.]
It is absoiutely certain that in antiquity men of genuine
humanity. . . counselled without a scruple the «zpojnfion
of infants. l^eeky, Europ. Morals, II. 10.
4. The act of expounding; an extended expli-
cation, as of a doctrine ; a detailed explanation,
as of a passage or book of IScripture.
2085
It needeth exposicyon written wel with cunning honde
To strive toward deVi>cyon and hit tiie better underatonde.
Quoted in Uampvte's Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.),
(Pref., p. viL
Swedenlwrg, a sublime genius who gave a scientific ex-
position of the part played severally by men and women
in the world, and showed the difference of sex to run
through nature and tlirough thought. Emerson, Wonjan.
5. In logic, the making clear of any general
relation by means of an indeterminate suppo-
sition of an individual case: a translation of
the Greek cKdeaic as used by Aristotle. This is
the ordinary mode of demonstration in mathe-
matics.
The term expontion is employed by Aristotle and most
sul)setiuent logicians to denote the selection of an indi-
vidual instance whose qualities may be perceived by sense,
in order to prove a general relation apprehended by the
intellect Sir W. Hamilton.
6t. Openness of situation as regards some direc-
tion or point of the compass ; exposure.
Water he chuses clear, light, without taste or smell ;
drawn from springs with an easterly exposition.
Arbuthnot.
Erasmus ascribes the plague (from which England was
hardly ever free) and the sweating-sickness partly to the
incommodious form and bad exposition of the houses, to
the fllthiness of the streets, and to the sluttishness within
doors. Jortin, Erasmus (ed. 1808), L 69.
I did not observe that the common greens were want-
ing, and suppose that, by choosing an advantageous expo-
sition, they can raise all the more hardy esculent planU.
Johnson, Jour, to Western Isles.
Exposition of the sacrament, in the Bom. Cath. Ch.,
the public exposure of tile sacrament for the adoration
of the raithful. In tlie Roman t'atholic churches of the
I'nited states the exposition is made at least once a year
for forty hours. In early times it was made only on Corpus
Christi day or on oi-casions < -f public distress. Cath. Dirt.
— Transcendental exposition, in the Kantian phUos.,
the explication of a concept as a principle from which the
possibility of other synthetical cognitions a priori can be
imderstood. =Syn. 2. Exp^tsure, Expost^, etc. SeeexAiW-
(itm.— 4. Elucidation, explication.
expositive (eks-poz'i-tiv), a. [< L. expositus,
pp. of cxponere, expound (see expose), + -ive.]
Serving to expound or explain; expository; ex-
planatory.
The opinion of Dtirandus Is to be rejected, as not ex-
positive of the Creed'a confession.
Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Oeed, v.
expositor (eks-poz'i-tgr), n. [= P. expositeur,
OF. expositeur, espositeur, exposeor, esposeor =
8p. Pg. expositor = It. espositore, < L. expo-
sitor, X exponere, pp. expositus, expound: see
expose, expomid, exposition.'i One who or that
which (as a book) expotmds or explains ; an in-
terpreter.
I read many doctorv, but none could content me ; no
expositor could please roe, nor satisfy my mind in the
matter. Latiuur, 2ii Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
Int4> the special doctrines of Swedenborgianism we
must confess our entire inal>ility to enter unaided by an
exjiosifor. Westminster Ilee., CXXV. -227.
expositorinm (eks-poz-i-to'ri-um), »». [hUj.,
neut. of 'ex/Ktsitorius: see expository."} Same
as monstrance.
expository (eks-poz'i-to-ri), a. [= OF. exjwsi-
toire. < ML. 'ex/io-'iitorius, < L. expositus, pp. of
cxponere, set forth, exiiose: »ee expone, expound,
expose.] 1. Serving to explain; tending to ex-
pound.
Thb book may ierre as a glossary or exvotUory index to
the poetical writen. Johnson, Abridged Diet., Fief.
2. Setting forth, or set forth, as an instance;
Xcifically, in lotjic, singular ; relating to a sin-
in<li\'i<lual. Thus, an expository syllogism
is one in which the middle term is a singiuar.
ex post facto (eks post fak'td). [More accu-
rately written ex ]>ostfacto; LL., adv. phrase
(lit. from what is done afterward), afterward,
subsequently: ex, from; postfacto, abl. of post-
factum, neut. of postftietus (a loose compound,
also written jtost f actus), done afterward: post,
after; /actus, done: see «c*, post-, and fact.']
From a subsequent state of facts ; from a later
point of view ; with reference to a former state
of facts; retrospectively: as, the transaction
was made void by matter ex post facto; a lease
made by a life tenant to run beyond his own
life may be confirmed ex postfacto by the rever-
sioner.—Ex IKMrt facto law, a law made after the of-
fense, and under whicli prosecution for the offense is pos-
sible ; > law operating on matters which took place be-
fore it was passed ; as used in the restrictions ImiKWed by
United States constltatlonal law, a law which if allowed
Talldity would operate to make an act criminal which was
not so when done, or to increase the severity of the pun-
ishment of a previous act, or In any way so to alter the
rules of criminal procedure or evidence as to put one ac-
cused of a crime committe<l previous to the law in a worse
position before the courts. Sucii laws are prohibited by
the f'onstitntlc.n of llie I'nited states.
expostulate (eks-pos'tu-lat), r. ; pret. and pp.
expostulated, ppr. expostulating. [< L. expostu-
exposure
latus, pp. of expostulare, demand, require, intr.
find fault, dispute, expostulate, < ex, out, + i>os-
f«;«/'e, demand : see postulate.] I. intrans. To
reason earnestly with a person against some-
thing that he intends to do or has done: fol-
lowed by mith before the person, by upon or on
before the thing.
The King, in a Parliament now assembled, fell to expos-
tulate with the Lords, asking them what Years they
thought him to be. Baker, Chronicles, p. 142.
The emperour's ambassadour did expoiitulate with the
king, that he had broken his league with the emperour.
Sir J. Ilaytvard.
The Moone, say they, expostulated with God, because
the Suune shined with her, whereas no Kingdome could
endure a partner. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 205.
[He] sensibly enough expostulated upon my obstinacy.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xxviiL
= S37n. Expostulate with, Beprove, Bebuke, Beprivmnd,
etc. See censure, and list under remonstrate.
H.\ trans. To discuss; examine into; reason
about.
My liege, and madam, to expostulate
What majesty should be. what duty is,
Why day is day, night, night, and time is time.
Were nothing but to waste night, day, and time.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
That makes me to expostulate the wrong
So with him, and resent it as I do.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iv. 1.
I could say more.
But 'tis dishonour to expostulate
These causes with a woman.
Shirley, Hyde Park, iv. 3.
expostulation (eks-pos-tu-la'shon), 11. [< L.
expostulatio{n-),<. expostulare, expostulate: see
expostulate.] 1. The act of expostulating or
remonstrating with a person or persons; argu-
mentative protest ; dissuasion.
Expostulations end well between lovers, but 111 between
friends. Spectator.
The zealous attempt to bring about conversion by preach-
ing and expostulation was fair and commendalde.
Prescott, Kerd. and Isa., ii. 7.
2. In rhet., an address containing expostula-
tion. Imp. Diet.
expostulator (eks-pos'tu-la-tor), n. One who
expostulates.
He is no opponent, only an expostulator. ,
Lamb, To Coleridge.
expostnlatory (eks-pos'tu-la-to-ri), a. [< ex-
postulate + -<try.] Pertaining to, consisting of,
or containing expostulation: as, an expostula-
tory address or debate.
Tills faille is a kind of an expostulatory debate between
Bounty and Ingratitude. Sir B. L' Estrange.
It was an unpardonable omission to proceed so far as I
have already done, liefore I had performed the due dis-
courses, expostulatory, supplicatory, or deprecatory.
Swi/t, Tale of a Tub, iii.
expostnret (eks-pos'tur), «. [As if ult. < ML.
'cxpositura, < L. expositus, pp. of exponere, ex-
pose : see expose. Cf . exposure, and composture,
composure.] Exposure.
Determine on some course
More than a wilde exposture to each chance
That starts 1' th' way liefore thee.
Shak., Cor., iv. 1 (foL 1623).
exposure (eks-pd'zur), ». [< exjyose + -ure.]
1 . The act of opening to view, laying bare, or
revealing: as, the exposure of a vein of ore, or
of a crime.
And when we have our naked frailties hid.
That suffer in exposure, let us meet.
And question this most bloody piece of work.
To know it further. Shak., Maclietli, ii. 3.
2. The state of being open or subject to some
action or influence ; a being placed in the way
of something, as observation, attack, etc.: as,
exposure to cold or to the air; exposure to dan-
ger or to contagion.
They suffer little from exposure of the bare person to the
cold of winter, or the scorching sun of summer, being ac-
customed to it from infancy.
E. W. Laru, Modern Egyptians, II. 22.
In comparing an existing harlwur with a proposed one,
perhaiis the most obvious element is what may tie termed
the line of maximum exposure, or, in otlier words, the line
of greatest fetch or reacli of open sea, and this can be
easily measured from a chart. Encyc. Brit., XI. 466.
3. The thing revealed or exposed.
This species [Sphenophyllum antiquum] was fully de-
scribed by me, . . . from specimens obtained from the rich
exposures at OaspiS Bay.
Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 65.
4. In pliotog., the act of presenting to the ac-
tion of the actinic rays of light: as, the expo-
sure was too long.
In taking views, the process is exactly the same as in
the case of portraits, except that the exposure is very much
less. Workshop Beceipts, 1st ser., p. 261.
5. Situation with regard to the access of light
or air; position relative to' the sun or to the
exposure
points of the compass ; aspect : as, a southern
The cold now advancing, set such plants as will not en-
dure the house in ijots two or three inches lower than the
surface of some bed, under a southern exposure. Ei'dyn.
I believe that Is the beat exposure ol the two for wood-
cocks. Scott.
6. The act of casting out, or abandoning to
chance, in some unsheltered or unprotected
place ; abandonment to death from cold, star-
vation, etc.: as, the exposure of a child. = syn.
1, Exposition, Expoai, etc. See exkibition.— 2. Venture,
Hazard, etc. See risit, n.
expound (eks-pound'), V. t. [< ME. cxpountien,
expoiinen, expownen (with ex- for es-), < OF. es-
pondre = Pr. esponer, exponer, expondre = Sp.
expotter = Pg. exp6r = It. esporre, < L. exponere,
set out, put out, expose, set forth, explain, <
ex, out, + ponere, put, set, place : see expone, a
doublet of expound, and cf. compound^.'] If.
To lay open ; examine.
He expounded both his pockets,
Aud found a watch with rings and lockets.
S. Butler, Hudibras.
2. To set forth the points or principles of ; lay
open the meaning of; explain; interpret: as,
to expound a text of Scripture; to expound a
law.
"In Englisch," quod Pacyence, "it is wel harde wel to
expounen ;
Ac somdel I shal seyne it by so thow vnderstonde."
Pier» Plowtnan (B), xiv. 277.
He expoutided unto them in all the scriptures the things
concerning himself. Luke xxiv. 27.
Solomon doth excellently expound himself in another
place of the same book.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, I. 10.
That ancient Fathers thus expomul the page,
Gives truth the reverend majesty of age.
Dryden, Keligio Laici, 1. 336.
= Syn. 2. Interpret, Elucidate, etc. See explain.
expounder (eks-poun'd6r), n. [< ME. exx>ownere,
< expounen, cxpoicnen, expound: see expound.^
One who expounds; an explainer; one who
formally interprets or explains anything: as,
an expounder of the Constitution.
The Pundits are the expounders of the Hindu Law ; in
which capacity two constantly attended the Supreme Court
of Judicature, at Fort William.
Sir W. Jones, To C. Chapman, note.
The people call you prophet: let it be:
But not of those that can expound themselves.
Take Vivien for expounder.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
expounet, «'• '• A^n obsolete form of expound.
express (eks-pres'), V. t. [< ME. expressen, <
OF. expresser=Sp. expresar = Pg. expressar, < L.
expressus, pp. of exprimere (> It. esprimere = Sp.
Pg. exprimir = Pr. exprimar, espremer, exprimir =
F. exprimer), press or squeeze out, press, form by
pressure, form, represent, portray, imitate, de-
scribe, express, esp. in words, < ex, out, + pre-
mere, pp. pressus, press: see press^. Cf. ap-
pressed, compress, depress, impress, repress.l 1.
To press or squeeze out ; force out by pressure :
as, to express the juice of grapes or of apples.
Spirit is a most subtle vapour, which is expressed from
the blood. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 96.
A kind of Balme expressed out of the herbe Copaibas.
Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 835.
The drawing-room heroes put down beside him [the
farmer] would shrivel in his presence — he solid and un-
exoressive, they expressed to gold-leaf.
Emerson, Farming.
2t. To extort ; elicit.
Halters and racks cannot express from thee
More than thy deeds : 'tis only judgment waits thee.
B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1.
3. To manifest or exhibit by speech, appear-
ance, or action ; make known in any way, but
especially by spoken or written words.
Believe me, on mine honour.
My words express my purpose.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 4.
Affliction
Expresseth virtue fully, whether true.
Or else adulterate. Webster, White Devil, i. 1.
They expressed in their lives those excellent doctrines
of morality. Addison.
4. Reflexively, to utter one's thoughts ; make
known one's opinions or feelings : as, to express
on^s self properly.
It charges me in manners the rather to express myself.
Shak., T. X., n. 1.
6. To manifest in semblance; constitute a
copy or resemblance of; be like; resemble.
[.AjTchaic]
So kids and whelps their sires and dams express.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil.
2086
6. To represent or show by imitation or the
imitative arts ; form a likeness of, as in paint-
ing or sculpture. [Archaic]
A little peece of plate, wherein was expressed effigies ot
the Virgin Mary. Coryat, Crudities, I. 12.
A staU'ly tomb of the old Prince ot Orange, of marble
and brass ; wherein, among other rarities, there are the
angels with their trumpets, expressed as it were crying.
Pepys, Diary, I. C6.
In mode of olden time
His garb was fashioned, to express
The ancient English minstrel's dress.
Scoff, Eokeby, v. 16.
7t. To denote ; designate.
Moses and Aaron took these men, which are expressed
by their names. Num. i. 17.
8. [< express, a., 4; express, n., 3, 4.] To send
express; despatch by express; forward by spe
expression
personal care, speed, and safe delivery, originated in the
regular journeys with small parcels first made by William
F. Harnden between -New York and Boston in 1839. The
business rapidly became immense in the United States,
under the cliarge nut only of individuals, but of great or-
ganized companies, each operating over extensive regions,
and some of them over nearly the whole civilized world.
5. The name of a modern sporting-rifle, a mod-
ification of the Winchester model of 1876. it
takes a large charge of powder and a light bullet, which
give a very high initial velocity and a trajectory practi-
cally a right line up to 160 yards. Upon striking the
object the bullet spreads outwardly, inflicting a death-
wound. This arm is well adapted for killing large game
at short range. Also called express-rijle.
In my hand I held a Winchester repeating carbine, but
the distance was too great for me to use it with effect, so
I turned to Golio, who was shivering with terror at my
side, and handing him the carbine, took from him my ex-
press, lias/yard, Maiwa's Revenge.
ciai opportunity or through the medium "of *an express (eks-pres'), adv. [< ME. expresse, < OF.
express: as, to express a letter, a package, or cxpres, F. exprcs = It. espresso = G. express;
express :
merchandise Expressed oils, in chrm., vegetable
oils which are obtaiiixl Imni liodies only by pressing, as
olive-oil ; so named to <listing\iish them from essential oils
obtained by other methods. = Syn. 3. To declare, utter,
state, signify, testify, set forth, denote.
express (eks-pres'), a. and n. [I. a. < ME. ex-
presse, < OF. expres, F. expres = Sp. expreso =
Pg. expresso = It. espresso, < L. expressus, clear-
ly exhibited, manifest, plain, express, distinct,
pp. of exprimere, press out, describe, represent,
etc. : see express, v. II. «. = D. G. expresse =
Dan. expres = Sw. express = Sp. expreso = Pg.
expresso = It. espresso; from the adj.] I. a. 1.
Clearly made known ; distinctly expressed or in-
dicated; unambiguous; explicit; direct; plain:
as, express terms ; an express interference. In
law, commonly used in contradistinction to implied: as,
express warranty ; express malice ; an express contract.
There is not any positive law of men, whether general
or particular, received by formal express consent, as in
councils. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
An express contradiction is then when one of the terms
is finite and the other infinite ; as, man, not man.
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman.
Whether the free assent of nations take the form ot ex-
press agreement or of usage, it places them alike under
the obligation of contract.
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 28.
2. Distinctly like ; closely representative ; bear-
ing an exact resemblance.
The brightness ot his glory, and the express image of his
oerson. Heb. i. 3.
Still compassing thee round
With goodness and paternal love, his face
Express, and ot his steps the track divine.
Milton, P. L., xi. 354.
3. Distinctly adapted or suitable ; particular ;
exact ; precise : as, he made express provision
for my comfort.
Rapes make wele to smelle
In condyment is nowe the tyme expresse.
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 58.
4. [< express, n., 2, 3, 4.] Special; used or
employed for a particular purpose; specially
quftk or direct : as, express haste ; an express
messenger.— Express allegiance, contract, malice,
notice, etc. See the nouns. = Syn. 1. See e3-j<(i<-i'fl.
II. n. If. A clear or distinct declaration, ex-
pression, or manifestation.
Whereby (by hieroglyphical pictures] they [the Egyp-
tians] discoursed in silence, and were intuitively under-
stood from the theory of their expresses.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 20.
Wliat is less natural and charitable than to deny the
expresses ot a mother's affection ?
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 41.
2. A particular or special message or despatch
sent by a messenger.
Popular captations which some men use in their speech-
es and expresses. Eikon Basilike.
3. A messenger sent on a particular errand or
occasion ; usually, a courier sent to communi-
cate information of an important event, or to
deliver important despatches.
They being but two of y« commission, and so not im-
power'd to determine, sent an expresse to his Ma<y and
Council to know what they should do.
E\xlyn, Diary, Sept. 26, 1666.
Isabella, who was at Segovia, was made acquainted by
regular expresses with every movement of the army.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., u. IS.
4. Any regular provision made for the speedy
transmission of messages, parcels, commis-
sions, and the like; a vehicle or other convey-
ance sent on a special message; specifically,
an organization of means for safe and speedy
transmission of merchandise, etc., or a rallvpay
passenger-train which travels at a specially high
rate of speed, stopping only at principal sta-
tions: as, the American and European Express;
to travel by express. Expresses for carrying valua-
ble parcels, merchandise, money, etc., under guaranty of
from the adj.] 1 . Expressly ; distinctly; plainly.
Hys lielme wasted sore, rent and broken all,
And hys hauberke dismaliJUed all expresse.
In many places holes gret and small.
Horn, of Parteimy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4347.
As yet is proued expresse in his profecies.
Alliterative Poems (E. E. T. S.), ii. 1158.
2. Specially; for a particular purpose.
And further mair, he sent express.
To schaw his coUours and ensenzle.
Battle of llarlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 184).
Plenty ot ale and some capital songs by Lucian Gay,
who went down express, gave the right cue to the mob.
Disraeli, Coningsby, vi. 3.
3. [Prop, express, n., 3, used elliptieally.] As
an express — that is, with special wiftness or
expedition ; post-haste ; post : as, to travel ex-
press.
I . . . journeyed express with the officer in charge of
the mails, who fortunately was as late as myself, by spe-
cial engine and carriage till we overtook the mail-train
beyond Lyons. W. H. Russell, Diary in India, i. 3.
expressage (eks-pres'aj), B. [< express, n.,4, +
-aije.] The business of carrying by express;
the charge for carrying anything, as a parcel
or message, by express.
express-bullet (eks-pres'bul"'et), n. A short
bullet of large caliber made of soft lead. It is
muLh lighter tlian the ordinary rifle-bullet of the same
caliber, and, being fired with a large charge of powder,
has a high velocity and very flat trajectory for short
ranges. These projectiles are sometimes rendered ex-
plosive to increase their destructive effect by placing a
bursting charge and detonating primer in the front end.
express-car (eks-pres'kar), n. A long box- or
house-ear for carrying light or fast freight sent
by express. It is sometimes combined with a
mail-car, or with a baggage- or passenger-ear.
expresser (eks-pres'er), «. One who expresses.
expressible (eks-pres'i-bl), a. [< express, v.,
+ -ible.] 1. Capable of being squeezed out
by pressure.— 3. Capable of being uttered,
declared, shown, or represented.
This is a diphthong composed of our first and third vow-
els and expressible, therefore, by them, as in the word
Vaidya. Sir W. Jones, Orthog. of Asiatic Words.
expressingt (eks-pres'ing), n. An expression.
And yet I cannot hope for better expressinys than I
have given of them. Donne, Letters, xcv.
expression (eks-presh'on), n. [= F. expression
= Sp. expresion = Pg. expressUo = It. espres-
sione, < L. expressio(n-) , a pressing out, a pro-
jection, LL. expression, vividness, < exprimere,
pp. expressus, press out, express: see express,
V. t] 1. The act of expressing or forcing out
by pressure, as juices and oils from plants.
The box in which he put those worms was anointed with
a drop, or two or three, of the oil of ivy-berries, made by
ca;»res«on or infusion.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 127.
The blubber . . . is . . . rudely tried out by exposure
in vats or hot expression in iron boilers.
Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 23.
2. The act of expressing, or embodying or rep-
resenting in speech, writing, or action ; utter-
ance ; declaration ; representation ; manifesta-
tion : as, an expression of the public will.
The evening was spent in firing cannon, and other «•
pressions of military triuniphes. Evelyn, Diary, 1641.
Nor unhappy, nor at rest.
But beyond expression fair
With thy floating flaxen hair.
Tennyson, Adeline, L
It is only by good works, it is only on the basis of active
duty, that worship finds exjjressi'on,
Emerson, Remarks at Free Eelig. Assoc.
The idea which, gazing on nature and human life by the
intuitive force ot imagination, the great artist has divined,
he gives shape and expression to in sensible forms and im-
ages. •'■ ^'^"'^
expression
3. Mode of expressing; manner of giving forth
or manifesting thoughts, feelings, sentiments,
ideas, etc.
With respect to joy, its natural and universal expregfum
is laughter. Darwin, Express, of Emotions, p. 218.
4. Used absolutely, expressive utterance ; sig-
nificant manifestation; lucid exposition of
thoughts or ideas : as, he lacks expression, or
the faculty of expression.
The imitators o( Shakespeare, fixing their attention on
his wonderful power of exprejtgion^ have directed their
imitation to this. M. Arnold.
5. The outward indication of some interior
state, property, or function ; especially, ap-
pearance as indicative of character, feeling,
or emotion ; significant look or attitude : as, a
mild or a fierce expression (of the eye or of the
whole person) ; a peculiar expression.
Expretgion is the grand diversifler of appearance among
civilized people : lu the desert it Itnows few varieties.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 319.
LookiuK at a certain man we recognize that he is fa-
tigued.. How can we analyze the expression of fatigue ?
F. Warner^ Physical Expression, p. 2^i\
The general law of ezpreision is simply that conscious
state as feeling is stimulant and directive of action,
whether the feeling be pleasurable or painful.
Mind, XI. 73.
6. That which is expressed or uttered ; an ut-
terance ; a saying ; a phrase or mode of speech :
as, an uncommon expression.
[They] offered us a great present of wanipompeag, and
beavers, and otter, with this expremon. that we might,
with p*rt thereof, procure their peace with the Naragan*
■etta. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 463.
Light and darkness are our familiar expregnon for
knowledge and ignorance. Emerton, Misc., p. 29.
7. In rhet., the peculiar manner of utterance
as affected by the subject and sentiment ; elo-
eution ; diction.
No adequate description can be given of the nameless
and ever-varying shades of expression which real pathos
gives to the voice. E. Porter,
8. In art and music, the method of bringing out
or exhibiting the character and meaning of a
work in all or any of its details ; clear repre-
sentation of ideas, emotions, etc., in a work of
art or a musical performance ; effective exe-
ention.
Place ourselves in the position of those to whom their
«xpre$$iim [that of old buildings] was originally addressed.
0. In alg., any algebraical symbol, or, espe-
eially, a combination of symbols, as (x + y)«.
An expression may denote either a quantity or an opera-
tion ; but an e^iuation or inequality, since it constitutes
a proposition, is not considered as an expression, but as
the statement of a relation between expressions. =SyiL 6.
See term.
expressional (eks-presh'on-al), a. [< expres-
»ion + -al.'\ 1. Of or pertaining to expression;
having the power of expression; particularly,
in the fine arts, embodjnng a conception or emo-
tion ; representing a definite meaning or feel-
ing.
Whether you take Raphael for the calminating master
of exprestionat art In Italy. Rvskin.
Specifically — 2. Of or pertaining to a literary
expression or phrase.
To enumerate and criticize all the verbal and exvres-
nanal solecisms which disflgure our literature would be
an undertaking of enormous labour.
F. UaU, Mod. Eng., p. 36.
expressionless (eks-presh'on-les), a. [< ex-
pression + -less.] Destitute of expression.
It is dUBcnIt, when we see them [the Kalranks] for the
llrst time, to believe that a human suul larks behind their
mrettionleu, flattened (aces, and small, dull, obliquely
•et eyes. D. M. WaUaee, Snssla, p. 340.
The hard, glittering, emreMsionlat eyes were watching
her. W. Biaet, Princess of Thule, xvi.
expression-mark (eks-presh'on-mark), n. In
muKifdl ntiiiition, a sign or verbal direction in-
dicating the desired mode of rendering or ex-
?ression, snoh as -cC , staccato, ritenuto, etc.
he nse of such signs and words did not become general
until iiitc in the eiKht«enth century, thoUKh the thing in-
ili. at. 1 »!i< .arifully tranamittcil hy trailition.
expression-point (oks-presh'on-point), n. The
point or stage in evolution at which is expressed
or established a kind or degree of difference
which may be recognized and used in classifica-
tion. [Rare.]
How, the exprestion-point of a new generic type Is
reached when Its appearance in the adult falls so far prior
to the period of reproduction as to transmit it t<i the off.
spring and t<j their descendants, until another expresnon-
point of progress lie reached.
E. D. Copt, Oricin of the FlttMl, p. 78.
2087
expression-stop (eks-presh'on-stop), n. In the
harmonium, a stop that closes the escape-valve
of the bellows, making it possible to vary the
wind-pressure, and tlius the force of the tone,
by a quick or slow use of the pedals.
expressive (eks-pres'iv), a. [= F. expressif=i
Pr. cjpressiu = Sp. cxpresivo = Pg. expressiro =
It. espressivo, < L. as if *expressivus, < eipres-
sus, pp. of exprimere, express: see express.] 1.
Full of expression ; forcibly expressing or clear-
ly representing; significant.
The Duke of York . . . did hear it all overwith extraor-
dinary content ; and did give me many and hearty thanks,
and in words the most expressive tell me his sense of my
good endeavours. f*epyg, Diary, IV. 9.
The inheritance of most of our expressipe actions ex-
plains the fact that those bom blind display tliem, as I
hear from the Rev. R. H. Hlair, equally well with those
gifted with eyesight.
Darwin, Express, of Emotions, p. 352.
2. Serving to express, utter, or represent : fol-
lowed by of: as, a look expressive o/" gratitude.
Each verse so swells expressive of her woes. Tickell.
Expressive organ, the harmonium. =Syn. 1, Forcible,
eiit^nfetic, lively, vivid.— 2. Indicative.
expressively (eks-pres'iv-li), adv. In an ex-
pressive manner; plainly and emphatically;
with much significance; clearly; fully; spe-
cifically, in music, with feeling, or in accor-
dance with the written expression-marks.
expressiveness (eks-pres'iv-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being expressive; power or force of ex-
pression, as by words or looks ; the quality of
presenting a subject strongly to the senses or
to the mind : as, the expressiveness of a word or
an adage ; the expressiveness of the eye, of the
features, or of sounds.
John Frideaux, an excellent linguist: but so that he
would make words wait on his matter, chietly aiming at
expresticenesse therein. Fuller, Worthies, Devonshire.
The murrain at the end [of the third Georgic] has all
the expresaiveTust that words can give it.
Addison, Virgil's Georgicst
expresslesst (eks-pres'les), a. [< express +
-less.] Inexpressible. [Rare.]
I may pour forth my soul into thine arms.
With words of love, whose moaning intercourse
Hath hitherto been stayed with wrath and hate
Of our expresMsu bann d inflictions.
Marloux, Tamburlaine, I., v. I.
expressly (eks-pres'Ii), adv. [< ME. expressely ;
< express, a., + -ly^.] In an express, direct,
or pointed manner; of set purpose; in direct
terms ; plainly ; explicitly.
Kor this may every man well wile,
That ))otbe kinde atul lawe write
Expressely stonden there ayein.
Oouxr, Coat. Amant., I.
Kill the poys and the luggage I 'tis expretriy against the
law of arms. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 7.
The religion of the Jews is expret^u against the Chris-
tian, and the Mahometan against both.
.fir T. Browne, Rellgio Medici, i. 26.
expressman (eks-pres'man), H. ; pi. expressmen
(-men). [< express, »., + man.] A man em-
ployed in any department of the business of
carrj-ing packages or articles by express; es-
pecially, a driver of an express-wagon who re-
ceives and delivers parcels. [U. S.]
expreasmentt (eks-pres'ment), n. [ME. ex-
pressement; < express + -ment.] The act of ex-
pressing; expression.
A mighty man and tyrannous of conditions, named Eho-
ryn, as shall appeare by his condiclons ensuynge, when the
tynie ronvenyent of the expressement of them shall come.
Fabyan, Works, I. xxxvii.
expressness (eks-pres'nes), n. The state of
being express.
They were heathens, such as the Prophet spealu, had
not the Icnowledge of Ood's law (viz.) In the fulness and
szprusnsM of it; and yet they repented.
Otanville, .Sermons, ix.
express-rifle (eks-pres'ri'fl), n. Same as ex-
prens, ,').
express-train (eks-pres'tran), n. A railroad-
train intended for the expeditious conveyance
of ijasscugcrs, mail, or parcels, and making few
or no stops between terminal stations: distin-
guished from a local or accommodation train.
expressnref (eks-presh'ur), ». [< express +
-iirr. <;f. pressure.] 1. The process of squeez-
ing out. — 2. Expression; utterance; represen-
tation.
An operation more divine
Than breath, or pen, can give expresaure to.
Sha*., T. and C, ill. 8.
3. Mark; impression.
Nightly, meadow-fairies, look, you sing.
Like to the Garter's compass, in a ring :
The expressure that it hears, green let It be.
More (ertile-fresh than all the field to see.
Shot., M. W. of W., V. 6.
expropriation
express-wagon (eks-pres'wag'gn), n. A wag-
on used for collecting and delivering articles
transmitted by express, specifically one of a
particular form and construction designed for
the purpose. [U. S.]
exprimet, v. t. [< OP. exprimer, < L. exprimere,
express : see express, v.] To express.
exprobratet (eks-pro'- or eks'pro-brat), v. t.
[< h. exprobratus, pp. of exprobrar'e Q It. espro-
brare = Pg. exprobrar = OF. exprobrer), re-
proach, upbraid^ censure, < ex, out, + probrum,
a shameful or disgraceful act; cf. opprobrium.]
To censure as disgraceful or reproachful; up-
braid; blame; condemn.
The stork in heaven knoweth her appointed times, the
turtle, crane, and swallow observe the time of their com.
ing, but my people know not the judgment of the Lord.
Wherein to exprobrate their stupidity, he induceth the
providence of storks. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 27.
It was so known a business that one city should have
but one bishop, that Cornelius exftrobrates to Novatus his
ignorance. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 2'29.
exprobrationt (eks-pro-bra'shon), re. [= OF.
exprobration, exprobraeimi = Pg. exproibra^So, <
L. exprobratio(n-), < exprobrare, censure : see ex-
probrafe.] The act of charging or censuring
reproachfully ; reproachful accusation ; an up-
braiding.
It must needs l»e a fearful exprobration of our unworthi-
ness when the Judge himself shall bear witness against us.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), 1. 622.
This weak exprobration itself was the last instrument
of an English primate [Warhani] who died legate of the
Apostolic See. 7?. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., ii.
exprobrativet (eks-pro'bra-tiv), a. [< expro-
brate + -ire.] Expressing exprobration or re-
proach; upbraiding.
All Itenefits losing much of their splendour, both in the
giver and receiver, that do bear with them an exprohra-
tive term of necessity. Sir A. Shirley, Travels.
exprobratoryt (eks-pro'bra-to-ri), a. [= Pg.
exprohratnrio; as exjirobraie + -ory.] Same as
exprobra lire.
ex professo (eks pro-fes'6). [L. : ex, out of;
professo, abl. of prdfessus. pp. of profiteri, pro-
fess: see />ro/es*.] Professedly: by profession.
expromission (eks-pro-mish'on), «. [< L. as if
''expromis.'no(n-), < expromissus, pp. of exproniit-
tere, promise to pay, either for oneself or for
another, < ex, out, + promittere, promise: see
promise.] In civil law, the act by which a cred-
itor accepts a new debtor in place of a former
one, who is discharged.
expromissor (eks-pro-mis'or), 11. [< LL. ex-
promissor. < L. expromittere, promise to pay:
see expromi.ision.] In ciril laic, one who be-
comes bound for the debt of another by sub-
stituting himself as principal debtor in room
of the former obligant.
expropriate (eks-pro'pri-at), V. t.; pret. and
j)p. expropriated, ppr. expropriating. [< L. as
if 'expropriatus, pp. of *expropriare (> It. esjyro-
priare = 8p. expropiar = Pg. expropriar = F. cx-
proprier, > Dan. cxpropriere = Sw. expropriera),
\ ex, out, + proprius, one's own ; cf . appropri-
ate, v.] 1. To hold no longer as one's own;
disengage from appropriation ; give up a claim
to the exclusive property of.
When you have resigned, or rather consigned, your ex-
pro]triated will to God. Boyle, Seraphic Love.
2. To take or condemn for public use by the
right of eminent domain, thus divesting the
title of the private owner.
A Republican Ministry thinks itself quite conservative
when it pleatls that to expropriate mines for the benefit
of miners would be burdensome to the .State, because of
the compensations such a proceeding would involve.
S/ieelalor, No. 3018, p. 572.
Hence — 3. To dispossess; exclude, in general.
Women, once more like the labourers, have been ex-
propriated as to their rights as human beings, just as
the labourers were expropriated as to their rights as pro-
ducers. Westminster Rev., CXXV. 213.
It has been urged as a Justification for exjtropriatinij
savages from the land of new colonies that tribes of hunt-
ers have really no moral right to property in the soil over
which they hunt.
//. Sidijipirk, Methods of Ethics, p. 251, note.
expropriation (eks-prd-pri-a'shon), «. [= F.
expropriation = Sp. ex}>roj>iacion = Pg. expro-
priagSo = It. espropriasiorle, < L. as if "expro-
priatio(n-),<, "exprnpriare : eee exjtropriate.] 1.
The act of expropriating, or discarding appro-
priation or declining to hold as one's own ; the
surrender of a claim to exclusive property.
[Rare.]
The soul of man. then, is capable of a state of much
geacp and equanimity in all exterior bands and agitations;
nt this capa<-ity is rather an effect of the expropriation
of our reason than a virtue resulting from her single oa-
expropriation
paoity ; for it is the evacuation of all self-sufficiency that
attracteth a replenishment from that Divine plenitude.
H'. Montairue, Devoute Essays (1648), i. 312.
2. The act of taking for public use upon pro-
viding compensation; condemnation by nght
of eminent domain. — 3. The act of dispossess-
ing an owner, either wholly or to a limited ex-
tent, of his property or proprietary rights.
Perpetuity of tenure on the part of the tenant would be
the virtual t'xpropriation of the landlord. Gladstone.
There is no theory of socialism thought of at present,
so far aa we know, in which questions of property do not
occupy the first place, and the expropriation of the hold-
era of projterty does not really lie at the foundation of the
system or systems.
WooUey, Communism and Socialism, p. 13.
ezpuatet (eks'pu-at), a. [Irreg. < L. expiiere,
exspaere, pp. exjmtus, exsputus, spit out, < ex,
out, + spuere = E. speic: see exspiiition.'] Spit
out; ejected.
A poore and ej^uate humour of the Court
Chapman, Byron's Conspiracy, ii. 1.
exptunt (eks-piin'), v. t. [= OF. expugner =
Sp. Pg. expugnar = It. espugnare,<. L. expugnare,
take by assault, storm, capture, conquer, sub-
due, reduce, < ex, out, + pugnare, fight, <pugna,
a battle, fight: see pugnacious. Cf. impugn.']
To overcome ; conquer ; take by assault,
oh, the dangerous siege
Sin lays about us ! and the tyranny
He exercises when he hath expitgn'd !
Chapman, Bussy d'Amboia, iii. 1.
When they could not expugne him by arguments.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1710.
expttgnable (eks-pug'- or eks-pu'na-bl), a. [=
OF. and F. expugnahle = Sp. expugnahle = Pg.
expugnavel = It. espugnabile, < ML. expugnabilis,
< L. expugnare, take by assault: see expugn.]
Capable of being overcome or taken by assault.
Coles, 1717. [Bare.]
expugnancet (eks-pug'nans), n. [< expugn +
-ance. Cf. repugnance.'] Expugnation.
If he that dreadful ^gis beare, and Pallas, grant to me
Th' expugnance of wellbuilded Troy, I first will honour
thee
Ne.xt to myself with some rich gift.
Ckapman, Iliad, viii. 247.
expugnation (eks-pug-na'shon), B. [< OF. ex-
pugnation = Sp. expugnacion = Pg. expugnaqao
= It. espugnazione,< L. expugnatio(n-),< expug-
ware, take by assault: see expugn.] Conquest;
the act of overcoming or taking by assault.
[Bare.]
Since the exputmation of the Khodian isle,
Methinks a thousand years are overpass'd.
Kyd (?), Soliman and Perseda.
Solyman, . . . whose wishes and endeavours are said to
have aimed at three things, . . . but the third, which was
the expugjuition of Vienna, he could never accomplish.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 26.
expugnert (eks-pii'n6r), n. One who conquers
or takes by assault.
He will prove
Of the yet taintless fortress of Byron
A quick expugner, and a strong abider.
Chapman, Byron's Conspiracy, i. 1.
expnition, «. See exspnition.
expulset (eks-puls'), V. t. [= F. expulser = Sp.
Pg. expulsar, < L. exptdsus, pp. of expellere, drive
out, expel: see expel.] To drive out; expel.
No man need doubt that learning will expnlse business.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 22.
For ever should they be expuls'd from France.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
"What defaming invectives have lately flown abroad
against the Subjects of Scotland, and our poore expulsed
Brethren of New England I
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Kemonst.
expulsion (eks-pul'shon), n. [= F. expulsion
= Sp. expulsion = Pg. expulsSo = It. espulsione,
< L. expulsio{n-), < expellere, pp. expulsus, drive
out : see expulse, expel.] The act of expelling
or driving out; a driving away by force; for-
cible ejection; compulsory dismissal; banish-
ment: as, the expulsion of the Tarquins; the
expulsion of morbid humors from the body ; the
expulsion of a student from a college, or of a
member from a club.
To what end had the angel been sent to keep the en-
trance into Paradise, after Adam's exptd&ion, if the uni-
verse had been Paradise*^ Raleigh, Hist. World.
Sole victor, from the expulsion of his foes,
Messiah his triumphal chariot tum'd.
Milton, P. L., vi. 880.
expulsitivet (eks-pul'si-tiv), o. [< expulse +
-itiie.] Expulsive.
The philosophers have written of the nature of ginger,
'tis expulsifive in two degrees.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond, and Eng.
expulsi've (eks-pul'siv), a. [< expulse + -ive.]
Serving to expel; having the power of driving
out or away.
2088
exquisite
Your monkish prohibitions and expurgalorious indexes.
Milton, On Def. of Uumb. Renionst.
In Study there must be an expulsive Virtue to shun all
that is erroneous. Howell, Letters, I. v. 9.
expulsiveness (eks-pul'siv-nes), n. The expul- expurgatory (eks-per'ga-to-ri), a. [= F. ex-
sive fiicultv. JSailcy, 1727. purgatoire = Sp. Pg. expurgatorio = It. espur-
expunctiori (eks-pungk'shon), n. [< LL. expunc- gatorio, < NL. expurgatorius, < L. expurgate, pp.
tio{n-) (only in derived sense of 'execution, per- expurgatus, purge : see expurgate.] Serving to
formauce'), < L- expunqere, pp. expunctus, ex- purify from anything obnoxious, offensive, or
punge : see expungeT] 'fhe act of expunging or erroneous.
erasing; removal by erasure ; a blotting out or Herein there surely wants eajjmri/afory animadversions,
leavine out fKare.! whereby we might strike out great numbers of hidden
° ■ qualities. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 7.
The consonant in the middle of the words being chiefly -to,,-™*.— ,_d„ g„„ ,-,^.,
that fixed upon for expunction. Expurgaiory maex. bee inaex.
iio8roe,tr. of Sismondi's Lit. South of Europe, xxxvi., note. expUTget (eks-perj'), V. t. [< OF. expurger, <
L. cxjiurgare, purge : see expurgate.] To purge
away ; cleanse by purging.
The Council of Trent and the Spanish Inquisition, in-
gendering together, brought forth or perfected tnose cat-
alogues and expurging indexes that rake through the en-
trails of many an old good author. Milton, Areopagitica.
exquiret (eks-kwir'), v. t. [= OF. esquerre, ex-
querre, < L. exquirere, rarely exquairere, search
out, seek for, ask, inquire, < ex, out, + qucerere,
ask : see query, and cf . acquire, inquire, require.']
To search into or out.
expunge (eks-punj'), V. t.; pret. and pp. ex-
punged, ppr. expunging. [= Sp. Pg. expungir
= It. cspungere, < L. expungere, prick out, ex-
punge, settle an account, execute, < ex, out, +
pungere, prick, pierce : see pungent, poin t.] 1 .
To mark or blot outj as with a pen ; rub out ;
erase, as words ; obliterate.
God made none to be damned, . . . though some would
expunge out of our Litany that rogation, that petition.
That thou wouldst have mercy upon all men.
Donne, Sermons, vii.
2. Figuratively, to efface; strike out or wipe
out; destroy; annihilate.
Wilt thou not to a broken heart dispense
The balm of mercy, and expunge th' offence?
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 13.
The Expunging Eesolutlon, in U. S. hint., specifically,
a resolution adopted by the Senate in 18S7 to expunge from
its journal a resolution passed by it in 1834 censuring
President Jackson. = Syn. Erase, Cancel, etc. See efface.
expunger (eks-pun'j6r),w. One who expunges; . .^ , , „ . .^s
specifically, in U. S. hist, one of those senators exquisite (eks kwi-zit), a. and m
Make her name her conceal'd messenger,
That passeth all our studies to exquire.
Chapman, Bussy d'Amboia, iv. 1.
This ring was sent me from the Queen ;
How she came by it, yet is not exquir'd.
Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, iv. 3.
Cart
Thy years determine like the age of man.
That thou shouldst my delinquencies exquire
And with variety of fortunes tire?
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 16.
[< ME. ex-
who in 1837 were in favor of expunging from
the journal of the Senate a resolution passed
by it in 1834 censuring President Jackson.
The expungers had the numbers; but the talent, the
eloquence, the moral power, '* not an unequal match for
numbers," were arrayed against them.
N. Sargent, Public Men, I. 339.
expurgate (eks-p6r'gat or eks'per-gat), v. t. ;
pret. and pp. expurgated, ppr. expurgating. [<
L. expurgatus, pp. of expurgare (> It. espurgare,
spurgare == Sp. Pg. expurgar = Pr. espurgar,
espurjar = F. expurger), purge, cleanse, purify,
< ex, out, + ptcrgare, purge, cleanse : aee purge.]
To purge; cleanse; remove anything obnox-
ious, offensive, or erroneous from ; specifically,
to free from what is objectionable on moral or
religious grounds: as, to expurgate a book; an
expurgated edition of Shakspere.
He [Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury] shocked the
prejudices of the vulgar by expurgating from the English
calendar names of saints dear to the natives, but not ac-
credited on the continent. Stilli, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 228.
expurgation (eks-per-ga'shon), n. [< ME. ex-
purgacion = OP. espurgadon, P. expurgation =
Sp. expurgacion = Pg. expurga^Uo = It. espur-
gazione, spurgazione, < L. expurgatio{n-), < ex-
jmrgare, purge: see exjmrgate.] 1. The act
of purging or cleansing, or the state of being
purged or cleansed; a cleansing; purification
from anything obnoxious, offensive, or errone-
ous ; specifically, the removal, as in an edition
of a book, of what is offensive from the point
of view of morals or religion.
Thaire [bees'] dwellyng places expuifygadon
Of every filthe aboute Aprill Calende
SVol have of right ther Wynter hath it shende.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 138.
This work will ask as many more officials to make ex-
purgatio7i8 and expunctionsf that the commonwealth of
learning be not damnified. Milton.
All the intestines . . . serve for expurgation.
Wiseman, Surgery.
2t. In astron.ffhe emerging of the sun or moon
from eclipse, beginning with the cessation of
the total or annular phase (or with the middle
of the eclipse if this is partial) and ending with
the cessation of the partial phase. See eclipse.
expurgator (eks'p6r-ga-tor), n. [= Pg. expur-
gador = It. espurgatore, <! NL. expurgator, < L.
expurgare, pvnge: see expurgate.] One who ex-
purgates or purifies; specifically, one who ex-
purgates a book.
Henricus Boxhornius was one of the principal expurga-
tors. Jenkins, Hist. Ex. of Councils, p. 6.
e^purgatorial (eks-pfer-ga-to'ri-al), a. [< ex-
purgatory + -al.] Expurgating or expunging;
expurgatory.
Himself he exculpated by a solemn expurgatorial oath.
Milman, Latin Christianity, v. 2.
expurgatorious (eks-p6r-ga-t6'ri-us), a. [<
NL. expurgatorius : see expurgatory.] Same as
expurgatory. [Bare.]
quisite = Sp. Pg. exquisito = It. esquisito (cf.
F. exquis), < L. exquisitus, choice, excellent, ex-
quisite, pp. of exquirere, search out, seek out :
see exquire.] I. a. 1. Exceedingly choice, ele-
gant, fine, or dainty ; very delightful, especial-
ly from delicacy of beauty or perfection of any
kind : as, a vase of exquisite workmanship ; an
exquisite miniature ; exquisite lace.
I would fain invent some strange and exquisite new fash-
ions. Fletcher {and another). Fair Maid of the Inn, iv. 2.
Not a square inch of the surface — floor, roof, walls, cu-
pola— is free from exquisite gemmed work of precious
marbles. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 169.
2. Very accurate, delicate, or nice in action or
function; especially, of keen or delicate percep-
tion or discrimination ; delicately discriminat-
ing : as, exquisite taste, etc.
The largeness of their [learned men's] mind can hardly
confine itself to dwell in the exquisite observation or ex-
amination of the nature and customs of one person.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 33.
Hauing before gathered out of the whole bodie of their
Law an hundred most exquisite questions.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 259.
By exquisite reasons and theorems almost mathemati-
cally demonstrative. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 16.
3. Giving or susceptible of pleasure or pain in
the highest degree ; intense; keen; poignant:
as, exquisite joy or torture; an exquisite sensi-
bility.
It will he rare, rare, rare !
An exquisite revenge ! but peace, no words!
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, L 2.
Some grief must break my heart, I am ambitious
It should be exquisite.
Fletcher (and Massingerl), Lovers' Progress, iv. 3.
But [among the Turks] the man-slayer is delivered to
the kindred or friends of the slain, to be by them put to
death with all exqiiisite torture. SaiiAys, Travailes, p. 45.
The most exquisite of human satisfactions flows from an
approving conscience. J. M. Mason.
4t. Curious; careful.
Be not ovev-exquisite
To cast the fashion of uncertain evils.
Milton, Comns, 1. 359.
5. Skilful; cunning; consummate.
There are of ua can be as exquisite traitors
As e'er a male-conapirator of you all.
B. Jonson, Catiline, Iv. 5.
His [Marlborough's] former treason, thoroughly furnish-
ed with all that makes infamy exquixite, placed him un-
der the disadvantage which attends every artist from the
time that he produces a masterpiece.
Macautay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
6t. Recondite; deep. Sir T. Elyot, The 6ov-
emour, i. 10.=:Syn. 1. Delicate, matchless, perfect—
2. Discriminating, reflned.— 3. Acute, intense.
II, n. A superfine gentleman; a dandy; a
fop ; a coxcomb.
O rare specimen of a race fast decaying! specimen of
the true fine gentleman, ere the word dandy was known,
and before exquisite became a noun substantive. Bulwer.
Padding out a sentence with useless epithets, till it be-
came as stiff aa the bust of an exquisite.
Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.
exquisite
His contemporaries sooii found out that he (the Earl of
PeterboroughJ was something more than an ej:ijuisile of
the first order, who had served a campaign or two for fasli-
ion's salte, as others made the grand tour.
Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 189.
= Syn. Fop, Dandy, etc. See coxcomb.
exquisitely (eks'kwi-zit-li), adv. 1. In an ex-
quisite manner.
We were now arrived at Spring Garden, which is exqui-
ntely pleasant at this time of year.
AddUon, Sir Roger at Vauxhall.
(o) Elegantly ; daintily ; with great perfection : as, a worli
exquiiitely finished.
Her shape
From forehead down to foot, perfect — again
From foot to forehead exquisitely tum'd.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
(6) With nice perception or discrimination.
2089
We see more exquisitely with one eye shut.
Bacon, Nat Hist
(c) With intense or keen feeling, or susceptibility of feel-
mg : as, to feel pain exquintely.
She Is so exquisitely restless and peevish, that she quar-
rels with aU about her. Steele, Spectator, No. 427.
Every one of Spenser's senses was as exquisitely alive
to the impressions of material as every organ of Us soul
was to those of spiritual beauty.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 169.
To feel widely and at the same time to feel exquisitely
is an exceptional gift Contemporary Bev., XIXX. 712.
2t. With particularity.
Also there shalbe one lawier who . . . shall sett downe
•nd teache exquisitely the office of a justice of peace and
sherilfe, not modling with plees or cunning poinctes of the
law. Sir U. Oilbert, Queene EUzabethes Acbademy
KE. E. T. S., extra ser.), t 7.
exquisiteness (eks'kwi-zit-nes), n. The quality
of bciuf,' t'X(iuisite. (a) Nicety; exactness; elegance;
iiuish ; perfection : as, ej^uisitenem of workmanship.
Separated from others, first in cleanenesse of life ; sec-
ondly, in dignitie ; thirdly, in regard of the exouisitenai
of those observations whereto they were separated.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, II. viiL | s.
To make beautiful conceptions Immortal by exquisite-
neu of phrase is to be a poet, no doubt
Lowell, .Study Windows, p. 211.
(6) Nicety of perception or discrimination, (e) Keenness ;
sharpneu; extremity : as, ezquisitmess of pain or grief.
Christ suffered only the exquisiteruet and heights of
pain, without any of those mitigations which God Is pleased
to temper and allay it with, as befalls other men.
SoutA, Works, III. Ix.
exquisitism (eks'kwi-zi-tizra), ». [< exquisite
+ -wm.] The state, quality, or character of
an exquisite; coxcombry; dandyism; foppish-
ness. [Rare.]
exquisitive (eks-kwiz'i-tiv), a. [< L. exquisi-
tu.i, pp. of exquirere, search out (see exquire, ex-
quL^iti), + -(•(•«.] Curious; eager to discover;
particular. [Bare.]
exquisitirelyt (ek»-kwiz'i-tiv-li), adv. Curi-
ously; minutely.
To a man that had never seen an elephant, or a rhinoce-
ros, who should tell him most exquisilicely all their shape
colour, bigness, and particular marks.
Sir /'. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
exjuisitivenesst (eks-kwiz'i-tiv-nes), n.
Wrongly u.st'<l for exquisiteness.
U this specimen of Slawkenlwrglus's tales, and the ex-
ouitUiBeneu of his moral, should please the world, trans-
lated shall a couple of volumes be.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, lit 118.
exscind (ek-sind'), V. t. [< L. exscindere, cut
out, tear out, extirpate, < ex, out, + scindere,
cut, tear, rend, or break asunder.] To cut oflf ;
cut out.
Eusebius had mentioned seven Epistles, but Ussher —
deceived by a mistake on the part of St. Jerome— ex-
semded the Epistle to Polycarp, and condemned it as
spurious. Quarterly Jiev., CLXII. 478.
exscinded (ek-sin'ded), p. a. In entotn., ending
suddenly in an angular notch.
exscribet (eks-krib'), V. t. [< L. exscribere,
write out, copy, < ex, out, + scribere, write:
see serifie.] To copy ; transcribe.
His proof is from a passage in the Misnah, which Mai-
monides has also exscrihed. Hooker.
I that have been a lover, and could shew it
Though not in these, in rhymes not wholly dumb,
Since I exscribe your sonnets, and Iwcome
A better lover and much better poet
B. Jonnon, Underwoods, ilvii.
I have now put into my Lord of Bath and Wells' hands
the sermon faithfully exscribed. Donne, Letters, Ixxv.
exscriptf (eks-kripf), n. [< L. exscriptum, neut.
of exscriptus, pp. of exscribere: see exscribe.2
A copy; a transcript.
Ah, miglit it please Thy dread Exuperance
To write th' excript thereof in humble hearts !
Davies, Holy Boode, p. 13.
exsculptate (eka-kulp'tat), a. [< L. exsculptus,
pp. of exsetdpere, carve out (< ex, out, + scul-
pere, carve), -I- -«fei.] In entom., said of a sur-
face covered with irregular and varying lon-
gitudinal depressions, so that it appears like
carved work.
exsculption (eks-kulp'shon), n. [< LL. exsculp-
Ho(«-), a carving out : seeexsculptate.'i The act
of car\-ing or cutting out; excision of a hard
material so as to form a cavity.
[This word signifies] the maimer by which that excava-
tion [of Christ's tomb] was performed, by incision or ex-
tculption. Bp. Pearson, On the Creed, p. 396, note.
exscntellate (ek-sku'tel-at), a. [< L. ex- priv.
+ NL. scutcllum + -afel.] Same as es'^utellate.
exsect (ek-sekf), v. t. [Formerly also exect;
< L. exsectus, pp. of exsecare, execare, exicare,
cut out or away, < ex, out, + secare, cut : see
section.'^ To cut out ; cut away.
In this case, also, there is a descending lethal process
of the same form as in the exsected nerve — that U, with
an initial rise and a sulwequent fall and entire loss of ir-
riUbility. BucKs Handbook o/ Med. Sciences, V. 142.
exsection (ek-sek'shon), n. [Formerly also ex-
ection ; < L. exsectio(n-), < exsecare, pp. exsectus,
cut out: see exsect.'] A cutting out or away.
Sometimes also they (frogsl would nimbly leap first out
Mtae vessel, and then about the room, surviving the ex-
metion of their hearts, some about an hour, and soma
longer. Boyle, Works, II. ae.
exserted, exsert (ek-sAr'ted, -sirt'), a. [Also
badly written ejrerf, exerted; < L. exsertus, t&ust
out, pp. of exserere, exerere, stretch out, thrust
out, etc.: see exert.'] Protruded; projecting
from a cavity or sheath ; projecting beyond the
surrounding parts: as, stamens cx«er<; exserted
organs in an animal, etc. : opposed to included.
A small portion of the basal edge of the sheU exserted.
Barnes.
exsanguinate (ek-sang'gwi-nat), ». t. ; pret. and
pp. exsanguinated, ppr. exsanguinating. [< L.
acsangmnatus, deprived of blood, bloodless, as
if pp. of 'exsanguinare, < ex- priv. ■¥ sanguinare,
be bloody.] To render bloodless.
exsanguine (fk-sang'gwin), a. [< ex- priv. +
sanguine, after L. exmnguis, bloodless, < ex-
pnv. + sanguis, blood.] Bloodless.
Such versicles, exsanguine and pithless, yield neither
pleasure nor profit Lamb, To Barton.
exsanguined (ek-sang'ewind), a. [< exsan-
gmne + -<,f-'.] Drained of blood; bloodless;
t^'t' P*'° "'' '"^' •*' '"sanguined Ups or
exsanguineons (ek-sang-gwin'f-tu), a. [Aa ex-
sii,i;iin,„ + -i-ous.] Same as exsanguinous.
exsanguinity (ek-«»ng-gwin'i-ti), n. [< exsan-
guine + -tty.] In pathol., defleiency of blood;
anemia.
exsanguinons (ek-sang'gwi-nus), a. [As ex-
«/„,/«"« + -OHs.'] Destitute of or deficient in
lilood, an an animal; anemic. Also exsanquin-
fllllS.
exsangnioust (ek-sang'gwi-us), a. [< L. exsan-
gius, bloodless (see exsanguine), + -ous.] Ex-
sanguinons.
.t^*_5?°"^'<** (insects! alone . . . cannot be fewer
Hiaa aooo species, perhaps many more.
Bay, Works of Creation, L
The exserted stigma of the long-styled form Woeeoeup-
seium] stands a lltUe atove the level of the exserted an-
thers of the short-styled fonn.
Darwin, Dilferent Forms of Flowers, p. 1S3,
Exserted aculetu, stlnc, or ovipositor, in enfom., an
aculeiis. etc., that cannot be withdrawn within the body.
--Exserted head, in entom., a head entirely free from
the thorax, as in most Dlptera and llymermptera.
exsertlle (ek-str'til), a. [< exsert + -ito.] Ca-
Iiiii)lf of being protruded; protrusile.
exsertion (ek-8*r'shon), H. [< exsert + -ion.
Cf . exertion.] The state or quality of being ex-
serted.
Tlie degree of exsertion of the spire. T. Gill.
exsiccant (ek-sik'ant), a. and n. [Also written
exiccant; < L. exgiccanU-)s, ppr. of exsiccare, dry
up: see exsiccate.] I. a. Drying; removing
moisture ; having the property of drying.
If it be dry bare, you must apply next to it some dry or
exsueaiU medicine. Wiseman, Surgery, vi. 5.
H. n. In med., a drug having drying proper-
Some are moderately moist, and require to be treated
with medicines of the like nature, such as fieshy parts •
others, dry in themselves, yet require exsiccanU, as bones.
Wiseman, Surgery, vi. 5.
exsiccatx, exsiccati (ek-si-ka'te, -ti), «. pi.
[NL., f. (m. plantte) and m. (ac. fungi, etc.) of
L. exsiceatus, pp. of ersicrare, dry up: see exsic-
cate.] In bot., dried specimens oiT plants, es-
pecially specimens issued in uniform numbered
sets for herbariums, cryptogams, as fungi and ilg^
exsufflate
are frequently distributed by hundreds (centuries), each
hundred or century constituting a volume in the series
exsiccate (ek-sik'at or ek'si-kat), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. exsiccated, ppr. exsiccating. [Also writ-
ten cxiccate; < L. exsiceatus, exiccatus, pp. of ex-
siccare, exiccare, dry up, make quite dry, < ex
+ siccare, make dry, < siccus, dry; cf. desiccate.]
To dry; remove moisture from by evaporation
or absorption.
Great heats apd droughts exsiccate and waste the moist-
ure .. . of the earth. Mortimer, Husbandry.
exsiccati, n. pi. See exsiccatm.
exsiccation (ek-si-ka'shon), n. [Also written
exiccation; = F. exsiccation = Pr. exsicatio =
Pg. exsiccaqSo = It. essiccazione. < LL. exsicca-
tio(n-), a drying up, < L. exsiccare, pp. exsicea-
tus: see exsiccate.] The act or operation of
drying; evaporation of moisture ; desiccation;
dryness.
That which is concreted by exsiccation or expression of
humidity will be resolved by huniectation, as eaith, dirt
and clay. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1.
An universal drought and exsiccation of the earth.
Bentley, Sermons, iv.
Had the exsiccation been progressive, such as we may
suppose to have been produced by an evaporating heat
how came it to stop at the point at whicli we see it?
Paley, Nat Theol., xxii.
exsiccatlve (ek-sik'a-tiv), a. and n. [= Pg.
exsjccafifo =It. essiccativo ; as exsiccate + -ive.]
I. a. Tending to make dry; having the power
of drying.
n. n. A medicine or preparation having
drying properties.
It is one of the ingredients also to those emplastres
which are devised for gentle refrigeratives and exticca-
'"■'■''• Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxiv. 13.
exsiccator (ek'si-ka-tor), «. [= it. essiccatore,
< NL. 'exsiccator, < L. exsiccare, dry up: see ex-
siccate.] 1. An arrangement for drying moist
substances, generally consisting of an apart-
ment through which heated air passes, and
which may also contain sulphuric acid, quick-
lime, or other absorbents. — 2. In chem., a ves-
sel having a tightly fitting cover and contain-
ing strong sulphuric acid or other absorbent of
moisture, in which chemical preparations are
dried, or crucibles, etc., are allowed to cool be-
fore weighing. Also defecator.
exspuition (ek-spu-ish'on), n. [= F. exspuition,
< L. exspuitioin-), expuitio{n-), a spitting out, <
exspucre, spit out, < ex, out, -I- sjmere = E. spew.]
A discharge of saliva by spitting; the act of
spitting. Also spelled exjiuition. [Rare.]
eXSpntory(ek-spu't«-ri), a. [< L. exsjmtus, ex-
putus, pp. of exspucre, expuere, spit out (see
exspuition), + -ory.] Spit out or rejected.
[Rare.]
I cannot Immediately recollect the exsputory lines.
Ctneper.
exstipnlate (ek-stip'u-lat), a. [< ex- priv. +
sti)itilate, a.] In 6of.,' having no stipules.
exstrophy (eks'tro-fi), n. [Irreg. for 'ecstrophy,
< Gr. eaaTfKxp^, dislocation, lit. a turning out, <
CKorpi^iv, turn out, turn inside out, < ck, out, +
(Trpf^/v,tum: see»fro;)Ae.] In ;)afAo?., a turning
inside out of a part ; specifically, a congenital
malformation of the bladder.
exstructiont, ». [< L. exstrtictio(n-), a building
up, erection, < exstruere, pp. exstructus, build
up, < ex, out, + struere, build ; cf . construct, dc-
struct, destroy. The sense here given is im-
ported from destruction.] Destruction. Hey-
trood.
exsnccous (ek-suk'us), a. [Also written exuc-
cous; < L. exsuccus, prop, exsucus, juiceless, sap-
less, < ex- priv. -f- succus, prop, siicus, juice, sap.]
Destitute of juice or sap ; dry.
exsuction (ek-suk'shon), n. [< L. exsuctus, pp.
of cxsugere, suck out, < ex, out, + sugere, suck:
see suck.] The act of sucking out. Boyle.
exsndation, n. See exudation.
exsufflate (ek-suf'lat), v. t. ; pret. andpp.ex«u/-
ftated, ppr. cxsiifflatiiig. [< LL. exsufflatus, ex-
ufflatus, pp. of cxsufflarc, exufflare, blow away,
eccles. blow at or upon a person or thing, esp.
as a charm against the devil, < L. ex, out, -f-
suMare, blow upon, blow at,< sub, under, -(-/are
= E. fttoiol.] Eccles., to exorcise, drive away, or
remove by blowing, in the eariy church, a catechu-
men before baptism was commanded to turn to the west
and thrice exsujllate Satan.
The exorcising such a demon is practised by white men
as a religious rite, even incliidiiig the act of exxufflalirui it,
or blowlnit it away, which our .Mojnve Indian iliiistrated
Ijy the gesture of blowing away an imaginary spirit, and
which Is well known as forming n part of the religious rites
of both the Greek and Koniuii Clnirch.
VS. B. Tylor, Science, IV. 647.
exsufflation
exsnfflation (ek-suf-la'shon), n. [< OF. exsuf-
flation, < ML. ej:sufllatio(>i-), the form of exsuf-
flatiug the devil, < LL. exsufflare, exsufflate:
see ex^ufflate.^ It. A blowing or blast.
Of volatility the . . . next [degree] is when it will fly
upwards over the helni, by a kind of ex^tijlatian, without
vapouring. Bacon, Physiological Remains.
2. A kind of exorcism, performed by blowing
at the evil spirit. See exsufflate.
That wondrous number of ceremonies in exorcism, ez-
tufiation, use of salt, spittle, inunction, &c., in the Church
of Kome required.
T. Puller, Moderation of Church of Eng., p. 282.
exsnfflet, •'• *• [< OF. exsuffier, < LL. exsufflare,
blow away, blow at or upon by way of exorcism :
see exsufflate.'] To exsufflate.
At Easter and Whitsontide . . . they which were to be
baptized were attired in white garments, exorcised, and
extufied, with sundrie ceremonies, which I leave to the
learned in Christian antiquities.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 768.
exsufElicatet (ek-siif 'li-kat), a. [A blunder, or
deliberate extension for the sake of the meter
(cf. Shakspere's intrinsecate, a similar false
form), for exsufflate, a., < LL. exsufflatus, pp. of
exsufflare, blow away, blow at or upon : see ex-
sufflate, t'.] A word of uncertain meaning (see
etymology) used by Shakspere in the following
passage, explained as meaning either 'blown
away, exorcised' — that is, 'renounced, reject-
ed as evil' — or 'puffed out, exaggerated':
"When I shall turn the business of my soul
To such exsu^icate and blow'd surmises.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
ezsuperablet (ek-sii'pe-ra-bl), a. [Also spelled
exuperablc ; < L. exsuperdbilis, exuperabilis, that
may be overcome, < exsuperare, exuperare, over-
come: see exsuperate.'] Capable of being exsu-
perated.
exsuperancet (ek-sii'pe-rans), «. [Also spelled
exuperance ; < L. exsuperdntia, exuperantia, pre-
eminence, < exsuperan{t-)8, preeminent: see ei-
superant.'] A passing over or beyond; a sur-
passing; excess.
The exuperance of the density of A to water is 10 degrees,
but the exujterance of B to the same water is 100 degrees.
Sir K. Digby, Of Bodies, x.
exsuperantt (ek-sii'pe-rant), a. [Also spelled
exuperant; < L. exsuperan{t-)s, exuperan(t-)s,
surpassing, preeminent, ppr. of exsuperare, exu-
perare, surpass: see exsuperate.] Passing over
or beyond ; surpassing.
exsuperatet (ek-sii'pe-rat), V. t. [Also spelled
exuperate ; < L. exsuperatus, exuperatus, pp. of
exsuperare, exuperare, mount up, appear above,
tr. surmount, surpass, exceed, < ex, out, + su-
perare, rise above, surmount, surpass, < super,
above: see super-.] To pass over or beyond;
surpass ; exceed ; surmount.
exsurgent (ek-s6r'jent), a. [Also spelled ex-
urgent; < L. exsurgen(t-)s, exurgen(t-)s, ppr. of
exsurgere, exurgere, rise up, < ex, out, + surgere,
rise: see surge and source. Cf. insurgent, re-
surgent.] Rising up.
exsuscitatet (ek-sus'i-tat), ». t. [Also spelled
exuscitate; < L. exsuscitatus, pp. of exsusdtare,
arouse from sleep, awaken, stir, excite, < ex,
out, + suscitare, lift up, raise, elevate, excite,
< sub, under, -I- citare, move, rouse, excite, call,
cite : see cite, excite. Cf . resuscitate.] To rouse ;
excite.
exsuscitationt (ek-sus-i-ta'shon), ». [Also
spelled cxuscitation ; < L. exsuscitatio(n-), <
exsusdtare, arouse: see exsusdtate.] A rous-
ing or exciting.
Virtue is not a thing that is merely acquired and trans-
fused into us from without, but rather an exsuscitation
... of those intellectual principles . . . which were es-
sentially engraven and sealed upon the soul at her first
creation. Hallywell, Excellency of Moral Virtue, p. 54.
extancet (eks'tans), n. [See extancy.] A stand-
ing out to view ; actual existence.
"Who [Godl hath in his intellect the ideal existences of
things and entities before their extances.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 25.
extancyt (eks'tan-si), TO. [Also extance; < L.
extantia, exstaniia, a standing out, prominence,
< extan(t-)s, exstan{t-)s, ppr. of extare, exstare,
stand out, etc.: see extant.] 1. The state of
standing out or being manifest or conspicuous.
— 2. A part rising above the rest.
And then it is odds but the order of the little extaneiet,
and consequently that of the little depressions in point of
situation, will be altered likewise. Boyle, Vforka, I. 687.
extant (eks'tant or eks-tant'), a. [= F. extant
(OF. estant = Sp. Pg. estante, extant, existing,
being in part from the simple L. stan{t-)s, ppr.),
< L. extan{t-)s, exstan{t-)s, ppr. of extare, exstare,
2090
stand out, stand forth, be visible, appear, exist,
be, < ex, out, -t- stare, stand : see stand. Cf. con-
stant, instant, resiant.] It. Standing out or
above any surface ; protruding.
That part of the teeth which is extant above the gums.
May.
If a body have part of it extant and part of It immersed
in lluid, then so much of the fluid as is equal in bulk to
the immersed part shall be equal in gravity to the whole.
Benttey.
2. Conspicuous; manifest; evident; publicly
known. [Obsolete or archaic]
'Tis extant, that which we call comedia was at first no-
thing but a simple continued song. B. Jonson.
This glory of God, consisting in making Himself extant
to His creatures, began with creation, when the morning
stars sang together.
H. B. Smith, System of Theology, p. 188.
3. Now being; now subsisting ; still existing;
not destroyed or lost : as, the extant works of
the Greek philosophers.
His [Athelstan's] Laws are extant among the Laws of
other Saxon Kings to this day. Milton, Hist Eng., v.
I do not know that there is to this Day extant in our
Language one Ode contriv'd after his Model.
Congreve, Discourse on the Pindaric Ode.
His despatches form one of the most amusing and in-
structive collections extant. Macaulay, Machiavelli.
extasyt, extatict- See ecstasy, ecstatic.
extemporalt (eks-tem'po-ral), a. [= Sp. extem-
poral = It. estemporale, <' It" extemporalis, on the
spur of the moment, extempore, < extempore:
see extempore.] Extemporary; extemporane-
ous.
Many foolish things fall from wise men, if they apeak
in haste or be extemporal. B. Jonson, Discoveries.
Demades (that passed Demosthenes
For all extemporal orations).
Chapman, Kevenge of Bussy d'Ambois, iii. 1.
extemporalityt (eks-tem-po-ral'i-ti), n. [< ex-
temporal + -ity.] A promptness or readiness
to speak without premeditation or study. Bai-
ley, 1727.
extemporallyt (eks-tem'po-ral-i), adv. With-
out premeditation ; extemporaneously.
The quick comedians
Extemporalty will stage us, and present
Our Alexandrian revels. Shak., A. and C, v. 2.
extemporaneant (eks-tem-po-ra'ne-an), a.
Same as extemporaneous.
And for those other faults of barbarisme, Dorick dialect,
extemporanean stile, tautologies, apish imitation, etc.
Burton, Democritus to the Reader, p. 9.
extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne-us), a. [=
Sp. extempordneo = It. estemporaneo, < L. as if
* extemporaneus, equiv. to extemporalis : see ex-
temporal.] Made, done, furnished, or procured
at the time, without special preparation; re-
sulting from or provided for the immediate oc-
casion; unpremeditated: as, a,n extemporaneous
address or performance; extemporaneous sup-
port or shelter.
The extemporaneous effusions of the glowing bard seem
naturally to have fallen into this measure, and it was
probably more easily suited to the voice or harp.
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, I. i.
Extemporaneous prayer, in the pulpit and out of it, is
full of language which needs constant watching lest it
should become effete. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 149.
= Syn. Extemporaneous, Unpremeditated. There is now
some disposition to apply extempore and extemporaneouJi
to that which is unpremeditated only In form. Extempo-
raneous speaking or preaching is, by this view, carefully
prepared in thought, arrangement, etc., only the choice
of words and phraseology being left to the inspiration of
the moment. Extemporary has not this sense. Unpre-
meditated is thus opposed to premeditated, and extempo-
raneous to written or recited.
It is only the form, like the occasion, that is extempo-
raneous.
H. W. Beecher, Yale Lect. on Preaching, Ist ser., p. 216.
My celestial patroness, who . . .
. . . dictates to me slumbering, or inspires
Easy my unpremeditated verse.
Milton, P. L., ix. 24.
extemporaneously (eks-tem-po-ra ' ne-us-li),
adv. In an extemporaneous manner ; without
preparation.
extemporaneousness (eks-tem -po-ra 'ne-us-
nes), n. The quality of being extemporaneous.
Extemporaneousness, again, a favorable circumstance to
impassioned eloquence, is death to Rhetoric.
De Quincey, Rhetoric.
extemporarily(eks-tem'po-ra-ri-li), adv. With-
out previous study or preparation.
To prevent those that are yet children to speak extem-
porarily is to give them occasion to talk extreani idly.
Plutarch, Morals (trans.), I. i. 19.
extemporary (eks-tem'po-ra-ri), a. [< L. as if
'extemporarius, equiv. to extemporalis: see ex-
temporal.] 1. Composed, performed, uttered.
extend
or applied without previous study or prepara-
tion: as, an extemporary sermon.
I believe they have an extemporary knowledge, and upon
the first motion of their reason do what we cannot with-
out study or deliberation.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 33.
2. Made or procured for the occasion or for the
present purpose ; extemporaneous.
A providence ministering to our natural necessities, by
an extemporary provision.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 183,1), I. 194.
Those who first planted here, finding so delicious a sit-
uation, were in haste to come to the enjoyment of it ; and
therefore nimbly set up those extemporary habitations.
Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 125.
= Syn. See extemporaneous.
extempore (eks-tem'po-re), adv., a., and n.
[Prop, an adv. phrase, L. ex tempore, on the spur
of the moment, forthwith, lit. out of the mo-
ment: ex, out of, from ; tempore, abl. of tempus,
time, point of time, moment: see temporal.]
1. adv. On the spur of the moment; without
previous study or preparation ; offhand : as, to
write or speak extempore.
Prithee sing a verse extemjKire in honour of it.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
He had, in a long and eloquent speech, delivered extern,
pore, confuted the accusation of his enemies.
Goldsmith, Hist. Eng., II. iii.
My resolution never again to make acquaintances ex.
tempore. T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, I. iv.
II. a. Extemporary; extemporaneous.
The body of the book is made up of mere tradition, and
as it were vehement enthusiastic extempore preaching.
Caiiyle.
= Syn. See extemporaneous.
III. n. Language uttered or written without
previous preparation. [Rare.]
God himself prescribed a set form of blessing the peo-
ple, appointing it to be done, not in the priest's extem-
pore, but in an established form of words.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 260.
extemporinesst (eks-tem'po-ri-nes), n. [< ex-
tempore, a., + -ness.] Extemporaneousness.
Bailey, 1727.
extemporization (eks-tem''''p6-ri-za'shon), n.
[< extemporize + -ation.] 1. T^he act of extem-
porizing; a speaking, performing, or contriv-
ing without premeditation, or with scanty prep-
aration or means. — 2. A musical performance,
either vocal or instrumental, improvised by the
performer.
Also spelled extemporisation.
extempoirize (eks-tem'po-riz), v.; pret. and pp.
extemporised, ppr. extemjporizing. [< extempore
+ -ize.] I. trans. 1. To make or provide for a
sudden and unexpected occasion; prepare in
haste with the means within one's reach: as,
to extemporize a speech or a dinner; to extem-
porize a couch or a shelter.
Pitt, of whom it was said that he could extemporize a
Queen's speech. Lord Campbell, Eldon.
The fraternization to be successful should not have
been extemporized in the heats of a strike.
The American, VI. 807.
Specifically — 2. To compose without premedi-
tation on a special occasion: as, he extempo-
rized a brilliant accompaniment.
H. intrans. 1. To speak extempore; speak
without previous study or preparation ; dis-
course without notes or ■written draft.
The extempoHziny faculty is never more out of its ele-
ment than in the pulpit. South, Works, II. iii.
Preachers are prone either to extemporize always, or to
write always. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 109.
2. To sing, or play on an instrument, compos-
ing the music as it proceeds ; improvise. See
improvise.— Extemporizing-machine, a machine for
recording an extemporaneous perfoi-niance on the organ
or piano, by means of mechanism connected with the key-
board. Several such machines have been invented, one
by the great mathematician Euler.
Also spelled extemporise.
extemporizer (eks-tem'po-ri-z^r), n. One who
extemporizes. Also spelled extemporiser.
extend (eks-tend'), V. [< ME. extenden, < OF.
extendre, estendre, F. etendre = Pr. estendre, ex-
tendre = Sp. Pg. extender = It. estendere, sten-
dere, < L. extendere, pp. extentus, later, and in
derivatives, extensus (cf. Gr. EKTeivciv: see ecta-
sis), stretch out, < ex, out, + tendere, pp. tentus,
stretch (cf . Gr. rtlveiv, stretch) : see tend^, ten-
sion. Cf. attend, contend, intend, pretend.] I.
trans. 1. To stretch out in any direction, or
in all directions ; carry forward or continue in
length or enlarge in area; expand or dilate:
as, to extend roads, limits, or bounds ; to extend
the territories of a kingdom ; to extend a metal
plate by hammering.
extend
The Vines . . . may the more eMend their branches in
length. Coryat, Crudities, I. 102.
Athens extended her citizenship over all Attica ; she ex-
tended her dominion over the greater part of the .ilgseau
coasts and islands, and over some points beyond.
E. A. Freeman, Anter. Lects., p. 315.
2. To place horizontally, at full length.
Her Father and Idfcus first appear,
Then Hectors Corps, extended on a Bier.
Congretie, Iliad.
3. To hold out or reach forth.
I extend my hand to him thus, quenching my familiar
smile with an austere regard of control. ShaJc.^T. >'., ii. 5.
Peace o'er the world her olive wand extejid.
Pope, Messiah, 1. 19.
And innocently extending her white arms,
" Your love," she said, "your love —to be your wife."
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
4. To make more comprehensive ; enlarge the
scope of; give a wider range to: as* to extend
the sphere of usefulness; to extend commerce;
to extend a treatise or a definition.
Few extend their thoughts towards universal know-
ledge. Locke.
The invention of the barometer enabled men to extend
the principles of mechanics to the atmosphere.
//. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 121.
5. To continue ; prolong: as, to extend the time
of payment ; to extend a leave of absence.
If I expend this sermon, if you extend your devotion, or
your patience, l>eyond the ordinary time, it is but a due
and a just celebration of the day. Donne, Sermons, vii.
With lenient arta extend a mothers breath,
Make languor smite, and smooth the bed of death.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 410.
6. To hold out as a grant or concession ; com-
municate; bestow; impart: as, to fx/enrf mercy
to an offender.
I will extend peace to her like a river. Isa. IxvL 12.
It is more grace than ever I could have hoped, bat that
it pleaseth your Udyahips to extend.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
7. To hold out in effort ; put forth the strength
or energy of: used reflexively. [Rare.] — 8t.
To take by seizure ; become seized of; pass by
seizin or right of possession.
Lablenus
(This is stirr news) hath, with his Parthian force,
&cUnded Asia. Shak., A. and C, L 2.
Bat when
This manor is extended to my use.
You'll speak In humbler key.
Mauinger, New Way to Pay Old Debts, t. 1.
9. In law, to make a seizure of; fasten a pro-
cess or grant upon, as lands under a writ of ex-
tent in satisfaction of a debt, or a writ of ex-
ecution to levy and value. — lOf. To magnify;
extol.
2d Gent. Yoa speak him far.
IH Gent. I do extend him, sir, within himself.
Shak., Cymbeline, 1. 1.
lit. To plant or set out.
In landea drie and hoote noo vyne extende.
Palladiut, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 6.
12t. To survey; measure the extent of. as land.
Robert of Br tin ne^—'Exteud.e^ compasa, harmony,
etc. See the nouns. — Extended letter, in printiiut, a
letter the face of which Is broatler relatively to the height
than Is usual. — To extend a deed, to make a fair copy of
a deed on paper, parchment, etc, for signature ; engross a
deed. [Scotch.)
n. intrans. To be stretched or drawn out;
be continued in length, or in all directions ; be
expanded; stretchout: as, the line cj/^»f/* from
comer to corner; the skin extends over nearly
the whole body ; his influence is gradually ex-
tending.
My goodness extendeth not to thee. Ps. xvL 2.
The commandment «r(''wf*M more over the wflls of men,
and not only over thi'ir deeds and services.
Bm'on, Advancement of Learning, I. 97.
It nsed to be thought that the eastern, the most inland
divlidon, was the elder, and that the city emended to the
west. B. A, Freeman, Venice, p. 162.
extendant (ek9-t«n'dant), a, [< OF. extendant,
e.Ht*ndant (P. i'tendant)^ ppr, of estendre^ < L.
cxtrnderej extend: see extend,'] Extending;
strpt<'hpd out; in her.^ same as dUtplayed.
extended (eks-ten'ded), p, a. 1. Having ex-
tent or extension; occupying space; dimen-
sional; spatial.
We perceive it fbody] as something different from our
perception, and we perceive It as having something not in
our perception ; we perceive it, in short, as extended.
McCoth, Berkeley, p. 67.
As soon as definite perception begins, the body as an ex-
tended thing is distinguished from other bodies, and such
organic senaatlona as can be localized at all are localized
within ft. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit, XX. 84.
2. In hor., same as d^playrd.
extendedly (eks-ten'ded-H), adv. In an ex-
teuijed manner; with extension.
2091
My lords ; being to speak unto your lordships, somewhat
more extendedly than what is my use, ... I find myself
obliged, etc. Parliamentary Hist., 12 Charles II., 1660.
extender (eks-ten'd^r), n. [< ME. extendour;
< extend + -erl.] 1. One who or that which ex-
tends or stretches.
Those muscles which are inserted into the thigh, ... as
the first extender. Gluteus major.
J. Smith, Solomon's Portraiture of Old Age, p. 65.
2t. A surveyor; one who appraises landed prop-
erty.
In his auhtend gere that William was regnand,
Extendours he sette forto extend the land,
Erldam & baronie how mykelle thei helde.
Robert of Brunne, p. 83.
extendibility (eks-ten-di-biri-ti),n. [< extend-
ible : see -biti ty. ] Capability of being extended ;
extensibility.
Fire is cause of extendibility.
Old Poem, in Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum, p. 58.
extendible (eks-ten'di-bl), a. [< extend + -ible.
Of. extensible.'} 1. Capable of being extended
or expanded ; extensible.
Warrants for vagrants are not extendible to knight-
errants ! Gayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 263.
2. In laWf capable of being taken by a writ of
extent and valued.
extendlesst (eks-tend'les), a. [< extend + -less.}
Extended without limit.
extendlessnesst (eks-tend'les-nes)^ n. Unlim-
ited extension.
Certain moleculse seminales must be supposed to make
up that defect, and to keep the world and its integrals
from an Infinitude and exteiutleMitiieKit of excursions every
moment Into new figures and antnuils.
Sir M. Hale, Grig, of Slankind, p. 10.
extenduret (elfs-ten'dur), n. [< extend + -wre.
Cf. extensure.} Extent,
Abridg'd the lai^ extendure of your grounds.
MiddUton, Anything for a Quiet Life, v. 2.
extense (eks-tens')» a. [= OF, extense^ estense,
< L. extensus^ pp. of extendere, extend: see ex-
tend,} Extended , [Rare . ]
Men and gods are too extense ;
Could you slacken and condense?
Emerson, Alphonso of Caatlle.
extensibility (eks-ten-si-bil'j-ti), n. [= F. ex-
teiufibiliti = Sp. extensihilidad = Pg. extensibili-
dade; as extensible + -ity.} The quality of be-
ing extensible : as, the extensibility of a fiber or
of a plate of metal.
The extensibility, and consequently the divisibleness, of
gold ia probably far more wonderful.
Bovle, Subtilty of Effluviums, it.
The articulation of the lower Jaw loses in strength, while
it gains in extensibility, as is seen In the development of
the line of the eels among fishes.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 335.
extensible (eks-ten'si-bl), a. [< F. extensible =
Sp. extensible = Pg. extensively < L. as if *€xten-
swiliSj < cxtenderCf pp. extentus, later extensus,
extend: f^ee extend, extense.} 1. Capable of be-
ing extended; admitting of being stretched in
length or breadth ; susceptible of enlargement
or expansion.
The lungs act like a iphygmoacope : they are dilated by
internal pressure until thetr resistance to further dilata-
tion la equal to the dilating fon-e. The less extensiltle they
are or become, the aooner will this limit lie reached.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 304.
2. In zool., capable of being thrust out ; exten-
sile ; protrusile.
The malleus. Iwlug fixed to an extensible membrane, fol-
lows the traction of the muscle, and is drawn inwanl.
, Holder.
extensibleness (eks-ten'si-bl-nes), n. Extensi-
bility.
extensile (eks-ten'sil), a, [< L. extensvs, pp. of
extenderej extend (see extend, extense), -r -He.}
In zool. and anat,, capable of being extended;
extensible ; protrusile ; adapted for stretching
out.
If we view the articulated moveable spines and the ex-
tensile and preiiensile tulves in the light of primitive forms
of locomotive extremities, we shall see in their gn-at num-
iH-rs and irrelative repetition an lllostration of the same
Ihw. Otpen, Anat., X.
extension (eks-ten'shon), n, [=: OF. extension,
estension, F. extension = 8p. extension = Pg. ex-
tens&o = It. estensione, < L. extensio(n-), a stretch-
ing out, extension, < extendere, pp. extentus, ex-
fen^tw, stretch out : see extertd,} 1. The act of
extending; a stretching or expanding, specifi-
cally—(<i) In sura., the act of pulling the broken part of
a limb in a direction from the tnmk. in ordertobrinic the
ends of the bone Into their natural situation, (h) In anat. :
<1) The protrusion of a part away from another part : as,
extension of the -tongue. (2) The straightening of a part,
M a limb. (3) llie action or function of any extensor nius-
extension-pedal
cle, whatever its effect. The continued action of a mus-
cle which straightens a limb may carry a part not only to
but beyond a right Hue, or, if the successive joints of a part
be already straight, may bend them. Thus, when the hand
is bent back at the wrist, or the end of the thumb is re-
curved, or the whole trunk of the body is thrown back from
the hips, the action or movement is literally fiexion ; but
it results from the action of muscles which in most posi-
tions of the parts tend to straighten or extend them, and
is termed extension. See abduction, adduction, Jiection.
2. The state of being extended; enlargement;
expansion; extent.
We entered a large and thick wood of palm-trees, whose
greatest extension seemed to be south by east.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 52.
3. In physics and metaph.y continuous quantity
of space ; also, that property of a body by which
it occupies a portion of space.
By this idea of solidity is the extension of body dis-
tinguished from the extension of space : the extension of
body being nothing but the cohesion or continuity of solid,
separable, movable parts ; and the extension of space the
continuity of unsolid, inseparable, and immovable parts.
. . . This space, considered barely in length between any
two beings, without considering anything else between
them, is called distance ; if considered in length, breadth,
and thickness, I think it may be called capacity. The
term extension is usually applied to it in what manner so-
ever considered. . . . There are some who would persuade
us that bo<ly and extension are the same thing. ... If
therefore they mean by body and extension the same that
other people do— viz., by body something that is solid and
extended, whose parts are separable and movable different
ways, and hy extension only the space that lies between
the extremities of those solid coherent parts, and which
is possessed by them — they confound very different ideas
with one another. . . . If any one ask me what this space
I speak of is, I will tell him when he tells me what his ex-
tension is. For to say, as is usually done, that extension
is to have partes extra partes, is to say only that extension
is extension : for what am I the better informed in the
nature of extension when I am told that extension is to
have parts that are extended exterior to parts that are ex-
tended? . . . To avoid confusion in discourses concerning
this matter, it were possibly to be wished that the name
extension were applied only to matter or the distance of
the extremities of particular bodies.
Locke, Unman Understanding, II. iv.-xiil.
Doubtless, Extension is the fundamental aspect of the
objective world as it offers itself to our apprehension. In
our everyday view of things, which psychology has to ren-
der account of, space has the same appearance of external
reality as the body that fills it ; and extension is the one
attribute that is common alike to bo<ly and to space.
G. C. Robertson, Mind, XIII. 420.
4. The character of having continuous quan-
tity of any kind, as length of time, weight, etc.
Rate not th' extension of the human mind
By the plebeian standard of mankind.
But by the size of those gigantic few
Whom Greece and Rome still offer to our view.
Jenyns, Immortal, of Soul.
6. In logic, the totality of subjects of which a
logical term is predicable. Logical extension is
generally understood to consist of individual objects, but
some logicians make it consist of species. The extension
is also called the supposita, the sttbjective parts, the ^x-
tem^qtuintity, the scope, Wxq denotation, and i\\ebreadih.
(See breadth.) It is contrasted with comprehension and
intention. Many logicians say that the greater the ex-
tension of a term, the less its comi>rehension — that Is,
the more subjects it can be predicated of, the fewer the
pre<licates that can be asserted of it universally. But
this statement takes no account of increase of knowledge.
6. A grant of further time in which to do some-
thing which has been set down for a particular
day. Specifically — (a) In teyal proceedings, a postpone-
ment, by agreement of the parties or act of the court, of
the time set for service at papers or for other acts, (b) In
com., a written engagement on the part of a creditor, al-
lowing a debtor further time to pay a debt; more espe-
cially, an agreement made between an embarrassed delitor
and his creditors, by which the latter agree to wait a fixed
time after their claims are due before demanding pay-
ment, in order to enable the former to meet his obliga-
tions. The agreement Is often effected by issuing notes
that mature at various times.
7. That by which something is extended or en-
larged ; particularly (in the United States), an
addition to a house, usually at the rear, and not
so high as the maiu building: as, a dining-room
extension. The tenn applies whether the extension is
part of the original bulUling or is a subseffuent addition.
— Dlffonn extension, the extension of .a heterogeneous
botly, such as a pudding stone. — Extension Of tltle^ in
law, in parts of the I'nited States acijuired from Mexico,
the <'ertiflcate of location usually issued by a local com-
missioner appointed for the purpose, to designate the psr-
ticular laud on which an original grant is to take effect. It
is a title of possession, and necessary to i>erfect the origi-
nal grant, which does not attach to any specified land. By
its issue the grant is said to be extended upon the land
designated. — Uniform extension, the extension of a
honio^(enron.i l)ody, such as a piece of gold.
extensional (eks-ten'shon-al), a. [< extension
+ -al.} Pertaining to or Having extension or
extent; existing in space.
You run upon these extensional phantasms, which I look
upon as contemptuously as upon the quick wrigglings up
and down of pismires. Dr. //. More, Divine Dialogues.
extension-pedal (eks-ten'shon-ped'al), w. In
the pianoforte, a pedal for raising the dampers
extension-pedal
and thus prolonging the tone;
edal.
the damper-
pedal, or loud pei
extension-table (eks-ten'shon-ta'bl), n. A
table the frame of which is capable of being
drawn out in length for the insertion of addi-
tional leaves on the top. Such tables are especially
used for dining-tables. There are several different me-
chanical contrivances used in their manufacture.
extensity (eks-ten'si-ti), n. [< L. extensus, pp.
otcjcteudere, extend (see exteme), + -ity; after
intensity.'] That kind or element of sensation
£rom wmch the perception of extension is de-
veloped. It is, according to some psychologists, an ele-
ment in most of our sensations, and is more or less in
amount, according to the greater or smaller uumber of
nerve-terminals excited. Other psychologists deny or
doubt the existence of any such special feeling.
In a given sensation, more particularly in our organic
sensations, we can distinguish three variations : viz., va-
riations of quality, of intensity, and of what Dr. Baiu has
called massiveness, or, as we will say, extensily.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 46.
Extensity is Mr. Ward's name ... for this primitive
quality of sensation, out of which our several perceptions
of extension grow. W. James, Mind, XII. 183, note.
extensive (eks-ten'siv), a. [= F. extensif —
Pr. extensiu = Sp. Pg. extensive = It. esteimvo,
siensifo, < LL. extensivus, < L. extensns, pp. of
extendere, extend : see extend.] It. That may-
be extended or spread out ; extensible.
But these two
Make the rest ductile, malleable, extensive.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 3.
Silver-beaters choose the finest coin, as that which is
most extensive under the hammer. Boyle.
2. Having considerable extent ; wide ; large ;
embracing a wide area or a great number of
objects ; diffusive : as, an extensive farm ; an
extensive sphere of operations ; extensive benev-
olence.
Op'ning the map of God's extensive plan.
We And a little isle, this lite of man.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 147.
3. Pertaining to or characterized by extension
in space or in any quantity ; having extent or
extension.
We do not first experience a succession of touches or
of retinal excitations by means of movements, and then,
when these impressions are simultaneously presented, re-
gard them as extensive because they are associated with
or symbolize the original series of movements ; but, be-
fore and apart from movement altogether, we experience
that massiveness or extensity of impressions in which
movements enable us to find positions, and also to mea-
sure. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit, XX. 63.
All our sensations are positively and inexplicably exten-
sive wholes. W. James, Mind, XII. 536.
4. Pertaining to logical extension — Extensive
completeness of a cognition, the perfection of extensive
distinctnts.s ; thoroughness.— Extensive distinctness,
the division of the logical extension of a term, in the ap-
prehension of it, into many coordinated marks. Thus, a
man who knows all the genera of a zoological or botanical
family may increase the extensive distinctness of his know-
ledge by learning all the species. — Extensive energy.
See en«r7v.— Extensive proposition, in tlie logic of Sir
William' Hamilton and his followers, a proposition whose
predicate is regarded as a whole under which the sub-
ject is contained.— Extensive quantity, (a) Continuous
quantity of space and time.
I call an extensive quantity that in which the represen-
tation of the whole is rendered possible by the represen
tation of its parts, and therefore necessarily preceded by -._-|..„_,,__i /•„i,« tpn'surl n
it. I cannot represent to myself a line, however small it eXtenSIiret (.eKS-ren sur;, tl
extenuate
pose of regulating the proportion of public sub-
sidies or taxes exigible from them, as well as
for ascertaining the amount of the casualties
due to the superior.
Item, that all schireHs be swome to the king or his dep-
utis, that thai sail lelely and treuly ger [cause] this extent
be fulflUit of all the landis and gudis.
Acts James I., 1424 (ed. 1814), p. 4.
Let my officers of such a nature
Make an extent upon his house and lands.
Shak., As you Like it, ill. 1.
(6) A peculiar remedy to recover debts of
record due to the crown, diilering from an
ordinary writ of execution at the suit of a
subject, in that under it the body, lands, and
goods of a debtor may be all taken at once,
in order to compel the payment of the debt.
It is not usual, however, to seize the body. (Wharton.)
Extents, or vrrits of extent, or writs of extendi facias, are
so called because directing the property to be appraised
at its full value (extent). They are issued at suit of the
crown (extents in chief), or at suit of a private creditor
who is himself indebted to the crown (extents in aid).
Extents have been used in some of the United States, by
which a judgment creditor could have the lands of the
debtor valued, and transferred to himself, absolutely or
for a term of years, instead of having them sold in satis-
faction of the debt.
A bond for £800 made by Lord Strange to plaintiff, and
an extent upon the lands of Ferdinand.
Becord Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, XI. 9.
4. Logical extension or breadth. — 5t. A vio-
lent attack. Wright.
Let thy fair wisdom, not thy passion, sway
In this uncivil and unjust extent
Against thy peace. Shak., T. N., iv. 1.
Alar extent. Scealar. = Syn. 1. Expanse, Extent; mag-
nitude, volume, stretch, compass. In zoology expanse and
extent are the same, as applied to the stretch of the wings,
or alar extent ; but usually expanse is said of insects' wings,
extent of birds'.
extentt (eks-tenf), a- [< L. extentus, pp. of ex-
tendere, extend: see extend.] Extended.
Both his handes . . .
Above the water were on high extent.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 61.
Our king with royal apparayle,
With swerd drawen bright and extent
For to chastise enimies violent.
Hakluyfs Voyages, I. 202.
digitirthes'pecialextensm-oftheltoeflnKer.-Extensor extent (eks-tenf), «. [< extent, n.,d.] I. trans.
OSBlsmetaoarpiPOlllciS, the extensor of the metacarpal '';?;';""^_.L„ . i i' „- „..^„,rf;^r, oc .
bone of the thumb ; a deep-seated muscle of the forearm,
extending the metacarpal bone of the thumb.— Extensor
patagii, in omith. See patagium.— Extensor primi lu-
temodli poUlcis, the extensor of the first joint of the
thumb ; a deep-seated muscle of the forearm, extending the
proximal phalanx of the thumb.— Extensor proprius
pollicls, the proper extensor of the great toe ; a longmuscle
of the front of the leg and dorsum of the foot, extending the
great toe. Also called extensor longiis pollicis and extenmr
halludn. See cut under m«srf«.— Extensor secimdi in-
temodii pollicls, the extensor of the second joint of the
thumb ; a deep-seated muscle of the forearm, extending
the terminal joint of the thumb. See ijuadriceps, triceps.
extensum (eks-ten'sum), n. [< L. extensum,
neut. of extensus, pp. of extendere, extend: see
extend, extense.] An extended body.
To suppose every soul to be but one physical minimum,
or smallest extensum, is to imply such an essential differ-
ence in matter or extension as that some of the points
thereof should be naturally devoid of all life, sense, and
understanding, and others again sensitive and rationaL
Cudworth, Intellectual System, v. § 3.
2092
One great cause of our insensibility to the goodness of
the Creator is the very extetisiveness of his bounty.
Paley, Nat. TlieoL, xxvi.
2t. The capacity of being extended; extensi-
bility.
Here, by the by, we take notice of the wonderful dilata-
bility or extensiveness of the throats and gullets of ser-
pents. Ray, Works of Creation, i.
3. Same as extensity. [Rare.]
Extensiveness, being an entirely peculiar kind of feeling,
indescribable except in terms of itself, and inseparable in
actual experience from some sensational quality which it
must accompany, can itself receive no other name than
that of sensational element. W. James, Mind, XII. 2.
extensometer (eks-ten-som'e-tfer), n. [Irreg.
< L. extensus, pp. of extendere, extend, + me-
trum, a measure.] An apparatus for measuring
minute degrees of expansion or contraction in
metal bars under the influence of temperature
or under strain. See expansion.
extensor (eks-ten'sor), n. ; pi. extensors, exten-
sores (eks-ten'sorz,"eks-ten-s6'rez). [= F. ex-
tenseur = Pg. "extensor = It. estensore, < LL.
extensor, lit. a stretcher (used of one who
stretches on the rack, a torturer), < L. extendere,
pp. extensus, stretch out : see extend.] In anat,
a muscle which serves to extend or straighten
any part of the body, as an arm or a finger :
opposed to flexor. See cut under muscle. —
Extensor brevls digltorum, the short extensor of the
toes ; a muscle of the dorsum of the foot, extending the
toes. Also called ftreiwxtemordiiiftfontm.-Extensor car-
pi radialis hre'rtor, the shorter radial wrist-extensor ;
the shorter one of two muscles on the radial aspect of the
forearm, extending the hand.— Extensor carpi radia-
lis longior, the longer radial wrist-extensor; the longer
one of two muscles upon the radial aspect of the forearm,
extending the hand.— Extensor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar
wrist-extensor ; a muscle upon the ulnar aspect of the fore-
arm, extending the hand,— Extensor coccygls, the ex-
tensor of the coccyx; a muscle, rudimentary in man, upon
the back of the coccyx, the termination of the general ex-
tensor system of the back : in many animals an important
muscle, lifting the tail.— Extensor commimis digito-
rum the common extensor muscle of the fingers, lying
upon' the back of the forearm and hand. See cut under
tntwcie.- Extensor indicis, the extensor of the forefinger ;
a deep-seated muscle of the back of the forearm and hand.
— Extensor longus digitorum, the long extensor of the
toes ; a muscle upon the front of the leg and dorsum of the
foot, extending the toes collectively.— Extensor minimi
may be, without drawing it in thought.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Miiller.
(6) Logical extension.
The external or extensive qtutntity of a concept is de-
termined by the greater or smaller number of classified
concepts or realities contained under it. Sir W. Hamilton.
Extensive sublimity, the possession of so great a mul- extent (eks-tenf), n.
titude of parts that thi
, he imagination sinks under the at-
tempt to represent the whole by an image, thus giving
rise to a peculiar emotion. = S3m. 2. Broad, comprehen-
sive, capacious, extended, spacious, roomy, ample,
extensively (eks-ten'siv-li), acZt). 1. With re-
gard to extension or extent.
By more complex efforts that are found to procure tac-
tile impressions (continuous or discrete, as the case may
be) — efforts not interpretable as movements till they
have done their part in the work of psychological construc-
tion — we distinguish this and that extensively within such
body, and the body as a whole in relation to our own bodily
frame. G. C. Robertson, Mind, XIII. 423.
2. In an extensive manner; widely; largely;
to a great extent: as, a story extensively circu-
lated.
Tia Impossible for any to pass a right judgement con-
cerning them, without entering into most of these cir-
cumsl^ncea, and surveying them extensively.
Watts, Improvement of Mind.
Like boys who are throwing the sun's rays into the eyes
of a mob by means of a mirror, you must shift your lights
and vibrate your reflexions at every possible angle, if you
would agitate the popular mind extensively.
De Quincey, Style, i.
extensiveness (eks- ten' siv-nes), ». 1. The
quality of being extensive.
^ ^^ [< L. extewstts, pp.
ot'exleiidere, extend "(see extense), + -ure. Cf.
extendure.] Extent; extension.
I spy'd a goodly tree.
Under the extensure of whose lordly arms
The small birds warbled their harmonious charms.
Drayton, The Owl.
, ^ ,^ [< ME. exte«fe, valuation,
OFJ extente, ex's'tente, fstente, estende, estande,
extent, extension ; in law (AF. extente, AL. ex-
tenta), survey, valuation; < L. extendere, pp.
extentus, extend, ML. (AL.), refl. se extendere,
extend itself, i. e., amount, be worth: see ex-
tend.] 1 . The space or degree to which a thing
is or may be extended; length; compass; bulk;
size ; limit : as, the extent of a line ; a great ex-
tent of country or of body ; the utmost extent of
one's ability.
The practice of burning was also of great antiquity,
and of no slender exterd. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, i.
The real measure of extent is not the area on the map,
but the means of communication.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 353.
The excuses of the appellants were to some extent a con-
fession of guilt. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 303.
2t. Communication; distribution; bestowal.
Was ever seen
An emperor in Rome thus overborne,
Troubled, confronted thus ; and, for the extent
Of egal justice, used in such contempt?
Shak., Tit. And., iv. 4.
3. In law: (a) Valuation; specifically, a census
or general valuation put upon lands, for the pur-
To assess; lay on or apportion, as an assess-
ment. [Now only Scotch.]
Plaintiffs estate in Lowton and Newton extented upon
judgments at the suit of defendant.
Record Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, XI. 41.
II. intrans. To be assessed; be rated for as-
sessment. [Scotch.]
extenuate (eks-ten'u-at), v. ; pret. and pp. ex-
tenuated, ppr. extenuating. [< L. extenuatus,
pp. of extenuare (> It. estenuare, stenuare = Sp.
Pg. Pr. extenuar = F. extenuer), make thin, re-
duce, diminish, lessen, weaken, < ex + tenuare,
make thin, < temiis, thin, = E. thin : see temiis
and thin.] I. trans. 1. To make thin, lean,
slender, or rare ; reduce in thickness or density ;
draw out; attenuate. [Now rare in this literal
sense.]
He the congealed vapours melts again
Extenuated into drops of rain.
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 53.
His body behind his head becomes broad, from which it
is again extenuated all the way to the tail.
y. Grew, Museum.
Nor were they less astonished at the appearance of the
pale, exteniMted [in some editions attenuated], half dead,
yet still lovely female, whom the queen upheld by main
strength with one hand. Scott, Kenilworth, xxxiv.
2. To make smaller in degree or appearance ;
make less blamable in fact or in estimation;
lower in importance or degree, as a fault or
crime; mitigate; palliate: opposed to aggra-
vate.
Speak of me as I am ; nothing extenuate.
Nor set down aught in malice.
Shak., Othello, v. 2.
Whatever little office he can do for you, he is so far from
magnifying it that he will labour to extenuate it in all his
actions and expressions. Steele, Spectator, No. 346.
I have no desire to extenuate guilt, or to break down the
distinction between virtue and vice.
Channino, Perfect Life, p. 78.
3. To detract from, as a person or thing; less-
en in honor, estimation, or importance. [Now
rare.]
Righteous are thy decrees on all thy works ;
Who can extenuate thee? .Milton, P. L., x. 644.
Christianity has never altogether denied, but only ex-
tenuated the claims of Art and Science.
J. R. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 121.
= Syn. 2. ^ee jxilliate.
n. intrans. To become thin or thinner or
more slender; be drawn out or attenuated.
[Rare.]
extenuate
The BQbtU dew in air begins to soar,
Spreads as site flies, and, weary of her name,
Extenuate* still, and changes into flame.
Dryden, Pythagorean Philos., 1. 379.
extennatef (eks-ten'u-at), a. [< L. extenuatus,
pp. : see the verb.] Thin ; slender.
The body slender, lank, and extenuate. Huioet.
extenuatingly (eks-ten'u-a-ting-li), adv. In an
extenuating manner; by way of ejctenuation.
extenuation (eks-ten-u-a'shon), ». [= F. ex-
tenuation = Sp. extenuacioH = Pg. extenua^&o =
It. estenuazione, < L. extenuatio(n-), a thinning,
lessening, diminution, < extenuare, make thin :
see extenuate.^ 1. The act of making thin ; the
Srocess of growing thin or lean ; the losing of
esh. [Bare.]
A third sort of marasnins is an extenuation of the body
caused through an immoderate heat and dryness of the
parts. Harvey, Consumptions.
2. The act of making less, or that which makes
less, in importance or degree ; a diminishing of
blame or guilt in fact or in estimation ; mitiga-
tion; palliation: as, his faults deserve no ex-
tenuation; a charitable purpose is no extenua-
tion of crime.
Yet such extenuation let me beg.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iiL 2.
Erery extenuation of what is eviL 1$. Taylor.
We are often told, in extenuation of war and conquest,
that the state and the indi\idual are governed by separate
laws of right. Sumner, Oration, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1846.
eztenuatiTe (elcs-ten'u-a-tiv), a. and n. [< ex-
li iiuate + -ife.] I. a. Pertaining to or of the
nature of extenuation; tending to extenuate;
ext«nuating.
IL n. An extenuating plea or circumstance.
Enter then a concise character of the times, which he
puts forward as another eztenuo^'ix of the intended rel>el'
l!f»n. Roger North, Examen, p. 370.
extenuator (eks-ten'u-a-tor), n. [= Pg. exte-
nuador; < L. as if 'extenuator, <. extenuare, ex-
tenuate: see extenuate, v.] One who extenuates,
in any sense.
The extenuatora of the sacrament sometimes suggest a
hint that the command to perform this slight service may
posfiiWy not extend to us In these days.
V. Knox, The Lord's Supper,
extenuatory (eks-ten'u-a-to-ri), a. [< LL. ex-
temtatorius, attenuating, < extenuare, pp. exte-
wtMidu, make thin: see extenuate.] Tending to
extenuate.
exterialt, a. [< OF. exterial, < L. exierut, out-
ward, outside: see exterior. '\ Elxtemal.
Fyrat beware in especial!
Of the outwarde man eattriall.
Though he sbewe a fayre aperannce.
Boy and Bartow, Read roe and be nott Wroth, p. 123.
azterior (eks-te'ri-or), a. and n. [Early mod.
E. also exteriour; < OP. 'exteriour, later exte-
rieur, V. extMeur = Pr. 8p. Pg. exterior = It.
esteriore, < L. exterior, outward, outer, compar.
of exter or extents, outward, on the outside, for-
eign, < ex, out, + -ter, -teruSj compar. suffix.
Cf. interior. The corresponding L. superl. is
extremus: see extreme.'] L a. 1. Situated or
being outside ; pertaining to or connected with
that which is outside ; outward; outlying; ex-
ternal : as, the exterior relations or possessions
of a country; an exterior boundary or line of
fortification, in matbeuatlca applied to a position with
reference to a surface in space such that from that position
it would be possible to proceed by a continuous motiiin to
Infinity without crossing the waii*e». In lilce manner, on
a surface a position Is exterior to a contour if from that
position It would be possible to moTe to the limit of the sur-
face, or to Infinity, without crossing the contour. Also, l(
a space, a surface, or a line be divided Into three parts In
such a manner that from the first It would not be possible
to pass to the third without traversing the second, the first
and third are said to be exterior to the Seconal. I'pon a
closed surface, or curve, the term exttrior can have only
a modified meaning : the larger part Is generally regarded
as the exterior. When two lines are crossed by a third
Une eight angles are formed, and of these those that are
outside of the space between the first two are termed ex-
terior, although If another pair of the three lines is consid-
ered as the first pair other angles will be exterior.
2. Belated to or connected with the outside;
acting or originating from without; outwardly
manifested or perceived; not intrinsic.
If I affect It more
Than as your honour, and as your renown.
Let me no more from this obedience rise.
Which my most true and Inward duteous spirit
Teacheth, this prostrate and exterior bending !
Skak., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. 4.
And what Is faith, love, virtue, nnassay'd
Alone, without exttriowr help snstaln'dT
Mitton, P. L., Iz. SM
"Twere well If Ma ealtrior diange were all —
But with his clamsT port the wretch has lost
His Ignorance and harmless manners too.
Cowper, Taak, iv. 649.
2093
3. Consisting of or constituting the outer or
visible part; outwardly observable; external;
manifest.
Soraeffimg you have heard
Of Hamlet's transformation ; so I call it.
Since not the exterior nor the inward man
Resembles what it was. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
Seraphick and common lovers behold exterior beauties
as children and astronomei's consider Galileo's optick
Boyle.
4. Being on the outer side or outer part ; of or
pertaining to the outer surface, or to that sur-
face as viewed from the outside: as, the exte-
rior decorations of a chiirch. — 5. In hot., on
the side away from the axis: same as anterior.
[Bare.]— Exterior angle. See amjle^, i.— Exterior
epicycloid. See ^i^ict/c^oTtT— Exterior object, in j/«:(a/)A.,
a real thing independent uf our thoughts ; .an object with-
out tlie mind.— Exterior relations of a state, its for-
eign relations. — Exterior schooL See school. — Exteri-
or side, in .fort., the side of an imaginary polygon upon
which the plan of a fortification is constructed. — Exteri-
or slope or talus, in /or(., that slope of a work toward
the country which is next outward beyond its superior
slope. = SyiL Exterior, Outward, External, Extraneoxt*,
Extringic. Exterior is opposed to interior, outward to in-
ward, external to internal, extraneoui to eatenlial or ger-
mane, extringic to intringie. Extrinsie is only mental, ex-
cept in anatomy ; tlie others are primarily physical, al-
though extraneotu seems quite as much mental as phys-
ical.
Not alone in habit and device.
Exterior form, outward accoutrement.
Shak., K. John, L 1.
Each perturbation smooth'd with outward calm.
MUton, P. L., iv. 120.
Nothing external can tell me what a glorious principle
the mind is. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 22.
By self-existence we clearly mean existence which is
not dependent on any extraneous existence.
J. Fiike, Cosmic Philos., I. 7.
The desire of knowledge, though often animated by ex-
trinsic and adventitious motives, seems on many occa-
sions to operate without sul>ordination to any other prin-
ciple. Johnson, Rambler, No. 103.
n. n. 1 . The outer surface or aspect ; the
outside ; the external features : as, the exterior
of a building ; we can seldom judge a man by
his exterior.
.She did so ooarae o'er my exteriors with such a greedy
intention. Shak., M. W. of W., L 3.
His high reputation and brilliant «a!feriormade him one
of the most distinguished ornaments of the royal circle.
PrescotI, Ferd. and Isa., 11. 2.
2. Outward or visible deportment, form, or
ceremony ; visible act : as, the exteriors of re-
ligion. = 83m. Surface, etc. See outside.
exteriority (eks-te-ri-or'i-ti), n. ; pi. exteriori-
ties (-tiz). [= F. exteriority = Sp. exterioridad
= Pg. exterioridade = It. esterioritd ;,<. L. as if
*exleriorita{t-)s, < exterior, outer : see eitenor.]
1. The character or fact of being exterior;
superficiality; externality. — 2. Something ex-
terior or external ; an outward circumstance.
Such a picture of mental triumph over outward circum-
stances has surely seldom been surpassed ; housebuilders,
smoky chimney, damp draughts, restless dripping dog,
and toothache form what our friend, HIas Masson, called
a " concatenation of exterioritiet " little favorable to liter-
ary compoattlon of any sort
P. A. KembU, Ten. Traits of Brit. Authors, p. 47.
exteriorization (eks-te'ri-or-i-za'shon), n. [<
exteriorize + -afion.] Same as eiternaliaation.
It was like the awakening and exteriorization of sensa-
tions already stored op In the organism.
F. W. H. Myers, Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, Oct, 1886,
Ip. 169.
exteriorize (eks-te'ri-or-iz), «. t. ; pret. and pp.
exteriorized, ppr. exteriorizing. [< exterior +
-ize.} Same as externalize.
Merely to indicate an Idea by way of suggestion Is not
enough ; it must be impressed. It must not only be in-
troduced into the mina of the hypnotized subject, but
must be reinforced along the various associative lines of
force, for we exteriorize associations as well as single im-
ages. Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 517.
He had at last exteriorized his conscionsneas, and was
very near being some one else than himself.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIII. 340.
exteriorly (eks-te'ri-or-li), adv. Outwardly;
externally.
And you have slander'd nature in my form,
Which, howsoever rude exteriorly.
Is yet the cover of a fairer mind
Than to be butcher of an Innocent child.
Shak., K. John, Iv. 2.
Insects are attracted by five drops of nectar, secreted ex-
teriorly at the base of the stamens, so that to reach these
drops they must Insert their prolioscides outside the ring
of broad filaments, between them and the petals.
Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers, p. 95.
ex terminable (oks-t^r'mi-na-bl), a. [< LL. ex-
terminabilis, < L. exterminare, destroy : see ex-
terminate.'] Capable of being exterminated.
exterminate (eks-t^r'mi-nat), v. t.; pret. and
pp. exterminated, ppr. exterminating. [< L. ex-
eztemal
terminatus, pp. of exterminare (> F. exterminer,
etc. : see extermine), drive out or away, banish,
abolish, extirpate, destroy : see extertnine.] 1.
To drive beyond the limits or borders; drive
away; expel. [Bare.]
By the chacing of the Britons out of England into Wales,
their language was wholly exterminated from hence with
them. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 163.
2. To bring to an end; destroy utterly; root
out; extirpate.
If any one species does not become modified and im-
proved in a corresponding degree with its competitors, it
will be exterminated. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 103.
How far in any particular district the vanquished were
slain, how far they were simply driven out, we never can
tell. It is enough that they were exterminated, got rid
of in one way or another, within what now became the
English border. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 133.
3. In alg., to take away; eliminate: as, to ex-
terminate surds or unknown quantities. =Syii.
2. To uproot, abolish, annihilate.
extermination (eks-ter-mi-na'shon), ». [=P.
extermination = Sp. exterminacion = Pg. exter-
minaqdo = It. esterminazione, < LL. extermina-
tio(n-), destruction, < L. exterminare, destroy :
see exterminate.] 1. The actof exterminating;
total expulsion or destruction; eradication;
extirpation : as, the extermination of inhabi-
tants or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeds
from a field.
The question is, how far an holy war is to be pursued,
whether to displauting and extermination of people?
Bacon.
2. In alg., the process of causing to disappear,
as unknown quantities from an equation ; elim-
ination.
exterminator (eks-tfer'mi-na-tor), n. [= F.
exterminateur = Pr. Sp. Pg. exierminador = It.
esterminatore, < LL. exterminator, a destroyer,
< L. exterminare, destroy : see exterminate.] One
who or that which exterminates.
Such a saint as Simon de Montfort, the exterminator of
the Albigenscs. Buckle, Civilization, II. ill.
exterminatory (eks-tfer'mi-na-to-ri), a. [< ex-
terminate + -ory.] Serving or tending to ex-
terminate.
Against this new, this growing, this exterminatory sys-
tem, all these churches have a common concern to defend
themselves. Burke, To R. Burke.
exterminet (eks-tfer'min), v. t. [< F. exterminer
= Pr. Sp. Pg. exterminar = It. esterminare, <
L. exterminare, drive out or away, banish, abol-
ish, destroy, < ei, out, -I- terminus, a boundary:
see terminus.] To exterminate.
If you do sorrow at my grief in love.
By giving love your sorrow and my grief
AVerc lx>th extermin'd. £^Aai;., A8youLikeit,iil.5.
exterminiont. n. [= Sp. Pg. exterminio = It.
esterminio, < LL. exterminium, ejection, banish-
ment, < L. exterminare, put out of limits, exter-
minate: see exterminate.] Extermination.
To whom she werketh vttfer confusion and exterminion,
the same persones she doeth flr«te laughe upon and flatre
with some vnquod prosperitee of things.
J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 182.
extern (eks-tfem'), a. and n. [< F. externe, outer,
outward (as a noun, a day-scholax), = Sp. Pg.
externa = It. esterno, < L. extemus, outward, ex-
ternal, < exter, outward : see exterior.] I,t a.
1. Outward; external; visible.
Considering neither the diversity of times concerning
the external ecclesiastical polity, nor the true liberty of
the Christian religion In extern rites and ceremonies.
Bp. Ridley, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc, 1S53), II. 382.
My outward action doth demonstrate
The native act and figure of my heart
In complement eicteni. Shak., Othello, i. 1.
2. Being outside ; coming from without.
When two bodies are pressed one against another, the
rare body not being so able to resist division as the dense,
and Iwing not permitted to retire back by reason of the
extern violence impelling it, the parts of the rare body
must l)e severed. Sir K. Digby.
Extern maternity, in hospital parlance, the lying-in of
women at their own homes, under attendance from the
hospital.
The extern maternity charities. Encyc. Brit., XII. 302.
Extern monlt See monk.
II. n. It- Outward form or part; exterior.
Were 't aught to me I bore the canopy.
With my extern the outward honouring?
Shak., Sonnets, cxxv.
2. A student or pupil who does not live or
board within a college or seminary; a day-
scholar.
The eztemes or day-pupils exceeded one hundred in
number. Charlotte Bronte, Villette, viil.
external (eks-tSr'nal), a. and n. [< extern -^
-al.] I. a. 1. Situated on or pertaining to the
external
outside ; located in a part of space not occu-
pied by or within the thing referred to.
Without being struck or pushed by anything external,
bodies whicli are alive suddenly change from rest to move-
ment} or from movement to rest,
U. Spencer, Priu. of Sociol., | 62.
2. Outer or outermost; speeifieally, inzool., on
the side furthest away from the body, from the
median line, or from the center of a radially
symmetrical form: as, the external side of an
insect's leg ; the external edge of the carapace ;
external border, etc. — 3. Being outside in any
figtirative sense ; coming from or pertaining to
the outside; not internal: as, external evidence;
specifically, in metaph., forming part of or per-
taining to the world of things or phenomena in
space, considered as outside of the perceiving
mind.
The self of which we are conscious is manifold in its
states and because it stands in relation to an external
world. E. Caird, Encyc. Brit, XVI. 83.
4. Belonging to a thing in its relations with
other things ; extrinsic : as, external constraint.
God, to the intent of further healing mans deprav'd
mind, to this power of the Magistral which contents it self
with the restraint of evil doing in the external man added
that which we call censure, to purge and remove it clean
out of the inmost soul. Milton, Church-Goveniment, ii. 3.
Religion . . . will glide by degrees out of the mind, un-
less it be invigorated and reimpressed by external onli-
naiices. Johnson, Milton.
5. Outward; exterior; visible from the out-
side ; hence, capable of being perceived ; ap-
parent.
If they had swallowed poison, 'twould appear
By external swelling. Shak., A. and C, v. 2.
Nothing more is to be granted to the sacraments than to
the external word of God.
Peter Martyr, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc, 1853),
[II, 404.
6. Pertaining to the surface merely; superfi-
cial: as, external culture. — 7. Foreign; relat-
ing to or connected with foreign nations: as,
external trade or commerce; the external rela-
tions of a state or kingdom External absorp-
tion. 'See cutaneous absorption, under absorption. — Ex-
ternal ac^imct, in lorjic, an oljject, sign, or circum-
stance.—External agreement, agreement in regard to
an extemul adjunct. — External angle. See antjleS, 1.
— external capsule, see capsule. — External cause, a
cause not a part of the thing caused, namely, either an
eificient or a final cause : opposed to matter and to form.
—External criterion of truth. See criVccio/i.— Exter-
nal criticism, denomination, end, epicondyle, good,
multiplication, etc, See the nouns.— External diver-
sity, tlie opposite of external agreement. — External
form of reasoning, the nio(ie in which a given kind
of reasoning is expressed, — External object, an object
whose characters are independent of our thoughts; an ex-
terior thing. — External perception, perception of ob-
jects as external in space : opposed to tntemal perception,
or perception of what is passing in the mind.
External Perception, or Perception simply, is the faculty
presentative or intuitive of the phenomena of the Non-
Ego or matter — if there be any intuitive appi-ehension al-
lowed of the Non-Ego at all. Internal Perception, or Self-
consciousness, is the faculty presentative or intuitive of
the phenomena of the Ego or mind.
Sir W. Hamilton, Metaphysics, xvii.
External quantity, in loriic, logical extension,— Exter-
nal work. See icorA:,- External world, the totality of
external objects ; the world in si)iice and time revealed by
external ijerception ; the material or objective world. —
Hosteler external. See hosteler. =Syn. See exterior.
II. «. 1. An outward part; something per-
taining to the exterior.
Adam was then no less glorious in his externals; he had
a beautiful body, as well as an immortal soul.
South, Sermons.
3. An outward rite or ceremony ; a visible form
or symbol : as, the externals of religion.
God in externals could not place content.
Poi>e, Essay on Man,^v, 66,
extemalisation, externalise. See extemali-
:ntion, externalize.
externalism (eks-ter'nal-izm), n. [< external
+ -!««(.] 1. QsuTiie a,% phenomenalism.
Some men . . . imagine that in mere physics is wis-
dom to be found, and that the true magician's wand for
striking out the most important results is induction. This
is the very madness of externalisin.
Prof. Blackie, Self Culture, p, 21,
2. Attention or devotion to externals; especial-
ly, undue regard to externals, as of religion.
This work ... Is destined, I believe, to hurt only ex-
ternalism and ecclesiastical authority.
Conffregationalist, April 29, 1886.
Externaligm gave Catholicism a great advantage on all
sides. The Century, XXVI. 106.
externality (eks-tfer-nal'i-ti), n.; pi. externali-
ties (-tiz). [< external + -ity.'] 1. The state
of being external, (a) The state of being located
outside or on the outside, {tj) In metaph., existence in
space, or existence of any kind outside of tne perceiving
mind ; the essential characteristics of such existence.
2094
Pressure or resistance necessarily supposes externality
in the thing which presses or resists,
Adam Smith, The External Senses,
TheextemalHy of the perceived object to consciousness
seems to be taken for granted, even by those who would
be quite ready to tell us that the *' things " which we talk
of conceiving are l)nt " nominal essences,"
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 59.
(c) Superficiality.
2. AJn external; an outward rite, ceremony, or
form.
The subjective standpoint of the mystic made him not
only independent of, but averse to, the externalities of sa-
cerdotalism and its rites.
J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, II, 402.
3. Undue regard to externals ; the sacrifice of
substance to form.
While he [Pepys] was still sinning and still undiscovered,
he seems not to have known a touch of penitence. . . .
Once found out, however, and he seems to himself to have
lost all claim to decent usage. It is perhaps the strongest
instance of his externality.
R. L. Stevenson, Samuel Pepys,
extemalization (eks-t6r''nal-i-za'shon), n. [<
externalize + -ation.'] The act or process of ex-
ternalizing ; the fact or condition of being ex-
ternalized, made objective or real in space and
time, or embodied; embodiment. Also exter-
nalisation.
A number of strange heterogeneous narratives might be
explained and connected by supposing them to represent
the various stages of extemalisation of a telepathic im-
pact in the percipient's mind,
Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, II, 163,
In proportion as the sensorial element in hallucination
is attenuated and dim, or full and distinct, will the per-
ception appear internal or external ; and these cases are
simply the most internal sort, between which and the most
external sort there exist many degrees of partial externali-
zatum. Mind, X, 187,
externalize (eks-tfer'nal-iz), v. t. ; pret, and pp.
externalized, ppr. externalizing. [< external +
-ize.'] 1 . To embody in an outward form ; give
shape and form to.
The idea of a normative analogy of faith discovered with-
in Scripture was externalized. Encyc. Brit., XI. 746.
2. To confer the quality of externality or ex-
ternal reality upon ; invest with actual objec-
tivity : a word used in modern psychology to
indicate a mental operation whereby, for in-
stance, one's name arising in the mind as a sub-
jective concept is heard as a word spoken from
without, and therefore as a sense-percept.
An idea of the agent was most vividly presented to
the percipient (often even externalising itself as a hallu-
cination of the senses), while yet the agent's mind at the
time was presumably not dwelling on himself or his ap-
pearance. E. Gurney, Mind, XII, 230,
We find in the case of phantasms corresponding to some
accident or crisis which befalls a living friend, that there
seems often to be a latent period before the phantasm be-
comes definite or externalised to the percipient's eye or
ear. Phantasms of the Living, Int,, p, Ixv,
We are obviously as yet only on the threshold of Appa-
ritions as commonly understood — the visible phantoms,
externalised in space, Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, II, 136,
Also spelled externalise.
externally (eks-t6r'ual-i), adv. 1. In an exter-
nal manner or position ; with reference to the
outside or to externality.
These injuries having been comforted externally with
patches of pickled brown paper, and Mr, Pecksniff hav-
ing been comforted internally with some stiflf brandy-and-
water, the eldest Miss Pecksniff sat down to make the tea,
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ii,
2. Inzool. and anat., away from the median line,
or the center of a radially symmetrical form ;
ectad.
externat (eks-t6r'nat), n. [< F. external, a day-
school, < e2;terne, a day-scholar : see extern.'] A
day-school.
The establishment was both a pensionat and an externat.
Charlotte Bronte, Villette, viii.
externity (eks-t6r'ni-ti), n. [< extern + -ity.]
Outwardness. [Rare.]
The internity of His ever-living light kindled up an ex-
ternity of corporeal irradiation.
//. Brooke, Tool of Quality, II. 249.
externization (eks-tfer-ni-za'shon), n. [< ex-
ternize + -ation.] Same as extemalization.
The universe is the extemizatioii of the soul,
Emerson, The Poet,
extemize (eks-tfer'niz), V. t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
ternized, ppr. externizing. [< extern + -ize.]
Same as externalize.
Language is merely that product and instrumentality of
the inner powers which exhibits them most directly and
most fully in their various modes of action ; by which, so
far as the case admits, our inner consciousness is exter-
nized, turned up to the light for ourselves and others to
see and study, Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang. , p, 304,
externomedial (eks-tfer-no-me'di-al), a. Same
as externomedian.
extinct
externomedian (eks-ttr-uo-me'di-an), a. [< L.
externum, outward, -1- medium, middle, -i- -an.] In
entom., exterior to the central line Externo-
median cell, a cell at the base o( the wing of an insect,
between tlie subcostal and median veins : used esi)ecially
in describing Hymenoptera. — Externomedian vein or
nervure, a longitudinal vein of the wiugof an insect which
runs near and i>arallel to the anterior margin. This vein
is especially prominent in the tegmina of Orthoptera, lim-
iting the anterior, marginal, or lower field or area ; in Lepi-
doptera and other insects it is the median vein,
exterraneous (eks-te-ra'ne-us), a. [< LL. ex-
tcrraneus, of another country, < ex, out, + terra,
country.] Foreign ; belonging to or coming
from abroad. [Rare.]
exterritorial (eks-ter-i-to'ri-al), a. [< L. ex,
out, + territorium, territory: see territory, ter-
ritorial.] Of or pertaining to exterritoriality;
not subject to the jurisdiction of the laws of the
country in which one resides. Also extraterri-
torial.
exterritoriality (eks-ter-i-to-ri-arj-ti), n. [<
exterritorial -¥ -ity.] A legal fiction by which
the persons and residences of ambassadors and
sovereigns when abroad are treated as being
still within their own territory; the privilege
extended by law and custom to all diplomatic
representatives of foreign powers and their
families resident within the territory of a na-
tion, of enjoying in general the same rights
and pi-ivileges as belong to them in their own
country. Also extraterritoriality.
Certain classes of aliens are, by the comity of nations,
exempted in a greater or less degree from the control of
the laws in the land of their temporary sojourn, Tliey
are conceived of as bringing their native laws witli them
out of their native territory ; and the name given to the
fiction of law — for it seems there must be a fiction of law
to explain a very simple fact — is exterritoriality.
Woolsey, Introd, to Inter, Law, § 64.
exterritorially (eks-ter-i-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an
exterritorial manner ; with reference to exter-
ritoriality. Also extraterritorially.
extersion (eks-ter'shon), n. [< L. as if *exter-
sio{n-), < extergere, pp. extersus, wipe or rub
off, < ex, out, -I- tergere, wipe: see terse.] The
act of wiping or rubbing out.
extilt (ek-stil'), V. i. [< L. extillare, exstillare,
drop or trickle out, < ex, out, + stillare, drop, <
stilla, a drop: see stilV^. Cf. distil, instil.] 'To
drop or'distil from. Johnson.
extillationt (ek-sti-la'shon), n. [< extil +
-ation.] The act of distilling from, or falling
from in drops.
Tliey seemed made by an exsudation or extillatioii of
putrifying juices out of the rocky earth,
Derham, Physico- Theology,
extimulatet (ek-stim'u-lat), V. t. [< L. extimu-
lutus, exstimulatus, pp. of extimrdare, exstimn-
lare (> Pg. extimular), prick up, goad, stimulate,
< ex, out, up, -I- stimulare, prick, goad, stimu-
late.] To stimulate.
Choler is . . . one excretion whereby nature excludeth
another ; which, descending . . . into the bowels, extim-
ulates . . . them unto expulsion.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 2,
extimulationf (ek-stim-u-la'shon), n. [< cxtim-
ukite -t- -ion.] Stimulation. Bacon.
extinct (eks-tingkf), a. and n. [= Sp. estinto
= Pg. extincto, < L. extinctus, exstinctus, pp. of
extinguere, exstinguere, put out, destroy, abolish,
extinguish: see extinguish.] I. a. 1. Extin-
guished; put out; quenched.
They are extinct, they are quenched as tow. Isa. xliii, 17,
Her weapons blunted, and extinct her fires.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1, 418.
2. Having ceased ; being at an end ; out of ex-
istence or out of force ; terminated : as, an ex-
tinct family or race ; an extinct law.
My days are extinct, the graves are ready for me.
Job xviL 1.
Past away
The music, and extinct the lay.
Wordsworth, Written on a Blank Leaf of Macpherson's
(Ossian.
When specific types disappear without any known suc-
cessors, under circumstances in which it seems unlikely
that we should have failed to discover their continuance,
we may fairly assume that they have become extinct, at
least locally. Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 232.
Nor is the fascinating mantilla quite extinct among
women. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 22.
Il.t n. Extinction. [Rare.]
To the uttermost extinct of life.
Ford, Honour Triumphant
extinctt (eks-tingkf), v. t. [< L. extinctus, ex-
stinctus, pp. of extinguere, exstinguere, quench:
see extinct, a.] To put out; destroy.
Give renew'd fire to our extincted spirits.
And bring all Cyprus comfort !
Shale., OtheUo, U. 1.
extincteur
extinctenr (eks-tingk'ter), «. [F.,< L. extinctor,
exstiiictor, au extinguisher, destroyer, < extinc-
tiis, exstinctiiSj-p-p.oi extinguere, exstinguere : see
extitiguish.'] Same as extinguisher (6).
They [the crew] were afraid to open the hatches, to dis-
cover where the fire was, until the hose and extincteun
were ready to work.
Lady Broisey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. x-xi.
extinction (eks-tingk'shon), n. [= F. extinc-
tion = Sp. extincion = Pg. extineqao = It. estin-
zioneX L. exiinctio(n-), exstinctio(n-), extinction,
anninilation, < extinguere, exstinguere, pp. ex-
tinctus, exstinctus, extinguish: see extinguish.^
1. The act of extinguishing, or the state of be-
ing extinguished ; a quenching or putting out,
as of fire or flame.
Red-hot needles and wires, extinguished in qnicksilver,
do yet acquire a verticity according to the laws of position
and extinction. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
Hence — 2. A bringing or coming to an end;
a putting out of existence; suppression; de-
struction.
There is reason to l)elieve that the extinction of a whole
group of species is generally a slower process than their
production, Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 299.
An order which talces in few or no new memt)er8 tends
to extinction; if it does not die out, it wilt at least sensi-
bly lessen. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 289.
8. In optics, the arresting of a beam of light by
2095
(6) A portable apparatus for extinguishing fire. See fire-
fKin.'j'KMAfr.— Chemical extinguisher, a fire-extin-
guislier which acts by a chemical jigem-y, as by tlie gener-
ation of a flow of carl>oniu4ci(l gas which can be directed
on the tire.
extingnisliment (eks-ting'gwish-ment), n. [<
AF. extinguishment (in legal use) ; as extinguish
+ -ment.~\ 1. The act or process of extinguish-
ing; a bringing to an end: as, the extinguish-
ment of a fire, or of life.
Divine laws of Christian church polity may not be al-
tered by extinffuijtiiincnt. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
He moveii him to a war upon Flanders, for the better
extinguishment of the civil wars of France. Bacon.
For when Death's fonn appears, she feareth not
An utter quenching or extinr/uishment.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, ixx.
The reasons for persevering in the exiingui^timent of the
financial obligations of the Civil War are innumerable.
N. A. Rev., CXUII. 209.
2. In law, the extinction or anniliilation of a
right, an estate, etc., by merging or consolidat-
ing it with another, generally with one greater
or more extensive. Extinguishment Is of various na-
tures as applied to various rights: as, extinguixhment of
estates, commons, copyholds, debts, liberties, services, and
ways.
These releases may enure. ... By way of extinguith-
ment : as, if my tenant for life makes a lease to A for life,
remainder to B and his heirs, and I release to A, this ex-
tinguishes my right to the reversion.
Blackstone, Com., II. xx.
FhtS^dlZ: or^ X:^!tt:::':T^rLt extirpt (ek-st^rp-), r, [< OF. extirper, F. extir-
the medium, or otherwise. Thus, extinction takes
place when the vibration-planes of the two Nicol prisms
in a polariscope are set at right angles to each other (see
polarization), for then the light which passes through the
first, or polarizer, is arrested or extinguished by the sec-
ond, or analyzer. The extinction-directions in a section of
a transparent doubly refracting substance are the princi-
pal planes of light-vibration ; for if the section is placed
between the crossed nicols, it remains dark only when
these directions coincide with the vibration-planes of the
nicols. If these directions coincide with the crystalio-
graphic axes, the extinction is said to be jmrallel, other-
wise it is obiiqtu. .See mieroecope. — Extinction of mAr-
oury, trituration of mercury with lard or other substance
until tht- metallic globules disappear. Dungliton.
extinctoret (eks-tingk'tur), n. [< extinct +
-ure.'] Extinction; the act of extinguishing, or
the state of being extinguished.
Cold modesty, hot wrath,
Botb lire from hence and chill extineture hath.
Shak., Lorer'a Complaint, 1. 294.
extine (eks'tin), n. [< L. ext(erus), outside, -I-
-ine-.l In hot., the outer coat of the pollen-
grain or of a spore. Also exine.
extinguish (eks-ting'gwish), V. t. [With sufllx
-1.1/1 1 (after abolish, banish, etc. ), < L. extinguere,
exstinguere, pp. extinctus, exstinctus, put out
(what is burning), quench, extinguish, deprive
of life, destroy, abolish, < ex, out, + stinguere
(rare), put out, quench, extinguish. Cf. distin-
guish.'} 1. To put out; quench; stifle: as, to
extinguish fire or flame.
A light which the fierce winds have no power to extin-
guiih. Preeeolt.
2. To destroy; put an end to; suppress: as,
to extinffuish an army ; to extinguish desire or
hope ; to extinguish a claim or title.
King Hardiknute, dying without Isaue, u having nerer
been married, . . . the Danish Line (was] clean ezti'n-
guithed. Baker, (Chronicles, p. 18.
Thui this late migbtT [Torkishl Empire exlinguithl in
Egypt by the MameTacn, . . . was for a time deprived of
all principality. Sandy, Travallea, p. 35.
Natural bodlei poaaeM the power of eMnguithing, or,
as it is called, absorbing the light that enters them.'
TyndaU, Light and Elect., p. 69.
8. To put under a cloud; obsonre; eclipse;
make unnoticed or nnnotioeable: as, he was
completely extinguished in this brilliant com-
pany.
Bethink thee on her virtues that surmount :
Mad, natural graces that extinguith art.
Skak., I Hen. Vl, t. a.
4. In law, to pnt an end to. See extinguish-
mrnt, 2.
extingnishable (ek«-ting'gwish-a-bl), a. [<
extinguish + -able.] Capable of being extin-
guished.
per = Pr. Sp. Pg. extirpar = It. estirpare, stirpa-
re, < L. extirpare, exstirpare, root out, eradicate,
extirpate, < ex, out, + stirps, also stirpes and
stirpis, the lower part of the trunk of a tree (in-
cluding the roots), the stem, stalk: see extir-
pate.'] I. trans. To extirpate; root out; eradi-
cato; expel.
Yes, in good sooth, the vice is of a great kindred ; it is
well allied ; but it is impossible to exiirp it quite, friar, till
eating and drinking be put down. Shak., M. for M., iii. 2.
If those persons would extirp but that one thing in which
they are principally tempted.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 912.
n. intrans. [A mistaken use, appar. intend-
ed for 'exturp, with ref. to L. turpare, disgrace,
abuse, < turpis, bad, base.] To speak abusive-
ly; rail. y. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 9.
She did extirve against his Holinesse.
S. Rowley. When you See me you Know mee, foL H 2, back.
extirpablet (ek-stir'pa-bl), a. [< extirp + -able.']
Capable of being extirpated or eradicated.
Let it infect the ground with a plant not easily extirpa-
te- Evelyn, Terra.
extirpate (ek-st*r'- oreks't^r-pat), v. t. ; pret.
and pp. extirpated, ppr. extirpating. [Formerly
also exterpate, exterpat; < L. exlirpatus, exstir-
patus, pp. of extirpare, exstirpare, root out:
see extirp.'i To puU up by the roots ; root out ;
eradicate; get nd of; expel; destroy totally:
extorter
Extirpert of tyrants, fathers of the people, and other
eminent persons in civil merit, were honored.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 72.
extispex (eks-tis'peks), «.; pi. extispices (-pi-
sez). [L., < cxta, the nobler internal organs of
the body,, -I- specere, view.] In Eom. antiq.,
one who inspected entrails for the purpose of
divination : same as haruspex.
extispicioust (eks-ti-spish'us), a. [< L. extispi-
eium, an inspection, < extispex (-spie-), an inspec-
tor of entrails for the purpose of divination:
see extispex.'} Relating to the inspection of en-
trails for the purpose of divination.
Thus hath he deluded many nations in his augurial and
extispicioug inventions, from casual and uncontrived con-
tingencies divining events succeeding.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 11.
extol (eks-tol'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. extolled, ppr.
extolling. [Formerly also extoll; < OP. extoUer,
extoler, estoler = It. estollere, stollere, < L. extol-
lere, raise up, lift up, elevate, exalt, < ex, out, +
tollere, raise: see elate and tolerate.] If. To
raise aloft ; set on high ; elevate.
She left th' unrighteous world, and was to heaven extold.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 37.
A lone vine in a naked field
Never extols her branches, never bears
Ripe grapes, but with a lieadlong heaviness wears
Her tender body. JS. Jonson, The Barriers.
2. To speak in laudatory terms of; praise
strongly ; eulogize : as, to extol the virtues or
the exploits of a person.
Extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name
Jah. Ps. Ixviii. 4.
In the forrest of merry Sheerwood,
I shall extol your fames.
Robin Hoods Delight (Child's Ballads, V. 216).
Caesar, to exioll his own Victorie, extoll'dthe man whom
he had vanquish'd. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
The whole assembled troop was pleas'd as well,
Extolled the award, and on their knees they fell.
To bless the gracious king.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc, ii. 429.
= 8yn. 2. Applaud, etc. (see|mj««, v.); laud, commend,
celelirate^ glorify, exalt.
One who extols; a
as, to extirjmte weeds or noxious plants from a
field; to extirpate cancer or a tumor; to extir- extorsively (eks-tdr'siv-U), adv
extoller (eks-t6'16r), n.
praiser or eulogizer.
Exlollers of the pope's supremacy.
Bacon, Charge at Session for the Verge.
extolmentt (eks-tol'ment), n. [< OF. extolle-
ment, < extoller, raise: see extol and -inent.]
The act of extolling, or the state of being ex-
tolled.
In the verity of exlolment, I take him to be a soul of
great article. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
extorsive (eks-tfir'siv), a. [Prop, 'extortive,
< L. extortvs, pp. of extorquere (see extort), +
-ice.] Serving to extort; tending to draw out
or secure by compulsion.
The value of all our possessions, by a complication of
exlnrsice measures, would be gradually depreciated, till
it i)ecanie a mere shadow. A. Hamilton, Works, II. 50.
In an extor-
pate a sect; to extirpate error or heresy,
sive manner; by extortion. Johnson.
As It exIerpatsM religions and civill supremacies, so it- Oftor* (ek8-t6rt ), v. [< L. cxtortus, pp. of ex-
torquere (> It. estorquere = Pg. extorgmr =
OP. estordre, extordre, F. extorquer), twist out,
wrench out or away, take away by force, ex-
tort, < ex, out, + torquere, twist: see tort. Cf.
contort, detorl, distort, retort.] I. trans. 1. To
obtain, as from a holder of desired possessions
or knowledge, by force or compulsion ; wrest or
wring away by any violent or oppressive means,
as physical force, menace, duress, torture, au-
thority, monopoly, or the necessities of others.
Till the injurious Romans did extort
This tribute from us, we were free.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 1.
extinguisher (eks-ting'gwish-^r), n. One who
or that which extinguishes, or suppresses or
puts out of existence. Specifically— (a) A hollow
conical cap for extinguishing the flame of a caudle or
lamp.
A hollow chrystal pyramid he takes,
In firmamentai waters dipt almve :
Of it a )>ru«le extinguisher he makes,
self should be exterpat. Milton, Arebpagltlca,'p. M.
The king, at the beginning of this campaign, declared
that his intention was not to carry on war with theDobaa
as with an ordinary enemy, but totally to extirpate them
as a nuisance. Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 85.
=8]m. To uproot, exterminate, abolish, annihilate.
extfrpation (eks-t^r-pa'shon), n. [= P. extir-
pation = Sp. extirpacion = Pg. extirpaqSo = It.
estirpaztone, stirpa:ione, < L. extirpatio{n-), ex-
stirpatio(n-), < extirpare, exstirpare: see extir-
pate.] The act of extirpating or rooting out;
eradication; excision; total destruction: as,
the extirpation of weeds from land ; the extirpa-
tion of a diseased gland; the extirpation of evil
principles from the heart; the extirpation of
neresy.
Kellglon requires the extirpation of all those passions
and vices which render men unsociable and tniuhlesome
to one another. TiUotton.
Hen may ask why the Canaanites in Joshuas time were
dealt with so severely, that nothing but utter extirpation
would satlsfle the Justice of Oo<l against tbemi
StiUingJlat, Sermons, II. Iv.
extirpate +
extirpation.
^ P. extir-
pateur = Sp. Pg. eitirpador = It. estirpatore.
stirpatore, < L. extirpator, exstirpator : see ex-
tirpate.] One who extirpates or roots out; a
destroyer.
extirpatory (<
+ -ory.] Ext
Thy sad fate extorts the heart- wrung tear.
Ootdsmilh, Taking of Quebec.
A man whose irresistible energy and inflexible firmness
extorted the respect of his enemies.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii,
2. In law, to take illegally under color of of-
fice. See extortion. =Syn. 1. Enforce, etc. (see exact,
c. t.y, wrench, force.
II. intrans. To practise extortion.
To whom they never gave any penny of entertainment,
but let them feed upon the countries, and extort upon all
men where they came. Spenser, State of Ireland.
extortt (eks-t6rt'), a. [< h, extortus, pp.: see
the verb.] Extortionate.
Taking their goodes from them, or by spending the
same t>y their eztorte taking of coyne and liverie.
Sir 11. Sidney, State Papers, I. 24.
(ek-8t6r'pa-t6-ri), a. [< extirpate extorter (eks-t6r't6r), n.
root out, or destroy.
[Formerly also ex-
L. extortor, < extor-
And holds the flames that to their quarry strove. OXtlTpert (ek-stor p6r), n.
Dryden, Annua Ulrabills, L 281. extirpates.
quere, pp. extortus, extort: see extort.] One
One who extirps or who extorts or practises extortion ; an extor-
tioner. [Bare.]
extorter
Is the violent extortmir of other men's goods carried
away with his couetous desire ? Thou niayest liken him to
a wolle. Botthim, Philosophical Comfort (trails.), p. 98.
Yon strict Extorters, that the Poor oppress,
And wrong the Widdow and the Father-less.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
extortion (eks-t6r'shon), n. [< ME.^eitoreioun,
eitorcion, < OF. extoircion, extorsion, F. extor-
sion = Pr. extorsion, estorsio = Sp. extorsion =
Pg. extorsSo = It. estorsione, storsione, < LL. ex-
tor$io(,n-), (ML.) extorfio(n-), an extortion, < L.
extorquere, pp. cxtortus, extort : see extort. Cf .
torsion.'] 1. The act of extorting; the act or
practice of wresting anything from a person by
force, duress, menace, authority, or any undue
exercise of power; oppressive or illegal exac-
tion, as of excessive price, rent, or interest.
Oppression and extortion did extinguish the greatness
of tiiat house. Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland.
The Dover hoatmen, whose extortions may boast the
prescriptions of three centuries, carried otf his port-
manteau. J. S. Brewer, English Studies, p. 353.
2. In Jaiv, strictly, the crime of obtaining
money or other property, or service, from ano-
ther under color of public office, when none is
due, or not so much is due, or before it is due.
In some of the United States, however, a wider
meaning is given to the word by statute. — 3.
That which is extorted; a gross overcharge:
as, the price you paid was an extortion.
extortionablet (eks-tor'shon-a-bl), a. [< extor-
tion + -able.'] Extortionate. Lithgow.
extortionary (eks-t6r'shon-a-ri), a. [= F. ex-
torsionnaire = Pg. extorsioriario ; as extortion
+ -<Jryl.] Practising extortion ; containing ex-
tortion.
extortionate (eks-t6r'shqn-at), a. [< extortion
+ -atel.] Characterized by extortion ; oppres-
sive ; excessive : as, an extortionate price.
extortioner (eks-tor'shon-fer), n. [< ME. ex-
torcionere ; < extortion + -eri.] One who prac-
tises extortion ; specifically, one who obtains
excessive prices, rent, interest, etc., by means
of monopoly or some other advantage.
God, I thank thee that I am not as other men are, extor-
tioners, unjust, adulterers. Luke xviii. 11.
As when some covetous extortioner, out of the strength
of his purse, buyes up the whole lading of the ship, that
he may have the sole power of the wares to sell them at
pleasure. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, i. 5.
extortionist (eks-tor'shon-ist), n. [< extortion
+ -ist.] One who extorts something from an-
other, or makes an extortionate demand or
charge ; an extortioner.
extoitionoust (eks-tdr'shon-us), a. [< OF. ex-
torcionou-s, estorsionneiis, < extorcion, extortion :
see extortion and -ous.~\ Extortionate. Craig.
extortioust (eks-tdr'shus), a. [Formerly also
extorsious; < extorti-on + -ous.'] Extortionate;
oppressive; violent; unjust.
Hardly escaping the fury of the sword and fire of their
outrageous neighbours, or the famyne with the same,
which their extortions lordes have driven them unto.
Sir H. Sidney, State Papers, I. 24.
To curb the lawless insolence of some, the seditious
machinations of others, the extortious cruelties of some,
the corrupt wresting of justice in others.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 77.
extortionslyt (eks-t6r'shus-li), adv. By extor-
tion; oppressively.
That office . . . was commonly misused extorsvyusly.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 1207.
extra (eks'tra), a. and n. [From the use of ex-
tra- in comp., esp. in extraordinary, of which
extra may be regarded as an abbreviation.] I.
a. More than what is usual, or than what is
due, appointed, or expected; supplementary;
additional ; supernumerary : as, an extra price ;
an extra edition of a newspaper; extra diet;
extra charges at a boarding-school Extra effi-
cient. See efficient, ».— Extra induced current, in
elect. See induction.
n, n. [= F. extra, n.] 1. Something in ad-
dition to what is usual or expected ; something
over and above the usual course or charge, or
beyond what is usual.
"I've been to a day-school too," said Alice; "you
needn't be so proud as all that."
"With extras}" asked the .Mock Turtle a little an xiously.
" Yes," said Alice, "we learned French and music."
L. Carroll, Alice in Wonderland, ix.
Specifically — 2. An edition or a copy of a
newspaper issued at an unusual hour to con-
vey special intelligence.
Hourly extras were issued, and the circulation, which
six months before had been less than 5000, reached upon
one day of the riot more than 70,000 copies.
Harjxr's Mag., LXXVII. G90.
extra (eks'tra), adv. Beyond the ordinary stan-
dard or measure ; extraordinarily ; unusually ;
2096
uncommonly: as, this is done extra well; that
is an extra high price. [CoUoq.]
People are so apt to fancy that if a man stands up
for religion he nmst pose as a sort of extra good fellow,
one who has less relish for pleasure and who is stronger
against temptations than his neighbours are.
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 238.
extra-. [L. extra, OL. extrad, adv. on the out-
side, witnout, conj. except, prep, outside of,
without, beyond; abl. fem. (so. parte) of exter,
outside: see exterior. As a prefix, extra- oc-
curs in classical L. only in extraordinarius, ex-
traordinary ; in LL. it occurs in three or four
words; it is more common in ML., but most
words with this prefix are of mod. formation.]
A prefix of Latin origin, originally an adverb
and preposition, meaning 'outside, beyond.'
In Latin, and in modern formations on Latm analogies,
it is especially used — (o) as a preposition in composi-
tion with a noun, the preposition with its object noun
forming a unitary phrase to which is then attached an
adjective termination, as in extraorduiary (Latin extra-
ordinarius), pertaining to or characterized by something
beyond the usual order (extra ordinem) ; (b) as an adverb,
in composition with a verb, as in extravagant. Asa mere
English prefix it is often a quasi adjective, and is often
detached as an adjective proper. (Seeca:(ra, a.) The com-
pounds given below are chiefly of the first class (a), of the
type extra- 4- noun -{- adjective termination, as extra-
alivient-ary ; as the second and third elements usually
exist also as a simple adjective, the etymology is obvious,
and is not usually inserted.
extra-alimentary (eks'''tra-al-i-men'ta-ri), a.
Situated beyond or outside of the alimentary
canal.
Thousands of embryos Tof Trichina] . . . bore their way
into the extra-alimentary tissues of their host.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 551.
extra-atmospheric (eks'tra-at-mos-fer'ik), a.
Beyond or outside of the atmosphere.
It appears to be highly probable, from the observations
thus f.ar made, that the maximum ordinate in the extra-
atinospheric curve lies much nearer to the violet than it
does in the curve after absorption.
C. A. Young, The Sun, p. 305.
extra-axillary, -axillar (eks'tra-ak'si-la-ri,
-lar), a. In bat., growing from above or below
tlie axils: as, an extra-axillary bud.
extracalicular (eks'tra-ka-lik'u-lar), a. Placed
outside the calyx or cup of a ccelenterate.
The absence of the "Rand-platte " implies almost neces-
sarily the absence of extracalicular calicoblasts.
G. H. Fowler, Micros. Science, XXVIII. 16.
extracapsular (eks-trii-kap'su-lar), a. Situat-
ed outside of a capsule; specifically, in Eadi-
olaria, situated without the central capsule ;
pertaining to the extracapsularium. Also ex-
tracapsulary.
Gelatinous substance is frequently formed peripherally
by the extracapsular protoplasm, constituting a kind of
soft mantle which is penetrated by the pseudopodia.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 849.
extracapsularium (eks'^tra-kap-su-la'ri-um),
n.; pi. extracapsularia (-a). [NL., < L. extra,
beyond, outsidTe, -h capsuta, capsule,-!- -arium.]
InzooL, the extracapsular part of a radiolarian.
extracapsulary (eks-tra-kap'su-la-ri), a. In
Itadiolaria, same as extracapsular.'
extracardial (eks-tra-kar'di-al), a. Situated or
coming from outside of the heart : as, extracar-
dial murmurs.
extracellular (eks-tra-sel'u-lar), a. Being, oc-
curring, or done outsicie of a cell : opposed to in-
tracellular: as, ca'vitary or extracellular diges-
tion, respiration, etc., as distinguished from any
^atal process or physiological activity inside of
the cells of which the body is composed.
extracerebral (eks-tra-ser'e-bral), a. Situated
or occurring outside the limits of the cerebrum.
bxtrachristian (eks-tra-kris'tian), a. Beyond
or outside of Christianity.
Science and philosophy . . . are neither Christian nor
Unchristian, but are Extrachristian, and have a world of
their own, which ... is not only unsectarian, but is alto-
gether secular. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 341.
extracloacal (eks''''tra-kl9-a'kal), a. In anat.,
situated outside the cloaca, as the penes of
snakes and lizards. Huxley.
extraconstellary (eks-tra-kon'ste-la-ri), a. [<
L. extra, outside, + E. constell{ation) + -a»-yl.]
Outside of the constellations: an epithet ap-
plied to those stars which are not classed under
any constellation.
extracostalis (eks'''tra-kos-ta'lis), n. ; pi. extra-
costales (-lez). [NL., < L. extra, outside, + casta,
rib: seecosta?.] An external intercostal mus-
cle ; one of the intercostales extemi. Coues.
extracranial (eks-tra-kra'ni-al), a. Situated
beyond the cranium; not entering into the
composition of the cranium, though associated
therewith.
extract
The hyold [In Insectivora] is formed generally, like that
of the Carnivora, with three complete extracranial ossifi-
cations in the anterior arch.
IK. //. Flower, Osteology, p. 151.
extracruraeus (cks'^tra-krQ-re'us), n. [< L. ex-
tra, outside, -t- NL. crurceus, q. v.] The outer
portion of the crurseus muscle, commonly called
the vastus externum. Coues.
extract (eks-trakt'), v. t. [< L. extractus, pp. of
extrahere (see cxtray), draw out, drag out, with-
draw, extricate, also prolong, protract, < ex,
out, + trahere, draw: see traced, tracts, and cf.
abstract, attract, contract, detract, protract, re-
tract, etc.] 1. To draw out; withdraw; take
or get out; pull out or remove from a fixed
position, literally or figuratively.
May it be possible that foreign hire
Could out of thee extract one spark of evil
That might annoy my finger? Shale., Hen. V., ii. 2.
The bee
Sits on the bloom extracting liquid sweet.
Milton, P. L., V. 2S.
2. To separate or eliminate, as a constituent
part from the whole, as by distillation or heat,
or other chemical or physical means : as, to ex-
tract spirit from cane-juice, or salt from sea-
water. Hence — 3. Figuratively, to obtain as if
by distillation or chemical action ; draw or bring
out by some process: as, to extract pleasure
from a quiet life ; to extract instruction from
adversity.
Sluvering at cold windows of print-shops, to extract a
little amusement. Lamb, Christ's Hospital.
4. To pick out or select; segregate, as from a
collection, or from a book or writing.
I have extracted out of that pamphlet a few notorious
falsehoods. Swift.
The passage is extracted in Roscoe's elegant version of
the Spanish novelists. Prescott, rerd..and Isa., ii. 3, note.
Dr. Munch succeeded in extracting from the Vatican ar-
chives matter which settles the main question of her [the
Manx Church's] history, of which we bad no record.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 67.
To extract the root, in math., to ascertain by a process
of calculation the root of a number or quantity.
extract (eks'trakt), n. [= OF. estrait, extrait,
etc., m., estraite, etc., f., extract (in various
senses), F. extrait = Pr. estrat = Sp. Pg. ex-
tracto = It. estratto = D. G. extract = Dan. Sw.
extrakt, < ML. extractus, extracta, an extract
(def. 2), < L. extractus, pp. of extrahere, draw
out: see extract, v. Cf. extreat, estreat.] 1.
That which is extracted or dra'vm out. [Ar-
chaic]
The words of Adam may be fitly the words of Christ
concerning his Church, "flesh of my flesh, and bone of my
bones," a true native extract out of mine own body.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. .^6.
2. Anything drawn from a substance by dis-
tillation, heat, solution, or other chemical or
physical process, as an essence or tincture. A
pharmaceutical extract consists of the active principles of
a drug, obtained by maceration, percolation, or decoction
with a suitable menstruum, or by using the expressed juice
of the fresh plant, and reducing the solution thus obtained
to a proper consistency and strength by evaporation. The
menstrua used are water, alcohol, and ether, or two of
these combined, and in some cases aqua ammoniae, glyce-
rin, or hydrochloric or acetic acid is added. Hard, soft,
and fluid extracts are distinguished. Soft extracts are
of pilular consistence ; fluid extracts are (U. S. P., 1880)
brought to such bulk that one cubic centimeter represents
one gram of the crude di'ug.
Gum tragacanth may he considered a pure gummy ex-
tract. Dungtison.
Hence — 3t. A concentration of the principles
or elements of anything; a condensed embodi-
ment or representation.
Heathen opinion . . . supposed th world to be the
image of God, and man to be an extract or compendious
image of the world.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 153.
4. In chem., a peculiar principle once supposed
to form the basis of all vegetable extracts.
Also called the extractive principle. — 5. In lit.,
a passage taken from a book or writing; an
excerpt ; a citation ; a quotation.
Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts
made of them by others. Bacon, Studies.
6t. Extraction; descent; origin.
Host. But yet the lady, the heir, enjoys the land ?
Lov. And takes all lordly ways how to consume it. . . .
Host. She shews her extract, and I honour her for it.
B. Jonson, New Inn, i. 1.
The apostle gives it a value suitable to its extract.
South, Sermons.
They themselves are sprung from some mean rank or ex-
tract. R. Knox (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 446).
7. In Scots law, a copy, authenticated by the
proper officer, of a deed, writing, or other en-
try, the principal of which is in a public rec-
ord, or a transcript of which taken from the
extract
principal has been preserved in a public record.
— Ethereal extract. See ethereal. — rir-wool extract.
See yi/■■^(xw;. — Mucilaginous extracts. See rnuciiaiti-
nout.
«itra<!table, extractible (eks-trak'ta-bl, -ti-
bl), «. [< extract + -able, -ibk.} Capable of
being extracted.
No more money was extraetahU from his pocket.
Dickem, Uncommercial Traveller, xiviii.
«ztractifonu (eks-trak'ti-form), a. [< NL. ex-
tnictum, au extract, + forma, form.] In chem.,
having the appearance or nature of an extract.
extracting (eks-trak'ting), f. a. 1. Drawing
or taking out. — 2t. Distracting; absorbing.
A moat extracting frenzy of mine own
From my remembrance clearly banish'd his.
SAo*., T. N., v. 1.
extraction (eks-trak'shon), n. [= F. extrac-
tion = Pr. extraccio = Sp. extraccion = Pg. ex-
traci;do = It. estrazione, strazione, < L. as if "ex-
tractio^n-), < extrahere, pp. extractus, draw out,
extract: see extract.^ 1. The act of extract-
ing, (a) The act of drawing out : as, the extraction of a
tooth.
Where the pain arises from impaction of wisdom-teeth,
relief from pressure must be given by extraction.
(iuain, Med. Diet.
<&) The operation of drawing anything from a substance,
as au essence, tincture, or the like.
The distillations of waters, extractions of oils, and such
like experimeuts are unknown to the ancients.
IlakewiU, Apology,
ie) The act of taking out or copying a part, as a passage
from a book, (d) In arith. and alff., the rule or operation
of findiog the root of a given nural>er or quantity. See
root,
Z. That which is extracted ; extract; essence.
They [books] do preserve as in a vioU the purest efflcacie
and extraction of that living intellect tliat bred them.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 5.
3. Descent ; lineage ; birth ; derivation of per-
sons from a stock or family.
He adorned his family and extraction with a more
worthy comportment.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), II. 140.
A family of an ancient extraction transported with the
coiKineror out uf Normandy. Clarendon, Great Bebellion.
extractive (ek.s-trak'tiv), a. and «. [= F. ex-
tracti/=:z Sp. Pg. extractito = It. estrattivo; as
extract + -ive.] I. a. 1. Of the nature of an
extract; extracted.
He found 1 lb. of it [soil near Turin] to contain from SO
to 30 grains of extractive matter which flamed ajid burned.
Kirtcin, Manures, p. 55.
2. Tending or serving to extract; extracting.
— Extractive principle. Same ai extract, i.
II. II- It. An Avtraot. I'arr. — 2. In phar.,
the Hubstance which, during the evaporation in
making an extract, becomes dark in color and
St last insoluble. Its nature is doubtful.
The leaves of the plant are first boiled to remove ex-
tractivet. Xature, XXX. 224.
3. In physinl. chem., one of various substances
existing iii small quantities in animal tissue,
such an creatine and xanthin.
Another class of food Ingredients which contain nitro-
gen, and are bence commonly included with the protein
compounds, are the so-calliMl "extractives," known to
chemists by the name* "crestin," "creatinin," etc.
The Centum, XXXVL 185.
extractor (eks-trak'tor), n. [= F. extracteur =
8p. Pg. extractor=lt. estrattore,<. NL. extractor,
< L. extractus, pp. of extrahere, extract: see ex-
tract, p.] One who or that which extracts, spc-
ciflcally— (a) In turg., a forceps ; one of a class of instru-
ments used in lithotomy and midwifery, and in extracting
teeth. (6) That part of the mechanism of a breech-loading
arm which, when the gun is opened, ejects the discharged
cartridge-case from the chamber ; an Implement for ex-
tracting the cartridge-case from a breech-loading gun. (c)
A device for removing an exploded cap from the nipple
of a cartridge-case, (a) Same a* drying-maeltine. \e) An
air tiiflit itlobolar veasel of metal In which Wines are
treated with steam to obtain from them gelatin and glue.
(/) III the Scottish Courtot Session, the oOclal person by
whom the extract of a decree or other Judicial proceed-
ing iH prepared and authenticated.
extractoret (eks-trak'tur), n. [< extract +
-urc] A drawing forth ; extraction.
Let each note breathe the heart of passion,
The sad extracture of extreamest grlefe.
Marston, Antonio and Melllda, I., Iv. 1.
extradictionaryt (ek8-trii-<lik'8hon-a-ri), a. [<
L. extra, bevond, + dictio(n-), a saying, a mode
^^L of expression, ML. a word (see diction), +
I^K -aryl.] Outside of words or language ; consist-
^^k ing not in words but in realities.
^H| Of these extnuftefionary and real fallacies, Aristotle and
^^F logicians make In number six.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., L 4.
* extraditable (eks-tra-di'ta-bl), a. [< extradite
+ -able. ] 1 . Warraiiting extradition : as, an ex-
traditable offense. — 2. Subject to extradition
132
2097
or to the provisions of an extradition treaty:
as, an extraditable person.
extradite (eks'tra-dit), V. t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
tradited, ppr. exiradittng. [Formed from ex-
tradition, as if < L. ex + traditus, pp. of tra-
dere: see extradition.^ 1. To deliver or give
up, as to another nation : as, to extradite a
criminal.
Nothing did so much to dispel the German Chancellor's
apprehensions of a Russo-^rench alliance as the refusal
of the French Government (in the spring of 1880) to extra-
dite Hartmaun, the Nihilist, wtio was suspected of having
planned the railway plot against the Czar at Moscow (in
l>ecember, 1879). Lowe, Bismarck, 11. 120.
2. To project in perception hj a psychological
process (a sensation) to a distance from the
Dody. Tims, when we strike the ground with a cane, we
seem to feel the blow at the further end of the cane — that
is, extradite the sensation to that point [Recent.]
It would appear therefore that, in the first instance at
any rate, a sensation can be projected or extradited, only
if it form a part of a space-volume felt all at once or in
continuous succession. if'. James, Mind, XII. 205.
extradition (eks-tra-dish'on), n. [< F. extra-
dition = Sp. extradicion, i L. ex, out, + tradi-
iio(n-), a giving up, < traditus, pp. of tradere,
give up, give over : see tradition. ] 1 . Delivery
by one state or nation to another, particularly
of fugitives from justice.
Bismarck had demanded extradition of the assassins of
German soldiers, but his request was refused.
Lowe, Bismarck, H. 12.
2. The projection, in the act of perception,
of a sensation to a distance from the oody.
[Recent.]
If we shake a locked iron gate, we feel the middle, on
which our hands rest, move ; but we equally feel the sta-
bility of the ends, where the hinges and the lork are ; and
we seem to feel all three at once. Such examples oi>en
up the whole subject of extradition, one of the most dif-
ficult problems which can occupy the space-philosopher.
W. James, Mind, XII. 205.
Extradition treaty, a treaty by which each of two na-
tions l>econ)es bound to give up criminal refugees from
the territory of the other, in specified cases.
extrados (eks-tra'dos), n. [F., < L. exfra, be-
yond, -t- dormtm, F. dos, the back: see doss^,
rfors«i.] 1. The upper or convex surface of an
arch or of a vault. The extrados of an arch is the
curved sortace formed by the upper or outer faces of the
vousaoira In poaition, when this surface and the intrados
are concentric and parallel. See first cut under arcAl.
2. The outer curve of a voussoir. See arcftl,
2. — 3. In mech., the locus of the lower ends of
wires, of uniform weight per unit of length,
hanging down from points on a cord which is
perfectly flexible, inextensible, and without
weight. When the wires are equally distant
from one another and of equal length, the ex-
trados is a parabola.
extradosed (eks-tra'dost), a. [< extrados -i-
-ed^.'^ Having an extrados (of a certain kind) :
applied to a true arch in which the curves of
the intrados and extrados are concentric and
parallel. See orcA', 2.
extradotal (eks-trS-do'tal), a. [< L. extra, be-
yond, outside, -I- lios (dot-), dowry, + -a/.] In
civil law, not forming part of the dowry; para-
phernal : said of a married woman's property.
Kent.
extra-enteric (eks'trft-en-ter'ik), a. In zool.,
situated outside of the enteron; perivisceral;
somatic, as a body-caWty.
extra-essential (eks'trft-e-sen'sbal), a. Out-
side of what is necessary or indispensable.
They perswaded modesty in all extratstential doctrines,
and suspense of judgment in thinga that were not abso-
lutely certain. QlanviUe, Essays, vii.
extrafloral (eks-trS-flo'ral), o. [< L. extra,
beyond, outside, + flos (Jlor-), a flower, + -a/.]
Outside of a flower.
extrafoliaceoos (eks'tra-fo-U-s'shius), a. [<
L. earfra, outside, -H/o/i«m,leaf : aee foliaceous.'\
In bot., away from the leaves, or inserted in a
different place from them: as, extrafoliaccous
prickles.
extraforaneons (eks'tra-fo-ra'nf-ns), a. [< L.
extra, beyond, -t- foris, a door; cf. foras, out of
doors: see/orum.] Outdoor. [Bare.]
Fine weather and a variety of extra^oraneous occnpa-
tions . . . make it difllcult for me to find opportunities for
writing. Coicper.
extrageneous (eks-tra-je'ne-us), a. [< L. extra,
beyond, -¥ qenns, kind.] belonging to another
kind. A', i'hillips, 1706.
extrabazardons (eks-trij-haz'ar-dus), a. Un-
usually bazanlou.s: specifically used in insur-
ance in classifying risks.
extrajadicial (eks'tra-jo-dish'al), a. Outside
of judicial proceedings; out of tte proper court,
or the ordinary course or scope of ^gal pro-
extraneity
cedure: as, extrajudicial declarations (those
made out of court).
On these extra-judicial proceedings of mankind, an un-
mannerly jest is frequently as capital as a premeditated
murder. Addismi, Charge to the Jury.
The execution of Lord Welles and Sir Thomas Dymock
in 1470 was an extra-judicial murder.
S(u6(w, Const Hist, I 373.
extrajudicially (eks^'tra-jo-dish'al-i), adv. In
an extrajudicial manner; out of court, or in a
manner out of the ordinary course of legal pro-
cedure ; without recourse to legal proceedings :
as, the case was settled extrajudicially,
St. Paul [sware] . . . extra- judicially, when the glory of
God was concerned in it.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 207.
The power of seizing a man's property extrajudicially in
satisfaction of your demand was, as Professor Solam just-
ly remarks, a sort of two-edged sword.
Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 273.
extralimital (eks-tra-lim'i-tal), a. [< L. extra,
outside, -t- limes {limit-), bounds, limit, + -aZ.]
In zool. : (a) Not found within a given limit of
geographical distribution or zoogeographical
area: as, an extraKmitaZ species. Thus, the tapirs
are at present almost confined to the southern part of
the American continent, but there is an extralimital spe-
cies in the Malay islands. (J) Lying outside of a cir-
cumscribed part or surface : as, median area of
the wings spotted with white, with a few extra-
limital spots on the internal area.
extralimitary (eks-tra-lim'i-ta-ri), a. [< L.
extra, beyond, -I- /»«es(/iHi«f-), bounds: see limi-
tary.^ 1 . Being beyond the limit or bounds : as,
extralimitary land. — 2. Same as extralimital.
extraloglcal (eks-tra-loj'i-kal), a. Lying out
of or beyond the province of logic, when this
is conceived to be restricted to syllogistic and
subsidiary doctrines, and to have no further
concern with the truth or falsity of reasonings.
This term originated in the narrowest school of formal
logic, and is used by those who wish to exclude from logie
any study of actual reasonings.
This distinction proceeds on a material, consequently
on an extralogical difference. 5tr IT. Hamilton.
extralogically (eks-tra-loj'i-kal-i), adv. In
an extralogical manner; beyond the sphere of
logic.
Though a universal quantification of the predicate in af-
firmatives has heen frequently recognized, this was by lo-
gicians recognized contingently, and therefore extralogi-
cally. Sir W. HamUton.
extramalleolns (eks'tra-ma-le'o-lus), «. ; pi.
extraiiialleoli (-li). [NL., < L. extra, outside, +
NL. malleolus.'] In anat., the outer malleolus
of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the
fibula.
extrambolacral (eks-tram-bu-la'kral), a. In
zoiil., situated beyond or outside of the ambu-
lacra.
extrameduUary (eks'tra-mf-dul'a-ri), a. Out-
side of the medulla spinalis or spinal cord.
extramission (eks-tra-mish'on ), ». [< L. extra,
beyonil, -I- missio(n-), a seniiing.] A sending
out; emission.
They hold that sight is made by reception, and not by
extramission ; by receiving the rales of the object into the
eye, and not by sending any out
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 7.
extramnndane (eks-tra-mun'dan), o. [< LL.
exiriimiiuildnus, beyond the world, < L. extra,
beyond, -t- mundus, the world : see mundane.']
Being beyond the limit of the world ; pertaining
to a region not included (n) in our world, (6) in
any world, or (c) in the material universe.
The first cause was an extramundane being, too excel-
lent, as well as too remote, to be approached and ad-
dressed to in the first instance. Warburton, Works, IX. v.
Extramimdane space, that part of the receptacle of
space which lies beyond the material universe, when thia
is snpixjsed to l)e limited.
extramural (eks-tra-mu'ral), a. [Cf. LL. ex-
traniiiraniis, beyond the walls; < L. extra, be-
yond, -t- murus, wall, -I- -al.] Situated without
or beyond the walls, as of a fortified city or a
university; hence, outside of the fixed limits
or boundaries of a place : as, extramural inter-
ment; an extrawMranecturer.
The term cemetery has . . . been appropriately applied
in modern times to the burial grounds, generally extra-
mural, which have been substituted for the over -crowded
churchyards of populous parishes. Encyc. Brit., V. 329.
The peculiar arrangements by which medical men not
connected with the university give instruction, and pre-
fiare young men formedical graduation. " Kxtra-mural "
nstruction is the term employed. Science, III. 371.
extraneity (eks-tra-ne'j-ti), n. [< extraneous
+ -ity.] 1. The state of being extraneous or
foreign; the state of being without or be-
yond sometliing. — 2, Something extraneous.
[Kare.]
extraneity
Beady to be drawn forth by the action of that very ex-
traneity called " sun."
London Spectator, quoted in Librarj" Mag., July 10, 1886,
(p. 2491.
extraneous (eks-tra'nf-us), a, [< L. extraneus,
that is without, external, strange, foreign, < ex-
tra, outside, without : see extra. Cf. estrange,
■ strange, from the same source.] Not belong-
ing or proper to a thing: not intrinsic or essen-
tial, though attached ; foreign : as, to separate
gold from extraneous matter; extraneous orna-
ments or observances.
Relation is not contained in the real existence of things,
but is something extraneous and superinduced. Locke.
To men of Mr. Deane's stamp, wlmt goes on among the
young people is as extraneous to the real business of life
as what goes on among the birds and butterflies.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. S.
Extraneous factor, in math. , a factor which an invariant
or reciprocant assumes upon linear transformation, and
which depends on that transformation only. — Extraneous
modulation, in tnujtic, a modulation into a distantor un-
related key. = Syn. See exterior.
extraneously (eks-tra'nf-us-li), adv. In an ex-
traneous manner ; from without.
By their being extraneously overruled.
Law, Theory of Eeligion, iii.
extranuclear (eks-tra-nii'kle-ar), a. [< L. ex-
tra, outside, + nucleus, q. v., + -ar^.l Situated
outside the nucleus of a cell.
He [SedgwickJ . . . demonstrated the continuity of the
extranuclear and intranuclear networks.
Jftcro*. Science, XXVIII. 97.
extra-ocular (eks-tra-ok'li-lar), a. Situated
outside of or away from tlie eyes: in entom.,
said of antennae which are distant from or be-
hind the compound eyes.
extra-official (eks"tra-o-fish'al), a. Not being
within the limits of official duty, rights, etc.
The various extra-ojticial fees not only bring our consu-
lates into disrepute abroad, . . . but they have had at
home a deleterious and debauching influence upon public
opinion. E. Schuyler, Anier. Diplomacy, p. 91.
extraordinarily (eks-trdr'- or eks-tra-6r'di-na-
ri-li), adv. 1. In an extraordinary manner; in
an imcommon degree ; remarkably ; eminently.
For I begin to forget all my hate.
And tak't unkindly that mine enemy
Should use me so extraordinarily scurvily.
Beau, and FL, Maid's Tragedy, iv.
2. Not in the ordinary or common way ; in a
peculiar manner ; specially.
The olive-green light ... is composed of ordinarily re-
fracted rays, which vibrate at right angles, and of extra-
ordinarily refracted rays, which vibrate parallel to the
axis. Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 318.
extraordinariness (eks-tror'- or eks-tra-6r'di-
na-ri-nes), n. The character of being extraor-
dinary ; unoommonness ; remarkableness.
I chuse some few, either for the extraordinariness of
their guilt or, etc. Government of the Tonijue.
He had a strange persuasion in his mind . . . that there
was bestowed on him the gift of curing the king's evil ;
wliich, for the extraordinariness of it, he thought fit to
conceal for some time. Wood, Athena) Oxon.
extraordinary (eks-tr6r'- or eks-tra-6r'di-na-
ri), a. and n. [= F. extraordinaire = Pr. extra-
ordinari = Sp. Pg. extraordinario = It. estraor-
dinario, straordinario, < L. extraordinarius, out
of the common order, rare, extraordinary, < ex-
tra, beyond, + ordo (ordin-), order, rule (> or-
dinarius, ordinary) : see order, ordinary. "i I. a.
1 . Being beyond or out of the common order or
rule; not of the usual, customary, or regular
kind; not ordinary: as, extraordinary evils re-
quire extraordinary remedies.
In extraordinary distresses, we pray for extraordinary
reliefs. Donne, Sermons, v.
All good things for mans sustenance may with . . .
facility be had by a little extraordinary labour.
Capt. John Smith, Tine Travels, II. 191.
Extraordinary expenses should be sanctioned both by
the assembly and the separate assemblies or estates of the
duchies. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. ii., p. 428.
It is an extraordinary fact that the Old Testament He-
brews, though not wholly without the idea of existence
after death, had yet no distinct idea of future reward and
punishment. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 378.
2. Not pertaining to a regular system or se-
quence; exceptional; special: as, an extraor-
dinary courier or messenger; an ambassador
extraordinary; the extraordinary juTiadiction of
a court ; a gazette extraordinary.
Souldiera of another country that come to serve for
paye : extrctordinarie souldiers. Noinenclator.
At supper the pilgrim is first served with a dish extra-
ordinary, and afterwards the guardian, which is cairied
to none of the rest.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 12.
8. In universities, relating to studies outside of
the regular curriculum, or 'to lectures not rec-
2098
ognized by the university as of the first rank of
importance, in the middle ages ordinary lectures were
so called because their subjects, forms, times, and places
were fixed by the faculty or nation, while those of the
extraordinary lectures were within certain limits left to
the will of the lecturer. The extraordinary lectures could
only be given at times not occupied by ordinary lectures.
rhey treated of every subject except logic, theology, law,
and medicine.
4. Exceeding the common degree or measure ;
hence, remarkable ; uncommon ; rare ; wonder-
ful: as, the exirawrrfiHrtn/ genius of Shakspere;
an ediiice of extraordinary grandeur Envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary. See en-
i-otv'-^.— Extraordinary care, in tan\ the uttnost or high-
est liegree of care. See nef//(^f nee.— Extraordinary ray,
in optics. .See refraction.
The vibrations of the extraordinary ray are in the plane
of the principal plane of cleavage itself.
Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 298.
= Syn. Unusual, singular, extra, unwonted, signal, egre-
gious, marvelous, prodigious, strange, preposterous.
II. «■; p\. extraordinaries (-liz). 1. Anything
uncommon or unusual ; a thing exceeding the
usual order, practice, or method. [Rare.]
Their extraordinary did consist especially in the matter
of prayers and devotion ; for that was eminent in them.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 643.
All the extraordinaries in the world, which fall out by
no steady rules and causes, I style prodigies preternatural.
J. Spencer, Prodigies.
2t. -An express messenger or courier.
Since we came to this town, there arrived an extraordi-
nary from Spain. Donne, Letters, Ixviii.
3t. Extra expense or indulgence.
I attended him also with the note of your extraordina-
ries, wherein I find him something difficult and dilatory
yet. Howell, Letters, I. vi. 8.
4. In the British service, an allowance to troops
beyond the gross pay, such as the expenses for
barracks, encampments, etc.
extraordinaryt (eks-tr6r'- or eks-tra-6r'di-na-
ri), adv. [< extraordinary, a.] Remarkably;
exceptionally ; extraordinarily.
The Achinese seem not to be extraordinary good at Ac-
counts, as the Banians or Guzurats are.
Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 137.
The wine that grows on the sides of their mountain is
extraordinary good, and I think much better than any I
met with on the cold side of the Apennines.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 403.
extraparocMal (eks^tra-pa-ro'ld-al), a. Not
within or reckoned witliin the limits of a par-
ish, or of any parish : as, extraparocMal land ;
extraparochial charities.
The demesne of Clitheroe Castle being an independent
jurisdiction, neither "geldable nor shireable," is, strictly
speaking, extra-parochial ; and it is in virtue of this al-
most obsolete privilege that several places in " Blackburn-
shire," within the "Castle parish," were, so late as the
connnencement of the present century, returned to parlia-
ment extra -parochial. Baines, Hist. Lancashire, II. 16.
extraparochially (eks"tra-pa-r6'ki-al-i), adv.
In an extraparochial manner or relation.
But it is farther enacted, " that the registers of all such
marriages . . . l)e removed to the parish church, ... or,
in case of a chapel extraparochially situate, then to the
parish church next adjoining." Horsley, Charges, p. 207.
extraperitoneal (eks'''tra-per-i-to-ne ' al), a.
Situated outside of the peritoneal cavity.
extraphysical (eks-trjl-tiz'i-kal), a. Not sub-
ject to physical laws or methods.
extraplantar (eks-tra-plan'tar), a. [< L. extra,
outside, + planta, the sole of the foot (> plan-
toWs, adj.): see plantigrade.'] Situated on the
outer side of the sole of the foot : opposed to in-
traplantar: as, the extraplantar nerve. Coues.
extrapolation (eks'tra-po-la'shon), n. [< P.]
The approximate calculation, from known
values of a function for given values of the
variable, of another value of the function for a
value of the variable smaller than the smallest
or larger than the largest of those upon which
the calculation is based. Thus, the calculation of the
population of the United States in 1900, from the popula-
tion in 1870, 1880, and 1890, would be an extrapolation.
extraprofessional (eks"tra-pro-fesh'on-al), a.
Not included within the ordinary limits of pro-
fessional interest or duty.
Molina was an ecclesiastic, and these studies were ex-
traprofessional. Med. Repos.
extraprCTincial (eks'tra-pro-vin'shal), a. Not
pertaining to or situated In the (specified) prov-
ince or jurisdiction.
An extra-provincial citation is not valid . . . above two
days' journey. Aylife, Parergon.
extrarectus (eks-tra-rek'tus), 71. ; pi. extrarec-
ti (-ti). [NL., < IJ. extra, outside, + rectus,
straight: see rectus.'] 1. The outer straight
or abducent muscle of the eyeball ; the rectus
extemus, which rolls the eye outward. See
cut under eyeball. — 2. The small or external
extra-uterine
straight muscle of the abdomen, commonly
oa,l\ed pyramidalis abdominis. Coues.
extraregarding(eks'''tra-re-gar'ding), a. Look-
ing outward; considering what is outside or
without. [Rare.]
still it would seem that the normal bent and attitude
of our ndnds, in the exercises and pursuits from which
the happiness of most of us is dertved, is objective, extra-
regarding, rather than introspective.
//. Sidgwick, -Methods of Ethics, p. 133.
extraregular (eks-tra-reg'u-lar), «. Not com-
prehended within a rule or rules ; unrestricted.
His [God's] providence is extraregular, and produces
strange things beyond common rules.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 2.
extraregularly (eks-tra-reg'u-lar-li), adv. Ex-
ceptionally ; in a manner not according to rule.
Extraregularly, and upon extraordinary reasons and
permissions, we find that holy persons have miscarried
in battle. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 268.
extrasensible(eks-tra-sen'8i-bl),o. andn. I. a.
Inaccessible to the senses.
II. n. That which is inaccessible to the senses.
The distination between the Atomic Theory and the
Hypothesis of Atonusm points to the distinction . . . be-
tween the conception of atoms as extrasensibles and the
conception of them as convenient fictions.
G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life and .Mind, II. iv. § 85.
extrasolar (eks-tra-so'lar), a. In astron., situ-
ated outside of or beyond the solar system.
extraspection (eks-tra-spek'shon), n. [< L.
extra, beyond, outside, + spectio{n-), observa-
tion, < specere, see, observe.] Outward obser-
vation ; observation of external things.
The idea of God is held to include all that can he known
concerning the external universe and our inner conscious-
ness, and this knowledge is obtained through science by
extraspection and by religion through intro-spection.
Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 629.
extrastomacbal (eks-tra-stum'ak-al), a. Situ-
ated or taking place outside of the stomach.
Fresh leaves . . . are similarly treated [moistened and
softened by secretion poured out of the month of an earth-
worm]. The result is that they are partially digested be-
fore they are taken into the alimentary canal. I am not
aware of any other case of extra-stomachal digestion hav-
ing been recorded. Darunn, Vegetable Mould, p. 43.
extratarsal (eks-tra-tar'sal), a. Situated upon
the outer side of the tarsus. Coues.
extraterrestrial (eks''tra-te-res'tri-al), a. Oc-
cuiTing outside of the earth; extrariiimdane.
Few people understand that the atmosphere bears also
a large proportion of mineral substances, some of which
must, almost to a certainty, have an extra-terrestrial ori-
gin. Winchell, World-Life, I. i. 6.
extraterritorial (eks''tra-t«-i-t6'ri-al), a. [<
L. extra, outside, + territorium, territory: see
territory, territorial.] Same as exterritorial.
extraterritoriality (eks'tra-ter-i-to-ri-ari-ti),
n. [< extraterritorial + -ity.] Same as exter-
ritoriality.
The treaties must in these two points, extra-territorial-
ity and concessions of land for mercantile settlements at.
open ports, remain unchanged.
Contemporary Rev., LII. 161.
extraterritorially(eks'''tra^ter-i-t6'ri-al-i),arf«7.
Same as exterritorially.
extrathecal (eks-tra-the'kal), a. [< L. extra,
outside, + NL. iheca, q. v., -1- -al.] In ^o67. and
bot., situated outside the theca: as, "the extra-
thecal part of the polyp," G. H. Fowler, Micros.
Sci., xxvm. 7.
From the disappearance of the thecal walls prior to the
maturity of the spores they sometimes appear naked, or
extrathecal. Lindsay, British Lichens, p. 70.
extrathoracic (eks'tra-tho-ras'ik), a. [< L. ex-
tra, outside, + thorax, q. v., -(- -ic] Situated
outside the thorax. Huxley.
extratriceps (eks-trfi-tri'seps), ». ; pi. extratri-
cipites (-tri-sip'i-tez). [< L. extra, outside, +
triceps, q. v.] The outer head or division of the
triceps muscle of the arm.
extratropical (eks-tra-trop'i-kal), a. Situated
beyond or outside of the tropics, north or south.
In polar and extra-tropical regions . . . precipitation
[of vapor] is in excess of evaporation.
J. Croll, Climate and Time, p. 106.
extraughtt (eks-trftf), a. [A var. of extract, a.,
a,s distraught ot distract.] 1. Extracted. Hall.
Sham'st thou not, knowing whence thou art extraught.
To let thy tongue detect thy base-born heart ?
Mai., 3 Hen. VI., fi. 2.
2. Distraught; distracted.
There was a woman accustomed to haunt the court,
whiche being extraught of lier mind, and seemyng by some
inspiration to showe thinges to come, mette Alexander,
and would In noe wise suffer him U:> passe.
Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 227.
extra-uterine (eks-tra-ii'te-rin), a. Being be-
yond or outside of the uterus: applied to those
eztra-uterine
cases of pregnancy in which the fetus is con-
tained in some organ exterior to the uterus.
extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans), n. [< OF. and
F. extravagance = Sp. Pg. extravagancia = It.
estravaganza, stravaganza, extravagance, < ML.
extravayaii(t-)s, extravagant: see extraragant.l
1. A wandering beyond proper bounds ; an ex-
cursion or a sally out of the usual way, course,
or limit. [Now rare.]
I have troubled you too far with this extravagance : 1
shall make no delay to recall myself into the road again.
Hammond.
2. An extravagant action, or such actions col-
lectively ; a going beyond proper limits in ac-
tion, conduct, or feeling; the overdoing of
something; specifically, lavish outlay or ex-
penditure.
The extramgancef of a man of genios are as sure of imi-
tation as the eijuable self-possession of his higher moments
is incapable of it Lowell, Study Windows, p. 317.
3. The quality of being extravagant; exees-
siveness or unreasonableness in amount or de-
gree; exorbitance: as, extravagance of expen-
diture, demands, conduct, passion, etc.
Some verses of my own, Maximin and Almanzor, cry
vengeance upon me for their extravagance. Dryden.
The income of three dukes was not enough to supply her
extramgance. ArbiUhnot.
In modem times there exists an immense body of estab-
lished scientific truth, which checks the natural extram-
gance of the intellect left to itself.
J. FUke, Cosmic Philos., I. 108.
= Syn. Wildness, irregolarity, ahcnitllty, excess, exorbi-
tance, unreasonableness, proftuion, waste, dissipation
bombast.
extravagancy (eks-trav'a-gan-si), n. [As ex-
travagance: see -aney.'\ Extravagance; a wan-
dering; especially, a wandering out of or be-
yond the usual or proper course ; a wild or li-
centious departure from custom or propriety;
a vagary. [Now rare.]
My determinate voyage is mere extravagancy.
Shot., T. N., IL 1.
Such is the Extravagancy of some that they wUl lay
; of Sweden! is not yet dead.
2099
perhaps from association with the prodigal son of Luke
XV. 11-82, suggests most of immorality and reprobation.
All these words have ligh.t«r figurative uses.
.\n extravagant man, who has nothing else to recom-
niend him but a false generosity, is often more beloved
than a person of a much more finished character who is
defective in tliis paiticular. Addison.
Yet was she not profuse ; but fear'd to waste
And wisely managed, that the stock might last.
Dryden, Eleonora, 1. 65.
l^ere is one quality of Macaulays nature, and that,
perhaps, the best, which is deserving of lamh eulogium —
his intense love of liberty, and his hearty hatred of des
P°tism. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 21
extreme
or effused ; escape, as blood, lymph, or serum,
from its proper vessels into surrounding tissues.
He sttU mends, but abundance of extravasated blood
has come out of the wound. Swift, To Stella, xviii.
As if the light which was once in those sickly green pu-
pils had extravasated into the white part of the eye.
Thackeray, Catharine, p. 538.
extravasate(eks-trav'a-8at), a. [<ML.ex«rara-
saiiw; see the verb.] Extravasated. [Kare.]
I'm told one clot of blood extravasate
Ends one as certainly as Rolands sword.
Broiming, Ring and Book, II. 242.
^^--, , .. — iJroiCTiuirir, jtmg ana Jiook, II. 242
Long, cumbrous, and wa»(yM< processes of natural se- Kjrixa.vaaatirm /oV= f,o,r „ oS' i, \ r n
ction and hereditary descent. extra vasaUOn (eks-trav-a-sashon ), M. [= F
lection and hereditary descent.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, L 213.
Free-livers on a small scale, who are prodigal within the
compass of a guinea. Irving, The Stout Gentleman.
n. n. If. One who wanders about; avagrant;
a vagabond.
Therefore retume, if yee be wise, you fall into the ditch
els, and enter the cittie againe, for if there hee be not he
is a verie extravagant, and has no abiding.
«ow<«!/. Search for Money (1609). , r-- »..<=v^u. t,uyte„,
Ordlnarie ofiicers are bound cheefly to their flocks. Acts extravaspnlar Cnlcs frS--^«='Vf. ls,^
20. 28, and are not to be extravagantt, to goe come and ''?;*5a»a8CUiar ^eKS-tra-vas ku-lar), a
leave them at their pleasurs to shift for them 'selves.'
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 187.
2. One who is confined to no general rule ; an
eccentric. [Eare.]
There are certain extravagants among people of all sizes
and professions. Sir B. LEttrange.
extravasation = Sp. extravasadoii = Pg. extra-
vasagSo; as extravasate + -ion.} The effusion
of an animal fluid into the tissues surrounding
its proper vessel, from which it has escaped in
consequence of rupture or morbid permeabil-
ity: as, extravasation of blood or of urine.
Perhaps also causing some extravasation, as we see that
wounds and bruises are attended with some inflammation
more or less, of the part affected. Boyle, Works II 83
Wagers be [the King ,
Bomii, Letten, I. tL «.
Precious liquor, warmed and heightened by a flame,
flrat crowns the vessel, and then dances over its brim
into the fire, increasing the canae of its own motion and
extravagancy. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), I. 44.
extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), o. and n. [<
OF. and F. extravagant = Bp. Pg. extraragante
= It. estravagante, stravagante, < ML. extrava-
gaH{t-)s, pp. of extravagari, wander beyond, <
L. extra, beyond, + ragari, wander, stray: see
vagrant.'] La. 1. Wandering beyond bounds
or out of the regular course ; straying. [Now
rare.]
The mtrmagant and erring spirit hies
To his conflne. Shot., Hamlet, L I.
Walking about the solitude* (at Tunbridge Wells), I
greatly admired the extravaganX tamlngs, Indonatlons
and growth of certaine birch treei among the rocka.
Aefyn, Diary, Aug. IS, 1061.
Bare, txtmagma spiriU come by us at interraU, who
diacloee to ua new facta In nature. Emerson, History.
2. Exceeding gust or reasonable limits; exces-
sive; exorbitant; unreasonable; lavish: as, the
demands or desires of men are often eztraca-
gant; extravagant living or expenditure.
His people penusded me to send back my boiaes, and
promiMMl I should be well fomlah'd, bot I foond myself
obliged to hire very bad horwsa at an ntrmmgmt price.
Poeocke, Description of the East, I. U.
Of Pope himself be IByion] spoke with extravagant ad-
""""<>"■ Maeavlay, Moore's Byron.
8. Not comprised within ordinary limits of
truth, probability, or propriety; irregular; wild;
fantastic : as, extravagant flights of fancy.
For a dance they seem'd
Somewhat sztraamgant and wild.
JfOtoti, P. L, Yl ne.
There appears something nobly wild and extravaaant In
great genfosea. Additm.
Where ceremony I* dominant in social intercoune ex-
travagant oompllmenta are addreaaed to private persons.
//. Spencer, Prin. of SocioL, | 845.
4. Exceeding necessity or prudence in expen-
diture; wasteful; prodigal; profuse: as,anei-
traragant purchase; an extravagant man.
He that is extravagant will quickly become poor, and
poverty will enforce dependence and Invite corruption.
Johnson. Rambler
-: ■ — .-— — — X v*« .u,a xxu-ijMy, I*. 1, Be-
ing out of the proper vessel or vessels ; without
distinct vessels: applied especially to the free
circulation of the blood of insects between the
viscera and the muscles, without special veins
or arteries.— 2. Nonvascular : applied to parts
.^.. which have no blood-vessels: as, cuticle and
3. pi. (a) A part of the body of canon law : as ^i^'^aKe Y® «'^'/'"<'«<^'<"- structures,
the Extravagants of John XXII. and the Extra- extravenatet (eks-tra-ve'nat), a. [< L. extra,
vagantes communes otothn-Doves: socalledbe- ""'side, + twia, a vein, + -ate\ Cf. extrava-
/.o.ioo »!,<,„ t — t„j .« — .^i___ _ ...^ _._.., , sate.\ Let out of the veins.
That there is a magnetick way of curing wounds by
anointing the weapon, and that the wound is affected in
like manner as is the extravenate bloud by the sympathet-
ic medicine, is for matter of fact put out of doubt by the
noble Sir K. Digby. Gfani-ate, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xxi.
_, v"ks-tra-v6r'Bhon), n. [< L. ex-
tra, outside, + ML. rer«io(n-)'; a turning: see
version. Ct. extroversion.} The act of throwing
out ; the state of being turned or thrown out or
outward.
Nor does there intervene heat to afford them any colour
to pretend that there is made an extraversion of the sul-
phur, or of any of the two other supposed principles.
Boyle.
extrayt, ». t. [ME. extrayen, extraien, < OF. ex-
traire, F. extraire = Pr. estraire = Sp. extraer
= Pg. extrahir = It. estrarre, strarre, < L. extra-
Aere, draw out, extract: see extract D.] To ex-
tract.
And so y made hem extraie me ensaumples of the Bible
and other bokes that y had. And y made hem rede me
eneri boke ; and ther that y fonde a goode ensaumple y
made extraie it out.
Book ^ the Knight of La Tour Landry, p. 3.
cause they treated of matters not in the decre-
tals {extra decrettim vagabantur).
All these together, Gratian's decree, Gregory's decretals
the sixth decretal, the Clementine constitutions, and the
aUravaganU ot John and hU successors, form the corpus nooie sir it. uigby. (JlanvUle Vanity of Doc
jurl* canonlci, or body of the Roman canon taw. v">./.iu«!, .anujfoiuog
Blackstone, Com., Int., ( 82. extraverslont (eks-tra-v6r'Bhon), n
The accretions of the Decretum, the Extravagants as '*■" ""'^''•''° "^ '^" .::—■„/_ \" - ^..
they were called — that Is, the authoriutive sentences of
the Pope* which were not yet codified —were many of them
conveyed In answers to English bishops, or brought at once
to England by the clergy, with the same avidity that law-
yers now read the terminal reports in the Law Journal.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 306.
(6) A collection of Jewish traditions, published
at the end of the second century.
extravagantly (eks-trav'a-gant-U), adv. In an
extravagant manner; unreasonably; absurdly;
excessively; with unjustifiable prof useness: as,
to act, dress, or live extravagantly ; to be ex-
travagantly fond of pleasure.
Pasains abreast of me, he . . . stuck an arm akimbo
and nnlrked extravagantly by.
Dickens, Great Expectations, xxx.
My Lord MrtromppnUv enUrUlning : telling some capl- Book oftheKr
tal storie* about old Bishop Horslev, which were set off _,_ ^ , ,
with some of the drollest mimicry that I ever saw. extreatt (eks-tret ), Jl. [A var. of estreat, 'ex-
Macaulay, Life and Letters, I. 283. tract.'] Extraction.
extravagantness (eks-trav'a-gant-nes), n. El- Some Clarkes doe doubt in their devicefull art
trava(,'!iMcf. Itailey, 1727. Whether this heavenly thing whereof I treat,
extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'zft), n. rVVith To weeten Mercie, be of Justice part,
«r- for M-, < It. estravaganza, eitrava^nce : "^ """'"'' '"'*'' '""» "" "^ "it^^T y , ,.
see extravagance.] 1. Something out of rule, ..i,*,«„. / i, ', -x rx hit. '^"'^- *' **• ^Z- *•
as in music, the drama, etc.; a composSon Mteeet (eks tre), n [< ME. exfre; a var. of ox-
, , w mpuBiiiuu t^gg^ eqmv. to axletree, q. v.] An axletree.
A large pyn, in maner of an extre, that goth thorow the
""'«■ Chaucer, Astrolabe, 1. 14.
"Syn. 3 and S. Inordinate, exorhlUnt. unconscionable
absurd.- 1 Sxtrmagant, Pr^fttst, Lavish. Wasteful. Prod-
tgat reckless. Extravagant and prodigal refer more often
to Mbits or character, the others to acts. All apply to
uiat which is Immoderate or unreasonable In quantity or
degree ; rrastsful to that which is injuriously so. One
may be extravagant or wasteful with a small sum ; It re-
quires a large sum to enable one to be profuse, lavish or
prodigal. Lavish ia stronger than profuse. Prodigal
characterized by extravagant, fantastic, or ca-
pricious qualities, as " Hudibras " or " Bom-
bastes Purioso"; a burlesque.— 2. An extrava-
gant flight of feeling or language,
extra vaganzlst (eks - trav - a - gan'zist), n. [<
extravaijanzti + -ist.] A writer of extravagan-
zas.
Cornelius Webbe ia one of the beat of that numerous
school of eztravagamisU who sprang from the ruins of
I^"'*'- Poe, Marginalia, cxv.
extravagate (eks-trav'a-gat), v. «. [< ML.
extravagatus, pp. of extravagari (> F. extrava-
gver), wander beyond: see extravagant.] To
wander irregularly or beyond due limits.
When the liody plunges into the luxury of sense the
mind will extravagau through all the regions of a vitiated
imagination. Warburton, Sermons, xx.
Adventures endless, spun
By the dismantled warrior in old age,
Out of the Iwwels of those very scheme*
In which his youth did first extravagate.
Wordsworth, Prelude, v.
extravagationf (eks-trav-a-ga'shon), n. [< ex-
travagate + -ion.] Excess; a wandering be-
yond limits.
I do not pretend to Justify the extravagatimu of the mob.
Smollett.
extravasate (eks-trav'a-sat), V. i. ; pret. and
pp. extravasated, ppr. exirarasating . [< ML. ex-
travasatus, only as adj., as if pp. of 'extravasare
(> Sp. exlrarasar(se) = Pg. extrarasar = F. ex-
travaser), < L.. extra, beyond, + ras, vessel: see
vase, vessel.] In pathol., to become infiltrated
extreme (eks-trem'), a. and n. [Formerly also
extream, extreame ; < OF. extreme, P. extrhne =
Pr. extrem, estrem = Sp. Pg. extremo = It. es-
tremo, stremo, < L. extremtis, outermost, utmost,
superl. of exter, outer, outward: see exterior.]
1. a. 1. Outermost; situated at the utmost
limit, point, or border; furthest of all; largest
or smallest or last: as, the extreme verge or
edge of a roof or a precipice ; the extreme limit
or botu- of life. (Although the word Is superlative in
itself, the superlative sulBx is sometimes added for em-
phasis: as, " the extremest shore," Southey.]
Thy extreme hope, the loveliest and the last.
Shelley, Adonais, vi.
Behind the standing figure on the extreme left six ob-
ject* are ranged on the edge of the chaton, so as to follow
lU curve. C. T. Sewton, Art and Archajol,, p. 268.
2. Utmost or greatest in degree; the most,
greatest, best, or worst that can exist or be
supposed ; such as cannot be exceeded : as, ex-
treme pain or grief ; extreme joy or pleasure ; an
extreme case.
To forbid the overflowings and intercourses of pity upon
such occasions were the extremest of euiis.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vii., Exp!.
Why, therefore, fire ;
for I have caught extreme cold.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
God ever mindful in all strife and strait,
Who, for our own good, makes the need extreme.
Till at the last He puts forth might and saves.
Browning, Ring and Book, 11. 6a
^^
extreme
Thia single bQateral symmetry remains constant under
the extremest modi ti cat ions of form.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Biol, § 2:>2.
3. Exacting or severe to the utmost.
If thou. Lord, wilt be extreme to mark what is done
amiss, O Lord, who may abide it?
Book of Common Prayer, Psalter, cxxx. 3.
Posterity is not extreme to mai*k abortive crimes.
Macatday, Hallam's Const. Hist.
4. In musiCf superfluous or augmented: thus,
the extreme sharp sixth is the aug-
mented sixth Chord of the ex-
treme sixth, a chord whicli iu its regular
form contains an augmented sixth, as in
fi^. ". — Extreme fifth. See p/th, ?*., 2.— Extreme In-
tervals, in "I »,«■<•, expanded, augmented, or superfluous
intervals: as, the extreme sixth (that is, the augmented
or sharped sixth). —Extreme key, in imtsic, a key not
closely related to a given key. — Extreme parts, in itiusic,
the parts or voices that lie at the top and bottom of the
harmony; usually, the soprano and bass. — Extreme unc-
tion. See unction. —-To Cut a line In extreme and
mean ratio, to cut it into two part« such that the lesser
is to the greater as the greater is to the whole— that is,
the ratio of the whole to the greater is i(/5 + 1), while
that of the lesser to the greater is Hv'S — l), = Syn. 1. Ut-
termost, most distant, most remote, terminal. — 2. Final,
ultimate, utter.
H. «. 1. The utmost point or verge of a
thing; that part which terminates a body; an
extremity ; the end or one of the ends, espe-
cially of correlated parts, of a body.
With this wind they run away in the same parellel 35
or 36 d. before they cross the line again to the northward,
■which is about midway between the extremes of both prom-
ontories. Bampier, Voyages, II. il. 9.
2. The utmost limit or degree that can be sup-
posed or tolerated; either of two states, quali-
ties, or feelings as different from each other as
possible; the highest or the lowest degree : as,
the extremes of heat and cold ; avoid extremes.
His flaw'd heart, . . .
'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief.
Burst smiliugly. Shak., Lear, v. 3.
Yet is this City subject to both the extreams of weather.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 169.
The felon is the logical extrerne of the epicure and cox-
comb. Selfish luxury is the end of both, though in one
it is decorated with refinements, and in the other brutal.
Emerson, P'ortune of the Republic.
8f. Extremity; utmost need or distress.
I will not hide
Vfh&t thoughts in my unquiet breast are risen.
Tending to some relief of our extremes,
Or end. Milton, P. L., x. 976.
4. In logiCj the subject or the predicate of a cate-
gorical proposition ; specifically, the subject or
the predicate of the conclusion of a syllogism ;
either of two terms which are separated in the
premises and brought together in the conclu-
sion. The jnajor extreme is the predicate of the conclu-
sion; the minor extreme, the subject of the conclusion.
The major is also called the ^first extreme ; the minor, the
second extreme.
5. In math.: (a) Either of the first and last terms
of a proportion, or of any other related se-
quence or series of terms : as, when three mag-
nitudes are proportional, the rectangle con-
tained by the extremes is equal to the square
of the mean. (6) The largest or the smallest
of three or more magnitudes.
If any three unequall numbers be proposed, they have
this propertie : that the product of their meane number
by the total of both the ods or differences whereby the
extreames differ from the same raeane countervayles lK>th
the products made of each extreame by this fellowes diflfer-
ance or ods. T. Hill, Arithmetic (1600), fol. 31.
(c) Any part of a right-angled or quadrantal
spherical triangle other than the part assumed
as mean. The two extremes nearest the mean are called
the conjnnnt extremes, the other two the disjunct extremes.
— In the extreme, iu the highest or utmost degree.
All colours in Brazil, whether of birds, insects, or flow-
ers, are brilliant in the extreme.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. iv.
The extremes of an interval, in music, the two sounds
most distant from each other.— To go to extremes, to
proceed to an extremity in some course or action ; use ex-
treme measures or methods; carry one's opinions or pro-
ceedings to the utmost limit or consequences. =Syn. See
extremity.
extremef (eks-trem')j adv. [< extremey a.] Ex-
tremely; excessively; exceedingly.
The colde is extreAims sharpe, but here the Proverbe is
true, that no extreame long continueth.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I, 114.
Lord Peter, even in his lucid intervals, was very lewdly
given in his common conversation, extreme wilful and
positive. Sivi/ty Tale of a Tub, iv.
extremeless Ce^s-trem'les), a. [< extreme +
-less.l Having no extremes or extremities ; in-
finite. Bailey, 1727.
extremely (eks-trem'li), adv. In the utmost
degree; to the utmost; more commonly, to a
2100
very great degree; exceedingly: as, extremely
hot or cold ; extremely painful.
It rained most extremely without any ceasing.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 57.
I swear thou shalt fight with me, or thou shalt be beaten
extremely and kicked.
Beau, and Ft., King and No King, iii. 2.
extremeness (eks-trem'nes), n. The quality of
being extreme ; tendency to extremes.
There is perhaps a little extremeness on either side.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LV. 197.
extremism (eks-tre'mizm), «. [< extreme +
~ism.^ Disposition to go to extremes in doc-
trine or practice ; ultraism.
It is just this extremism which makes any effective con-
trol of the traflSc in liquors so nearly hopeless in this
countiy. The American, XIII. 276.
It [the anti-saloon movement] recognizes the futility of
extremism. New I'ork Semi-weekly Tribune, Aug. 26, 1887.
extremist (eks-tre'mist), n. [< extreme + -ist.']
One who goes to extremes; a supporter of ex-
treme doctrines or practice.
But at no time has the Prime Minister given his sanc-
tion to the proposals of the extremists in his own party.
The American, IX. 117.
extremital (eks-trem'i-tal), a. [< extremity +
-aL'\ InrooV., pertaining to an extremity; sit-
uated at. the end; distal: op-po&ed to 2)roximal.
extremity (eks-trem'i-ti), «. ; -pi. extremities
(-tiz). [< ME. extremiihj < OF. extremitey F. ex-
tremit€= Pr. extremitat = Sp. extremidad = 'Pg.
extremidade = It. estremitdy stremitd, < L. ex-
tremita{t-)s, the extremity or end, < extremus,
furthest, extreme: see extreme.'^ 1. The utmost
point or side ; the end or the verge ; the point
or border that terminates a thing : as, the ex-
tremities of a bridge ; the extremities of a lake.
Perseus readily undertook a very long expedition even
from the east to the extremities of the west.
Bacon, Fable of Perseus.
Petrarca's villa is at the extremity farthest from Padua.
Eustace, Tour through Italy, I. iv.
2. In anat, and zooLy a limb or an organ of loco-
motion; an appendage or appendicular part of
the body. The extremities of the vertebrate body are
four in number, viz., the arms and legs, divided in man
into upper and lower, and in other animals into anterior
and posterior extremities.
He schal waische al his body and his extremytees with
brennynge watir ofte tymes.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Fumivall), p. 17.
It is a sign ... of new vigor, when the extremities are
made active, when currents of warm life run into the
hands and feet. Emerson, Misc., p. 93.
3. The highest degree ; the most intense form :
as, to suffer the extremity of pain or cruelty.
He is vain-glorious and humble, and angry and patient,
and merry and dull, and joyful and sorrowful, in extremi-
ties, in an hour. Beau, and Fl., King and No King, i. 1.
Come arm'd with Flames, for I will prove
All the Extremities of mighty Love.
Cowley, The Mistress, Request.
He reddening in extremity of delight,
"My lord, you overpay me fifty-fold."
Tennyson, Geraint.
4. Extreme or utmost need, distress, or diffi-
culty; the greatest degree of destitution or
helplessness ; specifically, death : as, a city be-
sieged and reduced to extremity; man's extrem-
ity is God's opportunity.
My servants all for life did flee.
And left me in extremitie.
Lament of the Border Widow (Child's Ballads, III. 87).
Lover's oaths are like maiiner's prayers, uttered in ex-
tremity. Webster, White Devil, iv. 4.
5. pi. Extreme measures : as, the commander
was compelled to proceed to extremities.
Extremities ought then only to ensue when, after a fair
experiment, accommodation has been found im practicable.
A. Hamilton, Works, I. 438.
= S3ni. 1. Extremity, End, Extreme,hoTAQT,ievm\\mi\or\.
Extremity is opposed to middle, end to beginning, and ex-
treme to mean or tnoderate degree. Extreme is now used
only in figurative senses'; the others are literal or figura-
tive. Extreme generally indicates that which is excessive,
exaggerated, or extravagant : as, he was dressed in the
extreme of the fashion ; *' avoid extrem-es," Pope, Essay on
Criticism, 1. 385. For the direct expression of a great dis-
tress, etc., extremity is used, and extreme is rare or obso-
lete.
Truly in my youth I suffered much extremity for love.
Shak., Hamlet, ii, 2.
But only fools, and they of vast estate.
The extremity of modes will imitate.
Dryden, New House, Prol,, 1. 26.
Death is the end of life; ah, why
Should life all labour be?
Tennyson, Lotos-Eaters (Choric Song).
The human mind not infrequently passes from one ex-
treme to another ; from one of implicit faith to one of ab-
solute incredulity.
Story, Address, Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1826.
extricable (eks'tri-ka-bl), a. [< L. as if *extri-
cabilis (cf, inextricaiilis), inextricable, < extri-
eztrlnsic
care, extricate: see extricate."] Capable of be-
ing extricated.
Germ above roundish -egged, very villous, scarce extri-
cable from the calyx enclosing and grasping it.
Sir W. Jones, Select Indian Plants.
extricate (eks'tri-kat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. ex-
tricatedy ppr. extricating. [< L. cxtricatuSj pp.
of extricare, disentangle, extricate, < ex, out, +
trices, trifles, toys, trumpery, hence also hin-
drances, impediments. Cf. intricate.'] 1. To
disentangle; disengage; free: as, to extricate
one from a perilous or embarrassing situation ;
to extricate one's self from debt.
A friend was arrested for fifty pounds. I was unable to
extricate him, except by becoming his bail.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xxviL
Butler dwells ... on the dexterity' with which he
[Shaftesbury] extricated himself from the snares in which
he left his associates to perish.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple,
If I felt any emotion at all, it was a kind of chuckling
satisfaction at the cleverness I was about to display in ex-
tricating myself from this dilemma. Poe, Tales, I. 13.
2. To set loose or free ; evolve ; excrete.
They extricate water, urea, and carbonic acid.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 413.
This mixture [for the manufacture of phosphorus] must
be made out of doors, as under an open shed, on account
of the carbonic acid and other offensive gases which are
extricated. (Jre, Diet., III. 557.
= Syn. 1. Disentangle, etc. (see disengage); relieve, de-
liver, set free.
extricate, extricated (eks'tri-kat, -ka-ted), a.
[< L. extricatns, pp. : see the verb.] In entom.,
extruded : applied to the ovipositor when the
valves and vagina are entirely without the
body, whether in use or not, as in many Jch-
neumonida:.
extrication (eks-tri-ka'shon), n. [< extricate
+ -ion.] 1. The act of extricating, or the state
of being extricated; a freeing from impedi-
ments or embarrassments; disentanglement.
The chief object in the mind of every citizen may not be
extrication from a condition admitted to be disgraceful,
but fulfilment of a duty which shall be also a birthright.
Buskin, Lectures on Art, §. 4.
2. The act or process of setting loose or free;
an evolving: as, the extrication of heat or
moisture from a substance.
Extrication, or escape of the embryo from the ovum.
Owen, Anat., xii.
Whenever any rapid chemical action attended with ex-
trication of light and heat takes place, combustion is said
to occur. W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., § 336.
extrinsecalt, a. See extrinsical.
extrinsecatet, a. See extrinsicate.
extrinsic (eks-trin'sik), a. [Formerly extrin-
sickj extrinsique ; prop, ^extrinsec (the term, be-
ing erroneously conformed to that of adjectives
in -ic) = F. extrinseqne = Pr. extrinsec = Sp. cx-
trinseco = Pg. extrinseco = It. cstrinseco, < L.
extrinsecuSy adj., outer, < extrinsecus, adv., from
without, without, on the outside, < ^extiim, an
assumed adverbial form of exter, outer, out-
ward, + secuSy prep., by, beside, seen also in
intrinsecus, on the inside (> E. intrinsic, q. v.),
altrinsecus, on the other side, utrinsecus, on both
sides, circumsecus, on all sides.] 1. Outward;
external ; not of the essence or inner being or
nature of a thing.
So in like manner astronomy exhibiteth the extrinsique
parts of celestial bodies (namely, the number or situation,
notion, and periods of the starres) as the hide of heaven.
Bacon, On Learning, ii. 4.
The royal stamp upon any kind of metal may he suffi-
cient to give it an extrinsick value, and to detemdne the
rate at which it is to pass amongst coins ; but it cannot give
an intrinsick value, or make that which is but brass to
be gold. Bp. WUkiiu, Natural Religion, ii. 6.
Words
That, while they most ambitiously set forth
Extrinsic diff'erences, the outward marks
Whereby society has parted man
From man, neglect the universal heart.
Wordsworth, Prelude, xiii.
2. Determined by something else than the sub-
ject; extraneous; foreign.
That one is wise, and another is foolish or less learned,
is by accident and extrinsic causes.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 302.
3. In anat., originating outside the anatomical
limits of a limb, these limits including the pec-
toral and pelvic arches : applied to certain mus-
cles.— 4. In Scots law, not relevant to the point
referred: applied to facts and circumstances
sworn to by a party on a reference to his oath,
which cannot be competently taken as part of
the evidence — Extrinsic or extrinsical argument,
an argument not drawn from a definition.— ^trlnsic
evidence, that evidence which is not contained in a docu-
ment, but sought to be adduced from without, as for the
purpose of interpreting its contents or qualifying its effect.
= Syn. See exterior.
extrinsical
eitrinsical (eks-trin'si-kal), a. and n. [Orig.
and prop, extrinsecal ; as extrinsic + -aW] I. a.
Same as extrinsic. [Obsolete or archaic]
A purpose act«d and not acted differs not in the prin-
ciple but in the effect, which is extrinsiccd and acciden-
tal to the purpose. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 186.
Shakespeare no doubt projected himself in his own
creations ; but those creations never became so perfectly
disengaged from him, so objective, or, as they used to say,
txtrinsuMl, to him, as to react upon him like real and even
alien existences. Loicelt, .\mong my Books, 1st ser., p. 86.
n.t >>• Aji outward accident or circumstance ;
a non-essential.
Knox and Whittingham were as much bent against the
•nbetance of the book as against any of the circumstantials
and extrimicaU which belonged unto it.
Ueylin, Hist. Eeformation, II. 179.
eztrinsicality (eks-trin-si-kal'i-ti), n. [< ex-
trinsical + -itij.'i The state or character of be-
ing extrinsic. Roget,
eztrinsically (eks-trin'si-kal-i), adv. In an
extrinsic manner; from wittout ; externally,
eztrinsicalness (eks-trin'si-kal-nes), ». Same
as exlriiisicality. Bailey, 1727.
eztrinsicatet, «■ [Orig. extrinsecate ; as extrin-
gic + -«?«i.] External; extraneous. Davies.
Which nature doth not forme of her owne power,
But are fxtrinseeate, by marraile wrought.
Witdmn of Dr. Dodipol (1600)i
eztrinsicate (eks-trin'si-kat), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. (xtrinsieated, ppr. extrinsicating. [< extrin-
sic + -«<e2.] To make extrinsic ; transmit from
an internal to an external activity or being;
externalize.
The acoustic image cannot be evoked, and therefore the
idea cannot be txtrinneated either in spoken words or in
writing, which alone are capable of exactly calling up the
idea in other persons.
Tr. in Alien, and NnirU., VIII. 219.
eztrinsication (eks-trin-si-ka'shon), H. [< ex-
trinxiriUe + -ion.] The act or result of extrin-
sicating or externalizing.
extrobliqntis (eks-trob-li'kwus), ». ; pi. extrob-
liqiii (-kwi). [NL., < L. extra, outside, + obli-
([ttus, oblique.] Same as ectobliquus.
extroitive (eks-tro'i-tiv), a. [Irreg. (in imita-
tion of the opposite intrmtive) < L. extra, out-
side, -I- ire, pp. *iiug, go, + -ire.] Moving or go-
ing out ; seeking after external objects. Cwe-
riage. [Bare.]
eztrorsal (eks-trdr'sal), a. [< extrorse + -aJ.]
Saiiic as extrorse.
extrorse (eks-trdrs'), a. [< F. extrorse, < L. as
if 'exirorsus, toward the outside (cf. L. intror-
sits, adv., toward the inside), < extra, outside, +
versus, adv., turned toward, < versus, pp. of ver-
tere, turn : see
verse, and cf. in-
trorse.] 1. In
6o<., turned out-
ward : applied
to an anther
which is turned
away from the
axis of the flow-
er and faces the
perianth.— 2. In
zoiil. , turned out or away from the body : corre-
lated with antrorse, introrse, and retrorse.
extrorsely (eks-trArs'U), adv. In an extrorse
niiiimir; in such a way as to become extrorse.
extroversion (eks-tro-v^r'shon), n. [Irreg. (in
imitation of the opposite inirorerxion) < L. ex-
tra, without, -f- ML. rersio(n-), a turning.] In
pathol., a turning inside out, as of the eyelids
(see erersion) or of the bladder — in the latter
ease, a congenital malformation.
extmctt (eks-trukt'), r. t. [< L. extruetus, ex-
structHs, pp. of extrvere (> OF. estruir, estmre =
It. estrnere, struere), exstruere, pile up, build
up, < ex, out, + struere, pp. structvs, build : see
strvcture. Ct.constraet.\ To build; construct.
These high ex9lrueted spires he writ
That mortal Dellius must quit.
Byrom, On Horace's Odea, if. 3.
extmctiont (eks-truk'shon), n. [< L. extrvc-
tio{n-), cxstructio{n-), < extruere, exstruere, pp.
extruetus, exstructus, build np: see extruct.'] A
building; a structure. Bailey, 1731.
extructivet (eks-tmk'tiv), a. [< extruct + -<«>«.]
Forming into a structure; constructive.
If It wei« not as easy forus to say tliat papistry is both
affirmative and extrwiioe of all wickedness.
Futlu, Ans. to Frarine's Declaration (1580), p. 41.
extmctort (eks-tmk'tor), n. [< LL. extruetor,
exstructor, a builder, < L. extruere, exstruere:
see extruct.] A builder; a constructor ; a con-
triver. Bailey, 1727.
2101 exulate
= Syn. Abundance, Profusion, etc. (see plenty); copious-
ness, plenitude, amplitude, overflow, superabundance.
exuberant (ek-su'be-rant), a. [= F. exuberant
= Pr. exuberant = Sp. Pg. exuberante = It. esu-
berante, < L. exuberan(t-)s, ppr. of exuberare, be
superabundant: see exuberate.] Characterized
by abundance; copious to excess ; overflowing;
superabundant; luxuriant: as, ex«6ei'a»it fer-
tility; exufterani imagination.
They are so exuberant that 'tis commonly reported one
vine will load 5 mules with its grapes.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 29, 1645.
Peopling the deserts of America . . . with the waste of
an exuberant nation. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xvii.
A gentleman of large proportions but of lively temper-
ament, . . . wearinghis broad-brimmed, steeple-crowned
felt hat with the least possible tilt on one side — a sure
sign of exuberant vitality in a mature and dignified per-
son like him. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 62.
exuberantly (ek-sii'be-rant-li), adv. In an ex-
uberant manner; ve^ copiously; superabun-
dantly; luxuriantly: as, the earth has pro-
duced exuberantly.
A considerable quantity of the vegetable matter lay at
the surface of the antediluvian earth, and rendered it ex-
nberantly fruitful.
Woodward, Essay toward a Nat. Hist, of the Earth.
exuberate (ek-su'be-rat), V. i. ; pret. and pp.
exuberated, ppr. exuberating. [< L. exuberatus,
pp. of exuberare, come forth in abundance, be
abundant, < ex, out, -1- tiberare, be fruitful, <
uber, an udder, = E. udder, q. v.] To abound ;
be in exuberance or great abundance.
All the loveliness imparted to the creature is lent it but
to give us some more enlarged conceptions of that vast
conttuence and immensity that exuberates in God.
BoyU, Works, I. 264.
eXQCCOUS (ek-suk'us), a. See exsuccous.
ui^c»ouv,c. „ . . ,. , ,» „, „ exudatet (ek-sii'dat), V. t. [< L. exudatus, ex-
Consldcrthehnmerus, lt« head, lt» neck, iUpullies, Its "^"^^"JJt;^,^ -, ^^,;i^^^ ^ >- . . ,
exude.]
Some perforations only in the part itself, through which
the humour included doth exudate.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 4.
exudate (ek-su'dat), ». [Also exsudate; < L.
exudatum, exsudatum, neut. of exudatus, exsuda-
tus, pp.: see exudate, v.] An exudation.
.stone in the bladder, and sanguineous, fibrinous, or se-
rous exudates are consequences of morbid systematic ac-
tion. Alien, and Neurol., VI. 45.
[< L. exf«6«- exudation (eks-u-da'shon), h. [Also cxsuda-
rafiw, pp. ot' extuberare, swell out or up, < ex, tion; < L. as if "exudaiio^n-), 'exsudatio(n-), <
out, + tuber, a swelling: see tuber.] To swell exudare, exsudare, exude: see exude.] 1. The
act of exuding; an oozing or sweating out; a
extrude (eks-trod'), '■• t. ; pret. and pp. extruded,
ppr. extruding. [< L. extrudere, pp. extrusus,
thrust out or forth, <"«», out, + trudere, thrust,
akin to E. threat, q. v. Cf. intrude, obtrude,
protrude.] 1. To thrust out; force, press, or
crowd out; expel: applied to things.
The gift of Nilus bringing down earth with his deluges,
and extruding the sea by little and little.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 80.
Parentheses thrown into notes or extruded to the mar-
gin. Coleridge.
The tree puts forth leaves, and presently, by the germi-
nation of new buds, extrudes the old leaf.
Emerson, Friendship.
2. To drive away; expel; displace or remove,
as a person from a place or office. [Now rare. ]
Say he should extrude me his house to-day, shall I there-
fore desist, or let fall my suit to-morrow ?
B. Jonson, Poetaster, iii. 1.
The proud Rutulian King,
A suitor to the maid, .^neas, malicing,
By force of arms attempts his rival to extrude.
Drayton, Polyolblon, i. 333.
extrusion (eks-tro'zhon), n. [< L. as if *extru-
sio{n-), < extrudere, pp. extrusus, thrust out:
see extrude.] The act of extruding, in either
use ; a thrusting or driving out ; expulsion.
We have already spoken of the comparatively modem
extrusion of the bishops from all jurisdiction over the fab-
rics which in old times . . . were always described as hav-
ing been made what they were by the bishops, and never
by the deans. Edinlmrgh Rev., CLXIII. 183.
extmsory (eks-tro'so-ri), a. [< L. extrusus, pp.
of extrudere, thrust but (see extrude), + -ory.]
Extruding or forcing out.
extuberancet, extuberancyt (eks-tu'be-rans,
-ran-si). «. [As exluberaH{t) + -ee, -cy.] Pro-
tuberance.
cavities, its extuberanees.
J. Smith, Solomon's Portraiture of Old Age, p. 60.
"And the dry land appeared ' ; Not so precisely globous
as before, but recompensed with an extubertmey of hills
and mountains for the receipts into which God had sunk
the waters.
J. Gregory, Notes on Passages in Scripture, p. 114.
pp. of exudare, exsudare, exude : see
To exude ; ooze out.
o[=
rante, < L. extuberan'(t-fs, ppr. of extuberare,
swell out: see «F<ii6erate.] Protaberant.
Extuberant lips. Oayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 223.
extuberatet (eks-tu'be-rat), V. t.
Eztrone Stamens in Flower of
Hiff«cratta.
out ; protrude.
extuberationt (eks-tu-be-ra'shon), n. [< ex-
tubvrate + -ion.] The state of'"being eituber-
ant ; a protuberance.
In both there are excrescences and rxtuberations to be
lopt off and ainted. Farindon, .Sermons (1647), p. 582.
extumescencet (eks-tu-mes'ens), n. [< L.
ex + tumtscere, begin to swell : see tu»ie»oe»ce,
tumescent. C^. L.exf umere, swell up.] Tumes-
cence; tumefaction.
extnnat, v. t. [< L. extundere, beat out, strike
out, squeeze out, < ex, out, + tundere, beat. Cf.
rontund.] To beat or force out. Bailey, 1727.
extnrbatet (eks-t*r'bat), v. t. [< L. exturbatus,
pp. of exturbare, drive out, thrust out, < ex, out,
+ turbare, throw into disorder, agitate, trouble :
see trouble, and cf. disturb, perturb, etc.] To
drive out; expel.
We shall attack Flanders Itself with Aery darts, and ex-
turbaU Antlohrtst from our native country.
Micronius, quoted in R. W. Dixon's Hist. Church of
[Eng., XI.
extnsiont, ». [< L. as if 'extusio{n-), < extun-
dere, pp. extusus, beat out : see extund.] A for-
cing or squeezing out.
gradual discharge of humors or moisture.
The tumour sometimes arises by a general exudation
out of the cutis. Wiseman, Surgery.
2. That which is exuded : as, gums are exuda-
tions from plants; serous exudations.
Tlie hunmilng-liird feeds on flowers, whose exudationt
with his liiiig little bill he sucks like the bee.
Boyle, Works, V. 369.
exudati'Vre (ek-sii'da-tiv), a. [Also exsudative;
< exudate, v., + -ive.] Of, pertaining to, or
characterized by exudation.
Tliere are generally noftcudntiiwordegeiieratlve chants
of the retina (in retinitis apopleitlca] such as are met with
in other forms of retinitis. J. S. WelU, Dis. of Eye, p. 34a
exude (ek-siid'), v.; pret. and pp. exuded, ppr.
exuding. \< L. exudare, prop, exsudare, also
written esudare, sweat out, exude, < ex, out, -I-
sudare, sweat: see sweat.] I. trans. To dis-
charge slowly through the pores, as by sweat-
ing; give out gradually, as moisture or any
fluid matter.
Our forests exude turpentine in the greatest abundance.
Dtright.
n. intrans. To ooze from a body through the
In all alimentation, or nourishment, there is a twofold pores by a natural or abnormal discharge, as
•tl™, ^7»<^> anil attraction, whereof the former nro- J^j^g ^^ g^^ f^.^^^ ^ (.,gg^ p„g f^Q^ ^ WOUud,
or serous fluid from a blister; be secreted or
excreted.
Honey exuding from all flowers. Arbuthnot, Aliments,
exult (ek'sul), n. [< L. exul, exsul, an exile:
see exile^, n.] An exile.
Seeing his soldiers somewhat distressed, he sendeth for
the regiment of the Roman exxds.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 46.
exulatet (eks'u-lat), V. [< X>. exulatus, exsula-
tus, pp. of exulare, cxsulare, exile : see exiled, v.]
I. trans. To banish; exile.
n. intrans. To go into exile.
The princely Sycomore . . . hath smarte<l for this, be-
ing fallen just under tlie same fatall predicament as Alta-
pinus ; both exulating from their own patrimoniall terri-
tories. Howell, Dodona's Grove, p. 136.
action, extutum and attraction, whereof the former pro-
ceeds from the inward function, the latter from the out-
wanL Bacon, Hist. Life and Death.
exuberance, exuberancy (ek-gu'be-rans, -ran-
si), n. [= F. cxulierance = 8p. Pg. exuberancia
= It. esuberan:a, < LL. exuberarttia, superabun-
dance, < L. exHbcran(t-)8, superabundant: see
exuberant.] The state of being exuberant; ex-
ceeding abundance; an overflowing supply;
superabundance; luxuriance: as, extiierance of
foliage or of fancy.
1 saw many gootlly spacious grounds . . . and a singu-
lar exuberancy ol all manner of fruits.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 101.
No two canopies in the whole building are alike, and
every part exhibits a Joyous exuberance of fancy scorning
every mechanical restraint.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 404.
In the more purely political poems, the same stage exulatet (eks'u-lat), n. [ME., < L. exulatus, ex-
etlecUare repeated, witl, the same effort, to compensate ^,^f„^ pp -„,- ex,aare, exsuUire, exile : see ex«-
for deflcienclea of feeling by exuberance of language.
Quarterly Rev.
late, v.] An exile. Hardyng's Chron.,fo\.lS9.
ezulcerate
exolcerate (eg-zul'se-rat), v. ; pret. and pp. ex-
ulcerated, ppr. exulcerating. [< L. ej-ulceratm,
pp. of erukerare (> It. esulcerare = Sp. Pg. ex-
ukerar = F. exiilcerer), cause to suppurate or
ulcerate, < ex, out, + ulcerare, ulcerate: see
ulcerate.} I. trans. 1. To produce an ulcer or
ulcers on ; ulcerate.
This acriinoinous soot produces auother sad effect, by
rendering the people obnoiious to inflammations, and
comes (in time) to exulcerate the lungs.
Evelyn, Fumifugium, i.
2. To corrode ; fret or anger ; aflict.
It is not easie to speake to the contentation of mindes
apulcerated in themselves, but that somewhat there will
be alwayes which displeaseth.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. § 2.
n. intrans. To become an ulcer or ulcerous.
Sharp and eager humours will not evaporate ; and then
they must extUcerate, and so may endanger the sovereign-
ty itself. Bacon, Speech in Parliament (7 Jac. I).
exulceratet (eg-zul'se-rat), a. [< L. exulcera-
tus, pp.: see tne verii.] Corroded; irritated;
vexed; enraged.
Or if that should misse, yet Ursicinus, alreadie exulcer-
ate, and carrying rancour in his heart, be utterly abolished,
to the end that no scruple should remaine behind, greatly
to be feared. Holland, tr. of Ammianus (1609).
exnlceration (eg-zul-se-ra'shon), m. [= F. ex-
ulceration = Sp. exulceracion = Pg. exulceragao
= It. esulcerazione, < L. exulceratio(n-), < exul-
cerare, cause to ulcerate: see exulcerate.'\ 1.
The act of causing ulcers, or the process of be-
coming ulcerous.
It turns into a plague, and infects the heart, and it dies
infallibly of a double exutceration.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 888.
2. A fretting ; exacerbation ; corrosion.
This exnlceration of mind made him apt to take all
causes of contradiction. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ii. 5.
exulcerative (eg-zul'se-ra-tiv), a. [= F. ex-
ulceratif = Pg. exulcerdtivo = It. esulcerativo ;
as exulcerate + -ive.'i Having a tendency to
form ulcers ; rendering ulcerous.
The leaves and braunches be exulcerative, and will raise
blisters upon the bodie. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxiii. 1.
emlceratory (eg-zul'se-ra-to-ri), a. [< L. ex-
ulceratorius, < exulcerare, pp. exulceratus, cause
to ulcerate : see exulcerate.^ Same as exulcera-
tive.
exult (eg-zulf), V. i. [= F. exulter = Pg. ex-
ultar = It. esultare, < L. exultare, exsultare, leap
up, leap for joy, rejoice, exult, freq. of exsilire,
exilire, leap up, loap out, etc., < ex, out, -I- $a-
lire, leap : see salient. Cf . insult, desultory, and
see exile^, v."] To leap for joyj rejoice exceed-
ingly; especially, to rejoice in triumph; tri-
umph : as, to exult over a fallen adversary.
Sir To. Wouldst thou not be glad to have the niggardly
rascally sheep-biter come by some notable shame?
Fab. I would exult, man. Shak., T. N., ii. 5.
The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exvlting wie the bounding roe.
Pope, Messiah, 1. 44.
O hollow wraith of dying fame.
Fade wholly, while the soul exults.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxiii.
eiultance, exultancy (eg-zul'tans, -tan-si), n.
[Cf. LL, exsultantia, a leaping up, an attack,
< L. exsultan(tr-)s, exultan{t-)s, ppr. of exsultare,
exultare, leap up : see exultant.'] Exultation.
Certainly it hath proved scandalous to those without ;
as may appear by that boast and exultancy of Campian, in
his eighth reason. Hamvumd, Works, IV. 624.
exultant (eg-zul'tant), a. [< L. exultan(t-)s,
exsultart{t-)s, ppr. of exultare, exsultare, exult :
see exult.'] Exulting or expressing exultation;
rejoicing exceedingly or triumphantly, or indi-
cating such rejoicing.
Break away, exultant, from every defilement.
Is. Taylor.
But soon, emerging with a fresher ray.
He starts exultant, and renews the day.
W. Broome, On Death.
To let my heart be heaved by the exultant movement,
which, while it swelled it in trouble, expanded it with life.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xii.
exultation (ek-sul-ta'shon),' n. [= F. exulta-
tion = Sp. exultacion = Pg. exultagdlo = It. esul-
tazione, < L. exultatio(n-), exsultatio{n-), a leap-
ing up, a rejoicing, exultation, < exultare, ex-
sultare, leap up, exult : see exult.] The act of
exulting ; lively joy at success or victory, or at
any advantage gained ; great gladness ; trium-
phant delight ; triumph.
Go together.
You precious winners all ; your exultation
Partake to every one. Shak., W. T., v. 3.
The mild and joyous exultation with which the meeting
of the States-General and the fall of the Bastile had been
haUed had passed away. Macaulay, Mirabeau.
2102
exultet (ek-sul'tet), n. [L. exultet, exsultet, 3d
pers. sing. fut. ind. act. of exultare, exsultare,
leap up, exult: see exult.] In the Western
Church since the fifth century or later, and in
the Roman Catholic Church to the present day,
the hymn sung by the deacon from the pulpit
(formerly from the gospel ambo) at the bene-
diction of the paschal taper on Holy Saturday
or Easter eve. it begins with the words " Exsultet
}nm angelica turba ctelorum " (' Let the angelic multi-
tude of the heavens now rejoice'), and takes its name
from the first word. In the middle ages the hymn Ex-
ultet was often written on a long roll of vellum and illu-
minated with pictures so placed as to be upside down to
the deacon as he read the words, in order that, as he grad-
ually unrolled it and let it fall outside the amlx), the pic-
tures might be seen upright by the people. Such an Ex-
ultet roll was sometimes 12 feet long. The Exultet was
anciently used in some churches on tlie vigil of Pentecost
also. ?tee paschal.
exultingly (eg-zul'ting-li), adv. In an exult-
ing or triumphant manner.
In his last moments, he thus exultingly cries out, " their
rock is not as our rock, our enemies themselves being
judges." Warburton, Alliance (App. to Isted.).
In her hand
A suit of bright apparel, which she laid
Flat on the couch, and spoke exultingly.
Tennyson, Geraint.
exumbral (eks-um'bral), a. [< L. ex, out, -t-
umbra, shade (see unibrella), + -al.] Same as
exumhrellar.
The division of the umbrella on the exumbral side into
a central and coronal or peripheral zone.
A. W. Greely, Arctic Service, p. 400.
exumbrella (eks-um-brel'a), n. [< L. ex, out,
-1- NL. umbrella, q. v.] The aboral or exter-
nal surface of the umbrella of an acaleph, as a
jelly-fish ; the upper part or outside of the bell
as the creature swims : distinguished from the
adoral part, or adumbrella.
The geims Nauphanta is a characteristic one, and is re-
markable in the peculiar sculpturing of the exumbrella.
A. W. Qreely, Arctic Service, p. 400.
exumbrellar (eks-um-brel'ar), a. [< exumbrel-
la + -af3. ] Of or pertaining to the exumbrella.
Also exumbral.
exundatet (eg-zun'dat), v. i. [< L. exundatus,
pp. of exundare, flow out or over, overflow, < ex,
out, -f- undare, rise in waves, < unda, a wave :
see ound, undtdate. Cf. inundate.] To over-
flow.
exundationt (ek-sun-da'shon), n. [< L. exun-
datio{n-), < exundare, pp. exundatus, overflow.]
The act of exundating; an overflow; an over-
flowing abundance.
It is more worthy of the Deity to attribute the creation
of the world to the exundation and overflowing of his
transcendent and iuflnite goodness.
Ray, Works of Creation, i.
exungulate (eg-zung'gu-lat), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. exungulated, ppr. exungulating. [< LL. ex-
ungulatus, pp. of exungulare, intr. , lose the hoof
(cf. ML. exungulare, tr., tear with iron claws,
as a torture), < ex, out, -I- ungula, a claw, a
hoof : see ungulate.] To pare oflf the nails or
hoofs of ; deprive of nails or hoofs. [Bare.]
exungulation (eg-zung-gu-la'shon), n. [< ex-
ungulate + -ion.] The act of exungulating.
Bailey, 1731. [Rare.]
exuperable, exuperance, etc. See exsuperable,
etc.
exureti v. A Middle English variant of assure.
Passith pleynly and also doeth excede
The wytte of man, I doo you well exure.
Lydgate, MS. Ashmole 39, f. 55. (Halliwell.)
exurgent, a. See exsurgent.
exustiblef (eg-zus'ti-bl), a. [< L. exustus, pp.
of exurere, bum up, consume (see exustion), -f
-ible.] Combustible. Davies.
Contention is like fire, for both burn so long as there is
any exu^tible matter to contend with.
Rev. T. Adams, Works. II. 149.
exustion (eg-zus'chon), n. [< L. exustio{n-), a
burning up, a conflagration, < exurere, pp. exus-
tus, bum out, burn up, consume, < ex, out, +
xirere, burn. Cf. adust^, cotnbust.] The act or
operation of burning up. [Rare.]
The frightful effects which this exustion [of Sodom and
Gomorrah] left are still remaining.
Biblioth. Bibl. (1720), I. 424.
ex USU (eks u'sii). [L.: ex, out of, from; usu,
abl. of US-US, use : see use.] From or by use.
exuviability (ek-sii"vi-a-biri-ti), n. [< exuvi-
ahle : see -bility.] Capability of exuviating ;
susceptibility of being exuviated. Craig.
exuviable (ek-su'vi-a-bl), a. [< exuvi(ate) +
-able.] Capable of being cast or thrown off, as
the skeletons of articulated animals.
eyas
exuviae (ek-su'vi-e), n. pi. [L., that which is
stripped, drawn, or taken off from tlie body,
clothing, equipments, spoils, etc., also the skin
of an animal, slough, hair, etc., < cxuere, strip,
draw, or pull off, < ex, out, off, -I- *uere, found
also in ind-uere, put on (> induviw, clothes) : see
indue'^.] 1. Cast-off skins, shells, or other cov-
erings of animals ; any parts of animals which
are shed or sloughed off, as the skins of cater-
pillars, the shells of lobsters, the cuticle of
snakes, the feathers of birds.
At the end of that time, and much about the same day,
they divested the habit they had whilst they lived as fish-
es, and appeared with their exuvioe or cast coats under
their feet, showing themselves to be perfect gnats,
Bmjle, Works, III. 378.
2. Skins of animals artificially removed and
prepared for preservation.
exuvial (ek-sii'vi-al), a. [< exuvim + -al.] Per-
taining to or of tlie nature of exuviae.
The load of exuvial coats and breeches under which he
[the old-clothesman] staggei-s. Thackeray, Catharine.
In the poet's mind, the tact has gone quite over into the
new element of thought [the ideal], and has lost all that
is exuvial. Emerson, Shakespeare.
exU'Viate (ek-§u''»i-at), v. ; pret. and pp. exuvi-
ated, ppr. exuviating. [< exuvi(e + -ate^.] I.
intrans. To molt; shed or cast some part, as
skin, hair, feathers, teeth, or shell.
H. trans. To shed, cast, or throw off, as an
effete skin, shell, or other external covering.
Even when the Entomostraca have attained their full
growth, they continue to exutfiate their shell.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 610.
At birth, or when the egg is hatched, the amnion bursts
and is thrown off, and so much of the allantois as lies out-
side the walls of the body is similarly exuviated.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 14.
exu'Tiation (ek-su-vi-a'shon), n. [< exuviate -I-
-ion.] In zool.j'the rejection or casting off of
some part, as the deciduous teeth, the skin of
serpents, the shells of crustaceans, etc.
I have referred to what I have called the primordial
valves ; these are not calcified ; they are formed at the
first exuviation, when the larval integuments are shed.
Darunn, Cirripedia, Int., p. 6.
Society, in all its developments, undergoes the process
of exuviation. H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 114,
ex-voto (eks-vo'to), n. [< L. ex voto, lit. out of
a vow: ex, out; voto, abl. of votum, a vow: see
ex-, vote, voio.] An object presented at a shrine
as a votive offering ; an offering, as a tablet,
picture, etc., made in pursuance of a vow: a
practice common in Roman Catholic countries.
They [inscriptions] occur on a multitude of ex-cotos, and
on plates of bronze and copper. Athenceum.
One has only to notice, to be assured of the fact, how
crowded are the sanctuaries of these black Madonnas
with ex-votos, often costly, testifying to manifestations of
supernatural power. Contemporary Rev., L. 106.
eylf, »• [ME. ey, ei, ay, ai, pi. eyren, eiren, etc.,
an egg: see egg^.] A Middle English form of
Seynd bacoun and som tyme an ey or tweye.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, I. 2i>.
ey^t, interj. [A mere syllable of ejaculation;
cl. eigh, eh, hey, etc.] Eh 1 what! Chaucer.
-ey. [See the words quoted.] A termination of
various origin, a reduced form of different final
syllables in Latin, French, Anglo-Saxon, etc.
It isnotrecognizedorfeltasan English formative. Insome
words, as alley, money, etc., it represents an earlier diph-
thong ; in others the e is unhistorical, the termination be-
ing a mere orthographic variant of -y or -ie, as in honey,
donkey, monkey, whiskey, etc., being referred, as a suffix,
to the simple -y when attached to nouns ending in y, as
in clayey, skyey, etc.
eyalet (a-ya'let), n. [Turk, eydlet, a province
governed by a governor-general, < icali, < Ar.
ivdli, welt, a governor (wildya, province, govern-
ment: see vilayet), wall, a lord, master.] For-
merly, one of the largest administrative divi-
sions of the Turkish empire ; a pashalic. Vila-
yet is the name now given to an analogous
division.
eyas (i'as), n. and a. [A cormption, due to
dividing, taking a nyas, a nias, as an eyas; so
eye'^, a nest, for nye; the initial n being thus
lost from the noun, as in adder'^, orange, etc. :
see nias.] I. «. In falconry, a hawk which has
been brought up from the nest, as distinguished
from a hawk caught and trained : same as nias.
An aiery of children, little eyases, that cr>' out on the
top of question, and are most tyrannically clapp'd for 't.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
For game-hawking eyases are generally used, though
undoubtedly passage or wild-caught hawks are to be pre-
ferred. . . . Eyases were not held in esteem by the old
falconers. . . . These hawks have been very much better
imderstood and managed in the nineteenth century than
in the Middle Ages. Encyc. Brit., IX. 9.
eyas
II.t «• TTnfiedged.
Like Et/aJt hauke up mounts unto the skies.
His uewly-budded pineons to assay.
Spenser, F. Q., I, xL 34.
Ere flitting Time could wag his eyas wings.
Spenser^ Hymn of Heavenly Love, 1. 24.
eyas-muskett (i'as-mus'ket), «. 1. A young
imliedged male t'awk of the musket kind, or
sparrow-hawk. — 2. Figuratively, a pet term
for a young child.
Mrs. Page. Here comes little Robin.
Mrs. Ford, How now, my eyas-musket f What news with
you? Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
eydent (a'dent), a. Same as ithand.
eye^ {Ih "• » P^* ^y^^ (^^)> obsolete or archaic eyerij
eyne. [Early mod. E. also eie; < ME. eye, eghcj
eighe, ege, eie, ehe, ee, etc., pi. eyen, eghen, eigh-
eUf egen, eten, eene, ein, iyen, ine, etc., also later
eyeSf etc., < AS. edge, pi. edgan = OS. oga =
OPries. age, oge = MLG. LG. oge = D. oog =
OHG. ouga, 5mG. ougCj G. auge = Icel. atiga =
OSw. augGf Sw. oga = Dan. die = Goth, augo,
eye. The Teut. forms do not quite agree with
the other Aryan forms, which are somewhat ir-
regular: li. oculus (> It. occhio — Sp. ojo = Pg.
olho = Pr. o/A = F. ceil: see oeiliadj eyelet^ ocu-
lar, etc.), dim. of an assumed *ocu8; = Qr. baoEj
dual of an assumed *baao^ for *hKyoQ {Akkoc in
Hesychius) (cf, Boeotian oktoVmc or okkoXXoCj
reg.'Gr. (xp6aAfi6^, eve) ; = OBulg. Bul^. Serv. Bo-
hem. Pol. oko = OPruss. agiiis = Lith. akis =
Lett, acs = Skt. akshan, eye; appar. from the
root (Gr, *6k, *6-) of Gr. boataOat, see; b}peat)ai.
fut. associated with opav^ see, ottwto, I have
seen, b^rrucdCt pertaining to sight, o-rijp, qne
who sees, b-^ (o;r-), u^ (w^r-), the eye, coun-
tenance, etc. ; cf. Skt, ■/ iksh^ see. The word
eye appears disguised in dais-y and icind-ow,
q. V. See ocular^ etc., ophthalmia, etc., optiCy
etc.] 1. The organ of vision; the physiological
mechanism of the sense of sight ; an anatomi-
cal arrangement of parts by which optical im-
ages may be formed; in general, any part of
an animal body by means of which the faeiilty
ofvision is exercised, or the impact of the li^ht-
rays is sensed as a visual impression or optical
image, in must of the higher animals, as nearly all ver-
tebrates, the eye Is developed as a very special tenae-oi^an
of great structural complexity and faactional delicacy.
But from the point of view of comparative aoatomy an
eye U any part of an animal body which reapcHidfl more
readily than other uarU to the special stimnlus of light,
or whoae activity is specially excited by the impact of
light-rays. Thus, au extremely rude eye In the form of a
mere spot, often a nigment-spot sensitive to light, ts com-
mon in low animals, as in iufusorlans^ and may be situ-
ated anywhere on the body, and may be Indefinitely mul-
tiplied in nomber. These mdlments of eyes are commonly
described as eye-speeJU, eye-poinU, or eye-tpoU. (See cut
under Balanoglotnu.) In various ccelenterates and echl-
nodenns organs apparently responsive to Uie action uf
light occur in Tarious parts of the body and In varying
numbers. Somewhat higher In the scale of evoluUon,
eyes become unmistakable in structural character, how-
ever dim or uncertain their actual visual function may be,
as in worms, snails, etc. But In some of the IToUusoa, as
cuttleAshes, eves are highly specialised as visual orgami of
conspicuous character, comparable to those of Terteorates,
thoakh Gonstracied on a dUTerent plan. In the vast as-
semblage of arthropods, as crustaceans. Insects proper,
and arachnldaos, ccmsUtuting a Ime majority of the ani-
mal kingdom, eyes as a rule are well developed noder one
or both of two main modifications, namely, the HmpU ejft
or oeeiiuM Mod the cotnpound eue or oetUus, (See eomiNmnd
eye, below, and cut under falx.) Soch eyes are nsually
only two, bat may be four, six, or eight In number. These
higher numbers of eyes occur chiefly In araohnldans, as
spiders. Crustaceans have normally a single pair, often
mounted on movable eye-stalks or ophthumites, which
are modified limbs of one of the cephalic segments. (See
cut nnder stalk-tyed.) A few crustaceans nave a single
metlian eye. In vertebrates, where the eves are normal-
ly never more nor fewer thsji one pair, these organs are
received la special formations of the skull, the sockets or
ifrbits of the eyes ; ami the eyes are nsuaUy further defend-
ed from accidental injury by Tarions oontrivances. as «V(?-
lid»,eifelashes,aind€yelfrowt. (See these words.) Other ap-
pendices of the eye namable among Its ''defenses" are tlie
lacrymal apparatus, which secretes tears to moisten the
organ, and the gtHndularstmctores (Meibomian folUclesX
which serve for its lubrication by secreting a greasy sub-
stance. The front of the eye has usually a spe«al mucous
membrane, the eonjunetiva. The most essential or inti-
mate parts of the organ of vision are contained In a glol>e
or disk, the eyebaU (which see), which is freely movable In
Its socket in the higher vertebrates, and rolled aUmt by
the action of various mnscles, as the four recti and two
obliqui of man and the cboanotd muscle of some mam-
mals. Externally the eyeball consists for the most part
of a tough opaque membrane, the sclerotic; but In front,
of a harri transparent stnicture, the eomea. These toge-
ther are the outenno<«t of three tunics or coats of the eye;
the second tunic coiiMiflU of the choroid coat and eUiary
processes and the iriji, and the third and innermost of the
retina, the expanded viul of the optic nerve, which enters
the ball from behind and Hpreads out iii>on the choroid to
a varying extent. Tlie retina receives nptlcal impressions
focnaeil upon It by the crystalline lens, which are trans-
mitted by the optic nerve to the brain, where they are
sensed as visual Images. The hollow eyeball with Its sev-
2103
eral tunics forms a kind of camera filled with certain solid
and fluid refractive media. Directly in the axis of vision in
the interior of the ball is suspended a solid biconvex body,
the crystaUine letut, servin^to bring rays of light to a focus
on the retina. The lens, inclosed in its capsule, also di-
vides the interior of the eye into two compartments. The
larger rear compartment is flUed with a glassy fluid, the
Human Eye, in Median Vertical Anteroposterior Section. [Ciliary
processes shown, though not all lying in this section. )
A, anterior, and A', posterior chambers of aqueous humor ; a, cen-
tral artery of retina ; C, cornea ; CM, choroid ; cj, conjunctiva ; c*n,
ciliary muscle : cf, ciliary processes; //, hyaloicf; /, ins; L, crystal-
line lens in its capsule ' the reference-line passes through the pupil ) ;
/, /', insertion of tendon of superior and inferior rectus muscles; c,
optic nerre ; P, canal of Petit ; R, retina ; S. sclerotic ; s, s', circular
sinus or canal of Schlemm ; /^, vitreous body filling back part of the
eye.
vitreous humor, inclosed in a delicate hyaloid membrane,
which may also send prolongations through its substance.
In front of the lens, between this structure and the cornea,
the space is filled with a more watery fluid, the aqueous
humor. This anterior space is partly divided into an an-
terior and a posterior ehanii)er by the iris, which hangs in
front of the lens like a curtain with a hole in the middle,
the pupil. Besides the optic nerve, or special nerve of
sight, the eye is supplied with other motor, sensory, and
sympathetic nerves, and has its appropriate blood-vessels.
In man both eyes look directly forward, their axes being
parallel, though the orbits in which they are contained
present a little outward, or away from each other. The
optic nerve follows the axis of the orbit, and consetjuent-
ly pierces the eyeball behind, a little on the inner side —
that is, toward the nose. The muscles which move the
ball are six, the rectus superior, rectus inferior, rectus ex-
temus, rectus Intemus, obllquus sui>erior, and obliquus
inferior. These mnscles are innervated by three motor
nerves, the oculomotor, trochlear or pathetic (distributed
to the obliquus superlorX and al>ducent (distributed to
the rectus extemos). The ball la embedded in a quantity
of adipose tissue forming a soft cushion, but is also some-
what isolated by means of a thin membranous sac called
the vaginal tunic or sheath of the eye. The ball Is near-
ly spherical or globular, but Is a little deeper and wider
than from before backwant, measuring about an
inch In each of the former axes
and A of an inch In the latter.
(For the structure of the sev-
eral tunics, see sclerotic, cor-
nea, choroid, ciliary, iris, and
retina.) The retina is an ex-
pansion of the optic nenre into
a large, circular, concavo-con-
vez sheet, which rests npon
the choroid with its Inner sur-
face In contact with the body
of vitreous humor in the back
- of the eye. In the middle of
%^^^^^iZ^SZ It and In the axis of the eye U
T^^i^^^iS^S^rV. a little rounded elevation, the
pbca ■cmlhiMrii; 6,pe^; 7. yellow spot, or macula lutea,
ra. with a depression at Its sum-
mit, the fovea centralis. To
the nasal side of the yellow spot is the entrance of the op-
tic nerve and of the central retinal artery; and here the
retina lacks the visual function which characterizes all
the rest of Its surface. The lens is suspended In a transpa-
rent capsule In the axis of vision ; it is biconvex, and more
convex on Its posterior than on Its anterior surf see. It Is
about 1 of an Inch across and i of an inch deep, and Its
stmctore presents concentric laminations. It tends to
flatten with age. (See crystalline Uns under crystaUine.)
The Titreous humor fills the hollow of the eyeball behind
the lens. It is a glassy or Jelly-like substance, consisting
chiefly of water, with a little saline and albuminous ma-
terial, Inclosed in adellrato hyaloid membrane continuous
in front with the capsule and suspensory ligament of the
lens, snd behind resting u|>on the retina. Some prolonga-
tions of the hyaloid enter the sutwtance of this humor,
and one of these Is called the canal 0/ Stillinft. The quan-
tity of vitreous humor, or bulk of the vitreous body. Is
about t of the entire mass of the eye)>an. The aqneous
humor Is the slightly saline watery fluid which fills the
eye In front of the lens, between this and the cornea, on
both sides of the Iris, conseqaently occupying the whole
of the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. Its
bulk Is very small. (See conjunctiva, lacrymal. Meibomian,
nasal, oewar, ophthalmic, optic, palpebral, superciliary,
tarsal, etc) Theeyeagrees with other sense-organs in de-
velopment In the embryo, In being partly formed by the
invenlpn or Involution of a portion of epiblast from with-
out, and partly by protrusion or evolution from within of
a primitive ocular vesicle the two coming together In the
situation whero the lens is to be developed. The result is
that a portion of epiblast from the back of the embryo,
which had been shut Into the hollow of the cerebrospinal
tul>e. pushes out from one of the cerebral vesicles to meet
another portion of epiblast from the face of the embryo.
Thus, the retina and associate parts are an outgrowth from
Exterior of Left Hamas Eye.
Right Eyeball of Bird, seen from
behind, showing the following mus-
cles : a, rectus superior ; d, rectus ex-
temus; c, rectus inferior j rf, rectus
intemus ; e, obliquus superior ; /; obli-
quus inferior; f, quadratus; A,pyra-
midalis, with its tendon, Jt, passing
through a pulley in the quadratus (as
shown by dotted line) to keep it off
the optic nerve, t, then passing around
the edge of the ball to its insertion in
the nictitating membrane.
eye
the undeveloped brain, while the lens and associate epi-
thelial structures are an ingrowth of epidermis. In other
mammals with well-formed eyes the structure is substan-
tially the same as in man, though minor and incidental
variations are numerous. The eyes of quadrupeds usually
present laterally, and not directly forward. They are usu-
ally relatively latter and probably much more eff'ective
organs of vision than those of man. They frequently de-
velop a special choanoid muscle or retractor of the eye-
ball. The iris is commonly black, brown, or of some dark
tint, seldom bluish or pale. It often contracts in such a
way that the pupil is linear, elliptical, or narrowly oval,
instead of circular, as in man. This is well seen in the
cat. In birds several modifications occur. The eyeball
is strengthened and its shape molded by a set of splint-
■ bones or small bony plates disposed in a circle in the
sclerotic around the cor-
nea. The ball is hemi-
spherical with an anteri-
or projection, somewhat
like a short acorn in a
large cup, and the cornea
is very convex. The pu-
pil is always circular,
though the iris may be
so motile as to present
only a narrow ring round
the pupil, or to reduce
the pupil to a mere
point. These changes are
well seen in the eyes of
owls. There is also In
the vitreous humor a pe-
culiar plaiting or folding
of the choroid, called
the marsupium or pec-
ten. The visual range and
power of the eye in some
birds, if not in all, are
much greater than
man. All birds have three
eyelids, the third very
fully developed and ar-
ranged so as to sweep en-
tirely across the front of the eye by means of special mus-
cles and tendons upon the back of the eyeball. No birds
are eyeless. In reptiles the eyes are structurally more like
those of birds than of mammals. Some reptiles are eye-
less, or have very rudimentary eyes. Most have eyelids,
but these are wanting in ophidians, a transparent cuticle
being continued directly over the ball, and shed with the
rest of the cuticle. In fishes the eyes are generally sym-
metrically lateral, but not infrequently dorsal and closely
approximated to each other, and rarely inferior; in one
type, the heterosomes or flat-fishes, they are, however,
lK>th on one side, that belonging to the side which rests
on the ground being in the very young in the noiinal po-
sition, but soon actually penetrating through the integu-
ment, and with the circuniocular cranial region twisting
to the opposite side and assuming a permanent position
above the regular eye of the colored or uppermost side.
The accessories of the eyes of niannnals are undeveloped
in fishes, but the eyes themselves are sometimes covered
by a fold of the integument, and sometimes, as in some
sharks, by a peculiar nictitant membrane. Among the
most cimracteristic features are the flattening of the cor-
nea and the sphericity of the crystalline lens. In one
group (Anablepn) & remarkable deviation from all other
forms (K'curs, in that the cornea is divided by a horizontal
band of the conjunctiva into upper and lower halves, and
two pupils are developed, the species consequently being
known as four-eyed fishes. In the lowest of the verte-
brates (Branchiostoma) the eye is represented by a very
small spot, coated with dark pigment and receiving the
end of a short nerve. See vision.
For he beholdethe every man so scharply, with dread-
f ulle Eyen, that ben evere more mevynge and sparklynge,
as Kuyr. MandevUle, Travels, p. 2S2.
Oar yeen ar made to looke ; whi shulde we spare?
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Funiivall), p. 60.
Thane the worthy kynge wrythes, and wepede with his
enghne. Morte ArthureiE, E. T. S.), 1. 1920.
There was he aware of a jolly beggkr.
As ere he beheld with his eye.
Robin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 252).
2. In a restricted or specific use, some part or
appurtenance ot the physical eye, taken as rep-
resenting the whole, (a) The hole In the Iris through
which light enters; the pupil: as, owls' ej/M contract in
daylight ; circular or oval eyes, (b) The socket of the eye :
the orbit : as. the empty eyes of a skull, (c) The opening
between the eyelids ; the palpebral flssure : as, to close or
shut the eyes.
Figuratively — 3, Vision; the act of seeing, or
the field of sight; hence, observation; watch.
Here wJl ahee crosse the rluer; stand In her eye,
That she may take some notice of our neglected duties.
lleywood. If you Know not Me, i.
Af'«r this jealousy he kept a strict eye upon him.
Sir H. L'Estratige.
Then said Evangelist, Keep that light In your eye, and
go up directly thereto, so shalt thou see the gate.
Bunyan, Pilgiim's Progress, p. 86.
The eye of the master will do more than both his hands.
Franklin.
4. The power of seeing; ran^e or delicacy of
vision; appreciative or discriminative visual
Eerception : as, to have the eye of a sailor ; he
as an eye for color, the picturesque, etc.
I have a good eye, uncle ; I can see a church by daylight.
Shak., Much Ado, li. 1.
6. Mental view or perception; power of men-
tal perception ; opinion formed by observation
or contemplation.
eye
It hath, In their eye, no great affinity with the form of
the Church of Rome. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
Before wliose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set
forth, crucifletl aiuong you. Oal. iii. 1.
The old lady that I have in my eye is a very caustic
speaker. R. L. Steventon, Talk and Talkers, ii.
6. Look; countenance; aspect; face; presence.
I'll say, yon gray is not the morning's eye.
SAo*.,K. and J.,iil. 5.
7. Regard; respect; yiew; close attention;
aim.
The doughter of Agrauadain hadde sette hir iyen moste
vpon the kynge Ban more than on eiiy othir thinge, fof
the coniurisou that Merlin hadde made.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 608.
Men will counsel with an eye to themselves.
Bacon, Counsel.
Booksellers mention with respect the authors they have
printed, and consequently have an eye to their own ad-
vantage. .Addison.
8. Opposed aspect or course ; confronting pre-
sentation or direction : chiefly or wholly nauti-
cal : as, to steer a ship in the sun's eye; to sail
in the wind's eye.
Now pasa'd, on either side they nimbly tack,
Both strive to intercept and guide the wind,
And in its eye more closely they come back.
Dryden.
9. Something resembling or suggesting an eye
in shape, position, or general appearance. Spe-
cifically—(o) The bud or snoot of a plant or tuber.
In capriflge and in mulberry tree
Figtree men grafteth forto nmltiplie,
And oon wol use a graffe, an oth'r the eye.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 127.
(6) One of the spots on a peacock's tail, (c) The muscular
impression on the inner side of the shell of a bivalve, as
an oyster. See ciborium. (d) The hole or apertme in a
needle through which the thread passes.
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle
than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.
Mat. xix. 24.
This Ajax . . . has not so much wit ... as will stop
the eye of Helen's needle. Shak., T. and C, ii. 1.
(«) The hole in any instrument or tool in which a handle
or the like is secured, or through which it is passed, as
that for the handle in a hammer-head, that for the
helve in an ax, that for the ring in the shank of an anchor,
etc. CO The hole of a millstone through which the grain
passes, (fi) In metal., an opening at the angle of the
tuyere, or where the tuyere connects with the gooseneck,
in a blast-furnace, through which the state of the interior
may be examined. This opening, which is protected by a
plate of glass or mica, is called the eye of the furnace.
(A) The catch of bent wire into which a hook (forming
with it a hook and eye) is inserted, (t) An eyebolt. (j)
Naut., the loop at the upper end of a backstay or pair of
shrouds which goes over the masthead of a ship. (*) The
metal loop at the end of a harness-trace. (0 In archery,
the loop of a bowstring which passes over the upper nock
in bracing, (m) The socket at the end of a carriage-pole
or shaft, (n) The center of a wheel or crank, designed to
receive the shaft or axle, (o) The center of a target. (;))
In arcA., a general term for the distinctly marked center
of anything : thus, the eye of a volute is the circle at its
center from which the spiral lines spring ; the eye of a
dome is a circular aperture at its apex ; the eye of a pedi-
ment is a circular window in its center.
10. A center or focus of light, power, or influ-
ence : as, the sun is the eye of day.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines.
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd.
Shak., Sonnets, xviii.
Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts.
MUton, P. »., iv. 240.
And there is then observed the peculiar and dreadful
calm within the whirl, to which sailors have given the
name of " the eye of the storm." Science, III. 63.
llf. A slight or just distinguishable tint of a
color ; tinge ; shade.
ArU. The ground, indeed, is tawny.
Seb. With an eye of green in 't. Shak., Tempest, ii. 1.
Eed, with an eye of blue, makes a purple. Boyle, Colours.
12. In Crustacea, a calcareous concretion em-
bedded in the walls of the stomach. These con-
cretions are supposed, hut not known, to furnish a supply
of calcareous substance for the formation of the new
shell after a molt ; but they are so small that this theory
is hardly tenable. In the case of the higher crustaceans
they are more fully called crab's eyes. (See crai<i.) In
the crawfish they are two discoidal plates in the middle
of the lateral surface of the walls of the anterior dilated
portion of the cardiac division of the stomach, and weigh
about two grains. They begin an calcareous deposits un-
derneath the chitinous gastric lining, and increase until
the creature molts, when they are also shed, together with
the lining membrane and gastric armature.— A or the
green eye, jealousy : from the poetic description of jeal-
ousy as the green-eyed monster.— All my eye, or all In
one's eye, entirely in the eye or mind; seeming; appa-
rent, but not real. [Slang.]
That's all my eye. Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, iii.
The tenderness of spring is all my eye.
And that is blighted. Uood, Spring.
I've lost one eye, but that's a loss it's easy to supply
Out of the glory thet I've gut, for that is all my eye.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, Ist ser., viii.
Apple of the eye. See oppfe.- Artificial eye, an object
made in imitation of the natural eye. Those used for
eyebright
dust in one's eyes. See du«(i.— To wipe the or one's
eye. (a) To shoot at game which rises witliin range of
another shooter and should be left to him. [Colloq.l
If you do perchance wipe the eye, as it is vulgarly call-
ed, of another shooter, take no notice of it, treat it as an
accident, apologize, say you fired by mistake.
Sir B. Payne-Gallwey, Shooting, I. 128.
(6) To take the conceit out of a person ; show one how
foolish one is : as, to wipe one's eye for him. [Slang.]
eyel (i), f • ; pret. and pp. eyed, ppr. eying (some-
times eyeing). [First in mod. E.; = D. oogen =
Dan.o/He, eye, see; from the noun. Ct.ogle.'] I.
trans. 1. To fix the eye on ; look at; view; ob-
serve; particularly, to observe or watch nar-
rowly or with fixed attention.
Wherefore ey'sl him so? Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5.
The Duke of York, who did eye my wife mightily.
Pepys, Diary, IV. 149.
The wild-cat in the cherry-tree anear
Eyed the brown lynx that waited for the deer.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 176.
To make an eye in: as, to eye a needle.
Il.t intrans. To be seen; appear; have an
appearance.
My becomings kill me, when they do not
Eye well to you. Shak., A. and C, i. 8.
eye^ (i), n. [A corruption due to misdividing
a nye as an eye, a nest, as eyas of nias, nyas:
see nye, nide, nidus.] A brood: as, an eye or a
shoal of fish.
They say a Bevie of Larkes, even as a Covey of Par-
tridge, or an eye of Pheasaunts.
Spenser, Shep. Cal,, April, Glosse.
Or, if you chance where an eye of tame pheasants
Or partridges are kept, see they be mine.
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, ii. 1.
Same as brit^, 2.
The ball or globe of the
3.
2104
anatomical purposes are constructed of wax or papier
machi. I'or use as substitutes for lost human eyes they
are made of glass or porcelain. The chief use of artificial
eyes, however, is for filling the sockets of stutfed animals.
The simplest are small black glass beads or buttons mount-
ed on a bit of fine wire. Larger eyes are more elaborately
made of various shapes, with a close imitation in color of
the kis or shape of the pupil.— At eyet, at a glance.
The gold of hem hath now so badde alayes
With bras, that though the coyne be faire at ye.
It wolde rather brest atwo than plye.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1168.
Axis of the eye. See orisi.— Black eye. (a) An eye
whose iris is black, (b) An eye whose lids and surround-
ing parts are livid or discolored, as by a blow or bruise,
(c) Figuratively, defeat ; repulse; injury; disgrace or dis-
favor ; hence, a shock, as if from a blow on the eye : as,
that scheme got a black eye in tlie conmiittee ; I will give
him a black eye in print. [Slang.] — Body check-chain
eye, an eyebolt or clevis for fastening a check-chain to the
car-body. Car-Builder's Diet., p. 17.— By the eyet, in
abundance.
Here's a bracelet, and here's two rings more, and here's
money and gold by th' eye, my boy.
Beau, and Ft., Knight of Burning Pestle, u. 2.
Chambers of the eye. See cAomier.— Compound eyes,
in insects, simple eyes or ocelli set so close together that
their several corneas are in contact, and
pressed into tetragonal or hexagonal fig-
ures with slightly convex surfaces, giv-
ing the eye a faceted appearance, whence
the name/aceted eyes. Each cornea then
answers to one of the faces of a cut bril-
liant. Behind such a cornea, instead of
a lens, is placed a transparent pyramid
whose base corresponds to the cornea,
and whose apex is directed inward to be
received into a kind of transparent calyx
answering to a vitreous body. This last
is surrounded by another calyx formed
by the expansion of a nerve-filament aris-
ing from a ganglion on the end of the
optic nerve, a short distance from the
brain. Each lens-like pyramid, with its
vitreous body and nerve-filament, is sur-
rounded by a choroid coat, usually of a
brown color. The size and shape of compound eyes, and
especially the number of their facets, are very variable.
Different facets of the same eye also vary in size.— Crab's
eye. Seedef. 12.— Dorsal eyes. See dorsa(.— Evil eye.
See ecifi.- Eye-and-ear observation, in astron., an ob-
servation of the time of passage of a star across a wire,
made in the following way : Thi observer, having his eye at
the telescope, listensto the beats otaclock,andnoteswhere
the star is at the beat immediately preceding the passage,
and where it is at the next following beat. He mentally
divides the space rim over in this second into tenths, and
by estimating in what part of it the wire lies, he deter-
mines the time of the passage to a tenth of a second.
The method of eye-and-ear obnervation.
Newcamb and llolden, Astron., p. 79.
Eye of the storm, the clear and calm region sometimes
found in the center of a completely developed cyclone of ex-
tensive area, especially at sea.- Eye of the wind, the pre-
cise direction from which the wind is blowing.— Faceted
eyes. Same as compound eyes (which see, above).—
Blemish eye, a ring formed in a rope's end by separat-
ing tlie strands into two parts, joining their ends, and
wrapping the loop so formed with tarred canvas and
service.-Haif an eye, imperfect perception ; limited ob-
servation, as if with a mere glance of the eye : as, that can
be seen with half an ci/c- Lashlng-eye, an eye formed on
the end or ends of a rope, for a lashing to be rove through,
to set it tight.— Sheep's eyes. See sheep.— Simple eye,
in entom., an ocellus or steninia. (See def. 1, and cut under
/aia;.) In arachnidansthe eyes are alwayssimple, and have j „< „(.„„!„„;«„„ Vio-trir-n.
the same structure as those of crustaceans. These eyes eye-bar (I'bar), n. A rod of steel or iron having
are two, four, six, or eight in number, and seldom lack- a bidb or an enlargement at one or both ends, in
ing. Their disposition in sets or groups, or singly, and .j^fjjjgj, jg a hole or eye, used in forming the mem-
especially when they are numerous, as six or eight, often „ >>,iH<TB nr ntViBr «tniotnrp
fui-nish important characters in classification, as in spi- bere ot a bridge or ^^'^f.^^'^^^^\ . .,
der8.-Spllced eye. See eye-splice.-Tbe eyes of a eyebeam (1 bem), n. A beam or glance ot tne
ship, the eyes of her (naut.), the foremost part in the gye.
of HoiSj^fly {si^e eyebait (i'bat), n.
view), highly masT- gyeball (I'bal), «.
eye ; the globus
oculi: so called
from its glo-
bular or spher-
ical shape, as
in man and
many other
animals. In ani-
mals below mam-
mals it is often
strengthened and
molded into a par-
ticular form by
the ossification of
a part of the scle-
rotic tissue. These
scleroskeietal eye-
bonesare fiattened
plates disposed in
a ring ai-onnd the
cornea in the fore
part of the scle-
rotic. They are
numerous and
well marked in all birds, many reptiles, etc. See eyei.
'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream.
That can entame my spirits to your worship.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 6.
Muscles of Left Human Eyeball.
stj, suoerior oblique, passing through a
trochlea" or pulley: w, inferior oblique; fr,
superior rectus ; t/r, inferior rectus ; ir, in-
ternal rectus ; er, external rectus ; /, frontal
sinus : m, maxillary sinus ; c, optic nerve.
bows' of a ship. It was the custom in ancient Greece to
represent an eye at either side of a boat's prow (see cut
under erribolon) ; so at one time in Britain ; and in Spanish
and Italian boats and Chinese junks the practice still ob-
tains. The hawse-holes are also called the eyes.— The
mind's eye, intellectual sight or perception; the faculty
of mental comprehension.
Ham. My father ! — methinks I see my father.
Hor. Where, my lord ?
Ham. In my mind's eye, Horatio.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
The naked eye. See naked.— To bat the eyes, to
blear one's eyest, to clap eyes on, to cry one's eyes
out. See the verbs.— To find favor in the eyes of, to
be graciously received and trciitcd by.— To go eye out,
to swim (|uickly with much of the head and body exposed,
making the eyes visible, as a cetacean : a whaling term.—
To have a drop In one's eye. See drop.— To have an
eye to, to contemplate, look after, or watch over, either
with the idea of possessing or accomplishing, or of guard-
ing or taking care of : as, he had long had an eye to the
So sweet a kiss the golden sun gives not ...
As thy eye-beams. Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3.
eye-bitingt (i'M'ting), a. and «. I. a. Casting-
the evil eye; fascinating; bewitching.
Calling them eye-biting witches.
Adey, Candle in the Dark, p. 104.
II. n. See the extract.
A bewitching or eye-biting: a disease wherewith chil-
dren waxe leane and pine away, the original] whereof
they in olde time referred to the crooked and wry lookes
of envious and malicious people. Homenclator, 1686.
eye-bolt (i'bolt), n. A bolt having an eye or
ring at one end.
eye-bone (i'bon), n. A scleroskeietal ossifica-
tion in the sclerotic coat of the eyeball of some
animals, as birds and reptiles ; a selerotal. See
eyeball and eye^.
ing or laKing care 01 ; as, iic iiuu nui^ "iwi i.« ^^^ .» .^.^ v,^.... — — :",•'_. r-vT i o !«.. .w....:^
property; have an eye to the child in my absence.— To eye-breC (1 bre), «. [Now only be; also wnt-
have In one's eye, to have under ol)servation or in con-
templation ; have the eye or the mind fixed upon, with
reference to some ulterior purpose: as, beware, tor I have
you in mv eye ; he has a promising scheme in his eye. —
To have one's eye on, or to keep an eye on, to watch ;
observe closely.
Thoreau, on Walden Pond, reading the Greek poets and
keeping an eye ml the musk-rat and the squirrel and other
like visitors, was free of a much larger world than many gyg^j^igjit (i'brit), n. The popular name of the
who have been round the globe. N. A. Jtev., CXXXIX. 219. «'*,';'^V?:„„f;r«.««, nmAnalis. Also called eyewort.
To look babies In one's eyes, to look for Cupids In
the eyes, see 6n(<i/, :i.— Tomeet theeye. See inccf.-
To put the finger in the eyet. See finger.— To set or
lay eyes on, to have a sight of. [Colloq.]— To throw
ten eycbrei, eyebrie; < eye'^ + bree*, var. of brow:
see brow.'] An eyelid.
The lifting up of her eyes and in her eye-breis.
T. Wright, Passions of the Mind (2d ed. 1604), I. 7.
Into the same hue do they dye their eye-breis and eye-
brows; so doe they the hair of their heads.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 53.
plant Euphrasia officinalis. Also called eyewort.
Jesus cured a blind man with a collyrinm of spittle,
salutary as balsam, or the purest eyebright.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 26i
eyebright
Spotted eyebrlgllt, a name sometimes given to Euphor-
bm imiruliita aiid E. humittrata, from a darli spot upon
the k-af. .
eye-brightening (i'bnt'ning), a. Cleanng the
sight.
As it liaii tieen some eye-brifthtemnp eXectnAvy of linow-
leJge and foresiglit. MUtun, ClmrcliGovernmiiit.
eyebrow (i'brou). n. [< ME. egebrew, < AS. ed-
qanbregh, prop, 'edganbrcew (= OHG. ougbrdwa,
ougbrda, oucprd, MHG. ougehrd, oucbrd, G. aug-
br'aue, augenbraue, augbraune = Icel. augabrun
2105
3. In surg., a glass for the application of a col-
ly rium to the eye. — 4t. The lens of the eye.
H«+e not yon seen, Cauiillo,
(But tliat's past doubt — you have ; or your eye(ilast
Is tliiclter than a cuclsold's horn). Shak., W. T., i. 2.
eye-glutting (i'glut'ing), a. Filling or satis-
fying the eye. [Rare.]
" Mammon ■ (said he), " tliy godheads vaunt is vaine.
And idle otfers of tliy golden fee ;
To tllem that covet such eye-<jtHttinff gaine
Proffer thy giftes." Spemer, 1". Q., II. vii. 9.
= Dan. ojenbryn = Sw. ogonbryn), < edge, eye, eyehole (i'hol), n. 1. A hole or an opening,
-f- br&w. brow : see eye"^ and brow, and cf. eye- as in a mask, or in a curtain or door, through
6ree.] 1. The brow, or prominence of parts, which one may look ; a peep-hole. — 2. A eircu-
over the eye ; a prominent superorbital forma- lar opening, as in a bar, to receive a pin, hook,
tion ; a superciliary ridge or shield, in man the rope, or ring ; an eye.— 3. One of the three o-=
bony basis of the eyebrow is the frontal hone along tlie up- fices Of a cocoanut. Darwin. Also eye-spot.
per margin of the orbits, made somewhat more prominent aveine (i'ine). n. The process of punching eves
hvlhedeveloomentof thefrontalsinusesorhollows with- °!^''^^i,__^" * ^
1. One of the small hairs
by thedevelopmentof the frontalsinusesoriiuiio"!, "ii.i- r -ii
in the bone. (Seecut under «*ni«.) The projection, how- '" "«'«"'7°-
ever, iaslightincomparisonwiththebeetling superorbital eyelash (1 lash), JI
ridges of many animaU, a« the gorilla. In birds, and in . • .. .■ .
many reptiles and fishes, the eyebrow is a separate forma-
tion of a bone, or chain of bones, along the upper edge
of the orbit, whose nature is that of the lacrymal lione.
These are known as superorhitals, or superorbital bones
or ossicles. (3ee cut under Leitidniriren.) One such tone
fonna the movable superciliary shield of some birds, as
eagles, projecting lilie the eaves of a roof over the eye.
The eyebrows include the soft parts, as flesh and skin,
which cover the bone. See ttupercilium.
2. A fringe of hairs growing on the brow of the
eye ; the supercilia. See cut under eyei.
He dragg'd his eyebrow bnshes down, and made
A snowy penthouse for his hollow eyes.
Tennysun, Merlin and Vivien.
eye-semce
veloped, as the horse. A similar structure defends the
eye of some sharks, though seldom called eyelid. Ser-
pents have no proper eyelids, because the cuticle con-
tinues unbroken over the eyeball. See cut under eyei.
Is it thy will thy image should keep open
lly heavy eyelids to the weary night?
Shak., Sonnets, lil.
He saw
The slow tear creep from her closed eyelid yet.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
Erersion of the eyelid. See emrsion.—lo hang by
the eyelids, to be loosely attached ; be loosened ; be
ready to fall. [CoUoq.]
I came by accident upon a magic quarto, shabby enough
in its exterior, with one of the covers hanffing by the eye-
lids, and otherwise sadly battered.
J. T. Fields, Underbrush, p. 11.
3. One of the three on- gye-line (i'lin), n. In hemipterous insects, an
y,ri« A Ion ^up-nnnt. {magiuary straight line extending from the eye
to the origin of the labrum. iTie position of the an-
tennffi, above or below the eye-lines, has been used as a
>»»» - . -- -- character in classification.
or'bristles which grow in a row, or in rows, on eye-lobe (i'lob), n. In trilobites, one of the
the edges of the eyelids; a cilium of the eye- pair of lateral lobes of the head on which the
lid; a lash. eye is placed.
Blepharitis, or inflammation of the follicles of the eye- eyemarkt (i'mark), n. An object gazed at ; a
lashes, has received a great variety of names. spectacle.
Vtuim, Med. Diet. ^^j,, ^.^^^ ^^^^^ rhyming there upon a stage, to be an
2. Either one of the two rows or lines of hairs eyemark to all that pass? Chapman, May-Day, iii. 3.
which respectively fringe the upper and lower eye-memory (i'mem'6-ri), n. Memory for what
eyelid ; the supenor or inferior cilia ; a series ^^ ^^^^ j^y fjjg j
of eyelashes collectively. See cut imder eye^
3. In omith., a superciliary streak of color.
eye-case (i'kas), n. In entom., that part of the eve-lens (i'lenz), n
integument of a pupa coveriug the eye. "— - -' -- "■=»»♦'•
eye-copy (i'kop'i), ». A copy not made by
photograph or mechanical appliance, but by
the hand, guided only by the eye. [Kare.]
The collected fragments, together with a somewhat im-
perfect squeeze taken before the stone was broken up.
and an early epeeopy of ■ portion of the inscription, are
now exhibited side by side In one of the ground-flo<ir
r<K)ms at the Louvre. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 207.
eyed (id), a. [< AS. -edged, -eged, in comp., <
edge, eye, + -erf2.] Having eyes, or marked
with eye-like spots; furnished with eyes : used
separately and in composition : as, a AuW-eyetl
man ; ox-eyed Juno ; the eyed or ocellated blen-
ny. See cut under ocellate.
He is in deede prouyd « goo<l knyht,
Eiei as sltkiu with reson and fontiht.
Babeet Book (E. E. T. S.). p. cxii.
A wild and wanton pard,
Eyed like the evening star, with playful tail
Crouchd fawning in the weed. Tennyson, (Enone.
Dark, Jewelled women, orleni-eyed.
O. W. Holines, At the Pantomime.
eye-doctor Ci'dok'tor), n. An oculist. [CoUoq.]
cye-dotter (i'dot'fer), «. A small brush used in
graining wood in imitation of bird's-eye maple.
Some gralnera use small brushes called maple eye-dot-
lers, instead of the flngon, for forming the eyes.
Wortthop iUeeipts, 1st ser., p. 422.
eye-drop (i'drop), ». A tear. [Bare.]
That tyranny, which never qualTd bat blood.
Would, by beholding him, have wash'd his knife
With gentle eye-dropt. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. 4.
eye-eminence (i'em'i-nens), n. A prominence
on wliicli the eyes are situated in certain Arach-
nida, especially the Pedipalpi. Also called the
ocular tubercle.
eye-flap (i'flap), n. A blinder or blinker on a
fi()rsi-"s bridle,
eyefult (i'ful), a. [<ejrel -f- -/u/.] Pilling or at-
tractive to the eye; visible; remarkable.
With this, he hung them up aloft upon a tamrick bough
As ey/ul trophies. Chapman, Iliad, x. 390.
eye-^lance (i'glans), «. A glance of the eye ; a
rapid look.
And ever, as Dissemhlannce Uaght on bim.
He lovrrd uu her with daungerous ef/eglaunee.
Spenser, F. Q., III. ill. 15.
eye-glass (i'gl&s), n. 1. A lens made of crown
Pale with the golden beam of an eyelash dead on the cheek.
Tennyson, Maud, iii.
The languid eye with drooping eyelash, if it expresses
beauty, is never dull. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 298.
1. The cornea or exterior
fens of an insect's eye ; a cornea-lens or cor-
neule. Packard. — 2. 'The lens, as of a micro-
scope, to which the eye is applied.
eyeless (i'les), a. [< eye^ + -less.^ Wanting
eyes ; destitute of sight.
Ask for this great deliverer now, and find him
Eyeless in Gaza at the mill with slaves.
MUtm, 3. A., 1. 41.
eyelet (i'let), «. [An accom. (as if < eyel -I-
diro. -let) of earlier oilct, oylet, oyliet, oillet, oelet,
< ME. oylet, olyet, a hole, < OF. oeillet, F. millet,
dim. of OF. oeil, F. ceil, < L. oculus, eye: see
pyei.] 1. A small aperture; specilically, a small
round hole worked round the edge like a but-
tonhole, used in dressmaking, sailmaking, and
the like. Also eyelet-hole.
W'tnding up his mouth.
From time to time, into an orifice
Most delicate, a lurking eyelet, small.
Wordsmirlh, Prelude, vii.
2. A metallic ring designed to be placed in a
perforation called an eyelet-hole, in cloth, lea-
ther, etc., for the passage of a lace, cord, or
small rope ; also, a similar ring used for fas-
tening together sheets of paper. ete._^ it is maile eye-pit (i'pit), n.
IS seen by the eye.
Visual perception or eye-memory.
Nature, XXXVII. 562.
eyent, ". -An obsolete or archaic plural of eye^.
eye-opener (J ' op ' nfer), ». Something that
causes the eyes to open, or that opens the eyes,
literally or figuratively, (a) A marvelous naiTiitive or
incident, or a disclosure of some wrong done or evil threat-
ened. tColloq.l (6) A draught of strong liquor, especial-
ly one taken in the morning ; a strong drink ; a horn.
[Slang, U. S.] (c) Information or an experience that en-
ables one to comprehend what l>efore he had failed to see
the meaning of ; that which gives one sudden discernment
as to things with which he has to do : as, overhearing that
remark proved an eye-opener to me. IColloq.J
eyepiece (i'pes), n. In an optical instrument,
the lens or combination of lenses to which the
as an extremely short tube, the edges of which are pressed
over and outward so as to clasp the material to which It
Is applied.
3. In entom. : (a) A small eye or ocellate spot ;
a small spot with a central dot of another color.
(6) An ocellus or simple eye.
eyeleteer (i-le-ter'), ". [< <■*«'<■' + -<'«'■•] A
small pointed instrument for piercing eyelet-
holes.
eyelet-hole (I'let-hol), n. [Formerly oilet-hole,
oyliet-iwle ; < oilet, now eyelet, + hole^, the sec-
ond part being explanatory of the first.] 1.
Same as eyelet, 1.
His Ovlrt-hoUs are more, and ampler :
The King's own Body was • Samplar.
yrior. Alma, II.
S. A hole in a fabric, piece of leather, ete., in
which an eyelet is or may be placed.
Slitting the back and fingers of a glove, I made eyelet-
holes to draw It Close. Wiseman, Surgery.
eyeleting-machine (i'let-ing-ma-shen'), n. A
machine for inserting and fixing eyelets in boots
anil siioes. The improved form is self -feeding.
eyeliadt, ». See eyliad.
glass or rock crystal, used to assist the sight by gy^Ud (I'li'd), n. [< ME. egelid, elielid, eelid,
correcting defects of vision. Eye-glasscs are either
single, and tield between the pnijection of the brow and
the cheek, or double, and kept In position by a spring,
which eompressea the note. They are commonly alstin-
guislied from speetaeies. which are held by pieces of metal
passing over the ears. Formerly eye-glaase* had to be kept
In place by the hand.
I remember noticing his way of giving an odd wrinkle
to the upper part of his face, so that his eye-fjlassts flew
oil with a click. giioted In Merriams Bowles, II. 71.
2. The eyepiece of a telescope, microscope, or
similar instrument. See a,\ao field-glass.
The Gregorian ronstraction . . . appeared to him (Xew-
ton I to have such <lisadvantages that he "saw It necessary
to alter the design, and place the eiie-;iUus at the side of
the tube.- Amer. Cyc. (ed. 1876), XV. 625.
eeled (= OFries. dglilid, dchlid = D. ooglid = G
augenlid) ; < eyc^ + lid.'\ The cover of the eye ;
that portion of movable skin with which an an-
imal covers the eyeball or uncovers it at plea-
sure. It serves the purposes of protecting ami wiping
the ball of the eye. as well as of moistening it l>y spread-
ing the lacrymal fluid over its suriace. Eyeliils occur
in mammals, birds, most reptiles, and A mphibia. not in
Ophidia anil tnie fishes. They are generally two in num-
tier, upper and lower, formed of ordinary skin and a layer
of conjunctiva, stitfened or not with cartilage, anil fur-
nished with aiipropriate muscles, glands, etc. : they are
technically called palvebrtr. .Some animals, as birds, have
a thiril eyelid, the nictitating membrane, a fold of con-
junctiva capable of lieing swept obliquely across the front
of the eyeball ; some mammals possess It imperfectly de-
eye IS applied — Colllmating eyepiece. See co«t-
mating. — Diagonal eyepiece, one whicli by meansof a re-
flectordetlects the eiiiergent rays at right angles. — Erect-
ing or terrestrial eyepiece, one whicli presents the ob-
ject erect instuid of inverted: used in spy-glasses. — Huy-
genlan eyepiece, a common form of negative eyepiece
composeil of two planocoiiTex lenses with their convexi-
ties turneil away from the eye.— Negative eyepiece, a
combination of lenses which intercepts the rays from the
objective before they come to a focus, and forms the focal
Image within itself: there are numerous forms. — Posi-
tive eyepiece, one which views an image formed outside
of itself, and so can be used with a reticle or micrometer.
— Ramsden'B eyepiece, a common form of iiositlve eye-
piece comjxised of two planoconvex lenses with their
plane surfaces turned outward. (There are numerous
specliil foniis of eyepiece, designated by trade-names, as
euryscopic. monoceiUrie, orthoscopic, solid, etc.)
The orbit or socket of the
eye.
Their eyes did wander and fix no where, till shame
made thcin sink into their hollow eye-pits.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 620.
eye-point (i'point), n. An eye-spot ; an ocellus.
eyeri (i'^r), n. One who eyes or watches
closely.
The suitor was a diligent eyer of her.
(iayton, Notes on Don Quixote, p. 47.
eyer^t, n. An obsolete spelling of air^.
eyer-'t, «• An obsolete spelling of heir.
eye-reach (i'rech), «. The range or reach of
the eye ; extent of vision ; eyeshot.
Is not he blest
That gets a seat In eye-reach of him ?
B. Jonson, Sejanus, v. 10.
eye-salve (i'sav), n. A medicated salve for the
eyes.
If we will but purge with sovrain eye-salve that intellec-
tual ray which 0<mI hath planted in iis, then we woald lie-
lecve the Scriptures protesting their own plainnes and
IKrspicuity. Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.
eye-servant (i'sir'vant), n. A servant who at-
tends to his duty only when watched, or under
the eye of his master or employer.
eye-server (i'sfer'v^r), «. Qs.me&» eye-servant.
The man who loiters when the master is away is an eye-
server, which, I Uke It, is the op|)osite of a Christian.
f. //. Spuryeon, John Ploughman's Talks, p. l.'i.
eye-service (i's^r'vis), n. 1. Service perform-
ed only under inspection of the eye of an em-
ployer or master.
Servants, obey in all things your masters. . . . Not with
eye-seruiee, as men.pleasers ; but in singleness of heart,
fearing God. Co\. iii. 22.
It is hut an ei/esera'ce, whatsoever is compelled and in-
voluntary. ■ Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. «1.
2. Homage paid •with the eyes. [Rare.]
eye-service
But none was so well worth eye-»erviee as my own be-
loved Lorna. R. D. Blackmort, Lorna Dooue, Ixvi.
'Oye-sbade (i'shad), n. A shade for the eyes.
Spefitically — (a) A screen or vizor worn over the eyes as
a protection from the light, (b) A hood attached to the
eyepiece of a microscope to prevent the entrance of later-
al niys to the eye.
'eyeshot (i'shot), ». [< e^ci + shot, «. ; after
gunshot, boirshot, etc.] Sight ; view ; range of
vision ; glance of the eye.
I have preserved many a young man from her eyeshot
by this means. Spectator.
How shall I bear the eyeshot of the croud in court ?
Steele, Lying Lover, v. 1.
Mr. King stood one side and . . . noted the eye-shots,
the flashing or the languishihg look that kills, and never
can be called to account for the mischief it does.
C D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 32.
«yesight (i'sit), ». [< ME. eye»yht, eghesihthe,
eihsihthe, ehsihthe, etc. ; < eye^ + sight.] 1. The
sight of the eye ; view ; observation.
According to the cleanness of my hands in his eyesitjht.
Ps. xviii. 24.
Josephus sets this down from his own eyesight. Wilkins.
Perhaps one of my own race, perishing within eyesight
of the smoke of home. R. L. Stevenson, Merry Men.
2. The sense of seeing; faculty or power of
vision : as, his eyesight is failing.
Thoughts, link by link
Enter through ears and eyesight.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, ii. 2.
«yesore (i'sor), n. 1. A sore upon or near the
eye, as at the comer of the eye or upon an eye-
lid. Hence — 2. Something offensive to the
eye or sight.
And is the like conclusion of psalms become now at the
length an eyesore or a galling to their ears that hear it ?
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 42.
ni, by a willing death, remove the object
That is an eyesore to you.
Massinger, Koman Actor, iii. 2.
The Temple erected to Claudius as a badge of thlr eter-
nal slaverie stood a great Eye sore. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
«ye-SorrOW (i'sor'6), n. An offense or sorrow
to the eye or sight. [Rare.]
Saint Antoine turns out, as it has now often done, and,
apparently with little superfluous tumult, moves eastward
to that eye-sorrow of Vincennes.
Carlyle, French Rev,, II. iii. 5.
«ye-speck (i'spek), n. A minute or rudimen-
tary eye; an eye-spot or eye-point: as, the pig-
mented eye-specks of infusorians. See eye^, and
cut under Balanoglossus.
«ye-specullim (i'spek"u-lum), «. In surg., an
instrument for retracting the lids in operations
upon the eye.
«ye-splice
(i'splis), n.
Naut., a sort
of eye or cir-
cle formed by
splicing the
end of a rope
into itself.
Also called
spliced eye.
eye-spot (i'-
spot), n. 1.
One of the
rudimentary
sensory or-
gans of many
low animals
which have
been supposed to have a visual function. See
eye^, and cut under Balanoglossus.
The author [Romanes] finds that, by cutting off the eye-
spots from several star-fishes and sea-urchins, they do not
seek the light thrown into the dish, as is invariably their
habit when these organs are intact. Science, V. 389.
2. The rudiment of an eye in the embryo of
higher animals. — 3. An ocellus. — 4. In certain
unicellular algsa, as Volvox, a (usually) reddish
spot thought to resemble an eye in position and
appearance. — 5. An ocellated or eye-like spot,
as those on the taU of a peacock.
On the upper side of the wings are two black eye-spots.
Harris.
6. Same as eyehole, 3.
The three eye-spots seen at the end of a cocoa-nut.
Zoologist, Aug., 1886, p. 315.
a b C
Eye-splice.
a, one strand stuck ; b, all three strands
stuck once ; c, ail three strands stuck three
times (finished splicing).
2106
eye-spotted (i'spofed), a. Marked with spots
Uke eyes.
Nor Junoes Bird in her ey-spotted traine
So many goodly coloui*s doth containe.
Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 95.
eye-stalk (i'stak), «. The stem or stalk upon
which an eye is borne, as in the stalk-eyed crus-
taceans ; the ophthalmite. See cut under stalk-
eyed. Coues.
eyestone (i'ston), n. A small calcareous body,
the operculum of small Turhinidce, flat on one
side and convex on the other, used for removing
substances from between the eyelid and the eye-
ball. When put into the inner comer of the eye, it works
its way out at the outer corner, bringing with it any for-
eign substance which may be causing irritation.
Not many people, in any sense of the word, go about
provided with eyestoTies against the chance cinders that
may worry others. Mrs. Whitney, Leslie Goldthwaite, iii.
eye-string (i ' string) ,n. A muscle by which the
eye is moved or held in position.
I would have broke mine eye-strings, crack'd them, but
To look upon him. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 4.
Crack, eye-strings, and your balls
Drop into earth. B. Jonson, Poetaster, Ind.
The last words that my dying father spake,
Before his eye-strings brake, shall not of me
So often be remember'd as our meeting.
Beau, and Fl., Wonian-Hater, ii. 1.
eye-sucker (i'suk'er), «. A lemsean crusta-
ceous parasite, Lernwonema spra (to, which at-
taches to the eye of the sprat.
eyet, n. A variant form of eyot, ait.
eye-tooth (i'toth), n. A tooth under the eye :
a name given to the two canine teeth of the
upper jaw, between the incisors and premolars.
Also called dog-tooth To cut one's eye-teeth, or
to have one's eye-teeth cut. See cut.
eye-wagest (i'wa"jez), n. Wages such as eye-
service deserves.
They do Him but eye-service, and
He giveth them but eye-wages.
Bp. Sanderson, Works, III. 28.
eye-waiter (S'wa'''t6r), n. An eye-servant.
His lordship's indulgence to servants cost him very dear :
for most of them were but eye-waiters, and diligent only
for fear of losing their places, otherwise negligent and
wasteful. Roger North, Lord Guilford, II. 316.
eye-wash (i'wosh), n. A medicated water for
the eyes.
eye-water (i'wa'tfer), «. 1. Same as eye-wash.
— 2. The fluid refractive media of the eye ; the
aqueous and vitreous humor. See eye^.
Eye-water ... is often a great annoyance (in taxidermy].
This liquor is slightly glairy, or rather glassy, and puts a
sort of sizing on the plumage difficult to efface.
Coites, Field Ornith., 1874.
eye-wink (i'wingk), n. A wink or motion of the
eyelid; a hint or token.
Yet there has been knights, and lords, and gentlemen,
with their coaches ; . . . and, I warrant you, they could
never get an eye-wink of her. Shak., M, W. of W., ii. 2.
eye-winker (i'wing"k6r), ». An eyelash.
[U. S.]
eye-'witness (i'wit''nes), n. One who testifies
to something he has seen.
For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when
we made known unto you the power and coming of our
Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitiiesses of his majesty.
2 Pet. i. 16.
This is the most accurate relation of what passed, as to
matter of fact, from honourable, most ingenuous, and dis-
intress'd eye-witnesses.
Evelyn, Enc. between the French and Spanish
[Ambassadors.
eyewort (i'wfert), ». [Not found in ME. ; < AS.
edgwyrt, < edge, eye, + wyrt, wort, plant.] Same
as eyehright.
eyghet, «• A Middle English form of eye'^.
eyght (at), 11. A variant form of eyot, ait.
eyexe, n. See eager^.
eyle^, v. A Middle English form of ail^.
He myght wele a-rise, for hym eyleth noon evell.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 62.
eyle^t, «■ A Middle English form of ail^.
eyliaat (i'li-ad), n. [Also written eyeliad, in
simulation of eye'^ ; also oeiliad, oeilliad, and ceil-
lade; < OF. oeillade, F. ceillade, an ogle, < oeil, F.
ceil, eye : see eyelet, eye'^.'\ An ogle ; a wanton
glance with the eyes.
eythe
Who even now gave me good eyes too ; examined my
parts with most judicious eyliads.
Shak.,t,l. W. of W., 1. 4.
eyne (in), ». An archaic plural of eye^.
How can we see with feeble eyn.e
The glory of that Majestic Divine?
Spenser, Heavenly Beauty, 1. 123.
With such a plaintive gaze their eyiie
Are fastened upwardly on mine.
Mrs. Browning, My Doves (early edition).
eyot, n. [Also eyet, eyght, etc., variant spell-
ings of ait, q. v.] Same as ait.
eyra (I'ra), «. A kind of wild cat, Felis eyra,
ranging from Texas southward into South
-^ Ha ■
ri^J:''^--
Eyra { Felis eyra ).
America, of a uniform reddish color, with an ex-
tremely long, slender body, long tail, and short
limbs, especially the fore legs.
eyrant, a. In her., same as ayrant.
eyre^ (ar), 71. [An archaic spelling, preserved
by its legal associations ; < ME. eyre, eire, < AF.
eire, OF. ei-re, oircj journey, < L. iter, a journey:
see errant^ and itinerant. ] 1 . A journey or cir-
cuit.
We are able to see how the itinerant King gradually
became a monarch of the modem type. The change may
be attributed to the growth of the system of missi, of itin-
erant deputies of the sovereign, his servants, as the Eng-
lish phrase was, in eyre.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 183.
2. A court of itinerant justices. — Adjournment
in eyre. See ad>wniT«€n<.— Justices in eyre, judges,
either members of or delegates from the K in<j's Great Court
or Aula Regia, sent periodically from the capital through-
out the other counties of the kingdom for the purpose of
holding court. The regular establishment of this system
dates from 1176 (22 Hen. II.), and it gave place to sub-
stantially the present system of assize and nisi prius, un-
der 13 Edw. I., c. 30. It seems that in the earlier periods,
when these justices were empowered to levy royal reve-
nues, remonstrances of the people led to a concession
that they should make the circuit only once in seven years.
Later, when the judicial function became more important,
they were directed by M^na Charta to visit every county
once a year.
The eire of justize wende aboute in the londe.
Robert of Gloitcegter, p. 617.
These judges of assise came into use in the room of the
ai^tient justices in eyre, justiciarii in itinere.
Blackstone, Com., III. iv.
eyre^t, n. A Middle English spelling of air^,
eyre^t, ^- i- An obsolete variant of aery^.
It is reported that the men of the country where the
Eagle eyreth, etc.
Turberville, Booke of Falconrie, etc. (1611), p. 10.
This is a gentlewoman of a noble house.
Born to a better fame than you can build her,
And eyres above your pitch.
Fletcher, Wit without Money, iv. 4.
eyxe^t, w. An obsolete form of heir.
eyrent, **• A Middle English plural of egg^.
eyriet, eyryt, »*. Old spellings of aery^.
eyset, n. A Middle English form of ease.
eystert, n. An obsolete form of oyster.
eytet, «• and n. An obsolete form of eighf^.
eythet, w. [ME. (rare), < AS. egethe, a harrow
(cf. egethere, a harrower: words occurring but
once each, in glosses). = D. egge = LG. egge =
OH€r. egida, ekitha, MHGr. egede, egde, eide, G.
dial, egde, eide, ede (G. egge, < LG.), a harrow;
cf . L. oeca, Lith. akeczos, a harrow ; perhaps ult.
connected with L. a^des, = E. edge: see edge."]
A harrow.
Theose foure, the faith to teche, folwede Peers teoni.
And harowede in an hand-whyle, al holy scripture,
With to [two] eythes that thei hadden, an olde and a newe.
Piers Plowman (C), xxii. 273.
l.The sixth letterand fourth
consonant in the English
alphabet, as in the Latin and
the Phenician, and also as
in the earlv Greek alphabet,
through wtich the Latin was
derived from the Phenieian
(see-4), although it has gone
out of use in the alphabet generally known to
us as Greek. The Phenicum character had the name
1NI9 or waw (meaning 'peg' or 'hook'X ftnd its value was
that oi oar English w. This aame raloe it had in primi-
tire Greek ase, and it is foand so used in western inscrip-
UoiUt although lost too early to appear in eastern inscrip-
tions, llie souud, namely w, went gradually out of use in
Greek, and its si^rn went with it. Since the latter some-
what resembled in form one gamma (T) written above
another, the Greek grammarians gave it the fanciful name
of digamma or dotthle gamma, by which therefore we gea<
erally call it as a Greek letter. The comparative scheme
of forms (compare wl> Is as follows :
Y AF
Hierogl;
Egyptian.
Phcni-
ciaa.
Early
Greek and Latin.
In the adapUtion of the alphabet to Latin use the sign
first received the value we give it, since the /-sound oc-
curred in Latin and needed a representative ; the u>-sonnd
was provided (or by being written with the same charac-
ter as u. (See U and K.) The sound /, as we pronounce It,
is a surd (or breathed, or voiceless) labiodental, a frica-
tive sound or spirant ; that is to say, it is made by the au-
dible friction or rustling of the unlntonated breath, when
forced out between the edge of the lower lip and the tips
of the upper teeth, these being held In contact with one
another. If, everything else remaining the same, the In-
tonated breath be forced out Instead, the sound is v (as in
valvf, virid) ; hence. / and r are corresponding surd and
sonant. An /, nearly identical with ours in audible char-
acter, may also be made between the edges of the two lips
alone, without any help from the teeth ; and such a purely
labial /is heard in many language*, and Is with probability
to be regarded as more primitive than the labiodental /,
and as forming the transition to It, in the I Agnages where
the latter prevails. The same sound Is also widely repre-
sented In English by »A, but almost only in words comlni;
from the Oreek; it also exists In some wonls written with
gh, as laugh, cough, dough, rough, tough, etc., the labial
asptrant having taken In such words the place of the pal-
atal, such change being recosnixed in the spelling In only
a few words, as dwarf, dr<tfih= draught), du/(= dough,
as formerly pronouncedl etc. Blstorically./stands in gen-
eral for a more original p, as found in Sanskrit and the
classical langnagea : thus, fatker for pUar, »i>Tijp, patrr,
etc.
Thus tiM Mlar f b derived from the Hieroglyphic pic-
ture of the eenatea, or homed Egyptian asp.
Itaae Taylor, The Alphabet, L 12.
2. As a medieval Roman numeral, 40, and with
adashoverit, ^",40,000.— 3. In musie: (a) The
key-note of the major key of one flat having
the signature shown in fie. 3, or of the minor
key of four flats having the signature shown
in fig. 4; also, the final of the Lydian mode in
medieval music. (6) In the fixed system of
Bolmization, the foiurth tone of the scale of C,
called fa, and hence so named by French mu-
sicians, (c) On the keyboard of the pianoforte,
the white key next to the left of each group of
three black keys, (d) The tone given by such
a key, or a tone in unison with such a tone, (.e)
The degree of a staff assigned to such a key or
tone ; with the treble clef, the lower space or
upper line (1). (/) A note on such a degree,
indicating such a key or tone (2).— 4. [cap. or
/. c] [Abbr. of /uncHow.] Ina^., the sign of an
operation in general, and especially of a func-
tion having a differential coefficient. — 5. An
abbreviation — (a) of Fettow (see F. R. S., F. S.
A., etc.); (6) in physics, of Fahrenheit (which
see); (c) ia fisheries, ot full fish — a commercial
mark; (rf) in a ship's log-book, of /w;.— 6. The
chemical symbol of/l««rm._pclef. Heeelt/.
fa (fa), n. [It., etc., orig. taken from the first
syllable of L. famuli : see gamut.] In solmi-
zation, the syllable used for the fourth tone of
the scale — that is, the subdominant. In the
major scale of C this tone is F, which is there-
fore sometimes specifically called /a.
fa' (fa), V. [8c., also written/ate; = E./aZU, v.,
q. v.] L intrang. To fall, in any sense.
Wha for Scotland's King and law
Freedom's sword will strongly draw,
Freeman stand, or freeman fa',
Let him follow me.
Burns, Bruce's Address.
n. trans. 1. To have as one's lot or share;
get; obtain.
He well may /a' a brighter bride.
But nane that lo'es like me.
Skuitn Anna: Fair Annie (Child's Ballads, m. 384X
2. To claim; pretend to. Jamieson.
A prince can mak' a belted knight,
A marquis, duke, an' a' that,
But an honest man's aboon his might,
Qude faith, he mauna /a' that
Burnt, For A' That.
fa' (f&), n. [Sc., = E.fam, n.] 1. FaU.— 2.
Share; due.
An hundred a year for his /a', man.
Rittott, Scottish Poems, II. 65.
3. Lot; chance.
A towmond [twelvemonth] of trouble should that be my
/"'■
A night of gude fellowship sowthen It a'.
Burnt, Contented wl' Little.
F, A. A. An abbreviation otfree of all average,
a phrase used in marine-insurance policies.
See average^, n.
faam, » . Seefaham.
fa'ard (f&rd), a. [8c.; also written /ard,/aMr'rf ,-
acontr. of/flfored. Ct.farand.] Favored: used
in composition: as, weel-fa'ard, well-favored;
ill-/a'arrf, ill-favored.
Puir auld Scotland suffered anengh by thae blackguard
loons o' excisemen, . . . the lll-/a'anf thieves.
Scott, Rob Boy, xvili.
fab (fab), n. A Scotch form of /oft*.
Faba (fa'b&), n. [L., a bean.] A ^enus of
leguminous plants, by most authors moluded
under the ge-
nus Ficia. The
only apeclea, F.
nUgarit (Vleia Fa-
ba\ is the bone-
or Windsor-bean,
which has been In
cultivation (ram
very early times,
and the origin of
which ia not cer-
tainly known,
though it is said to
have been found
wild In both cen-
tral Asia and north-
em Africa. It is
extensively culti-
vated in the old
world, where the
seeds are used
chiefly for feeding
hones, and in a
green atate as a
vegetable.
FaMcea (f^
ba'se-e), n. ^i.
[Nil.', fern. pi.
of L. fabaeeus,
of beans: see/o-
haeeous.'] Same
as Leguminostr.
fabaceons (fa-
ba'shins), a. [<
L. fabaeeus, of or consisting of beans, < faba, a
bean.] Bean-like; leguminous.
fabella (fa-bel'a), n. [NL., dim. of Jj. faba, a
bean.] A sesamoid fibrocartilage, sometimes
found ossified, developed in the gastrocnemius
muscle, and situated on the back of the knee-
joint or behind the condyle of the femur, in
special relation with the fibula: as, "the fibu-
lar fabella," Owen.
faber (fa'b^r), n. [Ij., a smith: see fabric, fe-
ver'^.] A name of a fish, the dory, Zeus faber.
2107
Hane-bcSB [Faia VH/^aritot yttia
Fata).
Fabian (fa'bi-an), a. [< L. Fabianus, < Fabius:
seedef.] Delaying: dilatory; avoiding battle,
in the manner of Quintus Fabius Maximus, a
Boman general, who in conducting military op-
erations against Hannibal declined to risk a
battle in the open field, but harassed the enemy
by marches, countermarches, and ambuscades.
Met by the FaMan tactics, which proved fatal to its
predecessors. Times (London).
Fabiana (fa^bi-an'a), n. [Nil., named after
Fabiano, a Spanish botanist.] A small sola-
naceous genus of South American shrubs. F.
imbricata is a heath-like evergreen of Chili, with small
crowded leaves and a profusion of pure white flowers, for
which it is occasionally cultivated. It has a peculiar aro-
matic oilor and bitter taste, and is a popular remedy in
Chili for urinary disorders.
fable (fa'bl), n. [< ME. fable, < OF. Jable, fau-
ble, F. fable = Pr. fabla, faula = Sp. habla =
Pg. /oHa, speech, talk, language, mod. fabula,
a fable, = It. favola = D. fabel = MHG. fabele,
fabel, favele, 6. fabel = Dan. Sw. fabd, < L.
fabula, a narrative, account, story, esp. a fic-
titious narrative, story, fable, < L. fori, speak,
= Gr. (^vai, speak, declare, make known, < y *^,
orig. give light, shine (cf . ijiaivetv, -j/ *0av, bring
to Ught, make appear, give light, mid. appear),
= Skt. -^ bhd. From L. fori, speak, beside fa-
ble, fabulate, confabulate, fabulous, fabulist, etc.,
come also E. affable, effable, ete., fame^, famous,
infamous, etc., fate, fatal, etc., infant, infan-
try, etc. ; and from Gr. <j>dvai or (paiveiv come E.
phase, phantasm, phantom, fantasy, fancy, phe-
nomenon, emphasis, etc.] 1. A story; a tale;
particularly, a feigned or invented story or
tale, intended to instruct or amuse ; a fictitious
narrative devised to enforce some useful truth
or precept, or to introduce indirectly some opin-
ion, in which imaginary persons or beings as
well as animals, and even inanimate things, are
represented as speakers or actors ; an apologue.
Vse them to reade in the Bible and other Godly Bokes,
but especyally keepe them from reading of t&yned fables,
vayne fantasyes, and wanton stories.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 64.
I never may believe
These antique /a6^, nor these fairy toys.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
Among all the different ways of giving counsel, I think
the finest and that which pleases the most universally Is
faUe, In whatsoever shape it appears. . . . Upon the
reading of a faUe we are made to believe we advise our-
selves. Addison, Spectator, Ho. 512.
2. A story or history untrue in fact or sub-
stance, invented or developed by popular or
poetic fancy or superstition and to some extent
or at one time current in popular belief as true
or real ; a legend ; a myth.
Narrations of miracles . . . grew to be esteemed but as
old wives' fables. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, 1. 48.
Witchcraft and diabolical possession and diabolical dis-
ease have long since passed into the region ot fables.
Lecky, Rationalism. I. 194.
3. A story fabricated to deceive; a fiction; a
falsehood; a lie: as, the story is all a, fable.
This 36 witeth wel alio wlth.oute any/otuf.
That this lond hade be lore at the last ende,
3lf thise werres hade lasted any while here,
Waiiam nf Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4608.
4. The plot or connected series of events in
an epic or dramatic poem founded on imagina-
tion.
The moral Is the first business of the poet ; this being
formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most
suitable to the moral. Dryden.
5. Subject of talk ; gossip; byword. [Bare.]
Alas ! by little ye to nothing file.
The peoples /aW«, and the sp<iyle of all.
Spenser, Ruines of Rome, st. 7.
Knew you not that, sir? 'tis the common fable.
B. Jonson, Volpone, 1. 1.
=SyiL 1. Allegory, Parable, etc. (see simile). — 3. Inven-
tion, fabrication, hoax.
fable (fa'bl), V. ; pret. and pp. fabled, ppr. fa-
bling. [< ME. fablen, < OF. fabler, faubler, fla-
ber= Pr. favelar = Sp. hablar, speak, talk, etc.,
= Pg. fallar, speak, talk, tell, restored Sp. Pg.
fable
tabular, table, = It. favolare (= G. fabeln =
Dan./uWe), < h./abulare, talk, speak, converse,
< fahula, a narrative, account, subject of com-
mon talk: see fable, n.] I. intrans. If. To
telk.
WhUe ttaei talldden (nr. /oNcdm].
IFyciv/; Luke xxlT. 15 (Oxf.).
2. To speak or write fiction; tell imaginary
stories.
As for Noah, the /a6/in^ Heathen, it is like, deified him.
Furchas, Pilgrimage, p. 52.
But weaker even than the fabling spirit of these genea-
logical inanities is the idle attempt to explode them by
turning the years into days. De Quincetf, Herodotus.
Vain now the tales which /aWin^ poets tell. Prior.
3. To speak falsely; misrepresent; lie: often
used euphemistically.
For of the leste y wille you speke,
And for to/abilU I wille you nought.
PolitwU Poemg, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 96.
He/aU«« not, I hear the enemy. Skak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2.
Do you think l/abU with you?
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
H. trans. To feign ; invent ; devise or fabri-
cate; describe or relate feigningly.
It is elegantly /aWed by Tythonus.
Bacon, Moral Fables, ii.
I pray you sit not/a6/tng' here old tales.
U. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, iv. 1.
Hauing before /afei^d a Catalogue out of Berosus of the
ancient Kings. PurchoB, Pilgrimage, p. 72.
We mean to win.
Or turn this heaven into the hell
Thou/o*(M(. Jfirton, P. L., vi. 292.
fabled (fa'bld), p. a. Celebrated in fables ; fab-
ulously imagined.
Hail, fabled grotto ! hail, Elysian soil !
Thou fairest spot of fair Britannia's isle ! Tickell.
In such guise she stood,
like/oifed Goddess of the Wood.
Scott, L. of the!/., ii. 24.
fablemonger (fa'bl-mung'ger), n. One who
invents or repeats fables.
To distinguish the true and proper allegorists from the
fable mongers or mythics (I know not what else to call
them), such as Dr. Burnet, &c,, before mentioned.
Waterland, Works, VI. 16.
fabler (fa'blfer), n. [< ME.fabler,< OF. fableor,
< L. fabulator, a talker, etc., < J'abulare, talk :
see/a6ie, ».] If. A talker.
The fablers or ianglers and seekers out of prudence.
Wyclif, Bar. iii. 23 (Oxf.).
2. A writer or speaker of fables or fictions ; a
fabulist ; a dealer in feigned stories ; a falsifier.
If so many examples . . . suffice not to confounde your
simple salicque lawe innented by falce/a6/er« and crafty
imaginers of yourfablyng Frenche meniie, then here what
God saith in the booke of Numeri. Hall, Hen. V., an. 2.
Old fabler, these be fancies of the churl.
TennyHon, Balin and Balan.
fabliau (fab-U-6'), «.; -pi. fabliaux (-67.'). [F., <
OF. fabliaus, older fablel = Pr. fablel, a short
tale, etc., < ML. as if 'fabulellus, for which L.
fabella, a short tale, story, play, etc., dim. of
fabula, a tale, fable: see fable, n.] In French
lit., one of the metrical tales or diversions of
the trouvferes, belonging mostly to the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries.
What the original forms of the Beast Epic and the Le-
gend of the Saints were for the lowest, such were the
fabliaux for the burgher middle class.
Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 617.
Until the appearance of Mr. Pater's " Studies of the Re-
naissance," knowledge of the delightful love-story of "Au-
cassin and Nicolette " was practically confined to the stu-
dents of fabliaux. The story, one of the most attractive
of its class, appears in the famous collection oi fabliaux
of Le Grand, whence it was translated by Way in his well-
known selection from that work.
N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 359.
fabling (fa'bling), n. [< ME. fabling ; verbal
n. ot fable, V .'] 1. The making of fables ; fabu-
lous narration or composition.
Which occurrents in Nature no doubt haue giuen occa-
sion to sonie of further /oWi/i^.
Purchag, Pilgrimage, p. 38.
The art of fabling may be classed among the mimetic
arts. It is an aptitude of the universal and plastic facul-
ties of our nature ; and man might not be ill defined as
"a mimetic and fabling animal."
/. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 100.
2. Fiction ; fables collectively.
Let the dreams of classic idolatry perish — extinct be
the fairies and fairy trumpery of legendary /aWm^r, in the
heart of childhood, there will, forever, spring up a well
of innocent or wholesome superstition — the seeds of ex-
aggeration will be busy there, and vital — from every -day
forms educing the unknown and the uncommon.
Lamb, Ella, p. 160.
fabric (fab'rik), n. [Formerly also fabrick, fab-
rike, fabriq, fabrique (= D.fabriek = G. Dan.
8w. fabrik) ; < F. fabrique = Pr. fabriga = Sp.
2108
fdbrica = 'Pg.fabrica = It. fabbrica, < L. fabri-
ca, a workshop, art, trade, product of art, struc-
ture, fabric, <faber, a workman (artisan, smith,
carpenter, joiner, etc.) (> ult. fever^, q. v.),
£rob. < -y/ "fa in fa-c-ere, make : see fact. From
i.fabrica, a workshop, through the vernacular
OF. forge, comes E. forge, «., q. v.] 1. A
structure of any kind; anything composed of
parts systematically joined or connected. Spe-
cifically— (a) The structure or frame of a building ; moi-e
generally, the building Itself ; an edifice, as a house, a
temple, a bridge, etc.
Hee that desireth further to reade, or rather to see the
old lerusalem, with her holy Fabrique^, let him resort to
Arias Montanus his Antiquitates ludaicffi.
Purchag, Pilgrimage, p. 106.
The South church is richly paved with black and white
marble : the West is a new/a6na.
Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 19, 1641.
But that of Sancta Sophia, once a Christian Temple, ex-
ceedeth not onely the rest, . . . but all other /a6ricA« what-
soever throughout the whole universe.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 24.
That Fabric rises high as Heav'n
Whose Basis on Devotion stands.
Prior, Engraved on a Column in the Church of Halstead.
(b) A woven or felted cloth of any material or style of
weaving; anything produced by weaving or interlacing:
distinctively called textile fabric.
Here and there a cobweb, woven to the consistence of a
fabric, swung in the air.
M. N. Murfree (C. E. Craddock), Prophet of the Great
[Smoky Mountains, x.
The material most used in the early days of the Spanish
conquest for the production of fabrics was the fiber of a
plant called chaguar.
v. S. Cons. Rep., No. Ixix. (1886), p. 92.
2. Any system of connected or interrelated
parts: as, the universal /aferic ; the social /a6-
ric.
The Poets were wont to lay the foundations and first be-
ginnings of their poeticall Fabriques with inuocation of
their Gods and Muses. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 1.
I find there are many pieces in this one.fabric of man.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 7.
The new-created world, which fame in heaven
Long had foretold, a fabric wonderful
Of absolute perfection. Milton, P. L., x. 482.
3. The structure of anything; the manner in
which the parts of a thing are united ; work-
manship ; texture ; tissue.
The baseless /aftric of this vision.
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
A young divine gave us an eloquent sermon on 1 Cor. 6,
v. 20, inciting to gratitude, and glorifying God for the /a6-
riq of our bodys and the dignitie of our nature,
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 28, 1684.
The fabric of gauze is always open, fHnisy, and transpa-
rent. Ure.
That distinguished archaeologist agrees with M. Stepha-
ni in considering these vases to be of Athenian .fabric,
and to have been exported to the Crimea, Rhodes, and
other places with which Athens traded in the fourth cen-
tury B. c. C. T. Newton, Art and Archceol., p. 391.
4. The act of building. [Rare.]
Tithe was received ... for the fabric of the churches
of tlie poor. Milman.
Congregation of the Fabric. See congregation, 6.—
Corded fahric, a textile fabric whose pile is cut in ribs
running in the airection of the length of the warp ; or a
fabric having larger and smaller threads alternately, thus
making a ribbed surface. E. II. Knight. — Elastic fab-
ric. See elastic. — Fabric lands, lands given to provide
for the rebuilding or repair of cathedrals and churches. —
Mixed fabric, a textile fabric made of a combination of
two or more fibers, as tweed, poplin, etc. — Textile fab-
ric. See def. 1 (b).
fabrict (fab'rik), V. t. l< fabric, n. Ct. fabri-
cate.^ To build; construct; put into form.
He who hears what praying there is for light and clearer
knowledge to be sent down among us, would think of
other matters to be constituted beyond the discipline of
Geneva, fram'd &n^ fabric' t already to our hands.
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 52.
fabricant (fab'ri-kant), n. [= D. G. Dan. Sw.
fabrikant, < F. fabricant = Sp. Pg. fabricante
= It. fabbricante, < Jj. fabrican(t-)s, ppr. of fa-
bricari: see fabricate.'] A maniifacturer ; a
working tradesman. Simmonds.
fabricate (fab'ri-kat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. fab-
rirntcd, ppr. fabricating. [< Jj.fabricatus, pp.
of fabricari (> It. fabbricare = Sp. Pg. fabricar
= Pv.fabregar = F. fabriqwer = D. fabriceren =
G. fabrizieren = Dan. fabrikere = Sw. fabrice-
rd), make, construct, frame, forge, build, etc., <
/aferica, a fabric, building, etc.: eeefabric. See
aXso forge, v., ult. < L. fabricari.] 1. To frame ;
build ; construct ; form into a whole by joining
the parts ; form by art and labor ; manufacture ;
make; produce : as, to fabricate a bridge or a
ship ; to fabricate woolens.
Our artificial timepieces — clocks, watches, and chro-
nometers— however ingeniously contrived and admirably
fabricated, are but transcripts, so to say, of the celestial
motions. E. Everett, Uses of Astronomy.
Fabularina
2. To invent or contrive ; devise falsely ; con-
coct; forge: as, to /afcricate a lie or a story ; to
fabricate a report.
Crowland is thinking of hiring Peter of Blois, or some
pretended Peter who borrows an illustrious name, to/af»-
ricate for her an apocryphal chronicle.
Stut^s, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 148.
fabrication (fab-ri-ka'shon), n. [= Dan. Sw.
fabrikation, < F. fabrication = Pr. fubricatio =
Sp. fabricacion = Pg. fabricagao = It. fabbri-
ca:ione, < L. fabricatio\n-), a making, framing,
etc., </aftncan, make: see fabricate.] 1. The
act of framing or constructing ; construction ;
formation ; manufacture.
The very idea of the fabrication of a new government
is enough to fill us with disgust and horrour.
Burke, Rev. in France.
The fabrication of tapestry with the needle had always
been a favorite occupation for ladies of the highest rank.
Harpers Mag., LXXVII. 665.
2. The act of devising or contri'\ring falsely ; fic-
titious invention ; forgery : as, the fabrication
of testimony; the fabrication of a report.
Not only ihe fabrication and false making of the whole
of a written instrument, but a fraudulent insertion, altera*
tion, or erasure, even of a letter, in any material part of a
true instrument, whereby a new operation is given to it,
will amount to forgery.
Russell, Crimes and Misdemeanours, II.
3. That which is fabricated; especially, a false-
ly contrived representation or statement; a
falsehood: as, the story is a, fabrication.
For my part, I can only say, that what is related of the
fii-st audience with the king, and many of the following
pages, seem to me to he fabricatioTis of people that never
have been in Abyssinia. Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 151.
= Syn. 3. Fiction, figment, invention, fable, forgery, coin-
age.
fabricator (fab'ri-ka-tor), n. [= F. fabricateur
= Sp. Pg. fabricador = It. fabbricatore, < L.
fabricator, a maker, framer, forger, etc., < fa-
bricari, make : see fabricate. See also forger,
ult. < L. fabricator.] 1. One who fabricates or
constructs ; a maker or manufacturer.
The almighty Fabricator of the universe, . . . when he
created the erratic and fixed stars, did not make those
huge immense bodies ... to twinkle only, and to be an
ornament to the roof of heaven. Howell, Letters, iii. 9.
Even the product of the loom is chiefly used as material
for the fabricators of articles of dress or furniture, or of
further instnmients of productive industry, as in the case
of the sailmaker. J. S. Mill.
2. One who invents a false story; one who
makes fictU)ns.
fabricatress (fab'ri-ka-tres), n. [= F. fabri-
catrice = It. fabbricatrice, < LL. fabricatrix,
tern, ot fabricator.] A female fabricator. Lee.
fabricature (fab'ri-ka-tur), «. [< OF. fabrica-
tiire = It. fabbricatura ; as fabricate + -ure.]
Fabrication ; manufacture.
Fabricia (fa-brish'i-a), n. [NL., < Fabricius,
a German entomologist: see Fabrician.] In
zool. : (a) A genus of ehsetopodous annelids.
De Blainville, 1828. (6) A genus of dipterous
insects, of the family Echinomyid<r, having the
second antennal joint longer than the third.
The larvse are parasitic on lepidopterous larvae.
Desvoidij, 1830.
Fabrician (fa-brish'ian), a. Pertaining to or
proposed by the entomologist Johann Christian
Fabricius (1743-1808): as, Fabrician genera.
— Fabrician pouch. See bursa Fabricii, under bursa.—
Fabrician system of classification, in entom., same as
cibarian .s'j/,s/('?/i (which see, under cibarian).
fabrilet (fab'ril), a. [< OF. fabrile = Sp. Pg.
fabril = It. fabrile, fabbrile, < Jj.fabrilis, < fa-
ber, a workman, artisan : see fabric] Pertain-
ing to a workman, or to work in wood, stone,
metal, etc. : as, fabrile skill. Cotgrave.
fabular (fab'ii-lar), a. [< L. fabularis, pertain-
ing to table, i fabula, fable: see fable.] Per-
taining to or of the nature of fable ; fabulous.
[Rare.]
One would expect to find a creature so familiar in their
sports, and so frequent a type in their literature, as the
hawk, figuring among the "dramatis personse" of a/a6«-
lar romance constructed by mediaeval men.
Athenmmn, No. 3067, p. 166.
Fabularia (fab-u-la'ri-ii), n. [NL., < L./oSm-
tens, pertaining to fable : see/if!ft«/flr.] A ge-
nus of fossil porcellaneous foraminifers, hav-
ing narrow and mostly elongated chamberlets
opening terminally upon a cribriform surface
and filled with labyrinthie shell-matter. F.
ovata abounds in the Eocene of France.
Fabularina (fab'u-la-ri'nii), ». pi. [NL., <
Fabularia + -ina.] A group of foraminifers,
taking name from the genus Fabularia. Ehren-
berg, 1838.
fabulate
fabulate (fab'u-lat), v. i. ; pret. and pp. fabu-
lattd, ppr. fabulating. [< L.fabulatus, pp. of
J'abulari, fable : see fable, r.] To fable. [Rare.]
(The tongue is) so guarded . . . as if it were with giants
in an enchanted tower, as they fabulate, that no man may
tanie it. Rev. T. Adams, Worlis, I. 10.
fabulise, r. «. See/aftu/ire.
fabulist (fab'u-list), n. [= F. fabuliste = Sp.
Pg. fabulista (the L. term being fabulator), <
L. fabiila, a fable.] An inventor or a writer of
fables ; a fabler ; a maker of fictions.
They come in lamely, with their mouldy tales out of
Boccacio, Ulie stale Tabarine, the/abuliDt.
B. Jonson, Volpone.
FabuluU alwiyi endow their animals with the passions
and desires of men.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 372.
.So this easygoing /abulitt passes on to the 17th of De-
cember, 1799, again without a reference.
Gladstont, Nineteenth Century, XXII. 462.
fabnlize (fab'u-liz), f. «. ; pret. and pp. fabuUzed,
ppr. fabnUzing. [< L. fabula, fable, + -ize.l
To invent, compose, or relate fables or stories.
Also spelled fabulise.
Then endlessly among themselves iheyf abulia, nourish
the mister)-, laugh, play, jeast, dance, leap, skip.
Btntenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
fabulosity (fab-fi-los'i-ti), n. ; pi. fabulosities
(-tiz). [= F. fabulosite = Sp. fabulosidad, <
L. as if 'fabulosita(t-)s, < fabulosus, fabulous:
see fabulous.1 1. The quality of being fabu-
lous; fabulousness. [Rare.]
Sow, as by bis history he means this book of Job, It is
evident he supposed the /abulotity of the book concluded
against the existence of the patriarch.
Warburton, Divine Legation, iv. i 2.
2t. A feigned or fictitious story ; a fable.
Herodottu hath besprinkled his work with many /afcu-
l«nlUt. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 8.
fabnlons (fab'u-lus), a. [= p. fabuieux, OF.
fahkux = Sp. Pg. It. fabuloso, < L. fabulosus,
fabulous, celebrated in fable, < fabula, fable
aeefable.'i ■* '^-= — ■' — ' •--"
fictitious
seriptioi
cules
Howsoener, it is more tbaa apparant that the booke bear-
ing Enochs name is rery /abulotu.
Pturchat, Pilgrimage, p. 3&
The Enropeans reproach us with false htstorr and/a»u.
lout chronology. OotdtmUh, Citizen of the World, xvi.
The total expulsion of the Shepherds at anyone time by
any King of Egypt, or at any one place, must be/abulout
as they have remained In their ancient seats, and do re-
main to this day. Bruet, Source of the Nile, L SOT.
2. Exceeding the bounds of probability or rea-
son ; not to be received as truth ; incredible ;
hence, enormous; immense; amazing: as, a
fabulous price ; fabulous magnificence.
He found that the waste of the servanta' hall was almoat
/abulouj. MacauUxy, Misc., II. 872.
A man ot/almlnut leanness arose, and hesan a kind of
daooe. T. B. Aldrieh, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 229.
3. Fabling; addicted to telling fables.
TiM/abulout voices of some few
Poor brain-sick men, styled poets.
B. Joruon, Masque of Blackness.
What dlfTrent Faults corrupt our Muse* thus '
Wanton as Olrls, as Old Wives Fabulmu .'
Cowley, Death of Crasbaw.
J'abnlOUi an, that period in the early history of a coun-
provisation.
burden.
(0
2109
A drone-bass or a refrain ;
But I let that passe left thou come in againe with thy
faburlhen. Lyly, Euphues.
I could not make my verses iet vpon the stage in tragi-
call buskins, euerie worde filling the mouth like the fa-
burden of Bo-Bell.
n.
Greene, Perimedes, Address to Readers (1588).
Monotonous.
He condemneth all mens knowledge but his owne, rais-
ing up a method of experience (with mirabile, miraculoso,
face
I wonder you can have the /ace to follow me.
That have so prosecuted things against me.
Middleton (and others). The Widow, v. 1.
That his rise hath been by her and her husband's means
and that it is a most inconceivable thing how this niaii
can have the /ace to use her and her family with the neg-
lect that he do them. Pepys, Diary, III. 132.
This gentleman ... is particularly remarkable for a
becomnig assurance ; . . . none are more blessed with the
advantages of /ace.
Gotdsniith, Citizen of the World, Ixviii.
stupendo, and such /o(mr(Aen words, as Fierovanti doth) "• rront; presence; sight: as in the phrases
above all the learned Galienists of Italic, or Europe. '"■'■ — *•■- ' ■- ... ^ . „ . f ,
Lodge, Wit's Misery (15%).
fac (fak), n. [Abbr. of facsimile.'i A combi-
nation of flowers or ornamental types of deco-
ration, in imitation of the engraved head-bands
of the earlj^ printers: a typographic fashion
in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
fapade (fa-sad'), «. [= D. G. Dan. facade, < F.
facade, < It. facdata, the front of a building
(see faciata, faciate), < facda = P. face, < L.
fades, the face : see /acel.] In arch., a front
view or elevation; the chief exterior face of a
building, or any one of its principal faces if it
has more than one: as, the facade of the Lou-
vre; the/afarfe of St. Peter's in Rome.
Like so many of the finest churches, [the cathedral of
Siena) was furnished with only a plain substantial front
wall, intended to serve as tlie backing and support of an
ornamental /afo^fc.
C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 136.
In Egypt the /ofadet of their rock-cut tombs were . . .
ornamented so simply and unobtrusively as rather to belie
than to announce their internal nutgniiicence.
J. Ferguaon, Hist. Arch., I. 351.
facel (fas), n. [< ME. face, rarely faas, faz, <
OF. /ace, F. face = Pr.fatz = Sp. faz, haz =
Pg. face = It. facda, < L. fades, the face, vis-
age, countenance, look, appearance, form, etc. ;
prob. connected with fax (fac-), a torch, /acc-
tus, elegant, polite, witty (see facete, etc.), fo
before the face, in the face, to the face, from the
face.
Honmirs, grace, and dignities he ever bestoweth upon
those that have done him any memorable service in the
face of his enemies.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 40.
The parson threatens him, if he does not mend his man-
ners, to pray for him in the face of the whole congregation.
Addison, Sir Roger at Church.
Without any evidence, nay, in the face of the strongest
evidence, he [Mr. Montagu] ascribes to the people of a
former age a set of opinions which no people ever held.
* Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
In face of you, as you entered the door, was the en-
trance to the working-kitchen, or scullery.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, vi.
7. In anat., technically, a part of the head or
skull distinguished from the cranium proper or
brain-box, the facial region or facies, contain-
ing the eyes, nose, and mouth, but not the ears.
Seefadal. — 8. In entom., the front of an in-
sect's head between the compound eyes, in de-
scriptions the term is applied to a more or less definite
area, which varies for the different orders.
9. In bot., the upper or inner or free surface of
an organ, as opposed to the back.
That part of the anther to which the filament is attach-
ed, and which is generally towards the petals, is the back
the opposite being the /oc«. Enctjc. Brit., IV. 137.
10. The front or the principal surface of any-
thing; the surface presented to view, or the
J., — .....w. i.u« ««^v,uui« »re iiioauy royinicai or legeii-
<ury, recording chiefly the fabulous achievemenU of he-
roes : as, the/a/>u;<>tu aoe of Greece or Home,
fabulously (fab'u-lus-U), adv. 1. In a fabu-
lous manner; in fable or fiction: as, it i» fabu-
lously related.
Theie thing* are uncertain tad fabuIouMy augmented.
Orenewiy, Annals of Tacitus, p. 131.
2. Incredibly; to such extent as to exceed
probability; hence, enormously; amazingly:
Hs. fdhulouihj rich,
fabulousness (fab'u-Ius-nes), n. The quality
of being fabulous or fictitious.
His [Boethlua'sl history is written with elegance and vig-
our, but hlt/abvimimen and crednlity are Justly blamed.
Johtuon, Jour, to Western Isles.
fabnrdent, fabnrthent, n. and a. [Also fabour-
don; a partial a<'c()rn. of OF. faiix-bourdon :
seefaui-hourdmi, and burden^ ='hurthen^.'i I
ti. la medieial music: (a) The rudest kind of
polyphony, consisting of a melody or cantus
flrmug with the third and sixth added to each
tone: not radically different from organum.
In modulation hard I play and sing
Fabourdoun,^ pricksang, discant, countering.
Oarin Douglas, Palace of Honour, 1. 42.
(b) Later, the process or act of adding a sim-
ple counterpoint to a cantus, especially by im-
animal, made up of the forehead, eyes, nose,
mouth, cheeks, and chin; the visage; the coun-
tenance.
Henry played with Lewis the Heir of France at Chess,
and winning much Honey of him, Lewis grew so choler-
Ick, that he threw the Chess-men at Henry's Face.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 30.
Is not the young heir
Of that brmre general's family, Oiulio,
So poor, he dares not show his /ace in Kaples?
Sir R. Stapylton, Slighted Maid, p. 19.
If to her share some female errors fall.
Look on her/oc«, and you'll forget them all.
Pope, K. of the L., 11. 18.
He would not, with a peremptory tone,
Assert the nose upon his /ace his own.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 122.
2. Aspect or expression of the face; look;
countenance ; manner of regard, as implying
approval or disapproval ' . . ■ -
against it.
The Ixjrd make his /ace shine upon thee. Num. vi. 25.
Keep still your former /ace, and mix again
With these loat spirits. B. Jotuon, Catiline, IIL 2.
Some read the King'* /ace. some the Queen's, and all
Had marvel. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
3. An expressive look; an assumed facial as-
pect indicative of some feeling, especially one
of ridicule, disgust, or the like. See to make a
face, below.
"Could I have found a more respectable subject?" he
inquired of her. "The adjective is excellent," she said
with a little /ace, as she put her violin into its case.
Mrs. II. Ward, Robert Elsmere, iviil.
4. Decent outv/ard appearance ; aspect or sem-
blance of propriety.
How many things are there which a man cannot, with
any/ae* or comeliness, say or do himself !
Baeon, Friendship.
They took him to set a /om upon their own malignant
<'™«n»- MUton.
They [the priesU) saw that the king was not inclined to
advance money, and all of them knew perfectly that
whatever /a« he put iiiwn the matter, the Ras would not
give an ounce of gold to prevent the Abuna from staying
there [in conflncnient] all his life.
Bruee, Source of the Nile, II. 646.
5. Confidence, as indicated by the expression
of the countenance ; eflfrontery; audacity; as-
surance; impudence.
I cannot with any face ask you to trust me with any-
thing in future.
J. Bradford, Works (Parker .Soc., 1853), II. 354.
However I may set a/o« and talk,
I am not valiant.
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, ill. 2.
(the striking-
surface of the head), of a type (the surface giv-
ing the impression), etc.
Also the breadth of the face of the house, and of the
separate place toward the east, an hundred cubits.
Ezek. xli. 14.
A generall rumour of a general! peace now spread It self
over all the /ace of those tormented Countries.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 10.
An unusual light rested to him, on the face of the
world. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 323.
And now the only thing that had the springs of life
within its Ixwoni was the great, sweet-voiced clock, whose
faithful face had kept unchanged amidst all the swift
pageantry of changes. The Century, XXXV. 947.
11. A plane surface of a solid; one of the sur-
faces bounding a solid : as, the face of an arrow-
head. Thus, a cube or die has six faces; an oc-
- . ... - tahedronhaseight/acc«.— 12. Thatpartof the
as, he set his face cog of a geared wheel which projects beyond
the pitch-line. — 13. The working or cutting
portion of a grinding-wheel, or the edge of any
cutting-tool.— 14. That part of the surface of
a valve which comes in contact with the seat.
Itankine. — 15. In mining, but chiefly in coal-
mining: (a) Properly, the front of a working;
that part of the coal-seam which is being mined.
Sometimes also called the working-face.
Tunnels of a large face are those whose height is six or
seven feet, and are about eight feet wide.
Eissler, Mod. High Explosives, p. 258.
(ft) Sometimes, improperly, same as back or
cleat. — 16. The superficial appearance or seem-
ing of anything ; observable state or condition ;
aspect in general.
His actions never carried any /ace
Of change or weakness.
B. Jonson, Case is Altered, i. 2.
If all these were exemplary in the conduct of their
lives, things would soon take a new face.
Swift, Advancement of Religion.
Truth and goodness and beauty are but different faces
of the same AIL Emerson, Misc., p. 28.
Assyriology has considerably changed the face of He-
brew etymology and lexicography. The American, VII. 24.
17. In astrol., one of thirty-six parts of the zo-
diac formed by dividing each sign into three
equal parts. Each face was assigned to one of the plan-
eta— namely, the first face of Aries to Mars, who is the
lord of that house, and all the following faces to the sun,
Venus, .Mercury, the moon, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, in
regular rotation.
Euery slgne is departid in 3 euene parties by 10 degrees,
and thilke porciouu they ciepe a /ace.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, ii. 4.
face
If any planet be in his decanate, or /ace, he has the least
possible essential liigiiity ; but being in his own decanate
OT face, he cannot then l>e called peregrine. A planet be-
ing in his decanate or face describes a man ready to be
turned out of doors, having much to do to maintain him-
self in credit and reputation ; and in genealogies it repre-
sents a family at the last gasp, even as gootl as quite de-
cayed, hardly able to support itself.
Liily, Astrology (ed. Zadkiel).
18. The words of a -nTitten paper, especially
of a commercial or legal paper, as a note or
judgment, in their apparent or obvious mean-
ing; specifically — (a) the express terms; (b)
the principal sum due, exclusive of interest ac-
crued by law: as, the /ace of a draft. — 19. In
arch.y same as band^j 2 (c). — 20. In bookbind-
ingj the front edge or fore edge of a book.
After the /ace [of a book] has been ploughed, the back
springs back into its rounded form. Jitwyc. Brit., IV. 43.
Ambulacral face. See am&ifia<;ra2.— Composition face.
SeecowjpoWfron.— Face of a bastion. See ^a.t/ton.— Face
of a cannon, face of a piece, the terminating plane at
the muzzle of a piece of ordnance, perpendicular to the
axis of the bore.— Face Of a SGLUare, one of the sides of
a battalion or regiment when formed in square. Farroiv,
Mil. Eucyc. — Face on, in coal-mining, parallel with the
cleat, or principal system of joint-planes : said of a mode
of working the coal. It is tlie opposite of end on (which
see. under end).— Faces abOUtt, turn your faces around:
a military word of command, equivalent to about fa^e.
Double your files; as you were; faces about.
Beau, and FL, Knight of Burning Pestle, v.
Grood captain, /ace« about, to some other discourse.
B. J&neon, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 1.
Face to face, in a confronting attitude or position ; in
actual presence or propinquity : as, to he face to face with
impending disaster.
It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man
to die, before that he which is accused have the accusei-s
fa^e to face. Acts xxv. 16.
Now we see through a glass, darkly ; but then face to
face. 1 Cor. xiii. 12.
I had spoken fa^e to face with the veritable author of
a printed book. Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales, II.
They [right and wrong] are the two principles that have
stood /(wc to face from the beginning of time, and will
ever continue to struggle.
Lincoln, The Century, XXXIV. 390.
Fit of the face. See Jif^.— Hippocratlc face. See Hip-
pocratic.—On the face of it, on the evidence of the thing
itself ; by its own showing : as, the paper is a forgery on
the face of it; the story is false 07i the face of it. — To
change facet, see change.— To fly in the face of. See
jiy^.— To have two faces In or under one hoodt, to be
guilty of duplicity.
He that kathe too faces yn on hade
May be enrolled yn thys fraternyte [of fools].
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 80.
To make a face, to change or distort the countenance,
as in disapproval, mockery, or disgust ; put on an unnatu-
ral look.
Shame itself !
Why do you make such faces ?
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
To run one's face, to obtain credit or favor without secu-
rity or recommendation, or by sheer boldness or audacity.
[Slang, U, S.] = Syn. Face, Visage, Countenance. Face is
the general word, representing the permanent combination
of features, apart from any changes produced by thought
and feeling. Cotintenance is the face as affected by the
state of the mind; hence such figurative uses of the word
as to give countejiance to an idea or undertaking. Visage
is essentially the same as countenance, but especially re-
gards the/ace as seen. Countenance and visage are some-
times applied to the faces of brutes, but are ordinarily held
as too high for such use, expressing too much of intellect
or character.
Du8k/ac£« with white silken turbans wreathed.
Milton, P. R., iv. 76.
On his bold visage middle a^e
Had slightly pressed its signet sage.
Scott, L. of the L., i. 21.
Woe is written on thy visage.
Aytoun, Edinboro after Flodden.
I hold every man a debtor to his profession from the
which . . . men of course do seek to receive countenajtce
and profit. Bacon, Maxims of the Law, Pref.
O'er his countenance
No shadow past. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
face^ (fas), r. ; pret. and pp./accd, ppr. facing.
[<ME./acen; < /accl, w.] I. trans. 1. To turn
the face or front full toward ; confront ; be or
stand in front of or opposite to, literally or fig-
uratively: as, to face an audience; the house
faces the sea; we are facing important events.
They had now faced, as they saw, without power any
more to evade it, a fiery trial.
De Quincey, Secret Societies, ii.
Double temples are by no means uncommon in India,
but the two sanctuaries usually /ace each other, and have
the porch between them.
J. Fergu^son, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 399
Two problems face the combined intelligence of Eng-
land for solution at the present time.
Fortnightly Rev., XL. 39.
Hence — 2. To confront boldly; make a stand
against; oppose or defy: as, to face the con-
sequences.
2110
And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds.
For the ashes of his fathers
And the temples of his gods?
Macaulay, Horatius, st. 27.
3. To cover or partly cover with something in
front.
Some round-grown thing, a jug
Faced with a beard. B. Jonson, New Inn, i. 1.
Specifically— (a) Of buildings: as, a house faced with
marble.
The pyramid was fa^d by adding courses of long blocks
on each layer of the steps.
Chambers, Lib. Univ. Knowledge, XII. 307.
(6) In tailoring, dressmaking, etc., to cover some part of
(a garment), as lappets or the hem, with another mate-
rial. See revers and facing.
Grumio. Thou hast /a<wd many things.
Tailor. I have. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
4. To smooth or dress the face of, as a stone,
etc. — 5. To turn the face of upward; expose
the face of in dealing : said of a playing-card.
— To face down, to abash by fixedness of gaze ; cow by
stern looks ; hence, to withstand or put down by audacity
or effrontery.
Here's a villain that would /ace me doiim.
Shak., C. of E., iii. 1.
Because he walk'd against his Will ;
He/ac'd Men doivn, that he stood still.
Prior, Alma, iii.
To face It with a card of tent, (a) In the old game of
primero, to stand boldly upon a card ; bluff. Hence — (b)
To face it out by sheer audacity.
A vengeance on your crafty wither'd hide !
Yet I have fac'd it vrith a card of ten.
Shak.yT. of the S., ii. 1.
To face out. (a) To put or force (a person) down or out
by assuming a bold front; defeat by mere efl'rontery or
audacity.
Ihauehere . . . broughte you for the trewe fayth of the
Catholike churche, agaynst your false heresy, wherewith
you would /ace our Sauiour out of the blessed sacrament :
I haue brought agaynst you, to your face. Saint Bede and
Theophylacius. Sir T. More, Works, p. 1132.
(6) To persist in maintaining (an assertion which is not
true); maintain nnblushingly and shamelessly; brave, as
a charge, with effrontery : as, she /aced it out.
A mad-cap ruffian, and a swearing Jack,
That thinks with oaths to face the matter out.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
To face tea, to improve its superficial appearance by the
addition of coloring matter in the process of firing. See
facing, 3.— To face the music, to meet the emergency
boldly ; accept the situation at its worst. [Slang, U. S.]
Although such reverses [financial panic] would seem to
fall with crushing weight upon someof our mostsubstantial
citizens, a strong determination to face the music is every-
where manifested. Worcester (Mass.) Spy, Sept. 22, 1857.
Now that those whom he recognized as his enemies had
succeeded in putting him in this position, he determined
to face the music, and not allow them to gain any advan-
tage if he could help it. Tourgde, Fool's Errand, p, 52.
II, intrans, 1+. To appear.
The evil consequences thereof /aced very sadly.
If. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 198.
2f . To carry a false appearance ; play the
hypocrite.
To laughe, to lie, to flatter, to /ace;
Foure waies in Court to win men grace.
Aschain, The Scholemaster, p. 54.
For there thou needs must learne to laugh, to lie.
To face, to forge, to scoffe, to companie.
Spender, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 506.
Suffolk doth not flatter, face, or feign.
5Aa*.,lHen. VI., v. 3.
3. To brag; rail; vaunt; boast. Halliwell, [Old
and prov. Eng.]
All the day long is ht facing and croking.
Udall, Roister Doister, i. 1.
4. To turn the face; especially, in milit. tac-
tics, to turn on the heel to the right or left, or
to a reverse position, as at the word of com-
mand, right /ace, left /ace, or right about /ace.
When he [the pawn] has faced, either right or left, he
only commands the two diagonals towards which \i& faces
[in four-handed chess]. Verney, Chess Eccentricities, p. 24.
To face about (milit.), to turn on the heel so as to face
in the opposite direction.
Face about, man ! A soldier, and afraid of the enemy !
Dryden.
Our Captain bid us then face about.
Reading Skirmish (Child's Ballads, VII. 246).
face^ (fas), V. t. [ME. facen^ by apheresis from
defacen: see deface.'] If. To deface.
Polexena . . .
All /acid hir face with hir fell teris
That was red as the roses.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 9128.
2. To damage or spoil the surface of^ as by
wear or accident.
Cards having been once ground down need but little
grinding at any one time afterwards, unless they get
jammed, faced, ... or something unusual happens to
them. F. Wilson, Cotton Carder's Companion, p. 47.
facer
face^t, w. An obsolete form of f esse.
faceable (fa'sa-bl), a. That may be faced or
approached. Christian Union, Aug. 11, 1887.
face-ache (fas'ak), «. Neuralgia in the nerves
of the face ; tic douloureux.
face-ague (fas'a'^'gii), n. Same &s face-ache.
face-card (fas'kard), n. A playing-card on
which there is a face; the king, queen, or
knave of any suit of cards ; a court-card.
face-cloth (fas'kldth), n. 1, A cloth laid over
the face of a corpse.
The Face-Cloth too is of great Antiquity. Mr. Strutt
tells us, that after the closing the Eyes, &c., a Linen Cloth
was put over the Face of the Deceased.
Bourne's Pop. Antiq. (1777), p. 23, note.
Standing by the coffin, with wild impatience, she pushed
aside the /acc-cio(A, Seward, Letters, i. 249.
Stole a maiden from her place,
Lightly to the warrior stept,
Took the face-cloth from his face.
Tennyson, Princess, vi. (song).
2. A cloth for washing the face; a wash-cloth.
face-cover (fas'kuv''''er), «, In fort., an inte-
rior glacis, placed in the ditch, with its crest
high enough to mask the scarp-wall from the
plunging fire of distant batteries : intended to
prevent besiegers from effecting a practicable
breach in the wall unless they succeed in es-
tablishing their batteries on this interior glacis.
faced (fast), p. a. 1. Having a face; marked
with a face, as a court-card. — 2. Appearing as
to the face ; having a facial expression of a cer-
tain kind; looking. [Rare.]
A company of rural fellows, fac'd
Like lovers of your laws.
Ford, Sun's Darling, ii.
3. Having the upper or outer surface dressed
or smoothed: as, o, faced stone. — 4. Having the
front, or some part of the front, covered with
other material (see/acel, v. t., 3): said of gar-
ments, as a man's coat, a woman's gown, etc.,
and often used compounded with the name of
the material: as, si\k-faced; s&tm-faced Faced
card, ill card-playing, a card that has been shown by a
player face up during the deal or out of turn.
faced-lined (fast'lmd), a. In her. J having the
lining exposed at the fold or opening, as a man-
tle: an epithet used only when the tincture of
the lining is to be specified ; as, a mantle/acerf-
lined gules.
face-flatterer (fas' flat -^er-^r), n. One who
compliments another grossly and to his face.
[Rare.]
Nine tithes of times
Face-fiatterer and bacic-biter ai'e the same.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
face-guard (fas'gard), n. 1. A covering or
mask to protect the face and eyes from acci-
dents, as in various chemical and mechanical
processes, in fencing, etc. — 2. Any fixed pro-
jection from the front of a helmet, serving to
protect the face, as the nasal.
face-hammer (fas'ham''''^r), n. 1. A hammer
having a flat face, as distinguished from one
having both ends pointed or edged. See cut
under hammer. — 2. A hammer with a cutting
and a blunt end, used in preparing stone for
finer tool-work.
face-lathe (fas'laTH), n. 1. A lathe for turn-
ing face-work, such as bosses and core-prints.
— 2. A lathe with a large face-plate and a slide-
rest adjustable in front on its own shears. It
is generally transverse. E. H. Knight.
face-mold (fas'mold), n. The name given by
workmen to the pattern for marking the plank
or board out of which ornamental hand-railings
for stairs or other works are to be cut.
face-painter (fas'pan''''ter), n. A painter of por-
traits ; one who paints the likeness of the face.
[Rare.]
face-painting (fas'pan'^ting), w. 1. The act or
art of painting faces or portraits ; the art of rep-
resenting faces in painting. [Rare.]
Giorgione, the cotemporary of Titian, excelled in por-
traits QY face-painting.
Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
2. The act of applying rouge or other eoloring^
matter to the face.
face-plan (fas'plan), n. A plan or drawing of
the principal or front elevation of a building.
face-plate (fas'plat), n. 1. A true-plate used
to test a plane surface. — 2. A plate used as a
cover or shield for any object subject to shock
or abrasion. — 3. The disk attached to the re-
volving spindle of a lathe to which the piece to
be turned is often fastened.
facer (fa's^r), n. It. One who faces; one wha
puts on a bold face.
facer
Shall the adversaries of the truth be dumb ? Nay ; there
be no greater talkers, uor boasters, and facers, than they
be. Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.
You preserve
A race of idle people here about you.
Facers and talkers, to defame the worth
Of those that do things worthy.
Btaiu and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iv. 2.
2. A severe blow on the face ; hence, any sud-
den cheek that staggers one. [Slang.]
The . . . shepherd . . . delivered a terrific /acer upon
our large, vague, benevolent, middle-aged friend.
Dr. J. Broim, Rab, p. 2.
I should have been a stercoraceous mendicant if I had
hollowed when I got st facer. Kingsley, Letter, May, 1856.
3. A bumper of wine. Halliwell.
facet^ (fas'et), n. [Also written/aceHe, and for-
merly also fascet; = D. G. Dan. /acerte = Sw.
faeett; < F. facette, OF. facete (= Sp. Pg./aeeto
= It. faceetUi), dim. ot face, face: see/acel.]
1. AUttleface; a small surface; specifically,
in lapidary work, a small polished surface,
usually of some geometrical form ; one of the
many variously shaped segments or faces into
which the surface of a gem is broken in order
to increase its brilliancy. There are various ar-
rangements of the facets, the choice depending upon the
shape of the stone, but they may be grouped in three
claaaea, styled brilliant cut, rose cut, and trap cut. See
cuts under brilliant.
Honour that is gained and broken upon another hath
the quickest reflection ; like diamonds cut Vfithfascets.
Bacon, Honour and Reputation.
His talk.
When wine and free companions kindled him,
Was wont to glance and sparlde like a gem
Ot fUty facets. Tmnyton, Oenint.
A young fellow of talent, with two or three facets to his
mind. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, Iv.
2. In arch., the fillet between the flutin^s of a
column. — 3. In anat., a smooth, flat, circum-
scribed articular surface ot bone. See second
cut under dorsal. — 4. In entom., the surface of
an oceUns of the compound eye of an insect;
also, an ocellus Oouble-skUl facet, in lapidary
work, one of the triangular facets cut in removing the
lower angle of the foundation squares. Also called brit-
liant facet.
These facets are by some lapidaries called douJbU^kiU
facets, from being cut in pttira.
0. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 2SS.
Skill facet, in lapidary tcort, one of the upper row of
facets around the table of the stone. See cut under bril-
liant (fig. 2).
These triangular facets are called dcill facets, from the
dUBculty of pUclng them correctly.
O. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 227.
facet' (fas'et), V. t. ; pret. and pp. faceted or
facetted, ppr. faceting or facetting. [= F. facet-
ter = Pe.facetar = It. faecettare; from the
noun.] To cut a facet or facets upon: as, to
facet a diamond.
facet^t, n. [ME.,also/o«eef, /awce/, <L./acefi«,
elegant, polite, witty: see facete.'] A book:
especially, a child's book of instruction; a
pnmer.
Faeeet Ini. faett, faucet], booke. Prompt. Parr.
And he to draws these cbyldren, as well in the scboole
of facet, as In songe, organs*, or suche other vertoous
thlnges. Quoted In Babees Book, p. lixvi.
facetet (fa-sef), a. [= OP. facet = Sp. (obs.)
Pg. It. /aceto, < h.facettts, elegant, fine, polite,
courteous, witty; prob. connected with Vact'e*,
face, appearance, fonn: gee/acel.] 1. Cfhoice;
fine. — 3. Pleasant; cheerful; facetious.
AU those that otherwise approre of jest* in some cases,
and faeete companjoos (as who doth notT), let them langb
and be merry. Burton, Anat of Mel., p. SOB.
A /ae<f< discoune, and an amicable friendly mirth, can
refresh the sphlt. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836X I- 742.
"I will have him," continned my father, " cheerful, /a-
eete. Jovial. " S(em<, Tristram Shandy, vi. !,.
faceted, facetted (fas'et-ed), p. o. 1. In lapi-
(liirij icorh, covored with facets, or cut with geo-
metrical surfaces to enhance the brilliancy, as
a gem.
The term brilliant cut, when used alone, is always under-
stood to imply that the front and back of the stone are
both faceted. 0. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 228.
2. Having facets, as the compound eye of an
insect. See compound eye*, under eyef.
The IndivMoal ocelllte* are at once recognl«d ... by
the/ii«((ed appearance of the surface.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., | 626.
facetelyt (fa-set'li), a<It>. Elegantly; cleverly;
ingeniously.
They [the eyes) are the chiefs seates of love, and as
James Lematlns hath faeetely expressed in an elegant ode
of his, etc. Burton, Anat of Mel., p. 461.
facetenesst (fa-set'nes), n. Elegance; clever-
ness ; ingenuity of expression.
2111
Parables do not only by their plainness open the under-
standing, but tliey work upon the affections, and breed
delight of hearing by the reason of ttiAt faceteness and wit-
tiiiess which is many timas found in them.
Str M. Hale, Sermon, Luke xviiL 1.
facetiae (fa-se'shi-e), n. pi. [L., pi. ot facetia,
wit, a jest, witticism, < facetus, witty : see fa-
cete.'] 1. Witty or humorous sayings or ■«mt-
ings. — 2. In booksellers' or collectors' cata-
logues, books of an objectionable kind, broad,
coarsely Avitty, or indecent.
faceting, facetting (fas'et-ing), n. 1. The pro-
cess of cutting facets, as on a gem. — 2. The act
or art of shaping in facets.
The skilful and practised workman turning the links of
gold chains l>etween his thumb and finger with great dex-
terity and accuracy; . . . the most perfect-shaped dia-
monds are being produced. This is called faceting.
Gee, Goldsmith's Handbook, p. 180.
facetious (fa-se'shus), a. [= F. fac^tieux =
Sp. Pg. facecioso, facetious, < L. facetia, wit:
see/aee(kE.] 1. Sportive; jocular, without lack
of dignity ; abounding in fun : as, a facetious
companion.
The genius of their philosophy was free Midfacctuyue.
Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos.
There was the usual facetious young man, whose mild
buffooneries have their use on such occasions.
C D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, xxi.
2. Pull of pleasantry; playful, but not undig-
nified; exciting laughter : as, a /aceHo«« story.
When I was last in Paris, I heard of a facetious Passage
'twixt him [the Duke] and the Archbishop of Bourdeaux.
Howell, Letters, L Ti. 46.
Tis pitiful
To court a grin, when you should woo a soul ;
To break a Jest, when pity would inspire
Pathetic exhortation ; and t' address
The skittish fancy with facetioue tales,
When sent with God's commission to the heart !
Cowper, Task, it 470.
One of the party entertains the rest with the recital of
some wonderful or facetious tale.
E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 239.
= S7n. Merry, Jovial, etc. (see jolly); jocose, humorous,
funny, droll, comical.
facetiously (fa-se'shus-li), adv. In a facetious
manner; merrily; waggishly; wittily; with
pleasantry.
B. answers very facetiously : I must own that a com-
mand to lend, hoping for nothing again, and a command
to borrow, without returning any thing again, seem very
different commands. Walerland, Works, VI. 86.
facetiousnesa (fa-se'shus-nes), n. l< facetious
+ -ness.] The (jmility of being facetious; sport-
ive humor ; pleasantry ; the quality of exciting
laughter or good humor.
Magnificent in his living, reserved in his conversation,
grave In his common deportment, but relaxing with a wise
faeetiousness, he [William I. ] knew how to relieve his mind
and preserve his dignity.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Hist, an. 1087.
facette, »■ See facets.
facetted, facetting. See/aoefed./ocettn^.
face-valne (fuH'val'ii), n. The value expressed
on thf face, as of a note.
face-wheel (fas'hwel), n. Same as crown-uiheel.
The late Mr. Larkin, in finishing his beautiful wood mod-
els of crystals, employed calcined Sint pulverized andglned
upon wooden /oee-imeeb.
O. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 360.
fachont, ». An obsolete form ot falchion.
facial (fa'shal), a. [= F. Vr. facial, < ML. /a-
ctofw, < L./acte«, the face: seeface^.] 1. Per-
taining to the face: as, /acta/ expression : an
epithet specifically applied in anatomy to many
structures which compose this part of the head :
as, a facial arterj-, bone, muscle, nerve, vein,
etc. — 2. Pertaining to some part of an animal
like or called the face; specifically, in entom.,
pertaining to the front of the head, or to the
part distinguished as the face in the various
orders.— mdal angle of Camper, of Cloquet, etc.
See eraniomttrti,— Facial artery, a liirge bnuich of the
external carotid, uKfiniting from the iit-ek over the iHjrder
of the lower jaw just at the anterior margin of the masseter
muscle, coursing oblii|uely to the inner canthus of the eye,
and giving off numerous branches to the parts it traverses.
— Facial axis. SeeoxiJii.— Facial bone, any bone com-
posing the skeleton of the face, ajs ilistingnished from a
cranial bone proper: in human anatomy 14 liones (each
pair counted as two) are included in this set ; they are
the two nasal, two superior maxillary, two lacryniai, two
malar, two palate, two inferior turbinated, vomer, and
inferir»r maxillary tKniefl.- Facial canal. See rnnaU. —
Facial depression, in enlom., a clejiresscd Bpine lieneath
tile antenme. seen in maTiy hi/tlera. — Facial ganglion.
See rfanijUon. — Facial index. .See cran\»metr}i. — facial
line of Camper, see rrrt/iro»A»^/n/.— Facial nerve, the
nerve of expressifm ; the motor nerve of the muscles of
the face, fonnerly known as the portioiluraof the seventh
cranial nerve, now as the seventh cranial nerve, leaving
the cavity of the cranium by the internal auditory mea-
tus, traversing the temporal bone in the aqueduct of Fal-
lopius, emerging at the stylomastoid foramen, and send-
ing branches to all the superficial muscles of the face. —
facilely
Facial suture, in trilobites, the line of separation be<.
tween the glabella and the lateral portion of the cephalic
shield. — Facial vein, (o) Anterior, a vein continued
from the angular at the inner angle of the orbit, crossing
the face superficially to unite with the anterior division
of the temporomaxillary vein under the digastric muscle
to form the common facial. (6) Common, a short trunk,
formed by the union of the anterior facial and anterior
division of temporoma.\illary to empty into the Jugular at
the level of the hyoid i>one. (c) Deep, a vein passing from
the pterygoid plexus to empty into the anterior facial,
below the malar bone. Also called anterior internal max-
illary vein, (d) Posterior, the temporomaxillary vein.
(e) Transverse, one of two veins passing over the surface-
of the masseter muscle to empty into the common tem-
poral vein. See basifacial, craniofacial.
facially (fa'shal-i), adv. 1. In a facial man-
ner; with reference to the face. — 2. Face to-
face ; vis-4-vis.
faciatat (fa-sM-a'ta), n. [It. facciata : see fa-
date.] Same asfaciate.
The piazza compasses the faciata of the court andi
chapel. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 25, 1644.
faciatet (fa'shi-at), «. [< It. facciata = P. /o-
fode, facade: see /ayadc.] A fafade.
The faciate of this Cathedral is remarkable for its his-
torical carving. Evelyn, Diary, June 27, 1654.
facient (fa'shient), n. [< L. facien{t-)s, ppr.
ot facere, make: see /ac<.] If. A doer; one-
who does anything, good or bad.
Is sin in the fact, or in the mind of the facient?
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, p. 66.
2. In math., a variable of a quantio. CayUy,.
1854 — Fadents of emanation. See emanation.
facies (fa'shi-ez), n. ; pi. fades. [L. : see/acel.]
1. The face; specifically, in anat., the facial
part of the skull or of the head. — 2. Features,
visage, countenance, or physiognomy. Hence-
— 3. The whole outside figure ; the general con-
figuration. Hence — 4. The general aspect or
appearance of anything ; superficial character-
istics or features ; specifically, the general as-
pect which an organism presents at the first
view, before the details have been considered
separately: as, the /ac»e« of a country ; the/a-
Cies of a fauna, in zoology often used comparatively,
in the sense of aspect or appearance ; as, having the facies-
ot Cicindela (that is, like in general appeiinince, but not
necessarily in structure).— Fades Hlppocratlca. See-
Hippocratic face, under Hippocratic.
facile (fas'il), a. [< F. facile = Sp. Pg. fadl =
It. facile, < L. fadlis (archaic facU, adv. facul),
easy to do, easy, lit. doable, <fa<»re, do, maker
see/ac(. Ct. diffidle, difficult.] 1. Easy to be-
done, performed, or used; easy; not diflScult.
They complain, but will not use the facile and ready-
means to do themselves good.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 152.
Order . . . will render the vf ork facile and delightful.
Evelyn..
So may he with more facile question bear It,
For that it stands not in such warlike brace.
Shak., Othello, i. 3.
The ear finds that agreeable which the organs of utter-
ance tlnd facile. Whitney, Encyc. Brit, XVIII. 773.
2. Easy to be moved, removed, surmounted, or
overcome.
The facile gates of hell too slightly barr'd.
tiaton, P. L., iv. 967-
3. Easy of access or converse ; aflfable ; not
haughty, austere, or reserved.
I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet
B, Jonson.
4. Easily moved or persuaded to good or bad ;:
pliable ; flexible ; yielding.
Be nocht onir facill lor to trow,
Quhill that 3e try the mater throw.
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), 1. 251.
A corrupt Judge offendeth not so highly as a facile.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 814.
He has so modern and facile a vein.
Fitting the time, and catching the court-ear !
B. Jonson, Volpone, ill. 2.
This is treating Bums like a child, a person of m facile
a disposition as not to i>e trusted without a keeper on the-
king's highway. J. Wilson.
8. Eeady; quick; dexterous: as, a/ocite arti-
san or artist ; he wields afadle pen.
That facile obsequiousness which attracts the incon-
siderate in Belgians, Frenchmen, ami Italians, is too gen-
erally a mixed product from impudence and insincerity.
De Quincey, Style, i.
A man of ready smile tind facile tear.
Improvised hopes, despairs at nod and beck.
And language — ah. the gift of eloquence !
Brouminfj, Ring and Book, I. 42.
To the/acif« pen of an Oxford man we owe the produc-
tion of the most popular manual of our history that has-
ever appeared, the Short History of the English People.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 57.
facilely (fas'il-li), adv. In a facile or easy man-
ner; easily. [Rare.]
Hofacilie he bore
His royall person. Chapman, Iliad, xxiiL.
facileness
facileness (fas'U-nes), «. The state or quality
of being facile, or easy or compliant. [Rare.]
Alas,
That facil hearts should to themselves be foes,
When others they vfith/(Kiiness befriend.
J, BeauDwnt, Psyche, xvii. 197.
facile princeps (fas'i-le prin'seps). [L. : fa-
cile, easily, < facilis, easy; princeps, chief, first:
see facile, Skiiiprinceps, prince.'] Easily the first
or best ; the acknowledged chief.
facilitate (fa-sil'i-tat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. fa-
cilitated, ppi. facilitating. [With suffix -ate^,
< F. faciliter (= Sp. Pg. facilitar = It. facili-
tare), make easy, <.\i. facilita(t-)s, facility: see
facilitij.] To make easy; render less difficult ;
free wholly or partially from difficulty or im-
pediment; lessen the labor of: as, to facilitate
learning by suitable appliances.
Every new attempt serves . . . tofacUitate . . . future
invention. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 4.
Some acquaintance with that language may facilitate
tlie study of Spanish. Lattirop, Spanish Vistas, p. 194.
The easy navigation of the river James and its depen-
dencies greatly /act/t(a(cd the efforts of the British.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.
facilitation (fa-sil-i-ta'shon), H. [= Sp. (obs.)
facilitacion = It. facilitazione ; as facilitate +
-ion.'] The act of facilitating or making easy.
It becomes obvious that when they [men] co-operate,
there must not only be no resulting hindrance, but there
nmst he facilitation ; since in the absence of facilitation
there can be no motive to co-operate.
B. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 139.
It may perhaps be made a question which of the two uses
of speech, communication or the facilitation of thought, is
the higher. Wllitney, Encyc. Brit., XVHI. 766.
facility (fa-sil'i-ti), n. ; pi. facilities (-tiz). [<
F. facilite '= Sp. facilidad = Pg. facilidade =
It. facilita, < li. faeilita{t-)s, easiness, ease, fa-
cility, </ocife, easy : see facile.'] 1. The qual-
ity of being easily done or performed ; freedom
from difficulty; ease : as, the facility of an op-
eration.
More than half the pleasure of building a literal house
of cards, unlilce its metaphorical namesake, consists in
the facility of throwing it down when it is built.
H. N. Oxentiatn, Short Studies, p. 19.
2. Ease in doing or performance; readiness
proceeding from skill or practice; dexterity:
as, he performed the work with great facility.
Cas. Is your Englishman so exquisite in his drinking?
Jaffo. Why, he drinks you, with/aci7i/i/, your Dane dead
drunk. S/ia*., Othello, ii. 3.
The facility which we get of doing things by a custom
of doing makes them often pass in us without notice.
Locke.
3. Easiness to be moved or persuaded; readi-
ness of compliance ; pliancy ; specifically, in
Scots law, a degree of mental weakness short
of idiocy, but justifying legal intervention.
Seek the good of other men, but be not in bondage to
their faces or fancies ; for that is but facility or softness,
which taketh an honest mind prisoner.
Bacon, Goodness, and Goodness of Nature (ed. 1887).
It is a great error to take facility for good nature : ten-
derness without discretion is no better than a more par-
donable folly. Sir Ji. L'Estrange.
In order to support the reduction of the deed of a facile
person, there must be evidence of circumvention and of
imposition in the transaction, as well as facility in the
party, and lesion. But, " where lesion in the deed and
facility in the granter concur, the most slender circum-
stances of fraud or circumvention are sufficient to set it
aside." Bell's Law Diet.
4. Easiness of access ; complaisance ; affabil-
ity; urbanity.
He . . . offers himself to the visits of a friend with fa-
cility. Sout/i, Sermons.
5. The means by which the performance of
anything is rendered more easy; convenience;
assistance ; advantage : usually in the plural :
as, facilities for traveling or for study.
The Casina is by no means one of his [Plautus's] best
plays ; nor is it one which offers great facilities to an imi-
tator. Macaulay, Machiavelli.
So far from imposing artificial restrictions upon the ac-
quirement of knowledge by women, throw every facility
in their way. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 2f).
Law Of facility, a law of mental suggestion proposed by
Hamilton, to the effect that a thought easier to suggest
will be roused rather than a more difficult one. The ap-
parent tautology of this statement was never cleared up
by Hamilton. = Syil. 1. Easiness, etc. Heeease.—2. Ex-
pertness. Knack, etc. (see readiness), ability, quickness. —
4. Civility.
facineribus (f as-i-ne'ri-us), a. Same as facino-
rous.
Par. He's of a most facinerious spirit that will not ac-
knowledge it to i)e the
Laf. Very hand of heaven.
Sliak., Alls Well, ii. 3 (Victoria ed.).
facing (fa'sing), n. [Verbal n. of /acel, ti.] 1.
A covering in front for ornament, distinction.
2112
protection, or other purpose, (a) In arch., a thin
covering of hewn or polished stone over an inferior stone,
or a stratum of plaster or cement on a brick or rough stone
wall. {It) In joinery, the woodwork fixed round apertures
in interiors, to ornament them or to protect the plaster
from injury, (c) In enyin., a layer of earth, turf, or stone
laid upon the bottom and the sloping sides of a canal,
railroad, reservoir, etc., to protect the exposed surface or
to give it a steeper slope than is natural, id) In clottiing:
(1) That part of the lining of any garment which covers
those parts that are turned over or in any way exposed to
view ; hence, such a covering when not really a part of the
general lining : as, the silk facing of a dress-coat. (2) A
similar covering used to protect a part of a garment which
is peculiarly exposed to wear, or the edge of such a gar-
ment, as of a skirt which is not to be hemmed, trousers
around the ankle, etc. ; in military uniforms, in tlie plural,
the cuffs and collar, when, as is often the case, they are
of a different color from that of the coat.
Or do you think
Your tawny coats with greasy .facings here
Shall conquer it? L. Barry, Ram Alley, iii. 1.
2. In founding, fine sand or powder applied to
the face of a mold which receives the metal,
to give a smooth surface to the casting. — 3.
A 'mode of preparing tea for the market by
treating it with coloring matter and other sub-
stances, so as to imitate tea of better quality
and higher value ; also, the materials used in
this process of adulteration.
That tea is said to be adulterated with prussic acid,
arose from the use of prussian blue in the facing.
Science, VI. 208.
4. Milit., the movement of a soldier in turn-
ing on the heel to the right, left, right about,
left about, etc. : as, to put a recruit through
his facings. — 5t. Boasting; swaggering.
LeAve facing, 'twill not serve you :
This impudence becomes thee woi-se than lying.
Fletclier (and Massinger 7), Lovers' Progress, iii. 6.
6. The process of joining two pieces of timber
by a rabbet. — 7. In chess, the way or direction
in which a piece should face.
If he [a pawn] takes diagonally, that decides hia facing,
and be must continue to move that way [in four-handed
chess]. Vemey, Chess Eccentricities, p. 23.
8. In hrickmalcing, the opening through which
the bricks are wheeled into the kiln and hauled
out afterburning. Also called abutment. — 9.
The process of preparing the face or working-
surface of a millstone Facing up. (a) In hrick-
waking, covering up the face of the raw bricks with boards
on end. C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 142. (b) In con-
fectionery, giving a smooth finish to the surface of the
paste for lozenges, by strewing it with starch-powder and
fine sugar and rubbing them in by hand.
facingly (fa'sing-li), adv. In a fronting posi-
tion.
facing-machine (fa'sing-ma-shen''), n. A ma-
chine for dressing millstones.
facing-sand (fa'sing-sand), n. In molding, a
mixture generally composed of pulverized bi-
tuminous coal and common molding-sand, used
to form the surface of molds.
facinoroust (fa-sin'6-rus), a. [Early mod. E.
also facinorus ; < O'F . facitioreux, facinereux =
■Sp. facineroso = Pg. It. facinoroso, < L. facino-
rosus, criminal, atrocious, ifacinus (facinor-),
a deed, esp. a bad deed, crime, villainy, <.facere,
do : see fact.'] Atrociously wicked.
He was of such stowte stoniack and haute courage, yt
at the same time yt he was drawen on the herdle toward
his death, he sayd (as men do reporte) that for this mys-
cheuons and facinorus acte he should haue a name per-
petual and a fame permanent and immortal.
Hall, Hen. VII., an. 7.
It were a vengeance centuple, for all facinorous acts
that could be named. B. Jonson, Epiccene, ii. 1.
facinorousnesst (fa-sin'o-rus-nes), n. \^i facin-
orous + -ness.~\ Extreme or atrocious wicked-
ness. Bailey, 1727.
fack^t, »• An obsolete form of fake^.
fack^t, fackst, «• [Also feck, fecks, fags, and
fackins, fackings, etc., all being perversions of
faith, in the oath by my faith or in faith [f faith,
and so i' facks, i' fackins, etc.).] Perverted
forms of faith, used in oaths.
fackeltanz (fa'kl-tiints), «. IG., < fackel, a
torch (< L. facula, dim. of fax, a torch"), -I- ianz
= E. dance] 1 . A torchlight procession, a sur-
vival from medieval tournaments, which is cel-
ebrated at some of the German courts on the
marriage of a member of the royal family. — 2.
A musical composition designed for the above
procession. It is written for a military band, and is a
polonaise in march-time (J), having usually a loud first
and last part and a soft trio.
fackinst, fackingst, fackst. Seefack^.
By my fackings, but I will, by your leave.
il. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 2.
facon, n. An obsolete form of falcon.
facoundt, a. A Middle English form of facund.
fact
facreret, n. [ME. (only in the following ex-
tract) ; origin unknown, perhaps a corruption
of a Rom. word.] Dissimulation.
They [the Lombards] over all
Where that they thenken for to dwelle.
Among hem self, so as they telle,
Eirst ben enformed for to lere
A craft, which cleped is facrere;
For 18 facrere come about
Than afterward hem staut no doubt
To voide with a subtil honde
The beste goo<les of the londe.
And bringe chaffe and take come,
Where as facrere goth beforne ;
In all his waie he tint no lette.
Gou-er, Conf. Amant., I. 230.
facsimile (fak-sim'i-le),«. and a. [Short for L.
factum simile, made like : factum, neut. of fac-
tus, pp. of facere, make; simile, neut. of similis,
like.] I. ». An exact copy or counterpart ; an
imitation of an original in all its proportions,
qualities, and peculiarities: as, engraved or
lithographed facsimiles of old manuscripts, of
autographs, of a drawing, etc. ; a, facsimile of a
coin or a medal. [Sometimes erroneously writ-
ten as two words, fac simile, or with a hyphen,
facsimile.]
The image must be a facsimile of the real object, for
the apparent object will be a facsimile of the image.
Le Conle, Sight, p. 2.5.
II. a. 1. Having the character of a facsimile
or counterpart ; exactly corresponding or re-
produced : aSj & facsimile reprint of an old book ;
a facsimile picture. — 2. Producing or adapted
to produce facsimiles Facsimile engraving. See
engraving. — Facsimile telegraph, one which reproduces
at the receiving end of the line an autographic message
prepared at the ti-ansniittiiig end.
facsimile (fak-sim'i-le), V. t. [< facsimile, n.]
To make a facsimile or exact counterpart of ;
copy exactly. [Rare.]
The illustrations of a missal preserved at Munich . . .
have been fah-\y facsimiled. Rustcin, Lectures on Art, § 144.
facsimilist (fak-sim'i-list), n. [< facsimile +
-ist.] The producer of a facsimile.
A new quarterly whose interest and importance will be
apparent when its title is named — tlie Fac-similist.
Tlie Nation, Nov. 4, 1876, p. 293.
fact (fakt), n. [< L. factum, a deed, act, exploit,
ML. also state, condition, circumstance (> It,
fatto = Sp. hecho = Pg. feUo = OF. fait, faict,
feci, fet{> 'ME. faite,feit, feet, E.feat^, F.fait,
fact, deed, etc.), neut. of factum, jip. of facere
(> It. fare, far = Sp. hacer = Pg. fazer = Pr.
far = OF. faire, F. faire), do, make, pass, fieri,
become, be. The word is of very wide use in
L., but has no certain connection with words
in other tongues. In one view the c is an ex-
tension or formative, the ■>/ *fa being = Skt.
V dha = Gr. -/ *^f in rtBhai = E. do^, put {fact
being thus ult. nearly identical with E. deed) :
see doi, deed. The E. words derived from or in-
volving the L. facere are many : see faction =
fashion^, factor, factory, facture = feature, man-
ufacture, factitious, facile, faculty, difficile, diffi-
cult, feat^, feat'^, featous, fetish, defeat, benefit,
comfit, counterfeit, forfeit, surfeit, affair, affect,
confect, defect, effect, infect, perfect, prefect, etc.,
artifice, edifice, office, orifice, sacrifice, etc., suf-
fice, efficient, proficient, sufficient, affection, con-
fection, effection, etc., benefic, malefic, horrific:,
beneficent, maleficent, magnificent, amplify, hor-
rify, benefaction, calefaction, and many other
words in -fie, -ficent, -ficient, -fy. In some words,
as chafe, chaff^, etc., traces of the root facere
are almost obliterated.] 1. Anything done ; an
act ; a deed ; a feat. [Obsolete or archaic]
How he [David] no Law, but Gods drad Law enacts:
How He respects not persons, but their Facts.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Trophies.
" Their fact it is so clear ;
I tell to thee, they hanged must be."
Robin Hood and tlie Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 256).
He who most excels in fact of arms.
Milton, P. L., ii. 124.
A good time after the Indians brought another Indian
whom they charged to have committed that fact.
Wintlirop, Hist. New England, II. 232.
2. A real state of things, as distinguished from
a statement or belief; that in the real world
agreement or disagreement with which makes
a proposition true or false; a real inherence
of an attribute in a substance, corresponding
to the relation between the predicate and the
subject of a proposition. By a few writers things
in the concrete and the universe in its entirety are spoken
of as /ac(^; but according to the almost univers.al accepta-
tion,a/ac^ is not the whole concrete reality in any case,
but an abstract element of the reality. Thus, Julius Caesar
is not called a fact; but that Julius Ciesar invaded Britain
is said to have been a fact, or to be a fact. To this extent,
the use of the word/acf implies the reality of abstractions.
fact
with the majority of writers, also, a S'^'^^^ °' n'ofl"'* /"«<.
relates only to an Individual thing or individual set of
things. Thus, that Brutus killed Ca;sar is said to have been
a fact : but that all men are mortal is not called a/art, but
n'coUeclion ojf /acts. By /act is also often meant a true
statement, a truth, or truth in general ; but this seems to be
a mere inexactness of language, and in many passages any
attempt to distinguish between the meanings on the sup-
position that fact means a true statement, and on the sup-
position that'it means the real relation signified by a true
statement would be erajity subtlety. Fact is often used
as correlative to thconi, to denote that which is certain or
well settled — the phenomena which the theory colligates
and harmonizes, fact, as being special, is sometimes op-
posed to truth, as lieing universal ; and in such cases there
isan Implication that/nc<<r are minute matters ascertained
by research, and often hiferior in their importance for the
formation of general opinions, or for the general descrip-
tion of phenomena, to other matters which are of familiar
experience.
I am wounded
In fact, nor can words cure it.
FUlcher (ond another\ Elder Brother, iv. 1.
The Right Honorablegentleman is indebteii to his mem-
ory for his jests and to his imagination for his/(K(«.
Sheridan, .Speech m Reply to Mr. Dundas.
In order to believe that gold is yellow, 1 must, indeed,
have the idea of gold, and the idea of yellow, and some-
thing having reference to these ideas must take place in
my mind ; but my belief has not reference to the ideas, it
has reference to the things. What I believe is a/ac( re-
lating to the outward thing, gold, and to the impressions
made hy that outward thing upon the human organs; not
a /act relating to my conception of gold, which would lie
»/aet in my mental history, not a/act of external nature.
J. S. Mill, Logic, I. v. § 1.
The basis of all scientific explanation consists in assini-
iUting a/ocf to some other/act oT/act$.
A. Bain, Logic, III. xii. § 2.
A law Is a grouping of observed /aett. Challit.
A world of facU lies outside and l)eyond the world of
words. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 57.
The whole human /oc< of him, as a creature like myself, .„_„._„__. /«<> v '„>,„„ a.,: \ „
with hair and blood and seeing eyes, haunted me in that faCtlOnaryt (fak slion-a-n), a
sunny, solitary place, not like a spectre, but like some
friend whom I had basely injured.
R. L. StcvenMOH, Merry Men.
3. In law, an actual or alleged physical or
mental event or existence, as distinguished
from a legal effect or consequence : as in the
2113 factor
. . . he made such a /ocfion as enforced Captain Sayle to factish (fak'tish), a. [<fact + -isll^.l Deal-
remove to another island. , T. .^ ing with facts ; insisting upon facts. [Kare.]
Winthrja^, Hist. New England, I .409. g^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ that /acfte/. element in hu-
They remained at Newhnry m great /o«(ton among tnem- ^^^^ nature, which led a distinguished astronomer to de-
selves. Clarendon, Great Rebellion, g^^ j|,g tj,g theories of the Principia as " mere crotchets of
If there had been any taint in his doctrine that way [to- Mr. Newton ! " The Academy, Jan. 2, 1886.
ward treason], there had been reason enough in such an .....,., ..,,-. r_Sn Pff facti-
Age of /action and sedition to have used the utmost c-u-e lacUtlOUS (.laK-tlsn us^ a. ^.L-^°P;_ JS^^"''^
to prevent the spreading it. StUliwjfleet, Sermons, I. iii.
A spirit of faction, which is apt to mingle its poison in
the deliberations of all bodies of men, will often hurry the
persons of whom they are composed into improprieties
and excesses for which they would blush in a private ca-
pacity. A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. xv.
3. In Rom. antiq., one of the classes into which
the charioteers in the eircensian games were
divided, one of each contending in a race. The
four regular factions, distinguished by their dresses as the
green, red, blue, and white, represented spring, summer,
autumn, and winter. Domitian added purple and yellow
factions, making six contestants in every race ; but these
new divisions were not permanent. A dispute in Constan-
tinople, in 532, between the green and blue factions and
their partizans, the emperor Justinian favoring the latter,
led to a civil war of five days, which cost 30,000 lives and
nearly overthrew the government.
Their trains must bate,
Their titles, feasts, and/ac(ion«.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, ii. 2.
Before the close of the republic, an enthusiastic parti-
san of one of the /actions in the chariot races flung himself
upon the pile on which the bo<iy of a favourite coachman
was consumed, and perished in the flames.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 231.
= 8yn. 1. Combination, Party, etc. Seecaftofl.
factional (fak'shon-al), a. [< faction + -al.^
Of, pertaining to, or characterized by faction;
as, factional resentment ; factional perversity.
Long identified with/ac(i<mai politics.
Philadelphia Time; April 28, 1885.
, [■=¥. faction-
Itaire ="Sp. Pg. faccioiiar'io = It. fazionario, <
LL. faetionarius, the head of a company of
charioteers, < L. /acfio(n-), a faction: see/ac-
tton.] Active as a partizan ; factious; zealous.
Prithee, fellow, remember my name Is Menenius, always
„ . /ncfi'oiuiry on the party of your general. SAai.,Cor., v. 2.
phrases matter of fact question of fact, ike facts f^j^^j^f^^ (fak'shon-*r), n. [< faction + -er'^;
ofthecase,^ distingutshed from matter of law, '^f ^fj. yactionariJ! see factionary.-i One
question of law, thelaw^ of the ease.^ pu«, whether ^^ ^ faction.
The /aetionen bad entered Into such a seditions con-
spiracy. Bp. Bancro/t, Dangerous Positions.
certain words were spoken is a question oi/act ; whether,
If spoken, they constituted a binding promise. Is usually
a question of law.— Ablative fact, a fact which accord-
issiw*-'SSu«;rf^taTa?t°^^^
give commencement to a right.— Conclusion of fact.
See cotidlMion.— Divestitive fact, •"ame as nl.Uilirefact.
— Enror In fact, see error. — Evidential "r evlden-
tiary fiusts. see eeidenticd.— Fact of consciousness,
a fact whose existence Is given :iii.l Kii;ir:inti i d by an ori-
ginal and necessary belief.— Fixed fact. -See /ix«/. — In
fact, in reality ; in truth ; indeed.
Dangle. It certainly nmst hurt an author of delicate
feelings to see the liberties they (the newspapers] take.
Sir Fret. No '. unite the contrary ; their abuse Is, in/act,
the best panegyric — I like It of all things.
Sheridan, The Critic, L 1.
In the factt, in the act.
It cannot be evidently proved, or they likely taken in
the/act. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 582.
Investitive fact. Same as eoUative /u^.— The fact,
the truth : In such collocations as. Is It the /act that be
said so?— Ultimate fact, an Indemonstrable truth,
facta, K. Plural o{ factum.
faction (fak'shou), li. [= Q. faction = Dan. 8w.
faktion, < F. faction = Sp. faeeion = Pg. fai^o
= It. fazione, < L. factio(n-), a making, doing,
a taking part, a companv, party, faction, < fac-
ttts, pp. ctlfacere, do, make, take part : see fact.
Doublet of/"*'"'"" '.q-V'] 1- A party of persons
having a common end in view; usually, such a
party seeking by irregular means to bring about
ehai^a in government or in the existing state
of af^irs, or in any association of which they
form part ; a combination of persons using sub-
versive or perverse methods of promoting their
own selfish or partizan views or interests, espe-
cially in matters of state.
Vou are all of hls/ncfum; the whole court
Is bold in praise of him.
Beau, and Fl., Phllaster, I. 2.
How oft a Patriot's best laid Schemes we find
By Party croaa'd or Faetion undemiln'd !
CbjiffreiK, Epistle to Lord Halifax. ... , ,. , , . i-i j
•n,n. that city [FlorenWbe^une divided, M .11 the rest factlOUBly^ (f ak shus-ll)^, adv._
of Italy was before, into the two /(Wtunu of Oaelpbs and
Ohihclllnea. "' ' " ""
cio, < L. factitius, hettev facticius, made by art,
artificial, in later grammarians also of words,
imitative, onomatopoetic, < facere, pp. f actus,
make: see fact. Ct. fetish, ult. < 'L.facticius.']
Made by or resulting from art, in distinction
from that which is produced by or conformable
to nature; artificial; conventional.
A situation in which all /actitious distinctions were of
less worth than individual prowess and efficiency.
Pregcott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.
Manners &re /actitious, and grow out of circumstances,
as well as out of character. Emerson, Conduct of Life.
He takes away all the screens which give a /actitious
dignity and elevation to governments and men.
Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 147.
Rock alum lis] a/aetitious article consisting of crystal-
line fragments of alum not larger than almonds, coloured
with Venetian red. Ure, Diet., III. 709.
= Syn. Artificial, Factitious, Unnatural. Artificial means
done by art, as opposed to natural. That is unnatural
which departs in any way from what is natural : as, xin-
natural excitement. An artificial or /actitious demand
in the market is one that is manufactured, the latter being
the more laboriously worked up ; a /actitious demand
exists only in the invention of one and the imagination of
another ; an unnatural demand is greater than the laws
of trade would produce.
Artificial aad /actitious gemms.
.Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., I. 1.
The /actitious is the elaborately artificial in things of a
moral, social, or material kind. A /actitious demand is
one which has been artificially created by pains and effort
required to produce it. The term points more to the labor
and less to the skill which produces the artificial.
C. J. Smith, Synonymes, p. 120.
Unnatural deeds
Do breed unnatural troubles. SAo*., Macbeth, v.l.
factitiously (fak-tish'us-U), adv. In a facti-
tious or artificial manner.
Whilst, therefore, there is a truth in the belief that
" progress, and at the same time resistance " is the law of
social change, there is a fatal error in the inference that
resistance snould l>e /actitiously created.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 618.
factitiousness (fak-tish'us-nes), «. The quality
of being factitious.
factitive (fak'ti-tiv), a. and n. [< NL. facti-
tivu.s, < L.facttts, pp. of facere, make : see /act.]
I. a. Causative; effective; expressive of mak-
ing or causing: in grammar said of a verb which
takes, besides its object, a further adjunct ex-
pressing something predicated of that object :
thus, they made him a ruler; to call a man
a coward ; to paint the house red. The adjunct
predicated of the object Is called a /actitiix or objective
predicate (sometimes, less correctly, a /actitive object).
For Instance, In certain branches of this stock, as the
Persian, etc the tendency of causal verbs to lose
their force altogether, even with the longer /acdVi re form,
which they faithfully keep, is only the breaking through
of that principle which asserted itself almost imiversally
In the late analytic state of the group.
Avier. Jour. Philol., II. 186.
II. "• In pram., a factitive verb,
factitnde (fak'ti-tiid), «. [Irreg. < fact + -itude,
after aptitude, etc.] The quality of being fact ;
reality.
It is when we are most aware of ihe /aelitude of things
that we are most aware of our need of God. and most able
to trust him. Geo. ilacDonald, What's .Mine s Mine.
member of a faction or a promoter of a faction
Henry had yielded with repugnance to a union with
Elizabeth the Yorkist ; the sullen Lancastrian long looked
on his queen wiUi the eyes of n/aetionitt.
I. D Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 264.
factions (fak'shus), a. [= F. factieux, < L.
/acf(o.«is, of or for a party or faction, </a<*fto(n-),
a faction: see faction.~\ 1. Given to faction;
dissentious ; promoting partizan views or aims
by perverse or irregular means; turbulent.
But ambitious and /aetious Men are never discouraged
by such an appearance of difflcultlea.
StUlinpJUet, Sermons, I. vll.
That /aetiout and seditious spirit that has appeared of
late. Chesterfield, Misc., IV. xcl.
At home the baleful names of parties cease,
And/ocftotu souls are wearied Into peace.
Dryden, Astrna Sednx, L 313.
He bad to deal wltb a martial and/oefioiu nobility.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., 11. 25.
2. Pertaining to or proceeding from faction ; of
a turbulent partizan character.
Factimu tomulU overbore the freedom and honour of far±iynt (f ak'tiv), a. [< ML. factivus, < L. fac-
the two hooaea. iUo» ftrnf.*.. »»^^*^^^ \,f f„^J',^ ^^ke : see /acf.] Making ;
'/'
Adams, Works, V. 13.
Why these /aetiout quarrels, controversies, and battles
amongst themselves, when they were all united in the
same design? Dryden.
He Is immediately alarmed, and loudly exclaims against
such factious doings. In order to set the people by the ears
togetlier at such a delicate juncture.
Goldsmith, National Concord.
The emigrants themselves were weakened by/ocftous
divisions. Banero/t, Hist. U. 8., I. 98.
Active ; urgent ; zealous.
Be/actums for redress of all theae griefs;
And I will set this foot of mine as far
As who goes farthest. Shak., J. C, i. 3.
In a factious
manner;' by means of faction; in a turbulent
or disorderly manner.
at
I
This . . . made the government absolute, and le.1 to factiOUSneSS (fak'shus-nes), n. [< factious +
consequences which, as by a fixed law, must ever result In
popolar governments of this form : namely, to organized
putiet, or rather /ncdiMM, contendiiig violently to obtain
or retain the control of the government.
Calhuun. On Government, I. 100.
2. Combined disorderlv opposition to estab-
lished authority; turbulence; tumult; dissen-
sion.
He could not endure any ordinances or worship, etc.,
and when they arrived at one of the Eleotherla Islands,
133
nrsx.] The state or quality of being factious ;
disposition to promote or take part in faction.
A gentleman. Indeed, most rarely accomplished, excel-
lently learned but without all vainglory, friendly without
/aetimitnest. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, I.
With all their /a<!fiouTO*««, they (the Clericals) could not
very well dare to pursue their habitual tactics of opimsl-
tlon in a matter which, after all, was of much more con-
cern to their constituents than spiritual and religious in-
terests. Lowe, Bismarck, II. 467.
having power to make.
Your majesty is a king whose heart Is as unscrutable
for secret motions of goodness as for depth of wisdom.
You are creator-like, /active, and not destructive.
Bacon, To James I., let. 276.
facto (fak'to), adv. [L., abl. ot factum, a deed.]
In law (properly de facto), in fact; in deed ; by
the act or fact.
factor (fak'tor), n. [Formerly also factour; =
F. facteur = 8p. Pg. factor = It. fatfore = D.
faktoor = G. factor = Dan. 8w. faktor, < h. fac-
tor, adoer, maker, performer, ML. agent, etc., <
/acere, do, make : see/acf. Ct.faitor,faitour.'\
1. One who transacts business for another or
others; specifically, in com., a commission-mer-
chant; an agent intrusted *ith the possession
of goods for sale. "The distinctive features of his
position are : (1) he pursues the business of receiving and
selling goods as a trade or calling; (2) the goods are re-
ceived either In bulk or sample Into his possession ; (3)
he has power to sell ; (4) he serves for a commission, al-
though In exceptional cases remuneration may be made in
some other way ; (6) he Isgenerallyresldent in some other
place than his principal." (Wharton, On Agency, § 436.)
Slore loosely, a factor is an agent to buy or sell goods, or
both, and to handle them, to buy or sell bills of exchange,
and do other businesson account of persons In other places.
factor
The s»ld William Eynis v»s factor in Scio, not only for
his master, and for his grace tlie Duke of Norfolk, but also
for many others, worshipful merchants of London.
Hakluyl (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 22).
Factorg in the trading world are what ambassadors are
in the politic world. AddU<yn, The Royal Exchange.
In his mercantile atfairs he was rather unfortunate ; for
such was the extravagance of his factors . . . that they
had dissipated the greater part of his merchandise.
J. Adams, Works, V. 104.
2. In Scotland, a person appointed by a her-
itor, landholder, or house-proprietor to manage
an estate, to let lands or tenements on lease,
to collect rents, etc.
Mr. White, a Welshman, who has been many years/actor
... on the estate of Calder, drank tea with us last night.
BosvxU, Journal (ed. 1807), p. 110.
St. An agent or a deputy generally.
Therefor muste they be more cleane than the other, for
they are the factours, or bayliff es of God.
Bp. Bale, Apology, fol. 74.
Percy is but my /ac(or, good my lord.
To engross up glorious deeds on my behalf.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
4. In American law, in some of the United
States, a person charged as a garnishee. — 5. In
math., one of the two or more numbers, expres-
sions, or quantities which when multiplied to-
gether produce a given product : as, 6 and 3 are
factors of 18. As every product can be divided by any
of its factors without remainder,/ac(or may also be defined
as an expression or quantity by which another expression
or quantity may be divided without a remainder.
6. One of several circumstances, elements, or
influences which tend to the production of a
given result.
There is also a logical attitude which is called Atten-
tion, itself the proiluct of feeling, and one of the neces-
sary/actors in Perception.
G. H. hewa, Probs. of Life and Mind, Int., I. ii. § 46.
As to the cause of the limitation of the [deep-sea] fau-
na;, it is claimed that "light is the most powerful /ac^or
amongst all the agents which influence life upon the earth. "
Smithsonian Report, 1833, p. 701.
Allotrious, Wpartlent, consequent, extraneous, etc.,
factor. See the adjectives.— Division by factors. See
division.— Factors' Act, a statute of New York (Laws of
1830, c. 179), the effect of which is to make merchandise
liable for money advanced or security given on the faith
thereof by consignors or purchasers, l)y enacting that tiie
person in whose name it is shipped, the holder of the bill
of lading, custom-house permit, or warehouse receipt, or
the person having possession of the merchandise, shall,
within certain limits, be deemed the true owner for such
purposes. Similar statutes in other jurisdictions are va-
riously known. — Factors' Acts, English statutes of 1823
(4 Geo. IV., c. 83), 1825 (6 Geo. IV., c. 94), 1842 (5 and 6
Vict., c. 39), and 1877 (40 and 41 Vict., c. 39), which preserve
the lien of consignees upon shipments for advances, etc.,
and make bills of lading available as security to the ex-
tent of such lien.— Integrating factor, a quantity Ijy
wliich a given quantity is multiplied in order to render it
an exact integral: better called a multiplier. — Interim
factor. See inferiHi.— Primary factor, a factor of a
holomorphic function having one root. — Prime factor,
a factor which cannot be divided without remainder by
anything except itself and unity,
factor (fak'tor), tJ. {<. factor, n.l I. trans. 1.
To act as factor tor ; look after, let, and draw
the rents for; manage: as, to /actor property.
[Scotch.] — 2. In math., to resolve into factors:
as, x2 — ^2 \s factored into (x + y) (x — y).
H. intrans. To act as factor.
Send your prayers and good works to factor there for
you, and have a stock employed in God's banks to pauper-
ous and pious uses. 5. Ward, Sermons, p. 173.
factorage (fak'tor-aj), n. [= F. factorage = Sp.
factorajc; a.a factor + -age.'] 1. The allowance
given to a factor by his employer as compensa-
tion for his services. Also called commission.
He put £1000 into Dudley's hands to trade for him, to
the end that his brother Montague might have the benefit
of tbe/actoraffe. Roger North, Lord Guilford, II. 292.
2. The business of or dealings with factors;
consignment to or sale by a factor or factors.
But in New Orleans enterprise had forgotten everything
but the /aciora^e of the staple crops.
G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, xxxi.
factored (fak'tord), a. [< factor (factory) +
-ecV^.] Made in a factory; manufactured in
quantities for mercantile purposes, as opposed
to hand-made or unique; hence, spurious.
[Bare.]
Large quantities of the finest and costliest articles sold
under other local designations in London and all over the
world are the factored work of Birmingham craftsmen.
Nineteenth Century, XX. 244.
factoress, factress (fak'tor-es, -tres), n. [= F.
factrice = li. fattoressa ; as factor + -ess.] A
female factor. [Bare.]
Your/octr«M hath been tamp'ring for my misery.
Ford, Fancies, iii. 2.
factorial (fak-to'ri-al), a. and n. [< factor or
factory + -at.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to a fac-
tor or factory ; constituting a factory.
2114
Securing a limited district for a depot and fcu:torial es-
tablishnieut for American citizens in that region (Congo
river]. Science, VI. 100.
2. In math., of or pertaining to a factor or fac-
torials. See II.
II. n. In math., a continued product of the
form
Fx, F(x+1), F(x+2), F(x+3), . . . F(x+n),
in which every factor after the iirst is derived
from the preceding by increasing the variable
by unity.
factorize (fak'tg-riz), t>. t. ; pret. and pp. /actor-
ized, ppr. factorizing. [< factor + -ize.] In law,
in some of the United States, to warn not to
pay or give up goods ; attach the effects of a
debtor in the hands of a third person.
factorship (fak'tgr-ship), n. {^factor + -ship.]
1. A bocfy of factors. — 2. The business or re-
sponsibility of a factor.
My own care and my rich master's trust
Lay their commands both on \ny factorship.
Middleton, Women Beware Women, i. 1.
factory (fak'tg-ri),«.; i>\. factories (-Tiz). [=D.
factorij = G.'factorei = Dan. Sw.faktori, < F.
factorie, factorerie = Sp. /octoria = Fg.feitoria
= It. fattoria, a factory, < ML. factoria, a trea-
sury, L. factorium, an oil-press, < L. factor, a
doer, maker, ML. an agent, etc. : see/actor. Cf .
manufactory.] 1. An establishment of mer-
chants and factors resident in a foreign place,
formed for mutual protection and advantage,
usually occupying special quarters under their
own control, and sometimes having fortified
posts and depots, in the middle ages foreign facto-
ries existed in most large European cities, and to a later
period in many Asiatic and African ports, often giving
rise, especially in India, to the acquisition of extensive
political power. A few are still maintained in India and
western Africa, most of them by the French, in a modified
form and sometimes under other designations.
At this River we were met by several of the French
Merchants from Sidon ; they having a Factory there the
most considerable of all theirs in the Levant.
Maundrelt, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 44.
Even in India, during the seventeenth century, she
[England] can hardly be said to have got beyond the fac-
tory stage. The East India company were simply lease-
holders of the native princes. Science, VII. 475.
2. A body of factors ; the association of per-
sons in a factorial establishment.
Our Factory at Cachao had news of our arrival before
we came to an anchor, and immediately the chief of the
Factory, with some of the King of Tonquin's Officers, came
down to us. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 13.
3. The employment or authority of a factor;
power to act as a factor. [Bare.]
Factory may be recalled, and falls by the death of the
principal. . . . The mandate of factory subsists notwith-
standing the supervening insanity of the mandant.
Chambers's Encyc, art. Factor.
4. A building or group of buildings appropri-
ated to the manufacture of goods, including the
machinery necessary to produce the goods, and
the engine or other power by which such ma-
chinery is propelled; the place where workers
are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or
utensils: as, a cotton /actor^. The general distinc-
tion between a factory and a shop is that the work done
iti the former is on a larger scale, and usually of a kind
requiring more machinery. When the more simple kinds
of work commonly done in shops, however, are carried on
in large establishments, the latter are often called facto-
ries ; but establishments for some branches of production
are seldom or never so called, however large, as machine-
shops, car-shops, coopers' shops, etc. Also called manu-
factory.
Our corrupted hearts are \\\e factories of the devil, which
may be at work without his presence.
Sir T. Broume, Christ. Mor., i. 20.
5t. Manufacture; making.
For gain has wonderful effects
T' improve the/ac(on/ of sects.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. 1446.
Factory Acts, a series of English statutes having for their
object tne preservation of the health and morals of ap-
prentices and operatives, with special reference to the em-
ployment of children, and the regulation of factories as
to hours of labor and recreation, sanitary condition, etc.
That of 1802 (42 Geo. III., c. 73) is known as the^r«( Fac-
tory Act, and that of 1833 (3 and 4 Wm. IV., c. 103) as the
principal Factory Act. The later acts are those of 1867
(30 and 31 Vict., c. 103), 1870 (33 and 34 Vict., c. 62), 1871
(34 and 35 Vict., c. 104), 1874 (37 and 38 Vict., c. 44), 1878
(41 and 42 Vict., c. 16), 1883 (46 and 47 Vict., c. 63), and
1895. — Factory cotton, unbleached cotton cloth of home
manufacture, as oppo8e<l to imported fabrics. Also called
factory and domestic. [U. S.]
factory-maund (fak'to-ri-mand), n. An East
India weight of 40 seers, varying, like the seer,
largely in different localities. The Bengal factory-
maund is 74 pounds 10 ounces, while the Madras maund
is only 25 pounds. It is distinguished from the bazaar-
maujid, which is about 82 pounds in Calcutta.
factotum (fak-to'tum), n. [< L. facere (fac,
impv.) totum, do all :/acere, do; totum, neut.
faculty
of tottts, all, the whole.] One who does every-
thing ; specifically, one who is called upon or
employed to do all kinds of work for another.
He was so farre the dominus fac totum in this juncto
that his words were laws, all things being acted according
to his desire.
Foulis, Plots of Pretended Saints (2d. ed., 1674).
He could not sail without him ; for what could he do
without Corporal Vanspitter, his protection, Ms factotum,
his distributer of provisions? Marryat, Snarleyyow, xiii.
factress, ». See factoress.
factual (fak'tu-al), a. [< fact + -u-al; improp.
formed, after analogy of actual.] Of the na-
ture of fact ; consisting of or attentive to facts ;
real; genuine; scrupulously exact. [Bare.]
If a man is a plain, literal, /ac^Hrti man, you can make
a great deal more of him in his own line by education than
without education. //. W. Beecher, Royal Truths.
factuality (fak-tu-al'i-ti), n. [< factual +, -ity.]
The quality of being factual; genuineness.
[Bare.]
When we find these among the (asserted] facts, it makes
us doubt the .factuality of the facts.
R. Thomas, Christian Union, March 10, 1887.
factum (fak'tum), «.; -pi. facta {-ta). [L.: see
fact.] 1. In law, a thing done; an act or a
deed; anything stated and made certain; the
statement of a case for the court. — 2. In math.,
the result of a multiplication; a product Fac-
tum of a will, tlie formal execution, or the signing and
attesting of tlie will.
facture (f.ik'tur), 71. [= F. facture = Pr. fai-
tura = Sp. hechura (in sense 2 factura) = Pg.
factura = It. fattura = D. faktiiur = G. factur
= Dan. Sw.faktura, invoice, < Ij. factura, mak-
ing, make, LL. a creature, a work, ML. also
form, price, enchantment, embroidery, etc., <
/acej-e, pp. /acft/s, make : see fact. Ci. feature,
a doublet oi facture.] 1. The act or manner of
making; construction or structure. [Bare.]
There is no doubt but the facture or framing of the in-
ward parts is as full of difference as the outward.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 194.
M'hile he was acquiring in the Louvre his laborious and
Tude facture of successive impasto. The Atlantic, LX. 510.
2. In com., an invoice or a bill of parcels. Sim-
monds.
facula (fak'u-ia), «.; -pX. facuke (-le). [L., a
little torch, dim. of fax, a torch.] In astron.,
one of the small spots often seen on the sun's
disk, which appear brighter than the rest of his
surface.
Groups of minute specks brighter than the general sur-
face of the sun are often seen in the neighborhood of spots
or elsewhere. They are called /acw^tc.
Newcomb and Holden, Astron., p. 278.
These faculce are elevated regions of the solar surface,
ridges and crests of luminous matter, which rise above
the generallevel and protrude through the denser portions
of the solar atmosphere, just as do our terrestrial moun-
tains. C. A. Young, The Sun, p. 107.
facular (fak'u-lar), a. [if acuta + -ar^.] Per-
taining to or of the nature of a facula. See
facula.
faculencet (fak'u-lens), n. [< Ij. facula, a torch,
-I- E. -cnce.] Brightness; clearness. Bailey,
1727.
facultati've (fak'ul-ta-tiv), a. [= F. facultatif
= Sp. Pg. facitltativo, < Jj. faculta{t-)s, faculty:
seefactilty and-n'c] 1. Conferring a faculty,
right, or power; enabling. Hence — 2. Con-
ferring the power of doing or not doing ; ren-
dering optional or contingent. — 3. Having a
faculty or power, but exercising it only occa-
sionally or incidentally, or failing to exercise
it; occasional or incidental; optional or con-
tingent. Compare obligate.
The chief point was the introduction of the referendum,
by which laws made by the [Swiss] cantonal legislature may
(facultative referendum) or must (obligatory referendum)
be submitted to the people for their approval.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 796.
The Facultative Actions are those which, although ul-
timately dependent on the energies of the organs, are yet
neither inevitably nor uniformly produced when the or-
gans are stimulated, but, owing to the play of forces at
work, take sometimes one issue and sometimes another.
O. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, Int., I. ii. § 30.
Facultative hypermetropia. See hypermetropia. —
Facultative parasite, an organism, usually a fungus,
which is normally in all stages saprophytic, but which
can grow during the whole or part of its development as
a parasite.— Facultative saprophyte, an organism, usu-
ally a fungus, which is normally in all stages parasitic,
but which can grow during part of its development as a
saprophyte.
facultati'rely (fak'ul-ta-tiv-li), adv. In a fac-
ultative manner.
Certain facultatively parasitic and facultatively endo-
phytic species of Moulds. De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 360.
faculty (fak'ul-ti), n. ; pi. faculties (-tiz). [<
ME. faculte, power, property, < OF, faculte, P.
faculty
faculU = Pr. famltat = Sp. facultad = Pg. fa-
culdade = It. facoltd (= D. fakulteit, in all senses,
= Ct.faeultdt = Dan. Sw. fahultet, in sense 3), <
\j. faeulta(t-)s, capability, ability, skill, abun-
dance, plenty, stock, goods, property, ML. also
a body of teachers, another form of /a('(7i7rt(f-)s,
easiness, facility, etc., < facul, another form of
/oct/w, easy, facile : see facile.'] 1. A specific
power, mental or physical ; a special capacity
for any particular kiid of action or affection ;
natural capability: sometimes, but rarely, re-
stricted to an active power: as, the faculty of
perception or of speech; a, faculty tor mimicry:
sometimes extended to inanimate things: as,
the faculty of a wedge ; the/ocM% of simples.
See theory of faculties, below.
Forget not to call as well the Physician best acquainted
with your body, as the best reputed of for his /acuity.
Bacon, Regimen of Health (ed. 1887).
To crave your favour with a begging kuee,
Were to distrust the writer's /flKru/(i/.
B. Jongon, Cynthia's Revels, Epil.
How carelessly do you behave yourself
When you should call all your best/oeti/Ctes
To counsel in you !
FUtchtr and RowUy, Maid in the Mill, iv. 1.
These powers of the mind, viz., of perceivinjj and of pre-
ferring, are usually called . . . faexUtia of the mind.
iMcke, Human Understanding, II. iii. 6.
Oh I many are the Poets that are sown
By nature ; Men endowed with highest gifts,
The vision and Vhtcjacxdty divine,
Yet wanting the accomplishment of verse.
Wordsworth, Excursion, i.
2. A power or privilege conferred; bestowed
capacity for the performance of any act or
function ; ability or authority acquired in any
way. In Roman Catholic ecclesiastical law a faculty is
speciflcally an authorization by a superior conferring cer-
tain ecclesiastical rights upon a subordinate. The moat
important faculties are those conferred by the pope upon
biahopa. (Arcbaiceicept in the latter use.]
This Duncan
Hath borne hVt facultUt so meek.
Shak., Macbeth, i. 7.
John de Burg, chancellor of Cambridge University, A. D.
1385, tells us that all vestments are to l>e blessed either by
the bishop, or by one having the /acuity to do so.
Kock, Church of onr Fathers, ii. 265.
Can the (royal] arms be legally removed, when a church
Is restored, or at any other time, at the will of the incum-
bent? or is & /acuity required?
A. J. Bedell. N. and Q., 7th ser, VI. 88.
3. A body of persons on whom are conferred
. specific professional powers; all the authorized
members of a learned profession collectively,
or a body associated or acting together in a
particular place or institution; when used ab-
solutely (Mc /acuity), the medical profession:
as, the learned /oc«/<.v of the law; t\ie faculty
at a college; the Faculty of Advocates in Edin-
burgh.
Of all /acuities they have great store of bookea iu that
library, but especially uf Divinity.
Coryat, Crudities, I. S!.
There I saw Dr. Oillwrt, 8f W" Paddy's, and other pic-
tures of men famous in tiitit /acuity.
Eeelyn, Diary, Oct S, 1662.
In vain do they snuff and hot towels apply,
And other means used by the /acuity try.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 225.
The obstinacy of Ixml Chesterfield's deafness bad in-
duceii him to yield to the repeated advice of the faculty
to try whether any benefit could be obtained by a Journey
U> »pa. Haty, Chesterfield, | 6.
4. Executive ability; skill in devisine and ex-
ecuting or supervising: applied tunaUy to do-
mestic affairs. [New Eng.]
Faculty Is Yankee for savoir talre, and the opposite vir-
tue to shiftlessness. Faculty Is the greatest virtue, and
shiftlessness the greatest vice, of Yankee man or woman.
To her who la* /acuity nothing shall be impossible.
Mr: U. B. Stowe, MInUter's Wooing, I.
Above all things, be (Theodorv Wlnthrr)p) had what we
Yankees call /ucufty-- the knack of doing everything.
a. W. Curtis, Int. to Cecil Dreeme, p. 12.
5. In colonial New England, a trade or profes-
sion. Mags. Prov. Laws. — 6. In the law of di-
vorce (commonly in the plural), the pecuniary
ability of the huaband, in view of both his prop-
erty and his capacity to earn money, with refer-
ence to which the amount of the wife's alimony
is fixed. -AequiBltlve. appetitive, conservative,
elaboratlve, etc , faculty, xco the adjw lives.— Court
of FacnltlM, in the Ch. 0/ Eng., an ecclesiastical court
originally established In 1534 by Henry VIII. in con-
nection with the archbishopric of Canterbury, and em-
powered to grant faculties, dispensations, etc. The
chief officer is called the master o/ the /acuities, and his
duties are now confined almost entirely to granting
license to marry without proclamation of banns, for the
ordination of a deacon under age, etc. — Faculty Of Ad-
vocates. Seea<2i>x<K«.— Facnliy of ortl. See arts.—
Faculty to burden, in Seats mu>, a power reserved
2115
In the disposition of a heritable subject to burden the
disponee with a payment. — Moral faculty. See moral
sense, under morai.— Tlwory ef faculties, in jwycAo/.,
the doctrine that tliere is a close correspondence between
the powers of tlie mind (ju, the so-called faculties of sen-
sation, memory, etc.) ami its internal constitution. The
meaning of tlie plirase is <|Uite vague. It merely expresses
the incautious tendency Ui reason from the logical analysis
of mental plienomena to the physiology of the soul which
the older psychologists are accused of by Ilerbartian and
other modern psychologists. =Syn. 1. Aptitude, Capacitti,
etc. (see ijenius) ; aptness, capability, forte, turn, expert-
ness, aiidress, facility.
facundt (f a-kund' ), a. [ME. facound, < OF. fa-
conde = Sp. Pg. facundo = It. facondo, < L. fa-
cundus, that speaks with ease, eloquent, <.fari,
speak: see fable.] Ready of speech ; eloquent ;
fluent. Also facundious.
Nature . . .
Vfith/acound voys seyde
Holde your tonges.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 521.
factmdt (fa-kund'), n. [ME. facound, facunde,
eloquence, < OF. faconde, < F.faconde = Pr. Sp.
Pg. facundia = It. facondia, < L. facundia, elo-
quence, < facundus, eloquent.] Readiness of
speech ; eloquence.
Facunde or faymesse of speche, [L.] facundia, eloquen-
cia. Prompt. Fan., p. 145.
How that the goos, with hlre/oeounde gent,
Shal telle oure tale.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 658.
facnndionst (fa-ktm'di-us), a. [< OF. facun-
dieux, < L. facundia, eloquence : see facund and
-ous.] Same a.s facund.
This Richard was a man of raeruelous qualities and /a-
cundious facions- Hail, Hen. VI., an. 33.
facnndityt (fa-kun'di-ti), n. [< L. facun-
dita(t-)s, < facundus, eloquent: see facund.]
Readiness or speech ; eloquence.
Vvo\
So, I am cedunt anna togie.
Bronte, Queen and Concubine (1659).
fad^ (fad), n. [Of E. dial, origin. There is no-
thing to connect this word with the AS. fa-
dian, qe-fadian, set in order, arrange, ge-fmd,
a., orderly, ge-jfied, n., order, decorum.] 1. A
trivial fancy adopted and pursued for a time
with irrational zeal ; a matter of no importance,
or an important matter imperfectly under-
stood, taken up, and urged with more zeal
than sense; a whim; a crotchet; a temporary
hobby. [Be'eent in literary use.]
" It Is your favourite /ad to draw plans."
" Fad to draw plans ! Do you think I only care about
my fellow-creatures' houses in that childish way ?"
tjeorffe Eliot, Middlemarch, Iv.
Well, wbat'i he up to now ? What's his last /ad !
The Century, XXVI. 284.
Curious transient /ads that can scarcely be called fash-
ions. ArcK. Forbes, Houvenirs o( some Continents, p. 147.
2. A person of whims ; one who is difficult to
please.
fad^ (fad), t». I. ; pret. and pp. fadded, ppr. fad-
dina. [<.fad^,n.] To be busy with trifles.
fad^ (fad), M. [E.dial.] 1. A bundle of straw.
— 2. A colored ball.
fadaise (fa-daz'), »• [F., < fade, insipid: see
fade^.] An insipid or trifling thought or ex-
pression ; a commonplace.
He {Jeffrey] has a particular contempt, In which 1 most
heartily concur with him, for the/adauesof blue-stock-
ing literature. Macaulay, Life and Letters, I. 143.
faddish (fad'ish), a. [</odi + -wAi.] Dis-
posed to indulge in fads or whims. [Rare.]
faddishness (fad'ish-nes), n, A disposition to
fads or whims. [Rare.]
A very clever man. who is laughing in his sleeve at the.
scientific and artistic /addisAnsss he reproduces.
The Academy, March 24, 1888, p. 202.
faddist (fad'ist), n. [</arfi + -ist.] One who
has a fad or whims ; one wholly given up to a
fad. [Rare.]
Tliose political /addi«r« who, while they are undoubted-
ly actuated themselves by the highest motives of human-
ity and popular good, play daily into the hands of either
the purely ambitious or the utterly unscniptilous class of
modem politicians. Fortnightly Hev., N. .S., XL. 143.
fkddle (fad'l), r. 1. ; pret. &nd m. faddlcd, ppr.
f addling. [Also feddle; cf. 8c. fadle, faidle,
waddle. Cf., for the sense, fiddle, trifle.] To
trifle; toy; play. E. Phillips, 1706. [Prov.
Eng.]
faddom (fad'om), n. and v. An obsolete or
dialectal form ot fathom.
fade^ (fad), a. r< ME. fade, rarely vad, vade
(see fade), faded, pale (of color, complexion,
etc.), withered, weak (of body) (cf. OD. vad-
digh, weak, languid, lazy, indolent, mod. D.
vadzig, lazy, indolent, dull, Dan./od, Svr.fadd,
fadelessly
vapid, insipid, G.fade, insipid), < OF. fade, pale,
weak, witless, F.fade, insipid, tasteless,dull, cf.
F.fat, foppish, a fop, = Vr.fatz, tem.fada, fool-
ish, = It. fado, insipid, dull, flat, heavy (d, < L.
<«-, tv-), < h.fatuus, foolish, silly, insipid, taste-
less: see fatuous. In the sense of 'insipid,'
which does not occur in ME., fade is taken
from and sometimes pronounced like mod. F.
fade.] It. Pale; wan; faded.
Thi faire hewe is al /ade for thi moche sore.
William o/ Paleme, 1. 891.
Of proud wymmen wuld y telle.
But they are so wrothe and telle.
Of these that are so foule and /ade,
That make hem leyrere than CJod hem made.
Harl. MS. (1701), f. 22. (HaUiweU.)
2\. Withered ; faded, as a plant.
Thare groued never gres, ne never sail,
Bot evermo be ded and dri.
And falow and /ade.
Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 66.
3. Insipid; tasteless; uninteresting.
His conviviality is, no doubt, often tedious, and some-
times otfensive ; but a /ade and pessimistic generation
would have been none tlie worse had it inherited a share
of his high spirits and good nature.
Westmiruter Rev., CXXV. 292.
The convivial parties . . . which . . . but for his
[Hogg's] quaint originality of manners and inexhausti-
ble store of good songs would have been . . . compara-
tively/ode and lifeless.
R. P. Gillies, Personal Traits of British Authors, Scott,
tp. 95.
fade^ (fad), V. ; pret. and pp. faded, ppr. fading.
[< ME. faden, very rarely vaden, < OF. fader,
become or make pale or weak, fade; (fade,
pale, weak : see/arffl, a.] I. intrans. 1. To be-
come pale or wan ; lose freshness, color, bright-
ness, or distinctness ; tend from a stronger or
brighter color to a more faint shade of the same
color, or from visibleness to invisibility; be-
come weak in hue or tint or in outline ; have the
distinctive or characteristic features disappear
gradually ; grow dim or indistinct to the sight.
I byd In my biyssyng she aungels gyf lyghte
To the erthe, for it/aded when the fendes fell.
York Plays, p. 6.
How doth the colour t^de of those vermilion dyes
Which Nature's self did make, and self-engrained the same.
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 554).
Gazed on them with A/ading smile
About Ids lips, and eyes that ever grew
More troul)led still.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 276.
2. To wither, as a plant ; in general, to gradu-
ally lose strength, health, or vigor; decay; per-
ish or disappear gradually.
Thus pleasures /rtde away ;
Youth, talents, beauty, thus decay.
And leave us dark, forlorn, and gray.
Scott, .Mannion, ii., Int.
The flower ripens in its place.
Ripens, and /adc:«, and falls.
Tennyson, Lotos- Eaters (Choric Song).
The belief in miracles has in nmst cases not been rea.
soned down, but has simply /aded away.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 370.
The times change, and I can see a day
■ ell
xm
= 8yn. 2. To droop, languish.
When all thine liappiness shall/ade away.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 312.
n, trans. 1. To cause to lose brightness or
freshness of color: cause to lose distinctness
to the sight. — 2. To cause to wither; wear
away ; deprive of freshness or vigor.
For sum ar fallen into fylthe that euermore sail/ode tham.
York Plays, p. 6.
No winter could his laurels /ode. Dryden.
fade^t, a. [ME., also fede; origin obscure.]
Strong; bold; doughty.
Wonder of his hwe men hade,
Set in his semblaunt sene ;
He ferde as freke were /ode,
& ouer-al enker grene.
Sir Oamtyne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 149.
Ther the douke was /ode.
Fast he followed than. Sir Tristrem, iii. 41.
faded (fa'ded), p. a. Having lost freshness of
color, or having this appearance : as, a faded
coat ; its color was a faded blue,
fadedly (fa'ded-li), adv. Ih a faded manner.
[Rare.]
A dull room /adedf!/ furnished.- Dickens.
fadeless (fad'les), a. [< /adei + -less.] Un-
fading.
A gentle hill its side inclines.
Lovely in England's /od«i«M green.
P. Ualleck, Alnwick Castle.
fadelessly (fad'les-li), adv. In a fadeless or
unfading manner.
Judah gave each of them a last look, . . . as if to pos-
sess himself of the scene/ade2«*«(v.
L. WaUaee, Ben.Hur, p. 121.
fader
fader (fa'dfer), n. An obsolete or dialectal form
of father.
fad^se^ (faj), V. i. [Origin unknown; it is diffi-
cult to connect it phonetically with AS. fegan,
join ; this word produced M.E.yegen,fe!/en,feien,
mod. E. /ayi, q. v. (but cf. Iiedye as related to
hay^). t'adge is not found earlier than the 16th
century, and is rare in literature.] 1. To suit;
fit; come close, as the parts of things united;
hence, to have one part consistent with ano-
ther. [Obsolete or provincial.]
How will this /od<;<!? SAo*., T. N., ii. 2.
How ill his shitpe with inward forme doth/odi/e .'
Marston, Scourge of Villanie, i.
Clotbes I most get ; this fashion will not fadge with me.
Fletcher, Wit without Money, ill. 4.
2t. To agree ; live in amity.
Yet they shall be made, spite of antipathy, to fudge to-
gether, and combine as they may to their nnspeakable
wearisomeness, and dispair of all sociable delight in the
ordinance which God establish 'd to that very end.
Milton, liivorce, Pref.
3t. To succeed; turn out well.
We will have, if this/adge not, an antic. 1 beseech you
follow. ShaJc., L. L. L., v. 1.
Though now, if gold but lacke in graines.
The wedding /(wiflei A not.
Warner, Albion's England, iv. 29.
But the Ethiopian Priest first enters, without whom,
they say, the miracle will uot fadge.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 134.
fadge^ (faj)> "• [E- dial- aiid Sc. ; origin not
clear ; it is difficult to connect the form with
that of /or/0 «. Cf./ad!2.] i. A bundle ; a fagot.
Halliwell; Jamieson. — 2. A covering of un-
dressed leather inclosing a bundle of patent or
other valuable leather. Simmonds.
fadge* (faj), n. [E. dial, and Sc; origin not
clear ; perhaps connected with fadge^, a bun-
dle.] A large flat loaf or bannock, commonly
of barley-meal, baked among ashes. Halliwell;
Jamieson.
A Glasgow capon [herring] and a/adge
Ye thought a feast. Samsay, Poems, II. 339.
fadge* (faj), n. [Se.,var.of/odfl'e, q.v.] A fat,
clumsy person.
I sail hae nothing to mysell,
Bot a fat fadge by the fyre.
Lord Thomas and Fair Annet (Child's Ballads, II. 126).
fadge^t, "• *• [Cf. feeze, feaze.'] To beat or
thrash. [Prov. Eng.]
fading^ (fa'ding), n. [Verbal n. of fade^, ?\]
Decay; loss of color, freshness, or vigor.
fading^t (fad'ing), n. [Of Ir. origin.] The
name of an Irish dance, and the burden of a
song.
I will have him dunee fading.— Fading is a fine jig,
111 assure you, gentlemen.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, iii. 6.
Tlsh marriage bring over a doshen of our besht maysh-
tera, to be merry . . . and daunsha/adtj^at tevedding.
B. Jonson, Irish Masque.
Not one amongst a hundred will fall.
But under her coats the ball will be found.
With & fading, etc. Shirley, Bird in a Cage.
fadingness (fa'ding-nes), n. Decay; liability
to decay. W. Montague.
fadmet, fadomt, fadomet, «. and v. Middle
English variants of fathom.
fadoodle (f a-do'dl), '». [A made word ; cf . doo-
dle^, n.,flapdoodle.'\ A trifle ; something worth-
less or foolish.
And when all the stud in the letters are scann'd, what
fadoodles are brought to light !
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 131.
fady (fa'di), «. [</adei + -«/!.] Wearing away;
losing color or strength. [Rare.]
Survey those walls, in fady texture clad.
Where wand'ring snails in many a winding path.
Free, unrestrain'd, their various journeys crawl.
Shenstone, Economy, iii.
fae (fa), n. A Scotch form of foe.
Your mortal /a« is now awa' ! —
Tarn Samson's deid !
Burns, Tam .Samson's Elegy.
fsecal, faeces, etc. See fecal, etc.
faem (fam), n. A Scotch form of foam.
0 a' ye mariners, far and near.
That sail ayont the /aem.
Jfory Hamilton (Child's Ballads, III. 327).
Quid auld Scotch drink :
Whether thro' wimplin' worms thou jink.
Or, richly brown, ream o'er the brink
In glorious /a«m.
Bums, Scotch Drink.
faerie, faery (fa'e-ri), ?!. Archaic forms of
fairy : as, Spenser's Faery (or Faerie) Queene.
faex populi (feks pop'u-li). [L.: fwx, dregs
(see/eccs); populi, gen. of populus, ■people : see
people.'] The dregs of the people ; the lowest
classes of society.
2116
faff (faf), V. i. [E. dial.] To move violently.
faf9.et (faf '1), V. i. [E. dial. ; origin obscure,
and hence usually said to be " onomatopoetic."
Cf. maffl^, stammer.] To stammer. Barret.
fagl (fag), V. ; pret. and pp. fagged, ppr. fag-
ging. [Origin obscure; perhaps the same as
flag^ (which is older), with loss of I, as in fu-
gleman, G. fliigelmami, and in E. dial. (Norfolk)
flags, turfs for burning, called vags (*fags) in
Devonshire. In intr. sense 3 and tr. 2, < fag^,
».] I. intrans. If. To become weary; fail in
strength ; be faint with weariness. Levins, 1570.
— 2. To labor hard or assiduously; work till
wearied.
I am sure I fag more for fear of disgrace than for hope
of profit. Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, I. 235.
Let us not fag in paltry works which serve our pot and
bag alone. Emerson, Civilization.
Margaret, happy, unhappy, fagged up the hill ; she had
lost her book, she had got the rum ; she was miserable
lierself, she knew her family would be pleased.
S. Judd, Margaret, i. 6.
3. To act as a fag; perform menial services
for another.
"And I've made up my mind," broke in Tom, "that I
won't /o^' except for the sixth."
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, I. 8.
To fag out, in cricket, same as to field.
This one blacked his shoes, that toasted his bread, oth-
ers would fag out and give him balls at cricket during
whole summer afternoons. Thackeray.
What is now called " fielding" was formerly "fagging-
out." N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 425.
n. trans. 1. To tire by labor ; exhaust: often
with out.
The run, though short, had been very sharp, and over
such awful country that we were completely /(i(?!7«(i o««,
and could hardly speak for lack of breath.
The Century, XXX. 228.
2. To use or treat as a fag or drudge ; compel
to labor for one's benefit; cause to perform
menial services for one.
Oh for that small, small beer anew I . . .
The master even ! and that small Turk
That faggd me ! Hood, Retrospective Review.
3t. To beat.
fagi(fag), B. [</afl'i, ».] 1. A laborious drudge.
Worse is now my work,
A fag for all the town.
Hood, Retrospective Review.
2. In certain English public schools, as Eton,
Harrow, and Winchester, a schoolboy of a low-
er class who performs menial services for an-
other boy who is in the highest or next highest
form or class, having to prepare his breakfast,
carry messages, etc., in return for which pro-
tection and assistance in various ways are ac-
corded. The system of fagging is now much
milder than formerly.
From supper till nine o'clock three fags, taken in order,
stood in the passages, and answered any praepostor who
called Fag, racing to his door, tlie last comer having to
do the work. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. 7.
3. A fatiguing or tiring piece of work; a weari-
some task.
It is such a fag, I come back tired to death.
Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, iii.
fag2 (fag), n. [Perhaps < fl.ag'^, hang loose;
heneefag-end, a loose end : see fag'^ and/a^i.]
1. The fringe at the end of a piece of cloth, or
at the end of a rope. Ash, 1115. — 2. The end;
fag-end.
To finish, as it were, and make tYiefag
Of all the revels. Middleton, Changeling, iii. 3.
3. A knot or blemish in the web of cloth ; an
imperfect or coarse part of such a web.
fag2 (fag), V. i. ; pret. and pp. fagged, ppr. fag-
ging. [< fag^, n.] To become untwisted, as
the end of a rope ; r^vel : usually with out.
fag* (fag), 11. [E. dial.] Long, coarse grass.
Wright.
fag* (fag), M. A mink. [U. S.]
They [swans], it is said, fancy themselves in pursuit of
some animal, as the fag, or mink, by which their young
are annoyed at their breeding places.
New Mirror (New York), III. (1843).
fagaryf, n. An obsolete variant of vagary.
Slie was stark mad for that young fellow Paris,
And after him she danc'd the new f agarics.
Ovid Travestie (1681), p. 25.
faget, "■ IME. fagen,\&teT faggen; origin ob-
scure.] I. intrans. 'To flatter ; feign ; talk de-
ceit.
It is manere of ypocritis and of 8ophistesto/a/75 and to
speke plesantll to men, but for yvel entent.
Wyclif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), I. 44.
Sir, in faith vs fallith not to f age.
Thai are tlrjyst men and true that we telle 30U.
York Plays, p. 324.
fagot
Anothyr fole with counterfete wesage
Ys he that falsluy wul fage and f eyne,
Whedyr tliat he be olde or yynge of age,
Seythe he ys syke, and felytlie no nianer payne.
Booke of I'recedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser), i. 81.
I fagge from the trouth (Lydgate) ; this terme is not in
our conien use. Palsgrave.
II. trans. To deceive.
Such subtyle meane to fage the kynge be fande.
Hardyng, Chron., Ixvi.
fag-end (fag'end'), re. l< fag'^ -i- end.] 1. The
oud of a web of cloth where it is secured to the
loom and is therefore rough and unfinished and
disfigured with holes. It is customary to allow
purchasers to exclude it from the measm'ement
of what they buy. — 2. The latter or meaner
part of anything; the very end: used in con-
tempt.
The Kitchen and Gutters, and other Offlces of Noise and
Drudgery are at the Fag-end. Howell, Letters, I. ii. 8.
The account of this is worth more than to be wove into
the fag-end of the eighth volume of such a work as this.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vii. 35.
In comes a gentleman in the fag-end of October, drip-
ping with the fogs of that humid and uncertain season.
Burke, A Regicide Peace, iv.
3. Naut, the untwisted end of a rope.
faggery (fag'er-i), n. [< fag\ + -ery.] Fa-
tiguing labor or drudgery ; specifically, the sys-
tem of fagging carried on at some English public
schools. See/ajyl, «., 2.
Faggery was an al>use too venerable and sacred to be
touched by profane hands.
De Quincey, Autobiog. Sketches, I. 210.
faggot, faggoting. See fagot, fagoting.
faggyi (fag'i), a. [<fag^ -\- -j/i.] 1. Weak;
flaccid.
Flosche [F.], faggie, weak, soft, as a boneless lump of
fiesh. Cotgrave.
2. Tiring; fatiguing.
faggy2 (fag'i), a. [E. dial.] Having long,
coarse grass or fag : said of fields. Wrigh t.
Fagopynim (fag-o-pi'rum), n. [NL., < h.fagiis,
the beech, -I- Gr. jrupcif, wheat: a translation of
the E. buckwheat.] A small genus of annual
plants, closely allied to Polygonum (in which it
IS often included), natives of central Asia. The
principal species are the common buckwheat, F. esculen-
turn, and the Indian or Tatarian buckwheat, F. Tatari-
cum, wliich are cultivated for food. .See buckwheat.
fagot, faggot (fag'ot), n. [< ME. fagott, fagat
(MlL. fagotum, fagatmn), < OF. fagot, ¥.fagot=
It. fagotto, fangotto, a bundle of sticks; origin
uncertain. TheW._^a(;of?, fagot, is from E.] 1.
A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of
trees, used for fuel or for other pur]50ses, as in
fortifications ; a fascine ; as a definite amount
of wood, a bundle 3 feet long and 24 inches
round. See cut under /a^cine.
And hark ye, sirs ; because she is a maid.
Spare for no fagots, let there be enow ;
Place barrels of pitch upon the fatal stake.
That so her torture may be shortened.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI,, v. 4.
2. The punishment of burning alive, as for her-
esy ; the stake : from the use of fagots of wood
in making the fire.
We could not say heaven was kept from us, when we
might have it for a fagot, and when even our enemies
helped us to it. Donne, Sermons, xvii.
3. A bundle of pieces of iron or steel, ready to
be welded and drawn out into bars ; as a defi-
nite amount of such metal, 120 pounds avoir-
dupois.— 4. A person formerly hired to take
the place of another at the muster of a mili-
tary company, or to hide deficiency in its num-
ber when it was not full. [Eng.]
There were several counterfeit books . . . which were
carved in wood, and served only to fill up the number like
fagots in the muster of a regiment.
Addison, Spectator, No. 37.
5. A badge worn in medieval times by those
who had recanted their heretical opinions. It
was designed to show what they had merited
but narrowly escaped. Brewer. — 6. A heap
of fishes piled Up for the night on the drying-
flakes ; a bundle of fish, about 100, taken from
the flakes and put under shelter at night — To
bum one's fagot, to recant heresy ; from the custom
of obliging one who had escaped the stake by recanting
his errors to cai-ry a fagot publicly and burn it. A rep-
resentation of a fagot was worn on the sleeve by repen-
tant heretics, as a symbol that they had recanted opinions
worthy of burning.
fagot, faggot (fag'ot), V. t. [< fagot, n. ; F.fago-
ter. ] 1 . To tie together ; bind in a fagot or bun-
die; collect and bind together.
The philosophies of every one throughout by them-
selves, and not by titles packed anAfaggotted up together,
as hath been done by Plutarch.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 180.
2117
first made the instrument in Amsterdam, about
fagot
Specificallv— 2. InJHf<«?.,tocut(barsofmetal, r . ,. ,, ,• j t
usually of 'iron or steel) into pieces of suitable 1720.] The name distinguishing the kina ot
length which are then made up into -'fagots," thermometer-scale in most common use in
Diles." or bundles, and, after reheating, weld- Great Britain and the United States, m which
M«i:
ed together, and rolled or drawn out under the
hammer into bars. The object of this process is, in
some cases, to secure uniformity of texture; in otlier cases
just the uiiposite. Xlso pile.
fagoting, faggoting (fag'ot-ing), «. [Verbal
n. of fai/ot, I-.] In embroidery, an operation
in which a num-
ber of threads
in the material
are drawn out,
and a few of the
cross - threads
are fagoted, or Fagoting,
tied together in the middle. This is continued until
all the threads are tied into fagots. The term is also ap-
plied to a similar effect produced by knitting.
fagot-stickt (fag'ot-stik), n. A staff.
Brave Bragadocia, whom the world doth threaten.
Was lately with tL/aggot-sticke sore beaten.
John Taylor, Works (1830).
fagott, N. Same as fagotto.
fagottist (fa-got'tist), n. [= D. G. Dan. 8w.
fagvttist, < It.fagottista, < fagotto : see fagotto.]
A performer on the fagotto or bassoon ; a bas-
soonist.
fagotto (f&-got't6), n. [= D. Dan. fagot = G.
Sw. fagott = E. fagot = Pg.fagote, < It. fagotto,
a bassoon, so called, it is said, because it can
be taken to pieces and made up into a bundle
or fagot, but more prob. from its appearance
when in use ; lit. a fagot : see fagot.] A bas-
soon. Also fagott.
fagottone (fi-got-to'ne), n. [It., aug. of fagot-
In. a ha^soon: see fagotto.] A double bassoon.
fagot-vote (fag'gt-vot), >i. The vote cast by a
fai^ot-voter.
fagOt-TOter (fag'ot-vo't^r), n. Formerly, in
Great Britain an^ Ireland, when the elective
franchise was based upon a property qualifica-
tion, a person who, though only nominally own-
ing property of the specified annual value, ex-
ercised the right of voting for members of Par-
the space between the freezing- and the boiling-
point of water, under the standard pressure of
the atmosphere, is divided into 180°, the freez-
ing-point being marked 32°, and the boiling-
point 212° : as, a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit
(that is, according to the Fahrenheit scale). Each
degree of tlie centigrade scale equals 1.8 degrees Fahren-
heit, the centigrade zero being at the freezing-point, or 32'
Fahrenheit. Abbreviated F. and Fahr. See thermmneter
and ceniu^ade.
faiblet, n. [F.] Same a,s foible.
faience (F. pron. fa-yons'), Ji. [= G. faience
= Dan. fajence = Sw. fajans, < F. faience, <
It. faenza, i. e., porcellana di Faenza, earthen-
ware of Faenza, a city in Italy. The L. name
of Faenza was Faventia, <faven(t-)s, ppr. otfa-
vere, be well disposed, be favorable : see favor.]
A fine kind of pottery or earthenware, glazed,
and painted with designs, said to have been
invented in Faenza, Italy, in 1299. The term is
loosely used for any ware between porcelain and common
unglazed pottery, especially any such ware of French ori-
gin, as Moustiers faience. Rouen faience, etc. Common
or Italian faience has a soft t)ody and a thin glaze, and re-
ceives two firings. A tine faience, also called English fai-
ence, was invented by Josiah Wedgwo<:)d in 1763, and is
known as Wedguvod ware. .\lso spelled/oi/ence.— Faience
d'OlTon IF.], the fine pottery of Oiron, near Thouara, in
France. — Fidence fine [F., fine earthenware], pottery
made of pipe-clay, or generally of any paste so fine as to
need no enamel. It is usually hnished with a very thin
transparent glaze, serving merely to heighten the colors.
The pottery of Oiron is a notable instance of this, and
much of the fine English pottery of the eighteenth cen-
tury is of the same character. See Wedgieood ware, un-
der t«ire2._ Faience Henri IL, another name for Oiron
pottery.— Faience patrlotlque IF., patriotic earthen-
ware], plates, dislies, :ind other articles of glazed pottery,
decorated with revolutionary emblems, battle-scenes, etc.,
during the early years of the French revolution. Much
of this ware was made at Nevers. It is generally of coarse
material and rudely decorated. — Faiences k la crolz [F.,
earthenware with the cross], the enameled iMjttery of Va-
rageft in France, from the mark, which is a cross See Va-
raget pottery, under pott<r|/.— Faience transludde [F.],
translucent earthenware, such as the white ware of Per-
sia. Such ware is often adied porcelain, and is confound-
ed with true Oriental porcelain, but is not kaolinic. It
may l>e similar in its composition to soft porcelain.
vika = Dan.
\ge, give way, yield,"= AS. wican, give way,
hence ult. E. veak and tnck^ : see weak and
I. intrant. 1. To fail; become weary.
liament ; one who voted on a spurious or sham - ^ - a t i ^
qualification. Fa«ot-Tote« were manufactured by the 'j^„ (^*!f)' ^- *"^"- oee/aA-el
nominal transfer of Und or property to persons otherwise faik^ (fak), t'. [Sc, prob. < OW
without legal qualification, thus fraudulently increasing fi,
the number of voters,
fagst, interj. Same as factfi.
Fagns (fa gus), n. [L., a beech-tree, =A8. boe,
a beech, whence 6eo«,E.6e«cAi: see oeecfcl.] A
genus of trees, of the natural order Cupuliferve,
differing from the oak and chestnut in having
the staminato flowers in small hea<ls, and two
triangular nuts in the prickly involucre or bur.
There are 15 species, divided Into two sections. One is the
beech of the northern hemisphere, including the very close-
ly related species F. filtatiea ut Europe, F. /erruginea
of North America, and F. Subotdi ot Japwi. {See beeehl.)
The other group ii peculiar to the aouthem hemisphere,
ked bjr amall and often evergreen leaves and by
a much smaller fruit. SU species aie natives of Cblli and
V)ick^.]
Her limbs they/aieked under her and fell.
A. Sou, Uelenore, p. 24.
2. To stop ; cease.
The lasses now are Unking what they dow,
Ani /aiktd never a foot for height nor how.
A. Hot, Helenore, p. 73.
n. trang. 1. To excuse; let go with impu-
nity.— 2. To reduce the price or amount of;
abate.
I would wis both you and him to ken that I'm no in your
reverence ; and likewise, too, Hr. Keelivin, that III no
/aik a farthing o' my right OaU, The Entail, I. 16B.
Patagonia, and as many more are found In Tasmania and
New Zealand. The Tasmania myrtle, F. Cunninghami, .,._ /,sv.\ ._>».■ c..,~» o<. A.>.^a
grow»toaTeryg«atsize,anditabrown,satiny,andbean falkB(fak8),«nten. Same as /««*■«.
tifully marked woodls used for cabinet-work. The Uwhai fail^Jfal), V. [Early mod. _E. also fatle, favle
fail
The sound, upon the fitful gale,
In solemn wise did rise and /ail.
Scott, L. of L. M., i. 31.
I saw tiie strong man bowed down, and his knees to fail.
Lamb, Quakers' Meeting.
3. To come short or be wanting in action, de-
tail, or result ; disappoint or prove lacking in
what is attempted, expected, desired, or ap-
proved: often followed by an infinitive or by
of OT in : as, he failed to come; the experiment
/atied o/ success ; he /aik Jm duty ; the portrait
fails in expression.
Thyng countirfet wyl /aile at assay.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 45.
God never /at7« to hear the faithful prayers of his church.
Peter Martyr, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc, 1853),
[II. 406.
Did the martyrs /ail, when with their precious blood
they sowed the seed of the Church ?
Sumner, Against Slave Power, June 28, 1848.
This most ancient skull /aii« utterly to vindicate the ex-
pectations of those who would regard prehistoric men as
approaching to the apes.
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 168.
4. To become unable to meet one's engage-
ments, especially one's debts or business obli-
gations ; become insolvent or bankrupt.
I could not but read with great delight a letter from an
eminent citizen, who \ivA/aUed, to one who was intimate
with him in his better fortune, and able by his counte-
nance to retrieve his lost condition.
Steele, Spectator, No. 456.
= Syn. 1. Tofallshort, come short, give out.— 2. To wane,
fade, weaken.— 3. To come to naught, prove abortive. —
4. To break, suspend payment
II. trans. 1. To be wanting to; disappoint;
desert; leave in the lurch. [Not now used in
the passive.]
For-thi lerae we lawe of loue as oure lord tauhte ;
The poure peuple /a tie we nat whil eny peny ous lasteth.
Piert Plowman (C), xiii. 120.
ITiou hast thy sword about thee,
Tliat good sword that never /aiji'd thee ; prithee, come.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 2.
Neither side could give in clear accouutes^ y partners
here could not, by reason they . . . were/otfcd by y« ac-
countante they sent them.
Brad/ord, Plymouth Plantation, p. S!6.
Thought, look, and utterance /oiicd him now;
Fallen was his glance, and fiushed his brow.
Scott, .Marmion, ill. 14.
2. To omit ; leave unbestowed or unperform-
ed ; neglect to keep or observe : as, to fail an
appointment. [Rare.]
I haue myn hoope soo sure and soo stedfaste
That suche a lady shulde not /aiie pyte.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 66.
The inventive God, who never /aii« his part. Dryden.
3t. To come short of; miss; lack.
Tyll he came to Plomton parke.
He faylt/d many of his dere.
Lytelt Gette o/ jtobyn Jlodt (Child's Ballads, V. 106).
For though that seat of earthly bliss be/aifd,
A fairer Paradise is founded now
For Adam and his chosen sons.
Milton, P. R., It. 612.
4t. To deceive ; delude ; mislead.
So lively and so like that living sence it fayld.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 48.
of New Zealand, F. Solandri, also known as white or bla>;k
birch. Is a lofty, handsome evergreen tree with hard and
very durable wimmI. Its bark is used in tanning.
faham, faam (fa'am), n. [Local name.] The
Angniiiim fragrans, an orchid the leaves of
wliich are fragrant and are used in decoction
as an expectorant and stomachic.
faUband (G. pron. fal'bilnt), n. [G., < fahl (=
E./o/toic), pale, + band = E. fcawdl.] A belt
or zone of rock impregnated with gulphureted
metalliferous combinations which are liable to
decomposition, thus giving the rock a disinte-
grated or faded appearance. The term originated
with the German miners employed in the silver-mines of
Norway, where the veins are enriched along the lines of
their Intersections wltn the tahlbaiids. I n a few localities
the fahll>ands are themselvea worked for the ore which
they contain.
faUerz (fal'erts), n. [G., < fahl (= E. fallow),
yellowish, + er:, < OHG. erizzi, aruzi, aruz,
ore.] Gray copper or gray-copper ore: called
by mineralogists, from the shape of its crystals,
tetrahedrite. Sometimes, hali-tran8latea,/a/iJ-
orr.
fahl-ore (fai'or), n. Same asfahlerz.
fahlonite (Ti'lun-it), n. [< Fahlun in Sweden
+ -ite^.] A hydrated silicate of aliuninium,
of a greenish color and micaceous structure.
It occun in prisms often six- or twelve-sided, having the
form of the iolite crystals from which It has been derived
by pseudomorphism.
Fahr. An abbreviation of Fahrenheit.
Fahrenheit (far' en -hit), a. [After (}abriel
Daniel Fahrenheit, a native of Dantzic, who
< ME. failcn. faylen (= D.feilen, falen = MHG.
relen, valen, O.fehlen) = Sw.ftla = Van.feilc
= Icel./eJta, fail, < OF. failtir, fallir, falir, F.
faillir = Pr. falhir = OSp. fallir, Sp. fallecer =
Pg. fallecer, fallir = It. fallire, fail, miss, omit,
deceive, < L. fallere, pp. falsus, tr. deceive, dis-
appoint, pass, (with mid. force) deceive oneself,
be deceived, err, be mistaken, prob. orig. "sfal-
lere = Gr. a<l>di0.eit>, cause to fall, overthrow, dis-
appoint, pass, be baffled or foiled ; = AS. feal-
to», etc., E./aHi: see /aJ/i, r. From the same
L. sonroe are E fault, falter^, false, fallible, etc.,
defail, default, etc.] I. tnfran*. 1. To be or
become deficient or lacking, as something ex-
pected or desired ; fall short, cease, disappear,
or be wanting, either wholly or partially ; be
insufficient or absent: as, the stream /ai'/ji in
summer; our supplies /aijed.
Often time It fallethe, that where Men fynden Watre at
o tyme in a Place, It /ayUthe another tyme.
MandeciUe, Travels, p. 64.
He sawe that the daye/av2«f and myght fynde no lodg-
ynge. Holy Rood (E. E. T. 8.), p. 167.
Having so said, his ( Wolsey's] Speech /ailed, and Incon-
tinent the Clock struck eight, and then he gave up the
Ghost. Baker, Chronicles, p. 280.
Failing this chance, it would seem as If Antivari was
doomed utterly to perish. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 394.
2. Todeclino; sink; grow faint; become weaker.
Music's a child of mlrih : when griefs assail
The troubled soul, both voice and fingers /aU.
Quarlu, Emblems, iv. 15.
faiU (fal), n. [< ME. fayle, feyle (only in the
frequent phrase withouten fayle, without fail,
which also appears in the OF. form, sanz {sauns,
saunt:, saun) faile (fayle, feyle)); < OF. faille,
faile = Pt. falha, failla = It. /aHo (cf. D. LG.
feil = MH(i. v(ele, G. fehl = Dan. fell = Sw.
fel), n., fail; from the verb.] 1. Lack; ab-
sence or cessation.
What dangers, by his highness' /ail ot Issue,
May drop upon his kingdom. Shak., W. T., v. 1.
flow grounded he his title to the crown.
Upon oar/ail [failure of an heir]?
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2.
2. Failure; deficiency: now only in the phrase
without fail (which see, below).
Hark, and perform it (seest thou ?) ; for the /ail
Of any point in t shall not only be
Death to thyself, but to thy lewd-tongued wife.
Shak., W. T., U. S.
3t. A failure, failing, or fault.
The honest man will rather be a grave to his neighbours
/aiU than any way uncurtain them. Feltham, Resolves.
Without fall, w Ithout delinquency or failure ; certainly ;
Infullilily.
To raorow I shall be ther withoute /aile.
And speke with hlr as touchihg this mater,
And what she selth ye shall hnuc plcyne answer.
Generydee (E. E. T. S.), I. 782.
He will without /ail drive out from before you the Ca-
naanltes. Josh. ill. 10.
Their freinds ... did intend for to send over to Ley-
den, for a conipetente number of them to be hear the next
year without /ayle.
Brad/ord, Plymouth Plantation, p. 232.
fail^ (fal), n. [Sc, also feal, prob. < Sw. vail,
a sward, a pasture, appar. a special use of vail,
fail
t
a coast, also a dam, dike, rampart, = E. wall:
see tra//l.] Apiece cut off from the rest of the
sward ; a turf ; a sod.
The varyaiit vesture of the veiiust vale
Schrowdis the scherarui fur, and euery /ate
Ouerfrett wyth fulzeis. and ftguris fui dyuei-a,
Gavin Douglat, tr. of Vii-gil, Prol. to xii., 1. S8.
Fall, or feal, and divot, in Scot» law, a servitude consist-
ing in a right to lift fails or divuts from a servient tene-
ment, and to use tliem for the purposes of the dominant
tenement, as for building, rooting, dikes, etc.
fail*t, ». A woman's upper garment. Halliwell.
See faille.
failajicet (fa'lans), «. [< OF. faillanee = Sp.
falencia = Pg. fallencia = It. fallema, < ML.
fallentia, fault, failing, < 1,. fallen(t-)s, ppr. of
fallere (> OF. faillir, etc.), fail: see fail^.']
Failure.
His siclcnesses . . . made it necessary for him not to
stir from his chair, or so nmch as read a letter for two
hours after every meal, /aUance wherein being certainly
revengd by a fit of the gout. Bp. Fell, Hammond.
fail-dike (fal'dik), n. A wall built of fails or
turf. [Scotch.]
In behint y»n auld fail-dyke
I wot there lies a new-slain knight.
The Twa Corhies (Child's Ballads, III. 61).
failert (fa'lfer), n. [< OY.failler, fail: inf. used
as a noun: see/ai/land -o-*.] Failure. [Rare.]
Granting that Philip was the younger; yet on ihefailer
or other legal interruption of the Line of Margaret, . . .
the Queen of England might put in for the next Succes-
sion. Ueylin, Hist. Presbyterians, p. 131.
failing (fa'ling), n. [< i,iE. failyng; verbal n. of
fail^, «'.] The act or condition of one who
fails; imperfection; weakness; fault.
And even hhfailinga lean'd to virtue's side.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 164.
Don't be too severe upon yourself and your own fail-
ings ; keep on, don't faint, be energetic to the last.
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, vi.
Poets and artists, whose dearest /a/ii»i^ is a lack of con-
cern for people or things not associated with their own
pursuits. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 307.
= SjTl. FoiI)le, imperfection, shortcoming, weakness, in-
firmity.
faille (faly or fal), n. [F.] If. Originally, a
hood covering the face, worn by nuns of cer-
tain orders ; also, a veil worn by women, and
covering the head and shoulders, the word
having different meanings at different periods
from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century.
Hence — 2t. The material of which such a gar-
mentwasmade. — 3. Asilk fabric having a very
light "grain" or cord, in distinction from otto-
man, which has a heavy cord (gros grain), and
from surah, which is twilled.
The most important of the manufactures comprise . . .
taffetas und failles, black. A. Barlmc, Weaving, p. 396.
faillis (fa'lis), n. [Heraldic F., < faillir, fail.]
In her., a fracture, notch, or gap in an ordinary
or other bearing, as if a piece had been taken
out.
failure(farur),n. \=li.fallura; asfail^ + -ure.'\
1. A failing; deficiency; default; cessation of
supply or total defect : as, the failure of springs
or streams ; failure of crops.
It was provided that, in the event of the failure of the
line of Philip, the Spanish throne should descend to the
House of Savoy. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
2. Omission; non-performance: us, the failure
of a promise or an engagement.
The free manner in which people of quality are dis-
coursed on at such meetings is but a just reproach of
their /ai/Mre« in this kind [in payment]. Steele.
3. Decay, or defect from decay: as, the fail-
ure of memory or of sight.
He owed his death to a mere accident, to a little inad-
vertency and failure of memory. South, Sermons.
4. The act of failing, or the state of having
failed to accomplish a purpose or attain an ob-
ject; want of success : as, the failures of life.
It was his [Temple's] constitution to dread failure more
than he desired success. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
Emerson shows us the "success" of the bad man, and
the failures and trials of the good man.
O. W. Holmes, Emerson, v.
6. The condition of becoming bankrupt by rea-
son of insolvency; confession of insolvency; a
becoming insolvent or bankrupt : as, the failure
of a merchant or a bank.
Had Sir Walter's health lasted, he would have redeem-
ed his obligations on account of Ballantyne and Co. with-
in eight or nine years at most from the time of his fail-
ure. R. 11. Ilutton, Sir W. Scott, xv.
ptiUure of consideration. See consideration. -Syii. 1.
Decline, loss. — 2. Neglect. — 4. Miscarriage. — 6. Failure,
Insolvency, Bankruptcy, Susi/ension. "/7Wo/yenci/ is a state;
failure, an act flowing out of tliat state ; and Itankruptcy,
an effect of that act" (Crahb). A bank maybe insolvent —
that Is, unable to pay all its debts — without there being a
public knowledge of the fact; it Is a just law that makes
2118
it a criminal offense for a hank officer to receive deposits
when lie knows his bank to be insolvent. Failure is the
popular and common name indicating the cessation of
business on account of insolvency, especially if produced
by the actual lack of money to meet some demand. Bank-
ruptcy is often in popular use the same as insolvency, l>ut
it is more often used of the legal state of those wlio have
surrendered tlleir property to their creditors on account
of their i}isolvency, or of the proceedings in connection
therewitli : as, he is going througl) bankniptcy. Suspen-
sion, or stoppage of payment, is in the nature of tempo-
rary failure, depending upon temporary disabilities not
necessarily involving insolvetu^y. Upon converting assets
into money or getting an extension of credit, one who has
suspended may be able to resume business. Insolvency
and bankruptcy, in the legal sense, continue, in respect to
past oldigations, until the insolvent or bankrupt is for-
mally discliarged by the courts.
fain'' (fan), a. [Early mod. E. edao fayne; < ME.
fain, fai/n, fein, ftmn, fawen, fawn, fagen, < AS.
fwgen, glad, = OS. fagan = (yH.G.fagin = Icel.
feginn = Goth, 'fagins (only in deriv. verb/a-
ginon, rejoice : see^'ai«l, v.,fawni, v.), glad.] 1.
Glad; pleased; rejoiced: used absolutely or fol-
lowed by an infinitive : as, I am. fain to see you.
Thenne was I aafayn as foul on feir morwen [as a bird on
a fine morning],
Gladdore then the gleo-mon is of his grete giftes.
Piers Plowman (A), xi. 109.
What man is fonnde that was lost,
With him is crist plesid &fayn.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 99.
2. Glad, in a relative sense ; content or will-
ing to accept an alternative to something bet-
ter but unattainable : followed by an infinitive :
as, he was fain to run away.
When Uildebrand liad accursed Henry IV., there were
none so liardy as to defend their lord ; wherefore he was
fain to hnml>Ie himself before Hildebrand. Jialeigh.
I was fain to purcliase peace by the price of a new
pitcher. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 107.
fain^ (fan), adv. [< /awtl, a.; prop, predicate
adj.] Gladly; with pleasure or content : with
would. [Archaic]
He is the man of the worlde that I wolde faynest knowe
this day. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 376.
I would very fain have gone, had I not been indisposed.
Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 87.
fain^t (fan), V. [Early mod. E. also faync ; <
ilE.fainen,feinen, sdso faunen, fa gnien (whence
mod. E. fawH^), < AS. fcegenian, geftegnian =
Icel. fagna = Goth, faginon (be glad), < fcegen,
fain, glad : see/ainl, a., and ct.fawn^, v., a dou-
blet of /ainl, u.] I. intrans. 1. To be fain; be
glad; rejoice.
Faine mote the hille of Syon.
Ps. xlvii. 12 (ME. version).
2. To fawn. See/aMirai, ».
II. trans. 1. To fill with gladness ; cause to
rejoice.
To God that /aines mi youthede al.
Ps. xlii. 4 (ME. version).
Er thei specken to me feire &nAfayn£de me with wordes.
Joseph of Arimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 9.
2. To wish ; desire ; long.
If thou thus leeue thi wickid lijf,
Myn aungils wolen tlie therof /ai/n.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 202.
I faine to tell tlie things that I behold.
Spenser, Hynm of Heavenly Beauty, 1. 6.
3. To acquiesce in ; accept with reluctance, as
an alternative.
fain^t, V. An obsolete spelling of feign (retained
in the derivative /a(H<).
faineance (fa'ne-ans), n. [< F./aJM^oni.] The
habit of doing nothing or of being idle ; indo-
lence ; sloth.
The niask of sneering faineance was gone ; imploring
tenderness and earnestness beamed from his whole coun-
tenance. Kingsley, Hypatia, xxvii.
faineant (F. pron. fa-na-on'), a. and u. [F., do-
nothing, < faire, do, -f- neant, nothing, OF. ne-
ant, noiant, niant = Er. neien, nien, nient = It.
niente, nothing, < L. ne, not (or nee, nor, not),
-I- ML. en(t-)s, anything, a thing: see en«.] I.
a. Literally, do-nothing; specifically, an epi-
thet applied to the later Merovingian kings of
France, who were puppets in the hands of the
mayors of the palace.
The last king of the Merowingian line (les rois faine-
ants), Childeric III. , was deposed with the consent of Pope
Zacharias and placed in a monastery.
Ploetz, Epitome (Tlllinghast's revision), p. 184.
" My signet you shall command with all my heart, mad-
am," said earl Philip. ..." I am, you know, a complete
R/3y Faineant, and never once interfered with my Maire
de Palais in her proceedings ! "
Scott, Peveril of the Peak, xv.
By the action of the party which in its successive phases
has bonie the names of Puritan, Whig, and Liberal, the
Tudor autocracy has iteen reduced to a limited, or rather
a faineant, monarchy, and tlie Tory oligarchy . . . has
been replaced by a House of Commons elected on a more
popular basis. Pop. Sci. Mo., XI. 739.
faint
II. n. Ado-nothing; a lazy, fihiftless fellow,
fainheadt, ". [MK.faynhed; ifain^ + -head.}
Gladness.
Hit shall glade you full godely agaynes your gret anger,
And tiUe you wilh faynhed, in faithe I you hete.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2446.
fainlyt, odi'. iifain"^ + -ly^.'\ Gladly; with joy.
She's gane unto her west window.
And fainly aye it drew.
The Jolly Goshawk (Child's Balltids, III. 286).
fainness (fan'nes), n. [< ME. fainenes, fain-
nes; < fain^ -\- -ness.] The state of being fain
or content; willingness; compliance.
But the vnrewly multitude . . . pressed stil vpon him,
lorfainnesse to heare the word of God out of his mouth.
J. Udall, On Luke v.
Sansculottism claps hands ; — at which hand-clapping
Foulon (in \ia fainness, as his destiny would have it) also
claps. Carlyle, French Rev., I. v. 9.
faint (fant), a. and n. [Also, and now usually,
in the lit. sense, feint; < ME.faynt,feynt, weak,
feeble, < OF. feint, faint, feigned, negligent,
sluggish, pp. ot feindre, faindre (= Vr.fenher),
fei^, refl. sham, work negligently: see feign,
which was fonnerly spelled/atn, according with
faint.'] I. a. If. Feigned; simulated.
Thus lytherly, tho lyghers [liars] lappet their tales
And forget & faint tale vnder fals colour.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 12590.
2. Having or showing little force or earnest-
ness ; not forcible or vigorous ; not active ;
wanting strength, energy, or heartiness: as, a
faint resistance; a, faint exertion.
It is but a faif7it folk i-founded vp-on iapes.
Pier's Plomnan's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 47.
The defects which hindered the conquest were the faint
prosecution of the war and the looseness of the civil gov-
ernment. Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland.
Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 201.
A theme for Milton's mighty hand —
How much unmeet for ns, a faint degenerate band I
Scott, Don Roderick, Int., st. 3.
3. Having little spirit or animation; dispirit-
ed; dejected; depressed.
Do nnto tliem as thou hast done unto me for all my
transgressions : for my sighs are many, and my heart is
faint. Lam. i. 22.
4. Having little courage ; cowardly ; timorous.
He shall be counted worse tlian a spy, yea, almost as
evil as a traitor, that with a faint heart doth praise evil
and noisome decrees.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.
5. Having an intense feeling of weakness or
exhaustion; inclined to swoon: as, faint with
himger; faint and sore with travel.
The air hath got into my deadly wounds.
And mucli elTuse of blood dotli make me faint.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6.
Porphyro grew/ai?i^
Slie knelt so pure a thing, so free from mortal taint.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes.
6t. Weak by reason of smallness or slender-
ness; small; slender. [Bare.]
In bigger ijowes [boughs] fele, and/a?n/er fewe
Br.innches doo traile, and cutte hem bei this reason.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 71.
7. Having little clearness or distinctness;
hardly perceptible by or feebly affecting the
senses ; indistinct ; deficient in brightness, viv-
idness, or clearness, loudness, sharpness, or
force; not well defiiied; feeble; dim: as, a
/aintlight; a/aint color; a /«««< resemblance.
All distant and faint were the sounds of tlie battle.
Scott, Maid of Toro.
'E.\eY fainter grew
In my weak heart the image of my love.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 301.
As sea-water, having killed over-heat
In a man's body, chills it with /rtin( ache.
Sunnbume, Two Dreams.
II. m. 1. One of the colored lines (usually
pale) on -writing-paper. [A trade use.] — 2.
pi. The impure spirit which comes over first
and last in the distillation of whisky, the for-
mer being called the strong, and the latter,
which is much more abundant, the tceak faints.
This crude spirit is much impregnated with fetid essential
oil (fusel-oil); it is therefore very unwholesome, and must
be purified by rectification, lire.
3. A fainting-fit ; a swoon.
Seemed to me ne'er did limner paint
So just an image of the Saint
Who propped the Virgin in iier/ainl.
Scott, Marmion, iv. 16.
The night fell, and found nie where he had laid nie dur-
ing my faint. It. L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 71.
faint (fant), V. [< ME. fainten, feynten ; < faint,
«.] I. intrans. 1. To become weak in spirit;
lose spirit or courage ; sink into dejection ; de-
spond; droop.
faint
If thou faint in the day of adversity, ttiy strength is
small. Prov. xxiv. 10.
Had you not sente him, many would have been ready to
/ainte and goe backe.
Quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 50.
At length the nine (who still together held)
Their /ai/lttn^ foes to shameful Itight conipell'd.
Drydeti, Flower and Leaf, 1. 301.
Why should ve faint and fear to live alone.
Since all alone, so Heaven lias willed, we die ?
Keble, Christian Year.
2. To become faint, weak, orexhausted in body;
fail in strength or vigor ; languish ; droop ; es-
pecially, to fall into a swoon; lose sensation
and consciousness ; swoon : sometimes with
away.
Than be-gonne the horse of the cristin to/eyitte sore as
they ttiat two dayes hadde not eten.
Meriin (E. E. T. S.), iiL 445.
In that day shall the fair virgins and young men faiiU
for thirst. Amos viii. 13.
On hearing the honour intended her, she fainted away.
Guardian.
3. To become faint to the view ; become grad-
ually dim or Ln4istinct ; fade ; vanish.
Oilded clouds, while we gaze on them, faint before the
eye. Pope.
H.t trans. To make faint ; weaken ; depress ;
dishearten; deject.
Syn tbai/at'ntetf are with fight.
DetructioH of Troy (E. E. T. 8.X L 9687.
It/atnt« me
To thlnlc what follows.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3.
I resolved ... to aquainte M'. Weston with i' fainted
state of our business.
Cuthman, quoted In Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 54.
faint-draw (fant'dra), r. (. To draw or deline-
ate liiflitly. Sarage. [Bare.]
faintent, r. t. [< faint + -«»i (c).] To make
faint.
Thou wilt not t>e eitlier so little absent as not to whet
our appetites, nor so long as tofainten the heart.
Bp. Hall, Christ among the Doctors.
faintfolt, o- l< faint + -/«/.] Fainting; de-
jected.
Titan's nieces gather all In one
Those fluent springs of your lamenting tean.
And let them How alongst my fain^ftUl looks.
Greene, Orlando Furloso.
faint-heart, faint-hearted (fant'hart, -hiir'-
teU), a. Cowardly; timorous; easily alarmed
or yielding to fear.
He not/ain('A<ar(eif for these evil days, which ar« come
to try us and parity na.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1863), 11. 1»7.
From fearefull cowards entrance to forstall,
And faintheart fooles, whom shew of perlll hard
(Jould terrific from Fortunes faire adward.
Spenter, F. Q., IV. x. 17.
faint-heartedly (fant'har'ted-li), adv. In a
timorou.s or cowardly manner,
faint-heartedness (fant'har'ted-nes), n. Cow-
ardice; want of courage.
fainting (fan'ting), n. [Verbal n. of /o«»<, p.]
A swoon ; the act of swooning.
.Sleep hath forsook and given me o'er
To death's benumming opium as my only cnre ;
Thence /a>n<int7<, swoonlngs of despair.
And sense of Heaven's desertion.
iroton, 8. A., L 631.
faintiset, n. [ME., also faintis, fatfntise, fein-
tisc, fryntise, < OF. feintite, faintise, F. feintise
(= i*r. /cinte»a), feigning, faintnesa, < feindre,
feign: see/aint.] 1. Deceit; hypocrisy; feign-
ing.
I will tajrne the no/ointu vnder faith wordes.
Dettnution qf Troy (E. B. T. 8.), L 241.
2. Faintness; weakness.
Er i a furlong hedde i-fare mfeyntiu me hente.
That fortlier miht i not a-fote for defaute of sleep.
Piert Plowman (AX t. 5.
3. Fatnt-heartedne88; cowardice.
Ho-so faileth lor feuntyce wild fur him for-brenne !
iraiMin 0/ Pttleme (E. E. T. 8.X I. 1188.
Knightes ever shoolde be persevering.
To seeke honour wlthout/n'ntiM or slouth.
Flower and Leaf, I. 548.
faintiah (fan'tish), o. [</ain« -I- -mAI.] Slight-
ly faint.
It on coming home from a Journey in hot weather you
find yourself yut'n^isA and drouthy.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, 1. I. 6.
faintishness (fan'tish-nes),n. A slight degree
of faintiiess; languor.
'I IkL- st-nsation of faint ithnctt and debility on a hot day.
Arbuthnot, Effects of Air.
faintlingt (fant'ling), a. [< faittt + •ling.']
Timorous; feeble-minded.
There's no having patience, thou art snch ufaintlinff,
silly creature. ArlnUhnot, Hist. John Boll, it 13.
2119
faintly (fant'li), arff. [< ME. faintly, fayntty,
feinteliche, etc.; < faint + -ly^.'\ In a faint
manner; without vi^or, energy, or heartiness;
without ^-ividnessordistinctness; feebly; timo-
rously.
It is ordinary with them to praise /ain/?.i/ the good qual-
ities of those below them. Steele, Spectator, No. 468.
Tho' faintly, merrily — f ai' and far away —
He heard the pealing of his parish bells.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
A near hum from bees and brooks
Comes faintly like the breath of sleep.
Bryant, Summer Ramble.
faintness (fant'nes), n. [< WE. feyntnesse ; <
faint + -iiess.'] The state or condition of being
faint; defect of strength ; feebleness; deficien-
cy of force, brightness, vividness, distinctness,
or the like; want of vigor, energy, or heartiness;
timorousness; dejection; irresolution.
And vpon them that are lette a lyue of you I wyll sende
a fayntneese into theyr hartes in the lande of theyr ene-
mies, Bible of 1551, Lev. xxvi.
As she was speaking, she fell down ior faintness.
Rest of Esther xv. 15.
Yea, sucli a fear and faintness is grown in court, that
they wish rather to hear the blowing of a horn to hunt
than the sound of a trumpet to fight.
Lyly, Alexander and Campaspe, iv. 3.
faint-pleadert (fant'ple'dfer), ». [< faint +
pleader. '\ In law, a fraudulent, false, or col-
lusory manner of pleading, to the deception of
a third person.
faintyt (fau'ti), a. [</a«M< -f -yi.] Faint; fee-
ble; languid; exhausted.
Jacob sod potage, and Esau came fi-om the felde and
wan fayntye, and sayde to Jacob : let me suppe of yt redde
potage, for I am/ain/i/. Bible of 1551, Gen. xxv.
The fainty knights were scorch'd, and knew not where
To run for shelter, for no shade was near.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 1. 381.
fairl (far), a. and n. [< ME. fair, fayr, faier,
fayer, feir, fager, etc., < AB.fceger, beautiful,
pleasing, pleasant, = OS. fagar = OHG. fagar
= Icel. fagr = Svi. fager = Dan. feir (obs.),
fager = Goth, fagrs, fit, adapted; prob. ult.
connected with fay^, q. v.] I. a. 1. Beauti-
ful ; comely ; free from disfigurement or incon-
gruity; pleasing to the eye: as, & fair land-
scape.
And there Is the mottfayr Chlrche and the most noble
of alle the World. Mandemlle, Travels, p. 8.
This Town of Edinburgh Is one of the fairest Streets
that ever I saw. Uowell, Ixjtters, I. vi. 38.
The Nymph did like the Scene appear,
Serenely pleasant, calmly /air.
Prior, Lady's Looking-glass.
A violet by a mossy stone
Half hidden from the eye ;
Fair as a star when only one
Is shining in the sky. Word^toorth, Lucy.
Fair meadows, softly tinged
With orange and witli crimson. BryaTit, Sella.
2. Free from imperfections or blemish ; pure,
clean, unspotted, untarnished, etc. ; free from
anything that might impair the appearance,
qnalitv, or character; not foul: as, a fair copy;
fair skies; fair fame.
The Water eke beholde yf it he /aire,
UooUum, and light.
Pailadim, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 2.
It Is In life as it Is in ways, the shortest way is commonly
the foulest, and surely the/airer way is not much alwut.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, IL 350.
I'll vindicate her /air name, and so cancel
My obligation to her.
Fletcher (and MaseingerT), Lovers' Progress, v. 1.
The Manuscript of Prudentius Hymnet, which was also
shewed us. Is a much fairer Letter, and therefore thought
to be older by one Century at least.
Litter, Journey to Paris, p. 109.
We that fight for our /air father Christ,
Seeing that ye be grown too weak and old
To drive the heathen from your Roman wall.
No tribute will we pay.
Tennyson, Omlng of Arthur.
3. Of a light hue; clear in color; not dusky
or sallow; not discolored: as, a fair skin or
complexion; fair hair; the English are a fair
race.
She is a very comely Lady, rather of a Flemish Complex-
Ion than Spanish, /air-haired. Howell, Letters, I. Ui. 9.
Upon her inquiring what sort of a woman lady Ix)vely
was in her person. "Really, niadame, " says the Jacka-
napes, "she is exactly of your height and shape ; but, as
you are /air, she is a brown woman."
Steele, TaUer, No. 207.
Her face, oh! call It fair, not pale.
Coleridge, Chrlstabel, ii.
4. Free from obscurity or doubt; clear; dis-
tinct; positive; direct: as, to get a fair view
of a prospect; to take hfair aim.
ftlr
Alle that were in the castell a-woke, and it was than
feire day. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 610.
5. Marked by favoring conditions ; affording
ample facility or advantage ; unobstructed ; fa-
vorable: as, 9, fair field and no favor; a, fair
mark; in affair way to success; &fair subject
of ridicule.
On that othir side thei saugh the foreste and the for-
teresses that were ther a-boute, and the erable londe and
the /eir« flsahinge. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 609.
We sailed from hence directly for Genoa, and had a/otr
wind that carried us into the middle of the Gulf.
Addition, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 360.
6. Comparatively favorable or propitious ; not
obstructive or forbidding; moderately fit or
suitable: as, fair weather (as distinguished
from clear or foul weather).
In the weather reports of the U. S. Signal Corps, the
sky is said to be /air when it is from four-tenths to seven-
tentlis (inclusive) covered with clouds.
Report of Chief Signal Officer for 1881, p. 745.
7. Free from guile, harm, or injustice; not
wrongful, erroneous, or blameworthy; impar-
tial ; nonest ; equitable : used both of persons
and of things : as, fair dealing ; a. fair debater ;
a fair decision.
Than seide the Archebisshop, "So/eti« eleccion was
neuer sene ; now go ye, riche barouns and lordes, and as-
say yef ye may take oute the swerde."
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 103.
As for deceiving your friend, that's nothing at all —
tricking is all/at'r in love, isn't it, ma'am?
Sheridan, The Duenna, ii. 4.
The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise ;
And even the best, by fits what they despise.
Pope, Essay on Man, Ii. 238.
It is probably never fair to lay the blame of a moral de-
terioration or enfeeblement primarily on intellectual inis-
apprvheusion. T. U. Green, rtolegomtna to Ethics, § 111.
There can be no fairer ambition than to excel in talk ;
to he affable, gay, ready, clear and welcome.
Ii. L. Stevenson, Talk and Talkers.
8. Comparatively good or satisfactory ; passa-
bly or moderately good ; free from serious de-
fect ; not undesirable, but not excellent : as, a
/otr income; a /oir appearance; hebearsa/atr
reputation.
He (Temple] is not without /air pretensions to the most
honourable place among the statesmen of his time.
Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
The inns were all comfortable buildings, with very fair
accommodations for travellers.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 44.
9. Of favorable bearing or import ; manifest-
ing or expressing proper feelings or intentions ;
not harsn or repellent; plausible: as, a fair
seeming ; to be fair in speech.
The Indians were the same there as in all other places,
at first very fair and friendly, though afterwards they
gave great proofs of their deceitfulness.
Beverley, Virginia, i. ^ 16.
He, seeing himself surrounded, with fair words and
promise of great guifts attempted to appease them.
Milton, Hist. Eng., It.
lOf. Gracious; kind.
I come from your love.
That sends you /air commends and many kisses.
Fletcher (and artother), Noble Gentleman, I. 8.
1 much thank you for your Visits, and other fair Re-
spects you shew me. Uowell, Letters, ii. 64.
1 1 . Level ; parallel, as a wall. [Prov. Eng.] —
AfalrSeld. See/!e(d.— A fair wind. See jmnd.— Fair
and square, honest ; honorable and without deceit or ar-
tillce : al8<j used adverbially. See/airi, adv.
For you are /air and square in all your Dealings.
Wycherley, Gentleman Dancing-Master, Epil
I ain't a Wig, I ain't a Tory,
I'm jest a candidate, in short ;
Thet's /air an' square an' narpendicler.
* Lowell, Biglow Papers.
Fair falcon. See /oAxm.— Fair play, impartial treat-
ment; a fair chance; due opportunity: a figure taken
from gaming : as, give ^\m fair play.
Aye she made the trumpet sound.
It's a' . /"air utoy.
Catherine Johnstone (Child's Ballads, IV. 37).
In a long public life I have never met a man trained in
the working of the parliamentary system who believed
that a single chamber would secure habitual /air play
to minorities, and therefore I am against the unicameral
method. Contemporary Rev., LII. 308.
Fair to middling, in com., like .feir, 8, moderately good :
a term designating a specific gradri of quality in the mar-
ket—The fair SOX, women. =Syn. l and 2. Handsome,
Pretty, etc. See beautiful.— 3. Blortd, etc. See white.— 1.
Open, Frank, etc. See candid.
H. n. 1. A fair or beautiful woman ; in gen-
eral, a woman, especially a beloved woman. [A
use extremely common in eighteenth-century
poetry.]
This present night I have appointed been
To meet that chaste fair that enjoys my soul.
FUtehtr, Faithful Shepherdess, L 2.
fair
I have found out a gift for my /air;
I have found where the wood-pigeons breed.
Shentlone, Pastoral, ii.
2t. Fairness; beauty.
Are not my tresses curled with sueh art
As love delights to hide him hi their /«*>.'
Greeiie and Lodge, Looking Glass for Loud, and Eng.
My decayed /ai>
A sunny look of his would soon repair.
Shak., C. of E., ii. 1.
The fair, woman ; the female sex ; specifically, the young
and lieautiful of that sex : usually collective, as plural, but
sometimes us singular.
None but the brave deser^'es the/air.
Dryden, Alexander's Feast.
It would be uncourtly to speak in harsher words to the
Jair, but to men one may take a little more freedom.
SteAe, Spectator, No. 294.
To him with anger or with shame repair
The injured peasant aud deluded fair.
Crabbe. Works, I. 22.
fairl (fiir), adv. [< ME. faire, fayre, feire, < AS.
fwgere, fiegre, beautifully, pleasantly, < fwger,
fair: see/ai>l, a.] 1. Kindly; civUly; com-
plaisantly; courteously.
Weelcome/rtir« thi neiboris that comen to thee warde
With mete, drinke, & honest chere.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 44.
When he speaketh fair, believe him not ; for there are
seven abominations in his heart. Prov. xxvi. 25.
Get me a guard about me ; make sure the lodgings,
And speak the soldiers /atV.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 6.
2. Honorably; honestly.
And alle tho that ben f&\a fayre hem amende,
And gyue hem wijt & good will.
Piers Plomnans Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 853.
Heaven shield, my mother play'd my father /atr.
Shak., M. forll., iii. 1.
3. Auspiciously; favorably; happily.
With that departed Merlin fro blase, that lenger ne
wolde not tarie, but dide his message well and /eire, ffor
on the morowe by pryme he come to Citee of Gannes.
ilertin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 143.
The ship is in her trim : the merry wind
Blows /oir from land. Shak., C. of E., iv. I.
4. Fairly; clearly.
When we came aboard our Ship again, we steered away
for the Island Mindanao, which was now fair in sight of us.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 309.
5. Correctly; straight or direct, as in aiming or
hitting — Fair and square, honestly; justly; straight-
forwardly.
If he could only have looked fair arid square at them, a
man about to speak to men and women merely.
W. if. Baker, New Timothy, p. 20.
Fair fall, well betide, good luck to. (Prov. Eng. aud
Scotch.]
Fair fa' ilk canny caidgy carl !
Weel may he bruik his new apparel !
Mayne, Siller Gun, p. 14.
To bid fair, lead fair, etc. .See the verbs.
fairi (far), V. [< iilE.fayren, make beautiful,
intr. become beautiful, < AS. fwgrian, become
beautiful, dfwgrian, make beautiful, < fceger,
beautiful.] 1, trans. 1. To make fair or beau-
tiful.
For since each hand hath put on nature's power,
Fairing the foul with art's false borrow'd face.
Sweet beauty hath no name, no holy bower.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxvii.
2. Kaut., to adjust ; make regular, or fair and
smooth ; specifically, to form in correct shape,
as the timbers of a ship.
Hence a fairing, or correcting process, has to be per-
formed before the timbers can be laid off.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 9.
II. intrans. If. To become fair or beautiful.
— 2. To clear up; cease raining: applied to
the weather, in reference to preceding rain:
followed commonly by up or off. [Scotch.]
Ringan was edging gradually off, with the remark that
it didna seem like to /oir. The Smugglers, I. 162.
The afternoon faired up; grand clouds still voyaged in
the sky, but now singly, and with a depth of blue around
their path. ii. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 199.
To fair of or fair wp, for " clear off " or " clear up, " is
marked Southwestern in Bartlett. It is very cojunion,
it is true, in the .South, but was evidently imported from
Scotland. Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XVII. ■in.
fair2 (far), n. [< ME. feire, feyrc, < AF. feire,
OF. feire, foire, F. foire = Pr. fieyra, feira, fiera
= Sp. feria = Pg. feira = It. fiera, a fair, <
ML. feria, a fair, a holiday, L. usually pl./crjo;
(> D. G. ferien = Dan. Sw. ferie, sing., ferier,
pi., vacation, holidays), holidays, orig. *fesi(B,
akin to fegtus, a, fe&Bt: see festal, feast.] 1. A
stated market in a particular town or city; a
regular meeting of buyers and sellers for trade.
Among the most celeltrated fairs in Europe are those of
Frankfort-on-the-Main and Leipsic in Germany, of Nijni-
Novgorod in Kussia, and of Lyons in France. Fairs appear
to have originated in church festivals, which, from thegreat
concourse of people at such times, afforded convenient op-
2120
portunities for commercial transactions^ and this origin is
commenioi-attHi in tiie German word messe, whicli means
both the mass and a fair (see kermess). See market.
A Fair is a greater Kind of Market, granted to any
Town by Privilege, for tlie more speedy and commodious
providing of such Things as the Place stands in need of.
Hiey are generally kept once or twice in a Year.
Bourne's Pop. AiUiq. (1777), p. 357.
I liave already mentioned that the Aenach, or /air,
which was, as we have seen, an assembly of the whole peo-
ple of a Tuath or province, was always held at the place
of burial of the kings and nobles. The institution of a
/air at any place seems to have always arisen from the
burial there of some great or renowned personage,
}y. K. Sullivan, Introd. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, I.
[cccxxvi.
In early English times the great /a/rs, annual and other,
formed the chief means of distribution, and remained im-
portant down to the seventeenth century. . . . On the
Lower Niger, "every town has a market once in four
days, " and at different parts of the river a large /air once
a fortnight. H. Spencer, Prin. of feociol., § 240.
2. An occasional joint exhibition of articles for
sale or inspection; a sale or an exhibition of
goods for the promotion of some public interest
or the aid of some public charity (see hazaar,
2) : as, an agricultural /air; a church /«i/*.
A church /air, or any /air, in fact, always seems to me
like a contrivance to get a great deal of money for very
little value, by putting off unmarketable goods on unwill-
ing purchaaei-s ... on the pretense of doing good.
Wm. Allen Butler, Mrs. Limber's Raffle.
3t. Market; chance of selling.
Forstalleth ray /eire, flhteth in my chepynges,
Breketh vp my berne-dore, and bereth awei my whete.
Piers Ploamian (A), iv. 43.
After the fair, the day after the fair, too late.
A ballad, be it neuer so good, it goes a begging a/ter
the /aire. Breton, Wit's Trenchmour, p. 9.
Bartholomew fair. See Bartholomew da}/, under dcryl.
— Fancy fa^, a special sale of fancy articles for a benev-
olent or charitable object. [Eng.]~StatUte fair. See
stati(te-/air.
fair^t, w. [< OF. faire, do (inf. as a noun), <
L. facerej do: see affair and facf] Doing;
action; affair.
At that parleament swa did he
Wit gi'et /ayr and solemnyt^.
Barbour MS., xx. 126. (Jamieson.)
Harke, brethir, waites wele aboute.
For in oure /ayre we ffynde no frende;
The Jewes with strengh are sterne and stoute,
And scharpely schapes them vs to schende.
i'ork Plays, p. 470.
Allace, how now ! this is an haisty/air.
Priests 0/ Peblis (Pinkerton's Scottish Poems, I. 38).
fair^f, V. Same as/are2.
fair-bodingt (far'bo^^ding), a. Auspicious ; fa-
vorable.
The sweetest sleep, and /airest-boding dreams
That ever enter'd in a drowsy head,
Have I since your departure had, my lords.
Shak.,n\G\i. IIL, V. 3.
fair-bookt (far'buk), n. A book in which a stu-
dent writes out examples of mathematical pro-
cesses.
I have seen a /air-book (as 'tis called) of a young man's
about 17 years of age, who had been 6 years at school but
never went through that rule. W. Wallis.
fair-conditioned (far 'kon- dish ''ond), a. Of
good disposition. Halliwell.
fair-faced (far'fast), a. 1. Having a fair face.
— 2. Double-faced; flatteringly deceptive; pro-
fessing great love or kindness without reality.
fairfieldite (far'feld-it), n. [< Fairfield (see
def.) + -ite'^.'] A hydrous phosphate of calcium
and manganese, of a nearly white color and
pearly luster, found at Branchville, Fairfield
county, Connecticut, and also in Bavaria.
fair-£lnished (far'An'^'isht), a. Bleached for bri-
dles and for some kinds of ladies' shoes : said
of leather. This use of /air appears also in the old
phrase /air-top boots— th&i is, boots with tops of light-
colored leatlier.
fair-ground (far'ground), n. The grounds in
wliich an agricultural or other fair is held.
[U. S.]
The owners of horses and mules were coining money,
transporting people to the fair-ground.
C. D. Warner, Roundalxjut Journey, p. 199.
fair-hair (fSr'har), «. The nuchal ligament or
tendon of the neck of cattle and sheep. Also
called faxwax, paxwax, etc. See ligamentum
nucha:, under ligamentum. [Scotch.]
fairhead^ «. [ME. fairhede, fairehede, fayre-
liedc, etc. (= 'Dan.fagerhed = Sw. fagerhet),
var. ot fairhood.] Fairness; beauty.
Thenke alle day on hir fairhede.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 2484.
The forme of tilfayrehede apon me es feste.
York Plays, p. 3.
Thnrgh hia, fairhede as fast he fellc into pride.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 4409.
fairhoodt (far'hud), n. A later form of Middle
English fairhede.
fair-mindedness
fairles'-horse (fffir'iz-liors), ». in Ireland, the
ragwort, Hciiecio Jacobaus.
fairies'-table (far'iz-trvbl), «. Intlie north of
Wales, the common mushroom, Agarieus cam-
pextris, and similar fungi,
fairily (far'i-li), adv. In a fairy-Uke manner;
in a manner or fashion suggestive of the han-
diwork of fairies ; as fairies.
Numerous as shadows haunting fairily
The brain. Keats, Eve of St. Agnes.
See what a lovely shell, . . .
Made so .fairily well
With delicate spire and whorl.
Tennyson, Maud, xxiv. 1.
fairing (far'ing), «. [< /a!>2 -f .ing.] 1. A
present bought or given at a fair, or brought
from a fair.
Give me yonr hand, we are near a pedlar's shop;
Out with your purse, we must have/amn^g now.
Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.
Sweet hearts, we shall be rich ere we depart
H fairings come thus plentifully in :
A lady wall'd about with diamonds!
Shah.,1,. L. L.,T. 2.
I have gold left to give thee a fairing yet.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, ii. 1.
"What fairings will ye that I bring?"
Said the King to his daughters three.
L&Wiil, Singing Leaves-
2. Ironically, something unpleasant bestowed
as a gift. [Scotch.]
Ah, Tarn! ah, Tam! thou'll get tby fairin'.'
In hell they'll roast thee like a herrin'!
Bums, Tam o' Shanter.
fair-lead (far'led), n. Same sus fair-leader.
fair-leader (fSr'le'der), «. Naut. : (a) A thim-
ble or cringle to guide a rope, (b) A strip
of board with holes in it for running rigging
to pass through and be kept clear,
so as to be easUy distinguished at
night.
fairly (far'li), adv. [< ME. fayrely
(= ODan. fagerlig, faverlig, fagrligr,
a.); <fair'^ + -ly'^.'\ 1. In a fair man-
ner, (rt) Beautifully; handsomely.
Within a trading town their long abide.
Full fairly situate on a haven's side.
Dryden.
(b) Honestly; justly; equitably; honorably.
My chief care
Is to come fairly off from the great debts
Wherein my time, something too prodigal.
Hath left me gag'd. Shak. M. of V., i. 1.
If you are noble enemies.
Oppress me not with odds, but kill me fairly !
Fletcher {and another). Love's Cure, i. 3.
(c) Fully ; clearly ; distinctly.
Degree being vizarded.
The unworthiest shows as fairly in the mask.
Shak., T. and C, i. 3.
I interpret fairly your design. Dryden.
(d) Reasonably ; moderately ; measurably ; considerably.
Such arcades must be bad indeed to be wholly unsatis-
factory, and some of those at Gorizia are \ery fairly done.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 49.
In a fairly coherent dream everything seems quite real.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 141.
The Latin of the twelfth century is fairly good and
grammatical Latin.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 152.
(c) Absolutely; positively; actually; completely: an in-
tensive or emphatic word : as, I am fairly worn out ; the
wheels /rti'Wy spun.
My lords about my bed.
Wishing to God that I were .fairly dead.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 346.
2t. Softly; gently.
But here she comes : I .fairly step aside.
And hearken, if I may her business here.
Milton, Comus, 1. 168.
Hooly and fairly. See hooly.
fair-maid (far 'mad'), n. 1. A local (west-
county) English name of the dried pilchard. —
2. A local Virginian name of the porgy, seup,
or scuppaug, Utenotomiis chryso]>s.
fair-maids-of-February (far'madz'ov-feb'rs-
a-ri), n. A book-name for the snowdrop, Galan-
ihiis uiralis.
fair-maids-of-France (far'madz'ov-frans'), n.
A double-flowered variety of a cultivated crow-
foot, Ilaminculus aconitif alius.
fair-minded (far'min'''ded), a. Judging fairly
aud justly ; forming just and correct opinions ;
upright.
It is limited by and regulated upon principles which, I
think, afford little room for difference of opinion among
.fair-minded and moderate men. Brougham.
fair-mindedness (far'm5n''ded-nes), «. The
quality or character of being fair-minded.
A spirit of .fairmindediwss, and a rare promptness in
seizing the strategic points of every situation.
N. A. Rev., CXLV. 38S.
fair-natored
fair-natnred (fiir'na'tunl), a. Well-disposed ;
good-uatured: a.a," a,jdir-natured yrmee," Ford.
fairness (far'nes), «. [< 'i/tE. fairnesse, fairnes,
ete.. < AH. fwgeriies, beauty, Kfwger, beautiful:
see fair and -ness.] The quality or character
of being fair, in any sense of that word.
Fayrest of faire, th&t /airenesge doest excell,
This happie day I have to greets you well.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. ii. 23.
If 8he be fair and wise — fairness, and wit.
The one's for use, the other useth it.
Shak., OtheUo, ii. 1.
I bare let myself to another, even to the King of Princes ;
and how can I with fairness go back with thee?
Jiunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 126.
With so nmcli unfairness in his policy there was an ex-
traordinary degree of fairness in his intellect.
Ma£aulay, Machiavelli.
fair-seeming (fSr'se'ming), a. Appearing to
be fair.
In giving a fair-seeming appearance to common goods,
we are not only behind some of our continental rivals, but
we are lamentably behind in the conditions which pro-
mote excellence. Westminster Rev., CXXVIII, 197.
fairshipt, "• [HE. feirschipe ; < fair^ + ship.']
lifauty. Lydqate.
fair-spoken (far'spo'kn), a. Using fair speech ;
bland; civil; courteous; plausible.
Arlus, a priest iu the church of Alexandria, a Bubtle-
witted and a marrelous /atr«pOifc«n man.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
May never «aw dismember thee,
>or wielded axe disjoint,
That art i\\t fairest-spoken tree
From here to Uzard-polnt.
Tennystin, Tailing Oak.
fairway (far'wa), «. [< /airl, a., 6, + iray.]
The part of a road, river, harbor, etc., where
the navigable channel for vessels lies.
As the river is rather niarrow at this point [Cork], the
line of fairway for vessels passing through the bridge is
confined nearly to the center of the river.
Sci. Amer. Supp., p. 4M.
fair-weather (fSr'weTH'6r), a. Existing or
done in or fitted for only pleasant weather;
hence, figuratively, appearing in or suited to
only favorable circumstances; not capable of
withstanding or outliWng opposition or adver-
sity: as, a J'air-iteather voyage; fair-weather
friends or Christians; fair-weather kindness.
No, master, I would not hurt you ; methiuks I could
throw a dozen of such/atncw<UA«rjrentlemen as you are.
Brooke, Fool of Quality, 11. 185.
8ach weather as suit«/a>nmatA<r laUon.
B, A. Freeman, Venice, p. 85.
fair-worldt (far'w6rld), n. A 8t»te of prosper-
ity or well-lieing.
They think it was never /a<r-worU with them since.
if Man.
fairy (far'i, formerly fa'e-ri), ii. and a. [Some-
times written archaically (after OF.) faery, fa-
erie (as in Spenser), particularly in the Ist and
2d senses; < 'ME. fairye, fayry, fayerye, feyrue,
faierie, feiri, etc., enchantment, fairy folk,
fairy-land, rarely a fay or fairy, < OF. faerie,
faierie, enchantment, mod. V.feerie (JXi.feerei),
enchantment, fairy-land, < OF. foe, mod. F./ee,
ME./rty, E.fay-i, a fairy: seejfey*.] I. n.; pi.
fairies (-\z). If. Enchantment; magic.
(jo<) of her has made an end.
And fro this worlde's/airy
Hath taken her into company. Chwer.
But evermore her motte wonder waa,
How that it {a bone] coude gon. and waa of bras;
It was of fairye, as tjie peide semed.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 193.
No man dar taken of thai frute, for it is a thiuK of
/oyrie. Mandevilte, Travels, p. 27S.
To preve this world al way, Iwis,
Hit nls ))tit fantnra said feiri.
Karly Eug. Poems (ed. FumlvaUX p. IM.
2. An imaginary beinj; or spirit, generally rep-
resented as of a diminutive and graceful hu-
man form, but capable of assuming any other,
and as playing pranks, frolicsome, Kindly, mis-
chievous, or spiteful, on human beings or
among themselves ; a fay.
This maklth that tber ben no fayerirs.
Chaueer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 16.
The feasts that underground the Faerie did him make,
And there how be enjoy'd the (july of the Lake.
Drayton, Polyolblon, Iv. 307.
Trip the peri faerie* and the dapper elves.
Miiton, Comus, L 118.
3t. Fays collectively ; fairy folk.
In olde dayes of the king Arthour,
Of which that Brit/^iis npekcn gret honour,
Al was this lond fuinid of /aurw.
Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 3.
The dawn is my Assyria, the sunset and moonrise my
Paphtjs, and unimaginable realms of faerie.
Emerson, Misc., p. 22.
2121
4t. Fairy-land; elf -land.
He [.\rthur] is a king yerowned in fairy. Lydgate.
Where men fyndeu a Sparehauk upon a Perche righte
fair, and righte wel made ; and a fayre Lady of Fayrye,
that kepethe it. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 145.
6t. An enchantress.
To this great /airy [Cleopatra] 111 commend thy acts,
JIake her thanks bless thee. Shak., A. and C, iv. 8.
Fairy of the mine, an imaginary being supposed to in-
habit mines ; a koljold. In Germany two species are
spoken of, one fierce and malevolent, the other geutle.
No goblin, or swart /aery of the mine.
Hath hurtful power o'er true Virginity.
Milton, Comus, 1. 436.
=SyiL 2. Fairy, Elf, Fay; Sylph, Gnmne; Jinn, Genie;
Goblin. Fairy is the most general name for a diminu-
tive imaginary being, generally in human form, sometimes
very lienevolent or inclined to teach moral lessons, as the
fairy godmother of Cinderella; sometimes malevolent in
the extreme, as in many fairy stories. Spenser took up the
word in Chaucer's spelling, faerie or faen/, and gave it an
extended meaning, which is now commonly confined to that
spelling and to his poem ; the personages in "The Faery
Queene " live in an unlocated region, essentially -like the
rest of the world, and are of heroic and occasionally su-
pernatural powers ; these personages he sometimes calls
eives or elfins. In ordinary use an elf differs from afairi'
only in generally seeming young, and being more often
mischievous. Pope, iu "The Kape of the Lock," has given
a delluite cast to sylph and gnome; these two words are
elsewhere often associated, gnomes having always been
fabled as living in underground abodes, and especially as
being the guardians of mines and quarries, while sylphs
are denizens of the air. From this difference of place it
has followed that gnomes are generally thought of with
repugnance or dread, and sylphs, although of i>oth sexes
in literature, are popularly thought of as young, slender,
and graceful females: hence the expression "a sylph-likt
form." To Oriental Imagination is due the jinn, djinn,
or Jinnee; the fonn genie is most vividly associated with
the "Arabian Nights": as, the genie of Aladdin's lamp;
the genie that the fisherman let out of the bottle. A 306-
lin is wicked, mischievous, or at least roguish, and fright-
ful or grotesque in appearance. See the definitions of
kobold, sylph, brmimie, lanshee, sprite, pixie, nixie, nymph,
etc.
U. a. 1. Pertaining to or in some manner
connected with fairies; done by or coming
from fairies. See phrases below. — 2. Resem-
bling in some way a fairy; hence, fanciful,
graceful, whimsical, fantastic, etc.: as, fairy
creatures or favors.
Shrunk like tt fairy changeling lay the mage.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
We laughed — a hundred voices rose
In airiest /atrwst laughter.
H. P. Spofard, Poems, p. 14.
Bale npon bale of silks and /airy textures from looms of
Samarcand and Bokhara.
r. B. Aldrieh, Ponkapog to Pestb, p. 24;i.
Faii7 beads. See5(.Cu(Afert'«i«ad>,nnderft«i<f.— Fairy
Circle, fairy dance. 8ee/a<ry n'n<7.— Fairy hammer,
the name given In the Hebrides to an ancient stone (nstt-
ally porphynr) hammer, shaped like the head of a hat<;het,
used to niMllcate the drink given to patients afflict eti wiili
certain diseases.— FUlry hillocks, verdant knolls found
In many parts of Scotland, whlc h have received this de.
nomination from the {M>pular idea that they were an-
ciently inhabited iiy tlie fairirs, or that the fairies used
to dance on them. Fairy millstone, a flat disk of stone
or slate with a central perforation, such as are frequently
found with paleolithic remains, and are now thought to
he whorls of spindles.— Fairy money, money Imagined
In old legends to be given by fairies, which soon tume<l
Into withered leaves or rul>bish ; also, money found, from
the notion that It had been dropped by a good fairy out of
favor to the finder.
In one day Scott's high-heaped money-wages became
fairy-money and nonentity. Carlyte, Misc., IV. 181.
PIsistratas draws the Mils warily from his pocket, half-
sospectlng they most already have turned Into withered
leaves like fairy-money. Btdvper, Caxtons, xvii. 6.
Fairy pipes, pipes and plpe-bowIs, usually of baked clay
and very small, fouud in the north of England, some-
times with o)>jects of remote antiquity. It is possiltle that
they point to a practice of smoking earlier than the reign
of Elisabeth and with otlier material than tot)acco; but It
seems probable that they are of the sixteenth century and
later. Alaocalled Celtic pipes s.ni elfin pipes. — Fairy rln^T
or drcld, or dance, a phenomenon* observed in fields, long
popularly supposed to be caused by fairies In their dajices.
It Is caused by the growth of certain fungi, especially
Agarieus orsades, A. aehimenes, and one of the Myxomy-
eetes, Physarum einereum. The latter may appear In a
single night, forming a circle on the grass as if sprinkled
with ashes. The agarics grow outward from a center,
spreading further year by year, while the central and iimer
portions die away. Similar but smaller rings are some-
times formed on old trees and rocks by the growth of a
lichen In a corresponding manner. — Fairy sparks, t)M>
phosphoric light from decaying wood, fish, anirr)tlit'r siili-
stances, believed at one time to l»e lights prepared for tlic
fitrii's at their revels.
fairy-bird (far'i-b*rd), n. A name of the least
teni, Stfrna miniita, from its graceful move-
ments. [Local, British.]
fairy-butter (far'i-but'^r). n. A name in the
northern counties of England for certain ge-
latinous fungi, as Tremella albida and Exidia
glaiidulosa, formerly "believed to be the pro-
duct of the fairies' tlairy."
fairy-caps (Kr'i-kups), n. A bright-red cup-
like fungus, Peziza txtccinea.
faith
fairy-fingers (far'i-fing'''gerz), n. The foxglove.
Digitalis purpurea.
fairjrism (fSr'i-izm), n. [< fairy + -ism.'] 1.
The state of being fairy-like ; resemblance to
fairies or fairy-land in customs, nature, appear-
ance, etc.
The air of enchantment and/airj/ijmi which is the tone
of the place. Walpole, Letters, II. 431.
2. Belief in fairies; a narrating of fairy tales;
fairy myths or legends.
This curious and very ancient medley of Druidism and
fairyism I have abridged from the ancient Leabhar nah-
Uidhr^, so often referred to in these lectures.
O'Curry, Anc. Irish, I. ix.
Thomson is beautiful in rural descriptions, but he has
not the distinctness and/airi/ijjm of Milton.
Sir E. Brydges, On Milton's Comus.
fairy-land (far'i-land), n. The imaginary land
or abode of fairies.
Hark I 'tis an elfin storm from fairy land.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes.
It cheered mild Spenser, called from Faeryland
To struggle through dark ways.
Wordsivorth, Sonnet on the Sonnet.
fairy-loaf (fSr'i-lof ), n. A kind of fairy-stone ;
a fossil spatangoid sea-urchin, as of the genus
Ananchytes (which see). [Local, Eng.]
fairy-martin (far'i-mar'tin), n. A book-name
of an Australian swallow, Hirundo ariel.
fairy-purses (far'i-p6r'sez), n. A eup-Uke fun-
gus containing small bodies thought to resem-
ble purses; probably A'idularia campanulata.
fairy-shrimp (far'i-shrimp), «. The popular
name of a small British fresh-water phyllopo-
Fiury-shriinp ( Branchipus diafhartus), about twice natural size.
dous crustacean, Branchipus (or Chirocephalus)
diaphaJlus. it swims on its l>ack, is almost transparent,
has stalked eyes and no carapace, and is alK>ut an inch
long. It is named from its diaphanous appearance and
active niotiitns.
fairy-stone (far'i-ston), «. A provincial (south
of Englajid) name of an echinite or fossil sea-
urchin found in the Cretaceous.
faisceau (te-so'). «• In math., a singly infinite
family of curves ; especially, a series of curves
of the Mtl> order passing through i(»2 + 3n — 2 )
fixed points.
faisiblet, a. An obsolete form ot feasible.
faitH, «.' A Middle English form of /ea<i.
fait^t, V. t. [< OF. fait, pp. of faire, do, make:
see fait^,n.,=feati= fact.] To make; cause.
And faite thy faucones to culle wylde foules ;
For thel comen to my croft my corn to defoule.
Piers Plowman (C), Ix. SO.
fait^t, r. [ME. faiten, fayten, a verb developed
from the notm /aitor,/atto«r; see faitor.] I.
in trans. To practise deceit ; feign ; go about
begging under pretense of poverty, TcTigion, or
physical misfortime.
Bydders and beggers faate a-boute joden,
Tyl hure bagge and hure bely were bretful ycrammyd,
haytynge for hure fode «nd fouhten atten ale.
In glotenye, god wot goth they to l)edde.
Piers Plowman (C), 1. 43.
H. trang. To deceive.
My flelssche In ouerhope wolde me/aif«.
And Into wanhope it wolde me caste.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 76.
fait accompU (fat a-k6ii-ple'). [F.: fait, a
fact (»ee feat, fact) ; accompli, pp. of accompHr,
accomplish.] A fact accomplished ; a thing
done; a scheme already carried into execu-
tion.
faiteronst, a. [(.faitor or fnitery + -ous.] De-
ceiving; dissembling.
The whole court from all parts thereof cryed out, and
said that this was a fraudulent and failerous Carthaginian
trick. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 755.
faiteryt, »■ [ME. faiterie, faiterye, fayterye, <
faiten, deceive: see fait^, faitor.'] Deceit;
hypocrisy, as that of one who goes about beg-
ging under pretense of poverty, religion, or
physical misfortune.
Ac bye Treuthe wolde
That no faiterye were founde in folk that gon a-begged.
Piers Plowman (C), ix. 1S8.
She wiste wele
My word stood on an other whele,
Withouten &uy faiterye.
Gonvr, Conf. Amant, I. 47.
faith (fath), n. [< ME. faith, feith, fayth, feyth
(the -th being an accom., to the common E.
faith
suffix -th (as in truthj rutliy healtK and other ab-
stract nouns), of-<f in the oldest OF. form /eirf),
also /ay, /ey, /ei, faith, fidelity, trust, belief, <
OF. feid, foit, later /e* (see/rty^), foi (AF. fei),
nom. fez, fois = Pr. ^l', nom. fes = Sp. Pg. fe =
It./edtf, < L. fides J ace. fidem, faith, belief, trust,
< fidere, trust, confide in, = Gr. Trtidetv, per-
suade, mjd, TreidsaOaij believe, 2d perf. izinotdaj
I trust (deriv. Tr/ar/f, trust, faith, Tr/aroc, trusty,
faithful, trustworthy, credible), ■/ *^iBy orig.
move by entreaty, = AS. hiddmiy E. 6»(?, en-
treat, pray, akin to AS. bidati, E. bklej await:
see bid and bide. From the same L. source are
E. fidelity, fiduciary^ etc., infidel, etc., affidavit,
affy, affiauty defy, defiant, confide, confident, etc.,
diffident, perfidy, etc.] 1, The assent of the
mind to the truth of a proposition or statement
for which there is not complete, evidence ; be-
lief in general.
I shall make souie inquiry into the nature anil grounds
oi faith or opinion: whereby I mean that assent which we
give to any proposition as true, of whose truth yet we have
no certain knowledge. Locke.
Faith is in popular language taken to mean the accep-
tation of something as true which is not known to l>e true.
Eiicya. BnL, III. 532.
Specifically — 2, Firm belief based upon con-
fidence in the authority and veracity of an-
other, rather than upon one's own knowledge,
reason, or judgment ; earnest and trustful con-
fidence: as, to hsLve faith in the testimony of a
witness; to have/«(/A in a friend.
Faith ... is the assent to any proposition, not . . .
made out by the deductions of reason, but upon the credit
of the proposer, as coming from God in some extraordi-
nary way of communication.
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xviii. 2.
The true nature of the faith of a Christian consists of
this, that it is an assent unto truths credited upon the
testimony of God delivered unto us in the writiugs of the
apostles and prophets. Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed.
The faith of mankind is guided to a man only by a well-
founded /ai7A in himself.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 224.
In a more restricted sense: (a) In theol., spiritual per-
ception of the invisible objects of religious veneration; a
belief founded on such spiritual perception.
Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence
of things not seen. Heb. xi. 1.
Unschooled by Faith, who, with her angel tread,
Leads through the labyrinth with a single thread.
0. W. Holmes, Poetry.
Faith, then, is that which, when probabilities are equal,
ventures on God's side, and on the side of right, on the
guarantee of a something within which makes the thing
seem true because loved.
F. W. Robertsmi, Sermon on the Faith of the Centurion.
Faith is : the l)eing able to cleave to a power of good-
ness appealing to our higher and real self, not to our lower
and apparent self. M. Arnold, Literature and J^ogma, vii.
(6) Belief or confidence in a person, founded upon a per-
ception of his moral excellence : as, faith in Christ.
By Faith, Saint Peter likewise did restore
A Palsie-sick, that eight yeers did indure.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, iiii. 11.
The/ai7/t of the gospel, whatever maybe its innuediate
object, is no other than confidence in the moral character
of God, especially of the Redeemer.
Dwiffht, llieol., II. 33;J.
(c) IntuitiveJjelief.
3. The doctrines or articles which are the sub-
jects of belief, especially of religious belief; a
creed ; a system of religion ; specifically^ the
Christian religion. See confession of faith, un-
der confession, 3.
Whosoever will be saved, bef<jre all things it is neces-
sary that he hold the Catholic Faith. Wliich Faith ex-
cept every one do keep whole and undeflled, without doulit
he shall perish everlastingly. Athanasian Creed (trans.).
Faith, in its generic sense, either means the holding
rightly the creeds of the Catholic Church, or means that
very Catholic /ai(A, which, except a man believe faithfully,
he cannot be saved. IJook, Church Diet., p. 332.
4. Recognition of and allegiance to the obli-
gations of morals and honor ; adherence to the
laws of right and wrong, especially in fulfil-
ling one's promise; faithfulness; fidelity; loy-
alty.
Haue thei nie not offended whan thei haue begonne the
foly and the treson vpon my felowes to whom I moste
berefeith? Merlin {E. E. T. S.), iii. 497.
To undergo
Myself the total crime, or to accuse
My other self, the partner of my life;
Whose failing, while her faith to me remains,
I should conceal. Milton, P. L., x. 129.
Kind hearts are more than coronets.
And simple /ait/t than Norman blood.
Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
There was only one good thing about them [the Doones],
... to wit, their /ai7A to one another.
R. D. Blackinore, Ix)ma Doone, v.
6, Fidelity expressed in a promise or pledge ;
a pledge given.
2122
I have been forsworn
In breaking/ai(A with Julia, whom I lovd.
Shak., T. G. of V., iv. 2.
Here in a holy hill was a pit, whereof no man drinketli,
by which the Indians binde their /ai«/i, as by the most sol-
emne and inuiolable oath. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 457.
Locke . . . contended that the Church which taught
men not to keep /ai(A with heretics had no claim to toler-
ation. Macanlay, Hist. Eng., vi.
6, Credibility; truth. [Rare.]
The faith of the foregoing narrative. Mitford.
Act of faith. Same as auto de/e.— ActS Of faith. See
acf.— Analogy of faith. See anaiof^y.— Articles of
faith. SLCrtWiW*'.— Attic faith. See ^«ici.— Cartha-
ginian faith. Same us Pvnic faith. [.Rare.]
One of the company in an historical discouree was ob-
serving that Carthaginian faith was a proverbial phrase
to intimate breach of leagues. Steele, Spectator, No. 174.
Confession of faith. See coitfession, 3.— Defender of
the Faith. Soe defender.— Qood faith, fidelity ; honesty ;
bona tides.
He [Need] shal do more than mesure many tyme and ofte,
And bete men ouer bitter and sonmie of hem to litel.
And grene men gretter than goode faith it wolde.
Piers Plowman (B), xx. 28.
So conspicuous an example of good faith punctiliously
observed by a popish prince toward a Protestant nation
would have quieted the public apprehensions.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
In faith, in truth ; truly ; verily.
The pope was gladde here-of in fay.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 87.
Leon. By my troth, niece, thou wilt never get thee a
husband if thou be so shrewd of thy tongue.
Ant. In faith, she's too curst. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.
[This phrase is often reduced to i' faith, or faith : see faith,
interj.] — In gOOd faith, in real honesty; with perfect
sincerity : as, he fulrtlled his engagements in good faith ;
speciheally, in the law of negotiable paper and of fraiid,
without notice of adverse claim, or of circumstances which
should put a prudent man on inquiry as to whether there
was such a claim. — Punic faith [L Punica Jides], the
faitli of Carthage — that is, bad faith ; perfidy: frorp the
popular reputation of the Carthaginians among the Ro-
mans. This reputation probably rested on no more solid
grounds than the French conception of la perjide Albion;
and the Carthaginians may have entertained a notion
equally opprobrious of Roman faith. =Syn. 1 and 2. Be-
lief, Conviction, etc. (see persuasion) ; reliance, depen-
dence, confidence.— 3. Tenets, dogmas, religion.
faitht (fath), V. t, [< faith, n.] To believe;
credit.
Dost thou think,
If I would stand against thee, would the reposal
Of any trust, virtue, or worth, in thee
Make thy words faith'd? Shak., Lear, ii. 1.
faith (fath), interj. [Abbr. of i' faith, ME.
* faith, i. e., in faith. This phrase appears in
many forms — i^ faith, ifacks, ifecks, etc., faiks,
faix, facks, fecks, fegs, etc.] By my faith; in
truth; indeed. [Colloq.]
Faith, I am very loth to utter it.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 1.
Or do the prints or papers lie?
Faith, sir, you know as much as I. Swift.
faitll-breacllt (fath'brech), «. Breach of fidel-
ity; disloyalty; perfidy.
Xow minutely revolts upbraid h.\% faith-breach.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 2.
faith-cure (fath'kur), n. A bodily cure effected
or supposed to be effected by prayer made with
belief in its efficacy for the purpose; the prac-
tice of attempting to cure disease by prayer and
religious faith alone.
A faith-cure is a cure wrought, by God in answer to
prayer, without any other means.
The Century, XXXI. 274.
faith-curer (fath'kur''''6r), n. One who prac-
tises or believes in the faith-cure.
ITie miracles claimed by the faith-curers are in the
same line of argument. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXII. 607.
faithedt, «• [ME. feythed; < faith, «., + -ed^.']
Possessed of faith.
Than are they folk that han most God in awe.
And BtreuQest-feythed ben. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 1007.
faithful (fath'ful), a. and n. [< ME. feythfull,
feithfull, etc. ; < faith + -ful.) I. a. 1. Full
of faith; having faith; believing.
So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful
Abraham. GaL iii. 9.
You are not faithful, sir. This night 111 change
AH that is metal in my house to gold.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
Thrice blest whose lives are faithful prayers,
Whose loves in higher love endure.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xxxii.
2. Firm in faith; full of loyalty and fidelity;
true and constant in affection or allegiance to
a person to whom one is bound, or in the per-
formance of duties or services ; exact in attend-
ing to commands: as, a, faithful snhjeGt; & faith-
ful servant; a faithful husband or wife.
Feithf%dlere frenchipe saw never frek [man] on erthe.
WUmm of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5434.
faithless
Lordynges, ye be worthi men and of high renoun, and
also ye beth right feith-fuU and trewe.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 139.
Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a
crown of life. Rev. ii. 10.
The seraph Abdiel, faithful found
Among the faithless, faithful only he.
Milton, P. L., v. 896.
3. Observant of compacts, treaties, contracts,
vows, or other engagements ; true to one^s word :
as, a government /aj^A/M/ to its treaties; faith-
/«i to one's word. — 4. Trustworthy; true; ex-
act; conforming to the letter and spirit; con-
formable to truth or to a prototype : as, ^faith-
ful execution of a will; Sk faithful narrative; a
faithful likeness.
Not always right in all men's eyes.
But faithful to the light within.
0. W. Holmes, A Birthday Tribute.
The microscope reveals miniature butchery in atomies,
and infinitely small biters that swim and tight in an illu-
minated drop of water; and the little globe is but a too
faithful miniature of the large. Emerson, War.
Before the invention of printi!ig, painting was the most
faithful mirror of the popular mind ; and . . . there was
scarcely an intellectual movement that it did not reflect.
Lecky, Rationalism, I. 74.
5. True; worthy of belief; truthful: as, a
faithful witness.
A faithful witness will not lie : but a false witness will
utter lies. I'rov. xiv. 5.
This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation.
1 Tim. i. 15.
— Syn. 2, Truthful, careful, trusty, trustworthy, stanch,
incorruptible, reliable. — 4. Close, strict, accurate, consci-
entious.
II. n. A faithful person.
We likewise call to mind your other bill for his majesty's
referring the choice of his privy-council unto you, coloured
by your outcries against those his old /ai( V**'*-
British Bellman, 1648 (Harl. Misc., VII. 626).
The faithful [L. fideles]. (a) In the primitive church,
those who had been received by baptism into church
communion; believers; Christians. The title appears fre-
quently in ancient inscriptions, particularly in the case of
young children, who might otherwise be supposed to have
died unbaptized. It is still used with the same signittcance
in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. (^) Among
Mohannnedans, the true believers: hence the calif Is called
"Connnander of the Faithful." (c) In political use, the
general body of unquestioning adherents of a party : used
in contempt i)y members of other parties.
faithfully (fath'ful-i), adv. [< UE. feithefullv,
feythefullye ; < faithful + -?/A] 1. In a faith-
ful manner ; with fidelity ; loyally.
I . . . will do him service well and faithfully.
William Morns, Earthly Paradise, II. 283.
He warned hem fey thefiillye
What they shuld suffre are [ere] they shuld dye.
Robert of Brunne, Medit., p. 249.
2. Sincerely; with strong assurance ; earnest-
ly: as, he faithfully promised.
Itis gret harai that he belevethe wot feithefully in God.
Maude ville. Travels, p. 246.
Lady F. Hast tjiou denied thyself a Faulconbridge ?
Bast. As faithfully as I deny the devil.
^ak., K. John, i. 1.
3. Confonnably to truth or fact; in true ac-
cordance with an example or prototype : as, the
battle was faith fttlly described or represented.
They suppose the nature of things to be faithfully signi-
fied by their names. South.
What he discovered, he faithfully conmiitted first to
paper in water colours, and then to copperplate with the
burin. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 268.
faithfulness (fath'ful-nes), n. [< faithful +
-ness. ] The quality or character of being faith-
ful; fidelity; truth; l«yalty; constancy.
Give ear to my supplications : in thy faithfulness an-
swer me, and in thy righteousness. Ps. cxliii. 1.
=Syn. Constancy, Fidelity, etc. i^ee firtnness.
faitn-healer (fath'he''''16r), n. One who prac-
tises the faith-cure.
All faith-healers should report as do our hospitals.
The Century, XXXI. 276.
faith-healing (fath'he'^ling), n. Faith-cure.
That there is really such a thing as Faith Healing ap-
pears to my judgment a fact beyond dispute.
F. P. Cobbe, Contemporary Rev., LI. 794.
faithless (fath'les), a. [< faith + -less.] 1.
Without faith or belief ; not giving credit; un-
believing; especially;, without religious faith
or faith in the Christian religion ; skeptical.
O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be
with you? how long shall I suffer you? Mat. xvii. 17.
And never dare misfortune cross her foot,
Unless she do it under this excuse —
That she is issue to a. faithless Jew.
Shak., M. of v., ii. 4.
Ring out the want, the care, the sin,
The faithless coldness of the times.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cvL
faithless
2. Without faithfulness or fidelity ; not keep-
ing faith ; not adhering to allegiance, vows, or
duty; disloyal: as, & faithless subject; a, faith-
less servant ; & faithless husband or wife.
O. /aithleis cowani I O, liishonest wretch !
Wilt thou be made a man out of my vice ?
Shak., M. for M., iii. 1.
Lest I be found as faithless in the quest
Aa you proud Prince who left the quest to me.
Tenni/son^ Lancelot and Elaine.
3. Tending to disappoint or deceive; decep-
tive ; delusive.
Yonder /aithless phantom flies
To lure thee to thy doom.
Ooldsmith, The Hermit.
If or faithless joint nor yawning seam
Shall tempt the searching sea !
WkUtur, Ship-builders.
^Syn. 2 and 3. False, untruthful, perfidious, treacherous.
faitnlessly (fath'les-U), adr. In a faithless
mannfr.
faithlessness (fath'les-nes), n. The character
or state of being faithless, in any sense of that
word.
When the heart is sorely wounded by the ingratitude
or faithUsgnets of those on whom it had leaned with the
whole weight of affection, where shall it turn for relief?
Blair, Worlss, III. xiii.
Sharp are the pangs that ioWov faithlttmess.
Edicardt, Canons of Criticism, p. 318.
faithlvt (fath'li), adv. [< ME. faithly, feithly,
feythly, etc.; < faith + -ly^.'i Faithfully; truly.
Ac to carpe more of Crist, and how he cam to that name,
Faithly for to speke, hus furst name was lesus.
Piers Plowman (C), xxii. 70.
faithworthiness (fath'w6r'THi-nes), n. Trust-
worthiness. Quarterly Ilev. [Rare.]
faithworthy (fath'w6r'THi), a. Worthy of faith
or bflief; tru.stworthy. Imp. Diet. [Bare.]
faitidre (fa-tiSr'), »• [F. faitUre, ifatte, ridge,
roof, pinnacle, < L. fastigium, ridge : see fasti-
giate.j In arch., a cresting,
faitort, faitourt (fa'tor, -tor), n. [< ME. fai-
tour, fay tour, fay tur,fatur,fature,ad\BBenib\er,
deceiver, hypocrite, < AP. faitour, faitur, OF.
faiteor, failure, an evil-doer, a slotbiful person:
m this fonn partly identified with OP. faitour,
faiteor, later/aiteur, a doer, maker (< h. factor.
a doer, maker: see/nctor), the neutral term, lit.
a doer, being taken in a bad sense, just as fact
(formerly) and dnd often imply an evil deed ;
prop, faitard, also written faitear, fetard, fetart,
impTop.festard. festart, sluggish, idle, coward-
ly, faint-hearted, < OF. faire, do, make, -t- tard,
slow, slack, tedious: 8ee/ai72, fair'i, and tardy,
and cf. faineant. Hence fait^, faiterous, fai-
tery.] A dissembler; a deceiver; a hypocrite;
a rogue ; a vagabond.
Fal* is ttfaytur, a faylere of werkea.
Piers Plowman (AX it W.
What/ai^otire, in faithe, that dose 30a offende,
We tall Ktte hym fall sore, that autte, in yoore sight.
York Plays, p. 124.
80 ought all faytours that tme knighthood shame.
And arraes dishonour with base vilTanie,
From all brave knights be banisht with defame.
Spenser, F. Q., V. 111. 38.
Down, dogs ! down, faitort! Shot., 2 Hen. IV., IL 4.
faix (faks), interj. Same aa faiks, facks, etc.,
variations ot faith.
fake^ (fak)jr. t. ; pret. and pp. faked, mr. fak-
ing. [< ME. faicen, fold ; formerly also faek,
8c. feck, faik; prob. < ow. veeka, fold. Cf.
/oJfcei, ».] 1. To fold; tuck up.
Sic hauns [hands] as yon sud ne'er befaHcit,
Be hain't [spared) wba like.
Bums, Second Epistle to Davie.
Specifically — 2. Xaut., to coil in fakes, as a
cable or a shot-line in a faking-box. See fak-
ing-box.
Frekes [men] one [on] the forestayne [prow]/al'en« thelre
cobles [cables]
In Aoynes [see jtoygene], and fercestez [see farcost], and
Flemesche schyppes.
■ Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 742.
One man may fake a line, but, having to attend to three
operations at the
same time, il'tes none
of them proiierly.
/'arrow, Mil. Eniyc,
II. «18.
fakei (fak), n.
[Formerly also
fack. He. faik, t.,
pToh. < Sw. reck,
a fold. Ct.fakel,
r. The MHG.
rack, G. fach,
fold, is a spe-
cial sense of a
general word
for 'port' or AKapeCoUedijiFakesaaDKk.
2123
'division': see fetch'^, etym.'} 1. A fold or ply
of anything, as a garment. Jamieson.
He . . . takis a faik
Betwixt his dowblett and his jackett
Bannatyne Poems, p. 171.
Specifically — 2. Naut., one of the circles or
windings of a cable or hawser as it lies in a coil ;
a single turn or coil, as one of the oblong loops
into which a shot-line is wound in being placed
in a faking-box.
I'here were enough fakes in the coil of the malnroyal
halliards to make me guess the yard that rope belonged to
was hoisted. W. C. Russell, Jack's Courtship, xxxiv.
3. A plaid. Also in diminutive form fakie,
faikie. Jamieson.
I had nae mair claise but a spraing'd [striped] faikie.
Journal from London, p. 8.
4. pi. A miners' term in Scotland and the north
of England for fissile sandy shales, or shaly
sandstones, as distinct from the dark bitumi-
nous shales known as blaes French fake (ttaut.),
a peculiar mode of coiling a rope by running it backward
and forward in parallel bends so that it may run readily
and freely, generally adopted in rocket-lines intended for
use in establishing communication with stranded vessels,
etc., or in other cases where great expedition in uncoiling
is essential.
fake^ (fak), V. t; pret. and pp. faked, ppr.
faking. [It is not impossible that this may be
a perversion of ME. faiten, dissemble, go about
shamming, beg (said of beggars and tramps) ;
BO faker^ (q. v.) may represent ME. faitour: see
faitor. But thieves' slang is shifting and has
usually no history.] 1 . To make or do. — 2. To
cheat or deceive. — 3. To steal or filch ; pick, as
a pocket.
There the folk are music-bitten, and they molest not
beggars, unless they fake to boot, and then they drown us
out of hand. C. Reads, Cloist«r and Hearth, Iv.
4. To conceal the defects of by artificial means,
usually with intent to deceive : as, to fake a dog
or a fowl by coloring the hair or featners.
He supposed It was an old one faked over to last until
the end of Lent.
Philadelphia Sunday Mercury, April 25, 1886.
[Slang in all uses.]
fake2 (fak), n. [<fake% r.] 1. A swindle; a
trick. — 2. A swindler; a trickster. — 3. Same
aafaker^, 3.
To call such social lepers actors is as illogical and un-
fair as It would be to call Uriah Beep a man of honor. . . .
Professionally considered your fake is as unworthy as he
Is socially.
Weekly Republican (Watetbury, Conn.), Oct. 15, 1S86.
4. Theat., any unused or worn-out and worth-
less piece of property; hence, any odd bit of
merchandise sold by street-venders. [Slang in
all the above senses.]
A man . . . has derived a large revenue from this and
similar /ait«« gotten up for the use of street venders.
Sei. Amer., N. 8., LIV. 165.
5. A 8oft-8oldering fluid used by jewelers. Gee,
Goldsmith's Handbook, p. 140.
fake' (fak), 17. t.; pret. and pp. faked, ppr.fak-
inq. [80., also faik; perhaps < VIS), facken,
seize, apprehend.] It. To grasp. — 2. To give
heed to. — 3. To believe; credit.
[Scotch in all uses.]
fakeer, «. See/oWri.
fakement (fak'ment), n. [<. fake'^ + -ment."] 1.
Any act of deceit, fraud, swindling, or thiev-
ing; the act of begging under false pretenses;
also, a device by which fraud is effected.
I cultivated his acquaintance, examined his affairs, and
put him up to the neatest little fakement In the world ;
just showed him how to raise two hundred pounds and
clear himself with everybody, just by signing his father's
name. H. Kingsley, Geolfry Hamlyn, v.
They bought a couple of old ledgers — useful only as
waste-paper — a bag to hold money, two ink-bottles, Ac.
l*hus equipped, they waited on the farmers of the dis-
trict, and exhibited afakement (forged document) setting
forth parliamentary authority for imposing a tax upon the
geese ! //. Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor.
2. Any peculiar or artistic production or piece
of workmanship.
[Slang in botn uses.]
fakeri (fa'k&r), «. ^< fake^ + -«rl.] One who
fakes ; specifically, in the life-saving service,
a snrfman whose duty it is to fake the shot-
lines in a faking-box.
faker- (fa'kfer), n. [</a*;e2 -t- ^rl.] 1. A pick-
pocket ; a thief. — 2. One who sells or deals
m fakes; specifically, a street-vender. — 3. A
hanger-on of the theatrical profession.
[Slang in all uses.]
faking^ (fa'king), n. [Verbal n. of /atel, ».]
The act or method of stowing a shot-line around
the pins of a faking-box. or of coiling a cable.
faking''^ (fa'king), n. [Verbal n. of fake'^, t'.]
The art or practice of concealing the defects
falcate
of animals by artificial means; swindling.
[Slang.]
faking-box (fa'king-boks), n. A peculiarly con-
structed box used in the life-saving service for
coiling lines attached to shot in such a way as
to prevent tangling or knotting in transporta-
tion or in firing.
fakir'^ (fa-ker'), n. [Also written fakeer, and
sometimes (after ¥.) faquir, Anglo-Ind. fakir,
fuqeer, etc., < Ar. (whence Hind., etc. )/ai-«r,
faqir (the guttural is qdf), a poor man, one
of an order of religious mendicants (equiv.
to the Pers. darvesh: see dervish), < fakr,faqr,
poverty. The name has a special reference to
a saying of Mohammed, el fakr fakhri, ' pover-
ty is my pride.'] 1. A Mohammedan religious
mendicant or ascetic " who is in need of mercy,
and poor in the sight of God, rather than in need
of worldly assistance" (Hughes, Diet, of Islam).
Fakirs are of two great classes: (1) those who are "with
the law," and govern their conduct according to the prin-
ciples of Islam, and (2) those who are " without the law,"
and do not rule their lives according to the principles of
any religions creed, ttiough they call themselves Mussul-
mans. The former usually enter one of the various reli-
gious orders, and are then commonly known as dervishes.
lluijhes. See dervish.
The character of a fakir is held in great estimation in
this country. Bogle, in Markham's Tibet, I. 49.
He is & fakeer, or holy man, from Timtmctoo.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 22.
2. A Hindu devotee or ascetic ; a yogi.
fakir^, n. A misspelling of faker^.
fakirism (fa-ker'izm), «. [< fakir'^ + -ism.']
1. Keligious mendicancy, especially as prac-
tised among Mohammedan dervishes. — 2. The
peculiar austerities and ascetic practices of the
Hindu devotees popularly called fakirs, who are
represented as subjecting themselves to the
severest tortures and self-mortifications.
Christianity felt the influence of the various cuiTents of
thought and tendency — Hellenic, Roman, Alexandrian,
and Oriental — nor did it escape that of the/ojttrwm which
had been generated in the mud of tlie Ganges.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 777.
fa-la (fa'la'), n. In music, a kind of part-song
or madrigal which originated in the latter half
of the sixteenth century, the text consisting
wholly or in part of the syllables fa la. Also
spelled fal-la.
others wrote rhythmical songs of four or more parts, or
ballets, OT fal'las, all of which, l>eing for unaccompanied
voices, or for viols instead of voices, are often erroneous-
ly ranked as madrigals, though differing entirely In struc-
ture from them. Encye. Brit., XV. 1W2.
falanaka (fa-la-na'k^), ». The native name
of a viverrine carnivorous quadruped of Mada-
gascar, Eu)>Ure,i goudoti. See Eupleres.
falbalat, falbelot, «. [= D. falbala = G. fal-
hel = Dan. falbclade = Sw. falbolan, < F. fal-
bala, dial, farbala = Sp. falbald, farfald, farald
= Pg. It. falbala, a flounce, furbelow. Hence,
by corruption, the present form furbelow.] A
flounce. See furbelow.
A street there is thro' Britain's Isle renowned.
In upper Holiwrn, near St. Giles's pound.
Ten thousand habits here attract the eyes.
Mixed with hoop.petticoats and faltteloes.
Sew Crazy Tales (1783), p. 25.
falcade (fal-kad'), n. [< p. falcade, < It. "fal-
cata, prop. pp. fem. of falcare, bend, crook, <
L. 'falcare, pp. only as adj, falcatus, bent,
curved, hooked: see falcate.] In the manege,
the action of a horse when he throws himself
on his haunches two or three times, as in a very
quick curvet.
falcarions (fal-ka'ri-us), a. [< L. falcarius,
only as a noun, a sickle- or scythe-maker, <
/ate (/oic-), sickle: see falcate.] Same as /aJ-
cate. [Bare.]
falcata, «. Plural of falcatum.
falcate (fal'kat), a. andn. [< h. falcatus, bent,
curv'od, hooked, sickle-shaped, (.fair (falc-), a
sickle, akin to Gr. ^'Uw, a crooked piece of
ship-timber, a rib; cf. kft-^lndetv, clasp around,
i^hioq, bow-legged. From L. falx are also E.
falcon, falchion, faleulate, etc., defalk, defal-
cate.] I. a. Hooked; curved like a scythe or
sickle ; falciform : specifically applied in anat-
omy, zoSlogy, and botany to A falciform part
or organ having two sharp and nearly parallel
edjfes, curved m one piano and meeting at a
point. •
The arche<l costa and falcate form of wing is generally
supposed to give increased powers of flight.
A. R. Wallace, Nat. Select., p. 175.
Falcate wings, in enlnm., wings which have the tips
somewliat attenuate, curved away from the costal margin,
and generally acnte.
n. n. A figure resembling a sickle, formed
by two curves bending the same way and meet-
falcate
ing in a point at the apex, the base terminating
in a straight margin.
falcated (fal'ka-ted), a. Same na falcate: the
form of the woi'd commonly used of tho disk of
a planet when less than haLf of it is illuminated.
Venus, if ercury, ami our Moon have phases, and appear
sonietiraes falcated, sometimes gibbous, and sometimes
more or less roumi. Derham, Astro-Theology, v. 1.
falcation (fal-ka'shon), w. [Cf. ML./a/ca/jo(w-),
a reaping with a sickle, < *falcare, reap ^vith a
sickle: see falcatorj] 1. The state or quality
of being falcate. — 2. That which is faloifonn.
The locusts have antennie or long horns before, with a
\ox\s falcation or forcipated tall behind.
SirT. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 3.
falcator (fal'ka-tor), n. [< ML./aZcator, a sickle-
man, < ^falcare, reap with a sickle, < L. fahc
(/ij^), a sickle.] If. A reaper or mower; one
who cuts with a scythe or sickle, Blount, — 2.
[cap.'] [NL.] In orn(7A.: (o) A genus of birds
with falcate bill : same as I)repanis, (b) In the
glural, Falcatores (fal-ka-to'rez), the creepers,
ee Certhia,
falcatum (fal-ka'tum), «. ; pi. falcata (-ta).
[ML,, neut. of falcatus, hooked: see falcate,']
A siekle-shapcd sword, especially tlie falchion,
falces, n. Plural oifalx.
falchion (fal'chon or -shon), «. [Formerly
faulehion; an alteration, to bring it nearer the
It. or ML. form, of ME. fauchoUj fauchounj fa-
choun, fawchutiy etc., < OF. fauchon, faiicon,
fauson (cf. eqmy,fa^ichart^faussa}% etc.), mod.
P. fattchoriy a sickle, = "Pr. fa^tsso = It. falcione, <
ML./a/cio(w-), also/a?co(rt-), a falchion, a short,
broad sword with a slightly curved point, < L.
. falx (falc-), a sickle : see falcate, and cf. falcon.]
A short, broad sword having a convex edge
curving sharply to the point; loosely, as in
poetry, any sword, in the proper sense, falchions
were of two sorts : (a) With the back straight and the
sharpened edge rounded gradually as far as the greatest
width, which is about three fourths of the length of the
blade from the hilt, and thence sharply curved to the
point (h) Having the back also curved, but in a concave
curve, and more or less closely resembling the simitar, but
distinguished from it by retaining the greatest width at a
place near the point.
Is noyther Peter the porter ne Poule witli his fauchoune,
That wU defende me the dore dynge ich neure so late.
Piers Plowman (H), xv. 19.
I have seen the day, with my good biting/aiUcAion
I would have made them skip : I am old now.
Skak.f Lear, v. 3.
His brow was sad ; his eye beneath
Flashed like a falchion from its sheath.
Longfellow, Excelsior.
Falcidian (f al-sid'i-an), a. Of or relating to the
Koman Falcidius, who was tribune in 40 B. c.
— Falcidian portion, the fourth part of a decedent's
estate, which was by Koman law guaranteed to the heir,
even though legacies would otherwise have absorbed over
three fourths of the estate.
falciform (fal'si-fonn), a. [< L./a/a; (falc-), a
sickle, + forma, shape.] Sickle-shaped; fal-
cate.
Five falciform folds of the perisoma, more or less cal-
cified, project into the cavity of the body. .
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 476.
Falciform antennse, in entom., antennse in which the
apical joints are gradually nan-ow, and together form aTi
incurved terminal portion of tlie organ, something in the
shape of a sickle.— Falciform bone, an accessory ossicle
of the carpus of the mole.— Falciform cartilages, the
semilunar cartilages of the knee.— Falciform ligament,
in anat: (a) The broad longitudinal susi)t:iisory ligament
of the liver, consisting of two layers of peritoneum re-
flected from the under surface of the diaphragm, and con-
taining the round ligament between them, (b) Either one
of the horns or falcate edges of the saphenous opening of
the fascia lata of the thigh.— Falciform process. Same
as falx cerebri (which see, under falx).
falcinel (fal'si-nel), «. A book-name of the
ibises of the genus Faldnellus: as, the glossy
falcinel, F. igneus.
Falcinellus (fal-si-nel'us), «. [NL., < Jj. falx
(/a^c-), a sickle.] Inornith.: (a) [I.e.] TheLin-
nean specific name of the glossy ibis, Tbisfalci-
nelluSf taken as the generic name of the glossy
ibises, of which there are several species. Bech-
stein, 1803. (b) A genus of birds : same as Pronie-
rops. Vieillot, 1816. (c) A genus of sandpipers,
having as type the curlew-sandpiper, Tringa
subarquata. Cuvier, 1817, (d) A genus of sand-
pipers, having as type the broad-billed sand-
piper, Liviicola platyrhyncha. Kaup, 1829.
Falcipennig (fal-si-pen'is), w. [NL., < falx
(fate-), a sickle, + pennayO, feather.] A genus
of grouse, having falciform primaries, the type
of which is Tetrao falcipennis of Hartlaub, or
Falcipennis hcrtlauhi. D. G. Elliot, 1864.
Falco (fal'ko), w. [LL., a falcon: see falcon.]
A genus of diurnal birds of prey, it was foi-mer-
ly conterminous with the family Falconidce, but is now
usually restricted to species which have the beak toothed,
2124
the nasal tubercle centric, the wings long, strong, and
pointed, the tail moderate and stiff, and a special con-
struction of the shoulder-joint. It includes the falcons
proper, such as the peregrines, sakers, lanners, juggers,
gerfalcons, merlins, hol)bies, and kestrels, kee falcon.
falcon (fa'kn or fal'kon),?*. [The present spell-
ing is an alteration, to bring the form near the
L. ; early mod. E./(7»ro/?,/c7!//co«, etc. ; <ME./aM-
C07iy faufcon, fa irkou, f<iir/:<i» ,f<(triumn, < OF. fan-
conffalcun, 'iatorfaulcou, laod. faucon = Ft. fan-
con, fate = OSp. falcon, Sp. halcon = Pg. falcao
= It. falcone = OHGc.falchOj G.falke = D. valk =
Icel. fdlk'i = Sw, Dan. falk = LGr. ^aX/cwv, < LL.
falco{n-), a falcon, so called from the hooked
claws, <L, /ate (/a/c-), a sickle: see falcate. Cf.
gerfalcon.] 1. A diurnal bird of prey, not a
vulture; especially^ a hawk used in falconry.
The birds usetf in hawking belong to one of two groups :
(a) Falcons proper in an ornithological sense (see def. 2 (c)),
belonging to tlie restricted genus Falco, of which the pere-
grine is the type. These birds rise above the quarry and
stoop to it by dashing down from on high ; they are most
highly esteemed for hawking, and called noble. (6) Hawks
of the genus Astur, as the goshawk or falcon-gentle, which
are quite differently shaped as to proportions of the wings,
tail, and feet, and have consequently a different mode of
flight. They capture the quarry by direct chase after
it, and are called ignoble — a term somewhat loosely ex-
tended to other birds of prey which cannot be trained to
the chase at all. In heraldry the falcon is generally rep-
resented with bells on the legs, but it is necessaiy to men-
tion in the blazon tlie bells and their tincture. It is always
supposed to be close unless the attitude is mentioned in the
Idazon. Where the falcon is described as jessed and belled,
the jesses are represented as hanging loose.
Ferre owtt in yone mountane graye,
Thomas, my fawkon byggis a ueste;-
Afawcoun is an eglis praye ;
Forthi in na place may he reste.
Thojnas of Ersseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 108).
A king of the Mercians requested the same Winifred to
send to him two falcons that had been trained to kill
cranes. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 83.
I see Lombards pouring down from the mountain gates
with falcons on their thumbs, ready to pounce on the pur-
ple cohimbse. D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days.
2. In ornith.: (a) One of the Falconidce. (&)
One of the Falconince. (c) Specifically, a bird
of the genus Falco. The species are numerous, and
are found in nearly all parts of the world. One of the
best-known and most nearly cosmopolitan is the peregrine
falcon, Falco peregriniis, which has many varieties or sub-
species, as the duck-hawk of North America, F. peregri-
nu8, var. anatum. (See cut under duck-hawk.) The ger-
Gerfalcon [Faico £yrfaUo).
falcons are a race of boreal falcons, of large size and usu-
ally of more or less white or light coloration. Most of
the falcons have special English names, as saker, jugger,
merlin, hobby, etc. See the phrases below.
3. In falconry, a female falcon, as distinguished
from the male, which is about a third smaller,
and is known as a tercel, tiercel, or tiercelet. See
haggard.
For ther nas [was not] neuer yet no man on lyve —
If that I coude & faucon wel discryve —
That lierde of swich another of fairnesse.
As wel of plumage as of gentillesse
Of shap. Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 416.
A falcon, tow'ring in her pride of place,
Was by a mousing "owl hawk'd at and icill'd.
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 4.
4. A kind of cannon in use in the sixteenth cen-
tury. It is said to have had a bore of two and a half
inches and to have carried a shot of two pounds weight.
The French regulations of Henry II. fix the weight of the
shot at one pound one ounce poids du roi(not quite one
and a quarter pounds English).
The port of Mecca, neere vnto which are 6 or 7 Turks
upon the old towers for guard thereof with foure/aw^coJis
vpon one of the corners of the city to the land-ward.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 211.
Aplomado falcon. Same as femoral falcon. — Axillary
falcon, an Australian kite of the genus Elanus, E. axil-
laris, having tlie axillary feathers or lining of the wings
white and black. Latham, 1801.— Barbary falcon, Fal-
co barbariis, a true falcon of small size, about 13i inches
long, inhabiting parts of Africa and Asia. Originally mis-
spelled barberry. Albia, 1740. — Behree falcon, one of
many names of the conniioii peregrine, Falco peregrinus.
Latham, 1787. — Bengal falcon, one of the tiny flnch-fal-
cons, Microhierax coerulescens, of India. — Black-necked
falconf a South American hawk, Busarellus nigricollis.
falcon-bill
Latham, 1787.— Blue falcon, tlie peregrine, Falco pere-
grinus: so called from tlie dark-bhnah color of the upper
parts of tlie adult.— Ceylonese crested falcon, Si/i2at'-
tuscirrhatiu<, a crested liawk of (.t.yloii uiid i>artsof India.
— Chanting-falcon.an Afiit-m hawk, Mdiriaxcanorus,
said to utter musical notes. See singing-hawk. Latham,
1802.~Cheela falcon, a very large hawk of the Hima-
layas, Spilornis cheela. Latham, 1787. See cheela^. —
ChicCLUera falcon, the common Indian Falco chicquera,
a small fak-nn from 11^ to 13 inches long, witli a chest-
nut head and neck. Also called/a^ria^erf/a^con.- Cohy
falcon, afalcoi)crn, Baza lophotes, of India, Ceylon, and
ilalacca.— Criard falcon, a kite of tlie genus Elanus
(wiiich see), E. ccerulexts, of a bluish-gray color above,
about 13 inches long, with ashy-white tail, inhabiting Af-
rica and warm parts of Europe and Asia. — Dubious fal-
con, the common sharp-shinned hawk of the United States,
Acctjnter fuscus : an old book-name. Pennant, 1785.—
Dusky falcon, an old book-name of the common Amer-
ican pigeon-liawk, Falco (IJypotriorchis) columbarius.
Pennant, 1785.— Eleonora falcon, Falco (Erythrop^is)
e/eonor£», one of the smaller falcons, inhabiting tlie Mediter-
ranean region.— Fair falcon, Astur novct-fiollandice, an
Australian goshawk, from 16 to 20 inches long, and, when
adult, snow-white, with yellow cere and feet, black bill, and
carmine eyes. Also called New Holland white eagle. La-
tham, 1801.— Fasciated falcon. Same as chicquera fal-
con. Latham, 1801.— Femoral falcon, a small true falcon,
Falco fusco-ccerulescens or F. femoralis, found from the
Mexican borders of the United States southward through
much of South America. It Is from 13 J to 15i Inches long,
and has the femoral region conspicuously colored. Also
called plumbeous falcon and Aplomado falcon. — Flnch-
falcon, one of the very small Oriental falcons of the genus
Microhierax, not larger than a finch or sparrow.— GentU or
gentle falcon. Same as falcon -gentle.— Great northern
falcons, the several species or varieties of gerfalcons con-
stituting the genus or subgenus Hierofalco. — Greenland
falcon, the whitest of the gerfalcons, Falco {Hierofalco)
ca?idica7is.— Iceland falcon, a kind of gerfalcon, F'alco
{Hierofalco) islandicus, chiefly found in Iceland, where
its peculiarities become best develojjed. More fully called
spotted Iceland falcon. — Ingrian falcon. Same as red-
footed falcon. Latham, 1781.— Kite-falcon, a falcopern
(which see); a bird of the genus Baza or of Avicida. —
Labrador falcon, a very dark-colored, almost blackish,
variety of gerfalcon found in Labrador, and named Falco
labradonus by Audubon. — I,anner falcon. See tanner. —
Leverian falcon, the young of the common red -tailed buz-
zard of the United States, Buteo borealis : so named Ijy Pen-
nant in 1785 from a specimen in the Leverian Museum. —
Little rusty-crowned falcon, a twokname of the com-
mon American sparrow-hawk, Falco {Tinnunculus) spar-
verius. See sparrow-hawk.— Lugger or luggur falcon.
Same as jw^^en— Lunated falcon, Falco lunulatvs, a
small true falcon of Anstr:tlia, from 11^ tol3i inches long.
Latham, 1801.— Madagascar falcon, Polyboroides radia-
tu8, a large silver-gray hawk with bare lores, peculiar to
Madagascar.— New-Zealand falcon, //nr;)« or Hieraci-
dea noDce-zeaZandice. Latham, 1781.— Notched falcon, a
South American falcon, Harpagus bidentatus, with doubly
toothed bill and crestless head. Latham, 1787.— Order
of the White Falcon, an order founded by the Duke of
Saxe-Weimar in 1732, and renewed in 1815. It is still in ex-
istence, andconsists of three classes, numbering, exclusive
of the family of the reigning grand duke, 12 grand crosses,
25 commanders, an d 50 knights. The badge is an 8-pointed
cross in green enamel, having between each two amis a
point in red enamel, and borne upon the whole, in relief,
a falcon in white enamel. On the reverse are the words
** L'ordre de la Vigilance" and a trophy or other emblem,
which differs for the civil and the military knight ; also the
motto *' Vigilando ascendimus." The ribbon is dark-red
or ponceau. Also called Order of Vigilance.— Veve-
ee falcon. See peregrine, «.— Placentia falcon.
! as St. John's falcon : so called from the large dark
spot on the belly.— Plimibeous falcon, (a) A South
American hawk, Astunna nitida. Latham, 1787. {b)
Same as femoral /aicon.— Prairie-falcon, Falco mexica-
nus or F. polyarpms, a large true falcon common on the
prairies of the Western States and Territories from British
America hito Mexico, representing in America the group
of lanners of the old world. It is about as large as the
duck-hawk or peregrine, but much lighter and grayer in
color, and with the under parts longitudinally streaked at
all ages.- Radiated falcon, an Australian hawk, Uro-
spizias radiatus. Latham, 1801.— Bed-fOOted falcon,
Falco {Tinnunculus) vespertinus or rujipes, a small tnie
falcon with red legs, related to the spaiTow-hawk of the
United States, found in Europe, occasionally in Great Brit-
ain, and in many parts of Asia and Africa. Also called
Ingrian /rt/c<>?t. — Red-shouldered falcon, the adult
red-shouldered buzzard, Buteo lineatus. Pennant, 17S5. —
Rock-falcon. Same as irfo;((?-/aZto7i.— Rufous-headed
falcon, a South American hawk, Heterospizias meridio-
nalis. Latham, 1787. — St. Domingo falcon, a West In-
dian variety of the common sparrow-hawk of the United
States, sometimes called Falco or I'inninu-ulus or Cerch-
neis dominicensis. Latham, 1781.— St. John's falcon, a
blackish variety of the rough-legged buzzard, Archibuteo
lagopus, var. sancti-johamiis :
so called from a locality in
Newfoundland. Latham, 1781.
Also called placentia falcon. —
Stone-falcon, the merlin, Fal-
co cEsalon. Also called rock-fal-
con, and formerly Falco lithofal-
CO.— Streaked falcon, a South
American hawk, Urubitinga
melanops. Latham, 1787. —
Tawny-headed falcon, the
African Falco ruf collie, proba-
bly only a variety of the chic-
quera falcon.— Winter falcon,
the young of the common red-
shouldered buzzard of the Unit-
ed States, Buteo lineatus. Pen-
nant, 1785.— Zuggun falcon,
an Oriental hawk, Butastur
teesa. Latham, 1821. See teesa.
falcon-bill (fa'kn-bil), n. Faicon-bm of aW 1450.
A/. J. i 1 J *• (From Viollet-lc-Ducs Diet,
form of martel-de-fer, duMobiiierfran<^u.")
falcon-bill
distinguished by its slightly curved and sharp
point.
falconelle (fal-ko-nel'), n. Same a,B falconet, 2.
falconer (fa'kn-ir), n. [Spelling altered as in
falcon; eailyiaod. E.fauconer,faulconer; < ME.
fauconer,faul:ener,fawconer,etc.,<. OF. faitlcon-
nier, F. fuuconnier = Yr. fakonier = OSp. /a/-
conero = Sp. halconero = Pg. falcoeiro = It.
falconiere = D. valkenier = MHG. valkener, G.
falkner = Dan. falkeneer = Sw, falkener, < ML.
falconarius, a falconer, < LL. falco{n-), a fal-
con: see falcon.'\ A person who breeds and
trains hawks for taking game ; also, one who
follows the sport of fowling with hawks.
Hee is much delighted with pleasures of the field, for
which in Gnecia and \atolia he hath forty thousand FoU-
coiiers ; his Hunts-men are not much fewer.
Purchag, Pilgrimage, p. 290.
The person who had the care of the hawks is denomi-
nated the/alconer, but never I believe the hawker.
StrtUt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 28.
falconet (fal'ko-net), n. [< OF. "falconet, *fau-
conet (= It. falconetto ; cf. ML. falconeta, a
small cannon), equiv. to OF. fauconnel, faulco-
neau, F. fauconneau, a young falcon, a piece
of ordnance, dim. of faucon, a falcon: see fal-
con.'] 1 . A little falcon ; specifically, in omith.,
a finch-falcon of the Oriental genus lerax,
Hierax, or Microhierax, which contains tiny fal-
cons about gi.x inches long, such as M. ccerules-
cens. — 2. A shrike of the genus Faleunculus.
Also falconelle. — 3t. A kind of cannon in use in
the sixteenth centurv. it is stated to have had a
bore of two incites and to have carried a shot of one and a
half pounds weight. The standard fixed by Henry II. of
France fixes the weight of the shot at 14 otmces poids du
roL
Mahomet sent Janizaries and nimble footmen with cer-
tain faiconeU and other small pieces, to take tlie strelghts.
Knollet, Hist. Turks.
falcon-eyed (fa'kn-id), a. Having eyes like a
falcon's ; having bright and keen eyes.
A quick brunette, well-moulded, /a/eon-«i/«d.
Tennyvm, Princess, ii.
falcon-gentle (fi'kn-jen'tl), n. [Also written
fcUcon-gentil ; < OF. faulcon gentil: gentil, gen-
tle, i. e., noble.] The female and young of the
European goshawk, Jstur palumoarius. Also
f/enlit or ijfii tie falcon and oyer.
fUcon-heronert, n. [ME.] A falcon trained to
fly at the heron.
No gentil h«ateln/<ii<»n-A<ron«r.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1120.
Falconids (fal-kon'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Falco{n-)
+ -i(Ue.} The most highly organized andrapto-
rial family of diurnal bircLs of prev. It is now nsa-
ally held t^j cover nearly all diomal birds of prey, and to
be nearly cont<-rminous with the suborder AeeipUret, con-
Uining tlic oM world (not the new-world) raltures, ts well
■■ all kinds of hawks, falcons, buzzards, eagles, etc., ex-
cept, usually, the secretary-birds and the ospreys or fish-
hawks. The vultures or carrion -feeding birds of prey of
the old world were fonnerly excluded from the limits
of this family, but are now brought under It. The char-
acters of the group are nearly the same as those of the
suborder Aecipitre*. The family is variously subdivide^l,
a usual division bein^ Into Falconiiux, falcons ; Polyho-
rituB^ caracaras ; Circitux, tuurien ; Aeeipitriwx, hawks ;
Milmnet. kites; Ruteonina, bozzard-bawks ; and Vultu-
rincK, old-world vultures, when tbeae are brought un<ler
HaUonidae. But there Is seldom any agreement among
ornithologists in this matter.
Falconins (fal-ko-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Fal-
co(n-) + -i«<B.] "the typical and most raptorial
subfamily of Falconidte, containing the falcons
proper, it is characterized by having the scapular pro-
cess of the coracold extended to the clavicle, the up|>er
mandible dentate, the lower mandible notched, the nasal
tubercle centric, the eye protected by a superciliary shield,
the whole organization robust and symmetrical, and the
disposition rapacious In the highest degree. The birds
used In falconry belong moatly to this subfamily. See
cuts nnder diu^k-fuitpk and faieon.
falconine (fal'ko-nin), a. and n. I. a. Of or
pertaining to the Falconidte, and e8x>ecially to
the Falconinte.
H. n. A falcon, or other hawk of the family
Falcon i<iw; in a more restricted sense, of the
subfamily Falconinw alone. Coues.
falconingt, «. [Early mod. E. faulkning; < fnl-
mii + -i;i</i.] Hawking; falconry. Florio.
falconry (fA'kn-ri), n. [Formerly faulconry,
faulconrie, fauconry ; ME. form not found; <
OF. faulc/tnnerie, F. fauconnerie (= It. falcone-
ria), < tth-falconeria, < LL. falco{n-), a falcon :
see/olconand-rv.] 1. The art of training fal-
cons to attack wild fowl or game.
Wee find in fatUeonrit sixteen hawkes or fowls that
prey. Holland, tr. of Pliny, i. 8.
2. The sport of pursuing wild fowl or game by
means of falcons or bawKs. Commonly calleii
haaking.
2125
falcon-shaped (fa'kn-shapt), a. Having a form
somewhat resembling a bird of prey: said of
certain objects of ornamental art, as a brooch :
a favorite pattern in Scandinavian art in the
early middle ages.
falcon-shott (fa'loi-shot), n. The range of the
guu called a faieon. See falcon, 4.
Well, said the admiral, the matter is not great, for
there can be no danger in this sally, for where they worke
it is within/rt^o7i-»/io( of the ships.
HakluyVg Voyages, III. 714.
falcopem (fal'ko-p6m), H. [< L. Falco, q. v.,
+ Pernis, q. v.] One of a group of hawks, sucli
as Falco lophotes, forming the modem genus
Baza, having the head crested and the beak
doubly toothed; a kite-falcon.
falcnla (fal'ku-la), «. [L., a small sickle, a
pruning-hook, a claw, dim. of falx (falc-), a
sickle: see falcate.] X. [cap.] [NL.] A genus
of small falcons : same as Tinnunculus. Hodij-
son, 1837.— 2. PI. falculw (-\e). A lengthened,
compressed, curved, and acute claw ; a falcate
or falciform claw, as a cat's.
Falcnlatat (fal-ku-la'ta), n. pi. [NL., < h.fal-
cula, a claw: see /«/<■«/«.] In Illiger's classi-
fication of mammals (1811), the twelfth order,
containing 4 families of quadrupeds with claws,
now forming the order Insectirora and the sub-
order Fisaipedia of the order Fer<e. These families
were Subterranea (containin<; the iiisectivores), Planti-
grada, Sanguinaria, and Gracilia (together including the
ftssiped carnivores).
falculate(farki-lat),a. \<.falcula + -ate.] Hav-
ing the form of a falcula ; falcate or falciform.
Falcnlia (fal-ku'li-a), «. [NL., < L. falcula, a
small sickle, a pruning-hook, a claw: see fal-
cula.] A remarkable genus of Madagascan
passerine birds, the type and only known spe-
cies of which is F. palliata, of uncertain system-
Falcutia fattiata.
atic position, commonly referred to the Para-
diJieidtF, and sometimes to the Corridte, where it
probably belongs. The bird is black and white
in color and about 9^ inches long. Isidore Geof-
froy St. Hilaire, 1836.
faldH, «. and V. An obsolete form otfold^.
fald-t, »• -An obsolete form of /o/fP.
faldaget (f^l'daj), n. [ML. (Eng. Law L.) fal-
dagium : Spelman gives an AS. 'faldgang, mean-
ing the same asfaUage (lit. a fold-going) ; Som-
ner, 'fald-gang-penig, equiv. to f aid-fee, q. v. See
faldxoke. faldicorth. These are old law words,
not found in ME. or AS. literature.] 1. An
old seigniorial right under which the lord of a
manor required a tenant's sheep to pasture on
his fields as a means of manuring the land, he
in turn being bound to provide a fold for the
sheep. — 2. A customary fee paid by a tenant
to the lord of a manor for exemption from this
obligation. AIco called /a{(i-/ee.
Also foldage.
falderal! (fai'de-ral), n. A Scotch form otfol-
derol.
Gin ye dinna tie htm till a job that he canna get quat o',
he'll Hee frae ae /alderalt till anittaer a' the days o' his life.
Hogg, Tales, I. 9.
faldetta (fal-det'&), n. [It.] An outer gar-
ment worn by M'altese women, usually made
of silk. See the extracts.
The black silk faldetta nt Maltese ladies, tlve long white
muslin veil of Genoa, and the wltite nuisiin tio(»ds worn >>y
females in other parts of Italy, ttc, will recur to every
traveller. Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 164, note.
TXiQ faldetta b a combination of hofHl and cape.
C. D. Warner, Koundalmut Journey, p. 132.
fald-feet (f&ld'fe), ». [< ME./nid, fold (see/aW-
aqe), + fee.] Same aafaldage, 2.
faldingt (fal'ding), n. [ME.; origin uncer-
tain.] A kind of frieze or rough-napped cloth,
supplied probably from the north of Europe.
Falemo
In a gowne of faldyiig to the kne.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 391.
faldistort, faldistoryt (fal'dis-tor, -to-ri), «.
[< ilh.fiildi>it<iriiim, var. ot faldesioliuni, a fald-
stool: see faldstool.] Same a.s faldstool.
faldsoket, n. [ME. 'faldsoke (Wh. faldsoca) , <
fald, E.fold^, + soke, soken.] Same a,s faldage.
faldstool (fald'stol), n. [Partly accom. (the E.
form would be*foldstool) < OF. faldestoel,faude-
stuel, faudestueill ; < 'M\j. faldistolium , corruptly
faldistorium,faltisterium ( > It. Sp. Pg.faldistorio
= OF. faldestoel, faudestuel, faudestueill, faude-
steuil, faldestor, etc., F. fauteuil, an arm-chair),
< OKG. faltstuol,faldistdl, G.faltstuhl,falzstvhl,
Ut. a folding stool, < OHG./aMa«, G. fallen = E.
fold^, v., -I- stuol, stol, G. stuhl, a chair, seat,
throne, = E. stooi. ] 1 . Formerly, a folding chair
similar to a camp-stool, especially one used as a
seat of honor and an ensign of authority, prob-
ably having this character from the ease with
which such a seat could be carried with an army
on the march, and could be set up when requir-
ed. Hence — 2. A seat having the form of the
above, but not capable of being folded. In some
eases the faldstool could be taken to pieces, the back and
arms lifting otf and the lower part tlien folding up ; but
very commonly seats of this form were made of heavy
pieces of wood and were not separable.
3. A folding stool, provided with a cushion, on
which worshipers kneel during certain acts of
devotion ; especially, such a stool placed at the
south side of the altar, at which the kings or
queens of England kneel at their coronation.
On the wall are fixed plates of brass, whereon is engraved
the figure of a judge in his robes, kneeling at a faldstool.
Ashmole, Berkshire, i. 10.
The Dean of Westminster then laid the ampulla and
spoon upon the altar, aiul tile Queen kneeling at the fald-
stool, the archbishop, standing on the north side of the al-
tar, pronounced a prayer or blessing over her.
First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 252.
4. A movable folding seat in a church or cathe-
dral, used by a bishop or other prelate when
officiating in his own church away from the
throne, or in a church not under his jurisdic-
tion.
They (deacons to be ordained] knelt in the form of a
crown or circle around the bishop, whom they found seated
on tk faldstool and wearing his mitre in front of the altar.
ii. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.
6. A small desk in cathedrals, churches, etc.,
at which the
litany is en-
joined to be
sung or said.
It is sometimes
caUed a lUany-
tool or litan;;.
desk, and when
used it is gener-
ally placed in
the middle of
the choir, some-
times near the
steps of tile
altar.
faldwortht,
H. [Skinner,
after Spel-
man, gives
AS. *fald-
wurth, explaining it as < AS. "falde" [fald],
fold, hence company or decuria, -I- "worth"
{weortli), worthy, that is, one old enough to be
admitted to the decuria or tithing. Somner
gives an AS. "faldicitrtli, entitled to (worthy of)
the privilege of faldage (libertate faldagii dig-
nug). Not foimd in AS. documents. See fald-
age.] In old law, a person old enough to be
reckoned a member of a decennary, and so be-
come subject to the rule or law of frank-pledge.
Falernlan (fa-l^r'ui-an), a. and n. [< L. Fa-
lernus, pertaining to a district (Falemus ager)
in Campania (Falernum, sc. vinum, Falemian
wine), prob., like Fali^cus (for 'Falesicus), an
adj. associated with the local, orig. tribal, name
Falerii (see Faliscan), perhaps orig. inhabitants
of a walled or fenced city, < fala, a scaffold or
pillar of wood.] I. a. Pertaining to a district
(Falemus ager) in Campania, Italy, anciently
noted for its excellent wine.
II. M. The wine anciently made from grapes
from the Falemus ager.
Ne'er Falemian threw a richer
Light upon Lucullus' tables.
Longfellow, Drinking Song.
Falemo (fa-ler'no), n. [It., < L. Falemus: see
Falemian.] A white wine, more or less sweet,
grown in the neighborhood of Naples. Although
the name is that of the aticient Falemian, it makes no pre-
tense to be the same wine or to come from the same dis-
trict
Faldstool, def. 5.
Faliscan
Faliscan (fa-Hs'kan), «. and n. [< L. Falisci,
prop. pi. of Falisc a ft for ^Falesicus, an adj. prob.
associated with FaleniK^i : see Fa/frMwiH.] I, a.
Of or pertaining to Falerii, an ancient city of
Etruria, or to itS dialect, which was related to
Latin.
The Faliscan and the Latin [alphabets], wedged in be-
tween the Etruscan and the Oscan.
Jsaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 127.
H. n. A native or an inhabitant of Falerii.
falk (fak), «. [Sa*, also fauk.'j A name of the
razor-billed ai^, Alca torda. Montagu,
fall^ (fal), r. ; pret, /<?//, vp, fallenj^^r, falling.
[Early mod. ^.falU; < W&. fallen (pret./e?,/d/,
Jiljfulj -pL fell€n,f lien, feUe, fillCj etc. jm.fallenj
falk), < AS, feall a n {\)ret. feolly p\, J'eollon,T^p.
feallen) = ONorth./o/^n = 6S./aW«» = OFnes.
\falla = MB. D. vallen = OHG, fallan, MHG. G.
fallen = Iceh falla = Sw.falla = Dan. falde, fall
(not in Goth., where the word for *fair is clriu-
san: see dross^drizzle^jV,)', akin to Jj.fallcre^
deceive, pass./flWt, be deceived, err (whence ult.
E./a*7l, q. v. ), = Gr. a^d/Af ^v, make to fall, throw
down, overthrow, defeat, baffle (cf. deriv. o(pd?i~
fiOfSk slip, stumble, false step, fall). Hence/e//l,
v,t^ I, intrans. 1. To descend from a higherto
a lower place or position through loss or lack
of support ; drop down by or as by the power
of gravity, or by impulse ; come down by £um-
bling or loss of balance, or by force of a push,
east, stroke, or thrust: as, meteors /a W to the
earth ; water /rt?te over a dam ; the mantle /e?i
from his shoulders ; the blow/<??Z with crushing
force.
Also zif the Bawme be fyn, it schaWe falle to the botme
of the Vesselle, as thoughe it were Quyksylver.
Mandevilley Travels, p. 52.
At three there /«K a great storm of rain, which laid the
wind. Winthrop^ Hist. New England, I. 19.
There can be no doubt that in a vacuum all bodies of
whatever size or material would /all precisely in the same
time. R. S. Ball, Exper. Mechanics, p. 239.
2. To sink from a higher to a lower level ; be
or become lower; settle or sink down; go
down ; pass off or away ; ebb : as, the river is
falling (that is, becoming lower from diminu-
tion of the volume of water) ; the thermometer
falls (that is, the mercury sinks in the tube) ;
the ground rises ^nd. fails (apparently, to one
viewing or passing over it, from inequality of
surface, or actually, from an earth(juake) ; the
&QW falls (according to popular belief).
Infect her beauty.
You fen-suck'd tog% drawn by the powerful sun,
To fall and blister. Shak.y Lear, ii. 4.
Either you or I must perish this night, before the sun
faXU. Sydney Smith, To the Countess Grey.
Many a weary year had passed since the burning of (Jrand-
Pr6,
When on tliefaUing tide the freighted vessels departed.
Longfellow, Evangeline, li. 1.
, 3. To descend from a higher, or more perfect,
or more intense, etc., state or grade to one that
is lower, or less perfect, etc. ; deteriorate ; sink
or decrease in amount, condition, estimation,
character, etc.; become degraded or be reduced
in any way, as through loss, misfortune, perse-
cution, misconduct, etc. : as, prices have fallen;
the city fell into bankruptcy ; to fall into pov-
erty, disgrace, apostasy, bondage, etc.; to fall
from grace or favor; to/aM from allegiance; to
fall into bad company.
Labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man
fall after the same example of unbelief. Heb. iv. 11.
Repair thy wit, good youth ; or it viW fall
To cureless ruin. Shak., M. of V., Iv. 1.
The Duke in the Morning sends a Letter to the King,
protesting his Fidelity and Sincerity, only he desires the
Duke of Somerset may be delivered, to stand or fall by
the Judgment of his Peers, Baker, Chronicles, p. 193.
We fall not from virtue, like Vulcan from heaven, in a
day. Sir T. Broutie, Christ. Mor., i, 30.
Then the vrindfell, with night, and there was calm.
M. Arnold, Balder Dead.
Find
That he has fallen to hell while yet he lives.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 329.
4, To come down as from a fixed or standing
position ; be overthrown or prostrated ; hence,
to be slain; perish; come to ruin or destruc-
tion.
Sure, he is more than man ; and, if he fall,
The best of virtue, fortitude, would die with him.
Fletcher (and another). Love's Cure, i. 3.
How can I see the gay, the brave, the young,
Fall in the cloud of war and lie unsung I
Addison, The Campaign.
6. To pass into a new state or condition ; enter
upon a different state of being, action, or feel-
ing; come to be, or to be engaged or fixed: as,
to fall heir to an estate ; to fall a victim ; to
2126
fall asleep, ill, in love, etc. ; to fall calm, as
the wind ; to fall into a snare, into a rage, etc. ;
the troops /e/i into line.
The places of one or two of their ministers being fallen
void. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ii.
The mixt multitude . . . fell a lusting. Num. xi. 4.
For David . . . fell on sleep, and was laid unto his fa-
thers, and saw corruption. Acts xiii. 3G.
The interpreter of the Arab language I had taken with
me, who was an Annenian, falling ill, I was obliged to
send for another to Gii^e.
Pococke, Description of tlie East, I. 85.
It happened this evening that vie fell into a very pleas-
ing walk. Addison, Spectator.
Can a man commit a more heinous offence against an-
other than to fall in love with the same woman ?
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
Many of the women who go forth to meet their hus-
bands or sons receive the melancholy tidings of their hav-
ing fallen victims to privation and fatigue.
E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, II. 177.
They
FeU upon talk of the fair lands that lay
Across the seas.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 274.
6. To pass away or off ; discharge its contents;
disembogue, as a river: as, the ^hone falls into
the Mediterranean; the Ohio/aWsinto the Mis-
sissippi.
This sea is fresh water in many places, in others as salt
as the great Ocean; it hath many great rivers which fall
into it. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 40.
7. To pass or come as if by falling or dropping ;
move, lapse, settle, or become fixed, with refer-
ence to an object or to a state or relation: as,
the G&stle falls to his brother; misfortune /eW
to his lot ; the subject falls under this head.
"Thenne Reddite," quath God, *'that to Cesar falteth."
Piers Ploioman (A), i. 50.
This is the land that shall /aW unto you. Num. xxxiv. 2.
If to her share some female errors fall.
Look on her face, and you'll forget them all.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 17.
This additional taxation of beer had been planned so as
to fall, as near as might be, upon private brewing and
brewing for sale equally.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, IV. 127.
Sweet sleep upon his wearied spirit /eiZ.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 420.
The relations and experiences of real men and women
rarely fall in such symmetrical order as to make an artis-
tic whole. G. W. Cable, The Century, XXXVII. 110.
8. To come to pass or to an issue ; befall ; hap-
pen.
Vn-to hem alle his chier was after one,
Now here, now there, a^felle by aventure.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 57.
It fell ance upon a day,
This guid lord went from home.
Young Akin (Child's Ballads, I. 181).
Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter
will fall. Ruth iii. 18.
Thy lot \s fallen, make the best of it.
Burton, Anat. of Mel,, p. 344.
The vernal equinox, which at the Nicene council /eW on
the 21st of March, /aZis now about ten days sooner.
Holder, Time.
Do thy worst ;
And iovlfall him that blenches first !
Scott, Marnnon, vi. 12.
9. To come by chance or unexpectedly.
A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho,
and fell among thieves. Luke x. 30.
Who would have held it possible that to fly from Baby-
lon we should /att into such a Babel?
Hoivell, Letters, iL 62.
I came to the knowledge of the most epidemic ill of this
sort by falling into a coffee-house, where I saw my friend
the upholsterer, whose crack towards politics I have here-
tofore mentioned. Steele, Tatler, No. 178.
10. To be dropped in birth ; be brought forth
or bom : now used only of lambs and some other
young animals.
Let wives with child
Pray that their burthens may not fall this day.
Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
11. To hang; droop; be arranged or disposed
like the pendent folds of a curtain or garment.
Thus taught, down/aZ/« the plumage of his pride.
Cowper, Charity, 1. 345.
I would comb my hair till my ringlets wonld fall . . .
From under my starry sea-bud crown
Low adown and around.
Tennyson, The Mermaid.
A long mantle, . . . the folds /aZ/in^r down and envelop-
ing the feet, complete[8] the dress.
FairhoH, Costume, I. 100.
12t. To be fit or meet.
Thenne seid I thus, *'it fallith me to cesse
Eyther to ryme, or ditees for to maake."
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 53.
For it ffallith as well to ffodis [lads] of four and twenty
Seris,
Or yonge men of yistirday to seue good redis [counsels],
As be-cometh t^ h^w to hoppe in a cage !
' Richard the Redeless, iii. 262.
fall
13. To be required or necessary; be appropri-
ate or suitable to a subject or an occasion.
[Scotch.]
yfhai falls to be said of the social and religious aspects
of Islam in modern times \vill be given under tbe two
great divisions of Sunnites and Slil'ites.
Encyc. Brit., XVL 545.
Falling branch. See ?>raiicA.— Falling rhythm. Same
as il''Krr}tdinfi rhythm {which see, under tifscciniin'j). — The
curtain falls. See curtain.— To fall aboard of. see
ahuard^.— To fall afoul Of. See afoul.— To fall astem
(naitt.), to drop behind.
Then the Vice-admirall fell on starne, staying for the
Admirall that came up againe to him.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 53.
To fall away, (a) To lose flesh ; become lean or ema-
ciated ; pine.
In a Lent diet people commonly fall away.
Arbuthnot, Aliments.
(b) To decline gradually; languish or become faint ; fade ;
perish.
She fell away in her first age's spring.
Spenser, Daphnaida, I.
One colour /aZi« away by just degrees, and another rises
insensibly. Addison.
(c) To renounce or desert allegiance, faith, or duty ; apos-
tatize ; l}ackslide.
To such as fell not away from Christ through former
persecutions, he givetli due and deserved praise.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 65.
To fall back, (a) To recede ; give way ; retrograde ; re-
treat.
To fall back will be far worse than never to have begun ;
but I hope better of thee.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 412.
Tlie Nabob . . . advanced wiUi his army in a threaten-
ing manner, . . . but when he saw the resolute front which
the English presented, he fell back in alarm.
Macaulay, Lord Cllve.
(b) To have recourse : followed by upon, and referring
usually to some support or expedient already once tried.
The old habit of falling back upon considerations of ex-
pediency—a habit which men followed long before it was
apotheosized by Paley — will still have influence.
//. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 504.
(c) To fail of performing a promise or purpose.— To fall
behind, to slacken in pace or progress ; be outstripped ;
lose ground.
Recorded times of horses and cyclists show that after
about twenty miles the horse slowly but surely falls be-
hind. Bury and HUlier, Cycling, p. 40.
To fall down, (a) To be prostrated ; sink to the ground.
Doumfell the beauteous youth. Di-yden.
(b) To prostrate one's self, as in worship or supplication.
Summe of hem falle doun undre the Wheles of the
Chare, and lat the Chare gon over hem ; so that thei ben
dede anon. Mandeville, Travels, p. 175.
All kings &hal\ fall down before him. Ps. Ixxii. 11,
(c) Naut., to sail or pass toward the mouth of a river or
other outlet; drop down.
The White Angel fell down for Plimouth, but, the wind
not serving, she came to an anchor l)y Ix»ng Island.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 71.
To fall flat. See yfan.— To fall foul. See/oitH.— To
fall from grace. See grace.— To fall home, (a) To fall
into the risint place; drop into or rest at the jwint intend-
ed. (/>) In i/uy^-crt)*/'., to incline inward fvoni the perpen-
dicular : said of tiie top sides of a sliip : same as to tumble
home (which see, under tumble).— To fall In. (fl) To come
in ; join ; take place or position : as, to fall in on tlie right.
We met two small ships, which falling ih among us, and
the Admiral coming under our lee, we let him pass.
Winthrop, Hist. New England. I. 10.
(?*) To come to an end; terminate; lapse: as, an annuity
winch falls in when the annuitant dies.
The very day I put it on, old Lord Mallowford was burnt
to death in his bed, and all the post-obits /efi in.
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby. It
(c) To bend or sink inward.
Yachts with the fallinq-in top sides of a man of war.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LVII. 11.
(rf) To sink or become lean or hollow : as, her cheeks have
fallen in.
When I knew him he was all fallen away and fallen in ;
crooked and shrunken ; buckled into a stiff waistcoat for
sapi>ort. R. L. Stevenson, Talk and Talkers, ii.
To fall in with, (a) To meet or come into company with
casually, as a person or a ship ; arrive at or meet with acci-
dentally, as an object of interest.
There is a gay captain here who put a jest on me lately,
at the expense of my country, and I only want to fall tn
icith the gentleman to call him out.
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
(b) To concur or accord with ; comply with ; be agreeable
or favorable to : as, to fall in with one's assertions ; the
measure /rt^^s in wiV/i popular demands.
Tlie libeller /aZis in tdth this humour, and gratifies this
baseness of temper, which is naturally an enemy to extra-
ordinary merit. Steele, Tatler, No. 92.
Hfe pursues it [a whim] the more pertinaciously as it
falls in with his interest. Goldsmith, Phanor.
To fall of accord. See accord.— To fall off. (a) To
witndraw; separate; be detached or estranged; withdraw
from association, allegiance, or the like : as, friends fall
off in adversity.
That field in Sicily of which Diodorus speaks, where
the perfumes arising from the place make all dogs that
hunt in it to fall off, and to lose their hottest scent.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 177.
Those captive tribes . . . fell off
From God to worship calves. Milton, P. R.. lit 416.
faU
(b) To perish ; die away ; become disused : as, tlie custom
/r.U off. ic) To become depreciated ; decline from former
excellence ; become less valual)le or interestinp ; decrease :
as, the subscriptions /o/i off; the public interest w^alXini)
of-
If I mif;ht venture to suggest anything, it is that the in-
terest rather /oi/» offm the fifth (act).
Sheridan, The Critic, 1. 1.
Physical debility was the main cause of this lyrical /aU-
ing of. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 143.
(rf) Naut., to deviate from the course to which the head of
the ship was before directed ; fall to leeward.
Having killed the captain of the Turkish ship and bro-
ken his tiller, the Turk took in bis own ensign and/W/ off
from him. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 150.
To fall on or upon, (a) tOn, adv.] (1) To begin sud-
denly and vigorously.
FaU on, and try the appetite to eat. Dryden,
(2) To begin an attack.
Therefore /aii o», or else Ije gone.
And yield to us the day.
Kobin Hoodt Delight (Child's Ballads, V. 215).
(t) (Oil, prep. 1 (1) To assault ; assail.
Others of their company, seeing the business was over-
thrown, to make amends for their former fact, turned
and/Wf OH their consorts.
R. Knox (Arbers Eng. Gamer, I. 376).
1 saw three bandits by the rock
Waiting to /all on you, and heartl them boast
That they would slay you. Tennyson, Geraint.
(2) To come upon, usually with some degree of sudden-
ness and unexpectedness ; descend upon.
Fear and dread sh&W/all upon them. Ex. xv. 16.
My blood an even tenor kept,
Till on mine ear this message /o/^.
That in Vienna's fatal walls
God's finger touch'd him, and he slept.
Tennyson, In Memoriaro, Ixxxv.
(3) To light upon ; come upon ; discover.
The Romans /eif on this model by chance. Sieift,
To fall on one's feet, to come well out of any adventure
or predicament; l)e fortunately place<i or provided for:
from the proverldal ability of the cat always to come down
on its feet in falling: as, that is a lucky fellow, he is sure
to /alt on hie/eet,
Mr. King, who was put in good-humor hy /ailing on his
/eet, as it were, in such agreeable company, amused him-
self by studying the guests.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. «.
To fiidl ont. (a) To quarrel ; begin to wrangle ; become
estranged.
Master Welllired's elder brother and I are /alien out
exceedingly. B, Jonton, Every Man in his Humour, t 4.
Rubenius Celer would needs have it engraven on his
tomb he had led his life with Ennea, his dear wife, forty-
three years eight months, and never /«U otU.
Burton, Anat of Met, p. 450.
We/cU out, my wife and I,
O ve/ell out, I know not why,
And Maa'd again with tears.
Tenvyson, Frinceit, i.
(ft) To happen ; befall ; chance.
It/ell out on a day, the king
Brought the queen with him home.
The Laiiley Worm nf Spindtetonheugh (Child's
(BalUds, I. 382).
Even so K/ell out to him as he foretold.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 343.
(e) Xaul., to fall into the wrong place : the opposite of to
/all home.— To fiOI oyer, (a) lOver, adv.] (1) To revolt;
desert from one side to another. [Archaic.]
And dost thou now /all over to my foes?
Shak., K. John, ill. 1.
(2) To become overturned : as, the wall /si/ oi»r. (b) [Oter,
prep.] To fall lieyoiid : as, the ball /suomt the line.— TO
fall sbort, to be deficient ; fail to come up to a standard
or requirement: as, the com /alls short; to /all short In
duly.
The Italians /a/f as short of the French In this particular
(gardens] as they excel them in their palaces.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 378.
It (the great cedar] has a line smell, but not so fragrant
as the Juniper of America, which Is commonly called Ce-
dar; and it tito/aUs short of it In beauty.
Poeoeke, Description of the East, II. 1. 106.
To iUl tlironcll, to fail ; come to nothing : as, the plan
/eU (Arouz/A. T<'ollo<|.l-TO fall tO. (o) (To, adv.) (1)
To drop into a fixed position, as by swinging ; close.
Just here the front gate is heard /ailing to.
W. M. Baker, .New Timothy, p. 37.
(2) To begin eagerly or with vigor.
FaU to, with ea4!er joy, on homely food.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires
Come, Sir. /all to then ; you see my little sapper Is al-
ways ready when I come home, and I'll make no stranger
of you. CoUon, in Walton's Angler, 11. 234.
(ft) {To, prep.) To go about or engage In energetically;
apply one's self to ; have recourse to with ardor or vehe-
mence: aa, they/eff to blows.
Then I/elt to defence with a frike wllle,
My-seluyn to sane, and socour my pepull.
Destruction o/ Troy (E. E. T. 8.X 1. 13204.
!k> titer /ell to It hard and sore.
Robin HooSs Delight (Child s Ballads, V. 214).
I thought we should have had a great deal of talk by
thU time. Well, if you will, we will/oW to It now.
Hunt/an, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 148.
To fall together by the ean. .Sci <ari.— To fall to
the ground. See yrourut^.—To fall under, to come
2127
under or within the limits of ; become subject to ; be
ranged or reckoned under: as, they. felt under the juris-
diction of the emperor : this point did not /all under the
cognizance of the court r these substances /a^^ under a
diiferent class or order.
They /ell under the punishment of admonition and other
heavy penalties. J. Adams, Works, V. 156.
TofUlupon. (a) To attack. &ee to /all on (b).
A knight of Arthur's court, who laid his lance
In rest, antl made as if to /all upon him.
Tennyson, Geraint.
(6) To attempt ; make trial of ; have recourse to.
Every way is /alien upon to degrade and humble them.
Brougham.
To fall witht. Sameas(o/aU in uii(A(a).
They made them stear a course betweene y« southwest
& ye norwest, that they misht/all icith some land.
Bratl/ord, Plymouth Plantation, p. 217.
=Syn. Attack, Set upon. Fall upon, etc. See assaiL
n. trans. If. To bring dcwn ; allow or cause
to drop.
For every tear he/alls a Trojan bleeds.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1551.
The common executioner . . .
Falls not the axe upon the humbled neck.
But first begs pardon. Shak., As yuu Like it, iii. 5.
2. To give a fall to ; throw or otherwise unseat,
as a rider. [CoUoq.J
The servant l)oy, . . . by way of apology, . . . toliVhow
the animal [a horse) h&d failed him three times.
W. Colton, Ship and .Shore, p. 139.
3. To strike, throw, or cut down; speci6cally, to
fell or chop down: as, to fait a tree. [Obsolete
or colloq.]
Nowe make is to /alle in season best
For pale, or hegge, or house, or shippe in floode.
Paltadiut, Husbondrie (E. E. T. -S.), p. 59.
4f . To sink ; depress.
If a man would endeavour to raise or /all his voice still
by half notes ... as far as an eight, he will not l>e able
to frame his voice unto it Bacon, Nat Hist
6. To diminish; lessen or lower. [Rare.]
The time is critical, and every triumph or defeat ma-
terial, as they may raise or /all the terms of peace.
Walpote, Letters, II. 30.
Upon lessening interest to four per cent you /all the
price of your native commodities. Locke.
6. To bring forth : as, to /aU lambs. [Rare.]
He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes ;
Who, then conceiving, did in eaning-time
FaU partlcolour'd laml>s. Shak., it. of V., 1. 3.
Fair fall See /airl. adr.-lo fall a ball, in bell-ring-
ing, to swing a bell which staniis a little on one side of the
Joint of equilibrium, with its mouth upward, to the same
Istance on the other side f>f that point,
fall! (f&l), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also/a^,
falle; < ME./a/,/aH, a fall; AS. with muUted
vowel fyV, TtLTelyfell, fall, usually of death; =
08./al = 0Frie8./a;,/eJ = D. r«/= OHG. MHG.
fal, tal, G. fall = Icel. fall = Dan./aM =: 8w.
fall; from the verb.] 1. n. 1. Descent from a
higher to a lower place or position for want of
support ; a dropping down, as by the power of
gravity or by impulse ; a coming pr tumbling
down: as, the fall of a met«or or of a leaf; a
fall from a horse or a ladder ; a fall on the ice ;
the rise and/a/{ of a piston.
There's a qiedal providence in the/oU of a sparrow.
S*oir., Hamlet, v. 2.
He that Is down needs (ear no/aU.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Prtigresa, ii.
Where never /o/f of human foot is heard.
On all the desolate pavements.
Bryant, Flood of 'Vears.
2. Descent from a higher to a lower level ; a
sinking down or away ; a lowering; an ebbing:
as, a/aH of ground toward a river; &fall of the
tide, or of the mercury in a thermometer; afall
of ten feet in a mile; the fall, or slope, of a
hand-rail.
Almost everybody knows . . . how pleasant and soft tlie
/aU of the land Is round about Plover's Barrows (arm.
R. D. Blacknmre, Loma Doone, vii.
All sewers should have a greater /aU than at present
Pop. Eneyc.
3. Descent from a higher to a lower state or
grade; a lowering of amount, force, position,
character, value, etc. ; a decline: as, a fall in
stocks or rents ; a fall of the -wind or of Volume
of sound; a /aW from power or honor; the /aH
of Adam (see the fall of man, below).
Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit
before &/aU. Prov. xvl 18.
In Adam's/oZf
We sinned all. A'ea Eng. Primer.
Behold thee glorious only in thy /aU.
Pope, To the Earl of Oxford, 1. 20.
It has been boasted that, even if Australian shippers
could not Btaml up against the /aU in prices, the great
flock-masters of the River Plate would lie able to suppiv
nswith an almost unlimited quantity of mutton at recent
market rate*. Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 56.
faU
4. Descent to destruction ; downfall ; ruin ; ex-
tinction.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Gibbon (title of Itook).
5. A vertical or sloping descent of flowing
water ; a waterfall, cascade, or cataract : as,
the fall of the Rhine at SehafiChausen ; the Horse-
shoe/aK at Niagara : usually in the plural, be-
cause the descent is most commonly divided
into parts or stages : as, Niagara falls ; Tren-
ton falls.
A willowy brook, that turns a mill,
With many a/a//, shall linger near.
Rogers, A Wish.
6t. The discharge or falling of a stream into an-
other body of water ; a disemboguement.
Volga hath seuentie mouthes or/als into the sea.
Hakluyt'8 Voyages, I. 326.
7. Autumn, as the season when leaves fall
from trees : also called the fall of the year: in
antithesis to spring. [Formerly in good literary
use in England, but now only local there, and
generally regarded as an Americanism.]
Mayst tliou have a reasonable good spring, for thou art
like to have many dangerous foul/aW«.
Middleton, quoted in Lowell's Biglow Papers, 2d ser.. Int.
What crowds of patients the town-doctor kills.
Or how last /a// he raised the weekly bills.
Dryden, tr. of J uvenal's Satires.
Dubbut looiik at the waaste : theer warn't not (eead (or a
cow ; . . .
Nobbuta bit on it's le(t, an' I mean'd to 'a stubb'd it at.^o/i.
Tennyson, Northern Farmer, Old .Style.
If /aU, as a season o( the year, has gone out o( use in
Britain, it has gone ont very lately. At least, I perfectly
well remember the phrase of "spring nnd/rtW" in my
childhood. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 70.
8. That which falls or has fallen; something
in the state of falling or of having fallen : as,
the fall of snow was soon melted ; a fall of trees
(used in England of trees that have been felled
or cut down), in dress, a fall of lace or other material
is a trinmiing so applied as to hang loosely, as over the
front of a lionnet, acting as a sliort veil, or around the
shoulders in a low bodice.
A light/rt/f . . . of filmy snow lies like down in the two
courts of the Grand lldtel du Mont Blanc.
C. W. Stoddard, Mashallah, p. 9.
The maiden Spring upon the plain
Came in a sun-lit/aa of rain.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Guinevere.
9. The act of felling or cutting down : as, the
^aH of timber. [Local, U. S.] — 10. In hoist-
ing-machinery, the part of the rope to which
power is applied, one end being rove through
the puUev-block or -blocks, and the other car-
ried to tte winch or other hoisting-engine. —
1 1. In wrestling, the act or a method of throw-
ing one's adversary to the ground.
Tom ... at last mastered all the dodges and /alls ex-
cept one. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, iii.
12f. Same as falling-band.
Under that fayre ruffe so sprucely set
Appeares a/o//, a falling-lwnd forsooth.
Marston, Satires, iii.
13t. What falls by lot; lot; allotment; appor-
tionment.
The falles of their grounds which came flrst over in the
May rioare, according as their lots were cast, 162.3.
Plymouth Colony Records, in Appendix to New England's
(Memorial, p. 376.
14t. Lot in life; fortune; condition.
Must not the world wend in his common course
From good to badd, and from badde to worse ;
From worse unto that is worst of all,
And then returne to his former /a/// Spenser.
15. The movable front of a piano which covers
the keyboard. — 16. In astral., that part of the
zodiac which is opposite to the exaltation of a
planet. — 17. In hot., one of the outer divisions
of the perianth in the genus Iris, having a
drooping blade, in distinction from the inner
erect standards. — 18. \n music: (a) A cadence
or conclusion.
TImt strain again ; — it had a dying/a/f.
Shak., T. N., I. 1.
(6) A lowering of the voice. — 19. A trap for
catching animals ; a fall-trap.
Of cat, nor /all, nor trap, I Jiaif nae dreid.
Borrovstoun Mous, Evergreen, li. 148, st 13. (Jamieson.)
20t. A covey: a hawking term.
A /all of woodcocks. .Slntlt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 97.
21. pi. The descent of a deck from a fair curve,
lengthwise, to give height to a cabin, as in
vachts, small sloops, and schooners. Hamersly,
Kaval Encyc. — 22. In whale-fishing, a large
rope or hawser used in cutting in a whale to
hoist in the blubber. It leads from the main-
fall
mast-head, and is rove through blocks attached
to cutting-pennants. Also called cutting-fall. —
Cant-fall (miwf.), the fall of the cant-purchase.— Cat-
tackle faU. Same as «i<-/aH. — Fall and tackle. -An-
other name for block and tackle. See idx-Ari. — The fall
Of man, or tie fall, in theol., the lapse of mankind into
a state of natural or Innate sinfulness ("original sin")
through the trausgrcssion of Adam and Eve. The doc-
trine of the fall is the doctrine that the first parents of
the race were created without sin, but by voluntary trans-
irression of Hod s law fell from the state of innocence, and
that in consequence all their descendants have become
guilty and amenable to divine condemnation and punish-
ment.
Though Scripture gives no definition of the idea of sin,
it leaves no elements of the doctrine of sin unnoticed, but
gives a full account of how sin penetrated into human na-
ture by the /alio/ man. Schafand Herzog, Encyc.p. 2186.
■me fall of the leaf, autumn ; hence, figuratively, decay ;
decline.
The hole yere is deuided into iiii partes. Spring time,
Somer, faxdt of the leafe, and winter, whereof the whole
winter, for the roughnesse of it, is cleane taken away from
shotiug. Aacham, Toxophilus (ed. Arber), p. 48.
His beauty is at the fall of the lea/.
Walpole, Letters, II. 211.
To try a fall, to take a bout at wrestling ; wrestle ;
hence, to contend with another lor superiority in any way.
I am given, sir, secretly to understand that your younger
brother, Orlando, hath a disposition to come in disguised
against me to try a fall. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1.
Piseator. There is a very great and fine stream below,
under that rock, that fills the deepest pool in all the river,
where you are almost sure of a good fish.
I'tafor. Let him come, I'll try a fall with him.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 249.
H. o. Pertaining to or suitable for the autumn
or fall of the year ; autumnal : as, fall crops ;
a fall dress. [U. S.] —Fall canker-worm, dande-
lion, dnck, etc. See the nouns.
fall2 (fal), «. [Sc. ; cf . OSw./ate, a pole or perch
(Jamieson); Mli. fallum, "modus agri, ut vi-
detur, apud Anglosaxones."] In Scotland, a
measure of length equal to 6 Scotch ells, or 18
feet 6.575 inches English measure ; also, a su-
perficial measure equal to 36 square ells. In
Scots land-measure 40 falls make a rood, and 4
roods an acre.
fall^ (fal), n. [< Sw. Dan. hval (pron. val), a
whale, = Icel. hvalr = AS. hwwl, E. whale, q. v.
E. wh in Aberdeen is pronounced as /.] A
whale. [Scotland (Aberdeen and N. E. coast).]
— A fall ! a fall ! the signal given by the lookout man of
a whaler when a whale is seen.
falla (fal'a), n. A dialectal form ot fellow.
Then up and bespake the good Lairds Jock,
The best falla in a' the companie.
Dick o' the Cow (Child's Ballads, VI. 71).
fal-la, n. Same as fa-la.
fallacet, ». [ME., a,lsofallas; < OP. fallace,
deception: see fallacy.] Deception; deceit ;
trickery.
He is reuerenced and robed that can robbe the peuple
■ Ihoiw /alias and false questes and thorw fykel speche.
Piers Ploivman (C), xii. 22.
He . . . taketh it as who saith by stelthe
Through coverture of Ua/atlas.
Gower, Conf. Amant., I. 63.
fallaciont (fa-la'shon), n. [Improp. < li.falla-
cia: see fallacy.] X fallacy.
Tomitanus, in Italic, hath expressed euerie /allacion in
Aristotle, with diuerse examples out of Plato.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 132.
Secondly, your minor is ambiguous, and therefore in that
respect your argumente may be also placed in the /alla-
cion of equiuocation. Whitgi/t, Defence, p. 63.
fallacious (fa-la'shus), a. [= F. fallacieux, <
lAj.fallaciosus, deceptive, < fallacia, deception:
see fallacy.] 1. Pertaining to, of the nature
of, or embodying fallacy; deceptively errone-
ous or misleading.
This /allacious idea of liberty, whilst it presents a vain
shadow of happiness to the subject, binds faster the chains
of his subjection. Burke, Vind. of Nat. Society.
But so vain and /allacious are all human designs, that
the event proved quite contrary to his expectation.
J. Adams, Works, V. 102.
The conclusion of my friend is fallacious, inasmuch as
it Is founded on a narrow induction.
Sumner, Prison Discipline.
2. Of a deceptive quality ; having a misleading
appearance.
Yet how fallacious is all earthly bliss.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 457.
It was one of those districts where peat had been taken
out in large squares for fuel, and where a /allacious and
verdant scum upon the surface of deep pools simulated
the turf that had been removed.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 191.
= 8yn. Fallacious, Delusive, Deceptive; deceiving, deceit-
ful, misleading, sophistical, elusory, illusive, false, disap-
pointing. Deceptive may Ije used where there is or is not
an attempt to deceive; in delusive and /allacious the in-
tent to deceive is only figurative : as, a /allacious argu-
ment ; a delusive hope. See deceptive.
faller-wire
of a word.— Fallacy of figure of speech, a fallacy aris.
ing from a trojtical use of language. — Fallacy of homo-
nymy, a fallacy arising from the double meaning of a
single word.— Fallacy Of lUlclt particularity, a syllo-
gism in which the degree of particularity of the conclusion
is different from the sum of those ol" the prenii-ses. See par-
ticularity.— TaHlacy of no middle, a false sylbjgism in
which the premises have no tern) in common that is drop-
ped from the conclusion.— Fallacy of imdlBtrlbuted
middle, a syllogism in which tlie middle term is undis-
tributed in both premises; as. He who says that you are an
animal speaks truly ; he who says that yon are a goose says
that yon iire an animal ; therefore, he who says that you are
a goose speaks truly.— Fallacy of unreal middle, a fal
lacy which fails to assert the existence t>f any oliject of
the kind denoted by the middle term ; as, Tcsrasus was a
horse, and Pegasus liad wings ; therefore, some horse ha-s
had wings.— Semlloglcal fallacy, or fallacy In words,
a fallacy which deceives by some defect of language, and
ceases to do so when the meaning of the propositions is
strictly analyzed,
fallal (fal'lal'), »• and a. [Of dial, origin ; prob.
a made word, or an arbitrary variation of fal-
bala.] I. n. 1. A piece of ribbon, worn with
streaming ends as an ornament in the seven-
teenth century.
His dress, his bows and fine /al-lalls. Evelyn.
Hence — 2. Any trifling ornament.
He found his child's nurse, and his wife, and his wife's
mother, busily engaged with a multiplicity of boxes, with
flounces, feathers, /allals, and finery.
Thackeray, Newcomes, Ixxi.
II, a. Finicking; foppish; trifling.
The family.plate too in such quantities, of two or three
years' standing, must not be changed, because his precious
child, humouring his old/aWa( taste, admired it, to make
it all her own. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, I. 322.
fallalisUy (fal'lal'ish-li), adv. [< 'fallalish (<
fallal + -!s7«l) -I- -ly^.] Foppishly ; triflingly.
Some excuse lies good for an old soul whose whole life
has been but one dream a little /allalishly varied.
Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, V. 300.
fallaxt (fal'aks), ». [An error fov fallace, or
fallas, simulating the L. fallax, adj. : see fal-
lace.] A fallacy.
To utter the matter plainly without /allax or cavilla-
tion. Cranmer, To Bp. Gardiner, p. 240.
But that denieth the supposition, it doth not reprehend
- -,_ 1. i; • " X. the/aUax. £acon, Colours of Good and Evil.
llTZi;^^:^^o^em^^lCf!i^Zl?^:t faU-block (fal-blok) « Thatblockof atacM^^
probable! or wants the kind of probabiUty as- from which the fall, or free part of the rope,
signedtoit. A fallacyi8eitheraso;>M»«ioraj)ara;o- ^???™^j „..„,. A wnnHon ili-f^r. aVint
gilm, according as the deceit is intentional or not. But fall-board (lal bord), n. A wooden drop-sbut-
the word paralogism is also used to signify a purely logi- ter of a window, hinged at the top or bottom,
calfallacy— that is, a/ormai/oiioci/.oradirectviolation fall-cloud (fal'kloud), n. See cloudX, 1 (c).
of the canons of syllogism. Logicians enumerate as many f-ii jQopx ,, ^Yovmevly faldore ; = Gc. falUMr
dilterent kinds of formal fallacy as they give of canons of lau UOOrt, «• L^^ "imeiij/ yiMuo/c, _ w. ^<*.<.i,««,
syllogism, from four to eight. See below. *'~ii °'/»/i \
No man was less likely to be imposed upon by/allacies fallen (fa 1")> ]?■ ":
in argument, or by exaggerated statements of fact. """ ' ^"
Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.
2128
Nothing can be more /ai/awu« than to found our po-
litical c^culations on arithmetical principles.
A. Hamilton, The Federalist, No. 55.
* Greedily they pluck'd
The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew
Near that bituminous lake where Sodom fiamed ;
This more delusive, not the touch, but taste
Deceived. Milton, P. L., x. 563.
It is to be feared that the sciences are above the com-
prehension of children, and that this moile of education,
to the exclusion of the classical, is ultimately deceptive.
V. Knox, Grammar Schools.
fallaciously (fa-la'shus-li), adv. In a fallacious
manner; falsely; erroneously; sophistically.
AVe have seen hovf /allaciously the author has stated the
cause. Addisoii.
fallaciousness (fa-la'shus-nes), n. The char-
acter of being fallacious.
It is remarkable that Davy's logic, too, was at fault,
and on just the same point as Rumford's, but with even
more transparently logical /allaciortsiuiss, because his ar-
gument is put in a more definitely logical form.
Sir W. Thomson, Encyc. Brit., XI. 657.
fallacy (fal'a-si).. »• ; pi- fallacies (-siz). [Ex-
tended in iniitation of L. fallacia; < llSS,. fallace,
fallas (see fallace), < OF. fallace, F. fallace =
Pr. fallacia = Sp. falacia = Pg. It. fallacia, <
li. fallacia, deception, deceit, < fallax (fallac-),
deceptive, deceitful, < fallere, deceive: see
fail^.] 1. Deceptiveness ; deception; deceit;
deeeitfulness ; that which is erroneous, false,
or deceptive; that which misleads; mistake.
Until I know this sure uncertainty,
I'll entertain the otSev'd/allacy.
Shak., C. of E., ii. 2.
V. 2.
I have not dealt hy /allacy with any.
Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life,
Winning, by conquest, what the first man lost,
By fallacy surprised. Milton, P. R., i. 155.
Is virtue, then, unless of Christian growth,
^ere /allacy, or foolishness, or both?
Co%vper, Truth, 1. 516.
Specifically — 2. A false syllogism ; an invalid
argumentation; a proposed reasoning which,
professing to deduce a necessary conclusion,
reaches one which may be false though the
The lazy belief that in some unspecified way things
will so adjust themselves as to prevent the natural conse-
quences of a wrong or foolish act is a very common /al-
lacy. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 221.
Dan. falddor = Sw. falldorr.] A trap-door.
[Formerly often written
fain ; pp. of fal'l'^, v.] 1 . In a lapsed or degraded
state; prostrated; ruined: as, the /aiteji angels.
If thou beest he — But O, how /alien! how changed
From him who . . . didst outshine
Jlyriads, though bright ! Milton, P. L., i. 84.
2. Slaked. [Prov. Eng.]
A /allacy is used to mean : (1) A piece of false reasoning, fallencyt (fal'en-si), n. [Cf . ML. falUntia, < L.
in the narrower sense; either an mvaUd^imme^d^^ate in^^^^^^^^ fallen{t-)s, ppf. ot fallere, deceive : seefaiP- and
failance.] Fallacy; error.
Socinus sets down eight hundred and two/o«cncie» . . .
concerning the contestation of suites and actions at law.
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, Pref., p. 7.
ence, or an invalid syllogism ;
which is not equivalent, or a syllogism that breaks one
of the rules. (2) A piece of false reasoning, in the wider
sense ; whereby from true facts a false conclusion is in*
ferred. (3) A false belief, whether due to correct reason-
ing from untrue premises (reasons or sources) or to incor- ,^ -t « c
rect reasoning from true ones. (4) Any mental confusion fallen-Star (fa In-star ), n. 1. A name ot spe-
whatever. A. Sidgwick, Fallacies, gieg of bluish-green algffi of the group Nostochi-
Fallacles In things, according to the old logicians, fal- new, that grow on damp ground : so called from
lacies that are not in words. They are of seven kinds; the suddenness of their appearance. — 2. Alocal
(1) The /allacy o/ accideiit, arising when a syllogism is E^gijgji ^^^q of a sea-nettle. Medusa wquorea.
made to conclude that, because a given predicate may <,„„$' /is/i.^v „ -, n„o w>,« cr fliot- wViicli
be truly affirmed of a given subject, the sance predicate faller (fa ler), n. 1 . One Who or that Which
may be truly affirmed respecting all the accidents of that falls or causes to fall.
subject. (2) The /allacy o/ speech respective and speech
absolute, occurring when a proposition is affirmed with a
qualification or limitation in the premises, but virtually
without the qualification in the conclusion. (3) The /al-
lacy of irrelevant conclusion,oTignorationo/ the eleiich, oc-
curring when the disputant, professing to contradict the
thesis, advances another proposition which contradicts it
in appearance but not in reality. (4) The /allacy o/ the
consequent, or no>i sequitur, an argument from consequent
to antecedent, which may really be a good probable argu-
ment. (6) Begging the question, or the petitio jirincipii.
a syllogism, valid in itself, but in which that is affirmed
as a premise which no man who doubts the conclusion
would admit. (6) The /allacy of false cause, arising when,
in making a reductio ad absurdum, besides the proposition
to be refuted, some other false premise is introduced. (7)
The " "
question . . ...
as, " Have you lost your horns?" a(inestion which inii)lies
that you had horns.— Fallacies of composition and
division, fallacies which arise when, in the same syllo-
gism, words are employed at one time collectively, and at
another distributively, so that what is true in connection
is inferred to be also true in separation, or the reverse.—
Fallacy of accent, a fallacy arisinv: from the mode of
pronouncing a word.— Fallacy Of amphibology, a fal-
lacy arising from the doubtful construction of a sentence. —
Fallacy of an Illicit process, a false syllogism in which
a term enters into the conclusion with a different distri-
bution from what it had in the premise.— Fallacy Of
equivocation, a fallacy arising from the double meaning
He made many to fall [margin, multiplied the /alter].
Jer. xlvi. 16.
The Ring Faller, who drops gilt copper rings in the
streets and claims half the estimated value from the finder.
Quoted in Riblon-Turner's Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 695.
Specifically, in mach. : (a) In eotton-manu/., one of the
small arms on a mule-carriage which bears the faller-wire.
Q>) In a fulling-, milling-, or stamping-machine, a stamp
which is generally raised by the cams, and then falls ver-
tically and endwise. E. II. Knight, (c) In Jiax-manv/.,
a bar in the spreading-maehine having numerous vertical
needles forming a comb or gills ; a gill-bar. It detains
the line somewhat as it passes the drawing-roller. E. II.
Kninht. (d) In silk-manii/. Soe /alter-u-ire, 2.
-,...,. 2. The lien-harrier, Circus cyaneus.
/allacy o/ many interrogations mwhjch two OT more ..... ,^.„^,,,'.s ■, Tj, „ mulpor sliih-
stions are so proposed that they appear to be but one : fallCr-'Wire (ta Ifir-wir), «• i • ^n v -^"i
■ ■ °' -■^. -^-^ • : >. = 1-— bing-machine, a horizontal bar which depresses
the yam or slubbings below the points of the
inclined spindles, so that they may be wound
into cops upon the spindles in the backward
motion of either the bUly or the mule-carriage. —
2. In a silk-doubling machine, wire by means of
which the motion of the bobbin can be stopped
if the thread breaks. It is attached to the thread by
its eyelet-end. If the thread breaks, the wire drops upon
the arms of a balance-lever aud actuates a detent. E. H.
Knight.
fall-fish
fall-fish (fal'fish), »». Acyprinoidflsh, Semotilus
l/iillans. liaviug an elongate robust body, the dor-
sal flu just behind the ventrals, and of a steel-
blue color above and generally silvery on the
sides and belly, in the males in spring the belly and
lower tins are rosy or crim&jn. The species is abundant
east of the AUeghanies, and is the largest of the eastern
American cj-prinoids, reaching a length of 18 inches. Also
called chitb anti gUver chub,
fall-gate (fal'gat), «. A gate across a public
poaa, made so as to rise and fall. [Prov. Eng.]
fallibility (fal-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. faillibilite =
Sp. falilnlidad = Pg. fallibilUUule = It. fallibi-
lity, < ML. as if *fallibiUta{t-)s, < fallibilis, fal-
lible: see fallible and -biUt)j.'\ The state or
character of being fallible; liableness to de-
ceive or to be deceived : as, \he fallibility of an
argument, of reasoning, or of a person.
All human Laws are but the offspring of that frailty,
that faliibUiUj, and imperfection which was in thir Au-
thors. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviL
fallible (fal'i-bl), o. [= F. faillible = Sp. fali-
ble = Pg. fallivel = It. fallibile, < ML. fallibilis,
liable to err, also deceitful, < L. fallere, deceive,
pass./aWi, be deceived, err: see/aiP.] 1. Lia-
ble to err; capable of being or apt to be de-
ceived or mistaken : said of persons.
Tried not before a fallibU tribunal, but the awful throne
of Heaven. GoidmUth, English Clergy.
For they were but men, frail, fallibU men.
Story, Speech, Salem, Sept. 18, 1828.
2. Liable to be erroneous or false ; subject to
inaccuracy or fallaciousness : said of arguments,
statements, etc.
Do not satisfy yourreBolutfon with hopes that are/o/ft-
Ue. SAa*., M. for M., liL 1.
These are bat the conclusions and/oZfiMe discourses of
man apon the word of God.
Sir T. Browne, Beliglo Medici, L 23.
Few things, bowerer, are more fallibU than political
predictions. Lecky, Eug. in 18th Cent, xv.
falllbleneSB (fari-bl-nes), n. Same aBfaUibility.
Having mentioned the weakness taiA/aUiblenea ot these
few principles, 1 leave you to the farther consideration of
the frailness and danger of those superstructures which
shall be erected on any or all of these.
Hammond, Worlis, I. 335.
fallibly (fal'i-bli), adv. In a fallible manner;
mistalcenly or deceptively.
falling (f&'ling), B. [ME. falUjng, verbal n. of
fallen, fall.] 1. That which falls or drops; a
dropping.
Tis the lieggar's gain
To glean the/nUin^/^ of the loaded waiiL
Dnjden, Hind and Panther, ill. 103.
2. That which sinks ; a hollow : as, risings and
fallings in the ground.
He . . . ambushed his footmen in the/ailing of a hill
which was overshadowed with a wood.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, UL
3. In pathol., displacement of a part or organ
downward: as, falling ot the womb or of the
eyelid. See prolapsus, ptosis.
falUng-bandt (fftling-band), n. A collar for
the neck, of cambric, lace, or the like, made to
turn over and lie upon the shoulders, and so
named to distinguish it from the stiff mff: worn
in the seventeenth century. The falling-band con-
sisted sometimes of several pieces, one lying over another,
nice the capes of some modem overcoala. It was some-
times deeply fluted, like the standing roll, and required
a poking-stick to arrange it. The more common form Is
that familiar in portraiu dating between 1040 and 1H60 - a
broad, plain linen ooliar, tomea over the doublet or corse-
let. Also/oU.
To make some . . . fatting bands a [in) the fashion,
three falling one upon another : for that's the new edition
now. Dtkker, Honest Whore, i 7.
The eighth Henry (as I understand)
Was the flnt king that ever wore a Band.
And but %faHiwj Band, plaine with a hem,
All other people knew no use of them.
John Taylor, Praise of Clean Linnen.
falling-door (fa'ling-dor), n. Same an flap-door.
falling-CVilt, ». [ME. fallynge euyll, falland
I uijl ( = OI{(i. falland ubil), tr. L. morbus cadu-
nijt.] Same as falliHgsielmess.
falling-fromt (fA'Iing-from'). »• A falling
away; desertion.
The mere want of gold, and the faUir.g from of his
friends, drove him into this melancholy.
Shak., T. of A., iv. .3.
falling-mold (f&'ling-mold), n. A name of the
two moMs which are applied, the one to the con-
vex and the other to the concave vertical side of
a rail-piece of a hand-railing, in order to form
y its back and under surface and finish the squar-
ing. Imn. Met.
falling-off (f&'ling-6f')( »• Decrease; deca-
<lencc ; a falling away. See to fall off, under
/ai<l, r. i.
134
2129
And therefore, if any of our divines following the Re-
monstrants abroad have herein dejtarted from the prin-
ciples of our church, it is Uigh time to take notice of this
faUing-of. Walertand, Works, V. 466.
He lost no time in repairing to the Pretender, . . . and
took the seals of that nominal king, as he had formerly
those of his potent mistress. But this was a terrible /aW-
iiuj of indeed. Goldsmith, Bolingbroke.
falling-ont (fa'ling-ouf), ji. a quarrel ; a dis-
pute. See to fall out, under /aHl, v. i.
Their talk about a ridiculous /a^/('»f7-on< two days ago
at my Lord of Oxford's house, at an entertainment of his,
. . . where there were high words and some blows, and
pulling off of perriwiggs. Pepys, Diary, I. 418.
falling-sickness (fa'ling-sik''nes), n. [Simi-
larly named in D. vallende ziekte, OHG. fal-
landiu suht, G. fullende sucht, Svr.fallande sot,
Dan. faldsot, faldende syge.'] A fit in which
one suddenly falls to the ground: a popular
name for epilepsy.
Cat. What? Did Cajsar swoon ?
Catca. He fell down in the market-place, and foamed
at mouth, and was speechless.
Bi'u. 'Tis very like : he hath i\ie falling sickness.
Shak., J. C, L 2.
falling-star (fa'ling-star'), n. One of a class
of meteors which appear as luminous points
shooting or darting through larger or smaller
arcs of the sky, and followed by long trains of
light. They are observable in the night sky
throughout the year. Also called shooting-star.
Fallopian (fa-16'pi-an), a. Of, pertaining to,
or discovered by Gabriel Fallopius. or Fallopio,
a famous Italian anatomist (1523-62). He pub-
lished his discovery of the Fallopian tubes in
1561. — Fallopian aqueduct. See aou«'dt(f (wj* Fallopii,
under aqiurductun, and iKrri'rfuct.— rallopian canal.
(a) .\ Fallopian tulje. (b) The Fallopian aqueduct.—
Fallopian pregnancy, the development of the embr>'o
to some extent in a F'aflopian tube; a form of extra-uter-
ine pregnancy.— Fallopian tulMS, in anat., a pair of
ducts extending from the ovary to the uterus, conveying
ova. In the human female they are three or four inches
long, and lie between the folds of peritonetmi which con-
stitute the brt>ad ligament of the uterus on each side, near
the upper Iwrder of these folds, and consist of a serous, a
muscular, and a nmcons coat. The outer or ovarian end
is fringed with processes, and called the fimbriated ex-
tremity, or morsus diaboli, which is more or less closely
applied to the ovary. One of these oviducts, right or left,
receives the ripened ovum on its escape from the ovary,
and conducts it into the womb.
fallo'W^ (fal'o), a. [< ilE.falow,falewe,falwe,
yellow, yellowish, pale, faded (of blond hair,
complexion, withered grass; applied poetically
also to a battle-field) ; < AS. fcatu (fcalw-), yel-
low, yellowish, pale, faded, wan (of iSame, bird's
feet, a horse (bay), withered grass or leaves,
or flowers, waves, waters, roads, etc.), = OS.
falu = D. vaal = OHG. falo (/atoir-), MHG.
vol (valw-), G. fahl, also (from the MHG. ob-
lique forms' stem rn/ir-) fnlb (whence It. falbo
= F. fauve = Pt. falb, faiib, fatire), pale, faded,
= Icei./o7r, pale,=Dan. Hw.fal- (iucomp., Dan.
falaske, Sw. falaska, embers, lit. pale ashes) ;
cf. Gr. vofMic, gray (of hair, of a wolf, of waves,
etc.), = L. paTl-idus, pale, pallid, = Skt. palita,
gray.] Pale; pale-yellow; yellowish; sallow.
His hewe/iUiM, and pale as asschen colde.
Chauetr, Knight's Tale, L 506.
Thare gioned nener gres (grass] ne nener sail
Bot euermore be ded and drl.
And /alow and fade, tf o<y Aood (E. E. T. S.X p. 66.
Fallow deer. See/oUow-drcr.
fallO'W't (fal'o), V. i. [< TA'E. falomen, falewen,
faluiccn,falwen, become fallow, yellowish, pale,
withered, < A8. fealwian, fealuician, become
yellow, wither (as grain, grass, leaves, etc.)
(= OHG. falawen, faleicen, MHG. valwen, G.
falben; cf. Icel. frilna = Dan. falne = Sw.
falna, wither, fade), < fealu, fallow, pale: see
fallow^, fl.] To become fallow, pale, yellow-
ish, or withered ; fade; wither.
I'nder molde hi liggeth colde and faleaeth so doth me-
dewe gresa. Old Eng. Miscellany (ed. Morris), p. 93.
His lipplslike to the lede (lead] and his lire [cheekl/oZ-
ouKdt. Morte Artkure (B. E. T. S.), I 3955.
fallcw* (f»l'o)> "• and n. [< ME.falow, plowed,
of land; /oJow,/aJtpe, n., plowed land: see fal-
low^, r. This appears to be merely a special
application of Jaliiw, falice, fallow, i. e., pale,
dusky, applied to fields and " meadows brown
and sere,''as they become in the fall; hence of
fields plowed up after harvest, and left to rest,
whence the mod. sense. See/a/totcl, a. But
it is possible that there has been confusion with
AS. (gloss) y"eaW», pi. fealga, a harrow (the ME.
form would be •falwr, •fnlow), = OHG. LG.
felga, MHG. G. felge, a harrow, MHG. valgen.
G. felgen = LG. falgen, till, cultivate.] I. a.
Plowed and left unseeded; left for a consider-
able time un worked or unseeded after tillage;
fall-rope
untilled; uncultivated; neglected: said of land:
often used figuratively.
Break up yonr fallow ground. Jer. iv. 3.
Let the cause lie fallow. S. Butler, Hudibraa.
Landor says that he cannot have a great deal of mind
who cannot afford to let the larger part of it lie fallow.
Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent. , p. 27.
I'he soil, where it was ploughed, was the richest vege-
table loam. Where it \9.y fallow, it was entirely hidden by
a bed of grass and camomile.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 44.
II. n. 1. Land broken up by the plow to
prepare it for future seeding; land that has
lain for a considerable time unseeded after
tillage.
Whoso that buyldeth his hous al of salwes [sallows, wil-
lows]
And priketh his blynde hoi-s over t\\efalwcs . . .
Is worthy to been honged on the galwes.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 656.
Falow, lond eryd [land eared, 1. e., plowed).
Prompt. Parv.
It is as if an earthquake had swallowed up the unculti-
vated/afiow*. Everett, Orations, II. 225.
2. In agri., the method of allowing land to lie
for a season or more untilled in order to in-
crease its power of producing crops.
By a complete summer /aWow, land is rendered tender
and mellow. Sir J. Sinclair.
A green fallow, in England, fallow where land is ren-
dered mellow and clean from weeds by means of some
green crop, as turnlpsor potatoes.— In fallow, uncropped;
unseeded, literally or figuratively.
Every one who has been upon a walking or a boating
tour, living in the open air, with the body in constant ex-
ercise and the mind in fallow, knows true ease and quiet.
R. L. Stevenson, Walt Whitman.
fallow^ (fal'o), V. t. [< ME. falowen, falwen,
plow, till; cf. LG. falgen, till: see fallow^, a.]
To render fallow ; put (land) into the condition
of a fallow, namely, by plowing, harrowing, and
breaking it without seeding, for the purpose of
destroying weeds and insects and rendering it
mellow : as, it is well to fallow cold, strong,
clayey land.
That were erthetilyes gode,
Hy faleweden erthe and feolden [felled] wode.
Chron. Eng. (Eng. Met. Rom., ed. Eitson, 11. 93).
Burning of thistles, and diligente weeding them out of
the come, doth not halfe so much rydde them as when
the ground isfalloed and tilled for good grayne.
Ascliam, Toxophilus.
The practice oi fallowing, the sowing of FYench grasses,
and the proper way of making hay.
N. and Q., 7th ser., XXVIII. SO.
fallow^ (fal'o), M. [A dial, form ot felloe, felly.']
One of the strakes of a cart. [Prov. Eng.]
Fallowes, or straikes of a cart,VIctus. Huloet,
fall0'W-chat(far6-chat), n. l< fallow^ + chafl.']
Same n.s fallotr-finch.
fallO'W-crop (faro-krop), n. The crop taken
from a green fallow.
fallow-deer (fal'6-der'), n. [< fallow^ + deer.
Cf. AS. " dun-fealti, cervinus,'' i. e., ' dun-faUow,
deer-colored.'] A deer of the genus Dama : so
called from its fallow or yellowish color spot-
ted with white. The best-known species is the com-
mon European Cervus dama, or Dama platyceros, often
kept in preserves. It is smaller than the stag or red deer ;
has the antlers differently formed, with more palmation
at their ends ; and stands about 3 feet high at the withers.
There are several varieties, differing chiefly in coloration,
and bucks of various ages receive different names, as
fawn, pricket, sorrel, soare, etc. See cut under Dama.
fallcw-dun (fal'o-dun), a. See dirai.
fallo'W-field (fal'o-feld), n. A common field.
[I'rov. Kng.]
fallo'W-flncn (fal'o-finch), n. A name of the
wheatear or stonechat, Saxicola amantlie, a
small oscine passerine bird of the family Tur-
didte or subfamily SaxicoUna. See wheatear.
Also va\\c<\ fallow-chat.
fallo'wforth (fal'o-forth), n. A waterfall.
[I'rov. Eng.]
fallO'Wist (fal'6-ist), n. [< fallow^ + -isW] One
who favors the practice of fallowing land.
[Kare.]
On this subject a controversy has arisen between two
sects, the fallowisis and the anti-fallowlsts.
Sir J. Sinclair.
fallo'wness (fal'o-nes), n. l< fallow^ + -new.]
The state oC being fallow.
Lik one who in her third widowhood did profess
Herself a nun, ty'd to retiredness,
So alTects my Muse now a ch&nte falloumess,
Donne, To Mr. R. Woodward.
fallO'W-smicIlt (fal'o-smich), n. l< fallow'^ +
'smich (t Sc. smitch, a speck, spot).] 'The wheat-
ear or fallow-finch, Saxicola cmanthe. MaegiU
lirrny.
fall-rope (f&l'rop), n. The fall of a tackle.
falltrank
falltrank (f&l'trangk), n. [Also written fal-
trank; G. falltrank, lit. a driuk against falls, <
fall, = E. /(J??i, + trank = E. drench^, a drink.]
A medicine composed of a mixture of several
aromatic and slightly astringent plants, which
grow chiefly in the Swiss Alps, siipposed to
be useful in cases of wounds and bodily acci-
dents.
fall-trap (fal'trap), n. A trap which operates
by falling, as a deadfall. See deadfall.
We walk in a world of plots, strings universally spread
of deadly gins and/ai/-(roj« baited by the gold of Pitt.
CartyU, French Rev,, III. vi. 1.
fall-under (fal'un'dfer), n. The distance which
the bottom of the body of a railway-carriage
curves in from a vertical line let fall from
the sides or ends. Also called tum-tinder. Car-
Builder's Diet. [Eng.]
falst, n. An obsolete form oi false.
falsarium (fal-sa'ri-um), n. Same as fauchard.
falsaryt (fal'sa-ri), «. [< li. falsarius, a forger
of written documents, ifaUus, false : see/okec]
A falsifier.
H I translate nonnulli sacerdotes sundrie priestes, yee
crie oute, a corrupter, a faUarie. I should have saide
certaine priestes, or somme priestes : but I should not in
any wise have saide suiuirie.
Bp. JevxU, To Harding, Oct., 1B67.
Alike you calumniate, when you make Mr. Mason a.fal-
tary, as though he had cited some unauthentic records.
Sheldon, Miracles, p. 133.
false (fais), a. and ». [I. a. < ME. fals, false (AS.
fals, only as a noun), untrue, ungenuine, deceit-
ful, treacherous, = MHG. valsch = Icel.fals, esp.
in comp.; in Tent, otherwise with accom. term.,
as if an adj. in OHG., AS., etc., -isc, E. -ish'^:
D. valsch = OFries. falsk, falsch = OHG. 'false
(in deriv. gi-faUeon, gi-falscen, fji-felscen, Gr.fdl-
schen, falsify), MHG. vaUch, G. falsch = Sw.
Dan. faUk = late Icel. falskr, false ; < OP. fals,
faus, mod. F. faux = Pr. fals = Sp. Pg. It. fal-
sa, < L. falsus, deceptive, pretended, feigned,
counterfeit, false, pp. of fallero, deceive : see
/ni7l. II. n. UE.fals, fraud, < AS. fals, fraud,
counterfeit, = Icel. fals (= ODan. fals), a fraud,
cheat, illusion (cf. OFries. /akcft, MHG. valsch,
G. falsch = Dan. falsk, forgery), < L. falsum,
falsehood, fraud, neut. of falsus, false : see false,
a., falsehood.] I. a. 1. Not in conformity with
fact ; expressing or comprising what is contrary
to fact or truth ; eiToneous ; untrue : as, a false
report ; a false accusation ; a, false opinion.
Such an act . . . makes marriage vows
As/alie as dicers' oaths. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, &ni false philosophy.
Milton, P. L., ii. 56,').
It is evident there is w false a Notion of Physick in this
Country as with us ; and that it is here also thought a
Knack more than a Science or Method,
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 242,
2. Giving utterance to what is not true ; un-
truthful; mendacious: as, a /aise witness.
What shall be done unto thee, than false tongue?
Ps, c.\x, 3.
3. Perfidious ; treacherous ; unfaithful ; incon-
stant; disloyal; dishonest; unjust: said of per-
sons.
7if that sche love more to lyve with here Children than
for to dye with hire Husbonde, men holden hire lor fals
and ctu-sed. Mandemlle, Travels, p, 171.
To thine ownself be true ;
And It must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then he false to any man,
Shak., Hamlet, i, 3.
But, In so doing, we should, in my opinion, have been
false to our own characters, false to our duty, and false
to our country, D. Webster, Speech at Buffalo, July, 1883.
4. Containing or conveying deception, false-
hood, or treachery; adapted or intended to
mislead : said of things.
This man had not onely a daring but a villainous unmer-
cifull looke, a false countenance, but very well spoken and
dangerously insinuating, Evelyn, Diary, May 10, 1671.
Thus heavenly hope is all serene.
But earthly hope, how bright so e'er.
Still fluctuates o'er this changing scene.
As false and fleeting as 'tis fair.
Bp. Heber, Heavenly Hope aiid Earthly Hope,
In spite of false lights on the shore.
Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea,
Longfellow, Building of the Ship,
6. Irregular ; not according to rule or usage :
as, false syntax or quantity.
Hit false vsurped powr & money falselyer exacted,
Joye, Expos, of Daniel, xii.
O, I smeU false Latin, Shak., L. L. L,, v, 1.
The heralds tell us that certain scutcheons and bear-
ings denote certain conditions, and that to put colours on
colours, or meta^ on metals, ia false blazonry,
Macaulay, Moore's Byron,
2130
6. Not genuine ; being other than it appears
to be ; not real ; made in imitation, or to serve
the purpose of the genuine article — (a) with in-
tent to defraud or deceive ; spui-ious : as, false
coin; (b) for the sake of mere appearance or
for use or convenience; artificial: as, a false
buttonhole; false teeth.
Take a vessel, and make a false bottom of coarse can-
vass : fill it with earth above the canvass.
Bacon, Nat. Hist,
A noble spirit , . . ever casta
Such doubts, SlS false coin, from it,
Sfiak., Hen. VIII,, iii, 1,
7. Technically, in hot. and eool., having some
superficial resemblance to some other plant or
animal: used like the Latin quasi-, or Greek
pscudo-, in composition. See quasi-, pscudo-. —
8. In music, not in tune ; inaccurate in pitch ;
singing or playing out of time. — 9. In her.,
open or voided: said of some bearings: as, a
false cross; a false roundel (an annulet); a
false escutcheon (a bordure, or sometimes an
orle) False amnion, asphodel, balance, etc. See
the nouns, — False bedding, in geoL, an irregular lamina-
tion or bedding not infrequently exhibited by strata, espe-
cially of sandstone, in which the different beds are made
up of parts inclining in various directions not coincident
with the general stratification of the mass. This indi-
cates that the material was deposited under the influence
of currents shifting in jxisitlon and varying in force. Also
called cross-beddinf/, current beddtwi , and ffinr-<ind-i'lnn>ie
structure.— TaXse beech-drops, bottom, brazlletto,
etc. See the nouns,— False bray. [From Welsh hrc, or
Scotch 6roe,) (at) Raised ground ; a slope, (li) In fort.,
an artificial mound or bank of earth forming part of a
fortification.
And made those strange approaches hy false-ttrays,
Reduits, half-moous, horn-works, and such close ways,
B. Jonson, Underwoods, p, 446,
False chord, harmony, triad, in music, a chord, etc.,
incorrectly constructed or performed, — False concep-
tion, core, croup, dandelion, etc. See the nouns.—
False edge, in a flat sword-blade, that edge of the blade,
whether sharpened or not, which is toward the arm and
person of a holder when the sword is held as on guard,
Comp.arc r(.7A(-edi7e, — False egg, a pseudovum,— False
escutcheon. See e»cu^c/ieon.--False feet. Sec foot. —
False fifth, Are, front, etc See the nouns,— False
galena. Same as blende.— Talse heraldry, anything in
a delineation or blazon contrary to the established rules of
heraldry, especially the charging of color upon color or met-
al upon metal. This, however, occurs in a very few ancient
examples, as in the escutcheon of the crusader kings of
Jerusalem, which bear five golden crosses on a silver field,—
False hermit, a hermit-cr,ab of the genus JJypoconcha.
— False hoof. Imprisonment, keel, etc. See the nouns.
— False intonation, in mu'.ic, inaccuracy of pitch; wrong
sharping' (u- Hatting.— False membrane, molar, pelvis,
etc. See the nouns,— False note or tone, in music, an in-
correct note or tone, either in composition or in perform-
ance,— False relation, in music, the occurrence in suc-
cessive chords, but in different voices, of any tone and one
of its chromatic derivatives, as in fig, 1 : it is usually very
=^^
^^
objectionable. The false relation disappears when the
chromatic change is located in a single voice, as in fig. 2.
— False return, in laic, an untrue return made to a pro-
cess by the officer to whom it was delivered for execu-
tion,—False rib, roof, etc See the nouns,— False sta-
tion, in surv., any station which is necessary in the sur-
vey, but does not appear in the plan, — False stem {7uiut.),
same as cutwater, 1,— False string, vertebra, etc. See
the nouns,— False window, door, etc, in arch., an imi-
tation window, door, etc, introduced to secure symmetry
in design, or a true window, etc., which has been blocked
up so as no longer to serve its original purpose,— False
■vring. See aftita.- False work, in en^in., a temporary
structure by the aid of which a pei-manent one is erected,
— Figure of the rule of false. See r«;e, = Syn. 1. Un-
truthful, disingenuous, perfidious, dishonorable,— 4. De-
ceptive, misleading, fallacious,
Il.t n. A falsehood; that which is false.
I coude almost
A thousand olde stories the alegge
Of wommen lost thorgh fals and fooles host,
Chaucer, Troilus, iii, 298,
But set the truth and set the right aside.
For they with wrong or falsehood will not fare,
And put two wrongs together to be tride.
Or else two falses, of each equall share,
Spenser, F. Q,, V, ii. 48,
false (f Ms), ad?). [_< false, a.'\ Falsely — To play
false, to play one false, to act falsely or treacherous-
ly in regard to something, or toward a person ; use de-
ceptive or perfidious methods or practices ; be untrue to
one.
falset (fais), V. [< ME. falsien, falsen, make
false, deceive, also make or become weak, fail
{ct OFries. falschia = T>.ver-valschen=OJlG.gi-
falscon, '!AB.Gr.velsehen,G.ftilschen = Ban. for-
falske = Sw.for-falska, make false), < OF. fal-
ser, fauser, mod. F.fausser = Pr, falsar = OSp.
falsar, Sp.falsear = Fg. falsar = It.faUare, < L.
falsare, make false, falsify (writings, weights,
measures, etc.), < falsus, false : see false, a.]
falsehood
1. trans. 1. To mislead by falsehood ; deceive;
betray.
Tber made nevere womman more wo
Than she, whan that she falsede Troylus.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1053.
For paramours they do but faine.
To loue truely they disdaine.
They falsen ladies traitorously.
Rom. of the Rose, 1, 4834.
And in his falsed fancy he her takes
To be the fairest wight that lived yit.
Spenser, F. Q., I, ii. SO.
2. To defeat; balk; evade.
Yef any other hadde it done a-noon he wolde the luge-
ment haue /afsed. ilerlin (E. E. T. S,), iii, 470.
3. To violate by want of veracity; falsify.
I mot reherce
Hir tales alle, be they bettre or werse.
Or e]les falsen som of my mateere,
Chaucer, Prol, to Miller's Tale, 1. 67.
I highly prize thy powrs ; and, by my sword.
For thousand kingdoms will not false my word.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii,. The Vocation.
4. To render false, treacherous, or dishonest.
'Tis gold
Which buys admittance; oft it doth; yea, and makes
Diana's rangers /ai«e themselves,
Shak., Cymbeline, li. 3,
5. To feign, as a blow; aim by way of a feint.
Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him strayt.
And falsed oft his blowes t' illude him with such bayt.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v, 9,
To false a doom. See doom.
II. intrans. To be false; deceive; practise
deceit.
Accused though I be without desart,
Sith none can proue, beleeue it not for true ;
For neuer yet, since first ye had my hart,
Entended I to false or be vntrue,
Puttenham, Arte of Eng, Poesie, p, 191.
falsedomt, «• [ME./atedoj»; < false + -dojw.]
Falsehood.
false-faced (fals'fast), a. [< false + face +
-cd''^.] Wearing a false aspect ; hypocritical.
Let courts and cities be
Made all ol false-foe d soothing I Shak., Cor,, i. 9.
falseheadt, «. An obsolete variant ot falsehood.
Whan the emperour it herde seine Iheaid say)
And knewe the falsehead of the vice,
He said, he wolde do justice, Gower, Conf, Amant,, i,
false-heartt (fals'hart), a. False-hearted.
I am thy king, and thou & false-heart traitor,
Shak., 2 Hen, VI,, v, 1.
false-hearted (fals'hiir''''ted), a. Having a false
or treacherous heart ; deceitful ; perfidious.
The traiterous or treiicherous, who have misled others,
are severely punished ; and the neutrals and falsehearted
friends and followers, who have started aside like a broken
bow, be noted. Bacon.
false-heartedness (fais'har-'ted-nes), n. Per-
fidiousness; treachery.
There was no hypocrisy or false-heartedness in all this.
Stillingjleet.
falsehedt, «. An obsolete variant oi falsehood.
falsehood (fals'hud), n. [< ME. falshod, also
falshed, -hede (= OFries. falskhede, falschhede
= D. valschheid = MHG. valsehheit, G.falsehlieit
= Dan. falskhed = Sw. falskhet), falseness ; <
false + -hood.'\ 1. The fact or quality of be-
ing false ; falseness ; dishonest purpose or in-
tention; treachery; deceitfulness ; perfidy: op-
posed to truthfulness.
And whan the worthi men of the Contree hadden per-
cey ved this sotylle falshod of this Gatholonabes, thei as-
sembled hem with force, and assayleden his Castelle.
Mandemlle, Travels, p, 280.
One of the evils of cowardice is that it tends tofalsehood.
Fear is the mother of lies.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 331.
2. That which is false ; a false representation
in word or deed ; an untruth; a lie: as, the tale
is a series ot falsehoods ; to act a falsehood.
Whether the historians of the last two centuries tell more
truth than those of antiquity may perhaps be doubted.
But it is quite certain that they tell lev/ei falsehoods.
Macaulay, History.
3. False manifestation or procedure; deceit-
ful speech, action, or appearance ; counterfeit ;
imposture; specifically, in law, a fraudulent
imitation or suppression of truth to the preju-
dice of another.
[He] was the first
I'hat practised /o&eAood under saintly show,
Milton, l: L,, iv, 122,
Falsehood is the joining of names otherwise than their
ideas agree. Locke, Human Understanding, IV, v, 9.
You that have dared to break our bound, and gull'd
Our servants, wrong'd and lied and thwarted us— , . .
Yom falsehood and yourself are hateful to us,
Teimyton, Princess, IT.
falsehood
= Syn. Faltehood, FaUfivsa. Falsitii ; untruth, fabrics-
tion, ttcUon. Instances may be quoted in abundance from
old authore to show that the first three words are often
Btrictly synonymous ; liut the modern tendency has been
decidedly in favor of separating them, /algehood standing
for the concrete thing, an intentional lie ; /aUenea. for
the quality of being guiltily false or treacherous : as. he is
justly despised for his/(ii«cn««8tohisoath; and/atef!/,for
the quality of being false without blame : as, the /aisity
of reasoning.
But faith, fanatic faith, once welded fast
To some dear /aUehood, hugs it to the last.
Moore, Veiled Prophet.
The lie is the /fUxhood : the untruthfulness of it is the
faUenea. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 3«6.
A distinction may be well established between cases in
which /aliehood and faltity might appear capable of be-
ing employed indifferently. " I perceive the faUehood of
your declaration," might be misconstrued into giving the
lie where no such intention existed. This might have
been avoided by using the term falsity.
C. J. Smith, Synonymes, p. 422.
false-hoofed (fals'hoft), a. Having false hoofs :
applied to a series of mammals consisting of
the elephants and rock-conies, of the orders
Prnboscidea and Hyracoidea, or of the obsolete
group Chelophora.
falselT (fals'li), adf. [< ME. faUly, faUliche (=
D. valschelijk = G. fdlschlich = Icel. falsliga =
JHin. falskelig = Sw.falskeligen); < false, a., +
-Jy2.] 1. In a false way ; in opposition to truth
and fact ; not truly : as, to speak or swear false-
ly; to testify /a/*e/y.
Ber. She never saw it
Kitui. Thou speak'at It /aimty, as I love mine honour.
Shak., AU« Well, v. 3.
2. Treacherously; perfidiously.
0th. Sot raasio kill'd ? Then mnrther's out of tune.
And sweet revenge grows harsh.
Bm. OJaltely. /altety murtherVl I Shak., Othello, v. 2.
8. Not correctly; erroneously; mistakenly: as,
a passage /abe/y translated.
Of conetjrse/atefy men may muse
There benefettis, and wrongely hyr at-wyjte
Of BQcbe occaclijon where she is nal to wyghte.
Political Poena, etc. (ed. Funiivill), p. 20.
falsen (fal'sn), v. t. To render false. [Rare.]
We are living with a system of claaaes so intense . . ,
that the whole action of our minds is hampered and /of-
tmed by it. M. Arnold, Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 482.
falseness (faU'nes), n. [< ME. faUnes, fals-
nexsc : (.film, a., + -ness.} 1. Want of tnith;
uutrutlifulness: as, the falseness of a report.
— 2. Want of integrity and veracity either in
principle or in act ; duplicity ; decett ; double-
dealing; unfaithfulness; treachery; perfidy;
traitorousness : as, the falseness of a man's
heart, or hw falseness to his word.
Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and Insincerity, and all
/aUeneu or lonlDcas of intentions.
Hammond, Fundamentals.
The prince Is In no danger of being betrayed by the
/aUentu or cheated by the avarice of such a servant.
ItogeT$.
mSyn. Falnly. e*':. Hee faltehood.
false-qnarters (fals'kw&r't^rz), h. A soreness
iii.sido tin- hoofs of horses. [Prov. Eng.]
falaert (fal's^r), n. [Formerly also/aivor, etc. ;
< ME. falsere (cf. MHG. valseiare, Q. fiOscher =
Icel. falsari = Dan. falskner), < OP. 'falsaire,
faussaire, F. faussaire = Pr. falsari = 8p. Pg.
It. falsario, < hL. falsarius, falser, a forger (of
written documents), < h.faiisMs, false : see/ab«,
a.] One who renders false or falsifies; a de-
ceiver; a false, treacherous person.
The whicbe pronoonoen me to be a /aUere and a de-
■tro3ere or apeirere [Impairer] of holl scriptures.
Wyclif, Prol. 1 on the Cath. Epist., Workifed. Fonhall),
[III. &»4.
And snrb end, perdle, does all hem remayne,
Tbat of vich/aUerM freendship bene fayne.
Spemer, Sbep. Cal., May.
fiftlfleflhipt, 1. [ME. 'falsship, felsship ; (.false,
a., + -ship.'\ Falsehood.
Sissinge and glusln^ an feluhip beon riue.
Political Poevu, etc. (ed. Kunilvall), p. 222.
fal8ett(f41'8et),n. A corrupt form of /ai»e>«a<f;
as, in old law writings, " crime of falset." Skene.
falsetto (fftl-sef), n. [= D. O. Dan. falset = Sw.
falsett, < It. falsetto: see falsetto.'] A shrill,
nigh tone of the voice ; falsetto. [Rare.]
The cry, scream, yell, and all shrillness, are various
m'Hles of the falMtte. Pierce.
falsettlst (fai-set'ist), n. [(falsetto + -wf.]
One who speaks or sings in falsetto.
Soprano /ofstftfuU were once common enough in France,
and especially in Spain, from which country the Papal
Chapel used to draw its most admired singers.
Harpert Mag., I.XXVII. 73.
falsetto (fil-set'o), n. and a. [It. falsetto (= Sp.
Pg.falsete = F.fausset), dim. otfalso (= F.favx,
2131
etc.), false : see false, a.] I. n. The highest or
smallest register or quality in both male and
female voices : so called because in its untrained
state it is more or less unnatural and forced,
and because at best it is usually intractable.
The term is somewhat loosely applied to other registers
or qualities ; it is much more obvious in the male voice
than in the female. Physiologically, it results from a
partial vibration of the vocal cords.
U. a. 1. Having the quality and compass of
the falsetto. — 2. Assumed; constrained; un-
naturally high-pitched ; false. [Rare.]
Influenced by the falsetto sentiment which found its
most notable illustration in "Paul and Virginia."
Men and Manners in America One Hundred Years Ago,
(p. 14.
falsi crimen (fal'si kri'men). [L.] In law, the
crime of what is false ; the crime of fraud.
Specifically— (a) In civil law, a fraudulent subornation or
concealment, with design to darken or conceal the truth,
or make things appear otherwise than they really are, as
in .swciririf; falsely, antedating a contract, or selling by
false wei^lits. (b) In modem common taw, forgery.
falsifiable (fal'si-fi-a-bl), a. [< OF. (and F.)
falsijiable, < falsifier', falsify.] Capable of be-
ing falsified, counterfeited, or corrupted.
falsification (fal'si-fi-ka'shon), «. [< OF. (and
F.)fahification = Sp. falsilicacion = Pg./abi-
ficd^do = It. falsificazionc, (iiih. falsificatio(_n-),
< falsificare, falsify: see falsify.] 1. The act
of falsifying or making false ; false represen-
tation; the act of deceptively altering, adul-
terating, counterfeiting, misrepresenting, etc. :
as, the falsification of weights and measures,
of good.s, or of coin ; falsification of a record, or
of an author's meaning.
By misconstruction of the sense, or by falsification of
the words. Hooker, Ecclcs. Polity.
To counterfeit the dead image of a king in his coin is a
high offence ; but to counterfeit the living image of a king
in his person exceedeth the/a/«/icatt«n«. Bacon.
2. A showing to be false or erroneous ; confu-
tation: as, the /afei/cafion of a prediction ; the
falsification of a charge.— 3. In law: (a) The
offense of falsifying a record. See falsify, v. t.
(6) In equity, the act of showing an item claimed
on the credit side of an account to be erroneous.
falsiflcator (fal'si-fl-ka-tor), H. [= F.falsifi-
cnteur = Sp. Pg.fahificador = It.falsificntore, <
ML. as a 'faUifirator, (.falsificare, falsify: see
falsify.] A falsifier.
He discuveretli a malign Itch to have made me a falsi-
ficator like himself.
Up. Morton, Discharge of Impat., p. 17S.
falsifier (f&l'si-fi-^r), h. 1. One who falsifies,
counterfeits, or gives to a thing a deceptive
appearance ; specifically, one who makes false
coin.
That punishment which Is appointed for the forgers and
falaifiert of the king's crown. Aseham, Toxophilus, L
2. One who invents falsehoods ; a liar.
Boasters are naturally falsifiers, and the people, of all
others, that put their shams tne wont together.
Sir R. L' Estrange.
3. One who proves a thing to be false. [Rare.]
falsify (fM'si-fl), r.; pret. and yp. falsified, ppr.
faUifying. [< OF. (and ¥.) falsifier = Sp. Pg.
falsificar= It. falsificare, ( ^L. falsificare, make
false, corrupt, counterfeit, falsify (hh.falsifi-
eattis, as adj.), < L. falsificus, that acts wisely,
making false, < falsus, false, + facere, make.
The older verb "in E. is false.] I. fraii*. 1.
To make false or deceptive; cause to vary
from truth or genuineness ; change so as to de-
ceive; sophisticate; adulterate; misrepresent:
as, to falsify accounts, weights and measures,
or commodities; to falsify a person's meaning.
Making the ephah small, and tlie shekel great, and fal-
ttfying the balances by deceit. Amos viii. 5.
Bardes which use to forge wnifalsifye everything as they
list, to please or displease any man.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
2. To make a false representation of; counter-
feit; forge.
Here also we saw the Steel Dyes of the Padnan Brothers,
by which they stampt and/aZ«t^<f the best ancient Med-
als so well that they are not to be dlstlnguisht but by put-
ting them into those Molds.
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 124.
3. To show to be erroneous or incorrect; dis-
prove : as, the event falsified his words.
Jews and Pagans united all their endeavours ... to
baffle &uA falsify the prediction. Addison.
4. To violate; break by falsehood or treachery:
as, to falsify one's faith or word.
As soon as be bad got them v/lthin bis reach, he falsified
his faith. KnolUt, Hist. Turks.
6. To cause to fail or become false ; baffle ;
make useless: as, to falsify a person's aim.
falter
His crest is rash'd away ; his ample shield
la falsify d, and round with jav'lins flll'd.
Dryden, j£neid.
6t. To feign, as a blow. Same &a false, v. t., 5.
Falsify a blow, Ralph, falsify a blow ! the giant lies open
on the left side.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, iii. 4.
7. In law : (a) To prove to be false, as a judg-
ment; avoid or defeat. (6) In equity, to show
to be erroneous, as an item claimed on the credit
side of an account To falsify a record, to injure
a public record, as by suppressing or altering it, or by cer-
tifying a copy of a document to be a true copy when it is
known to be false in a material part.
II. intrans. To tell falsehoods; lie; violate
the truth.
It is absolutely and universally unlawful to lie &ad fal-
sify. South, Sermons.
I am charged. I know, with gilding fact by fraud;
I falsified and fabricated, wrote
Myself down roughly richer than I prove.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 217.
falsiftrt (fal'si-fi), ». l( falsify, v.] In fencing,
a feint ; a baffling thrust.
How can he stand
Upon his guard who hath fidlers in his head
To which liis feet must ever be a dancing?
Beside, ^falsify may spoil his cringe.
Or making of a leg, in which consists
, Much of his coxut-perfection.
Shirley (and Fletcher^, Coronation.
falsingt, ". [< ME. falsyng ; verbal n. ot false,
v.] Lying; falsehood.
The cast, ne the couytise, come not of me.
In pes & prosperitie to put me to wer.
But of falsyntf & flatery with thi fer cast.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 11328.
falsism (fal'sizm), )i. [(false -I- -ism. Cf. tru-
ism.] A clear or self-evident falsity; a state-
ment or assertion the falsity of which is plainly
apparent: opposed to truism. [Rare.]
If I say, *' The strongest government is the best govern-
ment," the proposition is a truism or & falsism, according
to the import of the tenns government, strongest, and
best, G. H. Leims, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. ; 61.
falsity (fal'si-ti), II. ; pi. falsities (-tiz). [< ME.
falsete,fcilste, ( OF. faiisete,faulscte, mod. faus-
sete = Pr.falsetat = Sp. falsedad = Pg. Vh/««-
dade = It. falsitd, ( lAi. falsita(,t-)s, falsehood,
< h.falsus, false : see false, a. The older noun
in E. is falsehood.] 1. The character of being
false; contrariety or nonconformity to truth or
fidelity; falseness.
That expediency -hypothesis of which we have already
seen the falsity. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 68.
2. That which is false ; a falsehood ; a lie ; a
false assertion.
By falsities and lies the greatest part
Of niankinil they corrupted to forsake
God their Creator. Jfi/<on, P. L., i. 367.
sgyn. 1, Falsity, etc. (%ee falsehood) ; incorrectness, en-o-
neousness, fallaciousness. -
Falstaffian (fal'st&f-i-an), a. Resembling Fal-
staff, the fat knight in Shakspere's ' ' Henry IV."
and ''Merry Wives of Windsor"; hence, cor
pulent; convivial; boasting; lying brazenly;
coarsely jovial, etc.
With a FalstaJ/Um figure, a ripe voice, and a broad and
comical face. Athencettm, No. 3156, p. 509.
falter^ (farter), ». «. [Formerly also faulter;
( ME. falteren, faltren, tremble, totter, stam-
mer, give way, a freq. verb (with suffix -e»l),
prob. < OF. 'falter (not found) = Sp. Pg.faltar
= It. faltare, fail, be deficient: see fault, v.]
1. "To be unsteady; tremble; totter: as, his
\egs falter.
We gave out tbat if any man faultred in the Journey
over Land he must expect to be shot t^> death.
Dumpier, Voyages, I. 2.
This earth shall have a feeling, and these stones
Prove armed soldiers, ere her native king
Shall falter under foul rebellion's amis.
SAo*.,Rich. II.,iii. 2.
Has Nature, in her calm, majestic march.
Faltered with age at last? Bryant, The Ages, v.
2. To fail in accuracy, distinctness, or regular-
ity of exercise or function ; fail or waver from
physical or moral weakness, emotion, etc.
Here, Indeed, the power of distinct conception of space
and distance /ai(<r». Is. Taylor.
Why wilt thou shame me to confess to thee
How far I falter d from my quest and vow ?
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
The glad tong falters to a wail.
Whittitr, Divine Compassion.
3. To hesitate, especially to hesitate in the ut-
terance of words ; speak with a broken or trem-
bling utterance ; stammer: as, his tongae fal-
ters.
Made me most hiLppy, .faltering " I am thine. "
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
falter
Nature speaks her own me&itiug with aa iDdistinct and
/altfring voice. J. Caird.
= S3nL 3. SttttUr,etc. See gtammer.
falter^ (fal'tSr), n. [< falleri, «•.] The act of
faltering, hesitating, trembling, stammering,
or the Uke; imsteadiness ; hesitation; trem-
bling; quavering.
The/rt//^r of an idle shepherd's pipe. Loicell.
falter- (fal'tir), r. t [E. dial.; origin uncer-
tain.] To thresh in the chaflf; cleanse or sift
out, as barley. HalUicell.
falteringly (fart6r-ing:-li), adv. In a faltering
manner; with hesitation; with a trembling,
broken voice ; with difficulty or feebleness.
Then Philip standing up &a.\i\ falteriivjly,
"Annie, 1 came to ask a favour of you."
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
faltrank, h. See falltrank.
faluccot, M. An obsolete variant of felucca.
faluns(fa'16nz),M.j)?. [F. dial.] In j/eo?., strata
of Miocene Tertiary age occurring in Touraine,
France. They occur in widely extended but isolated
patches, rarely more than fifty feet thick, and have long
been used aa a fertilizer. The rock consists of a coarse
breccia of shells and shell-fragments, mixed with sand,
and in places passing into limestone. It also contains
numerous bones of mammals, of species indicating a
warmer climate than that of the region at the present
time.
falweif, a. A Middle English form otfallowT-.
falwe^t, «• and «. A Middle English form of
faUmc".
fall (falks), H. ; pl./atos(far8ez). [L.,asiekle:
see falcate, falcon, etc.] 1. A metal imple-
ment, of a form suitable for a pruning-hook,
sometimes foimd among ancient remains. — 2.
In anat., something which is falcate or falci-
form; specifically, a fold of the dura mater
separating parts of the brain. See falx cere-
bri audfalx cercbelli, below. — 3. In herpet., one
of the poison-fangs of a serpent : so called from
its shape : generally used in the plural. — 4. In
entoin., one of
the jointed ap-
pendages un-
der the front of
a spider's ceph-
alothorax, used
to seize and kill
its prey, it con-
sists of two part«,
the base and the
pointed and curved
fang, which folds
down in a groove of
the base. A duct
runs through both joints, opening at the tip of the fang,
and is connected with a poison-gland in the cephalothorax.
The falces are also called chelicercR and, incorrectly, man-
dibleg. In some species the two organs are united. The
term is extended to the similar or corresponding mouth-
parts of other arachnidans.
Without any perceptible displacement of itself, it [a
spider] flashed iU/atceg into my flesh.
H. O. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 216.
6. In echinoderms, a rotula ; one of the mouth-
parts of a sea-urchin. See cut under Echinni-
dea. — 6t. A certain grip or trick in wrestling.
Or by the girdles grasp'd, they practise with the hip,
The forward, backward /ate, the mare, the turn, the trip.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 244.
Falx cerebelll, a fold of the dura mater between the
lateral lobes ofthe cerebellum. — Falx cerebri, the longi-
tudinal vertical falcate fold of the dm'a mater between the
hemispheres of the cerebrum. It is os.sifted in some ani-
mals.
fama (fa'ma), w. [L., a report, rumor; per-
sonified, Rumor: see/amci.] Report; rumor;
fame. — Famaclamosa, or simply /ffma, literally, a loud
or notorious rumor; a scandalous and widely prevailing
rumor afl;ecting the character of any one ; specifically, in
Scotch eccles. law, applied to any prevailing scandalous
report atfecting any clergyman, office-bearer, or church-
member, on which proceedings may be taken by a session
or presbytery independently of any specific charge made
by an individual accuser.
famatinite (fa-mat'i-nit), n. [< Famatina (see
def.) + -8^3.] A sulphantimonite of copper
found in the Famatina mountains, Argentine
Republic. It is isomorphous with enargite.
famble^t (fam'bl), v. i. [< ME. famelen, stam-
mer ; cf. D. fommelen, fumble ( > E. fumble), <
8w. famla = Dan. famle = leel. fdlma, grope,
fumble, leel. also fig. flinch, falter: see fumble,
and cf./a»j6fe2.] To stammer.
To famble, to maffle in the mouth as a child that but
begins to speak. Cotgrave.
His tongue shal stamerenor/awteJen.
Beliquife AntiqucB, I. 65.
famble^t (fam'bl), n. [Origin obscure; prob.
a slang term, lit. fumbler, groper (cf. Ham-
let's "pickers and stealers" for 'fingers'), <
famblei in its orig. (Scand.) sense, 'fumble,
Head and Anterior Part (including two
pairs of legsl of a Tarantula ( Tarantula
cnrolimniis), eulansred. /, falces. Tlie
front shows two lai^e and four small simple
eyes.
2132
grope ' ; ult. connected with AS. folm, the hand,
the palm of the hand: see fumble. '\ A hand.
[Old slang.]
We clap OMvfambles. Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, ii. 1.
Hold yonr fambUs and your stamps.
Middleton and Dekher, Roaring Girl, v. 1.
famble-crop (fam'bl-krop), ?i. [E.dial.; < fam-
ble, perhaps a var. of wamble (cf. early ME.
famplen, a verb once occurring, appar. meaning
'put into '(the mouth — of an infant), 'feed'), -f
crop.'\ The rumen, paunch, or first stomach of
a ruminant; a f arding-bag.
famel (fam), ». [< ME. fame, < OP. (and F.)
fame = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. fama, < L. fama, the com-
mon talk, a report, personified Rumor ; public
opinion, good or bad fame (= Gr. <jiijfi7i, a voice
(of mysterious source), a prophetic voice, ora-
cle, a rumor, reputation, etc.), < fari = Gr.
^dw(, speak, say : see fable, fate.'] 1. A public
report or rumor. [Obsolete or archaic]
AUe thingis sche trowith with-out/«»i€
That goddis lawe techith trutlie to be,
And bidith therbi for ony blame.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 116.
The fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house, saying,
Joseph's brethren are come. Gen. xlv. 16.
Rebels, figured by the giants, and seditious ./"awie* and li-
bels, are but brothers and sisters, masculine and feminine.
Bacon, Fragment of an Essay on Fame (ed. 1887J.
There goes a fame, and that seconded l)y most of our
own Historians, though not those the ancientest, thatCon-
stantine was born in this Hand. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
2. Report or opinion widely diffused ; renown ;
notoriety ; celebrity, favorable or imfavorable,
but especially the former; reputation: as, the
/arac of Washington; literary /ame : rarely used
in the plural.
Death is ineuitable and the/a«tc of vertue inimortall.
Quoted in Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.),
[Forewords, p. iii.
A thousand glorious actions, that might claim
Triumphant laurels, and immortal /o)«e.
Addison, The Campaign.
He who would win ^ooAfame, said an old law, must hold
bis own against two foes and even against three ; it is only
from four that he may fly without shame.
J. Ii. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 54.
This is he [Dante] who among literary fames finds only
two that for growth and immutability can parallel his own.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. S.
House of ill fame. See house. = Syn. 2. Honor, Reiumni,
Glory (see ylori/) ; reputation, credit, notoriety.
fame^ (fam), v. t. ; pret. and pp. famed, ppr.
faming. [< ME. famen, make famous, more
frequently make infamous, defame. Cf. ML.
/a?«are, < L./amo, fame.] 1. To report.
The field, where thou &Tt famed
To have wrought such wonders. Milton, S. A., 1. 1094.
2. To make famous.
Your second birth
Will/ame old Lethe's flood.
B. Jonson, Masque of Christmas.
Fam'd in Misfortune, and in Ruin great.
Prior, Ode to tlie Queen, st. 9.
[Rare in both senses, except in the past par-
ticiple.]
To fame itt, to have to do with fame.
Do you call this fame? I have/an('rf it; I have got im-
mortal fame : but I'll no more on it.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ii. 2.
fame^t, r. t. [< ME. famen, by apheresis for de-
famen : see defame.^ To defame. Bitson, iii.
161.
False and fekylle was that wyghte.
That lady for to /am*.
MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, fol. 71. (HalUicell.)
fame^t, !'. «'• [ME.famen: see famish.'] To fam-
ish.
fameful (fam'ful), a. [< fame'L + -ful] Fa-
mous; famed. [Rare,]
Whose foaming streame striues proudly to compare
(Even in the birth) with Fame.full'st Floixis that are.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
fameless (fam'les), a. [< fame^ + -less.] With-
out fame or renown.
That man that loves not this day,
And hugs not in his arms the noble danger,
May he Aye fameless and forgot !
Fletcher, Bonduca, iii. 2.
famelic^t (fa-mel'ik), a. [< h. famelicus, hun-
gry, famished, starved, as a noun one starv-
ing, (.fames, hunger: see famish.] Hungry;
serving to allay hunger. [JBare.]
One that knows not how to converse with men ... in
any thing but in the famelic smells of meat and vertigi-
nous drinkings. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 697.
famelic^t (fa-mel'ik), a. [Earlier famelick ; ap-
par. < L. famelicus, hungry, taken as if a deriv.
familiar
(equiv. to familiarieus, domestic) ot familia, a
family: see family.] Domestic. [Rare.]
Why, thou lookst as like a married man already, with
Its grave a fatherly famelick countenance as ever I saw.
Otway, The Atheist (1884).
fame-'WOrthyt (fam'wer^'THi), a. Deserving
good report or fame.
The books that I have publish'd in her praise
Commend her constancy, and that's fame-worthy.
Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, iii. 1.
famicide (fa'mi-sid), n. [< L. fama, reputa-
tion, fame, + -cida, a killer, < cmdere, kill.] A
slanderer. Scott. [Rare.]
familaryt, a. [ME.: see familiar.] Familiar.
Be not to f ers, to familary, but frendli of chere.
The A EC of Aristotle, 1. 6 (E. E. T. S., extra ser.,
[VIII. i. 66).
familiar (fa-mil'yar), a. and m. [Altered in
spelling to bring it nearer the L. I. a. < ME.
famylier, famileer, famulier, familer, famuler,
intimate, < OF. familier, famelier, famulier, F.
familier = Pr. Sp. Pg. familiar = It. famiqliare
= D. familiaar = G. familiar = Dan. familiwr =
Sw. familjdr, < 1i. familiaris, of or belonging to
a household, domestic, private, of the family,
intimate, friendly, <. familia, household, family :
see family. II. n. < '^E. familer, n., < OF. and
F. familier, etc., < 1j. familiaris, a familiar ac-
quaintance, a friend, an intimate, < familiaris,
adj., familiar: see I.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to a
family ; domestic. [Rare.]
O perilous fyre, that in the bedstraw bredeth :
O famulier {v&r. famuler] fo, that his service bedeth !
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 540.
Let us have done with that which cankers life —
Familiar feuds and vain recriminations. Byron.
2. Having, or springing from, intimate and
friendly social relations ; closely intimate : as,
a familiar friend ; familiar companionship ; to
be on familiar terms with one.
My familiar friend hath lifted up his heel against nie.
Ps. xli. i).
3. Having a friendly aspect or manner; ex-
hibiting the manner of an intimate friend ; af-
fable; not formal or distant; especially, using
undue familiarity ; intrusive ; forward.
Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 3.
You must not be saucy,
, No, nor at any time familiar with me.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, ii. 3.
I will take upon me to be so familiar as to say, you
must accept my invitation.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 226.
4. Characterized by ease or absence of stiff-
ness or pedantry ; unconstrained.
He unreins
His muse, and sports in loose familiar strains.
Addison.
Ill brook'd he then the ^vt familiar phrase.
Crabbe, Works, IV. 116.
5. Having an intimate knowledge ; well know-
ing; well acquainted; well versed (in a sub-
ject of study): as, he is familiar with the works
of Horace.
It will be no loss of time ... to become familiar now
by patient study with those unapproachable models of
the art of expression which are supplied to us by the lit-
erature of ancient times. J. Caird.
Nothing is more common than for men to think tliat,
because they are familiar with words, they understand
the ideas they stand for.
J. //. Neicman, Parochial Sermons, i. 42.
6. Well known from frequent observation, use,
etc. ; well understood.
Familiar in his mouth as household words.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 3.
The muse of poets feeds her winged brood
By common firesides, on familiar food.
O. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson.
Familiar spirit, a spirit or demon supposed to attend
on an individujtl, or to come at his call ; the invisible
agent of a necromancer's will.
Regard not them that have /amiiiar spirits.
Lev. six. 31.
And he made his son pass through the fire, and ob-
served times, and used enchantments, and dealt with/a-
miliar spints and wizards. 2 Ki. xxi. 6.
= Syn. 2. Close, intimate, amicable, fraternal, near.— 3.
Social, unceremonious, free, frank. — 6. Conversant.
II. n. 1 . A familiar friend ; an intimate ; a
close companion ; one long acquainted ; one ac-
customed to another by free, unreserved con-
verse.
All my familiars watched for my halting. Jer. xx. 10.
What rare discourse are you fallen upon, ha? have you
found any familiars here, that you are so free?
B. Jonso7^, Bartholomew Fair, Ind.
They seldom visit their friends, except some familiars.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 239
familiar
2. A familiar spirit ; a demon or evil spirit
supposed to attend at call. Seefamiliur spirit,
under I.
Away with him! he lias a/amiliar nnder his tongue.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
You may have, as you come through Germany, & famil-
iar for little or nothing, shall turn itself into the shape of
your dog. B. Jonxon, Every Man out of his Humour, v. 4.
I have heard old beldams
Talk otfamilian in the shape of mice,
Rats, ferrets, weasels, and I wot not wliat.
That have appeai-'d, and suck'd, some say, their blood.
Ford atid Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1.
3. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a member of the
household of the pope or of a bishop, support-
ed at his expense, and rendering liim domestic,
though not menial ser\-iee. The familiar must
live in the diocese of his superior. — 4. An of-
ficer of the Tribunal of the Inquisition who ar-
rested persons accused or suspected. See inqui-
sition.
The proudest nobles of the land held it an honour to
serve as/amiVmr« of the Holy Office. Prescott.
familiarisation, familiarise. See familiariza-
tion. t'tiinilittri::e.
familiarity (fa-mil-i-ar'i-ti), ». ; pi. familiari-
ties (-tiz). [< ilE./amttante, < OF. familiarite,
P. familiarite = I*r. familiaritat = Sp. familia-
ridad = Pg. familiaridade = It. familiarita =
G. familiaritat, < h. familiarita(t-)s, intimacy,
friendship, <. familiaris, familiar: see/a»(«/iar.]
1. The state of being famiUar, in any sense
of that word; intimate knowledge; close or
habitual acquaintance ; free or unrestrained
intercourse : followed by with before an object.
I doubt I shall And the entrance to \i\A/amUiarUy some-
what more thau difficult. B. Joruiun, Poetaster, UL 1.
1 think nothing w hich is a phrase or saying in common
talk should be aduiitte<l into a serious poem ; because it
takes off front the solemnity of the expression, and gives
It too great a turn oi/amUiaritj/.
Add%$on, On Virgil's Oeorgics.
Again, let me tell you. Madam. Familiarity breeds Con-
tempt : Youll never leave till you have made me saucy.
Wycherley, Love in a Wood, iv.
Familiarity in inferiors is sauciness ; in superiors, con-
descension ; neither of which are to have being among
companions, the very word iraplyinj; that they are to be
equal Steele, Tatler, No. 226.
That long familiarity whereby a singer's audience be-
comes somewhat weary of his notes.
Stedmati, Vict. Poets, p. 151.
2. An unusual liberty in act or speech from
one person toward another ; a freedom of con-
duct justified onlv bv the most intimate rela-
tions, or exercised without warrant ; an act of
personal license, in either a good or a bad
sense: most frequently iu the plural: as, the
familiarities ot intimate friendship; hia famili-
arities were repulsive. — 3. In astrol., any kind
of aspect or reception. = Syn. 1. Acauaintance. etc.
(see acquaintance), familiar knowledge, fellowship, friend-
ship, sociability. See list nnrier afabUity.
familiarization (fa-mil'ya-ri-za'shon), B. [<
familiuri:i' + -oWon.] Tlie act or process of
making or becoming familiar, or the state of
being familiar. Also spelled /amittarwafton.
There can be do question that a constant familiarita-
tion with such scenes blunts the feelings, if it does not
harden the heart T. Hook, Gilbert Oumey, II. i.
familiarize (fa-mil'ya-riz), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
fuiiiiUitii:id,y\>T. familiarising. [< V.familia-
riser = Sp. Pg.familiarizar = It. familiarizzarc;
as familiar + -irf.] 1. To make familiar or
intimat« ; render conversant by customary use,
experience, or intercourse ; acquaint closely :
as, to familiarize one's self with scenes of dis-
tress.
King Bogorii hoped to famitiaritt men's ralndt with
the tenets of the gospeL milman, Latin ChristUnity, v. S.
In order that men •hoold believe in witches, their in-
tellects must have been familiarieed with the concepUoaa
of Itetanic power and Satanic presence.
Leeky, Rationalism, I. 81.
These strange woes stole on tiptoe, as it were.
Into my neii;h)H>rhood and privacy.
Sat down wliere I sat, laid them where I lay;
And I was timufi familiariMd with fear.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 11.
2. To accustom familiarly, as to the sight,
knowledge, or practice of something; habitu-
ate ; inure. [Now rare.]
Being familiarized to it, men are not shocked at IL
Butter.
3t. To make familiar in manner ; cause to act
or be exercised familiarly or affably.
For the cure of this particular B<irt of madness, it will
be necessary Ut l>reak through all fi>rn)s with hlui, and
familiariu his carriage by the use of a good cudgel.
Steele, Tatler, No. 127.
2133
4. To make familiar in regard or experience ;
make well known ; qjiuse to be intimately con-
sidered or customary.
Wethanistede, the learned and liberal abbot of St. Al-
bans, being desirous of familiarinng the history of his
patron saint to the monks of his convent.
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, II. 53.
The genius smiled on me with a look of compassion
and affability that familiarized him to my imagination.
Addison, Spectator.
Also spelled /omt/tame.
familiarly (fa^mil'yar-li), adv. In a familiar
manner; unceremoniously; without constraint
or formality ; with the ease and unconcern that
arise from long custom or acquaintance.
He salutes me as familiarly as if we had known together
since the deluge, or the first year of 'Troy action.
B. Joiison, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
They'll come to me familiarly.
And eat up all I have; drink up my wine too.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, iv. 2.
familiarness (fa-mil'ySr-nes), n. Familiarity.
Let not the familiamesg or frequency of such provi-
dences cause them to be neglected by us, to improve them
as God would have us, to fear before him.
iV. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 320.
familiaryf (fa-mil'i-a-ri), a. [< L. familiaris,
in lit. sense tielonging to a family : see famil-
iar.'] Pertaining to a family or household ; do-
mestic.
Yet it pleas'd God ... to make him the beginner of a
reformation to this whole kingdom, by first asserting into
hi^familiary power the right of just divorce.
MUton, Plvorce, ii. 21.
familism (fam'i-lizm), n. [< L. familia, fam-
ily, + -ism.] X. The religious doctrines and
practices of the Familists. See Familist, 1.
Antinomiauism, as both experience and the nature of
the thing has sulllcieutly taught us, seldom ends but in
familifjn. Sottth, Works, V. iii.
2. The tendency to live in families ; that sys-
tem of society which is founded on the family.
Familiem, the love of those nearest and dearest, loses
fts excluding character.
R. T. Ely, French and German Socialism, p. 99,
Familist (fam'i-li8t),n. [=¥. familliste,< 1.. fa-
milia, family, + -ist.] 1. One of the religious
sect called the Family of Litre, founded in Hol-
land and England in the sixteenth century by
Hans Niklas, or Nicholas, who was a disciple
of David Joris (se« Davidist, 2), and taught
mystical doctrines based upon the theory that
religion consists wholly in love independently
of the form of faith. To them Moses was the prophet
of hope, Christ the prophet of faith, and Hans Nicholas
the prophet of love. The sect was prohibited by Queen
Elizal>eth in ISSU, but existed till the middle of the next
century.
The primitive Christians in their times were accounted
such as are now call'd Familistg and Adamites, or worse.
MUton, Church-Government, i. 6.
2. [/. c] The head of a family; a family man.
[Bare.]
If you will ueeda be a familiet and marry, muster not
the want of issue among your greatest afflictions.
Ostomc, Advice to a iton.
familist^re (fa-me-les-tSr'), n. [F., <familtiste,
iu lit. sciitie one of a family: see Familist.] A
commmiity of Fourierist or other communists
living together as one family ; the building in
which such persons live ; a phalanstery.
In 18S9 Godin put up a large building called the fami-
litttre, for the accommo<iation of 300 families, adding a
theater, school-house, etc. Sei. Amer. Supp., p. 8761.
It [Guise In France] has an old castle dating from the
leth century and a palatial famttittire with acconmioda-
tioii for <00 families. Eneye. Brit., XI. 205.
familistery (fam-i-lis'te-ri), n.; yX. familisteries
(-riz). Same as familiStire.
familistic, familistical (fam-i-lis'tik, -ti-kal),
a. l<. famiti.it -^ -ic-<it.] Pertaining to the Fam-
ilists or to familism.
And such are, for ought that ever I could discern, those
Seraphick, Anabaptistick, and Familuttick HyperlM>les,
those proud swelling words of vanity and novelty, with
which those men use to deceive the simple and creduioiia
sort of pe<iple. Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 195.
Altout this time there arose great troubles in the coun-
try, especially at lloston, by the breathing of antlnoniian
and/ami/tsfteo/ opinions,
.V. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 198.
family (fam'i-H), n. and a. [Early mod. 'B. fam-
ine (not in ME.) = D. G. Dan. familie = F. fa-
mille =1 Pr. familia = Sp. Pg. familia = It./ami-
glia =z 8w. familj, < L. familia, the servants in
a household, a household establishment, the
domestics collectively; hence the household,
the estate, property, rarely in the later and
mod. sense of family (parents and children),
for which L. domus was used, (.famulus, a ser-
vant, OL. famul, < Oscan famel, a servant, prob.
< Oscan faama, a house, perhaps akin to 8kt.
family
dhdman, an abode, house, < %/ dhd, set, place,
= Gr. Tt-di-vm = E. rfol : see dol, and cf. fact.]
1. «.; y\. families {-\iz). 1. The collective body
of persons who form one household under one
head and one domestic government, including
parents, children, and servants, and as some-
times used even lodgers or boarders, in law hus-
band and wife living together, and having no children,
are sometimes deemed within the benefit of a statute as to
families.
Rod. Signior, is all your family within?
logo. Are your doors locked? SAa*., Othello, i. 1.
Pie. Is your woi-ship of the/awiiy
Unto the Lady Pecunia ?
Bro. I serve her grace, sir.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, ii. 1.
The two societies, Roman and Hindoo, , . . are seen to be
formed, at what for practical purposes is the earliest stage
of their history, by the multiplication of a particular unit
orgroup, the Patriarchal i^'miiify. . . . The group consists
of animate and inanimate property, of wife, children,
slaves, land, and goods, all held together by subjection
to tlie despotic authority of the eldest male of the eldest
ascending line, the father, the grandfather, or even more
remote ancestor.
Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 310.
Families are the unity of which society is composed, as
tissue is made of cells, and matter of molecules.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 225.
2. Parents with their children, whether they
dwell together or not ; in a more general sense,
any group of persons closely related by blood,
as parents, children, uncles, aunts, and cousins :
often used in a restricted sense only of a group
of parents and children founded upon the prin-
ciple of monogamy.
Either his uncle, or his uncle's son, ... or any that is
nigh of kin unto him of his/a»itf^ may redeem him.
Lev. XXV. 49.
Come they of noble family I .
Why, so didst thou. Shak., Hen. V., 11. 2.
3. In a narrow use, the children of the same
parents, considered collectively apart from the
parents : as, they (a husband and wife) have a
large family to care for; a family of children.
[In all the above uses, frequently used figura-
tively with regard to animals.]
Seldom at church ('twas such a busy life).
But duly sent \\is family and wife.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 382.
4. In the most general sense, those who de-
scend from a common progenitor; a tribe or
race; kindred; lineage. Tims, the Israelites were
a branch of the family of Abraham ; the whole human
race constitutes the human /aniifv.
Hence — 5. Any group or aggregation of things
classed together as kindred or related from pos-
sessing in common characteristics which dis-
tinguish them from other things of the same
order. Thus, a body of languages regarded as represen-
tatives of a common ancestor, or as having come by grad-
ual processes of alteration and divarication from the same
original tongue, is called a family : as, the Indo-European
family ; the .South African family.
Tliere be two great /amifif* of things, sulphureous and
mercurial. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
The states of Europe were, by the prevailing maxims of
Its policy, closely united in one funnily. Everett.
Specifically — 6. In scientific classifications, a
group of individuals more comprehensive than
a genus and less so than an order, based on
fewer or less definite points of physical resem-
blance than the former, and on more or more
definite ones than the latter, in zoology the name
of a family now almost hivariably ends in ■id<e, which has
the forceof apalronyniic. The prime divisions of a family
are termed guhf amities, and end usually in -imB. The prime
associations of families are in sonte refinements of cla.ssiflca-
tlon called tnperf amities; there is no obvious distinction,
however, between these and suborders. The recognition
and definition of the family, as of other zotilogical groups,
is entirely a matter of expert opinion, having no natural
necessity for being ; hence the wide difference among zo-
ologists in their evaluation of the tenn. A modern family
is usually less compreliensive than a genus as used in the
last century. The use of the regular terndnation -idee has
done much to fix the valuation of the family more stably
than that of either the genus or the order. Zoological fami-
lies are considered as being approximately of tlie same
grade in classification as tlie groups called orders in botany.
Hence the won! family is generally used by imtanists as a
synonym of order: as, order Ranunculacece, the crowfoot
family. In cryptogamic botany tlie family is the prime
division of the order or suborder, and the prime division of
the family is the subfaviity or tribe ; but in some classifica-
tions the family is made to rank next )>elow the tribe. The
atisoliite rank of the family also vaiies with different au.
thoiu, the family of one being the order of another, etc.
The usual temiiliatiou is -«« (or -ei), but -aceae (or -acei) is
used as a family termination in some cases. See classifi.
cation.
7. Course of descent; genealogy.
Go ! if your ancient, but ignoble blood
Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood.
Go! and pretemi your/n»u^/ is young ;
Nor own your fathers have been fools so long.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 213.
family
8. Descent; especially, noble or respectable
stock: as, a man of good family,
Qveai families of yesterday we show,
And lords, whose parents were the Lord knows who.
£>e/oe, True-Bom Englishman, i.
9. A cluster of microscopic plants formed by
the adherence of a number of individuals ; a
colony — Family of ctirves. See curtv.— Family of
Love. See Famibst, 1.— Family Of surfaces. See sttr-
/ace. — Happy family, an assemblage of animals of di-
verse habits and propensities living amioably. or at least
«)uietly, toiiet her in one ca^e. — Holy family, the family of
which Christ formeii a part in his early yeai-s ; especially, a
jrroup consistinj; of Josepli and Mary and the infant Jesus,
with or without attendants, called si>ecifically tfie Holy
Family, which has been from early times a frequent suli-
ject of pictorial representation.— ia the bOSOm Of One's
family. See boffom,
H. rt. Pertaining to or connected with the
family. — Family altar. See altar.— Family chack.
See chackn.— Family Compact (F. Pacte de Famille), a
name given to three treaties in the eighteenth century
between the French and Spanish Bourbon dynasties, es-
pecially to the last of tlie three in 1761, in consequence
of whicli Spain joined with France in the war against
Great Britain. The branch house of Bourbon ruling in
Italy was also included in this alliance.— Family coun-
cil, family meeting, in civil law, as in Ix>nisiana and
Qiicbec, a council of the relatives or friends of a person
for whose sake a judicial proceeding, as the appoiutn^ent
of a guardian, is to be taken, called and presided over by
a judicial otflcer, and held under legal forms.— Family
man, one who lias a family or a liousehold ; a man in-
clined to lead a domestic life.
The Jews are generally, when married, most exemplary
family men. Mayhew.
Family tie, the bond of union and affection existing be-
tween nu'nil>e!*s of the same family.— Family way or
State, prc'.'nuncy. — In the family way, pregnant.
family-headt (fam'i-U-hed), n. Naut,, the stem
of a vessel when it was surmounted by several
full-length figures.
famine (fam'in), n. [< ME. famine^ famyny <
0¥.famin€y F. famine = Ft. famina (asif < ML.
"famina^y an extension of h, fames {> It. faiiie =
OSp. /ame, Sp. hambre = Fg.foine = Pr./aw =
OF. faim, F,faim)j hunger. Cf . Gr. xw^Ct bereft,
empty, xvpo-i a widow, Skt. hdnij privation, want,
< Skt. y/ hdj leave, desert.] Scarcity or desti-
tution of food ; a general want of provision or
supply ; extreme dearth, threatening or result-
ing in starvation : often used by extension with
reference to the want or scarcity of material
things other than food, and, figuratively, of im-
material things.
Ofte tymes thel assailed the Citee, that was right stronge,
that nothynge ne dowted, saf only foT famyn.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 224.
And that food shall be for store to the land against the
seven years of famine; . . , that the land perish not
through the famine. Gen. xli. 36.
I could not forget my native country, England, and
lamented under the famine of God's Word and Sacra-
ments : the want whereof I found greater than all earth-
ly wants. H. Knox (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 400).
Cotton famine. See cotton^.— Famine fever, relapsing
fever.— Famine prices, the high prices resulting from
scarcity of a commodity.
Tin-plates, in common with tin, ruled at what were
termed /amine jw-jce« in 1872.
Contemporary Rev., LII. 542.
=Syn. Deartky etc. See scarcity.
famme-bread (fam' in-bred), n. The Umbili-
caria arctica, a species of lichen.
The so-called /a »une bread (Umbilicaria arctica), which
has maintained the life of so many arctic travellers.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 409.
famish (fam'ish), V. [The ME. form was /awcn,
on which, later, famish was formed, like the
equiv. affamish (which appears at the same time
— 16th century), with suffix -ishj as in languishj
etc., < OP. a-fameVj later af-famerj ML. af-fa-
MarCj famish, < L. ad^ to, + fames, hunger: see
famine.'] I, trans. To deprive of nourishment ;
keep or cause to be insufficiently supplied with
food or drink; starve; destroy, exhaust, or dis-
tress with hunger or thirst.
This rash Word cost de Brawse his Countrey, and his
Lady and their Son their Lives, both of them being /am-
t«Aed to Death in Prison. Baker, Chronicles, p. 69.
Thin air
Above the clouds will pine his entrails gross,
And/ami«A him of breath, if not of bread.
Milton, P. L., xii. 78.
The pains of famished Tantalus he'll feel. Dryden.
He had /ami«/(ed Paris into a surrender. Burke.
H. intrans. To suffer extreme hunger or
thirst; be exhausted throiigh want of food or
drink ; suffer extremity by deprivation of any
necessary.
The Lord will not suffer the soul of the righteous to
famUh. Prov. x. 3.
You are all resolved rather to die than to famish.
Shak., Cor., i. 1.
2134r
All the race
Of Israel here had/amwft'rf, had not God
Kain'd from heaven manna. Milton, P. R., ii. 311.
famisllinent (fam'ish-ment), n. [< famish +
-metiL'] The pain of extreme hunger or thirst ;
extremity from want of food. [Obsolete or
rare.]
To be without pestelence, warre and famishment, and
all maner other abhominable diseases & plagues pertayne
to vs as well as to them, if we keepe our temporall lawes.
Tyndale, Works, p. 208.
So sore was the famishment in the land.
Gen. xlvii. 13 (Matthew's translation).
Eleuen of our men after much miserie and famishment
(which killed some of them in the way) got to Coro.
Purchas, Pilgi'image, p. 830.
famosityt (fa-mos'i-ti)j w. [< 'Mlj.famosUa{t-)s,
fame, LL. only ill fame, < Jj, famosus, famous:
see famous.'] Renown. Bailey y 1727.
famous (fa'mus), a. [< MF. fajnous = D./a-
mcufi = Gr. famos = Sw. famos, famoSj < F. fa-
meiix = Pr. famos = Sp. Pg. It. famoso, < L. fa-
7nosus, famed, famous, sometimes in a good, but
commonly in a bad sense, infamous, < fama,
fame: ^eefame^.] 1, Celebrated in fame or pub-
lic report ; renowned ; distinguished in story or
common talk: generally followed by /or before
the thing for which the person or thing is
famed: as, a man/«moMs/or erudition, /or elo-
quence,/or military skill, etc.; a spring /awiott^
for its eui'es.
Many a meane souldier & other obscure persons were
spoken of and made/awjoiwf in stories.
J'uttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 35.
A train-band captain eke was he
Of famous London town.
Coivper, John Gilpin.
"But what good came of it at last?"
Quoth little Peterkin.
** Why, that I cannot tell," said he;
"But 'twas & famous victory."
Southey, Battle of Blenheim.
I have always heard that Holland House is famous for
its good cheer, and certainly the reputation is not un-
merited. Macavlay, in Trevelyan, I. 191.
2. Deserving of fame ; praiseworthy; uncom-
monly good ; admirable : as, he is a, famous hand
at such work. [Now chiefly coUoq.]
And ther I hard a ffamus Sermon of a Doctor which be-
gan a V of the cloke in the mornyng and contynuyd tyll
it was ix of the clok.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 3.
3t. Of good character: opposed to in/awiOMs.
Twa or thre of his nichtbouris famous and unsuspect
men. Balfour's Pract., p. 145. (Jamieson.)
4t. Injurious; defamatory; slanderous.
That na maner of man mak, write, or imprent ony billis,
writingis, or balladis famous or selanderous to ony per-
soun. Balfour's Pract., p. 537. (Jamieson.)
= Syn. Noted, Celebrated, Fatnous, Renoioned, Illustri-
ous, Distinguished, Eminent, Notable, Notorious, famed,
far-famed, conspicuous, remarkable, signal. The first
nine words express degrees and kinds of the presence or
prominence of a person or thing in public knowledge or
attention. Noted, celebrated, faTno^ts, are of an ascending
scale of strength, and may be used in a good or a bad sense :
as, a celebrated thief ; a famous foi-ger. The use of cele-
brated in a bad sense is rather new and less common.
Noted is not much used by fastidious writers. Celebrated,
renoumed, illustrious, are also on an ascending scale of
strength. Celebrated is, by derivation, commemorated in
a solemn way, and occasionally shows somewhat of this
meaning still. Renovmed is, literally, named again and
again. Illustrious suggests luster, splendor, in character
or conduct : as, illustrious deeds ; making one's country
illustrious. Distinguished means marked by something
that makes one stand apart from or above others in the
public view. Eminent means standing high above the
crowd. Notable is worthy of note, and so memorable,
conspicuous, or notorious: as, a notable liar. Notorious
is now used only in a bad sense, having a lai^e and evil
fame. A man may be notable, noted, or famous for his ec-
centricities or his industry, celebrated for his wit, renowned
for his achievements, illustrious for his virtues, distin-
guished for his talents, eminent for his professional skill
or success, notorious for his want of principle. See/am«i.
We shall have recourse to a noted story in Don Quixote.
Hums, Essays, i. 23.
In 1741, the celebrated Whitefield preached here [at
Concord] in the open air, to a great congregation.
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord.
I'll make thee glorious by my pen,
AnA famous by my sword.
Marquis of Montrose, My Dear and Only Love.
Those fSiT-renowned brides of ancient song
Peopled the hollow dark, like burning stars.
Tennyson, Fair Women.
William Pitt . . . inherited a name which, at the time
of his birth, was the most illustrious in the civilized world.
Macaulay, William Pitt.
But among the young candidates for Addison's favour
there was one [Pope] distinguished by talents above the
rest, and distinguished, we fear, not less by malignity and
Insincerity. Macaulay, Addison.
In architecture and the fine arts, as in decorative art,
the Persians of the middle ages achieved a notable success.
N. A. Rev., CXL. 328.
fan
While officers of acknowledged fitness are being turned
out of one branch of a department, men of notorious un-
fitness are retained in places of trust and confidence in an-
other. The Century, XXXI. 151.
famous (fa'mus), r. t. \ifamouSj a.] To ren-
der famous or renowned. [Obsolete or ar-
chaic]
The painful warrior /a?«ou«e'(i for fight.
Shak., Sonnets, xxv.
Hee [Greene] made no account of winning credite by
his workes, as thou dost, that dost no good workes, but
thinkes to heefamosed by a strong faith of tliy owne wor-
thlnes. Nash, Strange Newes (1592), sig. E, p. 4.
She that with silver springs forever fills
I'he shady groves, sweet meddowes, and the hills.
From whose continuall store such pooles are fed
As in the land for seas &rti famoused.
W. Browne, Inner Temple Masque.
He [Keats] told them of the heroic uncle, whose deeds,
we may lie sure, were properly /a wtou«ed hy the boy Homer.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 306.
famously (fa'mus-li), adv. 1, With renown or
celebrity ; notoriously.
He being the publick reader of diuinitie in the uniuer-
sitie of Oxford was, for the rude time wherein he lined,
famously reputed for a great dearkc.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 300.
2. Remarkably well ; admirably ; capitally : as,
he has f^ucGeeded famously, [CoUoq.]
famousness (fa'mus-nes), n. Renown; great
fame; celebrity. [Rare.]
Unto this heanenly matter there was specially deputed
a tendre young vii^in, not set forth to the world ... by
fainousness of name, not portlynesse of life, etc.
J. Udall, On Luke i.
famp (famp), n. [E. dial.] In Cumberland,
England, decomposed limestone; in some other
districts in England, a bed or deposit of fine
silieious material.
famularf, a. and n. A Middle English variant
of f ami iiar.
famulatet (fam'u-lat), v. i. [< L. famulaiusj
pp. of famulariy be a servant, serve, < famuluSy
a servant: ^ee family.] To serve. Cockeram.
famulativet (fam'u-la-tiv), a. [< li.famulatuSf
servitude {<. famulus, a servant), + -ivc] Act-
ing as a servant ; subservient.
Hereby the divijie creative power is made too cheap and
prostituted a thing, as being famidative alwaies to brutish,
and many times to nrdawful lusts.
Cudivorth, Intellectual System, p. 45.
famulerf, «. and n. A Middle English variant
of fafniliar.
famuli, n. Plural oifamuhis.
famulist (fam'u-list), n. [< \j. famulus, a ser-
vant: see family.] In Oxford University, an
inferior member of a college; a servant.
famulus (fam'u-lus), n. ; pi. famuli (-Ii). [=
Sp. fdmulo = t*g. It. famulOy < L. famidus, a
servant, ML. an attendant, apparitor, squire,
familiar: see family.] A servant or assistant;
especially, formerly, the private servant of a
scholar; by extension, a private secretary or
amanuensis.
We keep a fanndits to go errands, yoke the gig, curry
the cattle, and so forth. Carlyle, in Fronde.
The magician's/amuius got hold of the forbidden book,
and summoned a goblin. Carlyle, French Rev., III. iii. 3.
fan (fan), n. [< ME. /rtw,/awn (for winnowing
grain), < AS. fami (for winnowing grain) = D,
wan = OHG. wanna, MHG. G. wanne = Sw.
vanna, a fan (for winnowing gi-ain), = It. vanno
= OF. ron, F. van (whence E. van'^y which is
thus a doublet of fan), < L, vannits, a fan (for
winnowing grain), orig. *vatnus, akin to Skt.
rato, wind, < -^ vd, blow. Cf. E, wind^^ and its
deriv. winnow, from the same ult. root.] 1. The
common nameof instruments for producing agi-
tation of the air by the movements of a broad
surface, as of a wing or vane. Specifically— (a) A
hand-implement for cooling the face and person by agi-
tating the air. Fans are made in a variety of forms and
of two general kinds, those which can be folded or shut
up and those which are permanently expanded or fixed,
iixed fans are made of feathers set side by side, of the
leaves of palmate-leafed palm-trees, or of paper or simi-
lar films spread on slender radiating sticks. Folding fans
arc sometimes made of thin slips of ivory, wood, or papier
mach6, etc., but more commonly of a continuous surface
of paper, silk, or other material, mounted on strips of a
rigid material pivoted at one end, and folding together
easily in the manner of a plaiting. The most costly and
elaborate painted fans were made during the eighteenth
century, especlallyin France, chicken-skin beinga favorite
material.
Crul [curled] was his heer, and as the gold it shoon.
And strouted [expanded] as afaiine, large and brode.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 129.
These fannes both men and women of the country doe
caixy to coole themselves withall in the time of heate. by
the often fanning of their faces. Coryat, Cnidities, 1. 134.
"What would you give to your sister Anne?" . . .
"My gay gold ring, and mv feathered /nn."
The Three Knights (Child's Ballads, II. 370).
fan
2135
(6) Any contrivance of vanes or flat disks, revolved by ma- ing, in light, unsteady puffs of wind.— To fan out, to
chiiiery or by hand, as for winnowing grain, cooling tluids, spread or reacli out in the form of a fan ; hence, to be-
urging coniliustion, promoting vrntilation, etc. come thin and scattered, as a school of fish.
Clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the fanal (fa-nal'), «. [/iF. fallal = Sp. Pg./anal,
shovel and with the/<in. . isa. xix. 24. a lantern, signal-light, beacon, lighthouse, <
(<•) A small vane or sail used to keep the large sails of a It. faiiale, a signal-light, beacon, lighthouse
fancifulness
A man once committed headlong to republican or any
other transcendentalism, and fighting and /anaticising
amid a nation of his like, becomes as it were enveloped in
an ambient atmosphere of transcendentalism and delirium.
Carlyle, French Kev., III. iii. 2.
windmill always in the direction of the wind." (rf) An ai>-
paratus for regulating or checking, by the resistance of the
air to its rapid motion, the velocity of light machinery,
as in a musical box ; a fly.
An important niodiflcation on his original mechanism
is now generally made, by a long anu of iron, called a/an,
extending horizontally in front of the vertical draw-rods,
where by suitable mechanism it is made to wave up and
down. Groce, Mas. Diet., II. 698.
(«) An apparatus, also called the fan-goBemor, for regu-
lating the thrattle-valve of a steam-engine. (/) In soap-
mami/., a rotating paddle, so sot that its blades skim close-
ly over the surface "of the l)oiling mass in the soap-copper.
It serves to prevent the contents of the copper from boil-
ing over.
2. Something resembling a fan when spread,
as the wing of a bird, the tail of a peacock, etc.
As a peacock and crane were in company, the peacock
spread his tail, and challenged the other to show him such
a/an of feathers. . Sir R. VEHtrange.
3. In geol., an accumulation of debris brought
down by a stream descending through a steep
ravine and debouching in the plain beneath,
where the detrital material spreads itself out in
the shape of a fan, forming a section of a very
low cone.
^_^ ^_., ^ ..^ [Rare in both uses.]
(ML. /aHflte), < It. dial (Ven.) /ano,''it./aro, fanatism (fau'a-tizm), w. [Improp. for /a«a«-
a lighthouse, < L. pharus, < Gr. <papo(, a light- <;f''"'' .= G-Jaimtismus = Ban. fanatisme = Sw.
house : see pharus. The It. dial, faiio is less
prob. referred to Gr. ^vof, a torch, a lantern.]
faiiatism, < F.fanatisme = Sp. Pg. It. faiiatis-
mo.) Fanaticism. Gibbon. [Rare.]
lamp or apparatus placed in such a lighthouse
to give light.
fanam (fa-nam'), Ji. [Anglo-Ind., < Hind./fl-
to/w.] 1. The name of various native gold
couis formerly current
in southern India, and
weighing from 5 to 6
grains; also, the name
of various small Euro-
pean silver coins for-
merly current in India.
The value varied in different
places, but it may be stated at
alx>ut 3 pence English.
You are desired to lay a silver fanam, a piece worth
three pence, upon the ground. This, which is the small-
est of all coins, the elephant feels alK)Ut till he finds.
Carraccioll, Life of (live, I. 288.
2. Formerly, a money of account in India.
The /on is properly a flat cone, having the apex at the fanatic (fa-nat'ik), a. and n. [Fo^me^ly/aHa^
A small lighthouse, or, more commonly, the fan-blast (fan 'blast), n. In iroii-worls, the
Obveree. Reverse.
Fanam of Madras, British
Museum. (Size of the origi-
nal.)
mouth of the ravine.
F. Drrw, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, XXIX. 447.
4t. A quintain.
Now, swete air, wol ye Jiutcn atte/an .'
Ckaxuxr, Prol. to .Manciple's Tale, L 42.
5. Figuratively, any agency which excites to
action or which stimulates the activity of a
passion or an emotion, producing effects analo-
gous to tho!«e of a fan in exciting flame : as, this
was &fan to rebellion; a /an to love. — 6. In
Arthropoda, an appendiige of the abdomen, as
in the tail of Mysis, which may contain an audi-
tory organ. — 7. A measure of chaff, in Cam-
bridgeshire, England, equal to 3 heaped bush-
els.— 8. Tlic lliikesof a wlialc: a wlialcre'term.
— Eucharlstic, holy, Uturglcal, • t mystical fan. See
jlaMliim. Order of the Fan, a .Swedish order founded
in 1744. and
ick; = ¥'. faiiatiqiie = Sp. /ana'«co = Ps. It.
fanatieo = D. fnnatiek (cf. G.fanatisch = Dan.
Sw. fanatisk), < L. fanaticus, pertaining to a
temple, inspired by a divinity, enthusiastic,
frantic, furious, mad, < fanum, a temple : see
/n«f2.] I_ n. Same as faiiatieal.
blast produced by a fan, in contradistinction
to that produced by a blowing-engine.
fan-blower (fan'bl6"er), n. A blower consist-
ing of straight or curved vanes attached to a
shaft which revolves with great rapidity. The
vanes are inclosed in a cylindrical case, open at tlie center
for the inflow of the air, and at the circumference pro-
longed into the outflow, or blast-pipe. Also called fan-
fancicalt, a. i< fancy + -ic-al] Fanciful.
After they have completed their tuning, they will (if
they be masters) fall into some kind of voluntary or/a«-
neal play more intelligible. r. Mace (1676).
fancied (fan'sid), p. a. [Pp. of fancy, v.] 1.
Portrayed or formed by the fancy; imaginary:
as, a /oHcierf grievance.
The vision of enchantment's past ;
Like frostwork in the morning ray,
The/arwrierf fabric melts away.
Scott, Mannion, i.. Int.
Mr. Croker, in reprehending the/nncicif inaccuracy of
Mrs. Tbrale, has himself shown a degree of inaccuracy,
or, to speak more properly, a degree of ignorance, hardly
credible. Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.
2. Appealing to or produced by fancy; fanciful.
Uis seals are curiously /ajiciVd and exquisitely well cut.
Steele, Tatler, No. 142.
H. H. A person affected by zeal or enthu- fancier (faii'si-^r), n. 1. One who fancies or
fan (fan), i:; preT.'and pp. fanned, ppr. fan- fanatical (fa-nat'i-kal), a.
siasm. particularly on religious subjects; one
given to wild and extravagant notions of reli-
gion.
There la a new word, coined within few months, called
/anatict, which, by the close stickling thereof, seemeth
.Te'ieby^even the ^c^Sl^esX'ur';^"'' *■"" " "'™"' 2. One who is under the influence of his fancy :
Fuller, Mixt fonteniplations (1600). **' , "•>* reasoners, but fanners," Macaulay.
He who sacrifices all expediency to a theory or a belief '?''^5u/^'"''**'"^'i')' "• l*^ fi> >'<"!/ + -/«'•] 1.
is in danger of becoming n/atiatie. Led by fancy rather than by reason and expe-
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. ilX. ~'—"- =..»,i«~t *- ti.„ :..a «» _tf
has a special taste or aptitude: used of one
who deals in objects of fanciful taste: as, a
bird-/an<;ier; a tiIlip-/aHcier.
A thorough faitcier nowadays never stoops to breed
toy-birds. Darmn, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 228.
ntiig. [< ME./«n«<>;i, tr. winnow, intr. flutter,
= D. waiinen = OIIG. ujannon, winnow; from
the noon.] I. trans. 1. To cool and refresh, or
affect in any way, by agitating the air with or
as with a fan.
Come Zephyrs, come, while Cupid sing*,
Man her with your silky Wings.
Coiiffreve, Semele, U. 2L
Cleopatra ilisilalned not ... to cau«« herself to b«
/amied by favourite slaves armed with screens or fea-
thers of the Ibis, Impregnated with odours.
Uzamie, The Kan (trans.), p. 28.
She vti/annrd Into slumbers by her slaves. Spectator.
2. To move or agitate with or as with a fan.
_ The air
Floats as they p*ss,/ann'd with unnumber'd pltmiec
MUton, P. t, TiL 432.
Her turtles /ann'd the buxom air ainve :
And, by his mother, stoo<l an infant Love.
Dryttrn, Pal. and Arc., IL 519.
The southwest wind
Of soft June mornings /anii^rf the thin white hair
Of the sage fisher. Whittier, Bridal of Penuacook.
8. To blow upon, literally or figtxratively ; ex-
cite, as fire, by means of a current of air.
Heav'n's Bre confounds, when/ann'rf with folly's breath.
Qtiarle; Emblems, ii., Epig. 1.
, .. ,, l<^analic + -al.']
1. Wild and extravagant in opinions, particu-
larly in religious opinions; extreme, or main-
taining opinions in an extreme way ; especially,
inordinately zealous, enthusiastic, or bigoted.
A /analiek Fellow, one John Powdras, a Tanner's .Son of
Exeter, gave forth that himself was the true Edward, eld-
est Son of the late King F.<lwar(l the First, and by a false
None was changed In his Cradle.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 109.
It la aninslng to observe the first words of this faitatical
hypocrite (Cromwellj, corresponding so exactly to his char-
»ct«r- Uume, Hist. Eng., II.
2. Of an extravagant, extreme, or inordinately
zealous kind: as, /anafteandeas.
A Christen niannis obedyence standeth not In the ful-
fyllyng ol/anatieall vowes. Bp. Bate, Apology, foL 96.
I abhor Kicb /attaticai phantasms. Skak., L. L L, v. 1.
Who that hath seen the new generation of scientists at
their work does not delight in their healthy ami manly
vigor, even when most he feels their iconoclasm to lie
fanatical t J. R. SeeUy, Nat. Eeligion, p. 125.
=8yn. Entkunatie, Fanatical, e\e. 8ee«n(Auria«(tcand
mpcralition.
fanatically (fa-nat'i-kal-i), adv. In a fanatical
manner; with inordinate zeal or with bigotry.
When men are furiously and fanaticallij fond of an ob-
ject, they will prefer It ... to their own peace.
Burke, Petition of the Unitarians.
4. To winnow; separate chaff from and drive fanaticalneBB(fa-nat'i-kal-nes),n. Fanaticism
It away by a current of air.
That teniper of pronhaneneas, whereby a man is dis-
posed to contemn and despise all religion, ... Is much
worse . . . itmnfanaticalncMM, and idolatry.
Bp. WiUniu. Natural Religion, IL 1.
fanaticism (fa-nat'i-sizm), n. [<. fanatic +
-M/H.] The cHaracter or conduct of a fanatic ;
inordinate zeal or bigotry; the entertainment
of wild and extravagant notions, especially in
regard to religion.
The national character became exalted by a religious
fervor, which In later days, alas ! settled into a fierce
faiuUxeim. Pretcott, Kerd. and Isa., Int.
The fanaticitm of Cromwell never urged him on Im-
8ractlcable undertakings, or confused his perception of
ae public good. MaeaxUay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
The wild/amttctnn that nerves the soul against danger,
and almost steels the body against torments.
Lccky, Rationalism, I. 1&3.
Z,oi«U, Jeffries Wyman. ^Sjn. frfihihltl. nifinlni. etc. See »w;«-rrti'(,-on.
n. intrans. 1. To move, as if by the action fanaticlze (fii-nat'i-siz), ii. ; pret. and pp. fa-
of a fan or by fanning.— 2. To assume a fan- nntiri-nt, -mtr. fnnuticizing. [(.fanatic + -ire.]
like shape — Fumlnic along (h/ihM, moving almig I. trans. To make fanatical,
very slowly, with the salU alternately filling and colUips- U. intraiu. To play the fanatic.
Travelling along Tales and over hills for about five hoars
we passed by some cottages, where they were fanning
their corn. Poeodu, Description of the Fjut, II. 1. 161.
6. Figuratively, to produce effects upon anal-
Ojifous to those of a fan in exciting flame; ex-
cite; increase the activity or ardor of; stim-
ulate; inflame: said of the passions and emo-
tions, of ploU, etc. : as, this fanned the flame
of his love ; he fanned the embers of rebellion.
His was no flickering flame, that dies
Unless whenfannrd by looks and sigfas.
And lighted oft at lady's eyes.
Scott, Mannion, v. 28.
Fant every kindling flame of local prejudice.
D. WeMer, Speech, Feb. 2S, 18S2.
That such a man could spring from our decays
Fant the souls nobler faith until it bum.
rience; subject to the influence of fancy; whim-
sical : applied to persons.
Tliose . . . do not consider what a catching disease folly
is ; and how natural it is for men that are fancifull in Re-
ligion to exchange one folly for another.
Slillingjteet, Sermons, II. vl.
2. Opposed to real.
Faiuiful distinctions without much real difference.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 118.
No one Is a hero to his valet, and the slightest Incon-
gruity of manner or deportment will shatter in an instant
a/onci/u/estiniateofcharactergeneralizcd out of speeches
or sermons. //. X. Oxenham, .Short .Studies, p. 21.
3. Dictated or produced by fancy; appealing
to or engaging the fancy; characterized by ca-
pricious aspects or qualities; curious: applied
to things: as, &fanciful scheme ; fanciful shapes.
Gather up all fancifuUeit shells. AV<i(», Endynuon, i.
It is by ideal and/anci/iif conceptions that men of im-
perfectly trained intelligence are apt to be most power-
fully and permanently affected.
C. E. Norton, Church-building In Middle Ages, p. 14.
=Sjrn. 1. Imaginative, visionary, capricious, eccentric— 3.
Fanciful, Fantastic, Qrotesque, chimerical, wild. Fan-
tatlic mn] irroleHque m&y\)e applied to persons or to things,
but grotetipie t«i (lersons only when indicating outward ap-
jiearance. That which is/anci/wi is odd, but not beyond
the point of pleasing ; that which is fantastic goes be-
yond that point, suggesting an unregulateil or half-crazy
fancy : as, the fantantic notions or dress of a liniatic.
That which is grotexinr canies fancy so far as to be un-
natural, absurd, a combination of incongruous parts, a
travesty uiwn the real or proper.
Come, see the north-wind's masonry. . . .
Speeding, the myriad-handed, his wild work
Siy fanciful, so savage, naught cares he
For number or projiortlon. Kmeraun, .Snow-Storm.
Hard, hard, hard is it. only not to tumble,
.So /an/a«(icaf is the dainty metre.
Tenniiton, Ex|)eriments in Quantity.
The grotetque conceits and the tuneless numbers of
Donne were, in the time of James, the favourite models
of composition at Whitehall and at the Temple.
Macaulay, Dryden.
fancifally (fan'si-fiil-i), adv. In a fanciful
manner; capriciously or whimsically; with cu-
rious prettiness or oddness.
For wit consists in using strong metaphoric images in
uncommon yet apt allusions : Just as antient Egyptian
wlsilom ilid in hieroglyphic symliols fancifully analo.
gijcil. H'arliurlon, Divine Legation, iv. § 4.
fancifulness (fan'si-ful-nes), n. The quality
of being fanciful, or influenced by the fancy
rather than by reason and experience ; the qual-
ity of being dictated or produced by fancy.
Albertns Magnus, . . . B4)nrcwhat trftiisimi-ted with too
much fancifulnegg towards the influences of the heavenly
Fan-crest, about 1350.
(From Viollet-Ie-Duc's
"Dict.duMobilierfran-
9ais.")
fancifolness
notions and astrological calculations, supposeth that re-
ligion hath had ita successive alterations and seasons ac-
cording to certain periodical revolutions i>f the planets.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Matikind, p. 168.
Agile movement, and a certain degree of /atici/uliisss,
are indispensable to rhetoric. De Quincey, Rhetoric.
fancifyt, «'. t. [< foncy + -fy,'\ To imagine ;
fauoy.
The good she ever delighted to do, and fancifitd she
was bom to do. Hichardgotiy Clarissa Harlowe, Vl. 344.
fanciless (fan'si-les)» a. [< fancy + -?ess.]
Destitute of fancy or imagination.
A pert or bluff important wight,
Whose brain is /anciiegs, whose blood is white.
Armstrong, Taste.
In this book lay absolutely truth,
FancUess fact. Browning, Ring and Book, 1. 11.
fan-coral (fan'kor^al), n. A gorgonian or sea-
fan; au aleyouarian of the order GorgoniacecBf
and especially of the family Gorgoniidce: so
called from the branching and radiating form.
A common kind is a species of Rhipidogorgia,
See cut under coral.
There, with a light and easy motion,
The fan-coral sweeps through the clear, deep sea.
Percival, The Coral Grove.
fan-crest (fan'krest), n. A form of crest com-
mon in the middle ages at dif-
ferent periods, as in the reign
of Richard I. of England,
whose second great seal shows
this crestj and again at the
end of the thirteenth century,
when it assumed the shape
of a fan or screen with radi-
ating ribs, attached to the
helm at a single point,
fan-crested (fan'kres'''ted), a.
In ornith.j having a crest of
feathers which opens up and
shuts down like a fan. The
hawk-parrot, hoopoe, and royal tody
have such crests. See cut under /foo^we.
— Fan-crested duck. See ducfr2.
fan-cricket (fan'krik'^et), w.
A name of the mole-cricket,
fen-cricket, or churr-worm, Gryllotalpa vulgaris.
See mole-cricket.
fancy (fan'si), n. and a. [Early mod, E. also
fanciejfansy, fantasy, phantasy j a contr. of earlier
fantasy, < W&. fantasy, fantesy, fantasie, fancy,
imagination, notion, illusion, inclination, = D.
fantazie = G. fantasie = Dan. Hw.fantasi, < OF.
fantasie, fantaisief Y.fantaisie = Pr. fantazia
= ^^. fantasia = Pg. it, fantasia, fancy, etc., <
ML. fantasia, LL. phantasia, an idea, notion,
fancy, phantasm, < Gr. <}>avTaata, the look or ap-
pearance of a thing, imagination, an impression
received, image, \ ^vTaC,uVy make visible, pre-
sent to the eye or mind, < ipaheiv, bring to light,
show, \/ *<f>avj connected with ■\/ *^a in (paeiv,
shine, ^do^, contr. (po)c (^wr-), light, etc. See jjftan-
tasm = fantom {phantom), fantastic, plienome-
non,photo~,Qtc.'] I, w. ; pl./ancie5(-siz). 1. The
productive imagination, especially as exercised
in an unregulated, desultory, or capricious man-
ner; the power or the act of forming in the mind
images of unusual, impossible, odd, grotesque,
whimsical, etc., combinations of things. See
imagination.
Among these Fancy next
Her office holds ; of all external things
Which the five watchful senses represent
She forms imaginations, aery shapes.
Milton, P. L., V. 102.
Judgment, indeed, is necessary in him fthe poet] ; but
it is fancy that gives the life-touches, and the secret gi'aces
to it. Dryden, Mock Astrologer, Pref.
The ancient superstitions furnished ihefaiicy with beau-
tiful images, but took no hold on the heart.
Macaulay, Dante.
That which history gives not to the eye,
The faded coloring of Time's tapestry,
Let Fancy, with her dream-dipped brush, supply.
Wfiittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
2. The result or product of an exercise of the
fancy; a fanciful image or conception of the
mind; a representation in thought, speech, or
art of anything ideal or imaginary : as, a pleas-
mg fancy or conceit.
How now, my lord? why do you keep alone,
Of sorriest /oTicic* your companions making?
Skak., Macbeth, iii. 2.
The bright fancies that, amid the great stillness of the
night, arise like stars in the firmament of our souls.
Longfellow, Hyperion, iv. 3.
3. An idea or opinion formed upon slight
Sounds or with little consideration; a specu-
tive belief in the possibility orreality of some-
2136
thing untried or unknown ; an impression, sup-
position, or notion : as, that's a mere fancy,
A strange /anc.v cam into his head,
That fair Nanciebel was gane.
Lord Level (Child's Ballads, II. 163).
I have always had a fancy that learning might be made
a play and recreation to children. Locke, Education, § 148.
4. Productive or operative taste; design; in-
vention.
The New Street [in Genoa] is a double range of palaces
from one end to the other, built with an excellent fancy,
and fit for the greatest princes to inhabit.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bolm), I. 362.
5. Inclination; liking; fondness: as, that which
suits youT fancy.
Yet a' this shall never danton me,
Sae lang's I keep my fancy free.
Old So7ig, Herd's Coll., II. 20.
Fair Helena in fancy following me.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
But, sir, I have somehow taken vl fancy to that picture.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1.
That which takes my fancy most, in the heroic class, is
the good-humor and hilarity they exhibit.
Fmf.rson, Essays, lstser.,p. 232.
6. Something that pleases or entertains with-
out necessarily having real use or value.
Within a well-roped ring, or on a stage,
Boxing may be a very pretty Fancy.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 100.
7t. A short, impromptu musical piece, usually
instrumental ; a fantasy.
And [Shallow] sung those tunes to the over-scutched
huswives that he heard the carmen whistle, and sware
they were his fancies, or his good-nights.
Shak, 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
8t. One of the ornamental tags or aglets at-
tached to the points in the seventeenth century.
— 9. A fancy roller (which see, under II.).
The fancy has been called the scavenger of the carding
engine. W. C. Bramwell, Wool-Carder, p. 203.
In form of filleting, suitable for worsted spinning, the
fancy is provided with spaced rings, so that after each
six inches of carding surface there is a space of from li to
2 inches, to allow the tacking on of the clothing.
Manvfacturers' liev., XX. 216.
The fancy, (a) A cant name for sporting characters col-
lectively, especially prize-flghtei-s.
Wlien the fancy was in favor amongst ourselves, the
pugilist, after entering into any legal engagement, under
strong penalties, to fight on a day assigned, went into
training about six weeks previously. De Quincey, Plato.
The clients were proud of their lawyers' unscrupulous-
ness, as the patrons of the fancy are proud of their cham-
pion's condition. George Eliot, Janet's Repentance, ii.
He must have been a hard hitter if he boxed as be
preached — what The Fancy would call "an ugly cus-
tomer." Dr. J. Broimi, Rab, p. 6.
(h) Any class of people who cultivate a special taste ; fan-
ciers collectively. [Rare.]
At a great book sale in London, which had congregated
all the fancy. De Quincey.
= Syn. 1. Fantasy^ etc. Ree/an(afi// and imagination.—
2. Conceit.— 6. Penchant, bias, vagary, whinisey.
II. a. 1. Involving fancy; of a fanciful or
imaginary nature; ideal; illusory; notional;
dictated by or dependent on the fancy: as, a
fancy portrait; fancy prices; fancy strokes or
touches.
This anxiety never degenerated into a monomania, like
that which led his [Frederic the Great'sl father to pay
fajicy prices for giants. Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
2. Fine; elegant; ornamental; adapted to
please the taste or fancy (as a trade-epithet) ;
of superfine quality: as, fancy stationery; fan-
cy fionr — Fancy fair. See/atr2.— Fancy goods, (a)
In trade, fabrics of varied or variegated patterns, as rib-
bons, silks, satins, etc., differing from those wliich are
of a plain or simple style or color. (6) As common-
ly used, articles of show and ornament, not including
valuable jewelry, but including appliances of dre.ss less
useful than ordinary textile materials or garments made
of them, as women's collars, ruffles, ties, and the like,
and such articles as inkstands, paper-weights, card-re-
ceivers, button-hooks, etc., of ornamental design. — Fan-
cy roller, in a carding-machine, a roller placed imme-
diately before the doffer. It generally has straight wire
teeth, and serves to raise the wool on the main cylinder,
in order that the doffer may take it off readily. E. H.
Knight.— TBiXiCy shot, in billi-ards, a stroke with the cue
intended to make a point in the game by unusual play, or
to show the skill of the plajer.— Fancy Stltch, a more
or less intricate stitch used for decorative purposes in the
finer kinds of needlework : opposed to plain stitch.
It does not take long for two young girls to grow inti-
mate over tableau plans and farusy stitches.
Mrs. Whitney, Leslie Goldthwaite, ix.
Fancy stocks, among American brokers, stocks which,
having no determinate value from any fixed or probable
income, fluctuate in price according to the fancy of specu-
lat4>rs.— Fancy store or shop, a shop in which fancy
goods or ornamental trifles are sold.
The world's people brought in the commercial element
in the way of fancy shops for the sale of all manner of
cheap and bizarre "notions."
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 1S9.
fand
Fancy work, ornamental knitting, crocheting, tatting,
embroidery, etc., performed by women: a phrase applied
generally to that which has but little value or serious pur-
pose, and especially to that which is not the object of a
regular industry.
fancy (fau'si), v,;'pret. and pp. fancied, ppr.
fancying. [< fancy, n.] I, trans. 1. To form a
fancy or an ideal conception of; imagine.
Ifancy'd you a beating ; you nmst have it.
Cartwnght, Ordinary (1651).
Their whole appearance shows as little variety or taste
as if their clothes were bespoke by the colonel of a march-
ing regiment, or fancied by the artist who dresses the
three battalions of guai-ds. Goldsmith, The Bee, ^'o. 2.
The relation between the mind and matter is not /a»-
cied by some poet, but stands in the will of God, and so is
free to be known by all men. Emerson, Nature.
2. To believe with little or no reason ; imagine ;
suppose ; presume : as, he fancies that he is ill ;
I fancy you will fail. — 3. To take a fancy to;
like ; be pleased with.
Ninus . . . fancied her so strongly as, neglecting all
princely respects, he took her from her husband.
Raleigh, Hist. World.
"Bessie, I could/mici/ a Welsh rabbit for supper." "So
could I — with a roast onion. Come, we'll go down."
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, iii.
4, To breed or raise, with reference to pleasing
the fancy; produce as a fancier. [Rare.]
The wide dlflerences observable in fancied animals.
Encyc. Brit., IV. 248-
II. intrans. 1. To have or form a fancy or an
ideal conception; believe or suppose without
proof; imagine.
If our search has reached no farther than simile and
metaphor, we rather /aJici/ tlian know. Locke.
2t. To love.
Never did young man fancy
With so eternal and so fix'd a soul.
Shak., T. andC, v. 2.
fancy-free (fan'si-fre), a. Having the fancy or
affections free ; heart-free ; untrammeled.
But I might see young Cupid's fiery shaft
Quench'd in the chaste beams of the watery moon,
And the imperial votaress passed on,
In maiden meditation, fancy-free.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2.
Pass . . . to the romantic Gothic era, whose genius was
conglomerate of old and new, and tlie myths of many ages
and countries, hnt stUl fancy -free, or subject only to a pre-
tended science as crude and wanton as the fancy itself.
Stedvmn, Vict, Poets, p. 10.
While literature, gagged with linsey-woolsey, can only
deal with a fraction of the life of man, talk goes /ancy-
free, and may call a spade a spade.
Ii. L. Stevenson, Talk and Talkers, i.
fancy-line (fan'si -lin), ?*. Xaut.-. (a) A line
used for overhauling the lee topping-lift of the
main- or spanker-boom: often called a tripping-
Une. (6) A line rove through a block at the
jaws of a gaff, used as a downhaul. (c) A small
line holding a fair-leader for the hauling part
of the main-brace.
fancy-monger (fan'si-mung^ger), w. One who
deals in fancies or tricks of imagination.
There is a man liaunts the forest that . . . hangs odes
upon hawthorns, and elegies on brambles ; all, forsooth,
deifying the name of Rosalind ; if 1 could nieetthat/nnci/-
mongei; I would give him some good counsel.
Shak.. As you Like it, iii. 2.
fancy-sick (fan'si-sik), a. Subject to disordered
fancy ; of distempered mind ; love-sick.
All fancy-sick she is, and pale of cheer.
With sighs of love, that cost the fresh blood dear.
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 2.
fand^t (fand). An old preterit oifind.
fand^t, V. t. [< ME. fanden, fonden, fandien,
fondien, < AS. fandian, try, tempt, prove, in-
vestigate (= OS. fandon = OFries. fandia =
MD. vandcn, seek, visit, = OHG. fanton, seek
out, MHG. vanden, G. falinden, inform against,
endeavor to seize), < fndan (pret. fand), find:
seefind."] 1. To seek (to do a thing); try; en-
deavor: followed by an infinitive.
Fele times have ich fonded to fiitte it fro thougt.
William of Palenie (E. E. T. S.), 1. 623.
I will go gete vs light for-thy.
And fewell /ande with me to bryng.
York Plays, p. 113.
As thow arte ryghtwise kynge, rewe on thy pople,
And fande for to venge theme, that thus are rebuykyde !
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 867.
For in the sea to drowne herselfe she fond,
Kather then of the tyrant to be caught.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 26-
2. To prove; test; examine.
Fande me, God, and mi hert wit thou.
Ps. cxxxviii. 23 (ME. version).
Also preoveth God his icorene [chosen] ase the goldsmith
fondeth thet gold i the fure [fire]. Ancren Riwle, p. 182.
Everich on, in the best wise he can,
To strengthen hire shal ale his frendes /oHrf«.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 240.
fand
2137
tJ^^ ^a^' fdance) called Congo also in Cayenne, Chica
m San Domingo, and m the Windward Islands confused
under one name with the Calinda, was a Icind of Faiidan-
?o, they say, m whicli the Madras kerchief held by its tin-
ends played a graceful part.
e. r. Cable, The Century, XXXI. 527.
2. Music for such a dance or in its rhythm,
which IS tnple and often — — -_ —,
based on the formula here _ ^ I I IJ
shown : akin to the bolero, TX^' " • • •
chica, seguidiUa, etc.— 3. By extension, a ball
or dance of any sort, especially in the formerly
Spanish parts of the United States; hence,
humorously, any noisy entertainment, with or
without dancing; a jollification.
^h^i ''."* !V""" '■ ' '.'"**'* out to go to :, fandango;
The sentmel he ups an' sez, " Thefs furder an ye c«i go ■
Lowell, Biglow Papers, l»t ser., p. 18.
i. I!"* TJh °' '!'* ," ''?^'"°' ■,' '°'" 'he great /anA,n(7o which
>» to get them [vulgarians] Into society. TheXation.
fandingt, «. [< ME. fanding, fonding, < AS.
.U'lKlung, verbal n. ot fandian, try, tempt: see
ya»d2.] Trial; temptation.
But first beboues jou bide
Faymtyngit full ferse and felle.
yort Play; p. 235.
faneH, «. [< ME./a»e, vane, < AS.fana = OS.
•V""" T.SJ^™*- •^'""'' /""« = I^- «■««" = OHG.
fano, MHG. >nf, Q./ahne = Icel. /dni = 8w
farm = Dan. /ane = Goth, fana, a flag, banner
= li. pannus, a cloth, piece of cloth, > ult E
pane and naicnl; see vane, the mod. form of
fanei and;«ine, paicnl, ult. doublets of /aw«l
pane.] 1. A flag; a banner.
They trunipyd and ther banen displaye '
Off »ylk, sendel, and many n/anr.
Richard Coer de Lion, L 8882.
2. A weather-cock: now vane (which see).
<i stormy poeple vuaad and euer vntrewe
Ay undUcret and chaungyng as a fane iTar.wn*).
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, L »96.
fane2 (fan) n. [< L. fanum, a sanctuary, a
temple, < fan, speak, in sense of dedicate:
Hed fanum tantum, id est locus templo effa-
tus, sacratus fuerat" (Liv. 10, 37). See faiu,
fame\fate.-\ An ancient temple; hence, po^
h h ' *°^ ''*'*' *'<"'*«<'™te<l to religion fa
boasting, blustering, rodomontade, < fanfar-
rmi, a boaster : see fanfaron.1 A swaegerine ;
yarn boasting; ostentation; bluster.
thI!!.l.f„"°i."°.V"''*'''"' ^''^ "»e kings acceptance of
the modern stylo of the French bureaus, things which
have much more the air and character of the Sue" Ic
clamations of their clubs than the tone of regular office
Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs,
hinwv?,;!,'/'*'''; '^l<'a''seeing, decisive Italian nature of
envel mT u'if' f °"f' ^'^!i'"'"'' ■*"'* he once had. has
/"row * '"'■'"'* atmosphere of French /an-
' Carlyle.
fanfaronade (fan-far-o-nad'), v. ».; pret. and
VV-Jantaronaded, ppT.fanfarotmding. To make
a flourish or display; bluster.
/■w^i^fiJi? ''''''^"pn'al evolution and manceuvre, with
/an/orwadin^, musketry salvoes, and what else tl e Pa-
to stamfSftM" i" If''"''' they made oath and obtestation
to stand faithfully by one another under law and king.
Carlyle, iYench Rev., II. i. 8.
fan-fish (fan'fish), n. A name of the sail-fish,
UistwphorusgJadius : a translation of the Malay
name, ikan ^ayer. •'
fangle
Se/oTigede faste on the feleyghes.
Morte Arthure (E. E. "i. S.), I. 3;
But faste late vs founde to fang on oure foo '
3one gedlyng ongodly has brewed vs grete ingir.
I'oi-t Plays, p. 319.
Now fare Philip the free to/onden his might
King Aligaunder (ed. Skeat), 1. 108.
8. To tempt ; entice (to do evil).
The deuell hadde of him gret enuye and onde [hatred] •
O [one] tyme he cam to his smyththe alone him to fonde
i.V'of!>t. i>«)w(an,l. 69 (Early Eng. I'ocms, ed. Furilivall). the Ynodern~»rvi."";:j'»i;;;'"i!"''""K"'!! """.'"'Voronades m York Pteu«,~p. 319
F andA.M. An abbreviation of ^.. ami ^c- ^^e nlM^h'e I'j? J^^'itrS'S ^ sSn^^^ fa?« (^^4 »• [< ME. /.«^ (rare and early
ccpU a Masons. clamations of their c1iii,i. ti,o„ .i,„ » .-._..._ 1 ' tatin nnt fr,nr,A\ i„\ ^ l_.__h ,. , , 'v i
fandango (fan-dang'go), n. [Sp., from the Af-
ricanname.] 1. Alively dance, very popular in
bpam and Spanish America, it is danced by two
Sf-T^i^^^'f*"^ /f'"*'*'', ?"'" '■""'-■«" •'»' castanets,
ate bo T* " " substitutes for them
fang not found), (a) a graiping, (6) what'is
ft^bootrrtL^r^' </S /«»^' (« a grasping
(0) booty (the form fang (tovfamg = fenq) oe-
'Ztv"T.r f ^^'\Z^ ■^'^'l^ *e sense of
booty, and also m the technical legal terms
{tw^'^Z^\t ««^ "g l^y tl^e hair, heals-fai^l
/„^,^^'f ^t-V*'"^^'". '''''•'"'' "^"uns andfang, on-
& MH^ ^C ^^'^^\f<"'ff>M9 = D. va% =
UH{i MHG. Q.fang = Icel. fang = Sw. Mna (cf
^t?^-^ns=j^--^V5=^''"-/-.''^' -a:^^^^^^^^^
cath =t- -^ 1' P"'«t-^«ft PP- gefangev, take
catch, seize, etc. : see fang, v. Faiia in the
sense of a tusk tooth, etc.,1s not fo3 i^ME?
or Ab. ; it is rather an abbr. of fanq-tooth AS
f^ng-toth (=G.fangzahn), lit. eatch^oothO l."
fl^fZ:*T rV-'iX , •;--;' •"'."V-"-.'»«I/««-v."w^au<:u-LOOin.l X
fa^00t(fan fut),n.; pl./a«/ooteor/a«/ee«(-futs, A STasping; capture; the act or power of seiz
-fet). 1. Anameofthegecko-lizards,fromtheir '"^^ ^°^^- [Obsolete or Scotch.]
spreading toes, a „^„ .__. , t.,t„„j„ s.i. ,.._.„. ..
aCed^X*N-nr;hA*f''^"""r'r<^"^''°»''i'chthetermrs
u?£l!f f ^'J'"' African Ptyodactylus geeko, a perfectly
harmless animal, so much dreaded for its reputed venom
o?1e''p''^y"";s'in' 15 '" ^'l'" "l*^*"" '''^^^r^'Si;
« duE^'^;,. t ?."'f ■■ 8"'^''™. the spreading toes end in
a dUk or sucker which enables the animal U) adhere to
§S[r?W," "•""f"'^^= ""' <=>»''^ "«= retra^tne, aLd a
the n»,?,! 'upposei poison, exudes from the toes, whence
the name P<i/oii<K;(yJu», or spit-toe. ° ■ '-
.See cut under gecko.
name of a moth of
i? ^1.""' .'l"'''olLf " *'"*« '•"■« •" f^^ remains,
ThirsaCIt m.^'iM"',''""Jv'° "'»">■ ""nptuous >an«,
This Saint [David) l«fore the rest their Patron still they
""'"• Drayton, Polyolbion, v. 3S4.
The dew fathers on the mouldering stones.
A nd fan,, of banished gods. BryaiU Earth
fanfare (fwi'Kr) ». [= d. Dan. fanfare = Sw.
Janar, < P. fanfare = It. fanfaia, a sounding
of trumpets, < Sp fanfarria= Pg. fanfarra-
na bluster, vaunting; cf. 08p./a»/a, bfuster,
boasting, nrob.< Ar.farfar, talkative. Ct fan-
Jaron.] \. A flourish of trumpets, either in
hunting in martial assemblages, or in the
course of a musical work; a noisy flourish.
Panfaret by aerial tnimpeU blown.
LtmgfeUow, Falcon of Federigo
Wad~^' '*■" '^**"*»*'0'" parade or boast;
fanfaront (fan'fa-ron), n. [< P. fanfarot, = It.
2. In entow., a "collectors
the genus Polypogon.
fan-frame (fan'fram), n. In organ-building, a
frame carrjnng a set of levers or backfaUs whose
forward ends are near together and the rear
ends wide apart, so that the set radiates like
the ribs of a fan.
*t^K^'"^^'- "^ Ji '^^■fangen,fongen (this inf.,
with pres ind. 3d pers. sing, fangls, etc., being
assumed from pret. and pp.); inf. prop. /o»
(pres. md. /o, fast, foth, etc.;' prop, a strong
llfh'J^Ii;-'^"?' P'-/''»^». VvJangen, but also
with weak pret. and pp. fanged, fonged), < AS.
/o« (contr. of 'fdhan, orig. 'fanhan ; ■pA. fenn,
V\fengon, pp. gefangen), take, catch, seize, r«l
ceive (the general word for ' take,' taca», be-
ing late ana rare, of Scand. origin), = OS /«-
han = OFnes. fa,/an, NFTie8./ean\ndfangen
= LG. /awj/en = D. ra«fl-en = OUQ.fdhan,
MHG. rahen van, G. fahen and fangen = Icel
m And fdnga =l)an./««e anifange = Goth, fa-
^wn (pret. redupl. /a./«/0, take, catch; Teut.
V yan*, with grammatical change *fana ■ — I.
r"9^(0L. pagere, pacere), pp. Vto, fiisTen,'
..«V^t ^,^''*"''® J'««>«, pp. pactm, agree
compact'', impact, tmpmge, peace, etc.), = Gr
s"aii^'ap?-~- -^^" ^''°?" '^«~"*- ~o' '^""'^
Onh^r"w,°nL p','' l"™ '^*"*'='" ^-''yT^d and Wallanggais
Quhar king Eduuard was rycht fayn off that /aim
Ha«o<!«, xi. 1219, SLS. (Jamieion.)
2, That which is seized or carried off; booty
spoils; stolen goods. ' """'''
Snap went the sheers, then in a wink
Ibefang was stowd behind a bink.
JUorinon, Poems, p. 110. (Jamiegon.)
?; ^^r,?^?5*-°°i '\^^^' ^^"^h °r Other thing
o^ Tn '^ ' * prehensile part; or
The protuberant/an^* of the yucca.
Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense
Speciacally-(a) A claw or talon; a falcula (61 A fln
(Proy. Eng.) (c) A long, sharp tokh, i« an orgii, of ore'
Since I am a dog, beware my fang,. Shak. , M. of V. Hi 3
we':sf;c"^tS.°™'•°"«°""''^Jl^^?fh•X?
h'old?on'^\*h'^1r;'^''T.'' '^"'' ". *■"" ^y *'"'^'' the tooth
noias on to the Jaw. There may be one or several fangs
Occasionally the second molar becomes so eroded
ifX*wl^'r.K.''h"L? Po'terior/a.,, by the presS
oi ine wisdom-tooth, as to cause Inflammation of the pulp.
Quain, Med. Diet.
(<2 The poison, or venom-tooth of aserpent, through which
isrst'u/irx'iiiVn;"''"'' "'""^ "^ "• «--"-*
«and/d«r/a=l)an /««ean"(f/V(V<^7=Goth.7a- ™I'l'fe',»j;f '?"87. »<»•« ^''ved, more movable, and
iMn (nret. rediinl fnifnh\ ♦„!,„ „„*.i. . m • . ■""" '""^^ahle in viperine than In colubrine snakes.
Qwiin, Med. Diet.
CO The pointed and curved second joint of the falx or
chellcera of a spider, pierced at the tip by the open' i.g of
whorcMicH™'- ,^* 1"" '", «""etirnes\ppu[^"o1he'
wnole chellcera. See cuU under chelicera ami falx.
ly^'^'n'J'fii''??'' "'im"" "*■=""" "' «P'''«" '"<»e lateral-
J. , -..v^ „„,„„ ^ cuw nmi unna- V- "'"« ""he MygalidiB move vertically.
,inVf« fivPr^,P®""^''P'. '" A^- f^Oan, join, , ,,, «»«m, Med. Diet.
fit adan^^-^5A^';:3 ?-"^i" ^J^-^rf' S^'.^a*"'^'"*'-'- WAnyproJeetlngpronglnalock
flt^ adanted = AS. f<Tger, E. fair, beautiful,
see /a^i and frnri. To the same ult. root be-
ongE./ee and its L. kindred, peculate, pecu-
Itar, pecuniary, etc. The phon^ic history of
fang 18 similar to that of hang, a. v.] I. t/nns.
rvJw'""''" ''^"^' ^P' "'"*<*; lay hold of.
[Now only proy. Eng.]
Thus he fellei thi folke, nnd/angei thelre gudez !
More, Arthure (E. K T. h.), I 1249.
Perchauns we sallc thayin/an<;
And mar them or to niorne at'none.
rork Play,, p. 88.
, „ , . , . Be abborr'd
All feasts societies, and throngs of men '
HU semblable. yea, himself, Timon disdains-
Destruction fang mankind I Shak. , T. of A., It. S.
2t. To take; receive with assent , accept.
He wiUede anon In hys herte tofonge cristendom.
Pobert ofOtotieetler,
p. 73.
^^ «ee/an/are.] T. A bully; a hector: a
swaggerer; an empty boaster; avainpret«nder.
VInrfl makes .Cneas a bold arower of his owiie virtue. •
ewnif^'f *"•" {"^ "">" ""•era notus • wTlch ^"the
^vllity of our poeU, Is the ch.nM!ter of MfanfaroHoruT-
_ ■ , Drydtn, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
fj;j^*"''y<"l'OMtfnl parade; ostentation; fan-
mJtW h*i'wir^,'f'f' '".'i.' '7™/ ""'«'• "•'"««■ he told
with . mS^t^?.!. ''.:'■ '''f Z?'^'-""'". 1« make a show
wim a great title, as he might have had long since but
the main thing to get an e.Ute. * '
- , J, P^PV, Diary, Aug. 14. 1665.
fanfaronade (fan-far-6-nad'), n. r< p. fanfa-
ronnade = It. /a«/„ro»«««, < Sp. fanfur/cju..
• . J _4 . J ^^ ""I'' feneye l.er lay.
And cristendom of preestes handes/oivTe.
Chawer, Man of Law's 'Tale I 279
welclme'*""''* ''"'' hospitality, as a guest J
Than he/<m»if tho freikes with a flue chere
Datruction of Troy (E. E. T. ».), I. 3(j(i.
4f. To receive (a thing given or imposed).
■I'he first dome he /o»i7«f, for treson was he drawn
HolKrt ofBrunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron., p. 329.
Emange the phllosofers flrste
Ther/nn^edlmyfame. I'ort y»to»», p. 220.
6. To receive or adopt into spiritual relation,
as in baptLsm; be godfather or godmother to.
irTov. r..ng,J-
n.t intrant. To seize; lay hold.
4. In mining: (a) A channel cut in the rock
or a pipe of wood, for conveying air. [Rare.]
(6) pi. Cage-shuts. [South Wales coal-fields,
i-ng. J — 5. The coil or bend of a rope ; hence, a
;!i^&Vt\\";i,i"^,-^^fjs:!''''^™'-'''"-'''«'ip--?«;
fanged (fangd), a. 1. Furnished with fangs,
tusks, or something resembling them: as, a
/un</ed adder. '
ivi. T ... . *'J' two schoolfellows.
Whom I will trust as I will adders /dij^'d.
Shak., Hamlet, III. 4.
In charioU/aived with scythe they scour the field.
A. Philip,, Tho Briton.
ff;~^'7J'^'*r^*''*'^.°>*' '•"o'^ed; radicated.
fanger (fang'^r), n. [< ME. fanner (= OHG
f"»garf), one who takes or receives, < fangen,
Ji-ng.] — 2t. A helper; a protector.
Lavcrd, mi fanger art thou In lande.
Ps. ill. 4 (ME. version).
^^^1^ i^""'^'L"?]' ";. ^" """"'ff' Ijratticing.
[Midland eoal-fiolds, Eng.] "^
fanging-pipes (fang'ing-pjps), n.pl. in mtnififf,
f^J'^lt'" ' "'oo'l^" P'pes used as air-conductoM
fangk-wae, «. See/ankwai.
fanglet. y. i. [ME. fangclen, appar. < fangen,
take, seize; cf. fangle, n. (not found in jIe.
except as in comp. ncw-f angle).'] To trifle.
For his love that sou dere bojth
Hold 30U stil lUHifangel iiosth
Sordem aperte deprecantes.
lUliquio! Antigua, I. 267.
fangle
fanglet (fang'gl), «. [Evolved from netc-fangle,
regarded, erroneously, as new aud "faiigle, n.,
a fancy: me new-fangle.} A new fancy; a nov-
elty ; a fancy,
Therewasuofesther.no/o/ipio.jem, nor jewel . . . left
behind. Greene, Maniillia (1583).
We may be assur'd that if God loathe the best ul Idola-
ters prayer, much more the conceited fanffle of his prayer.
Milton, Apology for Sraectymnuus.
A hatred to /angles and the French fooleries of his time.
Wood, Athenso Oxon., II. col. 4.'J6.
fangledt (fang'gld), a. [Short for new-fangled,
q. v.] New-made; new-fangled.
Be not, as is our/anfiled world, a garment
Nobler than that it covers. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4.
fanglenesst (fang'gl-nes), n. The state of be-
ing faugled. Spenser. See new-fanglemss.
fangless (fang'les), a. [< fang + -less.] Hav-
ing no fangs or tusks ; toothless.
So that his power, like to & fangless lion,
May offer, but not hold. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
fangot (fang' got), «. [< It. fangotto, a nasal
forinof/rt(/offo, a bundle: see fagot.] A quan-
tity of wares, as raw silk, etc., from 1 hundred-
weight to 2J hundredweights.
fan-governor (fan'guv'fer-nor), n. In maeh.
See fan, 1 {e).
fanion (fan'yon), n. [< OF. fanion, a banner,
another form of /ano»; see /anon.] 1. Milit.,
a small flag carried with the baggage of a bri-
gade.— 2. A small flag for a surveying-station.
E. H. Knight.
fan-jet (fan 'jet), n. A spraying and spreading
device attached to the nozle of a hose or to a
fountain.
fankwai, fankwae (fan'kwi'), n. [Chinese, <
fan, a term applied to certain tribes in the
south of China, aud transferred to foreigners,
-^ ktcei, devil, demon.] Literally, barbarian
devil (or devils): an opprobrious epithet ap-
plied by the Chinese, especially about Canton
and Hong Kong, to foreigners. Also spelled
fanqui, fangkwae.
fan-lace (fan'las), n. Lace made with the Brus-
sels point stitch, which produces a pattern of
triangles somewhat resembling open fans, used
both in ancient and in modern point-lace.
fan-light (fan'lit), n. Properly, a window in
the form of an open fan situated over a door in
a circular-headed opening: now used for any
window over a door.
fannel (fan'el), n. [< Mli.fanula,phanula, also
fauicula, dim. of fano{H-), a banner, napkin,
etc., in eccles. use : see /anon.] Same a,s fan-
on, 3.
fanner (fan'^r), «. One who or that which fans.
And [I] will send unto Babylon fanners, that shall fan
her, and shall empty her land. Jer. li. 2.
Specifically — (a) pi. A machine for winnowing grain; a
fan. [Eng.] (&) A blower or ventilating-fan.
fan-nerved (fan'nervd), a. In entom., having
a fan-like arrangement of the nervures or veins
of the wings. Also fan-veined.
fanning-mill, fanning-machine (fan'ing-mil,
-ma-shen"), n. A pressure-blower used to
send a blast through screens upon which grain
2138
ML. fano(n-), a banner, esp. a priestly ban-
ner, napkin, etc., < OHG. fano, MHG. /((«c, G.
faluie = AS. fana, a banner, > ME./a««, a ban-
ner, a weather-vane: see/an*!, vane. The same
word appears in gonfanon, gonfalon : see gon-
falon.] 1. An ensign; a banner. — 2. One of
the tails of the forked pennon. See pennon. —
3. £ccles. : («) The cloth in which the deacon
in the ancient or early medieval church re-
ceived the oblations ; the cloth with which the
subdeacon or acolyte held the holy vessels ; the
offertorium, sindon, or offertory-veil. See j)a-
tener. (b) The cloth or offertorium in which a
lay person brought bread for the offertory, (c)
A napkin or cloth held in the deacon's hand or
hung over his arm ; a napkin or handkerchief
used by the priest or celebrant at mass ; a map-
pula or maniple. Fanon is a frequent name for
maniple from the ninth to the sixteenth century.
(d) A cloth or veil formerly worn on the neck
and shoulders, or on the head also, by a cele-
Isrant at the eueharist ; the amice in its older
form. The Syro-Jaeobites still use an orna-
ment of this kind, (e) A similar veil or hood
formerly worn in the Western Church by a prel-
ate under his crown or miter ; the head-dress
or veil, formerly called orale, and still worn
by the pope at solemn pontifical celebrations.
This is an oblong piece of white silk gauze, ornamented
with gold, blue, and red stripes. It is first put upon the
head like a hood, descending on the shouldei-s. After as-
sumption of the chasuble, it is thrown back, and rests upon
the upper part of that vestment. (/) Oneof the lap-
pets, pendants, or infuto of a miter. They are
apparently derived from or formed a part of the
veil or hood once worn by prelates.
Take from your true subiects the Pope's false Christ
with his bels and bablinges, with his miters and mastries,
with his fannoms tread fannons] and fopperies, and let
them haue frely the true Christ again.
Bp. Bale, English Votaries, Pref.
(g) A church banner or vexillum. Also fannel.
— 4. In surg., a splint formerly used in frac-
tures of the thigh and leg, consisting of a cylin-
der of straw, usually laid round a stick bound
by cord or ribbon. Under it, next to the limb,
was placed the false fanon, a compress of linen
in many folds.
fan-palm (fan'pam),n. Anjr palm having flabel-
late or fan-shaped leaves, in distinction from
those with pinnate leaves — Bermuda or Jamaica
fan-palm, Sabal BlackburniaTm. — Chinese fan-palm,
Trachycarpus Fortunei.— European or Mediterranean
fan-paJm, Chanusrops humilin. — Indian fan-palm, a
name of various species of Corypha, especially the taliput-
palm, C. umbraculifera.
fanqui, n. SeefanMmi.
fan-shaped (fan'shapt), a. Eesembling a fan
in shape or form; flabellate — Fan-shaped win-
dow, in arch., a window bounded by an arc of rather more
than a semicircle the circumference of which is cut out
in semicircular notches : a type of window occurring in
early German medieval work.
fan-shell (fan'shel), re. A scallop ; a pecten ;
an individual of the Pectinidai, so called from
the form and radiating ridges. P. P. Carpenter.
fan-structure (fan'struk"tur), n. In geol., an
arrangement of closely folded strata such that
the axis-planes of the folds dip, on each side of
a mountain-mass or -range, toward the central
axis-plane of the range itself, so that the whole
has a structure, as exhibited in a cross-section,
resembling that shown by an open fan held up-
right. This arrangement occurs in the most
marked degree in certain parts of the chain of
the Alps.
fantail (fan'tal), n. and a. I. re. 1. A fan-
tailed flycatcher; any bird of the genus lihi-
pidura, as the Australian /antoii, R. motacilloi-
des. — 2. An artificial fan-tailed variety of the
Fanning-mill.
is falling to clean it from the chaff and dust;
a winno wing-machine. It usually forms a part of a
threshing-machine, or is used in connection with grain-
elevators. Hee thresher, separator, winnowing -inachine.
fanning-out (fan'ing-ouf), ». In printing, the
twisting of a pile of cut paper by means of a
turn of the thumb and forefinger, so that it
will open like a fan, and be in position to be
easily counted.
fannont (fan'pn), «. Bee fanon.
fanon (fan'gn), re. [Early mod. E. fannon; <
ME. fanone'j fanune, fanun, fanen, < OF. fanon,
F. fanon, fannel, pendant, lappet of a miter, <
^Tc"^
domestic pigeon. — 3. A form of gas-burner. —
4. A splayed tenon or mortise. — 5. In ship-
building, the projecting part of the stern of a
yacht or other small vessel when it extends un-
usually far over the water abaft the stern-post.
fantastic
II. a. Same as fan-tailed, 1: specifically ap-
plied to small old-world warblers of the genus
Cisticola, as C. cm\iitans of Europe.
fan-tailed (fan'tald), a. 1. Having the fea-
thers of the tail aiTanged in the shape of a fan ;
eurhipidurous : applied to ordinary birds (Cari-
natw), in distinction from bush-tailed, an epithet
of the Ratita;. — 2. Having the tail exceedingly
developed and complicate, as the variety of the
domestic pigeon known as the fantail.
fan-tan (fan'tan), n. [Chinese, Kfan, number
of times, + tan, apportion.] A Chinese game
indulged in by gamblers, in which (in its sim-
plest form) a pile of copper or bronze coins,
called cash, is covered with a bowl, the players
betting or staking money on what the remain-
der wiU be when the heap has been divided by 4.
From the winnings of each player a certain percentage,
usually 8 per cent., is deducted for the l)enefit of the crou-
pier or the good of the house : often abbreviated tan.
There were only a few natives playing at fan-tan — a
game which, though a great favourite with the natives,
appears very stupid to a European.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xxiil.
fantascope (fau'ta-skop), n. [Irreg. <fanta{sy),
or fanta(stic), + Gr. aKotrelv, view.] An appa-
ratus for enabling persons to converge the op-
tical axes of the eyes, or to look cross-eyed,
and thereby observe certain phenomena of,bi-
nocular vision. Srande and Cox.
fantasia (fan-ta-ze'a; sometimes, wrongly, fan-
ta'zi-il), n. [<It./antesw,afaney: see fantasy,
fancy.] In music : (a) Originally, any instru-
mental piece. (6) Any composition not in strict
form or style, particularly when somewhat ca-
pricious, (c) An irregular composition, consist-
ing of well-known airs arranged with interludes
and florid decorations, similar to a potpourri.
Nothing is more difficult in the whole navigation of the
Nile than weathering a coffee-house when the barbaric
music of the fantasia throbs over the waters and the voice
of the al'men is heard in the land.
C. W. Stoddard, Mashallah, p. 185.
Also fantasy, phantasy.
Free fantasia, that part of the first movement of a sonata
or sympliony which comes between the double bar and the
reprise of the first subject. In it the materials of the pre-
ceding pai't, with or without additional matter, are devel-
oped and worked out.
fantasied (fan'ta-sid), a. l< fantasy + -edf^.]
Filled with fancies or imaginations.
I find the people strangely .fantasied ;
Pusscss'd with rumours, full of idle dreams.
Shalt., K. John, iv. 2.
fantasm, fantasmal, etc. See phanta.sn>, etc.
fantasque (fan-task'), a. andre. [F., abbr. of
fantastique: see fantastic] I. a. Fantastic.
[Rare.]
The zodiac . . .
Responding with twelve shadowy signs of earth,
In fantasque apposition and approach.
Mrs. Brovming, Drama of Exile.
II. re.. Fancy.
I have a Scribbling-Army-Friend, that has writ a tri-
umphant, rare, noisy Song, in honour of the late Victory,
that will hit the Nymph's Fantasque to a Hair.
Steele, Tender Husband, ii. 1.
fantassin (fan'ta-sin), n. [¥., < It. fantaccino,
< fante, a boy, servant, knave at cards: see
fantoccini.] A heavy-armed foot-soldier.
There were quaint fantassins with matchlock, musket,
tulwar, and bow. W. H. Russell, Diary in India, II. 237.
fantast (fan'tast), n. [= G. Dan. Sw. fantast;
<. fant<xst-ic.] One whose mind is full of fan-
tastic notions ; a person of fantastic ideas, man-
ners, or mode of expression.
He [Sir T. Browne] is a quiet and sublime enthusiast,
with a strong tinge of the fantast; the humorist con-
stantly mingling with, and flashing across, the philosopher,
as the darting colours in shot silk play upon the main dye.
Coleridge.
A disciplined taste recoils from .fantasfs and contortion-
ists like Mr. Carlyle, Archbishop Trench, and Mr. Brown-
ing. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. l.'il.
fantastic (fan-tas'tik), a. and re. [Formerly
also fantastick; < OF. fantastique, F. fantas-
tique, and ahhr. fantasque = Pi. fantastic = Sp.
fantdstico = Pg. It. fantastico (cf. G.fantasiisch
= Dan. Sw.fantastisk), < hli. phantasticiis, ML.
also fantasticus, imaginary (ML. also as a noun,
a lunatic), < Gr. (jiavTaaTiiidc, able to present or
represent (to the mind) ( to ^avraaTinov, the state
of mind produced by unreal or imaginary ob-
jects), < ((lavTaaTdQ, verbal adj. otipavrd^eiv, make
visible, present or represent : see fan tasy, fancy,
phantasm.] I. a. 1. Of the nature of a phan-
tom or fantasy; produced or existing only in
imagination ; imaginary ; not real.
Are not we both mad?
And is not this a, fantastic house we are in,
And all a dream we do ?
, Fletcher, Rule a Wife, Iv. S.
fantastic
2. Due to fantasy or whim; arising from or
caused by caprice ; groimdless; illusive.
The offices
And honours which I late on thee confeir'd
Are not /antastic bounties, but thy merit.
Ford, llover's Melancholy, v. 1.
3. Morbidly or grotesquely fanciful ; manifest-
ing a disordered imagination; chimerical.
The melancholy of Dante was uo/antagtic caprice.
Macaulay, Milton.
4. Suggestive of fantasies through oddness of
figure, action, or appearance, or through an air
of unreality; whimsically formed or shaped;
grotesque.
There at the foot of yonder nodding beech
That wreathes its oM/atUastU roots so high.
Gray, Elegy.
Nothing could well be more picturesque than this gar-
den view of the city ramparts, lifting tiieir /aniagtic bat-
tlements above the trees and flowers.
H. Janus, Jr., Trails. Sketches, p. 207.
6. Controlled by fantasy; indulging the va-
garies of imagination; capricious: as, fantas-
tic rainAa; a /a»to«<ic mistress.
Every friend whom not thy /anto*fi<; will, but the great
anil tender heart In thee craveth, shall lock thee in his
emlirace. Emerson, Essays, Ist ser., p. 367.
=ByiL Grotesque, etc. (tee fancyfrU); odd, queer, strange,
freakish, quaint.
U. n. One who acts fantastically or ridicu-
lously; a grotesque. Sometimes used in the plural
of a company of persons grotesquely dressed, and acting
or parading in a ludicrous way, for amusement.
Alas, the ^wr fantastic !
B. Joimm, Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 1.
Not like OUT /antastics, who, having a flue watch, take
all occasions to draw it out to be seen.
FutUr, Holy State, p. 245.
fantastical (fan-tas'ti-kal), a. [< fantastic +
-al.\ Same ^a fantastic.
Some foolishe and/antiuttaUfpersonne* haue wrytten.
HaU, Henry IV., an. «.
Fanlastieal or chimerical I call such |ideas| as have no
fmiiiiiation in nature, nor have any conformity with that
reality of being to which they are tacitly referred as to
tlit'ir ;in'|ji types. 'Locke, Human I'nderstanding, II. xxi. 1.
fantasticality (fan-tas-ti-kal'i-ti). «. ; pi. fan-
tastiealities (-tiz). [< fantastieal + -ityJ] 1.
Fautasticalness.
Which in mocking sort described unto Fido the/atUas-
tieaUityot each man's apparell, and aplshnesse of gesture.
The Man in the Moon, leoe.
2. Something fantastic.
Plants that do not look like real plant*, bat like idealiza-
tions &t plants, like the /atUastiealities of wood-carrers
and stone-cutters animated by witchcraft.
Harpers Mag., LXXVn. 617.
fantastically (fan-tas'ti-kal-i), adv. In a fan-
tastic luauner; capriciously; whimsically.
Her aoeptre ho/antastieaUii bonie.
Shak., Hen. V., a 4.
He dresses the »w fantatlieatly, usually as a bride, or
a veili il wiiinan. K. W. Lam, Modem Egyptians, II. 110.
fantasticalness (fan-tas'ti-kal-nes), n. The
state of being fantastic ; humorousness; whim-
sieslness; unreasonableness; caprice.
Not that I dare assume to myself to have put him ont
of conceit with it by having convinced him of the /anfiu-
ticatness of it. TiUotton, Works, Pref.
This wild tradition . . . had the effect to give him a
sense of \he fanUutiealne— of his present pursuit.
Hamlhome, SepUmius Keltoii, p. 121.
fantasticism (fan-tas'ti-sizm), n. [< fantastic
+ -ixm.] The quality of being fantastic ; fan-
tasticalness. [Rare.]
Not only does the Introduction of these Imaginary lie.
Inga permit ^tier /antastieism of Incident, but also infi-
nite/a»/as(irurtn of treatment.
Ruskin, Modem Painters, IV. vilL I 7.
fantasticlyt (fan-tas'tik-li), otir. Fantastically.
Mr )M neither Uto .fantastiekly melancholy, or too rashly
i-lii>lt-rii.-k. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revets.
fantasticness (fan-tas'tik-nes), ft. Fantasti-
calness. [Kare.]
Vain Delight, thou feeder of my follies
With light /an(iu(>ri>«M, be thou in favour!
Beau, and Ft., Four Plays in One.
fantastico (fan-tas'ti-ko), n. [It.: Beefantas-
fi'c] A fantastic.
The pttx of such antic, lisping, affecting /antaJtieoeff,
the^e new tuners of accents ! Shak., R. and J., ii. 4.
fantastryt, <i. i< fantast{ic) + -ry.'\ Fantas-
ticalness.
Yea, through the indiscretions and inconsiderateness of
some preachers, the /antastry and vain-babble of others,
. . . tilings an in many places come to that pass that
thaw who teach Christian vertue and Religion In plain-
ness and simplicity . . . shall be reckon'd for dry moral.
iHt.4. GianvUte, Sermons, 1.
fantasy, phantasy (fan'ta-si), n. ; y\. fantasies,
pkantusieg (-siz). [Farly mod. E. also fan ta-
2139
sie, phantasie; < ME. fantasye, fantesr/e, faun-
tasye, etc. ; the older form ot fancy, q. v.] If.
Same &s fancy.
Hadden no/antesye to debate.
Chaucer, Former Age, 1. 01.
And to our high-raised phantasy present
That undisturbed song of pure concent.
Milton, Solemn Music, 1. 5.
2. Irregular or erratic . fancy in thought or
action; imrestrained imagination; whim; ca-
price; vagary.
The charm |of Lichfield Cathedral] is increased by a
singular architectural fantasy.
U. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 23.
The belief, rejected in recent times, that the phantasy
of the mother can impart to her child the features of a
picture that has made a strong impression on her, I can-
not regard as impossible.
Lotze, Microcosmus (trans.), I. 502.
3. The forming of unreal, chimerical, or gro-
tesque images in the mind ; a mingling of in-
congruous or unfounded ideas or notions; dis-
ordered or distorted fancy ; fantastic imagina-
tion.
In theise thinges and in suche othere ther ben many
folk that beleeven ; because it happenethe so often tyine
to falle aftre here /on(a«ye». Maiidecille, Travels, p. 168.
Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends,
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
Imagination, as it is too often misunderstood, is mere
fantasy, the image-making power, common to all who
have the gift of dreams, or who can afford to buy it in a
vulgar drug as De Quincey Iwnght it.
Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser., p. 176.
4. A product or result of the power of fanta-
sy; a fantastic image or thought; a disordered
or distorted fancy; a phantasm.
Som other fauntasyes appyeren by nyght tyme vnto
many oon in dyueree places in lyknes of wymeii with old
face. Rom. qf Partenay (E. E. T. 8.), Pref., p. xlU.
A thousand fantcuies
Begin to throng into my memory.
Of calling shapes, and beckoning shadows dire,
And aery tongues that syllable men's names.
Milton, Conius, 1. 305.
It was a corpae in its burial clothes. Suddenly the fixed
features seemed to move with dark emotion. Strange /an-
lasy ! It was but the shadow of the fringed curtain.
Hawthorne, The White Old Maid.
Tliere are thousands of usually intelligent citizens who
have decided that a Pacific railroad Is a . . . fantasy of
demagogues and visionaries.
//. Greeley, Overland Journey, xxxtv.
6. In music, same as fantasia. = Syn. Fantasy,
Fancy. See imairinalion. The present differentiation in
meaning of the word fantasy from its contracted fomi
/ancp (heretofore overl<x>ked by lexicographersX identical
with that l)etween the correlative adjectives /an<o«<ic and
fanciful. Is well illustrated in the following extracts :
Ye woods ! that wave o'er Avon's rocky steep.
To Fancy's ear sweet Is your miirmnring deep I . . .
Alas vain Phantasies' the fleeting brood
Of Woe aelf-aolaced in her dreamy wood !
Coleridye, Death of Chatterton.
From first to last, the processes ot phantasy have been
at work ; but where the lavage could see phantasms, the
elvilixed man hai come to amuse himself with/a>ictM.
JSr. B. Tylor, I-rim. Culture, I. 484.
The cold and mysterious power of the classic architec-
ture |in a building descrilied] is wedded to the rich and
libertine /anci/ of the Renaissance, treading unrestrained
and unabashed the maze of nature and of phantasy.
J. //. Shorthmise, John Inglesant
fantasy (fan'ta-si), v.; pret. and pp. fantasied,
pm.fantasying. [</an(««y, n. ; theolderfonn
of fancy, q. v. Cf. OV.fantasier.'} I. trans. If.
To fancy; have a liking for.
The King . . . fantasied so much his daughter.
G. Cavendish, Wolsey.
2. To form or conceive fancifully or fantasti-
cally ; form a mental picture of ; imagine.
I passe ouer the fatitasieing ot formes, accidents, ont-
warde elemeutes, miraculous changes, secrete preaences,
and other like forced termes, whereof Tertulllan knoweth
none. Bp. Jewell, Reply to Harding, p. 465.
A dream . . . to fantasied. Keats.
He fantasied in his imaKinatlqn a kind of religion, half
Catholic, half Reformed, in onier to content all tK-rsoiis.
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 17.
3. In music, to compose or perform in the man-
ner of a fantasia.
The alluring world of phantasied mualc.
J. H. Shorthoute.
n. intrans. In music, to play fantasias.
He [Hoffmann] could fantasy to admiration on the
liarpslchard, Carlyle, Crit. and Misc. Essays, I., App.
fantlckle (fan'tik-1), n. A variant otfemticle.
fantoccini (fin-to-che'ne), n. pi. [It., pi. otfan-
toceio, a puppet, dwarf, baboon, < fante, boy,
servant, knave at cards, a foot-soldier, abbr.
of infante, child, infant: see infant, infantry,
faunt.'] 1. Puppets which are made to go
through evolutions by means of concealed wires
or strings; — 2. Dramatic representations in
which puppets are substituted for human per-
formers.
fantom, ». See phantom.
fan-tracery (fan'tra"se-ri), n. In late medieval
arch., elaborate geometrical carved tracery
which rises from a capital or a corbel, and di-
Fan-tracery.— CloistCR of Gloucester Cathedral, England.
verges like the folds of a fan, spreading over
the surface of a vault Fan-tracery vaulting, a
very complicated mo<le of roofing, much used in therer-
pendlcular style, in which the vault is covered by ribs and
veins of tracery, all the principal lines diverging from a
jwint, a-s in Henry VIl.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey.
fan-training (fan'tra'ning), n. In hort., a
method of training a tree or vine on a wall or
trellis in such a manner that the branches ra-
diate from the trunk at regular intervals and
at continually smaller angles, the lower branch
on each side being approximately horizontal. —
Half fan-training, a mcthoil of training similar to fan-
training, but in which tlie lower branches rise obliquely
from the trunk.
fan-veined (fan'vand), o. 1. In bot., having
the veins spreading from a common point, like
the ribs of a fan. — 2. In entom., same as/«H-
nerved.
fan-'Wheel (fan'hwel), n. Same a,8 J'an-blower.
fan-'WindO'W (fau'win^do), n. A window hav-
ing a semicircular outline and a sash formed
of radial bars. Compare fan-shaped window,
tmder fan-shaped.
fan-winged (fan' wingd), a. Having wings like
fans.
fan'Wise (fan'wiz), adv. [< fan + -wise.'] In
the manner or shape of a fan.
There were impressions of feathers radiating fanwise
from each of the fore-limbs.
T. Foster, in Proctor's Nature Studies, p. 43.
fanwise (fan'wiz), a. [< fanwise, adv.'] Hav-
ing the shape or appearance of a fan. [Rare.]
The fanwise and rounded arrangement of the wing-
feathere. T. Foster, in Proctor's Nature .Studies, p. 44.
fapt (fap), a. Fuddled. [Old slang.]
Bard. Why, sir, for my part, I say, the gentleman had
drunk himself out of his five sentences.
£ca. It Is his five senses : fie, what the ignorance is !
Bard. And being /oti, sir, was, as they say, cashiered.
Shak., .M. W. of W., i. 1.
fapesmo (fa-pes'mo), >i. In logic, an indirect
mood of the first figure of syllogism : one of the
mnemonic words supposed to have been in-
vented by Petrus Hispanus in the thirteenth
century, and given in the" SummulsB Logicales "
of that author. Every letter in it is significant : the /
means that the syllogism is to lie reduced to ferio ; the
a, that the major premise is univei-sal affirmative ; the »,
that that premise is to be converted per accldens in the
reduction ; the e, that the minor premise is universal neg-
ative ; the ». that that premise Is to be converted simply ;
the m, that the two premises are to be transposed in tlie
reduction ; and the o, that the conclusion is particular
negative. "The following is an example of fapesmo : All
viviparous marine animals have fins ; no fishes are vivipa-
rous marine animals; therefore, some animals that have
fins are not fishes. Fapesmo, when considered as t)elong-
Ing to the fourth figure, is called fesapo. The rare word
fai>ewo is another name for the mood felapton.
fa(niir, ». See/aWri.
farl (far), adv. ; compar. farther and further,
superl. farthest and furthest (see etym., and
farther, further). [Aiao dial, fer, fur, furr; ear-
ly mod. E. also farre, furre; < ME. fer, ferr,
feor,feorr, rarely far, for. fur, <. AS. feorr, feor,
far, at a distance, = OS. .fer = OFries. fer,
fir = D. ver = LG. fcern, fercn = OHG. verro,
far
MH6. rerre (MHG. rarely verne, G. always /em,
with adverbial -n) = leel. Jjairi = Goth.'fdirra,
. far, at a distance ; partly merged in some lan-
guages with the deriv. adv., AS. feorran, from
far, from afar, from a distance, ME./(?rr«n,/eor-
ren,fetrene,ferne, from far (with a prep., offer-
rene, oferrom, fro f erne, afar, from far), = OS.
ferratt,ferrane, from far, = MHG. verne, Q.fern,
far (see above), = ^w.Jjerran, afar, = X>a.ii.Jjerti,
a., far, .ijfrnf, adv., far; =Gr. Trtpav, on the other
side, across (L. trans), -aipa, beyond, across, over
(L. ultra), = Skt. paras, beyond, para, to a dis-
tance. Bemotely related io for, for-, fore, fore-,
forth^, etc., per-, pre-, pro-, etc. The normal
compar.and super!, forms, namely, compar./oc-
rer (< ME. /errer, really a double compar., more
commonly .^<?rre, frre, furre, fyrre, rarely /(wre,
and in one syllable fir, fur, far (being thus
identified in form with the positive), < AS.
fyrre, fyr, fier, umlauted and abbr. from *feor-
ror, compar. of feorr, feor, far), and superl. far-
rest (< ME. ferrest, < AS. fyrrest, umlauted from
"feorrost, superl. of feorr, feor, far), are rare
or obs. in mod. E., their place being taken by
farther and farthest, which are found only in
mod. E., and are due to confusion with further
and furthest: see farttier, further. The adj. /ar
is from the adv.] 1 . At or by a great distance ;
so as to be remote, or at a distant or advanced
point, in place, time, progress, etc. : as, how far
(by how great a distance) away is it? it is/«r
(or not /ar) off; he is far along on his journey
or in his studies.
And the king went forth . . . and tarried in a place that
was /ar off. 2 Sam. xv. 17.
They sent baclj missives representing that they were
far within the enemies' frontier, and it was dangerous
either to panse or turn back. Irving, Granada, p. 51.
2. To a great distance or extent; so as to at-
tain or extend to a distant or advanced point ;
for, over, or through a long way : as, how far
(to how great a distance) did you go ? to travel
far; to look /or into the future; /ar-reaching
designs.
Now have I tolde you of Wayes, by the whyche men gon
ferrest and longest. Mandeville, Travels, p. 125.
When unto the guid church she came,
She at the door did stan' ; . . .
She coudiia come /arer ben [in].
YouHg Akin (Child's Ballads, I. 188).
3. By a long interval or a great distance ; so as
to be widely separated : as, their paths lay far
apart; he is/nr removed from want.
Far, far removed, dark in the dreary grave.
Charlotte Bronte.
4. From a great distance ; from afar : as in the
eompoimd far-fetched (which see). — 5. At a
great remove ; a long way ; very remote : used
elliptically with reference to space, time, de-
gree, scope, purpose, desire, etc. : as, it is far
(distant or away) from here ; people both far
(off) and near (by or at hand); he was far
(away) from the attainment of his object.
The wliiche is knowyn hoi\\e ferre and nere,
A myghti prince, a man of gret powre.
Oenerydee (E. E. T. S.), 1. 622.
Beante, Mygt, amyable chere
To alle Men /erre and neere.
Arthur (ed. Furnivall), I. 34.
The/e»Te«(e in his parissche, moche and lite.
Chancer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 494.
Then Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying,
Be it /ar from thee, Lord: this shall not be unto tliee.
Mat. xvl. 22.
Will you not speak at all? are you so far
From kind words ?
Beau, and Ft., King and No King, iii. 1.
The nations/ar and near contend in choice. Dryden.
He was/ar from approving his adoption of the monastic
life. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5.
6. To or by a great degree ; in a great propor-
tion; by many degrees; very much; largely;
widely: as, /ar better; far worse; ifar other;
far different.
Who can find a virtuous woman ? for her price is far
above rubies. Prov. xxxi. 10.
The night is /ar spent, the day is at hand. Rom. xiii. 12.
Some of them are so far gone with the'ir private enthu-
siasms and revelations that they are quite mad.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 627.
So thou, fair city, . . . lovelier /ar
Than in that panoply of war.
Scott, Marmion, Int. to v.
Far other was the song that once I heard
By this huge oak. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
7t. Long; a long time.
Ac it is ferre agoo in seynt Fraunceys tyme.
Piers Ploimnan (B), xv. 226.
Aa far as, to the distance, extent, or degree that : as, that
is good as far as it goes.
2140
Yet as ferre as y can or may
Of liere l)eaute sum-wliat too say
I will applye my wittes all.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 49.
In my last I fulflUed your Lordship's Commands, as far
as my Heading and Knowledge could extend.
Howell, Letters, ii. 56.
As far as might be, to carve out
Free space for every human doubt.
, Tennyson, Two Voices.
By far, in a great degree ; very much.
Ther is a surgiene in this sege that softe can handle.
And more of phisyke bifer and fairer he plastreth.
Piers Plowman (B), xx. 312.
And the bride-maidens whispered, " 'Twere better by far
To have matched onr fair cousin with young Lochinvar."
Scott, Young Lochinvar.
Far away, far and away. See away.
A manuscript by a new author, which he declared to be
far a-nd away the best humorous story that had been
written for years. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 16.
Far forth. See/ar-/or(A. — From far, from a great dis-
tance ; from a remote place.
Suanne ther ben that coraen fro ferr, and in goynge
toward this Ydole, at every thrydde pas that thei gon fro
here Hows, thei knelen. Mandeville, Travels, p. 174.
Madam, I seefrojnfarre a horseman coming;
Tliis way lie bends his speed.
Heywood, If you Know not Me, i.
But now the trumpet, terrible from far,
In shriUer clangours animates the war.
Addison, Tlie Campaign.
Ill be far (or farther) If I do, 1 will not do it : obsolete,
the phrase now in use being Pit see you farther first. See
farther.— In BO far as, in the degree that ; to such an
extent as.
In so far as the college teaches religion, it must do so
with the utmost candor. The Atlantic, LXI. 725.
To be far ben ■with one, to bring far ben. See ben\.
farl (far), a. ; compar. farther and further,
superl. farthest and furthest '{see fari, adv.).
[Also dial, fer, fur; early mod. E. farre, < ME.
fer, ferr, rarely far, < AS. feorr, feor, a., from
the adv., far, distant. The compar. and superl.
farther and farthest are mod., as in the adv.
forms. Compar. farrer (earlier farre, < ME.
ferre, < AS. fyrra, firra) and superl. f arrest (<
"me. ferreste, farreste, < AS. "fyrresta) are now
hardly to be found.] 1. Situated or being at
a great distance in space or time; distant; re-
mote; far off or away: as, afar place; the /ar
future. [Now rare with reference to place.]
We be come from a/ar country. Josh. ix. 6.
My blood
Hath earnest in it of far springs to be.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
2. Extending to a great distance; prolonged
or reaching to a distant point ; protracted ;
long: as, /ar sight; a /ar look ahead.
O I am going afar journey,
Some strange countrie to see.
Lord Looel (Child's Ballads, II. 162).
3. Remote in degree or relation ; distantly con-
nected. [Rare.]
Sir Torre . . .
Past up the still rich city to his kin,
His own far blood, which dwelt at Camelot.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
4. More distant of the two : as, the far side of a
horse (that is, the right or off side, as the rider
always mounts on the left): sometimes used
in place-names: as, Far Rookaway A far cry.
See crii.
farl (far), V. t. ; pret. and pp. farred, ppr. far-
ring. [< /arl, adv.'] To remove far distant;
banish. [Prov. Eng.]
I'm sure I wish the man were farred who plagues his
brains wi' striking out new words.
Mrs. Qaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, x.
far^ (far), n. [E. dial., = farrow^, q. v.] The
young of swine, or a litter of pigs. [Local,
Eng.]
far-aboutt (far'a-bout'O, n. A going far out
of the way : used literally or figuratively.
What need these far-abouts? Fuller, Holy War, p. 280.
farad (far'ad), 11. -[So called in honor of the
chemist Michael i^aradas/ (1791-1867). Cf. am-
pere, ohm, volt.'] The electromagnetic unit of
capacity of electricity, it is the capacity of a con-
denser which when charged with a difference of potential
of one volt has a charge of one coulomb. In practice the
microfarad, the millionth of a farad, is more conveniently
employed. The latter is the capacity of about tlu-ee miles
of an ocean cable.
Faradaic (far-a-da'ik), a. [< Faraday + -ic:
see faradism.]' 1. Pertaining to Faraday, the
English physicist. — 2. [I.e.] Pertaining to the
phenomena of electricity especially investi-
gated by Faraday — for example, the phenom-
ena of induction. Seefaradic.
Ferrier states that Faradaic irritation causes movements
of the eyeballs and other movements indicative of vertigo.
Eneye. Brit., XIX. 88.
farand
Tetanus produced liy faradaic electricity is not of tlie
nature of an apparently single and prolonged contraction.
Or. J. liomanes, Jelly-tish, etc., p. 48.
Faradaic current, in elect, an induced current, in con-
tradistinction to a direct one.
faradaism (far'a-da-izm), n. [< Faraday (see
farad) + -ism.] Hame as faradization.
faradic (fa-rad'ik), a. [< farad + -ic.] Per-
taining to induced electric currents obtained
from a varietj; of machines — some of them
magneto-electric, composed of a revolving mag-
net and coils of wires, others of a cell (giving a
galvanic current) and coils. The faradic machine
now in common medical use is a form of induction coil
consisting of a primary coil through which a current is
sent from a voltaic cell, and a secondary coil surround-
ing the primary, in which brief but intense currents are
induced in alternating directions by the automatic making
and lir.-uking of the primary current. See induction and
iiiilu<'t ion-roil.
faradism (far'a-dizm), n. [< farad + -ism.]
The form of electricity furnished by a faradic
machine.
faradization (far"a-di-za'shon), n. [< faradize
+ -atioii.] Inphysiol., the stimulation of a nerve
with induced currents of electricity.
faradize (far'a-diz), ». t.; pret. and pp. /ara-
dized, ppr. faradizing. l<. farad-ic + -ize.] To
stimulate, as a muscle, with induced electric
currents.
Muscles which were previously sluggish, after being
thoroughly kneaded, would contract far more readily when
faradized. Weir Mitchell, Injuries of Nerves, p. 250.
faradizer (far'a-di-zer), n. An instrument em-
ployed in faradization.
farallon (fa-ral-yon'), n. ; pi. farallones (-yonz'
or, in Sp. manner, -yo'nes). [Sp.] A lofty
rocky islet rising precipitously from the sea.
Generally used in the plural, because such islets frequent-
ly occur in groups; and there are several such groups on
the American coast bearing this name. ' That best known
is the one called the Farallones, in the Pacific, about 35
miles west of San Francisco.
Farancia ( fa-ran 'si-a), ». [NL. (J. E. Gray,
1842) ; prob. a nonsense-name.] A genus of
innocuous serpents, of the family Colubridee
and subfamily Calamariinw. F. abaeura is a com-
mon species in the southern United States, of a deep-red
Wampum-snake l,Farancia abaeura).
color below with dark spots, above bluish-black, with a
row of square red spots on each side. It is called the horn-
snake, red-hdlied snake, and u-ampum-siufke.
farand (far'and), a. and «. [E. dial, also/arawt;
< ME. farand, comely, handsome, i. e., appar.
having a good favor or appearance, whence, in
mod. Se. use in comp. (see 2, below), appar. a
contr. of ME. *favorand (Si. favoring), ppr. of/n-
vorcn, favor, cf. Qe. far, fair, fere, appearance, a
contr. oi favor in that sense ; cf . Sc. fard, fa'ard,
favored (weel-fard is equiv. to weel-farand). The
contracted inf. fare for favor is appar. later
than the contracted ppr. : see fare^. The word
seems to have been in part identical with ME.
farand, farende (mod. 'E. faring), ppr. otfaren,
E. fare, go ; evil- or ill-farand, weel-farand, be-
ing equiv. to ill-faring, well-faring, referred to
/arel.] I. a. 1. Well favored; comely; hand-
some; goodly. [Prov. Eng.]
This watz [the] kynges countenaunce, where he in court
were,
At \c\\ faraiid test among his fre meny.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 101.
Quhar Nele and Bruyss come, and theQueyn,
And othir ladyis fayr and/arcr?irf.
Barbour, ii. 514, MS. (Janiieson.)
2. Having a certain specified favor or appear-
ance; appearing; seeming: generally used in
composition with a specific term, fair, foul, evil,
ill, well (weel), old (auld), etc. : as, auld-farand,
old-seeming: applied to a child who manifests
more sagacity than could be expected at his
time of life. [Scotch.]
Lykly he was, rycht fair and weiil farrand.
Wallace, \i. 781, MS. {Jamieson.)
And he looks aye sac wistfu' the whiles I explain,
He's as auld as the hills — he's an auld-farrant wean.
William Miller, The Wonderfu' Wean,
n. n. Manners; humor. [Prov. Eng.]
farandly
farandly, farantly (far'aml-li, -ant-li), adb: [<
ME. faraiidiUj: < fuiand + -ly-.] In au orderly
maimt'r; decently. UaUiicell. Alaofarrantly.
[Prov. Eng.]
farandola, farandole (fa-ran'do-ia, -dol), n. [=
F. Jaramtole, a rapid dance of Pr. origin, = mod.
Pr. farandolo = Sp. fardndula, a mean trade or
calling, = Pg. farandula,J'arandulageiii, a trifle,
a gang of vagabonds, = It. dial, farandola.^
A rapid danee, of Romance origin, consisting
of various figures, based upon a circle of dan-
cers facing alternately in and out and clasp-
ing hands : much used in excited gatherings in
France and in northern Italy.
farantly, (idr. See farandly.
far-away (fiir'a-wa'), a. 1= Sc. far-ami' ; <
/ur airay, adv.'phrase.] 1. Distant; remote.
Far-ami' fowls hae fair feathers. Scoff A proverb.
Pate's a/ar-auw' cousin o' mine. Scott, Rob Roy, xiv.
The deacon had passed away a year before ; only Mrs,
Tall and a far-away cousin were occupying the house.
Harpers May., LXXVII. 549.
2. Abstracted; absent-minded; pensive.
From that time there besan to grow Into his eyes a/or-
away look, as seeing the invisible.
Tlie Conijregationalitt , July 14, 1887.
far-between (f iir'be-twen' ),a. Isolated ; wide-
ly separated in space or time : applied to several
individuals. [Kare.]
The pepperinK of fancy sportsmen, that have followed
ttie far-behcern but more effectual sliots of the borderer's
rifle. Sew Mirror (New Yorl(), III. (184S).
farce^ (fars), v. t. ; pret. and pp. farced, ppr.
• farcing. [Early mod. E. also farse ; < ME. far-
cen (= D. farceren = G. fareiren = Dan. far-
cere), < OF. farsir, farcir, F. farcir = Pr. far-
sir, frasir, < L. farcire, pp. fartus, sometimes
farrUtx, later farcitus, and farsus, stuff, cram,
fill full, = Gr. (fipdaativ, shut in, inclose. Cf.
/oree^.'i It. To stuff; cram.
His typet wai ay/arwd ful o( knyrea
And pinnea for to geven fayre wyves.
Chauetr, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 233.
Specifically — 2. In cookery, to stuff, as a pud-
ding, fowl, or roast, with various meats, oysten*,
2141
2. Ridiculous parade; absurd pageantry; fool-
ish show.
l>t lier see
That all this nilngleil Miiss which she,
Being forbidden, longs to know.
Is a dull /arce and empty show.
Prior, An English Padlock.
For Swift and him [PameU], [thou hast] despised the farce
of state,
The sober follie^f the wise and great.
Pope, Epistle to Earl of Oxford.
3. A ridiculous sham.
farce'-t (fars), v. t. [A particular use of farce^
(ME. farcen), or an error for fard. Seefard, v. ]
To paint.
Farce not thy visage in no wise.
Ram. of the Rose, 1. 2286.
farcementt (fars'ment), n. l< farce + -ment.'i
Stuffing for meat; force-meat.
They often spoil a good dish with improper sawce and
unsavoury /orceni<Mi/«. Feltham, Resolves.
farceur (fiir-sfer'), n. [= 8w. /arsor,< F. far-
ceur, < farce, Skfatee: see/arcei.] A writer or
fare
These present us with the Skeleton of History, not mere-
ly clothed with muscles, animated with life, . . . but . . .
rubbed with Spanish wool painted with French /ard.
Whitaker, Review of Gibbon's Hist.
fardt (fard), V. t. [< F. farder = Pr. fardar,
paint, rouge, < F. fard, n., paint, rouge : see
fard, «.] To paint, as the cheeks: as, "the
farded fop," Shenstone.
He found that beauty which he had left innocent/ardcd
and sophisticated with some court-drug.
A. Wilsoti, Hist. James I.
fardage (far'daj), «. [< F. fardage (= Sp. far-
daje = Pg. fardagem = It. fardaggio, luggage),
< fardeau, a load (see fardel^), + -age.'] iiaut.,
loose wood or other substances, as horns, ratan,
coir, etc., stowed among the parts of a cargo to
chock it, or placed below dry cargo to keep it
from bilge-water ; dunnage,
far-dayt (far'da), n. The advanced part of the
day.
The manna was not good
After Sim-rising ; far-day sullies flowers.
H. Vauffhan, Silex Scintillans, Rules and Lessons.
player'of farces; a joker;' a wag. far-death (far'deth), ». Natural death. [Prov.
fardcall (fiir'si-kal), a. [< /arceJ-l--«c-«?, after Eug.] ,,.. ,j , j,x r^ t.,t- v
comical, etc.-\ Pertaining to or of the nature of fardel^, fardlet (far'del, -dl), n. [< ME /ar-
del, < Of. fardel, F. fardeau = Pr. fardel =
It. fardello (ML. fardelliis), < Sp. Pg. fardel,
a pack, bimdle, dim. of Sp. Pg. fardo, a pack,
bundle : said to be of Ar. origin, < fardah, a
Eackage(Devic).] A bundle or pack; aburden;
ence, anything cumbersome or irksome.
Who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life?
Shak., Hamlet, ill. 1.
They took out of the foresaid ship from Roger Hood
one fardel of cloth, and one chest with diners goods.
HakluyVs Voyages, I. 170.
Under one of these arches we reposed ; the stones our
beds, onT fardels the bolster. Saiulys, Travailes, p. 90.
I wish from my soul that every imitator in fireat Britain, ji«i /«a./.)„i ji\ „ * r/ nv f„^
France, and Ireland, had the farcy for his pains ; an<l that faXdel't, farttlet (far del, -01), V. t. [^ U* . Jar-
there was a goo<l/anrica/ house large enough to hold, aye, deler, fardeller, bundle, < fardel, a bundle : see
and tublimate them ... all together. fardel^, fardle,n. Hence,bycontr.,/aWl,q.V.]
amu-, Tristram Shandy, iv. 4. ^^ make up in packs or bundles.
farcicality (rar-si-kal'i-ti), n- ; pi- farcicalities Things orderiy fardUd up under heads are most porta-
(-tiz). [< farcical'^ + -i<y.] The character or tie. Ftdler, Holy State, p. 164.
quality of being farcical; absurdity; something far^ePt (far'del), n. [A\»ofartheP,farn, q. v.;
a farce; droll; ludicrous; ridiculous; absurd.
So that, whether the "Alchemist" he farcical or not, it
will appear at least to have this note of farce, "that the
principal character is exai;gerated."
Bp. Hurd, Province of the Drama, iv.
They deny the characters to be farcical, because they
are actually in nature. Gay, What d'ye Call 't, Pref.
He (the Bedouin) neither unfits himself for walking, nor
distorts his ankles, by turning out his toes according to
the farcical rules of fashion.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 321.
farcical^t (fiir'si-kal), a. [_< farcy + -ic-al, &t-
ter/«rcico/i.] Pertaining to farcy. [Rare.]
farcical or ridiculous,
bread7or 'oThorTn^'dren"t8rvarioii^iy flavored farcically (fiir'si-kal-i), adv. In a farcical man-
or spiced; fill with stuffing. ner; ludicrously.
., , „ ,, „., „„.» K. ,i,,„j.^ ih. Itisnotnece9«arythat,lnordertodothlB,he8houldh«Te
d.V5eXtt"utttTh%l^''m"riS,'i;S'r!;^.5!rbifen*'„? recourse to in.age7th.t are /«,«««V low. La^yjHome.
broken asunder. Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 207. farclcalneSB (far'si-kal-nes), n. Same as /arci-
3. Figuratively, to fill, as a speech or written /«'''*• ,,.. , . ,.^^ „ , „ , , , ...
composition, with various scraps of wit or hu- farcllltet (far'si-ht), «. [Irreg. < E./rtrcf l (with
mor- make " spicy." ref. to /oroe-mcaf) + Gr. /iftof, a stone.] Pud-
„ ' , . , ,. , , , , . u . ding-stone. Kirwan.
They could wish your poeU would leave to be promot- j^^f^g^^ ( Kr'si-men), n. [< LL. fardminum,
a disease of horses and other animals, supposed
to be costiveness (t), < farcire, stuff, cram : see
faree^. Ct. farcin.] Same as /«rcy.
These invectives were well /arced for the grosa taste of fardnt (fiir'sin), n. [Also, and now usvially,
the multitude. /. 7)'/»r<K«, CaUm. of Authon, II. 374. - -^ > ^i.. .v.i.
4t. To extend ; swell out.
Tls not . . .
The/or«d title running fore the king,
The throne he sits on, nor the tide of pomp
That lieats upon the high shore of this world.
Shak., Hen. V., Iv. 1.
6t. To fatten.
en of other men's Jests, and way-lay all the stale apoph
thegmi or old books they can hear of (in print or uther-
wiae), Xo farce tlieir scenes withal.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, Ind.
e puddyng stuffed so full ot farsyixge t
i faythefull folke are farsed fult of here-
Sir T. More, Works, p. 614.
If thou wonldst faree thy lean rilw with It too, they fardnet (fftr'sing), n. [Early mod. E. farming;
:^^'\rTj^ty^^;-^^'::!.^ur^^Z^1.':. verba? n. of farce^, v.t}\ Stuffing comVosed of
' „ , „ , mixed ingredients ; force-meat.
farce' (fiirs), n. [= G. Dan. /arce = Sw. /ar«, ^. " .
< F. farce, stuffing a farce (>Sp. It /ar,a = hUhS^'eTelyng"
Pg./orfo, a farce), < farcer, stuff: see/arcei, v.] gies.
1. A secular dramatic composition of a ludi- , ^^^ (fark'tat), a. [< NL. farctatus, < L.
crous or satirical character; low comedy, (tri- 7^rJ^« stnfTed m\t farcire atnS- see/arcei 1
ginally the name iOir^in) was applied to a canticle in a J»^ctus, Muaeu, pp. oiyarcirc, stun . seejarce . j
mlxtureofUtlnandt'rcnch.snnglnnianycharcheaatthe In Ixit., stuffed ; crammed or full; Wlthotlt va-
principal festivals, especially on Christmas. The mmlem
farce Is : (a) A dramatic compoaition of a broadly comic
character, dilfering from other comedy chiefly In the gro-
tes«|uetie»s and exaggeration of its characters and inci-
dents. (A) An opera In one act, of on absurd, extravagant,
or ludicrous character.
a corruption of ME. /erWie (or feortlie) del (= D.
ifierendeel = MHG. vierteil, G. viertel = (JDan.
fjerddel, Dan. ^erdedel = Sw.fjerdcdel), fourth
part: Bee fourth andrfeaji.] A fourth part: an
old law terra Fardel of land, a measure of land,
the fourth part of a yard-land.
fardel-bound (fiir'del-bound), a. [Also, cor-
vu\iX\y, farthing-bound; appar. < fardel^, a load,
-t- bounds.] Costive; specifically, in vet. surg,,
affected, as cattle and sheep, with a disease
caused by the retention of food in the many-
plies or third stomach, between the numerous
plaits of which it is impacted. The organ becomes
gorged, and ultimately affected witli chronic inflamnia-
ti(»n. Over-ripe clover, rye-grass, or vetches are likely to
. - . ., ■ > ■» r, - produce the disi-nse. Also clue-bound.
farcy,Ai&\. corruptly fashion; < ME. /arciM,/ar- farder, fardest. Obsolete or dialectal forms
sun, < OF. farcin, F. farcin = It. farcino, farcy, of farther, farthest.
<LL./arc<«i«n«m, a disease of horses: see/ar- farding' (fiir'ding), n. \8ee farthing, farding-
eimen.] Same an farcy. deal.] An obsolete or dialectal form of far-
It cometh nimte comnneliche aboute the houndes era thing.
anynhurelegge«,th«nyn any other place*, a» the /arsyn, fardUlg^t (far'ding), n. [Verbal n. of fard, V.]
,mr.„ »« !,« h™,! iHaUiwell.) Painting the face ; the use of cosmetics.
Truth Is a matron ; error a curtizan ; the matron caret
onely to concile love by a grave and gracefull modesty,
the curtlian with philtres and/nrrfinsr.
Bp. Hall, Sermon at Thebald, Sept. lb, 1628.
as fardingalei (fiir'ding-gal), n. Same as farthin-
giilf.
fardingale-t, «. A corrupt form of fardingdeal.
farding-bag (far'ding-bag), n. The first stom-
ach of a cow or other ruminant, where green
food lies until it is regurgitated to be chewed
cuitics: opposed to <M6H/ar or AoWo»; as, a fare- agiiiii : tlie paunch or rumen.
tate leaf, stem, or pericarp. Also applied to fardingdealt (fiir'ding-del), n. [Also vmtten
ami Jit this is wot* to be hool.
Bodl. MS., 64«.
expedi
I Laud
fartehr and play maid be William Lauder be playit afoir
the Quenis <irace.
Quoted in Lauder I DewUe of Kyngis (E. E. T. 8.), Pref.,
Ip. vi.
Faree Is that In poetry which grotesque Is In a picture ;
the persons and actions of a faree are all unnatural, and
the manners false.
Dryden, Parallel of Poetry and Painting.
Mynotton of » faree Is a short piece In one act, contain-
ing a single comic Idea, of course considerably expanded,
but without anything that can really Ik called a plot.
y. and Q., 7th ser., VI. 129.
The Egyptians are often amused by players of low and
ridiculous /arcai, who are called Mohhabbazee'n.
£. W. Lam, Modem Egyptian*, II. IIL
the stipes of Agaricini.
used.]
taxes (fiir'si), n. [Early mod. E. also farcie;
abbr. of farcin, q. v.] A disease of horses ; a
form of equinia. See equinia.
Fire I* good for thtfarde.
Bay, Proverb*, 2d ed., p. 367.
farcy-bud (far'si-bud), n. A swollen lymphatic
gland, as in farcy.
fardt (fiird), ». [< Y.fard, paint, rouge, < OHG.
farawa, MHG. varwe, G. farbe (= AS. fwrbe =
D. ri-rw = Dan. farre = Hw.fdrg), color, hue,
< OHG. faro (faraw-), MHO. var (varw-), a.,
colored.] Color; paint, as applied to the com-
plexion.
A certain gay gloase urfarde.
PaUgraoe, Acolastus (1&40).
ri^o longer technically fardmgdale, farthingilale, farthendele, farundel
(and/ardeP, q. v.); </arrfin</l (ME./CT-diw?, ML.
ferdingus), or farthing, + deal^, ME. del, part
(%ee farthing, 2, and (foail),but orig. (ME.)/<T</(«
del, 1. e., fourth deal : 8ee/arrfci2.] A measure
of land, one fourth of an acre, now a rood.
1 farthendele or rood of land.
T. UUl, Arithmetic (1600), fol. 67 a.
fardlet, n. and V. Bee fardel^.
fare' (far), r. i. ; pret. and pp. fared, ppr. far-
ing. [< ME. faren (pret. for, pp. faren), go (in
the widest use), be m a particular condition, <
AS. faran (pret. for, pi. foron, pp. faren), go,
travel, etc., be in a particular condition, fare,
= OS. faran = OFries. fara = D. varen = MLG.
LG. faren = OHG. faran, MHG. faren, raren,
G. fahren = Icel. fara = 8w. fara = Dan. fare
fare
= Goth, faran, go (whence the causal form,
ME. ferien, < AS. ferian, carry, convey, con-
duct, lead, often of conveying over water, the
only use iu OS. ferian = OHG. ferjan, MHG.
tern, go by water, sail, etc., = Icel. ferja, con-
vey over wat«r, esp. ferry over a river or
strait, = Sw. fdrja = Dan. /cerge, terry. =
Qoih. farjan, go by water, sail, etc. : see ferry
and/or(f), < Teut. ■/ *fi"' = L. ■/ *per, 'por in
ex-periri, pass through, experience, peritus, ex-
pertus, experienced, periculum, danger, j)ortare,
carry, porta, a gate, partus, a harbor, = Gr.
•j/ *T!ep, *nop in -acpav, pass over or across, esp.
water, iropoc, a way through, a ford, nopOfidc, a
passage, ford, Tzopevetv, convey, nopcveadai, go,
proceed, = OBulg. prati, go, = Skt. -^ par, tr.,
pass, bring across; cf. Zend peretu, a bridge.
The Aryan -y/ par expresses the general idea
of forward motion, and has consequently pro-
duced an immense niunber of derivatives in
which that idea is particularized and developed,
as, in E., of AS. origin, fare^ ferry, ford, fear^,
obs. or dial. feer^,ferd^,ferd^,ferly,farly, fere*,
foor^, etc.; of L. origin, experience, expert, ex-
periment, etc., peril, port^, port^, ports, port^,
etc., deport, comport, export, import, report, sup-
port, transport, etc. ; of Gr. origin, pore^, em-
porium.'] 1. Togo; pass; move forward; pro-
ceed; travel. [Obsolete or archaic]
Now Perkyn with the pilgrimes to the plouh U/aren;
To eryeu hus half-aker holpen hyni meiiye.
Piers Plowman (C), Lx. 112.
Whenne Heroude was of Mt/arn,
Ad aungel coom Joseph to warn.
Cursor Mundi. (Halliwell.)
Give me my faith and troth again,
And let me /are me on my way.
Clerk Saunders (Child s Ballads, II. 60).
The next morning Raphael was faring forth gallantly,
well armed and mounted. Kingsley, Hypatia, xxi.
To fare on foot from Paris to Lucerne was, in 1814, an
adventure which called for courage.
E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 447.
2. To go or get on, as to circumstances ; speed ;
be in a certain state ; be attended with certain
circumstances or events ; be circumstanced ;
specifically, to be in a certain condition as re-
gards fortune, or bodily or social comforts.
I was very much troubled to think of Fasting 3 or 4
Days, or a Week, having /ared very hard already.
Dampier, Voyages, II. ii. 38.
3. To be entertained with food ; eat and drink.
Ful ofte
Have I up-on this bench faren ful weel ;
Heere have I eten many a myrie meel.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 65.
Come in, come in, my merry young men.
Come in and drink the wine wl' me ;
And a' the better ye shall fare,
For this gude news ye tell to me.
The Knighfs Ghost (Child's Ballads, I. 211).
There was a certain rich man which . . . fared sump-
tuously every day. Luke xvi. 19.
4. To go or come out, as to result; happen;
turnout; result; come to pass: with i J imper-
sonally.
It fareth many times with men's opinion^ as with ru-
mours and reports. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., iv.
Oh ! said Christiana, that it had been but our lot to go
with him, then had it fared well with us.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii.
So /arc* it when with truth falsehood contends.
Milton, P. R., iii. 443.
6f . To conduct one's self ; behave.
They/aren wel, God save hem bothe two ;
For treweliche I holde it grete deyntee
A kyuges sone in armea wel to do.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 163.
Than this gode man ferde as a man out of reson for
hevinesse and sorowe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 4.
6. In an expletive use, to seem ; appear. [Prov.
Eng.]
"How do yon fare to feel about it, Mas'r Davy?" he
inquired. Dickens, David Copperfteld, xlvi.
fare! (far), n. [< ME. fare, < AS. faru, a jour-
ney, company, expedition (= OFries. fera, fere,
fer, fare, a journey, passage, = MHG. var, a
journey, = Icel. fiir, a journey, expedition), <
faran, etc., go: see/orei, «.] If. Agoing; a
journey; voyage; course; passage.
Thus he passes to that port, his passage to seche,
Fyndea he a fayr schyp to the /are redy.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 98.
Hethatfollowes my /are. Morte Arthure. (Halliwell.)
2f. A company of persons making a journey.
— 3. The price of passage or going; the sum
paid or due for conveyance by land or water:
as, the fare for crossing by a ferry ; the fare for
conveyance in a railroad-train, cab, omnibus,
etc.
2142
But .Tonah . . . found a ship going to Tarahish, so he
paid the /are thereof. Jonah i. 3.
4 . The person or persons conveyed in a vehicle.
What fairest of fairs
Was tliat /are that thou landedst but now at Trig-stairs?
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, v. 3.
Thus passing from channell to channell, landing his /are
or patron at what house he pleases.
Evelyn, i)iary, June, 1645.
5t. Outfit for a journey; equipment. — 6. Food;
provisions of the table.
Bot prayse thi fare, wer-so-euer thou be ;
Fore be it gode or be it badde,
Yn gud worth it muste be had.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 23.
All daye shalt thou eate and drinke of the best.
And I will paye thy /are.
King Edward Fourth (Child's Ballads, VIII. 26).
Rich /are, brave attire, soft beds, and silken thoughts,
attend this dear beauty.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iii. 3.
Our /ore was excellent, consisting of elk venison, moun-
tain grouse, and small trout. The Century, XXX. 224.
7t. Experience; treatment; fortune; cheer.
For his dedes to-day i am vndo for euer ;
Eche frek [man] for this /are false wol me hold.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), L 2079.
How now, fair lords ? What fare f what news abroad ?
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
Here — as the old preacher Hugh Latimer grimly said
in closing one of his powerful descriptions of future pun-
ishment—you see your /are.
S. Lanier, Tlie English Novel, p. 11.
8t. Proceeding; conduct; behavior.
Lat be this nyce/are / Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1144.
9. Doings ; ado ; bustle ; tumult ; stir.
What amounteth al this fare ?
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 471.
The wardeyn chidde and made fare.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1, 79.
10. The quantity of fish taken in a fishing-ves-
sel.
The crew said to-day that they had enough of fishing
with salt clams, as it was like doing penance to go to the
Banks and attempt to catch a/are of flsh with that kind
of bait. New York Tribune, June 3, 1888.
11. The form or track of a hare.
Not a hare
Can be startled from his /are
By my footing.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 2.
12. A game played with dice. Halliwell. [Prov.
Eng.]— Bill of fare. See Mas.- Fiddler's tare. See
fiddler.
fare''' (far), ». [Contr. of farrow.] A farrow:
as, a /are of pigs. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
fare^ (far), v. t. ; pret. and pp. fared,mr. faring.
[Formerly also/««r; a dial. var. ot favor, mixed
with/arei. Ct.farand.] To resemble, or act
like (another).
fare-box (far'lsoks), n. A box in which the tick-
ets or fares of passengers, as in horse-cars, om-
nibuses, and at some railroad-stations, are de-
posited by them.
fare-indicator (far'in''''di-ka-tor), ». A device
for registering the fares paid in a public con-
veyance.
farent. -A^n obsolete preterit and past partici-
ple of /arel.
farendonet, «• Same a.aferrandine.
fare'well (far' wel'), interj. [Prop, separate, be-
ing two words, fare well,<. ME. fare wel (= Dan.
farvel = Sw. farvdl, adv. andn.), used not only
in the impv., as in mod. E., but in the ind.: he
fareth toel (L. valet), we faren wel (L. valemus),
etc., impv. fare wel, common in leave-taking
and at the end of letters (L. vale, valete) : faren,
fare, speed, be in a particular condition (not in
the lit. sense ' go '), with a qualifying adv. wel,
well ; so also with ill and amiss, etc.] ' Fare
well'; mayyou beorcontinue in ahappyor pros-
perous condition ; in common use, good-by. It
expresses a kind wish, a wish of happiness, and while it does
not, in its origin, necessarily refer to departure, it is now
used, like good-by, its more colloquial equivalent, exclu-
sively in leave-taking. It is sometimes used in reference
to inanimate objects, in slight personification. It empha-
sizes the fact of separation or relinquishment.
" gee farewel, Phippe ! " quod Fauntelte, and forth gan me
drawe. Piers Plowman (B), xi. 41.
Farewell, farewell, good Ancient;
A stout man and a true, thou art come in sorrow.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, i. S.
Farewell, happy fields. Milton, P. L., i. 249.
If this be true, farewel all the differences of good and
evil in men's actions ; farewel all expectations of future
rewards and punishments. Stilling Jieet, Sermons.
[It is still often written separately, with a pronoun be-
tween, the pronoun being either the subject nominative,
as in " fare you well" or " fare ye well," or a dative of ref-
erence, as In "fare thee well."
far-forth
Fare thee weel, thou first and fairest !
Fare thee weel, thou best and dearest.
Bums, To Nancy.
Fare thee well, and if for ever,
Still forever /are thee well.
Byron, Fare thee Well.)
= Syn. Good-by, etc. See adieu, interj.
fare'well (far'wel'), n. and a. [< farewell.] I.
n. 1 . A good-by ; a leave-taking ; an adieu.
Farewell, a \ong farewell, to all my greatness I
Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
The air is full oi farewells to the dying.
And mournings for the dead.
Longfellow, Resignation.
Farewell followed by to governing the object is a noun,
used elliptically for " I bid farewell (to . . . ).",
2. Leave; departure; final look, thought, or
attention.
See how the morning opes her golden gates,
And takes h&r farewell of the glorious sun !
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
Before I take my farewell of this subject, I shall advise
the author for the future to speak his meaning more
plainly. Addison.
II, a. Parting ; valedictory : as, a farewell
sermon ; farewell appearance of an actor.
The hardy veteran, proud of many a scar, . . .
Leans on his spear to take hisfareuKll view.
And, sighing, bids the glorious camp adieu.
Tickell, On the Prospect of Peace.
Several ingenious writers, who have taken their leave
of the publick in farewell papers, will not give over so,
but intend to appear again. Spectator.
Farewell rock, in coal-mining, the millstone-grit (see
carboniferous and coal-measures) : so called by the miners,
because when this rock is met with in sinking they l)id
farewell to any prospect of finding coal at lower depths.
[Eng.]
fare'wellt, v. t. [< farewell, n.] To bid fare-
well to ; take leave of.
Till she brake from their arms, . . .
And, farewelling the flock, did homeward wend.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
fare-'Wicket (far'wik'''et), n. 1. A turnstile
gate fitted with a counting and registering de-
vice for indicating the number of persons pass-
ing it: used in registering fares. — 2. In a horse-
car, an opening in the door, closed by a slide or
by a spring-plate, through which fares can be
collected from passengers or change made by
an employee. Car-Builder's Vict.
far-fett (far'fet), a. [< /arl -t- fet, pp. of /e<l :
pp.
far
aeefet^. Ct. far-fetched.] Same as far-fetched.
Things farrefet and deare bought are gootl for Ladies.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 162.
There was no man more tenderly sensible in anything
offered to himself which, in the/ar(Ae«(-/e( construction,
might be wrested to the name of wrong.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
If York, with all his /ar-/e( policy.
Had been the regent there instead of me,
He never would have stay'd in France so long.
SAa*., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
Whose pains have earn'd the/ar-/e( spoil.
Milton, V. R.,ii. 401.
far-fetcht (far'fech), n. l<far'i^ + fetch^, n., a
stratagem; suggested by /ar-/e<cfce(J.] A deep-
laid stratagem.
Jesuits have deeper reaches
In all their politic /ar-/e(cAe8.
5. Butler, Hudibras.
far-fe'tcht (far'fech), i>. f. [Assumed tram far-
fetched.] To bring from far ; draw as a conclu-
sion remote from or not justified by the prem-
ises.
To far-fetch the name of Tartar from a Hebrew word.
FuUer.
far-fetched (far'feoht), a. [Also far-fetcht; <
far^ + fetched, Tpjy.ot fetch, v.: seefetch^.] 1.
Fetched or brought from afar. [Rare.]
'Tis not Rty\e8 far-fetched from Greece or Rome,
But just the Fireside, that can make a home.
Lowell, Fitz Adam's Story.
Hence — 2t. Choice ; rare.
Nature making her beauty and shape but the most fair
Cabinet of a far-fetcht minde.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, p. 506.
3. Remotely connected ; irrelevant ; forced ;
strained: as, far-fetched conceits; far-fetched
similes.
Pride and Ambition here
Only in far-fetch'd Metaphors appear.
Cowley, The Mistress, The Wish.
This is not only a false thought, but is . . . .far-fetched
also. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3.
My solution was so fantastic, so apparently far-fetched,
so absurd, that I resolved to wait for convincing evidence.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 162.
far-fortllt(far'f6rth'), adv. [Also as two words,
far forth; early mod. E. also /ar /oorWi ; < ME.
far-forth, fer-forthe; < /ori, adv., + forth^.]
far-forth
1. Far on; far forwai-d ; in an advanced degree
or extent.
Now be we so far-fvrthe come,
Speke mote we of the dome.
MS. Laud, 416, f. 116. (Halliwell.)
Ne none agayne ao farre foortfi^ in her fauour
That is full satisfyed with her behauiour.
Sir T. More, To Them that Seke Fortime.
He sayd not such words, nor spake so /ar-/orth in the
matter, without commission. IlakluyVs Voyaget, IL 88.
So long these knights discoursed diversly
Of straunge atfaires, and noble hardiment, . . .
That now the humid night wasfar/orth spent.
Spenxer, F. Q., III. ix. 53.
2. Far; to or in such a degree or extent: in
the adverbial conjunctive phrases as, oiso,/ar-
fbrtli as, where the words are now usually sepa-
rated, forth being expletive.
Youre bak eke in no way
Tame on no wihte, as/er/orthe as ye may.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 4.
He is descendid of an high lenage,
And as fer furth as I canne fele and see.
He wa>-tith after right grete heritage.
GmtrydM (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2439.
So far-foorth as those writers which are come to our
hands haue left recorded. Bakluyt's Voyages, I. 553.
farin (far'in), B. [< F. farine, < L. farina : see
farina.'] Same as /anna.
farina (fa-re'na or -ri'nS), n. [= F. farine =
Pr. 8p. It. farina = Pg. farinha, < L. farina,
ground com, meal, flour, (.far (J'arr-), a sort of
grain, spelt, also coarse meal, grits, = AS. here,
E. bear*, barley: see bear^, barley^.'] 1. In a
general sense, meal or flour. Specifically — 2.
A soft, ta.steles8, and commonly white flour,
obtained by trituration of the seeds of cereal
and leguminous plants, and of some roots, as
the potato. It consists of gluten, starch, and
mucilage. — 3. A preparation of white maize
in granular form, coarser than meal, but finer
than hominy. It is used for puddings, etc.
[U. S.] — 4. In bot., the pollen of flowers.
This is divided into many cells which contain a great
number of small seeds covered with a red /arina.
Qranger, The Sugar-Cane, iv. , note.
S. In mttom., a mealy powder found on some
insects. Hee farinose, 3.— Foosll fkrlna, a variety
of calcium carbonate, in thin white crusts, light as cotton,
and easily reduciiile to powder.
farina-boiler (fa-re'na-boi'l^r), n. A saucepan
or kettlo used for cooking farinaceous articles,
or any delicate food liable to scorch. It consists
of two vessels, the outer one for water, and the inner
one for the article to ije cooked. (C 8.}
farinaceous (far-i-na'shius), a. [= Sp. farind-
ceo = It. farinaeeo, < LL. farinaceus, < farina,
meal: see farina.] 1. Consisting or made of
meal or flour : as, a farinaceous diet, which con-
sists of articles prepared from the meal or flour
of the various species of com or grain.
When one huge wooden bowl before them stood,
Klll'd with huge balls ot farinaceous food.
CnMe, Works, IV. 164.
2. Cont«ining starch: as, /arina«eoiM seeds. —
3. Pertaining to meal ; of the natnre of meal ;
mealy: as, a farinaceous ttiste or quality. — 4.
Having a mealy appearance ; covered with or
as if with meal; characterized by something
resembling meal : applied in pathology to cer-
tain eruptions In which the epidermis exfoliates
in fine scales resembling farina.
Some fly with two wlng«, as birds and many Insect*;
some with four, as all /arinaetous or mealy-winged ani-
mals, as butter-flies and moths.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., iii. 15.
farinaceonsly (far-i-na'shius-li), adv. With fa-
rina: as, /ann<ice<m»/» tomentose.
faring (far'ing), a. [Prop. ppr. of /orei, mixed
with /arand, orig. ppr. ot fare^: see farand,
fare^, fare^.] 1. Seeming; looking: in com-
position, as ill-faring, xcell-furiug. — 2. Doing;
going: in composition, tx seafaring.
farinose (far'i-nds), a. [= F. farineta = Pg.
farinhoao = lt.farinoso, < lAi. farinosus, mealy,
< L. farina, meal: see farina.] 1. Yielding
farina: as, /an'no«e plants. — 2. In bot., cov-
ered with a meal-like powder, as the leaves of
Primula farinosa andT other plants. — 3. In
entom. : (o) Floury : applied to a white secre-
tion found on various parts of the body in many
Homoptera and a few other insects, it is often
produce<l in such quantities as to hide the surface, and
tiroject in long masses or fllaments. which fall oA at the
east touch, (ft) Covered with the matter de-
scribed above, as the abdomens of certain
leaf-hoppers, (c) Covered with minute dots
resembling white or yellow powder, or with a
fixed whitish powder on a dark surface, as spots
on the elytra of certain beetles. Also/an'nu-
Imt.
2143
farinosely (far'i-nos-li), adv. In a farinose
maimer.
farinulent (fa-rinfv-le°t)> "• [^ farina +
-iilent.] Same as farinose, 3.
farkleberry (far'kl-ber'i), n. The Vacdnium
arboreum, a shrub or small tree of the southern
United States, bearing a small, black, many-
seeded berry, with a dry and rather astringent
pulp. The wood is hard and very close-grained,
and is used to some extent in turning,
farllf (farl), V. t. [A contr. of fardle, fardel^,
pack up; corruptly /urtJie, contr. furl, the pres-
ent form : see /mW. ] To furl.
Hey-day, hey-day, how she kicks and yerks !
Down with the main-mast ! lay her at hull !
Farl up all her linens, and let her ride it out !
Fletcher {and another). Sea Voyage, i. 1.
farP (fiirl), ». [Sc, a contr. ot fardel^, fartheP,
lit. a fourth part: see fardel^. For the con-
traction, cf. /ar/l.] A quarter or third part of
a thin circular cake of flour or oatmeal. Also
farrel.
Then let his wisdom girn and snarl
O'er a weel-tostit girdle /arte.
Fergusson, Poems, II. 78.
farleu (far'lo), «. In Scots law, money paid
by tenants in lieu of a heriot : often applied to
the best chattel, as distinguished from heriot,
the best beast.
farlie, farly, a., n., and adv. Seeferly.
farml (fiirm), n. [Early mod. E. also farme,
ferme; < HE. ferme, rent, revenue, particular-
ly as collected by a ' farmer,' factor, or steward,
hence also stewardship ; also a meal, a feast ;
< AS. feorm (fem., gen. ace. etc., feorme), pro-
vision, food, supplies ; provisions, etc., sup-
plied by a vassal or tenant to his lord, esp. to
the king ; hence an estate from which such sup-
plies are due (eyninges feorm, late AS. cynges
feorme-hdm, 'king's farm'); hence also a meal,
a feast, and, generally, entertainment (of a
guest or, as a tenant's duty, of his lord), har-
boring (of a fugitive) ; also, rarely, use, advan-
tage (^fiormian, ge-feormian, supply with food,
sustain, entertain, receive (a guest), harbor
(a fugitive), etc., > feormere, a purveyor (of a
guild), /eormunjt, smd fyrmth, a harboring (of
fugitives), etc.) ; orig. perhaps ' a living, means
of subsistence,' connected with feorh, life, =
OS. ferah, ferh = OHG. ferah, ferh, MHG.
verch = Icel. fjor, life, = Goth, fairhwus, the
world. But as AS. feorm is always rendered
in ML. by firtna or ferma, which is formally
identical with the fem. of h.firmus, ML. often
spelled fermus (> OF. ferme, ME. ferme, > mod.
E., with restored L. vowel, ^n»), most writers
have assumed the actual identity of the two
words (L. firma, fem. adj., and aIL. firma or
ferma, n.), "either l>ecau8e the farms were at
first inclosed or fortified with walls, or because
the leases were confirmed or made more certain
by signature": see frm, a., firm, v., firm, n.
But the AS. form appears to be the original.
The Hh. ferma, firma has the AS. senses, and,
later, the senses of rent, revenue, particularly
as collected by a farmer or factor, also in gen-
eral a tax, tribute, impost. Hence OF. ferme,
F. ferme = Pr. ferma, m same senses, the OP.
being partly the source of the ME. form. The
mixture of forms and senses has confused the
history of the word. The purely agricultural
sense is comparatively modem.] 1. In old
English use, the revenue or rent from lands un-
der lease ; revenue, rent, or income in general,
but originally chiefly in the form of natural
products.
He . , . yaf a certeyn /erm« for the graunt.
Chauetr, Gen. Prol. to C. T. (ed. Tyrwhltt), 1. 253.
Femes thyk are comyng, my purs is bot wake.
Toumdej/ Hgteriss, p. 84.
The impost continued to be levied, and was Included,
with the imposts upon wines. In the /arm termed "the
petty /arm." S. Dovxlt, Taies in England, I. 218.
The proflts of the King's land in the shire, his various
dues and rights in Idnd and in money, were commutetl
for a fixed aum, the /arm of the shire.
E. A. Fretman, Norman Conquest, V. 294.
2. The state of land leased on rent reserved ;
a lease ; possession under lease : as, in law, to
farm let, or let to farm.
He sette hys tonnes and hys londea U> ferme.
Robert of QUmeester, p. 378.
The Earl of Wiltshire hath the realm in farm.
Shak., Rich. II., 11. 1.
It is greate wllfulnes In . . . land-lordes to refuse to
make any longer /amwt unto theyr tenauntes.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
3. The system, method, or act of collecting
revenue by letting out a territory in districts.
farmage
Under an ordinance of September 20, 1649, the commis-
sioners had power to let out to farm the excise upon all
or any commodities. S. Doweli, Taxes in England, II. 10.
The first farm of postal income was made in 1672, and
by farmers it was administered until June, 1790.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 580.
4. A country or district let out for the collec-
tion of revenue. [Bare.]
The province was divided into twelve farms. Burke.
5. A tract of land devoted to general or spe-
cial cultivation under a single control, whether
that of its owner or of a tenant: as, a small
farm; a wheat-, fruit-, dairy-, or market-/arOT.
Cato would have this point especially to be considered,
that the soil of a farme (situate as hath been said) be
good of itselfe, and fertile. Holland, tr, of Pliny, xvii. 5.
At my /arm,
I have a hundred milch-kine to the pail.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
Then the great Hall was wholly broken down.
And the broad woodland parcell'd into /arm«.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
6t. A farm-house ; a grange ; a granary.
As for example: farmes or granges which conteine
chambers in them, more than fiftie cubits in length.
Bakluyt's Voyages, I. 577.
7t. A dwelling; a habitation; a lodging.
His sinfull sowle with desperate disdaine
Out of her fleshly /erm« fled to the place of palne.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 23.
Blanchfarm. See 6(a7icA-/orm.— Home farm, (a) The
farm on an English manor not held by tenants, but re-
served for the immediate use of the lord, {h) A farm or
portion of a farm nearest to or surrounding the home. —
To farm let. See def. 2.
farm^ (farm), V. [< ME. fermen, take on lease,
(.ferme, n. : see /anwi, ».] I. trans. 1. To
lease, as land, at a stated rent; give a lease
of, as land ; let to a tenant on condition of
paying rent: as, to farm a manor.
We go to gain a little patch of ground
That hath in it no profit but the name.
To pay five ducats, five, I would not /arm it.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 1.
Specifically — 2. To lease or let (taxes, imposts,
or other duties) for a term at a stated rental :
generally with out. it was formerly customary in
some Eun>i>ean countries, and is still in some eastern
ones, for the ruler or government to farm the revenues
(taxes or rents, imposts, and excise) to individuals for a
certain percentage on the amount collected, or for the
payment of fixed sums, the farmers of the revenue retain-
ing the surplus of their collections.
But I believe he [the kingl muat/nnn out your Warwick-
shire benevolence for the payment thereof.
Donne, Letters, i.
The farming out of the defence of a country, being
wholly unprecedented and evidently abused, could have
no real object but to enrich the contractor at the Com-
pany's expense. Burke, Charge against Warren Hastings.
The older sources of income were, according to the later
use of an ancient English word, .farmed by the Sheriff.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conciuest, V. 294.
3. To take at a certain rent or rate ; take a lease
of ; pay a stated sum or percentage for the use,
collection, etc., of.
Tlie lewes/anjie theCustome of the Kings.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 161.
4. To cultivate, as land ; till and plant.
I am but a silly old man.
Who /arm* a piece of ground.
SaddU to Rags (ChUcTs BaUads, VIII. 266).
n. intrans. To be employed in agriculture ;
cultivate the soil.
I grant indeed that flocks and flelds have charms
For him that grazes or for him th&t farms.
Crahbe, Works, I. 4.
fann^t (farm), n. [ME./e;-me, later farme, < AS.
feorm, a meal; ult. the same as/ar»|l, «., q. v.]
Food ; a meal.
This hastie /arme hadde liene a feast.
Ballad of Our Lady, 1752.
farm^ (farm), V. t. [E. dial. ; < ME. "fermen (not
foimd), < AS. feormian, also in comp. d-feormi-
an, ge-feormian, cleanse, polish, prob. altered
(by confusion with the quite different word
feormian, supply, entertain, etc.: see farm^)
from "feorbian, 'furbian = OHG./«rWa«, MHG.
viirben, cleanse, polish, rub bright, > OF. furbir,
fourbir (fourbiss-), whence ME. fourbishen, E.
furbish: see furbish.] To cleanse or empty.
HaUitrell. [Prov. Eng.] '
farmable (fSr'ma-bl), a. [< farrn^ + -able.]
Capable of being farmed, in any sense. Cot-
grave.
farmaget (far'maj), n. [( fann^ + -age.] The
management of farms. Davies.
They do hy farmage
Brynge the loude into arearage,
('ontenipnynge the state temporall.
Roy and Barlow, Bede me and Be iiott Wroth, p. 102.
farmary
fannaryt, ". Same as infirmary.
The moonke anon after went to the /annarif, &■ there
(liod. Foxe, Martyrs, p. 233.
farm-bailiff (fiirm'ba'lif ), n. An overseer ap-
pointed by the possessor or proprietor of a farm
to direct and superintend the farming opera-
tions.
faim-bailding (farm'bil'ding), »i. One of the
buildings belonging to and used for the business
of a farm.
fanner (f ar'm^r), ». [< ME. "fermer, fermour, a
steward, bailiff, collector of taxes, partly < OF.
fermier, F. fermier, a farmer, a lessee, also a
chief husbandman, a bailiff or overseer of a farm
(< ML. firmarius, one to whom land is rented for
a term of years, a collector of taxes, a deputy,
< firma, farm, in its various senses : see/fln«l),
partly < AS. feormere, a purveyor (of a guild),
X feormian, purvey, supply, etc. : see farm^, n.
and t'.] 1. One who undertakes the collection
of taxes, customs, excise, or other duties for a
certain rate per cent., or pays a fixed sum for
the privilege of collecting and retaining them:
as, A farmer of the revenues.
The farmert of the tax [hearth-money] were rigorous
and unrelenting in their proceedings.
S. Doieett, Taxes in England, II. 43.
The equites also farmed the public revenues. Those
who were engaged in this business were called publicani ;
and, though Cicero, who was himself of the equestrian
order, speaks of these farmers as "the flower of the Ro-
man equites, the ornament of the state, the safeguard of
the republic," it appears that they were a set of detesta-
ble oppressors. Anthon's Classical Diet.
2. In rhining, the lord of the field, or one who
farms the lot and cope of the crown. [Eng.] —
3. One who cultivates a farm, either as owner
or lessee ; in general, one who tills the soil.
Here's & farmer, that hanged himself on the expecta-
tion of plenty. Shak,, Macbeth, 11. 3.
0 why are /ar/n€r« made so coarse.
Or clergy made so fine ?
Covtper, The Yearly Distress.
You did but come as goblins in the night, . . .
Nor robb'd the farmer of his bowl of cream.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
We are thus led to believe that the English/armfirs were
at first joint-owners of all the arable land as well as of the
pastures and waste-grounds in the township.
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 406.
4. The eldest son of the holder or occupier of a
farm ; anciently, a yeoman or country gentle-
man. [Prov. Eng.] —Farmer's satin. See satin.
farmeress (far'mer-es), n. [< farmer + -ess."]
A woman who farms ; a farmer's wife. [Rare.]
Went to Margate ; and the following day was carried to
see a gallant widow, brought up a farmoresse, and I think
of gigantic race, rich, comely, and exceedingly industrious.
Evelyn, Memoirs, May 19, 1672.
farmer-general (far'mer-jen'e-ral), n. In
France, under the old monarchy, a member of a
privileged class which farmed certain branches
of the revenue — that is, contracted with the
government to pay into the treasury a fixed
yearly sum, taking upon itself the collection
and use of certain taxes as an equivalent. This
system was intolerably oppressive, especially in tlie eigh-
teenth century, when its members were united in an asso-
ciation. It was swept away at the revolution, and about
thirty farmers-general were executed in 1794.
farmersMp (far'mer-ship), n. [< farmer +
-ship.'] The state or occupation of a fafmer;
management of a farm.
These were the lucky first fruites that the Gospel
brought forth for his rent and fermership.
./. Udall, On Acts ii.
farmery (far'mer-i), n. ; pi. farmeries (-iz). [<
farm^ + -ery.] The assemblage of buildings
and appurtenances belonging to a farm. [Rare.]
A. farmery, famous for its cider mill and the good cider
made there. D. 0. Mitchell, Bound Together, i.
farm-hand (f arm'hand), n. A hired laborer on
a farm.
farmhold (farm'hold), n. [Early mod. 'E.ferme-
holde; <.farm\ -1- holdX, n.] A farm-house with
its out-buildings. [Obsolete or archaic]
Geue eare thou proud rich man what euer thou bee, that
heapcst together possessions and landes vpon landes : that
art in euery corner a builder of houses, of fermeholdes, of
mainours & of palacies. J. Udall, On Luke ii.
farm-house (farm'hous), n. The principal
dwelling-house of a farm ; a house on a farm
occupied by the owner or lessee of the farm.
I will bring thee where Mistress Anne Page is, at a/arni-
hmise, a feasting. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 3,
farming (far'ming), n. and a. [Verbal n. of
farm^, v.] 1. n. 1. The practice of letting or
leasing taxes, revenue, etc., for collection. —
2. The business of collecting taxes. See/c/rml,
V. t., 2. — 3. The business of cultivating land.
2144
or employing it for the purposes of husbandry;
agriculture ; husbandry.
II. a. Pertaining to farms or agriculture : as,
farming tools.
farm-meal (farm'mel), n. Meal paid as part
of the rent of a farm : a part of the obsolescent
system of paying rent in kind. [Scotch.]
farm-office (filrm'of'is), n. One of the out-
buildings pertaining to a farm : generally used
in the plural as a collective name for all the
buildings on a farm exclusive of the dwelling-
house. [Eng.]
farmost (fiir'most), a. superl. [<. far + -most.]
Most distant or remote. [Rare.]
A spacious cave within itB famwst part.
Dryden, Mneitl.
farm-place (farm'plas), n. A farm; a farm-
stead.
And wlian the messagiers called vpon them, euery man
made his excuse : one sayed, he must go se his mainour or
fanne-place, yt he lately bought. J. Udall, On Mat. xxii.
farmstead (farm'sted), «. The collection of
buildings belonging to a farm; the homestead
on a farm.
I . . . then went wandering away far along chauss^es,
through fields, beyond cemeteries. Catholic and Protestant,
heyond farmsteads, to lanes and little woods.
Charlotte Bronte, Villette, xv.
But he, \iy farmstead, thorpe and spire, . . .
Came crowing over Thames.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
When a territory was first occupied, the people did not
settle in towns, nor even in villages, but in isolated farm.
steads. D. W. Ross, German Landholding, p. 52.
The village street is closed at the end by a wooden gate,
. . . giving it something the look of a large /arrnjt^earf, in
which a riglit of way lies through the yard,
Raskin, Elements of Drawing.
farm- village (farm'vil"aj), n. A village of
which the chief industry is farming.
A New Engl&nd farm-village, where there is no distinct
"mass" to elevate. G. W. Cattle, Home Culture Clubs, iv.
farm-yard (farm'yard), re. The yard or inclo-
sure surrounded by or connected with the farm-
buildings.
farn (fam), «. A dialectal variant of /er«l.
farness (far'nes), ». The state of being far
off ; distance ; remoteness.
So the matter was brought to thys passe, that Cesar
would not suffer his horsemen to stray any famesse from
his maine battell of fotemen.
A. Golding, tr. of Cajsar, fol. 119.
The equalitie or inequalitie of dayes, according to the
neernesse or famesse from the Equinoctiall.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 10.
The measure of i\\e far.ness is therefore the measure of
the force. £'. Lanier, Sci. of Eng. Verse, p. 26.
Farnovian (far-no'vi-an), a. and n. I. a. Re-
lating to Farnovius, a Polish Unitarian of the
sixteenth century, or to his doctrines.
II. 11. A follower of Farnovius.
farntickle, n. Seefemticle.
faro (fa'ro), n. [Also written pharao, pharaon,
after F. pharaon ; said to be named from a fig-
ure formerly on one of the cards, representing
Pharaoh, King of Egypt.] A game played by
betting on the order in which certain playing-
cards (with reference simply to face-value) will
appear when taken singly from the top of the
pack. Tlie players sit at one side of a table, and tlie
dealer at the other. The dealer always represents the
bank, having in charge the paying and claiming of bets.
In the United States the table has on its center the "lay-
out,"or representation of thirteen cards, from the ace up
to the king, in regular order. After bets have been placed
on single cards or combinations, the dealer removes the
top card from a complete pack placed face up in a box,
which card does not count ; he then withdraws the next
one, leaving the third exposed, and claims all bets made
on the card equal in value to the one withdrawn and pays
those made on the other ; the appearance together of two
cards of the same value is called a " split," and the better
loses half of his stake. Any bet may be "coppered" by
placing a button on top of the money or checks, and this
changes the bet to one that the card will show for the
dealer. The showing of two cards constitutes a "turn,"
and after each turn new bets are made for another, down
to the last three cards of the pack ; the only betting al-
lowed after this is on " calling the turn, " or guessing which
will show first. The European game is essentially the
same, except that the layout is arranged in a small book.
Then he dashes into the vortex of Paris, where it is said
that lie introduced the game called Faro, and became still
more conspicuous than at Brussels by his enormous gains
at the gaming-table. Gayarri, Hist. Louisiana, I. 198.
faro-bank (fa'ro-bangk), «. An establishment
where faro is played.
faro-box (fa'ro-boks), n. Abox to hold the cards
for dealing at faro, having a slit at one end
through which to slide the cards, and a spring
which keeps the top card level with the slit and
allows the removal of but one at a time. [U. S.]
Faroese (far-o-es' or -ez'), a. and n. [< Faroe
+ -ese; less commonly Faroish, after Icel. Fai-
farrier
reyskr, adj. (cf. Fa^eyingar, pi., Dan. Fcering,
n.), < Fcereyjar = Dan. Fa-roer, the Faroe is-
lands, lit. the sheep-islands, < Icel. fa;r = Sw.
fdr = Dan. faar, sheep, + Icel. ey = Sw. o =
Dan. 0 = AS. eg, ig, island : see ait, i.sland.] I.
a. Pertaining to the Faroe islands, or to their
language or inhabitants.
II. H. 1. Anativeorauinhabitant of the Fa-
roe islands, a group of islands belonging to Den-
mark, lying midway between the Shetland is-
lands and Iceland. — 2. A Scandinavian dialect
spoken in the Faroe islands,
far-off (fiir'6f),o. [< /a/- o_^", adv. phrase.] Far-
away; distant; remote.
Oft, on a plat of rising ground, '
I hear the /ar-o/" curfeu sound.
Over some wide-water'd shore.
Milton, II Penseroso, 1. 74.
One /ar-o^ divine event.
To which the whole creation moves.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Conclusion.
Far-of hints and adumbrations.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 43.
Faroish (far'o-ish), a. [< Faroe + -ish\. Cf.
Faroese.] Same as Faroese.
The Swedish, . . . Danish, and Faroish ballads.
Child's Ballads, I. 315.
farraget, »■ [< OP. farrage, a mixture of grain,
(.far, < Li. far, spelt: see farina.] A mixture of
grain.
As for that kind of dredge or farraye which commeth
of the refuse and light corne purged from the red wheat
far, it ought to be sowne very thicke with vetches, other-
whiles mingled among. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xviii. 16.
farraginous (fa-raj'i-nus), a. [< L. farrago
(farragin-) (see farrago) + -ovs.] Formed of
various materials ; mixed; jumbled: as, a, far-
raginous discourse. [Rare.]
A farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers,
sexes, and ages. Sir T. Brou'ne, Vulg. Err., i. 3.
But the great .farraginous bo<ly of Popish rites and cere-
monies, the subject of my learned friend's letter from
Rome, had surely a different original.
Warburton, Divine Legation, notes.
farrago (fa-ra'go), «. [< L. farrago, mixed
fodder for cattle, mash, hence also a medley,
hodgepodge, < Jar (farr-), spelt : see farina.]
A mass composed of various materials con-
fusedly mixed ; a medley; a hodgepodge.
A farrago,
Or a made dish in Court ; a thing of nothing.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, i. 1.
Yet do I carry everywhere with me such a confounded
farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, wishes, and all the flimsy
furniture of a country miss's brain !
Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.
How ranch superior is one touch of nature ... to all
this fa}-rago of metaphor and mythology.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 1.
= Syn. ^ee mixture.
farrand, a. See/arand.
farrandineti "• See ferrandine.
farrantlyt, adv. Same asfarandly.
Farrea (far'f-a), «. [NL.] The typical genus
of Farrcidce.' Bowerbank, 1862.
far-reaching (tar're'''ohing), a. Tending to ex-
ert an influence and produce an effect in remote
quarters or for a long time.
The ambiguity of the term [natural expectations] con-
ceals a fundamental conflict of ideas, which appears more
profound and farreaching in its consequences the more
we examine it. //. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 245.
farreation (far-e-a'shon), «. [< LL. farrca-
tio(n-), equiv. to L. c6)ifarreatio(n-) : see con-
farreation.] Same as confarreation.
Farreidae (fa-re'i-de), n.jil. [NL., < Farrea +
-idee.] A family of dictyonine hexactinellid
silicious sponges in which the skeleton forms a
single layer with uncinate and radially situated
clavulee, typified by the genus Farrea.
farrel (far'el), «. [A dial. var. of fardel^, far-
thel^.] Same as/«W2.
farrier (far'l-er), n. [Formerly /ern'er, also (and
still dial.) ferrer; < ME. *ferrer, < OF. ferrier, a
farrier (Godefroy), also ferrier, a farriers' ham-
mer (Roquefort), = Pr. ferrer, ironmonger, =
OSp. ferrer, ferrere, Sp. herrero = Pg. ferreiro
= It. fcrraro, ferrajo, a smith, ironmonger, < L.
ferrarius, a smith, blacksmith (ML. ferrarius
equorum, a horseshoer) ; prop, adj., pertaining
to iron, < L. ferrwn, iron : see fcrrary, ferreovs,
ferrum. The earlier E. form appears in ME.
ferrour, < OF. ferreor, fcrrour, ferreur, ferour, <
ML. ferrator, a blacksmith, farrier, < ferrare,
bind or shoe with iron, shoe (a horse), \ L. fer-
rum, iron. Cf. OF. ferron, ferronier, a black-
smith, farrier, ironmonger. The mod. P. term
for 'farrier' is marechal fcrrant : see marshal.]
1. A worker in iron ; a blacksmith.
2145
far-seen (far'sen), a. [Sc] 1. Looking far
before one ; far-sighted : as, a far-seen man. —
2. Well versed; aooomplished : as, /or-seen in
medicine.
far-sight (far'sit), n. The faculty of looking
far ahead; far-sightedness ; prescience. [Bare. ]
With keen/ar-«t<7A(, with indomitable energy.
Christian Union, May 12, 1887.
far-sighted (f ar'si'ted), a. 1 . Seeingto a great
distance ; seeing objects more clearly at a dis-
tance than near at hand; hyperopic or presby-
opic.— 2. Looking far before one; consider-
ing carefully the probable results of present
conduct or action ; prescient: as, a, far-sighted
statesman; far-sighted poUey.
This is no justification, according to the principles
farrier
A ferrour fonneth not his metal, but 3if it wole be tem-
perid. Vydif, Select Worlis (ed. Arnold), I. 40".
2. A smith who shoes horses ; more generally,
one who combines the art of horseshoeing with
the profession of veterinary surgery.
Yche a here that /emmre scballe scho.
Book of Curtatyt, 615.
Alas ! what Lock or Iron Engine is 't
That can thy subtle secret strength resist,
Sith tlie tjest Farrier cannot set a shoo
So sure, but thou (so shortly) canst vndoo?
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, i. 3.
Poppsea, the empresae, wife to Nero the Emperour, was
knowne to cause her/errers ordinarily to shoe her coach
horees . . . with cleane gold.
JJoUand, tr. of Pliny, xixiii. 11.
farriert (far'i-6r), r. i. [< farrier, n.] To prac-
tise a.s a farrier.
farriery (far'i-er-i), «. [Formerly Also ferriery,
ferranj, < ML. ferraria (sc. ars), fem. of ferra-
ri««, pertaining to iron: see /nrn'er.] 1. The
art of shoeing horses ; also, the art of treating
the diseases of horses, now technically called
veterinary surgery.
So tooke she chamber with her son, the God of Ferrary.
Chapman, Iliad, xiv.
2. Vh farrieries (-12). A farrier's establishment.
farrowl (far'6), n. [Also dial, farry, fare, far,
litter of pigs (a sense appar. developed from the
pi. of the orig. noun, which meant 'a little pig,'
or perhaps from the verb farrow, as if ' a far-
rowing,' hence 'the pigs farrowed': see the
verb), < ME. 'farh, found only in pi. faren, < far-songht (far'sot), a.
AS. fearh (a.\BO farh, ferh), pi. fearas (only in - - • •
glosses), a pig, a Uttle pig, = D. rarken, a pig
(dim. of tart; see anrdrark), = OHG. /arA,
farah, MHG. varch, G. dial, farch, dim. OHG.
Jarheli, MHG. verhel, a pig, G. ferkel = Sw. far
farthing
Liberty sought out of season, in a corrupt and degenerat
Age, brought Rome itself Xo farther slavery.
Milton, Hist. Eng., iiL
4t. Foreign; distant.
If he dye in ferthere cuntre, lie shal han hisseruise and
messe offring. £ngHsh Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 38.
farther (far'^H^r), v. t. [< farther, adv. ; prop.
/i/rWier, q. v.] To promote; advance; help for-
ward. See further. [Rare.]
He had /artAercd or hindered the taking of the town.
Dryden.
If it had been true that I had taken their verses for my
own, I might have gloried in tlieir aid, and, like Terence,
have farthered the opinion that Scipio and Lajlius joined
with me. Dryden, Epic Poetry.
fartherance (far'Tner-ans), n. [< farther, v.,
+ -(iH«'.] Same as furtheratice. [Bare.]
either of morality or of what we believe to be identical fj^j^jjgjjjjgj.g (far' THfer-mor), adv. compar.
(-gait), a boar, = L. porous (Gr. vopKoc, appar,
from li.), > E. pork, q. v.; = Olr. ore = Lith.
parszas = OBulg. prase = Buss, porosia, a pig.
Cf. AS. for, foor (in glosses), a little pig, tr. L.
porcaster.'\ 1. A little pig.
Pour in sow's blood, that hath eaten
Her ulnefarroic. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
2. A litter of pigs.
with morality, namely, far-sighted policy.
ilacaulay, Warren Hastings.
Far-sighted summoncr of War and Waste
To fruitful strifes and rivalries of peace.
Tennyson, Idylls of the King, Ded.
far-sightedly (far'si'ted-li), adv. With care-
ful forethought.
Look at this little seed. ... See ho-w far-sightedly its
propagative apparatus makes provision for the future.
«. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 131.
far-sightedness (fiir'si'ted-nes), n. The state
or quality of being far-sighted.
Such, indeed, is commonly the policy of men who are
. . . distinguished rather by wariness than by far-sighted-
ness, ilacaulay, Hist. Eng., i.
Sought at a distance ;
far-fetched: a,s, far-sought learning.
Art and/or-»ous*( reasonings would here be ill-timed.
Uastillon, Sermons (trans.), p. 39.
farsnreKfar'gur), n. Stuffing ;farcement. Hal-
liicell.
fart (fart), v.i. [< UE.farten, < AS. feortan = OS.
fertan = LG. furten = OHG. ferzan, MHG. var-
zen, verzen, vurzen, G. farzen, furzen = Icel. freta
(for 'ferta) = Sw. fjerta = Dan. fjerte = L. pe-
dere (for 'perdere) = Gr. izipdnv = Lith. persti =
Lett, pirst = Skt. pard.] To discharge or ex-
pel wind through the anus ; break wind. [Vul-
gar.]
farrowi (far'6), v. t. [= Be. ferry, < ME fer- flrt (t&rt), n. [< ME. fart, fert, < AS.feort =
gen, fargen, pp. yvarged, yveruujed (late North. - ~ - - ' -
ferryit), farrow, < 'farh, p\. faren, a little pi^:
see/orroirl, n.] To bring forth, as pigs: said
only of swine.
There were tbre« sucking pigs aerv'd vp In a dlah,
Ta'en from the sow as soon wsfarrmced.
Massinger, City Madam, ii. 1.
In the thirteenth Year of this King, many ProdlKics were
seen ; a Pig maifarroiced with a Face like a Child, a Chicken
was hatched with four Legs. Baker, Chronicles, p. 43.
farrow^ (far'6), a. [Always in reference to a fafthel^t, n. Same as/anfefS.
cow, and prob. first in phrase /arrow eov> ; fMther (^^vnbr), adv. compar.
usually connected with D. vaarkoe, also simply
()H6. firz, fur'z, MHG. G./arz, furz = Icel.
fretr = Sw. Dan. tjert = Gr. iropir/; from the
verb.] 1. A discharge of wind through the
anus. [Vulgar.]— 2t. A Portugal fig.
Partes of Portlngale, or other like swete conceites, Col-
lyrla. Uuloet.
farthelU, v. t. [Another form of fardel^ : see
/arrfe/land/ur/.] To furl. Skinner, 1671; Ker-
sey, ma
[Early mod. E. also fardermore ; < farther +
-wiore.] Furthermore. [Bare.]
Fardermore, saith Saynt Johan, I sawe an infynite boost
of angels beholdinge the face of the heuenlye father.
Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Churches, L
/'ar(A#rmor«theleave8, body, and boughs of this tree. . .
exceed all other plants. Raleigh, Hist. World.
farthermost (fUr'THfer-most), a. superl. l^ far-
ther + -most.^ Being at the greatest distance ;
furthermost.
So in the church findeth he, in way of spiritual in-
struction, all these degrees nearer and farther off, untill
he come unto tli&t farthermost, of being all united under
the universal government of Christ bis vicar.
Hammond, Works, II. 641.
fartheroverf, adv. Furthermore; moreover.
And ferthirover, for as moche as the caitif body of man
is rel»el both to reson and to sensualitee, therefore it is
worthy the deth. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
farthest (far'Tnest), a. super!. ISee farther and
furthest.^ Most distant or remote; furthest:
as, the /ar</ie«< degree.
To the northwest our farthest was Chawonock from Eo-
anoaek ISO. myles.
Quoted in Capt. John Smiths True Travels, I. 87.
farthest (fSr'THest), adv. superl. Same as fur-
thest.
farthing (far'THing), n. [Formerly also, and
still dial., fording; < ME. ferthing, ferthynge, <
AS.fedrthing, ONorth. fedrthung (=lcel.fidrdh-
ungr = ODan. fjerdung, Dan. Sw. fjerding, a
fourth part of a thing), earlier AS. feorthling,
a fourth of a penny ("fedrthling oththe fe6rtha
d»l thinges, quadrans," lit. a 'fourthling' or
fourth part of a thing), </e<!rtta, fourth, -I- dim.
-ing, -ling.'] 1. An English piece of money
vaars, a heifer, in OD. vers-kalf, verse, varse =
MHG. verse, G. fdrse, a heifer, a fem. correspond-
ing to a masc. form, D. var, varre, a bullock, =
OHG. far, farro, MHG. var, varre, G. farre =
Icel. /arri, a bullock, = AS. fearr, a biUl. The
AS. word is not found later, and can hardly be
the source of farrow ; it would have produced
ME. 'ferr, mod. E. 'far.] Not producing young
in a particular season or year: applied to cows
only, if a CUV ha* had a calf, but fails in a subsequent
year, she is said to be farrow or to po/arroir.
Wi' good white bread, and farrow-cow milk.
He bade her feed me aft.
Lord Randal (A) (Child's Ballads, II. 24).
I woa'd feed re with the ferra cow's milk, . . .
An' dre« ye i' the finest silk.
The MinisUt't Doekter o' Xeiettrke (ChUd's Ballads, II. 377)l
farry ffar'i), n. A dialectal variant of farrow^.
farset (fars), n. [< ML. farm, prop. fem. of
farsus, pp. of It.farcire, stuff, fill up: see/arcel.]
In some English churches before the reforma-
tion, a paraphrase or explanation of the Latin
epistle in the vernacular tongue, read or sung
for the benefit of the people immediately after
the epistle.
Then f.illown the lesson from the Epistle of St. Paul to
Titus, and then the f arte proceeds, "St. Paul sent this
ditty," etc. Dr. Bumey, Hist. Music, II. 266.
farset (fSra), r. t. [Sameas/areei, «.] Eccles.,
to extend by interpolation, as a part of the pre
[Also dial.
farder, ferder; < ME. ferthere, prop. var. of
forthere, mod. further, Aial.furder, by confusion
with fer, ferre, far: see /ari. Farther and its
superl. farthest thus take the place of the reg.
forms farrer, f arrest, < ME. ferrer, ferrest. The
th is inserted by confusion -with furtlier, fur-
thest, and the two forms are not properly dis-
tinguishable in meaning : see further and far^.']
1. At or to a greater distance; more distantly
or remotely; beyond: as, be content without
looking farther.
Whan he was upwani the S part of the Montayne, he
was so wery that he myghte no ferthere, and so he rested
him, and telle o slepe. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 148.
The copiousness and pleasure of the argument hath car.
rled me a Uttle /artA«r than I made account.
UouxU, Foreign Travel, p. 168.
So, farther from the foant the stream at random stray'd.
Dryden, Epistles, xili. 28.
Farther and farther from the shins at anchor, the les-
sening vessel became single and solitary upon the water.
G. W. Curtis, Prue and I, p. 73.
Loud and sudden and near the note of a whippoorwill
sounded, . . .
Farther and farther away It floated and dropped Into si-
lence. Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 3.
2. To a greater degree or extent ; more ; addi-
tionally.
I will disparage herno/ar<A«-, till you are my witnesses.
Shak.. Much Ado, lii. 2.
And Sancho Pan<;a, as much a fool as I, was observed to
discipline bis l)ody no farther than he found he could en-
dure the smart. Dryden, Amphitryon, Ded.
obverse
Futhinc of Charles II
Reverse.
__ . I&72. British Museum. (SiM of
the original. )
5?r^lf^T'i!.L''?.'.^"r!rirfi''vl"J!:fo"^^^^^
k
die ages. Thus, the Gloria in Excelsis was
sometimes /rtraed by interpolations in honor of
the Virgin Mary,
far-seeing (far'se'ing), a. Seeing far; having
foresight or forethought.
There was no Wolsey now, with a European policy, sa-
icacious, farteeing, and patriotic.
Alhemtum, No. 3147, p. 2W.
i.-us
see /arWier, odr., and cf. /urWier, n."l 1. More
remote; more distant: as, i'Vjrf/icr India.
Our doing of b(mm1 works must have a farther eml than
the knowledge of men. Donne, Sermons, viii.
2. Tending or reaching to a greater distance ;
further: as, here his farther progress was stay-
ed.— 3. Additional; increased.
equal to one fourth of a penny; the smallest
English coin and money of account. The old silver
penny was deeply impressed with a cross, and Ijelng broken
made four farthings. Later silver farthings were coined :
the flrst copper farthings were issued by Charles II., and
they are now made of bronze.
If thou seue for my love &ferthinge.
Thou doist it with an heuy harte.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Kurnlvall), p. 177.
Aye, and tell me the nionie on my cloak lap :
For there's no nefardin I'll trust thee.
Dick o' the Cow (Child's Ballads, VI. 79X
Now for the partes of Coyne or money, the least in name
is a farthing, but there are none extant in coyne at this
day to my knowledge. T. Hill, Arithmetic (1800), i. 13.
After all this he calls for satisfaction, when as he him-
selfe hath already taken the utmost /ordinn.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
Our churchwardens
Feed on the silver, and give us tlie farthings, Oay.
2t. A division of land, probably originally a
fourth of a hide ; later, a quarter of an acre.
Thirty acres make a /arfAtnj-land ; nine farthings a
Cornish acre ; and four Cornish acres a knight's fee.
R. Carew, Survey of CornwalL
The farthings (f jrtrdhungar) of Norway and Iceland were
territorial districts, the "quarters " of some larger area.
In Norway they were iiuarters of the " fylki," which an-
swer to the "folks " which we have in our shire-names
Norfolk and Suffolk. In Iceland the farlhitigs corresiiond
more nearly to our parishes, each having Its/aWAinj/kirk,
or parish-church : it8/ar(Ai>i..7-thing, or parish vestry ; and
its/or(Aino-doom, or eoaii leet.
If. and Q., 7th ser.. III. 426.
farthing
St. Anything very small ; a small quantity.
In hire cuppe was no ferthiiiff sene
Of greece, whan she dronken hadde hire draiighte.
Chaucer, Gen. Pi-ol. to C. T., 1. 134.
[In the Xew Testament farthinft is used to translate the
Greek name of two small Roman coins, the a^sariiuf, worth
one and a half cents, and the qtiadratig, a quarter of
an assarius. 1 — Farthing damages. .See da maye. — Far-
thing noble, an old En>:lish ^oUi coin of 1 shilling and 8
pence, equal to the fourth of anoble.
farthingale (far'THing-gal), ». [Also written
fardingate, fardingal, formerly ranliiigale, lar-
dingalt, etc.; corrupt forms, < OF. verdugaUe,
tertngalle, dim. vertugadin, mod. F. vertugadin
(=lt.verdugale, dim. verdugalino), < Sp. verdu-
gado, a farthingale, lit. 'hooped' (cf. Sp. verdu-
gal, young shoots growing in a wood after cut-
ting), < rerdiigo (= Pg. verditgo), a young shoot
of a tree, a rod, a ring for the ears, a hoop,
etc., < verde, green, < L. viridis, green: see ver-
dant, vert, virid. The E. form may have been
affected by that of martingale, q. v.] A con-
trivance for extending the skirts of women's
dresses, resembling the modern hooped skirt
and made of ribs of whalebone run into a cloth
foundation, it was introduced into England fi-oni
France about IMo. It reached its greatest degree and in-
convenience about 1610, when it gave the skirt an almost
perfectly cylindrical form, the top of the cylinder being
covered by the short skirt of a kind of basque maintained
in a nearly horizontal position, or by loosely putfed folds
of the material of the dress. It was still in use as late as
1662. Compare hoop^ and crinoline.
And revel it as bravely as the best . . .
With ruffs, and culfs, aaA/arthingalen, and things.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
Enter Grilla in a rich gown, a great farditigale, a great
ruff, a muff, a fan, and a coxcomb on her head.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iii. 3.
The Queene arriv'd with a traine of Portuguese ladles
in their monstrous /ardtngfa/s or guard-infantas.
Evelyn, Diary, May 30, 1662.
A pale Koman nose, a head of hair loaded with crowns
and powdered with diamonds, a vast ruff, a vaster /ard?n-
gale, and a bushel of pearls are the features by which
every body knows at once the picture of Queen Elizabeth.
Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, I. vii.
farthing-bound (far-THing-bound), o. Same as
fardel-bound. [Prov. Eng.]
farthingdalet (far'THing-dal), n. Same safar-
dinqdeal.
fartlling-loaft (far'THing-lof ), «. [< ME. fer-
thinglof.'] A loaf sold for a farthing.
3it the /erthinglof is in defawte of wyste ouer twelf
pans, thobakere is in the aniercy (flne|.
Eiujlith Gilds (E. E. T. S), p. 364.
fasces, n. Plural otfascis.
fascet (fas'et), n. [A corrupt form ot faucet,
q. v.] 1. Same a,s faucet. — 2. la. glass-nianuf.:
(a) A basket of wire secured to the end of a
rod, for the purpose of carrying the bottle from
the mold or blowing-rod to the leer. (6) A rod
put into the mouth of the bottle for the same
purpose. E. H. Knight.
fascia (fash'i-a),B.; pl./am(E (-e). [L., a band,
bandage, girth, fillet ; connected with fascis,
a bundle.] 1. In iiom. a«f«g., aband, sash, or
fillet of various forms and uses, wora around
the head, the waist, the feet and legs, etc.
A white diadem on her head, from whence descended a
veil, and that bound with & fascia of several coloured silks.
B. Jonson, Masque of Hymen.
The legs were protected by flat bands (Jascice) laced
round them up to the knees. Encyc. Brit., VI. 457.
Hence — 2. In arch., any flat member or mold-
ing with laut little projection, as the narrow
horizontal bands or broad fillets into which the
architraves of Ionic and Corinthian entabla-
tures are divided (see cut under column) ; also,
in brick buildings, the jutting of the bricks be-
yond the windows in the several stories except
the highest. — 3. In hot., an encircling or trans-
verse band or ridge. — 4. In music: (a) A tie
or bind. (6) The sides of a fiddle. — 5. In as-
tron.,abeltof the planet Jupiter. See belt,3{a).
— 6. In gurg., a bandage, roller, or ligature. —
7. In anat. : (a) A sheet or layer of condensed
connective tissue, forming a fibrous membrane
resembling tendon or ligament, spread out in a
layer, and investing, confining, supporting, and
separating or uniting some muscle or any other
special tissue, part, or organ of the body ; also,
such tissue in general ; an aponeurosis (which
see). The general contour of the body is invested just be-
neath the skin with a thin, light fascia, known as the sub-
cutaneous or super Jicial fascia, as distinguished from the
thicker, tougher, and more distinctly fibrous deep .fascin,
which invests and forms sheaths for the nmscles. and dips
down among the muscles and bundles of muscular fibers,
forming flhrous intermuscular septa. I'ascias being sim-
ply condensed layers of the general fibrous connective tis-
sue of the body, there is really no abrupt demarcation or
definition between any of them ; and the general system
2146
of fascife is continuous with ligaments, tendons, sinews,
periosteum, etc. (ft) Some fillet-like aiTangement
of parts ; a band : as, the fascia dentata, the
dentate fascia of the brain, the serrated band
of gray matter lying alongside of and beneatli
the fimbria. — 8. In eool., a bar, band, or belt
of color on the skin or its appendages, as
hair, feathers, or scales : chiefly an omitliologi-
cal term applied to broad crosswise maivkings,
as distinguished from longitudinal stripes or
streaks Anal fascia. Same as ischiorectal fascia. —
Aponeurotic fasciae, a general name of the deep fascire,
as distinguished from the superficial or flbro-ai'eolar fas-
cia;. See def. 7 (a). — Bicipital fascia. See bicipital.
— Cervical fascia, the fascia of the neck : divided into a
superficial above and a deep beneath the platysma mus-
cle. — Cooper's fascia. ^Aiue as fascia of Scarpa.— Co&-
tocoracoid fascia, the fibrous membrane which stretches
between the thorax and the coracoid, investing and pro-
tecting the axillary vessels and nerves and sheathing the
muscles of the parts, as the subclavius and pectoralis mi-
nor. Also called costocoracoid membrane. — Cremasteric
fascia, the delicate membrane which connects the several
detached loops of the cremaater muscle, and forms one of
the coverings of the spermatic cord or of an inguinal her-
nia.— Cribriform fascia, that extent of the deep layer of
the superficial fascia of the thigh which corresponds to
the saphenous opening of the fascia lata: so called from
being pierced by many holes for the passage of small
blood-vessels and lymphatics.— Dimidiate fascia. See
dimidiate.— Tsiscia, endoabdominalis. Same &a fascia
transversalis.— Fascia, endogastrlca. Same as fascia
transversalis.—'Fa.scla. endothoracica, the fascia which
lies between the costal pleura and the ribs and intercostal
muscles. — Fascia lata, the broad fascia of the thigh, or
femoral sheath ; the specially dense and tough fascia which
envelops all the muscles of the thigh, sends intermuscu-
lar fascial septa between them, with other prolongations
which sheathe the vessels, and is opelated upon by a spe-
cial muscle, the tensor vagime femoris. — Fascia ItimbO-
dorsalis, tlie conjoined lumbar and dorsal fascia;. — Fas-
cia lumborum, the lumbar fascia.— Fascia musculi
transversi. Same a.a fascia transversalis. — Fascia nu-
Chse, a thin fascia lying beneatli the trapezius and rhom-
boid muscles.— Fascia Of P3frifOnills, a thin extension
of the obturator fascia covering the pyriformis nmscle
and the sacral plexus.— Fascia Of Scarpa, the deeper
layer of the superficial layer of the abdominal fascia in
the groin. — Fascia transversalis, a thin membrane
lying between the transversalis muscle and the perito-
neum. Alsocalled sicb2>eritoneal fascia. — TitlTO-axeolax
fascia, a general name of the superficial fascia. See
def. 7 (a).— Iliac fascia, the aponeurotic layer which
lines the back part of the abdominal cavity and covers
the psoas and iliacus nmscles. — Inflraspinous fascia,
a thick membrane attached to the circumference of the
infraspinous fossa, covering in the infraspinatus muscle
and affording attachment to some of its fibers.- Infim-
dibuliform fascia, the fumiel-shaped prolongation of
the fascia of the transversalis nmscle into the internal
abdominal ring, and so into the inguinal canal, invest-
ing the spermatic cord for some distance, and forming
one of the coverings of an inguinal hernia. Also calleci
i7iternal spermatic fascia. — InteTCOlumnOX fascia, the
thin membrane which is extended between the cohninis
or pillars of the external abdominal ring, occluding that
opening to some extent, and thence prolonged upon the
spermatic cord, forming one of the coverings of the cord
and of an inguinal hernia. Also called external spermatic
fascia.— Intercostal fascise, three layers, one covering
the outer surface of the external intercostal muscles, one
the inner surface of the internal intercostals, and one
interposed between those two muscular layers. — Inter-
muscular fascia, any prolongation of a fascia between
nmscles. — Ischiorectal^ fascia, the fascia which lines
part of the ischiorectal fossa, lying upon the external sur-
face of the levator ani nmscle, and continuous with the ob-
turator fascia. Also called anal fascia.— Lumbar fascia,
the vertebral or posterior aponeurosis of the transversalis
muscle, consisting of an anterior layer attached to the
anterior surface of the transverse processes of the lumbar
vertebrse, a middle attached to the apices of those pro-
cesses and a posterior attached to the spinous processes of
the lumbar vertebrte. The anterior and middle layers in-
close the quadratus lumborum muscle, and the middle and
posterior the erector spina;.- Obturator fascia, a fascia
extendingdownward from the pelvic fascia upon the upper
surface of the levator ani muscle and investing the pros-
tate gland, bladder, and rectum. In the female it is perfo-
rated by the vagina. — Palmar fascia, the deep fascia of
the palm of the hand, into which the tendon of the palmaris
muscle expands, and which is continuous with the fascial
sheaths of the fingers. See cut under iniwcic- Pelvic
fascia, a membrane lining the pelvic cavity, continuous
with the transversalis and iliac fascia; above and divid-
ing into the obturator and rectovesical fascia; below. Also
used so as to include the obturator, rectovesical, and ischio-
rectal fascise.- Perineal fascia, the fascia of the peri-
neum. Two parts are distinguished, the superficial and
the deep ; the latter constitutes in part the triangular
ligament. — Plantar fascia, the fascia of the sole of the
foot; an extremely thick, tough fibrous sheet of glistening
pearly texture arising from the os calcis, binding down
the deeper structures of the sole, and continuous with
the fascial sheaths of the toes. — Rectovesical fascia, a
fascia between the rectum and the bladder, foi-niing the
visceral layer of the general pelvic fascia, lining the upi)er
or internal surface of the levator ani, and partially invest-
ing the rectum, bladder, and prostate gland. — Spermatic
fascia. See intercolumnar and in^fundibidifnrnt .fasriir.
— Subperitoneal fascia, the fascia transversalis.— Sub-
scapular fascia, a thin membrane attached to the en-
tire circumference of the subscapular fossa, covering the
subscapular muscle and affording attachment to some of
its fibers.- Supraspinous fascia, a thick membrane cov-
ering in the supraspinatus muscle. — Temporal fascia,
the fascia attached to the upper temporal ritige above and
the zygoma below, covering the temporal muscle, and fur-
nishing on its inner side attachment to some of the fibers
of that miucle.
fascicular
fascia-board (fash'i-a-bord), «. In a raUroad-
ear, a projecting molding under the inside cor-
nice. Car-Builder's Diet.
fascisB, ". Plural ot fascia.
fascial'^ (fash'i-al), a. Belonging to the fasces.
fasciar-^ (fash'i-al), a. [< Nh.fascialis, < L. fas-
cia, a band.] Pertaining to a fascia; constitut-
ing a fascia; consisting of fascia; aponeurotic:
as, fascial tissue.
fascialist (fash-i-a'lis), n.; pi. fasciales (-lez).
[NL., < ij. fascia, a band: see fascia.'] In anal.,
the sartorius muscle.
fasciate (fash'i-at), a. [< KL. fasciatus, < L.
/04CM, a bundle, band: see fascia.] 1. \ahot.:
(a) Banded or compacted together. (6) Same
as fasciated, 2. — 2. In ^od7., marked with a fas-
cia or with fasciae. See fascia, S.
fasciated (fash'i-a-ted), a. 1. Bound with a
fillet, sash, or bandage.
For the amies not \yinf; fasciated, or wrapt up after the
Grecian manner, but in a middle distention, the including
lines will strictly make out that figure.
Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, ii.
2. In bot. : (a) Affected with fasciation.
The . . . theory that a fasciated branch is due, not
to over-luxuriance of life, but to a degradation of vital
power. Science, III. 694.
(6) Marked with cross-bands of color. Also/a«-
ciate — Fasciated falcon, finch, etc. See the nouns.
fasciately (fash'i-at-li), adv. In a fasciate
manner ; in bundles.
Filaments /a«cia(c/?/ placed together.
//. C. Wood, Fresh- Water Alga;, p. 21.
fasciation (fash-i-a'shon), n. [< NL. fascia-
tio{n-), < L. fascia (findred with fascis), a
band: see fascia.] 1. The act or manner of
binding with f ascisB ; specifically, a bandaging.
Three especial sorts of fasciation or rowling have the
worthies of our profession commended to posterity.
Wisema7i, Surgery.
2. That with which something is bound; a fas-
cia.
And even diadems themselves were bat fasciatiotis, and
handsome ligatures, about the heads of princes.
Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, ii.
3. In bot., a malformation in plants, in which
a stem or branch becomes expanded into a flat,
ribbon-like shape, as if several stems were lat-
erally eoalescent in one plane. This form of mon-
strous growth is of frequent occuiTence, and in the cocks-
comb (Celosia) it is the ordinary state of the plant.
A number of phenomena, conceded to result from low
vital conditions, were considered by him to be insepara-
bly connected with .fasciatimi, the essential feature of
which is the production of an extraordinary number of
buds, with a corresponding suppression of the normal in-
ternodal spaces. ... In severe winters the branches in
the fasciation wholly die in many eases, while those on
other portions of the tree survive. Science, III. 694.
4. In ^o67., marking with fasciee; barring, band-
ing, or transverse striping.
fascicle (fas'i-kl), «. [= P. fascicule, a part of
a book published in numbers, = Sp. fasciculo
= Pg. fascicule, a
small bundle of herbs,
= It. fascicolo, a num-
ber of a book, < L.
fasciculus, a small
bundle, packet (as of
letters, books, etc.),
a nosegay, dim. of
fascis, a bundle: see
fascis.] A bundle;
a small collection or
connected group ; a
cluster. Specifically —
(a) In bot. : (1) A close clus-
ter, as of leaves, flowers,
etc. : sometimes limited in
use to a condensed cyme.
Flowers . . . diversified with tints of orange-scarlet, of
pale yellow, or of bright orange, which grows deeper every
day, and fonns a variety of shades according to tlie age of
each blossom that opens in the fascicle.
Sir W. Jones, Select Indian Plants.
(2) In mosses, the tissue of elongated cells taking the place
of fibrovascular bundles in the nerves, etc. (b) In zool.
and anat., a fasciculus, (c) A part of a printed work ; a
small number of printed or written sheets bound together.
Also, in all senses, fascicidus.
Whole fascicles there are, wherein the Professor ... is
not once 'named Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 53.
fascicled (fas'i-kld), a. [< fascicle + -ed'^.]
Same asfascicidate.
Flowers fascicled, fragi'ant just after sunset and before
sunrise. Sir W. Jones, Select Indian Plants.
fascicular (fa-sik'u-lar), «. [<. faseicidus ■¥
■ar^.] Same as fasdcidatf — FasciotUar system,
in bot., same as./i!iroi;o«c«iar«j/«t«irt (which see, under jifrro-
vascularX
Fascicle of Flowers of the Mal-
low. (From Le Maout and De-
caisne's " Traits general de Bo-
tanique.")
Fascicularia
Fascicularia (fa-sik-u-la'ri-a), «. [NL., < Ij. fas-
ciculus, a small bundle, a bunch of flowers, etc.:
see fascicule.^ A genus of fossil polyzoans, of
the family Tubuliporidee, occurring in the coral-
line crag" of Suffolk, England: so called from
the fascicular or clustered shape. Also called
MeaiidrijMU'a.
fascicularly (fa-sik'u-lar-li), adi: Same as
Uitfciculiitthi.
fasciculate, fasciculated (fa-sik'ii-lat, -la-ted),
a. [< NL. *fa^ciculatus, < L. fasciculus, a small
bundle, a bunch, etc. : see fascicle.'] 1. Grow-
ing in fascicles or clusters.
Asterias, or sea star, with twelve broad rays finely re-
ticulated, and roughened with /ascieulated Ion}? papillie
on the upper part. Pennant, Brit. Zool., I\'.
2. Inentom : (a) Having dispersed tufts of long
hairs, either arranged in rows or scattered ir-
regularly over the surface. See fascicule. (6)
Split into many long processes: as, fasciculate
palpi. — 3. In mineral., occurring in fibrous
bundles of needle-like crystals Fasciculate an-
tenniB.antennie which have several small tnftaor pencils
o( hairs on the joints.— Fasciculate palpi, specitlcally,
those palpi in which the terminal joint is split into slender
lamina;.
fasciculately (fa-sik'u-lat-li), adv. In a fascic-
ulate manner. Also fascicularly.
fasciculation (fa-sik-u-la'shon), n. 1. The
state of being fasciculate. — 2. That which is
fasciculated.
fascicule (fas'i-kol), n. [< F. fascicule, < L.
fasciculus, a small bundle : see fascicle.] In
enUym., a bundle of close-set hairs, usually con-
verging at the top : used of the clothing of in-
sects.
fasciculi, «. Plural of fanciculus.
Fascicolinea (fa-sik-u-lin'e-a), n. pi. [NL.,
ueut. pi. of fasciculineus, aggregated into bun-
dles, \ L. fasciculus, a bundle : see fasciculus.']
A group of cyclostomatous polyzoans having
the cells aggregated into bundles or fasciculi,
fasciculite (fa-sik'u-llt), n. [< L. fasciculus +
Gr. '/iilor, a stone.] A variety of £brou8 horn-
blende of a fascicular structure.
fasciculus (fa-sik'u-lus), H. ; pi. fasciculi (-U).
[L. : see fascicle.] ' 1. Same aa fascicle.
I am not prepared to accept from any one a /lueieulia
of conditional propositions as a substitute for science.
yineUenth Century, XIX. 724.
The sixth fatcieulut of Dr. Fisher's Manuel de Conchy-
lloloKie has appeared. Science, III. 54.
Specifically — 2. In anat., a bundle; a set of
something, as fibers, banded or bundled toge-
ther. Specifically — (a) One of the bundles of ner\'otis
tissue composing the spinal cord ; one of the jiiltars of the
cord or medullaoblongista. (b) A bundle of muscular fibers.
A small bundle of muscular flt>ers separated from simi-
lar bundles by the endomysiura, and when bound together
by the perimysium with other/twetcuii forming the muscle.
(tuain, Anat, I. 186.
3. A nosegay. — Arcuate fasciculus. 9«e arcuate.—
Fasciculi graclles, the slender fascicles lying on either
side of the posterior median fissure of the spinal cord,
terminating In the clavn of the medulla oblongata. — FU-
Clcnll tarotes, the round fascicles, a pair of bundles of
Denre-tlssue in the door of the fourth ventricle of the brain,
lyiiig piirallel with each other alongside the median line,
being the apward continuation of the trigonam hTpoglossl
on either side. Also called /unicuH t^etea and enu'n^n-
tia teretei.- Fascicnlut andiuttiu, fiwdculiu und-
formla, the hooked fascicle, a bundle of white Hben in the
fkiMireof. Sylvius, connectiiitt (he frtjiital and temporal lobes
of the cerebrum.— Olivary fasciculus, n bundfeof nerre-
flben behind theollTary l^xiy of ttie nketlnltaoblongataand
continuous with the lateral column of the spinal cord.
fascinate (fas'i-nat), r. ; pret. and pp. fascinat-
ed, ppr. fascinating. [< L. faseinatus, pp. of
faseinare (> It. af-fa»einare = 8p. Pg. fascinar
= F. faaciner), enchant, bewitch, charm (by the
eyes or tongue) ; of. faaeinum, fascinug, a be-
witching, witchcraft. Tie resemblance to Gr.
ffaoKaivtiv, slander, malign, disparage, grudge,
envy, later bewitch (by means of spells, an evil
eye, etc.), liduKavoc, slander, envy, malice, later
sorcery, witchcftift, is imperfect, and appears
to be accidental.] L trans. 1. To bewitdj :
act on by witchcraft or by some analogous
powerful or irresistible influence; hence, to in-
fluence the imagination, reason, or will of in
an uncontrollable manner. See fascination.
It lias been almost universally believed that . . . ser-
pents can stupefy and fateinate the prey which they are
desirous to obtain. B. (Jrifith, tr. of Cuvicr.
James, while his fate was under discussion, remained
at Whitehall, /ateinated, as it seemed, by the greatness
and nearness of the danger, and unequal to the exertion
of either struggling or flying. Macnnlay, Hist. Eng., x.
2. To enchant ; captivate ; excite the passions
or affections of, and allure powerfully or irre-
sistibly.
2147
His (Essex's] mind, ardent, susceptible, . . . ■«&& fasci-
nated by the genius and accomplisliments of Bacon.
Macaxday, Lord Bacon.
=Syn. Charm, etc. (BaowtcAant) ; to throw or bring under
a spell, hold spell-bound, entrance, enamour.
II. intrans. To exercise a bewitching or cap-
tivating power.
None of the aifections . . . have been noted to fasci-
nate or bewitch, but love and envy. Bacon, Envy.
The richness and vigour of the Mahadeo temple redeem
its want of elegance, and fascinate in spite of its some-
what confused outline.
J, Ferffusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 456.
fascinating (fas'i-na-ting), jj. a. Bewitching;
enchanting; charming; captivating: as, a most
fascinating poem.
But when his tender strength in time shall rise
To dare ill tongues, &ini fa^cinatin^^ eyes.
Dryden, Britannia Rediviva.
Monseigneur was at a little supper most nights, with
fascinating company. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, vii.
fascinatingly (fas'i-na-ting-li), adv. In a fas-
cinating manner; alluringly; charmingly.
fascination (fas-i-na'shon), n. [= F. fascina-
tion = Sp. fascinacion = Pg. faseina^ao = It.
fascina:ione, af-fascinazione, < 'L. fascinatio{n-),
an enchanting, a bewitching, < faseinare, en-
chant, bewitch: see fascinate.] 1. The act
of bewitching ; enchantment; hence, a subtle,
irresistible influence upon the imagination, rea-
son, or will. It was formerly generally believed, and
still is l>elieved t)y uneducated and barbarous people,
that certain persons have the power of inflicting various
diseases and evils on individuals by using certain words
or spells, or by a lotik, without coming in contact with
them or adniinisteritig anything to them; against this
fascination divers medicines, amulets, and ceremonies
have been used. (See captation, 2.) The notion of the
"evil eye," which still exists, is a vestige of this super-
stition. (See the evU eye, under m2i.) Of the lower ani-
mals fascination, as a power exerted or as an eifect, has
been almost universally attributed to venomous reptiles,
as the rattlesnake or the col>ra, with much evidence in
its favor upon the face of oliserved incidents, but aa yet
without satisfactory scientific determination.
FascijMtit/n is tlie power and act of imagination, inten-
sive upon other boiiies than the 1)ody of the iniaginant.
Bacon, Advancement of Learni.ig, ii. 201.
llie Turks hang old rags ... on their fairest horses,
... to secure them against /osrtnatton. Walter.
2. A fascinating influence upon the passions
and affections ; a powerful attraction ; a spell ;
a charm: as, the fascinations of society.
The gift of fascination, the power to charm when,
where, and whom she would.
Charlotte Bronte, .Shirley, ix.
Speculative minds cannot resist the fatcination of meta-
Shystcs, even when forced to admit that its inquiries are
upeless.
O. H. Levxt, Probs. of Life and Mind, Int., I. L i 6.
Her face had a wonderful /(isci'naftoii in it.
Lonrt/ellow, Hyi>erion, p. 223.
3. The state of being fascinated or bewitched,
or under the sway of a powerful attraction or
a commanding and more or less mysterious in-
fluence; speciflcally, a certain hypnotic state.
See the extract.
As an addition to the investigations of Charcot and
Dumont-pallier, Dr. Bremaud, in 1884, made the discovery
that there was a fourth hypnotic state, fascination, which
preceded the three others, and manifested itself by a ten-
dency to muscular contractions, as well as through sensi-
tiveness to hallucination and suggestion, but at the same
time left to the subject a full consciousnest of his sur-
roundings, and remembrance of what had taken place.
Science, IX. 644.
= 8yn. Spell, charm, magic, sorcery, witchery.
fascinator (fas'i-na-tor), M. [= F. fascinateur,
a., = Sp. Pg. fascinaHor, n.,=:It.fascinatore, <
'L. faseinare, ianehmte : see fascinate.] Onewho
or that which fascinates.
fascinatress (fas'i-na-tres), n. [= F. fascina-
triet; a., fern., = It. fascinatrice. n. ; as fascina-
tor + -ess.] A woman who fascinates. [Hare.]
"She's an enchantress, . . . a charmer," I said, **a/a«-
einatress." 11. James, Jr., Daisy Miller, p. 42.
fascine (fa-sen'), «. [< F. fascine, OF. fascine,
fiiisyine = It. faseina, < 'L. fascina, a bundle of
sticks,a fagot, </a<ct«, abun-
dle : see fascis. ] 1 . A fagot ;
specifically {milit.), a bun-
dle of rods or small sticks
of wood bound at both ends
and in the middle, used in
fortification, raising bat-
teries, filling ditches, strengthening ramparts,
and making parapets, sometimes fascines dipped
In meltetl pitclior tar are used to set fire to an enemy's
lodgments or other works. In civil engineering fascines
are used in the constniction of sea- and river-walls to
prevent the washing away of the shores, or to collect
silt, mud, etc,, to elevate the Iwttom, and so form an Is-
land, as in Holland.
Where it was found impossible, orders were given to the
horse of the second line of the allies to prov{<le themselves,
Fascines.
fascis
each squadron with twenty fascines, to facilitate the pas-
sage. N. Tindal, Hist. Eng. (trans.), Anne, an. 3 (1704).
Our general had been busy for the last two hours, throw-
ing up an entrenchment with fascines, earth-bags, and
chevaux de frize.
H. Swi^ibume, Travels through Spain, p. 42.
2. A bundle of fagots used in oyster-culture
for the spat to attach to; a stool Fascine bat-
tery. See battiTij.
fascine (fa-sen'), v. t.; pret. and t^t^. fascined,
ppT.fascining. [<.fasci7ie,n.] To protect with
fascines.
All new or old levees on the unsettled and uncultivated
lands, situated on the river or on the bayous running to
and from the same, or other waters connected therewith,
shall be constantly /rt«ct7ierf or palisaded.
Gov. Report OH Miss. River, 1866 (rep. 1876), p. 163.
fascine-dweller (fa-sen'dweHer), n. In ar-
chtvol., one of those people of prehistoric time
who constructed and used fascine-dwellings.
JJ. Munroe.
fascine-d'Welling (fa-sen'dweFing), n. In ar-
chceol., one of a class of lake-dwellings charac-
terizing a certain prehistoric period in some
localities. These dwellings were built upon platforms
which rested upon foundations formed of layers of sticks
laid horizontally, one over the other, until they projected
above the surface of the water. Compare pile-dwelling,
palartlte. R. Mnnroe.
fascinoust (fas'i-nus), a. [< 'L.fascinum, witch-
craft: see fascinate.] Caused or acting by
witchcraft.
I shall not discuss the possibility of faseinous diseases,
fartiier than refer to experiment. Harvey, Consumptions.
fasciola (fa-si'o-la), n. ; pi. /amote (-le). [NL.,
< L. fasciola, a small bandage, dim. of fascia,
a bandage: see fascia.] 1. The fascia dentata
of the brain. See/a«eia, 7 (6). Wilder, 1881.
[Rare.] — 2. {.cap.] In zool.: (a) A genus of
flukes or trematoid worms. F. hepatica is found
in the bile-ducts of various mammals, and occa-
sionally in man. (6) A genus of dendrocoelous
turbellarians, or land-planariaus, of the family
Geoplanidte. F. terrestris, of Europe, is an ex-
ample.— 3. In entom., a short transverse band
or fascia; a small or narrow band. Alsofasci-
ole. fascioli t.-.^SiSClola. Clnerea. Same as ci^ierea.
fasciolar (fa-si'o-l|ir), a. [< fasciola + -ar'^.]
Pertaining to tlie Jasciola, or fascia dentata of
the brain.
Fa8Ciolaria(fas*i-o-la'ri-a), «. [NL. (Lamarck,
1799), < li. fasciola, a small bandage (see Fas-
ciola), -I- -<tria.] A genus of
gastropodsjbavinga fusiform
shell and a columella with
oblique folds. F. gigantea, of
the southeni Atlantic coast of the
United States, is the largest gas-
tropod known, reaching a length
of nearly tw<i feet. F. tulipa and
>'. distans are common along Uie
coast of Klnridii.
Fasciolariidse (fas'i-o-la-ri'-
i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fdscio-
laria + -ida:.'] A family of
carnivorous gastropods, typi-
fied by the genus Fasciolaria.
They have a more or less fusiform
shell, distinguished l>y the develop-
ment of a tortuous columella sur-
mounted t)y obli(]ue plaits or folds.
Some of the species reach a large
size, and all are inhabitants of
warm waters.
fasciolarioid (fas'i-o-la'ri-
oid), «. [^<. Fasciolaria + -oid.] Having char-
acteristics of the FasciolariidtB.
Troschcl finds a fasciolarioid dentition in Fusus syra-
cusanus. Tryon, Struct, and .Syst. Conchology, II. 126.
fascicle (fas'i-61), w. [< NL. /asWo/rt, q. v.] 1.
Same &» fasciola, 3. — 2. In echinoderms, one
of the tracts or bands of modified spines of some
eohinids. Also called semita.
fasciolet (fas'i-o-let), H. l<fasciolc +
entom., same as fasciola, 3.
fascis (fas' is), • II. ; -pX. fasces (-ez).
[L.] 1. A bundle, as of rods or fibers.
That the ganglionic roots of the spinal
nerves were the fasces or funiculi for sensa-
tion. Sir C. Bell.
2. pi. In Rom. antiq., bundles of
rods, usually of birch, with an ax
bound in with them, the blade pro-
jecting, borne by lictors before the
superior Roman magistrates as a
badge of their power over life and
limb. The modern form, common as an
ornament, etc.. in which the ax head projects
beyond the top of the bundle of rods, was un-
known to the ancients.
Oolden chairs, gilt chariots, triumphal robes were piled
one upon another with laurelled fasces.
Froude, Csesar, p. 491.
Fasciolaria tulipa.
fasel
fasePf, p. t. [Early mod. E. fasyll; < UE.fase-
len = b. veselen = MHG. fasten, d. fascln, ravel
out; a freq. form (cf. OHG. /ason, investigate,
G.faseii, separate the fibers or threads), < AS.
fies, n., -pi. fasu, a fringe: see fass and fass-
ings, feeze^.i To ravel out.
Facelyn [var. /atelyn], as clothys, villo [vello].
Protnpt. Pan., p. 150.
I fatyU ont, as sylke or velvet dothe, je ravele ; my
sleeve iifatyUed, ma manche est ravelee. Palsgrave.
fascist, »• [= D. vezel, a thread, fiber, filament :
see faseU, v., and fass.'i 1. A thread. — 2. A
flaw in cloth. Withals; Halliwell.
fasel-, phasel (fas'el), n. [Early mod. E. also
J'egel; < "HE. fasel (= F. faseole), < L. faselus,
faseoJus, phaselus, phasellus, < Gr. ipaaji/ioc, kid-
ney-bean.] A kind of kidney-bean or French
bean.
Disdain not fesele or poor vetch to sow,
Or care to make Egyptian lentils thrive.
3fay, tr. of Virgil.
fash^ (fash), V. [Sc, < OF. fasclier, mod. fdcher,
anger, displease, offend, = Pr. fastigar, fasti-
car = OSp. hastiar, Sp. fastidiar = It. fasti-
diare, disgust, vex, tire, < ML. as if *fastidiare,
this form taking the place of L. fastidire, feel
disgust at, dislike, < h. fastidium (> It. fastidio
= Sp. hastio, OSp. fastio = Fg.yastio = Cat.
fastig = Pr. fastig, fastic = OF. fasti), dis-
gust, loathing, aversion : see fastidious.'] I.
trans. To trouble; annoy; vex.
Loudon ii fashed with a defluxion.
Baillie, Letters, I. 215.
It's as plain as a pike-stafT that something is troubling
her, and may be it will be some of your love nonsense ;
for it s mainly that as/ashes the lasses. Comhill Slag.
To tBSh one's thumb, to give one's self trouble.
Dear Roger, when your jo puts on her gloom,
Do ye sae to, and never /a«A jjour thumb.
Ramsay, Poems, II. 71.
n. intrans. 1. To be annoyed; be vexed.
The dinner was a little longer of being on the table than
usual, at wUcb he began tor fash.
Gait, Annals of the Parish, p. 229.
2. To take trouble ; be at pains : as, you needna
fash. — 3. To be weary.
You soon fash of a good office. Scotch proverb.
[Scotch in all uses.]
fash^ (fash), li. [So., <fash, ».] 1. Trouble ; an-
noyance; vexation.
O' a' the num'rous human dools, . . ,
The tricks o' knaves, or fash o' fools.
Thou bear'st the gree.
Burns, Address to the Toothache.
2. Pains; care.
Without further /a»A on my part De Quincey.
8. A troublesome person : usually in a deroga-
tory sense.
fash2 (fash), n. [Piob. < F. fasce, OF. faisse,
a baud: see fesse and fascia.] 1. The mark
left by the mold upon a cast bullet. — 2. Naut.,
an irregular seam.
fash^ (fash), >j. [Prob. a dial. var. of /ass.] 1.
The tops of turnips. — 2. A fringe, or a row of
anything worn like a fringe. [Prov. Eng.]
fash* (fash), a. [Cf. fash^, 1.] Bough: ap-
plied to metal. Ualliioell. [Prov. Eng.]
fashery(fash'^r-i),n.; pl./as/iencs(-iz). [Sc.,<
OF. fascherie, F. fdcherie, anger, displeasure,
offense, annoyance, < OF. fascher, F. fdcher,
anger, displease : see /asfti, «.] Trouble; an-
noyance; vexation.
I considered it my duty to submit to mutiy fasheries on
his account. Gait.
She was a religious hypochondriac, it appears, whom,
not without some cross and/aj<Acri/ of mind and body, he
[John Knox] was good enough to tend.
R. L. Stevenson, John Knox.
fasMon^ (fash'gn), ». [< MIE. facioun, fasotin,
fazoun, fason, fassyone, < OF. faceon, fazon,
fa^on, faclion, F. facon = Pr. faisso = Sp.
faccion = Pg.feitio = It. fazione, fashion, form,
make, outward appearance, < L. factio(n-), a
making (usually in the particular sense of com-
pany, faction), < facere, make : see fact. Cf.
faction, a doublet oi fashion.'] 1. The make or
form of anything; the state of anything with re-
gard to its external appearance or constitution;
shape : as, the fashion of the ark, or of the taber-
nacle.
Of that fair fruit he ate a part,
And was transformed likewise
Into the fastdon of a hart.
The Seven Champions of Christendom (Child's Ballads,
(I. 87).
King Ahaz sent to Urijah the priest the fashion of the
altar. 2 Ki. xvL 10.
2148
By Heaven, I will ;
Or let me lose the fashion of a man !
Shak., Hen. Vlll., iv. 2.
Tread a measure on the stones.
Madam — if I know your sex,
From the/a«AioJi of your bones.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin.
2. Customary make or style in dress, orna-
ment, furnishings, or anything subject to va-
riations of taste or established usage ; specifi-
cally, that mode or style of dress and personal
adornment prevalent at any time in polished
or genteel society : as, the latest fashions; what
so changeable a.a fashion f
The fashion wears out more apparel than the man.
Shak., Much Ado, ill. 3.
No man mightchange tbe.fashion vsed in his owne Conn-
trey, when hee went into another, that all might bee
knowne of what Countrey they were.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 879.
In words, Sl^ fashions, the same rule will hold;
Alike fantastic, if too new or old.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 333.
Fashion in the distant wilds of Africa tortures and har-
asses poor hxnnanity as much as in the great prison of
civilisation. IF. //. Flower, Fashion in Deformity, p. 26.
3. Manner; way; mode.
Pluck Cascaby the sleeve ;
And he will, after his aouT fashion, tell you
What hath proceeded. Shak., J. C, i. 2.
In the Hall was made a Castle, garnished with Artillery
and Weapons, in a most Warlike Fashion.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 265.
If I die, it [my book] shall come to you in that fashion
that your letter desires it. Donne, Letters, xiv.
Our ships had not lain there many days before the Na-
tives came from all the Country about, and fell a building
them Houses after their /asAion.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 13.
The same word was pronounced and spelt in different
fashions by English writers living in different localities.
Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XV. 69.
[In this sense iised with a specific adjective or noun to form
a phrase or a compound noun in adverbial construction :
as, to ride man-fashion; to speak American fashion.]
4. Custom ; prevailing practice.
" 'Twas never my mothers /asAion," she said,
" Nor shall it e'er be mine."
Rose the Red, and White Lilly (Child's Ballads, V. 178).
It was the fashion of the age to call everything in ques-
tion. Tillotson.
It is almost a Fashion to admire her.
Congreve, Way of the World, i. 9.
It is the fashion to say that the progress of civilisation
is favourable to liberty. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
5. Conformity to the ways of fashionable soci-
ety ; good breeding ; gentility ; good style.
It is strange that men ot fashion and gentlemen should
so grossly belie their own knowledge. Raleigh.
They [the Sciotes] have about fifty Roman priests, . . .
and all the Roman catholics oi fashion speak Italian very
well. Pococke, Description of the East, 11. ii. 10.
Lady T. Lud, Sir Peter I would you have me be out of
the fashion?
Sir Peter. The fashion, indeed ! what had you to do with
the fashion before you married me?
Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 1.
6. Fashionable people collectively: as, the
beauty and fashion of the town were present.
— After a fashion, to a certain extent ; in a sort ; with
some approach to accuracy or completeness : as, he has
done it after a fashion.
The ship's company are paid, so are the bumboat-wo-
men, the Jews, and the emancipationist after a fashion.
Marryat.
In a fashion, in a way ; after a fashion.— In fashion,
in keeping with the prevailing mode, style, or practice.
He continues to wear a coat and doublet of the same
cut that were in fashion at the time of his repulse.
Addison, .Spectator, No. 2.
Out of fashion, not in keeping with prevailing modes or
practices. = S3aL 1 and 2. Form, Shape, etc. i&ee figure);
cut, appearance, cast.— 4. Manner, Practice, etc. See cus-
tom.— 5. Conventionality, style.
fashion^ (fash'on), ». t \<.fashionX,n.] 1. To
form ; give shape or figure to ; mold : as, to
fashion toys.
That is inough for me, seeking but to .fashion an art, &
not to finish it. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 104.
Private repentance they said must appear by every man's
fashioning] his own life contrary unto the customs and
orders of this present world.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., viii.
Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it. What niakest
thou? Isa. xlv. a.
In some points it [English law] has been fashioned to
suit our feelings ; in others, it has gradually .fashioned our
feelings to suit itself. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
The country's flinty face,
Like wax, their fashioni7ig skill betrays.
Fmerson, Monadnuc.
2. To fit; adapt; accommodate.
Lawes ought to he fashioned unto the manners and con-
ditions of the people to whom they are ment.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
fasUonist
Every man must fashion his gait according to his calling,
Fletcher {and another). Love's Cure, i. 2.
3t. To frame; invent; contrive.
It better fits my blood to be disdained of all, than to
fashion a carriage to rob love from any.
SAoJ:., Much Ado, i. 3.
Tl\ fashion an excuse. B. Jonson, Volpone, i. 1.
fashion^ (fasli'on), m. [E. dial. var. otfarcion,
which is a var. ot farcin, q. v.] Same SiS farcy :
usually in the plural. [Prov. Eng.]
His horse, . . . infected with the /a«Aio7i-s.
Shak., T. of the S., lii. 2.
What shall we learn by travel ?
Fashions?
Thats a beastly disease.
Dekker, Old Fortunatua.
If he have outward diseases, as the spavin, splent, ring-
l)one, wind-gall, or fashion, or, sir, a galled back, we let
him blood.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for London and England,
[p. 120.
fashionable (fash'gn-a-bl), a. and 11. [</as/i-
«)«! -f- -able.] I, a. it. Capable of being shaped
or fashioned. Hieron. — 2. Conforming to es-
tablished fashion, custom, or prevailing prac-
tice : as, a fashionable dress or hat ; fashionable
opinions.
There is a set of people whom I cannot bear— the pinks
of fashionable propriety, . . . who, though versed in all
the categories of polite behavior, have not a particle of
soul or cordiality about them. T. Chalmers.
3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode ;
dressing or behaving according to the prevail-
ing fashion; genteel; polished: as, a /as7j!0»-
able man ; fasliionable society.
For time is like a fashionable host.
That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.
Shak., T. and C, iii. 3.
4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of people
of fashion : as, fashionable waste.
A silly fond conceit of his fair form.
And just proportion, /asAio?m6ie mien.
And pretty face. Cowper, Task, ii. 421.
5. Patronized, resorted to, or occupied by peo-
ple of fashion: as, a/as/n'ona6fe tailor or hatter;
a fashionable watering-place or neighborhood.
= Syn. 2. Stylish, customary, usual.
II, n. A person of fashion : chiefly used in
the plural : as, this establishment is patronized
by the fashionables.
Here was a full account of the marriage, and a list of all
the fashionables who attended the fair bride to the hyme-
neal altar. Miss Edgeicorth, Helen, ii.
Me and the other fash'nables only come last night.
Dickens, Pickwick Papers, xxxv.
fashionableness (fash'on-a-bl-nes), n. The
state or quality of being fashionable ; modish
elegance ; conformity to the prevailing custom
or style, especially in dress.
These are the hard tasks of a Christian, worthy of our
sweat, worthy of our rejoycing, all which that Babylon-
ish religion shifteth off with a careless /asAjojiaWenesse, as
if it had nottodo withthesoul. Bp. Ha/(, Epistles, iii. 3.
fashionably (fash'on-a-bli), adv. In a manner
accordant with fashion, custom, or prevailing
practice ; with modish elegance : as, to dress
fashionably.
He must at length die dully of old age atjiome, when
here he might so fashionably and genteelly have been du-
elled or fluxed into another world. South, Sermons, II. 215.
A mind
Not yet so blank, or fashionably blind.
But now and then perhaps a feeble ray
Of distant wisdom shoots across his way.
Conner, Hope, 1. 92.
fashionalt (fash'on-al), a. [< fashion^ + -al.]
Same a,s fashionable. Donne.
fashionatet (fash'on-at), a. Same as fashion-
able. Dekker.
fashioner (fash'on-er), n. 1. One who fash-
ions, forms, or gives shape to anything.
In whiche act, as the man is principall doer and fash-
ioner, so is the womanne but the matier and sufferer.
J. Udall, On Cor. ixil.
2t. A modiste.
Is a bugle-maker a lawful calling? or the confect-mak-
ers? . . . or your French ./"flsAio^ier.?
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, v. 3.
The/rtsAion^r had accomplished his task, and the dresses
were brought home. ScMt.
fashioning-needle (fash'gn-ing-ne"dl), n. One
of the needles in a knitting-machine which lift
loops from some of the bearded needles and
transfer them to others, in order to widen or
narrow the work.
fashionist (fash'on-ist), n. [< fashion'^ + -ist.]
An obsequious follower of the modes and fash-
ions. [Bare.]
Many of these ornaments were only temporary, as used
by the fashionists of that day.
Ftdler, Pisgah Sight of Palestine, I. iiL S.
fashionless
fashlonless (fash'on-les), a. [< fashion^ +
-less.'i Having no fashion ; not in accordance
with fashion. Craia.
fashionlyt (fash'on-li), a. l< fashion^ + -7i/l.]
Fashionable.
And thou gallant, that readest ami deridest this inad-
nessc o( Fashion, it thine eyes were not daxeled with light-
nesse ... of selfe-rellected Vauitie, niightest see as .Mon-
ster-like fashions at home, and a more/oDAt'o/i/j/ monster
of thy selfe. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. IM.
fashion-monger (fash'on-mung'ger), «. One
who leads the fashion, or affects great gentility.
Swearing they hold an excellent qualitie, and to be a
foihion-mongtr in oathes, glorious.
Purchai, Pilgrimage, p. 342.
fashion-mongering (fash'on-mung'gfer-ing), n.
Setting or following the fashion; foppish.
faslliori-monging(fash'on-mung''ging), a. [For
fashion-mongeriiuj.'] Same as fashion-monger-
ing.
. Scumbling, out-facing, fmhionmonging boys.
That lie, and cog, and flout, deprave, and slander.
Shak., Much Ado, t. I.
fashion-piece (fash'on-pes), «. Same asfashion-
timhcr.
fashion-plate (fash'on-plat), n. An engraving
exhibitinfj; current fashions in dress.
fashion-timber (fash'on-tim'b^r), n. One of
the timbers on the outside of the stem of a
wooden ship forming the ends of the ellipse or
parallelogram just above the transom. Also
fa.'ih ion-piece.
fashions (fash 'us), a. [< OF. fascheux, F.
fdcheux, troublesome, < faseher, trouble, fash,
nit. < \j. fastidiosus : aeefashi and/a«tid>ou«.]
Troublesome; vexatious. [Scotch.]
fmroar wl' wooing vas/athiutu to aeek.
The Laird o' Codtpen.
It's k/<uhiou8 affair when you're out on a ride . . .
And you come to a place where three crossroads divide.
Barham, Ingoidsby Legends, II. 294.
fashionsness (fash'us-nes), n. Troublesome-
ness; vexatiousness. [Scotch.]
fasil't, P. and n. Same as/cwe/t.
fa8ir-ifa8'U),F. i. [E. dial.; perhaps connected
with /a»«J, ravel out (cf. feezed, dawdle, with
feezed, ravel out) : see fasel^, feeze*.'] To daw-
dle. Halliwell. [Prov. Ene.]
faskidar (fas'ki-dSr), «. A Scotch name of one
of tlie skua-gulls or jaegers.
fasont, ». A Middle English form of fashion^.
Chnucer.
fasst, n. [< ME. "fas (not found), < AS. /(ra, a
fringe, = OHG. faso, m., fase, f., MHG. vase.
Q.mse, MHG. also vaser, G. faxer (cf. E. fasen
= D. vezel), a thread, fiber, filament. Cf. fass-
ings and faseli. Ct. fash^.] A fringe; in the
plural, tassels, hangings. Hall. (UalliKell.)
fassaite, fassite (fas'a-it, fas'it), n. [< Fossa
(see def.) + -((A] "A dark-green variety of
pyroxene, found in the valley of Fassa in Tyrol.
fassingS (fas'ingz), n. pi. [E. dial. ; < fass +
-•nji.J Any hanging nbers or roots of plants,
etc. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
fassite, n. &ee fassaite.
fast^ (f&8t), a. and n. [Also dial./e»(; < ME.
fast, f est, fce»t,<. AS.fcest, fixed, firm, stiff, solid,
constant, fortified, = OS. fast = OFries. fcst =
D. vast = MLG. LG. fast, fest = OHG. fasti,
fesH, feste, MHG. ceste, vest, Q.fest = Icel. fastr
= 8w. Dan. fast = Goth. */a«te (not found),
fixed, firm, strong : see fas fi and/<u(3. In comp.
earth-fast, steadfast, sooth-fast, etc., shame-fast
(oorruptly »A<im«-/oced), etc.] L <>• 1. Firmly
fixed in place; immovable.
For never wight wo f cut in Mil ooald sit.
Hut him perforce uuto the ground it bore.
SyenMn-, F. (I., III. lit «0.
2. strong against attack ; fortified.
Wel be makede hi< castles treowe and swidhe KnM.
Layamon, ii. 71.
Rnbbera and oatlawi . . . lurking In woods and /att
places. Speiuer, State of Ireland.
3. Fixed in such a way as to prevent detach-
ment, separation, removal, or escape; tight;
secure ; close ; not loose nor easily detachable :
as, take a /(Ut hold; make/ovt the door; make
fast a rope. Used elliptically In whaling, in exclama-
tion, to indicat« that the narpoon has pierced the whale,
and that the boat is thus fast to it.
Xeltherthe sum that containeshlm. nor the particulari-
ties descending from him, glue tny fast handle to their
carping diaprayse. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
Tla tme, they have us /asf, we cannot scape 'em.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenaut, ill.
Be sure to find,
What I foretold thee, many a hard assay . . .
Ere thou of Israel's sceptre get/iu( hold.
Uatm, V. B., ir. 480.
2149
One end of the line was made/twi to a telegraph post.
R. L. Stevenson, Popular Authors.
4. Firm in adherence ; steadfast ; faithful.
You shall finde me as fast a Frend to you and yours as
perchance any you haue.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 20.
In heart they are neither /a«( to God nor man.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 343.
6. Tenacious; not fugitive ; durable ; lasting;
permanent in tint : as, fast colors ; fast to mill-
ing or to washing (said of colors, or of mate-
rials which will not change color under those
operations).
Roses, damask and red, &ie/aH flowers of their smells.
Bacon, Gardens.
A material is called fast towashingif itwill stand boil-
ing with a neutral or slightly alkaline soap without chang-
ing or losing any appreciable quantity of its colour.
Benedilct, Coal-tar Colours (trans.), p. 54.
6t. Close, as sleep; deep; sound.
I have seen her . . . take forth paper, fold it, write
upon 't, read it, afterwards seal it, and agaiu return to
bed ; yet all this while in a moat fast sleep.
Shak., Macbeth, y. 1.
7. In use; not to be had. Halliwell. [Prov.
Eng. ] — Fast and loose, (a) A cheating game practised
at fairs by gipsies and sharpers, now called prick the gar-
ter, or pnck at the loop. A belt or strap having been dou-
bl€Kj and rolled up, with the double or loop in the center,
is laid on its edge on a l>oard or table ; the dupe is then in-
duced to bet that he can catch the double or loop with a
skewer while the belt or strap is unrolled, but the sharp-
er draws it out in such a way as to make this impossible.
Hence, to play fast and loose is to say one thing and do
another ; be ^ippery, inconstant, or unreliable.
Like a right gipsy, hath, it fast and loose,
Beguil'd me to the very heart of loss.
Shak., A. and C, iv. 10.
But, if you use these knick-knacks,
This/a«c atid loose, with faithful men and honest.
You'll be the first will find it.
FUteher, Loyal Subject, ii. 1.
(ft) The game of prison-bars or prisoner's-base. [Prov. Eng. ]
— Fast- and-loose pulleys, two pulleys of the same diam-
eter idaced side by side on a shaft, the one rigidly flxed to
the shaft, the other loose. Tlie shaft is driven from a main
shaft by a l)and passed over the flxed pulley, ana when the
pulley-shaft is to l>e stopped the Ijand is shifted to the
loose pulley.— Fast blue, brown, red, etc. See the
nouns. — Fast boat, in whalirui, a boat attached by its
whale-line to a harixx)n embedded in a whale: opposed
to loose froat. — Fast colors. See color.— Tast iah, in
whalinff, a whale made fast to a Iwat by the tow-line.
Also fait vhale. See /nn< boat. — TSLSt yellow. Same
as aetdyeltov.— BaxA and fast. See hard— To make
fast, (a) To fasten : as. t4i make fast the door or the shut-
ter. (b) Saut.. to l)elay : as, to make, fast a rope.— TO
play fast and loose. See fast atid loose, above.
11. "• [<./""'> "■ The naut. sense is Scand.:
ME. fest, < Icel. festr, mod. festi, a rope, cord,
cable, skut-festr, stem-fast, stafn-fesir, stem-
fast, 6;orflr-/e»(r, life-line, etc.] 1. That which
fastens or holds. Speciflcally (naut.), a rope or chain
by which a vessel Is moored to a wharf, pier, etc. : named
bow-, head', quarter-, stem-, or breast-fast, according to
the part of tne vessel to which it is attached. By the
hreast-fast the vessel Is secured broadside to the wharf or
pier.
Z. Immovable shore-ice.
The/Mf, as the whalers call the immovable shore-ice,
could be seen In a nearly unbroken sweep, passing by
Baahnell's Island, and Joining the coast not far from where
I stood. Kane, .Sec. Orinn. Exp., II. 279.
3. An underlayer; an understratum. IVright.
[Prov. Eng.]
fast^ (f^t), adv. [< ME./a«te, feste, firmly, im-
movably, strongly, powerfully ; in reference to
sleeping, soundly; in reference to place, near,
close, in adv. phrase/crjife hy, faste besyde (these
two uses being Scand.: cf. loel. sofit fast, be
fast asleep; leila fast eptir (lit. seek close af-
ter, 'lait after'), press hard, legja fast at, close
with one (in a sea-fight), etc.; cf. A<irr2 in a sim-
ilar use, hard by, hard upon), < AS.fieste, firm-
ly, immovably (= OS. fasto = OFries. feste,
/esta,fest = D. vast = OHG. /a«<o, MHG. raste,
Q. fast, fest, firmly, immovably, strongly, very,
= Icel. Dan. Sw.fast, fast, hard, etc.: seefast^,
adv.),< AS.fa^t, fixed, firm: see/a«fl, a.] 1.
So as to be fixed or firm ; so as to be firmly flxed
in its place or in a desired position; firmly;
immovably: as, the door sticks /a»<.
HI leten hem digte a gret schip, and alwve hit al bicaate
With bole hnden (bull-hldesl stronge ynmi ynailed therto
faste. St. Brandan (ed. Wright), p. S.
Yet shalt thou have a sign ; and I will/iu(
Seal 't on thy faithless Tongue which asked it.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ill. 97.
The business, the pleasure, or the amusement we left,
sticks fast to us ; and perhaps engrosses that heart for a
time, which should then be taken up altogether in spirit.
ual addresses. Bp, Atterbury, .Sermons, II. xxi.
2. In archery, used elliptically for stand fast,
or some similar injunction, in cautioning a per-
son against passing between the shooter and
fast
the target, and directing him to stand fast, or
remain where he is.
He that shot the arrow was not to be sued or molested,
if he had, immediately before the discharge of the weapon,
cried out "fast," the signal usually given upon such oc-
casions.
Stowe, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 120.
3t. Strongly; vehemently; greatly; hard.
The child weped al-way wonderliche fast.
WUliam of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 345.
4. Tenaciously; durably; permanently.
See here, my child, how fresh the colours look,
How/as( they hold, like colours of a shell.
Tennyson, Geraint.
5t. Eagerly.
He toke hym to his tent, talket with hym/a«(;
Fraynet at the freike of his fell dedis.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7915.
6. Soundly; closely; deeply.
Sume men slapeth /asfe, and sume nappeth.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 201.
He most comfortably incouraged them to follow their
worke, many of them being /a«< asleepe.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 120.
7. Close; near: as, /ast by; /as< beside. See
below.— Fast by or fast beside, close or near to ; hard
by.
Faste besyde is another yie. Mandeville, Travels, p. 187.
Gawein caught Gringalet be the bridell, and ledde hym
to a grove ther/a«te by of half a myle.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 613.
Fast by the throne obsequious Fame resides. Pope.
Balin's horse
Was/tut beside an alder.
Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
fast^t (fftst), V. t. [< ME. fasten, festen, make
fast, fix, fasten, < A^.fwstan (comp. r/e-, be-fws-
tan) (usually in the form fwstnian: seefasten^,
fasten (= OS. festian, make fast, = D. vesten,
surround with a wall, = OHG. fastan, festan,
MHG. vesten, make fast, = Icel. festa = Sw.
fasta = Dan. fwste, make fast, fasten, fix), <
f(est, fast, fixed: see fast^, a. The Goth. /as-
tan means only 'keep, hold, observe,' and is
appar. identical with ViMten, fast, abstain from
food: see/a»(3.] 1. To make fast; fix; fasten.
Thus sail 1 feste it fast. I'or* Plays, p. 43.
Thanne rede I that we no lenger stande,
But like mSLU feste on hym a liande,
And harle hym hense in hye.
I'or* Plays, p. 348.
That it were boundyn in clothis and fastid with smale
lynnen clothis. Wyclif, Ezek. xxx. 21 (Oxf.).
Specifically — 2t. To join in marriage; marry.
That they schulde/(Mt« hur with no fere,
But he were prynce or pryncys pere.
MS. CatUab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 75. (Halliveea.)
He is sori of his lif
That is/a«( [fasted] to such a wif.
Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 155.
fast''^ (fist), adv. [< ME. faste, swiftly, quick-
ly, a particular use of the adv. faste, firmly,
strongly, powerfully, due to Scand. influence:
cf. Icel. aay. fast (neut. of fastr, a.) in fylgja
fast, follow fast, eldask fast, age fast, areklca
fast, drink hard, etc., = ODan. fast, much,
swiftly, at once, near to, almost, yet, even
though, = Sw. fast, nearly, almost, though, al-
though : same as fast^, adv. See fasfi, adv.
The E. adj. /a«<2, quick, is from the adv. With
fast, fixed and fast, quick, cf . G. fix, fast, flxed,
also fast, quick, nimble, ready, = Dan. fix,
fixed, colloq. smart, quick, < L. fixus, fixed.]
Swiftly; rapidly; quickly; with quick motion
or in rapid succession: as, to run /as*; to move
fast through the water, as a ship; the work
goes on fast; iir&xns fast; the blows fell thick
and fast.
Faster than spring-time showers comes thought on
thought. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
Our loss is trifling; for many of the rebels fled as/a*f
as the glorious dragoons. Walpole, Letters, II. 3.
But safast as the experiences increase in number, com-
plexity, and variety ; and as fast as there develop the
faculties for grasping the representations of them in all
their width, and multiplicity, and diversity ; 8o/a»( does
thought become less restricted to the established chan-
nels. //. Spencer, Mn. of Psychol., § 492.
When we reached Travemiinde it was morning fast, and
a murky chaos beyond the sandy bar concealed the Bal-
tic. B. Tayliiri Northern Travel, p. 14.
To live fast, to l)e prodigal and wasteful ; live so as to
consume or exhaust the vital powers or resources quickly.
fast^ (f&st), a. [Not found as adj. in ME. ; <
fast^, adv. The W. ffest, fast, quick, speedy,
ffestin, of active nature, ffestinio, ffestu, hasten,
make haste, are of L. origin ; cf . L. festinus,
fast, quick, speedy, festinarc, hasten, etc. : see
fcstinate.'] 1. Swift; quick in motion ; rapid;
that moves, advances, or acts with celerity or
fast
speed : as, a fast horse ; a fast cruiser ; a fast
printing-press.
The old Lapp woman, Elsa, who had been sent for, drove
up in her pulk, behind a /cwf reindeer.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 108.
2. Doneoraccomplished with celerity; speed-
ily performed; occupying comparatively lit-
tle time : as, &fast passage or journey; &fast
race; fast work. — 3. Being in advance of a
standard ; too far ahead : used of timepieces
and reckonings of time : as, the clock or watch
is fast, or ten minutes fast ; your time is fast.
Mean time ... is given in most calendars and alma-
nacs, frequently under the headings " cloclc slow," *' clock
/att." Encyc. Brit., VII. 164.
4. Furnishing or concerned with rapid trans-
portation: as, a /a.st train; a /oat-freight line;
&fast route ; a, fast station.
As it was not a "/tut" station, we were subject to the
possibility of waiting two or three hours for horses.
B. Taylor, Korthern Travel, p. 245.
5. Eager in the pursuit of pleasure or frivolity;
devoted to pleasure and gayety; dissipated:
as, Hfast liver; a fast man; a fast life. When
applied to a woman, it commonly indicates that she does
not abide by strict rules of propriety, imitates the man-
ners or habits of a man, etc.
Catulftis . . . was the most brilliant fast man of an.
tiquity, and can be compared to nothing but Apollo out on
the loose. ilannay. Singleton Fontenoy, 1. 4.
A /ast young woman, with the lavish ornament and
somewhat overpowering perfume of the demi-monde.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 212.
A fast man is not necessarily (like the London /a«( man)
a rowing man, though the two attributes are often com-
bined in the same person ; he is one who dresses flash-
ily, talks big, and spends, or affects to spend, money very
freely. C. A. BrMed, English University, p. 39.
Oh, there is a/a«( enough life at some of the hotels in
the summer. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgilmage, p. 338.
Fast &ei£rht, freight or merchandise forwarded at once
and with special haste.
fast^t (fast), V. t. [ME. fasten; < fast^, adv.}
To hasten.
He preiede her to faste her for his sake.
Chaw:er, Complaint of Mars, 1. 56.
fast* (fast), V. i. [< ^^. fasten, festen, < AS. fees-
tan = OFries. festia = D. fasten = OHGr. fas-
ten, MHG. fasten, G. fasten = leel. fasta = Sw.
fasta = Dan. faste = Goth, fastan, fast, ab-
stain from food, L. jcjunare. It is not clear
that fast in this sense is identical with fast^, v.,
make fast, etc. The forms are alike only in
Goth.; cf. Goth, fastan, keep, observe, fastub-
ni, a keeping, observance, with fastan, fast,
fastuhni, a fast. So ML. obsenare, lit. keep,
observe, is found eqtuv. to absUnere, abstain,
fast. It is not unlikely that Goth, fastan, keep,
observe, is a different word from fast^, make
fast; there is no Goth. adj. *fasts = E. fasf'-, a.,
to support it.] 1. To abstain from food be-
yond the usual time; omit to take nourishment :
go hungry.
Thei fasten an hool Monethe in the jeer, and eten
noughte but be nyghte. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 134.
Fatting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.
miton, V. B., ii. 284.
2. To abstain from food, or from particular
kinds of food, voluntarily, for the mortification
of the body, as a religious duty. Seefast^, n.,
and fast-day.
When ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad coun-
tenance. Mat. vi. 16.
That reverend British Saint . . .
. . . did 80 truly fast.
As he did only drink what crystal Hodney yields,
And fed upon the Leeks he gather'd in the flelds.
Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. 228.
Samuel chuseth this [Mizpah] as the fittest place for
them to/a«( and pray, and confess their sins in.
Staling Jieet, Sermons, II, iv.
Mortify
Your flesh, like me, with scourges and with thorns ;
Smite, shrink not, spare not. If it may be, fast
Whole Lents, and pray. Tennyson, St. Simeon Stylites.
To fast on a debtor or dependent, anciently, in Ire-
land, to wait for a certain time at liis residence without
food, as a preliminary to levying upon his goods, when the
debtor was of a rank higher than the creditor.
In certain cases, as for instance where, the defendant
was a Rig, the plaintiff was oliliged to fast upon him,
after he had given him his summons or Fasc, and before
he made his distress.
W. K. Sullivan, Introd. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p.
Icclxxxiii.
fast^ (fast), n. [< ME./a««, faste, shorter form
(as in Scand., etc.) ot fasten, festen, < AS. fws-
ten = OS. fastunnia (once fasta, in dat. fastun)
= D. vaste, fast, Lent, z= OFries. festa = OHG.
fasta, fasto, MHG. raste, rasten, G. fasten =
Icel. fasta = Sw. fasta = Dan. faste = Goth.
fastubni, a fast, < fastan, fast: seefast^, v. It
2150
will be seen that fas0, like Lent, has lost the
fijial syllable -en.\ 1. A state of fasting; ab-
stinence from food ; omission to take nourish-
ment.
As surfeit is the father of nmch/rt*f,
So every scope, by the immoderate use.
Turns to restraint. Shak., M. for M,, 1. 3.
I will eat
With all the passion of a twelve hours' fast.
Tennyson, Geraint,
2. Voluntary abstinence from food, as a reli-
gious penance or discipline, as a means of pro-
pitiation, or as an expression of grief under af-
fliction present or prospective. Roman Catholic
theologians distinguish between natural and ecclesiastical
fasts. In the former, which are required of those who
are about to comminiicate, there is a total abstinence
from all food and drink ; the latter Imposes certain lim-
its and restrictions as regards both the kind and the quan-
tity of the food.
Spare Fast, that oft with gods doth diet,
Milton, II Penseroso, 1, 46,
Still rebel nature holds out half my heart :
Nor prayers uor fasts its stubljorn pulse restrain.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1, 27.
To prayer and praise
She gave herself, to fast and alms,
Tennyson, Holy Grail,
3. A time of fasting ; the prescribed period or
duration of abstinence. The only fast ordained by the
Mosaic law was that of the day of atonement ; but other
fasts were subsequently instituted on account of great na-
tional calamities, and special fasts also were appointed
on account of special impending peril. In the Roman
Catholic Churcli ali baptized persons over twenty-one
years of age are required to observe appointed days of
fasting, on which, subject to certain exceptions and ex-
emptions, as the requirements of healtli, they are required
not to eat more than one full meal. Tliese days include
the forty days of Lent, the ember-days, the Fridays of the
four weeks of Advent, and the vigils of Pentecost or Whit-
Sunday, of the feasts of St. Peter and St, Paul, of the As-
sumption of the Virgin Mary, of All Saints, and of Christ-
mas day. All Fridays not fast-days are days of abstinence.
(^ee fast-day, 1.) In the Greek Church, in addition to the
forty days of Lent, there are three principal fasts, each
lasting a week ; (1) that of the Holy Spirit, immediately
after Pentecost ; (2) that of the Virgin, in August ; and (3)
that of the Nativity, In the Episcopal Church, Ash Wed-
nesday and Good Friday are fasts ; Lent, the ember-days,
the three rogation-days, and all Fridays are only days of
abstinence.
The fast of the fourth month, . . . and the fast of the
tenth shall be to the house of Judah joy and gladness,
and cheerful feasts. Zech. viii. 19.
The fast was now already past.
Acts xxvii, 9,
To begin with that which bred in the Church a misera-
ble schism for many years together, the Easter .fast : was
it always and in every place uniformly observed ?
Calf hill. Answer to Martiall, p. 269.
Fast of Ramadan. See i?amadan,— Ninevite fast, a
fast of three days, observed in the Abyssinian Church dur-
ing July, and among the Eastern Syrians during the three
successive weeks previous to Lent,— To break fast, or
one's fast. See break.
fast-day (fast'da), ». [<ME.*/es<eM-(?a!^(spelled
«e«te»rf«we, Ancren Riwle), < AS. faisten-dceg (=
D. vastendag = G. fasttag = Dan. Sw. fastedag),
< fcesten, fast, + dceg, day.] 1. A day on which
fasting is observed ; specifically, a day appoint-
ed for fasting as a religious observance by some
recognized authority, ecclesiastical or civil ; in
the most restricted ecclesiastical sense, a day
on which, or on part of which, total abstinence
from food is prescribed, in contradistinction to
a day on which a limitation is imposed on the
kind or quantity of food to be taken, called a
day of abstinence. See fast^, n. in some of the
United States, especially in New England, special days
of fasting and prayer are appointed by the governor of
the State, a custom derived from the original Puritan
settlers.
The Pilgrims found it written, "They that sow in tears
shall reap in joy. He that goeth fortli and weepetb, bear-
ing precious seed, shall doul)tless come again with rejoi-
cing, bringing his sheaves with him," This beautiful poetry
was translated into the policy of the Pilgrims by estab-
lishing a Fast-day in March or April, and a Day of Thanks-
giving in November. Thus-the whole people were to pass
through the two gates of the year. Tears and Smiles, and
observe them as Holy Days, all other profane and mis-
leading festivities — Christmas, New Year's, and Saint's
days without number — being laid aside.
H. W. Beecher, Norwood, xlix,
2. In Scotland, a day set apart for humiliation
and prayer; specifically, a day thus observed
during the week immediately preceding certain
celebrations of the Lord's supper. Business is
generally suspended during these fast-days. Formerly
their observance on fixed half-yearly or yearly dates, dif-
fering for different localities, was universal ; but the grow-
ing tendency to make them mere holidays has led to their
abolition in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and elsewhere.
fasten^ (fas'n), v. [< ME. fastnen, fastnien,
usaaWj festnen, festnien, < AS. fivstninn, fasten,
confirm (= OS. fastnon = OFries..fe,>'f«a = OHG.
fe-'itinon, MHG. fe.Henen, G. festnen, fasten, =
\c.e\. festna, pledge, betroth, = Svr.fastna, intr.,
stick, hitch, ground, =Dan./astnc, consolidate),
fastens
with verb formative -n, E. -cnl (3), < AS. fwst,
etc., fast, fixed: see fast^, a., and fast^, v. «.]
1. trans. 1. To make fast; cause to adhere;
join, connect, or attach firmly; fix or secure
in place or position by any physical means : as,
to fasten a door with a lock, bolt, or chain ; to
fasten boards together with nails or screws, or
by mortise and tenon ; to fasten clothing with
buttons, pins, clasps, etc.
There arose all the rowte, as thai rede toke, . . .
Caste ancres full kene with cables to ground ;
ffestonit the flete, as hom fayre thoglit.
Destruction of Troy (E. E, T, S,), 1, 2849.
He was brought to Mount Caucasus, and there /oa^enerf
to a pillar. Bacon, Physical Fables, ii.
2. Figuratively, to attach or unite by any con-
necting link or agency ; connect or join firmly
in general : as, to fasten a nickname or a charge
upon one ; to fasten one's hope on a promise.
This nante ihesu, fastne it so fast in thin herte that it
come neuere out of thi thougt.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E, T. S,), p. 40.
But her sad eyes, ht\\\ .fastened on the ground.
Are governed with goodly modesty,
Spenser, Epithalamion, 1. 235.
Those that are eqnall, salute when they meet each oth-
er with a mutuall kisse ; which is fastened on the cheeke
onely, if they be of unequall degree.
Purchas, Pilgiimage, p. 370.
The words Whig and Tory have been pressed to the ser.
vice of many successions of parties, with very different
idesLS fastened to them, Siirift, Examiner,
What, if she he fasten' d to this fool lord.
Dare I bid her abide by her word ?
Tennyson, Maud, xvi. 2.
3. To make firm or stable ; establish ; confirm ;
clench: as, to fasten a bargain.
Hit [a truce] v/tLS festenit with faithe, &with fynothea.
On bothe halues to hold holly [wholly] assentid.
Destruction of Troy (E, E. T. 8.), 1. 8375.
4t. To lay on ; cause to reach.
Could he/a«(en a blow, or make a thrust, when not suf-
fered to approach ? Dryden, Ded, to tr, of Virgil.
=Syn 1 and 2. To hind, attach, tie, link, affix, annex,
II, intrans. It. To become fast or fixed ; be-
come attached or firmly joined ; close firmly.
The Danizell well did vew his Personage
And liked well, ne further,/'(is(werf not.
But went her way. Spenser, F. Q,, III, ii, 26.
Wildb. A pretty girl ;— did not old Algripe love her? —
A very pretty girl she was.
Lure. Some such thing ;
But he was too wise to fasten.
Fletcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, L 1.
2. To take firm hold ; cling : generally with on.
When Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks and laid
them on the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and
fastened on his hand. Acts xxviii. 3.
With his strong arms
He fasten'd on my neck, Shak., 'Lear, \. 3.
We are now (by God's providence) like to fasten upon a
godly man, one Mr. Lea, a curate at Denston in Suffolk.
Winthrop, Hist, New England, I, 415,
fasten^t, n. A Middle English form otfast^.
fasten-een (fas'ten-en), n. Same as fastens.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.]
On Fasten-e'en we had a rockin'
To ca' the crack [chat] and weave our stockin' !
And there was muckle fun and jokin'.
Ye need na doubt.
Bums, First Epistle to John Lapraik.
fastener (fas'n^r), n. 1. One who or that
which makes fast or firm; one who fastens;
specifically, something used for fastening and
unfastening, as in dress, or for making fast or
fixed, as a mordant in dyeing.
His diimer is his other work, for he sweats at it as at
his labour; he is a terrible. /"astner on a piece of beef,
Bp. Marie, Micro-cosmographie, A Country Fellow.
The modified Galipoli oil acts therefore ... as fas-
tener of the red lake.
W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 323.
2. A warrant. Grose; HalUwell. [Prov. Eng.]
fastening (fas'ning), «. [< ME. fantnting, fcst-
nhig, confinnation, also a fastness, < AS. fwste-
nung, a fastening, verbal n. of fa'stnian, fasten :
see fasten'^.'] 1. Anything that binds and makes
fast, or serves for joining or securing, as a lock,
catch, bolt, bar, cord, chain, clasp, button,
hook, etc.
And Enid, ... at his side all pale
Dismounting, loosed the fastenings of his arms.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2+. Fixedness; firmness.
The congruent, and harmonious fitting of parts in a
sentence, liath almost ttie .fastning, and force of knitting,
and connexion : as in stones well squared, which will rise
strong a great way without mortar,
B. .Jonson, Discoveries,
fastens (fas'tenz), n. [E. dial., also fassens,
short for fastens-eve (Sc. fasterns-een). Fastens
Tuesday; fastens being prop. poss. of fasten,
fastens
the older form of /osf^, n . : scefasft, n. Cf . fast-
gang.^ Shrove Tuesday. Also Fastens Tuesday,
fasting's-even. [Pro v. Eng.]
faster (fas't^r), n. One who fasts.
But this uoUon of the word cannot at all belong to this fastigia, «.
2151
fat
place, where the hypocritical /alters, that desire their de
votions should ... be seen and commended by men, are
said to be ... of sad countenance.
Hammond, Works, III. 33.
fastennant (fas'tfer-man), n. Same as fasting-
man.
fastems-een (fas'};6mz-en), «. Same as fastens.
[Sootfh.]
fast-gangt, ». [ME. fast-gonge; < fast^ + gang.]
1. A fasting.— 2. Shrove Tuesday. Prompt.
Pan-., p. 151.
fastgang-tidet, ». [E. diiaX.fasgunUde.'] Shrove-
tide.
fast-handed (fast'han'ded), a. {< fast^ +
hand + -ed^.] Close-handed; covetous; close-
fisted; avaricious. [Rare.]
The king, being /<w(-Ao/i<l«i and loth to part with a sec-
ond dowry, . . . prevailed with the prince ... to be
contracted with the Princesa Catherine.
Bacon, Hen. \ II.
Faslidiougitess is only another form of egotism.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser.
Plural otfastigium.
fastigiate, fastigiated (fas-tij'i-at, -a-ted), a.
[< h.fastigatns, sloping (taken as 'fastigiatus,
< fasiigium), pointed, also rising up to a point,
pp. of fastigare, make pointed, raise or bring to
a point, < fastigium, the top of a gable, gable-
end, roof, the top, summit, a slope, an accent
over a letter, etc.; origin uncertain.] 1. Point-
ed ; rising up to a point ; narrowed to the top,
as a sloping roof; sloping upward to a summit,
point, or edge.
That noted hill, the top whereof is /astiyiate, like a
sugar-loaf. Hay, Remains, p. 176.
Specifically— 2. In hot, having the branches
parallel and erect, as in the Lombardy poplar.
— 3. In rod'/., tapering regularly to a more
or less acute apex — Fastigiate elytra, those elytra
which arc somewhat pointed at the tips aud extend a
little beyond the apex of the abdomen.
fastigiately (fas-tij'i-at-li), adv. In a fastigiate
pointedly
manner , ^j^m^xv^^^j .
fasti (fas'ti),n.pJ. [L.,prop. pi. ot/(M<t«, adj., fastigioust (fas-tij'i-us), a. [< fastigium +
lit. lawful. < fas, (divine) law, justice, as adg. .gun.] Of or pertaining to a fastigium or point
lawful, right, < fari, speak; hence /a«(i dies, or
fasti, the lawful days, the days on which judg-
ment could be pronounced; hence an enumer-
ation of aU the days of the year, with their fes-
tivals, magistrates, events, etc., a calendar, al-
manac, a public register, etc.] 1. In Horn, hist.,
a register of days. Tbe/atli tacri or kaUndarei were
calendars of the year, giving the days for festivals, courta,
etc., corresponding to the modem almanac. Tbe/atti an-
natet, or hiftoriei, contained the names of the consuls and
other magistrst«s, and an enumeration of the most re-
markable historical events noted down opposite the days
on which they occurred.
Boman coins are not Fasti, nor are Greek coins a trea-
tise on ancient geography, yet the labour of numismatists
lus maile the one almost the best authority for the chro- *- ^j__ /fi,a'ti-ncr\
nology of the Roman empire, and has found in the other laot-ju^ V»<*2 iz"Si
an inestimable commentary on Strabo and Ptolemy.
C. T. Xewlon, Art and Archseol., p. 15.
Hence — 2. Annals, chronicles, or historical
records in general,
fastidiosity (fas-tid-i-os ' i-ti), n. [< fastidi-
ous (L. fastidiosua) + -ity.] Fastidiousness.
[Bare.]
fixedly. [Rare.]
Ergo he confeaseth here plainely the contrary of that he
so /astelye before hath affirmed.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 656.
For he hath fagtly founded it,
Above the seas to stand.
Ps. xxiv. 2 (old version).
fastly^t (fast'li), arfv. {<.fast'i + -ly^.] Quickly.
A reverend man that grazed his cattle nigh . . .
Towai'ds this afflicted fancy /a^tly drew.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 61.
She (Queen Elizabeth] chaffed (chafed] much, walked
fastly to and fro, . . . and swore " By God's Son, I am no
queen ; that man (Essex] is above me ! "
Sir J. Harington, Account of Elizabeth.
fastness! (f&st'nes), n. [< ME. fastnesse, fest-
nesse, firmness, certainty, a stronghold, the fir-
mament, < AS. fcestnes, fwstnis, firmness, a
stronghold, the firmament, < fast, firm, fast,
fixed, -f- -nes, -ness. Cf . AS. fwsten, a strong-
hold, fastness, an inclosed place, < fa;st + -en.
Cf. D. vest, a wall, rampart, fortress, = OHG.
festi, firmness, a fortress, = G. feste, a fortress,
= Sw. faste. a castle, the firmament, = Dan.
f(Bste, a fastening; 8vr. fastning = T>a,n. fiEst-
ning, a fortress.] 1. The state of being fast
and firm or fixed ; firm adherence.
The blue produced is of a greenish shade, and possesses
great /o««ji«»». Benedikt, Coal-tar Colours (trans.), p. 134.
2. Strength; security.
And eke i\\e fastnesse of his dwelling place.
Spenser, ¥. Q., V. ix. 5.
3. A stronghold; a fortress or fort ; a fortified
place ; a castle.
Not far olf should be Roderigo's quarter ;
For in hia fastTiess, if I be not cozen'd,
He and his outlaws live. Fletcher, Pilgrim.
Venice cooped up within her seagirt fastnesses, and
compelled to enroll her aitisans and common laborers in
her defence. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 22.
4t. Closeness or conciseness, as of style.
Bring his stile from all loose grossness to such firm fast-
ness in Latin, as in Demosthenes.
Ascham, The Scholeniaster.
ed roof ; having a ridge or an apex
The ancients dwelling-houses [werel . . . generally flat
at the top. Julius C«sar being the first that they indulg'd
to raise his palace in this fastigieua manner, as Salmasius
tells us in Solin. Eeelyn, Architecture.
fastigium (fas-tij'i-um), «. ; pi. fastigia (-S).
[Ij.: Bee fastigiate.] 1. The summit, apex, or
ridge of a buUding, or of a pediment. — 2. The
pediment of a portico : so called in ancient ar-
chitecture because it followed the form of the
roof. — 3. [NL.] In entom., the extreme point
of the front or apex of the head when, as in
many Orthoptera, it is produced in a conical
prominence.
as'ting), n. [< WE. fasting, festing ;
verbal n. otfast^, r.] 1 . The act of abstaining
from food ; the act of observing a fast.
Patting la better than eating, and more thanke hath of
God ; A yet wil God that we shal eat.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 39. fagtneSS^ (fist'nes), )l. [< fast^ -k- -ness.] The
And she (Anna] . . . served God with fastings and state or quality of being fast, in any sense.
prayers night and day. Luke 11. 37. ^„„„,gr ^^^^^^ manifest to me during my London life
2. In the law and customs of ancient commu- ... is the Increased fastness of living incident to all
His epidemical diBea«e«betag/o««<J«)«/v,amorphy, and „•»:», narticularlv in Ireland, a method for the classes and occupations of men. . . . The loiterers in life
o. i.a.i.m. SMft. Tale of a Tub, v. °^f,^^'tf„"™f"rbt8, by whtch the creditor went "e fewer. Sir H. Holland. Recollections, p. 268.
fastidious (fas-tid'i-ns), a. [= F. fastidieux , ,u„ j„„. ^f (1,^ debtor, and there sat down The evil of Sellnas nature made her wish ... to bring
(vernaeula ly f^ke^, >E.UiousuH. the '^ »^)rthout"fLl until paid: a person who ^^^Zy^^^Z" '^^""J/.'^J'r'/.'Ifr.'lVErSf^e'
same word), = 8p. Pg. It. faiittdwso,<lj. fas- ^„^j[ ^ot yjeM to this form of demand was _^ <i,„ed swiftness etc See o«.c*,«..«
tidiosus, pass, tfiat feeU disgust, disdainful, t^^^j^j thereafter in some sense as an outlaw, f -felTt' ^ame as >«X.'»r
^omful, fastidious, act. that causes disgust, fasting-day (fis'tingnla),.. A day of complete g|JS'(fi8t'K,« In»'»"«4ablastwhich
disgusting, loathsome, < Jasttd.um, a^lo^t^inj, abstinence from food ; a day of fasting ; a fast- '^S^ ll°^^\^ ^g^^^ ^^ the rock ; a mjss-shot.
To werke we 3edeu
aversion, disgust, niceness of taste, daintiness,
etc., perhaps for 'fastutidium, Kfaatus, disdain,
haughtiness, arrogance, disgust (for */or»fu«(f )
As wielfastingdaitt as Frydatea.
Piers PUmman (C), vU. 182.
Her« are ayries of hawkes, and birds which never fly
but over the sea; and, therefore, are used to be eaten on
fasling-days. Quoted in O'Currys Anc. Irish, II. xxli.
fastlng-gangt, «• [ME. fastyngonge; ct. fast-
gang.] Shrove-tide; the beginning of Lent.
Ye thrtiic [meeting] schal be ye souneday next after
Faitywjowie. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 99.
Tho' Silence be the dumb Orator^ of ^eauty^ and _the fastinglyt (fis'ting-li), adv. With fasting.
" "' "' -" ""- ;^nengthe liespeakes the cltte mouse : my frende why lyke
you 8til],
To lyue in countrye/o»(!f«;;f!/«, vpon a craggle hill?
Drant, tr. of Horace s Satires, 11. 0.
fasting-mant (fis'ting-man), M. [Repr. AS.
'fcesting-mann, only in pi. fasting-men, cited
in L. documents of the AS. period; lit. a man
given into charge or keeping, < AS. /fr«HM(7, a
ni a mere barren faith and giving or intrusting to the charge of another,
of working, and ii/iufuUotu (, fastan, make fast, 6c-/<ES<an, make fast, es-
and to E. dare^), + Uedium, disgust: see rfarei
and tedium. See aXsofash^.fashious.] If. Such
as to cause disgust or loathing; loathsome.
Also by a cruel and irous mayster, the wyttes of chyl-
4ren be dulled : and that thynge for the whiche chyldren
Iw often tymea beaten is to them af ter/iuftdiaiu.
Sir T. BIyot, The Govemour, 1. 9.
rno siienoe oe ine dumb Orator of Beauty, and the
best Ornament of a Woman, yet a phlegmatic dull Wife
is fulsome and fastidious. UouxU, Letters, I. Iv. ».
2. Hard or diflScult to please; squeamish; over-
nice in selecting or discriminating; difficult to
suit: as, & fastidious mind or taste.
We have known an author so laudably faatidima in this
tabtle art (style) as to have recast one chapter of a series
no lew than seventeen time*. Dt Quinery, Style, I.
Let OS beware of indnlgini
love, which dreams Instead
srhen It should be hardy.
J. H. Xneman, Parochial Sermona, L S49.
= 8yn. 2. yi^e, Dainty, etc. See nice,
fastidiously (fas-tid'i-us-li), adr. In a fastid-
ious manner.
that be Is so fastidiously displeased
fastuosityt (fas-tu-os'i-ti), n. [= Sp.fastuosi-
dad. <IAj. fastuosus, fastuous: see/a«<MOM« and
-ity.] The quality of being fastuous ; haughti-
ness ; ostentation.
That new modle of ethicks, which hath been obtruded
upon the world with so much /o»(«o»i(!/.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism.
fastuoust (fas'tu-us), a. [= F. fastuetix = Sp.
fastuoso. fastos'o = Pg. It. fastoso, < LL. fas-
tuosus, collateral foi-m of L. fastosus, full of
pride, < fastus, pride, haughtiness: aee fastidi-
ous.] Ptoud; haughty.
This is no/a«(«otM or pompous title ; the word Is of no
dignity. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 185.
The higher ranks will become fastuous, supercilious,
and domineering. Barroiv, The Pope's Supremacy.
fastuouslyt (fas'tu-us-li), adv. In a fastuous
manner; haughtily; proudly.
We are apt to despise or disregard others, demeaning
ourselves Insolently and fasluously toward them.
Barrow, Works, III. xxix.
Fastuosity ;
As for the] if s] .
• do
that all the severala so Introduced are thing
tablish, give in charge, intrust (see /«««!, r. (.), fastuousnesst (fas'tu-us-nes), n
-f- mann, man.] \n Anglo-Saxon law, ¥ovt, haughtiness
as a servant of the king, who could be quartered
upon a monastery or other estate, which was
obligeil to entertain him, in the course of the
king's joumeving. Wio fasterman.
fasting-spittlet (fis'ting-spit'l), n. The saliva
with, he hath, f dmibt |>„f;J»j!!™<'ii^ta\{Si,-'i,-- fastinVs-evei (fas'tingz-e'vn), ». Same as
•nme tohave actually proved. Hammond, Works, II. 273.
On what ground . . . could the legislature have fas-
tidiously reJecU-d the fair and abundant choice our own
country presented to them, and searched In strange lands
for a foreign princess? Burke. Rev. in France.
fastidionsness ffas-tid'i-us-nes), ». The char-
acter or quality of being fastidious ; over-nice-
ness of jurigment, taste, or appetite; great or
undue niceness or exactness in selection.
That generous and literal fastidiousness which Is not
inconsistent with the strongest sensibility to merit
Macaulay, History.
When Orlgen complained of the/(i»(ito««)ieM and vanity
of some ecclesiastics in his time, they were bad enough,
but had not come to a pretence of ruling our kings upon
the stock of spiritual predilection.
Jer. Taylor, Ductor Dubltantlum, II. 188.
Diogenes trampled upon Plato's pride with a greater
fastttousness and hunioroua ostentation.
ler. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 52.
of a fasting person, formerly held to be very j^^^j (j^j^ „ ^^^ „ [< ^j;. fgt, fet, also rat,
-«._.i-..-. V, „ „.„ t,e(,< AS. /fff, usually .r«;«(/<P« being reg. con-
tracted, with shortened vowel, from *fated =
OLG. feitit = OHG. feizit, MHG. reizet, veizt, G.
feist, fat, orig. pp. of a verb 'fwtan = OHG.
feizan = Icel./ei'to, from the adj.), prop, with a
long vowel, feet (orig. *fdt) = OFries. (late)/a«,
mod. fet = D. vet = MLG. fet, feit, LG. fett
(> Or. fett) = MHG. veiz = Icel. feitr = Sw./e« =
efficacious in ceremonies, charms, etc.
They have their cups and chalices.
Their pardons and indulgences, . . .
Tlieir holy oyle, their/fi»^m/-«pi((/i!.
Their sacred salt here not a little.
Uerrick, Hesperldes, p. 98.
fastland (fist'land), n. Upland, as distin-
guished from flats, or land between high- and
low-water mark.
fat
Dan. ftA (with long vowel), fat. For the AS.
contr. fcbtt, < "fated, fat, cf . fiiU, < fated (both
in use), gilded, ornamented.] I. a. 1. Having
much flesh other than muscle ; having an un-
usual amount of flesh ; corpulent ; obese : as, a
yiifman; a /at ox.
jif thei [the children] ben /a(f«, thei eten hem anon.
MandxviUe, Travels, p. 179.
Next was November ; he full grosae and fat
As fed with lard. Spetwer, F. Q., VII. vii. 40.
Sker. One of them is well known, my gracious lord,
A grofis/a( man.
Car. As/at as butter. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
I will feed /at the ancient grudge I bear him.
Shak., -M. of V., 1. 3.
2. Containing the substance called fat (see
n.); containing or consisting of fat, oil, or
grease; oily; greasy; unctuoiis: as, a /a f dish;
fat cheese.
And for his beef, says he, " look how fat it is, the lean
appears only here and there a speck, like beauty-spota."
Pepys, Diary, III. 1.
With citron groves adorn a distant soil.
And the /at olive swell with Hoods of oil.
Addison, Letter from Italy.
Hence — 3. Containing much resin ; resinous :
as, fat pine. [U. S.] — 4. Containing much
plastic or unctuous matter ; pinguid : said of
clay which is free from intermingled sand, and
consequently highly plastic ; or of lime made
from limestone which contains but a small
amount (ten per cent, or less) of the ordinary
impurities of limestone — silica, alumina, oxid
of iron, etc.
What are called /o( clays — those, that is to say, which
are very plastic and unctuous — shrink very much, losing
from one-third to one-fourth of their bulk ; they are also
very liable to crack or twist during the tiring.
Encye. Brit., XIX. 600.
6. Having or showing, in mind or movement,
the qualities of a fat animal ; heavy ; dull ;
stupid.
Duller shouldst thou be than the /a( weed
That roU itself in ease on Lethe wharf,
Wouldst thou not stir in this. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
There is little or no sense in the fat parts of any crea-
ture : hence the ancients said of any dull fellow that he
had a/a( wit. Holy David Clear'd (1706), p. 257.
6. Well supplied with what is needful or de-
sired ; abounding in comforts ; prosperous.
They [the righteous] shall be /at and flourishing.
Ps. xcii. 14.
These were terrible alarms to persona grown /at and
wealthy by a long and successful imposture.
South, Sermons.
7. Abundant in production, or yielding large
profits; rich in results or yield; profitable.
Tlie bulbes of calcases settyng sone
In landes nioiste and /atte is goode this moone.
Palladius, Husboudrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 85.
After I was entered into Lombardy I observed . . . in-
finite abundance of/a( meadows.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 111.
Litigious terms, /at contentions, and flowing fees.
Milton.
His whole divinity is moulded and bred up in the beg-
garly and brutish hopes of a /at Prebendary, Deanery, or
Bishoprick. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
And fixes their regard on Congress as the creator of /a(
jobs. The American, VI. 38.
8. Naut., broad, as the quarter of a ship — Fat
amber. See amher^.— Fat work, fat take, in type-set-
tintj, work, or a piece of work, especially profitable to the
compositor from having much open space (tilled up with
quadrats or leads), abounding with woodcuts, or in any
other way admitting of rapid execution. The extra profit
arises from the fact that the scale of prices for piece-work
makes no discrimination in this respect,— To beat or ink
£att,in printing, to overcolor(a form of types) with an ex-
cess of ink.— To cut it too fat. See cut.
n. ». [='D.vet,(i.fett,iivf.fett = 'D&n.fedt,
fat, n. ; from the adj.] 1 . A white or yellowish
oily solid substance forming the chief part of
the adipose tissue of animals, and also found
in plants. In chemistry the fats are odorless, tasteless,
colorless or white Ixxlies, which may be either solid or
liquid. They are insoluble in water and cold alcohol, but
dissolve freely in ether, chloroform, and benzine. The
solid neutral fats, like spermaceti, suet, and lard, and
the liquid non-volatile oils, like sperm- and olive-oil, are
classed together as fats. They are compound ethers form-
ed by the union of fatty acids with the triatomic alcohol
glycerin. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, but contain no nitrogen. The most common and
abundant are stearin, palmitin, andolein. Of these stearin
and palmitin are solids at ordinary temperatures, and olein
is a liquid. Most animal and vegetable fats are mixtures
of two or more of the simple fats, and their hardness de-
pends largely on the relative quantity of olein or other
liquid fat in them. When a fat is treated with an alkali,
the fatty acid unites with the alkaline base, making a soap,
and glycerin is set free. When a soap is treated with an
acid, the base is taken from the fatty acid wliich is thus
■etfree.
The Indian Fair
IB nicely smear'd with Fat of Bear.
Prior, Alma, ii.
2152
Every face, however full.
Padded round with flesh and /at,
Is but modell'd on a skull.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin.
2. The best or richest part of a thing.
We see their plenty depended not so much upon the/n(
of the land, as upon the dew and blessing of heaven.
Stilling Jteet, Sermons, I. viii.
If now they conquer,
The/a( of all the kingdom lies before 'em.
Fletcher, Bonduca, i. 2.
3. In type-setting, work which for any reason
is unusually profitable to the compositor. See
fat work, above The fat is in the fire, all has re-
sulted in confusion and failure ; matters have been made
worse.
Ger. Here's a woman wanting.
Count. We may go whistle ; all the. fat's i' the /ire.
Fletcher (and a}iother). Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 5.
One would have thought that, the examination failing
and no vote passed tending that way, all this/at ttad been
in the /ire. Roger North, Exameu, p. 623.
fat^ (fat), v.; pret. a,nA pp. fatted, ppr. fatting.
[< ME. fatten, < AS. fcettian, intr., become fat,
ge-f(Ettian, make fat, anoint, Kfatt, fat : see/a/l,
a. Ct.fatten.~\ I. trans. To make fat; fatten.
And thrushes fede upon that other syde ;
To /out hem is avayling and plesaunte.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 21.
When Rome sent the Flowr
Of Italy, into the wealthy Clime
Which Euphrates /at« with his frultfull slime.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartaa's Weeks, i. 2.
Ere thia,
I ahould hsive/atted all the region kitea
With thia alave's otfal. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
He . . . /ats his fortune shortly
In a great dowry with a goldsmith's daughter.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, ii. 1.
II. intrans. To become fat ; grow fat.
fat^ (fat), n. [< ME. fat, fet, also (southern
ME.) vat, vet (whence the usual E. form vat), <
AS. fat (= OS. fat = I>. vat = LG. vat = OHG.
faz, MHG. vaz, G. fass = leel. fat = Sw. fat =
Dan. fad), a vessel ; perhaps connected, as a
' containing ' vessel, with D. vatten = OSG. faz-
zon, MHG. vazzen, G. fassen = Dan. fatte =
Sw. fatta, seize, take, hold, contain.] 1. A
large open vessel for water, wine, or other
liquids; a tub; a cistern: now usually vat
(which see).
I schal fette yow a /atte youri fette for to wa.sche.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 802.
With stronge ale bruen in /attes and in tonnes.
Nugee Poeticce (ed. Halliwell), p. 10.
The /ats shall overflow with wine and oil. Joel ii. 24.
2t. A dry measure, generally equal to 9 bushels.
The statement sometimes met with that a/at was 14 bush-
els arose simply from a misprint of 56 for 36 (the number
of bushels in a chaldron). The Swedish /at is only 168
liters.
A London alderman . . . sold a Jew five /att« of right-
handed gloves without any fellows to them.
Tom Brown, Works, III. 23.
fatal (fa'tal), a. [< WE. fatal = D. fataal -
G. Dan. Sw. fatal, < OF. fatal = F. Sp. Pg. fa-
tal = It. fatale, < L. fatalis, of or belonging to
fate or destiny, destined, fated, deadly, fatal,
</ateJH, fate: see /ate.] If. Proceeding from
ordecreedbyfateordestiny; inevitable; fated.
These things are/atal and necessary. Tillotson.
That/atal necessity of the stoics la nothing but the im-
mutable law of his will.
Sir T. Brovrne, Religio Medici, i. 20.
2. Fraught with fate; influencing or deciding
fate ; fateful.
Our acts our angels are, or good or ill,
Oixr /atat shadows that walk by us still.
Fletcher, Upon An Honest Man's Fortune.
Dost thou thirst, base Trojan,
To have me fold up Parca's /atai web?
SiMk., Hen. V., v. 1.
What is printed seems to every man invested with some
/atal character of publicity such as cannot belong to mere
MS. De Quincey, Style, iv.
The objection will doubtless be raised that instinct is
wholly destitute of the characteristic of intelligence in
that it has no choice; its operation is fixed, /a(a(.
G. H. Lewes, Proljs. of Life and -Mind, Int., I. ii. § 32.
3. Foreboding or associated with disaster or
death; ominous.
Bring forth that /ataZ screech-owl to our house.
That nothing sung but death to >is and ours.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii, 6.
4. Causing or attended with death or destruc-
tion ; deadly ; mortal ; destructive ; disastrous ;
ruinous: as, a /afai accident.
It was now the sixth Year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign,
a Year /atat for tlie Death of many great Personages.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 333.
I will ever to the/atall day of my life honour the mem-
orie of that incomparable man [Virgil].
Caryat, Crudities, I. 140,
fatality
The/atal facility of Italian rhyme which has created the
iraprovisatore here breaks forth,
A', and Q., 6th ser., XI, 77.
There is no self-delusion more /atal than that which
makes tlie conscience dreamy with the anodyne of lofty
sentiments, while the life is grovelling and sensual.
Lotvell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 363.
5t. Doomed; cursed.
From forth the/atal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life.
Shak., R, and J,, Prol.
fatalism (fa'tal-izm), n. [= D. G.fatalisnius =
T)au. fatalisme = Bw. fatalism, < F.fatalisme =
Sp. Pg. It. fatalismo ; as fatal + -js/k.] 1. The
doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or
come or go by inevitable predetermination.
Fafalismis a doctrine which does not recognize the deter-
mination of all events by causes, in the ordinary sense;
holding, on the contrary, that a certain foreordained result
will come about, no matter what may be done to prevent
it. Fatalism is thus directly opposed to necessitarianism,
according to which every event is determined by the event*
which immediately precede it, in a mechanical way. Ne-
cesHtarianism aeems hardly to leave room for final causes,
while /atalism is the doctrine that certain results are sure
to come in spite of all that etflcient causes may do to pre-
vent them. See necessity.
To confute these three /atalisms, or false hypotheses of
the system of the universe, Cudworth designed to dedicate
three great works — one against atheism, another against
immoral theism, and tlie third againat the theism whose
doctrine was the inevitable ' ' necessity " which determined
all actions and events, and deprived man of his free
agency. /. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 398.
Necessity simply says that whatever is is, and will vary
with varying conditions. Fatalism says that something
must be ; and this something cannot be modified by any
modification of the conditions.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 309.
2. A disposition to regard everything as the re-
sult of or predetermined by fate ; the accept-
ance of all conditions and events as inevitable.
It was vain to resist the wrath of God ; and so a wretch-
ed /atalism bowed to a more utter prostration the cowed
and spiritless race. Milman, Latin Christianity, v. 9.
Not content with the overwhelming prestige which its
name thus gives it, the free-will doctrine seeks to follow
up its advantage by identifying its antagonist with Asi-
atic/atavism. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philoa,, II. 186.
fatalist (fa'tal-ist), n. [= D. G. Dan. Sw. fa-
talist, < F. fataliste = Sp. Pg. It. fatalista ; as
fatal + -ist.'] 1. A believer in fatalism; one
who maintains the opinion that all things hap-
pen by ine'vitable predetermination.
Fatalists, . . . such as hold the material necessity of
things without a Deity, . . . that is indeed the atheists.
Cudworth.
The third sort of /atalists do not deny the moral attri.
butes of the Deity, in his nature essentially benevolent and
just. /. D'Israeli, Ainen. of Lit., II. 398.
2. One whose conduct is controlled by belief
in fatalism ; one who accepts all the events
and conditions of life as proceeding from or
leading to an inevitable fate : as. Orientals are
naturally fatalists.
Giovanni comes upon the scene a professed and daring
infidel, and, like all other infidels, ^.fatalist.
Gifford, Int. to Ford's Plays, p. xxxi.
To the confidence which the heroic /atatist [William of
Orange] placed in his high destiny and in his sacred cause
is to be partly attributed his singular indifference to dan-
ger. Macaxday, Hist. Eng., vii.
fatalistic (fa-ta-lis'tik), a. [< fatalist + -ic]
Pertaining to fatalism ; implying fatalism;
savoring of fatalism.
Would you have me believe that the events of this world
are fastened to a revolving cycle, with God at one end and
the Devil at the other, and that the Devil is now upper-
most? Are you a Christian, and talk about a crisis in that
/atalistic sense ? Coleridge, Table-Talk.
fatality (fa-tal'i-ti), n. ; pi. fatalities (-tiz). [=
D. fataliteit = (5. fatalitat = Dan. Sw. fatalitet,
< F. fataliti = Sp. fatalidad = Pg. fatalidade =
It. fatalita, < IAj. fatalita{t-)s, fatal necessity,
fatality, < L. /otoHs, fatal : see /ate?.] 1. The
quality of being fatal ; fatalness: as, the fatal-
ity of an event. — 2. A fixed, unalterably pre-
determined course of things, independent of
any controlling cause ; a doom which inevita-
bly must be, whatever forces may oppose it;
an invincible necessity existing in things them-
selves.
Think not to fasten thy imperfections on the stars, and
so despairingly conceive thyaelf under a /atality of being
evil. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor,, iii. 7.
There is a /atality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable
that it has the force of doom,
Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, v.
There must have been a sort of grim /atality steering
me, and neutralizing all reflections likely to hold me back.
W. C. Russell, A Strange Voyage, ii.
3. Tendency to destruction or danger, or to
some hazardous, critical, or fatal event ; mor-
tality; deadliness.
fataUty
Seven times nine, or the year sixty-three, is conceived
to carry with it the most considerable /a«oii(y.
Sir T. Broimf, Vulg. Err.
The great plague of 1S49 fell with especial fatality on
Cyprus. Stubbt, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 191.
4. A fatal occurrence : as, nothing could avert
the fatality.
Throughout the whole array, the olBcers were far less
2153
With full force his deadly bow he bent.
And feathered /o(M among the mules and sumpters sent.
Dryden,
5. Icap.'i [L. iT»«««», usually in pi. -Fote; Gr.
Moipa, pi. Moipai.] In Gr. and Kom. myth., des-
tiny : usually in the plural, the Destinies, god-
desses supposed to preside over the birth, life,
and death of human beings. They were three
apt to succumb to the /atoiitie*' of disease than were their in number. Clothe, Lachesis, and Atropos,
men ^TA* Century. XXVI. 106. j^^^ called, in Latin, Parca:.
Hapless .*geon, whom the/a(M have mark'd
men. ^*« Century, XXV
fatally (fa'tal-l), adv. 1. By a decree of fate
or destiny; by inevitable predetermination.
All this Time King Richard lay at Nottingham, and was
as it were fatally taken with a Spirit of Security, hearing
that the Earl had but small Assistance either from France
or in England. Baker, Chronicles, p. 232.
Yet shortly she unhappily, but fatally.
To bear the extremity of dire mishap !
Shak., C. ofE.,
i. 1.
For thee the Fates, severely kind, ordain
A cool suspense from pleasure and from pain.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 249.
Syn. 1 and 2. Doom, etc. See destiny.
Ferishdatsea. .tfWd/efo'n, Spanish Gypsy, iii. 3. fated (fa'ted), a. [< fate + -ctf-i.] 1. Deter-
2. In a manner leading to death or ruin ; mor-
tally; disastrously: as, the encounter ended /a-
tally; the prince ■wa.afatallj/ deceived.
Witness our too much memorable shame,
When Cressy battle /afatty was struck,
And all our princes captiv d. Shak., Hen. V., IL 4.
In Italy itself, agriculture, with the habits of life that
attended it, speedily Aud fatally decayed.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 282.
fatalness (fa'tal-nes), n. The quality of being
fatal: fatality i'
fata Morgana (fa'ta mor-ga'na). [It.; 80 call-
ed because supposed to be the work of a fairy
or fay named Morgana (It. fata = K.fayS-. see
fay'*, fairy).'] A name ^ven to the mirage on
the coasts of Italy and Sicily. See mirage.
He preferred to create logical /o/ainorjaiuw for himself
on this hither side, and laboriously solace himself with
these. Cartyle, Sterling, vlii.
fat-back (fat'bak), n. 1 . A local United States
name of the mullet. — 2. A local Anglo-Amer-
ican name of the menhaden.
fat-bird (fat'b^rd), n. 1. A name of the gna-
charo, Steatomis caripensis : same as oil-bird.
— 2. The pectoral sandpiper, Actodromas macu-
lata. [New Jersey, U. S.]
fat-brained (fat' brand), a. Dull of apprehen-
siou ; stupid.
What a wretched and peevish fellow Is this king of Eng-
land, to mope with hi» fat^n-ained followers to far out of
bU knowledge ! Shai., Hen. V., lil. 7.
fat-cell (fat'sel), n. A cell containing fat. See
cut under sweat-t/land.
fate (fat), n. [< ME./ate = Sp. hado = Pg.fado
= It./ato, fate, < \j.fatum, a prophetic declara-
tion, oracle, usually destiny, fate (pi. Fata, the
Fates; ML. fata, fem. sing., > OF. fee, > ME.
fay, a faiiy), neut. otfattis, pp. of fori, = Gr.
eak: see/a;«ef, /aft/e.J 1. Primarily,
i^vat, spei , . , -
a prophetic declaration of what must be ; a fatefully (fat'ful-i), adv.
mined or consigned by fate ; doomed; destined:
as, he was /a ted to a violent end.
Thereby thinks Acrisius to forego
This doom that has been fated long ago.
That by his daughter's son he shall be slain.
William .Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 148.
As the Greek colonies in Southern Italy came to bear the
name of the Great Greece, so it may be that this newer
England on the American continent is/a(«d to be the Great
England. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 25.
2. Regulated by fate ; awarded, appointed, or
set apart by fate.
Now, all the plagues that in the pendulous air
Haug /atof o'er men's faults, light on thy daughters !
Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
Whereon,
A treacherous army levied, one midnight
Fated to the purpose, did Antonio open
The gates of Milan. Shak., Tempest, L 2.
3t. Exempted by fate.
Bright Vulcanian arms
Fated from force of steel by Stygian charms.
Dryden, jEneid.
4t. Invested with the power of determining
fates or destinies.
The/a(fdsky
Gives us free scope. Shak., All's Well, i. 1.
fateftd(fat'ful),a. [< fate + -/ul] 1. Charged
with fate ; determining what is to happen : as,
he opened the fa teful missive ; a fateful contest.
Catherine . . . was the real ruler, thefatfful Power he-
hind the throne, to wlmin hunmnity was as an open scroll,
and politics as the liot^k of M ight whence she the magician
could draw her spells. Fortnightly Jiev., N. 8., XLIII. 826.
Neither the cruel past nor the fateful present has
crushed the Joyousness out of Naples.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 138.
2. Having the power to kill ; producing fatal
results: as, "the/ote/«< steel," J. Barlow.
O fateful flower beside the rill I
Jean Inyelow, Persephone.
In a fateful manner,
The state or qual-
divine decree or a fixed sentence by which the fatefulness (fat'ful-nes), n.
order of things is prescribed; hence, that which ity of being fateful.
is inevitably predetermined ; destiny ordained fate-like (fat'lik), a. Like a fate; deadly.
and unalterable; that which must be, in spite
of all opposing forces. Seefatality.
others . . . reaaon'd high
Of providence, foreknowledge, will, and/a(«;
tlx'dfate, free will, foreknowledge absolute.
ifaton, P. L., 11. &e».
Yet oh thntfate. propitiously Inclln'd,
Had raised my birth, or had debas'd my mind.
Dryden, Abe and AchiU, I. 3«S.
There is a snpertonr cause to the Counsels of men which
governs the affairs of mankind, which he (Machlavel) calls
Fate, and we much better, the Providence of God.
SliUina/leet, Sermona, IL Iv.
Alas! forgotten or remembered, still
Midst Joy or sorrow /at' shall work its will.
WUliam Morri; Earthly Paradise, II. 26.V
2. That which comes from necessity or the
force of circumstances ; an inevitable course or
event ; hence, fortune, lot, or destiny in gen-
eral: as, it was his /ate to be betrayed by his
party.
With various /a/< Ave hundred yean had past,
And Rome of her great charge grew weary here at last
Drayton, PolyolWon, vilL S41.
Heaven has to all allotted, soon or late,
Some lucky revolution of their /a/«.
Dryden, AIM. and Achtt, 1. 263.
Each nation's glory in each warrior bums.
Each fighu, aa in his arm the Important day
And all UiefaU of his great monarch lay.
AddiMm, The Campaign.
3. Final event ; death ; destruction.
Heere runneth Halys, the end of Cnesus Empire, both
In the site and fate thereof. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. S19.
The whizzing arrow sings.
And bears thy /ate, Antlnons, on its wingi. Pope.
Pate steals along with silent tread.
Found oft'nest In what least we dread.
Cttwper, A Fable.
4. A cause of death and destruction. [Rare and
poetical.]
Tlie eipreuion of the creatures [rattlesnakeal was watch-
ful, stOI, grave, passionless, /ate-fiJre, sugsestinR a cold ma-
lignity. 0. W. Holmes, Elsie Venner, xv.
fat-faced (fat'fast), o. 1. Having a fat face.
Then said the /a«-/a«d curate, Edward Bull,
**I take it, Ood made the woman for the man."
Tennyson, Edwin ilorris.
2. In printing, broad and thick-lined: said es-
pecially of ordinary plain type having an un-
usually large face.
fathead (fat'hed), n. 1. A labroid fish, Semi-
coKsyiihua or I'imelometopon pulcher, with 12
dorsal spines, continuous lateral line, scaly
cheeks and opercles, and naked dorsal fin. The
FaUiea'I {^rmicosiy^Aut or t'imrlotrutopim fuUher).
forehead of the male Is extended into a fatty protuber-
ance, and the sides of the body and the (Ins are often crim-
s(jn or red. It abounds on the California coast, and is the
principal fish used by the Chinese.
2. A pyprinoid fish, the blackhead or black-
headed minnow, Pimephates promelas, having
a short, roundish, blackish head, it abounds in
slngglsh streams, and rarely reaches a length of 3 inches,
bat is familiar to many on account of its striking charac-
ters and Its abundance.
fat-headed (fat'hed'ed), a. Having a fat or
pudgy head; hence, dull; stupid; heavy-witted.
With that cam In afatheded monke.
The heygh selerer.
l^te.11 Geste of Robyn Uode (Child's Ballads, V. 61).
Cases of subtletv ought not to be comndtted to gross
taifal-headed Jttdgea. Ayliffe, Parergon.
father
fat-hen (fat'hen), n. A name applied to various
plants, especially to chenopodiaceous plants
with fleshy leaves, as Chenopodium album and
C. Bonus-Henricns. In Australia a kind of in-
digenous spinach, perhaps Tetragonia expansa.
father (fa'THfer), n. [Early mod. E. and dial,
also fader (in father, as in mother, the th, for
ME. and AS. d, is modern, appar. due to con-
formation with brother, or ■vrith the Icel. forms
fadhir, modhir); <MS.fader,fadir,feder, fader
{gen. fader, etc., later/aderes),< AS. feeder (gen.
dat. feeder) = OS. fadar, fader = OPries. feder,
fader = D. vader = MLG. fader, LG. vader,
vaer, var = ORG. fatar, MHG. vater, G. vater
= Icel. fadhir = Dan. Sw. fader = Goth, fadar
(rare: usually expressed by atta) = L. pater
(pair-) (> It. padre = Sp. padre = Pg. pae,pai,
father, in Ut. sense, padre, father, a priest, =
Pr. pare, paer, paire = OF. peire, pere, F. pere)
(see paternal, patron, patroon, padrone, ete.,\i\t.
< L. pater) ; = Gr. irar^p = Pers. pidar = Skt.
pilar, father. Origin unknown ; the word has
the aspect of an agent-noun in -ter, -ther, Skt.
-tar, and it is so regarded by some ; doubtfully
referred by some to Skt. Vi'^t protect, keep ; cf .
L. pascere, feed (> ult. E. pastor, pasture, etc.),
AS. foda, food, fedan, ME. feden, E. feed, from
the same root : so a ME. writer derives the ME.
form fader, feder, from feden, feed. Father is
one of the terms of intimate relation (father,
mother, brother, sister, son, daughter) which oc-
cur with slight changes of form, and occasional
gaps in the series, in nearly all the Aryan or
Indo-European tongues.] 1. He who begets a
child; the nearest male ancestor; a male pa-
rent : so called in relation to the chUd.
Jiow by my fader soule that is deed.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 781.
The maiden that was the doughter of kynge Leodogan
serued Arthur vpon her kne of wyn with hir/adercuppe.
Jferiin (E. E. T. S.), 11. 227.
True lovers I can get many a ane.
But a father I can never get niair.
The Douglas Tragedy (Child's Ballads, II. 117).
To fathers within their private families Nature hath
given a supreme power. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 10.
A wise son maketh a glad father. Prov. x. 1.
2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent ;
a lineal male ancestor, especially the first an-
cestor ; the progenitor or founder of a race, fam-
ily, or line: as, Ishmael was the father ot the
Bedouins of the desert.
For we are strangers before thee, and sojourners, as
were all our/a(A«r». 1 Chron. xxix. 1*.
David slept with hit fathers. 1 Ki. ii. 10.
3. One who through marriage or adoption oc-
cupies the position of a male parent ; a father-
in-law; a stepfather. [CoUoq.]— 4. One who
exercises paternal care over another ; a father-
ly protector or provider.
I was a/a/Aer to the poor. Job xxix. 16.
'Twas virtue only (or In arts or arms,
Diffusing blessings, or averting barms),
Tlie same which in a sire the sons obey'd,
A prince the /a(Aer of a people made.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 214.
While Alfred's name, tho/a(Aer of his age.
And the Sixth Edward's grace th' historic page.
Couper, Table Talk, 1. 105.
Perchance, and so thou purify thy soul.
And so thou lean on our fair/a<A«r Christ,
Hereafter In that world where all are pure
We two may meet Tennysoti, Guinevere.
6. ^cap."] The Supreme Being.
Our Father which art in heaven. Mat vi. 9 ; Luke xi. 2.
Because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of
his Son Into your hearts, crying Abba, Father. QaL iv. 6.
6. [txtp.] In orthodox Christian phraseology,
the first person of the Trinity.— 7. A respect-
ful title bestowed on a venerable man; an
appellation of reverence or honor: as. Father
Abraham.
Ye gentils of honour,
Seyn that men sholde an old wight doon favour,
And clepe him fader for your gentilesse.
CAaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, I. 365.
And the king of Israel said unto Elisha, when he saw
them, My father, shall I smite them? 2 KI. vi. 21.
You are old, Father William, the young man cried.
Southey, Father William.
O Tiber, Father Tiber,
To whom the Eonians pray.
Ma^aulay, Horatius.
8. A title given to dignitaries of the Roman
Catholic and Eastern churches, to officers of
monasteries and commonly to monks in gen-
eral, and to confessors and priests.
The whiche Sepultures (of the patriarchs and their wives]
the Sarazlnes kepen fulle curyously, and han the place In
gret reverence, for the holy Fadres, the Patriarkes, that
lyzu there. Mandeville, Travels, p. 66.
father
Come you to make concession to this father >
Shak., R. anJJ., Iv. 1.
Fenance, fathers, will I none ;
Prayer know I hardly one.
Scott, L. of L. M.,il. 6.
9. A member of one of various Roman Catho-
lic fraternities: as, Fathers of the Oratory, etc.
— 10. The title of a senator in ancient Home.
See conscript fathers, under conscript.
1 wis, in all the senate
Tliere was no heart so bold
But sore it ached, and fast it lieat.
When that ill news was told.
Forthwith up rose the consul.
Up rose the fathers all.
Macaulay, Horatius.
1 1 . The eldest member of any profession, or
of any body: as, father of the bar (the oldest
practitioner of law); father of the House of
Representatives or of the House of Commons
(the man who has been a member of the body
for the longest continuous period).
" Vou and me," said the turnkey, " is the oldest inhalji-
tanta. . . . When I'm off the lock for good and all, you'll
be the Father of the Marshalsea."
Dickens, Little Dorrit, vi.
Being at that time the oldest person who had a seat in
St Stephen's, though not the,father of the House in par-
liamentary standing. Times (London), Feb. 2, 1876.
12 . In universities, originally, a regent master
fulfilling certain functions toward an inceptor;
now, a fellow of a college appointed to attend
a university examination in the interest of the
students of that college. — 13. One who creates,
invents, originates, or establishes anything; the
author, former, or contriver ; a founder, direc-
tor, or instructor ; the first to practise any art ;
specifically, in the plural, the authors, found-
ers, or first promoters of any great work, move-
ment, or organization : as, Gutenberg was the
father of printing; the fathers of the church
(which see, below) ; the pilgrim fathers (see
pilgrim) ; the/a^/jersof the American Constitu-
tion.
He [Jabal] was the father of such as dwell in tents, and
. . . have cattle. And his brother's name was Jubal : he
was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ.
Gen. iv. 20, 21.
Of Fathers, by custom so call'd, they quote Ambrose,
Augustin, and some other ceremonial Doctors of the same
Leven. Milton, Touching Hirelings.
But he would soon see . . . that the opinion of Wash-
ington, of Hamilton, and generally of the Fathers, as one
sometimes hears them called in America, threw light on
the meaning of various constitutional articles.
A. V. Dicey, Law of Const., p. 16.
14. In general, any real or apparent generat-
ing cause or source; that which gives rise to
anything; a mainspring or moving element in
a system or a process : as, " the boy is father of
the man."
When he [the devH] speaketh a lie, he speaketh of bis
own ; for he is a liar, and the father of it. John viii. 44.
Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
Adoptive father, one who adopts the child of another and
treats him asliisown.— Aqua^ta fathers. SeeJesimte.
— City fathers, the common council ; corporation; board
of aldermen. [Generally jocose.) — Conscript fathers.
See conscript. — Dollar of the fathers. Hee dollar. — Fa-
ther confessor. .Same as confessor, 3.— Father la God,
a title of bishops of the Anglican Church.
A priest shall present unto the Bishop ... all those
who are to receive the Order of Priesthood that day, . . .
and shall say, Reverend Father in. Ood, I present unto
you these persons present, to be admitted to the order of
Priesthood. Bookof Common Prayer, Ordering of Priests.
Fathers of Mercy. See m^rci/.— Fathers of the
church, a name given to the early teachei-s and expoinid-
ers of Christianity, who, next to the apostles, were the
founders, leaders, and defenders of the Christian church,
and whose writings, so far as they are extant, are the main
sources for the history, doctrines, and observances of the
church in the early ages. Those of them who were during
any part of their lives contemporary with the apostles are
called apostolic fathers. These are six : Barnabas (lived
aljout A. D. 70-100), Clement of Rome (died about 100), Her-
nias (lived probably about the beginning of the second cen-
tury), Ignatius (ilied probably 107), Papias (lived probably
about 130), and Polycarp (died 155). 'fhose who wrote in
defense of Christianity against the objections of Jews and
pagans are called apologetic fathers. These, and all before
the Council of Nice, in 325, are called ante-Nice-ne oTprimi-
timfathers, and include, besides the apostolic fathers, Jus-
tin Martyr (died about 163-66), Theophilus of Antioch
(died about 183), Irenreus of Lyons (died probably about
200), Clement of Alexandria (lived about 200), TertuUian
of Carthage (born about 150, died about 220 - 40), Origen
of Alexandria (l)orn about 185, died al)out 253), Cyprian of
Carthage (died 258), Dionysius of Alexandria (born about
190, died 265), and Gregory Thaumaturgns (died about 270).
The post' Nicene fathers, or those after the Council of Nice,
are: (1) in the Greek Church, Ensebius of Cajsarea (born
about 260, died probably 340), Athana8iU8(born about 296,
died 373), Basil the Great of Ctesarea (born about 329, died
379), Ephrem .Syrus or Ephraim the Syrian (died about
379), Cyril of Jerusalem (died 386), Gregory Nazianzen
(bom about 325 -;J0, died alxjut 390), Gregoi-y of Nyssa
(born about 335, died about 395), Epiphanius of Salamis
2154
in Cyprus (died 403), Chrysostom of Constantinople (born
347, died 407), and Cyril of Alexandria (died 444) ; (2) in
the Latin Church, Lactjintius (died about 325-30), Hilary
of Poitiers (died 368), Ambrose of Milan (born about 340,
died 397), Jerome, the translator of the Bible (born about
340-46, died about 419), and Augustine of Hippo (boi-n
354, died 430), In some reckonings the list of Latin la-
thers is continued to the twelfth century, and St. Bernard
of lYance (born 1091, died 1153) is often called the last of
the fathers.— Holy Father, specifically, among Roman
Catholics, the Bishop of Rome ; the Pope.
And so my Boke ... is affermed and preved be oure
holy Fadir, in manor and fonne as I have seyd.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 315.
This, in our 'foresaid holy father's name.
Pope Innocent, I do demand of thee.
Shak., K. John, iiL 1.
We by that authority Apostolic
Given unto us, his Legate, by the Pope,
Our Lord and Holy Father, Julius, . . .
Do here absolve you.
Tennyson, Qneen Mary, iii. 3.
To be gathered to one's fathers, in Scrip., to die and
be buried,
father (fii'THer), r. t \< father, n.'] 1. To be-
get as a father ; become the father or progeni-
tor of.
Ismael indeed doth live (the Lord replies).
And lives to father mighty Progenies.
Sylvester, tr. of l)u Bartas's Weeks, iL, The "Vocation.
Cowards /(i(Aer cowards, and base things sire base.
Shak., Cynibeline, iv. 2.
If any one h&A fathered villain purposes, those bastards
of the soul's begetting would be sure to return and plague
their parent. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, iv.
2. To acknowledge or treat as a son or daugh-
ter; act as a father toward.
I could well find in my heart to cast out in some desert
of forgetf ulness this child, which I am loath to father.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, Ded.
Of whiche nombre of heathens, ye Romaines are also
touching your nacion, but by adopcion and fathering
called all to the right title of inheritance and surname of
Jesus Christe. J. Udalt, On Rom. i.
Imo. I'll . . . follow you,
So please you entertain me.
Lucius. Ay, good youth ;
And rather/a(A«r thee than master thee.
Shak., Cynibeline, iv. 2.
3. To assume as one's own; profess or ac-
knowledge one's self to be the owner or author
of.
Men of wit
Often father'd what he writ. Swift.
A man's /aiftering' a production . . . ought to establish
his claim. Goldsmith, Criticisms.
4. To give a father to ; furnish with a father.
Think you I am no stronger than my sex.
Being so father'd and so husbanded 1
Shak., J. C, ii. 2.
5. To ascribe or charge to one as his offspring
or production; fix the generation or author-
ship of: with OH or upon.
Father my bairn on whom I will,
I'W father nane on thee.
The Young Tamlane (Child's Ballads, L 118).
Come, father not your lies upon me, widow.
Middleton, The Widow, v. 1.
My name was made use of by several persons, one of
which was pleased to father on me a new set of produc-
tions. Swift.
fatherhood (fa'TH6r-hud), «. [< ME. fadir-
hode; < father + -hood.'] The state of being a
father; the relation or authority of a father:
as, the fatherhood of God.
I would ask.
With leave of your gr&ve fatherhoods, if their plot
Have any face or colour like to truth ?
B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 2.
We might have had an entire notion of this fatlierhood,
or fatherly authority. Locke.
He saw the hated fatherhood reasserted.
George Eliot, Felix Holt, xlvii.
His holy fatherhoodt, a title of the pope.
And besoughte his holy Fadirhode that my Bokemyght-
en be exaniyned and corrected be avys of his wyse and
discreet Conseille. , Mandeville, Travels, p. 315.
father-in-la-W (f a'THfer-in-ia,"), ». [< ME. fadir
in lawe: see father undlaw^. i 1. The father
of a husband or wife, considered iniis relation-
ship to the other spouse.
Moses kept the flock of Jethro his father in laiv, the
priest of Midian. Ex. iii. 1.
The first that there did greet my stranger soul
Was my gresit father-in-law, renowned Warwick.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 4.
2. A stepfather. [Now coUoq. in Great Brit-
ain.]
Stan. Fortune and victory sit on thy helm !
Jiichm. All comfort that the dark night can afford
Be to thy person, nohle father-in-law!
Tell me liow fares our noble mother ?
Shak., Rich. IIL, v. 3.
I know Nancy could not bear a .father-in-law ; she would
fly at the very thought of my being in earnest to give her
one. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, iv. 186.
fathom
fatherland (fa'Taer-land), n. \< father + land,
after D. vaderland = MH(j. raterlant, G. vater-
land = Dan. fa:dreland = Sw. fiidernesland. Ct.
L. patria, Gr. ndrpa and ■n-arpii;, one's iiative
couutiy, fatherland, < li. pater, Gr. izarijp, = E.
father.'] One's native country, or the land or
country of one's fathers or ancestors.
Sweet it was to dream of Fatherland.
Tennyson, Lotos- Eaters.
Fetichism discharged a great duty in that it first fonned
the patriotic instincts, by giving to men a notion ot father-
land and an attachment to a particular soil.
Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 69.
fatherlasher (fa'TH^r-lash'''6r), «. [Origin ob-
scure.] The Cottus bubalis, a fish of the family
Cottidfe. It is from 8 to 10 inches in length. The bead
is large, and is furnished with several formidable spines.
It is found on the rocky coasts of Great Britain and near
Newfoundland and Greenland. In the latter country it
attains a much larger size, and is an important article of
food.
fatherless (fa'THfer-les), a. [< 'M.E. faderles, <
AS. fwderleds (= D. vaderloos = (r. raterlos
= Dan. Sw. faderlos), < feeder, father, -1- -leas,
E. -less.] 1. Without a living father: as, a
fatherless chUd.
Ye shall not afflict any widow, ot fatherless child.
Ex. xxii. 22.
2. Springing from an orphaned condition.
[Rare.]
Out fatherless distress was left unmoan'd ;
Your widow-dolour likewise be unwept I
Shak., Rich. III., iL 2.
3. Without a known author.
There's already a thousand fatherless tales amongst us.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, iv. 2.
fatherlessness (fa'THfer-les-nes), n. The state
of lioiiig fatlierless.
fatherliness (fii'Tner-li-nes), n. The state or
quality of being fatherly; resemblance to a
kind father; parental kindness, care, and ten-
derness.
father-long-legs (fa''TH6r-16ng'legz), n. Same
as daddy-long-legs, 1.
fatherly (fii'THfer-li), a. [< ME. *faderhj, < AS.
'fwdcrlic (= D. vaderlijlc = G. vdterlich = Dan.
Bw. faderlig), of or belonging to a father, <f(B-
der, father, 4- -lie, E. -lyl.] 1. Pertaining or
proper to a father: as, fatherly authority.
For the rest.
Our own detention, why, the causes weigh'd —
Fatherly fears — ... we pardon it.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
2. Due from a father; like a kind father in
affection and care ; tender ; paternal ; protect-
ing; careful: as, ^Z/jerZy care or affection.
You have show'd a teniei fatherly regard.
Shak., T. of theS., iL L
=Syn. Fatherly, Paternal, Parental. Fatherly lepresenta
that which is more kind or tenderor forbearing ; paternal
and parental represent that which is more strict or official.
fatherly (fa'TH^r-li), a<?». In the manner of
a father. [Rare.]
He cannot choose but take this service I have done
fatherly. Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 3.
This child is not mine as the first was ;
I cannot sing it to rest,
I cannot lift it up fatherly
And bless it upon my breast
Lowell, The Changeling.
fathership (fa'THer-ship). n. [< father +
-.shiji. Cf. D. vaderschap = G. vaterschaft =
Sw. faderskap.] The state of being a father.
father-sick (fa'THer-sik), a. Pining for one's
father. [Rare.]
An angel in some things, but a baby in others; so
father-sick, so family-fond.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, III. 316.
fathom (faTH'um), «.; -pX. fathoms or fathom.
[Early mod. E. and dial, also f adorn, faddom ;
< ME./«Wio?«e, commonly with d.fadome, fad-
erne, usually without the inserted vowel, fad-
me, fedme (prop, a dat. and pi. form), a mea-
sure of length, about 6 feet, also an ell or cubit
(L. ulna), < As. fwthm, a measure of length,
an ell or cubit (cf. gloss, " Cubitiim, fa'thm be-
twux elbogan and hondwyrste," i. e., 'cubit,
the space between elbow and wrist'), also of
a longer measure, a fathom (as in an early gloss,
" Passvs, fcethm vel tuegen stridi," i. e., 'pace,
a fathom or two strides' — the L. passus being
about 5 feet) ; orig. the space reached over by
the extended arms, fcethm meaning generally
the extended arms, the embracing arms, em-
brace, bosom, grasp, power, an expanse, etc.,
= OS. fathmos, pi., the extended arms, = OD.
vadeni, a cubit, fathom, a stretched thread, D.
vadcm, a fathom, = LG./flrfew, faem, a cubit, a
thread, = OHG. fadam, fadum, MHG. vadem,
fathom
raden, G. faden, a thread, G. also (< LG.) a
fathom, = Icel. fadhmr, the arms, the bosom,
a fathom, = Sw. famn, the arms, bosom, em-
brace, = Dan. facn, an embrace, a fathom.
Prob. connected with Goth, fatha = MHG. rade,
a hedge, iuelosure.] 1. Originally, the space
to which a man may extend his arras ; specifi-
cally, a measure of length containing 6 feet:
used chiefly in nautical and mining measure-
ments.
These trees were sette, that I devyse,
One from another in assyse
Five /adouie or syxe. Rom. of the Rote, 1. 1390.
The Bhipmen . . . sounded and found it twenty /atAonu ;
and when they had gone a little further, they sounded
again and found it fifteen fathonu. Acts xxvii. 28.
Full fathom five thy father lies ;
Of his bones are coral made.
ShaJc., Tempest, i. 2 (song).
The extent of hisfatkome, or distance betwixt the ex*
tremity of the fingers of either hand upon expansions, is
equal unto the space between the sole of the foot and the
crown. Sir T. Brovme, Vulg. Err., iv. h.
Hence — 2. Mental reach or scope; penetra-
tion; the extent of capacity; depth of thought
or contrivance.
Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business. Shak., Othello, i. 1.
84IUX6 fathom, in mining, 36 square feet of the vein,
measured ou one of the walls, and including its whole
thickness. The available amount of ore in a mine worked
on a regular fissure-vein is usually reckoned by the square
fathom.
fathom (faTH'um), r. t. [< ME. fadomen, fad-
mcii, fathmen, embrace, encompass, < AS. fath-
miaii, clasp, embrace, encompass, = D. rademeyi,
fathom, sound, = Icel. fadhma, embrace, = Sw.
famna. fathom, sound, = Dan. favne, clasp,
embrace, /acne op, sound ; from the noun.] If.
To encompass with the arms extended or en-
circling.
AU I sat upon that lawe,
1 bigan Denemark for to awe,
The borwes, and the castles stronge.
And mine armes weren so longe,
Tlut I fadmede, al at ones,
Denemark with mine longe bones.
Havelok, L 1291.
The temple ... is most of timl»er. the walls of brick
diuided into flue iles with rowes of pillars on lx>th sides,
which are of round timber as bira^e as two men can fathomt,
Purchat, Pilgrimage, iv. 19.
2. To reach in depth by measurement in fath-
oms; sound; try the depth of; penetrate to or
find the bottom or extent of.
The Philosopher can fathom the deep, nmauTe Moon-
tains, reach the Stars with a Staff, and blew HesTen with
a Girdle. HomU, Letten, I. v. 9.
Onr depths who fathom; or obr shallows finds.
Quick whirls and shifting eddies of our minds?
Popt, Moral Essays, i. 23.
Hence — 3. To penetrate with the mind ; com-
prehend.
Leave to fathom such high points as these.
Drydtn, tr. of Perslus's Satires.
Vex not thou the poet's mind.
For thou canst not fathom It.
Tennyon, The Poet's Mind.
fathomable (faxH'um-a-bl), a. [< fathom +
-able.] 1. Capableof being fathomed or sounded
by measurement. — 2. Capable of being Bound-
ed by thought, or comprehended.
The Christian's best faculty is faith, his felicity there-
fore consists In those things which are not perceptible by
sense, not falhomabU by reason.
Bp. HaU, SaUn's Fiery Darts Quenched, ia
fathomer (faTH'um-*r), n. One who fathoms.
fathomless (faTH'um-les), a. [< fathom +
-lesg.] It. Incapable of being embraced or en-
compassed with the arms.
And buckle-In a waist most/afAom/««f
With spans and Inches so diminutive
As fesrs and reasons? Shot., T. and C, 11. 2.
2. Ha'ving a depth so great that it cannot be
fathomed; bottomless.
Seas ufathoml^M as wide.
Coicfer, Secrets of Divine Lore (trans.).
Qod in the/a/Aofni«s« profound
Hath all his choice commanders drown'd.
Sandy; Paraphrase of Ex. xv.
8. Not to bo penetrated by thought or compre-
hended.
* Here lies the/ofAomiMs absurdity.
Milton, Tetrachordon.
With wide gray eyes so frank tir\A fnihomlfjtt.
wailam Marrit, Earthly Paradise, lit. 80.
fathom-line (faTH'nm-lin), n. A line for sound-
ing, or with which soundings are made.
Or dive Into the bottom of the deep,
Where /a(A»m-/i'n^ could never touch the ground.
And pluck up drowned honour by the locks.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., L 3.
2155
fathomlyt, a. [<fathovi + -ly'^.'] Including a
fathom: as, a fatlioinly assize.
fathom-'WOOd (fa^H'um-wud), n. Waste tim-
ber sold at the ship-building yards by cubic
measurement in fathom lots. [Eng.]
fatidic (fa-tid'ik), a. [= F.fatidique = Sp./flt-
tidico = tg. It. fatidieo, < Jj. fatidicus, prophe-
sying, prophetic, < fatum, fate, + dicere, say,
tell: see fate and diction.] Having power to
foretell future events; prophetic.
There is a marvellous impression, whicll the daemons do
often make on the minds of those their votaries, about the
future or secret matters unlawfully enquired after, and at
last there is also an horrilUe possession, which these Fa-
tidic diemons do take of them.
C. Mather, Mag. Chris., ii. 13.
fatidical (fa-tid'i-kal), a. Same a.s fatidic.
So that the fatidical fury spreads wider and wider, till
at last even Saul must join in it. Carlyle.
fatidically (fa-tid'i-kal-i), adv. In a fatidic or
prophetic manner,
fatldiencyt (fa-tid'i-en-si), n. [Irreg. < fatidic
+ -ency.] Divination.
Let us make trial of this kind of fatidieticy.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, iii. 19.
fatiferous (fa-tif'e-rus), a. [= Pg. (poet.) fa-
tifero, < li.faiifer, that brings death, death-deal-
ing, <falum, fate, death, + ferre = E. bear^.]
Fate-bringing; deadly; mortal; destructive.
Bailey, 1727. [Rare.]
fatigablet (fat'i-ga-bl), a. [= It. fatigabile,
fatieabile. < 'LL.fatigabili3,< h. fatigare, tire:
see fatigue.] Easily tired or wearied. Bailey.
fatigate (fat'i-gat), r. t.; pret. and j^i>. fatigated,
ppT.fatigating. [< h. fatigatus, pp. oi fatigare,
tire: see fatigue.] To fatigue ; tire. [Obsolete
or colloquial.]
He, whiclie should write the negligent losses, and the
pollytyque gaynes, of euery citee fortresse and turrett,
whyche were gotten and loste in these dayes, should fad-
gate and weary the reader. Hall, Hen. VI., an. 12.
He, fatigated with daily attendance and charges, . . .
dt-|iiirted towards England. Hakluyt'g Voyages, I. 286.
fatigatet (fat'i-gat), a. [< 1,. fatigatus, pp.:
see fatigate, v. t.] Fatigued; tired.
For the poore and needy people beyng fatigate, and
wery with the oppression of their new landlordes, ren-
dered their townes before thei were of theim required.
Hall, Hen. VI., an. 36.
Then straight his doubled spirit
Re-quicken'd what in flesh wm fatigate.
And to the battle came he. Shak., Cor., 11. 2.
fatigationt C^at-i-ga'shon), n. [< L. fatiga-
tio(n-), < fatigare, weary : see fatigate, fatigue.]
Weariness.
The earth alloweth man nothing, bnt at the price of his
sweat and fatigation.
H'. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xx. 1 1.
fatigue (fa-teg'), «. (. ; pret. and pp. fatigued,
ppr. fatiguing. [< F. fatiguer = Pr. Sp. Pg.
fatigar = It. fatigare, faticare, < L. fatigare,
weary, tire, vex, harass; perhaps connected
with fatiscere, open in chinks, gape or crack
open, fig. grow weak, become exhausted, af-
fatim, adfatim, enough, abundantly,/e«»i(«, wea-
ried, tired. The older form of the verb in E.
is fatigate, q. v.] To weary with labor or any
bodily or mental exertion; lessen or exhaust
the strength of by severe or long-continued ex-
ertion, by trouble, by anything that harasses,
etc.; tire.
The man who struggles in the fight,
Fatigues left arm as well as right.
Prior, Alma, ii.
Lydia was too much fatigued to utter more than the oc-
casional exclamation of " Lord, how tired I am I " accom-
panied by a violent yawn.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, xviii.
If the eye be now fatigued, e. g., for red, the first light
ought on Uering's theory to seem greenish on account of
the change in his red-green visual substance.
Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 311.
=8yil. Weary, Jade, etc. See (i'r«l, v.
fatjigne (fa-teg'), n. [< F. fatigue (= 8p. /aHoa
= Vg.fadiga = It. fatica), weariness; from the
verb: see fatigue, v.] 1. A feeling of weari-
ness following bodily labor or mental exertion ;
a sense of loss or exhaustion of strength after
exertion, trouble, etc.
It is not tliat these (stock words] were originally bad In
themselves, but they have Ijecome so worn and faded that
one never hears them without a sense of commonness and
fatigue. J. C. Shairp, Aspects of Poetry, p. 128.
Sir.— The fatigue of your many public visits. In such
unbroken succession as may compare with the toils of a
campaign, forbids us to detain you long.
Emerson, Address to Kossuth.
2. A cause or source of weariness; labor; toil:
as, t\io fatigues of war.
The great Scipiu sought honours in his youth, and en-
dured tiie fatigues with which he purchased them.
Dryden.
fat-lean
Specifically — 3. The labors of military men
distinct from the use of arms; fatigue-duty:
as, a party of men on fatigue. — 4. The weak-
ening of a metal bar by the repeated applica-
tion and removal of a load considerably less
than the breaking-weight of the bar, as when
car-axles break from the repeated blows and
strains which they experience. E. H. Knight.
The so-called /a(i(?we of metals under strain.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXX. 231.
= Syn. 1. Fatigue, Weariness, Lassitude. Fatigue is
more often physical, but also mental, and is generally the
result of active and strenuous exertion: as, the fatigue of
ten hours' work, or of close application to l)Ooks. Weari-
ness may iie the same as fatigue; it is, more often than
fatigue, the result of less obvious causes, as long sitting
or standing in one position, importunity from others, de-
lays, and the like. Fatigue and u-eariness are natural
conditions, from which one easily recovers by rest. Lassi-
tude is a relaxation with languor, the result of greater /a-
tigue or jveariness than one can well bear, and may be of
the nature of ill health. The word may, however, lie used
in a lighter sense.
One of the amusements of idleness is reading without
the fatigue of close attention. Johnson.
A man would die, though he were neither valiant nor
miserable, only upon a weariness to do the same thing so
oft over and over again. Bacon, Death.
Happy he whose toil
Has o'er his languid pow'riess limbs diifus'd
A pleasing lassitude.
Annstrong, Art of Preserving Health, iii. 385.
fatigue-call (fa-teg'kal), «. A signal sounded
upon a drum, bugle, or trumpet to summon
soldiers to perform fatigue-duty.
fatigne-cap (fa-teg'kap), «. A small, light cap
worn by soldiers when on fatigue-duty.
fatigue-^ess (fa-teg'dres), «. The uniform
worn by soldiers when engaged in fatigue-
duty.
fatigae-duty (fa-tee'dTi'ti), n. That part of a
soldier's work which is distinct from the use of
arms.
fatigue-party (fa-teg'par'ti), n. A body of
soldiers engaged in or detailed for labors dis-
tinct from the use of ai-ms.
fatiguesome (fa-teg'sum), a. [< fatigue +
-some.] Fatiguing; wearisome; tiresome.
The Attorney-General's place is very nice [troublesome]
and fatiguesome. Roger North, Examen, p. 515.
fatigningly (fa-te'ging-li), adv. So as to cause
fatigue; tiresomely: &s, the road is fatiguingly
steep and difficult.
fatilo(luentt (fa-til'o-kwent), a. [= Pg. (poet.)
fatiloquente, < "L. fatilogiius, declaring destiny,
prophesying, < fatum, fate, destiny, + loqui,
ppr. loquen(t-)s, speak.] Prophesying; pro-
phetic; fatidic.
In such like discourses of fatiloqxient soothsayers inter.
pret all things to the best.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, iii. 22.
fatiloquistt (fa-til'o-kwist), n. [< L. fatilo-
r/«H.v, prophesying, + -int.] A fortune-teller.
Fatimide (fat'i-mid), «. and n. [< Ar. Fatimah
-t- -idi-.] Same as Fatimite.
Fatimite (fat'i-mit), a. and n. [< Ar. Fatimah
+ -ite'^.] I. a. Descended from Fatima, the
daughter of Mohammed, and -wife of the calif
Ali.
At Medina and Mecca his [Moktadi's] name was substi-
tuted in the public prayers for those of the Fdtimite Ca-
liphs. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 688.
n. n. One of the members of an Arabian dy-
nasty descended from Ali and Fatima, and rul-
ing from 909 to 1171 in northern Africa and for
a large part of that period in Egypt and Syria.
One of the earlier rulers assumed the title of
calif.
While the'Abt)Asid family was thus dying out in shame
and degradation, the Fdtimites, in the person of Mo'izz
li-(lin-itUh, were reaching the highest degree of power and
glory. Ewyc. Brit,, XVI. 588.
fatiscence (fa-tis'ens), n. [< fatiscent: see
dice.] A gaping or an opening ; the state of
being chinky. Kirwan.
fatiscent (fS-tis'ent), a. [< L. fatiscen{t-).'>, ppr.
ofy'cidM'cre.opeii in chinks, gape.] Opening in
cliinks ; falling to pieces when exposed to the
air ; gai)ing.
fat-kidneyed(fat'kid'nid), a. Fat; gross: used
in contempt. [Rare.]
Peace, ye falkidneyed rascal ; What a l)rawling dost
thou keep ! Shak., 1 lien. l\., Ii. 2.
fat-lean (fat'len), «. In whaling, that part of
a whale's flesh in which the fat and the lean
are so intimately mixed that it is difficult to
separate the former from the latter ; also, pieces
of flesh which adhere to the blubber when the
latter is cut off. Most of the fat-lean lies about the
fat-lean
jaw, but it is also found in other parts of tlie animal. It
-was formerly thrown away, but is now usually saved and
tried out.
fatling (fat'ling), «. and o. [< fan + -ling^.']
1. n. A lamb, kid, or other young animal fat-
tened for slaughter; a fat animal: applied to
quadrupeds the flesh of which is used for food.
He [David] sacrificed oxen and failings. 2 Sam. vi. 13.
n. a. Fat; fleshy. [Rare.]
The babe, . . .
Uncared for, spied its mother, and began
A blind and babbling laughter, and to dance
Its body, and reach its fatling innocent arms
And lazy, lingering lingers. Tennyson, Princess, vi.
fat-Inte (fat'lut), ». A mixture of pipe-clay
and linseed-oil, used for filling joints, aper-
tures, etc.
fatly (fat'U), a<ft'. 1. Grossly; greasily. Cot-
grave. — 2. In a lumbering manner, as of a fat
person.
Renaissance angels and cherubs in marble, floating and
.fatly tumbling about on the broken arches of the altars
[of the Church of the Scalzi], Uoiivlls, Venetian Life, xi.
fatnert (fat'n^r), n. An obsolete form of fat-
tener.
fatness (fat'nes), «. [< ME. fatnes, < AS. fcet-
nes, fatness, <. fat, fat, -I- -ne's, -nes«.] 1. The
state or quality of being fat, plump, or full-fed ;
fidlness of flesh ; corpulency.
But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked : thou art waxen
fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with/omes«.
Dent, xxxii. 15.
Asay, the point in the breast of the buck at which tlie
hunter's luiife was inserted to make trial of the animal's
fatness.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), Gloss.
2. tJnctuousness ; sliminess: applied to earth ;
hence, richness ; fertility; fruitfulness.
Right fatte or dounged lande thai loveth best.
Or valey ther hilles/a(feHe*«e hath rest.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 207.
God give thee of the dew of heaven, and the fatness of
the earth, and plenty of corn and wine. Gen. xxvii. 28.
The clouds dropp'd fatness. Philips, Cider.
Sf. Grossness; sensuality.
In i\ie fatness of these pursy times,
"Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
Fatsia (fat 'si -a), n. [NL., < fatsi, a native
name.] A genus of araliaeeous shrubs of east-
em Asia, including three species, one of ■which,
F. horrida, is also native on the northwest
coast of America. F. papyrifera, a native of Formosa,
but extensively cultivated on the mainland of China, has a
large white pith, from which the so-called "rice-paper" is
cut.
fatten (fat'n), v. [< ME. "fatnen, < AS. ge-fat-
nian, fatten (= Sw.fetna, grow fat), <.f(et, fat:
seefat^, a. Ct.fafi, v."] I. trans. 1. To make
fat ; feed for slaughter ; make fleshy or plump
with fat.
Yea, their Apis might not drinke of Nilns, for this riuers
fatning qualitie, but of a fountaine peculiar to his holi-
nesse. Purcbas, Pilgrimage, p. 571.
Fatten the courtier, starve the learned band.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 315.
2. To enrich ; make fertile and fruitful.
Dare not, on thy life,
Touch aught of mine :
This falchion else, not hitherto withstood.
These hostile fields shall /«««)» with tliy blood.
Dryden.
"When wealth . . . shall slowly melt
In many streams to fatten lower lands.
Tennyson, Golden Year.
II. intrans. To grow fat or corpulent ; grow
plump, thick, or fleshy.
And viW&im fatten with the brave man's labour. Oiway.
The Pere and his Capuchins slept and ate
And thrived and fattened for many a year,
Ungrudged by none of their royal cheer.
Harpers Mag., LXXVI. 187.
fattener (fat'nfer), n. One who or that which
fattens ; that which gives fatness, or richness
and fertility.
The wind was west, on which that philosopher bestowed
the encomium offatner of the earth. Arbuthnot.
fattiness (f at'i-nes), n. The state of being fatty ;
grossness; greasiness.
Having now spoken of hardning of the juices of the
body, we are to come next to the oleosity or fattiness of
them. Bacon, Life and Deatli.
fatting-knife (fat'ing-nif), n. Same as mack-
erel-plow.
fattrels (f at'relz), n.pl. [Sc, also written fat-
trils; < OF. fatraille, trash, trumpery, connect-
ed ■with fatras, a confused heap or bundle of
trash, trifles; origin uncertain.] 1. The ends
of a ribbon. — 2. The folds or puckerings in a
woman's dress.
2166
Now, baud ye there, ye're out o' sight,
l&Q\o\y i)xG fatt'rells, snug and tiglit.
Burns, To a Louse.
fatty (fat'i), a. [< fat\ »., + -i/l.] 1. Con-
sisting of fat. — 2. Containing fat ; adipose: as,
fatty tissue. — 3. Having certain of the proper-
ties of fat ; especially, having a greasy feel ; re-
sembling fat.
The .fatty compound of copper is produced when blue
vitriol is mixed with a hot and strong solution of soap.
O'A'eiU, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 186.
The clay should he fatty and plastic.
C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 286.
Fatty acids, a class of monobasic acids formed by the
oxidation of the primary alcohols. Formic and acetic
acids are the simplest of the series. The more complex
fatty acids are found in all oleaginous compounds, where
they exist combined with glycerin, forming fats. When a
fat is heated with a stronger base than glycerin, as potash
or soda, the fatty acids leave the glycerin and combine
with the metallic base, forming a soap. By treating the
soap with a stronger acid, the fatty acids are displaced
and set free. The most common of tlie complex fatty
acids are oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. — Fatty de-
generation. See de^ejierod'on.— Fatty tissue. Same as
a(iipo,^e tisf^iie (which see, under adipose^.
fatuitous (fa-tii'i-tus), a. [< fatuity -I- -ous.^
Characterized by fatuity ; foolish ; fatuous.
We cry aloud for new avenues and consumers for the
productions of our industry, and at the same time decline,
witli a fatuitous persistence, to take any step to obtain
the one or to I'each the other.
0. F. JSdmunds, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 432.
fatuity (fa-tu'i-ti), «. [= P. fattiite = Vv.fatu-
itat= Sp.' fatuitad = Pg. fatuitade = It. fatuita,
< li. fatuita(t-)s, foolishness, < fatuus, foolish:
see fatuous.l 1. Self-conceited foolishness;
weakness of mind with high self-esteem ; un-
conscious stupidity ; also, as applied to things,
springing from or exhibiting such traits.
The follies which Moliere ridicules are those of aflfecta-
tion, not those of fatuity. Macaulay, Machiavelli.
He still held to an impossible purpose with a tenacity
which resembled/o(ui(i/. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 336.
James II. attacked with a strange fatuity the very
Chtirch on whose teaching the monarchical enthusiasm
mainly rested, and thus drove the most loyal of his sub-
jects into violent opposition. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.
2. Idiocy; congenital dementia; imbecility.
Idiocy, or fatuity a nativitate, vel dementia naturalis,
. . . one . . . who knows not to tell twenty shillings, nor
knows his own age, or who was his father.
Sir M. Hale, Pleas of the Crown.
fatuous (fat'u-us), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. fatuo, < L.
fatuus, foolish, simple, silly, rarely insipid,
tasteless (hence, through this sense, ult. E.
/adel, o.,q. v.); as a, Tiovca, fatuus, tera. fatua, a,
fool, a professional jester.] 1. Foolish; fool-
ishly conceited; feebly or stupidly self-suffi-
cient ; unconsciously silly : applied both to per-
sons and to their acts.
We pity or laugh at i\\os& fatuous extravagants.
Glanville.
The home goveniment, in its fattious policy of exasper-
ating and vacillating dealing with the rebellion in the
colonies. The Atlantic, LVIII. 561.
2. Idiotic ; demented ; imbecile.
In Scots law, a fatuous person, or an idiot, is one who,
from a total defect of judgment, is incapable of managing
his affairs. He is described as having an uniform stupid-
ity and inattention in his manner and childishness in his
speech. Bell's Law Diet.
3. Unreal; illusory, like the ignis fatuus.
Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth.
Sir J. Denham.
fat'va, fatvah (fat'va), n. Same asfetwa.
No decree of the Sultan touching any part of the Sacred
Law has any force till it has received the fateah (dogmatic
sanction) of the Sheik-ul-Islam.
Contemporary Rev., LIII. 551.
fat-'witted (f at'wit'''ed), a. Ha'ving a fat or dull
wit; dull; stupid.
Thou art . . . fat-witted with drinking of old sack.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
faubourg (fo'borg), ». [F., formerly spelled
faux-bourg, a form corrupted by popular etym. ,
as if 'false town' {<faux, false); < OF. forbourg,
fobour, forbourc, forbore, forthourc, etc., lit.
' out-town,' equiv. to L. suburbium, suburb ; <
OF. fors,foers, foer, fur, also hors, F. hors, out,
beyond, < L. foris, out of doors (see door and
forum), + bourg, town, borough: see borough^,
burg^. Cf. ML. forisbarium, suburb, lit. out-
side of the barriers.] A suburb, especially a
part of a French city immediately beyond its
walls ; also, in many cases, a quarter formerly
so situated, but now within the limits of a city :
as, the Faubourg St. Germain, Faubourg St. An-
toine, etc., of Paris.
On approaching it [the headquarters or capital of the
Zaporovians] from the steppe, the traveler first entered a
faubourg or bazaar, in which there was a considerable
population of Jewish traders.
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 366.
faucitis
Westwards, between El-Medinah and its .faubourg, lies
the plain of El-Munakhah, about tltree quarters of a mile
long by 300 yards broad.
li. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 240.
faucal (fa'kal), a. and v. [< li. fauces, the
throat (eee fauces), + -a/.] I. a. Pertaining to
the fauces or opening of the throat: specifically
applied to certain deep guttural sounds, pecu-
liar to the Semitic and some other tongues,
which are produced in the fauces.
They [the Semitic alphabets] posse.%s a notation for the
faucal breaths. Isaac 'Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 160.
II. n. In phonetics, a sound produced in the
fauces.
Cheth, defined as a "fricative .faucal," was a strongly
marked continuous guttural sound produced at the back
of the palate. Jsaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 181.
fauces (fa'sez), n. pi. [L., rarely in sing, faux
(fauc-), the throat, the gullet; origin uncer-
tain.] 1. The throat or gullet. [Rare or obso-
lete.]— 2. In anat., specifically, the back part
of the mouth, leading into the pharynx ; the
passage from the buccal cavity proper to the
cavity of the pharynx, overhung by the soft pal-
ate, and bounded on each side by the pillars of
the soft palate. [The word has no singular, and
is used chiefly in the two phrases given below.]
— 3. In conch., that part of the cavity of the
first chamber of a shell which may be seen by
looking in at the aperture. — 4. In bot., the
opening or throat of the tube of a gamopetalous
corolla — Isthmus of the fauces, the contracted space
between the pillars of the fauces of opposite sides. — Pil-
lars or arches of the fauces, anterior and posterior,
on each side, ridges of nmcous membrane formed by the
prominence of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
muscles.
faucet (fa'set), n. [E. dial, fosset (also fas-
set: see fascet); < ME. faucet, fawcet, fawset,
facett, faucet, in both senses, < OF. fausset, also
spelled /aMfe«*, F. fausset, a faucet, < OF. faus-
ser, faulser, pierce, strike or break through
(a shield, armor, a troop, etc.), earlier /att«er,
falser, break, bend, and lit. make false, falsify,
forge, < OF. fals,faus, false : see false, v. t.} 1.
A device fixed in a receptacle or pipe to control
the flow of liquid from it by opening or closing
an orifice, a faucet of the original form is a hollow plug
inserted in the head or side of a cask, with a transverse
perforation in its projecting part for the reception of a
solid peg or spigot, which is removed to permit the flow
of liquid. Faucets are now made in a great variety of
forms, commonly with the spigot or valve itself also per-
forated, to be turned by a handle or cock for opening or
closing the orifice, but sometimes with valves otherwise
constructed and controlled.
Than was founde a fell [fierce, sharp] /atc»e(,
In tlie trie [choice] tunne it was sette.
Holy Itood (E. E. T. S.), p. 211.
Stryke out the heed of your vesselles ; our men be to
thrustye to tarye tyll their drinke be
drawen with &fautsed.
Palsgrave, French Grammar, p. 740.
You see, marble bath, faucets for hot
water and cold.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 169.
2. The enlarged end of a pipe fitted
to the spigot-end of another pipe.
— Self-closing faucet, a faucet of which
the valve is secured to its seat by a spring
to prevent the passage of the liquid, a lever
lifting it when the liquid is to be drawn off.
faucet-bit (fa'set-bit), n. A cut-
ting-lip and router on a faucet; a
boring-faucet.
fauce't-joint (fa'sot-joint), n. 1.
A form of expansion pipe-joint. —
2. A form of breech-loading fire-
arm employing a perforated plug
to uncover the rear of the bore.
fauchard (fo'shard), n. [OF., also
faussard, faussart, etc., < faux, a
scythe, < li.falx, a sickle: see/ate.]
A weapon of the middle ages con-
sisting of a scythe-shaped blade
with a long handle, and differing
from the war-seythe in having the
sharp edge convex. It is often
confused with the guisarme and
the halberd. Also falsari urn.
fauchiont, fauchont, «• Obsolete forms of fal-
chion.
faucht (faeht), n. A Scotch variant ot fight.
faucial (fa'sial), o. [i fauces + -ial.'] Of or per-
taining to tlie fauces ; faucal.
You have now a ragged mass of tissue between the fau-
cial pillars, full of holes and lodging places for food and
secretions. Medical News, LII. 382.
faucitis (fa-si'tis), n. [NL., < fauces, throat,
-I- -itis.'] In pathol., inflammation about the
fauces.
Fauciiard of
tlie 15th cen-
tury. ( From
Viollet-lc-Duc's
" Diet du Mo-
bilier fran-
9a is.")
fancon
faucont, fauconert. Obsolete spellings oi fal-
con, falconer. Chaucer.
faugi (fa), inter}. [A mere exclamation; cf.
joh, fie^, phew.'\ An exclamation of disgust,
contempt, or abhorrence.
An eniperour's cabinet?
Faugh^ I have known a charnel-house smell sweeter.
Fletcher {and another'!), Prophetess, ii. 2.
fanjasite (fo'zha-sit), n. [Named after a French
geologist, Faujag de Saint-Fond (1741-1819).]
A zeolitic mineral occurring in colorless octa-
hedral crystals in the amygdaloid of the Kai-
serstuhl in southern Baden. It is a hydrous sil-
icate of aluminium, calcium, and sodium.
faulchiont, »- An obsolete spelling ot falchion.
faulcont, »■ An obsolete spelling ot falcon.
fauld i,fald), V. A dialectsJ (Scotch) form of
fohlK
faold (fald), n. 1. A dialectal (Scotch) form
of /oMl. Specifically — 2. The tymp-arch or
working-arch of a furnace. E. H. Knight.
fauld-dOce (fald'dik), «. The dike or fence of
a sheepfold. [Scotch.]
He's lifted her over ihe fa\dd-dykt.
And speer'd at her ema' leave.
The Broom nf Cmraenlmowt (Child's Ballads, IV. 47X
faulkont, faulkonert. Obsolete forms of fal-
con, falconer.
Xaalt (fait, formerly fat), n. [Early mod. E. also
fait, but usually /flM<,/a«te (the I being a mod.
insertion, affecting at first only the spelling: it
was not sounded till recently); < }<lE.faitt,faute
(in late ME. sometimes apelled faugh te), < OF.
faute, later faulte, earlier /a/te, F.faiite, f., also
OF. faut, fault, m., = Pr. falta = 8p. Pg. It.
falta. a lack, fault (cf. OF. 'falter, fauter = Sp.
Pg. faltar = It. faltare, lack), < L. fallere, de-
ceive, ML. fail: 8ee/ai7l.] ij. Defect; lack;
want; failure. Bee default.
And who-so faille that day, that he be nouthe there, ai
comenaunt vs. he schal paie a pound of wax for ii/aute,
JSngluh GiUU (E. £. T. 8.), p. 34.
Kull w* es mee !
Alnuute I dye, tor/avjte of fade.
Thonuu of BrtMtUoune (Child's Balladi, I. lOS).
Is she your cousin, sir ?
Yea, in truth, forsooth, tor fault of a better.
B. Joiuon, Poetaster, it. 1.
2. Alack; a defect; an imperfection; a fail-
ing, blemish, or flaw ; any lack or impairment
of excellence : applied to things.
Patches, set upon a little breach.
Discredit more in hiding of the/auU.
Shat., K. John, iv. 2.
Bot And you faithful friends that will reprove.
That on your works may look with careful eyea,
And of yonr/ault$ be zealous enemiea.
Dryden, tr. ot Boileau's Art of Poetry, 1. 188.
Faults in your Person, or your Face, correct.
Cangrevt, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
Take, Madam, this poor lxx>k of sons ;
For tlio' the /au/M were thick as dust
In vacant chambers, 1 could trust
Your kindness. Tennyton, To the Queen.
5. An error or defect of judgment or conduct ;
any deviation from prudence, rectitude, or
duty; any shortcoming, or neglect of care or
performance, resulting from inattention, inca-
pacity, or perversity; a wrong tendency, course,
or act.
Neither yet let any man curry fauell with him seUe af-
ter this wise : the /aute is but light, the law is broken in
nothing but In this parte. J. Udall, On Jas. IL
His (Calvin's) nature from a child obMrved by his own
parents . . . was propense to sharpe and severe repre-
nension where he thoosht any/a/< was.
Quoted in Uoolcer'$ Eccles. Polity, Pref., IL, note.
Bis IBacon's|/au<(« were— we write It with pain — cold-
ness of heart and ni<nnn«ii o( spirit.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
Tome
He U all/auU who hath no fault at all.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
4. An occasion of blame or censure ; a particu-
lar cause for reprehension or disapproval : as,
to charge one with a fault, or find fault with
one.
Sleeping or waking, must I still prevail.
Or will you blame, and lay tYw fault on me?
Slui., 1 Hen. VL, U. 1.
6t. Blame; censure; reproach.
O, let me fly, before a prophet's /auf/.
Greene and I..odye, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.
6. The act of losing the scent; a lost scent:
said of sporting dogs.
Saw'st thou not, boy, how Silver made It good
At the hed^ comer, in the coldest /a«<( f
I would not lose the dog for twenty pound.
SAo*., T. of the. S., Ind., i.
7. In geol., a severing of the continuity of a
body of rock by a break throuj^h the mass, at-
tended by movement on one side or the other
Section showing displacement of strata by
a fault, a and a were once a continuous
mass of rock.
2157
of the break, so that what were once parts of
one continuous stratum are now separated.
The amount of dis-
placement of the
strata thus occa-
sioned may be a
few inches or
thousands of feet.
Faulta of a few
feet are, however,
the most common.
Faults are occa-
sioned by move-
ments of the crust
of the earth, and
are a part of the
complitated phe-
nomena by which
mountain - chains
are built up, and
continents elevated and depressed. SeeWtpl, 8lide, hrecik.
Along the flank of the Grampians a great fault runs
from the North Sea at Stonehaven to the estuary of the
Clyde, throwing the Old Red Sandstone on end sometimes
for a distance of two miles from the line of dislocation.
J. Croil, Climate and Cosmology, p. 269.
8. In tenniSy a stroke by which the server fails
to drive the ball into the proper part of his op-
ponent's court. See lawn-teimis,
I would you had been at the tennis court, you should
have seen me a beat Monsieur Besan, and I gave him fif-
teen and all his fatdu.
Chapman, An Humorous Day's Mirth.
9, In teleg., a new path opened to a current by
any accident; a derived current, or derivation.
In practice, derivations generally arise from the wire
touching another conductor, such as the ground, a wet
wall, a tree, or another wire. They are technically called
/aults. R. S. CulUy, Pract. Teleg., p. 43.
At a fault, faulty : not as it ought to be ; deficient.
Nares.— At fault, (a) Open to censure ; blamable : as, he
is not at fault in the matter. (6) In huntiriff, thrown off
the scent or the trail ; unable to find the scent, as d(^s.
Hence — (c) Unable to proceed, by reason of some embar-
raasnient or uncertainty ; puzzled; out of bearing; astray.
The auociationist theory is . . . entirely at fault.
Pop. Sei. Mo., XXXI. 668.
Beverae fault, in mining, a dislocation of the rocks by a
fault of suoli a character that a part of the bed or vein
faulted is brought under another part of the same vein.
As a general rule, when a vein is heaved by a fault, the lat-
ter hades in the direction of the downthrow: this is a
normal fault. When the hade is in the direction of the
upthrow, the fault is said to be "reversed."— -To find
fault, to discover, or perceive and make known, some de-
fect, flaw, or matter of censure; find cause of blame, cont-
plaint, or reproach : absolute or followed by tn'th : as, you
are aHwAyi Jlnditiff fault ; to find fault with fortune.
Thouwiltsay then unto me, Why doth he yet^nd/ouZ*.'
Rom. Ix. 19.
Or can yon fault tcith Pilots find
For changing Course, ret never blame the ^Yind?
Cowley, The Mistress, Called Inconstant.
But who art thou, O man, that thus findUiit fault wUk
thy Maker? StUlingjUet, Sermons, I. 11.
=S7n. 3. Flaw. — 3. )Iisdeed, misdemeanor, transgres-
sion, wrong-doing, delinquency, weakness, slip, indiscre-
tion.
fault (f<), t. [< ME. /au^n, tr., lack; from the
noun.] I. trans* If. To lack.
To that shall thay noght /aut no-thyng truly.
So God thaini aide and our Lady Mary!
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.X 1. 2715.
ThjTS lady hyro said, " We faute that we shold hane."
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 797.
2. To charge with a fault ; find fault with ; re-
proach. [Now rare, and chiefly coUoq.]
Whom should I fault f Dp. Hall, Satires, i. 2.
That which la to be faulted in this particular is, when
the grief is immo<lerate and unreasonable.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying. | 8.
Having given my reasons for the act which you fault,
... I must be permitted to turn my . . . thoughts . . .
to more immediate duties.
New York Etening Pott, Jan. 15, 1885.
3. In geoUj to cause a fault in.
An undulation which has overturned the folds and has
faulted them in some places. Science, I. 101.
4. To scent or see ; find out; discover. [Prov.
En£.]
11. >
intrans. To be in fault; be wrong; fail.
[Obsolete or archaic]
If after Samuel's death the people had asked of Ood a
king, they had xxoi faulted. Latimer.
Hishorse. . . had/au/<«dratherwithuntlme1yartthan
want of force. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
If I \i&\e faulted, I must make amends.
Greene, George-a-Greene.
If she find fault,
I mend that fault; and then she says, \ faulted,
.That I did mend it
B. Joneon, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 2.
fault-block (f<'blok), n. In geol.^ a part of
the earth's orust comprised between two par-
allel or nearly parallel faults, and which has
been lifted above or sunk below the general
level of the adjacent region, as one of the re-
sults of the crust-movement during which the
faults originated.
faulty
faulted (fal'ted), a. {< fault + -e(f2.] In geol.,
broken by one or more faults.
faultert (f^trter), n. An offender; one who
commits a fault.
Then she, Behold the/awZ^er here in sight;
This hand committed that supposed offence.
Fairfax.
fault-escarpment (falt'es-karp''''ment), w. An
escarpment or a cliff resulting from a fault, or
a dislocation of the rocks adjacent.
faultfinder (falt'fin^d6r), n. 1. One who picks
flaws or points out faults ; one who complains
or objects.
other ■pleB.^Q.nt faultfinders, who will correct the verb
before they understand the noun.
Sir P. Sidney, Defence of Poesy,
2. An electrical or mechanical device for find-
ing a fault in a current of electricity.
The fault-Jinder consists of a pair of astatic needles
hung on a curved axis, and suspended as delicately as
possible. Preece and Siveioright, Telegi'aphy, p. 256.
faultfinding (falt'fin*ding), n. The act of
pointing out faults ; carping; picking flaws.
faultfinding (falt'fin'^ding). a. Given to find-
ing fault; disposed to complain or object.
And correspondence ev'ry way the same.
That no fault-Jindiivj eye did ever blame.
Sir J. Davies, Dancing.
faultful (fait'ful), a. [< fault + -/«;.] Full
of faults, mistakes, or sins.
So fares it with ihiz faultful lord of Rome.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 715.
Her great heart thro' all fbe faultful Past
Went sorrowing. Tennymn, Princess, vii.
faultily (fal'ti-li), adv. In a faulty manner;
defectively; imperfectly; wrongly.
Fanner an Englishman's book, which boastingly and
stately enough iwre the title of Theologia Sacra, which,
by stealtliand \ cry faultily, came out here first, was not
long after printed again by them (of Geneva).
WhUgift, To Beza, in Strype's Whitglft, II. 166.
Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null.
Tennyson, Maud, ii.
faultiness (fal'ti-nes), n. The state of being
faulty or imperfect; defect; error; badness;
vieiousness.
The present inhabitants of Geneva, I hope, will not take
it in evil part that the faultinees of their people hereto-
fore is by us so far forth laid open.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ii.
Cleo. Bear'st thou her face in mind ? is 't long or round?
Ueu. Bound even to faultinegs. Shak., A. and C, iii. 3.
The majority of us scarcely see more distinctly the
faultineu ot our own conduct than the faultiness of our
own arguments or the dullness of our own jokes.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 206.
faulting (fal'ting), n. [Verbal n. of fault, «.]
In geol., the act or process of producing faults
or dislocation of strata.
The persistent parallelism of the faults and of the pre-
vailing northeasterly strike of the rocks indicates that the
faulting and tilting were parts of one continuous process.
Amer.Jour. Sci.,3d ser., XXIX. 15.
faultless (f<'les), a. [< ME./aM«f», fautless;
< fault + -less.'] Without fault; not defective
or imperfect; free from blemish, flaw, or error;
free from ■vice or offense; perfect in all re-
spects: as, & faultless poem or picture.
He Be3 hlr so glorious, & gayly atyred.
So /au/Z<* of hir fetures, <fc of so fyne hewes,
Wi3t wallande love wanned his hert.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1761.
Whoever thinks & faultless piece to see
Thinks what ne'er was, nor Is, nor e'er shall be.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 253.
Slany statesmen who have committed great faults ap-
pear to us to be deserving of more esteem than the fault-
less Temple. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
faultlessly (falt'les-li), adv. In a faultless man-
ner.
faultlessness (fait'les-nes), «. Freedom from
faults or defects.
fault-rock (falt'rok), n. See friction-breccia.
faul't'W0rthy(f<'w6r''THi), a. Blameworthy;
reprehensible. D. Thomas, OnVs. xlvii. [Rare.]
faillty (fal'ti), a. [< ME. fauty,fawty, adapted
(as ii< faute, fault, + -yl) < OF. fantif, faulty,
< faute, fault: see fault, «.] 1. Containing
faults, errors, blemishes, or defects ; defective ;
imperfect: as, a faulty composition; a faulty
plan or design.
So that no thing Isfawty, but anon it schalle ben amend-
ed. Mandeville, Travels, p. 175.
The 13th, the Rais, having in the night remedied what
WM faulty in his vessel, set sail aljout seven o'clock in the
morning. Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 242.
The king's title was avowedly a faulty one ; and the many
conspiracies that had been formed had shewn him the no-
bility were not all of them disposed to bear his yoke.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 6e».
faulty
2158
favor
His (Warren Hastings's] administration was indeed in
many respects /a««w ; but the Bengalee standard of good
government was not high. Matmilaii, Warren Hastings.
2. Guilty of a favilt or of faults; hence, to be fauntkillf, n.
blamed ; deserving of or provoking censure.
From hence he passes to enquire wherefore 1 should
blame the vices of the Prelats only, seeing the inferiour
Clergy is known to be as/<iulty.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuiis. f^njiyt n.
He was a pretty, brisk, understanding, industrious young faun,
gentleman ; had formerly ben faulty, but now much re-
claimd Mvelyn, Diary, May SO, 16W.
And tho was he cleped and called noujt holy Cryst, but lesu faux-bourdont (fo'bor-don'), n- [Formerly in
A /aunt fyn, ful of witte, Alius Marie,
Piers Ploimnan (B), xix. 114.
[ME., also fauntc]cin,fauntekyn,
etc.; <fa'unt + -fctn.] A little child.
He has fretyne of folke mo tiiane fyfe hondredthe.
And als Se\e fawntekyns of freeborne childyre 1
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 845.
[ME., < L. Faunus : see faun.'] A
Satury and fawny more and lesse.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1544.
People who live at a distance are naturally less faulty fause-hoUSe (ffts'hous), n. [< Sc. fause, = E.
than those immediately under our own eyes.
Ckorye Eliot, Mill on the Floss, ill. 3.
= Syil. 1. Incomplete.— 2. Culpable, reprehensible, cen-
surable, blameworthy.
faun (f&n), ». [< ME. faun, < L. Faunus, in Rom.
myth, the protecting deity of agriculture and
of shepherds, in later times identified with Pan,
and accordingly represented with horns and
goat's feet; hence also in pi. Fauni, the same
as Panes, sylvan deities; < Yi. favere, be propi-
tious: see/afor.] Inifom.m^tt., oneof aelass
of demigods or rural deities, sometimes con-
founded with satyrs. The form of the fauns was origi-
nally human, but with a short goat's tail, pointed ears, and
small horns ; later tliey were represented with the hiud
legs of a goat, thus taking the type of the Greek Pan.
Kough Satyrs danced, and Fauns with cloven heel
From the glad sound would not be absent long.
Milton, Lycidas, 1. 34.
Arise and fly
The reeling Faun, the sensual feast.
Tennyion, In Memoriam, cxviii.
fauna (f&'na), «.; pi. faunce (-ne) or faunas
(-naz). [A mod. application of the LL. Fauna,
the'prophesying sister of Faunus, the rural de-
ity: see faun.] 1. The total of the animal life
of a given region or period; the sum of the ani-
mals living in a given area or time : a term cor-
responding to flora in respect of plants : as, the
fauna of America; a fossil /aioia; the recent
fauna; the land and water /a«n<E of the globe.
At present our knowledge of the terrestrial faxince of
past epochs is so slight that no practical difficulty arises
ftoiu using, as we do, sea reckonmg for land time.
false, + house.] A framework forming a hol-
low in a stack of grain for ventilation ; the va-
cancy itself. [Scotch.]
When the corn is in a doubtful state, by being too
green, or wet, the stackbuilder, by means of old timber.
E. written fahurden, faburthen, q. v.; F. faux-
bourdon, (.faux, false, + bourdon, bourdon: see
bourdon'^ and burden^.] Same aafaburden.
faux jour (fo zhor). [P.: faux, false ; jour, day,
light : see journal.] In the fine arts, a false
light ; specifically, light falling upon a picture
so hung as to receive it from a different direc-
tion from that in ■which it is represented as
coming in the picture itself.
faux pas (fo pa). [P. :/aMX, false; pas, step:
see pace.] A false step ; a slip ; a mistake ;
especially, a breach of good manners ; a lapse
from chastity, or any act that compromises one's
reputation.
How, Cousin, I'd have you to know, before this faux pai,
this Trip of mine, the World cou'd not talk of me.
Wycherley, Plain Dealer, iv. 1.
ing'in the side which is fairest exposed to the wind : this favaginOUSt (ta-vaj 1-nus), a. LiSaaiy tormea,
he calls & fause-house. Burns, Halloween, note. < L. favus, a honeycomb.] Same as faveolate.
fausentCfrsen),,. [Originunknown.] Alarge ^^^^^^S^H^^^^^,
Thus pluckt he from the shore his lance, and left the
wanes to wash
The waue sprung entrailes, about which fausens and other
fish
Did shole, to nibble of the fat which his sweet kidneys
liid. Chapman, Iliad, xxi.
faussard, n. Same &afauchard.
fausse-brayet (fos'bra), ». [< F. fausse-braie,
formerly /atttee braye, a false bray: ae& false
falsehood, flattery, cajolery (ef. faveler, fable,
tell falsehoods: see fable,v.), = lUfavella, talk,
discourse, < L. fabella, dim. of fabula, a story,
fable: see fable, n.] Flattery; cajolery.
"Loke on the lufthond," quod heo, "and seo wher he
stondeth !
Bothe Fals and Fauuel and al his hole meyne ! "
Piers Plowman (A), ii. 6.
There was falsehood, favel, and jollity. Hycke Scortier.
Science, IV. 209.
It belongs in every case to the traditional /oiraa, whose ^^J*' f*^*®' "' *?^ ",,
pedigree is older than ^sop. Athenatum, No. 3067, p. 165. _(bcotch) lorms Ot Jault.
2. A treatise upon the animals of any geo-
graphical area or geological period.
Works which come more or less under the designation
of Fauius. A. Ncuton, Encyc. Brit., XVlII. 16.
Acadian fauna, Hudsonian fauna, etc. See the ad-
icctivcs.
faunal (fa'nal), a. l< fauna + -al.] Of or per-
taining to a fauna; treating of a fauna; fau-
nistic : as, a faunal publication.
A vivid sketch is given of the apparently startling con-
tradictions in the distribution of animals, the well-known
case o( faunal separation between the Islands of Bali and
Lombok being cited among others.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 845.
and braiA] la fort., a small mound of earth f ^ (fa'vel), a. and n. [ME. favell, a corn-
thrown up about a rampart. See false bray, -''*'""■ ' >• . " , .. i- „„•' .. ' , , .
under false.
fausse-montret (fos'moh'tr), n. [F. : fausse,
false; montre, watch.] An imitation watch
worn, especially by women, during the preva-
lence of the fashion of -wearing two watches, in
the second half of the eighteenth century, it
was common at that time to wear two watches, the chains
and seals of which, when worn by men, hung from beneath
the waistcoat, one at each side. Watches worn by women
were suspended from chatelaines so as to be in full view
against the dress. The fausse-montre was sometimes a
pincushion, sometimes a vinaigrette, and sometimes
showed, by means of clockwork within, the changes of the
moon or a similar astronomical record,
and
fauterert (fa'ter-6r),
favorer. Davies.
Be assured thy life is sought, as thou art the fauterer of
all wickedness, Ueylin, Laud, p. 198.
fauteuil (fo-tSy'), «. [F., < OF. faudestueil,
fadestuel, faldestuel, < ML. faldestolium, fald-
stool: see faldstool.] An arm-chair; particu-
larly, in French usage, the seat of a presiding
officer; the chair; hence, the dignity of presi-
mon name for a horse, after OP. fauvel, later
fauveau, similarly used; lit. fallow, dun, dim.
of fauve, F. fauve, fallow, < OHG. falo (falaw-),
MHG. vol (valw-), G. fahl, falb, = E. fallow'^, a.,
q. v.] I. a. Fallow; yellow; dun.
II. n. A dun horse (like bayard, a bay).— To
curry favelt. .See curryl.
'XS^triTr.^^eZ favefia (fa-vel'a) «.; yl favellw (-e). [NL.,
'■ • an alteration of L. favilla, glo-wing ashes, em-
bers.] In certain florideous algse, a cysto-
carp consisting of an irregular mass of spores
formed externally, and covered by a gelatinous
envelop.
Obsolete or dialectal favellioium (fav-e-lid'i-um), n. ; pi. farellidia
(-a). [NL., < favella + Gr. dim. term, -iiiov.]
[< fautor + -erl.] A In florideous algse, a cystocarp wholly or par-
tially immersed in the frond, and formed by
the development of several contiguous mother-
cells.
favelloid (fa-vel'oid), a. [< favella + -old.]
In aUjology, resembling or having the structure
of a favella.
faveolate (fa-ve'o-lat). a. [<faveolus + -«ifi.]
Honeycombed ; alveolate ; pitted ; cellular.
Also favose.
irXL ?.^f SIV*/J^ "tel: ^'^^fj' faveofus (falve'o-lus), «.; vl,MeoU (-li). [NL,,
Paleontology, as far as I am aware, has thus tar failed
to show a single unequivocal case of faunal inversion.
Science, III. 60.
Faunal area, a region zoBlogically defined by the char-
acter of its fauna, as distinguished from its geographical
or liolitical boundaries.
faunalia (fa-na'li-a), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of
'faunalis, < Faunus : see /awn.] One of several
Koman festivals in honor of the god Faunus.
On the 13th of February were the Faunalia.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 115.
faunist (fft'nist), n. \_< fauna + -ist.] A stu-
dent of. or writer upon, a fauna; one who is
versed in faunse ; a zoogeographer.
Some fature .faunitt, a man ot fortune, will, I hope, ex-
tend his visits to Ireland : a new field to the naturalist.
Gilbert White, Nat. Hist, of Selborne, p. 107.
faunlstic (fa-nis'tik), a. [< faunist + -ic.] Of,
pertaining to, or determined by faunists; re-
lating to a fauna; faunal: as, the faunis tic po-
sition of an animal (that is, the position assigned
to it in a f aima) ; faunistic methods.
In noticing the principal faunistic works we omit the fautrCSSt (f&'tres), n.
majority of the older and antiquated publications. . . .... %
the French Academy (in reference to the forty
seats provided for it by Louis XIV.); hence,
membership in the Academy — Droit de fauteuil,
the privilege formerly enjoyed by gentlemen of rank at
the French court of sitting on a fauteuil in presence of
the king, corresponding to the droit de tabouret enjoyed
by ladies.
fautor (f&'tor), n. [< ME. fautour, fawtour, <
OF. fauteuf, F.fauteur = Pr. Sp. Pg. fautor = favi.
dim. of L. favus', a honeycomb.] A honeycomb-
like cell, pit, or depression.
The apothecia of several calcicole lichens (e. g., Lecano-
ra Prevostii, Lecidea calcivora) have the power (through
the carbonic acid received from the atmosphere) of form-
ing minute faveoli in the rock, in which they are partial-
ly buried. Encyc. Brit, XIV. 562.
Plural oi favus, 1.
It. fautore, < L. fautor, rarely in uncontr. form fa-viUoUS (fa-vil us), a. [= OF. favilleux, < L.
2. Resembling ashes.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 441.
faunological (fa-no-loj'i-kal), a. [< faunology
+ -ic-al.] Kelatiiig or peiftaining to faunee or
to faunology.
Faunolomcal and systematic zoological world.
Nature, XXX. 326.
faunology (fa-nol'6-ji), w. [</aM«a-t-Gr.-;ioy/o, . - ^„
< Myav, speak: see -ology.'^ That department fauvette (fo-vef), n. [F.,dim. of /awfe, fallow,
of zoology which treats of the geographical dis- fawn-colored : see favel^.] A book-name, de-
tribution of animals; zoBgeography. [Bare.] rived from French authors, of warblers in gen-
fauntt, n. [ME. (= It. fante), by apherosis for eral, as a sylvia or ficedula: especially applied
enfaunt, < OF. enfant, infant: see infant] An to the common garden-warbler of Europe, Syl-
infant; achild. via hortensis.
favitor, a favorer, promoter, < favere, favor :
see favor.] A favorer; a patron; one who
gives countenance or support. [Obsolete or
archaic]
I am neither author or /a«(or of any sect
B. Jonson, Discoveries.
Fautor of learning, quintessence of arts.
Honour's true livelihood, monarch of hearts. - . >- \
Ford, Fame's Memorial, Epitaphs. fa'ViSSa (fa-viS a), «.
The clergy swore ... to renounce the Pope lor ever,
and his constitutions and decrees ; ... to oppose them
and their fautors to the utmost of their power.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., iv.
We have not, on this side of the Channel, been in the
habit of regarding the French stage as over-squeamish.
It is far too squeamish lor our fautor of " Naturalism."
Contemporary Rev., LI. 67.
[< F. /aM^ncc, < L. /ait-
trix {a,ce. fautricem), fem. of fautor: see fau-
tor.] A female fautor or favorer; a patroness.
It made him pray and prove
Minerva's aid his fautress still. Chapman, Iliad.
Thou, thou, the fautresse of the learned well ;
Thou nursing mother of God's Israel.
W. Broume, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 5.
fautyt, a. An obsolete form of faulty
favilla (> Oi'.faville), glowing ashes, embers.}
1. Consisting of or pertaining to ashes.
The fungous parcels about the wicks of candles oncly
signlfleth a moist and pluvious ayr about them, hindering
the evolation of light and the favillous particles: where-
upon they are forced to settle upon the snuff.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., v. 22.
[L., also
pi. /ams(E (-e).
favisa; only iri'pl.] In Bom. antiq., a crypt or
cellar; an underground treasury.
In Italy thefavissce were used for keeping old temple-
furniture. C. 0. Muller, Manual of Archaiol. (trans.), § 251.
favonian (fa-v6'ni-an), a. [< L. Favonius, the
west wind, also called Zephyrus, which blew at
the beginning of spring and promoted vegeta-
tion, < favere, favor, promote : see favor.] Per-
taining to the west -wind; hence, favorable j
propitious.
These blossoms snow upon my lady's pall !
Go, pretty page 1 and in her ear
■Whisper that the hour is near !
Softly tell her not to fear
Such calm favonian burial ! Keats.
favor, favour (fa'vor), «. [Early mod. E. fa-
vour; < ME. /ai!OMr,rarely /ai'or, faver (= Dan.
Sw. favor), < OF. *favor, favour, later fareur,
P. faveur = Pr. Sp. Pg. favor = It. favore, <
li. favor (&ee. favorem), good ■will, inclination,
partiality, favor, < favere. be well disposed or
inclined toward, favor, countenance, befriend.
favor
promote.] 1. Goodwill; kind regard; counte-
nance ; friendly disposition ; a wUUngness to
aid, support, or defend.
This Pope [Clement V.J was Native of Boiirdeaux, and
so the more regardful of the King's Desire, and the King
the more confident of his Favour.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 99.
But one of the peculiarities of James's character » as that
no act, however wicked and shameful, which had been
prompted by a desire to gain his /aeour, ever seemed to
him deserving of disapprobation.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Can the/aimir of the Czar make guiltless the murderer
of old men and women and children in Circassian vallejs ;
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 241.
2. The State of favoring or of being favored ;
2159
10. A charm; attraction; grace. [Archaic]
*— A woman sate wepyng,
With/aiwur in here face far passynge my reson.
Hymm to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 126.
Thought and affliction, passion, hell itself,
She turns to faixur, and to prettiness.
5Aajt., Hamlet, iv. 5.
11. A letter or vrritten communication: said
complimentarily: as, yoxa favor of yesterday's
date is to hand Challenge to the favor. SeecAa(-
ietuje, ».— Marriage favors. Sci- marriaye.—To curry
favor. See cwrri/i.— To find favor In the eyes of.
See ey«l. = Syn. 1. Patronage, support, championship.—
4. Benefit.
favor, favour (fa'vor), v. [< ME. faroren, fa-
vuren, faveren (rarely or never*/""""''*")) < OF.
friendly consideration begto-wed or received ; favorer, faveurer, < AlL. favorare (cf. OP. favo-
rir = It. /atiori're, < ML. as if */at;or!re), favor,
< L. favor, favor : see /«tior, n. Cf . favorize.']
objective regard, aid, support, or behoof: with
in : as, to be or act in favor of a person or thing ;
to resign an office in favor of another; he is in
high/aror at court or with the people.
The inclination of a Prince is best known either by those
neit about him, and most in favor with him, or by the cur-
rent of his own actions. Milton, Eikonoklastes, i.
O that the voice of clamor and debate . . .
Were hush'd iii/oror of thy gen'rous plea !
Coieper, Charity, 1. Sll.
The most distinguished professional men bear witness
with an overwhelming authority, in /aror of a course of
education in which to train the mind shall be the first ob-
ject, and to stock it the second.
GladstoM, Might of Eight, p. 27.
3. The object of kind regard ; the person or
thing favored. [Rare.]
All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man.
His chief delight and/acour. Milton, P. L., iii. 664.
4. A kind act or office ; kindness done or mani-
fested; any act of grace or good will, as distin-
guished from acts of justice or remuneration.
And if thy poor devoted servant may
But beg one /atour at thy gracious hand,
Thou dost confirm bis happiness for ever.
Shak., Rich. III., L 2.
Kf atour well bestowed is almost as great an honour to
him who confers it as to him who receives it
SUtU, Spectator, No tan.
Now let me put the boy and girl to school :
This is the/aixmr Uiat I came to ask,
Tennyiion, Enoch Arden.
6. Partial kindness; biased regard or consid-
eration; predilection; partiality: as, kissing
goes hy favor; a fair field and uo favor.
Unbiass'd or hy /atour, or by spite ;
Not dully preposseas'd, or blindly right.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, I. 633.
Let them [women] have a (air field, but let them under-
stand, as the necessary correlative, that they are to have
no/arour. UuxUy, Lay Sermoua, p- 25.
6. Leave ; permission ; indulgence ; concession.
Bt thy/acour, sweet welkin, I must sigh in thy face.
SAa*., L. L. L., iii. 1.
I speak it under /oiwur.
Not to contrary yon, sir. B. Jonton, Volpone, y. 1.
Bat with yonr /atour 1 will treat It here. Dryden.
7. Advantage; convenience afforded for suc-
cess: as, the enemy approached under /(icor of
the night. — 8. Something bestowed as a token
of good will or of love ; a gift or present ; hence,
a gift, usually from a woman to a man, as a
sleeve, glove,' or knot of ribbons, to be worn,
as a token of friendship or love, at a fair or
wedding,
as formerly
applied to the
tween the partners in the dance called the germoa.
The
May;
favorite
A /avourable speed
Kuffle thy mirror'd mast, and lead
Thro' prosperous floods.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, ix.
It is for the arboriculturist to study nature's mode of
sowing, and to imitate only her/acouraWe features.
Emyc. Brit., II. 321.
4t. Having a pleasing favor or appearance;
well favored ; beautiful.
None more /a yourotte nor more f aire . . .
Then Clarion. Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 20.
=Syn. 1. Auspicious, willing, inclined (toward). — 2 and
3. Fit, adapteii, suitable.
favorableness, favourableness (fa'vor-a-bl-
ues), n. The condition or quality of being fa-
vorable or suitable ; kindness ; partiality.
To the favovrabteness of your ladyship's censure [opin-
ion] ... be pleased to add the favour of your pardon.
Jer. Taylor (*?), Artif. Handsomeness, p. 198.
i. trans. 1. To regard with favor; entertain favorably, favourably (fa'vor-a-bli), adv. In
favor for ; be disposed to aid ; countenance ;
befriend ; regard or treat with favor or partial-
ity; accommodate: as, to/acor the weaker side.
There are divers motives drawing men to/acourniight-
ily those opinions wherein their persuasions are but weak-
ly settled. Hooker, Eecles. Polity, v., Ded.
Then died also Edm. Orindall, Archbishopof Canterbury,
. . . who stood highly in the Queen's Favour for a long
time, till he lost it at last by/atwiirr'nsr (as was said) the
Puritans Conventicles. Baker, Chronicles, p. 361.
Perceiving musical instruments lying near, he begged to
he/avoured with a song. Goldsmith, Vicar, v.
I pledge her [the Muse], and she comes and dips
Her laurel in the wine,
And lays it thrice upon my lips,
These /arouf-'d lips of mine.
Tmnyton, 'Will Waterproof.
2. To be favorable to; facilitate or render
easier : as, the darkness of the night favored
the enemy's approach.
I go about in black, which/awn-* the notion.
Lamb, Essays of Ella, p. 16.
As vigorous and systematic exercise is a prime condition
of the general health, so the want of it/aiwr» the approach
of disease. Huxley aiui Youmans, Physiol., § 490.
3. To resemble in features or aspect; look
somewhat like. [Now chiefly coUoq.]
Let us leave this family multiplying in numbers, in sci-
ence, ill wickediiesse,/aiioun'n^nothingdiuine,orat least
nothing but humane in their Diuinitie ; therefore called
the sonnes of men. Purchat, lllgriiuage, p. 84.
The porter owned that the gentleman /avoured his mas-
ter. Spectator.
Von do Jook like the Brandons; you really /ator 'em
consider'ble. S. O. Jeicelt, Deephaven, p. 91.
4. To ease; spare: as, to favor a lame leg.
In the evening spent niy time walking in the dark, in
the garden, to /atour my eyes, which I fliul nothing but
ease do help. Pepijn, Diary, IV. 20.
Pedal evenly and use l)oth legs. Those who have no
practical experience will hardly believe how often a rider
fatours one leg more than the other.
Bury and Hillier, Cycling, p. 222.
8. To extenuate; palliate; represent favorably,
as in painting or description.
He has/aroured her squint admirably. Svift.
Host favored nation clause. 8eeciaia<.=8yii. 1. To
imtn'iiizc. liclji. UAsisl.
Il.t intrang. To have the semblance (of).
How little this/anmn of a Protestant is too easily per-
ceav'd. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xx.
ME.
a favorable maimer ; with friendly disposition
or indulgence ; conveniently; advantageously.
Favourably with mercy hear our prayers.
Book of Common Prayer, Lesser Litany.
There grew a great question of one Heriot for plotting
of factions and abusing the gouernour, for which he was
condemned to lose his eares, yet he was vsed so /auuour-
ably he lost but the part of one in all.
Capt. John Smith, Works, IL 16S.
favored, favoured (fa'vord), a. [< favor, «.,
+ -erf2.] 1. Featured; looking, etc.: in com-
pounds or phrases : as, a hard-/at/'ored man ; he
IS well /a cored.
We saw but three of their women, and they were but
of meane stature, attyred in skins like the men, but fat
and well/apour«d.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 107.
Speed. Is she not hard/onnired, sir?
lal. Not so fair, boy, as well/oix>«r<rd.
Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 1.
A poor virgin, sir, an iU-/aroured thing, sir, but mine
own- 5/ioA-., As you Like it, V. 4.
2. Adorned with a favor; wearing a favor:
usually in compounds.
But they must go, the time draws on,
And those wliite-/arowr'd horses wait-
Tennymon, In Memoriam, Conclusion.
favoredly, favouredly (fa'vord-li), adv. In re-
spect to features, appearance, or manner: in
compounds.
I left a certain letter behind me which was read in the
church of Bethleem, the which letter my aduersaries haue
very euil/aiierfd/i/ translated and sinisterly expounded.
Foxe, JIartyrs, p. 577.
favoreduess, favouredness (fa'vord-nes), n.
1. The state of being favored. — 2. Appear-
ance: in compounds.
favorer, favourer (fa'vor-tr), 71. One who or
that which favors ; one who assists or promotes
the success or prosperity of another.
Deceived greatly they are, therefore, who think that all
they whose names are cited amongst i\ie /avourers of this
cause are on any such verdict agreed.
Hooker, Eecles. Polity, iv., Pref.
Do not I know you for &/avo\irer
Of this new sect? Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 2.
favoress, favouress (fa'vor-es), n. [< favor,
v., + -<•««.] A woman who shows or confers fa-
vor; a woman who favors or supports. [Rare.]
The lady Margaret Alen^on, a principal /a vouress of the
protestant religion.
Hakemll, Answer to Dr. Carrier (1616), p. 184.
favorlngly, favouringly (fa'vor-ing-li), adv.
Ill sucli a manner as to show or confer favor.
[<
Hani ,
And let them fight their shares,
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, IL 2.
"Will yon wear
Mr/atour at.lhis tourney?" " Kay," said he,
"Fair lady, since I never yet have worn
Fatour of any la«!y in the lists. . . .
What is it? " and she told him, "A red sleeve
Brolder'd with pearls."
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
9. Countenance; appearance; look; features.
[Archaic]
In beauty, that of /atour is more than that of colour,
and that of decent and gracious motion more than that
til /atour. Bacon, Beauty (ed. 1887).
I know your/ocoi<r well.
Though now you have no sea-cap on your head.
Shak., T. N., ill. 4.
Get yon to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint
an inch thick, to this/anrar she must >»iiie.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
Folks don't use to meet for amusement with firearms.
. . . This, my lady, I say, has an angry /atour.
Shmdan, The Rivals, v. 1.
Lend/anmroMe ear to our requests.
Shak., Rich. III., ill. 7.
I humbly thank your Lordship for the /atourable, and
indeed too high a (Hiaracter yon please to give of my Sur-
rey of Venice. UowtU, Letters, Iv. 48.
2. Conducive; contributing; tending to pro-
mote : as, eonditions/arorao/e to population.
Nothing is more/owmroW« to the repntation of a writer
than to lie succeeded by a race Inferior to himself.
Macaulay, Petrarch.
A poetical religion must. It seems, \>t /atoraWe to art.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 115.
Tliat civilization exerts upon the older societies of the
world an Influence which is on the whole /avorahle to
physical perfection and longevity has been abundantly
shown. Pop. Set. Mo., XXVI. 224.
3. Convenient; advantageous; affording facili-
ties : as, a/aroro6/e position ; /a»ora6Je weather.
A /avourabU gale arose from shore
Whf " ~ ■
hich to the port deslr'd the Grecian galleys bore.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., ziL 64.
vor.] I. n. 1. A person or thing regarded with
peculiar favor, liking, or preference ; one who
or that which is especially liked or favored.
Tliose neerest to this King, and most his Favorites, were
Courtiers and Prelates. Milton, Eikonoklastes, 1.
Such Charms as yours are only given
To chosen Favouriten of Heaven.
Prior, To a Young Lady fond of Fortune-Telling.
2. A person who has gained the special favor
of or a dominant influence over a superior by
unworthymeansorfor selfish purposes. Favorites
of this class, l)0th male and female, have played an impor-
tant part in the history of many despotic monarchies, often
controlling their destinies with disastrous and even de-
structive effects.
The great man down, you mark, his/oi'o«ri(e flies.
Shak., Hamlet, Iii. 2.
k/avourite has no friend.
Gray, Death of a Favourite Cat.
The partiality of the king (Edward II. of England] for
hls/awrites alienated not only his subjects but his queen.
Amer. Cyc.,\l. 434.
favorite
3t. A small curl hanging loose upon the temple:
a frequent feature of a woman's head-dress in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
We do hereby engage ourselves to raise and arm our vas-
sals for the service of liis ilajesty King George, and him to
defend, with our tongues and hearts, our eyes, eye-lashes,
/avouriteg, lips, dimples, and every oilier feature, whether
natural or acquired. Addison^ The Ladies' Association.
The/aroiirid-s hang loose upon the temples, with a lan-
guishing lock in the middle.
Farquhar, .Sir H. "Wildair, i, 1.
H. a. Regarded with particular liking, favor,
esteem, or preference : as, a favorite walk ; a
/ai'ori'te autiior ; a /acorite child.
For ever cursed be this detested day,
Which Buatch'd my best, my fav'rite curl away !
Pape, R. of the L., iv. 148.
The parable of the Good Shepherd, which adorns almost
every chapel in the Catacombs, was still the.^ctwJHnYe sub-
ject of the painter. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 73.
faToritism, favouritism (fa' vor-i-tizm ), n. [<
¥. favoritisiiie = Sp. ftworitismo ; a,8 favorite
+ -isni.] The disposition to favor one person
or family, or one class of men, to the neglect of
others having equal claims.
Such extremes, I told her, well might harm
The woman's cause. " Not more than now," she said,
"So puddled as it is with/avountunn."
Tennyson, Princess, iii.
favorize (fa'vor-iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. favor-
ized, pTj>T.favori:ing. [= G.favori»iren = Dan.
favorisere = Sw. favorisera, < F. favoriser (cf.
Sp. Pg. favorecer), < Mli.favorizare, < li. favor,
favor : see favor and -ize.] To favor especially
or unduly.
Tfea, and he [Socrates] pierced deeper into the souls and
hearts of his heai-ers, by now much he seemed to seek out
the truth in common, and neuer to favorize and maintain
any opinion of his own. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 833.
Thus the use of a flame as one electrode favoriges the
creation of a current through the air.
Philos. Mag., XXVI. 273.
favorless, favourless (fa'vor-les), a. [< favor
+ -less.'i 1. Unfavored; not regarded 'with fa-
vor; having no patronage or countenance. —
2t. Not favoring ; unpropitious.
Such happinesse
Heren doth to me envy, and fortnnti favourlesse.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 7.
favoroust, favouroust, «. [< ME. /a»erous; <
favor + -oi«j.] Favorable.
The tyme is than so /averous. Jiorn. of the Hose, 1. 82.
'When women were wont to be kindharted, conceits in
men were verie /arourow«.
Breton, Wit's Trenchmour, p. 9.
favorsomet, favoursomet (fa'vor-sum), a. [<
favor + -some.'\ Worthy of favor; fitted to
■win favor.
Pray Phcebus I prove /avoursome in her fair eyes.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.
favose (f a-v6s' ), «. [< L. as if *favosus, < favus,
a honeycomb.] Kesembling a honeycomb, (a)
Applied to some cutaneous diseases, as favus, in which the
skin is covered with a honeycomb-like gummy secretion, {b)
In hot., same tis/aveolate. (c) In entorn., covered with large,
deep, many-sided depressions or cavities separated only by
linear elevations or partitions, as a surface ; faveolate.
favosite (fav'o-
sit), ». A fossil
stone-coral of
the family Favo-
sitidw.
Pavosites (fav-o-
si'tez), n. [NL.,
< L. as if *favo-
sus, honeycomb-
ed (See/6tt'05e), -r FossU Coral {Favosilts aicytmaria).
-j'tes.] A genus
of fossil stone-corals, giving name to the family
Favositidce, occurring in the Silurian, Devonian,
and Carboniferous strata: so called from the
regular polygonal arrangement of the pore-
cells, as in F. alctjonaria.
Favositidae (fav-o-sit'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fa-
vosites + -ida.'] A family of tabulate sclero-
dermatous stone-corals, typified by the genus
Favosites, having little or no true coenenchyma,
and the septa and eorallites distinct.
Favositinse (fav'''o-si-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Fa-
vosites + -ina;.'] A subfamily of Favositidce.
favour, favourable, etc. Hee favor, etc.
Favularia (fav-u-la'ri-a), 11. [NL., < li. favus,
a honeycomb.] ' A geniis of fossil plants: same
as Sigillaria.
fa'VUS (fa'vus), n. [< L. favus, a honeycomb,
a hexagonal tile in pavements.] 1. PI. favi
(-vi). A tile or slab of marble cut into a hexag-
onal shape, so as to produce a honeycomb jjat-
tem in pavements. — 2. In pathol., crusted or
honeycombed ringworm, a disease of the skin,
2160
chiefly attacking the scalp, but also occurring
on any part of the body, characterized by yel-
lowish dry incrustations somewhat resembling
a honeycomb. It is produced by the fungus
Achorion Schonleinii. The disease is also called
tinea favosa.
fa'VUS-CUp (fa' vus-kup), n. One of the cup-
shaped crusts found in fa'vus.
fa'WcMont, n. An obsolete spelling ot falchion.
fawcont, fa'wconett. Obsolete spellings oi fal-
con, falconet.
fa'Wet, a. [ME. /aire, shortened tvomfaioen, an-
other form oifagen, fayn, fain, glad, due to the
influence of the verb tovra. fawnen, for fagnien,
faynen, be glad: see fawn^ and/a«»i.] Glad;
fain; delighted.
Ech of hem ful blisful was, &\\Afau'e
To brynge me gaye thiiiges fro the faire.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 220.
To helpe thee sit I wolde be /awe.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 96.
fawknert, n. An obsolete form oi falconer.
fa'Wn^ (fan), v. [< ME. fawnen, faunen, fauli-
nen, faugnen, another form, due to leel. fagna,
of the reg. ME. fagnien, faynen, fainen, mod.
E. fain, v., be glad, receive with joy, make
joyful, fawn as a dog, < AS. fa;genian, fcegnian,
be glad, etc., < fa:gen, glad, fain: see /ainl.]
1. intrans. 1 . To show fondness or desire in
the manner of a dog or other animal; manifest
pleasure or gratitude, or court notice or favor,
by demonstrative actions, especially by crouch-
ing, licking the hand, or the like ; act caress-
ingly and submissively: absolutely or with on
or upon.
Ac there ne was lyoun ne leopart that on laundes wenten,
Ts'oyther here, ne bor ne other best wllde.
That ne fel to her feet Mid fawned with the tallies.
Piers Plowman (B), xv. 295.
You pull your claws in now, and/a«7i upon us.
As lions do to entice poor foolish beasts.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, iv. 1.
Oft he [the serpent] bow'd
His turret crest and sleek eiiamell'd neck.
Fawning, and lick'd the ground whereon she trod.
Milton, P. L., ix. 526.
2. To flatter meanly; use blandishments; act
servilely; cringe and bow to gain favor: used
absolutely or with on or upon.
Prone as we are io fawn upon ourselves, and to be igno-
rant as much as may be of our own deformities.
Hooker, Ecdes. polity, i. 12.
My love, forbear iofaxmi upon their frowns.
Shak., 3 Heu. VI., iv. 1.
The dotage of some Englishmen is such.
To fawn on those who ruin them — the Dutch.
Dryden, Amboyna, Prol., 1. 6.
All opposition, however, yielded to Tyrconnel's energy
and cunning. He faumed, bullied, and bribed, indefati-
gably. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Il.t trans. To show fondness toward in the
manner of a dog ; act servilely toward ; cringe
to.
Ther cam by me
A whelpe that fawned me as I stood.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 389.
fa'wni (fan), n. [< fawn^, v. «.] A servile
cringe or bow ; mean flattery. [Now rare.]
Thanks, Horace, for thy free and wholesome sharpness.
Which pleaseth Ca?sar more than servile /aicn*.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
One
Who juggles merely with thefaimis and youth
Of an instructed compliment.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 4.
fa'wn^ (fan), n. [< ME. fawn, fawne, fowne, <
OF. fan, faon, earlier /eon, a fawn, a young
deer, also applied to the young of other animals,
mod. F. faon, a fawn ; prob. < ML. *fetonus (cf.
Pr. feda, fea, a sheep), < L. fetus, a., pregnant,
breeding, /eJws, n., the young of animals, off-
spring, progeny : see fetus.'] 1. A young deer;
a buck or doe of the first year.
And there ben also wylde Swyn, of many colonres, als
grete as ben Oxen in oure Contree, and thei ben alle spot-
ted, as ben 3onge Foivnes. Mandeville, Travels, p. 290.
Like a doe, I go to find my faitm.
And give it food. Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
2t. The young of some other animal.
She [the tigress] . . . foUoweth . . - hQvfa'itms.
Holland.
fawil2 (fan), V. i. [< fawn^, «., after OF. and F.
faonncr, bring forth a fawn.] To bring forth
a fawn.
fa'WUer (f4'n6r), n. One who fawns ; one who
cringes and flatters meanly.
Our talking is trusties, our cares do abound ;
Oar fauners deemed faithfull, and friendshippe a foe.
Mir. for Mags., p. 85.
fay
fa'wning (f^'ning), n. ['Verbal n. of /aiciil,
r. ).] The act of caressing or flattering servile-
ly ; mean obsequiousness.
Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp,
And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee.
Where thrift may follow /aMmi?!*;.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
Sounds of such delicacy are hut fanmings
Upon the cloth of luxury.
Ford, Broken Heart, ill. 2.
fa'wningly (fa'ning-li), adv. In a caressing,
cringing, or servile way; with mean flattery.
He that fawningly enticed the soul to sin will now as
bitterly upbraid it for having sinned.
South, Works, IX. i.
fa'wningness (fa'ning-nes), «. The state or
quality of being cringing or servile ; mean flat-
tery or cajolery.
I'm for peace, and quietness, and fawningness.
De Quincey, Murder as a Fine Art.
fa'WSOnt (fa'sont), o. [Sc, equiv. to 'E. fasli-
ioned, < ME. fasoun, fashion: see fashion.']
Seemly ; decent.
fa'wtyt, a. Seefardty.
faxt (faks), n. [ME., < AS. feax = OS. fahs =
OFries. fax = OHG. fahs = Icel. fax, the hair
of the head. The word fax remains in mod.
E. in the proper name Fairfax, 1. e., 'Fair-
hair,' and in Halifax, i. e. (appar.),' Holy hair,'
the town having received its name, it is said
(Camden), from the fact that the hair of a mur-
dered virgin was hung up on a tree in the neigh-
borhood, which became the resort of pilgrims.]
The hair of the head.
His berde & his brigt fax for bale [sorrow] he to-twigt.
}yilliam of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2097.
His/oa: and his foretoppe was filterede to-gedeT«.
Morte Arlhure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1078.
The Englishmen dwelling beyond Trent called the haire
of the head Fax. Whence also there is a family . . ,
named Faii-e-fax, of the faire bush of their haire.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 692.
faxedt (fakst), a. [< ME. *faxed, < AS. feaxed,
fexed, gefeaxed, gefexed, haired, having hair, <
feax, hair : see fax.'] Having a head of hair;
hairy.
They [the old English] could call a comet a fazed starre,
which is all one with Stella crinita, or cometa.
Camden, Remains, The Languages.
faX'Wax (faks'waks), n. [Appar. ifax, hair, -t-
wax^, grow (cf. equiv. G. haarwachs, < haar, =
E. hair, + wachsen = E. wax^, grow); not found
in early use. See paxwax.] Savae a,s J^axwax.
fayl (fa), V. [Early mod. E. also faye, faie; <
ME. feyen, feicn, fyen, vicn, fegen, join, a^d,
unite, intr. fit, suit, agree, < AS. fegan, also
ge-fegan, join, unite, bind, fix, = OS. fogian
= OFries. foga = D. voegen = OHG. ftiogen,
MHG. vuegen, G. fiigen = Sw. foga = Dan. foie,
join, unite (= Goth. *f6gjan, not recorded) ; a
factitive verb, < -y/ fag in Goth, fagrs, fit,
adapted, suitable, = AS. fa-ger, E. fair, beau-
tiful: see fair^ and fang. The word fadge ap-
pears to be connected with fay'^, but its origin
isnotclear: seefadge.] I. trans. If. To join;
put together; fit together; frame.
Eft he wile/ei'e us thanne we shulen arisen of deathe.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 25.
Manness bodis fejedd iss
Off fowwre kinne shaffte [four kinds of elements].
Ormutum, 1. 11501.
Specifically — 2. To fit (two pieces of timber)
together, so as to lie close and fair; fit. — 3t.
To put to ; apply so as to touch or cover.
Fetheren he nom with fingren & Jiede [var. wrot] on hoc
felle [parchment]. Layamon, I. 3.
He f eyed his fysnamye [face] with his foule hondez.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1114.
II. intrans. 1. To fit; suit; unite closely.
Specifically — 2. In ship-bnilding, to fit or lie
close together, as two pieces of wood. Thus, a
plank is said to fay to the timbers when there
is no perceptible space between them.
The Admiralty also ordered the faying surfaces of the
frame timber and planking of the " Tenedos" and " Spar-
tan" ... to be carbonized. Laslett, Timber, p. 326.
3t. To suit the requirements of the case ; be fit
for the purpose ; do.
That may not /ye.
And he se the with hys eye
He wyl knowe the anoon righte.
Seven Sages, I. 2881.
This waie it will ne frame nefaie.
Therefore must we prone an other waie.
J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 373.
fay2, fey2 (fa), v. t. [E. dial., < ME.fegien,fanen,
cleanse, < Icel./a.'jr;"«, cleanse, polish, = Sw.feja
= Dan. feie, sweep, = D. vegen, sweep, strike
(whence E. feague, q. v.), = OHG. MHG. vegen,
fay
G.fegen, cleanse, seoxir, sweep; prob. < ■/ *fog
in AS. f<et/er, E. /nirl, etc., and thus ult. from
the same source as foi/^, q. v.] To cleanse ;
clean out, as a ditch. Tusser; Hallitcell. [Prov.
Eng.]
fayS (fa), H. [< ME. fay, < OF. fee, feie, fae (>
D. fee = MHG. fei, feie, G. fee = Dan. Sw. /<■),
F.fee = Pi-, fada = Sp. hada = Pg.fada = It.
fata, a fay, fairy, < h.fata, fern, sing., a fairy, <
fatum, fate, pl./ate, the Fates : see/a^«. Hence
/airy, q. v.] A fairy; an elf . See /airy.
Elf of eve I and starry /at/ .'
Ye tbat love the moon's soft light.
Hither — hither wend your way.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay.
= SyiL Elf, etc. See /airy.
fay^t (fa), n. [< ME. fay, fey, fei, faith, < OF.
Jei, orig.feid, whence the E. torva feith, faith :
see/aitt.] Faith; fidelity; loyalty.
Thowe shall se sothly thy son softer yll,
For the well of all wrytchea that shall be his wyll
here in /ay. York Plays, p. 447.
O ye Heavens, defend ! and turne away
From her unto the miscreant him selfe.
That neither hath religion nor /ay.
Spmter, F. Q., V. viii. 19.
Ah, sirrah, by my fay, it waxes late ;
ni to my rest. Shak., R. and J., i. 5.
fayS, fey* (fa), a. [Sc., also fie, fue; < ME. fay,
fey, feye, feie, etc., < AS. fwge, fated, doomed,
destined to die, dying, also dead, slain, also
accursed, condemned, rarely timid, feeble, =
OS. fegi = D. veeg, about to die, = 0H6. feigi,
MHG. reif/e, fated, doomed, accursed, miser-
able, timid, G. feig, feige, timid, cowardly, =
leel. feigr, fated, about to die, = Sw. fig =
Dan. feig, cowardly (Sw. Dan. sense prob. of
G. origin).] 1. About to die; fated; doomed;
particularly, on tha verge of a sudden or vio-
lent death." [Obsolete or Scotch.]
** We'll turn again," said good Lord John.
"But no," said Rothiemay,
"My steed's trapann'd, my bridle's broke,
I fear this day I'm /ey."
Mackay, Ballad of the Fire of Frendrangth.
There's fey fowk in our ship, she winna sail for me,
Bonnie Annie (Child's Ballads, III. 48).
" Pulr faint hearted thief," cried the Laird's ain Jock,
" There '1 nae man die but him that's /f«."
Border Mimtrelty, 1. 180.
2t. Dying; dead.
There were ff<i in the fight, of the felle grekes,
£ght hundritti thowsaund thro throngyn to dethe.
Deetruetion of Troy (E. E. T. S.X 1. ISSBOi
When ich flee fro the body and feye leae the caioygne,
Then am ich a spirit specbelea.
Piers PUrwmanlPi, xvii. 197.
fay% 1. A Middle English form otfoe.
fayaute (fi-al'it), n. [< Fayal (see def.)+ -ite2.]
A lilack, greenish, or brownish, sometimes iri-
descent, mineral, consisting mainly of silicate
of iron and belonging to the chrysolite group.
It is found on the island of Fayal, in cav'itiea in the rhyo-
Ittc of the Yellowstone Park in tlie l'nit«d States, and in
Ireland : it is also a product of furnace-slag.
faydom (fa'dom), n. [< faifi + ^om.'] The
state of being fay or doomed. [Scotch.]
Conscious, perfaapa, of the disrepute into which he had
fallen, ... he sunk into a gloomy recklesaneaa of charac-
ter. The simple people alx>ut said he was "under tifey-
dim." ... At all events, this unbappjr person had a dis-
mal ending. W. Chambert.
fayence, n. See faience.
faylet, >: and n. A Middle English form of /ai/i.
favlest (falz), n. [See the second extract.] An
old game, a kind of backgammon.
He's DO precisian, that I'm certain of,
' Nor rigid Koman Catholic. He II play
At fayUe and tick-tack ; I have heard him swear.
B, Jowion, Every Man In his Humour, ilL 3.
It Ifaytti] is a very old table game, and one of the nu-
merous varieties of backgammon that were formerly used
in this country. It was played with three dice and the
nsnal numlier of men or pieces. The peculiarity of the
game de|>ended on the mode of first placing the men on
the pointii. If one of the players threw some particular
throw of the dice, he was disabled from bearing off any of
his men, and therefore fayled In winning the game, and
hence the appellation of it. Douee,
fayne't, a. and r. An obsolete form of /ai»i.
fayne-t, p. An obsolete foim of feign.
fayret, ". An obsolete form otfair'.
fayryf, n. An obsolete form ot fairy.
faytort, faytourt, n. Seefaitor.
faze (faz), r. I. ; pret. and pp. fazed, vpr. fazing.
[Also phase; var. of feaze, feeze."] To disturb;
ruffle ; daunt. [Local, U. 8.]
A professor in Vanderbilt t'niveraity, speaking recently
of a teacher in Kentucky, said " nothing /o«« him."
Trant. Amer. PhUot. Au., XVII. 39.
fazenda (fa-zen'dft), n. [Pg., = Sp. hacienda :
see hacienda.] Same as hadenda.
Santa Anna is one of the largest cotlee fazendtu in this
p«rt of Brazil. Lady Dratitey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. iv.
X36
2161
fazzolet (faz'o-let), n. [< It. fazzoletto (= OSp.
fazoleto), dim. of fazzolo, fazzuolo, a handker-
chief, perhaps < MBG. vetze, Gr.fetze, a shred,
rag (cf . It. jtezzuola, a shred or rag, also a hand-
kerchief).] A handkerchief. Percival.
F. C. An abbreviation of Free Church (of Scot-
land) : as, the F. C. Presbytery.
F. D. -An abbreviation of Fidei Defensor, De-
fender of the Faith. See Defender of the Faith,
under defender.
Fe. The chemical symbol of iron (Latin/errMw) .
feab (feb), n. [E. dial., also fabe, feap, fape,
and esp. in pi. feabs, fabes, and fae, fay (in
comp. feapberry, feaberry, faeberry) ; origin ob-
scure.] Same as feaberry.
feaberry, feapberry (fe'-, fep'ber'i), «. ; pi.
feaberries, feapberries (-iz). The gooseberry.
[Prov. Eng.]
Qro»elUis\¥.], gooseberries, thomberries, /«oi>errv««.
Cotgrave.
feasne {teg), v. [Prob. < D. vegen, sweep, strike,
= MH6. vegen, G. fegen, cleanse, sweep: see
/ay2.] I,t trans. 1. To beat or whip.
When a knotty point comes I lay my head close to it,
with a snuff-box in my hand ; an<l then I feagve it away
i' faith. Buckingham, Rehearsal.
Heark ye, ye curs, keep off front snapping at my heels,
or I shall eofeatjue ye. Otway, Soldier's Fortune (1681).
2. To discomfit ; perplex.
No treat, sweet words, good mien, but sly intrigue,
That must at length the jilting v/iiXovi fegue.
WycherUy, hove in a Wood, i. 1.
n. intrans. To be perplexed. [Prov. Eng.]
feagnet, «. [Cf. feague, f.] A dirty, sluttish,
idle fellow. Grose.
feakl (fek), r. i. [A dial. Eng. form otficL; fike^,
q. v.] To fidget; be restless.
feakH (fek), w. [_<feak\v.] 1. Aflutter; a
sharp twitch or pull. — 2. A curl of hair.
And can set his face and with his eye can speke
And dally with his mistres dangling /«ait«,
And wish that he were it, to kiss her eye.
Jfor«(on, Satires (1698), L
feak^ (fek), V. t. [Prob. var. ot feague, in orig.
(D.) sense 'sweep.'] In hauking, to wipe the
beak after feeding.
fealH (fe'al), a. [Not found in ME.; < OF. feal,
feel, feeil, fcyal, foial, foyall, etc., fedeil, etc.
(mod. F. fidilc), faithful, true, < L. fidelis, faith-
ful, true, < fides, faith : see faith, fidelity, and
fealty.] Faithful; loyal.
The tenants by knight's service used to swear to their
lords to be /ea^ and leal. Chambert.
feal2, a. See /eeP.
feaP (fei), V. t. [E. dial., < ME. felen, < Icel.
fela, hide. See filch.] To hide. [Now only
prov. Eng.]
His godhed in fleis (flesh) yiwsfelid
As hoc in bait. Metr. HomUiet, p. 12.
feal'', n. [Sc.] Same as faiP.
fealty (fe'al-ti), n. [A partly restored form of
ME. feauie, feute, < OF. fealte, feelte, fcautc,
feiaute, fcclteit, later feaulte, < L. fidelita(t-)s,
faithfulness, fidelity: see fidelity aviafeal^.] 1.
Fidelity to a lord; faithfuil adherence of a ten-
ant or vassal to the superior of whom he holds
his lands ; the solemn recognition by the ten-
ant, under oath, of his lord's paramount right.
His (King Ed win'slSubjects Hearts was so turned against
him, that the Mercians and Northumbrians revolted, and
swore /ea/(;/ to his younger Brother Edgar.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 11.
2. Fidelity in general, as of one friend to an-
other, of a wife to a husband, etc.; faithful-
ness; faith; loyalty.
Nor did he doubt her more,
Bnt rested in her fealty. Tennyon, Oeraint.
We keep oar fealty to the laws
Through patient pain.
Whittier, Anniversary Poem.
Oath Of fealty, under the feudal system, an oath prom-
ising fidelity on the part of the vaiisal to his lord, usually
given upon investiture of a fee.
The oath of fealty taken after homage Is given by Brit-
ton, lib. ill. c. 4. In case of fealty to the king it is this :
"Hear this, ye good people, that I, such a one by name,
faith will bear to our lord King Edward from this day for-
ward, of life and limb, of body and chattels and earthly
honour; and the services which i>eIong to him for the fees
and tenements which I hold of him, will lawfully perform
to him as they tiecome due, to the l>e8t of my power, so
help me God and the saints."
StxMa, Const Hist., | 462, note.
= SyiL Allegiance, Loi/alty, Fealty. See allegiance.
fear^ (fer), n. [Earlymod. E. also. ^eare, /cere;
< ME. feer, fere, fer, fear, < AS. fSr, fear, ter-
ror, in comp. generally implying sudden dan-
ger, = OS. far, a plot, snare, = OD. vaer, D. gc-
raar, danger, = OHO. fdrn, MHG. vdrc, a plot,
treason, danger, fright, G. gefahr, danger, =
fear
Icel. /ar, bale, harm, mischief, a plague, = Sw.
fara = Dan. fare, danger (the sense and per-
haps the form due to the D. and G.); not in
Goth. ; cf. Goth. /er/a, a spy, Li. periculum , dan-
ger, peril, Gr. ireipa, an attempt, attack : words
ult. connected, having orig. reference to the
"perils of the way," as waylaying, sudden at-
tack, sudden alarms, etc., the Teut. root being
that of Goth. /ara«, AS. faran, etc., E. fare, go :
see/arel. Ct.feer =fear^, a companion, from
the same source. Hence fearful, fearsome, fcrly,
etc.] 1. A painful emotion or passion excited
by the expectation of evil or harm, and accom-
panied by a strong desire to escape it ; an active
feeling of dread of which fright and terror are
the intenser degrees; hence, apprehension or
dread in general, strong and sudden fear is accom-
panied by extreme physical disturbances, as trembling,
paling, impairment of the power of speech and action, etc.
We lefte Slodonafor/«re of the Turkes ; it was but late
Uenycyans, but nowe the Turke bathe it.
Sir B. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 12.
There is no /«or in love ; but perfect love casteth out
fear. i John iv. 18.
They, bestill'd
Almost to jelly with the act of /ear.
Stand dumb, and speak not to him.
Shak., Hamlet, 1. 2.
Fear is an uneasiness of the mind upon the thought of
future evil likely to befall us. Locke.
All persons . . . are liable to be thrown by the pros-
pect of pains into the state of passionate aversion wliich
we call /t;ar. //. Sidgwlck, Metho<ls of Ethics, p. 125.
2. Anxiety; solicitude.
The greatest and principal /ear was for the holy temple.
2 Mac. XV. 18.
The truth is, I have some fear that I am more behind-
hand in the world for these last two years, since I have
not, or for some time could not, look after my accounts.
Pepys, Diar}', IV. 87.
The minor forms of fear, expressed by anxiety, watch-
fulness, care, use up the powers of thought, and exclude
all impressions of a foreign nature,
A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 66.
3. A tsause or object of fear.
Or, in the night, imagining some /ear,
How easy is a bush suppos'd a bear.
Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.
' Oh, good God,
That I had never seen that false man's eyes.
That dares reward me thus with /ears and curses !
Beau, and Fl., Captain, i. 3.
4. Formidableness ; aptness to cause fear.
My love &n<i fear glued many friends to thee.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6.
6. Reverence; respect for rightful authority;
especially, reverence manifesting itself in obe-
dience.
The /ear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge.
Prov. i. 7.
Render therefore to all their dues : tribute to whom
tribute is due ; . . . fear to whom /ear. Rom. xiii, 7.
Temporal power.
The attribute to awe and majesty.
Wherein dpth sit the dread an<l fear of kings.
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
For fear, lest ; in case.
Receive the money now.
For fear you ne'er see chain nor money more.
Shak., C. of E., iii. 2.
= Syn. 1. Seeafarm.— a. Concern, dread.— 8. Veneration,
reverence awe.
fearl (fer), v'. [< ME. feren, < AS.JWran, fright-
en, more commonly in comp. d-f(Bran, frighten
(whence E. afeard, q. v.), = OS. fdron = D. rer-
varen = OHO. fdrjan, lie in wait, plot against,
frighten, = ODan. forfcere (Dan. forfcerde) =
Sw./or/Vi'ro, frighten; from the noun : see /earl,
n.] I. trans. If. To frighten; affright; terrify;
drive away or keep away by fear.
Pacientliche, thorgh hus prouynce and to hus peple hym
shewe,
Feden hem and Alien hem and fere hem fro synne.
Fieri Plomnan (C), xviil. 286.
I tell thee, lady, this aspect of mine,
Hath/eor'if the valiant. Shak., M. of V., ii. 1.
Art not ashamed that any flesh should fear thee ?
Middlelon, Mad World.
.Some, sitting on the hatches, would seem there
With hideous gazing to fear away fear.
Donne, The Storm.
2. To feel a painful apprehension of, as some
impending evil ; be afraid of; consider or ex-
pect ■with emotions of alarm or solicitude.
I will/eor no evil, for thou art with me. Ps. xxiii. 4.
A beggar with a clouted cloak.
In whom I feared no ill.
Hath with his pike-staff claw'd my hack.
JJoiin Uooil and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 194).
What ails this gentlewoman ?
Alas, Ifear she is not well, good gentlewoman '.
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, iv. 4.
Like an animal, a savage feam whatever is strange in
appearance or behaviour.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 194.
fear
3. To reverence; have a reverential awe of;
venerate.
This do, and live ; for I fear God. Gen. xlii. IS.
I /far God, yet am not afraid of him.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 52.
4t. To have fear for; have anxiety about; be
solicitous for,
Wor. Dtith he keep his bed?
MeM. He did, my lord, four days ere I set forth ;
And at the time of my departure thence,
He was much/ear'd by his physicians.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1.
Only I crave the shelter of your closet
A little, and then /«ar nie not.
Beati. afid Fl.^ Knight of Burning Pestle, iv. 4.
To fear no COlorst. See color. =Syn. 2. To apprehend,
dread.
H. intrans. 1, To be frightened; be afraid;
be in apprehension of evil ; feel anxiety on ac-
count of some expected evil.
Fear not, Ahram ; I am thy shield aud thy exceeding
great reward. Gen. xv. 1.
[In this sense the verb is often used reflexively witli the
personal pronouns me, thee, him, her.
A flash,
1/ear nw, that will strike my blossom dead.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
Surely I /ear me, midst the ancient gold
Base metal ye will light on here and there.
William Morris, Earthly Pai-adise, 1. 141.]
2. To be in anxious uncertainty ; doubt.
If you shall see Cordelia
(As /car not but you shall). Shak., Lear, iii. 1.
Ne're /eare, for men must love thee
When they behold thy glorie. Old song.
fear^t, ». Seefeer^,
fear^, feer^ (fer), a, [ME. fere, feore = OFries.
fere = OHG. gafuori, MHG. gevilere = Icel.
fcBTTj able, capable, fit, serviceable, = Sw. Dan.
./or,stout; prob.ult.< AS./ara»(=OHG./ara«,
etc.), go: see/arci and/(?r^.] Able; capable;
atout; strong; sound: as, hale and /ear (whole
and entire, well and sound). [Obsojete or
Scotch.]
Now alle that es fere and unfaye al ive of thes f y ve hnn-
dreth
ffalles on syr fflorent, a ffyve score knyghttes.
Morte AHhure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2797.
feax-babet (fer'bab), n. [ifear'^, v. t, 1, + obj.
babe.] A bugbear, such as frightens children.
As for their shewes and words, they are hnt feare-babes,
nor worthy once to move a worthy man's conceit.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, p. 299.
feard, feared (ferd), ?>. a. [Pp. of /cari, v. ; or
abbr. of afeard.'] Afeard; afraid. [Now only
prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
The beggar was the feardest man
Of one that ever might be.
Robin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 197).
fearer (fer'^r), n. One who fears.
Fellowship and Friendships best
With thy fearers all I hold,
Such as hold thy biddings 4iest.
Sir P. Sidney, Ps. 119, H.
fearful (fer'ful), a. [< ME. feerful, ferfuly
frightful, causing fear, also frightened, feeling
fear, < Jeer, fer, fear, + -ful.'\ 1. Feeling fear,
dread, apprehension, or solicitude ; afraid.
This put the King [Edward II.] into a great Strait ; loth
he was to leave Gaveston, and/ear/uZ he was to provoke
the Lords. Baker, Chronicles, p. 106.
I see you all are mute, and stand amaz'd,
Fearful to answer me.
Beau, and Ft., King and No King, iii. 1.
This dress and that by turns you tried,
ToofearftU that you should not please.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
2, Timid; timorous; wanting courage.
Durste she not hym diffende, (for a woman a-loone is
feerfuU. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 428.
He . . . trembled underneath his mighty hand.
And like afsarefuU dog him followed througli the land.
Spetuer, F, Q., VI. xii. 36.
What man is there that i^fearfvX and fainthearted?
Deut. XX. 8.
But it is likely, the Chubs will sink down towards the
bottom of the water, at the first shadow of your rod (for
Chub is i\\efearfvllest of fishes).
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 68,
3, Causing or such as to cause fear ; impressing
fear; frightful; dreadful; terrible; awful.
He was &ferfidl freke, in fas to beholde ;
And mony ledes with Ills loke laithet full euyll !
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7725.
That thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name,
THE LORD THY GOD. Deut. xxviii. 58.
Oh, mother, these axe fearful hours ! speak gently
To these fierce men ; they will afford you pity.
Fletcher, Bonduca, Iv. 4.
4, Showing fear; produced by fear; indica-
tive of fear. [Rare.]
2162
CoidLfearfxU drops stand on my trembling flesh.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
= Syn. 2. Pusillanimous, cowardly, faint-hearted. — 3,
Dreadful. Frightftd, etc. (see aufxd); dire, direful, hor-
rible, ilistressing, shocking.
fearfully (fer'ful-i), adv, 1. With or from
fear; in a timorous or cowardly manner.
He \\qX\\ fearfully and basely
Betray'd his own cause.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, iii. 2.
In such a night,
Did T\i\A\ie fearfxdly o'ertrip the dew.
Shak., M. of V,, v. 1.
2. In a manner to cause fear or awe.
I s.m fearfully and wonderfully made. Ps. cxxxix. 14.
There is a cliff whose high and bending head
l.oQ\i^ fearfully in the confined deep.
Shak., Lear, iv. 1.
I am borne darkly, fearfully afar !
Shelley, Adonais, Iv.
fearfulness (fer'ful-nes), n. 1. The quality
of being fearful or timorous; timidity; awe;
alarm; dread.
A third thing that makes a government despised is fear-
fxUness of, and mean compliances with, bold popular of-
fenders. South, Sermons.
2. The quality of causing fear or alarm; dread-
fulness.
fearless (fer'les), a. [</earl + -less.'] With-
out fear ; bold ; courageous ; intrepid ; un-
daunted.
\ii^ fearless minds climb soonest unto crowns.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
Fearless will I enter here
And meet my fate, whatso it be.
WiUiant Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 285.
= Syn. Brave, dauntless, daring, valiant, valorous, gallant.
fearlessly (fer'les-li), adv. In a fearless or cou-
rageous manner; without fear; intrepidly.
Men who so fearlessly expose themselves to this most
formidable of perils. Decay of Christian Piety.
fearlessness (fer'les-nes), n. The state or char-
acter of being fearless; freedom from fear;
courage; boldness; intrepidity.
He gave instances of an invincible courage and fearless-
ness in danger. Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
fearlot (fer'lot), ». A dialectal variant of f riot.
feamaught, fearnought (fer'nat), n. [< fear\
V, t.j + obj. naught, nought.'] Same as dread-
naughtj 3.
fearsome (fer'sum), a. [</earl + -some,'] 1.
Causing fear ; fearful ; frightful ; dreadful.
Eh ! it wad hei fearsome to be burnt alive for naething,
like as if ane had been a warlock !
Scott, Guy Mannering, xlviii.
Who else would have come to see ye in such & fearsome
hole as this? Mercy on me, it's like the bottomless pit !
W. Black, In Far Lochaber, xii.
2. Timid; apprehensive; frightened: as, **a
mWj, fearsome thing," B, Taylor.
Which would then play, in a fearsome fashion, with
horrors of sin and the dread beliefs of Calvinism.
The Century, XXVII. 332.
fearsomely (fer'sum-li), adv. In a fearsome or
fear-inspiring manner; fearfully; timidly,
feart (fert), j). a. A variant of feard.
feasablet, «. Bee feasible.
fease^, v. Bee feezed.
fease^t, v. i. Beefeeze^.
fease-strawt, **. An obsolete perverted form
otJcMtw.
feasibility (fe-zi-bil'i-ti), n. [(.feasible: see
•hility.'] The quality of being feasible or ca-
pable of execution ; practicability.
feasible (fe'zi-bl), a. and n. [Formerly also
feasable, feazable, faisible ; < OF. (and F.)fai-
sable, that may be done, < faire (ppr. faisant),
do: see /act] I. a. Capable of being done,
performed, or effected; that may be accom-
plished or carried out; practically possible : as,
the project is attractive, but not fea^ble.
To require tasks not faisible is tyranicall, and doth onely
picke a quarreil to punish ; they could neither make straw
nor find it, yet they must have it.
Bp. Hall, Afflictions of Israel.
I thought now was my time to make my Escape, by get-
ting leave, if possible, to stay here : for it seemed not very
feazable to do it by stealth. Dam^pier, Voyages, I. 481.
Fair although anA feasible it seem,
Depend not much upon your golden dream.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 428.
We are bound to suggest to these unfortunates, who look
to us for advice, somQ feasible plan.
W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 81.
Il.t w. That which is practicable.
Hence it is that we conclude many things within the list
of impossibilities which yet are essie feasibles.
Qlanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xii.
feasibleness (fe'zi-bl-nes), w. Feasibility;
practicability.
feast
Some discourse there was about the feasibleness of it,
and several times by accident ... I have heard it men-
tioned as a thing might easily be done, but never con-
sented to as fit to be done.
Stati' Trials, William Lord Russell, p. 692.
feasibly (fe'zi-bli), adv. In a feasible manner;
practicably.
feast (fest), n, [< UY.. feeste, feste, fest, < OF.
feste^ Y.fHe (see fete, n.) = Vv.feHta = B^. fiesta
= Pg. It. festa = D. feest = G. Dan. 8w. fest, <
L. festa, pi. of festuw, a holiday, festival, feast,
neut. of festus, joyous, festive, belonging to a
holiday {dies festus, a holiday): cf. ferioi (for
\fesiw), holidays (wnenceE./«»'2, q. v.). Hence
(from L. festum) festal, festival, etc.] 1. A
festival in commemoration of some event, or
in honor of some distinguished person; a set
time of festivity and rejoicing : opposed to fast.
In this sense the word is almost entirely confined to ec-
clesiastical feasts. In the Jewish church the most im-
portant feasts, apart from the sabbath, were those of the
Atonement, the Passover, Tabernacles, and Pentecost.
To these were subsequently added the feasts of Purim and
the Dedication. In the Christian church Christmas and
Easter are feasts of almost universal recognition and ob-
servance. To these many others have been added, cele-
brating events in the life of Christ or in the lives of the
aiMjstles, saints, and martyrs. Feasts are divided into mov-
able and immovable, according as they occur on a specific
day of the week succeeding a certain day of the month
or phase of the moon, or at a fixed date. Easter is a mov-
able feast, upon which all other movable feasts depend ;
('hristmas is an immovable feast. In the Roman Catholic
Church feasts are further divided into obligatory and non-
obligatory, and again into doubles, semi-doubles, simples,
etc., according to the religious offices required to be re-
cited in the church service.
For the love and in worschipe of that Ydole, and for
the reverence of the Feste, thei slen hemself, a 200 or 300
persones, with scharpe Knyfes.
Mandemlle, Travels, p. 176.
The kynge lete it be knowen thourgh his reame that all
high/e«(e«, as Pasch and Pentecoste and yole and halow-
messe, sholde be holden at Cardoel.
Merlin CE. E. T. S.), i. 63.
Bonfires in France forthwith I am to make.
To keep our great Saint George's /i?a«( withal.
Shak., IHen. VI., i. l.
The autumn/erti?( lingered on unchallenged in the village
harvest-home, with the sheaf, in old times a symbol of the
god, nodding gay with flowers and ribbons, on the last
wagon. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 11.
2. A sumptuous entertainment or repast of
which a number of guests partake; particu-
larly, a rich or splendid public entertainment.
The governor of the/ea#( called the bridegroom.
John ii. 9.
Make not a city feast of it, to let the meat cool ere we
can agree upon the first place. Shak., T. of A., iii. 6.
Last Wednesday I gave a feast in form to the Hertfords.
Walpole, Letters, II. 430.
And Julian made a soXemn feast ; I never
Sat at a costlier. Tennyson, Lover's Tale, iv.
3. Any rich, delicious, or abundant repast or
meal; hence, something delicious or highly
agreeable, or in which some delectable quality
abounds.
He that is of a merry heart hath a continual /«a*f.
Prov. XV. 15.
A perpetual /«a8( of nectar'd sweets,
Where no crude surfeit reigns.
Milton, Comus, 1. 478.
There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl,
Ihe feast of reason and the flow of soul.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 128.
Rise from t\ie feast of sorrow, lady,
Where all day long you sit between
Joy and woe, and whisper each.
Tennyson, Margaiet, v.
Double least, an ecclesiastical festival on which the an-
tiphon is doubled. See semi-double and inmple. — Feast
of asses. See feast of fools.— Ve&St Of Dolors. See
c/oior.— Feast of Eggs. See Egg Saturday, under egg^.
— Feast of fools and feast of asses, festivals, simulat-
ing the Saturnalia, and perhaps a survival of them, cele-
ijrated in many countries of Europe, especially in France,
during the middle ages, from Christmas to Epiphany, but
chiefiy on the 1st of January in each year. In the feast
of fools a bishop, archbishop, or pope of fools was chosen
and placed on a throne in the principal church, and a
burlesque high mass was said by his orders. The feast of
asses, following the former or celebrated on a later day.
was a pageant that owed its name to the important part
which the ass played in it. In some places the allusion
was to the ass of Balaam, in others to the ass which is said
to have stood beside the manger in which the infant Sa-
viour was laid, or to the ass on which Mary and the child
fled into Egypt, or, in others still, to the ass on which
Jesus made his triumphal entry into Jerusalem. Some of
the features of these festivals still sm-vive in the carnival.
— Feast of lanterns, a Chinese festival held annually
at the fii-st full moon of the year (the 15th day of the first
month), when colored lanterns are hung at every door, and
the graves are illuminated.— Feast Of Maccabees, in
the ancient Christian church, a festival celebrated annu-
jdly in honor of the seven Maccabees, who died in defense
of Jewish law. It is uncertain on what day the festival
was held, but the Roman Catholic niurtyrology places it on
the 1st of August.— Feast Of orthodoxy, of the feder-
ation, of the Sacred Heart, of the Presentation, etc.
See orthodoxy, federation, heart, etc. — To make feast*,
feast
to show gladness ; pay flattering attention ; give friendly
entei-tainment.
I lykne hir to the scorpioun,
That ys a fals, flateyrynge beste,
For with his hede he makfth /este,
But al amydde his ttaterynge,
With his tayle hyt wol stynge
And envenynie, and so wol she.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 038.
= 8yn. 2. Feast, Banquet, Festival. The idea of a social
meal of unusual richness or abundance, for the purposes
of pleasure, may l>e coninion to these words. Feast is
generic; speclHcally, it differs from banquet in the fact
that at a feast the food is abundant and choice, while at a
banquet there is richness or expensiveness, and especially
pomp or ceremony. Tlie essential characteristic of a/e*-
tiwU is concurrence in the manifestation of joy, the joyous
celebration of some event, feasting being a frequent but
not necessary part : as, to hold high /estivai. See earou-
Mil.
When I make a feast,
I would my guests should praise it, not the cooks.
Sir J. Uarington, Writers that carp, etc.
Go to your banatut then, but use delight
So as to rise still with an appetite.
Uerrick, Hesperides, cccxli.
Pagan converts whose idolatrous worship had been made
up of sacred festivals, and who very readily abused these
to gross riot, as appears from the censure of St. Paul.
Emerson, The Lord's Supper.
feast (fest), v. [< ME. feesten, festen, < OF.
fester (mod. F. fSter) = It. festare, < UhJ'estare,
feast; from the noun.] I. intrans. 1. To make
a feast; have a feast; eat sumptuously or abun-
dantly.
And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one
his day. Job 1. 4.
We feast and sing,
Dance, kiss, and coll.
MiddUton, The Witch, i. 2.
Dear to Arthur was that hall of ours,
As having there so oft with all his knights
Feasted. Tennyson, Holy GraiL
2. Fipiratively, to dwell with gratification or
delight: as, to feast on a poem or a picture.
ScMnetime all full with feasting on your sight,
And by and by clean starved for a look.
Shak., Sonnets, Ixxv.
H. trans, 1. To provide with a feast; enter-
tain with sumptuous fare.
King Eichard awan, on sea or shore,
He never was feasted better.
rJU KistffS Disguise (Child s Ballads, V. 379).
I do feasi to-night
My best-«eteem'd «oqti«lntance.
Shak., M. of V., ii. 2.
The King feasted my Lord once, and it lasted from
Eleven of the Clock till towards the Evening.
HoweU, Letters, I. vi. 2.
2. To delight; pamper; gratify loxnriouslj:
as, to feast the soul.
We cannot feast your eyes with masques and revels.
Or courtly antics. Beau, and FL, Laws of Candy, ill. 2.
Whose taste or smell can bless the featted sense.
Dryden.
I am never weary of . . . feasting a foolish gase on sun-
MMcked plaster and unctuoos indoor shadows.
//. James, Jr., Trans. Sketohes, p. 149.
feast-day (fest'da), n. [= D. feestdag = G.
feattag = Dan. Sw. f€Stdag.'\ A day of feast-
ing and rejoicing; a festival; especially, the
day of an eccleHiastical feast.
The prodigions increase of feast-days in the Christian
church commenced toward the close of the fourth century.
Reei^s Cye., art. Feast.
feaster^ (fes'tfer), n. [< ME. festour, < festen,
feast.] One who feasts, or who gives a feast
or an entertainment.
>'euer festour fedde better.
Holy Hood (E. E. T. S.), p. 220.
Lud was hardy, and bold in Warr, in Peace a jolly Fearer.
Milton, Hist. Eng., i.
feaster^, r. An obsolete form of fester.
feastful (fest'ftl), a. [< feast + -/«/.] Fes-
tive; joyful; sumptuous; luxurious: sm, feast-
ful rites.
The virgins also sliall. on feastful days,
Visit faia tomb with flowers, ifilton, 8. A. , 1. 1741.
Therefore be sure.
Thoo, when the bridegroom with \A» feattftU friends
Passes to bliss at the mid hour of night.
Hast gain'd thy entrance. MiUon, Sonnets, iv.
Singing and murmuring In her feastful mirth,
Joying to feel herself alive.
Tennnson, Palace of Art.
feastfolly Cfest'fbl-i), adv. In a luxurious man-
ner; festively. Imp. Diet. [Rare.] '
feastlyt (fest'li), a. [< ME. festlich (= G. fest-
lich = l)an. Hw.festligy festive, solemn); (.fettst
+ -iy^.] Used to or fond of festival occasions.
Afestlieh man. as fresh as May.
Chaucer, Squire s Tale. 1. 273.
feat^ (fetX n. [< ME. feetj fete^ faite, deed, fact,
matter, < OP, (and V.) fatty deed, fact, < lu. fac-
2163
tum^ deed, fact: see fact^ of which feat'^ is a
doublet.] A deedj especially, a noteworthy
or extraordinary aet or performance; an ex-
ploit : as, feats of arms ; feats of horsemanship
or of dexterity.
Also Sonnday And Jlunday, And was shewyd ther many
Dyverse/e(i« of werre.
Torkingtmi, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 63.
The feat of merchandizing is nowhere condemned
throughout the holy Scriptures.
BuUinger, Sermons (trans.), II. 31.
You have shown all Hectors.
Enter the city, clip your wives, your friends,
Tell them yoMT feats. Shak., A. and C, iv. 8.
They showed him also the jawl>one with which Samstm
did such mighty /eo(«. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 124.
= SyiL Deed, Feat, Exploit, Achieoemeiit. These words
are arranged in the order of strength ; deed, however,
may have a much more elevated character tliHu feat, and
even surpass exploit. A deed may, on the otlier hand, be
base or ignolde. It is, therefore, often accompanied by
an adjective of quality. A feat is generally an act of re-
markable skill or strength: as, the feats of a juggler, a
ventriloquist, an atlilete. An exploit is especially an act
uf boldness or bravery, with various degrees of mental
power in working it out. An achievement is the result of
large ability in planning, and diligence and boldness in
executing. Feat, exploit, and achievement differ from act,
action, and deed in that the first three always, and the last
three only sometimes, represent something great.
Nor florid prose, nor honeyed lies of rhyme
Can blazon e\il deeds, nor consecrate a crime.
Byron, Childe Harold, i. 3.
He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his age,
doing in the figure of a lamb, the feats of a lion.
Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
First from the ancient world those giants came,
With many a vain exploit. Milton, P. L., ill. 465.
Oreat is the niniour of this dreadful knight,
And his achievemmts of no less account.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
feat^t (fet), r, t, [Appar. < feat^j n., but prob.
with ref. to feature. \ To form; fashion; set
an example to.
Liv'd in court, . . .
A sample to the youngest; to th' more mature,
A glass ihAtfeated them. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 1.
feat^ (fet), a, [< ME,/cte (rare), shortened from
the common form fetiSy fetys (rarely fetous,
whence later spelling /eatow*, q. v.), neat pret-
ty, < OF. faictiSy faitiSy faitisse^ faiticcy fetis =
Vr.fetiSy well-made, neat, pretty, < L./acrt«"i«,
factitiusy made by art, artificial: see factitious
find fetishy both ult. from the same source.] 1.
Neat; skilful; ingenious; deft; clever.
Se, so she goth on patens faire and fete.
Court of Low, 1. 1087.
Lightly the elves sae /caf and free,
lliey dance all under the greenwood tree !
Sir Olvfand the E^f-King's Daughter (Child's Ballads,
[I. 299).
And look how well my garments sit upon me ;
Much /eater than before. Shak., Tempest, IL 1.
She speaks /(•at English.
Fletcher and Shirley, Nights Walker, lit 6.
2, Large : as, a pretty feat parcel (a rather
large quantity). [Prov. Eng.J
feat'-^ (fet), r. ^ [Ifeaf^^ a.} To make neat,
feat-bodiedt (fot'bdd'id), a. Having a feat or
trim body.
Nay, Sue hasahazeleye; I know Sue well ; and by your
b^ave. not so trim a body neither ; this is a feat bodied
tiling I U'll you. Beau, and FL, Coxcomb, lii. 1.
feateonst, «. [Ct.featouSyfetuouSf later forms of
ME. fetous, fetis : see feaf^y a.] Same as fea-
tous.
feateouslyt, adv- Same &s featously,
feather ( feTH'^r), w. [Early mod. E. siieofether:
< ME. ftihery sometimes federy < AH.fethcTy a
feather, a pen, in pi. often wings (deriv. Jitkere, a
wing), = Ui^.fethtra = D. veder = OHG. fedaro,
MHO. vederey veder, G.fedeVy a feather, a pen, =
Icel .ffodhr = S w. jjader = ODan. fedeTyfejTy jice-
thcery ff-yre. Pan. fjeder.Jjer (= Qoth.*fitkray not
recorded), feather, = Gr, Trrepdv (for *TreTFp6v), a
feather, a wing (cf. -n-ripviy a wing, n-WXov (for
•ffmXov), feather, down), = L. penna, Oh. pesmi
(for *petnay with different suffix -wi), a feather,
a pen (whence E. pen"^), = OBulg. Bulg. Slov.
Serv. pero = Bohem. pSro = Pol. pioroy feather
(OBulg. plrntiy pratiy fly), = Skt. pattrOy a fea-
ther, wing, leaf, patatrOy a wing, cf. pataray a.,
flying, < -{/ paty fly, descend, fall, = Gr. -n-ire-
ooaty fly, redupl. iriirretVy fall, = L. peterCy fall
upon, make for, seek (whence E. petition, ap-
petence, competCj etc.),] 1. One of the epider-
mal appendages which together constitute the
plumage, the peculiar covering of birds; also,
CoUectlvelv, the plimutge. Feathers are extremely
nioflifled scales. The nearest approach to them In ani-
mals other than )>ird8 is prolmbly the quills of the porcu-
pine. Keathers are epidermal, non-vascular, and non-
nervous appendages, consisting of a homy and pithy sub-
stance, and subject to periodical molt. They grow some-
feather
what like hairs, in a little pit or pouch formed by an in-
version of the dermal layer of the integument, in a closed
follicle, upon a peculiarly molded papilla, which causes
the feather to assume its special shape. They are seldom
implanted uniformly over the surface, but gi'ow in special
tracts or areas separated hy naked spaces. (See pteryla,
apterium.) All of a bird's feathei-s collectively considered
constitute tlie plumage or ptilosis. (See cut under bird^.)
A perfect feather consists of a main stem, sha^ft, or scape ;
a supplementary stem, aftershaft, or hyporachis ; and
vanes, webs, or rexiWffl : these together making the stan-
dard. The scape is divided into two parts : one, nearest
the botly of the bird, is the barrel, quill, or calamus, a
hard, horny, hollow, semi-transparent tube with one end
inserted in the skin ; it bears no webs, and passes insensi-
bly at a point marked by a little pit (umbilicus) into tlie
shaft proper or rachis. This is squarish in section, ta-
pers to a tine point, is liighly elastic, opaque, and solidly
filled with dry pith ; it bears the vexilla. The aftershaft
is usually like a miniature of the main feather, springing
from the stem of the latter at the junction of the calannis
and rachis. (See aftershaft.) With its vanes it is called
the hypoptilum. Sometimes it is as large as the main
feather. There ai"e two vanes, on opposite sides of the
rachis. Each vane consists of a series of mutually ap-
pressed, thin, flat, linear or lanceliuear plates, the barbs,
set otf obliquely from the rachis by their basal ends at
a varying open angle. (See cut under barb^.) To cause
these plates to cohere with one another, and make a web-
bing of the vane, each barb bears secondary vanes ; these
are Imrlmles, and bear to the barbs the same relation that
the barl>s bear to the rachis. Barbules are also fringed,
as if frayed out, along their lower edges ; each such fringe
makes a tertiary vane. When these vanes are simple, they
are tenued barbicels; when lnx)ked, hooklets or hamuli.
(See cut under barbule.) From such perfect structure
feathers may be reduced in various ways, even to lacking
everything but the shaft ; when this is very thick, feathers
become much like scales, as in the penguin ; when it is
fine, they resemble hairs or bristles. In general, three
types of feather-structure are recognized : (1) The perfect-
ly feathery, plumous or pennaceous, structure. The goose-
quill used as a pen is a good example (though it lacks an
aftershaft). Most contour- feathers are pennaceous. (2)
The downy or plumulaceous, such as makes up the un-
der-plumage or down. (3) The Jilophnnaceous, which
approaches a bristle or hair. (See cut under Jiloplumc.)
But there is no strict line of demarcation, and in fact most
feathers are pennaceous with plumulaceous bases of the
webs. Feathers are also classified as (1) pennce, pluino',
or contour-feathers; (2) plumulce, or down-feathers; (3)
semiplunux, or half-feathers; {A) Jiloplumce, or thread-
feathers; and (5) pxUviplumce, dust- feathers, or powder-
down. (See phrases l>elow.) The acquisition of feathers
is c^ed endysis; their loss, ecdysis. Birds which ac-
quire feathers In the egg are Prcecoces or Ptilopcedes ;
those which are hatched naked are Altrices, Psilopcedes, or
Gymnopcedes. Feathers are of extremely rapid growth.
They are of many shapes, often remarkable, and of every
possible color. The color is usually due to actual pig-
mentation, but in many cases to iridescence. The optical
effect of iridescence is due Uy the texture of the webs.
Among all epidermal structures, feathers probably com-
bine in the highest degree the qualities of lightness,
strength, and elasticity. They are also very warm, and in
many cases water-proof.
He hatheaCrestof Fedresupon hisHed more gret than
the Poocok liathe. Mandeuiile, Travels, p. 48.
All byrdes doe loue by kynde, that are lyke of plume and
feather,
Good and bad, ye wyld and tame, all kyndes doe draw to-
gyther. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 89.
With the feathers of these wings the muses made them-
selves crowns, so that from this time the muses wore wings
on their heads. Bacon, Moral Fables, vi.
2. Something in the form of a feather, or re-
sembling nearly or remotely the standard of a
feather ; something made of feathers.
The bents
And coarser grass . . . now shine
Conspicuous, and in bright apparel clad,
And, fledg'd with icy feathers, nod superb.
Cotpper, Task, v, 26.
Specifically — (o) A plume, {b) In founding, a thin rib cast
on iron framing to strengthen it and resist bending or frac-
ture. (c)Asiipin8erted longitudinally Intoashaft or arbor,
and projecting so as to fit a groove in the eye of a wheel,
(rf) One of two pieces of metal placed
in a hole in a stone which is to be spill- 7
a wedge-shaped key or plug bein.:
driven between them for this purpost
(e) In joinery, a projection on the ed!-'<-
of a board whii-h fits into a channel
on the edge of another l>oard. in tlit-
operation of Joining boards by groov
ing and feathering, or grooving ami
tongnlng, as it is more connnonl>
called. (J) *5» a horse, a sort of nat-
ural frizzling of the hair, which in
some places rises alwve the smooth
coat, and makes a figure resembling the tip of an ear of
wheat, (g) A foamy spray of water thrown up and back-
ward on each side of the cutwater of a swiftly moving ves-
sel, or from the edge of an oar when turned horizontally.
See feather-spray. (A) The fiinge of hair on the back of the
l^fs, on the neck, or on the ears of some breeds of dogs, as
setters. W^y feathering, (i) In precious stones, an irreg-
ular flaw. See the extract.
In natural rubies the cavities are always angular or
crystalline in outline, and are usually filled with some
liquid, or, if they form part of a feather, as it is called by
the jewelers, they are often arranged with the lines of
growth. Sci. Amer., N. S., LVIII.
3. The feathered end or string-end of an arrow.
— 4, Kind; nature; species: from the prover-
bial phrase **bird8 of a feather" — that is, of
the same species.
i
Feather, def. a {d).
feather
I am not of tii&t /father, to shake off
My frieud when he must need me.
SAa*., T. of A.,i. 1.
For both of you are birds of self -same /ea^A^r.
SAo*.,3Hen. VI.,iii. 3.
5. In sporting, birds collectively; fowls: as,
fur, fin, axid feather.
He [the Scotch terrier] may be induced tohunt/ea(A(fr;
he never taices to it like fur, and prefers vermin to game
at all times. Dof/g qf Great Britain and America, p. 72.
6. Among confectioners, one of the degrees in
boiling sugar, preceded by the blow, and fol-
lowed by the ball.
After passing the degree of feather, sugar is inclined to
grain or candy. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 152.
7. Something as light as a feather; hence,
something very unimportant; a trifle.
Thus oft it haps that, when within
They shrink at sense of secret sin,
A /eatlier daunta the brave.
Scott, Marmion, iii. 14.
A sort ot feather tossed alx)ut by whatever breeze hap-
pens to blow — a straw on the current of things !
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 95.
8. In rowing, the act of feathering. See fea-
ther, v. <.,6.—Afeather In one's cap, an honor or mark
of distinction : said of something striking or unexpected
that brings credit or attracts favorable notice. — Aurlcu-
l&r feathers, i^ee auricular. — Axillary feathers. See
MiVinr,)!.— Birds of a feather, see Mr<n.— capillary
feather, a filoplume or hiur-feather. — Contoiir feather.
See <;o(Kour-/ea(Aer.— Covert-feather, any featlier of the
wing or tail-coverts. See covert, n., 6. — Deck-feather,
one of the pair of middle tail-feathers which overlie tlie
rest when the tail is closed, and are often conspicuously
different from them in size, shape, or color. — Down
feather. See doum-feather. — Dust-feather, a pulvi-
plume; one of certain peculiar down-feathers of a dusty,
scurfy, or greasy character, occurring in patches in some
birds, especially herons. — Feather Oil-gland, the uro-
pygial gland, or elfeodochon. See etceodocTion. — Feather-
tract, a pteryla.— Flight-feather, one of the large quill-
feathers which form most of the extent of a bird's wing
and which are essential to flight ; a quill of the wing ; a
rowing-feather ; a remex. (See remex.) The goose-quill
for writing is a flight- feather. Flight-feathers are divided
into primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries or tertials, ac-
cording to their sites on the wing. See cut under birdl, —
Hair-feather, a tiloplume or thread-feather. — Half-fea-
ther, a semiplume, in structure intermediate between a
plume and a plunmla. See def. 1. — In full feather,
not molting ; in full plumage ; figuratively, well supplied
with money. — In high feather, in high spirits; elated.
I have seen him, though in high feather and high talk
when in a sunny chamber, ' if transferred to a badly-
lighted room, withdraw in a corner and sit by himself in
moody silence. Actorg and Actresses, I. 206.
Metallic feather, a feather with a metallic gloss,
sheen, or glitter ; an iridescent feather. Some of them,
as in humming-birds, etc., are often described as metal-
lic 8aiZe«.— Penuaceous, plumaceous, plumulaceous
feather. See def. 1. — Pin-feather, an ungrown feather,
before the vanes have expanded, and while the barrel is
filled with a dark bloody or serous fluid. In the later
stage the future webs may be seen sprouting from the
end of the quill like a pencil or brush. — Powder-down
feather, a pulviplume or dust-feather. — Prince Of
Wales's feathers, the crest of the Prince of Wales, con-
sisting of three ostrich-plumes, with the motto Ich dien
(I serve). It was first borne by Edward the Black Prince.
— Quill- feather, a large pennaceous feather with a stout
barrel or quill, which is or may be used for writing; a
quill. The large flight- and nuhJer-feathers of the wings
and tail are of this kind. — Rowing- feather, a flight-
feather or remex.— Rudder-feather, a quill-feather of
the tail, which steers a bird's flight ; a rectrix. — Thread-
feather, a feather of filoplumaceous structure ; a filo-
plume.—TO cut a feather. See cut.—lo drive fea-
thers. See drtpe.— White feather, the symbol of cow-
ardice : a phrase introduced in the days when cock-fighting
was in repute. As the game-cock of the strain in vogue
had no white feathers, a white feather was taken as a
proof that a bird was not game. Generally used in such
phrases as to show the white feather, to have a white fea-
ther in one's wing, meaning to show cowardice, to behave
like a coward.
"He hag a white feather in hig wing this same West-
burnflat after a'," said Simon of Hackburn, somewhat
scandalized by his ready surrender. "He'll ne'er flll his
father's boots." Scott, Black Dwarf, ix.
feather (feTH'6r), ». [< ME. fetheren, fethren,
fedren, usually in pp. fethered, rarely ' fly,' pro-
vided with feathers, < AS. ge-fetheran, ge-fe-
thran (prop. * ge-fetherian, "ge-fethrian), usually
ge-fitherian, ge-fjtherian, ge-fithrian, give wings,
Srovide with wings (= OHG. pp. ge-fidarit,
tHGr. ge-videret, Q. ge-fiedert = Sw. bejjadrat
= ODan. befedret, Dan. hefjedret), < fether, a
feather, pi. wings, ^<Aere, wing: s^e feather, «.]
1. trans. 1. To cover with feathers ; hence, to
cover with something resembling feathers.
And of his yeen the sighte I kneuhe a-noon,
Which /edt'red wag with righte humble requestes.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Fumivall), p. 56.
On the night of 22d May, 1832, a number of them [the
neighboring Christian settlers] dragged [Joseph] Smith and
Eigdon from their beds and tarred and feathered them.
BiKyc. Brit., XVI. 826.
2. To adorn ; enrich or advantage ; exalt.
[Bare.]
2164
They stuck not to say, that the king cared not to plume
his nobility and people, to feather himself.
Bacmi, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 111.
3. To fit with a feather or feathers, as an arrow.
He hath plucked her doves and sparrows,
To/i?a(Aer his sharp arrows.
B. Jongon, Poetaster, iv. 1.
Nonsense, feathered with soft and delicate phrases, and
poiuted with pathetick accents.
Dr. Scott, Works (1718), II. 124.
4. To tread: said of a cock. — 5. To join by tongu-
ing and grooving, as boards. — 6. In rowing, to
turn the blade of (an oar) nearly horizontally,
with the upper edge pointing toward the bow,
as it leaves the water, so that the water runs
off it in a feathery form, for the purpose of les-
sening the resistance of the air upon it, and de-
creasing the danger of catching the water as
it is moved back into position for a new stroke.
— To feather one's (own) nest, to make one's self a
comfortable place ; gather wealth, particularly while act-
ing in a fiduciary capacity.
He had contrived in his lustre of agitation to feather hig
nest pretty successfully. Disraeli, Coningsby, iv. 5.
II. intrans. 1. To have or produce the ap-
pearance or foi-m of a feather or feathers, as
the ripples at the bow of a moving vessel. See
feather-spray.
Her full-busted figure-head
Stared o'er the ripple featherint; from her bows.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
The moss was in abundant life, some feattiering, and
some gobleted, and some with fringe of red to it.
R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, xix.
2. To be or become feathery in appearance ;
appear thin or feathery by contrast.
Just where the prone edge of the wood began
To feather toward the hollow.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
3. In rowing, to let the water drop off in a fea-
thery spray, as the blade of an oar when turned
nearly horizontally on leaving the water.
The feathering oar returns the gleam. Tickell.
To feather out, to become covered with feathers, as
young birds, or with anything resembling them, as fea-
thery foliage : as, the chickens, or the willows, are be-
ginning to.feather out.
feather-alum (feTH'er-aVum), n. Same as alu-
nugcn.
feather-bearer (feTH'er-bar'''6r), n. A plume-
moth ; one of the I'terophoridee.
feather-bed (feTH'er-bed'), n. l<ME.fetherbed,
federbed, < AS. fetherbed (= D. vederbed = G.
federbett), < fether, feather, -t- bed, bedd, bed.]
1. A bed made of feathers; a mattress filled
with feathers ; a soft bed.
Kow take frae me thsit. feather-bed,
Make me a bed o' strae !
Auld Maitland (Child's Ballads, VI. 231).
2. The feather-poke, a small bird of the genus
Pkylloscopus, as the willow-warbler, P. trochi-
lus, or chiff-chaff, P. rufus : so called because
it uses feathers in making its nest. [Prov.
Eng.]
feather-bird (feTH'er-b6rd), n. The white-
throat, Sylvia cinerea : so called because it uses
feathers in building its nest. [Eng.]
feather-bladest (feTH'fer-bladz), n. pi. The
deep serrations into which the edges of gar-
ments, banners, etc., were cut during the mid-
dle ages for decorative effects. Compare dag^.
feather-boarding (feTH'er-bor'ding), n. A
kind of boarding in which the edge of one board
overlaps a small part of the board below it.
When used in buildings, commonly called wea-
ther-boarding.
featherbone {f eTH'6r-b6n), n. A substitute for
whalebone, made from the quills of domestic
fowls. The quills are slit into strips, which are twisted,
and the resulting cords are wrapped together and pressed.
featherbrain (feTH'6r-bran), n. A weak-
minded, giddy, or unbalanced person.
feather-brained (feTH'fer-brand), a. Having
a weak, empty brain ; light-headed ; frivolous ;
giddy. Also feather-headed, feather-pated.
To & feather-brained school-girl nothing is sacred.
Charlotte Bronte, Villette, xx.
feather-cloth (feTH'fer-kl6th), n. A woolen
cloth into which feathers are woven, it is warm
and resists water well, but has an unfinished appearance,
from the irregular protrusion of the ends of the feathers.
Diet, of Needlework.
feathercockt (feTH'6r-kok), n. A coxcomb.
Thou wonldest make me one of Diomedes or Antiphanes
schoUer, in imitatingof these Ganimedes, finicall, spruce-
ones, muskats, syrenists, feathercockes, vainglorious, a
cage for crickits. Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
feathered (fe^n'^rd), p. a. [< ME. fethered,
fcdered, < AS. fithered (= Dan. fjeret), pp. of
/jWiman, feather: see featlier, v. 1 1. Eivaling
a bird in speed ; winged. [Poetical and rare.]
feathering
Xnfeather'd briefness sails are flll'd.
And wishes fall out as they're will'd.
Sliak., Pericles, v. 2.
2. In entom., having parallel rays or branches,
like the web of a feather ; strongly pectinate :
applied to the antennse when the joints give
out long branches on one or two sides, as in
many moths. — 3. In bot., same a.8 feathery, 3.
— 4. Pitted or furnished with a feather or fea-
thers: as, a feathered arrow: used specifically
in heraldry when the feathers are of a different
tincture from the shaft : as, azure, feathered or.
— 5 . Fringed with hair : said of certain breeds
of dogs.
Both hind and fore legs are well feathered, but not pro-
fusely. Dogs of Great Britain and America, p. 107.
Feathered columbine. See columbine-.— FesXheTed
troll. Sec iroU.
feather-edge (feTu'er-ej), n. An edge as thin
as a feather ; the thinner edge, as of a board or
plank ; the shallow edge of the f m-ro w of a mill-
stone, etc.— Feather-edge boards. See feather-edged.
— Feather-edge file, a^cjilei.
feather-edge (feTH'er-ej), «). f. [(.feather-edge,
«.] To cut away to a thin or beveled edge;
produce a feather-edge upon, as on leather or
other material.
A small shaving from the flesh side is taken off by a
feather-edging machine. Harper's Mag., LXX. 282.
The boards were carefully feather-edged and lapped, so
that it was perfectly impervious to rain.
TItoreau, Walden, p. 49.
feather-edged (fesn'^r-ejd), a. 1. Having a
thin edge. — 2. Having an ornamental edging
composed of loops or tufts: said of ribbons. —
Feather-edged boards, boards made thin on one edge.
They are used to form the facings of wooden walls, as
those of cottages, outhouses, etc., and are placed with the
thick edge uppermost and the thin edge overlapping a
part of the next lower board. See clapboard. — Feather-
edged brick, coping, etc See the nouns.
feathered-shot, «. See feather-shot.
fea'therfew (feTH'fer-fS), n. A corruption of
feverfew. [Prov. Eng.]
feather-fisher (feTH'Sr-fish''''er), n. An angler
who uses artificial flies (often made of feathers)
as lures ; a fly-fisher. [Bare.]
feather-flower (feTH'er-flou'''6r), n. An artifi-
cial flower made of feathers or of parts of the
feathered skin of small birds.
featherfoil (feTH'6r-foil), n. The water-violet,
species of Hottonia : so called from the finely
divided leaves.
feather-footed (feTH'fer-fiit'ed), a. Ha-ving
feathered feet; rough-footed. [Bare.]
feather-gloryt (feTH'6r-gl6''ri), n. Glory that
is trifling or of no account.
Glory, not like ours here, feather-glory, but true, that
hath weight and substance in it.
Bp. Andrews, Sermons, I. xxxt.
feather-grass (feTH'er-gras), n. 1. The Stipa
pennata of southern Europe : so named from its
long plumose awns. — 2. In Jamaica, the Chlo-
ris nolydaclyla.
featherhead (feTH'er-hed), n. A light, giddy,
frivolous person ; a trifler; a featherbrain.
Show the dullest clodpole, show the haughtiest /crtfAer-
head, that a soul higher than himself is actually here:
were his knees stiffened into brass, he must down and
worship. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 174.
feather-headed (feTn'Sr-hed'ed), a. Same as
feather-brained.
Ah ! thou hast miss'd a man (but that he is so bewitch 'd
to his study, and knows no other mistress than his mind)
so far above fhi^ feather-headed puppy.
Gibber, Love Makes a Man, if.
feather-heeled (fe^H'er-held), a. Light-heeled.
fea'theriness (feTH'er-i-nes), n. The state of
being feathery.
There is such a levity and featheriiiess in our minds,
such a mutability and inconstancy in our hearts.
Bates, Sure Trial of Uprightness.
feathering (feTH'fer-ing), n. [Verbal n. of fea-
ther, r.] 1. Plumage.
O waly, waly, my gay goss-hawk.
Gin your feathering be sheen I
The Gaydoss-Hawk (Child's Ballads, III. 277).
2. The adjustment of feathers to an arrow,
whether shaft or bolt. See arrow, vireton.
This king [Henry V. of England] directed the sheriffs of
counties to take six wing-feathers from every goose for the
feathering of arrows. Encyc. Brit., II. 372.
3. In arch., an arrangement of small arcs or
foils separated by projecting points or cusps,
used as ornaments in the molding of arches,
etc., in pointed medieval architecture; folia-
tion. See cttsp. — 4. Same us feather, 2 (/i)-
His [the Irish setter's] coat is short, flat, soft to the
touch, and, where it extends into what is technically
known as feathering, is like spun silk in quality.
The Century, XXXI. 121.
feathering
6. In the aquatint process, the application of
strong acid to the plate, to bite in dark touches.
See aqiiiititit.
feathering-screw (feTH'6r-ing-skro), n. Naut.,
a screw-propeller whose blades are so arranged
as to be adjustable to a variable pitch, so that
they may be set to stand parallel with the shaft,
and thus oflfer little or no resistance when the
ship is moving under sail alone.
feathering-wheel (feiH'er-ing-hwel), n. A
paddle-wheel in which the floats are so con-
structed and arranged as to enter and leave the
water edgewise, or as nearly so as possible.
feather-joint (feTH'Sr-joint), n. In carp., a
joiut between boards consisting of a fin or fea-
ther fitting into opposite mortises on the edges
of the boards. E. H. Knight. See feather-edged,
and cut under Joint.
featherless (feTH'6r-les), a. [= D. vederloos =
Dan. Jjederlos = Sw. jjdderlos, featherless; <
feather + -less. Cf. AS. fitherieds, wingless, <
fithere, wing (see feather), + -leas, E. -less.]
Without feathers ; unfledged.
That featherlea bird which weDt about to beg plumes
of other birds to cover his nakedness.
HowM, Vocall Forrest
featherlet (feTH'6r-let), n. [< feather ■¥ -fc<.]
A small feather.
The episoiles and digressions fringe [the story] like so
m^ny featherUts. Southey, The Doctor, Pref.
featherlyt (feTH'6r-li), a. [< feather + -iyi.]
Eesembling feathers; feathery.
Some /eatfierly particles of snow.
Sir T. Broume, Tulg. Err., IL 1.
feather-makert (feTH'^r-ma'kfer), ». A maker
of plumes of real or artificial feathers.
Appoint the /eatker-maker not to fayle
Tu plume my head with his best estridge tail.
Rowland, Spy-Knaves.
feather-mant (feTR'6r-man), n. A maker of
plumes ; a dealer in plumes.
M'here is my fashioner, my feathemutn.
My linener, perfumer, barber, all?
B. Jomon, Staple of News, T. 1.
feather-moss (feTn'ir-mds), n. See moss.
feather-ore (feTH'6r-6r), n. A capillary variety
of jamesonite.
feather-pated (fel?H'6r-pa'ted), a. Same as
feather-brained.
Tlie /eathtr-pated, giddy madmen, . . . who must bo
toying with folU«s, when such business was in hand.
Scotl, Ivanhoe, 11. 105.
feather-poke (feTH'6r-p6k), n. The long-tailed
titmouse or bottle-tit, Acredula rosea : bo called
from its ba^jgy nest lined with feathers. Also
poke-bag, puke-pudding, and pudding-bag.
feather-shot, feathered-shot {teTii'i-T-, tcvn'-
ferd-shot), n. Copper in the form which it as-
sumes when it is poured in a molten condition
into cold water.
feather-spray (feTH'^r-gprii), n. The foamy
ripple or feathery spray produced by the cut-
water of a fast vessel, as a steamer.
feather-spring (feTH'fer-gpring), n. The sear
spring of a gun-lock. E. H. Knight.
feather-star (f eTH'^r-stSr), n. A common name
of the sea-lilies or criuoids of the family Coma-
tulidoe (which see), such as the Comatula (or An-
tedon) rosacea: so called from the feathery ap-
pearance and radiate structure.
Some kinds of crinoids, as the rosy /eatheritar of the
European coast, have a stem in the young state.
Pop. Set Mo., XUI. SH.
feather-stitch (feTH'^r-stich), n. A stitch used
in embroidery, producing a partial imitation of
feathers by small branches or filaments that
ramify from a main stem. In medieval em-
broidery it was called opus plumarium.
feathertop (fe*H'6r-top), n. The popular name
of several grasses with a soft, wavy panicle, of
the genera .Igrpstis and Arundo.
feathertop-grass (feTH'^r-top-grfts), n. The
CalamtigriiKlis Epigejos, a European species,
feather-veined (feTH'fer-vand), o. In bot., hav-
ing a series of veins branching from each side
of the midrib of the leaf toward the margin ;
pinnately veined.
Veins going directly to the margin, and forming /«afA^r-
ttinetl leaves <Oak nnd Chestnut). Encyc. Brit., IV. 110.
feather-weight (feTH'6r-wat), n. l. In racing,
the lightest weight allowed by the rules to be
carried by a horse in a handicap. — 2. In sport-
ing, a boxer, etc., whose weight falls within the
lowest of the divisions prescribed by the rules
— heavy-weight, middle-weight, light-weight,
and feather-weight ; hence, a very light weight,
or a person of very light weight.
2165
But the thoroughbred hunter, except foT/eatker-weights,
must be characterised by fine breeding and plenty of bone
— a union, it must fairly he admitted, which one may often
go far to find. Edinburgh Rev., CLXVI. 40S.
Theflght was with kid gloves. . . . The men are known,
in the language of the prize-ring, as feather-weights. Co-
burn weighed one hundred and twelve pounds, and Bran-
non was two pounds lighter.
Philadelphia Times, March 17, 1886.
3. A frivolous or flippant person ; one of slight
ability, influence, or importance.
Burghley and Walsingham, the great Queen herself,
were not feather-weights, like the frivolous Henry HI.
Motley, United Netherlands, I. 313.
featherwillg(feTH'6r-wing),n. Aplume-moth;
a moth of the family Alucitida or Fterophori-
dw. See cut under p/«»je-»«o<A.
feather-work (feTH'er-wferk), n. A kind of
fancy work produced by sewing feathers upon
a stiff textile fabric or similar material, the
feathers usually covering the foundation com-
pletely. They are sometimes arranged in imitations of
flowers, butterflies, etc., and sometimes in conventional
patterns.
feathery (fcTH'^r-i), a. [(.feather + -yl.] 1.
Clothed or covered with feathers.
Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock
Count the night-watches to h\& feathery dames.
Milton, Comus, 1. 347.
2. Resembling feathers; light; airy; unsub-
stantial : as, the feathery spray ; feathery clouds.
Feathery and light stuff, that hath no good substance
in it. »'. Whately, Kedemption of Time (1634), p. 25.
3. In 6o<., samea8/)ZM>nose: applied to an awn
or a bristle that is bordered with fine, soft hairs.
A]so feathered.
featiui (fe'tish), a. [A dial. var. of featous,
ME. fetis.'] Same as feat^.
featly (fet'li), adv. [■< ME. feetly, fetely, fetly ;
<feat^ -H -/y2.] In a feat manner; neatly; nim-
bly; dexterously; adroitly.
Cast oute squylle, and dense it feetly weL
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 169.
Foot it featly here and there ;
And, sweet sprites, the burthen bear.
Shot., Tempest, L 2(songX
He saw a quire of ladies in a round.
That /«at/y footing seem'd to skim the ground.
Dryden, Wife of Bath, 1. 216.
featness (fet'nes), n. The quality of being feat ;
dexterity; adroitness; nimbleness.
featonst (fe'tus), a. [< ME. /etotts, another form
of /efw, feat: aeo feat^jfetise.l Neat; clever;
nimble.
Ye thlnke it fine and/Vo/otu.
Drant, Three Sermons, 1584. (Balliwell.)
featooslyt (fe'tus-li), adv. Neatly; nimbly;
cleverly.
They gathered flowers to fill their flasket,
And with fine fingers crept luWfeateoxuly
The tender stalkes on hye.
Speruer, Prothalamion, I. 27.
The morrice rings, while hobby-horse doth foot fea-
toMly. Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle.
feature (fe'tur), n. [< UKfeture,fetour, < OF.
faiture= Sp. hechura = 'Pg.feitura,factura=lt.
fattura, fashion, make, < L. factum, a making,
formation, < facere, pp. factus, make : see fact
and /Vafl, and cf. facture, a doublet ot feature.']
It. Make; formation; form; shape: usually
with reference to the physical frame.
God quickened in the sea, and In the rivers.
So many fishes of so manr/«afur«<.
Du Bartat (traas.X quoted in Walton's Complete Angler,
[p. 46.
And Heaven did well, in such a lovely /<fa^ur«
To place so chaste a mind.
Beau, and Fl., Knight of MalU, 111. 2.
He shall bring together every joynt and member, and
shall mould them Into an Immortall/eorure of loveliness
and perfection. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 43.
2t. A concrete form or appearance ; an appa-
rition.
Stay, all our charms do nothing win
I'pon the night; our labour dies I
Our ukaglck feature will not rise.
B. Jotuon, Masque at Queens.
Here they speake as if they were creating some new
feature, which the devil persuades them to be able to d<i
often, by the pronouncing of words, and pouring out of
liquors on the earth. B. Jonson, Ma84|ue of Queens, note.
3. The form or cast of any part of the face ;
any single lineament; in the plural, the face or
countenance, considered with reference to all
its parts.
What is become of that beautifull face,
Tiiose lonely lookes, that fauour amiable.
Those 8weete/i?/i^«r.*», and visage full of grace.
That countenance which is alonly aide
To kill ami cure ?
PutUnham, Arte of Eng. Foesie, p. 179.
febrifuge
Quiet, dispassionate, and cold.
And other than his form of creed,
With chisell'd /ea^urea clear and sleek.
Tennyson, Character.
4. The conformation or appearance of any part
of a thing ; a distinct part or characteristic of
anything: as, the principal /cateres of a treaty.
The strongly marked features of the ground ci\lled up
all the circumstances, which the soldiers had gathered
from tradition. Prescott, Ferd, and Isa., ii. 7.
League after league of plain was traversed, no new fea-
tures being seen. O Donovan, Merv, xv.
The passion for gladiators was the worst, while religious
liberty was probably the best, feature of the old Pagan
society. Jjecky, Europ. Morals, II. 38.
These western towers became aftenvards in France the
most important features of the external architecture of
churches. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 614.
The attempt at reconciling science and religion is a sig-
nificant feature of our time. Aleott, Table-Talk, p. 108.
feature (fe'tur), v. t.; pret. and pp. featured,
ppr. featuring. [< feature, «.] To have fea-
tures resembling ; look like; favor. [CoUoq.]
Mrs. Vincy . . . was much comforted by her perception
that two at least of Fred's boys were real Vincys, and did
not feature the Garths.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, Finale.
featured (fe'turd), a. 1. Having a certain
make or shape ; formed ; fashioned.
Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,
Featured like him, Shak., Sonnets, xxix.
2. Having features; exhibiting human features;
having a certain cast of features.
The well-stained canvas or the featured stone.
Young, Night Thoughts, ix, 70.
She's weVifealured, if It were not for her nose.
S. 0. Jewett, Deephaven, p, 35.
featureless (fe'tur-les), a. [(feature -I- -less.^
Having no distinct features; shapeless.
Let those whom Nature hath not made for store,
Harsh, featureless, and rude, barrenly perish,
Shak., Sonnets, xl.
featureliness (fe'Jur-li-nes), «. The quality of
being featurely ortiandsome. Coleridge.
featurely (fe'tur-li), a. [< feature + -Zyl.]
Having comely features; handsome.
Featurely warriors of Christian chivalry. Coleridge.
feaugesti «• Bee the extract.
Many that were abroad, through weaknesse were sub-
ject to be suddenly surprized with a disease called the
Feauges, which was neitlier piilne nor sicknesse, but as it
were the highest «legree'Of weaknesse.
Capt. John Smith, Generall Historic (1632), p. 180.
feaze, v. and M. Seefeese.
Feb. An abbreviation of February,
feblet, a. and v. See feeble.
feblesset, n. [ME. feblesse, fyeblesse, feblesce, <
OF. feblesce, flebesce, F. faiblesse = Pr. febleza
= It. ficroh::a, feebleness, < OF. feble, etc., fee-
ble: see/cdi/e.j Feebleness; weakness. Chan-
cer.
febricula (fe-brik'u-lft), n. [Ii. : see febricule. ]
A slight an<1 short fever, especially when of ob-
scure causation.
febricule (feb'ri-kul), ». [< L. febricula, a
slight fever, dim. ot fobris, fever: aee fever^.']
Same as febricula.
"He has spoiled the quiet of my morning," thought he ;
"I shall be nervous all day, and have a febricule when I
digest. Let me compose myself,"
if. L. Stevenson, Treasure of Franchard,
febriculose (fe-brik'u-16s), a. [< L. febriculo-
sus, sick of a fever, i febricula, a slight fever :
Bee febricule.'] Feverish. Bailey, 1727.
febnculosity (fe-brik-u-los'j-ti), n. [(febricu-
lose -f- -ill/.] Feverishness.' Bailey, 1727.
febrifacient (feb-ri-fa'shent), a. and «. [< L.
febris, a fever, -I- facien(t-)s, ppr. of facere,
make.] I. a. Producing fever.
II. «. That which produces fever.
febriferotis (ff-brif'e-rus), a. [( L. febris, a
fever, -f- ferrei= E. bear^, -t- -ous.] Producing
fever : as, a febriferous locality.
febriflc (fe-brif 'ik), a. [< L. febris, a fever, +
-ficus, < facere, make.] Producing fever ; fe-
verish.
The febriflc humour fell Into my legs. Chesterfield.
febrifugal (fe-brif u-gal or feb'ri-fu-gal), a. [(
febrifuge -I- -/<^] Mitigating or expelling fever.
As in the formerly mentioned instance of hops, cur-
rants, and salt, neither any of the ingredients inwardly
given nor the mixture hath l)een , . . noted for any fe-
brifugal virtues. Boyle, Works, II. 158.
It Is certain that its (cinchona bark's] value as a tonic
And febrifugal medicine can scarcely be overrated,
A. G. F. Eliot James, Indian Industries, p. 49.
febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj), a. and n. [= F. febrifuge
= Sp. febrifugo = Pg. febrifugo = It. febbrifugo,
febrifuge
2166
< L. as if 'febri/ugus (cf. luh.febrifugia, a name fecial, k. and n. SeejHial.
of the centaury, from its supposed febrifugal fecifork(fe'si-f6rk). «. [Irreg. < L. feces, dregs
„..„K»;„„x / .■„i...- . t i_ .-.._.= . ._ ^1 Y. laee feces), + E. /orA-.] In entmi., the anal fork
on which the larvse of certain insects carry their
feces; a dung-fork. See cut under C'opfoc^cfa.
fecit (fe'sit). [L., (he) made (it), 3d pers. sing,
perf. ind. act. of facere, make: see faet.^ He
(a person named) made it : a word commonly
inscribed on a work of art, as a statue, etc.,
along with the name of the maker or designer :
febrile (fe'bril or feb'ril), a. [= F. mrile = as, Stradivarius /ecii (Stradivarius made it).
Pr. Sp. Pg.Jebril = It. febbrile, febrile. < L. fe- ^^'^'^ '^^'^'^^> .'• '^}^^ "• ^° obsolete or dialectal
frm, afever: see/em-l.] Pertaining to fever : .^'*™"* P^'"*'* ■,
marked by fever : as, the febrile stage of a dis- ICCK'' (tek), «. and a. [be. , a popular corruption
ease.-Febrile anemia. Same <« idiopathic a„e,„ia of e^e<, in the senses of power, force: see e/ec^
qualities), </c6nV, fever, +fuqdre, put to flight,
< fugere, flee : see fever^ smA' fugitive.'] I. «.
SerN'ing to dispel on-educe fever; alexipyretic.
Frbrifiige draughts liaii a moat surprising good etleit.
Arbuthnut.
H. H. Any medicine that reduces fever.
Kilters, like choler, are . . . tliebest/cii-i^ui;**.
Fioyer, Preternatural State of Animal Uuniours.
(which see, under anemia).
febrility (fe-brirj-ti),
Feverishness.
n. [< febrile + -ity.']
There is a state of /ebrilitii, of vertigo, of swimming of
the eyes. H. Barium, Dis. of Women, p. 9«.
Febronian (ff-bro'ni-an), a. Of or pertaining to
the work or opinions of Bishop von Hontheim,
published under the name of Justinus Febro-
nius. See Febronianism.
Febronianism (fe-bro'ni-an-izm), n. [< Febro-
Hian + -ism : see def.] tn the Horn. Cath. Ch.,
the theory of ecclesiastical government devel-
oped by John Nicholas von Hontheim, suffragan
bishop of Treves, in a work published in 1763
under the pseudonym of Justinus Febronius,
the leading feature of which was opposition to
the primacy of the papal power. Its doctrines
resembled those of Gallicanism.
February (feb'rij-a-ri), n. [< ME. Februarie,
Februar (= D. Februarij = G. Dan. Februar =
Sw. Februari) (< L.); earlier ME. Feverer, Fe-
leryere, Feverel, Feocerrer, etc., < OF. Fevrier,
F. Fevrier = Pr. Febrier = Sp. Febrero = Pg.
Fevereiro = It. Febbrajo, < L. Februarius, or in
n. The origin is more obvious in feekful and
feckless, q. v. The AS. fwc, a space, interval,
does not appear in later E., and cannot, for
other reasons, be connected with feck.'] I, n.
1. Power; force; strength; vigor; use; value.
They are mair faschious nor of /«*.
Cherrie and Slae, St. 46.
2. Space; quantity; number: as, what/ecfc of
ground (how much land)f what/ecfc o' folk (how
many people)?— 3. The greatest part or num-
ber; the main part: as, the/ecfc of a region.
Ye, for my sake, ha'e gien the /set
Of a' the ten comman's
A screed some day.
Burnt, Holy Fair,
Many feck, a great number,— Malst feck, the greatest
part;
Maist/eck gade hame.
Battle of Tranetit-iluir (Child's Ballads, VII. 169).
II. a. Brisk; vigorous.
I trow thou be &/eck auld carle ;
Will ye Shaw the way to me ?
Young Maxwell (Jacobite Relics), 11. 32.
[Scotch in all uses.]
full Febrimrim mensis. the month of expiation, feck^ (fek), r. i. A variant otfick.
<februa, pi., a Roman festival of purification fecket (fek'et), «. [8c. ; origin unknown.] An
and e-xpiation celebrated on the loth of that under-waistcoat.
month sacred to the god Luperous (hence sur-
uamed Februus), pi. of februum, a means of
purification: a word of Sabine origin.] The
second month of the year, containing twenty-
eight days in ordinary years and twenty-nine
in leap-years. See bissextile, when introduced
into tlie Roman calendar, it was made tlie last month, pre-
ceding January ; but atout 450 B. c. it was placed after Jan-
uary and made the second montli. In later reckonings
which began tlie year with March it was again the last
month. Abbreviated Feb.
Either '\\\ ffeveryere
Let sowe and in Aprill her plantes meve.
Palladiut, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 60.
Lastly came cold February, sitting
In an old wagon, for he could not lide,
Drawne of two fishes, for the season fitting.
Spenser, Y. Q., VII. vii, 43.
februation (feb-ro-a'shon), »(. [< L. februa-
lio(ii-), a religious purification, expiation, <.fe-
briiare, purify, expiate, < februum, a means of
purification: see February.] In Bom. antiq.,
the ceremony of religious purification, espe-
cially as performed at the festival of the Lu-
percalia on the 15th of February.
Februus (feVro-us), «. [L., a surname of Lu
Grim loon I he gat nie by the fecket.
An' sair me sheuk.
Burns, To Mr. Mitchell.
feekful (fek'fvJ), a. [Sc, also written feck-
fow and fectful (as if "effectful) ; < feck'^, orig.
effect, + -ful.] 1. Powerful. — 2. Possessing
bodily ability ; sturdy.
Mony a/edtful chiel that day was slain.
Hamilton, Wallace, p. 52.
3. Wealthy. Janiieson. [Scotch in all uses.]
feckless (fek'les), a. [Sc, < feck^ + -less ; = E.
effectless.] Spiritless; weak; useless; worth-
less. [Scotch.]
Ye take mair delight in your feckless dress
Than ye do in your morning prayer.
Courteous Knii/ht (Child's liallads, VIII. 276).
feckly (fek'li), adv. [Sc, also v/ritten fecilie
(and, with different term., /ecfc&w); < feck^ +
-ly^ (or -lins = E. -ling'^).] For the mo'st part ;
mostly; almost. [Scotch.]
Wheel-carriages I ha'e but few,
Three carts, and twa &Ye. feckly new.
Bums, 'The Inventory.
.V „ - - J,-,, T T^ feckst (feks), ireten. Same as /ocfc2.
percus, the Roman name of the Lyc^an Pan: fecula (fek'ii-la), n. [= F. fecule = Sp. Pg.
see february and Lupercal.] In Rom. myth., fecula = It! fee ' ~' ' ' ^ • ^
a divinity whose worship was celebrated with
lustrations in the month of February.
fecal, faecal (fe'kal), «. [= F. fecal = Sp. Pg.
fecal = It. fecale, < L. fmx (f(EC-), dregs, etc. :
see/ece«.] Pertaining to feces ; containing or
consisting of dregs, lees, sediment, or excre-
ment.
fecaloid, fsecaloid (fe'kal-oid), a
-oid.] Resembling feces.
fecola, < L. fecula, also ■written
The vomit [caused by intestinal obstruction] is common-
ly/cccaioid in appearance and color.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 739.
fecche^f, v.
Chaucer.
fecche^t, n.
now vetch.
A Middle English form of fetch^.
fwcula and LL. contr. fcecla, burnt tartar or
salt of tartar deposited in the fonn of a crust
by wine, dim. ot fwx, dregs, lees: see feces.]
Starch ; any form of starch obtained as a sedi-
ment by washing in water the comminuted
roots, grains, or other parts of plants. See
starch.
[< fecal + feculence, feculency (fek'u-lens, -len-si), n.
[= F. feculence = S}>. Vg.fecule'ncia, < Lh.ftecu-
lentia, lees, Aveg.%, i faxiilentus, dreggy: see fec-
ulent.] 1. Muddiness; foulness; the quality
of being foul with extraneous matter or lees. —
2. That which is feculent; sediment; dregs;
excrementitious matter.
A Middle English form of fetch'^.
Chancer.
feces, faeces (fe'sez), n. pi. [L. fmces, pi. of
fmx (fax-), dregs, lees, of liquids.] 1. Dregs;
lees ; sediment ; matter excreted and ejected.
Hence the surface of the ground, with nmd
And slime besmeared, the feces of the flood,
Receiv'd the rays of heaveii, Dri/den.
Specifically— 2. The undigested portions of feculent (fek'u-lent), a. [=F. feculent = 'Pt.
the food, mixed with some secretions in the ffculent=Sp. Pg.lt. feculento,<'L.fa;culentus,
The fevmented juice of the grapes is partly turned into
liquid drops or lees, and partly into that crust or (Wy fec-
ulency that is commonly called tartar.
Boyle, Works, I. 680.
Thither (to cities] flow.
As to a common and most noisome sewer,
The dregs and feculence of ev'ry land.
Cow}>er, Task, i. 684.
alimentary canal, which are evacuated at the
anus; dung; excrement.
Blessed be heaven,
I sent you of his/ece« there calcined.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, li. 3.
abounding in dregs or sediment, thick, impure,
</a'x(/a!C-), dregs, sediment: see feces.] Foul
with extraneous or impure substances ; muddy ;
turbid; offensive; consisting of or abounding
with dregs, sediment, or excrementitious matter.
feddan
Herein may be perceived slender perforations, at which
may be expressed a black and foeculent matter.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. £it., iii, 17.
fecund (fek'und or fe-kund'), a. [< ME. fe-
counde, < OF. fecond,'F. fecond = Sp. Pg. /e-
cundo = It. fecondo, < L. fecundus, fruitful, fer-
tile (of plants and animals), < ■/ *fe, generate,
produce (see fetus), + -cundus, a formative of
adjectives.] Prolific; readily producing off-
spring; hence, fruitful or productive in a gen-
eral sense : as, the fecund earth. [Recently re-
vived and extended in application.]
Make a dyche, and yf the moolde abounde
And wol not in agayn, it isfecounde.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 4.
The fecund art of Constantinople was also the parent of
another style [of illumination) — the Arabian or Mahom-
etan. Fneyc. Brit., XIL 708.
While the on]y fecund branch of the Gallic race is that
which inhabits Eastern Canada, the British people at home
and abi'oad have displayed marvelous powers of expansion.
Fop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 787.
The chance of encountering a spore or fecund germ, and
introducing it into the flask on tlie wire that is charged
with the others, is so remote that we have considered it
unnecessary to adopt a more perfect apparatus.
Pasteur, Fermentation (trans.), p. 87.
fecundate (fek'un-dat or fe-kun'dat), v. t.; pret.
and pp. fecundated, ppr. fecundating. [< L. /e-
cundatus.pp. ot fecundate (} It. fecondare = Pg.
Sp. 'Pr.fecundar = F. feconder), make fruitful,
<. fecundus: see fecund.] To make fruitful or
prolific ; specifically, in biol. , to render capable
of development by the introduction of the male
germ-element; impregnate.
'The yolk and albumen of & fecundated eggremain . . .
sweet and free from corruption.
J. R. Nichols, Fireside Science, p. 26.
Even the Trouvferes, careless and trivial as they mostly
are, could fecundate a great poet like Chaucer, and are still
delightful reading.
Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser., p. 203.
fecundation (fek-un-da'shon), n. [= F.fecoti-
dation = Sp. fecundacion — Pg. feeundagdo =
It. fecondazione, < L. as if "fecundatio^n-), < fe-
cundare, fecundate: see fecundate.] The act
of fecundating; impregnation.
Hence we cannot infer a fertilitating condition or prop-
erty ol fecundation. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 7.
fecundator (fek'un-da-tor), n. [= F. feconda-
feiir = Sp. Pg. fecundador = It. fecondatore, <
LL. fecundator, < L. fecundare, fecundate : see
fecundate.] One who or that which fecundates.
Where the troublesome animal called the mosquito ex-
ists, there may the filarial disease exist, with the mosquito
as the fecundator and carrier.
B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 571.
fecundify (fe-kun'di-fi), V. t. ; pret. and pp. fe-
cmidified, ppr. fecundifying. [< L. fecundus,
fruitful, + -ficare, < facere, make : see -fy.] To
make fruitful ; fecundate. [Rare.]
fecundity (ff-kun'di-ti), n. [= F. feconditS =
Pr. fecunditdt = Sp"fecundidad = Pg. fecundi-
dade = It. fecondita, < h. fecundita{t-js, fruit-
fulness, fertility, < fecundus: see fecund.] 1.
Fruitf ulness ; the quality of propagating abun-
dantly ; particularly, the quality in female ani-
mals of producing young in great numbers.
The pigeon was an emblem of fecundity, and fruitfiilness
in marriage. Donne, Sermons, iv.
2. The power of germinating : as, the seeds of
some plants long retain their fecundity. — 3.
Productiveness in general; the power of creat-
ing or bringing forth ; fertility, as of invention.
The fecundity of his [God's] creative power never grow-
ing barren nor being exhausted. Bentley.
The pleasures incident to what are regarded as the
higher functions are the pleasures which excel others in
respect of fecundity : they are the source of future plea-
sures, W. It. Sorley, Ethics of Naturalism, p. 162.
-Syn. Productiveness.
fecundous (fe-kun'dus), a. [< 1j. fecundus, fruit-
ful: see fecund.] Fecund. [Rare.]
Tlie Press from her fecundous womb
Brought forth the Arts of Greece and Rome.
M. Green, The Spleen.
fed (fed). Preterit and past participle of feed.
fedaryt, "• A contracted form oi federary.
Senseless bauble [a letter].
Art thou afedary for this act, and look'st
So virgin-like without? Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 2.
(In most modem editions the word in this passage is
printed .feodant, a form of different origin and meaning.
The original folio of 1623 has/opd«rie. See federary.]
I cannot distrust the successful acceptation, where the
sacrifice is a thrifty love, . . . and the presenter a /^rfart/
to such as are niastera, not more of their own fortunes
than their own affections. Ford, Line of Life.
feddan (f ed'an), n. [Ar. fadan, fadddn, a plow
with yoke of oxen.] A land-measure of the Le-
vant, consisting of as much as a yoke of oxen
can plow in a day. In Egypt the legal feddan (ac-
feddan
coniin? to the oflicial statement dated 1S31, transniittinj!
staiulanU to tlie Kussiau government, and aeeordiag to
the measure of one of those standanls by the Russian eom-
mission) is 1.08 English acres ; while under the Mamelukes
it was 1.3 acres.
The fedda'n, the most common measure of land, was, a
few years ago, equal to al)out an English acre and one
tenth. H- W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 371.
feddlet, v. i. An obsolete form otfaddle.
fedet, I'. An obsolete form oifeed.
feder (fed'6r), n. and v. An obsolete or dialectal
form oi feather.
federacy (fed'e-ra-sl), «. ; pi. federacies (-siz).
{<. federa^te) + -cy ; cf. confederacy.'} A con-
federation; confederacy. [Bare.]
There remain coins of several states of the league, aiul
also coins of the league itself — a plain indication both of
the sovereignty exercised by the several members and of
the sovereignty exercised by the whole /ed^rocy.
Brougham.
federal (fed'e-ral), a. and n. [< P. federal =
Sp. Pg. federal" < L. as if *fcederalis, < fcedus
( fader-), a league, treaty, covenant, akin to
^«, faith: see faith, fidelity.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to a league, covenant, or contract ; de-
rived from a covenant between parties, par-
tietilarly between nations.
The Romans compelled them, contrary to all federal
right, ... to part with Sardinia. Grew.
It Ithe eucharist] is a federal rite betwixt God and us.
Hammond.
2. Conf edera-ted ; founded on an alliance by
confederation or compact for mutual support :
as, the federal diet of the old German empire.
— 3. Pertaining to a union of states in some
essential degree constituted by and deriving
its power from the people of all, considered as
an entirety, and not solely by and from each
of the states separately: as, a federal govern-
ment, such as the governments of the United
States, Switzerland, and some of the Spanish-
American republics. A/ed«-a<govemment Is prop-
erly one in which the federal authority is independent
of any of its component parts within the sphere of the
federal action : distinguished from a confederate govern-
ment, in whicli the states alone are sovereign, and which
possesses no inlierent power.
The wants of the union are to be supplied in one way or
another : If by the authority of the federal government,
then it will not remain to be done by that of the stat« gov-
ernments. A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. xxxrt.
The definition of treason against the United State* . . .
tnok notice of the federal character of the American gov-
ernment by defining it as levying war against the United
.States, or any one of them. Bancroft, Hist Const., II. 149.
Both these leagues [the Achaian federation and the
iEtolian League) were instances of true federal govern-
ment, and were not mere confederations : that is, tne cen-
tral government acted directly upon all the citizens, and
not merely npon the local govemmenta.
J. Fitke, Amer. Fo\, Ideas, p. 76.
But Jefferson pointed out that party divisions must al-
ways exist in every free and deliberate society, and that
if on a temporary superiority of the one iMuty the other
should resort to disunion, no Federal government could
ever exist. Sehouler, Hist U. »., I. 422.
4. Favorable to federation ; supporting the
principle of a union of states under a common
government ; specifically, in the United States,
relating to, or adhering to, the support of the
Federal Constitution. — 8. In the American civ-
il war, pertaining to or supporting the Union
or federal government Federal City, Washington,
as the seat of the government of the t'tiitedstatea — Fed-
eral Constitntilon. 9iee Conttitution (if the United States,
underco/ultfufton. — Federal headship, in the system of
federal theology, the headship of A<iam. who is regarded aa
the federal head of the race, because he was the one
with whom, as a representative of the race, the covenant
of works was made by God, prior to the fall.— Federal
party, in U. S. Mtt.. a name applied flrst to those who fa-
voredthe adoption by the States of the( 'onstltution framed
by the (.'onstitutional Convention at Phiiatielphia in 17S7,
and later to the party which in the flrst yean of the feder-
al government became fully formed ander the leadership
of Alexander Hamilton. It controlled the general govern-
ment till IHOl, then declined, and atmnt 1824 became ex-
tinct. Its chief aims were the creation and maintenance of
astrong central Rovemment, the strengthening of the spirit
of nationalism, the control of politics by the more intelli-
gent and Huttstantial classes, tne fostering of commercial
interests, and the preservation of friendly relations with
Great Britain.
ttu the one side, the undivi<led phalanx of the federal
pari}! (lor tbey had not then taken the name of whig).
T. //. Benton, Thirty Yeara, I. 226.
Federal theology. See theoloirfi.
H, n. 1. A supporter of federation ; one de-
TOted to a union of states in a national gov-
ernment or to its preservation ; a unionist.
Specifically — 2. [cap.] In the American civil
war, a Unionist ; particularly, a Union soldier :
opposed to Confederate.
A shsrp action occurred, resulting in the capture of
many Fnl'rnln. S. I. Rev., CXXVI. 255.
federalisation, federalise. See federalization,
federalize.
2167
federalism (fed'e-ral-izm), n. [= F. federa-
lisme = Sp. Pg. It" federalismo ; as federal +
-ism.] The doctrine or system of federation
or federal union in government; the principle
of assigning to the care of a central govern-
ment such matters of common concernment as
may be agreed upon, and all others to that of
the governments of the federated states, prov-
inces, or tribes; more specifically, the aggre-
gate principles or doctrines of a federal party,
as the Federalists of the United States. Feder-
alism has been practised by many uncivilized races, as the
ancient German tribes and some of the American Indians,
chiefly for warlike purposes. It existed for certain civil
purposes also among the Greeks and other ancient and
medieval peoples, as in the English heptarchy, was more
largely developed in the old German empire, and has since
been adopted in many countries, especially republics.
{See federal, a., 2.) Its introduction into France was ad-
vocated by the Girondists after the fall of the monarchy.
We see every man that the Jacobins choose to appre-
hend taken up, . . . whether he be suspected of royalism
orfederaiiem, moderautism, democracy royal, or any other
of the names of the faction which they start by the hour.
Burke, Policy of the Allies.
Intense Federalist as he was, his FederaZimn agreed with
a stout anti-aristocratic spirit.
H. E. Scudder, Noah Webster, p. 46.
Stated broadly, so as to acquire somewhat the force of a
universal proposition, the principle of federalism is just
this : — that the people of a state shall have full and entire
control of their own domestic affairs, which directly con-
cern them only, and which tbey will naturally manage
with more intelligence and with more zeal than any dis-
tinct governing l>ody could possibly exercise ; but that, as
regards matters of common concern between a group of
states, a decision shall in every case be reached, not by
bnital warfare or by weary diplomacy, but by the system-
atic legislation of a central government which represents
t>oth states and people, and whose decisions can always
l>e enforced, if necessary, by the combined physical power
of all the states. J. Fieke, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 133.
The method by which federalism attempts to reconcile
the apparently inconsistent claims of national sovereignty
and of state sovereignty consists of the formation of a con-
stitution under which the ordinary powers of sovereignty
are elaborately divided t)etween the common or national
government and the separate .States.
A. V. Dicey, Law of Const, p. 131.
federalist (fed'e-ral-ist), «. [= v. fidiraliste
= Sp. Pg. It. fed'eralista ; a,s federal + -int.] 1.
In politics, an advocate or a supporter of feder-
alism ; specifically, an advocate of a close union
of states under a common government, or a
supporter of such a union as against those who
would weaken or destroy it; in U. S. hist, [cap,],
a member of the Federal party. See federal, a.
And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we
feel in being republicans ought to be our zeal In cherish-
ing the spirit and supporting the character of federalitte.
Madison, Federalist, No. x.
The Federalitf were the only proper tories our politics
have ever produced, whose conservatism truly represented
an idea, and not a mere selfish interest — men who hon-
estly distrusted detuocracy, and stood up for experience,
or the tradition which they believed for such, against em-
piricism. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 105.
The party name of Federalist has since become histori-
cal ; and yet, to speak logically, it was the Anti-Federal
party that sustained a federal plan, while the Federalist
contended for one more nearly national.
Sehouler, Hist U. 8., I. 64.
2. One who accepts the federal theology (which
spo, under theology).
federalization (fed'e-ral-i-za'shon), n. [< fed-
eralize + -atioH.] 1. The act oi federalizing,
or the state of being federalized. — 2. Confed-
eration; federal union. Stiles. [Rare.]
Also federalisation.
federalize (fed'e-ral-iz), p.; pret. and pp. fed-
eralized, ppr. federalizing. [< federal + -ize.]
I. trans. To make federal ; impart a federal or
confederate character to.
H. intrans. To unite by compact; league, as
different states; confederate for political pur-
poses. Barlow. [Rare.]
A\so federalise.
federally (fed'e-ral-i), adv. In a federal or
joint manner; in accordance with a covenant
or league.
Nevertheless the transgression of Adam, who had all
mankind Faederaltf/, yea. Naturally, in him, has involved
this Infant in the guilt of it.
C. .Viilhfr, (juoted in O. W. Holmes's Med. Essays, p. S«0.
federaryt (fed'e-ra-ri), n. [Also in shortened
form fedary; ^ IJ. as if 'fiederariiis, < fadus
(/oeder-), a league: see federal.] A confeder-
ate ; an accomplice.
More, she's a traitor; and Camillo is
Afederary with her. Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
(This word is so printed in the original folio, which is un-
usually correct in the printing of this play. It occurs no-
where else except in the contracted form fedary, also used
by Shakspere and others. Some editors prefer to read
f'odary (which see) in Ijoth passages.)
federate (fed'e-rat), «. t. ; pret. and pp. feder-
ated, p))r. federating. [< L. fwderatus, pp. of
faderare, league together, < fcedus (feeder-), a
fedoa
league : see federal.] To form into a federa-
tion ; constitute as a federation.
Did the Chancellor himself, too, dream of federating
the Continent against England? Lowe, Bismarck, II. 162.
Members of a /edera^etf empire which has accomplished
such notable work. Contemporary Bev., L. 158.
If any change is made, the British Empire must cease
to exist as such, and what was an Empire must become
(if anything) either a confederacy or a Federated Nation.
Nineteenth Centunt, XIX. 33.
federate (fed'e-rat), a. [= Sp. Pg. federado =
It. federato, <.1j. feederatus, pp. of fcederare, es-
tablish by treaty or league: see federate, v.]
Leagued; confederate; federal: as, federate
nations or powers ; " a /ederate alliance," TVar-
burtoii, Alliance, ii. [Rare.]
federa'tion (fed-e-ra'shon), n. [= F. federa-
tion = Sp. federdcion = Pg. federaqSo = It. fe-
derazione, < L. as if *fcederatio(n-), < faderare,
league together: see /ederote.] 1. The act of
uniting in confederation by league and cove-
nant.
If federation of the colonies be partly accomplished,
the path was opened up by another Irisliraan.
Contemporary Rev., LIII. 27.
2. A league ; a confederacy ; a federal alli-
ance.
That renowned federation [the United Provinces] had
reached the height of power, prosperity, and glory.
Macaulay, Hist. ICng., ii.
Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags
were furl'd
In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
The nation as such is bnitally immoral. Nor is there
much hope or cheer in the prospect of a federation of na-
tions, even if there were any signs of its coming, aiul not
rather a crowd of portents indicative of the creation of
new nationalities more essentially antagonistic than the
old. //. Taylor, Mind, XIII. 431.
3. A federal government, as that of the United
States, Switzerland, or Germany Feast of the
federation, the name given to an assemblage of several
hundred thousand persons from all parts of France in the
Champ de Mars, Paris, July 14th, 1790 (the flrst anniver-
sary of the storming of the Bastile), at which, with reli-
gious solemnities and amid frenzied rejoicings, the king
and all classes, but especially delegates from all military
Iwdies, took an oath to support the newly established con-
stitution and liberties of the country. = Syu. See confed-
eralinn.
federationist (fed-e-ra'shon-ist), n. [< federa-
tion -1- -ist.] One who favors political federa-
tion ; specifically, one who advocates the estab-
lishment of a federal union among the parts
of the British empire.
We cannot wonder, therefore, if such a successful fed-
erationist aa Sir John Macdonald anticipates in Australa-
sia, and even in South Africa, the same successful results
as have l>een obtained in Canada.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 295.
federati'Te (fed'e-ra-tiv), a. [= F. f4d^atif =
Sp. ¥g. federativo'; as federate + -ive.] Of,
pertaining to, or of the nature of federation ;
uniting in a league ; federal : as, a federative
government; t\ie federative principle.
They . . . suggest to them leagues of perpetual amity,
at the very time when the power to which our constitu-
tion has exclusively delegated the federative, capacity of
this kingdom may flnd it expedient to make war upon
them. Burke, Rev. in France.
An interesting inquiry here arises, whether the treaty-
making power in ^federative union, like the United .States,
can alienate the domain of one of tlie states without its
consent. Woottey, Introd. to Inter. Law, f 99.
federatively (fed'e-ra-tiv-li), adv. In a feder-
ative or fe<feral manner ; as a league or confed-
eracy.
The periodical disorders to which federatively consti-
tuted states are liable. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 107.
fediAragoast (fe-dif 'ra-gus), a. [= Pg. It. fedi-
frago, < L./flsdi/'rajfM*, league-breaking, perfid-
ious, < fcedus, a league, + frangere (V "frag),
break.] Treaty-breaking.
We see it [adultery] plagued to teach us that the sin is
of a greater latitude than some imagine it ; unclean, foe-
ilifragmin, perjured. Rev. T. Adams, Woiks, I. 260.
fedityt, foedityt (f ed'i-ti), n. [< L. fa:dita( t-)s,
foulness, < fcedus, foul, vile, infamous.] Vile-
ness ; turpitude.
For that hee seeing and perceiving what sodomiticall
feditie and alwmination, with other inconueniences, did
spring incontinently npon his dial)olicall doctrine, yet for
all that would not give oner his pestilent purpose.
■ Foxe, Martyrs, p. 1063.
A second may be the foedity and unnaturalness of the
match. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iv. 10.
Some feditiet common among the Gnosticks, not fit to
l)e named. Bp. Lavington, Moravians Compared, p. 66.
fedoa (fed'o-a), «. [NL.] In ornith. : (a) An old
name (1) o^' the redshank. Totanus calidris;
(2) of the stone-plover, (Edicnemus crepitans;
(3) of a barge or godwit, some species of the
genus Limosa. (b) The specific name of the
fedoa
great North American godwit, Limosa fedoa,
LinmeuSy 1766. (c) [cap.^ A generic name of
the stone-plovers : same as (Edicnemus. W, E,
XertoA, 1816. {d) [cap,~\ A generic name of the
godwits: same as ii'mo^a. Stephens j 1824.
fee^ (fe), H. [< ME. feCj /<?, earlier /cA, feohj
cattle, property, money, money paid, tribute,
a fee, < AS. feok (contr. gen. feos^ dat. /ed),
neut., cattle, property, money, = OS. fehu =
OFries. Jia = D. vee = LG. fee = OHG. fihu.fehu^
MHG. i'ihe, G. vieh^ cattle, = Icel. /e, cattle,
property, money, = Sw. fa = Dan. /cf, cattle,
beast, = Goth, faihu, neut., cattle, property,
= L. pecus (})€€u-)j neut., cattle, money, cf. pe-
cus {p€cor-)j neut., cattle, esp. small cattle, a
flock, pecus (j)€cud-)f f., a single head of cattle,
esp. of small cattle, a sheep, etc. {> peculiuvi^
property in cattle, private property, what is
one's o-^Uj pecuniay propei'ty, money: see j>eci<-
liuVj peculate, pectiniary, etc.), = Skt. pa^, cat-
tle (a single head" or a herd), a domestic ani-
mal, < •/ *pagy fasten, bind, = Teut. -y/ *fah,
*fanhy in fang f etc.: 8ee fang, fay^, fair^,^ If.
Cattle ; live stock, especially considered as the
basis of wealth.
Wythe outen wyfe and chyld,
Or hyrdes [keepers] that kepe thare fee.
York Plays, p. 71.
I ryde aftyre this wilde/ee;
My raches rynnys at my devyse.
Thomas of Ersseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 100).
2t. Property; estate.
Ferly flayed that folk that in those /ees lenged.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 960.
St. Money paid or bestowed ; payment ; emolu-
ment.
The! thanked hym hertely, and seide that thai wolde it
not, for in tynie comynge thei resceve his yeftes and take
of hym other fee. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), il. 224.
For he married me for love,
But I married him for fee.
The Laird of Waristoun (Child's Ballads, III. 109).
Specifically — 4, A reward or compensation for
services; recompense j in Scotland, wages.
And every yere I wyll the gyve
Twenty marke to thy/ee.
Lytell Geste of Robyn Ilode (Child's Ballads, V. 71).
Take some remembrance of us. as a tribute,
Not as &/ee. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
And for a merk o' mair/ee
Dfnna stan' wi' him. Scotch song.
In par;ticular— (a) A reward fixed by law for the services
of a public officer : as, a sheriff' s/ee for execution.
A law has recently been passed remitting all fees upon
navigation, although a round-about system has been
adopted, by which the fees are charged against the Trea-
sury. E. Schuyler, Amer. Diplomacy, p. 76.
(6) A reward for professional services : as, a lawyer's /ee;
a clergyman's marriage /efi.
But that was pretie of a certaine sorrie man of law, that
gaue his Client but bad councell, and yet found fault with
his fee, and said : ray fee, good frend, hath deserued bet-
ter cousel. Puitenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 143.
And in this state she [Mab] gallops night by night . . .
O'er lawyers' fingers, who straight dream on fees.
Shak., K. and J., 1. 4.
(c) A customary gratuity : as, a waiter's fee.
I have dismissed, with the fee of an orange, the little
orphan who serves me as a handmaid.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxxi.
Ay, here 's a deer whose skin 's a keeper's fee.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
6. A sum paid for a privilege: as, an entrance
fee to a circus; an initiation fee to a club.
[Fee usually implies the idea of specific sums for specific
acts of service, as distinguished from salary, or compen-
sation by time of service.] — Consular fees. See consu-
lar.— Retaining fee, the fee of a lawyer on engaging in
a particular cause, sometimes applied in payment of the
first services actually rendered, and sometimes regarded
as a payment additional to charges for specific services,
and given for the purpose of securing the right to call upon
him at any time to commence such services, or to pledge
him not to accept employment from the adverse party, or
for both purposes.
fee^ (fe), V. t. [< /eel, w.] 1. To pay a fee to;
reward for services past or to come. Hence —
2. To hire or bribe ; engage or employ the ser-
vices of.
Fee him, father, /ee him. Scotch song.
She hath an usher, and a waiting gentlewoman,
A page, a coachman ; these are feed and feed,
And yet, for all that, will be prating.
Fletcher (and another). Noble Gentleman.
He hired an auld horse, and fee'd an auld man.
To carry her back to Northumberland.
The Provost's Dochter (Child's Ballads, IV. 293).
3, To cause to engage with a person for do-
mestic or farm service : as, a man fees his son
to a farmer. [Scotch.]
fee^ (fe), n, [< ME. fe, pi. fees, feeZj an estate
held in trust or under conditions, a feud, as-
similated in form to fe, fee, property, etc.
2168
(with which it is ult. identical), < OF. fed, fie,
feu, var. otfieu, later /e/, > E. fief (which does
iiot seem to occur in ME. : see feoff), < ML.
feudum, property held in fee: see fief, feoff)
feud^. ] 1 , An estate in land, of indefijiite dura-
tion, granted by and held of a superior lord, in
whom the ultimate title resides, on condition
of performing some service in return. See
feud^. In this, which is its original sense, it implies the
idea of reward for service or allegiance, and was used in
contradistinction to estates in allodium, or entire prop-
erty, which were generally small allotments held free of
any obligation.
The tenure of lands is altogether grounded on military
laws, and held as a fee under princes.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 80.
2. An estate of inheritance j an estate in land
belonging to the owner and his heirs and assigns
forever, in the latter case it is more specifically termed
a fee simple. (See conditional fee (b), below.) The fee is
the highest and most extensive interest that a person can
have in lands. In this sense the king might have a fee,
but not in the sense of def. 1. After the abolition of the
feudal system the word continued to be used of real prop-
erty ; and although in tlie United States generally land is
held in allodium, the private ownership, if subject to no
paramount right except that of eminent domain vested
in the State, is termed the fee. The word when unqualified
mayor may not mean an absolute or unqualified fee, or
fee simple.
3. Estate in general; property; possession;
ownership.
Those Ladies, which thou sawest late,
Are Venus Damzels, all within her fee,
But differing in honour and degree.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. x. 21.
Once did she [Venice] hold the gorgeous East in fee,
And was the safeguard of the West.
Wordsworth, Extinction of the Venetian Republic.
My lute and I are lords of more
Than thrice tliis kingdom's /ee.
Lowell, Singing Leaves,
Base fee, a qualified fee ; a freehold estate of inheritance
to whicli a qualification is annexed, so that it must ter-
minate whenever the qualification is at an end ; more
specifically, in the English law of settlements, the estate
created by absolute alienation by a tenant in tail alone
(see entail), which, being made without the consent of tlie
protector, does not bar remaindermen or reversioners, but
only the gi'antor's own issue, and hence is liable to be de-
feated by the failure of such issue.
The curious kind of estate created by the conveyance in
fee simple of a tenant in tail not in possession, without
the concurrence of the owners of estates preceding his
own, is called a base fee. F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 108.
Conditional fee. (a) Any fee granted upon condition.
0) A fee limited to particular heirs or a particular class
of heirs, under the common-law rule that, on the donee's
once having such heirs, the estate became absolute for all
purposes of alienation, on the ground that a condition
onceperformed wasat an end. (See entail.) To designate
this kind of conditional fee at the common law, the more
appropriate phrase is fee simple conditional. This evasion
of the intent of donors to reserve a reversion on a failure
of heirs was put an end to by a statute known as De Bonis,
which enacted that the will of the donor should be ob-
served, and that on the failure of heirs the property should
revert to the donor. The estate of the donee under this
statute was termed a fee tail. See tail^, a. (c) Later, the
term conditional fee was applied to the estate of a mort-
gagee of land, under a mortgage in the usual form, which
was regarded as vesting the fee in the mortgagee subject
to its being divested by performance of the condition,
namely payment. — Determinable fee, a fee determin-
able by a condition or a conditional limitation; more
specifically, a fee created by a limitation to the grantee
and his heirs till the happening of a future event which
may or may not happen, as a gift to A and liis heirs, and
if A dies without issue, then to another.— Fee simple,
fee simple absolute, a fee that is not qualified. See def.
2.— Fee tail. See conditional fee (b). Great fee, the
holding of a tenant of the crown.
By the feudal law, a great fee or great lordship, which
are convertible terms, was the highest order of possession,
and was held directly from the crown.
Baines, Hist. Lancashire, II. 14.
In his demain as of fee. See demctin.— Limited fee,
a determinable fee ; more specifically, a fee determinable
by a conditional limitation. — Plowman's fee, peasant
tenure; the custom by which lands descended to all the
sons of the tenant in equal shares, with, however, some
privilege or birthright in favor of the elder or younger
son : a rule of descent which under the feudal system gave
way to primogeniture.
The strict English primogeniture as applied to the rus-
tic holdings, sometimes called fiefs de roturier or '^ploiigh-
man's fee." Encyc. Brit., XIX. 735.
Qualified fee, a base fee ; a freehold estate of inheritance
to which a qualification is annexed, so that it must termi-
nate whenever the qualification is at an end; more spe-
cifically, the estate created by a limitation to the grantee
and the heirs of an ancestor of his in the paternal line
whose heir he also is, as a gift to B and the heirs of A, his
father.
feeable (fe'a-bl), a. [Early mod. E. ^l^ofeahJe;
</ee + -able,'] Capable of being feed; capable
of being hired or bribed.
feeble (fe'bl), a. and n. [< ME. fehle^ rarely
fieble, fehtd, < AF. fehle, OF. fehle, feuble, foible
(> "R. foible), etc.; earlier 0¥ . flebe, fleuble, floi-
hle, etc., F.jfaible = Vr.fehle, fible, freble = Sp.
feble = Pg. febre =: It. fievote, weak, feeble, <
feebly
li.fiebilis, tearful, mournful, lamentable, <flere,
weep, akin to finer e, flow: see fluent. For the
development of meaning, cf. MHG. sicach, mis-
erable, pitiable, weak, G. schwach, weak; Goth.
wainags, lamentable, pitiable, unhappy, miser-
able ; OHG. weneg, weinag, G. wenig, little, few.]
1. a, 1+. Miserable; poor; common; mean.
Vp an sell asse he rod, and in feble clothes also.
He ne com with no gret nobleie, so as thou dost nou
With riche clothes. Holy Hood (E. E. T. S.), p. 54.
2. Lacking strength; lacking capacity for for-
cible action or resistance ; weak ; specifically,
reduced to a state of weakness, as by sickness
or age.
Zee schuUe undirstonde that before the Chirche of the
Sepulcre is the Cytee move feble than in ony othere partie.
MajidevUle, Travels, p. 80.
Like rich hangings in a homely house,
So was his will in his old feeble body.
Shak., 2 Hen. VL, v. 3.
This way and that the feeble stem is driven,
Weak to sustain the storms and injuries of heaven.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 1. 589.
Forward she started with a happy cry,
And laid ih.e feeble infant in his arms.
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
3. Wanting in force exerted, whether of action
or resistance ; lacking in intensity, vividness,
energy, or efficiency; faint: as, a/ee6/e voice;
a feeble light ; feeble thinking ; a feeble argu-
ment or poem.
Thowe servyst me v/Mh febidle chere ;
To hym thyn hart wolte fully enclyne.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 166.
Why should we suppose that conscientious motives, fee-
ble as they are constantly found to be in a good cause,
should be omnipotent for evil?
Macaiday, Hallam's Const. Hist
k feeble faith I would not shake.
Whittier, Questions of Life.
In politics the mightiest events often come from the
feeblest beginnings, so the most devastating mischiefs may
be due to errors of judgment that were hardly censurable.
Gladstone, Nineteenth Century, XXI. 923.
4. Exhibiting or indicating weakness: as, a/ee-
ble appearance. =Syn. 2. Sickly, languishing, ener-
vated, frail, drooping.
Il.t «. [Cf. F. faible, the weak part, as of a
sword, etc.] 1. A feeble person.
It is an oncomely couple bi Cryst, as me thinketh,
To gyuen a gonge wenche to an o\de feble.
Piers Plourtnan (B), ix. 161.
2. Weakness; feebleness.
[He] ffainted for febuZl, and fele to the ground
In a swyme & a swogh, as he swelt wold.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3550.
3. Same && foible, 1.
feeblet (fe'bl), v. [< WE.feblen, make feeble,
become f-eeble, < OF. febleier, fehloier (also
afebleier, afebloier), make feeble, < feble, fee-
ble : see feeble, a. Cf. €nfeeble.'\ I. trans. To
weaken; enfeeble.
Shall that victorious hand hefeebled here.
That in your chambers gave you chastisement?
Shak., K. John, v. 2.
'Tis true, you are old and feebled;
Would you were young again, and in full vigour!
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, i. 3.
II. intrans. To grow faint or weak.
Moche folk of here fon fel algate newe,
& here men feebled fast & f aileden of here mete.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2659.
All failit there forse, feblit there herttes.
The batell on hacke was borne to the se.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 5956,
feeble-miiided (fe'bl-min''''ded), a. Weak in
mind, (a) Wanting firmness or constancy ; irresolute.
Comfort the feebleminded. 1 Thes. v. 14.
(b) Lacking intelligence ; idiotic.
feeble-mindedness (fe'bl-min^ded-nes), n.
The state of being feeble-minded.
feebleness (fe'bl-nes), n. [< ME. febelnes, fe~
bulnesse, < feble, febul, feeble, + -ness.'\ The
quality or condition of being feeble, in any
sense of that word; weakness.
Our Savior Crist, beryng hys Crost, for \eryfebylncsse fell
ther to the grounde vnder nethe Crosse.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 39.
He [Hamlet] is the victim not so much of feebleness of
will as of an intellectual indifference that hinders the
will from working long in any one dii-ection.
Loicell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 215.
feeblisht, v. t. [< feeble + -ish^, after enfee-
blish.'\ To enfeeble.
All Christendome was sore decayed and feeblished by
occasion of the warres betweene England and France.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 68.
feebly (fe'bli), adv. In a feeble manner; weak-
ly; faintly; without strength.
Thy gentle numbers feebly creep.
Dryden, Mac Flecknoe.
feebly
The fact is, that supernatural tieinsrs, as long as they
are considered merely witli reference to their own nature,
excite our leellnga ve'ry/ffWy. Macaulay, Dante.
feed (fed), V. ; pret. and pp. fed, ppr. feeding.
[< ME. feden (pret. fedde, fed, pp. fed, fedde),
< AS. fedan (pret. Jeddc, pp. Jeded, Jedd), feed,
nourish, bring forth, produce (= OS. fodian =
OF-ries. feda, foda, Fries. feden = D. voeden =
LG. roden, roden, fiiden, fiiden = OBG.fuotan,
MHG. riieten, ruten = Icel. ftedha = Sw. /orfa =
Dan. fiide = Goth. foUjan, feed, give food to), <
foda, food: see /oorf.] I. trans. 1. To give
food to ; supply with nourishment.
He made lame to lepe and jaue liste to blynde,
Aud fedde with two flashes and with fyue loues
Sore afyngred folke mo than fyue thousande.
Pier> Plowman (B), x\x. 122.
It thine enemy hunger, feed him. Eom. xiL 20.
Also while men are/«(i with wine and bread,
They shall be fed with sorrow at his hand.
Swinburne, Two Dreams.
2. To supply; fill the requirements of ; furnish
material to for consumption, use, ormeans of
operation ; provide with whatever is necessary
to the development, maintenance, or working
of : as, canals are fed by streams and ponds ;
to feed a fire, a steam-engine, or a threshing-
machine ; to feed a lathe (by applying to the
chisel the object to be turned) ; vanity is fed
by flattery.
I envy not thy glory,
To feed my humour. SAai., Rich. in.,lr. 1.
\Vhatever was created needs
To be snstain'd and/rd; of elements
The eeoueTfeed$ the purer, earth the sea,
£wth and the aea/«d air. JftUon, F. L.,t.415.
The small hand led
To where a woman, gentle-eyed.
Her dis tall /««.
WhUtier, Hermit of the Thebaid.
For dyeing, the skins [glove-ldd] are first washed out in
warm water to free them from superfluous alum, and then
tsnlnfed with yolk of eggs and salt.
Encye. Brit., XIV. 389.
3. To graze ; cause to be cropped by feeding,
as herbage by cattle.
Once in three yemfeed your mowing lands.
Mortimer, Husbandry.
The portion (of tnmlp-crop) to be/«d oB by sheep must
necessarily be treated in a different manner.
Kncuc. Brit., I. 367.
4. To supply for food, consumption, or opera-
tion: as, to feed out beets to cattle; to feed
water to an engine ; to feed work (something to
be operated on) to a lathe or other machine.
In England, and in some parts of this country, tumipa
tiifed to sheep in the fleld. Anur. Cye., XVI. 75.
6t. To entertain; amuse. ^gyn. 1. To nourish,
cherish, sustain, support.— 2. To contribute to.
n. intrans. 1. To take food; eat. [Now rare-
ly used of persons except in contempt or dis-
paragement.]
In yowKfedvfUH lake goodir jree b« sene.
Babeet Book (E. E. T. S.\ p. 7.
Then shall the lambs/Md after their manner. Isa. t. 17.
To feed were best at home ;
From thence the sauce to meat is ceremony ;
Meeting were bare without it
Shat., MacbeUi, tii. 4.
That he should breathe and walk.
Feed with digestion, sleep, enjoy his health.
B. Jonton, Every Man out of bis Humour, L 1.
The cattle are grazing.
Their heuls never raising ;
There are torty feeding like one !
Wordnmrtk, Written in March.
2. To subsist; use something for sustenance
or support : with on or upon.
To fled on Itope, to pine with feare and sorrow.
Spentr, Mother Hub. Taie, 1. 900.
Cpon the earth's increase why shouldst thoa feed,
Cnlees the earth with thy Increase be ferl ?
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1Q9.
3. To grow fat. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
feed (fed), n. [</ecrf, c] 1. Foo<l, properly
for domestic or other animals ; that which is
eaten by a domestic animal; provender; fod-
der.
More dangerous
Than baits to flsh. or honey.staiks to sheep ;
When as the one Is wounded with the bait.
The other rotted with delicious /eed.
.Shak., Tit And., iv. 4.
2t. Pasture-ground; grazing-land.
His flocks, and Imunds otferd,
Are now on sale. Shak., As you Like it, ii. 4.
3. A meal, or the act of eating. [Archaic or
low.]
For such pleasure, till that hour,
At feed or fountain, never had I found.
MiUon, F. L., ix. 697.
2169
4. A certain allovfance of provender given : as,
a feed of corn or oats.
From the midille of October till the end of May, my
horses get one/e<!d of steamed food . . . daily.
Quoted in Uncyc. Brit., I. 386.
5. In mech.: (a) The motion or advance of any
material which is being fed to a machine, as
of cloth to the needle of a sewing-machine. (6)
The material upon which a machine operates,
as the grain running into a grinding-mill. (c)
The advance of a cutting-tool, as the cutter of
a planer, or the chisel of a lathe, upon or into
the material to be cut. — 6t. [Var. of food.'i
Same as/oodi, «., 4.
Cum heir, cum heir, ye freely feed.
And lay your head low on my knee.
KempioH (Child's Ballads, I. 188).
7. The amount of water needed in a canal-lock
to allow of the passage of a boat.^8. In stone-
sawing, sand and water employed to assist the
saw-blade in cutting.
To prevent the sand and water, called the fefd, from
flowing out between the stones, the interval is filled up
with straw rammed in firmly between the two blocks.
Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 86.
Differential feed, a device for securing a slow and pow-
erful regular forward movement of a tool. = Syn. 1. Feed.
Food, Foilder, Provender, Foratje. Feed for animals, es-
pecially animals kept for work or fattening for the mar-
ket; food for human beings and the smaller animals, house-
hold pets, etc. ; fodder, dry or green feed for animals, but
not pasturage ; provender, dry feed. Forage is rarely used
except for fodtler furnished for horses in an army, gen-
erally by foraging. Food is also a general word for that
which supplies nourishment to any organized body.
And Homeless near a thousand homes I stood.
And near a thousand tables pined and wanted /ood.
li'ord»MW(A, Guilt and Sorrow.
The great cost of cattle, and the sickening of their cat-
tle upon such wild fttdder as was never cut before; the
loss of their sheep and swine liy wolves, . . . aretheotlier
disasters enumerated by the historian.
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord.
Tita. Say, sweet love, what thou desir'st to eat.
Bot. Truly, a peck of provender: 1 could munch your
good dry oats. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
All oats, Indian com, or rather /oroiw tliat wagons or
horses bring to the camp, . . . is to l>e taken for the use
of the enemy. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 216.
feed-apron (fed'a'pmn), n. In mach., an apron
carrying material or feed to some part of a ma-
chine.
feeder (fe'dfer), «. 1. One who or that which
feeds, or supplies food or nourishment.
Swinish ghittony
Ne'er looks to Heaven amidst his gorgeous feast.
But with liesotted base ingratitude
Crams, and blasphemes hi^ feeder.
Milton, Comns, L 779.
The plant or animal on which a parasite lives Is termed
Its host or feeder. De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 358.
2. One who furnishes incentives; an encou-
rager.
Thou shalt be, as thou wast.
The tutor and the/M<f<r of my riots.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., T. 6.
3. One who or an animal that eats or takes
nourishment.
The patch is kind enough ; but a tinge feeder.
Shak., M. of V., U. 5.
Bleaa'd he not Iwth the feeder and the food ?
Quarleg, Emblems, 1. 1.
Have your worms well scoured, and not kept In sour and
musty moss, for he (the barbel] is a curious [fastidious]
feeder. I. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 168.
4t. A servant or dependent supported by his
lord ; a parasite.
I will your very faithful /«der Ije,
And buy it with your gold right suddenly.
SAai., As you Like It, U. 4.
Mr. Tliomhill came with a couple of friends, his chap-
lain and/«d«r. Goldimith, Vicar, vii.
6. One who fattens cattle for slaughter. — 6.
That which feeds or supplies; anj^hing that
serves for the conveyance of material or sup-
plies to, or furnishes communication 'witli,
something else : as, great rivers are valuable
folders of commerce ; cross-roads and lanes are
feeders to the highway.
Dialects have always been the feeder* rather than the
channels of a literary language.
Max Muller, Science of Language, p. 60.
Speciflcally — (a) A fountain, stream, or channel that sup-
plies a main canal with water, (h) A branch or side rail-
road running Into ami increasing the Imsiness of the main
line, (r) In mtnr'n;/, a branelior spurfallinginto theniain
lode, and appearing Vt wid to its width or richness ; a
drop|»er. (d) Any device or contrivance for delivering to
a machine the feed or materials to lie oijeratcd upon, as
the apron of a carder, the feed-wheel of a sewing-machine,
the feeding device of a saw-mill, rail-machine, grain-niill.
etc. (e) In orrtan-bnilding . a small oblique bellows placed
Under (occasionally apart from) the large horizontal stor-
age-l>ellow8, and used to fnniish air to the latter. The
mechanical power is applied to tlie feeder, not to the Itel-
lows proper, though the steadiness and pressure of the
fee-farm
wind depend solely upon the size and weighting of the
latter. (/) In theat. cant, a subordinate role written to
bring out tlie peculiarities of an important part. (<?) In
elect., a wire which supplies current at a point wliere it is
required ; a feed-wire.
7. One who feeds a machine, as a printing-
press: as, pressmen and /eede)'«. See feeding,
4. — 8. In entom., one of the organs composing
the mouth-parts or trophi. Eirby.
feed-hand (fed'hand), n. A rod by which in-
termittent motion is imparted to a ratchet-
wheel. E. H. Enight.
feed-bead (f ed'hed), n. l . A cistern of water
placed above the boiler of a steam-engine and
supplying it with water. — 2. In casting, extra
metal above the mold used to supply the waste
caused by contraction in the mold ; a dead-head
or head. Also called riser.
feed-heater (fed'he'ter), n. 1. An apparatus
for raising the temperature of the water sup-
plied to a steam-boiler, either by the direct heat
of the fire or indirectly by exposing it to the
latent heat of the exhaust-steam from the en-
gine. Such boilers are also designed to purify the feed-
water by filtering out solid impurities, by precipitating
lime or other materials that might form incrustations in
the boiler, and by restraining oil and grease by means of
absorlwnt filters.
2. A boiler for cooking food for cattle,
feeding (fe'ding), ». [verbal n. of /eerf, ».] 1.
The act of taking or giving food ; the act of
eating or of giving to eat. — 2. That which is
eaten.
Contention, like a horse
Full of high/eed»i(7, madly hath broke loose.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., I. 1.
3. That which furnishes food, especially for
animals; pasture-land. ,
TTiey call him Doricles ; and [he] boasts himself
To have a worthy /eedin;;. Shak., W. T., iv. S.
Finding i\ie feeding, for which he had toil'd
To have kept safe, by these vile cattle spoil'd.
Drayton, Mooncalf.
Meadows, GreeIU^ Pastures, Feedings.
Steele, Grief Ala-Mode, i. 1.
4. In printing (press-work), the placing of sep-
arate sheets of paper in position, so that they can
be printed or ruled by a printing- or a riUing-
machine. Also callea, in England, laying-on.
feeding-bottle (fe'ding-bot'l), n. A bottle for
supplying milk or other liquid nutriment to an
infant.
feeding-engine'(fe'ding-en''jin), «. An engine
used to feed a boiler or other reservoir.
feeding-ground (fe'ding-ground), n. A place
where an animal resorts to feed: said of either
sea or land, and often in the plural.
feed-motion (fed'mo'shon), n. In mach., the
Miacliiiiery that gives motion to the parts called
the feed in machines.
feed-pipe (fed'pip), «. In a steam-engine, the
pipe leading from the feed-pump or from an
elevated cistern to the bottom of the boiler.
feed-pump (fed'pump), n. The force-pump em-
ployed in supplying the boiler of a steam-en-
gine with water.
feed-rack (fed'rak), n. A rack or holder for
hav, grain, or other food for cattle.
feed-roll (fed'rol), n. In mach., any roller of
which the function is to feed or supply to the
mechanism the material to be operated upon,
as, in a typewriter, a roll covered with india-
rubber or other elastic material, which moves
the paper as required, line by line.
feed-screw (fed'skrO), n. A long screw used in
large lathes to impart a regular feed-motion or
advance to the tool-rest or to the work itself.
feed-trougb (fed'tr6f ), n. A trough in which is
pl:i< «il food for animals, especially for swine.
feed-'water {(ed'vf^'t^r), n. Warmed water
supplied to the boiler of a steam-engine by the
feed-pump through the feed-pipe. £. Wilson,
Steam Boilers, p. 118.
feed-'wire (fed'wir), n. Same as feeder, 6 (<7).
fee-estate (te'es-taf), «. In Eng. law, a ten-
ure of lands or tenements for which some ser-
vice or acknowledgment is paid to the chief
lord.
fee-farm (fe 'farm), n. [< /ee2 + /arml.] 1.
Land held bv one as tenant in fee of another,
witliout homage, fealty, or other service, ex-
cept that mentioned in the feoffment, usually
the full rent.
Fee farm, feoili Anna, or fee farm rent, is when the lord,
upon the creation of the tenancy, reserves to himself and
his heirs either the rent for which it was licfore let to
farm, or was reasonably worth, or at least a fourth part
of the value ; without homage, fealty, or other services
Ijeyond what are especially comprised in the feoffment
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, I. 161, note.
fee-farm
2. The estate of the tenant in land so held.
His Ma*y renewed us our lease of Says Court pastures
for 99yeiires, but outjht, according to liis solemn promise
(as I hooe he will still perfonu), have passed them to us in
/et-/arme. Evflyn, Diary, Jan. 12, 1«;2.
Fee-farm rent, the rent payable by the tenant of a fee-
farm.
The Duke of Buckingham . . . hath about 19,600(. a-
year, of which lie pays away altout 7000^ a-year in inter-
est, about 2000(. in iff farm rents to the King, about WM.
in wages and pensions, and the rest to live upon, and pay
ta-xes for the whole. Ptpyi, Diary, IV. 102.
fee-farmer (fe'far'mfer), «. One who holds
land from a superior lord in fee-farm.
As when bright Thebus (Landlord of the Light)
And hi8/<!*-.?or7rtrr Luna most are parted,
He sets no sooner but shee comes in sight.
Daviei, Holy Koode, p. 13.
fee-farming (fe'far'ming), n. The act or prac-
tice of convej-ing in fee-farm.
He liath invented /«-/onni/is' of benefices.
Latimer, 6th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
fee-fund (fe'fund), n. In ScoU law, the dues of
court payable on the tabling of summonses in
the Court of Session, the extracting of decrees,
etc., out of which the clerks and other officers
of the court are paid.
fee-grief (fe'gref), ». A private grief, appro-
priated to some single person as a fee or salary.
yares. [Rare.]
What concern they?
The general cause ? or is it a fee-grief.
Due to some single breast?
Shale., Macbeth, iv. 3.
feeing-market (fe'Ing-mar^ket), n. In Soot-
land, a semi-annual market or fair, usually held
in the public square or other public place, at
which plowmen, dairymaids, and other farm-
servants are feed or hired for the year or half-
year next ensuing. Sometimes called feeing-
fair.
The men who, at fairs and feeiixg-markets, while con-
tending for the good-will of some country beauty, ex-
changed a few blows, more in fun than with bad feeling,
were left to settle their differences in their own way with-
out the interference of the sheriff's officer.
Quoted in RibtonTumers Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 366.
Peejeean (fe-je'an), a. and n. See Mjian.
feek (fek), t>. i. let. feak, fike.'] To walk about
in perplexity. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
feeP (fel), V. ; pret. and pp. felt, ppr. feelitif/.
[< ME. felen, < AS. /elan, feel, commonly in
comp. ge-felan, feel, perceive, = OS. gifolian =
OFries. /%to = D. voele7i = OHG. fuolen, touch,
feel, MHG. vuelen, Q. fiihlen, feel, = Dan. fole,
feel ; not in Goth, or Soand.; ■/ "fol, found per-
haps in AS. folm = OS. folm = OHG. folma,
the hand (whence ult. E. fumUe, grope, famble,
stammer: eee fumble, famble^), = Ti.palma, the
palmof the hand: seejjatoi.] I. trans. 1. To
have a sensation or sense-perception of. Spe-
cifically —(a) To have a sensation or sense-perception of
by means of the sense of touch, or through physical con-
tact with the surface of the body.
Now does he feel
His secret murthers sticking on his hands.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 2.
A hand that pushes thro' the leaf
To find a nest and feels a snake.
Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
(6) To be or become aware of through material action upon
any nerves of sensation other than those of sight, hear-
ing, taste, and smell ; have a sensation (other than those
of the above-mentioned senses) of : as, to feel the cold ; to
feel a lump in the throat (through involuntary closure);
to feel an Inclination to cough. [The application of the
word to the normal action of the higher senses is obsolete,
except in the abstract meaning of perceiving by meaus
of sensation in general : as, the higher animals /cc( light,
heat, sound, etc. See def. 2.]
They [of Scio] aXsofeet those earthquakes which do more
damage on the neighbouring continent.
Poeoeke, Description of the East, II. ii. 9.
2t. To perceive by the sense of smell ; smell.
The stretes were strowed with small grasse, and incense
and myrre in fires in the stretes thikke, and in the wyn-
dowes many lightes, and so swote sauoured thourgh the
Cytee that fer [distant] men ahalde fele the odour.
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), ii. 133.
They felt a most delicate sweete smell, though they saw
no land, which ere long they espied, thinking it the Con-
tinent. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 81.
You complain much of that tannery, but I cannot say I
feel it. Sir J. Sinclair, Observations, p. 83.
3. To have a perception of (some external or
internal condition of things) through a more or
less complex mental state involving vague sen-
sation : as, to feel the floor sinking ; to feel one's
mind becoming confused ; to feel the approach
of age.
To the felt absence now I feel a cause.
Shak., Othello, iii. 4.
4. In general, to perceive or have a mental
sense of ; be conscious of ; have a distinct or
2170
indistinct perception or mental impression of:
as, to feel pleasure or pain ; to feel the beauty
of a landscape.
If that he may felen, out of drede,
That ye me tonche or love in vilonye.
He right anoon wil sle you with the dede.
Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 155.
And ferthermore, as I this nmturfele.
In his conseyte, I say yow certeynly,
Hym liked neuer creatnr so wele.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 095.
To feel, altho' no tongue can prove.
That every cloud, that spreads above
And veileth love, itself is love.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
We speak of feeling this thing and that, which we no
doubt do.^«e(, but which we ouly/eei because we are self-
conscious'; because in /ecii?t<7 we distinguish oureelvesfnjni
the feelings as their subject.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 118.
5. To regard with feeling or emotion ; be aroused
to feeling (especially disagreeable feeling) by :
as, he felt his disgrace keenly.
From the poet's lips
His verse sounds doubly sweet, for none like him
Feels every cadence of its wave-like flow.
O. W. Holmes, Sympathies
6. Eeflexivel);, to have a sensation, feeling,
perception, or impression concerning; perceive
clearly to be.
She began, for the first time that evening, to feel herself
at a ball : she longed to dance, but she had not an ac-
quaintance in the room.
Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, p. 8.
7. To try by touch ; examine by touching with
the hands or otherwise ; test by contact : as, to
feel a piece of cloth ; to feel the ground with
the feet ; a blind man feels his way with a
stick.
Come near, I pray thee, that I may feel thee, my son,
whether thou be my very son Esau or not. Gen. xxvii. 21.
Three times he try'd, and studiously /ei(
How to unbuckle his out-shined Belt.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 70.
The Doctor . . . felt her Pulse ; he view'd her Eyes.
Prior, Paulo Purganti.
Hence — 8. To make trial of in any way ; test
carefully or cautiously: as, to feel one's way in
an undertaking; to feel the market by a small
venture.
He hath writ this to/e«/ my affection to your lionour.
Shak., Lear, i. 2.
9. To have experience of ; suffer under : as, to
feel the vengeance of an enemy.
Lete thi neije-boris, bothe freend & fo,
Freli of thi treemischiip feele.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 107.
Whoso keepeth the commandments shall feel no evil
thing. Eccl. viii. 6.
'ainke you not that there were manye more guiltye
then they that felt the punishment?
Spenser, State of Ireland.
To feel out, to try ; sound ; search for ; explore : as, to
feel out one's opinions or designs. [Rare.] — To feel the
helm, to come under the Influence of the helm : said of a
ship when she begins to have steerageway. =Syn. Feel, Be
sensible of. Be conscious of, are all used of a recognition
that comes close home, a frank confession to one's self.
Often, to feel is especially the act of the heart : as, to feel
one's own defects. To be conscious may be only the act of
the understanding, apart even from reflection : as, to be
conscious of the approach of danger ; or it may rise to a high
(iegree of frank admission : as, to be consciotis o/ failure.
To be sensible is the act of a sort of inward sensuous per-
ception. See sentiment.
All men .feel sometimes the falsehood which they can-
not demonstrate. Emerson, Compensation.
These are very sensible that they had better have pushed
their conquests. Addison.
My mother ! when 1 learn'd that thou wast dead.
Say, wast thou cojiscious of the tears I shed?
Cmcper, On the Receipt of my Mother's Picture.
II. intrans. 1. To have perception by means
of the sense of touch or by physical contact;
experience sensation of any kind, except that
received through sight, hearing, taste, or smell ;
loosely, to have a sensation of any kind : as, to
feel sore or ill ; to feel cold.
I then did feel full sick, and yet not well.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 4.
If the skin felt everywhere exactly alike, a foot-bath
could be distinguished from a total immersion, as being
smaller, but never distinguished from a wet face.
W. James, Mind, XII. 184.
Feeling warm or feeling hungry, we must remember, is
not pure feeling in the slirict sense of the word.
J. Ward, Eucyc. Brit., XX. 40.
2. To have perception, especially vague per-
ception or impression ; have a mental sense of
something.
Me think, ser, as ferre as I canne fele.
These lordes and these knyghtes euerychone
In this mater they haue not seyde but wele.
Oenerydea (E. E. T. S.), L 1854.
feel
From sense of grief and pain we shall be free ;
We shall not feel, because we shall not be.
Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 12.
When truth or virtue an affront endures,
The affront is mine, my friend, and should be yours. . . .
Mine, as a friend to every worthy mind ;
And mine as man, y>'ho feel as for mankind.
Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 204.
3. To recognize or regard one's self as; be con-
sciously: as, to /eeJ hurried; to /eeJ called on to
do something.
He felt obliged to sail again for the East in order to re-
trieve his fortune. J. T. Fields, Underbrush, p. 216.
4. To experience feeling or emotion; be
aroused to emotion.
How heavy guilt is, when men come to feell
Beau, and Ft., Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 2.
But spite of all the criticising elves.
Those who would make us feel must feel themselves.
Churchill, Rosciad, 1. 962.
The truth is, the people nmst/e«( before they will see.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., I. 444.
5. To give or produce sensation or feeling;
especialfy, to produce sensation of touch, or
organic sensations.
Blind men say black feels rough and white feels smooth.
Dryden.
How the March sun feels like May !
Brouming, A Lovers' Quarrel.
6. To make examination by the sense of touch;
grope.
I felt to his knees, and so upward, and upward, and all
was as cold as any stone. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 3.
Feeling all along the garden-wall,
Lest he should swoon and tumble and be found,
Crept to the gate. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
Two young hearts, e&ch feeling towards the other.
E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 420.
7. To be inwardly moved: followed by an
infinitive : as, I feel to sympathize with him.
[CoUoq.]
"And you do not .feel to oblige her ? " asks Joan, with an
expression of friendly interest. R. Broughton, Joan, 1. 11.
To feel after, to search for ; seek to find ; seek, as a per-
son groping in the dark.
If haply they might /«eJ after him, and find him.
Acts xvii. 27-
To feel called on. See to be called on, under ca((I , v. i.—
To feel for. (a) To seek to find with caution or secretly.
Orders were to move cautiously with skirmishers to the
front to feel for the enemy.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 612.
(6) To sympathize with ; be sorry for.
Poor young lady ! I feel for her already ! for I can con-
ceive how great the conflict nmst be between her passion
and her duty. Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 1-
To feel of, to obtain knowledge of by the sense of touch ;
make tactual examination of ; test by handling.
They usually gather them before they be full ripe, bore-
ing an hole in them, and, feeling of the kernel, they know
if they be ripe enough for their purpose. R. Knox.
feell (fel), n. [ifeen, ».] 1. The sense or a
sensation of touch.
Dyed cotton fibre . . . was thinner and softer to the
feel. O'Neill, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 209.
Colours, mere states of the retina, are all we see;
sounds, mere ringings in the ear, are all we hear ; feels,
mere states of our own (as warm or cold, etc.), are all we
touch. Mind, X. 53.
2. A sensation of any kind, or a vague mental
impression or feeling.
Green little vaulter in the sunny grass.
Catching your heart up at the feel of June.
L. Hunt, Grasshopper and Cricket.
3. That quality in an object by which it ap-
peals to the sense of touch.
Membranous or papery ... as to feel and look.
Is. Taylor.
A small elevation, . . . like a vesicle, having a soft /«(.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 553.
feeFt, fele^t, «. andproM. \M'E.feele,fele,feole,
< AS. fela, feala, feola, feolo, *feolu, -with gen.
of noun ' liiuch, many,' without noun ' much,
many things,' = OS. Ulu, filo = OFries. fel. ful
= D. veel = OHG. flu, MHG. vile, vil, G. rHel
= Icel. Jjol-, in comp., = Goth, filu (only in gen.
filaus),'m\ieh, many, prop. neut. of Teut. 'Jilus
'= Olr. il = Qv. TT-oH'g, neut. ttoAi', in comp. no'Av-
(E. poly-, q. v.), = OPers. paru = Skt. ptiru,
much; akin to E. fuW-, q. v. In mod. E. the
place of this word has been taken by much and
many.^ Much; many.
Relykes ther be niony &fele.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Fumivall), p. 131.
So fele that wondyr was to sene.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 329.
Rude was the cloth, and more of age
By dayes fele than at hir mariage.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 917.
ffeet scores nyne in lenght iis.feele in wyde.
PaUadius, Uusbondrie (E. E. J. 8.), p. 48.
feel
feel^t, adv. [< ME. feele, fele, adv. ; < /eeP, a.]
Much.
He hatli eese at weelde
That tlmiikeih ^^yti feele & seelde.
Babeet Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 43.
For they briug in tlie substance of the Beere,
ITiat they drinken/ee^ too good chepe, not dere.
Hakluyt'a Voyages, I. 192.
feelable (fe'la-bl), a. [< feen + -able.'] That
may or can be felt ; palpable. [Bare.]
In ohafing himself, to heap lie upon lie, he uttereth his
feelable blindness. Tvitdate, .4 lis. to Sir T. More, etc.
HParker Soc, 1850), p. 210.
feeldt, ». An obsolete spelling of field.
feelefoldt, «. [ME. also/efe/oW; <feel^ + -/oM.]
Manifold.
Tlie /eel^old colours and deceytes of thilke mervaylcs
monstre Fortune. Chaucer, Boethius, ii. prose 1.
And he tomed hym as tyt« and thanne toke I hede,
It was fouler yiyfelefolde than it tlrste semed.
Pieit Plowman (B), xiii. 320.
feeler (fe'lSr), n. 1. One who or that which
feels.
Had I this cheek.
To bathe my lips upon ; this hand, whose touch,
Whose every touch, would force the/ccfer"« soul
To the oath of loyalty. Shak., CymboUno, i. 7.
He [Thoreau] was not a strong thinker, but a sensitive
Jeeler. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 207.
Specifically — 2. Any special organ of touch of
an animal ; a tactile part, (a) A common name ap-
plied to the anteume of insects and crustaceans, and to the
palpi of insects and spiders. Tliese organs probably serve
as organs of touch as well as for othei purposes. See an-
tenni and palput. (6) A tentacle of any kind, (c) A cir-
rus of a cirriped, as one of the legs of a barnacle, (d) A
whisker or rictal vibrissa.
The long whiskers ot feelers of many animals, as the cat
Mivart, Elem. Anat., p. 243.
8. The representation on an artificial fly of an
antenna of an insect. Feelers are folded back,
extending above and sometimes beyond the
wings.
The feelert, which, by a great stretch of Imagination,
are supposed to represent the antenn» of a natural fly,
are the two long fibres of macaw tail feather tied in on
each side of the head, and extending back over the wings.
SporUman» OtueUeer, p. 6U0.
4. Any indirect act, device, strstagem, or plan
resorted to for the purpose of finding out some-
thing which cannot be ascertained directly,
especially the designs, opinions, or sentiments
of others.
After putting forth his right leg now and then as ti/teUr,
the victim who dropped the money ventures to make one
or two distinct dives after it. Dickem, Sketches, i.
6. Xaut., the first onset of a storm, followed by
a short calm.—Lon^ feeler, the antenna proper of a
crustacean.— Short feeler. Same as antenmtla, 3.
feeling (fe'ling)j n. [Verbal n. of /eeP, ».] 1.
The act of sensing or perceiving by sensation.
Specifically — (a) The act of perceiving liy touch, or the
sense of touch, (b) .More comprehensively, all that part
of the sensory function (as tlie sensing of cold, hunger,
etc.) which is not included in the special senses of sight,
hearing, smell, and taste. See (oucA, n.
Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as the eye confined. . . .
And not, as fetlhuj, tliroiigh all parts dilTused ?
MMon, 3. A., 1. 96.
2. A sensation. Specifically — (a) A sensation con-
veyed by the sense of touch. (6) More comprehensively,
sensation of any kind not assignable to one of the special
senses of sight, hearing, taste, and smell : as, a fteting oi
warmth ; Afeeliiuj of pain ; Kfe^tinff of drowslnesa.
.Some of the organs in their sound condition have no
organic /din^s. (J. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. MS.
3. The immediate quality of what is present to
consciousness in sensation, desire, or emotion,
considered apart from all activity of thought ;
the pure sense-element in consciousness; in
H loose use, any element of consciousness not
recognizable as thought or will. The wonl (that
Is, its equivalent) was introduced into phllow^phy as an
exact term In this sense by 'IVtens, a fiernian Wolfllan
philosopher of the eighteenth century. Kant modified
the meaning, for the convenience of his system, so as to
restrict it as in def. 4, Iwlow.
The point which at present concerns us ii simply that,
when feeliiv] Is said to be the primordial element in con-
sciousness, more is usually included vnAer feeling than
pure pleasure and pain, viz., some characteristic or qual-
ity by which one pleasurable or painful sensation is distin-
guishable from another. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., X.X. 40.
I have in this volume used Feelin/f as the name for the
films of which Sensation (with Muscular Feeling) and
motion are the two species.
A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 615, App.
It cannot he too strongly urged in the face of mystical
attempts, however learned, that there is not a landmark,
not a length, not a point of the compass in real space
whiL-h is not wime one of imr feelingt, either experienced
directly as a presentation or ideally suggested by another
feeling which luu come to serve as its s^.
W. Jama, Mind, XII. 208.
Feelings which correspond directly with an interaction
between the organism and its environment arc termed
2171
sensations ; those which correspond indirectly are termed
emotions ; and when t|h» remoteness from direct corre-
spcmdence is great, the feeling is in some cases termed a
sentiment. C. Mercier, Mind, IX. 335.
It may be needful to guard against a further miscon-
ception, and to Stat* e-xpUcitly tliat the term feeling, the
must general term in psychology, includes emotion, not
less than sensation and perception.
G. U. Lemt, Piobs. of Life and Mind, II. iv. § 17.
4. In a restricted sense, pleasure or pain; any
state or element of consciousness having a
pleasurable or a painful aspect.
As to the meaning of the term, it is plain that further
detinition is requisite for a word that may mean (a) a touch,
as feeling of roughness ; ib) an organic sensation, as feel-
ing of hunger ; (c) an emotion, as fettling of anger ; (d)
feeling proper, as pleasure or pain. But, even talcing
feelinq in the last, its strict sense, it has been maintained
that all the more complex forms of consciousness are re-
solvable into, or at least have been developed from,/^W-
ings of pleasure and pain. J, irard, Encyc. Brit., XX. 40.
The feeling, the pleasurable or painful tone of the sensa-
tion, is always recognized as purely and simply a way in
which the mind is affected.
G. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 504.
Hence — 5. An emotion in so far as it is im-
mediately present to consciousness, not having
regard to the physiological disturbance which
is one of its elements ; the capacity for emo-
tion ; mental state, disposition, or faculty as
regards emotion : as, a feeling of sympathy ; a
feeling of pride in the history of one's country.
See emotion, 2.
Great persons had need to borrow other men's opinions
to think themselves happy, for if they judge by their own
feeling, they cannot find it. Bacon, Great Place (ed. 1887).
Nor, again, can we admit without verification the propo-
sition which some philosophers, including Aristotle (and
Plato in some passages), seem to assume a priori : that the
kind of feeling which is most pleasant or preferable as
feeling will always accompany the kind of activity which
we approve. H. Sidgwiek, Methods of Ethics, p. 162.
The motive of all action is feeling. All great move-
ments in history are preceded and accompanied by strong
feelings. L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 11.
The good-hearted old fellow . . . betrayed some /wfin^
at this explosion of grief, and betook himself to soothing
the young girl. J. E. Cooke, Virginia Comediaiu, I. xii.
Specifically — 6. Fine or refined sensibility;
tine emotional endowment ; especially, tender-
ness or affectionateness of heart ; susceptibili-
ty ; in an adverse sense, sentimentality : as, a
man of feeling : sometimes in the plural : as, to
hurt or injure one's feelings.
It must be Willoughby, therefore, whom yon suspect.
Btttwhy? Ishenotamanof honourand/eWin^.' . . . Can
he be deceitful? Jaru Autten, .Sense and Sensibility, xv.
7. Obscure or vague perception ; belief the
reasons for which are not clearly understood:
as, every one had a feeling of the truth of this
statement.
It thus appears that when pushed to our last resort, we
must retire either upon feeling or belief, or both indtlfer-
cntly. Sir W. Uainilton.
8. Opinion or determination as founded on or
resulting from emotion.
TYit feeling of the house could not be mistaken.
Maeaulay, Hist Eng., vi.
The feeling o( the Middle Ages evidently was that bare
stone inside a liuilding hail an unfinished and uncomforta-
ble look, and was quite as unsuitable in a richly decorated
and furnished cathedral as It would now be considered in
a lady's drawing-room. Eneye. Brit., XXIII. 158.
9. In the fine arts, the impression or emotion
conveyed by the general e.'ci>re8sion of a work
of art, or of some part or detail of it, especially
as embodying a particular emotion or concep-
tion of the artist.
There can t)e little doubt that the Norman architects,
with true fiothic feeling, always intended that their
churches should eventually be vaulted, an<l prepared them
accordingly, though in many instances they were con-
structed with wooden roofs, or compromises of some sort.
J. Fergusgon, Hist. Arch., I. 516.
Between the oak pilasters will tie a carved panel of
scroll ornament, Renaissance in feeling. Art Age, IV. 43.
The same tine feeling for greys charms us in both pic-
tures Athenanitn, Jan. 14, 1888, p. 56.
Era of good feeling. See era. = Syn. Thought, etc. See
sentiment.
feellllg(fe'ling),p. a. [Ppr.of jfee/l,t).] 1. Pos-
sessing or affected by sensibility; easily affect-
ed or moved ; experiencing emotion, especially
that of sympathy or compassion : as, a, feeling
friend or advocate.
Thou art her brother.
And there must be & feeling heart within thee
Of her afllictlons. FUtcher, Wife for a Month, ill. 2.
Yet no cximplaint l>efore the Laily came ;
The feeling servant spared the feeble dame.
Crabbe, Works, I. 107.
Orievous and very much to be commiserated is the task
of the feeling historian who writes the history of his na-
tive land. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 145.
2. E.rpressive of sensibility ; manifesting emo-
tion or earnestness ; emotive ; earnest : as, a
feeze
feeling look or gesture ; he spoke with feeling
eloquence.
Frame iome feeling line.
That may discover such integrity.
Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 2.
3. Exciting sensibility ; deeply felt or realized ;
affecting. [Rare.]
This is yet a vaove feeling grief to us.
Svrift, Tale of a Tub, i.
4. Sensibly felt or realized ; emotionally expe-
rienced ; vivid.
In whose hearts God hath written his law with his holy
Spirit, and given them ^feeling faith of the mercy that is
in Christ J esu our Lord. Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc.
[(Parker Soc, 1860), p. IS.
I had & feeling sense
Of all your royal favours ; but this last
Strikes through my heart. Southern.
feelingly (fe'ling-li), adv. 1. 'With feeling or
expression of sensibility ; tenderly : as, to speak
feelingly.
When I see cause, I can both do and suffer.
Freely and feelingly, as a true gentleman.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 3.
They best can serve true gladness
Who meet xao&t feelingly the calls of sadness.
Wordsteorth, Sonnets, iii. S&
2. So as to be sensibly felt. [Bare.]
These are counsellors
That feslingly persuade me what I am.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 1.
feeltll(felth),«. [,<feen + -th.-i Feeling. Also
felth. [Prov. Eng.]
feer^t (fer), n. [Variously written/eer, fere, fear,
and even pheer, etc. ; < ME. feere, fere, ifei-e, <
AS. ge-fera, a companion, associate, fellow ; cf .
feran, go on a journey, travel, go, ge-feran, intr.
travel, go, tr. go (a journey), reach, get, < for,
a journey (= OHG. fuora, MHG. fuore,fure, G.
fuhr, fuhre, a going, journey, turn), <.faran (=
OHG. faran, etc.), go, fare : see fare^. Cf. Dan.
Sw. fyr, a young fellow, a chap.] 1. A fellow ;
a mate ; a companion.
Michael and Gabriel ant Raffael here [their] /ere,
Cherubin ant serafin a thousend ther were.
Meidan Maregrete, st 75, in Ste. Marherete (ed. Cockayne>.
Your felow &fere me faithfully hold,
Euer from this owre to the ende of your lyffe ;
ttor no chaunce, that may cheue, chaunge your wille.
Destruction qf Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 708.
Hayle ! the fairest of felde folk for to fyiide.
Fro the feude [fiend] and his/«ere« faithefully vs fende.
I'ort Plays, p. 135.
Particularly — 2. A mate in marriage; a
spouse ; a husband or wife.
ThI modour that is thi faderes/ere.
Boeke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ler.), i. 61.
Charissa to a lovely fere
Was lincked, and by him had many pleilges dere.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 4.
3. [In the form fere, appar. as a var. of feres,
feren, pi., taken as a collective and abstract
noun.] Company; companionship.
In the ton shall lie Telamon, that is a tore kyng.
With all i\ie fere that hym folowes. furse men of arniys.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 1131.
In fere, in company ; together : with reference to persons
or things.
The Sowdon thanne rehersid thanne in fere
Ills dlspleasur withoiite eny fayle.
Generydes (E. E. T. 8.), I. 1697.
Certis, whan all is done,
He comes with folke in feere.
And will ouere take vs soiie. York Plays, p. 157.
(Tyfty shippes in fere folowet hom two.
Dettruetion of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4073.
feer^t, "• 8ee/earl.
feer^ (fer), v. t. [8c., also written feir, fier; <
ME. "fyren (not found), < AS. fyrian (oncej,
make a furrow, < furh, a furrow: see/Mrro«>.]
To mark off the breadth of for plowing, as a
ridge. Seefeering.
feer"* (fer), a. 8ee/ear3.
feerlng (fer'ing), II. [8c. , verbal n. of feer, feir,
fier: see feer^.] In agri., the operation in
plowing of marking off the breadth of a ridge,
by drawing a furrow on each side of the space
allotted for it.
feese, f. and n. 8ee/i?e«ei.
feetl, n. Plural of /oof.
feet^t, n. An obsolete form of fcat^. Chaucer.
feetless (fet'les), a. [<feet + -less. Seefoot-
le-is.] Destitute of feet: as, feetless insects.
[Kare.]
feeze^, feaze^ (fez), v. ; pret. and pp. feezed,
feazed, p-pT.feezing,feazing. [The several words
spelled /eerf, /(?«rrc, etc., being chiefly dialectal
or colloquial, have been unstable in spelling,
and have become somewhat confused in sense.
Feeze^, feaze^, also -written feese, feize, pheeze,
feese
veeze,fase^ (q. v.), etc. ; < WE.fesen, drive away,
frighten away, put to flight, \ AS. /esian, drive
away, put to night, also fysian, a later form of
AS.Jysan (> yiE-fusoij/ousen), intr. hasten, tr.
hasten, incite, urge, send forth, drive out, in
comp. d-fysaii, hasten, impel, ge-fysan, make
ready, hasten, drive, impel (= OS. fiisian, d-fu-
siau, make ready, hasten, = Icel.fysa, urge, ex-
hort, impers. wish, desire, = Dan. fuse, intr.,
rush, gush), < fus, ready, prompt, eager, quick,
inclined, \villing, = OS. Jus, ready, willing, =
OHGr. fuHS, ready, willing, = Icel. fuss, willing,
wishing for, = Sw. dial, fus, eager. See fuss,
which IS from the same source.] I. tratis. 1.
To drive off; frighten away; put to flight.
\Mien he had etyn and made hym at ese
He thoght Gye for to/«<c.
MS. Cantab. F/. ii. 38, f. 171. (HalUmtl.)
Ful foule schulde thi foos be/i»uf,
If thou mygte over hem, as y over thee may.
Political Poemi, etc. (ed. FuniivaU), p. 1986.
2. To drive ; compel ; urge.
Those eager impes whom food-want feaz'd to fight
amaine. Mir. for Moffs., p. 480.
3. To beat; whip; chastise.
Come, will you quarrel? I vfill/eize you, sirrah;
Why do you not buckle to your tools ?
B. Jonson, Alchemist, v. 3.
4. To vex; worry; harass; plague; tease; dis-
turb. Ainsicorth; Salliwell.
Sir, what foode [creature] in faith will ^ou/eese.
That sott full sone my selfe sail hym sesse.
York Plays, p. 124.
6. To do for; settle or finish.
Well, "has given me my quietus est ; I felt him
In my guta ; I'm sure 'haa/eez'd me.
Villiers, The Chances (1682).
[Obsolete or prov. Eng. in all senses.]
n. intrmis. To fret; be in a fume; worry:
as, she frets and feezes. [Oolloq., U. S.]
feezel, feaze^ (fez), n. [Alaofeese; <. feeze"^,
/earfi, !■.] If. A race; a run; a running start,
as for a leap.
To leap without taking any race or /cese, nullo procursu
salire. Baret, Alvearie (1680).
And giving way backward, fetch their feese or beire
ftgaine, and with a fierce charge and assault to returne full
butt upon the same that they had knocked and beaten be-
fore. Holland, tr. of Animianus Marcellinus (1609).
2. Vexation; worry; fret. [CoUoq., U. S.]
When a man's in a fee»e, there's no more sleep th at h itch.
Haliburton.
feeze^, feaze'^ (fez), v. i. ; pret. and pp. feezed,
feazed, ppr. feezing, feazing. [E. dial., also feese,
fease; a corruption, by reduction of the diffi-
cult initial combination fn, of ME. fnesen, <
AS. fncosan, sneeze : see fnese, neese, sneeze.^
To sneeze. [Prov. Eng.]
feeze^, feaze* (fez), v. ; pret. and pp. feezed,
feazed, ppr. feezing, feazing. [Sc, also faize,
false, intr. ; connected with ME. faselen, later
fasyll, intr. , ravel out, = D. vezclen = MH(>. vas-
len, (J. faseln, ravel out: see fass, fasel^.'] I.
trans. To untwist the end of (anything made of
threads or fibers) ; ravel out.
H. intrans. To untwist; ravel out.
feeze^ (fez), v. i.; pret. and pTji. feezed, Ypt. feez-
ing. [E. dial., also written feaze ; cf. dial, fa-
*(7, dawdle; cf./eeze3anditsequiv./asc!l.] To
dawdle ; loiter. Halliwell.
feeze^ (fez), v. t. ; pret. and pp. feezed, ppr. feez-
ing. [Sc, perhaps connected with OD. vijsen,
screw, < vijse, a screw, a vise, < F. vis, OF. viz,
a vise: see vise.'] To screw; twist; tighten
by screwing.
I downa laugh, I downa sing,
I downa/«ese my fiddle-string.
A. Doufflag, Poems, p. 43.
To feeze Into, to insinuate or wind one's self into, as
into favor.— To feeze aff, to unscrew.— To feeze up, to
"screw up"; work into a passion ; flatter.
Pe-fa'W-fum (fe'fa'fum'), n. [Nursery jargon.]
A f rif^htf ul thing or creature ; a malevolent, de-
structive giant or dragon of old legend or fable.
Is the Fe-faw-fum of literature, that snuffs afar the fame
of his brother authors, and thirsts for its destruction, to
be allowed to gallop unmolested over the fields of criti-
cism? Anna Seward, Letter quoted in Miss Thackeray's
[Book of .Sibyls.
fefft, V. t. The older and proper English spell-
ing ot feoff.
feffementt, »■ See feoffment.
feg (feg), V. A dialectal variant otfag'^.
fegary, ». An obsolete or dialectal variant of
vagary. Compare figary.
I have had a f\nefer/ary,
The rarest wildgoose chase I
Middleton, Spanish Gypsy, 1. 5.
fegs (fegz), inter}. Same nsfaclfl.
By my f egg!
Ye've set auld Scotia on her legs. Beattit.
2\ri2
fehme, fehmgericlite (fa'me, fam-ge-rieh'te),
H. Same as vehmgerichte.
fehmic (fa'mik), a. Same as vehmic.
feide (fed), n. [Sc. : see /eurfi.] Feud; hate.
The Land-sergeant has me atfeid.
Uobie Noble (Cliilds Ballads, VI. 100).
feigh^ (fa), V. Another spelling of fay"^.
feigh^ (feeh), interj. [Another form of faugh,
fy, etc.: see faugh.] Fy! an expression of dis-
gust or abomination. [Scotch.]
Ye stink o' leeks, Ofeigh ! Jiaimay, Poems, I. 262.
feign (fan), V. [The (/ is amod. insertion, in forced
imitation of the F. ppr. feignant and lu.fingere
(ME. feigne only in partly modernized editions
of Gower) ; reg. fain or fein (as still in deriv.
faint, feint), early mod. E. faine, fayne, < ME.
feincn, feynen, rarely fainen, faynen, feignen, <
OF. feindre, faindre, F. feindre = Pr. feigner,
fenher, finher = Sp. Pg. fingir = It. fignere,
fingere, feign, pretend, = D. fngeren = 6. fin-
giren = Dan. fingere = Sw. fingera, < L. fingere,
pp. fictus, touch, handle, usually form, shape,
frame, form in thought, imagine, conceive, con-
trive, devise, feign {■[/ "fig m figura, etc. : see
figure), = Goth, deigan, form (as clay, etc., >
daigs = E. dough), = Gr. diyydveiv, touch, han-
dle, = Skt. V dih, smear. See dough ; and see
fictile, fiction, figment, figure, etc., from the same
L. verb.] I, trans. 1. To invent or imagine ;
utter, relate, or represent falsely or deceitfully.
And {he]faynet ay faire wordes vnder felle thoghtes,
Holy liet hom to have the hestes before.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 994.
If the things we couet to describe be not naturall or
not veritable, than yet the same axeth more cunning to
do it, because to faine a thing that neuer was nor is like
to be pi'oceedetb of a greater wit and sharper inuention
than to describe things that be true.
Ptdtenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 199.
What heavens of joy then to himselfe \\Qfaynes !
Spenser, In Honour of Love, 1. 240.
The poets feign that Vulcan attempted the chastity of
Minerva. Bacon, Physical Fables, v.
The supposing another man's ill usage to be ours, is the
giving ourselves a present sense, as it were a kind of
feigned experience of it ; which doth, for the time, serve
all the purposes of a true'one.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. ix.
2. To make a false appearance of; counter-
feit; simulate; pretend: as, to /eijrM death.
In going keep a decent gate, iiotfaining lame or broken.
For that doth seeme but wantonnesse, and foolishnesse
betoken. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 296.
Letters,fr.igned from such a nobleman, or such aknight.
B. Jonson, Every JIan out of his Humour, i. 1.
This feigned madness of Hamlet's is one of the few
points in which Sliakespeare has kept close to the old
story on which he founded his play.
Loioell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 220.
We are far, however, from thinking that his sadness was
altogether /eii/ned. Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
Men feign themselves dead, and endure mock funerals
and mouriiful obituaries, and there they stand looking out
of the window, sound and well, in some new and strange
disguise. Euierson, ^N^oniinalist and Realist.
A fever in these pages bums
Beneath the calm they/ei^?t.
M. Arnold, In Memory of the Author of Obermann.
3t. To dissemble; disguise; conceal.
Thowe sliatt be as welcome nowe
As he that synne neuer ^eA fayne.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 162.
Yet both doe strive their fearefulnesse io faine.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 20.
4t. Reflexively, to show a sudden weakness;
become weak or faint.
Jf'eine jow noghte feyntly, . . .
Bot luke 36 fygte faythefullv.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S,), 1. 1734.
So they shewed [the child] to the nioder, and when she
it sough, she fayned her, and sayd, "This childe maketh
me to bane grete feer." Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 14.
Feigned exchange. See cMAon^e.- Feigned issue, in
law, an issue made up for trial by agreement of the par-
ties or l>y an order of com-t, instead of by the ordinary
legal procedure. Thus it was usual in chancery, when a
disputed question of fact, more suitable to be determined
by a jury than by'the chancellor, arose in a suit, to order
it submitted to a jury by means of pleadings framed as if
an action at law had been brought on a wager involving
the question, so as to present the question to the jury as
the exact issue to lie decided. This practice has been
generally altered or supplanted by recent legislation pro-
viding for the framing of issues without the fiction of a
sepiirate action. =Syn. To affect, simulate, profess.
II. intrans. 1. To make believe; practise
dissimulation or false representation ; dissem-
ble.
0 Man, y lone thee ! whom lonest thou?
1 am thi freend ; whi wolt thon fet/ne?
Political Poeins, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 163.
One god is god of both, as poeta feign.
Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, viii.
If she professes friendship, be certain she is sincere ; she
c&Qnoi feign; she scorns hypocrisy.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xiii.
feld
2t. To sing with a low voice.
feignt, »• [ME. fayne; from the verb.] Dis-
simulation; deception; falsehood.
.Sey me, niodyr, with-outen/ai/?j(?.
Why art thou put to alle this payne ?
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 86.
feignedly (fil'ned-li), adv. In a feigned man-
ner ; deceitfully ; falsely.
Her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me
with her whole heart, hnt feignedly, saitb the Lord.
Jcr. iiL 10.
feignedness (fa'ned-nes), n. The quality of
being feigned; fictitiousness; simulation; de-
ceit.
The church is not the school of feignednesse and hypoc-
ricy, but of truth and sincerity.
llarmar, tr. of Beza's Sermons, p. 39.
feigner (fa'nfer), «. One who feigns or simu-
lates; a deviser of fiction.
Hie attitude of the feigners and of the really dead.
Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, XL. 3.
feigningly (f a'nin^-li), adv. In a feigning man-
ner ; with simulation or pretense.
King Ethelred required peace with the Danes, promis-
ing to them stipends and tribute ; to the which theyfain-
tn^Z^ assented, but they never left their cruelties.
Stow, West Saxons, an. 1011.
feint, feinet, v. Middle English forms ot feign.
feint (fant), n. [< F.feinte (= Vv.fencha = OSp.
Pg. It. finta), a feint, sham, pretense, fem. of
feint, pp. ot feindre, feign: see feign. For the
equiv. noun in ME., see faintise.] 1. An as-
sumed or false appearance, or simulation; a
pretense of doing something not really done.
Revealing with each freak or feint
The temper of Petruchio's Kate,
The raptures of Siena's saint.
Whittier, Snow-Bound.
Scraps of their reminiscence reached Marcia where she
sat in a feint of listening to Ben Ualleck's perfunctory
account of his college days with her husband.
HowelU, Modern Instance, xxi.
2. A movement made ■with the object of de-
ceiving an adversary or throwing him off his
guard ; an appearance of aiming at one part or
point when another is the real object of attack,
as in boxing, fencing, battle, or a contest of any
kind ; a mock attack.
Doubling on botli sides of the arm, which is too compli-
cated a feint to be frequently used in actual fencing,
Encyc. Brit., IX. 71.
feintt (fitot), a. [See faint, a.] 1. Counterfeit;
seeming; feigned: same as faint, 1.
The mind by degrees loses its natural relish of real solid
truth, and is reconciled insensibly to any thing that can
be but dressed up into any feint appearance of it. Locke.
2. Same a,s faint, 2.
feint(fant), 11. J. [<fei7it,n.'] To make a feint ;
make a pretended blow, thrust, or attack at one
point when another is intended to be struck,
in order to throw an antagonist off his guard.
He practised every pass and ward.
To thrust, to strike, to feint, to guard.
Scott, L. of the L., v. 15.
Ben-Hur/«i)i«e(i with his right hand.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 381.
feintisef, n. See faintise.
feiret, a. and v. An obsolete form otfair'^.
feist, n. Same asfist^.
feistyt, a. Same as fusty.
feize, ". and n. Seefeeze^.
felanders (fel'an-derz), n. pi. See filander^, 2.
felapton (fe-lap'ton), n. In logic, the mnemonic
name of that mood of the third figure of syllo-
gism which has both the premises universal and
one of them negative. The following is an example :
The loss of energy of a radiating mass of gas which gi-avi-
tates to its own center is an emission of heat ; but no loss
of energy in such a mass of gas can tend to make the body
cooler ; hence, some ennssion of heat does not tend to
make the radiating body cooler. According to some logi-
cians, this reasoning is fallacious, because neither premise
asserts that such a case actually occurs. The word felap-
ton is one of the nniemonic names invented in the thir-
teenth century, and found in the "Sunnnula;" of Petrus
Hispanus. The three vowels, e, a, o, indicate the quan-
tity and quality of the three propositions, which are uni-
vei-sal negative, imiversal affirmative, and particular neg-
ative, respectively. The letter / signifies that the mood
is to be reduced to ,fe)-io, and the p that in the reduction
the minor premise is to be converted per accidens.
fela'Wt, fela'wet, »• Middle English forms of
fellow.
fel bovinum (fel bo-'vi'num). [L. fel bovinum,
ox-gall: see feW niciA bovine.] Ox-gall. An ex-
tract of it is used by painters to remove the
greasiness of colors, etc.
feld^t, "• An obsolete form of field.
feld^t, V. An obsolete spelling of felled, pret-
erit of fcll^.
feld^t, feldet, f • Obsolete forms otfold}.
feldsher
2173
In such cases [violating duty to give pleasure to others],
therefore, 11 the test of Jelicific consequences is to be ap-
plied, there is no doubTfa to the result that it will yield.
T. 11. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 338.
feldsher (feld'sh^r), n. [< Russ. felidsheru =
liittle Russ. felcher, < G. feldscher, feldscheerer
(of. D. vehls'clieerder, Dan. feltskjcer, Sw. fiilt-
skdr), au army su^eon</eW, field, = E. Jie(f?, felicifyf (fe-Us'i-fi), v. t. [< L. felix (felic-),
+ «cAerer, «c/i«erer, barber, = E. sArarer] In happy, + ->are, < /accre, make : see -/y.] To
Russia, a surgeon's assistant; a hospital orderly, ^ake happy; felicitate. Quarles.
"What is this .Pri(Wierr' felicitate (fe-lis'i-tat), V. t.; pret. and pp. /e-
"Hes an old soldier who dresses wounds and gives ncUated, ppr. felicitating. [< LL. felicitatus,
Pby'i'^-' . ^- "■ ^<^'"'' ^"""^ P- ^- pp. of femtare ( > It. felicitare = Pg. Sp. felici-
of feldspath, tar = F.feliciter), make happy, < Ij. felicita{t-)s,
feldspar (feld'spar), n. [A var.
accom. to E. spar^J] In mineral., one of a very
common group of closely related minerals, all
silicates of aluminium, together with either cal-
cium, sodium, potassium, or in one case barium.
They crystallize in the monix'linic or tridinic system with
closely similar angles. The prismatic angle is not far from
120% and they have two easy cleavages which make an
mngle of 90% or nearly 90°, with each other. Their specific
gravity lies between2.6andi«, and theirhardness between
6 and 7. In color they vary from clear and glassy to white,
grayish, and light shades of yellow, red, or green, rarely
darker green to black. They occur in distinct crystals, also
in massive forms varying in structure frtmi coarsely cleav-
able to grannlar-erystalline, compact, and hornstone-like.
They form an essential constituent of many of the coranion
crystalline rocks, as granite, gneiss, syenite, diorite, most
Unds of basalt, andesite, trachyte, etc. The monoclinic
feldspars are orthoclase aud hyalophane. The former is a
potash feldspar (see orthoclase), and is the commonest of
happiness: see felicity.'i ■ 1. To make happy.
[Obsolete or rare.]
Gifts . . . felicitate lovei-s.
Loredano (trans.), p. "6 (1664).
What a glorious entertainment and pleasure would fill
and felicitate his spirit, if he could grasp all in a single
survey. Walts.
2. To congratulate ; compliment upon a happy
event: as to felicitate a friend on his good for-
tune.
Tom felicitated himself and his partner of the watch on
the result of their vigilance.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 41.
Our travellers felicitated themselves upon falling into
such good hands. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 29.
Syn. 2. Congratulate, Felicitate. _ See congratulation.
the group; the latter is a barjt-i feldspar, ami is a rare felicitatet (fe-lis'i-tat), a. [< LL. felicitatus,
species Closely related to orthoclase is the triclinic mi
crocline (which see), having the same composition, but va-
rying slightly in form. Besides these there are the tri-
clinic (lime-soda) feldspars, called in general plagioclase,
because of the oblique angle between their two cleavages,
and forming a series varying progressively in composi-
tion, form, optical characters, and specific gravity from the
lime feldspar anorthite to the sodium feldspar albite ; the
intermediate species are consideretl as isomorphotts com-
pounds of these two extremes in varying proportions.
Those ordinarily recognized are, named in order, labra-
dorite, andesin, and oligoclase, the last approaching most
closely to albite The increase in soda in the members of
the series is accompanied by an increase of silica, the spe-
cies being increasingly acidic in the order named : thus
anorthite contains 43 per cent, of silica, and albite 69 per
cent. The speciHc gravity diminishes in the series from
anorthite (2 75) to albite (2.61). Certali
containing considerable potash and with an angle of cleav-
age varying but little from 90* are sometimes grouped un-
der the name anorthoclase. Common feldspar, or ortho-
clase (and microcllneX Is much used in the manufacture
of porcelain ; some kinds are employed for ornaments,
as aventurin feldspar or sunstone, also moonstone (an
opalescent variety of orthoclase), albite or oligoclase, and,
most of all, the species labradoritc, l)cautiful for Its play
of colon Also/i-tspar.— Blue feldspar. .Same as iaru-
liU. — QlASSy feldBpar. dee orthoclase..— "Lb^stsAot
feldspar. Same as fafrradorite.— Sesplendent feld-
spar. Same as adularia or mooiutonc.
pp. : see the verb.] Made happy,
I am ^one felicitate
In your dear highness' love. Shak., Lear, i. 1.
felicitation (fe-lis-i-ta'shon), n. [= F. felici-
tation = ^^. felicitacion = Pg. felicitagSo = It.
felicitazione, < LL. as if *felicitatio{n-), < felici-
tare, make happy: see /elicitate.'i The act of
felicitating; expression of joy for another's
happiness or good fortune ; congratulation.
How radiant and level the long Road of the Future
seemed to open before him! — everywhere friends, pros-
pects,/effc<(a(u»vf. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 753.
„ =Syn. Congratulation, Felicitation. See congratulation.
CertjUn'tTicirnicfeldsparii fellcitOUS (fe-lis'i-tus), a. l< felicity + -o««.]
Felinla
Searle fell into unceasing talk and exhaled his swarming
impressions with a tender felicity, compounded of the odd-
est mixture of wisdom and folly.
U. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 104.
4. An appropriate or happy turn of thought or
expression.
On the whole, of Byron's style it may be said that, if it
has none of the subtle and eurious felicities in which some
poets delight, it is yet language in its first intention, not
reflected over or exquisitely distilled.
J. C. Shairp, Aspects of Poetry, p. 148.
Who will say that the uncommon beauty and marvellous
English of the Protestant Bible is not one of the strong-
holds of heresy in this country? ... Its felicities often
seem to be almost things rather than mere words.
F. W. Fatter, quoted in Dub. Rev., June, 1853.
5. In astrol., a favorable aspect.
But they wol caste yat thei hane a fortunat planete in
hir assendent ; and yit in his felicite, and than sey they
yat it is wel. Chaucer.
=Syn. 1. Blessedness, Bliss, etc. (see happiness); joy,
comfort, blissfulness, success, good fortune. — 3. Aptness.
felid (fe'lid), M. One of the Felidte.
Felidse (fe'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Felis + -idw.^
The cat tribe ; the typical family of feline or
eeluroid fissiped Ferrn, or terrestrial digitigrade
carnivorous mammals. Their distinguishing char-
acters are : normally retractile claws ; palms and soles
hairy ; muzzle blunt, aud profile of head declivous ; teeth
28 or 30, with only one true molar in each jaw, of which
the upper is small and tubercular and the lower sec-
torial ; premolars 3 or J, canines \, incisors g ; the skull
with no alisphenoid canal ; the auditory bulla divided into
two chambers ; the paroccipital process close to the bulla ;
the mastoid process slight ; the external auditory meatus
short ; iatestines with a cajcum ; prostate and Cowper's
1. Characterized by or conferring happiness or
pleasure; highly pleasing. Hence — 2. Well-
chosen; appropriate: as, a/e/»citoM«maimer; a
felicitous situation ; a. felicitous reply.
Cowper has rendered his best service to EnglUh poetic
by showing with what felicitous grace the blank verse
lends itself to far other styles than the stately Miltonic
movement. J. C. Shairp, Aspects of Poetry, p. 131.
^Syn. Fortunate, etc. (see happy); apt, pertinent, oppor-
tune, well-put.
feldBpath (feld'spath), n. [< (i. feUUpath (= felicitously (fe-lis'i-tus-U),adt). InafeUcitous
manner; happily; appropriately; aptly.
On the part of Coleridge, of all men, It could certainly
have demanded very little reflection to bethink himself of
cases in which felicitounlii conveys one's meaning better
than happily : the two words not l>eing by any means
synonymous, in the strict sense of the term.
Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 76.
fellcitonsness (fe-lis'i-tus-nes), n. The state
or fjuality of Ijein'g felicitous; appropriateness;
ajitncss. Bailey, 1727.
Near the coast (of 8L Helena) the rough lava Is quite felicity (fe-lis'i-ti), n. ; TpX^elieities f-tiz). [<
bare:in the central and higher parUAWjpotAic rocks, by ME. felicitee, felicite, < OP. felicite, P. filicitS
their decomposition, hare produced a clayey soil — " ....... t. ,,...,
Darvin, Voyage of Beagle, II. 286.
D. veldspaath = Dan. feldspat = Sw. fdltspat),
feldspar, <feld, = E. field, + spath, spat, spar,
MHCf. spat, laminated stone. The origin of G.
spath is uiikno?m; a different word from E.
»/)rtr2, (J. v.] Same tja feldspar.
feldspathic (feld-spath'ik), a. [< feldspath +
-ic.'\ Pertaining to feldspar or containing it:
an epithet applied to any mineral in which feld-
spar predominates. Also vrrttten felspathic.
feldspathose (feld'spath-ds), a. [(.feldspath +
-K.W.J Same as feldspathic.
feldyfar (fel'di-fftr), n. An obsolete or dialec-
tal variant ol fieldfare. Macffillivra]!.
feleH, ". An obsolete spelling of /eeP.
fele-t, a. SeefeeP.
fele-'t, r. t. An obsolete form of feaP.
felevett, » An obsolete form of velvet.
felfaret, w. An obsolete form ot fieldfare.
Like a f elf are frighted In winter by a birding-piece, I
could settle nowhere.
Middtelon, Anything for a Quiet Life, I. 1.
felfer (fel'ffer), n. A dialectal form ot fieldfare.
[Prov. Eng. (Lancashire).]
felflt (tel'fit), n. [A comiption of /e;/er.] The
fieldfare ; also! erroneously, the missel-thnish.
[Prov. Eng.]
fellceps (fe'li-seps), n. [NL., < la. felis, a cat,
+ cujiut, head.] An old name of the eagle-owl
or great owl of Europe, Bubo maximus. Barrere,
174.'i.
Felician (fe-lish'an), n. [< Felix {Felic-) +
-mn.] A follower of Pelix, Bishop of Urgel
in the eighth century, chief propagator of the
ailr>ptian heresy. See adoptionism.
feliciflc (fe-li-sif'ik), a. [< L. feltx (felic-),
nappy, + -ficus, < facere, make.] Making hap-
py; productive of happiness.
No quality has ever l>een praised as excellent by man-
kind generally which cannot be shewn to have some
marked jelicific elfect, and to be within proper limits ob-
viously conducive tf> the general happiness
a. Sidguriek, Methods of Kthics, p. 457.
= Pr.felicitat = Sp. felicidad = Pg. felieidade
= It. felieitA, < L. felicita(t-)s, happiness, < felix
(felic-), happy, lucky, fortunate, in earlier sense
fruitftil, fertile, productive, < y/ 'fe, produce :
see fecund, fetus.] 1. Happiness; bliss; bless-
edness ; a blissful or happy state.
If thou didst ever hold me In thy heart,
AUient thee from/ef><n(,v awhile.
And In this harsh world draw thy breath in pain.
To tell my story. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
A thing l>eloved
By earth and heaven : could she be
Made for his nole felicity f
WiUiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, 11. 36.
2. That which produces orpromotes happiness ;
a felicitous circumstance or state of things ; a
source of happiness: most commonly in the
plural.
Their high estates and felicitin fell many times into
most lowe and lamentable fortunes.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 26.
Thefelieitie* of her wonderful reign may be complete.
Bp. Atterbury.
3. A skilful or happy faculty or turn; felici-
tous adroitness or propriety ; a happy knack or
choice; appropriateness: as, a rare felicity of
phrase.
A painter may make a better face than ever was, but he
must do it by a kind of felicity (as a musician that maketh
an excellent air in music), and not by rule.
Bacon, Beauty.
Bartholomew Dandridge. son of a house painter, had
great business from \\\a felicity in taking a likeness.
WalpUe, Anecdotes of Painting, IV. lii.
He [Gray] had exquisite /e(i<ri«)/ of choice.
LowtU, Study Windows, p. 11«.
Skull of Cat {Felis (ijmtstica), showing the following bones, viz.i
Ha, nasal ; tm. premaxillary : m. maxillary : /, lacrymal ; /. fron-
tal; y, jugaf: fa, palatine; /, parietal; so, squamosal; i/, intcr-
parietal ; so, supra-occipital; «v, exocciptlal (the line leads to the
occipital condyle); /, tympanic bulla: .iwA stylomastoid foramen;
«/, mental foramen ; c, coronoid process of mandible ; ar, ascend-
iiw ramus of mandible ; Ar, horixontalramq^ of mandible; aM, angle
of Jaw.
glands present ; and the penis-lione rudimentary. The do-
mestic cat is a characteristic example, all the species hav-
ing the same family traits* and habits as well as structure.
They are numerous, distrilmted over nearly all parts of the
world excepting the Australian region, especially in teni-
I>erate and tropical countries ; none is common to the old
and new worlds. The family is very homogeneous, and all
the species were formerly included in the genus 'telis. It
includes, liesides the common cat, the lion, tiger, jaguar,
leopard, panther, cougar, ocelot, ounce, caracal, serval,
lynx, chctah, etc. The Felidae are divisible into three sub-
families : Felinte, the true cats ; Guepardince, the hunting-
leopardg ; and Machcprodontince, the fossil saber-toothed
tigers. See these words.
feUform (fe'li-fdrm), o. [< L. felis, a cat, -1-
forma, form.] Having the form or aspect of a
cat.
Feline (fe-li'ne), rt.pl. [NL., < Felis, q. v., -4-
-inm : see feline.'] The true cats, a subfamily
of Felidte, containing all the living species ex-
cepting the chetali, having perfectly retractile
claws, the upper canines moderate and eylin-
droconic, and the upper sectorial tooth with an
antero-intemal lobe. The group is coextensive
with the genus Felis in a broad sense.
feline (fe'lin or-lin), a. and n. [= F.filin =
Pg. It. felino, < LL. felinus, of or belonging to
acat, < L./c/w, acat: see Felis.] I. a. 1. Cat-
like in form or structure, as an animal; of or
pertaining to the Felidce, Felinee, or genus Felis;
typically^ eeluroid. — 2. Pertaining to or char-
acteristic of animals of the cat tribe ; cat-like
in character or quality; resembling a cat in
any respect: often applied to persons: as, feline
softness of step ; feline stealthiness, cruelty, or
treachery.
His eyes were yellow, feline, and restless.
T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, Iv.
n. n. One of the Felidm or Felino; ; a feline
or cat-like animal ; in popular use, a domestic
eat.
Over a hundred years ago, it is said, a great battle of
felines took place in the neighborhood of the town, which
was participated in by all the cats In the city and county
of Kilkenny, aided and abetted by cats from other parts
of Ireland. Ainer X andQ.,1 269
Felinia (fe-lin'i-a), n. [NL., < LL. fehnus, cat-
like : 8ee/ei»ne.]' A genus of noctuid moths, of
the subfamily Kemigitue, 'with extraordinarily
Felinia
hairy legs, each of which appears as large as
the abdomen: typified by F, spissa of India.
G%6ncc 1852
felinity (fe-U'n'i-ti), «. lifeline + My.'] The
feline quality ; the quality of being eat-like iu
manner or disposition.
This idiosyncrasy of his/c/iiii7;/ tormented Bella more
than ever. M. Harland, The Hidden Path, p. 342.
Felis (fe'lis), H. [NL., < L. felis, more commonly
feles (in Varro and Ciceroyi-F/ts in the best maiui-
scripts), a cat ; also applied to a marten, ferret,
polecat; prob. < -v/ */<?, produce, bear young:
see felicity, fecund, fetus.'\ The cats as a ge-
nus; the typical genus of the family Felida;
and subfamily Felince: formerly coextensive
with the family, now nearly the same as the
subfamily, but excluding the lynxes, or still
further restricted. The common wildcat of Europe
is F. catus, but probably not the original of the domestic
varieties. See cut under Felidoe.
felitomlst (fe-lit'o-mist), n. [<.feUtomy + -ist.']
A disseotor of eats. Wilder and Gage.
felitomy (fe-lit'o-mi), n. [< li. felis, a cat, -I-
Gr. To/iT/, a cutting.] The dissection of cats.
Felitomy sliould be the stepping stone to anthropotomy.
WaoUr, New York Med. Jour., Oct., 1879, p. (i.
felk (felk), n. A dialectal variant of felly^.
felll (fel), I', t. [< ME. fellen (pret. felde, feld,
pp. feld), cause to fall, cut down, strike down,
prostrate, destroy, < AS. fellan, fyllan (pret.
felde, fylde, pp. fylled), cause to fall, cut down,
strike down, etc. (= OS. fellian = OFries. fella,
falla = D. vellen = OHG. fellen, MHG. vellen,
G. fallen = Icel. fella = Sw. fdlla = Dan. fcelde,
cause to fall), caus. of feallan, fall: see fall^.]
1. To cause to fall; throw down; cut down;
bring to the ground, either by cutting, as with
ax or sword, or by striking, as with a club or
the fist : as, to fell trees ; to fell an ox ; to fell
an antagonist at fisticuffs.
There cam a schrewde arwe out of the west,
That/«We Roberts pryde.
Jiobyn and Gandelyn (Child's Ballads, V. 40).
Cease your Lamentings, Trojans, for a while,
And fell down Trees to build a Fun'ral Pile.
Conffreve, Iliad.
He ran lx>ldly up to the Philistine, and, at the hrst
throw, struclc on the forehead, and/elted him dead.
Kinffsleij.
He was not armed like those of eastern clime.
Whose heavy axes felled their heathen foe.
J(mes Very, Poems, p. 151.
2. In sewing, to flatten on and sew down level
with the cloth : as, to fell a seam.
Each, taking one end of the shirt on her knee,
Again began working with hearty good-will,
Felling the seams, and whipping the frill.
Barhatn, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 1*26.
3. To' finish the weaving of (a web, or piece of
cloth). [Prov. Eng.]
felll (fel), n. [</e«U, «.] If. A cutting down ;
a felling.
Fir-trees are always planted close together, because of
keeping one another from the violence of the windes ; and
when a fell is made, they leave here and there a grown
tree to preserve the young ones coming up.
Pepye, Diary, II. 73.
2. In sewing, a flat, smooth seam between two
pieces of a fabric, made by laying down the
wider of the two edges left projecting by the
Joining seam over the narrower edge and hem-
ming it down. A French fell is made by doubling in-
ward both edges of the fabric on the line of the joining
seam, and making a second seam through the folds, so as
to hold the edges in.
3. In weaving, the line of termination of a web
in the process of weaving, formed by the last
weft-thread driven up by the lay ; the line to
which the warp is at any instant wefted.
fell2 (fel). Preterit of fain.
felis (fel), H. [< ME. fel, fell, < AS. fel, fell, a
skin, hide, = OS. fel = OFries. fel = D. vel =
OH.Qr.fel, a. fell = I(ie\. ,1jall and fell (only in
comp.) = Sw. fall = Norw. feld, skin, hide, =
Goth. Jill (only in comp. thruts-fill, leprosy) =
L. pellis = Gr. TriXka, a skin, hide. Prom the L.
pellis are derived E. pell, pelfi, peltry, pelisse,
surplice, etc.] 1. The skin or hide of an ani-
mal ; a pelt ; hence, an integument of any kind.
[Obsolete or archaic]
He and alle his kyu at ones
Ben worthy for to brennen, fel and bones.
Chaucer, Troilus, i. 91.
The Chest-nut (next the meat) within
Is cover'd (last) with a soft, slender skin,
Tiiat skin inctos'd in a tough tawny shel.
That shel in-cast in a thick thistly /««.
Sylvetler, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Columnes.
The good years shall devour them, flesh and fell.
SAot., licar, v. 3.
2174
2. A hairy covering ; a head of hair.
The time has been, my senses would have cool'd
To hear a night-shriek ; and my fell of hair
Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir
As life were in 't. Shak., Macbetli, v. .'>.
He spoke in words part heard, in whispers part,
Half-sulTocated iu the hoary /e«
And many-winter'd fleece of throat and chin.
Tennyson, Merlin and \'ivien.
But who is she, woman of northern blood.
With fells of yellow hair ami ruddy looks ?
R. H. Stoddard, Guests of the .State.
fell* (fel), a. [< ME. fel, fell, strong, fierce,
terrible, cruel, angry, < AS. "fel, *felo, only in
comp. wcel-fel (once), bloodthirsty, lit. eager
for slain (applied to a raven), eal-felo, var. «•/-
fa-le (twice), ' very dire ' (applied to poison), =
OD. fel, wrathful, cruel, bad, base, = OFries.
fal (in one uncertain instance) = Dan. /«■/,
disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim. Cf . OP. fel,
cruel, furious, perverse, < OiD.fel. See/e/o«l.]
1. Of a strong and cruel nature ; eager and un-
sparing; grim; fierce; ruthless.
.Sii-s, the knyghtes of the rounde table haue take a-gein
vs a/e(i strif, fTor that thei be greved with oure partye.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 489.
.Sum sail be milde and meke and sum bothfers unAfelL
York Plays, p. 12.
I dui-st, sir,
Fight with the fetlest monster.
Fletcher, Mad Lover, ii, 1.
And near him many a flendish eye
Glared with a fell malignity.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay, p. 48.
2. Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp;
clever : as, a fell cheese ; a fell bodie. [Scotch. ]
And loke thou be wyse &felle.
And therto also that thow gouerne the welle.
Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 13.
Merlyu, that knewe well that these iiij com to inquere
after hym, drough hym towarde oon of the richest of the
company, for that he wiste hym moste/e/i and hasty.
Merlin (E. E, T. S.), i. 30.
Biting Boreas /e/i and doure. Bums, A Winter Night.
fell*t, adv. \_<fell*, a.] Sharply; fiercely.
But tho' she followed him fast audfelt.
No nearer could she get.
Sir Roland (Child's Ballads, I. 22,^).
felis (fel), n. [< ME. fel, fell, < Icel. Jjall, fell
= Sw. Jjdll = Dan. fjceld, a hill. Perhaps con-
nected with field, q. v.] 1 . A hill, especially a
rocky eminence : as, Miekle Fell, Scawfell, and
Scaw/eM Pike, the last the highest mountain in
England proper. [Obsolete, except as retained
in proper names. See scar.] — 2. A stretch of
bare, elevated land; a moor; a down. [Prov.
Eng. (in the Lake district and northwestern
Yorkshire).]
0 he was ridden o'er field and fell,
Through muir and moss, and mony a mire.
Annan Water (Child's Ballads, II. 188).
The night-birds all that hour were still,
But now they are jubilant anew.
From cliff and tower, tu-whoo ! tu-whoo !
Tu-whoo 1 tu-whoo — from wood HnAfell.
Coleridge, Christabel, i.. Conclusion.
He went on until evening shadows and ruddy evening
lights came out upon the wild fells.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xxxiv.
felFt (fel), n. [< L. fel (fell-), gall, bile, fig. bit-
terness, animosity, = E. galfi, q. v.] Gall ; an-
ger; melancholy.
Sweete l^ove, that doth his golden wings embay
In blessed Nectar and pure Pleastires well.
Untroubled of vile feare or hitter fell.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 2.
fell'^t (fel), n. [E. dial.] In mining, one of the
many names of lead ore formerly current in
Derbyshire, England.
fellable (fel'a-bl), a. [< fein + -able.] Capa-
ble of being or fit to be felled. E. Phillips, 1706.
fellah (fel'a), n. ; pi. fellahs, fellaheen (-az, -a-
hen). [Ar.' fellah, pi. felldhin, a plowman, a
peasant ; cf. faldha, agriculture, (.falaha, cleave
(the soil), plow, till.] An Egyptian or Syrian
peasant, laborer, or tiller of the soil. The fellahs
or fellaheen of Egypt, including all the working classes,
but chiefly agricultural laborers, are of mixed Coptic,
Arabian, and Nubian stock, and are socially and politi-
cally degraded. The Turks apply the name contemptu-
ously to all Egyptians.
No impediment was ever placed in the way of . . . [the
soldiers'] going off', sometimes for weeks together — the
fellaheen to look after their crops and harvests, the Bed-
ouins to graze their camels, and their flocks and herds.
J. Darmsteter, The Mahdi, p. 117
The tax-oppressed fellaheen of Egypt still tread out the
wheat witli oxen and grind the straw with the feet of
beasts and with wooden drags.
U. S. Cons. Rep. (1886), No. Ixvil., p. 481.
feller (fel'er), n. 1. One who or that which
fells ; one who hews or knocks down.
fello'w
The flr trees rejoice at thee, and the cedars of Lebanon,
saying. Since thou art laid low, no feller is come up against
us. Isa. xiv, 8.
Short writhen oakes,
I'ntouch'd of any feller's baneful stroakes.
H'. Brotene, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 3.
2. A sawing-, boring-, or chiseling-machine for
cutting down trees ; a felling-machine. — 3. An
attachment to a sewing-machine, for the more
convenient felling of seams.
fellic, fellinic (fel'ik, fe-lin'ik), a. [< L. fel
(.fell-), gall, -I- -!>.] Obtained from bile : as,
fellic oT fellinic acid.
fellick (fel'ik), n. A dialectal variant of felly^.
fellifluous (fe-lif'lo-us), a. [< LL. fellifluu.^,
flowing with gall, < L. fel (fell-), gall, + Jluere,
flow: fiee fluent.] Flowing with gall.
felling-ax (fel'ing-aks), 7). An ax especially
contrived for cutting down trees, as distin-
guished from axes used in lopping, hewing, etc.
felling-inaclline (fel'ing-ma-shen"), n. A ma-
chine for cutting standing timber ; a feller.
felling-sa'W (fel'in^-sa), 71. A long saw used
with steam-power m a felling-machine, or by
hand, for felling trees.
fellinic, a. See fellic.
fell-lurking (feri6r''''king), a. Lurking with a
fell or treacherous purpose.
Call hither to the stake my two brave bears.
That, with the very shaking of their chains.
They may astonish these fell-lurkinrf curs.
Shak., 2_Hen. VI., v. 1.
fellmongert (f ermung'''ger), ». A dealer in fells
or hides. Also felmonger.
So I set out and rode to Ware, this night, in the way
having much discourse with a fellmonger, a quaker, who
told me what a wicked man he had been all his life-time
till within this two years. Pepys, Diary, I. 204.
fellness (fel'nes), n. [< ME. felnes, felnesse,
fierceness, also shrewdness; i fell*: + -ness.]
Cruelty ; fierceness ; ruthlessness.
Then would she inly fret, and grieve, and teare
Her flesh for felnesse, which she inward hid.
Spenser, F. Q., V. xii. 32.
It [his aspect] seemed not to express wrath or hatred,
but a certain hot fellness of purpose, which annihilated
everything but itself. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, viii.
felloei, n. SeefellyK
felloe^t, n. An obsolete spelling of fellow.
fellofft, «. An obsolete dialectal form of felly'^.
In hope to hew out of his bole
The fell'fs, or out parts of a wheele, that compasse in the
whole. Chapman, Iliad, iv.
fellont, «• See/eZo»2.
fellcw (fel'o), n. [Early mod. E. aXsofellowe,
felloe, felowe, feloe ; < ME. felow, felowe, felaw,
felawe, felaghe, felage, etc., a companion, as-
sociate, < Icel. felagi, a companion, partner,
shareholder, ifelag, a partnership, fellowship,
lit. a laying together of property, < fe, property
(= E./cel), + lag, a laying together, fellowship,
companionship, pi. ^03 (orig. *lagn, > AS. lagii,
E. /owl, q. v.), < leggja = E. lay'^, q. v. ' Fel-
low-' in comp. is in ME. usually expressed by
even-; cf. even-christian, etc.] 1. A compan-
ion ; comrade ; mate.
My Felawes and I, with oure somen, we serveden this
Emperour, and w,^ren his Soudyoures.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 220.
This old fader that is my felaw here.
He canne telle that as wele as any wight.
Oenerydes(E. E. T. S.), 1. 134.
I can be a friend to a worthy man, who upon another
account cannot be ray mate or fellow.
Lanib, Imperfect Sympathies.
A shepherd had one favourite dog ; he fed him with his
own hand, and took more care of him than of his fellows.
Sir R. L' Estrange.
2. One of the same kind; one of like character
or qualities ; an equal ; a peer or compeer.
It is impossible that ever Rome
Should breed thy/eHojr. Shak., 3. C, v. 3.
'Tis old dry timber, and such wood has no fellow.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, i. 3.
He's gone, and not left behind him his /eUow. W. Pope.
3. One of a pair; one of two things mated or
fitted to each other ; a mate or match.
My liege, this was my glove ; here is Vn& fellow of it.
■Shak., Hen. V., iv. 8.
Two shoes that were not fellmvs.
Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, p. 46.
4. A masculine mate : applied to beasts.
Heifers . . . are let go to the /«How and breed.
Holland.
5. In a particular sense, a boon companion; a
pleasant, genial associate; a jovial comrade;
a man of easy manners and lively disposition:;
often with the epithet good.
fellow
And than they wente to sitte down all t to-geder as goode
/(*)!«» and trewe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 318.
It was well knowen that Syr Roger had bene a r/ood
/eloe in his yougth. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 62.
Third Shep. Bat hark you,
We must not call him emperor.
Firgl Count. That's all one ;
He is the king of ffood feltoirn ; that s no treason.
Fletcher {and another ?), Prophetess, v. 2.
6. (a) A person in general; an individual:
generally used in friendly familiarity of a-man,
and sometimes humorously of a woman.
Alas, poor Yorick I — I knew him, Horatio ; a fellow of
iuAnite jest, of most excellent fancy. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
Though mine arm should conquer twenty worlds,
There's a lean fellow beats all conquerors.
Dekker, Old Fortunatus.
\ay, he JMr. Swiveller] sometimes rewarded her [Miss
Brass] with a hearty slap on the back, and protested that
she was a devilish ^ood fellow.
Dickeng, Old Curiosity Shop, xxxvi.
(6) A man ; a boy ; one, in the sense of ' a per-
son': in vulgar parlance, commonly applied
by the speaker to himself: as, give a fellow a
chance; don't be hard on b. fellow.
Ef you take a sword an" dror it.
An' go stick 9i feller thru.
[Aiwell, Biglow Papers.
7. A person of trivial or disreputable charac-
ter; a man of no esteem: said in contempt.
Worth makes the Man, the want of it i.\ie fellow.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. -203.
Did Sir Aylnier know
That great pock-pitten fellow had been caught?
Tenny»on, Aylmer'8 Field.
8. In England, an incorporated member of a
college. Hee fellowship, 5 (a).
Tbe transition from the scholar to the fellow is here [in
the King's College statutes) first clearly defined. It is not
until titter a three years' probation, during wUch time it
has been aacertained whether tbe scholar be ingenio. capa-
citate lensos, moribus, conditionibus, et scientia, dignus,
habilia, et Idoneus for further study, that the provoat and
the fellow* are empowered to elect liim one of their num-
ber. MvlUnger, Cambridge from tbe Earliest Times, p. 309.
9. A full member of an incorporated literary
or scientific society.
This ill-farodred fraternity consists of a president and
twelve/eUoim. Steele, Spectator, No. 17.
10. In the United States: (a) One of the trus-
tees or a member of the corporation of some
colleges, (b) The name sometimes given to
the holder of a fellowship. lUsed in composition,
fellow denotes community in nature, station. Interest, or
employment, or mutual association on equal or friendly
terms: as,./'r/^jtr-)Hjarder,/eifau*-clerk,/ettoic-gaest,/efiou'-
passenger, /«//oir-pilgrim, /effoir-prlsoner, /euow^ervant,
/eUou'-sinner,/^//uir-Btudent,/«^/OTr-safferer,/«itot^towns-
raan, /eWow-traveler, felhw-worker. For other examples,
see below. I^Syn. 1. Friend, Companion, etc. See osso-
date.
fellow (fel'o), V. t. [< ME. -/e/aj/en (spelled
velagen), make one's fellow, KfeUtfle, felawe, fel-
low.] it. To make one's fellow; companion
with. — 2. To suit with; pair with; match.
Affection, . . .
With what's unreal thou coactive art,
KoAfeUowet nothing. Shak., W. T., L 2.
Which /effoira him rather with Milton.
The Century, XXVII. 820.
fellow-beln^ (fel-d-be'ing), M. A fellow-crea^
ture ; especially, any member of the human race
•8 compared or contrasted with any other.
We rear partition walls of distinction )>etween ourselves
wii feUow-being: Channing, Perfect Ufe, p. 7a
A personal and individual acquisition, slow to come to
us. and by no habitual and direct sympathy connecting
us with our feUow-beingt.
Fortniohay Bn., N. 8., XUI. 7».
fellow-citizen (fel-o-sit'i-zn), «. One who
shares with another the rights of citizenship
under the same government.
Welcome, /fffotr -ci/imu.
Hollow hearts and empty heaila!
Tennymm, Vision of Sin.
fellow-commoner (fel-6-kom'on-6r), m. 1.
Ont- who lias the same right of common. — 2.
In Caml)ri<ige University, England, one who
dines with the fellows.
fellow-countryman (fel-6-kun'tri-man), n.
One belonging to the same country; a compa-
triot.
This has been censured as an American pleonasm, like
play-actor. Inasmuch as good English usage has conferred
this meaning on the word countryman alone. Still, the
want of a more definite expression has Iteeu felt In Eng-
land as well as in this country ; and the term felUno-
countryman, as distinguished from countryman, rustic, as
the French compatriote and German landsniannareillstln.
gnlshed from paysan and landmann, has long l)een used
In Amcrira, and in England has been adopted and sane,
tioned by such authorltTes as Soutbey and Lord Brougham.
Bartlett.
2175
Yet for us, surely, fellow-countrymen have an especial
interest. Edinburgh Rev., CLXVI, 446.
fellow-craft (fer6*fAft), «. A freemason of
the second rank ; one above an entered appren-
tice and below a master-mason. Simmonds.
fellow-creature (fel-6-kre'tur), n. A produc-
tion of the same Creator ; a sharer of the same
animate existence : applied especially to man-
kind, but also extended to all animate exis-
tences. Also fellow-mortal.
Not a blessing reaches any one of us but by ordinances
which provide for all fellow-creaturee.
Channing, Perfect Ufe, p. 68.
We love him, praise him, just for this :
In every form and feature.
Through wealth and want, through woe and bliss.
He saw his fellow-creature .'
O. IT. Holmes, Burns CentenniaL
fellowesst (fel'o-es), «. [< fellow + -ess.] A
female fellow. Compare fellow, 6.
Who can have patience with such fellows smii fellowegnegf
• Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, III. 117.
Y'our bachelor uncles and maiden aunts are the most
tantalizing fellows and fellorcegseg in the creation.
Miss Bumey, Camilla, ix. 5.
fellow-feel (fel-o-fel'), '■■ t- [Developed from
fellow-feeling.l To have a like feeling -with;
feel sympathy with ; have fellowship in suffer-
ing with. [Kare.]
We should count her a very tender mother which should
I>ear the pain twice and fellow-.feel the infant's strivings
and wrestlings the second time, rather than want the child.
D. Rogers, Naaman, p. 339.
fellow-feeler (fel-6-fe'lfer), n. One who has a
fellow-feeling for another. [Rare.]
Ami not your fellow-feeler, as we may say, in all our
miseries? Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, ill. 5.
fellow-feeling (fel-6-fe'ling), «. A kindred
feeling; feeling or suffering shared with an-
other ; joint interest ; sympathy.
My heart Is wrung with pity and fellow-feeling, when I
reflect what miseries must have been their lot.
Sterne, .Sentimental Journey, p. 39.
A fellow-feeling makes one wondrous kind.
Garrick, Prol. on Quitting the Stage, 1776.
Even your milk-woman and your nursery-maid have a
fellow-fei'linii. Arbuthnot, John Bull.
fellow-generator (fel-6-jen'e-ra-tor), n. In
math., a generator of the same polyhedron from
the same pyramid. Kirk-man.
fellow-heir (fel-o-Sr'), ». A joint heir or co-
heir.
That the Oentlles should he fellowheirs, and of the same
l>ody. Eph. ill. 6.
fellow-helper (fel-6-herp6r), n. A coadjutor;
a companion in labor or effort.
We therefore ought to receive such, that we might l>e
fpttowhelpers to the truth. 3 John 8.
fellowless (fel'o-leg), a. [< fellotc + -less.']
Without a fellow or equal; i>eerle88; match-
less.
Whose well-built walls are rare and fellowless.
Chapman, Iliad, 11. 434.
fellow-like (fel'6-lik), a. [< fellow + like.1
Like a comrade ; companionable ; on equal
terms.
All which good iiArts he graceth with a good fellowlike,
kind, and respeetnil carriage.
R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall.
fellowly (fel'o-li), a. [< ME. felaiclich,feleyly,
feohiitliehe, ete.; < fellow + -Jy*.] Fellow-hke.
[Bare.]
Sytt vp-ryght And honestly,
Ete & drinke^ & be feleyly.
Babees Boot(R. E. T. 8.), p. 21.
We must not he too familiar, too fellowly, too homely
with Ood, here at home, in his house, nor loath to uncover
our head, or bow our knee at his name.
Donne, Sermons, v.
fellow-man (fel-o-man'), n. A fellow-creature
of the human race; humanity in general with
reference to any individual member of it.
fellow-mortal (fel-6-mdr'tal), n. Same as
frllow-rrealiirr.
fellowredt, «• [ME. felawrede, felaurede, etc. ;
< fellow + -red.] 1. Fellowship; company.
But thoa dedyst no (oly dede.
That yi fleshly /elaured«.
MS. Barl., 1701, f. 11. (BaUimtt.)
2. A company.
BIythe was the Crystene/«<au>r«<i«
0(T kyng Richard and off hys dede.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 3137.
fellowship (fel'o-ship), n. [Early mod. E. fel-
owship, etc., < ME. felowship, felatiship, felag-
ship, feliship, etc. (= Icel. felagsskajir = Dan.
Mlesukah, fellowship) j < fellow + -ship.] 1.
^he condition or relation of being a fellow or
associate; mutual association of persons on
fellowship
equal and friendly terms ; communion : as, the
fellowship of the saints ; church fellowship.
Feire frende, come ye and youre felowes with me, and
ye shull be in feliship of these worthi men.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 218.
Here is the Alpha and Omega of all our thought and
action, the basis of our chwcch-fellowship, the authority
for our self-management, the necessity for independence
of the civil power, and the qualification for service.
Contemporary Rev., LIII. 506.
2. The state or condition of sharing in com-
mon; intimate association; joint interest; part-
nership : as, fellowship in loss.
Than seide Petyr to seynt Ion,
" Whi art thou so sory a mori?
Whi wepistou & what Is thee?
VoT felaschip telle thou me."
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 84.
3. A body of fellows or companions ; an asso-
ciation of persons having the same tastes, oc-
cupations, or interests ; a band ; a company ;
a guild: as, the fellowship of civil engineers.
The sorwe of Noe with his felaweship,
Er that he niyghte bringe his wyf to ship.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 363.
Also hyt ys ordened, that alle the ffeleshyppe of the
Bachelerys schall hollen ther ifeste at Synte John-ys day
in harwaste. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 313.
4. In arith., the rule of proportions by which
the accounts of partners in business are ad-
justed, so that each partner may have a share
of gain, or sustain a share of loss, in proportion
to his part of the stock. It proceeds npon the prin-
ciple established in the doctrine of proportion, that the
sum of all the antecedents of any number of equal ratios
is to the sum of all the consequents as any one of th^ an-
tecedents is to its consequent.
5. (o) A station of privilege and emolument
in English colleges which entitles the holder
(called a fellow) to a share in their revenues.
In Oxford and Caml)ridge the fellowships were either
constituted by the original founders of the colleges to
which they belong, or they have been since endowed. In
almost all cases their holders must have taken at least
the first degree of bachelor of arts, or of students in the
civil law. Fellowships vary in value from about £30 to
£250 a year and upward, and they all confer upon their
holders the right to apartments in the college, and cer-
tain privileges as to conmions or meals. Though many
fellowshliw are tenable for life, in general they are for-
feited uiK>n attainment by tlie holder of a certain position
III the church or at the bar. or upon his marriage. In this
last case, however, a fellow may retain his fellowship by a
spei-lal vote of the college. Except in the single case of
Downing College, Cambridge, where graduates of Oxford
and Cambridge are eligible, fellowships are confined to
graduates of the university to which they Iwlong. Many
colleges ntiwconfer honoraryfelluwships towhich no emol-
uments and no share in tlie government of the college are
utached. (b) A scholarship or sum of money
granted for one or more years to a graduate
student to enable him to pursue his studies
either at that college or university or abroad.
The friends of university training can do nothing that
irould forward It more than the founding of post-graduato
felloirships. Lowell, Harvard Anniversary.
Good feUowShlp, companlonableness ; fondness and fit-
ness for social Intercourse ; a festive or sociable dJ8{H>sl*
Uon.
He had by his excessive ^ood/^ffowjAtT) . . . made him-
self popular with all the oflicers of the army.
Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
Rlgbt hand of fellowship, the right hand given In
Installation and onliiiation services by a minister to the
minister about to l>e installed or ordained, in token of the
fellowship of the churches, as practised by some Protes-
tant denominations. It has a very early origin, being prob-
aidy derived in the primitive cliurch (Gal. ii. 9) from a
similar custom among the Persians and ParthlanB(Jew.
Antlq., 18, 9, § 3), who practised it In treaties, as consti-
tuting an Inviolable pledge of fidelity.
When James, Cephas, and John . . . perceived the grace
that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas
the right hands t^f fellowship. Gal. II. 9.
The elder desired of the churches that. If they did ap-
prove them to be a church, they would give them the right
hand of fellow Aiip. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 21,
fellowship (fel'o-ship), v.; pret. and pp./e/tow-
.ihippcd, fipr. fellotc shipping. [< 'iliE.felowshipen,
felaicshipen, etc. (pret. -shipte) (tr. L. ,soeiar«);
< fellowship, «.] I. trans. To have fellowship
with ; admit to fellowship ; associate with as a
fellow or member of the same body ; specifi-
cally, to unite with in doctrine and discipline
as members of the same sect or church.
It [thought] . . . joyneth his weyes with the Sonne
Phebus and felawshipith the wey of the olde colde Sa*
turnis. Chaucer, lioethius, iv. meter 1.
Alle the Israleltis . . . felawshipien hem Selven with
hem In the batayl. Wyclif, I Kl, xiv. 22.
We therefore fellmcship him In taking a course of pre-
paratory studies for the Christian ministry.
Board of Madison Unioersity, Jan. 1, 1840.
n. intrans. To be joined in fellowship.
For that the! felishiped first to-geder, and woued well
t4>-geder longe tyme after of grete love alle the dayes of
her lyf. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), 11. 137.
Wheel.
, felly ; *, spoke ;
, hub.
fellowship
Even the old rug, which was given a new place, . . .
seemed very soon to /ftlowship with its new surroundings.
The Cangreijationalist, July 19, 18S3.
fellow-subject (fel-6-sub'jekt), >i. One who
shares with another the obligations of alle-
giance to the same sovereign.
fellow-wheel (fel-o-hwel'), ». One of a pair of
matched wheels working together.
His invention comprised a portable steam-engine,
ntounted on a framework, mainly supported by a pair of
broad /«HoK^irAMl» behind. Ure, Diet., IV. 3.
fellside (fel'sid), n. The side of a fell or rocky
hill. [Rare.]
In his cold Ijed on the/eif«(/«.
Chrutian Union, July 28, 1887.
fellwaret (fel'wSr), n. [ME.; </eH3 -I- irnreS.]
Skins; furs; hide.
But [he] beggith and borwith of burgeis in tounes
ffurris of IToyne and other ffelU-ican,
And not the better of a bene thou3 they boru euere.
Hichard the Redeless, iii. 150.
felly^.felloei (fel'i, -d), ».; -pX.feUieSjfelloes (-iz,
-oz). [(«) Felly, < ME./e^y, rely, -pi. felien, velion
(for 'velien), later /eiii's. (b) Felloe (prop, spelled
"fellow, liko bellows, gallows, sallow, willow;
etc.), dial, also /eHio*, /e/A", also (early mod. E.)
felloff (with various development of the orig.
terminal guttural) ; < ME. felotc, felowe, earlier
felwe, pi. felwes, felues, once felsyghes ; < AS.
felg (nom. rare, da,t. felge), usually in pl./elga
(,ra.TelyfelgaH),tT.h.cantus{foTcanthus), usually
in pi. caiiti, fellies; = D.
velg = OUGt. felga, MHG.
velge, Gt. felge = Dstu.fa'lge
« D. f ), felly. Ulterior ori-
gin not clear. A similar
duplication of form, with a
differentiation of mean-
ing, appears in belly, bel-
lows.'] The circular rim
of a wheel, into which the
outer ends of the spokes
are inserted; in the plural, the curved pieces of
wood which, joined together by dowel-pins,
form the circumference or circular rim of a
cart- or carriage-wheel, each receiving the end
of at least one spoke.
Break all the spokes &nd fellies from her wheel.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
felly2 (fel'li), adv. [< ME. felly, felli, fellich,
fiercely, cruelly, also shrewdly, < fel, fell*, -t-
-Jy2.] In a fell manner; cruelly; grimly;
fiercely; ruthlessly.
Whan the knyghtes of the rounde table approched the
bataile thei sprongen in a-monge hem zo felly, that thei
bare dowu all that thei niette in her comynge.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 215.
My mind will not let me rest to think upon, and as it
were to see, soro storms like to fall mote felly than any yet
we have felt.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc, 1853), II. 60.
A feeble beast doth felly him oppresse.
Spenser, Sonnets, Ivi.
fellyS (fel'i), V. t. A dialectal variant of falloic^.
felly-auger (fel'i-a'gSr), ». 1. An auger for
boring the holes for the spokes in a felly. — 2.
A hollow auger used for forming the tenons of
a wheel-spoke.
felly-coupling (fel'i-kup'ling), n. A box or
holder for clasping and holding together the
ends of the several pieces that form the rim of
a wheel.
felly-dresser (feri-dres"6r), n. A machine for
finishing the rims of carriage-wheels.
felly-machine (feri-ma-shen"), n. A machine
in which fellies are bent, bored, dressed, planed,
rounded, and sawed.
felly-plate (fel'i-plat), «. A metal plate used
in joining the pieces of a felly.
felmongert, »• See fellmonger.
felnesst, ». See fellness.
felo (fe 16), n. [ML., a traitor, rebel; in old
Eng. law any malefactor punishable with death,
a felon: see /eto»l.] The Middle Latin form
of /etonl. — Felo de se [Eng. Law L., lit. a felon (i. e.,
murderer) of himself], in law, one who commits felony
by suicide, or deliberately destroys his own life, or who,
in maliciously attempting to kill another, causes his own
death.
A man who should content himself witli a single con-
densed enunciation of a perplexed doctrine would he a
madman and a felo-de-se, as respected his reliance upon
that doctrine. De QuiiKeij, Style, i.
felon^ (fel'on), n. and a. [Formerly also fel-
lon; < iiE. felon, felimn, n., a wicked person (ap-
plied to Satan, Herod, a heathen giant, etc.), a
traitor; adj./etoun, wicked, malignant ; < OF.
felon, felun, fellon, a wicked person, a trai-
tor, rebel, adj. traitorous, treacherous, wicked,
malignant, F. felon, n. and adj., = Pr. felon,
2176
felstone
fellon = OSp. fellon = It. fellone, a., wicked,
cruel, inhuman, Mli. fello,felo{n-), a. traitorous,
treacherous, n. a traitor, rebel (iu Eng. law
any malefactor punishable with death : see
felo) ; prop, a noun, < OF. fcl = Vr.fel, wicked,
malignant, treacherous, fell, = It. fello, wicked,
cruel, perfidious, bad. The word thus appears feloniousness (fe-lo'ni-us-nes), n
to be connected with E. felH (in AS. only in actor of being felonious.
eomp. -fel, -felo, -fale), both, it seems, ult. of felonlyt (fel'on-li), adv. [ME., also felonliche;
Celtic origin : of. Gael, feallan, a felon, traitor, < feloii^, a., + -ly^.'] Wickedly ; feloniously.
such as constitutes a crime of the class termed
felonies. Indictments for capital offenses must
state the act to have been done feloniously.
And after that he overthrewe tweyne with tlie tronchon
8o felenoyudy that thei wiste not whethir it was nyght or
day. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 459.
The char-
, V. 3.
, I. 10.
Bret. fanoHJ, treachery; Gael. Bret. ^aH = Ir.
feal, evil; W. and Corn. ,fel, wily (cf. E. fell^
in sense of ' wily, shi-ewd ') ; the ult. verb being
Gael, and Ir. feallaim, I betray, deceive, fail,
cf. Bret, fallaat, impair, render base ; orig.
"sfall- = L. fallere, deceive (> E./art), = Gr.
aipaXKeiv, cause to fall, etc.: see/eH*,/aiA.] I,
n. It. A wicked person ; a cruel, fierce person ;
one guilty of heinous crimes.
Thag [though] the feloun [Lucifer] were so fers for his
fayre wedez *
And his glorious glem [gleam].
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 297.
Ther is a/«?ou» thet heth the tonge more keruinde thanne
rasour. Ayenbite of Inwit (E. E. T. S.), p. (>6.
2. In laio, a person who has committed a fel-
ony. The term is not applicable after legal
punishment has been completed.
I do defy thy conjurations.
And apprehend thee for n. felon here.
Shak., R. and J,
No offendours are hanged there but o\\\y fellone.
Coryat, Crudities,
A felon, whom his country's laws
Have justly doomed for some atrocious cause.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 712.
3t. Felony. Arnold^s Chron.,p.3i.=Byn. 2. Crim.
inal, convict, malefactor, culprit, outlaw.
II. a. 1. Wicked; malignant; malicious;
treacherous ; proceeding from a depraved heart.
Furst my lord was brougt to dede,
Thorw the felun iewes rede.
And now my ladi wil me fro.
Swete lord, now me is woe.
Kin// Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 83.
There was mortall and felon bataile and prete occision
on bothe parties. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 275.
Vain shows of love to vail his felon hate. Pope.
2. Obtained by felony or crime; of goods,
stolen.
Thus he that conquer'd men, and beast most cruell
(Whose greedy pawes with fellon goods were found),
Answer'd Goliah's challenge in a duell.
Fuller, David's Heinous Sin, st. 19.
3t. Wretched; forlorn.
With felon look and face dispitouse
Tiio sodeinly doun from his hors he sterte.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 199.
felon^ (fel'on), re. [Formerly also fellon ; E.
dial, fellon," fellom; < ME. feloun, folon, felun,
felone, glossed by L. carbunciilus, antrax (for
anthrax), appar. a 'malignant' sore, < feloun,
malignant, wicked: see felon^. Cf. ME. gloss,
"heo antrax, a, felun hleyn," -where felun, print-
ed without a comma, may be an adj. (Wright's
A. S. and O. E. Vocab., ed. Wiilcker, p. 791, col.
12).] In med. : (a) An acute and painful in-
flammation of the deeper tissues of the finger
or toe, especially of the distal phalanx, general-
ly seated near the nail ; paronychia; whitlow.
Felone, soore, antrax, carbunculus.
Prompt. Parv., p. 154.
It is neither a rich patrician's shooe that cnretli the
gout in the feet, nor a costly and precious ring that heal-
eth the whitlaw or felon in the fingers.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 120.
(6) A sort of inflammation iu quadrupeds, simi-
lar to whitlow in man.
feloness (fel'on-es), n. [< felon^ + -ess.] A
woman who lias committed felony. [Kare.]
And what was the pitch of Iris mother's yellowness?
How she turned as a shark to snap the spare-rib
Clean olf, sailors say, from a pearl-diving Carib,
When she heard what she called the flight of the feloness.
Browning, Flight of the Duchess.
Yf lie be fer ther-fro ful ofte hath he drede
That fals folke fecche &w&y felonliche hus goiles.
Piers Plowman (C), xiii. 288.
felonOUSt (fel'on-us), a. [Formerly also /e?ton-
ous ; < ME. feionous, < OF. felonos, felenos, felo-
neus, wicked, cruel, < felon, felon: see felon^
and -OMS.] Wicked; felonious.
Thei ben righte /e?ono«se and foule, and of cursed kynde.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 65.
With fellonous despight
And fell intent. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 65.
felonouslyt, a<?i'- l<.'iliE. felonously ; <. feionous
+ -ly^.] Wickedly; traitorously.
Thei of the rounde table hem ledde felonously in the
werse maner. MerliniY.. E. T. S.), iii. 490.
felonry (fel'on-ri), »i. {<. felon + -ry.] Abodv
of felons; a convict population.
From the period when the new community [Port Phillip)
became in any degree organized it seems to have stead-
ily determined upon two things : to claim self-govern-
ment, as we have seen, and to shutout the felonry ol Great
Britain and Ireland. Contemporary Rec, LIII. 14.
felonwood (fel'on-wud), }!. Same as felonioort.
felonwort (fel'on-wert), n. The bittersweet,
Solanum Dulcamara : so called from its use as
a remedy for whitlow.
felony (fel' on-i), re.; pi. felonies (-iz). [Former-
ly also /eHonJe ; < MF. felony, felonie, < OF. /c-
lotiie, fellonie, felenie, felunie, etc., F. felonie,
treason, -wickedness, cruelty, etc.,= 'Pr. fellonia,
felnia, feunia = Sp. Vg.felonia = It. fellonia, <
ML. felonia, treason, treachery (in Eng. law,
any crime punishable with death), < felo{n-), a
felon: see felon'^, «.] If. A wicked, foul, or
treacherous act ; wickedness.
Thei dide it for noon euell ne for no felonye that thei
wolde yow haue don, but pleide with yow.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iiL 572.
In this forest so fer fro peple haste me I-met a-lone, and
so grete fclonyo in the is roted, that thow deynest not me
ones to salue. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 690.
Specifically — 2. Inlaio: (a) At common law, a
crime which occasions the forfeiture of land or
goods, or both, and for which other punishment
may be added according to the degree of guilt.
It thus strictly includes treason, although the
words are often used as opposed to each other.
(ft) A high crime; the highest of the principal
classes into which crimes arc divided by stat-
ute ; a grave crime exceeding the grade of mis-
demeanor. The present meaning of tile word varies in
England, and, in the United States, in various States, for-
feiture of land and goods being abolished. Thus, in New
Yorli and some other States, it includes all crimes punish-
able with death, or with imprisonment in a state-prison.
3+. A body of felons. — Capital felony. See capital
offense, under capital^.— Treason Felony Act, an Englisli
statute of 1848 (11 and 12 Vict., c. 12) extending previous
laws for tlie punishment of offenses against tlie royal fam-
ily or their dignity to Ireland, and declaring other simi-
lar offenses to be felonies.
felsite (fel'sit), «. [F.felsite, < G. fels, rock, or
fels- in felspar, felstone, + -!fe2.] A compact,
very hard rock, almost flinty in texture, made
up of quartz and orthoelase feldspar intimate-
ly mixed. It is a rock of eruptive origin, occurring in
large masses in the older part of the geological series,
from the Silurian up to the Jurassic, in tlie form of bosses
and dikes, or in regular volcanic overflows. Also called
felstone and petrosilex.
felsitic (fel-sit'ik), o. [< felsite + -ic.'\ Of or
pertaining to or containing felsite ; of the na-
ture of felsite.
The gronnd-mass [horneblende-andesite] is frequently
quite crystalline, or shows a small proportion of & felsitic
nature, with microlites and grannies.
Geikie, Encyc. Brit., X. 235.
n. [Irreg. < G. fels, a
A term in lithology
proposed by Vogelsang, and used by him in a
classification of the quartz porphyries into three
divisions, granophyre,feJsoplujrc, auAvilrophyre,
according as the ground-mass is crystalline-
granular, imperfectly individualized (or felsitic,
as he used that term), or glassy.
Same
felonious (fe-16'ni-us), a. [< felony (ML. felo
nia) + -ous.' The older form is feionous, q. v.] felsophyre (fel'so-fir),
1. Malignant; malicious; indicating or pro- rock, + {por)pliyr{y).']
ceeding from a depraved heart or an evil pur- - - —
pose; villainous; traitorous; perfidious: as, a
felonious deed.
O thievish Night,
Why shonldst thou, but for some/e/(wiiows end.
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars?
Milton, Cornus, 1. 190.
2. In law, done with the deliberate purpose of felspar, felspath (fel'spar, -spath), n.
committing a felony — Felonious homicide. See J^** ./'''fS'.'"'- , ,, ..v,;,, t^^'
hiimicidp'2. =Syn. Illeml Iniquitous, etc. Hee criminal. fOlSpathlC, lelSpatHOSe (tel-spatU IK, 161-
feloaiously (fe-16'ni-u8-li), orfe. In a felonious spath-6s), a. Same as feldspathic.
manner; wickedly; with deliberate intent to felstone (fel'ston), n. [< fels-, in felspar, +
commit a -wrongful act, the act being in law stone.'] Same as felsite.
felt
feltl (felt), n. [< ME. felt, < AS. felt = D. vilt
= LG. filt = OHG. MHG. G. fils = Sw. Dan.
tut, felt; hence (< LG.) "HL. feltrum, filtrum, >
It. feltro = Sp. fieltro = Vr.feutre = OF. feutre,
faufre, F. feutre = MGr. dipc?jTpov, felt : see fetter
and filter'^, and of. /exterl.] 1. An unwoven
fabric of short hair or wool, or of wool and fur,
agglutinated or matted together, with the aid
usually of moisture and heat, by rolling, beat-
ing, and pressure. The property of felting results
chiefly from the serrated or jaK?etl structure of wool and
most hairs, as well as from the crimped or wavy form natu-
ral tosome animal tillers. The making of felt is thought to
have orii?inated at a very early date in the western part of
Asia, and the best and most durable felt is still made in
Persia and the neighboring countries. Felt floor-mats an
inchormore thicliandof admirable texture and printed in
rich designs in color are used upon marble and tiled Boors
in Persia. (.See nuj/iu(2.) In Europe, throughout the mid-
dle ages and later, felt was a usual material for hats, and
was also used forstufling or bombasting garments fur both
defense and fashion. Felt is now in general use not only
for hats, but for clothing and upholstery, carpets, table-
covers, and mats, jackets for steam-boilers, etc., and lin-
ing for roofs and walls. Broadcloth and other fulled wool-
en fabrics are partially felted by the process of fulling ;
and the familiar shrinkage of woolen garments in washing
results from an unsought felting, which draws the fibers
of the fabric closer together.
Howbeit, they are of discretion to make/eitet of Camels
haire, wherewith they clothe themselues, and which they
holde against the winde. Ilakiuyl'9 Voyage$t I. 57.
It were a delicate stratagem to shoe
A troop of horse with/rfi. Shak., Lear, ir. 6.
2. A piece of this material; some article of
wearing-apparel made of it; specifically, a hat
made of felted wool.
The most defence they haue against the wether la a
/etle, which ia set against the winde and weather.
Uakluyf) Voyagei, I. 239.
A felt of mg, and a thin threaden cloke.
B. Jtnuon, Alchemist, 1. 1.
Thl» Fellow would have bound me to a ilaker of Felli.
CmypreK, Way of the World, Hi. 15.
The youth with joy unfeigned
Regained tixe/flt, and felt what he regained.
While to the applanding galleries grateful Pat
Made a low bow, and touched the ransomed hat
J. Smith, Rejected Addresses.
3. A thick matted growth of weeds, spreading
by their roots. [Prov. Eug.] — 4t. Fell; skin.
To know whether sheep are sounil or not, see that the
felt l>e lt»o8e. Mortimer, Husbandry.
Adhesive felt See odA«»i«.— Felt carpet, see «ir-
uef.— Unlng.felt. (a) in building, a coarse felt placed
between two layers of botrds or on the inside surface of
a wall, to deaden sound or as a non-conductor of heat.
A coarse heavy paper, often saturated with tar, is much
used for the same purpose. See linino -paper, and tarred
paper, under paver, (b) A fabric made of hair, or asbesto*
and hair, sometimes saturated with a lime cement, used
on steam-pipes and -boilers as a non-conducting covering.
<e> A compound of liquid cement and animal or vegetaUe
flber, applied with a brush for the same purpose.— Paper-
makers' felt, a coarse, twilled, loowly woven material,
neither teazeled nor shorn, used in paper-manufacture to
place between wet sbeeta.— Koollng-felt, a material sim-
ilar to lining-felt, used as a covering for roofs. This ma-
terial Is usually not a true felt, but an agglutination of
hair or other animal fibers, compounded with a prepara-
tion of tar. and rolleil into sheet*. It Is nailed down upon
the roof in overlapping stripe, and is usually coate<l sub-
sequently with tar, or some special heavy pigment having
tar or asphalt as a basis and commonly called cement.
feltl (felt), r. [<ME./e/fen;</e«l,»i.] l.trang.
1. To mat (fibers) together, as in the manu-
facture of felt ; make into felt or something re-
sembling felt.
Bard baked or felted together.
Holland, tr. of Ammlanus Marcelllnus, p. 89.
The/<rf(i«;; of the woolen fibres In the fabric by means
of pressure or friction.
Benedict, Coar-tar Colours (trans.), p. 54.
3. To cover with felt, as the cylinder of a steam-
engine.
n. intran.i. To become felted ; mat together.
felt* (felt). Preterit and past participle otfeefl.
felt-cloth (felt'kldth), n. Cloth made of wool
matted together without weaving ; felt.
felted (fel'ted), 2>. a. Matted together by or
as if by felting; in bot., compoSM of closely
interwoven filaments or hvphie.- Felted tissue,
in fuiiiii, llMue cotnjiosed of dNttrict h>phie liitirwuvcri.
feltert {(eVti-r), r. [< MK.feltri'11, fillrcn. fyl-
tren, mat together like felt, mingle, mix; a
freq. of felten, v., felt, or after OF. feutrer, F.
feutrer = Sp. filtrar = It. feltrare, < ML "
2177
2. .To mingle ; mix.
H. intrans. To mjngle ; associate.
I schal fonde, hi my fayth, to fylter wyth the best,
Er me wont the wedez, with help of my frendez.
Sir Gaicayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 98«.
felt-grain (felt'gran), II. The grain of timber
which splits radially across its annular rings or
plates in the direction of the center. Compare
quarter-grain.
felth (felth), n. A variant of feeltli.
felting (fel'ting), n. [Verbal n. of felt\ r.] 1.
The process by which felt is made. — 2. The
materials of which felt is made. — 3. Felt, in a
general sense : as, a quantity of /eihnjr. — 4. In
carp., the splitting or sawing of timber in the
direction of the felt-grain.
felting-machine (fel'ting-ma-shen'), n. In
much. : (a) A machine for felting or matting to-
gether fibers of wool or fur. This is accomplished
either by passing them between surfaces which subject
them to a rubbing action, or by beating them, as in a full-
ing-mill, (ft) A machine for felting material
into a cloth or web.
feltmaker (felt'ma'ktr), n. One whose occu-
pation is the making of felt.
feltness (felt'nes), n. [< felt^ + -new.] The
quality of being felt or experienced. [Rare.]
The immediate /df/i«s« of a mental state.
W. James, Mind, IX. 1.
feltwork (felt'wferk), n. A network or felting
as of fibers.
• Tlie connective tissue is of the ordinary type, a dense
feltwork of homogeneous and fibrillated fibers, against
and among which lie many nucleated connective tissue
corpuscles.
R. J. U. Gibson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., XXXII. 630.
feltwortt, n. [ME. feltwort, < AS. feltwyrt, the
mullen, < felt, felt, -I- wyrt, wortl.] The mullen,
Verbascum Thapsus: so called from its felty
1 (4 ft Vf^R
felty (fel'ti), a. [< fern + -yi.] KesembUng
felt ; felt-Uke.
A filamentous, /fffi/ mass.
//. C. W,.od, Fresh-Water Alga-, p. 62.
feltvfare, feltyflier, ». Dialectal variants of
fieldfare.
felucca (fe-luk'a), n. [Formerly aXso filuca,
falucco (= F.feibuque = O.felucke, etc.), < It.
felucca, feluca = Sp. falua, faluca = Pg. fa-
lua, < Ar. falAka, < fulk; a ship, < falaka, be
round (Engelinann, Mahn, etc.). J A long, nar-
row vessel, used in the Mediterranean, rigged
with two lateen sails borne on masts which nave
lL.//frore,
felt, < filtrum, feltmm, felt: see /e/fl. Cf. >!/-
ter^.1 I. traiu. 1 . To clot or mat together like
felt; felt; entangle.
His fax and his toretoppe mKsfilterede to-geden.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. 8.), I. 1078.
rtieir feltred hair torn with wrathful hand.
Content (Arlwr's Eng. Oamer, I. 696).
Hit f Hired locks, that on his bosom fell.
On rugged mountains briars and thorns resemble.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasao, It. 7.
137
an inclination forward, and capable of being
propelled also by oars, of which it can carry
from eight to twelve on each side. Feluccas are
seldom decked, but In the stem they have an awning or
little house for shelter. The cutwater terminates in a
long lieak. Feluccas were formerly used for passengers
and despatches where great speed was requir^, but are
now less common than formerly, aiid serve the ordinary
purpose of coasters and flshing-lKWts. Vessels closely
similar in model and rig are used on some of the Swiss
lakes.
1 departed from Malta In a Falueeo of Naples ; rowed
by five, and not twice so big as • wherry ; yet will she for
a space keep way with a galley. Sandy; Travailes, p. 1H3.
We embarqued in tflivea for LIgome [Leghorn).
Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 18, 1644.
Do you see that LI vome8e/«f ticca,
That vessel to the wlndwani yonder,
Running with her gunwale under?
Long/ellow, Golden Legend, v.
felwett, 1. An obsolete form of relvet.
felwort (fel'wtrt), H. [E. dial, (the reg. E.
form would be 'fieldwort^i, < ME. 'fetdwort,
-wi/rt, < AS. feldwj/rt, gentian, < /eM," field, +
iri/rt. wortl.] A name for species of gentian.
felyolet, ». Heefilinle.
fern. An abbreviation ot feminine, 3.
female (fe'mal), «. and a. [< ME. female, an
accora. form, in erroneous imitation of male,
of the correct and more common femele, femel,
femalize
n. and a., < OF. femelle, F. femelle = Pr. femel-
la = Pg. femea, < ML. femella, n., a female, a
woman, L. femella, only in lit. sense, a young
woman (cf . OF. femel, femelle, F. femelle = Pr.
femel = Pg. femeo, < ML. femellus, adj.), dim.
otfemina, a woman, a female (see feme), prob.
< ■/ *fe, bring forth, produce : see fecund, fetus.']
I. n. 1 . A woman ; a human being of the sex
which conceives and brings forth young.
3if thei have ony knave child, thei kepen it a certeyn
tyme, and than senden it to the fadir, . . . and jif it be a
female, thei don away that on (onel pappe.
Mandevilte, Travels, p. 154.
Therefore you, clown, abandon . . . the society . , .
of thi3/em«Ze, which in the common is woman.
Shak., As you Like it, v. 1.
A child of our grandmother Eve, a female ; or, for thy
more sweet understanding, a woman. Shak., L. L. L., i. 1.
By extension — 2. (o) Any animal of the sex
which conceives and brings forth young.
3onder standys rauens thre,
Twa males and o [one] femel.
Seven Sagea (ed. Wright), 1. 3269.
Compare such a bird with a large female of the barn-
owl of Van Dienien's Land. Stand. Nal. Hint., IV. 347.
(6) In bot., a plant which produces fruit; that
plant which bears the pistil and receives the
pollen or fertilizing element of the male plant,
or the analogous organ in cryptogams.
n. a. 1. Pertaining to or concerned with
woman or women ; belonging to or concerning
the human sex which brings forth young.
Who Is this, what thing of sea or land ?
Female of sex it seems,
That so bedeck'd, ornate, and gay.
Comes this way sailing. Milton, S. A., 1. 711.
Behind him walk several of his female relations and
friends. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 62.
By extension — 2. (o) Pertaining to the sex, of
any animal, which brings forth young, (ft) In
bot., pertaining to the kind of plants which
S reduces fruit ; pistU-bearing; pistillate; pro-
ucing pistillate flowers, or, in the case of cryp-
togams, producing the organ analogous to the
pistil, the organ which receives the fertilizing
element of the male plant and produces the sex-
ual spores, (e) Pertaining to or noting some
inanimate object associated or contrasted with
another as its complement or opposite.
Thei [diamonds] growen to gedre, male and femele.
Mandeville, lYavels, p. 168.
The ancients called sapphires male and female, accord-
ing to their colours — the deep coloured or indigo sap-
phire was the male ; the pale blue, approaching the white,
the/emu^. Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., V. 304.
3. Characteristic of a woman; feminine; hence,
weak, womanly, tender, etc.
Boys, with women's voices.
Strive to speak big, and clap fheXr female joints
In stiff unwieldy arms against thy crown.
Shak., Rich. II., ill. 2.
The boy Is fair,
Ot female favour. Shak., As you Like it, iv. S.
Under a spreading Beach they sat.
And pass'd the Time with Female Chat.
Prior, Truth and Falsehood.
If to her share nome female errors fall.
Look on her face, and you'll forget them all.
Pope, R. of the L., 11. 17.
Female center-plate, the truck center-plate of a rail-
road car. - Female flower, fluellen, etc. See the nouns.
— Female joint, the socket or faucet-piece of a sjfigot-
and-taucut folnt. — Female rimes, Uuuule rimes, such as
motion, notion, the final syllable being unaccented : a term
adapted from the French ri»«#«/,'T»iini'n«»(feminlne rimes),
rimes which end with a nuite syllable — that Is, with nuite
or feminine e.— Female screw, a screw cut upon the in-
ward surface of a cylindrical hole in a piece of metal,
wood, or otlier solid substance; a screw like that which
is cut in a nut. = Byn. 1 and 3. Effeminate, Womauieh, etc.
.Hee/ctrti'ni'n^.
femalely (fe'mal-li), adv. Suitably for a woman.
Before the door . . . stand many horses, malely and
femalely saddled.
R. Rroughton, Cometh up as a Flower, xviii.
femalistt (fe'ma-list), n. [< female + -ist.'\ One
devoted to the female sex ; a courter of women ;
a gallant.
Courting her smoothly, like nfemallint.
Marnton, Insatiate Countess, !v.
feniality(fe-mari-ti), n. {<, female + -ity. Cf.
OF. femeleie.'] 'fh.e character or state of being
female ; female nature.
\o doubt but he thought he was obliging me, and that
my objection was all owing to femality, as he calls it.
Richardson, .Sir Charles Grandison, VI. 154.
More native is it to her ... to inspire and receive the
IKiem, than to create it. . . . Such may be the especially
femiidne element spoken of as Femality.
.Vary. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 115.
femalizet (fe'ma-liz), v. t. [< female + -«',-;«.]
To make female or feminine; express as femi-
nine.
femalize
And when they consider, besides this, the very formation
of the word Kon'oi*oi)fAo<rvi'>j upon the model of the other /<f-
maiiz'd virtues, the Evyvtafioavvr}, ^utiitpotrvvrt, AtKatoavvri,
&c. they will no longer hesitate on this interpretation.
' Sha/lMtnirif, Freedom of Wit and Humour, iii.
"Femnldfd Christian names " used to be far more com-
mon than they are now. -V. and Q., 7th ser., III. 178.
feme, femme (fern; F. pron. fam), n. [OF. feme,
femme, F. femnw = Pr. fomm = Sp. hembra,
fembra = It. femina, femmina, < L. femina, wo-
man: seQ female.'] A woman — Baron and feme.
See iwron, 3.— Feme covert, a married woman, who is
considered as being under the influence and protection of
her husband. Also called corer(.6oron.— Feme sole, in
law: (n) An unmarried woman, whether a spinster or a
widow. (6) A married woman who with respect to prop-
erty is as independent of her husband as if she were un-
married.
femerel (fem'e-rel), 11. [Also written femereU
and fomercU; i F. as if 'femerelle for *fumerelle
(as F. fumier, dung, a dungliiU, for OF. femler),
< funier, smoke, < L. fumare: see fume.] In
arch., a lantern, dome, or cover placed on the
roof of a kitchen, hall, etc., for the purpose of
ventilation or for the escape of smoke. Also
fumerell.
femicide (fem'i-sid), n. [For "feminicide, < L.
femina, a woman, + -oidium, killing, < cwdere,
kill.] The killing of a woman. Wharton.
feminacy (fem'i-na-si), n. [< femina{te) + -eij.]
Female nature ; feminality. BuJwer. [Rare.]
feminal (fem'i-nal), a. [< L. femina, woman, +
-ah] Female ; belonging to a woman. [Rare.]
For wealth or fame, or honour /eminai.
West, Abuse of Travelling.
feminality (fem-i-narj-tOi »• [^ feminal +
-ity.] The state of being female; female na-
ture.
So if in the minority of natural vigour, the partsof /eini-
nality talte place ; when upon the encrease or giowth
thereof the masculine appear, the first design of nature is
atchieved, and those parts are after maintained.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 17.
feminatet (fem'i-nat), o. [< L. feminatus, made
womanish, </e»(t«a, woman: Bee female.] Fem-
inine; female.
A nation warlike, and inured to practice
Of policy and labour, cannot brook
A/eminate authority. Fctrd, Broken Heart.
femineity (fem-i-ne'i-ti), n. [= Sp. feminei-
dad, < L. as if *femineita(t-)s, < femineus, wo-
manly, feminine, K femina, a, woman: see fe-
male.] Female nature ; feminality. Coleridge.
[Rare.]
feminine (fem'i-nin), a. and n. [< ME. femi-
nine, -yne, -yn, < OF. feminin, F.feminin = Pr.
femenin, feminin = Sp. femenino = Pg. femi-
nino = It. femminino, < L. femininus, feminine
(only in the grammatical sense), < femina, a
woman, female : see female.] I, a. 1. Pertain-
ing to a woman or to women, or to the (human)
female se.x ; having the distinguishing char-
acters or nature of that sex; having qualities
especially characteristic of woman.
A ioxi\ feminine saluteth us. Shale, L. L. L,, iv. 2.
Of which Manly foeminine people [Amazons] ancient
Authours disagree. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 319.
Her heavenly form
Angelic, but more soft, and feminine.
Milton, P. L., ix. 458.
Her [Elizabeth ViUers'sJ letters are remarkably deficient
in feminine ease and grace. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx.
The virtues specially commended to the respect and
Imitation of the faithful in the canonized saints of the
Boman Calendar are mostly of the passive and ascetic, or,
as it is sometimes termed, of the feminine type.
H. !f. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 35.
2. Effeminate ; destitute of manly qualities.
Ninus was no man of war at all, but altogether./'emintne.
Raleiyh, Hist. World.
3. In gram., of the gender or classification un-
der which are included words which apply to fe-
males only : said of words or terminations. The
feminine form is often indicated by a change in the ter-
mination of the masculine word or corresponding termina-
tion, or by a special snfBx : thus, in Latin, dominus, a lord,
- Isma-sculine; hut domtna, a mistress, is feminine. Aljbre-
Tiated/em.— Feminine cesura. See cc«tra.— Feminine
number, an even nnniber. — Feminine rime, a rime l)e-
tween words each of which terminates in an unaccented
syllable or syllables, as between very and merry, or l)e-
tween verily and merrily. See n/nei.— Feminine sign
of the zodiac, in astrol., one of the even signs, the 2d, 4th,
6th, etc. =Syn. Female, Feminine, Effeminate,Womanish,
Womanly, Ladylike ; soft, tender, delicate. Female ap-
plies to women and their apparel, to the corresponding
sex in animals, and by figure to some Inanimate things ;
feminine, to women and their attributes, to the second
grammatical gender; effeminate, only to men. Female
applies to that which distinctively belongs to woman ;
feminine, commonly, to the softer, more delicate or grace-
ful qualities of woman, the qualities being always natural
and commendable : as, feminine grace ; effeminate, to qual-
ities which, though they might be proper and becoming
in a woman, are unmanly and weak in a man ; icomanish,
to that which is weak in woman, or weakly like women In
2178
men : as, rcomanish tears ; womanly, to that which is nobly
becoming in a woman ; ladylike, to tliat which is reflned
and well-bred in woman. See masculitu.
The circle rounded under fe7iuile hands.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
The change from the heroic to the saintly ideal, from the
ideal of Paganism to the ideal of Christianity, was a change
"" ' ntially male to one '" '
essentially /emmin*;. Lecky, Europ. Mor
A woman impudent and mannish grown
Is not more loath'd than an effeminate man.
Shak., T. and C, iii.
femur
The qwene otfemyne that freike so faithfully louyt,
More he sat in hir soule than hir-selfe ay.
Destrtiction of Troy CE. E. T. S.), 1. 6669;
femme, ». See /f me.
femme-de-chambre (fam'dfi-shon'br), «. [F.
femme de chambre : see feme covert, under feme,
and chamber.] A chambermaid ; a lady's-maid.
from a type which was essentially male to one which was J"-"" ""* - , . j-
essentiallv feminine. Lecky. Europ. Morals, II. 383. femora, n. Latm plural ot femul
femoral (fem'9-ral), a. [=F./<;'»iorai = Sp. Pg.
femoral = It.' femorale, < ML. femoralis, < L.
femur, thigh: see femur.] 1. Of or pertaining
to the thigh.
3.
In what a shadow, or deep pit of darkness.
Doth womanish and fearful Mankind live !
Webster, Duchess of Malfl, v. 5.
So womanly, so benigne, and so meke.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 243.
n. n. A female ; the female sex. [Obsolete
or humorous.]
They guide the feminines [female elephants) towards
the pallace. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. i. 236.
Shall I become— or dares your master think I will be-
come—or if I would become, presumes your master to
hope I would become one of his common feminines ?
Marston, The Fawn, iv. 1.
And not fill the world at once
With men, as angels, without /emiiitn«.
Milton, P. L., X. 893.
femininely (fem'i-nin-li), adv. In a feminine
manner; as or like a woman.
Femininely fair and dissolutely pale.
Her suitor . . . enter'd. Tennyson, Geraint.
feminineness (fem'i-nin-nes), n. The quality
of being feminine ; femininity.
She had been herself touched with a diviner feminine-
ness, her own sister self, a thought more angelic.
T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, xvii.
femininity (fem-i-nin'j-ti), n. [< ME. femi-
ninitee (also contr. feminite : see feminity) = F.
fSmininite = Pg. femininidad, < L. femininus,
feminine: see/e»)»«Mie and -»*»/.] 1. The char-
acter or state of being feminine ; female na-
ture ; womanliness. [Bare.]
O sowdanese, ...
O serpent under feinininitee [var. feminite].
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 262.
Margaret made excuses all so reasonable that Catherine
rejected them with calm contempt; to her mind they
lacked femininity. C. Reade, Cloister and Hearth, Ixxvi.
2. Womanhood ; women collectively.
The scenes and experiences described are new and fas-
cinating and refreshing, as much so as pure soul after
long travail with dirty humanity ; as . . . after boarding
and Broadway /emt7itni(y. S. Bowles, in Merriam, I. 336.
feminismt (fem'i-nizm), n. [< L. femina, wo-
man, -I- -ism.] The qualities of females.
feminityt (fe-min'i-ti), n. [< ME. feminite,
femynyte, < t)F. feminite, femminite; contr. of
femininitee: see femininity.] 1. The qualities
becoming a woman ; womanliness.
Hither great Venus brought this infant fayi-e.
The yonger daughter of Chrysogonee,
And unto Psyche with great trust and care
Committed her, yfostered to bee
And trained up in trevf feminitee.
Spenser, F. Q., III. vi. 61.
2. Effeminacy.
Symptoms ot feminity in the Church of Rome,
Dr. H. More, Epistles to the Seven Churches, vi.
feminization (fem"i-ni-za'shon), n. [< femi-
nise + -ation.] A rendering or becoming femi-
nine. [Bare.]
"Tosave it [the male sex] from what?" she asked. " From
the most d&mnAble feminization .' "
H. James, Jr., The Century, XXXI. 87.
feminize (fem'i-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. femi-
nized, -ppr. feminizing. [< Jj. femina, woman, -I-
-ize.] To make feminine or womanish. [Bare.]
The serpent said to the feminized Adam, why are you
BO demure?
Dr. H. More, Conjectura Cabbalistica (1663), p. 46.
feminonuclear (fem'i-no-nli'kle-ar), a. Per-
taining to a feminonucleus. [Bare.]
feminonuclens (fem"i-no-nu'kle-us), ». ; pi.
feminonudei (-i). [NL., < L. femina, female,
-1- nucleus, nucleus.] In embryol., the female
nucleus; the female as distinguished from the
male product of an original undifferentiated
generative nucleus when this has become bi-
sexed. [Bare.]
We propose ... to call the original undifferentiated
generative body the nucleus, and its products respective-
ly the male or masculonucleus, and the female or femi-
nonucleus, reserving the name of spermatozoa and polar
globules for the products of the division of the masculo-
nucleus. Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIII. 64.
feminyet, «• [ME., a\so femenye, < OF. feminie,
femenie, femmenie, < feme, woman : see female.]
Women collectively ; especially, the Amazons.
He conquerede al the regno of Femenye,
That whilom was icleped Cithea.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, \. 8.
Flibbertigibbet, who lay perdue behind him, thrust a pin
into the rear of the short /emoj-ai garment which weelse-
where described. Scott, Kenilworth, xxx.
2. Pertaining to the femur or thigh-bone : as,
the femoral condyles. — 3. In entom., pertain-
ing to or on the third joint of an insect's leg:
as, a. femoral spine Femoral artery, the main ar-
tery of the hind limb, from the end of the external iliac
artery to the beginning of the popliteal, or from the crural
arch to the canal through the adductor magnus muscle.
In man this artery lies in a triangxilar space, called Scar-
pa's trienigle, bounded above Ijy the crural arch, externally
iby the sartorius, and internally by the adductor longus,
and having the femoral vein on the inner and the anterior
crural nerves on the outer side. Its principal branch is
the profunda femoris, also called the deep femoral artery.
— Femoral canal, (a) Tlie crural caiml. {b) Hunter's
canal. See canafi.— Femoral falcon. See falcon.—
Femoral hernia. See Aerni'a.— Femoral pores. Same
as crural pores (which see, under crural). — Femoral ring,
the inner or abdominal opening of the femoral slu'iitli, t)e-
neath the crural arch.— Femoral sheath, tlie geneial
fascial investment of the principal femoral vessels. — Fem-
oral vein, the principal vein of the thigh, the continua-
tion of the popliteal vein, receiving the intenial saphe-
nous vein and ending at the crural arch in the external
iliac vein.
femorocandal (fem''''o-r6-ka'dal), a. [< L. fe-
mur (femor-), tliigh, -f cauda, tail, + -al.] Per-
taining to the thigh and to the tail : applied to
certain muscles attached to the femur and to
caudal vertebrae. Also femorococcygeal.
femorocele (fem'o-ro-sel), n. [< li. femur (fe-
mor-), thigh, -I- (Jr. 'Krilr/, tumor.] In pathol.,
femoral hernia. See hernia.
femorococcygeal (fem'''o-r6-kok-sij'e-al), a.
[< femorococcygeus + -al.] Same as femoro-
candal.
femorococcygeus (fem''''9-r6-kok-sij'e-us), «. ;
pi. femorococeygei (-i). [NL., < L. femur (fe-
mor-) + >fL. coccygeus, q. v.] A muscle con-
necting the femur with the caudal vertebwe of
some animals.
femorotibial (fem''6-r6-tib'i-al), a. [< h. femur
(femor-), thigh, + tibia, tibia, + -al.] In en-
tom., situated between or common to the femur
and tibia of an insect's leg: as, the fetnorotibial
articulation.
femur (fe'mer), n. ; pi. femurs or femora (W-
m6rz, fem'6-ra). [L., rare notp. femus and/e-
men (stem femor- and femin-), the thigh.] \.
The thigh.— 2. In anat., the thigh-bone; the
single long bone which extends along the thigh
fi-om the hip-joint to the knee-joint, articulat-
ing above with the pelvis, and below with the
tibia, or the tibia and fibula. The human femur is
the longest and largest bone in the body, having a nearly
straight subcylindric shaft with a rough ridge, the linea
ere tc
Fig. I.
Fig. 1. Anterior View
cc
Fig. ».
V of Human Right Feirnir. fc, external condyle;
^^«, 'external tuberosity : ic, internal condyle ; itu, internal tuberosi-
ty; //r. lesser trochanter ; ^/r, great trochanter ; A, head; «, neck.
Fig. z. Posterior View of Left Femur of a Horse, h, head ; gtr, great
trochanter ; ttr, third trochanter : Itr, lesser trochanter ; /.pit for
round ligament ; it/, intertrochanteric fossa ; d, a depressio- —
fossa; etu, itu, external and internal tuberosities;
dyles.
, the two con-
femur
Aspen, along iU posterior surface, bearing upon it:: upper
extremity, by an oblique neck, a hemispherical head, and
two trochanters, the greater and the lesser, andexpandin;;
below into two large condyles, the inner and the outer,
both of which articulate with the tibia, but neither with
the tlbula. The slenderness of the Ijone is beyond an
average for mammals, though in some it is still slenderer.
Many femora, as of the horse, develop a third trochanter,
and also may articulate with both lx)nea of the leg. The
reception of the head of tlie femur in the acetabulum is
such that it articulates aljove with all three of the pelvic
bones, the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. In birds the
greater trochanter abuts against the ilium, and thus en-
ters into the formation of the liip-joint. See also cuts
under dvfitiffrade, Dromams, and Ichthyogauria.
3. In entom., the thigh ; the third joint of the
leg, between the trochanter and the shank or
tibia. See cut under corbiculum. — 4t. In arch.,
the interstitial member between two channels
In the triglyph of the Doric order.
fen^ (fen), H. [< ME. fen, fenne, a fen, marsh,
bog, mud, < AS. fen, fenn, rarely spelled /cen,
fcenn, a fen, marsh, bog, mud, = OFries./e«nc,
fene = D. reen = OUG.fenni. G. fenne = Icel.
fen, a fen, bog, = Goth, fani, mud. Perhaps
akin to Gr. irivof , dirt, tilth ; or to Gr. t^/.o^ =
L. paUis, a marsh: see poo/1.] x. Low land
covered wholly or partially with water, but pro-
ducing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic
plants; boggy land; a bog; a marsh: as, the
bogs in Ireland, or the fens in Lincolushirei
Kent, and Cambridgeshire, England.
A long canal the muddy /en divides. Addiion.
In the dark /ens o! the Dismal Swamp
The hunted negro lay.
Lons/ellow, Dismal Swamp.
8. Mud ; mire. [Prov. Eng.]
Thanne her IkhHcs in the /en liggen,
Thaiine schuleii her suulis be in drede.
Uymnt to Virr/in, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 26.
His hosen . . .
Al beslombred in /en, as he the plow folwed ;
Twey myteynes, as mete, maad all of cloutes :
The fyngers weren for-werd, <fe ful of fen honged.
Pien Plowman t Crede (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 427.
3. A disease affecting hops, caused by a quick-
KTOwing moss or mold. Imp. Dict.^^SjzL 1.
avamp, etc. See margh.
ten.^(teu),v.t. [A corruption of /enrfi.] To for-
bid : game as fend^ : used in this form by boys
in marbles and other games, in an exclamatory
way, to check or block, according to under-
stood rules, some move of an opposing player.
It occurs in such phrases as "/r» rounufngs ! " — that is, I
forbid moving around in a circle (as a player miglit other-
wise do in onicr to avoid some obstruction), "/"i dubs I " —
that is, I forbid dout>les (said when a player knocks two
marbles out of the ring, one of which must then be put
back). The phrase is properly used only by the opposmg
Slayer, but through ignorance of its real meaning it may
e used also by the player who knocks the marbles out,
who thereby cuts off the opponents right to object, and
pockets both marbles.
"Go before me, and show me all those dreadful
places." ... "I am Hy," says Jo. "But/en larks, you
know. Stow hooking it ! " Diekeng, Bleak House, xvi.
fen^, 1. [ME., < Ax. fenn, art.] A section in
the work of the Arabic physician Avicenna,
called the Canon.
I suppose that Avicen
Wroot never In no canon, ne In no /en.
Mo wonder signes of empoisoning.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, I. 428.
fenauncet, n. An obsolete form ol finance.
fenberry (fen'ber'i), n.; pi. fenberries (-iz).
Ttie cninbernr, Faceinium Oxycoceua.
fen-boat (fen bot), n. A kind of boat nsed on
fens or marshes.
fence (fens), n. [< ME. fence, fens, fense, de-
fense, guard, an inclosing wall, etc., for de-
fense; an abbr., by apheresis, of defense, de-
fence, as fenrfl, q. v., for defend.^ 1. That which
fends off; anything that restrains entrance, or
defends from attack, approach, or injury ; de-
fense; guard.
Let us be back'd with God, and with the seas,
Which he hath given ior/etwe impregnable.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
In which (grottos], at this time, many families live In
winter, and drive their cattle into them by night, as a
/race both against the weather and wild beasts.
Pocoeke, Description of the East, II. L 48.
I wanted uo/en« against fraud or oppression.
Swi/t, Oulllver's Travels, Iv. 10.
Our own eiperience has taught ns. nevertheless, that
additional /eneet against these dangers ought not to he
omitted. D. Wtbmer, Speech, March 10, 1828.
He hath no/ence when Gardiner questions him;
All Dozcs out. Tennytm\, Queen Mary, I. 4.
2. An inclosure round a yard, field, or other
tract of ground, or round or along the sides of
Kaj open space, as part of a large room, a
bridge, etc. .specifically, a fence f.irl.iud is understood,
especially In the I'nited States, to lie ii line of posts and
nils or wire, or of boards or pickets ; l>ut the term is ap-
2179
plicable to a wall, hedge, ditch or trench, bank, or any-
thing that serves to guard against unrestricted ingress and
egress, to obstruct the view, or merely as a tangible divid-
ing line. By American attrtntes, boundary-fences between
adjoining owners are usually required to be 4 feet high
(in some States 4J), and in good repair, and to consist
of a suitable structure, or to be a watercourae or other
barrier wliich the fence-viewei-s having jurisdiction siiall
deem sutticient.
There is an innumerable multitude of very handsome
bridges, all of a single arch, and without any /ence on
either side, which would be a great inconvenience to a
city less Bol)er than Venice.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 388.
Never peep beyond the thorny bound
Or oaken/ence that hems the paddock round.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 583.
Like three horses that have broken /ence,
And glutted all night long breast-deep in corn.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Some horses, good performers over any other description
ot/enee, will not jump water under any circumstances.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 197.
3. A guard, guide, or gage designed to regulate
or restrict the movement of a tool or machine.
— 4. An arm or a projection in a lock which
enters the gates of the tumblers when they are
adjusted in proper position and coincidence,
and at other times prevents such movement of
the dog or other obstructing member as would
allow the bolt to be retracted. E. H. Knight.
— 5. The arm of the hammer-spring of a gun-
lock. E. H. Knight— Q. The art of self-de-
fense, especially by the sword; fencing; skill
in fencing or sword-play; hence, skill in ar-
gument and repartee, especially adroitness in
defending one's position and bafUng an oppo-
nent's attacks.
I bniisefl my shin the other day with playing at sword
and dagger with a master ot/enee.
Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.
Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetorick.
That hath so well been tauglit her dazzling /<pn«.
Milton, Comus, I. 791.
7. Apurehaser or receiver of stolen goods; the
keeper of a place for the purchase or reception
of stolen goods, or the place itself.
What have you got to say for yourself, you withered old
/ence, eh ? Dicktnt, Oliver Twist, xxxix.
The landlady of the "Three Rooks" was a notorions
/ence, or banker of thieves. Thackeray, Catharine, vii.
8. An inclosure in which fish are dried, cured,
and prepared — cap of fence. See copi.— Coat of
fence, -seeronri.— Doublet of fencet. 9xe doublet.—
Oun fence, a fence Imilt of i-ail.s. vvitti one end resting upon
the grounil, the other snpiM)rted l>y two crossed stakes. —
RlnjT fence, a fence wliich encircles unlirokeidy a large
area, as tliat of a whole estate.— Snake fence, a fence
made of split rails lai<i zigzag, with the ends resting on each
other, and often supported by rough posts in pairs driven
slantingly into the ground. Also called ttake-and-rider
.fence, yirtfinia rail /e nee, vonn /ence. [U. S.J — Sunk
fence, a fence built in an artlllclal or natural depression
of the ground, as a ditch or a watercourse, so that it does
not project above the general surface.
They Irooks) flew over the lawn and grounds to alight
in a great meadow, from which these were separated by a
nink/ence. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xi.
To be on tbe fence, to be uncertain or undecided (as if
astride of a fence, hesitating on which side to descend),
aa between two opinions ; be neutral or undecided, as be-
tween parties or persons. | IT. S. |
Every fool knows that a man represents
N'ot the fellers that sent him, but them on (X« /race-
Impartially ready to Jump either side.
And make the lint use of a turn o' the tide.
Lotrell, Biglow Papers, 1st ser, iv.
Wire fence, a fence made of parallel strands of wire,
generally galvanized, attached to posts placed at suitable
distances, and tightened. Wire fences have to a large ex-
tent supersedetl tile more cumbrous forms formerly in use.
.See barbed ttire, under tiarhed^.
fence (fens), v. ; pret. and pp. fenced, ppr. fen-
cing. K ilE. fencen, fensen ; abbr. of defense,
q. v.] 1, trans. 1. To defend; guard; hem in.
The Chinese have no Hats, Caps, or Turbans ; but when
they walk abroad, they carry a small I ndjrcllo in their
Hands, wherewith they/«nc« their Head from tlie Sun or
the Bain, by holding it over their Heads.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 407.
The man that utter'd this
Had perish'd without food, be 't who it will,
But for this arm, that/«ic'd him from the foe.
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, Iv. 2.
The crew of each vessel made themselves a cabin of
tnrf and wood, at some distance from each other, to /ence
themselves against the inclemencies of the weather.
Addi$on, Frozen Words.
8. To obstruct approach to; divide off.
Nation \, fenced from nation without pity.
That all might wend toward Babylon alone.
C. De Kay, Vision of Nimrod, 11.
3. To inclose with a fence, as a wall, hedge,
railing, or anything that prevents or might
prevent entry, or egress ; secure by an inclo-
Bore.
fence-time
The derge don, the prelates and pontificialles to Fena
the Corps within the rayles.
Booke 0/ Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 34.
Fii-st for your bees a proper station find.
That's /eiiced about, and sheltered from the wind.
Addison, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv,
4. To parry or thrust aside as if by fencing:
with off.
Reasoning of a very similar character is, however, near-
ly as common now as it was in his [Descartes's] time, and
does duty largely as a means of /encinij off disagreeable
conclusions. J, S. Still, Logic, V. iii. § 8.
To fence the court, in anc. Scots law, to open the par-
liament or a court of law by a set form of words.
They wunna/«ice the court as they do at the circuit.
The High Court of Judiciary is &ye/enced.
Scott, Heart of Alid-Lothian, xxi.
To fence the tables, in the churches of Scotland, to de-
liver a solemn address to communicants at the Lord's
table immediately before the communion, on the feelings
appropriate to the occasion, and tlie danger incurred by
partaking of the elements unworthily. The address also
pointed out those who were debarred from partaking of
the sacrament ; hence it was formerly called debarring.
Thereafter, he/ence^A and openeth the tables.
Pardovan, p. 140. (Jamieson.)
n. intrans. 1. To raise a fence; provide a
guard.
He [man] hath no way to /ence against guilty reflections
but by stopping up all the avenues at which they might
enter. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xvi.
This evil had been sufficiently /enced against by the
Yorick family. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, i. 11.
2. To practise the art of fencing; use a sword
or foil for the purpose of self--defense, or of
learning the art of attack and defense.
We give some Latin, and a smatch of Greek,
Teach him to /ence and figure twice a-week.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 366.
3. To fight and defend by giving and avoiding
blows or thrusts.
They /«nc« and push, and pushing, loudly roar.
Their dewlaps and their sitles are bathed in gore.
Dryden.
4. Figjiratively, to parry arguments or strive
by equivocation to baffle an examiner and con-
ceal the truth, as a dishonest witness. — 6. To
deposit stolen property. [Slang.]
Old Bill had been /enciny with an ohi bloak in (New]
York. . . . (Constable) Hays went instantly to the old
bloak's place, and recovered a large amount of stolen
property. Philadelphia Press, Dec. 30, 1869.
fenceful (fens'ful), o. [< fence + -ful.1 Afford-
ing defense.
Taught Artists first the carving Tool to wield,
Chariots with Brass to arm, and form %\ie .fence/ul Shield.
Conyreve, Hymn to Venus.
fenceless (fens'les), a. [< fence + -less.'] With-
out a fence ; uninclosed ; defenseless ; unguard-
ed; open: as, the /ence/e«s ocean.
This now /eticetess world
Forfeit to Death. Milton, P. L., x. 303.
fence-lizard (fens'Iiz'ard), n. The common
small lizard or swift of the United States, Sce-
lonoriis itndulatus, one of the few found in the
Northern and Middle States. It is 5 to 7 inches long,
of moderately stout form, with long, slender, fragile tail,
above of some variable dark color, witli waved darker
bands, the throat and sides of the belly of the male bril-
liant blue and black.
fence-month (fens'munth), n. A time during
wliich liunting in a forest is prohibited: origi-
nally applied to the fawning-time of deer, from
about the middle of June to the middle of July.
Also drfcnse-month. [Eng.]
fence-play (fens'pla), n. Fencing.
I'hose who go to Paris Garden, the Bell Savage, or The-
atre, to behold l)ear.baitlng, enterludes, or /ence-play,
must not account of any pleasant spectacle, unless flrst
they pay one pennie at the gate, another at the entrie of
the scaffold, and a third for (piiet standing.
Lambarde, i'erambulation of Kent, q^uoted in Strutt's
[Sjiorts and Pastimes, p. 349.
fencer (fen'sfer), n. l<fence,v., + -er^. In 2d
8en8e</e»ice, n.,2, + -erl.] 1. One who fences;
one who teaches or practises the art of fencing
with sword or foil.
The Precentor in the Synagogue taketh a bundle of
boughs, and blesseth and shaketh them, . . . and moueth
them three times to tlio East, and as often to the West,
and to the N. and S. and then vp and downe like a Fencer,
and then shaketh them againe, as lianing now put the
Deuill to flight. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 207.
2. A horse good at leaping fences or other ob-
structions: said generally of a hunter.
fence-rooft (fens'rof ), n. A roof or covering in-
tended as a defense.
The Romans . . . having set their flanks tliicke thrust
together, and fitted their siiieids close one to another in
manner of a/ence-rott/e, stood their ground and resisted.
Holland, tr. of Animianus, 1609.
fence-time (fens'tim), n. Same as close-time,
[Eng.]
fence- viewer
fence-viewer (fens' vu'6r), h. An officer, or one
of a board of officers, whose duty it is to require
and supervise the erection and maintenance
of boundary-fences between adjoining owners,
of along the highway, when called upon to do
so b}' any party in interest. [U. S.]
Ill l&t7,/*nce vietcfrs were appointed, by whom, in ad-
dition to other duties, every new building had to be ap-
proved. Johns Hopkins (7niv, Stud., IV. 20.
fendble (fen'si-bl), a. and »i. [Also written /ph-
sible and fensable ; < fence + -ible; or, in other
words, an abbr. of rfe/eM«i6/e.] I. a. 1. Capable
of being defended or of making defense.
A i*oade . . . made very /eH.<i6i(^ with strong wals.
Haktut/Vs Voyages, 11. 132.
First she them led up to the Castle wall.
That was so high as foe nuKht not it clime,
And all so faire and feiunble withall.
Spenser, F. Q., II. i.\. 21.
Jjetfencible men, each party in its own range of streets,
keep watch and wai'd all night.
Cartyle, French Rev., I. v. 4.
2. Pertaining to or composed of fencibles.
The feiiciltle corps were a species of militia, raised for
the defense of particular districts, from which several of
them could not by the conditions of their institution be
detached. The first were raised in Argyleshire, in 1769.
Grose, Mil. Antiq., p. 164.
Fencible cavalry, formerly, in England, a mounted corps
of fencibles. They seem to have corresponded to the body
afterward called yeomanry.
n. "■ A soldier enlisted for defense against
invasion, and not liable to serve abroad: gen-
erally in the plui-al : as, the Warwickshire fen-
cibles.
TTie most prominent of these objectionable estimates
. . . was thatof the Manx/enctWe*.
Wiiuiham, Speech on Army Estimates, Feb. 26, 1806.
fencing (fen'sing), n. [Verbal n. ot fence, i-., in
its various uses.] 1. The art of using a sword
or foil in attack and defense, or practice for im-
provement or the exhibition of skill in that art.
Sometimes Persons were compell'd, by the Tyranny of
Nero, to practise the Trade of Fencing, and to fight upon
the Stage, for his inhuman Diversion.
Congreve, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xi., notes.
2. That which fences; an inclosure or fence;
the fences collectively.
Sussex, . . . where the fields are small and the/encing
for the most part what is called cramped.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 190.
3. Specifically, a protection put round a dan-
gerous piece of machinery; brattishing. — 4.
Material used in making fences.
A decayed fragment or two of fencing fill the gaps in
the bank. Ruskin, Elements of Drawing, p. 217.
fencing-gage (fen'sing-gaj), «. A wooden
guide used as an aid in fastening the boards of
a wooden fence.
fencing-machine (fen'sing-ma-shen"), n. A
machine for shaping, fitting, and finishing posts,
rails, etc., tor fences.
fencing-school (fen'sing-skol), 11. A school in
which fencing is taught.
You little think he was 2,i fencUig -school
At four o'clock this morning.
Middleton, Massinger, and Rowley, Old Law, ill. 2.
fen-cricket (fen'krik'et), n. The mole-cricket,
Grj/llotalpa vulgaris.
fend.! (fend), V. [< ME. fenden, defend ; abbr.
of defenden, defend, as fence of defense : see de-
fend. Cf./ew2.] I. trans. 1. To defend; pro-
tect; guard.
He com right son [soon] Normundie to fend.
Langtoft'8 Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 195.
Now, good syr justyce, be my frende,
AndfeTide me of my fone [foes].
Lytell Geste of Robyn Mode (Child's Ballads, \. 63).
One day thou wilt be blest ;
So still obey the guiding hand that ./■««!«
Thee safely through these wonders for sweet ends.
Keats, Endymion, ii.
He could not and did not try to fend himself against
the keen edge of the tenible doubts, the awful mysteries.
The Century, XXVI. 540.
2. To keep off; prevent from entering or im-
pinging : ward off ; forbid : usually followed by
off: as, to /end o^ blows. Compare /en^.
Faires do fall so seldome in ayeare
That when they come, prunision must be made
Tofende the frost in hardest winter nights.
Gascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 66.
God ,fend that tlie fear of this diligence which must then
be us'<l doe not make us affect the lazines of a licencing
Church. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 41.
Spread with straw the bedding of thy foht,
With fern Ijeneath, to fend the liitter cold.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics.
Ye had aye a good roof ower your head to fend aff the
weather. Scott, Antiquary, xxxvii.
2180
3. To support ; maintain. [Scotch.]
But there is neither bread nor kale,
To fend my men and me.
Border Minstrelsy, Battle of Otterbourne.
But gi'e them guid cow-milk their fill.
Till they be ilt to fend themsel*.
Bnr)is, Death of Mailie.
II. intrans. 1. To act in opposition; offer
resistance. — 2. To parry; fence. — 3. To make
provision ; give care. [Scotch.]
I hae aye dune whate'er ye bade me, . . . and fended
weel for ye. Scott, Old Mortality, vii.
Ah I but they must turn out and/(??irf for themselves.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 8.
To fend and provet, to argue and defend.
It W.1S a manifest sign indeed of no contentious spirit,
and that delighted not in fending aivi p)-omng, as we say.
Strype, Memorials, III. ii. 28.
The dexterous management of terms, and being able to
fend and prove with them, passes for a great i>art of learn-
ing : but it is learning distinct from knowledge. Locke.
fendl (fend), m. [</cn(il, ».] The shift which
one makes for one's self, whether for suste-
nance or in any other respect ; self-defense or
self-support. [Scotch.]
I'm thinking wi' sic a braw fallow.
In poortith I might mak' a fen'.
Bums, Tam Glen.
I was long enough there — and out I wad be, and out
John Blower gat me, but wi' nae sma' fight and fend.
Scott, St. Konan'a Well, xx.
fend^t, n. A Middle English form of fiend.
fendacet (fen'das), n. [OF. fendace, fendasse,
a slit, chink, opening, < fendre, cleave, split,
slit: see /en t.] In armor, a protection for the
throat, afterward replaced by the gorget.
fender (fen'dfer), n. [< /en<Jl + -erl ; or an abbr.
of defender.^ 1. One who or that which fends,
guards, or wards off.
He is the treasurer of the thieves' exchequer, the com-
mon/e?ider of all bulkers and shoplifts in the town.
Four for a Penny (Harl. Misc., IV. 147).
Specifically — (a) A guard placed before an open fire to
keep live coals from falling on the floor. It usually con-
sists of an upright fence or parapet of sheet-metal or wire
gauze, or a light skeleton of wire, set along the front and
sides of a hearth, frequently made ornamental and often
having a top bar. Fenders are also made to cover the
whole front of a fireplace, and are sometimes fitted with
a sort of wicket which can be opened without removing
the fender.
The basins of bread and milk that she and her husband
were in the habit of having for supper stood in the/ejirffr
before the fire. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xxxii.
(b) Naut., a piece of timber, bundle of rope, or the like,
hung over the side of a vessel to prevent it from being in-
jured by rubbing against a pier, another vessel, or other
body, (c) A guard-post placed on the edge of a pier, (d)
An attachment to a cultivator for preventing the clods of
earth turned up by it from injuring the plants, (c) The
rubbing-plate of a carriage, placed where the forward
wheels turn under the body of the carriage.
2. A kind of terrapin. See red-fender.
fender-beam (fen'd6r-bem), )!. 1. A horizontal
fender of wood suspended from a ship's side or
floating in a dock. — 2. A permanent buffer at
the end of a railroad line or siding, designed to
prevent cars from running beyond the end of
the track.
fender-board (fen'der-bord), n. One of the
boards placed at either side of the steps of a
passenger-car to protect them from mud and
dirt thrown up by the wheels.
fender-bolt (fen'dfer-bolt), n. 1. A bolt hav-
ing a pro.ieeting head designed to protect the
surrounding surface. — 2. A bolt driven into the
outermost bends or wales of a ship as a sup-
port for a fender.
fender-pile (fen'der-pil), n. One of a series of
piles driven to protect works on either land or
water from the concussion of moving bodies.
fendill6 (F. pron. fon-de-lya'), a. [F., < fendre,
cleave, split: see fent:'\ In ceram., cracked in
the glaze or enamel: noting a surface covered
with minute cracks through wear and repeated
heatings, as distinguished from crackled, which
is applied to a surface abounding in cracks
formed intentionally.
fendlicbet, fendlyt, a. See fiendly. Chaucer.
fendu (F. pron. fou-du'), a. [F., pp. of. fendre,
cleave,split: see/ewt] Cutopen; split; slashed:
in costume, noting a garment or part of a gar-
ment in those fashions in which slashing was
employed. — Fendu en pal [K.], in Imr., divided pale-
wise : said especially of a cross. Compare ooided per pale,
uiKler voided,
fen-duck (fen'duk), n. The shoveler-duck. Spa-
tula clijjicata, often found in fens.
fendy (fen'di), a. [< fend^ + -^1.] Clever in
providing or finding ways and means ; shifty.
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
fenestral
Evan opened the conversation with a panegyric upon
Alice, who, he said, was both canny and/enrfj/.
Scott, Waverley, xviii.
feneratet (fen'e-rat), r. t. [< L./eHera(HS, more
correctly fwneratus, pp. of fenerare, more cor-
rectly/cexej-are, deponent /<s«eran, lend on in-
terest, < fenus, more correctly fwnus {fienor-),
interest, proceeds, gain, profit, < ■\/ 'fe, produce :
see fecund, fetus, etc.] To put to use, as mon-
ey ; lend on interest. Cockeram.
fenerationt (fen-e-ra'shon), «. [< L. fenera-
tto{n-), more correctly /(enerarto(»i-), a lending
on interest, < fmnerare, fcenerari : see fenerate/]
1. The act of lending on interest.
It (the hare] figured . . . not only pusillanimity and
timidity from its temper, [but] feneration or usury from
its fojcundity and superfcetation.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
2. The interest or gain of that which is lent.
fenestellt, TO. [ME.,< L./e«e«teWa, a small win-
dow: see fenestella.'] A small window. See
fenestella.
Sum of the roope wherwith hath strangled b«
Sum men, pray God lette it be never the,
Hang part of that in every fenestell.
And this wol from the wesel wite hem well.
J'atladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 20.
fenestella (fen-es-tel'a), 11. ; Tpl. fenestella' (-§).
[L., dim. of fenestra, a window: see fenestra.'^
1. A small window.
— 2. In Koman Cath-
olic churches, a niche
on the south side of
an altar, containing
the piscina, and fre-
quently also the
credence. — 3. [caj>.]
[NL.] In zoiil. : (a)
The typical genus of
the family Fenestel-
lidcE. (6) A genus of
bivalve moUusks.
Bolten, 1798.
Fenestellidae (fen-es-
teVi-de), II. pi. [NL.,
< Fenestella + -idce.\
A family of paleozo-
ic polyzoans of fan-
like form, typified by
the genus Fenestella.
They range from the
Silurian to the Per-
mian.
fenestert, «• [ME.,
also fenestre, < OF.
fenestre, F. fen4tre =
Vt. fenestra = It. finestra, fenestra = D. ven-
ster = OHG. fenstar, MHGr. venster, G. fenster
= Sw. fonster, < L. fenestra, a ■window, prob.
connected with Gr. (j>aivei,v, bring to light, show,
appear, (fiavepoc, open to sight, evident: see
fancy and fable.] A window.
At hii" dore and his fenester.
Arthur and Merlin, 1. 815.
Lo, how men wryten
In fenestres at the fi-eres.
Piers Plowman (C), xvii. 42.
fenestra (fe-nes'tra),«.; pi. fenestrcB (-tm). [L.,
a window: see fenester.] 1. In anat., a fora-
men ; specifically, one of certain foramina of
the inner ear. See phrases below. — 2. In en-
toin. : (a) A transparent spot in an opaque surj
face, as in the wings of certain butterflies and
moths. (6) One of two perforations, covered
with membrane, on the head of a cockroach,
above the insertions of the antennae. They
have been regarded as rudimentary ocelli. See
cut under Insecta — Fenestra ovalls (the oval win-
dow), an opening into the vestibule of the ear from the
tympanic cavity, situated in the line of junction of the
probtic and opisthotic lK>nes. In life it is closed by a
membrane to which is fitted the foot of the stapes or colu-
mella. See cuts under Crotalus and periotic. — Fenestra
rotunda (the round window), an opening in the inner
wall of the tympanic cavity, situated wholly in the opis-
thotic l)one, leading into the scala tympani. In life it is
closed by a membrane. See cut under ^^i-n'o^jc.
fenestral (fe-nes'tral), a. and n. [I. a. < ML.
*fenestralis,'< L. fenestra, a window: %ee fenes-
tra. II. 11. < ME. fenestralle, < OF. fenestral,
< ML. fcnestrale, a window, neut. of *fcncs-
tralis: see I. «.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to a
window or to windows ; resembling a window ;
of window-like structure or transparency. — 2.
In entom., pertaining to, consisting of, or hav-
ing fenestra; or transparent spots. — 3. In bot.,
having a large opening like a window Fenes-
tral bandage, i" surg., a bandage, compress, or plaster
with small perforations or openings to facilitate dis-
charge. Dunglison.
Fenestella. — Church of Norrcy,
near Caen, Nontiandy.
fenestral
H.t »• A small wiudow; also, a framed blind
of cloth or canvas that supplied the place of
glass previous to the introduction of that ma-
te rial.
fenestrate (ff-nes'trat), a. [< L. fenestrains,
pp. ot fenestrare, furnish with windows or open-
ings, < fenestra, a window: see fenester.'] 1.
Same s,s fenestral. — 2. Same a,s fenestrated, 1.
— Fenestrate ocellus, in enfoni., an ocellated si>ut hav-
ing a clear spot in tlie center. — Fenestrate pterostlg-
ma, in c/(^'?/^., a pterostignia having a clear dot at the
inihT nr outer end.
fenestrated (fe-nes'tra-ted), a. [As fenestrate
+ -f(i2.] 1. in arch., having windows; win-
dowed; characterized by windows. — 2. Same
&s fenestral — Fenestrated membrane, in ajiat., tlie
outer layer of the inner coat "tf an artery, consisting of a
lionio^feneous highly refracting substance presenting in
transverse section a festooned appearance.
fenestration (fen-es-tra'shon), «. [i fenestrate
-I- -i<>«.] 1. inarch.: (a) A design in which the
windows are arranged to form the principal
feature. (6) The series or arrangement of win-
dows in a building. — 2. In anat. and sool., the
state of being fenestral or provided with fenes-
trse.
fenestret, «. See/en««(^r.
fenestrella (fen-es-trel'S.), n. ; pi. fenestrellee
(-e). [Sh. {ct.lt. fenestrella; Ij.fenestella,fenes-
tralu), dim. of fenestra, a window.] In entom.,
a transparent spot in the anal area of a tegmen
or wing-cover of certain grasshoppers. Kirby.
fenestlTlle (fe-nes'trol), n. [< iAj. fenestrnla,
dim. of L. fenestra, a window: see fenestra.^
In I'ohjzoa, one of the little fenestrsB or spaces
between the intersecting branches of the coe-
noecium.
fen-fire (fen 'fir), n. The will-o'-the-wisp; an
ignis fatuus.
Mocked as whom the/<rn-/re leads. Steinbume, Athens.
fen-fowl (fen'foul), n. [< AS. 'fenfugel (Som-
ner), <fen, fen, + fugel, fowl.] Any fowl that
frequents fens ; as a plural, such fowls collec-
tively.
fSngt, ". Heefung.
fengeldt, «. [In old law books, a form repr. an
AH.'fedndgild,ME.'fendgeld, <fednd, ME. fend,
feend, an enemy, -I- gild, geld, a paynfent.] In
old law, an impost or a tax for tde repelling of
enemies. Cowell.
fengite (fen'jit), n. [Same as phengite, < L.
phengiles, < Gr. ^eyyir^f, another name of ac'/j/-
virr/i, selenite, so called from its use for win-
dows, < ^ryyo(, light, ^yyeiv, shine.] A kind
of transparent alabaster or marble, sometimes
used for window-panes.
fen-goose (fen'gSs), ». The graylag, Jnser
ferus: so called from its frequenting fens.
Fenian (fe'ni-an, in sense 1 also fen'i-an), n.
and a. [In the first sense also written finnian
and Finnian; formed, with Latin suffix -ion,
from Ir. Feinn, Feinne, oblique ease of Ir. Fiann,
pi. Fianna: see def. 1.] I. n. 1. A modem
£nglish form of Irish Fiann, Fianna, a name
applied in Irish tradition to the members of
certain tribes who formed the militia of the
ardrig or king (see ardrigh) of Eire or Erin (the
Fianna Eirionn, or champions of Erin). The
l>rincipal figure in the Fenian legends is Finn or Find
or Ki'inn. who Hguret as Fingal In the Ussianic publications
of McPhersoii. in which the name ot Onian stands tor
Oisin, son of Finn. The Fenians with tbeir hero Finn,
while probaldy having a historical baii*, became the cen-
ter nf a great mass of legends, which may be compared
with the legends of King Arthur and the Round Table. In
the Oasianlc renion the Fenians are warriors of super-
haman size, strength, speed, and prowess. Also Fian,
Fitm.
2. A member of an association of Irishmen
known as the Fenian Brotherhood, founded in
New York in 1857, with a view to secure the
independence of Ireland. The movement soon
spread over the I'nited States and Ireland (where it al>-
sortied the previously existing Phoeiiii .So<iety), and among
the Irish population of Great Britain, and several attempt*
were made at insurrection in Ireland, and at invasion
of Canada from the United States. The association was
organized in district clubs called cireltt, presided over by
centers, with a head center as chief president and a gen-
eral senate ; an orgaulzatlon afterward modifled in some
respects. Between 1863 and 1872 eleven "national con-
gresses" were held by the Fenian Brotherhood in the
United States, after which it continued in existence as a
secret society.
H. a. 1. Of or belon^ng to the Fenians of
Irish legend : as, the Fentan stories ; the Fenian
period.
The poems and tales which we have called Fennian . . .
form a cycle entirely distinct from the heroic one.
Eneyc. Bril., V. 311.
Host of the poems and prose tales coming under the
hea<l Fennian or Fenian, and now or recently current
among the Irish-speaking |>ea*antry, are also to be found
In MSS. at least SOD years old. JSncye. BrU., IX. 75.
2181
2. Of or belonging to the organization called
the Fenian Brotherhood: as, a Fenian inva-
sion ; a Fenian outM^e.
Some of his [Thomas Hughes's] letters, written during
the early /Vni'rtH excitement, . . . are among the best con-
tributions, that England has funiislted for the American
press. li. J. Hinton, Eng. Kadical Leaders, p. 106.
Fenianism (fe'ni-an-izm), n. [< Fenian, 2, +
-(«»(.] The principles, polities, or practices of
the Fenians. See F'enian, n., 2.
Mr. Sumner appears to have thought the proximity to
us of the British possessions a cause of irritation and dis-
turbance, by furnishing a basis of operations for Fenian-
t>m. A'. A. Hev., (JXXVII. 79.
fenixf, n. An obsolete spelling of phenix.
fenkt, V. t. [ME. fenken, rarely venken, < OF.
lencre, veincre, vaincre, F. vaincre = Pr. Sp. Pg.
veneer = It. vincere, < L. vincere, overcome, con-
quer, vanquish: see vanquish, convince.] To
overcome; conquer; vanquish.
AU swich cities that seemelich were,
Philip/CTutM in fyght & fayled lyte.
That all Greece hee ne gatt with his grim werk.
Alieaunder of ilacedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 323.
He ne mighte . . .
Ayen Rome in bataile spede,
That he was euer more biwraid,
Ouercumen, renknd, and bitraid.
Seuyn Saffes, 1. 2021 (Weber's Metr. Kom., III.).
fenkelt, ». See finkle, fennel.
fenks (fengks), n. [Origin obscure.] The ul-
timate refuse of whale-blubber, it is valued as
a manure, and it has been proposed to use it for making
Prussian blue, as also for the production of ammonia.
fenland (fen'land), n. [< ME. 'fenland, < AS.
fenland, <fen,fenn, fen, -I- land, land.] Marshy
land; fens: specifically, in England, the marshy
region in Cambridge, Norfolk, Lincoln, and ad-
jacent counties, now in great part reclaimed.
fenlander (fen'lan-d6r), II. One who lives in
fenland ; specifically, an inhabitant of the Eng-
lish fenland or fens.
Laurence Holebeck was born, saitb my Author, apud
Girvioe : that is, amongst the Fenlanders.
Fuller, Worthies, Lincolnshire.
feaman (fen'man), n. ; pl./enmen(-men). One
who lives in feiis or marshes.
If you ask how you should rid them, I will not point you
to the/*n-wwn, who, to make quick dispatch of their an-
noyances, set fire on their feus.
Rev. T. Adams, Works. II. 480.
fenne^ti "• An obsolete spelling of /e»i.
fenne^t, «. [Perhaps torfende, i. e., Jiend.'] Ap-
parently, a dragon.
And that the waker/enn« the golden spoyle did keepe.
Turbervitle, tr. of Ovid s Epistles, p. 84.
fennec, fennek (fen'ek), n. [The Moorish
name.] 1. A small African fox, the zerda, VuU
pes zerda or Fennecus zerda. It is of a pale-fawn
or creamy-wbitish color, the tail being black-tipped. It
=^-.11^^
Fennec ( Vutpet or Fentucus Mtrda ] .
lias a slender body, sharp snout, large pointed ears, upward
of 3 inches long, and liiue eyes. It is about a foot long
without the tail, which la nhorter than the body. The
animal lives in burrows like other foxes, and is chiefly
nocturnal in habits. There are several species of the ge-
nus Fenneeu*.
2. A misnomer of an entirely different African
fox, of the genus Megalotis or Otocyon.
Fennecns (fen'e-kus), n. [NL., < fennec.'] A
genus of small African foxes with very large
ears and auditory bullse, belonging to the alo-
pecoid or vulpine series of the family Canidw,
and containing the fennecs or zerdas, as F.
zerda, F. famelieus, and F. chama. Hee fennec.
fennek, «. Bee fennec.
fennel (fen'el), n. [< ME. fenel,fenyl (also in
another tonafenkel, fynkel, > moa. finkle, after
D. or Scand.), < A8. fenol, usually iinnl, find,
finul, rarely finugle, = D. venkel = 6H6. fena-
chal, fenichal. Or. fenchel = 8w. fenkdl ="Dan.
fennikel = OF. fenoil, P. fenouil = Pr. fenolh,
fenoilh = Sp. hinojo =z Pg. funcho = It. finoe-
chio, < Ij. fenieiilum, more correctly /(enicH?H»i,
fennel, dim. of fenum, more correctly fwnum,
fenugreek
hay: see fenugreek.] 1. An aromatic umbel-
liferous plant, Fwmculmn vulgare, a native of
southern Europe and common in cultivation.
It is a tall, glaucous herb with decompound leaves, yellow
flowers, an agreeable odor, and sweet aromatic taste.
Several varieties are extensively cultivated in Europe,
America, and India for their seeds, which are used in
medicine as a carminative and stimulant, llie chief con-
sumption, however, is in veterinary practice. Tlie oil dis-
tilled from the seeds is used in the manufacture of cordials.
Eke/e?iei wol up growe.
So it be gladde.
I'alladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 84.
There's /eiinei for you, and columbines.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 6.
Above the lowly plants it towers,
IhG fennel, with its yellow flowers,
And in an earlier age than ours
Was gifted with the wondrous powers.
Lost vision to restore.
Lonixfelloiv, Cioblet of Life.
2. A name of certain plants of other genera.
See below — Dog-fenneL See dog's-fennel.—aiaat
fennel, the FenUa communis. — Hog- or SOW-fennel,
the Peucedanum o/Sci»ia!e.~ Sweet fennel, Fceniculum
dulce, sometimes eaten as a vegetable or salad. — TO eat
conger and fennelt, to eat two higli and hot things to-
gether : esteemed an act of libertinism. A'ares.
Because their legs are both of a bigness : and he plays
at quoits well ; and eats confer and fennel.
Skak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
fennel-flO'wer (fen'el-flou'Sr), n. The Nigella
Damascena, or ragged-lady, also iV'. saliva, the
seeds of which are used in the East as a con-
diment, and medicinally as a carminative and
diuretic.
fennel-water (fen'el-w&'ter), «. A spirituous
liquor prepared from fennel-seed.
Fennian (fen'i-an), «. and a. Same as Fe-
nian, 1.
fennish (fen'ish), a. [</eni + -ts/ti.] Full of
fens; fenny; marshy.
Hardlier putrifyed and corrupted than all the fenniahe
waters in the whole country. Whilr/ift, Defence, p. 378.
fennyi (fen'i), a. [< ME. fenny, < AS. fennig,
fenneg, marshy, muddy, < fenn, fen, marsh,
mud: see /en 1. Ct. fetmy^.] 1. 'Having the
character of a fen ; boggy ; marshy.
Much of this parke, as well as a greate part of the coun-
try about it, is very fenny, and the ayre very bad.
Fcelyn, Diary, Oct. 21, 1644.
A hov'ring vapour
That covers for a while the fenny pool.
J. Baillie.
2. Inhabiting or growing in fens; abounding in
fens : as, fenny brake.
Fillet of & fenny snake,
In the caldron boil and bake.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
Patlis there were many,
Winding through palmy fern, and rushes jVnnt/.
Keats, Endymion, i.
3. Muddy. [Prov. Eng.]
That mayster is mercyable; thaj [though] thou be man
fenny,
A al to-marred in myre whyl thou on niolde lyuyes,
Thou may schyne thurg schryfte, thag thou haf schome
serued,
A pure the with penaunce tyl thou a perle worthe.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1113.
fenny- (fen'i), a. Home a.a finewed.
fencwedt (fen'dd), a. Same Asfinewed.
fensable, fensible, a. See fencible.
fensome (fen'sum), a. [E. dial., for */(!B(foo»iC,
< /e«dl -I- -some.] 1. Adroit; skilful.— 2.
Neat; handsome; becoming. Grose; Brockett.
fensuret, n. [<. fence + -ure.] A fence.
Fence or fensure, vallum. Huloet.
fent (fent), n. [< ME. fente, < OF. fente, F.
fente (= Pe.fenda), a slit, <.fendre = Sp. ben-
der = Pg. finder = It. fenderc, < L. findere, pp.
fissus, cleave, split, slit. Hence also (from L.
findere) fendace, fissile, fission, fissure, etc.]
1. A slit; specifically, a short slit or opening
left in an article of dress, as in the sleeve of a
shirt, at the top of the skirt in a dress, etc., as
a means of putting it on ; a placket or placket-
hole. — 2. A crack; a flaw. [Prov. Eng.] — 3.
A remnant, as of cotton ; an odd piece ; spe-
cifically, imperfeotly printed or imperfectly
dyed ends of cotton and other cloths, which are
sold for patchwork and similar purposes.
Sand and bran will come out in a fine strainer, or a flne
printing fent. O'SeiU, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 229,
4. The binding of any part of the dress. [Prov.
Eng.]
fent (fent), tJ. «. l<fent,n.,4.] To bind (cloth).
[Prov. Eng.]
fen-thrush (fen'thrush),n. The missel-thrush.
('. Swdiii.fon. [North Hants, Eng.]
fenugreek (fen'u-grek), n. [Also sometimes
fenugreek, formerly also written fenigreek; <
fenugreek
ME. 'fenigrek, ffeyngrek, veneereke, < AS. fcno-
greeuin, and separately /e»i«»n grecum (= D./e «)'-
griek = F.fenugrec = 'Pi. fen ugrec, fengrec =
Sp. feiwgreco = Pg. fenogrego), < L./ejiHHj</ra;-
eum,J'enum Grtecum, more correctly/arnMm tf ra--
cum, fenugreek, lit. 'Greek hay': fwnum, less
correctly ./eH«m, erroneously /as««m, hay, per-
haps <•/*/*> P''<''i"<'6 : see fennel, fetus.'] The
TrigoneUa Fwnum-grcecum, an annual legumi-
nous plant indigenous to western Asia, but
widely naturalized, and extensively cultivated
in Asia, Africa, and some parts of Europe. The
mucilaginous seeds are used as food, and also
in medicine. Aiso fcenugrcek.
fet^ngrek to have of seede is to be sowe
In Ytalie cue in this Janes ende.
Palladium, Husbondiie (E. E. T. S.), p. 45.
Feniffreeke coraraeth not behind the other hearbs before
specified in credit and accoinit for the vertues whicli it
hath : the Greeks call it Telus and Carphos.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, p. 207.
In the case of a drink called "Hollands whiskee," it
was produced by distilling the methylated spirit with a
little nitric acid, and then sweetening with treacle, and
flavouring with rhubarb, chloroform, /cenur/reek, etc.
Encrjc. Brit., I. 176.
feod, feodal, feodality, feodary. Less correct
spellings, based, like the French /eo(iaZ, etc., on
the less correct Middle Latin forms, /eo^Mm,/(SO-
(Mis, etc., of feud^, feudal^, etc. the English
pronunciation (fiid, fU'dal, etc.) belongs to the
spelling /eM<i, etc.
feoff (f ef ), r. t. [An artificial spelling preserved
in law books, in imitation of the Law L. and
later OF. forms; the E. pronunciation is that
of the reg. E. spelling /e/; < ME. feffen, invest
with a fee or fief, < OF. feffer, fleffer, fiefer (later
spelled fcoffer), F. fieffer (in Law L. feoffare,
the proper ML. verb being feodare, or rather
feudare), < OF. fief, a fee or "fief : see fee^, fief,
/ewfP.] 1. To invest with a fee or feud; give
or grant a fee to; enfeoff. — 2+. To endow.
Was ther non other broch you liste lete,
Tofeffe with your newe love?
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1689.
The kynge hym fefed with his right glove, and than he
reised hym vpon liis feet. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 374.
So wel was William bi-louede with riche & with pore.
So Ire Uifeffe alle frekes [persons] with ful faire giftes.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1061.
May God forbid Uijeffe you so with grace.
Covrt of Love, 1. 932.
feoff (fef), »J. See fief
feoffee (fe-fe'), n. [< feoff + -ee; < y.fieffe, pp.
oi fieffer, feoff.] A person who is enfeoffed —
that is, invested with a fee.
He had convayed secretly all his landes to feoffees of
trust. Spenser, State of Ireland.
Making himself rich by being made a feoffee in trust to
deceased brethren. B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, v. 2.
Feoffee to uses, at common law, one to whom land is con-
veyed to the use of another. See use.
feoffor, feoffor (fef'er, -or), n. [OF. feoffor,
feouff'our, ML. feoffator : see feoff, v.] One who
enfeoffs, or grants a fee.
feoffment (f ef ment), n. [< ME. feffement, < OF.
feoffement (Mh." feoffamentum), < feoffer, etc.,
feoff: see /eo^,i;.] Inlaw: (a) Originally, the
gift of a fief or feud.
The parliament passed bills to limit the benefit of clergy
and forbid feoffments to the use of churches,
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 319.
(6) The conveyance of land by investiture, or
words of donation, accompanied by livery of
seizin; also, the document making such con-
veyance.
Thanne Symonye and Cyuyle stoden forth bothe.
And vnfeelde iii^ feffement that Fals hadde maked.
Piers Plowman (C), iii. 73.
He has a quarrel to carry, and has caused
A deed of feoffment of his whole estate
To be drawn yonder : he has 't within ; and you
Only he means to make feoffee.
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass. iv. 3.
The process of conveying land by the combined effect
of a deed and livery of seisin was called a feoffment ; the
deed was first executed, and then livery of seisin was given,
and a memorandum of this was indorsed on the deed, and
nsnally attested by the same witnesses.
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 72,
(c) A like transfer or creation of any corporeal
hereditament or freehold estate.
Could his grants, if not in themselves null, avail against
his posterity, heirs like himself under the great /eo/me»(
of creation ? Jlallam.
feoffor, n. See feoffer.
feolet, a- Seefeel^.
feort, adv. and a. A Middle English form of
farT^.
feorm-fultumt, «• [AS. , < feorm, provision (see
formi). + fultum, aid, assistance.] In Anglo-
2182
Saxon law, a tax for the king's sustentation as
he went through his realm.
In every shire the king received, out of the produce of
what had been the folk land contained in the shire, a com-
pensation for his sustentation, termed the feorm fultitm.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, I. 10.
fer^ (f6r), adv. and a. An obsolete or dialectal
form of /orl.
fer^t, n. A rare Middle English form of fire.
-fer. [L. adj. -fer, m., -fera, {., -ferum, neut., <
ferre = E. bear^: see -feroits, -phorous.'] The
terminal element of nouns with a correspond-
ing adjective in -ferous, as conifer, a coniferous
tree. See -ferous.
feracious (ff-ra'shus), «. [= Sp. feraz = It.
ferace, < L. ferax (feraci-), fruitful, fertile, <
/ejTC = E. ftearl : seehear^. Cf. fertile.] Fruit-
ful ; producing abundantly. [Rare.]
Like an oak
Nurs'd on/eracioiw Algidum.
Thomson, Liberty, iii.
feracity (fe-ras'j-ti), n. [< ME. feracitee = Sp.
feracidad '= Pg. feracidade = It. feracita, < L.
feraeita{t-)s, < ferax (/eraci-), fruitful : seefera-
cious.] Fruitfulness. [Rare.]
Wel froted wolde he [the olive] fatte ydonnged be.
And wagged [shaken] with wynde of feracitee.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 209.
Such writers, instead of brittle, would say fragile ; in-
stead of fruitfulness, feracity.
Beattie, Moral Science, IV. i. § 3.
ferae (fe're), ». pi. [L., fem. pi. (sc. hestiai) of
ferus, wild: see^erce.] 1. Wild animals. See
fer<jenatur(S,he\ow. — 2. [cap.] IntheLinnean
system of classification (1766), the third order
of Mammalia, containing the ten Linnean gen-
era Phoea, Canis, Felis, Viverra, Mttstela, Vrsus,
Didelphys, Talpa, Sorex, and Erinaceus. of these,
the last three are insectivorous, and the seventh is mar-
supial. Excluding these four, and bringing in the genus
Trichechus, which Linneeus placed in Bruta, the order be-
comes the following modern group :
3. [cap.] An oriet ot Mammalia, the Carnivora
of authors. It includes educabilian quadrupeds with
teeth of three kinds, all enameled, the canines specialized,
the toes clawed, the scaphoid and semilunar carpal bones
consolidated into a single scapholunar bone, the placenta
zonary deciduate, tlie brain with no calcarine sulcus,
clavicles rudimentary or wanting, and the pelvis and hind
limbs developed. The Ferce thus characterized include
all the ordinary carnivorous mammals, and are divided
into Figsipedia and Pinnipedia, the former containing
the terrestrial forms, the latter tlie aquatic seals. — Ferae
natursa. [L,, lit. wild animals of nature : ferce, pi. fem.,
wild animals (see etym. above) ; natures, gen. of natura,
nature: also generally explained as meaning literally *ofa
wild nature,' the full phrase Ijeing animalia ferae naturce.]
In law, animals living in a wild state, such as tiie hare,
deer, or pheasants : distinguished from domesticated ani-
mals {animalia domitce naturce), as the cow, horse, sheep,
poultry.
feral^ (fe'ral), a. [< L. fera, a wild animal,
a wild beast (see fierce), + -al.] 1. Of or per-
taining to wild beasts; wild; ferine; ferous;
existing in a state of nature ; not domesticated
or artificially bred : as, the mallard is the feral
stock of the domestic duck.
This girl ... is one of those women men make a quar-
rel aljout and fight to the death for — the old feral instinct,
you know. 0. W. Holmes, Elsie Venner, xvi.
Some habit common to swine in their /era? condition.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII, 638.
2. Run wild; having escaped from domestica-
tion and reverted to a state of nature.
In Paraguay and in Circassia it has been noticed that
feral horses of the same colour and size usually breed to-
gether. A. R. Wallace, in Fortnightly Bev., N. S., XL. 316.
In New Zealand, according to Dieffenbach, the feral cats
assume a streaky grey colour like that of wild cats.
Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 49,
3. Like a wild beast; characteristic of wild
beasts; brutal; savage. — 4. In astral., said of
a planet which has no significant relation to
any other.
feral2 (fe'ral), a. [= Sp. Pg. feral = li.ferale, <
L. feralis, of or belonging to the dead, fune-
real, deadly, fatal, < ferre, = E. hear'^, in ref-
erence to the carrying of the dead in funeral
procession ; cf . E. hier, ult. < 6earl.] Funereal ;
pertaining to funerals ; moxu-nful ; fatal ; cruel.
Imminent danger and feral diseases are now ready to
seize upon them. Burton, Anat. of Mel,, p. 148.
Feralia (fe-ra'li-il), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of fe-
ralis: seeferal^.] In 7tom. «n?ig'., an appointed
festival in honor of the dead, held in February.
The moat characteristic observance consisted in tlie car-
rying of food by the people to the tombs of relatives or an-
cestors, for the use of their shades.
ferantt, a. [ME., < OF. ferant, ferand, iron-
gray: see ferrandine.] Iron-gray: applied to a
horse.
The floure of oure ferse mene one fferant stedez
ff olowes frekly on the frekes, thate ffrayede was never.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2269.
feretory
ferash, ferosh (fe-rash', -rosh'), n. [Anglo- ^
Ind., repr. Hind, farash, farrdsh, < Av.farrash,
a servant whose business is to spread and sweep
the mats, carpets, etc., </ars7(, a carpet, a mat,
floor-cloth, anything spread out, ifarsh, spread-
ing.] In the East Indies, a menial servant
whose proper business is to spread carpets, pitch
tents, etc., and in a house to do the work of a
chambermaid. Yule and Burnell, Anglo-Indian
Glossary.
ferberite (fer'bfer-it), n. [After R. Ferber of
Gera, Germany.] A tungstate of iron with a
little manganese, found in cleavable masses in
Sierra Almagi-era in southern Spain.
ferd^t, I)- a. A Middle English form oifeard.
ferdlf, «• [ME., </eren, fear: see/ea;-!.] Fear.
Stinting in my tale
Vot ferde. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1, 1214.
But the freike iorferd fled of his gate,
ffrusshet thurgh the folke forth of his sight.
Destruction of Troy (E. E, T. S,), 1. 6695,
ferd^t, «. [ME., also /cede, feord,furd, < AS.
fcrd,fyrd, an army, host, company (= OS. fard
= OPries. ferd, fart, an expedition, journey, =
MD. vaert, T>. vaerd, vaard, journey, = OHG.
fart, MHG. vart, G. fahrt, a journey, = leel.
ferdh = Dan. fcerd = Sw.fdrd, voyage, travel,
course), < faran, go: see /arel.] An army; a
host. [This word, in the Anglo-Saxon form
fyrd, is used historically in a technical sense.
Qeefyrd.]
Faraon withth all hiss/erd
Comm affterrwarrd. Ormulum, 1. 14792.
Ther com him a-gens of kinges & other grete
The fairest /erde of folk that euer bi-fore was seie.
William of Palerne (E. E. T, S,), 1, 5326.
fer de fourchette (far de for-shet')- [F.: fer,
iron ; de, of ; fourchette, fork : see ferro-, four-
chette.] In her., a fork-shaped support for a
musket ; the croc or rest used in the early days
of hand-firearms.
fer-de-lance (far'de-loiis'), n. [F., lit. lance-
head, iron of the lance : fer, < Jj.ferrum , iron ; de,
< L. de, of ; lance, lance : see lance.] The lance-
headed or yellow viper, Craspedoeephahis (or
Bothrops) lanceolatus, of the family Crotalidce,
a large and very venomous serpent of the warm
parts of America. It is from 6 to 7 feet long, and is
capable of making consideral)le sprhigs wlien in pursuit
of prey or of some object which has irritated it. Its bite
is often fatal, the only antidote of any avail seeming to be,
as in the case of bites of other venomous snakes, ardent
spirits. This serpent infests sugar-plantations in the
West India islands, and is dreaded alike by man and beast.
Tlie tail ends in a horny spine, which scrapes harshly
against rough objects, but does not rattle. See cut under
Craspedocephalus.
If by some rare chance you encounter [in the island of
Martinique] a person who has lost an arm or a leg, you
can be almost certain you are looking at a victim of the
fer-de-lance — the serpent whose venom putrefies living
tissue. Harpers Mag., LXXVII. 328.
fer de mouline (far de mo-len'). [F. : fer, iron;
de, of; mouline, mill: see mill'^.] In her., the
iron let into the millstone. Also called mill-
rine.
ferdigewt, »• [See farthingale.] A farthin-
gale.
In our tricke ferdegews and billiments of golde,
Udall, Roister Doister, ii. 3.
ferdnesst, n. [ME. ferdnes, fear, < ferd, fered,
pp. (see ferd^,feard), + -nes, -ness.] The state
of being afraid; fearfulness.
VoT ferdnes he turned ogayne
And durst do no thing at the kyrk.
Holy Hood (E. E, T, S,), p. 122,
ferdwitt (ferd'wit), n. [The form in old law
books (Law L. ferdwita) of ME. ferdwite, AS.
ferdwite, fyrdwite, a fine for neglecting the mili-
tary service, <fyrd, also-written. ferd, fierd,fird,
an army, the military array of the whole eoim-
try, an 'expedition (see ferd^), + icite, punish-
ment, fine: see wife.] In Anglo-Saxon law, a
fine imposed on persons for not going forth in
a military expedition.
ferelf, «• and V. A Middle English form otfear^.
fere^t, «. See/eeri.
fere^t, «• A rare Middle English form of fire.
fere*+, «• SeefearS.
feredt, p- a. A Middle English form otfeard.
fereta, «. Plural of feretmn.
feretert, fertert, n. " [ME. ferter, fertre, < OF.
fertre, fiertre, ferctre = Sp. Pg. It. feretro, < L.
feretriim, an aeeom. of Gr. (peptrpov (the proper
L. word being ferculnm), a litter, a bier, < 0£-
peiv = L. ferre = E. ftearl. Cf. E. bier, < fccarl.]
Same us feretory.
feretory (fer'e-to-ri), n. ; pi. feretories (-riz).
[As fereter, ferter, with term, -ory.] 1 . A shrine
feretory
or bier contain-
ing tiie relies of
samts, adapted
to be borne in
religioiis proces-
sions.— 2. The
place in a church
where such a
shi'ine is set.
feretmin (fer'e-
trum), «. ; pl./e-
retro (-tra). [L.
ML.: see fereter.feretori/.'i Same as feretory.
ferfortht, ndc. bame asfar-forth. Chaucer.
fergusonite (f^r'gu-son-it), n. [After Robert
Ferguson, of Raith, Scotland.] A brownish-
Feretory,
English medieval silverworlc.
2183
The only difflculty ... is touching those ferine, nox-
iouB, and untameable beasts, as lions, tigers, wolves, bears.
Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 202.
The beasts . . . are not truly wild, yet they live in the
manner of wild beasta, that are feral, not/erine.
A. Newton, Zoologist, 3d ser. (1888), xii. 101.
2. Malignant; noxious: as, a ferine disease.
Dunglison.
II. II. A wild beast; a beast of prey.
ferinely (fe'rin-li), adv. In the manner of wild
beasts. Craig.
ferineness (fe'rin-nes), n. Wildness; savage-
uess.
A conversation with those that were fallen into a more
barbarous habit of life and manners would easily assimi-
late, at least, the ne.xt generation to barbarism and /erine-
' "■'" *> M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 197.
ferment
II. «. 1. A wonder; a strange deed, event,
or object.
And ere I cam to the court . . .
ilany ferlys me by-fel in a fewe jeris.
Piers Plowman (A), xii. 5a
Ha I whare ye gaun, ye crawlin'/eritc.»
Bums, To a Louse.
Ferly is properly a wonder, but it is also used to ex-
press any sight, incident, or event that is unusual or that
attracts attention ; thus, two friends meeting will say
let us walk thro' the toun and see the/eriies."
Hestruction of Troy, p. 466, notes.
2. Wonder; astonishment.
black mineral consisting mainly of niobic acid -p—.---^^ T<.^-«»i,«i /* ' • ) -n
and yttria, and crystallizing in the tetragonal '^eringee, Fennghee (fe-nng'ge), n.
system. It occur, in , nan, nearCape FareweH.lreen- fT"'L=J^^'Z-±TilZ.^-'^."Jil
land ; also la Sweden, Massachusetts, and North Carolina,
feria (fe'ri-a), n. [L. : see/i?n<r, /en>.] In the
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical calendar, any
day of the week from Monday to Friday, inclu-
sive—that is, any day but the Jewish and the
Christian sabbath : &8, feria secnnda, tertia, etc.
(This use constitutes a reversal of the original meaning of
the word of which there appears to be no adequate ex-
planation. See/eri«.]
The regular rotation of fast and feast, vigil luid feria,
in the calendar. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 510.
feriae (fe'ri-e), n. pi. [L. : see/erie and/nir2.]
In Koni. antiq., nolidays during which free
Romans suspended their political transactions
and lawsuits, and slaves enjoyed a cessation
of labor. The feriae were thus dies nefatti. They were
divided into two eXastet, feria puhliea and feria privata.
The latter were observed by single famiUes or individuals
in coiiimeinoration of some particular event of conse-
quence to thf niselves or their ancestors. Feria jnMiece
included all days on which public religioas festivals were
held, whether stated (Jeria itativa or stata) or occurring
every year, but not on fixed days, the precise date* being
apriointeil each time by the magistrates (/ert(Ce<»ic«p(inK),
or ordered by the consuls, preturs, or dicutor, with special
reference to some particuUr emergency (/erwe impera-
tica). The manner in which the public feria were kept
bears great analogy to the modem oliservance of Sunday,
the people visiting the temples of the gods and offering
prayer* and sacrifices.
[ffind.
..„., Afranji,
a European ; formed, with the relational suffix
-I, < Hind. Farang = Pers. Firang, a European ;
a corruption of Frank.;\ A Frank ; a European ;
specifically, among the Hindus, an Englishman.
The first instalment of these notorious cartridges . . .
were without doubt abundantly offensive to the Farin-
gheee aa well as to the Faithful. Capt. if. Thornton.
ferio (fe'ri-o), n. The mnemonic name of that
mood of the first figure of syllogism of which
the major premise is negative and the minor
particular. The following is an example : No birds are
viviparous; but some marine animals are birds; hence,
some marine animals are not viviparous. The word is
one of the names invented in the thirteenth century and
attributed to Petrus Hispanus. The three vowels, e, i, o,
indicate the quantity and quality of the three proposi-
tions. See barbara.
Bot I haf grete ferly, that I fynd no man
That has writen iu story how Hauelok thys lond wan.
Robert of Brunne, p. 25,
Florence of that fare thanne gret ferli hadde.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), I. 4531.
When Achilles the choise niaidon with chere can behold
He hade/er/y of hir fairhede, & fell into thoght.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 9144.
3. A fault. [Obsolete or prov. Eng. and Scotch
in all senses.]
ferlyt, farlyt, adv. [< ME. ferly, ferli, < AS.
Jwrhce, suddenly, <fcerlic, sudden : see ferly, o.]
1. Fearfully; singularly; wonderfully.
He come to speke with oure ladi
Ferli him thoujt that sche was sory.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 81.
2. Suddenly; hastily; quickly.
Feerly he aperide not. Wyclif, 3 Ki. ix. 40 (Oxf.).
The rain . . . ferly flayed that folk.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 960.
Josue felle on hem feerlich. Wyclif, Josh. x. 9 (Oxf.).
ferlson (fe-n'son), n. The mnemonic name of ferly (f^r'li), v. i
that mood of the third figure of svUogism which ferlyiiig. [< ferly, a.] To wonder
has one of the premises particular and the other Tell what new taxation's comin'
negative. The following is an example : No placental
mammal lays eggs ; some placental mammals are flnned :
pret. and pp. ferlied, ppr.
"■■ "" ^-- [Scotch.]
ferial (fe'ri-al). a. [< ME./eryaffe, < OT.feri- ferity (fer'l-ti), ». [= OF. ferite, jfierte, vio-
o/, F. /mai = Pr.8p.Pg. /enai = It. /criafc, ' "" ,..-,-'- ..'•'--
. o' /*'■'<'''■»> ^ feria, a holiday: see feria and
fair-. ] 1 . Pertaining to holidays (feriae), or to
public days: specifically, in Scotland, formerly
applied to those days on which it was not law-
ful for courts to be held or any judicial step to
l>e taken.
It hath be vsld, the Maire and Shiref of Bristowe to
kepe theire due residence at the Counter eaery feryaU
day, aswele byfore none as aftemone.
Knglith Giidt (E. E. T. 8.), p. 428.
In /triall tyme serve chese shraped with sugor and
•»<«8^1e»I* Babea Book (E. E. T. 8.), p. 372.
An' ferlie at the folk in ton'on.
Burns, The Twa Dogs.
U one of the names of moods inVented'irrthe thirteenUi i^^^^l^< "■ ^ Middle English form ol firvi.
century and attributed to Petrus Hispanus. The three ferm-t, «. A Middle English'form of farmK
vowels, e, i, o indicate the quantity and quality of the fennacyt, ". [ME., < OF. farmacie: see vhar-
three propositions, namely, universal negative, particular „taci/ 1 A medicine • healim, ^TW.t ^
afllrmaUve, particular negative. The / shows that the """^J'--l A meaicine , Healing dnnk.
!?r?? 'i' '"i*'* '*'*"™''.'?_-'f"''i"!'' ' ?*■*' ^^ minor prem- Fermaeyes of herbes. Chaucer, Knights Tale, 1. 1865.
fermail (fd'r-mal'), n. [OF., also fermeil,fer-
nial (ML. re&ex. firmalius, firmalus, etc.); < ML.
firmaculum, a clasp, < firmare, make firm : see
firm, f.] A clasp or catch for mail or costume :
same as agraffe, 1.
fennaryt, «. See/erwery.
fermata (fer-ma'ta), n. [It., a pause, stop,
rest, (.fermare, stop, fix, prevent, confirm, < L.
ise is simply converted in the reduction.
lence, boldness, audacity, F. fierte, pride, = It.
ferH4, < L. ferita(t-)s, wildness, < ferug, wild,
savage: eeeferaft, fierce.'} Wildness; savage-
ness; cruelty.
The ferity of such minds holds no rule in retaliations
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 12.
The evil of his heart is but like the ferity and wildness
of lions' whelps. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 804.
Forgetting the frrily of their nature, become civilized
to all his employments. Evelyn, Sylva.
Even iu rugged Scotland, nature is scarcely wilder than
a mountain sheep, cerUinly a good way short of the /end/
... .1, J ..- .u_.. y^^ Century, X.XVII. 111.
of the moose and caribou.
It was the settled policy of the empire for the emperor fnrkt r Sbb «rH
thus to determhie concerning /«rio; days. Jf ,i« Vx" "*^®.'"^*.- _ ^ ,
Pop. Set. Mo., XXX. 11. ferllcnt, a. and adv. Bee ferly.
2. Eccles., pertaining to any day of the week
which is not appointed for a specific fast or
'**tival. Whether a day is ferial or not depend* upon
whether any specific service Is appointed for it. See note
under /erui.—Ferl«i ue, church music used on ordinary
occasions, and having no special festal or penitential char-
acter : opposed io fetlcU ute, the music used on feaUl days,
feriationt (fe-ri-S'shon), n. [< L. as if •feria-
tto(n-), < /man (> ii.feriare = 8p. Pg. feriar
= OF. ferier), keep holidav, Kferiai, holidays.]
The act of keeping holiday; cessation from
work.
*hy should the Christian church hare lease power than
the Jewish synagogue? here was not a meere feriation.
but a feasting. Bp. HaU, The Pool of fcthesda.
As though there were any/rrio/ton in nature, this sea.
son is commonly termed the physicbin's vacation.
Sir T. Browne.
feriet, «. [ME. ferie, ferye, a hoUday, < OF.
feru:,foirie. F. firie = 8p. Pg. It. feria (cf. D. G.
■v"^ = I*»°- 8w. ferier, pi., vacation), < L.
ferue, ML. in sing, feria, a holiday; cf. fair^,
which is the same word with vernacular (OF.,
etc.) development, while ferie, etc., is a mere
reflex of the L. form.] A holiday; a stated
feast-day.
Y" J i*? '" '"""'•y "'"> hym or an heigh ferye ;
And if he aujte wole here it Is an harlotes tonge.
Piers Plowman (B), xlii. 415.
These ben the feriet of the Lord, whiche ye schulen
clepc hooli. Wyciif, Uv. xxilL 2 (Purv.ji
ferine (fe'rin or -rin), a. and n. [= OF. feriu
= ^P- Pg- It./erino, < L. ferinus, < fera, a wild
animal: see/ercp, /ero/i, ami fierce'.'} I. a. 1.
Wild : in a state of nature; never having been
domesticated.
ferlingt, «. [Also written farting (et.farP,far-
deri,l<irlhel) ; ult. < AS.fc6rthling, a fourth part,
a farthing: see farthing.} 1. In old late, a
fourth; a fourth part; a quarter; a farthing.
Specifically — 2. A quarter of a ward or bor-
ough.
In King Edward the Confessor's time . . . there were
In this liorough foure Ferlings, that is. Quarters or Wards.
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 697.
ferllng-noblet (f^r'liug-no'bi), n. The quarter-
noble, an English gold coin. See quarter-noble.
ferly, farly (ffer'h, far'li), a. and n. [Also
written ferlie, farlie ; < ME. ferly, ferli, ferlich,
ferlyke, fearful, terrible, unexpected, sudden,
strange, wonderful (as a noun, a wonder, a
strange event or object), < AS. fterlic, sudden,
unexpected, quick (= D. getaarlijk = MHG.
vterlich, Q.gefdhrlich, dangerous, = Icel,/nr/i^,
disastrous, = Dan. Sv.farlig, dangerous), <far,
danger, fear: see/fori.] I. a. 1. Fearful; ter-
rible.
A ferly strife fel them l)etwene,
As they went bi the way.
BMn Hood and the Monk ((Gild's Ballads, V. 3).
2. Unexpected; sudden. — 3. Singular; won-
derftil ; extraordinary.
Tho selde Petyr, "h ferli thinge
I was fer hens atte my prechinge."
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 84.
Wha herkned ever swilk a ferly thing?
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 263.
All the folk that with him ware
War ful falnc of tliis ffrln fare.
Holy Kuwl (E. E. T. 8.), p. 129.
[Obsolete or prov. Eng. and Scotch in all
senses.]
firmare, make fii-m, strengthen, < fimius, firm:
%eefirm, a.] In music: (a) A pause or break;
especially, in a concerto, a pause in the accom-
paniment to give room for an extended cadenza
by the soloist. (6) A hold or pause upon a
tone or chord, the length being discretionary
with the performer or conductor, (c) The sign
rT\ or \i/ placed over or under a note or even
a bar to indicate such a hold or pause. See
Fermatian (f^r-ma'shian), a. Pertaining to
the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat
(1601-65) — Fermatian reasoning, reasoning in the
following form : "A certain character, P, if possessed by
any one of a linear series of stil)ject8, is necessarily pos-
sessed l)y the next following subject : now, the character
P is possessed by the first subject of the series : ergo, it is
posaesseil by all the subjects." The discovery of this form
of reasonilig by Fermat opened the theory of numbers to
the researches of niatheniaticians. It holds good even if
tlic series Is infinite, so long as it contains no memlier
which cannot !« reached by proceeding by successive
steps from the first memlier, as is the case, for example,
with the entire class of finite positive integer numbeis.
In this particular Fermatian reasoning is contrasted for
example, with the syllogism of transposed quantity, which
holds only for finite classes. On the other hand, the Fer-
matian inference fails in such a case as tlic following: If
Achilles, pursuing a tortoise, is behind it at any instant,
then he will still be behind it when he reaches the point
where the tortoise now is; Imt he is behind it at first;
therefore, he will always be behind it. The following is
ei|ually alisurd : If any whole number is finite, the next
greater whole iiuml>er is finite ; but 1 is finite; hence, all
wliole nuinbirs are finite.
fermet, «. An obsolete variant of farnA.
ferment (fi^r'ment), «. [= Y. ferment = Sp.
Pg. It. fermento, < L. fermentum, leaven, yeast,
a drink made of fermented barley, fig. anger,
passion, contr. of 'fervimentum, ifervere, boil,
be agitated: see fervent, fervid.'} "it. A gentle
boiling, or the internal motion of the constitu-
ent parts of a fluid. [Rare.] — 2. That which
is capable of causing fermentation. Ferments are
of two kinds, organized and unorganized. Organii;ed fer-
ments belong to the lowest order of microscopic fungi.
Oiee ferme-ntation.) I'norpanized orchemical fermeliisare
siibsLiiices capable of causing chemical changes in certain
other sniistances without themselves being permanently
changed in the process : as diastase, maltin, and ptyalliu
ferment
which convert starch into a soluble modification or into
sugar ; pepsin, which dissolves proteids, forming peptones ;
enmlsin, which resolves amygdalin into oil of bitter al-
monds, prussic acid, and dextrose.
Use ihi^ ferment
For musty brede, whom this wol condyment.
Pailadius, llusbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 205.
3. Figuratively, commotion ; heat ; tumult ;
agitation: as, to put the passions in sl ferment
The nation is in too high a fennent for nie to expect
either fair war, or even so much as fair quarter, from a
reader of the opposite party.
Dryden, Pref. to Hind and Panther.
There vas &/erment in the minds of men, a vague crav-
ing for something new. Mctcaulay, Moore's Byron.
The lowest population of the great cities, from Balti-
more to Chicago, rose in fennent and mischief.
G. S. Merriam, S. liowles, II. 426.
Acetic ferment See rtci-rw.— Fibrin ferment. See
/ftr/H.— Universal ferment, in alchemy, a supposed
chemical substance of such a nature that, applied to any
animal, vegetable, or mineral, it improves the latter, so as
to make it the most perfect thing of its kind,
ferment (fer-menf), r. [= F. fcnnenter = Sp.
Pg. fennentar = It. fermentarey < 1^. fermentare^
cause to rise or ferment, pass, rise or ferment,
<.fermentum, a ferment, yeast: see fei'mentj n,]
1. trans. It. To cause to boil gently; cause
ebullition In. — 2. To cause fermentation in.
One, whose spirit -was /ennented with the leaven of the
Pharisees. Stillingjleet, Sermons, I. iv.
3. Figuratively, to set in agitation; excite;
arouse.
Ye vigorous swains ! while youth ferments your blood
And purer spirits swell the sprightly flood,
Now range the hills, the gamefnl woods beset,
Wind the shrill horn, or spread the waving net.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 93.
Fermenting-vat, in breitring, a tun or tank which holds
the wort during the fermentation caused by the addition
of tlie yeast.
H. intrans. 1. To undergo fermentation.
If wine or cider Ao ferment twice, it will be harder than
if it \\akA. fermented but once.
NeUe, Cider, quoted in Evelyn's Pomona.
2, Figuratively, to be in agitation; be excited,
as by violent emotions or passions, or great
problems.
There is a War, questionless a fermenting against the
Protestants. Howell, Letters, I. ii. 24.
My griefs not only pain me
As a lingering disease,
but, finding no redress, /er»^eni and rage.
Miltffn, S. A., I. 619.
fermentability (fer-men-ta-bil'i-ti), n. \< fer-
mentable : see -^iliti/,^ Capability of being fer-
mented.
Newman, it would seem, was unwilling to admit of the
/ennentabUity of milk.
A. Hunter, Georgical Essays, i. 197.
fermentable (f6r-men'ta-bl), a. l< ferment +
-able.] Capable of fermentation : thus, cider,
beer of all kinds, wine, and other vegetable
liquors are fermentable. Also fermenttble,
fermentalt (fer-men'tal), a. \_i ferment + -a/.]
Having power to effect fermentation.
That, containing little salt or spirit, they [cucumbers]
may also debilitate the vital acidity 'ahA fennental faculty
of the stomack, we readily concede.
Sir T. Broicne, Vulg. Err., ii. 7.
Fermentarian(f6r-men-ta'ri-an), n, [< ferment
+ -arian.^ A term of reproach applied in the
ecclesiastical controversies of the eleventh
century to one who used leavened or ferment-
ed bread in the eucharist. See Azymite and
Prozymite.
fermentatet (f6r-men'tat), v. t, [< L. fermen-
tatus, \>p. of fermentarey ferment: see fermentf
r.] To leaven; cause fermentation in.
The largest part of the Lords vfere fermentated with an
anti-episcopal sourness.
Bp. Hcuiket, Abp. Williams, ii. 179.
fermentation (f6r-men-ta'shon), n, [=F. fer-
mentation = Sp. fermentacion •=. Pg. fermen-
ta0o = It. fermentazione, < L. as if ^fermen-
tatio(n-)f < fermentaref ferment: see ferment.']
If. A gentle boiling or ebullition. — !^, A
decomposition produced in an organic sub-
stance by the physiological action of a living
organism or by certain unorganized agents.
See ferment. Fungi (and especially species of Saccha-
romyces) and bacteria are the agents of fermentative pro-
cesses or changes. Fermentation naturally ceases when
the nutritive elements of the fermented substance are
exhausted, or a sufficient proportion of a substance (as al-
cohol) deleterious to the ferment-organism is produced.
It may be checked or altogether prevented by anything
which prevents the growth of the organism, as by exclu-
sion of the germs or spores, by subjection to a temperature
too high or too low, by the presence of too large a propor-
tion of sugar or of a substance (called an antiseptic) which
acts as a poison to the organism. There are various kinds
of fermentation, each of which is caused by special organ-
isms. Alcoholic fermentation in saccharine solutions, or
fermentation in its most restricted sense, may be produced
2184
by any of several organisms, including several species of
Sticcharompceg, M\icor, PenicilUuw, and Asju'TgiUuit, and
to a slight extent by certain other fungi ; bnt the most im-
portant agent is Saccharomyces cerenmce, which produces
the fermentation of beer. In fermenting wine, several
species of Saccharomyces ai'e found. S. Mycoderma forms
a mold-like growth on the surface, the so-called ^oK(?r.'{o/
icitie. Acetous fermentation takes place in liquids which
have undergone alcoholic fermentation, and is caused by
Micrococcus (Mycoderma) aceti, the vinegar-plant. The
alcohol is oxidized, and acetic acid or vinegar is the re-
sult. Tliis micrococcus takes two forms: the immersed
or anaerobiotic form exists as a nmcilaginous mass called
the mother of vinegar; the other is the surface or aerobi-
otic form, the jiowers of vinegar. According to Pasteur,
the latter only is active in producing fermentation. Lac-
tic fermentation, or soxu'ing of milk, is induced by cer-
tain bacteria which decompose the sugar of milk and pro-
duce lactic acid. Viscous fermentation is of two kinds :
the one is caused by certain bacteria which convert the
fermenting substance into a slimy mass and produce
mannite; the other is caused by Leticonostoc mesenteri-
oides, which brings about the slimy condition, but does
not produce mannite. The latter occurs in saccharine
solutions, and is a source of serious loss to sugar-matni-
facturers on the European continent. The agent in bti-
tyric fermentation is Bacillus amylobacter, and butyric
acid is the result. Certain fermentative changes are pro-
duced in wood by various fungi. Putrefactive fermenta-
tion, or putrefaction, occurs in animal substances and
plant products containing a large proportion of nitroge-
nous matter. The organism which is active in the putre-
faction of beef is Bacteriwn termo. The ammoniacal
fermentation of urine is caused by Micrococcus urece. See
putrefaction, bacterium, and gertn theory, under germ.
Fermentation is a very general phenomenon. It is life
without air, or life without free oxygen, or, more gener-
ally still, it is the result of a chemical process accom-
plished on a fermentable substance.
Pasteur, Fermentation (trans.), p. 270.
3. Figuratively, the state of being in high ac-
tivity or commotion; agitation; excitement,
as of the intellect or feelings, a society, etc.
The founders of the English Church wrote and acted in
an age of violent intellectual fermentation and of constant
action and reaction. Macaulay.
A man may be a better scholar than Erasmus, and know
no more of the chief causes of the present intellectual
fermentation than Erasmus did.
Huxleif, Science and Culture.
Amylic,butyric, etc. , fermentation. See the adjectives.
— Benzoic fermentation, the change by which hippuric
acid, either in the body or in urine, takes on a molecule
of water and is resolved into benzoic acid and glycocoll.
= Syn. See ebullition.
fermentative (fer-men'ta-tiv), a. [= F. fer-
mentatif = Sp. Pg. fermentativo ; St,s ferment +
-ative.] 1. Causing or having power to cause
fermentation.
He [M. Schiitzenberger] thinks that this power, which
he terms fermentative energy, may be estimated more cor-
rectly by the quantity of sugar decomposed by the unit-
weight of yeast in unit-time.
Pasteur, Fermentation (trans.), p. 252.
2. Of the natiire of, consisting in, or produced
by fermentation.
It is not a fermentative process ; for the solution begins
at the surface, and proceeds towards the centre, contrary
to the order in which fermentation acts and spreads.
Paley, Nat. Theol., x.
K\^o fcrmcntive.
fermentativeness (fer-men'ta-tiv-nes), n. The
quality of being fermentative.
fermentible (f6r-men'ti-bl), «. [< ferment +
-ible; better fermentable.'] See fermentable.
fermentive (f6r-men'tiv), a. l< ferment + -ive.]
Same as fermentative.
The introduction into the blood of substances which
shall prevent fermentive y deflbrinizing, or destructive pro-
cesses. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 381.
ferment-oil (fer'ment-oil), n. An odorous com-
])ound produced during the fermentation of
bruised vegetables or of their extracted juice.
ferment-organism (fer'ment-6r'''gan-izm), n.
An organism which produces fermentation ; a
ferment.
ferment-secretion (f6r'ment-se-kre''''shon), n.
Tlie production of an unorganized ferment.
fermereret, n. [ME., ifermery, q. v.] The of-
ficer in a religious house who had the care of
the infirmary.
So did our sextein and owr ferm£rere.
That han ben trewe freres fifty yere.
Chaucer, Sunnnoner's Tale, 1. 151.
fermeryt, fermaryt, w. [A\so jirmary ; ME./cr-
7nery. fermerie, fermorie^ < OF, fermerie, abbr.
of enfermerie^ an infirmary: see infirmary.] An
infirmary; a room or building set apart for the
use of the sick.
Rcwf nines salle make the fennori/e; Devocione salle
make the celere ; Meditacion salle make the gernere.
MS. Lincoln, A. i. 17, f. 272. (Halliwell.)
If 3e fare so in 30wre/enHon> ferly me thinketh,
But chest be there charite shulde be and jonge childern
dorste pleyne! Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 108.
fermeture(f6r'me-tiir),M. [F .(^zlt.fermatura),
afastening, shutting, stop,</enHCr,shut,fasten,
< Jj.firmarCj make fast: see firm, v.] A mecha-
fermor
nism for closing the bore or chamber of abreech-
loading small-arm or cannon ; a breech-closing
apparatus. The Krupp fei-meture consists of a eylin-
dri>prismatic wedge furnished with a Broadwell ring to-
serve as a gas-check. This wedge slides transversely ia
Kmpp Fermeture with Broadwell Ring.
Fig. 1. Horizontal section of gun. Fig. s. Transverse action of
gun and roar elevation of wedge. W, j4, body of gun ; £, ^xire ; C.
cylindroprismatic wedge ; D. bearing-plate ; £, Broadwell ring ; L,
loading-hole ; /^, vent ; S, locking-screw.
a mortise in tlie steel breech-piece, and in the large cali-
bers it is moved in and out by a translating screw on one
side. The block is locked in position by a second screw
having a pai-t of its thread cut away so that a partial
turn causes it to engage or disengage in the breech of the
gun. The French or interrupted-screw fermeture is a
steel screw with its exterior divided into sextants or arcs
of 60° each. The
screw - threads
are removed
from the alter-
nate arcs, which,
thus present a
plain cylindrical
surface. The in-
terior surface of
the breech of the-
gun is similarly
formed with al-
ternate blank
and threaded,
sectors. In clos-
ing, the thread-
ed sectors on-
the block are-
brought oppo-
site the blanks in<
the hreech, and
the block is in-
serted by turn-
ing a translat-
ing screw ; then>
one sixth of a
turn of the block
to the right en-
gages the threads-
on the block
with those in
the breech and
closes the cham-
ber. The De
French or Interrupted-Screw Fermeture-
Fig. I. Section of breech-bloc':. Fig. a. Ele-
vation of breech-block. A, A, body of gun;
B, B, breech-screw ; C, C, mushroom -head and
bpindle; D, /?, "pad " or asbestos ring; a, a,
brass or co[>per rings ; *, *, tin or zinc plates ;
/■', vent and upper-vent bushings.
Bange or Freire gas-check is generally used with this
system of fermeture. The fermeture of the Hotchkiss
mountain-gun consists of a simple prismatic wedge, with
a locking screw engaging in a recess in the breech. A
handle on one side sei-ves to close and draw out the block,
and to lock it. This form of block has merely to support
the head of the cartridge-case, which acts as its own gas-
check. The fermetures for small-arms present a great
variety of combinations and movements. The most im-
portant are the rotating breech-block, as in the United
States Springfield and Martini-Henry rifles; the sliding
breech-block, as in the Sharps and Winchester rifles ; and
the sliding bolt, as in the Hotchkiss and Chaflfee-Reece
rifles. In all modern small-arms the metallic cartridge-
case serves as a gas-check or obturator. See gas-check, in-
terrupted screw (under screw), obturator, and cut under
cannon.
fermillett (f^r'mi-let), n. [< OF. fermillet,
fermoilletj dim. ot fermeilj fermail, fer7nal, etc.,
a clasp: see fermail.] A buckle or clasp.
Those stones were sustained or stayed by buckles and
firmillets of gold for more firmness.
Donne, Hist. Septuagint, p. 49.
fermisonf, n. [ME., also fermysoKn^f ermysone ;
< AF. fcrmeyson^ close-time, OF. fcrmoison, a
prison, < ML. firmatio{n-), a strengthening, con-
firmation, grant, wan-ant, assurance, a strong-
hold, close-time, < L./rwmre,make strong, eon-
firm: see firm^ v.] 1. IjioldEng. laa\ the time
within which it was forbidden to kill male deer ;
close-time for deer.
Tlie fre lorde hade defende in fermysoun tyme,
That ther scbulde no mon mene to the male dere.
Sir Gawaym and the Green Kniyht (E, E. T. S.), 1. 1156.
2. Deer; venison.
ftlesch fluriste of fermysone with fmmentee noble
Tlier-to wylde to wale, and wynlyche bryddes.
Morte Artkure (E. E. T. S.). 1. 180.
3. A place where deer were kept or allowed to
range.
Tyl on a day thay hom dygt into the dene dellus,
Fellun to the femalus, in forest was fredde,
Fayre by fermesones, by frythys and felles
To the wudde thay weyndun. Anturs of Arthur, st. 1.
fermo (fer'mo), a. [It., < 1j. firnms, firm: see
firm, a.] In music, ^rm} fast; unchanged. See
canto fermo.
fermorf, n. An obsolete form ot farmer.
Male-fern {At^inm Fiiix-mss).
fern
feml (f^rn), w. [< ME. feme, < AS. fearn =
D. varen = OHG. fnrn, faran, faram^ farm,
MHG. ram, varm, G. farn (in eomp. farn-kraut),
fern ; perhaps akin to Serv. Bulg. Bohem. papra t
= Pol. paproc = Russ. paporoti =ljith. papartis,
feru. Some compare Skt. parna, wmg, fea-
ther, leaf, tree (applied to various plants) ; the
same connection of thought appearing in the
Gr. rrTepi^f a fern, Trepov, a wing, feather, =r E.
feather,'] One of a large group of vascular
cryptogamous plants, constituting the natural
order Filices. They are herbaceous, rarely shrubby or
arborescent plants, sometimes with long creeping rhi-
zomes. But in many cases the rootstock or caudex is
erect, when the species is called a tree-fern. The fructifi-
cation, which is asexual, consists of spores produced in spo-
ran^a upon the
backs or margins
of the fronds. The
sporangia in most
genera are collect-
ed in definite clus-
ters (sori), and
these are usually
covered by a
special covering
membrane, or one
formed from the
margin of the
frond, called an
indusium. Each
sporangium is
formed from a
single epidermal
cell. In the lar-
gest 8ulx)rder, the
Poli/podiaeece, the
sporangia are
stalked and pro-
vided with a ver-
tical, many-joint-
ed ring, which
ruptures at matu-
rity, allowing the
escape of the
spores. In the
other suliorders
the ring is leas perfectly developed, or wanting. The
spores in germination produce a green prothalliuni upon
the surface uf the »>il, and upon the under surface of the
prothalliuni antheridiii mid an-hegunia are mona;ciuu8ly
produced. After fertilization the germ-cell of the arche-
foniuni develops into a frond-bearing plant. About 2,500
apecien of ferns are known. They are found all over the
world, but abound in humid temperate and tropical re-
gions. Great Brit-
ain has about 50.
temperate North
America about
IdO, India about
000. Ferns are
Tery abundant as
fossil plants, llie
earliest known
forms occur in
Devonian rocks,
and their remains
are very com-
mon in connec-
tion with coal of
UieCarboni f erou s
period. Plants
of the related
groQp Ophioffloi'
»aee4B uso are
called ferns.—
ChrlBtmas fern.
Hvr ChrtAtiiui*.
— Cloak-fern, a
■ptclM of NotkfAfgna. — FUmy fem, a species of the genus
aymenaphyUum^ found on moist rocks and in copses. —
Fiowerlnff fem« a fem of the senns Otmunda. especially
O. r^galit. This plant* which u common in Europe and
America, growing in bosgy places and wet woods, forms
tufts of large bipintiAte fronds. In the fertile fronds the
upper pinn» are tnitHfMrrMfd into a handsome panicle of
^rangta.— Hare's-foot fern. DavaUia Caiiarierm*,—
Maidenhair fem, 8i>ecies of Adiantum, especially A.
r latum and A. Capdltu-V enerit.—'^ytX farn,^'"**"!*
n?7a7ur.~ Scented fern, Nephrodium Oreojfteru, from
the citron odor of its fronds when gently rubbed.— Sensi-
tXre tern, OnoeUa gemiouis.^ Sweet- or maadow-fern,
the Myrica Complonia (or Comptoma tuptenifolia), a niyri-
caceoua shrub of North America, with fragrant fern-like
foliage. (For other ferns, see the compound names.)
fem^t, a. [ME. /ern, < AS. fyrnj ancient, former
(chiefly in comp.), = OS. ferni = OHG. firm,
MHG. pirne, old, Q,firn, former, of the last year
(see ^rn ), = Icel. /orn- = 8w. /on*- = Goth. /(tir-
neis^ old, ancient; akin to /ar^, q. v.] 1. An-
cient; old; former; past; previous.
Ferru halwes couthe in sondry londes.
Chaucer, Gen. ProL to C. T., I, 14.
2. Distant; remote; far off.
Renon . . . passynge to/erne poeples.
Chaucer, Boethius, II, meter 7.
fenx^t.odr. [ME./ern; ifern^f a.] Long ago;
long before.
But for they han iknowen it so/prit.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 248.
fernery (f^r'ne-ri), n. ; pi. ferneries (-riz), [<
fern^ + -^ry.f A place where ferns are arti-
ficially grown ; a plantation of ferns.
FoirflFenii.
f, PreofteriM Milloni,
2185
fernfreckled (ffera-frek'ld), a. [Cf. /ernftcfe.]
Freckled. [Prov. Eng.]
femgale (fern'gal), n. The sweet-fern, Myrica
Comptonia.
ferniticle, femitickle, ». See femtide.
fernleaf (feru'lef), n. A delicate rose-colored
alga, CaUithamnion gracillimum.
fern-owl (fem'oul), «. 1. Properly, a name of
the common European goatsucker or uight-jar,
Caprimulgiis europceus. — 2. The short-eared owl
or marsh-owl, Asio brachyotus or accipUrinus.
[Ireland.]
fern-seed (fem'sed), n. The seed of a fern;
collectively, the seed-like bodies constituting
the spores of ferns : formerly supposed to pos-
sess wonderful virtues, such as the power of
rendering a person carrying it invisible.
We have the receipt of /ern-seed ; we walk invisible.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 1.
femshaw (f^m'sha), n. A shaw, brake, or
thicket of ferns.
He bade me take the Gipsy mother,
And set her telling some story or other
Of hill or dale, oakwood or /emshaw.
Broicning, Flight of the Duchess.
femsmnndt, «. The flowering fem, Osmunda
reyalis.
Fermsmund is ... an herb of some called water-fern,
hath a triangular stalk, and is like polipody, and it grows
in bogs and hollow grounds.
G. Markham^ Cheap and Good Husbandry, 1676.
femticle (f6rn'ti-kl), n. [Also /ernHcfcte,/arn-
ticle, famtiekle, fantiekle; Se. ferniticle, ferni-
tickle,fairntickle, explained as ' a freckle on the
skin resembling the seed of a fern.'] A freckle :
usually in the plural. [Prov. Eng.]
femticled (f6rn'ti-kld), a. Freckled. [Prov.
Eng.]
ferny (ffer'ni), a. [</fr«l + -yl.] 1. Abound-
ing in or overgrown with ferns.
See not ye that Ijonny road,
That winds about the/«*nie brae?
Thomas the Rh}fmer (Child's Ballads, I. 111).
The wild-buck bells from ferny brake.
Scott, Marmion, iv. 15.
2. Resembling or of the nature of a fem.
femyeret, «. [ME., < fern^ + yere, year.] A
past year; particularly, the past year.
Farewel al the snowgh of/«m« yere.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1176.
Many tymes haue moeued the to thinke on thine ende,
And how fele Jemserea are faren [gone] and so fewe to
come. . Piert Ptoteman (B), xii. 5.
ferocientt, a. [< L. ferocien(t-)s, ppr. of fero-
cire, be fierce, be ungoTerasble, iferox (feroc-),
fierce: see /erocwms.] Fierce; savage; fero-
cious.
Nothing ao aoon tames the madnease of people as their
own fierceness and extravagancy : which at length, as S.
Cyprian otwer^'ea, tires them by taking away their breath,
and vainly exhausting their /c^oeifn^ spirita.
Bp, Oauden, Tears of the Church, p. 142.
ferocious (ff-ro'shus), a. [< h.feroi (feroc-),
wil(l, bold, savage, fierce, (.ferua, wild, savage,
fierce (see fierce), + -oits.] 1. Of a fierce or
cruel nature; savage; wild; rapacious: as, a
ferocious disposition; ferocious savages; a fe-
rocious lion.
The room speedily became crammed to suffocation by
Turcomaua, whose curiosity was little short ot/erociotu.
O'Donovan, Menr, xv.
2. Indicating or expressive of ferocity: as, a
ferocious look.
.Slow rose a form, in majesty of mud ;
Shaking the horrors of hit sable brows.
And each/erotfaotu feature grim with ooze.
Pope, Dnnclad, U. 328.
=:8yiL 1. Untamed, cmel, fell, ruthless, relentless, piti-
less, merciless, brutal. Inhuman, sanguinary, bloody, fu-
rious.
ferociously (fe-ro'shus-li), adv. In a fierce man-
ner: fiercely; with ferocity or savage cruelty.
ferociousness (fe-ro'shns-nes), n. The quality
of being ferocious ; savage fierceness ; cruelty ;
ferocity.
It [Christianity] has abated the /erocioujineu of war.
//. Blair, Works, I. vi.
ferocity (fe-ros'j-ti), ». [< F. ferocite = Pr. fe-
rocitat = Sp. ferocidad = Pg. ferocidade = It.
ferocith, < L. ferocita(t-)s, fierceness, < ferox
(feroc-), fierce: see fierce.'] The quality of be-
ing ferocious; ferocious or fierce character or
disposition; savage wlldness or fierceness; fury;
cruelty: as, the /eroctfy of barbarians.
An uncommon feroeily in my countenance, with the re-
markable flatness of my nose, and extent of my mouth,
have procured me the name of lion. Addison, Guardian.
The atrocious opinions that were prevalent concerning
the guilt of heresy produced in many minds an extreme
and most active /eroeity. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 198.
Feroher.
{ Fn»n Bonomi's " Nineveh and its Palaces.")
ferrandine
In pathetic contrast with the ferocity of vengeful Achil-
les is the tenderness with which Priam, Hecuba, and An-
dromache wail for their fallen one.
N. A. Ret., CXXXIX. 461.
The Turcomans display great fondness for dumb ani-
mals, and it was remarkable to see men of known ferocity
exhibit the greatest tenderness to various pets.
O'Donovan, Merv, xxiii.
= Syil, Savageness, barbarity, inhumanity, ruthlessness,
mercilessness, brutality.
feroher (fe-r6'h6r), n. [Pahlavi (also written
frohar, feruer, ferver), < Zend fravashi, of
doubtful etymology. ] 1 . One of an order of be-
in|;s, the life-principles or geniuses or tutelary
spirits of living beings, believed in and rever-
enced by the
ancient Per-
sians, adher-
ents of the Zo-
roastrian reli-
gion.— 2. A
name given,
very question-
ably, to. a sym-
bol seen on
monuments of
ancient Per-
sian origin,
representing a winged circle, with or without a
manlike figure in it, hovering over the head of
a king or other person, and believed by some to
represent his tutelary spirit.
fer Oligiste (fer oW-zhest'). [F.: fer, < L.
fcrriim, iron; oligiste, < Gr. bliytcro^, siiperl. of
oMyo^, few, little, small.] Anhydrous iron ses-
quioxid, otherwise called hematite or specular
iron ore.
Feronia (fe-ro'ni-a), n. [L., an old Italian de-
ity, related to Tellus, the patron of freedmen;
a Sabine word.] 1. A genus of rutaceous
plants allied to the orange, of a single species,
F. elephantum, a native of tropical India and
Java. It is a thorny tree with pinnate leaves and white
flowers, and bears an acid fruit which is known as the
elephant- or wood-apple. Tliis is eaten, and used for jel-
lies, and also as a medicine, in the same way as the nearly
related bel, or Bengal quince. The tree exudes a gum re-
sembling gum arable, and the wood is used in house-build-
ing and for other purposes.
2. In entom. : (a) A genus of adephagous bee-
tles, of the family Carabidw, or giving name to
the Feroniidw. It is synonymous in part with
Pcecilus of Bonelli, in part with Molops of the
same author. Latreille, 1817. (6) A genus of
dipterous insects. W. E. Leach, 1817. [Obso-
lete.]
Feroniidsef (fer-6-ni'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fero-
nia + -id<8.] A family of caraboid beetles,
taking name from the genus Feronia. Also
Feronida; Feronides.
ferosh, «. See f crash.
ferourt, ». See farrier.
A niaystur of horsys a squyer ther is, '
Aueyner and/erowr vndur hym I wys.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 319.
ferous (fe'rus), a. [= F. firoce = Pr. feroce
= Sp. Pg. feroz = It. feroce, < L. ferus, wild,
savage: see fierce.'] Wild; savage; feral.
[Rare.]
And in this he had a special aim, and hope also, to es-
tablish Christian laws among infldels ; and, by domestical,
to chace away those ferous and indomitable creatures that
Infested the land. Wilson, James I.
-ferous. [< L. -fer + E. -ous : see -fer.'] The
terminal element, meaning 'bearing' or 'pro-
ducing,' in some compound adjectives, with
English nouns in -fer (and N^w Latin forms in
-/er(also-/eri«), m., -fera, {., -ferum, neut.): as,
coniferous, cone-beanng; 6aca/croM«, beirj'-pro-
ducing ; auriferous, gold-producing; pestiferous,
pest-producing.
ferraget, «. Same a,s ferriage.
Peatje. Monie paid for passage oner sea, in a shippe, or
over the water in a ferrie ; ferrage pay. Xomenclator.
ferrandinef, farrandinet (fer'-, far'an-din),
n. [Also farrendine, farandain, farendone, a
stuff so called appar. on account of its color,
< OF. ferrandin, iron-gray, < fcrrant, ferrand,
ferant, ferand, iron-gray (as a noun, an iron-
gray horse, a horse in general), < fer, < L.
ferruni, iron: see ferreous, farrier.] A kind
of cloth, partly of silk and partly of wool or
hair.
I know a great Lady that cannot follow her Husband
abroad to his Haunts, because her Farrandine is so ragged
and greasy. Wycherley, Love in a Wood, v.
With my taylor to buy a silk suit, . . . and, after long
resolution of having nothing but black, I did buy a col-
oured silk/snandm. Pepys, Diary, II. 246.
ferrandlne
The Lords . . . fell to consult and debate if the said
act, prohibiting all clothes made of silli stuffs to be worn
by any except the privileged persons, reached to famn-
(fa ills; which are part silk, part hair.
Fouttiaiithall, Decisions, Supp., p. 2.
Ferrara, n. See Andrea Ferrara.
Ferrarese (fer-ii-res' or -rez'), a. and n. [<
Ferrara + -ese.l I. a. Of or pertaining to the
city of Ferrara in Italy, noted as tlie center of a
Bcliool of Renaissance painting, or the former
duchy of Ferrara.
Little known Ferrarese painters.
Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 119.
II. «. A native or an inhabitant of Ferrara.
ferraryt (fer'a-ri), «. [< L. ferraria, an iron-
mine, iron-works, fern, otferrarim, of iron : see
farrier, farriery J\ The art of working in iron;
iron-working.
And thus resolv'd to Lemnos she doth hie,
Where Vulcan workes in heavenly /errarie.
Heywood, Troja Britannica, 1. 1609.
ferrate (f er'at), n. [< L. ferrum, iron, + -afcl.]
In chem., a salt formed by the union of ferric
acid with a base.
ferrayt, «• An obsolete form ot foray.
ferret, adv. and a. See/ari.
ferrean (fer'e-an), o. [As ferreous + -«».]
Same aa ferreous,
ferrel (fer'el), n. See ferrule^.
ferreous (fer'e-us), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. ferreo, <
L. ferreus, made of iron, iron, < ferrum, iron.]
1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of iron ;
made of iron.
A weak and inanimate kind of loadstone, veyned here
and there with a lew magnetical and/erreoMjt lines.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 11. S.
2. In entom., of a metallic-gray hue, like that
of polished iron.
ferrerif, a. and adv. compar. See/orl.
ferrer^t, n. See farrier.
ferrer^t, «. [ME., only in barell ferrers, pi.
(prop, a compound), < barell, barrel, + ferrer,
< OF. ferriere, a leathern bottle or bucket, <
ML. "ferraria, ferreria {aXso f errata, f erratum),
a bucket with iron hoops, fem. of li. ferrarius,
of iron, < ferrum, iron. Cf . farrier. Barell far-
raris is translated in ML. as cadi-ferreos, i. e.,
in ace. cados ferreos, iron-bound casks.] A
cask or barrel with iron hoops. [Prov. Eng.]
Barelle /errers they broched and broghte theme the wyne.
MorU Arthure (E. E. T. 8.), L 2715.
2186 ferropmssiate
other vermin or small game living in holes, ferricalcite(fer-i-kal'sit),n. [< L. /crr«m, iron,
into which its lithe, slender, and sinuous body + calx (calc-), lime, + -ite2.] A species of cal-
readily enters. The ferret is lUso called Pw(ori«s/i(io, careous earth or limestone combined with a
and is by some considered a species ; it is now known only large proportion (from 7 to 14 per cent. ) of iron,
as a domesticated animal. It is a near relative of the stoat ferricvanic (fer"i-si-an'ik), a. [< Jj. ferrum,
or ermine and the weasel, as well as of the polecat. See ;,.„_ "j. t,^ pnnn(nnpn') + -if Cf ffrrnniiinir ^
these words, and Mmtelidce, Putorius. "01' ^ f • eyan{ogen) -1- -le. _ t..!. jerrocycmtc-i
^L're^'^?is?^'iiS';^K''b'ite) f;^!t^aX^if^::^'^!^o^x''^^^^^
%f;zXor^^t.rZ':T.^.n..TJu.c.y. >?«/s'ri:ifi:Vit'ni^Si^nrt"^t''e!'''''"™'"^'^°™
2. In glass-manuf, the iron used to try the fgrj-jcyanide (fer-i-si'a-nidor-nid),)!. l<fcrri-
melted matter to see if it is fit to work, and to cyan-ic + -idel. Ct. ferrocyanide.'] Aoompound
make the rings at the mouths of bottles. of a base or basic radical with ferrioyanogen.
ferretl (fer'et), v. t. [< ME. "fereten, fyrretten, ferricyanogen (fer"i-si-an'o-jen), n. [< L./er-
< OF. f ureter, F.f ureter, hunt with a ferret, fer- ;.)j„j^ iron, + E. cyanogen, q. v.] A hexad radi-
ret, search, ransack, = It. ferettarc, furettare oal, (FeC6Ne)2.
(obs.), ferret or hunt in holes, grope, fumble; ferrier^t (fer'i-6r), n. [Formerly also /mowr; <
from the noun.] 1. To drive out of a lurking- ferry + -e)l.] A ferryman.
place, as a ferret does the rabbit. ^j^^, jj ^„y boteman arfenmr be dwelling in the ward.
With an ottyr spare ryuer none ne ponde, that taketh more for botemanage or feriage then is or-
With hem that fyrrettyth robbe conyngherthys [rabbit- dained. Calthrop s Reports, 1670.
burrows]. Political Poems, etc. (ed. rurnivall), p. 26. ^gj^jg^at n. An obsolete spelling ot farrier.
Having received sundry complamts aganist these inyis- f„__,.__._.' „ a^, obsolete snellina' of farrieru
ible workmen, I ordered the proper officer of my court to lemeryt, «. An ODSOiexe speumg oi jurrwry.
/erref them out of their respective caves, and bring them dip. LOWlll.
before me. Addison, Trial of the Wine-brewers. ferriferoUS (f e-rif 'e-rus), a. [< L. ferrum, iron.
Hence — 2. Figuratively, to search out by per- + ferre, = E. hear\ + -o«s.] Containing iron
severance and cunning: commonly followed by or ores of iron — Ferriferous rocks, rocks containing
OM<:as,to/(«-re«o»iasecret , ferrilKfer'U), »• An obsolete form of /OT-»!e2.
Thelnquisition/erretedoufanddrovemtobamshment.^ .,!.'■ „;?,-,, [■-. t /•„,.„„„, i-on -f- Gr
some considerable remnants of that unfortunate race [the lemllte (ter 1-m;, n. i<. U. JO rum, iron, -r ur.
Moorish]. H. Swinburne, Travels through Spain, xx. AttJOQ, stone. J ICagStone.
If ihey ferret the mystery out of one hole they run it to ferrite (fer'it), n. [< L. ferrum, iron, + -ifcZ.]
cover in another. The Century, XXVII. 926. A term proposed by Vogelsang to include in-
determinable mineral substances of a reddish
color, frequently observed in certain igneous
rocks when they are examined in thin sections
under the microscope. They probably consist
in most eases of hydrous oxid of iron.
ferrivorous (fe-riv'o-rus), a. [< li. ferrum, iron,
+ vorare, devour.] ' Iron-eating. [Bare.]
The idiot at Ostend . . . died at last in consequence of
his appetite for iron. . . . This poor creature was really
trained ferrets. ferrivorous. Southey, The Doctor, cxxviiL
ferret^ (fer'et), n. [< It. fioretto, a little flower, ferro-. An element in some compounds, repre-
flower-work upon lace or embroidery, coarse senting the Latin ferrum, iron : used in chem-
f erret-silk, = F. fleuret, floret-silk, dim. of It. istry to denote derivation from iron.
flore = F. fleur, a flower: see floret, flower.] ferrocyanic (fer"6-si-an'ik), a. [< L. ferrum,
3. To search (a place). [Rare.]
Sound round the Cels of th' Ocean dradly-deep;
Measure the Mountains snowie tops and steep ;
Ferret all Corners of this neather Ball.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Magnificence.
4t. To worry, as a ferret does his prey.
Ill fer him, and flrk him, Sind ferret him.
Shak., Hen. V., iv. 4.
To hunt with ferrets : as, to ferret rats with
ferrestt, a. and adv. superl. See /art.
ferret^ (fer'et), n. [Early mod. E. also ferrette;
< ME. /ere*, ferette, fferet, also foret,forette,f or-
ytt, later furette (the vowel e in flrst syllable ,, , ^ . ^
is due to the lack of stress— the word being ferreter (fer et-er)
Originally, a silk tape or narrow ribbon used
for fastening or lacing ; now, a narrow worsted
or cotton ribbon used for binding, for shoe-
strings, etc., and also, when dyed in bright
colors, for cockades, rosettes, etc.
"We have a small account against you at the store,
some pins and ferret, I believe," said Deacon Penrose;
" hope you will call and settle before you leave."
S. Judd, Margaret, n. 1.
One who uses a
accented in ME. on the second syllable — or
perhaps to simulation of L. /era, a wild ani-
mal) (= UB.furet, foret, ferret, fret, D. fret =
G. frett, usually in dim. frettchen), < OF. furet,
T.furet = It. furetto, < WL. furetus, also spelled
furectus (also, after OF., foretta), a ferret, a
dim. of the earlier ML. /Mro(«-), a ferret (> OSp.
furon, Sp. huron = Pg. furao = OF. furon, a fer-
ret), these names, as well as ML. furunculus,
furuncus,furus, being applied to the ferret and
other animals of the weasel kind, in allusion to
their slyness and craftiness, < L. fur, a thief,
dim. furunculus, a petty thief. Cf . AS. mearth,
a marten, glossed by ML. furo{n-), furunculus,
and furuncus. The W. ffured, a ferret, which
rests on ffur, wary, wily, crafty, wise, = Bret.
fur, crafty, wise, may have been suggested
(with its verb ffuredu, ferret out) by the E. and
Bom. forms. Other alleged Celtic forms do not
appear.] 1. An artificial albinotic variety of
the fitch or polecat, Puiorius vulgaris or fce-
ferret in catching or killing rats, rabbits, and
other vermin. — 2. One who pries into the
private affairs of others for the purpose of un-
earthing secrets, or of bringing anything to
light. Johnson.
ferreting (fer'et-ing), n. [Verbal n. oiferret\
■y.] The sport of hunting with ferrets.
ferretto (fe-ret'o), n. [It. ferretto {di Spagna,
of Spain), dim. of ferro, < L. ferrum, iron - -
iron, + E. cyan{ogen) + -Jc] Related to or con-
taining the tetrad radical FeCeNe- -^s" ferro-
prussic Ferrocyanic acid, H4reCoN8, an acid ob-
tained by decomposing f eiTocyanides with sulphuric acid.
ferrocyanide (fer-d-si'a-nid or -nid), n. [< fer-
rocyan-ic + -idel.] A! compound of a base or
basic radical with ferrocyanogen. Potassium fer-
rocyanide, or yellow prussiate of potash, is commercially
the most important ferrocyanide, being the starting-point
for the production of all the cyanogen compounds. It is
prepared by fusing in iron pots potassium carbonate, vari-
ous sorts of animal refuse, as bone, hair, blood, etc., and
iron-filings. The fused mass is digested with water, and the
yellow prussiate ot potash separated by crystallization. It
is a powerful oxidizing agent, and is used in the arts.
ferrocyanogen (fer''6-si-an'o-ien), n. [< L. fer-
rum, iron, + E. cyanogen, q. v.] A tetravalent
radical, Fe(CN)e, consisting of six cyanogen
radicals united with one -atom of iron. Ferro-
cyanides may be regarded as compoimds of this
radical with a base.
ferreous.'] Copper calcined with brimstone or ferromi adv. [ME., also ferrum, a var. (as U
white vitriol, used in coloring glass.— Spanish - ■ -' - - - ■ ■■ - ^ -
ferretto, a rich reddish brown, obtained by calcinmg cop-
per and sulphur together in closed crucibles. Weale.
ferriage (fer'i-aj), ». [Early mod. E. also/e»-i-
age, fcrragc; < ME. feriage, f cry age; < ferry +
-age.] 1. Conveyance over a stream or other
water by a ferry-boat or other similar means of
transport ; the act or business of ferrying.
In feith," seide Merlin, J'ther-in is no pereUe, but ferromagnetic (fer"6-mag-net'ik), a. [< L./er-
dat.) oiferren,feorren, far; in phr. aferrom, o
ferrom, prop. eomp. a-ferrom, var. of aferren,
aferre, afer, afar: see afar.] Far — Aferromt,
afar.
I my self have seen o Ferrom in that See, as thoughe it
hadde ben a gret Yle fuUe of Trees and Buscaylle, f uUe of
Thornes and Breres, gret plentee.
MandeviUe, Travels, p. 271.
other to aske a lustinge or elles the feriage.'
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ni. 605.
2. Provision for ferrying; means of crossing a
stream or other water by ferrying: as, inade-
quate ferriage; the ferriage of the river is
neglected.— 3. The price charged for ferry-
ing : as, the ferriage has been reduced.
But first he placed the needful obolus,
The/erriai/e of the dead, beneath her tongue ;
Her spirit else had wandered by the Styx
An hundred years among the wretched ghosts.
R. H. Stoddard, The Fisher and Charon.
ferric (fer'ik), a. _l=^F.ferrique,< 'L.ferrujn,
rum, iron, + E. magnetic] Paramagnetic; be-
having like iron in a magnetic field. See dia-
magnetic.
Faraday gives reasons for believing that all bodies are
either ferromagnetic or diamagnetic.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 241.
ferromanganese (f er"6-mang'ga-nez), n. [< L.
ferrum, iron, + E. manganese.] A variety of
white pig-iron containing a relatively large
amount of carbon, from 3i to 6 per cent., and
over 25 per cent, of manganese. It is largely
, ici 1.x/, ^. L— * • ./ -.!"-> ■ -- - ■ ^ised in the manufacture of Bessemer steel.
see ferreous.] Pertaining to or extracted ferronifere (fe-ro-niar'), «. IF.; ct. ferronier.
Feiret {Puterius/uro).
adus, said to be of African origin, about 14
inches long, of a whitish or pale-yellowish color,
with red or pink eyes, bred in confinement in
Europe and America to kill rats, rabbits, and
from iron; specifically, pertaining to iron m
the quadrivalent condition. A ferric compound is
one in which the iron entera as a sexivalent radical (con-
sisting of two quadrivalent atoms). These compounds
are often called sesqui-compounds : as, iron scsywiclilorid
(FeoClfi), and iron sesquioxid (Fe203).— Ferric acid, an
acid of iron (H2Fe04), never obtained in the free state.
A few salts of this acid are known, and are called fer-
rates.—Ferric salts, salts in which iron is considered
as quadrivalent, and two atoms of iron form a sexivalent
radical, as Fe2Cla.
an ironmonger, etc., < fer, < L. ferrum, iron.]
A chain of gold, usually set with jewels, worn
on the head by women.
Her [Lady Blessington's] hair is dressed close to her
head, and parted on her forehead by a ferontire of tur-
quoises. Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 96.
ferropmssiate (fer-6-prus'iat), n. [< ferro-
prtiss-ic + -i-ate.] A compound of ferroprus-
sic or ferrocyanic acid with a base.
ferroprussic
ferropnissic (fer-6-prus'ik), a. [< L. ferrum,
irou, + E. prussic.'\ Same as ferrocyanic.
ferrosoferric (fe-ro-so-fer'ik), a. [< L. as if
''ferrosiu{< ferrum, iron) + ferrum, iron, + -I'c]
lu chem., a term applied to those iron com-
pounds in which three iron atoms form a nu-
cleus or radical which is octivalent, as magnetic
oxid of iron, Fe304.
ferrotellurite (fer-O-tel'u-rit), ». [< li. ferrum,
iron, + E. Mliirite.'] A little-known mineral
from Colorado, occui-ring in delicate tufts of
minute yellow crystals: it is supposed to be a
tellurate of iron.
ferrotype (fer'o-tip), h. [< L. ferrum, iron, +
Gr. riJTof, impression.] A kind of positive
photograph, so called because the sensitive
film is laid on a sheet of enameled iron or tin ;
a tintype. The plate is exposed in the camera
and then developed in the ordinary way.
ferrotyper (fer'o-ti-ptr), «. One who makes
ferrotypes ; a ptiotographer who makes a spe-
cialty of ferrotypes.
This is the camera, and the only one, for the ferrotyper.
Silver Sunbeam, p. 568.
ferrons (fer'ns), a. [< L. ferrum, iron, + -ous.l
Pertaining to or obtained from iron ; specifi-
cally, pertaining to iron in the bivalent condi-
tion: contrasted with /erric (which see).
It is necessary to ascertain whether the quantity of
acetic acid present is sufficient to keep the ferrous ace-
tate in solution. Workthop Beceipti, 2d »er., p. 827.
Ferrous compounds, those compounds in which the
basic radical is a single bivalent atom of iron, as ferrous
oxid, FeO. Also called iron protoxid.
The ferrougcompottndi whose radical is a single bivalent
atom uf iron. Cooke, Chem. Philos.
ferruginated (fe-r6'ji-na-ted), a. [See ferru-
ginous.^ Having the color or properties of iron-
rust.
fermgineons (fer-o-jin'e-us), a. [= Sp. Pg.
It. ferrnijineo, < L. ferrugineus : see ferrugi-
nous.] Same asferruginout.
Hence they are cold, hot, sweet, stinking, purgative, di-
uretick orferruffineous. Ray, Works of Creation, 1.
fermginons (fe-r6'ji-nus), a. r= F. femigi-
neujc = Sp. Pg. It. ferruginoso, < L. as if *fir-
ruginosus, equiv. to ferruginus, commonly fer-
ruginetu, of the color of iron-rust, dark-red,
dusky, of an iron taste, < ferrugo (ferrugin-),
iron-rust, the color of iron-rust : see ferrugo.]
1. Of the color of iron-rust; light reddish
brown.— 2. Of the nature of or containing
iron.
By this means I found the German spa to retain a little
acidity, even bei:« at London ; but more than one of our
own yerrumnoM springs did not, even upon this trial,
appear to have any. Boyle, Works, IV. 814.
ferrugo (fe-r6'g6), n. [L., iron-rust, the color
of iron-rust, < ferrum, iron. Cf . cerugo, albugo. ]
In boi., a disease of plants commonly called
rust (which see), it Is caused by fungi of the family
Uredinece, anti especially of its largest genus, Pueeinia.
Imp. Diet. [ Not used. )
ferrnleH, ». See/erM?*'.
ferrule-, ferule^ (fer'il or -^\), «. [Corrupt
forms, simulating in the term, the word /er-
ti/ei, and in the first syllable the L. ferrum,
iron ; formerly ferrel, ferril, earlier verril, ver-
relfVerel, rirole, vgroU (see virole) ; < OF. virole,
an iron ring put about the end of a staff, etc.,
a ferrule, F. rirote = Sp. birola = Pg. rirola, a
ferrule. < ML. rirola, a ring, a bracelet, equiv.
to L. ririola, a little bracelet, dim. of viria, a
bracelet, annlet ^> It. viera, a ferrule, iron ring-
bolt), < riere, twist, bind around, > vitta, a fil-
let, band, akin to E. vith^, withy, q. v.] 1. A
ring or cap of metal put on a column, post, or
staff, as on the lower end of a cane or an um-
brella, to strengthen it or prevent it from wear-
ing or splitting.
The /«rr</ of his stick
Trying the mortar's temper 'tween the chinks
Of some new shop a-building.
Broiming, How It Strikes a Contemporary.
2. A ring sliding on the shaft of a spear and
holding firmly to it the long tangs of the head ;
also, a ring or socket protecting the butt-end
of a spear-shaft. The latter was also used as
a weapon, or, when of a chisel form, as a tool.
Compare celt-. — 3. In steam-boilers, a bushing
for expanding the end of a flue. — 4. The frame
of a slate. — 6. Anything like a ferrule (in
sense 1) in form or position.
A ferule of new l»one formation, which is attached,
above and iK.*low the breach, to the sound tKinc.
Bxiekt llnnd>>ook of Med. Sciencet, V. 123.
Stilt ferrule, a device for strengthening a fishing-rod at
t weakest point, where tlie ferrule Joins the wood.
2187
ferruled (fer'old or -ild), a. Fitted or furnished
with a ferrule. Curlyle.
fernuninate (fe-ro'mi-nat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
ferruminatcd, -ppr. ferruminating. [< h. ferru-
minatus, pp. ot ferruminare, cement, solder, <
fvrrumen, cement, solder, glue, <. ferrum, iron.]
To unite or solder, as metals. [Eare.]
ferrumlnation (fe-ro-mi-na'shon), n. [< L.
ferruminatio{)i-), < ferruminare : see ferrumi-
nate.l The soldering or uniting of metals.
[Rare.]
ferrum jaculi (fer'um jak'u-li). In Iter., same
as phcoii.
ferry (fer'i), v. ; pret. and pp. ferried, ppr. fer-
rying. [< ME. ferien, carry, convey, convey in
a boat, < AS. ferian, carry, convey, esp. convey
in a boat, = OHG. ferian, MHG. vern = leel. fer-
ja = Dan. fwrge = Sw. farja, convey in a boat,
ferry, = Goth, farjan, go by boat, row; orig.
caus. of AS./aran(=Goth./aran, etc.),go: see
/arel.] I. trans. To carry or transport over a
contracted body of water, as a river or strait, in
a boat or other floating conveyance plying be-
tween opposite shores.
The lombe ther, with-outen spotte3 blake,
Hats feryed thyder hys fayre flote.
Allilerative Poems (ed. Morris), I. 945.
Over this river we were ferried.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 133.
. They themselves, once /erricd o'er the wave
That parts us, are emancipate and loos'd.
Courper, Task, ii. 38.
H, intrans. To pass over water in a boat.
They ferry over this Lethean sound
Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment.
Miltmi, P. L., ii. 604.
ferry (fer'i), n.; pi. ferries (-iz). [< UE.fei-y
= D. veer = MHG. rer, vere, G. fahre = Icel.
ferja = Dan. fterge = Sw. fdrja, a ferry; cf.
OHG. ferjo, fero, MHG. verje, verge, vere, G.
ferge, a ferryman, boatman ; from the verb.]
1. A boat or raft in which passengers and
goods are conveyed over a river or other con-
tracted body of water; a wherry.
Bring them, I pray thee, with Iraagin'd speed,
Unto the traject, to the common /erry
Which trades to Venice. Shak., M. of V., iU. 4.
I went down to the river Brent in the ordinary /crry.
Addison.
2. The place or passage where boats pass over
water to convey passengers and goods.
1 . . . came to a little towne hard by the ferry where
we were transported into the lie of France.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 24.
And I'll give ye a silver pound
To row us o'er the ferry.
Campbell, Lord TJllin's Daughter.
3. A provision for the regular conveyance by
boat or raft of passengers and goods across a
river or other body of water between opposite
shores: as, to establish a /erry; also, the legal
right to maintain such a conveyance, and to
charge reasonable toll for the service.
ferry-boat (fer'i-bot), «. [< ME. feryboot, <
fery, ferry, + hoot, boat.] A vessel or boat
moved by steam, sails, oars or sweeps, a tow-
line, or the force of a current, used to convey
passengers, vehicles, cattle, etc., across a river,
harbor, or other contracted waterway between
opposite shores.
And there went over a ferry boat to carry over the king's
household, and to do what he thought good.
2 Sam. ztx. 18.
ferry-bridge (fer'i-brij), ». 1. A ferry-boat or
scow used for transport over water. — 2. The
landing-stage or platform of a ferry, hinged at
one end to the wharf, the other end being raised
or lowered to the level of the incoming boat.
[U. S.]
ferryman (fer'i-man), «.; p\. ferrymen (-men).
[Formerly also feririman ; < ferry ■+■ man.] One
who keeps or plies a ferry.
1 pass'd, methought, the melancholy flood.
With that sour /erry*iian which poets write of,
Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.
SAot.,Rich. III., i. 4.
Their ceremonies performed, they laid the corps in a
1x>at, to be wafted over Acherusia, a lake on the South of
the city, by one only whom they call Charon ; which gave
to Orpheus the invention of his infeniall/em-THfln.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 105.
ferry-master (fer'i-mis't*r), ». 1. A superin-
tendent of a ferry ; a person in charge of a ferry-
station. — 2. A collector of ferriage-money.
The passage at the ferry-manter's winilow was jammed
. . . with women asking . . . wheA tlie soldiers would be
over. \ew York Tribune, May 29, 1862.
fers'tiO. A Middle English form of ,/Ierce. Chau-
cer.
fertility
fers^t, n. [ME. , < OF. fierce, fierche, fierge, ML.
ferda, ferzia, farcia, < Vevs. farsin (> Ar. far-
sin, farzdn), the name of the queen at chess
(shatranj).] The queen at chess.
I shulde ban pleyd the bet at ches,
And kept my fers tlie bet therby.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 669.
fersht, a. An obsolete form of fresh.
fertert, «. Seefereter.
fertert, f. t [M!e. ferteren ; < ferter, n.] To in-
close in a shrine.
And bar thir bannes [these bones] menshelye
And fertered thaim at a nunrye.
Metr. Homilies (ed. Small), p. 143.
fertht, a. A variant ot fourth. Chaucer.
ferthert, ferthestt, adv. and a. Obsolete spell-
ings of further, furthest.
fertbingt, «• A Middle English form of far-
thing.
fertile (fer'til), a. [Formerly also fertil; < OF.
fertile, F. fertile = Pr. Sp. Pg. fertil = It. fertile,
< Li.fcrtilis, fruitful, fertile, </errc = E. bear^.J
1. Bearing or producing abundantly, as of
vegetable growth, and sometimes of offspring ;
productive ; fruitful : with of or in before the
thing produced: as,/erf((e soil ; a. fertile hTeed
of animals; a land fertile of wheat, or fertile in
soldiers as w^U as supplies.
Their [martyrs'] . . . blood is like the morning deaw.
To make more fertit all the Churches field.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, ill. 24.
The earth obey'd, and straight
Opening her fertile womb, teem'd at a birth
Innumerous living creatures.
Milton, P. L., vii. 454.
A reforming age is always/«rft^ of impostors.
Macaulay, Moore's Byron.
2. Productive mentally ; fruitful in intellectual
activity ; inventive ; ingenious : as, a fertile
brain or imagination ; a mind fertile in re-
sources.
A mind so fertile as his [Warren Hastings's], and so
little restrained by conscientious scruples, speedily dis-
covered several modes of relieving the financial embar-
rassments of the government.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
3. In hot. : (a) Fruiting, or capable of produ-
cing fruit ; having a perfect pistil : as, a, fertile
fiower.
The common pea is perfectly /erf tfe when its flowers are
protected from the visits of insects.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 160.
(6) Capable of fertilizing, as sji anther with
well-developed pollen. — 4. Causing produc-
tion; fertilizing; promoting fecundity : as,/er-
tile showers; fertile thoughts; a, fertile sug-
gestion.
The cold blood he did naturally Inherit of his father
he hath . . . tilled with . . . good store of fertile sher-
i-is, that he is become very hot and valiant.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. S.
Adversity is far more /«rtif« than Prosperity.
Howell, Letters, I. vi. 57.
8. In bee-keeping, in a fertilized state; preg-
nant. See the extract.
Another wonl which has 1>een changed somewhat in its
meaning ... is the word fertile. ... It is now used by
writers on bee-keeping to signify pregnant.
Phin, Diet. Apiculture, Int., p. I.
= Syn. 1. Productive, eU:. 9iee fruitful.
fertilely (f6r'til-li), adv. Fruitfully; abun-
dantly.
Who, l)eing grown to man's age, as our own eyes may
Judge, could not hutfertily requite his Father's Fatherly
education. Sir P. Sidruy, Arcadia, ii. 155.
fertileness (f6r'til-nes), «. Same a,s fertility.
According to the/(;rftfcn^«* of the Italian wit.
Sir P. Sidney, Defence of Poesy.
fertilisable, fertilisation, etc. Seefertilizable,
etc.
fertilitatet (f^r-til'i-tat), v. t. [< fertility -*-
-ate'^.] To make fertile ; fertilize; impregnate.
A cock will in one day fertititate the whole racemation
or cluster of eggs, which are not excluded for many weeks
after. .Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ili. 28.
fertility (f*r-til'i-ti), «. [< F. fertility = Pr.
fertilitat = Sp. fertiUdad = Fg. fertilidade = It.
fertililA, < L. fertiUta(t-)s, fruitfulness, < fer-
tiliSjtrmtiwX: see fertile.'] 1. The state of be-
ing fertile or fruitful ; the quality of producing
in abundance ; fecundity ; .productiveness : as,
the fertility of land, or (more rarely) of a breed
of animals, a race of men, or an individual.
Tlje fertility, or, as it may perhaps better l)e called, tha
productiveness, of a plant depends on the numljcr of cap-
sules produced, and on the number of seeds which these
contain. Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 313.
2. Prolific invention; abundance of resources;
mental affluence : as, the fertility of genius or
imagination.
fertility
The quickness of the imagination is seen in the inven*
tion, the /ertilitt/ in the fancy, and the accuracy in the ex-
pression. Drydm, To Sir R. Howard.
We cannot regard without admiration the amplitude
Knd/ertUity of lus intellect, liis rare talents for command,
for administration, and for controversy.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
fertilizable (Kr'ti-U-za-bl), a. [< fertilize +
-tible.} 1. Capable of being fertilized or made
productive, as land. — 2. Susceptible of feeun-
datiou or impregnation, as the ovules of plants,
or as perfect female insects or their eggs.
The neuters of Polistes gallica are distinguished from
the perfect fertiiizabie females.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 384.
Mr. Darwin's inquuies have shown how generally the
fertilization of plants is due to the agency of insects ; and
how certain plants, heingferlilizabte only by insects of a
certain structure, are liniited to regions inhabited by in-
sects of this structure. //. Speticer, Prin. of Biol., § 105.
Also spelled fertilizable.
fertilization (fer'ti-li-za'shon), n. [= F. fer-
tiliitation = Pg.fertilizagao; as fertilize + -ation.ll
1. The act or process of rendering land fertile,
fruitful, or productive.
The Egyptians depend entirely upon their river for the
fertilization of the soil.
E. W. Lmte, Modern Egyptians, I. 2.
2. Fecundation or impregnation of animals
or plants; specifically, in bot., the process by
which the pollen reaches and 'acts upon the
ovules, and assures the production of fruit;
also, the analogous process in cryptogams.
Fertilization, as ordinarily undei-stood, only differs in
the two conjugating bodies being unlike — that is, in their
having undergone differentiation into antherozoid and
oospore, the male and female bodies respectively.
Encyc. Brit., III. 599.
Also s^eWedi fertilisation.
Close fertlUzatibn. See cioseti.
fertilization-tube (ffer'ti-li-za'shon-tiib), «. In
fuugi of the family Peronosporemjthe beak-like
tube which is put out by the antheridium and
penetrates into the oogonium, conveying the
protoplasm of the antheridium to the oosphere.
fertilize (fer'ti-liz), r. t. ; pret. and m. fertilized,
ppr. fertilizing. [= F. fertiliser = Sp. Pg. fer-
tilizar = It. fertilizzare ; as fertile + -ize.2 1.
To make fertile; enrich, as soil; make fruitful
or productive, in general ; fecundate: as, to fer-
tilize land, the imagination, etc.
A translator of rare competence, Mr. Hastie is also so
indefatigable as apparently to have determined not to rest
till he has turned the fertilising stream of German thought
upon every field of philosophical inquiry which his coun-
trymen have been cultivating with modest means — aiui
but moderate success. Miiid, XIII. 130.
2. In biol., to render capable of development
by the introduction of the male germ-element;
impregnate.
Here and there great bunches of flowers hang down,
breaking out abruptly from the stems of tall palms for
the benefit of the fertilising visits of the large lustrous
butterflies. Mioart, Nature and Thought, p. 3.
The vforA fertilize is employed as equivalent to impreg-
nate [in bee-keeping]. Phin, Diet. Apiculture, Int., p. x.
Also spelled fertilise.
fertilizer (fer'ti-li-z6r), n. One who or that
which fertilizes ; specifically, a manure, whe-
ther organic or inorganic : as, guano is a power-
ful/erfjfeer. Also speiW&A. fertiliser.
fertilyt, adv. Fertilely. Sir P. Sidney.
ferula (fer'ij-la), M. ; pl./ert<te(-le). [L.,arod,
staff, walking-stick, a slender branch, the plant
giant fennel: seeferule^.'\ If. Arod; a ferule.
— 2. A leading-staff, baton of command or au-
thority, scepter, or the like, especially the scep-
ter of some ancient and Eastern dominions, as
that of the Byzantine empire, Hungary, etc. —
3. [cap.'] [NL.] In 6oi., an umbelliferous genus
of about 60 species, chiefly of the Mediterranean
region and central Asia, and very nearly allied
to Peucedanum. They are generally tall, coarse plants
with dissected leaves, and many of the Asiatic species
yield strongly scented gum resins, used in medicine. F.
Narthex, F. Scorodosma, and F. alliaeca yield the gum
asafetida. Gum galbanum is the product of F. galbani-
fiwt, F. nibricaulin, and F. Schair. F. Sumbul furnishes
the sumbul or muskroot of commerce. F. comnmnis, the
giant fennel of Europe, and some other species, are occa-
sionally cultivated as ornamental foliage-plants. There
are four or five species in the United States, on the Pacific
coast, which are referred to this genus. . Most of them
have large resinous roots.
ferulaceous (fer-6-la'shius), a. [< L. ferula-
ceus, made of or resembling giant fennel (or to
a cane), iferida, a rod, cane, giant fennel, etc. :
see ferule'-.'] Pertaining to reeds or canes ; hav-
ing a stalk like a reed: as, ferulaceous plants.
ferulae, n. Plural ot ferula.
ferulart (fer'ij-lar), n. [As if < LL. ferularis,
adj., of or belonging to giant fennel, but equiv.
to and prob. intended for 'L. ferula, a rod, fer-
ule: see ferula.] A ferule.
2188 .
We have only scapt theferutar to come under the fescu
of an Imprimatur. Milton, Areopagitica (ed. Arber), p. 66.
Fists and ferulars, rods and scourges, have been the
usual dainties in schools.
Hartlib, Reformation of Schools, p. 13.
ferulel (fer'ol or -il), n. [Formerly also ferrule ;
= F. ferule = Sp. Pg. It. ferula = D&n.ferle =
Sw.ferla,<'L. ferula, a rod, whip, walking-stick,
cane, a slender branch, the plant giant fennel,
< /en'rc, strike.] If. A reed; a cane.
Yf we have the brere
Or ferule, after harvest whenne oon with
The nyght is day, lette cutte hem of right nere
The grounde.
Palladius, Huslrandrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 111.
2. A cane, rod, or flat piece of wood, as a ruler,
used for the punishment of children in schools
by striking some part of the body, particularly
the palm of the hand.
As boys that slink
From ferule and the trespass-chiding eye.
Away we stole. Tennyson, Princess, v.
ferulel (fer'ol or -il), v. t. ; pret. and pp./en(fe(f,
ppr. feruling. [< ferule^, «.] To punish with
a ferule.
I shonlde tel tales out of the schoole, and bee ferruled
for my faults or hyssed at for a blab, yf I layde al the or-
ders open before your eyes.
Gossan, Schoole of Abuse, p. 24.
ferule^, «. See ferrule^.
fervencet (ffer'vens), n. [< OF. fervence = Pg.
ferienga, ferven'cia : see fervency.] Heat; fer-
vency.
The sun himself, when he darts rayea lascivious.
Such as ingender by too piercing/^ryejice.
Chapman, Revenge for Honour.
fervency (fer'ven-si), 11. ; pi. fervencies (-siz).
[= It. fcrvenza, K^L. as if *ferventia, < ferven(t-)s,
ppr. otfervere: see' fervent.] 1. The state of
being fervent or hot; burning or glowing
warmth: as, the /eroenc!/ of the sun's rays. — 2.
Warmth of feeling; ardor; fervor; animated
zeal.
When they meet with such collusion, they cannot be
blam'd though they bee transported with the zeale of truth
to a well heated fervencie.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Renionst., Pref.
The fervencies of a Hebrew prophet.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 273.
fervent (ffer'vent), a. [< ME. fervent, < OF.
fervent, fervaiit, F. fervent = Pr. fervent, fer-
ven = Sp. ferviente = Pg. It. fervente, < L. fer-
ven(t-)s, ppr. of fervere, boil, ferment, glow,
rage. Hence also (from L. fervere) E. fervid,
fervor, ferment.] 1. Hot; burning; glowing:
as, a fervent summer; fervent rays.
Northwarde ot fervent grounde, southward of colde.
And enter both of hilly lande thai wolde.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E, T. S.), p. 77.
The elements shall melt with /eruenf heat. 2 Pet. iii. 10.
2. Ardent; warmly earnest; animated; eager;
vehement: as, fervent 2.ea\; fervent -piety.
The effectual /errcTif prayer of a righteous man availeth
much. Jas. v. 18.
A union form'd, as mine with thee, . . .
May be 9.S fervent in degree . . .
As that of true fraternal love.
Cowper, To the Rev. Mr. Unwin.
Mr. Moore confesses that his friend was no very fervent
admirer of Sliakspeare. Macaulay, Moore'sByron.
= S3m. 2. Eager, zealous, fervid, impassioned.
fervently (ter'vent-li), arfj). 1. Bumingly; fer-
vidly.
It continued m fervently hot that men roasted eggs in
the sand. Hakewill, Apology, p. 116.
2. With warmth of feeling ; with earnest zeal ;
ardently; eagerly; vehemently.
Epaphras . . . saluteth you, always labom'ing/e)T«n(Jj/
for you in prayers. Col. iv. 12.
He, praying to the go Aiess fervently.
Felt her good help.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 167.
ferventness (ffer'vent^nes), n. Fervency; ar-
dor; zeal; fervor. [Rare.]
Come vnto me with fayth and aske in the feruentnesse
of soule.
Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Churches, i., sig. G, 8.
fervescent (fer-ves'ent), a. [= Pg. fervescenfe,
<li.fcrvescen(t-)s,pi)T.oifervescere,heg\nto'boi\
or glow, gi'ow hot, inceptive otfervere, boil : see
fervent. Cf. effervescent.] Growing hot.
fervid (ffer'vid), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. fervido, < L.
fervidus, glowing, hot, burning, fiery, vehement,
< fervere, boil, glow: see fervent.] 1. Burn-
ing; glowing; hot: as, fervid 'heat; ttie fervid
sands.
The mounted sun
Shot down (^rect his fervid rays.
Milton, P. L., v. 301.
\ flower of the tropics, such as appeared to have sprung
passionately out of the soil, the very weeds of which would
he fervid and spicy. Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, vi.
fescue
I cannot sleep ! My /errid brain
Calls up the vanislied Past again.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, i.
2. Vehement; eager; impassioned: as, fervid-
zeal; a /erfid glance.
All me ! the sweet infus'd desires,
T^he fervid wishes, holy fires.
Which thus a melted heart refine.
Such are his, and such be mine.
Parnelt, Happy Man.
Ever}' inch of.ground was defended by the same fervid
valor by which it had originally been won.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 7.
Miss Rossetti ... is a poet of a profound and serious
cast, whose lips part with the breathing of a fervid spirit
within. Stedman, Vict. Poet«, p. 281.
= Syil. Fiery, glowing.
fervidity (fer-vid'i-ti), n. l< fervid + -ity.]
Heat; fervency. Johnson.
fervidly (fer'vid-li), adv. Hotly; with glowing
warmth.
fervidness(fer'vid-nes),«. Warmth of feeling;
fervor; zeal.
For though the person [Malchus] was wholly unworthy
of so gi'acions a cure, yet, in the account of the meek Lamb
of God, it was a kind of injury done to bim by the fervidness
of St. Peter, who knew not yet what spirit he was of.
Bentley, Sermons, vi.
fervor, fervour (fer'vor), «. [< ME. fervor,
fervour, < OF. fervor, fervour, F. ferveur = Pr.
Sp. Pg. fervor = It. fervore, < L. fervor (fer-
vor-), a boiling or raging heat, heat, vehemence,
passion, < fervere, boil, be hot : see fervent.] 1 .
Heat or warmth.
When his brain once feels
The stirring fervottr of the wine ascend.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
The earth then burnt witli the violent fervour, never
refreshed with rain. Sandys, Travailes, p. 75.
Like bright Aurora, whose refulgent ray
Foretells the fervour of ensuing day. Waller.
2. Warmth of feeling ; ardor ; impassioned
earnestness: as, the fervor of enthusiasm.
This fervour of holy desire. Cowper, Simple Trust.
No artificial fervors of phrase can make the chann work
backward, to kindle the mind of writer or reader.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 212.
fesapo (fe-sa'po), n. The mnemonic name of
a mood of syllogism originally called fapes-
mo (which see). The name was successively
changed to fempasmo, fesmapo, and /esajjo. See
mood^.
fesauntt, n. An obsolete form of pheasant.
Chaucer.
Fescennine (f es'e-nin), a. and n. [< L. Fescenni-
nus, pertainingto Fescennia (pi. Fescennini, Fes-
cennina, sc. versus, carmina, Fescennine verses),
< Fescennia, also Fescennium, a city in Etruria.]
I. a. Pertaining to or characteristic of ancient
Fescennia in Italy : specifically applied to a class
of verses. See phrase below.
A merry oration in the Fescennine manner, interspersed
witli secret history, raillery, and sarcasm.
Amhurst, Terra; Filius, 1721.
Satire, in its origin — I mean in the rude fescennine farce,
from which the idea of this poem was taken — was a mere
extemporaneous jumble of mirth and ill-nature.
Bp. Hurd, On Epistolary Writings.
At this hour [evening] the seat was as in a theatre, but
the words of the actors were of a nature somewhat too Fes-
cennine for the public. S. K Burton, El-Mediuah, p. 457.
Fescennine verses, gay, licentious, or scurrilous verses
of a pei-sonal character, extemporized by performers at
merry-meetings, to amuse the audience : a style which
originated at Fescennia, an Etruscan city, and became
popular at Rome.
II. n. A song of licentious or scurrilous char-
acter, popular in ancient Italy.
fescue (fes'ku), n. [Formerly also fcseu, fes-
kue; a corruption otfestue, q. v.] if. A straw,
wire, pin, or slender stick used to point out the
letters to children when learning to read. See
first extract under ferular.
Ay, do but put
A fescue in her fist, and you shall see her
Take a new lesson out, and be a good wench.
Fletcher (and another). Two Noble Kinsmen, ii. 2.
In the good old days of fescues, abisselfas, and amper-
sants, terms which used to be familiar in this country dur-
ing the Revolutionary war, and which lingered in some
of our country schools for a few years afterward.
Georgia Scenes, p. 73.
2t. A plectmim with which a lyre or dulcimer
is played.
With thy golden fescue playedst upon
Thy hollow harp.
Chapman, Homeric Hymn to Apollo.
St. The style or straight rod by which the
shadow is cast in sun-dials of certain forms, as
in those set upon upright walls. See sun-dial.
The fescue of the dial is upon the Christ-cross of noon.
Middlelon (?), Puritan, iv. 2.
Argent, a Fesse
Gules.
fescue
4. Fescue-grass. See Festuca.
The father panting woke, and oft, as dawn
Aroused the black republic on his elms.
Sweeping the frothily from the Jescue, brush'd
Thro' the dim meadow. Tennyson, Aylmer 3 Field.
fescuet (fes'ku), V. t. [< fescue, n.] To use a
fescue in teaching pupils to read.
A Minister that cannot be trusted to pray in his own
words without being chew'd to, &uA/escnd to a formal in-
jum-tion of his rote-lesson, should as little be trusted to
I'reatli. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
fescue-grass (fes'kii-gras), n. The species of
Festuca, a genus of grasses. See Festuca.
feselt, «• Same as/ff«e/2.
fesiciant, fesisient, n. Obsolete forms otphysi-
ciiiii. CliniKcr.
fessl, 'I. See Jesse.
fess- (fes), H. [< Turk, fes : see fez.'\ A cap of
cloth or felt, often embroidered, made in Rus-
sia, near the Black Sea.
fesse, fessi (fes), n. [< OF. fesse, a fesse, F.
faUfe auil fasce, < h. fascia, a band : see/ascirt.]
1. A small fagot. [Prov. Eng., only in the
form fess.l — 2. In AfC, a bear-
ing always considered as one of
the ordinaries, bounded by two
horizontal lines drawn across
the field which regularly con-
tain between them one third of
the escutcheon. This width, how-
ever, seems excessive unless when the
fesse is charged with other bearing;
therefore when plain it is often made
narrower.
I can't recollect the Ie«»t morsel of a /cm or chevron of
the Boynet*. Walpole, tetters, II. 476.
Fesse angled, the fesse modifled by having its direction
broken and one half or a large part lifted higher than the
rest, while retaining Its horizontal direction. .See /<•«««
rectanoUd, acute-angUd, etc.— Fesse archy, fesse bow-
ed, a bearing like the fesse, but,8lightly arclied upward.—
Fesse aXTOndl, a fesse whose edges are broken uy large,
shallow, convex curves. The blazon should specify how
many concave curves there are, and whether tlu-y are on
both sides or not. Also called /eae gored.— Tm»t bot-
tony, a fesse having in the middle a rounded projection
at (op and also at bottom, so that it resembles a fesse com-
bined with a central disk. Also called /ette pammetty and
/esK nowy. — Fesse cheeky, a fesse charged with checkers
in not lew than three rows and in two alternating tinc-
tures.— Fesse demi. a bearing representing half a fesse.
It must be mentioned in tht- l)lazon whether the dexter or
sinister half is ixinie.— Fesse double-beveled, a fesse
bent at each end, having usually one of the ends bent up-
ward and the other bent downward. —Fesse fimbriated,
a fesse having a narrow fimbriation which i^ continued all
round, across the ends as well as along the t^>p and tw^ttoni
boundary, so that it resembles a fesse surmounted by a
fesse coupe<l. Fesse rectangled, the break between the
upper and the under psirt uf the broken fesse If formed by
right angles. — In fesse, lying in the direction of the fesse
— that is, horizontally across the niiddleof tlie tlcl.i : said
of any tearing no placed. — Per fesse, or party per fesse,
divldetl in the direction of the (esse — that is, ny a hori-
zont.ll line, or by a broken or varied line in a general hori-
zontal direction.
fesse-polnt (fes'point), ». In her., the central
point of tire escutcheon — that is, the middle
of a horizontal line in fesse : sameasncxr. See
cut uiuler center.
fessewise (fes'wiz), adr. In her., same as per
fesne or in fesse.
fessitudet (fes'i-tud), n. [< L. as if 'fetsitudo,
it'esfus, weary, tired, fatigued: see fatigue.}
Weariness. Coles, 1717.
festi (fest), a., n., adv., and v. An obsolete or
•iiiilcctal form ot fasti.
fest^t, n. A Middle English form of fist^.
Chaucer.
festal (fes'tal), a. [= OF. festal, < Ij.festum, a
holiday, a feast: see feast.'} Pertaining to or
befitting a feast or festival; hence, joyous;
gay; jubilant: as, a festal air or look.
Life figures Itself to nie as » festal or funereal proces-
sion. Hawthorne, Old Manse.
O loT/ettal dainties spread,
Like mjr bowl of milk and bread.
Whittier, Barefoot Boy.
At Sutri there is a very noble one (amphitheater] cut
out of the tufa ro«k, which was no doubt used by that
people fur festal representations long before Rome at-
tempted anything of the kind.
J. fer^uuon. Hist Arch., I. 326.
Festal use. See ftnal use, under ferial.
festally (fes'tal-i), adv. In a festal manner;
joj'fnlly; merrily.
The chapel )>ell ou the engine sounded most festally on
that sunny .Sunday. The Century, X.XVII. 27.
festet, n. A Middle English form of feast.
Chaucer.
fester^ (fps't^r), n. [Early mod. E. also feas-
ler; < MK. fetter, festijr, <" OF. festre (also in
variotisly (corrupted forms, feste, frskc, fesque,
flestre, jlette, fautre,flautre), earlier fistle, = Sp.
flstola =z Pg. fistula = It. fistola, < L. fistula, a
sort of ulcer, fistula : see fistula, of wlucb/e»/eri
2189
is simply another form derived through the OF.
The same terminal change (L. -tula, > OF. F.
-tre, > E. -ter) appears also in chapter, chapiter,
and (in the French forms) apostle, epistle. In
previous dictionaries the etymology of fester
has been erroneously given, the most common
explanation being based upon the verb, which
is assumed to be a variant of foster^ : a fester
being regarded, in this view, as a 'nourished,'
fed, and hence ' matured' boil or tumor.] 1. An
ulcer ; a rankling sore ; a small purulent tumor ;
more particularly, a superficial suppuration re-
sulting from irritation of the skin, the pus be-
ing developed in vesicles of irregular figure and
extent. Quain.
Nade I bene [had I not been] baptyzed in water and salt,
This ferdly/es(erwolde never me froo.
Nuffce Poeticte (ed. Halliwell), p. 85.
2. The act of festering or rankling.
The fester of the chain upon their necks. Js. Taylor.
festerl (fes'tfer), v. [Early mod. E. also feas-
ter; < '}kE.festren,feestren, < OF. fcstrir, xilcer-
ate, gangrene, fester, <. festre, an ulcer, fester:
6eefesterl,n.'i I, intrans. 1. To become a fes-
ter ; generate purulent matter, as a wound ;
suppurate; ulcerate.
So festered aren bus wondes.
Piers Plowman (C), xx. 83.
Though this wounde be closed above, yet it feastreth
byneth, and is full of mater. Palsgrave.
Wounds immedicable
Bankle, uiA fester, and gangrene.
MiUm\, S. A., I. 621.
2. To become corrupt; generate rottenness;
rot.
Canal Street, the centre and pride of New Orleans,
takes its name from the slimy old moat that once festered
under the palisade wall of the .Spanish town.
G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, xxix.
3. To become more and more virulent ; rankle,
as a feeling of resentment or hatred.
'Twlxt him and me
Long time has fester'd an old enmity.
Beau, and Ft. (?), Faithful Kriends, 11. 1.
I must bear with inHnuities until they fester into crimes.
Burke, Rev. in France.
n. trans. 1. To cause to fester: as, exposure
festers a wound. — 2. To cause to rankle, as a
feeling of resentment.
Am\ festered rankling malice In my breast. Marston.
fester^t (fes'tf r), n. [E. dial., also tester, a cor-
ru])tion, through /c«(«re, otfestue, q. v.] Same
^H fcstiic.
festerment (fes't^r-ment), n. [< fester^ +
-menf.] The act of festering, or the state of
being festered. Chalmers. [Bare.]
festeyet, «•• [ME. festeyen, < OP. festeier, F. /(?-
toi/er, feast, < OF. feste, F.f^te. feast: see feast,
r.) A Middle English form ot feast.
I lete in lust and Jolitee
This Cambyuskan his lordeii festeyinffe.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. fHK
festinatet (fes'ti-nat), a. [< L. festinatus, pp.
otfestinareO It. festinare), hasten, make haste,
be quick, < festinus, hastening, quick.] Hasty ;
hurried.
Advise the duke, where you are going, to a most festi-
nate preparation. Shak., Lear, iii. 7.
festinatelyf (fes'ti-nat -li), adv. Hastily.
iiive enlai-gement to the swain, bring him festinately
hither ; I nmst employ him in a letter to my love.
Shak., L L. L., iU. 1.
festination (fes-ti-na'shon), n. [= OF. festi-
nation, festinacion = Sp. festinacion = It. fetti-
nazione,<. li. festinatio(n-), a hastening, haste,
hnrry, i, festinare : see fcstinate.} If. Haste.
Festination may prove |irecipltation.
Sir T. Ilrotene, Christ. Mor., i. 3.3.
Specifically — 2. In merf., involuntary hurrying
in walking, observed in some nervous diseases.
festing-mant, n. Same as fasting-man.
festing-penny (fes'ting-pen'i), n. [<festing. for
fasting, verbal n. ot fast^, v., + penny.'] Ear-
nest-money given to servants when hired or
retained in service. [Eng.]
festino (fes-ti'no), n. The mnemonic name of
a mood of the second figure of syllogism having
the major premise negative and the minor par-
ticular. The following Is an example : No Infallible
utterance is false; some declaration of the Grand Lama
is false ; henee, some declaration of the Grand I.ama is
not infallible. The vowels, e, i, o, in<licate the quantity
atid quality of the three propositions, universal negative,
particular atllnnative, particular negative. The / shows
that the mood is reduced to ferio, and the s that in the
reduction the major premise is simply converted. See
mo'id''. Sonietinies called .^r«f/lo.
festival (fes'ti-val), o. and n. [< ME. festival
(also accom. fesiyful, aa if with E. suffix -fvX),
festoon
< OF. festival, festivel, F. festival = Pr. Sp. Pg.
festival, < ML. festivalis, festival, festive, < L.
festivus, festive: see festive a,ii(i feast.J I. a.
Of, pertaining to, or befitting a feast ; attending
or marking a joyous celebration ; joyous ; fes-
tal: as, a ^esft'fai entertainment.
The Comownes, upon festyfuUe dayes, whan thei Behol-
den gon to Chirche to serve God, tlian gon thei to Tav-
emes. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 137.
In danger and trouble, natural religion teaches us to
pray ; in a festival fortune, our prudence and our needs
enforce us equally. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 688.
This being a/e«(tya/ day, the streets were crowded with
people from town and country in their holiday attire.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. ii.
II. n. A festal day; a feast; a time of feast-
ing; an anniversary or appointed day of festive
celebration.
So tedious is this day,
As is the night before some festival
To an impatient child. Shak., R. and J., iii. 2.
Tlie morning trumpets /esttrai proclaim'd.
Hilton, S. A., 1. 1598.
=Syn. Banquet, etc. ^e feast.
festivally (fes'ti-val-i), adv. In a festive man-
ner; like a feast. [Rare.]
And ye shsill festivally keep it a feast to Jehovah.
Ainsicorth, tr. of Ex. xii. 14.
festive (fes'tiv), a. [= OF. festif= Sp. Pg. It.
festive, < L. festivus, festive, lively, gay, joyous,
merry, <. festum, a feast, festival: see feast."]
Pertaining to or befitting a feast or festival;
joyous; gay.
The glad circle round them yield their souls
To festive mirth and wit that knows no gall.
Thomson.
The ghastly nature of the subject [the Dance of Death),
being brought into a very lively contrast with the festive
tone of the verses, . . . frequently i-ecalls some of the
better parts of those flowing stories that now and then
occur in the "Min*or for Magistrates."
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 81.
festively (fes'tiv-li), adv. In a festive manner.
festivity (fes-tiv'i-ti), n. ; pi. festivities (-tiz).
[= OF. festivite = Sp. festividad = Pg. festivi-
dade = It. festivitd, < L. festivita(t-)s, < festi-
vus, festive: see festive.] 1. Feasting, or the
condition of joy and gaiety becoming a feast ;
joyfulness ; gaiety ; social entertainment with
merry-making.
To some persons there is no better instrument to cause
the rememorauce, and to endear the affection to the ar-
ticle, than the reconmiending it hy festivity and joy of a
holiday. Jer. Taylor.
2. A festival ; a festive event or celebration.
There happening a great and solemn festivity, such as
the sheep shearings used to be, David condescends to beg
of a rich man some small repast. South, Sermons.
feston (fes'ton), n. [< F.feston: see festoon.]
A stitch in embroidery by which a scalloped
edge is produced, as for a skirt.
festoon (fes-tSn'), n. [= D. fcstoen, < F. feston
(17th cent.) = Sp. /«sto» = It. festone, < ML.
festo(n-), a garland, prob. orig. a festal garland,
< lu.festitm, a festival, feast: see festal, feast.]
1. A string or chain of any material suspended
between two points; specifically, a chain or
garland of flowers, ribbons, foliage, etc., sus-
pended so as to form one or more depending
curves.
Overhead the wandering ivy and vine,
This way and that, in many a wild festoon
Ran riot. Tennyson, (Enone.
The vines began to swing their low festoons like nets to
trip up the fairies. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 260.
2. In arch., a sculptured ornament in imitation
of a garland of fruits, leaves, or flowers sus-
pended between two points; anencarpus. See
cut under encarpus.
Among these ruins, which were probably an antient
temple, I saw a fine pedestal of grey marble three feet
square ; it had a festoon on each side, and against the mid-
dle of each/e«(oon there was a relief of Fan standing.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 245.
3. A form of drooping cloud sometimes seen
on the under surface of dense cirro-stratus
clouds. Also e&Wed. pocky cloud. — 4. In ornith.,
specifically, a lobe on the cutting edge of a
hawk's beak Festoon-and-tassel border, a band
representing alternately a festoon and a hanjiingor dn)op-
ing ornament, of frequent occurrence in the decoration of
Roman and other pottery. This. ornament passes by in-
sensible gradations Into the egg-and-dart or egg-and-
anchor l>order.
festoon (fes-ton'), V. t. [< festoon, «.] To form
in festoons ; adorn with festoons ; connect by
festoons.
Growths of jasmine turn'd
Their humid arms, festooniwi tree to tree.
Tennyson, Fair Women.
A golden galley . . . festooned with flowers.
G. W. Curtis, Prue and I, p. 90.
festoon
Ciu*petswere laid down, bed-hangings /Mtooned, radiant
wliite counterpanes spread.
Chartolle Bronte, Jane Eyre, xvii.
festoon-blind (fes-ton'blind), n. A window-
bliud of textile material, so hung that it is
gathered in three or four rows of small festoons
in its width. It is raised and lowered like a
Venetian blind.
festooned (fes-t6nd'), a. laornith., specifically,
lobed, as a hawk's beak: correlated with toot/ied
or dentate.
festoony (fes-to'ni), a. [< festoon + -yl.]
Resembling festoons ; decorated or coved with
festoons. Sir J. Merschel. [Rare.]
festrawt, n. [Also feasestraw ; var. of featue,
simulating straw.'] Same &sfestite. Davies.
I tiad past out of Crosse-rowe, speld and put togetlxer,
read \vitliouta/««(row. Breton, Grimelto's Fortunes, p. 6.
Festnca (fes-tii'ka), «. [NL., < L. festuea, a
stalk, stem, sti'aw, a rod, a straw-like weed
which grows among barley, a particle, mote.
Hence festue, corruptly /e«cMe, q. v.] A large
genus of grasses widely distributed over the
globe, but chiefly in temperate and colder re-
gions. The number of species is variously estimated
from 80 to 230, of which about 25 are fotmd native in the
United States. They are commonly known m fescue-gram,
and are mostly low, slender grasses, valuable especially
for pasturage. The meadow-fescue or tall fescue, F. ela-
tior, and the sheep's fescue, F. oviiut, are the most common
in cultivation. F, scabrelta is one of tlie more valuable
bunch-grasses of the western territories of the United
States. Blue fescue, F. gtauca, with fine pale-blue leaves,
is used for edgings.
festucinet (fes-tii'sin), a. and n. [< li. festuea,
a stalk, stem, straw (see Festuea, festue), +
-I'ne'-^.] I. a. Straw-colored.
A little insect of a /e$t\tcitie or pale green, resembling
iu alt pai'ts a locust, or what we call a grassliopper.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 3.
n. H. In MiineraZ., a splintery fractvii-e. Crabb.
festUCOUSt ( f es-tu'kus), a. [< h.festtica, a straw,
+ -ous.] Formed of straw.
We speak of straws or festucous divisions lightly drawn
over with oyl, and so that it causeth no adhesion.
Sir T. Broiptie, Vulg. Err., ii. 5.
festnet (fes'tfi), n. [Formerly or dial, also, by
corruption, festure, fester, tester, also festraw,
/ease«<rnMJ (in simulation of E.s<roj»),also/e«CMe
(q. V.) ; < ME. festue, festu, a straw, mote, < OF.
festu, F. fetu, m., = Pr. festue, m., and festuea,
festuga, f., = It. festuco, m., festuea, f., < ML.
festucus, m., Jj. festuea, {., a stalk, stem, straw:
see Festuea.] 1. A straw; a mote.
Lewed men may likne 30W thus that the beeni lithe in
gowre eyghen, \
And the/estu is fallen for gowre defaute.
Piers Plowman (B), x. 278.
2. Same as fescue, 1.
festuret, ". A perverted form ot festue.
fetif (f et), V. t. [< ME. fetten, feten (pret. fette,
rarely fatte, fott, fot, yp.fet, fette), < AS. fetian,
fetigan, incomp. ge-fetiau, ge-fetigan (ipret. fette,
pp. fetod), bring, fetch (prob. = Icel. /eta, find
one's way, = MHG. fazzen, refl. go), < *fa;t, a
step, a going (only in comp. fcet-hengest, a road-
horse, sith-fcet, a Journey) (= Icel. fet, a step,
pace), prob. ult. akin to /d<, foot: see foot. Cf.
fit^. Prob. a different word from OHG. fazzon,
MHG. vazzen, G.fassen, take, seize, = D. vatten
= 'Dan.fatte= Sw.fatia, take, catch: see/a<^.
See/e(c/ii.] To fetch.
And thereupon the wyn was/ef anon.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., I. 821.
A merueillouse meteles mette me thanne.
That I was rauisshed rigt there and P'ortune nie/e((e.
And into the londe of Longynge allone she me brou^te.
Piers Plowman (B), xi. 7.
Then Beauty bade to blow retreat, . . .
And Mercy mjld with speed to/e(
Me, captive bound as prisoner.
Lord Vaux (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 75).
Like wax this magic makes me waste.
Or like a lamb whose dam away is/et.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
The metall was of rare and passing price ;
Not Bilbo Steele, nor brasse from Corinth fet.
Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 77.
fet^t (fet), n. An obsolete form otfat^.
fet^, a. and «. An obsolete or dialectal form of
fit'^.
fet*t, n. A Middle English form otfeat^.
fetal (fe'tal), a. [Also written fatal; < fetus
+ -al] Pertaining or relating to, or having
the character of, a fetus.
Even if we admit that education is the only reason for
this superiority [the right 8i<le being larger than the left
in right-handed persons], we must believe that some cir-
cumstances in the/oetal development, or in the conditions
governing the nervous centres, are favorable to it.
Scietue, IX. 185.
2190
fetation (ff-ta'shqn), n. [Also written/ostoWon ;
<. fetus + -ation.'i Gestation; pregnancy; the
state of being with child.
fetch! (fech), V. [E. dial, also fatch, fetch; <
ME. fetchen, fecchen, also facchen, fochen (pret.
fa'lite, feight, also fetehde), bring, fetch, < AS.
feccan, feeeean, in comp. ge-feccan, ge-feccean,
bring, fetch ; origin uncertain. (1) In one
view AS. feccan is a variant of fetian, E. fet,
which has exactly the same sense : see/c^l. A
change such as that of /efinn to feccan, fecchen
{ti (ty), > ci (ki, ky), > ch, teh (ch)) is, however,
otherwise unexampled in AS. , though a common
fact in later LL., Rom., ME., etc. (2) In another
view, AS. feccan is allied to facian (rare),
wish to get (= OFries. faka, prepare), < fwc
(pi. facu), a space of time, a space of length,
distance, = OFries. /efc, fah = D. vak, an empty
space, = OHG. fah, MHG. vach, a part, divi-
sion of space, a wall, etc., G. faeh, a compart-
ment, department, province, = Sw. fack, a
compartment, = Dan. fag, a department, of-
fice. The orig. sense of AS. fac and its cog-
nates appears to have been 'a division,' the
correlative notion to 'a joining,' a junction,
with reference to the adjaeence of divisions or
compartments; < Teut. 1/ *fa}:, < *fah, in Goth,
fagrs, fitted, adapted, AS. fieger, E. fair'^, AS.
fegan, join, unite, E. fay^, etc. : see fair'^, fay^,
fang^, and fadge^.] 1. trans. 1. To bring;
usually, to go and bring; go, get, and bring or
conduct to the person who gives the command
or to the place where the command is given:
as, fetch a chair from the other room.
Myn eorles ant my barouns, gentil ant fre :
Gotil \%o], faccheth me the traytours ybounde to my kne.
Flemish I-nsunectimi (Child's Ballads, VI. 271).
Go now to the flock, and/efcA me from thence two good
kids of the goats. Gen. xxvii. 9.
Good morrow, worthy Caesar :
I come to fetch you to the senate-house.
Shak., J. C, ii, 2.
This new Marquess, honourably accompanied, is sent
into France to fetch the Lady Margaret, the proposed
Bride. Baker, Chronicles, p. 187.
Our children and others, that were sick, and lay groan-
ing in the cabins, we fetched out.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 10.
2. To derive; draw, as from a source. [Obso-
lescent.]
They will be kin to us, but they will fetch it from Japhet.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 2.
Epiphanius also fetcheth their name from Sedec, which
signifieth lustice. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 143.
Noble patterns must be fetched here and there from
single persons, rather than whole nations.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 1.
And/e(c?i their precepts from the Cynick tub.
Milton, Comus, 1. 708.
The reasons of most of the evangelical commands must
he fetched wholly from the other world, and a future judg-
ment. Bp. Atterbnry, Sermons, I. xi., I'ref.
3. To draw; heave: as, to/efc/i a groan.
At every step hefetcht a sigh.
Itobin Hood and Allin A Dale (Child's Ballads, V. 279).
Thick and pantingly
The breath wasfetch'd, and with huge labourings heai-d.
Armstrong, Art of Health, 1744. ■
He had long wished to fetch his last breath at . . . the
place where he was born. Goldsmith, Bolingbroke.
4. To bring or draw into any desired relation
or state ; bring down, as game ; bring to terms ;
cause to come or yield, or to meet one's wishes :
as, money vfiW fetch him if persuasion will not ;
a strong pull wiW fetch it. [CoUoq.]
This will fetch 'em,
And make them haste towards their gulling more.
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
When I say my prayers I'll ask to have her say yes.
That'll fetch her. Fitz-Hugh Ludlow, Little Brother, ii.
5. To allure ; attract ; fascinate. [Slang.]
"She is awfully lovely," says Mr. Bellair. . . . "You
seem fetched," says his friend.
Mrs. Argles (" The Duchess"), Airy Fairy Lilian, xxxiii.
6t. To bring back ; bring to ; revive.
In smells we see their great and sudden effect in fetch-
ing men again wlxen they swoon. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
7. To cause to come ; bring.
Draw forth the monsters of the abyss profound.
Or fetch the aerial eagle to the ground.
Pope, Essay on Man, iii. 221.
8. To bring as an equivalent ; procure in ex-
change, as a price: as, a commodity is worth
what it will fetch; the last lot fetched only a
small sum.
As money will/e(cA all other commodities, so this know-
ledge [of arts and sciences] is that which should purchase
all the rest. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 210.
Perhaps his farm would be for sale, and perhaps Lady
Lorna's estates . . . would fetch enough money to buy it.
Jl. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone.
fetch
In like manner, the barrel of forty gallons of crude pe-
troleum, which in the days of monopoly sold at Baku for
eight shillings, has latterly /eteAcrf fourpence, and by the
latest accounts was further reduced to threepence half-
penny per ton on the spot. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVII. 268.
9t. To go and take.
I'll fetch a turn about the garden.
Sluik., Cymbeline, L 2.
I made bold to see, to come and know if that how you
were dispos'd to fetch a Walk this Evening.
Congreoe, Way of the World, iv. 4.
10. To bring to accomplishment ; effect ; take,
make, or perform : as, to fetch a leap or bound ;
to fetch a high note in singing.
Fetch a compass behind them, and come upon them over
against the nmlberry trees. 2 Sam. v. 23.
A . . . race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing, and neighing loud.
Shak., M. of v., v. 1.
11. To deliver; strike; reach in striking: as,
to fetch one a blow on the head.
The conditions of weapons and their improvements are,
first, the fetchitig afar olf, for that outruns the danger, as
it is seen in ordnance and muskets.
Bacon, Vicissitude of Things (ed. 1887).
12. To reach; attain to; arrive at; make: as,
to fetch the cape by noon; to fetch the Downs.
Mean time flew our ships, and streight wefetcht
The Syren's isle : a spleenless wind so stretcht
Her wings to waft us, and so urg'd our keel.
Chapnuin.
If they [ships] are bound to the Southward, they stand
over, and many fetch Galleo, or betwixt it and Cape St.
Francisco. Dampier, Voyages, I. 4,
13t. To carry off.
Prnyde and pestilence shal muche pnple fecche.
Piers Plowman (C), ix. 350.
To fetch a compass. See compass.— lo fetch a pump,
to establish a connection with the water in a pump by
pouring water into it, the water thus poured into the pump
being conceived of && fetching up the water already there.
—To fetch headway or stem way (naut.), to move
ahead or astern : said of a ship. — To fetch up. (a) To
cause to come up or forth ; go for and bring up. (6) To
rear, as a child ; bring up. [Colloq.]
Here you were, the child of a missionary, and from your
cradle had been fetched up for the work.
Putnam's Mag., Nov., 1870.
(c) To cause to stop suddenly in any course; bring to a
standstill. In nautical use, same as to bring up (g). (dt)
To come up with ; overtake ; catch up with.
The other vessel was then a league behiiul, which wa»
marvelled at, for she was the better sailer, and conld fetch
up the other at pleasure.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 40.
The hare laid himself down and took a nap ; for, says
he, I can fetch up the tortoise when I please.
Sir R. L'Estrange, Fables,
(e) To recover.
She, by her natural swiftness, soon fetches up her lost
gi'ound, and leaves him again behind.
Bacon, Physical Fables, iv.
To fetch (or bring) up aU standing, to stop suddenly
and without warning or preparation, as a ship with all
sails set.— To fetch up with a round turn. Same as
to bring up with a rotind turn. See bring.
II. intrans. 1. To move or turn: as, to fetch
about.
It is strange how long some men will lie in wait to speak
somewhat they desire to say, and how far about they will
^ fetch, and how many other matters they will beat over to
come near it. Bacon, Cunning (ed. 1887).
The sons of Devon marched on . . . soas to/e(cAroimd
the western side, and attack with their culverin from the
cliffs. Ji. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, liv.
2. A'aut., to reach; attain; get.
We shall fetch to windward of the lighthouse this tack.
Falconer.
To fetch and carry, to perform menial services, as a
dog trained to recover game when shot, and to carry bas-
kets, etc.; hence, to be or become a servile drudge.
Such a high calling therefore as this sends not for those
drossy spirits that need the lure and whistle of earthly
preferment, like those animals that fetch a7id catTy for a
morsell. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
To fetch away, to get loose : said of any article on board
ship which is thrown about or loosened by the motion of
tile vessel.
My hats, boots, mattress, and blankets had all fetched
aivay and gone over to leeward, and were jannued and
broken under the boxes and coils of rigging.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 6.
It is impossible to stand without holding on, it is diffi-
cult to sit, it is almost as diflicult to lie. Everything not
securely lashed fetches away.
IV. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, x.
To fetch up, to come to a stop suddenly or unexpectedly ;
come to a halt; as, the ship struck a shoal and fetched
up all standing ; the tippler started for home, hnt fetched
•up at the tavern.
fetchl (fech), n. [< fetcJi^, v.] 1. The act of
going and bringing ; a reaching out after some-
thing; a dra^ving in as from a distance.
The observation of a complex of objects resolves itself
into two factors of perception and explanation by means
of appropriate/efcAe« of the constructive imagination.
Science, VII. 289.
fetch
In other cases the /etch of imagination was not so much
after ideas to construe with as a(t«r feelings to luxuriate
In. Jour. 0/ Anthrop. Inst., IV. 342.
2. The course through or over which anything
is fetched or carried ; hence, the reach or stretch
of space between two connecting or related
points ; a line of progress or relation from point
to point.
In comparing an existing harbor with a proposed one,
perhaps the m«jst obvious element is what may be termed
the line of maximum exposure — or, in other words, the
line of areateat/etcA or reach of open sea.
Encyc. Brit., XI. 456.
What Is wanted U to ascertain in such shorter seas the
height of waves in relation to the length ot/etch in which
they are generated. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 615.
3. A Stratagem by which a thing is indirectly
brought to pass, or by which one thing seems
intended and another is done ; a trick ; an ar-
tifice.
Deny to speak with met They are sick? they are weary ?
They have travelld all the night? Mere /«(<*«».
Shak., Lear, iL i.
Twas Jostice Bramble's /efcA to get the wench.
B. Jomon, Tale of a Tub, iiL 1.
Kor he [Ood] knows how to take the crafty in their own
devices ; and very often brings to nought the most poli.
tick/etehet of self^lesigning men.
StUlingJleet, Sermons, II. iv.
fetch^ (fech), It. An obsolete and dialectal form
of retch.
fetch^ (fech), n. [E. dial. ; origin uncertain ;
perhaps an aocom. of Dan. rette = Norw. vette,
vett = Sw. viitt = Icel. vwttr, a wight, a super-
juttural being, an elf, = E. tcighfl, q. v. Cf.
E. feteh-cajidle, fetch-light, with Dan. vettelys
= Norw. relte-ljos = Sw. rdtteljus, will-o'-the-
wisp, jaek-o'-lantem (Dan. lys = Norw. Ijos =
8w. Ijus = Icel. Ijos, light, candle, taper); Dan.
vette-ild, cairn-fire, a fire supposed to bum at
night in the cairns of heroes (Dan. ild, fire).]
The apparition of a living person ; a wraith.
The very /etch and ghost of Mrs. Gamp, bonnet and all,
might be seen hanging up, any hoar in the day, in at least
• £>ien of the second-band clothea shop*.
Diektnt, Martin Chnzzlewit, xix.
When the Earl of Cornwall met the /etch of his friend
William Bufus carried black and naked on a black goat
•cross the Bodmin moora, he taw that it was wounded
throogh the midst of the breast; and afterwards he heard
that at that very hour the king had been slain in the New
Torest by the arrow of Walter Tlrell.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 408.
fttch-candle (fech'kan'dl), n. [</e(cAS, q. v.,
+ eandle.'\ A light seen at night and believed
by the superstitious to portend a person's death.
fetcher (fech'tr), «. One who or that which
fetches or brings. Chapman, Iliad, i.
fetching (fech'ing), p. a, 1. Alluring; attrac-
tive; fascinating; taking: "killing": as, an
&vlu\i.y fetching bonnet. [Slang.]
A costume of black tnlle worked in yellow straw em.
broidery is venr /etching on tall slender blondes.
MaU and Expreu (New York), >ov. 8, 1888.
• 2t. Crafty; tricky: as, "the fetching practice
of prelates," Foxe, Martyrs (Cfattley's ed.), HI.
367.
fetch-light (fech'lit), n. [< fetchS, q. v., +
lii/ht^.] Same as fetch-candle.
fetchwatert (fech'w4't6r), n. [<fetch^ + obj.
water.] A drawer of water; a water-carrier.
But spin the Greek wives' webs of task, and thelt /etch-
voter be. Chapman, Iliad, vL 496.
fete^t, ". A Middle English form of /eofl.
fete^, a. A Middle English form otjeat^.
fate (fat), n. [F., < OF. feste, > ME./e»te, E.
/east; see /east.] A feast; a holiday; a festi-
Tal-day — FMe cbampMre, a festival or an entertain.
ment In the open air ; an outdoor entertainment, such as
a large garden.party.
The liattne a)-stem developed Into the sort ot/tte eham-
pfire, with hot lunch, champagne, and liveried attendants,
ridlcoled tc our amusement on tlie stage.
S. DomU, Taxes In EngUnd, III. 281.
TMe Dlen, the feast of Corpus Christ! (which see, under
eorjnu).
fSte (lat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. f^ted, ppr. fating.
[< F. f^ter, keep as a festival, feast, entertain,
? fite, n. : see fitt, and cf. fea^t, r.] To en-
tertain with a feast; honor with a festive en-
tertainment: as, he w&af^ted everywhere.
The murder thus out, Hermann's /ft^il and thanked.
While bis rascally rival gets tossed In a blanket
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 385.
f8te-day (fat'da), n. A festival day; a birth-
da.v ; specifically, a namc-<iay, as of a person
naiQod after a saint, celebrated on the anniver-
sary of the saint.
A Councillor of the Parliament sent her on \ier/fte.day
a bouquet. J. T. FieUt, Underbrush, p. 2Z7.
2191
fetial (fe'shial), a. and n. [< "L.fetialis, improp.
fecialis, pertaining to the fetiales, a Roman col-
lege of priests, who sanctioned treaties when
concluded and demanded satisfaction from the
enemy before a formal declaration of war;
prob. < fari, pp. fatus, speak: see fate, fable,
etc.] I. a. In Rom. hist., pertaining to the col-
lege of fetials, or to the declaration of war by
heralds : as, fetial law.
The /ecial law in Rome's earlier days must have been
the common property of all the Latin cities, a living law
under the protection of the higher powers, introduced to
prevent or to initiate a state of war.
Woolgey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 8.
n. n. One of the fetiales.
Also fecial.
fetiales (fe-shi-a'lez), n. pi. [L., pi. otfetialis :
see fetial.] In Bom. antiq., a college of priests
who served as guardians of the public faith.
They conducted the formal religious ceremonies attendant
upon demanding redress from a foreign people in case
of offense and upon the declaration of war and the ratifl-
cation of peace. Their president was styled the pater
I>atratus.
But its [the caduceus's] foreign origin is shown by the
fact that, although it was a sign of peace, it was never
borne by tlie/etiales, the old Italian heralds.
Encyc. Brit., IVI. 31.
fetich, fetichism, etc. See fetish, etc.
feticidal (fe'ti-si-dal), a. [< feticide + -dl.]
Of, pertaining to, or iised in feticide. Also/as-
ticidal.
Ue still insists that needles are used In the /ceticidal
art. R. P. Harris, Med. News, XLIX. 221.
feticide (fe'ti-sid), n. [< L. fetus, a fetus, +
-cidium, a killing. < cwdere, kill.] In med. juris-
prudence, the destruction of the life of a fetus.
Also foeticide.
feticism (fe'ti-sizm), n. An improi)er and lit-
tle-used form of fetishism.
fetid (fe'tid or fet'id), a. [< h.fetidus, less cor-
rectly/teHdu*, fcetidus, stinking, fetid, < fetere,
less correctly faetere, fcetere, stitik, allied to fu-
mus, smoke: see /Mine.] Having an offensive
smell; stinking.
Most putrefactions . . . smell either /«<uf or mouldy.
Baeon, Nat. Hist
Fetid aloes. See ahee.
fetidness (fe'tid- or fet'id-nes), n. The qual-
ity of smelling offensively; a fetid or stinking
quality.
fetiferoas (f e-tif 'e-ms), a. [< li. fetus, offspring,
young, + fe'rre, = E. bear^, + -ous; cf. 'L.feti-
fcr, causing fmitfulness (of the Nile).] Pro-
ducing voiiiig, as animals. Coles, 1717. [Rare.]
fetiset, fetist, a. [ME., < OF. faitis, faitice, fe-
tis, neat, well-made: see /eaf2 and/eatou*.]
Neat; pretty; graceful: same as/caf2.
Ryght anon than comen toml>esteres
Fetyt and smale, and yonge f ruytestent.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 16.
Faire fyngers unfolde fctite naOes.
.,ifuauwfer o/ Maeedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 188.
AUe a. wondered thel were of the bam [child) him bi-hinde,
So falre A so/«Cvse it was & frellche schapen.
William qf PaUme (E. E. T. S.), L S«S.
In me is no poynte that may payre,
I fele me/ety and fayre,
Hy powar es passande my perea.
Korl: Play, p. S.
Falre falle Uw mjr faiie sons, to/etti* of face \
York Play; p. 125.
fetlaelyt, a*. [ME., </e««e -H -/ya. Ct.featly,
fcalouxly.] Neatly: same Aafeatly.
Frensch sche soak ful falre mnd/etytly,
After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe.
Chaucer, Oen. ProL to C. T., L 123.
fetish (fe'tish), n. [Also, after the French, fe-
tich ; first in E. in the form fetisso (< Pg. feitico) ;
later after the F. (the word having come into
general European use in consequence of the
work of Charles de Brosses, "Du Culte des
Dieux/c'fifAe»," 1760); = D. fetiche = Sw. Dan.
fetisch = G.fetisch, < F. fetiche, < Pg. feitico,
artificial (cf. /eittjo, n., sorcery, charm, allure-
ment, feiticeria, sorcery, witchcraft, feiticeiro,
sorcerer, wizard, etc.), = Sp. hechizo, artificial,
imitated (cf . hechizo, bewitchment, fascination,
hechiceria, sorcery, witchcraft, hcchicero. sor-
cerer, etc.), = It. fattizio, artificial, =OF. /a«-
tise, faitice ( > ME. /etisc), F. restored /acttce,
artificial, < li. facticius, less correctly /ocHfitM,
made by art, artificial, factitious, < facere,
make: see /act, and cf. factitious, fetise, feat^.
featous, which are thus doublets of fetish. The
word seems to have been applied by the Portu-
guese sailors and traders on the west coast
of Africa to objects worshiped by the natives,
which were regarded as charms or talismans.]
1. Any material object regarded with awe, as
having mysterious powers residing in it or as
Fetishes of Dahomey, Africa.
fetishist
being the representative or habitation of a
deity to which worship may be paid, and from
which supernatural aid is to be expected, a
fetish may be an
animal, as a cock,
a serpent, a bear,
etc., or an inani-
mate object, as a
tree, a river, a
stone, a tooth, a
shell, a shaving,
etc. The worship
of fetishes belongs
to a low and brut-
ish stage or form
of religion.
When the king
[in Guinea] will
sacrifice to Fetis-
so, hee commands
the Fetissero [Pg.
feiticeiro, sorcer-
er] to enquire of a
Tree, whereto he
ascribeth Diuini-
tie, what hee will
demand.
PurcAo*, Pilgrim-
[SLge, p. 651.
To class an object as a fetish demands explicit state-
ment that a spirit is considered as embodied in it or act-
ing through it or communicating by it, or at least that the
Eople it belongs to do habitually think this of such ob-
its; or it must be shown that the object is treated as
ving personal consciousness and power, is talked with,
worshipped, prayed to, sacrificed to, petted or ill-treated
with reference to its past or future behaviour to its vota- ■
ries. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 133.
Before experience had yet taught men to distinguish
between the possible and the impossible, and while they
were ready on the slightest suggestion to ascribe unknown
powers to any object and make a fetish of it, their con-
ceptions of humanity and its capacities were necessarily
vague and without specific limits.
H. Spencer, Universal Prc^ess, p. 66.
Hence — 2. An object of blind devotion; an
idol: as, gold has become his fetish.
No faith in the cross that makes n fetich of the cross is
going to stand proof.
BushneU, Forgiveness and Law, p. 92.
Bis return at any hour or any moment was the fetish
that she let no misgiving blaspheme.
UoxDells, Modem Instance, xxxv.
A church without humanity!
Patron of pride, and prejudice, and wrong,—
The rich man's charm and/e/wA of the strong.
Whittier, On a Prayer-Book.
Yon are always against superstitions, and yet you make
work B. fetish, W. Black, Princess of Thule, x.
Before the Civil War the Constitution was our national
fetich. To doubt the wisdom of its founders was heresy.
N. A. Rev., CXLII. 454.
3. Same as fetish-man.
Anything which happens, even in the most ordinary
course of nature, he may pronounce to l>e the work of a
fetish or a wizard, and to need his assistance to ferret it
out. Nineteenth Century, XXII. 801.
fetishism (fe'tish-izm), n. [Also, after the
French,/ci»>At*w,and sometimes /ciicww; =F.
fitichismc; as fetish + -(>»».] 1. The practice
of worshiping a fetish ; that form of religious
belief and practice in which fetishes are the
objects of worship. See the extracts.
The President de Brosses, a most original thinker of the
last century, struck by the descriptions of the African wor-
ship of materialand terrestrial objects, introduced the word
FHichisuie as a general descriptive term ; and since then
It has obtained great currency by Comte's use of it to de-
note a general theory of primitive religion, in which ex-
ternal objects are regarded as animated by a life analo-
gous to man's. . . . It seems to me . . . more convenient
to use the word Animism for the doctrine of spirits In
general, and to confine the word Fetishism to that subor-
dinate department which it properly belongs to : namely,
the doctnne n( spirits embodied in, or attached to, or con-
veying Influence throufth, certain material objects. Fe-
tishism will be taken as including the worship of "stocks
and 8t4>ne8,' and thence It passes by an imperceptible gra-
dation into Idolatry. K B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 132.
Fetiehunn Is almost the opposite of Religion ; it stands
towards It in the same relation as Alchemy to Chemistry,
or Astrology to Astronomy, and shows how fundamental-
ly our idea of a deity differs from that which presents it-
self to the savage. The Negro does not hesitate to pun-
ish a refractory Fetish, and hides it in hiswaisUlothif he
does not wish it to know what is going on. Aladdins lamp
is, In (act, ft well-known illustration of a Fetish.
Sir J. Lubbock, Orig. of Civilisation, p. 349.
A Htent fetishism, which Is betrayed In that love of per-
sonification, or of applying epithets derived from sentient
beings to inanimate nature, . . . is the root of a great part
of our opinions. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 372.
Hence — 2. Blind devotion to one objector idea;
abject superstition.
fetishist (fe'tish-ist), n. and a, [Also fctichist;
< fetish + 'ist,'] I, n. A worshiper of fetishes.
The Voguls, though baptized, are In fact fetichists, as
much as the unconverted Samoyedes.
Encyc. Brit., XXI. 81.
H. a. Same &s fetishistic*
ThCy [the tribe of Wolof Serrare] . . . have not yet en-
tircly renounced fetichist practices. London Daily Ifetot.
fetishistic
fetishistdc (fe-ti-shis'tik), a. [Also fetichistic;
< fetish + -tsMV.] Of, pertaining to, or char-
acterized by fetishism ; abjectly superstitious.
Our resuscitated spirit was not a pagan philosopher nor
a uhilosophiziujj pasan poet, but a man ot the fifteenth
century, inheriting its strange web of belief and unbelief,
of Epicurean levity and Fetichistic dread.
tieorge Eliot, Koniola (Proem).
Jacob Grimm was t>eginning those profound inductive
researches which ended in demonstrating tlie /etishistic
origin of myths. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., 1. 177.
fetish-man (fe'tish-man), n. A man who is
supposed to have the powers or character of a
fetish.
The fttishman is bound by no law; he recognizes no
rules of evidence. yineteentk Century, XXII. 801.
fetish-snake (fe'tish-snak), n. A book-name
of an African rock-snake, Python sebw.
Python seboB is a form often met with in zoological gar-
dens, where it is known as the /etichsnake.
Staiui. Nat. Hist., III. 359.
fetlock (fet'lok), n. [Also dial, fetterlock,
fewterJock; < ME. fitlokes, feetlakkes, pi., = D.
vitlok, vitslok (Halma, cited by Wedgwood) =
MHG-. vizzeloch, Q. dial, fissloch, fisloch, fislach,
fetlock, pastern. The second element is (ap-
par.) ME. lokk, E. lock^, a tuft of hair, but in
sense 3 (and in fetterlock, 2) it is iocfci. The
first element is usually regarded as a form of
foot (cf. fetter, «., and G. fessel, a fetter, also a
fetlock), though by some compared with G.fitze,
MHG. vitze, OHG. fizza, a skein of thread or
yam, = Icel. feti, a strand, = Dan. fid, fed, a
skein.] 1. A tuft of hair growing behind the
pastem-jouit of horses.
So, underneath the belly of their steeds,
That staind their /eHocts in his sniolsing blood,
The noble gentleman gave up the ghost.
SAo*:.,3Hen. VI.,li. 3.
And smooth'd his/««ocJ-s"and his mane,
And slack'd his girth and stripp'd his rein.
Byron, Mazeppa, iii.
Cheerily neighed the steeds, with dew on their manes and
their /«(iocJ:«. Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 2.
2. The joint on which the hair grows : same as
fetlock-joint.— S. [Associated with /oo< or fet-
ter and lock^.'\ An instrument fixed on the leg
of a horse when put to pasture, for the purpose
of preventin£^ him from running off. Also fet-
terlock.
2192
They toke his feters of incontenent
(from his leggis ; and whan they had so do,
Thanne was he glad inow, and furth he went.
Generydes (E. E. X. S.), 1. 1807.
Who would wear fetters, though they were all of gold ?
Dekker and Webster, Sir Thomas Wyat.
2. Anything that confines or restrains from
motion ; a restraint ; a check.
Here the free spirit of mankind, at length,
Throws its last fetters off.
Bryant, The Ages, xxxiii.
Does he blame the capitals, which certainly do not follow
the exact pattern of any Vitruvian order? Let us answer
twldly, Why should art be put in fetters!
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 246.
Human speech shook off the classic fetters ... by which
it was long cramped, and . . . luxuriated in its new-found
liberty. Edinburgh Rev., CLXlll. 123.
= Syn. 1 Gyve, Manacle, etc. See shackle, n.
fetter (fet'fer), v. t. [< ME. feteren, < AS. ge-
OHG. gifezzaron = Icel. fjotra = Sw.
fen
I could fettle and clump owd booBts and shoes wi' the best
on 'em all. Tennyson, The Northern Cobbler.
It [the world] neeAi fettling, and who's to fettle it?
Mrs. Gaskell.
3. To beat; thrash. Salliwell. [Obsolete or pro-
vincial in the foregoing senses.] —4. To line(tho
hearth of a puddling-furnace). See fettling.
In /e«Kn3 the furnace, . . . oxide of iron bricks mould-
ed to fit the furnace are built in and then baked in situ, and
fettled in much the same way as Bank's furnace.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 324.
Fettled ale or porter, ale or porter sweetened with
sugar and seasoned with a little ginger and nutmeg.
[Prov. Eng.]
II. intrans. To potter; set about in a fussy,
pottering way; do trifling business. [Prov.
Eng.]
When you [the footman] know your master is most busy
ill company, come in, and pretend to fettle about the room ;
and if he chides, say you thouglit he rang the Ijell.
Swift, Directions to Servants, iii.
fftfrian _. — - -
fjettra, fetter," = '''NoVwr;5etrfl,"fixrhold^ fast, fettle (fetn), m. \<fettle,y. Intense 2, cf. AS,
hold spellbound; from the noun. Cf. G. fesseln
= Norw. fuila, fetter: see fetter, «.] To put
fetters upon; shackle or confine, as with fet-
ters; hence, to bind; confine; restrain.
The kyng then comaund to cacche hir belyue,
And fetur hir fast in a fre prisoune —
A stithe house of stone — to still hir of noise.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3518.
You know I never /«Here(J nor imprisoned the word re-
ligion. Donne, Letters, xxx.
My heels are felter'd, but my fist is free.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1235.
It he call rogue and rascal from a garret,
He means you no more mischief than a parrot ;
The words for friend and foe alike were made,
To fetter them in verse is all his trade.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., ii. 428.
And is a press that is purchased or pensioned more free
than a press that is fettered'
D. Webster, Speech, Oct. 12, 1832.
In reading Thomas Aquinas . . . one is constantly pro-
fetel, a belt: see fettle, v.} 1. The state of be-
ing prepared, or in good repair or condition : as,
he is in splendid /eM/e to-day. [Prov. Eng.]
It's a fine thing . . . to have the chance of getting a bit
of the country into good fettle, as they say, and putting
men into the right way with their farming.
George Eliot, Middlemarch, xl.^
2. A handle in the side of a large basket. Hal-
lixoell; Jamieson. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
fettle (fet'l), a. [< fettle, d.] Neat; tight;
handy. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
fettling (fet'ling), n. In metal., the lining of
the hearth forming the working-bed of the pud-
dling-furnace. It was formerly made of sand, when
dry puddling was the method employed ; but, with the pres-
ent system of pig-boiling or wet puddling, refractory sub-
stances rich in the oxids of iron are employed as fettling.
See puddle, bulldog, and blue-billy. Different fettlings are
used according to the class of iron to be produced.
He also saturates the purple ore used as fettling with
the Silline solution. Ure, Diet., IV. 493.
The farm-horse drags Ms fetlock chain.
Whittier, 'The Old Burying-Ground.
fetlock-boot (fet'lok-bot), n. A covering de-
signed to protect the fetlock and pastern of a
horse, as from injury by interference,
fetlocked (fet'lokt), a. 1. Having fetlocks.—
2. Tied or hobbled by the fetlock.
Shakespeare, then, found a language already to a certain
extent establislied, but not yet fetlocked by dictionary and
grammar mongers.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 157.
fetlock-joint (fet'lok-joint), n. The joint of a fettereS (fet'erd), p. a.
horse's leg next to the foot ; anatomically, the In zool., having the feet
metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal articula-
In the fore limb it corresponds to the
tion. -
knuckle at the base of the middle finger. See
cut under fetter-bone.
fetlo'W (fet'16), n. [A dial, form of whitlow. D.
fijt, a whitlow, is appar. not connected.] A
whitlow or felon in cattle.
fetor (fe'tor), n. [L., less correctly fcetor, fa-
tor, a stench, < fetcre, stink: see fetid.l Any
strong offensive smell ; stench.
Being volatile and of strong natural odor, it [carbolic
acid] commingles mechanically with the offensive vapors,
and, being in excess, disguises for a time the fmtor known
to be present. Disinfectants, p. 19.
I have learned to prefer this flesh [seal] to the reindeer's
— at least, that of the female seal, which has not the fetor
of her mate's. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 235.
fettet, r. t. See/e«i. Chaucer.
fetter (fet'er), n. [< ME. feter, < AS. fetor, fe-
ter = OS. feteros, fiterios, pi., = OHG. fezzera,
MHG. vezzer, G. dial, fesser = Icel. fjdturr =
Sw. Jjetter, fetter, = Norw. fjetra, a wooden
pin, a trunnel; akin to L. pedica, a fetter,
eompes (comped-), a fetter, Gr. nidT/, a fetter;
from the orig. form of foot, AS. fot, etc., =
L. pes (ped-) = Gr. irovg (Trod-) = Skt. pad: see
foot. Prob. not related to AS. fetel, a fetter,
chain, belt, girdle, = OHG. fezzil, MHG. vezzel,
G. fessel, a belt, sword-belt (G. fessel having
now taken the place ot fesser, in sense oi fetter),
= Norw. futul, a fetter, = Icel. fetill, a belt,
strap. Seefettle.l 1 . A chain or bar by which
a person or an animal is confined by the foot,
80 that he is either made fast to an object or
deprived of free motion by having one foot at-
tached to the other; a shackle.
voked to say. What could not such a mind have done if it fettstein(fet'stin), n. [G., lit. 'fat stone,' </e«,
had not been fettered by such a method? ^ Xv77i -i- o/„,„ _ V \tnnp 1 Thp tihttip cri v^n
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 90. = >^- jaf-, -i" stem = th. stone.] ine name giv.-n
by Werner to the mineral nephelme or nephe-
lite, in allusion to its greasy luster. It is a
silicate of aluminium, sodium, and potassium.
[Rarely used by English authors.]
fetUOUSi, a. An improper form of featous.
feturet, n. [< L. fetura, less correctly fcetura,
a bringing forth, brood, offspring, < •/ *fe, pp.
/ete«, generate, produce : see/e(«s.] Progeny
or offspring. Davies.
Some ot them engendered one, some other such/e(«re«,
and every one in that he was delivered of was excellent
politic, wise. Latimer, Sermons and Remains, I. 50.
fetus (fe'tus), n. [L. fetus, less correctly foe-
tus, a bringing forth, a bearing, hence also
offspring, progeny (rarely of human kind), <
fetus, a., pregnant, breeding, newly delivered,
pp. of ^/ *fe, *fev, generate, produce, appear-
ing in fecundus, fecund, femina, woman, etc.,
and inperf. /ms, I was, fut. part./H«MJ-M«, future,
= Gr. ipveiv, generate, produce, (pveaSai, grow,
= Skt. ^/ bhu, become, be, = AS. beon, E. be : see
6el, future, fecund, female, feminine, physical,
phyton, etc.] The young of viviparous animals
in the womb, and of oviparous animals in the
egg; the embryo in the later stage of develop-
ment. See embryo. Also spelled /(e<hs — Fetus
papyraceus, in teratol., one of a pair of twin embryos
which lias been killed and reduced to a flattened remnant
by the growth of the other embryo.- Mammary fetus,
the undeveloped young of a marsupial animal while it re-
mains in the pouch attached to the nipple. =Syil. See
embryo.
[E. dial., also/ewfcr- fet'wa (fet'wii), n. [Also written /a(ra, fetva_.
p. 90.
fetter-bone (fet'6r-b6n), n. [< fetter (cf. fet-
terlock and fetlock) + bone.l The great pas-
tern or first phalangeal
bone of a horse's foot,
succeeded by the coro-
nary and coffin-bone,
and articulating with
the cannon-bone at the
fetlock-joint.
fetter-bush (f et ' er-
biish), n. An erica-
ceous evergreen shrub,
Andromeda nitida, of
the pine-barrens of the
southern United States.
It bears numerous fra-
grant white flowers in
axillary clusters.
Hind Foot of Horse, showing
Fetter-bone.
M, lower end of metatarsus ;y,
fetlock-joint; s, metatarsopha-
langeal sesamoid bone ; fh i,
proximal phalanx, or fetter-bone
(large pastern): A pastern-
joint ; /A 2, median phalanx, or
coronary bone (small pastern);
c, coffin-joint; /A 3, distal pha-
lanx, or coffin-bone, supporting
the hoof; s i, interphalangeal
stretched backward and
apparently unfit for the
purpose of walking, as i"es"amoidbone(navi;ular),
in the seal, or concealed
within the integuments of the abdomen.
fetterless (fet'er-les), a. [< fetter + -le
Free from fetters or restraint ; unfettered.
s.]
Yet this affected strain gives me a tongue
As fetterless as an Emperor's.
Marston, Malcontent, i. 4.
fetterlock (fet'er-lok), M. ^ - - ,
lock; a var. of fetlock, as if < fetter + lock^.
Seefetlock.'l 1. Same as /e«ocfc, 3.-2. In /»er.,
a shackle or lock. The hoop of this instrument is
sometimes represented as a band ot steel, and sometimes
as a chain. Boutell.
Long live the Black Knight of the Fetterlock !
Scott, Ivanhoe, xxxii.
fettle (fet'l), V. ; pret. and pp. fettled, ppr. fet-
tling. [< ME. (Novth.) fettlen, fetlen, bind, ar-
range, prepare. Origin uncertain; perhaps
orig. 'bind,' < AS. fetel, a belt, girdle: eee fet-
ter, n. Icel. fitla (little used), touch with the
fingers, fidget, Sw. dial, futtla, fumble with the
fingers, and a large number of similar forms,
with similar senses, in LG., HG., etc., offer no
explanation of the E. word. See fit^, u.] I.
trans. 1. To bind; tie up.
In the tyxte, there thyse two [poverty and patience] am
in teme [team] layde.
Hit arn/c(!fed in on [one] forme.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 38.
2. To arrange ; prepare ; put in order; repair;
mend.
When hit [the ark] watz fettled and forged and to the fulle
graythed. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 243.
fetvah,fetivali, repr. Ar. (whence Hind.) fatwd,'
a judicial decision.] A declaration in writing,
by a competent authority, of the requirements
of the Muslim holy law in any given case.
There is besides a collection of all the fetwus or deci-
sions pronounced by the different muftis. Brougham.
feu(fii),«. [Oneof the forms of /e!(d2, fee: see
feud9 and/ee2.] In Scots law: (a) A free and
gratuitous right to lands granted to one for ser-
vice to be performed by him according to the
proper tenure thereof; specifically, a right to
the use and enjoyment of lands, houses, or oth-
er heritable subjects of perpetuity, in consid-
eration of agricultural services or an annual
payment in grain or money, called feu-duty,
and certain other contingent burdens. This was
anciently deemed an ignoble tenure, as distinguished from
ward-holding, where the service rendered was purely mili-
tary, and from blanch-holding, where it was merely nomi-
nal. (6) The land or piece of ground so held;
a fief.
feu (fu), V. t. [< feu, ».] To make a feu of;
vest in one who pays the annual feu-duty.
Frequently leased otfeued out for a fixed duty.
Eruyc. Brit., IV. 6S.
fenage
fenage (fu'aj), n. [< OF. fenage, fouage, foage
(5£L. reflex foagium), fire-wood, a tax on fii-e-
places, < ML. focaticum, a tax on fireplaces, <
L. focus, a fireplace (> OF. feu, fireplace, fire) :
see fuel, focusT] A tax formerly imposed upon
fireplaces and chimneys.
The Prince of Wales . . . imposing a new taxation upon
the Gascoignes, of Feuage or Chyinney money, so discon-
tented the people as they exclaime against the govern-
ment of the English. Daniel, Hist. Eng., p. 214.
feoar (fu'ar), ». [Sc, i. e., 'feuer, < feu, q. v.]
In Scots law, one who holds a feu or feus. Also
fuar.
feu-contract (fii'ton'trakt), n. In Scots law, a
contract which regulates the giving out of land
in feu between the superior and vassal or f euar.
fead^ (fiid), ». [In form and pronunciation
now assimilated to feud^, q. v. ; < ME. fede,
feide, prop, 'feithe, < AS. fcehth, nom. rarely
fiehthu, fwhtlio = OFries. feithe = D. veete =
OHG. fehida, MHG. rehede, rede, G. fehde =
Icel. Sw. fegd, formerly fyd = Dan. feide, en-
mity, hostility, feud, war (whence ML. faida,
feida, OF. f aide, fede, feide, foide); not in Goth,
(where 'faihitha would be expected: GotJh.
fijathvca, hatred, is only remotely connected);
an abstract noun in -th, < AS. fdh, hostUe, out-
lawed, guilty, fahman, a foeman, in ME. a noun,
to, foo, mod. E. foe : see foe and fiend. Feud
IS tlius the abstract noun of foe (which was
orig. an adj.).] 1. Enmity; animosity; ac-
tive hostility ; a vengeful quarrel between in-
dividuals or parties; especially, hostility be-
tween families or parties in a state ; a state of
civic contention.
The natural issue of this [unreasooable desire] most be
perpetual /ewU and bickerings, contentions and strug-
gles. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xiir.
The personal /etM{« and animosities that happen among
so small a people might obstruct the course of Justice.
J. Adanu, Works, IV. 806.
It was said that Francis and Hastings were notoriously
on bad terms, that they had tteeri ai/eud during many
yean, that on one occasion their mutual aversion had Im-
pelled them to seek each other's lives.
Maeaulay, Warren Hastings.
Ring out the/eud of rich and poor,
Ring in redresa to all mankind.
Tennyton, In Memoriam, cvi.
2. Morespecifically, an aggravated state of hos-
tility, marked by frequent or occasional san-
guinary conflicts, between one family or elan
and another, to avenge insults, injuries, or mur-
ders inflicted by one party, or by any member
of it, upon those of the other side; a vendetta.
The Crosiers baud thee at a /nut
DtathttfParcy Rod (Child's Ballads, VL 143).
Right Of fend. In early Eng. late, the right to self-protec-
tion and redress by personal violence ; the right to resist
wrong and retaliate for one's self and one's Mnsmen ; or
the corresponding liability to be attacked for vengeance.
Bee/rithl.
A glance at the early history of our national justice
shows that ita original groundwork was the riffht of feud.
J. R. Oreen.
feud^ (fad), n. [< ML. feudum, also written
feodum (whence the less proper E. speUing
feod, q. V. ), a feud, fief, fee ; < OHG. fiJtu, fehu,
cattle (also prob., as in AS.feoh, etc., proper-
ty in general): see/e«i. Hence (from OH(}.)
OF. fleu,ftef, feu, fied (whence HE. fee, E./ee2,
and, from fief, later E. fief and feff, feoff) =
Pr. feu = It. no, fee, fief: see fee^, fCtf, feoff.
The origin of the d in ML. /eudum is uncertain ;
as the word was artificial, the d was perhaps
a mere insertion to avoid the collocation euu;
the reg. ML. reflex of the OHG., etc., would be
/emnn, which actually oocnrs in the Dooms-
day Book. Feu^ and its derivatives are less
prop, spelled /eod, etc.] 1. \a feudal lair, an
estate in land granted on condition of services
to be rendered to the grantor, indefault of which
the land was to revert to the grantor; a fief ; a
tenure of land under and by dependence on a
superior. The grantor or lord was entitled to the hom-
age or fealty of the grantee or vassal. The estate was so
nilled in contradistinction to aiiodium, which is an estate
iubject to no superior but the general law of the land.
Palgrave considers that the origin of fendal tenure may
he traced to the grants made by the Romans to the bar*
barian Laetl occupying the Uinitanean or RIpuarian ter-
Tttoriea, upon the condition of performing military ser-
vlee. These dotations or fetidi descended only to the
male beir of the donee, ana could not be alienated to a
non-militatr tenant
W. K. SuUiean, Introd. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. ccxxlil.
2. Land held in feudal tenure by a vassal.
The essential and fnndamental principle of a territo-
rial /ettd was, that It was land held by a limited or con-
ditional estate — the property being in the lord, the usu-
fruct in the tenant.
W. E. SuUivan, Introd. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. ccxxIL
138
2193
Honorary feud, in law, a title of nobility descendible to
the eldest son, exchisiveolall the rest.— Military feuds,
in Great Britain, the original feuds, which were in the
hands of men who performed military duty for their ten-
ures.
feudall (fii'dal), a. l<feudl + -al.'] Pertaining
to or in the nature of a feud or partizan conflict.
Few were the words and stern and high,
That marked the toem&n'R feudal hate.
Scott, L. of L. M.,iii. 4.
feudal^ (fu'dal), a. [Also -written /eodaZ; = F.
feodal = Sp. Pg. feudal = It.feudale = G. feudal,
etc., < ML. feudalis, feudal, a vassal, (.feudum,
a fend: see feud^.'] 1. Pertaining to feuds,
fiefs, or fees ; relating to or dependent upon the
method of landholding called feud, fief, or fee :
as, feudal tenure ; feudal rights or services ; a
feudal lord or vassal.
The/«tt(iai tenure, which was certainly at lirst the ten-
ure of servants who, but for the dignity of their master,
might have been called slaves, became in the 31iddle Ages
the tenure of noblemen.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 341.
The old feudal spirit which prompted a man to treat
his tenants and villeins as part of his stock . . . had been
crushed before the reign of Edward III.
Sttibbt, Const. Hist, : 469.
2. Pertaining to the state of society under this
system of tenure ; characteristic of the relations
of lord and vassal.
It is time . . . that we had a feudal map of England
before the manorial boundaries are wiped away.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 64.
Feudal system, a system of political organization with
reference to the tenure of land and to military service and
allegiance prevalent in Europe in the middle ages. Its
main peculiarity was that the bulk of the land was divid-
ed into feuds or fiefs, held by their owners on condition
of the performance of certain duties, especially military
services, to a superior .lord, who, on default of such per-
formance, could reclalim the land. Tliis superior might
be either the sovereign, or some subject who thus held of
the sovereign, and in turn had created the fief by subin-
feudation. According to the pure feudal system, the lord
was entitled to the fealty of his tenants, but not to that
of their subtenants, every man looking only to his imme-
diate lord. On the continent of Europe, while the system
was in full operation, this principle made the great lords
practically independent of their nominal sovereigns, who
could command their allegiance only through their self-
interest or by superior force; and therefore kings were
often powerless against their vassals. In England, how-
ever, the sovereign was always entitled to the fealty of all
bis subjects. Feudal tenures were abolished in England
tar act of Parliament in 1660, in Scotland in 1747, and in
France at the revolution of 1789. In Germany, Austria,
etc., they continued till after the revolutionary movements
of 1848-50. In each case, however, they had long previ-
ously l)een much mitigated in their social and political ef-
fects. A feudal system prevailed in China from a very early
period, but was brought to an end in 220 B.C., on the con-
quest of the whole country by .Siang Wang of Tsin, known
as Tsin-shi-Hwang-ti. The feudal system of Japan was
aliolished in 1871, when the daimlos or barons surrendered
thfir lands to the mikado. See daimio.
feudalism (fu'dal-izm), n. [= F.fiodalisme =
Sp. Pg. It.Jfeudalismo ; asfeudaP + -»«»i».] The
feudal system and its incidents ; the system of
holding lands by military service.
On the seemingly trifling pomp and pretence of chivalry,
the mischievous fabric uf extinctfeudalitm was threatening
gradually to reconstruct itself. Stubbt, Const. Hist., 1 469.
Feudalitm was really a co-operative association for the
mutual defence of the members.
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 62.
Though he was no chartist or radical, I consider Carlyle's
by far the most Indignant comment or protest anent the
fruits otfetidalitm to-day In Great Britain.
W. Whitman, Essays from "The Critic," p. 34.
feudalist (fu'dal-ist), M. i< feudaP + -ist. Cf.
feudist.] 1. A supporter of the feudal system.
The Prussian FeudalieU had risen up in arms against
some of his [Bismarck's] liberal reforms.
Lottie, Bismarck, II. 395.
2. One versed in feudal law; a feudist,
feudalistic (fti-da-lis'tik), a. Of the nature of
feudalism.
While the main t«nor of his life waa feudaUtie, the
habitant of New Fnuce spumed cerisdn duties that were
regarded as essential prerogatives of his master in the
Old World. Amer. Jour. PkUol., VII. 152.
feudality (fu-dal'i-ti), n. [= F. fiodaliti = Sp.
fiudalidad = Pg. feudalidade = It. feudalita ;
a,s fendaV^ + -I'ty.] The state or quality of be-
ing feudal; feudal form of constitution.
It had doubtless a powerful tendency to cherish the In-
fluence of ^ eudalily and clanship. Hallam.
At the end of the last century, when revolutionary efTer-
vescence was beginning to feraient, the people of Aries
swept all itM fettdality away, defacing the very arms upon
the town gate, and trampling the palace towers to dust.
J, A. Symottdg, Italy and Greece, p. 827.
feudalization (fu'dal-i-za'shon), n. [(.feudal-
ize+ -ation.] The act of feudalizing or reducing
to feudal tenure, or of conforming to feudalism.
The feudalitaiion of any one country in Europe must
be conceived as a process inchidini; a long series of politi-
cal, administrative, and judicial changes.
Maine, Village Communities, p. 133.
feudum
Down indeed to the first French Revolution, the excep-
tional tenure of land in franc-alleu, which here and there
survived amid the general feudalisation, was held by
Frenchmen in high honour.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 340.
The feudalization of the Church by grants or purchase
of its highest offices as fiefs of lord or king, and by their
transmission, like lay estates, from father to son.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 496.
feudalize (fu'dal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp./cttdaZ-
ized,-ppv.feudaiizing. [<. feudal^ + -ize.] To re-
duce to a feudal tenure ; conform to feudalism.
We must conceive of the whole territory of France as
feudalized — that is, divided and suttdivided into larger
and smaller fiefs, nominally constituting a complete hie-
rarchy. StilU, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 143.
The Church, too, never \iec&vae feudalized.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 293.
feudally (fu'dal-i), adv. In a feudal manner.
Hallam.
feudary (fii'da-ri), a. and n. [< Mli. feudarius,
n., one invested with a feud, prop, an adj., <
feudum, & feud: see/eud^.] I. a. Pertaining
to or held by feudal tenure.
And what greater dividing than by a pernicious and
hostile peace to disalliege a whole /cudan/ kingdom from
the ancient dominion of England.
Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish.
H. n.; y\.feudaries(-Tiz). 1. A tenant who
holds his lands by feudal service ; a feudatory.
But before the releasement thereof, first he was miser-
ablie compelled . . . to giue ouer both bis crowne & scep-
ter to that Antichrist of Rome for the space of fine dales,
& his client, vassale, feudarie, & tenant to receive againe
of him at the hands of another Cardinal.
Foxe, Martyrs, p. 280.
2. An ancient officer of the court of wards in
England.
Also written/eodaru.
feudatary (fu'da-ta-ri), a. and n. [= F.feuda-
taire = Sp. Pg. it. feudatario, a. and n., < ML.
feudatarius, n., the holder of a feud, prop, adj.,
< feudum , a feud : see feud^. Cf . feudatory and
feudary.'] Same &s feudatory.
feudatory (fu'da-to-ri), a. and n. [The more
exact form (for then.) is feudatary, <. ML. feu-
datarius, n. : see feudatary. Cf . ML. feudator,
the holder of a feud, < feudum, a feud: see
feu^.] I. a. Holding or held from another on
feudal tenure. See/e«rfai2.
He hath claimed the kingdom of England, Asfetidatortt
to the see apostolic. Jer. Tayhtr, Works (ed. 1836), II. 104.
n. n. ; yX. feudatories {-riz). 1. A tenant or
vassal holding his lands of a superior on con-
dition of military or feudal service ; the tenant
of a feud or fief. See/eudaP.
The Norman Conquest . . . introduced the feudal sys-
tem, with Its necessary appendages, a hereditary mon-
archy and nobility ; the former in the line of the chief,
who led the Invading army, and the latter in that of his
distinguished followers, lliey became his feudatoriee.
The country — both land and people (the latter as serfs) —
was divided between them. Calhoun, Works, I. 99.
The great /ewfofory at Rouen seemed. In a way in which
no other feudatory seemed, to shut up his over-lord in a
kind of prison. E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II. 132.
2. A fief.
A service paid by the King of Spalne for the kingdoroes
of Naples and Sicily, pretended feudatorys to the Pope.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 22, 1644.
It must not be supposetl that in the partition of France
into/«Mrfa^on'*« the king was ignored. He, from the very
nature of the system, was its head, from whom all author-
ity theoretically descended. SlilU, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 142.
feudbotet (fud'bdt), n. [A mod. form, repr.
AS. fShth-bot, < foehth, a feud, quarrel, + hot,
amends, fine, boot: see feud^ and hoot^.] A
fine for engaging in a feud or quarrel.
fen de joie (f6 &k zhwo). [F., a bonfire, lit.
fire of joy: feu, fire, < ti. focus, a hearth, fire-
place (see focus): de, of; joie, see Joy. Hence
E. dial. (Oaven)/et«|;or, a bonfire.] A bonfire,
or a firing of guns, in token of joy.
About three o'clock the discharge of fifty pieces of can-
non was answered l)y a feu de joie from all the regiments
of the garrison, and the yeomanry corps drawn up for the
purpose in Stephen's Oreen. X. and Q., 7th ser., III. 406.
feudist (fu'dist), n. [< F. fcudiste = Sp. Pg.
feudista, < L. feudum, feud: seefeud^.] 1. A
writer on feuds ; one versed in feudal law.
I call It, as thefeudufta do, jus utendi pnedlo alieno; a
right to use another man's land, ijot a property in it.
Spelman, Feuds and Tenures, ii.
2. One living under the feudal system.
The Greeks, the Romans, the Britons, the Saxons, and
even originally the fe\idi»ts, divided the laiids equally.
Blacketone, Com., II. xiv.
feudum (fu'dum), n. pSL., also feodum, feou-
dium: see feud^.] 1. Land granted to be held
as a benefice, in distinction worn land granted
to be held allodialljc. — 2. An estate of inheri-
tance ; an interest m land descendible to heirs.
K. E. Digby.
feu-duty
feu-duty (fu'du'ti). n. In Scotia /air, the annual
duty or rent paid by a feuar to his superior, ac-
cording to the tenure of his right.
Feuillaut (f^lyon' ), m. [F.] 1 , A member of a
congregation of reformed Cistercian monks, in-
stituted by Jean de la Barri^re. The reform aimed
at stricter monastic discipline, and was approved by the
Pope in 15S6. lu 1630 the congregation was divided into
two: the French, called Xotrf Dame des Fe^tUlarUs, and
the Italian, called R^ormM Bernaniiiies.
2. A club of constitutional royalists in the
French revolution, taking its name from the
convent of the Feuillants in Paris, where it
met. It was broken up in August, 1792,
The old Jacobins became absolutely republican, and, in
contempt, called the Feuillants the Club Monarchique.
Eixcyc. Brit, IX 602.
FeuiUantine (f6-lyon-ten'), «• [< Feuillant +
-»«€-.] A member of a congregation of nuns
organized in the last part of the sixteenth cen-
tury, and corresponding to the Feuillants.
Feuillea (fii-ire-a), «. [NL., named after Louis
Feuillet, a Frencli traveler and naturalist (1660-
1732).] A cucurbitaceous genus of half a dozen
species, of tropical America. They are frutescent
climbers, and the large, bitter, and very oily seeds are
both purgative and emetic. F, cordifolia is the antidote
cacoon of Jamaica, which is employed as a remedy for
various diseases and as an antidote to certain poisons.
Also FeviUea.
feuillemorte (fely-m6rt'), a. and n. [F. feuille
mortCy lit. *dead leaf: see iilemoW] I, a. Of
the color of a dead or faded leaf; of a shade of
brown. Also foUomort.
To make a countryman understand what feuillemorte
colour signifies, it may suffice to tell him 'tis the colour of
wlther'd leaves falling in Autumn.
Locke^ Human Understanding, III. xi. § 14.
H. n. A color like that of a dead or faded
leaf; filemot.
It was one of the shades of brown known by the name
of /euille-morte, or dead-leaf coloiu*.
Quoted in N. and Q., 6th ser., IX. 134.
feuillet (f6-lya')» w. [F., a leaf, sheet, plate,
gill, third stomach, dim. ot feuille, a leaf, < L.
foHumf a leaf: see foil\ folio. "l 1. The third
stomach of a ruminant; the psalterium or
manyplies. — 2, In diamond-cutting , the pro-
jecting points of the triangular facets of a rose-
cut diamond, whose bases join those of the tri-
angles of the central pyramid. E. D.
feuilleton (f6'lye-ton), w. [F., dim. of feuillet,
a leaf, sheet: &ee feuillet.'] 1. In French news-
papers, a part of one or more pages (the bot-
tom) devoted to light literature or criticism, and
generally marked off from the rest of the page
by a rule. — 2. The matter given in the feuille-
ton, very commonly consisting of part of a se-
rial story.
To most Parisians of any education, and to many pro-
vincials, their daily paper, with its brilliant *' leader"
and its exciting /eut^^fon, is as necessary as their daily
breakfast. W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 130.
feuilletonism (f6'lye-ton-izm), n. [i feuilleton
+ -ism.'\ Such literary and scientific qualities
as find expression in the feuilleton; an ephem-
eral, superficial, and showy quality in scholar-
ship or literature.
Dignifying Schliemannism and 8pade-lore,/ewiZie(ont«m,
dillettantism, and sciolism with the name of scholarship.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 59.
feuilletonist (fe'lye-ton-ist), w. l<. feuilleton +
-ist.'\ One who writes for the feuilleton of a
French newspaper.
If a great university deliberately discourages high lin-
guistic attainments, and reserves her honours and places
for smart but shallow /eui7/e(oni«(*, rash and pretentious
theorists — in a word, for utterers of literary false coin —
and vendors of literary wares which were chiefly meant to
sell, what place is England likely soon to hold in the world
of letters and learning?
Fortnightly Rev,, N. S., XLIII. 57.
feuilletonistic (f 6*lye-ton-is'tik), a. [< feuille-
tonist + -ic] Characteristic or suggestive of
a feuilleton ; ephemeral ; superficial.
The Ck)unt returned to the chaise, and worried his Chief
with what the latter called feuilletonistic remarks about
the difficulties of his social and diplomatic position in
Paris. Lowe, Bismarck, II. 42.
feute^ti w. [ME., also written fewte, foute, fute,
and later {mod.,) fuse, fusee (see fusee^) ; origin
unknown; perhaps connected with feuterer,
but this is doubtful.] 1. Odor; scent.
Fute, odowre, odor. Prompt. Parv., p. 183.
When the houndes haddefeute of the hende beste.
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2189.
2. The track or trail, as of a deer.
Fewte, vestigium. Prompt. Parv., p. 159.
He fond the /cu(e al fresh where forth the herde (cowherd]
Haddebore than barn (the child).
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 90.
2194
feute^t, feuteet, «. [ME., also fewtcc, < OF.
feaute, etc., fealty : seefealtyJ] Same b.s fealty.
Homage non witbsay
Ac alle deden him feute.
King AlisaunderiW eher'e Metr. Horn.), 1. 2910.
He lete make many newe knyghtes with hia owne
honde, whiche alle diiie hym homage and fewtee.
3Ierlin(E. E. T. S.), i. 121.
feuterif, fewter^t (fii'tfer), ». [Early mod. E.
also feutre; < ME, feuter, fewtre, fewtire, etc.,
OF. feutre, fautre, faultre, faltre, feltre, a lance-
rest, any such support; orig., according to the
etym., a pad or padded socket, being a particu-
lar use of OF. feutrcy fautre, feltre, etc., F. feu-
tre, felt, packing, padding, a cushion, carpet
(whence feutrer, pack, pad), = Pr. feutre = op.
fieltro = Pg. It. feltro, < ML. jiltrum, feltrum^
felt, a pad or socket for a lance, < 0H&. filz =
AS. felt, etc., te\t: 8eefelt^,felt€r.^ Arestfora
lance, attached to the saddle of a man-at-arms ;
a lance-rest; a support for a spear.
These com in the first fronte with spares in fewtre for to
luste, for grete myster hadde thei of horse.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 446.
To William he priked with spere festned in feuter.
William of Palertie (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3436.
Streiget to him [he] rides.
With his spere on feuter festened that time.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3593.
A faire floreschte spere in fewtyre he castes,
And folowes faste one owre folke, and freschelye ascryez.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1366.
feuter^t, fewter^t (fu't6r), v. t [Early mod.
E. aXso feutre; < feuter^, fewter'^, 7i.] To place,
as a lance or spear, in the feuter or rest.
His speare hefevZred, and at him it bore.
Spemer, F. Q., IV. iv. 45.
feuter^t, fewter^t, n. Obsolete variants of
feature.
Fewters of his face. Romeus and Juliet, p. 57.
feuterert, fewterert (fu'ter-^r), n. [With ad-
ditional suffix -er, as in poulterer, etc. , for earlier
*fewter, vewter, a keeper of hounds, < OF. vau-
trieur, vautreur, a hunter, a poacher, < vautrier,
viautrieVy viautrer, hunt with hounds, < viautre,
later spelled vaultre = Pr. veltre = It. veltro (ML.
veltrus), a kind of hound, a mongrel between a
hound and a mastiff, prob. < L, vertagvSj also
spelled vertaga, vertagra, vertraga, a greyhound,
a word said to be of Celtic origin.] A keeper of
hounds.
The vewter, two cast of brede be tase,
Two lesshe of grehoundes yf that he hase ;
To yche a bone, that is to telle,
If I to gou the sothe shalle spelle.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 320.
If you will be
An honest yeoman — fewterer, feed us first.
And walk us after. Massinger, The Picture, v. 1.
feuth (ftith), n. A dialectal variant of fulth,
feutredt, a. [< F. feutrer, pad as with felt, <
feutre, felt: see felt^, feltery and cf. /oMteri.]
Stuffed or bombasted, as a garment. Fairholt.
feverl (fe'v6r), n. [Early mod. E. also feaver;
< ME. fevm', fevere, fevre (partly from OP ), ear-
lier/e/er, < AS. fefer, fefor = OHG. fiebar, MHG.
vieber, G. fieber = Sw. Dan. feher = OF. fevre,
fievre, F. fi^vre = Pr. febre = Sp. fiebre = Pg.
febre = It. febbre, < L. febris, a fever; perhaps
orig. ^ferbris or *ferbis, < fervere, be hot, burn,
boil; or perhaps lit. *a trembling,' akin to Gr.
^£f3e(jdaij flee affrighted, ^(5/3of, flight, panic fear,
fear, terror.] 1. InpathoL: (a) A temperature
of the body higher than the normal temperature,
appearing as a symptom of disease ; pyrexia.
The temperature of the body in health is between 98° and
99° F., and is maintained at this point by the adjustment of
the production of bodily heat to its dissipation, both of
these processes being largely under nervous control. Dur-
ing the period of invasion of a fever, or at anytime when
the temperature is rising, the heat produced exceeds
the heat lost. If the rise is very rapid, the withdrawal of
the blood from the skin, which diminishes the loss of heat,
may give rise to a cold sensation or chill, which may be
combined with an attack of shivering. By the latter the
production of heat is increased. During fever the produc-
tion of heat, while it may be greater than in a healthy
body at rest, does not exceed what a healthy body can dis-
pose of without experiencing increase of temperature.
The consumption of the tissues of the body in fever ex-
ceeds ordinarily the repair, and there is more or less ema-
ciation ; the excretion of urea is increased ; the pulse is
usually quickened as well as the respiration; the bowels
are apt to be constipated ; and thirst, loss of appetite, head-
ache, and vague pains are commonly complained of. Fe-
ver is caused by zymotic poisons, by local inflammation,
or by overheating as in sunstroke, and is sometimes of ex-
clusively nervous origin. It is unquestionably injurious
to the patient when it is excessive or too long continued ;
in some cases, where it does not exceed certain limits, it
is very probably innocuous, or may even be advantageous.
Fever would ordinarily be called slight up to 101° or 102°
F., moderate up to 103° or 103..')°, and hi^di above this.
Temperatures above 105° F. would be called excessively
high, and to such the name of hyperpyrexia is applied.
fever
The limits of the signiflcations of these terras are not pre-
cisely marked ; they vary somewhat in the usage of differ-
ent individuals. The i>rogno8tic significance of pyrexia de-
pends on the accompanying conditions. (i>) The group
of symptoms consisting of pj^exia and the
symptoms usually associated with it. (c) A
disease in which pyrexia is a prominent symp-
tom: as, typhoid /ever, scarlet /ei;er, etc.
For the fev£re agu hath comounly alienacioun of witt,
and schewynge of thingis of fantasy.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 22.
Yesterday at the seventh hour the/cwr left him.
John iv. 62.
He had a/euer when he was in Spain,
And, when the fit was on him, I did mark
How he did shake. Shak., J. C, i. 2.
Our first positive knowledge of the manner in which
the organism is incited to the morbid action that results
in fever dates from the Observation by Naunyn, Billroth,
and Weber that a febrile elevation of the temperature
may be experimentally produced by the introduction of
septic matter into the circulation.
Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, III. 67.
Some low fever, ranging round to spy
The weakness of a people, . , . found the girl,
And flung her down upon a couch of fire.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
2. Heat; agitation; excitement by anything
that strongly affects the passions: as, a. fever
of suspense; a /erer of contention.
Duncan is in his grave ;
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well.
Shak.y Macbeth, iii. 2.
Superstition is a Hectick Fever to Religion ; it by degrees
consumes the vitals of it, but comes on insensibly, and is
not easily discovered till it be hard to be cured.
Stillingjieet, Sermons, II. i.
Abdominal fever, abdominal typhus fever. Same as
typhoid fever. — Airican fever. Same as yellow fever. —
Aphthous fever, tlie aphtlious stomatitis of neat cattle.
^ee stomatitis.— Ardent continued fever, a fever resem-
bling simple continued fever, developing in the tropica,
especially among persons not acclimated.— Army fever.
Same as typhus fever. — Articular fever. Same usdengue.
—Ataxic fever. See a^ax/c— Biliary fever, biliary
remittent fever. Same as relapsing /ever.— Bilious
fever, (a) Remittent fever. (6) Typhoid fever, (c) Diges-
tive disturbance with rise of temperature and vomiting of
bile.— Bilious typhoid fever. Same as relapsing fever.
— Black fever, cerel)rospinal meningitis. See yneningi-
(?«.— Bladdery fever. Same as pemphigus.— "Blginch
fevert. See blanch.— Bone-fever, acute cellulitis occur-
ring in the fingers of workers in l)one.— Bouquet-fe-
ver. Same as dc?i^«€.— Breakbone fever. Same as
de7i.7uc.— Cacatory fever. See c«crt^o»7/.— Camp-fe-
ver, a fever prevailing among soldiers in the field; spe-
cifically, typhus fever.— Car buncular fever. Same as
malignant anthrax (which see, under anthrax). — Catar-
rhal fever, (a) Bronchitis. (6) Catarrh of the upper air-
passages with fever, (c) Typhoid fever of a mild fonn. —
Catheter-fever, fever incident to the use of the catheter;
urethral fever. Its causation is obscure.— Cerebrospi-
nal fever, cerebrospinal meningitis. See meningitis.—
Chagres fever, a fever endemic on the isthmus of Tana-
ma.— Childbed fever, puerperal fever.— Chills and
fever. See c/i(7;i.— congestive fever, cerebrospinal
meningitis: applied in a loose use to typhoid, typhus, iind
malarial fevers, and to pneumonia.— Continual or con-
tinued fever. See continual.— Continued bilious fe-
ver. Same as typhoid fever.— ConntTy fever. Smne as
intermittent fever. — C^^rus fever, relapsing fever. —
Dotllienterlc fever. Same as typhoid fever.— jyonXilQ
fever, intermittent fever in wliich there are two parox-
ysms in each cycle.— Double quotidian fever, intermit-
tent fever in which two paroxysms occur withm twenty-
four hours. — Double tertian fever, intermittent fever
with two paroxysms having features distinct from each
other, such as severity or distance from the last parox-
ysm, in one cycle of forty-eiglit hours.— Dynamic fe-
ver, relapsing fever.— Endemic fever, (n) Kemittent
fever. (6) Typhoid fever.— Endemo-epidemic fever.
dengue. — Enteric, enteromesenteric fever, typhoid
fever.— Ephemeral fever, a short simple continued
fever.— Epidemic fever. («) Typhus fever. (&)Tliepest.
— Epidemic remittent fever, relapsing fever.— Erup-
tive articular fever, dengue.— Eruptive fever, aterm
applied to the various exanthemata. See exaiitncma. —
Eruptive rheumatic fever, dengue.— Essential fever,
a fever of distinct zymotic origin and independent of a lo-
cal inflammation.— Exacerbating fever,remittent fever.
— Exanthematic typhus fever, typhus fever.- Faint-
ing fever of Persia, an epidemic in Teheran in 1842; the
attacks were eharacterized by fainting and choleraic symp-
toms.—Fall fever, (a) Typhoid fever, (b) Remittent fe-
ver.—Famine fever, relapsing fever.— Fermentatiou-
fever, fever produced by the introduction of fibrin fer-
ment mto the blood. — Fever and ague, intermittent fe-
ver. See ague, 2.— Fever Of the spiiit, typhus fever.—
Fifteen-day fever, remittent fever with relapse on the
fifteenth day. — Gastric fever, (a) Typhoid fever. (6)
Acute gastritis.— Gastrobilious, gastro-enterlc fever,
typhoid fever.— Gastrohepatic fever, relapsing fever.
— Gastrosplenic fever, typhoid fever.- Gibraltar fe-
ver, yellow fever.— Hay fever. See hay-fever.- Hectic
fever, fever of the form wliicli is typically exhibited in
phthisis, with marked morning remissions and evening
exacerbations.— Hectic infantile fever, typhoid fever in
children.— Hemogastric fever, yellow fever.— Hemor-
rhagic fever, the fever inciiient to hemorrhage.— Her-
petic fever, simple continued fever with herpes facialis.
-Hungary fever, typhus fever.— Icteric fever, per-
nicious malarial fever accompanied with jaundice. — Ic-
teric remittent fever, ardent fever.— Idiopathic fe-
ver, a fever independent of local inflammation, as the
various fevers of zymotic oriirin.— IleotjTJhUS fever,
typhoid fever.— Infantile remittent fever, typboid fe-
ver in children.— Inflammatory fever, (a) Simple con-
fever
tinned fever, (b) Relapsing fever, (c) Fever incident
to some local intlummattun. (d) Anthra.x. — Intermit-
tent fever, a malarial fever in which feverish periods
lasting a few hours alternate with periods in which the
temperature Is normal. The feverish periods may occur
daily (quotidian fever), or everj- second #day (tertian),
or every third day (quartan), or the cycles may be still
longer.— Intestinal fever, tyi>hoid fever.— Intestinal
fever of cattle, cattie-piaguc— intestinal fever of
swine. Same as hoij-cholera. See cholera,— Irritative
fever, (a) Fever from local lesion. (6) Simple con-
tinued fever.— Levant fever, relapsing fever.— Little
fever, typhoid fever. — Low fever, a contiimed fever
which does not reach a hiuh teiiip^-ratnre.- Maculated
fever, typhus fever.— Malarial fever, a name applied
to non-contagious fevers, the poison producing which may
enter the system with the breath, which infest particu-
lar localities, especially marshy places and new countries,
which may advance over a country, and are repressed ex-
ternally by cold and dryness and in the body by quirnne-
Intermittent and remittent fevers are the fonus "usually
distinguished.- Malignant bilious typhus fever, a
contagious lever of Nubia, which <ioes not intermit. — Ma-
lignant continued fever, malignant fever, malig-
nant fever of hospitals, malignant fever of ships,
typhus fenr.— Malignant fever of the tropics, per-
nicious fever.— Malignant pestilential fever. CO Yel-
low fever (d) Cattle-plague.- Malignant purpuric fe-
ver, cerebrospinal meningitis.- Marsh remittent fe-
ver, Mediterranean fever, remittent fcvi r— Melanu-
rlc fever, b'Miorrhiu'ic mahirial fever.- Mesenteric fe-
ver, typhoid fever. — Miasmatic fever, nuilarial fever.
— MlUary fever, typhoid fever.- Military fever, ty-
phiu fever- Mucous fever, typhoid fever.— Nervous
fever, (o) Typhus fever. (6) Typhoid fever (c) PjTexia
of purely nervous origin.— NeuropurpuTlC fever, cere-
broBpiniU fever.— Nonan fever, intennittent fever in
which the paroxysm recurs on the ninth day (both parox-
ysmal days being counted).— Nosocomial fever, typhus
fever as prevalent in hospitals. — Ochlotlc fever, ty-
phus fever.— Octan fever, intermittent fever in which
the paroxysm recurs on the eiL:hth day (tjoth paroxysmal
days being counted). — Paludal fever, {a) .Malarial fe-
ver. (6) Yellow fever. — Panama fever, a fever endemic
on the isthnius of Panama.— Paroxysmal fever, remit-
tent fever. ~ Periodic, periodical fever, intermittent
fever.— Peritoneal fever, puerperal fever.— Peml-
doiu fever, a plmiie applie<l to cases of malarial fever
which prove dangerou* or fatal at an early ■tage, the sys-
tem being suddenly overpowered by the malarial poison.
Alflo called pemicwus tniiou* /evrr, pemirious malarial
/ever.— Pestilential fever, (o) Typhus fever, (d) Yel-
low fever, ic) The jilague.— Pestilential fever of cat-
tle, cattle-plague.— Petechial fever, (a) t'erebnjspiual
meningitis. (6) Typhus fever— Petechial typhus fever,
typhus fever.— Pneumonic fever, pneumonia.— Puer-
peral fever, a dangerou-s septic fever 04-eurring after
childbirth. — Purple fever. («) ^'erebrospinal meningi-
tis. (6) Typhoid fever. — Putrid fever, typhus fever. —
Pyogenic fever, pyemia. — Pythogenlc fever, typhoid
fever.— Quartan fever, interniittent fever in whicn the
Kroxysm returns on the fourth tlay (l>oth paroxysmal days
ing countedJL- Quintan fever, intermittent fever in
which the paroxysm returns on the flflh day (ttoth parox-
ysmal days being counted). — Quotidian fever, intennlt.
tent fever in which the paroxysm recurs every <iay. — Re-
current fever, relai>Hing fever.- Ked fever, dengue.—
Relapsing bilious fever, relapsing fever. - Relapsing
fever, a contagious fever caused by the presence In the
blood of the Spirochete Obermeyeri,% spirillum consisting
of a thin spiral thread xihn to ih of an Inch in length.
Typical cases.after an tncnbation of from Ave to eight days,
with only slight prodromata, suddenly develop a high fever
which lasta m>m Ave to seven dajrs, and as suddenly disap-
pear!. With the high fever ate associated malaise, ano-
rexia, palnsin the head, back, and Umb«,muscalarhyperal-
geda, constipation or aught diarrhea, marked enlargement
of the spleen, very frequent pulse, and a dirty-yellow com-
plexion. The attack may recur after a week, and several
such recorrences may take place. The mortality Is from 2
to 4 per cent. For synonyms, see phrases almve and l>elow.
-Remittent UUotU femr. (a) Remittent fever, (h)
Relapsing fever, (e) Ardent continued fever.— Remittent
fever.a malarial fever In which periodsof high tempera-
ture alternate with periods In which the tempeimture Is
less, but not as low as normal. It Is produced by the same
agent as intermittent fever.— Remitting blllOlU fever,
(o) Dengue. (6) Remittent fever.— Reinlttlng ICterlC fe-
T8r, relapsing fever. — Rheumatic fever,acute rheuma-
tism. — Rbman fever, maUtrial fever contracted In Rome :
bat the wonl is looeely used by travelers to designate ty-
phoid and other often insignificant affections.— 8carlet
lerer, a contagions fever In which typical cases exhibit the
following feature*: After a period of incubation of from
three to seven days there Is a sudden rise of temperature,
accompanied with sore throat, vomiting, very frequent
pulse, neadache, and often. In small children, convulsions.
After abont one day the scarlet eruption appears, which
lasts for three or fonr days in Its original tntennty, and then
begins to fade oat, when desqoamation sets In. Among
complications and cqnseqaences may be mentioned the for-
mation of diphtheroid membranes In the throat, abscess of
cervical lymphatic glands. Inflammation of tbe ear, and
acnteinilamtMationof the kidneys. The contagion may pre-
serve its viuility for months In clothe*, bedding, carpets,
etc. OneatUu'k usually protects against subsequent In-
fection.— Seasoning fever, a mild form of (a) remittent
fever; (fc) yellow fever in new-comer*.— Septan fever.
Intermittent fever In which the paroxysms reiiir on the
seventh day (both paroxysmal days being counted). - Sep-
tic fever, the fever arising from illH;ared.for wounds, f r< un
the Infection of the system with their morbid i)ro(lnrt.'< or
the bacterial germs flonrishlng in them.— Seven-day fe-
ver. (i) .Sameasje/^tan/fiwr. (b) Relapsing fever.— SeT-
enteen-day fever, remittent fever with relapse on the
st'veiiteerith day.— Sextan fever, intermittent fever In
which the {(siroxysma recur on the sixth day (iM)th parox-
ysmal days i»itit: count4-d). — Short fever, relapsing fe-
ver.— Slam fever, yellow fever. - sierra Leone fever, a
form of remittent fever.— Simple asthenic fever, sim-
ple eontlTiuc'l fever with deiiility. — Simple continued
fever, a fever, usually mild, lajftiiig frorn a few hours to
a few days, iudependeut of local inflammatiuu, and neither
2195
in Its features nor in the circumstances under which it
arises disclosing its identity witli other better-marked
forms. Under the name are doul)tless included in actual
practice many mild and abortive cases of typhoid, mala-
rial, and other fevers, some cases of purely neurotic ori-
gin, and possibly some dependent on a distinct unknown
zymotic cause. Also called synocha, syiwchus mnpUXtfe-
bricida, ephemera, ephemeral /ei-er, sun-fever. — Slow ner-
vous fever, typhoid fever.— Solar fever, dengue.— Spi-
rUlum fever, relapsing fever.— Splenic fever. Same
as mali'jnant anfA)-ax(which see, under anthrax). — Spot-
ted fever, (rt) Typhus fever. (6) t'erebrospinal mentngi-
tis. — Spring fever, a feeling of lassitude occurring in
spring, supposed to be due to the change of season ; also,
humorously, mere laziness. [Colloq.,U. S.] — Strangers'
fever. .Same as yellow fever. — Sudatory fever, sweat-
ing-sickness.- Summer fever, hayf e ver.— Surgical ty-
phus fever, pyemia.— Synochal fever, synocha.—
Synochoid fever, simple contiimed fever.— Tertian
fever, intermittent fever in which the paroxysm recurs
every third day (both paroxysmal days being counted). —
Thermic fever, pyrexia from overheating. — Three-
day fever, dengue. — Typhoid fever, a fever the more
typical cases of which, resulting in recovery, present the
following features : (1) A period of incubation of two
weeks, more or leas, terminating in prodromata lasting
for a few days, and consisting in a general tired feeling
and indisposition to exertion of any kind, loss of appetite,
usually some constipation, slight headache, and pains in
the lind)s. (2) A period of invasion of a week or less, char-
acterized by a gradually increasing temperature, with
morning remissions and evening exacerbations, want of
appetite, thirst, dry and coated tongue, frequent pulse,
headache, often nose-bleed, usually constipation, often
slight diarrhea, slightly tympanitic abdomen, with per-
haps some tenderness and gurgling in the right iliac re-
gion, some enlargement of the spleen, perhaps slight de-
lirium at night, and some bronchitis. (3) A period of con-
tinued pyrexia (fever) in which the temperature ceases to
rise, and in which its daily variations are less. This pe-
riod (fastigium) lasts for a week or two. The want of appe-
tite, thirst, dry tongue, frequent pulse, headache, and bron-
chitis continue or are increased. The tympanitis, splenic
enlargement, and delirium become more pronounced.
Three or four soft yellow stools are passed daily. About
the beginning of this period an eruption of small, pink,
slightly raised spots appears on the skin, especially of the
back and abdomen. (4) A perio<l of defervescence, in
which the fever gradually disaptiears and all the symp-
toms improve. This may last about a week. Cases vary
much from this typical progress, and may be marked in
addition by intestinal hemorrhage, perforation of the in-
testinal wall with collapse and peritonitis, thrombosis of
the larger veins. especiiUly the femoral, pneumonia, lobu-
lar ana (rarely) lol>ar, or meningitis. Relapses (after a
normal temperature has been reached) and recrudescences
(before the fever has entirely disappeared) are not very un-
common. The mortality varies, but the average of recent
reports Is not far from 10 [>er cent. Tlie main anatomical
featore* are inllammation of Peyer's patches and of the
solitary glands of the small and sometimes of the large
Intestine, with inflanmiation of the mesenteric lymphatic
glands. Person* between Dfteen and thirty years of age
seem to be moat frequently attacked. A previous attack
prodnoe* a certain bat not complete protection. The
contaglam seems to be given off from the sick mainly by
the stools. The contamination of food and drink seems
to be the most Important mode of Ingress. Personal
contact does not materially increase exposure. Typhoid
fever la now believed to be caoaed by a micrcacopic para-
sitic organism or baclUos, In length about one third the
diameter of a red blood-corpuscle, in thickness al>out
one third of Its length, with rounded ends, mobile, form-
ing spores at a temperature between 30* and 42* C, but
not at lower temperatures, and forming minute brownish-
yellow colonies on gelatin, which it doe* not soften. For
synonyms, see phrase* above.— TW>hOina1aTl«l fever,
a febrile diaease produced by the alinaltaneous action of
the typhoid and malarial poisons. Tbe term more often
Indicates a doubt whether the case I* malarial or typhoid.
— Typhus fever, a contagloas fever which In typical
I iises presentji tbe following feature*: A period of Incuba-
tion of nine days or more, a sadden onset of fever, often
with a chill, a period of continued fever with pains in
the head, back, and limbs, dizziness, noise In the ears,
frequent bronchitis, and enlarged spleen. An eruption
appears on the third to the seventh day, in the form of
small red spots, usually abundant over the trunk and
limbs, which In two or three days more become hemor-
rhagic. In the second or third week the disease may
terminate by a fall of temperature, which is usually qnlte
rapid. Relanses are very rare. The mortality varies in
dlnerent epidemic* from < to 20 per cent. The meet sus-
ceptible yean are between the ages of twenty and forty.
One attack affords considerable protection against a sec-
ond. For synonyms, see phrase* above.— VreUml fever,
fever ensuing on an operation on tbe urethra, snch as pass,
ing a catheter.— TeUoW fever, an hifections disease of
warm climates, typical case* of which present the follow-
ing features : After a period of inculmtion varying from a
day to several weeks, the Invasion liegins suddenly with
headache, pains in back and limbs, often distinct chill,
nausea, often vomiting, inactive Ixjwels, fever (pyrexia)
luually high, a pulse-rate leas than corresponds to the py-
rexia, sometimes vertigo, convulsions, delirium, and alhu-
minaria. Following upon these symptoms, often after a
lull and apparent beginning of recovery, may come ex-
haustion of the heart and nervoiu centers, bleeding from
mucoiui membranes (giving rise to black vomit), jaundice,
scanty urine, and albumlnnria. The mortality in the bet.
ter class of private cases variea In the experience of dif-
ferent observera from 7 to 10 per cent. The autopsy re-
veals. In addition to the hemorrhages, congestion of t^e
nervotis centers, hypostatic congestion of the lungs, fatty
degeneration of the heart and liver, and parenchymatous
nephritis. The Infectious principle of tbe disease has
been Identineii with various micro-organisms, and Is
probably a pt4>maine-pn>dticlng bacillus. It infects locali-
ties. In Its spread from pla4;e U^ place human Intercourse
seems to be the cfBclent factor. It may be carried In
clothes and other grK>ds. Its development is favored by
fllth and repressed by cold.' Individuals are Infected by
being in an Infected locality. Personal contact with the
feverish
sick does not seem to greatly enhance the exposure. Dis-
infection of food and drink is unavailing as a preventive
measure. Whites are more susceptible to the disease
than blacks, new-comers than old iidiabitants. A previous
attack usually produces immunity. Geographically it
occui's in the warmer parts of America (though it has
been known as far north as Portland in Maine), and in
some parts of the old world.— Yellow remittent fever,
ardent continued fever. (See also brain-fever, heat-fever,
hill-fever, hospital-fever, jail-fever, jungle-fever, lake-fever,
ship-fever.)
feveri (fe'v6r),t). [Not in ME.; < AS. feferian,
feforian, be feverish, (.fefer, fever: seey^reri, ».]
L trans. To put in a fever; infect with fever.
The white hand of a \»dy fever thee.
Shak., A. and C, iil. 11.
A great flood
Of evil memories fevered all his blood.
Waiiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 368.
The stir and speed of the journey . . . fever him, and
stimulate his dull nerves into something of their old quick-
ness and sensibility. R. L. Stevenson, Ordered South.
II. intrans. To contract or develop fever.
[Rare.]
He broke his leg, was taken home, fevered, and died.
E. B. Ramsay, Scottish Life and Character, p. 132.
fever^t, n. [ME., < OF. fevre, fevere, favre, fa-
bre, < Ij. faher, a smith, an artisan: see /after,
fabric.'^ A smith; an artisan.
fever-bark (fe'ver-bark), n. Same as Alstonia
bark (which see, under bark^).
fever-blister (fe'v^r-blls'tfer), n. A vesicular
or pustular eruption which appears, commonly
iu or near the mouth, during or just after febrile
disturbance.
fever-bush (fe'vfer-bxish), n. 1. The Lindera
(Laurus) Benzoin, or Benzoin odoriferum, of
the United States, a lauraceous shrub with an
agreeable aromatic odor, employed as a rem-
edy for intermittent fevers and other com-
plaints. Also called benjamin-btish, spice-bush,
spiceicood, wild allspice, etc. — 2. The winter-
berry. Ilex verticillata, the bark of which is
used as a febrifuge, etc.
fevered (fe'vferd), a. [< fever^ + -<mJ2.] Suf-
fering from fever; feverish; hence, heated;
perturbed; disordered: as, a, fevered imagina-
tion.
There was work to do, and the cold sea-air was cooling
tbe fevered brain. W. Black, Macleod of Dare, xlii.
feverefoit, "■ An obsolete variant ot feverfew.
Feverelt, "• [ME., var. of Feverer, q. v.] Same
as Fererer.
Feverert, "• [ME., also Feverere, Feveryere, Fe-
vergere, Fevirger, Feovcrrer, etc., also Feverel, <
OF. /eerier, < L. Februarius, February: see Feb-
ruary.] February.
feverett (fe'v6r-©t), n. [< /eeerl + -et.'] A
slight fever.
A light/eijere(,oran old quartan ague, Is not a sufflcient
excuse for non-appearance. Ayli/e, Parergon.
feverfew (fe'vfer-fu), n. [Also written feverfue;
also dial., in various corrupt forms, /ea<Aer/eit!,
fetterfoe, etc. ; < ME. /eryr/eir, feicerfue, < AS.
feferfuge, feferfugia, < LL. febrifugia, a name
of Centaurea, regarded as a febrifuge: see
febrifuge.] 1. Tlie Chrysanthemum (Matrica-
ria) Parthenium, a European species natural-
ized in the United States, formerly cultivated
as a medicinal herb, and used as a bitter tonic
in the cure of fevers. Some ornamental varie-
ties are common in gardens. Also called wild
camomile. — 2. A common name among florists
for Chrysanthemum roseum, a native of the
Caucasus, of which there are many single and
double garden varieties. — 3. The agrimony,
Agrimonia Eupatoria Bastard feverfew, of Ja-
maica, the Parth^iujn Ilystero])honts.
fever-heat (fe'v6r-het'),«. l. The heat of fe-
ver; a degree of bodily heat characteristic or
indicative of fever. On some Fahrenheit ther-
mometers fever-heat is marked at 112°. Hence
— 2. A feverish degree of excitement or exci-
tation : as, the enthusiasm rose to fever-heat.
But Ximenes, whose zeal had mounted up to .fever heat
in the excitement of success, was not to l>e cooled by any
opposition, however formidable.
Pretcott, Ferd. and Isa., II. 0.
feverish (fe'v6r-ish), a. [< fcver^ -t- -wAl.j 1.
Having fever, especially a slight degree of fe-
ver: as, the patient is feverish.
Noiselessly moved about the assiduous, careful attendants,
.Moistening the feverish Up and the aching brow.
Longfellow, Evangeline, 11. 5.
2. Indicating or characteristic of fever: as,/e-
verish symptoms.
A feverish disonler disabled me. Swift, To Pope.
3. Having a tendency to produce fever: SkS, fe-
verish food. Dunglison. — 4. Morbidly eager;
unduly ardent: as, a, feverish craving for noto-
riety or fame.
feTerlsh
Fweruh with hope and change.
WiUiam Morru, Earthly Paradise, 11. 170.
GenenJly speaking, a fetmrUh ansiety is manifested in
every country to increase the naval strength.
iV. A. Ret., CXXXIX. 432.
5. Excited and fitful; in a state resembling
fever; now hot, now cold; characterized by
sudden change or rapid fluctuations : as, a fe-
verish state of the money market.
The political atmosphere is less agitated through the
absorption of attention by the feverish condition of the
commercial world. The Ain^can, VIII. 99.
feverishly (fe'vfer-ish-li), adv. In a feverish
manner ; as in a fever.
These other apartments were densely crowded, and in
them heai .fei-o-ishlij the heart of life. Poe, Tales, 1. 342.
feverishness (fe'vfer-ish-nes), TO. 1. The state
of being feverish; a slight febrile affection.
Hence — 2. Heated or fitful agitation or ex-
citement: as, the feverishness of popular feel-
ing.
The feteri9h'M9» of his apprehensions. Scott.
feverlyt (fe' v6r-li), a. [< /eceri + -Zyl.] Char-
acteristic of fever; feverish.
Fnerly heat maketh no digestion.
Athinole's Theatrum Chemiaim (1B62), p. 62.
fevemut (fe'v6r-nut), n. The seeds of Cwsal-
pinia Bonditcella, a climbing leguminous shrub
of the tropics, used as a tonic and febrifuge.
feverous (fe'v6r-us), a. [< ME. feverous, < OF.
/eiToits, F. jU»re%ix = Vt. fehros = It. febbroso;
as /ereri + -ojw.] 1. Affected with fever or
ague.
The earth was/ererou*, and did shake.
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3.
The business of your last week's letter, concerning the
widow, is not a subjectfora/etjerou^man'sconsideration.
Donne, Letters, xxii.
2. Having the nature of fever.
All maladies
Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms
Of heart-sick agony, all/eiieroits kinds.
Milton, P. L., xi. 482.
A less/<iJ«roi« and exclusive pursuit of wealth.
Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 616.
3. Having a tendency to produce fever.
It hath been noted by the ancients that southern winds,
blowing much, without rain, do cause a feverous disposi-
tion of the year ; but with rain not. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
[Obsole'ue or rare in all uses.]
feverouslyt (fe'vfer-us-li), adv. In a feverous
manner; feverishly.
A malady
Desperately hot or changing /e»erott«(t/.
Donne, Elegies, vii.
feverroot (fe'v6r-r8t), TO. A caprifoliaceous
herb of the United States, Triosteum perfolia-
tum, said to have been used by the Indians as a
remedy for fevers. The root is purgative and
emetic. Also feverwort and horse-gentian.
fever-sore (f e' v6r-s6r), n. A vesicular sore pro-
duced by febrile conditions; fever-blister.
fever-tree (fe'v6r-tre), n. 1. The blue-gum
tree (Eucalyptus globulus) : so called from its
quality of preventing malaria. See Eucalyptus.
— 2. The Pinckncya puhens, a rubiaceous tree
of the American coast, from South Carolina to
Florida. The bark is used as a tonic and febri-
fuge, under the name of Georgia bark.
fevertwig (fe'v6r-twig), to. The staff-vine,
Celastrus scandens, the bark of which is used in
domestic practice as an alterative, diuretic, etc.
See cut under bittersweet.
feverweed (fe'v6r-wed), to. The Eryngiumfoe-
tidum of the West Indies.
feverwort (fe'v6r-w6rt), TO. Same as feverroot.
feveryt (fe'v6r-i), a. [< fever^ -H -yi.] Af-
fected with fever; feverish.
0 Rome, in what a sickness art thou fallen I
How dangerous and deadly, when thy head
Is drowned in sleep, and all thy body f every I
B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 6.
Fevillea (fe-vil'e-a), n. Same as Feuillea.
few (fu), «. and pron. or m. [Early mod. E. also
fewe, < ME. few, fetoe, feue, feuwe, feu, feawe,
feaue, fcswe, fawe, fowe, faa, fo, prop, pi., the
suflfix -e being that of the nom. pi. (absorbed
in the contracted form fo, to which was then
sometimes attached another pi. suffix -n, giving
the pi. fon,fone) {compar. fewer, fewere ; also,
from the pl./o«, sometimes /ower) ; < AS./emcc,
contr. fed, pi., = OS. fa, fo (fdh-) = OFries. fe
= ORG. fao, fo (fao-, fo-, fdh-, fow-) = Icel.
far = Sw. /<}, pi. , = Norw. Dan. faa, pi. , = Goth.
'faws or "faus, only in pi. fawai, few ; Tent.
•/ *fau — L. and Gr. y/ *pau, in L. paucus, lit-
tle, pi. pauci, few, paulus,paullus (= Gr. naipoc),
little, small, L. pauper (for "pauciper), poor : see
paucity, pauper, poor. The constructions otfew
2196
partly conform to those of little and many.'] I.
a. Not many; a small number; only a small
number.
That the fewe word [pi.] that we on ure bede [bead,
prayer] selen be cuthe alle halogen [known to all saints]
fiance
Fewness and truth, 'tis thus :
Your brother and his lover have embraced.
Shak., M. forM.,
i. fr
fe'wstyt, a.
fe-wteet, ".
An obsolete variant of fusty.
See feute"^.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 119. fewterH, »• and V. Seefeuter^.
fewter-t, «. Seefeuter^.
fe'Wterert, TO. Seefeuterer.
fewterlock (fu'tfer-lok), «.
Ther is ladis [men] now in lond fulle/o«
That wold haue seruut [served] hor [their] lord soe.
Sir Amadaee, st 70 (Three Early Eng. Metr. Rom.,
[ed. Robson).
Fone men may now fourty yhere pas.
And /oner fifty.
Uampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 764.
Few substances are found pure In nature.
Emerson, Society and Solitude.
II. pron. or TO. 1. Not many; only a small
number (of persons or things) : in this use prop-
A dialectal variant
oi fetterlock, fetlock.
fe'WtrilS (fu'trilz), to. pi. [E. dial. ; appar. an
accom. form (simulating /ew) of fattrels, q. v.]
Small articles ; little, unimportant things ; tri-
fles, as the smaller articles of furniture, etc.
I ha' paid to keep her awa' fra' me ; these five year I
ha' paid her ; I ha' gotten decent fewtrils about me agen.
Dickens, Hard Times, xi.
erly an adjective, used ellipticaUy as a plural ^ ^ ^^ obsolete form otfayl.
noun, and not preceded by the article
On his side were but/o.
Robert of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron., p. 58.
Many be called, hat few chosen. Mat xx. 16.
But for the miracle,
I mean our preservation, few in millions
Can speak like us. Shak., Tempest, ii. 1.
Few there are who have either had, or could have, such
a loss ; and yet fewer who carried their love and constancy
beyond the grave. Dryden, Eleonora, Pref.
Few, few shall part, where many meet
fey2,'jj. t. Same aafay^.
fey^t, ». A Middle English form otfayK
fey*, a. 8eefay5.
feySf, TO. An obsolete form of fee.
feydom (fa'dum), TO. Seefaydom.
Feyllnia (fa-lin'i-a), ». [NL.; a nonsense-
name.] A "genus of African skinks, or lizards,
of the family Feyliniid(B,ynthout limbs and with
numerous preanal scales. J. E. Gray, 1845.
Also called Anelytrops.
CampbeU, Hohenlinden. fgylinjid (fa-lin'i-id), TO. A lizard of the fam-
2. A small number ; a minority: in this sense \\j Fcyliniida'.
preceded by the article a (originally in the Feyliniidae (fa-li-ni'i-de), to. pi. [NL., < Fey-
plural) or <fte, with or without a noun follow- linia + -ida^.l A family of lizards, taking name
ing, the noun, if used, expressing the whole of from the genus Feylinia, generally called Ane-
which the few are taken, and being in the parti- lytropidce.
tive genitive, with or without the preposition feynet, v. A Middle English form of feign.
of: as, a few, or a few members, or a few of the feyre^t, a. A Middle English form of fair^.
members, dissented. feyre%, to. A Middle English form affair^.
Her se mowe yse [see] that an vewe thorn synne of lech- feyt^ (fat), V. and TO. A dialectal variant of fight.
erye » — io ,,. ^n a j=-i._i_i :__*„* /■«,.«!
Mowe bynyme grace of God al a compaynye.
Robert of Gloucester, p. 405.
The Cane [khan] rood with a fewe meynee [many^, at-
tendants]. Mandeville, Travels, p. 226.
We are left but a few of many, as thine eyes do behold
us. Jer. xlii. 2.
A grateful feiv shall love thy modest lay . . .
Long as the thrush shall pipe on Grongar Hill !
Wordsworth, Sonnets, i. 17.
3. A small quantity or portion ; a little : fol-
lowed by a noun (without of) in a construction
similar to def. 2 and to that of little, to. [Obso- fZ!l^\T^tJ^'r\''
lete or local.] ^®^^^® ^^-- ''
At ten of the clocke they go to dynner, whereas they be
contente with a penye pyece of byefe amongest iiii, hau-
yng a fewe porage made of the brothe of the same byefe,
wyth salte and otemell, and nothynge els.
T. Lever, quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 486.
Here's a rahm. . . . It's weel eneugh to ate a few por-
ridge in. E. Bronte, Wuthering Heights, xiii.
Afew. (o) Seen., 2. (!))SeeIL,3. (c) ^dii.pAr. Some-
what ; to some slight extent : often used ironically for a
good deal. [CoUoq. or low.]
I trembled afew, for I thought ten to one but he'd say
"He? Not he, I promise you."
Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, I. 28.
A good few, a good many ; a considerable number : a
cautious phrase expanded by use into a meaning nearly
the opposite. Compare ^wife a /«w. Wright. [Prov. Eng.]
—In fewt, in a few words; bnefly; in brief.
No compliment, I pray ; but to the case
I hang upon, which, in few, is my honour.
Beati. and Ft., King and No King, iv. 3.
The night grows on, and you are for your meeting ;
I'll therefore end in few. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3
feyt^ (fat), TO. A dialectal variant of feat'-.
fez (fez), TO.; -pX. feezes (fez'ez). [< 'P. fez, < Turk.
fes, said to be named from the city of Fez, the
principal town in Morocco, where such caps are
largely manufactured.] A cap of red felt of
the shape of a truncated cone, having a black
silk tassel inserted in the middle of the top
and hanging down nearly to the lower edge.
It was made part of Turkish official dress by the sultan
Mabmud II. in the early part of the nineteenth century.
It is considered as the special badge of a Turkish sulyect,
who, even if not a Mussulman, is obliged to wear it.
fez'l), TO. [Origin obscure.] A litter of
pigs. [Prov. Eng.]
F. F. V. An abbreviation of the phrase "first
families of Virginia"; hence, as a substantive
in the plural, those families ; in general, the
highest social class in the Southern States.
[Humorous, U. S.]
Mason wuz F. F. V., though a cheap card to win on,
But t'other was jes' New York trash to begin on.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., iv.
A high-toned gentleman bred and born, one of the true
chivalry of the South and of the F. F. V.'s.
N. Sargent, Public Men, II. 322.
He [Patrick Henry) stood midway between the F. F.
y.'s (First Families of Virginia) and the " mean whites."
Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 100.
f-hole (ef'hol), TO. One of the openings in the
upper plate of the body of the violin and simi-
lar instruments: so called from their resem-
blance to the Italic letter/. See cut -under vio-
lin.
... . & (fi), interj. Seefy.
Quite a few, a good many ; a considerable number : same fiacro (fe-a'kr), TO. [F., from the H6tel de St
as a good few' [Prov., U. S. (New Jersey, etc.).] —The few,
the minority ; a small number of persons or things sepa-
rated or discriminated from the multitude : as, a measure
calculated to benefit the few at the expense of the many.
The India House was a lottery-office, which invited
everybody to take a chance, and held out ducal fortunes
as the prize destined for the lucky /««>.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
fewelt, TO. and «!. See fuel.
fe-wellert, to. Seefueler.
fe-wmet, n. Seefumet.
fe-wmisningst, to. pi. Same aafumets.
fe-wness (fu'nes), to. [< ME. fewness, fewenesse,
fewnes, feunesse, fonenesse, < AS. *fedwness,
contr. fedness, < fedwe, few: see few."] The
state of being few ; paucity.
Fewenesse [var. fewnesse] of my dajis schewe me.
Wyclif, Ps. ci. 24.
How little substantial doctrine is apprehended by the
fewness of good grammarians !
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, fol. 50 b.
They on the Hill, which were not yet come to blows,
perceaving the fewness of thir Enemies, came down amain.
Mttton, Hist. Eng., ii.
I was chiefly struck with the comparative /eumesg of the
large houses, either built or building.
Danvin, Voyage of Beagle, II. 235.
Fe^wness and trutht, in few words and truly : an affect-
ed phrase.
Fiacre in Paris, where the first station for the
hire of these carriages is said to have been es-
tablished about 1650.] A small four-wheeled
carriage for hire ; a hackney-coach.
Du Plessis . . . shows that the name Fiacre was first
given to hackney coaches, because hired coaches were first
made use of for the convenience of pilgrims who went
from Paris to visit the shrine of the saint [Fiaker, Fiacre],
and because the inn where these coaches were hired was
known by the sign of St. Fiaker.
A. Butler, Lives of the Saints (1836), II. 879, note.
fiancet, «. [< ME. fiaunce, fyawnce, < OF. fiance,
confidence, trust, promise, = Pr. fiansa = Sp.
fianza = Pg. fiansa = It. fidanza, < L. fidentia,
confidence, <^(fe»(<-)«,ppr. of /rferc, trust, con-
fide: see affiance, confidence, aui faith.'] Trust;
confidence.
She is Fortune verelye
In whom no man shulde affye
Nor in her yeftis have fiaunce.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6482.
fiancet, ". t. [< OF. fiancer, fiander, F. fiancer
(= Pr. fiansar = It. fidanzare), betroth, < OF.
fiance, promise: see fiance, to.] To betroth.
See affiance.
And they had with theyni theyr younge Sonne, who hadde
fyauiwed the yere l>efore Mary, donghtcr to the Duke of
Berrey. Bemtrs, tr. of i'roissart's Chr<jn., II. ciiiii.
flanc6
flanc^, fiancee (fe-oh-sa'), n. [F., m. and f.
pp. ot /((HOC, betroth: see_^«ce, r.] An affi-
anced or betrothed person, male {fiance) or fe-
male (fiancee).
fiantt, fiannti, ». [Perversions of fiat, prob.
intended to reflect the L. fiant, the plur. cor-
responding to fiat, sing. : see fiat.'^ Commis-
sion; tiat.
Nought suffered he the Ape to give or graunt,
But through hu hand must passe the FiautU.
Spenter, Mother Hub. Tale, L 1144.
fiantst (fi'ants), n. [< OF. fiang,fiens,fient, fian,
fien,fiem, fime, dtmg, F. dial, fian = Pr. fern =
Cat. Jems = Sp. fimo = It. fimo. fime, < L. fimus,
dang, dirt. A parallel form appears in OF. fiente,
F. fiente = Pr. fenta, mod. Pr. fento, fiento =
Cdkt. fempta, < L. as if *fimita, perhaps an altera-
tion of L. fimetum, a dunghill : see fime.'^ In
hunting, the dung of the boar, wolf, fox, marten,
or bather.
flax (fe'Sr), fj. [Sc., prob. another form otfeuar,
<J'eu, a fee or feua: see/(;M,/<?e2, /i?«d2.] i.
In Scots law, one to whom any property belongs
in fee — that is, one who has the property in
reversion as contrasted with life-rent ; the per-
son in whom the property of an estate is vested,
burdened with the nght of life-rent. — 2. pi. In
Scotland, the prices of the different kinds of
grain for the current year, as fixed by the sheriff
of each coimty and a jury, after the production
of expert evidence, and the hearing of all par-
ties interested. This proceeding, which takes place in
February or March, is called ttriking the fian; the prices
tlios struck are called fiari yricu, and rule in all grain
contracts where no price had been apecifled, as well as in
calculating the money value of such stipends, rents, etc.,
as are properly payable In grain.
fiaschetta (fyas-ket'tft), «.; ^\. fiaseiiette (-te).
[It., dim ot fiasco, a flask: see flask.'} 1. A
small thin glass bottle generally invested in a
complete covering of wicker or plaited straw
or maize-leaves as a protection. — 2. A small
earthenware vessel, generally fantastic in
shape and decoration. [Rare.]
fiaacnino (fVis-ke'no), n.; p\.fiascliini (-ne).
[It., dim. ot fiasco, a flask.] An earthenware
vessel of fantastic form.
The old Italian /tucAini in the shape of fmit.
Jour. Ankaol. Au., XII. lOft
fiasco (fiis'ko), n. [It. fiasco, a flask or bottle ;
far fiasco, make a fiasco, fail. ' ' In Italy, when
a singer fails to please, the audience shout ' Ola,
oli, /a«<»,' perhaps in alluEiou to the bursting
of a bottle.T 1. A flask ; a bottle. See flask.
He [.Mr. T. A. TroUope) lived in Florence in the days of
the Grand Duke^ . . . when a /onw of good Cbiantl could
l<e had for a paul. Athtnaum, Nov. 12, 1887, p. 65S.
2. A failure in a musical or dramatic perform-
ance; an ignominiouii faUure of any kind; a
complete breakdown.
Owing to the disunion of the Fenian* thenuelvea, the
vigor of the administration, and the treachery of Infunn-
ere, the rebellion was a /foaco.
W. S. Gregg, Irish Hist for Eng. Keaders, p. 100.
flat (fi'at), ». and a. [L. fiat, let it be done,
3d pers. sing. subj. pres. of fiieri, be done, be-
come, come into existence, liised as pass, ot fa-
cere, make, do: see fact. In the first sense
there is often an allusion to Gen. i. 3 (Vulgate) :
"Dixitciue Deus: Fiat lux. Et facta est lux."
("AiidGodsaid, Let there be light. And there
was light.")] I. n. 1. A command that some-
thing be done ; specifleallv, an absolute and
efficient command proceeding from, or as if
from, divine or creative power.
So that we, except Ood say
Another >fa(, shall have no more day.
Domte, The Storm.
Why did the;la< of a Ood give Urth
To yon fair Son, and his attendant Earth?
Covper, Tirocinium, 1. 88.
The /o* " Let light be " was the commencement of de-
vuoptseoti, before the earth or other sphere* had exi*-
tmee. BMiMuea Sacra, XUII. 688.
S. la Eng. lav, a short order or warrant of
some judge for making out and allowing cer-
tain processes, given by his subscribing the
words fi'tt utjtctiliir, 'let it be done as is asked.'
—Flat In bankruptcy, the lord chancellor'* allowance
of a couimisMiou in banfcniptcy.
U. a. Existing as if by absolute divine or
creative command; having the charaoter or
power of such a command. [CoUoq.]
The verdict of approval, however, has usually taken a
form which implle* a certain flat p<iwer In the Convention.
Sew Princeton Jiev., IV. 176.
Fiat money. See >non«y.
flaoncet, ». See fiance.
flaontt, ». Seeflant.
2197
flbl (fib), n. [Of dial, origin; prob. an abbr.
form of 'fibble or fible,& weakened form ot fa-
ble, appearing in E. djal. fihic-fable, nonsense :
see fable, «.] A lie ; specifically, a white lie ;
a venial falsehood, told to save one's self or
another from embarrassment.
Ask me uo questions, and I'll tell you nofibt.
Goldgmith, She Stoops to Conquer, lit
Destroy hi8/6 or sophistry — iu vain ;
The creature's at his dirty work again.
Pope, Prol. to Sath-es, 1. 91.
She was for the Jib, but not the lie ; at a word, she could
be disdainful of subterfuges.
O. .Meredith, The Egoist, xxix.
flb^ (fib), V. ; pret. and pp. fibbed, ppr. fibbing.
l<fib\ «.] I. intrans. To say what is not true;
lie, especially in a mild or comparatively inno-
cent way.
Cynthia. I don't blush. Sir, fori vow I don't understand.
Sir Plyant. Pshaw, Pshaw, you fib, you Baggage, you do
understand, and you shall understand.
Congrece, Double- Dealer, iv. 3.
fibrillar
fiber without transverse striations, in distinction from
gtriated fibers, which compose tlie voluntary muscles and
the heart— Sharpey's fibers, or per/orating rods of
Sharpey, very fine processes passing through and seem-
ing to rivet together several concentric laminse of bone-
tissue; perforating fibers.— Smooth fiber, the non-stri-
ated fiber of muscles.— Striated fiber, in anat., a muscu-
lar fiber. See non-striated fiOer.— Vegetable fibers, the
narrow elongated cells which characterize the woody and
bast tissues of plants, giving them strength, toughness,
and elasticity. Bast or liber flhera, which are found cliiefly
in the bark, are distinguished from wood fibers by being
usually longer, thicker-walled, and tougher. The cells are
spindle-shaped with pointed ends, and cohere firmly to
each other by the extremities, forming most of the textile
fibers in conmion use. The length of the individual cells
varies greatly, from less than a millimeter in many plants
to an inch or two in hemp or flax, and from 3 to 8 or 8
inches or more in ramieorchina-gi-assfiber. (Seecutunder
bast.) The so-called fibers of cottiin and similar material
which are found investing seeds are in reality hairs, and
not proper fiber.— 'Vulcanized fiber, paper, paper-pulp,
or other preparatioTi uf vegetable fiber saturated and coat-
ed with a metiiilic chlorid, as tin, calcium, magnesium, or
aluminium chlorid, with the effect of giving to the mate-
rial toughness and strength. E. H. Knight.
If you have any mark whereby one may know when you ^^l^ (fi'bfer), n. [NL., < L. fiber, a beaver, =
b and when you speak truth, you had best tell it me. i^- beaver i^, q. v.] 1. The specific name of the
beaver, Castor fiber. — 2. leap.'] A genus of
rodents, of the family Muridw and subfamily
ArvicolincE, of which the type is the muskrat,
musquash, or ondatra of North America, Fiber
zibetkicus, having a long scaly tail, vertically
flattened, and large webbed hind feet. See
muskrat.
fiber-cross (fi'b^r-kr6s), n. Same as cross-hair.
fib
Arlmthnot.
n. trans. To tell a fib to ; lie to. [Bare.]
To /i6 a man. Oe Qutncei/.
fib2 (fib), F. ; pret. and pp. fibbed, ppr. fibbing.
[Origin obscure.] I. trans. To beat or strike,
especially by delivering a succession of short
rapid blows. [Slang.]
I have Iwen taking part in the controversy about " Bell flv^_. J «i,«-j /«/i,a_j\ „ r/ -ci i j_ jo -i
and the Dragon, "M you will see iu the Quarterly, where flDerea, fibred (fi berd), a. l< fiber! + ^^2.]
Furnished with fibers ; ha-ving fibers ; fibrous.
Monstrous ivy-stems
Claapt the gray walls with hairy-iJ6red arms.
Tennyson, Geraint.
fiber-gTin (fi'b^r-gtm), n. A device for disin-
tegrating vegetable fiber, it consista of a cylinder
into which flax, hemp, or similar fibers are put, and
which is then charged with steam, gas, or air under
great pressure. The cover of the cylinder is suddenly
taken off and the mass is thrown into a chamber, where
the fiber is disint«grated by the sudden expansion of the
"Time has not thinned my flowing locks." Now do not ""'''• t:. ft. Knight.
suspect me ut fibbery, or rub your memory till it smarts fiberleSS, fibrelesS (fi'b6r-les), a. [< fiber'! +
-Xy i'''l*rrtowJdItin"''*''^''~ *"'''''* '''**"^^'''° ''"^^'^ Without fiber, in any sense of that
Laiidor, The Century, XXXV. 520. ^°™'
flherl flhrn ffi'lW>p1 n f— O Tta.r, Sw <ifc»» What he (one of the " Limp People "] wants is a place
^ 'nhJt l5 «/^' J-" 11 ^'.r ^^' "here he is not obliged to depend on himself, where he has
T* it; /T ^•7"'™ = Sp. hebra, fibra = Pg. to do a fixed auiountof work fora fixed amountof salary.
It. ^ora, < L. fibra, a fiber, filament (of plant or «"d where \i\ifibeHe»s plasticity may find a mould ready
animal), akin U> fimbrite, fibers, threads, frinee '""■"'e'i, into which it may run without the necessity of
'^ " •" ' ■ ' • • ' -. '. e>. forging shapes for itself.
W. Mathews, Getting on In the World, p. 91.
I have fibbed the Edinburgh (as the fancy say) most com
Pletely. Soulhey, Letters (1811), II. 238.
n. intrans. To deliver a succession of short
nipid blows. [Slang.]
fibber (fib'fer), «. One who tells fibs or lies.
Your royal grandsire (trust me, I'm no fibber)
Wa» vastly fond of Colley Cibbcr.
WcUcot (P. Pindar), p. 137.
[< fifti + -ery.2 The act or
[Rare.]
fibbery (fib'6r-i),n.
practice of fibbing.
( > ult. E. fringe), and perhaps to filum, a thread
>ult. E.;!/eSand^/«me«f.] 1. A threadorfila- _, ,^,.^. ., ^^ ^. , ,
ment; any fine thread-like part of a substance, Uperose (n b*r-<>s), n. Kfiberi + -ose.} A name
as a single natural filament of wool, cotton,
silk, or asbestos, one of the slender terminal
roots of a plant, a drawn-out thread of glass,
etc.
Invet'rate habit* choke th' unfruitful heart.
Their fibres penetrate it* tenderest part.
Covper, Ketirement, 1. 42.
Old Yew which grupest at the (tone*
That name the under-lying dead,
Tby fibree net the dreamlea* head,
Thy root* are wrapt about the bone*.
given at one time by Fremy to a certain sup-
S:)sed modification of cellulose,
er-stitch (fi'bfer-stich), n. A stitch used in
pillow-lace.
fibra (fi'bra), «. ; pi. fibrce (-bre). [L. : see
fiber'!.'] In anat., a fiber, in general: used in
a few Latin anatomical phrases : as, fibrce arci-
formcs, the arciform fibers (which see, under
arciform); fibra primitiva, the primitive fiber
or axis-cylinder of a nerve.
Tennt/tan, In Memoriam, 11. fibration (fi-bra'shon), n. [< L. fibra, fiber,
2. In a collective sense, a filamentous sub- '^ -ation.} The formation of fibers, or fibrous
stance; a conglomeration of thread-like tissue, construction of a part or oi]^an; fibrillation:
such as exists in animals and plants general- as, the ^Aro Hon of the white tissue of the brain;
ly; more generally, any animal, vegetable, or the fibration of minerals,
even mineral substance the constituent parts Alir?! fibred, etc. See fiber'!, etc.
of which may be separated into or used to form fibriionn ( fi'bri-fdrm), a. [< L. fibra, fiber, +
threads for textile fabrics or the like: as, mus- forma, form.] Fibrous in form or structure;
cular or ve^table fiber; the fiber of wool ; silk, composed of fibers ; like a fiber or set of fibers,
cotton, OP jute fiber; asbestos fiber.— S. Fig- fibril (fi'bril), n. [= F. librille = Pg. fibrilha
uretively, sinew; strength: as, a man ot fiber. = It- fibrilla, < NIj. fibrilla, q. v.] 1. A small
Yet had no/6rM iu him, nor no force. Chapman.
4. Material; stuff; quality; character.
Our friend Mr. Tulliver had a good-natured fibre in him.
George Eliot, Mill on the Flos*, 1. 8.
The stuff of which poet* are made, whether finer or not,
Is of very different fi2ier from that which is used in the
tough fabric of martyrs. Loieell, Study Windows, p. 295.
But how »re ordinary men, of no specially elevateil
mortil fibre, to be carried up to the turuing-point where
Law is superseded by Love?
P. P. Cobbe, Peak in Darien, p. fi2.
Specifically— 5. In a/wf. and ro67. : (a) A fila-
ment; a slender thread-like clement, as of mus-
cular or nervous tissue. Most tissues and struc-
tures of the body are composed of bundles of
fibers. See cut under muscular, (ft) Fibrous
tissu.' in tri'ncral. -Arciform fibers, arcuate fibers,
collateral fibers, elastic fibers, it.-. See the adjectives.
— Fibers of Cortl, miuutc rod like iHxlies specialized
from the epithelial lining of the canalU cochlee, resting
upon the basilar membrane which separate* the canalis
cochlea; from the scala tyinpani,and forming an essential
part of the or.-an of hearing. Also called Corfmii yi/xr*.—
Olandular woody fiber. .'<ee orfamfufar.- Klttul fiber.
Oku Co rjfufa.— Non-striated fiber, in anat., a muscular
fiber; a fibrilla; a filament. " Specifically — 2.
In bot. : (a) One of the delicate cottony hairs or
thread-like growths found upon the young root-
lets of some plants. (6) A rootlet of a lichen,
(c) One of the filaments which line the utricles
of Sphagnum, (rf) The stipe of some fungi : in
this sense disused — Muscular fibril, in anat., one
of the fine longitudinal threads into which a nuiscular fiber
is separable. See cut under ?/M/«c»;nr.— NerVe-flbrilB,
in anat., those fibrils which constitute the axis-cylinder
of a nerve.
fibrilla (fi-brira), n.; pi. fibrillw (-e). [NL.,
<iim. of L. fibra, a fiber: see fiber!."] A little
fiber ; a fibril ; a filament. Specifically — (a) A deli-
cate thread-like structure developed in the cortical layer
of many infusorians. as also in the footstalk of Vorticel-
la, liaving a rudimentary muscular function, (fi) In bot.,
same :is fibril.
fibrillar (fi'bri-lar), o. [^< fibHlla + -ar.'] Of,
pertaining to, or of the nature of fibrillse or
fibrils; filamentous. Also fibrinous.
He (Dr. Klein] reports that the two [specimens of fibro-
cartilage) which had been subjected to artificial gastric
juice were "In that state of digestion in which we find con-
nective tissue w hen treated with an acid, ... the fibrillar
flbrillar
bandies having become homogeneous, and lost their fibril-
tar structure." Darwin^ Insectiv. Plants, p. 105.
fibrillary (fi'bri-la-ri), o. [< fibrilla + -ary2.]
Fibrillar.
Upon examination by Drs. Brower and Lyman he had
pupillary inequality, nystagmus, fibrillary twitchings of
muscles of face. Alien, and XeurU., IX. 483.
flbrillate (fi'bri-lat), V. t. ; pret. aud pp. fibril-
laled, ppr. fibrUlatinq. [< fibrilla + -ate^.'] To
form into fibrils or fibers.
flbrillate (fi'bri-lat), a. &a,mo as fibrillated.
In large compound sporophores the surface of sections
or broken pieces may often appear fibrillate even to the
naked eye. De Banj, Kungi (trans.), p. 6".
flbrillated(fi'bri-la-ted),a. Having fibrils; con-
sisting of fibrillse; finely fibrous in structure.
The triohlte sheaf may be regarded as a fibrillaled
spicule. Eticyc. Brit, XXII. 418.
fibrillation (fi-bri-la'shon), «. [< fibrillate +
-ion.} The state of being fibrillar or fibrillated.
In the specimens [of flbrocartilagej which had been left
on the leaves of Drosera, until they re-expanded, parts
were altered ; . . . they had become more transparent,
almost hyaline, with the fibrillation of the bundles indis-
tinct. Dai'win, Insectiv. Plants, p. 105.
Huscolar SbrlUatlon, a localized quivering or flickering
uf nmsiulur fibers. Quam, Med. Diet.
fibrilliferous (fi-bri-lif 'e-rus), a. [< NL. fibril-
la, fibril, + L. ferre = fi. bear'^.} Fibril-bear-
ing : provided with fibrils.
fibrilluorm (fi-bril'i-f6rm), a. [< NL. fibrilla,
fibril, -f- L. forma, form.] Resembling fibril-
Ise or small fibers — Flbrllllfonn tissue, a phrase
sometimes applied to the entangled fiber-like mycelium
of many fangi and lichens: same aaflbrovi mycelium.
In some of the lower orders of plants there is a kind of
tissue present [to] which . . . the names of t«la contexta
and interlacing )fi>riUi/orm tUtue have been given.
R. Benaey, Botany, p. 37.
fibrillose (fi'bri-los), a. \_< fibrilla + -ose.} 1.
In bot. : (a) Furnished or clothed with fibrils.
(6) Composed of smaU fibers. — 2. Marked with
fine lines, as it composed of fine fibrils ; finely
striate.— Fibrillose mycelium. Seemi/celium.
fibrinous (fi'bri-lus), a. Same &a fibrillar.
Hence arise those uneasy sensations, pains, fibrillout
spasms, &c, that hypochondriacks usually complain of.
Kinneir, The Nerves, p. 14.
fibrin (fi'brin), n. [= F. fibrine = Sp. Pg. It.
fibrina; < L. fibra, a fiber, -f- -i»2.] A complex
nitrogenous substance belonging to the class
of proteids. its chemical composition is not certainly
known. Fibrin is procured in its most characteristic state
from fresh blood by whipping it with a bundle of twigs.
It is also found in the chyle. It is an elastic solid body,
generally having a filamentous structure, which softens
in air, becoming viscid, brown, and semi-transparent, but
is insoluble in water. It dissolves in solutions of many
neutral salts, but is precipitated from them by heat or by
acids; it is also soluble in alkali hydrates, and is not pre-
cipitated from such solutions by heat. A proteid some-
what resembling animal fibrin in its properties is extract-
ed from wheat, corn, and other grains, and called vegeUMe
/f&rin. — Fibrin ferment, a substance which may be ob-
tained by mixing blood with alcohol, allowing it to stand,
collecting the coagulated matters, and di-ying and extract-
ing with water. It causes rapid coagulation of the blood,
(fi-bri-na'shon), n. [< fibrin +
2198
blood, belonging to the group of globulins, and
concerned in the process of coagulation : same
as paraglobuUn.
fibrinous (fi'bri-nus), a. [< fibrin + -otis.}
Having the character of fibrin; resembling
fibrin.
fibro-areolar (fi'bro-a-re'o-lar), o. Consisting
of tissue made up of fibrous and areolar varie-
flbrousness
II. n. In pathol. : (a) A fibroma. (6) A leio-
myoma.
fibroin (fi'bro-in), n. [< L. fibra, fiber (taken
in the mod. combining form fibro-), + -i»i2.]
The principal chemical constituent of silk, cob-
webs, and the homy skeletons of sponges. In
the pure state it is white, insoluble in water, ether, acetic
acid, etc., but dissolves in an anmioniacal solution of cop-
per, aud also in concentrated acids and alkalis.
-Fibro-areolar fascia, fibrolite (fi'bro-lit),
Gr. 'Aidog, a stone.]
[< L. fibra, fiber, -l-
A mineral of a white or
ties of connective tissue
See fa^ia.
fibroblast (fi'bro-bl&st), ». [< L. fibra, fiber,
-I- Gr. ji'kaardg, germ.] One of the cells which
give rise to connective tissue.
fibroblastic (fi-bro-blas'tik), a. [< fibroblast fl^_._„ /fj.bro'mal
-I- -jc] Giving rise to fibrous or connective '^^",5?™^ ^^ ^L^Vl
tissue, as a cell ; of the nature of or pertaining
to fibroblasts.
fibrocalcareous (fi'bro-kal-ka'rf-us), a. [< L.
fibra, fiber, -t- calcarius, of lime: see calcare-
ous.'] Consisting of fibrous tissue and contain-
ing calcareous bodies, as the skin of a holothu-
rian.
fibrocartilage(fi-br6-kar'ti-laj),». [Kli. fibra, ^ _
fiber, -I- cartilage, cartilage.] 1 A tissue re- to mucoul membranes backed by firm iibrous
sembling cartilage, but differing from it in tha,t tissue
gray color and fibrous to columnar structure,
ft is a subsilicate of aluminium (.^IgSiOs), and has the
same composition as andalusite and cyanite. Also called
gUliiruinite and bucholzUe.
n. ; pi. fibromata (-ma-ta).
[NL., < L. fibra, fiber, -I- -oma.] la pathol.'i a
tumor consisting of connective tissue.
fibromatOUS (fi-brom'a-tus), a. [< fibroma{t-)
+ -ous.] Pertaining to or of the nature of a
fibroma.
flbromucous (fi-bro-mu'kus), a. [< L. fibra,
fiber, -I- mucosus, mucous.] Having the char-
acter of fibrous tissue and mucous membrane ;
combining fibrous and mucous tissues: applied
the intercellular substance becomes fibrillated.
In the immediate vicinity of the cells, however, the inter-
cellular substance is as in ordinary cartilage, and forms the
hyaline capsules of the cells.
2. A part of fibrocartilaginous tissue ; any in-
dividual plate, disk, or other piece of fibrocar-
tilage lying in or about a joint — Acromioclavic-
ular flbrocartilage, a piece of flbrocartilage interposed
een the acromial end of the clavicle and the acromial
fibromuscular (fi-bro-mus'ku-lar), a. [< L.
fibra, fiber, -I- mitsculus, muscle.] Characterized
by the presence of both connective and mus-
cular tissue : applied to tumors.
fibromyoma (fi"brd-mi-6'ma), n. ; pi. fibromyo-
mata (-ma-tii). [< L. fihra, dber, + NL. myoma,
q. v.] In jptiiAo!. : (a) A leiomyoma, (t) A tu-
mor consisting of fibrous and muscular tissue.
1 of the scapula.— Circumferential flbrocarti- flvi I'fT'Vir-n mi oTn'n-tiisI a r<
rinc of flbrocartilaKinous tissue forming a raised flbromyomatOUS (tl Dro-mi-om a tus;, O. L^
between t
process o
laite, a ring of fibrocartilaginous tissue forming a laioeu — •-- » ■-- — ~ t. _i. •" ■ l ~*
rim or border aromid an articular cavity, which is thus fibromyoma{t-) + -ous.j Pertaining to or ot
deepened, as about the glenoid fossa of the scapula or the nature of a fibromyoma; fibromuscular.
thecotyloidfossaof the innominate bone.— Connecting flhroDlastic ffi-bro-plas'tik), a. [< L. fibra
flhrr,«.rt.nfljre. flbrocartilas^inous tissue connecting ao- ^^J^ + gj._ .^\^^„„V^^f orm : see plastic.} Fiber
flbrocartilage, fibrocartilaginous tissue connecting ap
posed surfaces of bones in articulations of slight or no
mobility, as between bodies of vertebrai and at the pubic
symphysis or sacroiliac synchondrosis. — Interaxtlculax
flbrocartilage, any flbrocaitilage which is situated in
the cavity of an articulation.— Intercoccygeal flbro-
cartilage, the intervertebral substance Ijetweeii any two
vertebra; of the coccyx.— Interpublc flbrocartilage,
the interarticular flbrocartilage of the pubic symphysis.—
Intervertebral flbrocartilage, the special kind of inter-
articular flbrocartilage between the bodies of vertebra;,
forming disks separatingany two bodies, closely adherent to
both, tough and flbrous at the periphery, softer, pulpy, and
more cartilaginous in the center, and constituting elastic
cushions or buffers between the vertebral bodies, increas
ing the mobility and elasticity of the spinal column, and di
minishing the shock of concussion. — Radlo-ulnar flbro-
making: an epithet sometimes applied to tu-
mors usually designated as small spindle-celled
sarcomata.
Fibrosa (fi-bro'sa), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
fibrosus: see fil)rous.'\ The fibrous sponges.
See Fibrospongice.
fibrosarcoma (fi"br6-sar-kd'ma), m. ; pi. fibro-
sarcomata (-ma-tii). [NL., < tj. fibra, fiber, -I-
NL. sarcoma, q. v.] Xnpathol., a tumor inter-
mediate in character between a fibroma and a
sarcoma.
fibrination (fi-brl-na'shon), ». . .
ation.] The acquisition of the capacity of fibrocartilaginous (fi-bro-kar-ti-laj'i-nus)
grcjove in wliich the tendon of a muscle lies and glides,
— Temporomaxlllary flbrocartilage, a piece of flbro-
cartilage which lies in the articulation between the lower
jaw-bone and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.—
Triangular flbrocartilage. Same as radio-ulnar fibro-
cartilage.
a.
forming in coagulation an amount of fibrin
greater than is normal: as, the fibrination of
the blood in pleurisy.
fibrine (fi'brin), a. [< L. fibra, fiber, -I- -inel.]
Presenting a fibrous appearance ; finely divided
or fringed. [Bare.]
Against the scarlet and gold In the west the fibrine
summits of the tree-clad Mount Edgecumbe trembled.
W. C. Russell, A Strange Voyage, iii.
fibrinogen (fi'bri-no-jen), n. l< fibrin + -gen:
see -gen.} A proteid substance belonging to
the group of globvdins, found in the blood and
concerned in the process of coagulation.
It (fluid fibrin] is first generated in the blood and other
liquids by the chemical combination of two nearly related fibr OChondr OSteal ( fi ' bro - kon - dros ' te - al) , a .
compounds, which have been named by the author "yi6n- - - ..,...../
nogen" and "flbrinoplastin."
Frey, Ilistol. and Histochem. (trans.), p. 16.
fibrinogenic (fi"bri-n6-jen'ik), a. l< fibrinogen
+ -ic. } Pertaining to or of the nature of fibrino-
gen : as, fibrinogenic substance.
fiorinogenous (fi-bri-noj'e-nus), a. [< fibrino-
gen + -ous.} Having the character of fibrino-
gen ; forming fibrin : as, a fibrinogenous sub-
stance.
fibrinoplastic (fi'bri-no-plas'tik), a. [< fibrin fibroferrite (fi-bro-fer'it), n. [< L. fibra, fiber,
-1- plastic.} Having the character of flbrino-
plastin.
The serum of the blood, synovia, humours of the eye,
and saliva, are all fibrinoplastie.
Frey, Histol. and Histochem. (trans.), p. 16.
fibrinoplastin (fi'bri-no-plas'tin), n. [< fibrin
+ plastin.} A proteid substance found in the
^ fibrose (fi'bros), a. Same &s fibrous.
Citrtiiage, a triangular piece of flbrocartilage between flbrOSerOUS (fi-bro-se'rus), O. [iJj. fibra, fiber,
the distal ends of the radius and ulna : also called trian- + g serous.} Having the character of fibrous
t^!^:ti':!Z^f^l'^i7.^fe?^?^tIS!^l^l^^^ tissue and serous membrane ; uniting fibrous
first coccygeal vertebra.— Semilunar flbrocartilage. and seroustissues in one structure. All serous
Same as semilunar cartilage (which see, under cartilage), membranes are in fact fibrous in structure, with
— Stemoclavloular flbrocartilage, a piece of flbrocar- ^ serous surface on one side.
tilage found between the sternal end of the clavicle and the flv...«oio cfi l.,.A'i.;o1 « rNTT <• T, Hhrn fihfir -(-
manubrium of the sternum.- Stratiform flbrocartl- flbrpsis (fi-bro 8 s), n. [JNL., <L.^Ora, fiber, +
lage, a layer of fibrocartilaginous tissue forming a bed or -OS'IS.} InpathoL, the development m an organ
* ' ' "' " ~ "' -'"— of a substance of fibrous texture.
Changes were found in the inferior cervical ganglia, in-
dicating atrophy and fibrosis. Medical Sews, Ul. 496.
Arteriooapillary fibrosis. See arteriocajnllary.
Fibrospongiae (fi-bro-spon'ji-e), n.pl. [NL., <
L. fibra, fiber, -I- spongia, sponge.] One of the
principal divisions of the Porifera or Spongida;
the fibrous sponges. They present the utmost di-
versity of form, out agree in the possession of a fibrous
skeleton or ceratode, which may be highly developed and
devoid of silicious spicules, as in the commercial siwnges,
or inconspicuous in comparison with the richly elaborated
and complicated silicious frames ot such genera as Hyala-
nevia and Etiplectella, the glass-sponges. See cut under
Muplectella.
fibrous (fi'brus), a. [= F. fibreux = Sp. hehro-
so, fibrosa = Pg. It. fibrosa, < NL. fibrosus, <
L. fibra, fiber: see fiber^.} ■ Containing or con-
sisting of fibers ; having the character of fibers.
Also fibrose.
The plentious Pastures, and the purling Springs,
Whose ^troMS silver thousand Tributes brings
To wealthy lordan.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Vocation.
The space between these [muscle-cellsl and the outer
face of the intestine is occupied by a spongy or fibrous
substance, which must probably be regarded as a kind of
connective tissue. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. b46.
Fibrous coal. See coai.- Fibrous cone. Same as co-
ro7ia radiata (which see, under curona).— Fibrous myce-
lium. Seeint/ceiunii.-FlbrOUS structure, in tnineral.,
a structure characterized by fine or slender threads, cither
straight or curved, parallel, diverging, or stclhited. -Asbes-
tos has, for example, & fibrous structure. — Fibrous tissue,
the general common connective tissue of the body, com-
posed or largely consisting of white inelastic or yellow elas-
tic fibers, such as the periosteum of bones, the perichon-
drium of cartilage, the capsules of glands, the meninges of
the brain, the ligaments of joints, and the fascia- and ten-
dons of muscles. The phrase is sometimes extended to
other and special tissues, as the nervous and muscular,
which contain or consist of fibers or filaments.
fibrousness (fi'brus-nes), n. The state or qual-
ity of being fibrous. Bailey, 17277
Having the character of flbrocartilage ; consist-
ing of flbrocartilage : as, fibrocartilaginous tis-
sue ; a fibrocartilaginous disk.
fibrocellular (fi-bro-sel'u-lar), a. [< L. fibra,
fiber, + E. cellular.} 1. Having fibers and
cells; composed of mixed fibrous and cellular
tissue ; flbro-areolar. All ordinary cellular or
areolar connective tissue is strictly flbrocellu-
lar. — 2. In hot.: (a) Composed of cells the walls
of which are marked by thickened bands, ridges,
reticulations, etc. [Not to use.] (6) In al-
gology, composed of firm elongated cells which
adhere together so as to form a filament-like
mass of tissue. Harvey,
1 •6-kon-dros'te-aly.
[< ii. fibra, fiber, -I- Gr. ;t;ov(Spof, gristle, -1- oaTtov,
bone.] Consisting of fibrous tissue, gristle,
and bone.
The whole skeleton then, may be denoted by the term
fibrochondrosteal apparatus. Mivart, Elem. Anat., p. 22.
fibrocystic (fi-bro-sis'tik), a. [< L. fibra, fiber,
-I- Gr. Kvan^, bladder (E. cyst), + -ic.} Fibroid
and cystic : applied to fibroid tumors containing
cysts
+ ferrum, iron, -I- -ite2.] A hydrous sulphate
of iron, occurring in delicately fibrous forms of
a pale-yellow color.
fibroid (fi'broid), a. and n. [< L. fibra, fiber, -I-
-oid.} I. a. Resembling, containing, or taking
the form of fiber ; fibrous : as, a fibroid tumor.
— Fibroid degeneration, pbtUsis, etc. See the nouns.
Righl Human Ijeg,
keen oUiquely from
the rtt>nt.
f. fibula : T. Ubla ;
P, patelU; ft, fe-
mur.
fibrovascular
flbrovascular (fi-bro-vas'ku-lar), a. [< h.fibra,
tiber, + E. vascular.^ In bot., consisting of
woody fibers and ducts Rbrovascular bundle.
Seelni'ndle, 3.— Flbrovascular system, the agsriegatlon
of flbrovascular tissue in a plant, forming its framework.
Also called the fascicular tq/gtein.
fibster (fib'st^r), n. [< ^61 + ster.'i One who
tells fibs ; a fibber. [Rare.]
You silly little JiiiBter. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, II. 362.
fibula (fib'u-la),«.; pl./6M;(e(-le). 1<1>. fibula,
a clasp, buckle, pin, latchet, brace, a surgeons'
instrument for drawing together the edges of a
wound, a stitching-needle, eontr. of *figibula,
< Jijrf re, fasten, fix : see_/ij.] 1. In areh<Bol.,&
clasp or brooch, usually more or less ornament-
ed. Objects of this kind are found among the
earliest metallic remains of antiquity.
Rings and Jibulce, which are frequently adorned with
symbolical devices, meant to serve as amulets or charms.
Knight, Ancient Art and Myth., p. 65.
2. In surg., a needle for sewing up wounds. —
3. In aiiat., the outer one of two bones which
in most vertebrates (above
fishes) extend from the knee to
the ankle : so called because in
man the bone is very slen-
der, like a clasp or splint ap-
plied alongside the tibia. When
a flbula is complete, as it usually is, it
extends the whole length of the tibia,
its foot entering into the composition
of the aulde-joint. When reduced, it is
usually shortened from below, so that
it does not reach the ankle, lying along
a part of the tibia, and very frequently
ankylosed with it ; or it may be of full
length anil ankylosed above and below
with the tibia, as in many rodents. The
human flbula is a slender straight U^ne,
aa long as and separate from the tibia,
and clubbed at both ends ; the upper
end is articulat4^ with the tu>>erosity
of the tibia, anti excluiled from the
knee-Joint ; the lower end is connected
with the tibia, and also articulated
with the astragalus, thus entering into
the ankle-joint, and forming the outer
malleolus, or bony protuberance on the
outer side of the ankle. Nine muscles
are attached to this )K>ne in man. .See
aUo cuts under Di-onuxm, tchthyotauria, and tiiriotartut.
4. In masonry, an iron clamp used to fasten
stones together. — 5. [cap.'] [NL.] In zool.:
(a) A genus of echinoderms. (J>) A genus of
moUusks.
fibular (fib'u-lftr), a. [< fibula + -<jr2.] Of or
pertaining to the fibula ; peroneal : as, A fibular
artery; a fibular nerve.
fibulare (flb-u-la're), B.; pi. fibularia (-ri-«).
[NL., < fibula, q. v.] The outermost bone of
the proximal row of tarsal bones, articulatiug
or in morphological relation with the fibula:
generally called the os calcu, calcaneum, or Iteel-
hinte. In man and nuunmals generally the Bbalare to the
largest tanal bone, but Its size and shape are Tery variable.
See cut under/oof.
fibulocalcaneal (fib'u-16-kal-k»'ne-al), a. Per-
taining to the fibula and to the calcaneum : as,
"a fibulocalcaneal articulation or ligament,"
Cones.
-flc. [L. -fieug, in compound adjectives, < fa-
cere, make: see fact and -/y.] A terminal ele-
ment in adjectives of Latin origin, meaning
' making ' : as, petrific, making into stone ; ter-
rific, making affrighted; horrific, making to
shudder, etc. Such adjectives are luually accompa-
nied by derived verb* In -fy, and often by noana thence
dcrivf.I in -fieation. See -fy.
-fication. See -fy.
ficchet, p. t. 8ee^<c*8. Chaucer.
flce(fi8),n. See extract, and /iw''i.
Fice {Syce or vhyct) to the name used everywhere In
the South, and In some parta of the West, for a small
worthless cur. TranM. Amer.PhiM. Au.,'S:s\\.V».
flce-doe (fis'dog), n. Seefise-dog.
Ficedtila (fi-sed'u-lft), n. [L. ficedula (also
fi)-eluUt, ficecula), a small bird, the fig-eater,
appar. orig. < fieug, a fig, + eilcrc = E. eat: see
fig''' and eilible, and cf. beccafico, fig-eater.'] An
old book-name of snndry small birds, as a war-
bler, sylvia, beccafico, or fig-eater: so called
from the supposition that they eat figs, it was
made by Brisson in 1760 a generic name, comprehending a
great number of such birds.
ficelUer (fi-sel'i-^r), n. [F., < ficeUe, pack-
tlireud, prob. < L. 'filicella, pi. of 'fiUcellum, an
assumed dim. ot filum, thread: aee file^.] A
reel or winder for thretid of any sort.
fichet, r. t. See filch'^.
fich6 (fe-sha'), a. In her., same tMfitehi.
fiched (fi-sht), a. Sameas/itcM.
fichett, fichowt, n. See fitchet, fitchew.
2199
flchtelite (fieh'tel-it). n. [< Fichtel (see def.)
+ -ite'-.] A miner*! resin occurring in white
shining crystals or crystalline scales, embedded
in the wood of a kind of pine found in peat-
beds in the Pichtelgebirge, Bavaria.
fichu (fe-shU'), n. [F., < ficher, drive in, pin up,
fiche, a hook, pin, peg : see filched.] A small
triangular piece of stuff ; hence, any covering
for the neck and shoulders forming part of a
woman's dress, sometimes a small lignt cover-
ing, as of lace or muslin.
Touching the Jlchu, which seems to have been a favour-
ite article of attire with Marie Antoinette. ... Its form
was that of a combination of a pointed cape between the
shoulders and a scarf crossing the bosom, the long ends
of which were tied in a bow at the back of the waist.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLII. 286.
fick (fik), f. «. [E.dial.,var. of^ie2, q.v.] To
kick; struggle. Balliwell. [Prov. Eng. (York-
shire).]
fickle (fik'l), a. [< ME. fikel, fikil, fykel, <
AS. ficol, deceitfuL crafty (cf. gefic, deceit), <
'fi<Han, befician, }i'B. fiken, deceive: see fike^.]
It. Disposed or acting so as to deceive ; deceit-
ful ; treacherous ; false in intent.
In this falsylirW world.
Old Eng. Miicellany (ed. Morris), p. 93.
This eortheli ioie, this worldii blis.
Is but A/yk*'t fantasy.
Harly Kng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), p. 134.
This worlde \a fikel and desayvable.
Uampole, Prick of Conscience, I. 1088.
Fiktle and swikele reades [counsels].
Aneren Riwle, p. 268.
2. Inconstant; unstable; likely to change from
caprice, irresolution, or instability : rarely a|)-
plied to things except in poetry or by personi-
fication.
O see how fickle is their state
lliat doe on fates depend !
Legend of King Arthur (Child's Ballads, I. 54).
I fear thou art grown too fickle ; for 1 hear
A lady mourns for thee; men say, to death.
Beau, and Fl., Maids Tragedy, I. 1.
A Aekle world, not worth the least desire,
Wnere ev'ry chance proclaims a change of state.
Qxtartes, Emblems, i. 9.
Who o'er the herd would wish to reign.
Fantastic, yicir/f, tierce, and vain?
Vain as the leaf upon the stream.
And fiekU as a changeful dream.
Scott, L. of the L., v. SO.
3. Perilous; ticklish. [Prov. Eng.]
But it's % fickle corner In the dark, ... a wrong step, a
bit swing out on the open, and there would be no help,
ifrs. OlipharU, Ladies Undores, g. 39.
= 8yn. 3. Variable, mutable, changeable, unsteady, un-
settled, vacillating, fitful, volatile.
fickle (fik'l), r. t. ; pret. and pp. fickled, ppr.
firkling. [< ME. fikelen (= Ui.Akkelen = G.
ficklcH, ficlieln), deceive, flatter; m>m the adj.]
If. To deceive; flatter.
Heo nolde fikelen, as hire tustren hadde ydo.
Robert (tf OUmeetter, p. 31.
2. To puzzle; perplex; nonplus. [Scotch.]
Howsomever, she's a weel-educate woman, and an' she
win to her English, . . . she may come to^lrfe us a'.
Seatt, Antiquary, xxxlx.
fickleness (fik'l-nes), n. The character of be-
ing fickle; inconstancy; unsteadiness in opin-
ion or purpose ; instability; changeableness.
I am a soldier ; and unapt to weep,
Or to exclaim on iortaae tfickleneu.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., y. 3.
Oh, the lovely /dblenesi ot an April day.
If. //. aOeon, Spring.
fickly (fik'l-i), adr. [< ME. fikely, < fikel, fickle,
+ -ly'J!.] It. Deceitfully.
With thar tuaget fikely thai dide.
Pa. T. 11 (HE. Tersion).
2. In a fickle manner; without firmness or
steadiness. [Rare.]
Away goes Alee, onr cook-maid, ... of her own ac-
cord, aiter harltig given her mtotresa waniinK/ct/y.
Pepyt, Diary, II. 366.
fico (fe'ko), n. [It., a fig, < L. ficus : see fig^.]
Same as fig^, 7 : a motion of contempt made by
placing the thumb between two of the fllngers.
Formerly also figo.
Behold, next I see Contempt marching forth, giving mee
the.^ with his thombe in his mouth.
Witt Mieerie, 1596. (UalliiKU.)
0>nvey, the wise It call : Steal ! foh ; a fico for the
phrase. Shak., M. VT. of 'W., I. 3.
The lie, to a man of my coat, to as ominous a fruit as
the /CO. B. Jttrmm, Every Man In his Humour, ii. 2.
For wealth he to of my addiction, and bid's nfico tor 't
Mamttm, Tlie Fawne, i. 2.
ficoid (fi'koid), a. [< L. ficus, a fig, -I- Or. tifJof,
form.] Resembling a fig ; ficoidal.
fiction
ficoidal (fi-koi'dal), a. [< ficoid + -al.] 1 . Re-
sembling the fig ; ficoid. — 2. Pertaining to or
of the nature of the Ficoidece.
Ficoidese (fi-koi'de-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. ficus,
a fig-tree, -1- Gr. elSo^, form (see -oid), + -ew.] A
natural order of polypetalous exogens, nearly
related to the Cactacew. U includes 22 genera and
about 450 species, mostly of tropical or subtropical re-
gions, and especially abundant in South Africa. They are
mostly low herbs, with fleshy entire leaves and often showy
flowers. The principal genus is Mesembrianthenmm .
fictt (fikt), a. [< ii.fictus, ]pi>. of fiiigcre, feign:
see fictio7i, feign.] Feigned; fictitious.
Prophets of things to come the truth predict ;
But poets of things past write false and^c^
T. Barcey, tr. of Owen's Epigrams.
ficta musica (flk'ta mti'zi-ka). See musica
ficta.
fictile (fik'til), a. [< L. fictilis, made of clay,
earthen, < fictus, pp. of fingere, form, mold,
fashion (as in clay, wax, stone, etc.) : see fic-
tion, feign.] 1. Molded into form by art. —
2. Capable of being molded ; plastic: a,s, fictile
clay.
Fictile earth Is more fragile than crude earth.
£acon, Kat. Hist., 1841.
3. Having to do with pottery; composed of or
consisting in pottery.
The Myth was not only embodied in the sculpture of
Pheidiason the Parthenon, or portrayed in the paintings of
Pulygnotos in the Stoa Poikile ; it was repeated in a more
compendious and abbreviated form on the fictile vase of
the Athenian household ; on the coin which circulated in
the market-place ; on the mirror in which the Aspasia of
the day beheld her charms.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archteol., p. 23.
Fictile mosaic, a variety of ancient Roman mosaic in
which the tcsscne are composed of an artificial compound
of vitreous nature.
fictileness (fik'til-nes), n. The quality of being
fictile.
fictilia (fik-tU'i-a), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of fic-
tilis, made of clay: see fictile.] Objects made
of fictile material, as pottery; especially, deco-
rative objects of this nature, in general.
fictility (fik-til'i-ti), n. [< fictile + -ity.] Fic-
tileness.
fiction (fik'shon), n. [= F. fiction= Pr.ficxio,
fiction = Sp. ficcion = Pg. fic^So = It. fizione,
fimione, < L. fictio(n-), a making, fashioning,
a feigning, a rhetorical or legal fiction, < fin-
gere, pp. fictus, form, mold, shape, devise,
feign: see feign.] 1. The act of making or
fashioning. [Rare.]
We have never dreamt that parliaments had any right
whatever ... to force a currency of their own fiction in
the place of that which is real. Burke, Rev. in France.
2. The act of feigning, inventing, or imagin-
ing: a false deduction or conclusion: as, to be
misled by a mere fiction of the brain.
They see thoroughly into the fallacies and fictions of
the delusions of this kind.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vil., Expl.
.Sad and disconsolate persons use to create comforts to
themselves by fiction of fancy.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 269.
3. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined ;
a feigned story ; an account which is a product
of mere imagination ; a false statement.
Renowned Abraham, Thy noble Acts
Excell the Fictions of Herolk Facts.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 11., The Fathers.
Is it not monstrous that this player here.
But in Afictiim, in a dream of passion.
Could force his soul so to his own conceit?
Shak., Hamlet, II. 2.
This is a very ancient cittle, If the tradition of Antenor's
being the founder be not tk fiction.
Evelyn, Diary, June, 1646.
Nor do I perceive that any one shrinks from telling fic-
tions to children, on matters upon which it is thought
well that they should nr>t know the truth.
U. .Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 293.
4. In literature: (a) A prose work (not dra-
matic) of the imagination in narrative form; a
story; a novel.
One Important rule belongs to the composition of a Ifc-
fton. which I suppose the writers of Action seldom think
of, viz., never to fabricate or introduce a character to
wtioni greater talents or wisdom is attributed than the
author himself possesses ; if he does, how shall this char-
acter be sustained ? J. Foster, in Everts, p. 241.
(6) Collectively, literature consisting of imagi-
native narration ; story-telling.
.No kind of literature Is so attractive as fiction.
Quarterly Rev.
The only work ot fiction. In all probability, with which he
{I'Unyanl could compare his pilgrim, was his old favourite,
thelegendof Sir Itevisof Southami)ton. . . . He saw that,
in employing fiction to make truth clear and goodness
attractive, he was only following the example which every
Christian ought to propose to himself. Macaulay, Bunyan.
flctios
(e) In a wide sense, not now current, any lit-
erary product of the imagination, whether in
prose or verse, or in a narrative or dramatic
form, or such works collectively. — 5. lu law,
the intentional assuming as a fact of what is
not such (the truth of the matter not being
oousidered), for the purpose of administering
justice without contravening settled rules or
making apparent exceptions ; a legal device for
reforming or extending the application of the
law without appearing to alter the law itself.
iDssmuch as the courts oaimot alWr the law, but only de-
clare it and apply it to facts ascertained by them, it was
early discovered that the only way in which they could
adapt the law t« hard cases, or stretch it to new cases, was
by pretending a state of facts to lit the rule of law it was
thought just to apply. Thus it was a rule of lawthatadeed
takes elf ect from delivery, and the courts had no power to
alter this rule ; but if a grantor fraudulently or negligently
delayed delivering his deed at the time it bore date, and
afterward sought to claim some unjust advantage, as hav-
ing continued to be owner meanwhile, the courts, not be-
hig able to change the rule of law, would by a Action treat
the delivery as relating back to the date. So, when legis-
lation forbade transfers of land unless made publicly by
record, the courts allowed an intending grantee to sue,
alleging that the land belonged to him, and the intending
grantor to suffer judgment to pass; thus by a fiction cre-
ating a mode of conveyance which, for all practical pur-
poses, preserved the privacy of titles. Direct methods
of improving the rules and forms of law have in recent
times superseded the invention, and for the most part the
use, of fictions.
I employ the expression "Legal Fiction" to signify any
assumption which conceals, or affects to conceal, the fact
that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter re-
maining unchanged, its operations being modified.
Maine, Ancient Law, p. 26.
= Syn. 3. Fabrication, Hgment, fable, untruth, falsehood.
fictional (fik'shon-al), a. [< fiction + -al.'\ Per-
taining to or of'the nature of fiction ; fictitious-
ly created ; imaginary.
Elements which are fictional rather than historical.
Latham.
What other cases are there of Jictional personages hav-
ing done the same? N. and Q., 6th ser., IX. 467.
They [American theater-managers] have not watched
the tendencies of the sister arts, painting and Jictional
literature, towards a closer truth to nature.
The Century, XXXI. 155.
fictionist (flk'shon-ist), n. l< fiction + -isf] A
maker or writer'of fiction.
He will come out in time an elegant fictionist.
Lamb, To Wordsworth.
There still seems room for wonder that in this world of
facts the fictionist should be entitled to take so high and
important a place. Contemporary Rev., LI. 58.
flctioust (fik'shus), a. [< fiction + -ousJi Fic-
titious.
With fancy'd Rules and arbitrary Laws
Matter aud Motion he [man] restrains ;
And study'd Lines and fictions Circles draws.
Prior, On Exodus iii. 14., st. 6.
fictitious (fik-tish'us), a. [= Sp. P^. fictioio,
< L. ficticius, improp. fictitius, artificial, coun-
terfeit, fictitious, < fictus.^Tp. of fingere, form,
feign: see fiction.'] 1. Pertaining to or con-
sisting of fiction; imaginatively produced or
set forth; created by the imagination: as, a
fictitious hero ; fictitious literature.
Miss Burney was decidedly the most popular writer of
fictitious narrative then living.
ilacaulay, Madame D'Arblay.
A hundred little touches are employed to make the fic-
titious world appear like the actual world.
Macaulay, Leigh Hunt.
2. Existing only in imagination; feigned; not
true or real : as, a fictitiotis claim.
In faithful mem'ry she records the crimes,
Or real or fictitious, of the times.
Cowper, Truth, 1. 164.
He began his married life upon his fictitious, and not
his actual income. A. Dobson, Int. to Steele, p. xxvi.
3. Counterfeit; false; not genuine.
The poets began to substitute fictitious names, under
which they exhibited particular characters.
Goldsmith, Origin of Poetry.
Two treaties were drawn up, one on white paper, the
other on red : the former real, the latter fictitious.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
The woodcock, stiffening to fictitious mud,
Cheats the young sportsman thirsting for his blood.
0. W. Holmes, The Mind's Diet.
4. Assumed as real ; taking the place of some-
thing real ; regarded as genuine.
I cannot doubt that the growing popularity of Adoption,
as a method of obtaining a.fictitioujt son, was due to moral
dislike of the other modes of athliation which was steadily
rising among the Brahman teachers in the law-schools.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 101.
Fictitious ens. .See ejM. = 83m. Artificial, unreal, Invent-
ed,^spurious, supposititious. Hce /actitious.
fictitiously (fik-tish'us-li), adv. In a fictitious
manner; by fiction; falsely; counterfeitly.
2200
Beside these pieces fictitiously iet down, and having no
copy in nature, they had many unquestionably drawn, of
incunscquent signification, nor naturally verifying their
intentiiiii. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 20.
fictitiousness (fik-tish'us-nes), n. The quality
of being fictitious; feigned representation.
Thus, some make Comedy a representation of mean, and
others of bad men ; some think that its essence consists in
the imimportance, others in the fictitiousness of the trans-
action. Johnson, Rambler, No. 125.
fictive (fik'tiv), a. [= F. fictif, < L. as if *fic-
tivus, < fictus, pp. of fingere, form, feign : see fic-
tion.] 1 . Formed by the imagination ; not real-
ly existing; supposititious; fictitious. [Rare.]
And therefore to those things whose grounds were very
true.
Though naked yet and bare (not having to content
The wayward curious ear), gave fictive ornament.
Drayton, Polyolbion, vi. 286.
The action of a magnet on an external point is equiva-
lent to that of aficHoe layer of a total mass equal to zero,
distributed along the sui^ace according to a certain law.
Atkinson, tr. of Mascart and Joubert, I. 300.
2. Resulting from imagination ; belonging to or
consisting of fiction ; imaginative. [Rare.]
Those
who, dabbling in the fount ot fictive tears,
And nursed by mealy-mouth'd philanthropies.
Divorce the Feeling from her mate the Deed.
Tennyson, The Brook.
Theremainingfive-sixthsof the book ["The Merry Men"]
deserve to stand by "Henry Esmond" as a fictive autobi-
ography in archaic form.
H. James, Jr., The Century, XXXV. 878.
fictively (fik'tiv-li), adv. In a fictive manner.
fictor (hk'tgr), n. [< L. fictor, one who makes
images of clay, wax, stone, etc., a baker of of-
fering-cakes, a maker, a feigner, < fictus, pp. of
fingere, form, fashion, feign: see fiction.] An
artist who works in wax, clay, or other plastic
material, as distinguished from one who works
in bronze, marble, ivory, or other solid sub-
stance.
Ficula (fik'u-ia), n. [NL., dim. of L. ficu.^, a fig :
see fig^. ] A genus of gastropods, of the family
Pyrulidoe; the fig-shells or pear-shells : so named
from their shape. The genus includes tropi-
cal and subtropical active carnivorous species.
Also called Pyrula. See cut ■waAet fig-shell.
Ficulidse (fi-kii'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ficula +
-id(E.] A family of gastropods, typified by the
genus Ficula : same as Pyrulidw.
Ficus (fi'kus), n. [L., a fig-tree, a fig : see fig^.]
1 . In 6o i. , a very large genu s of tropical and sub-
tropical trees or shrubs, of the urticaceous tribe
Artocarpew, characterized by bearing their mi-
nute unisexual flowers within a nearly closed
globose or pear-shaped receptacle. The genus is
remarkable for the peculiar arrangement by which cross-
fertilization is effected through the agency of insects.
There are always three forms of flowers, the staminate,
the pistillate, and a third, the gall-flower, which resembles
the pistillate but is incapable of fertilization, and is usually
occupied by the pupa of a species of Blastophaga or other
hymenopterous insect. In alargegroupof species the three
forms are found within the same receptacle ; but in much
the larger number, as in the common fig, the female flowers
are in one receptacle and the male and gall flowers toge-
ther in another. The perfect insect is formed synchro-
nously with the maturity of the pollen ot the male flowers,
through which it makes its way and escapes by a perfora-
tion made at the apex of the receptacle. In what way it
conveys the pollen to the pistillate flowers in the closed
female receptacle is not understood, but it is believed that
it is done, and that by this means only the female flowers
are fertilized. Generally the barren and fertile receptacles
are upon the same tree and are similar in appearance, but
in the conmion fig they are upon separate trees, and differ
so much in form that the sterile, known as the wild fig or
caprifig, has been considered by many botanists as a spe-
cies distinct from the other. There are about 600 species,
the greater number belonging to the islands of the Indian
and Pacific oceans, though there are many in tropical Amer-
ica. Three or four species are found in Florida. The ge-
nus includes the common fig (F. Carica), the banian {F.
Bengatensis), the india-rubber tree (F. elastica), etc. The
wood is generally soft and valueless. See fig^, and cut
under banian.
2. In zool., an old genus of moUusks: same as
Pyrula. Klein, 1753. — 3. \l. c] In surg., a
fleshy excrescence, often soft and reddish,
sometimes hard, hanging by a peduncle or
formed like a fig. It occurs on the eyelids,
chin, tongue, anus, or reproductive organs.
Also called fig-wart — Flcus unguium (ficus of the
nails), a chronic paronychia in which the posterior wall
of the nail Ijecomes thickened and everted.
fid (fid), n. [Also written fidd; origin obscure.
D. fid, fed, a skein, appears tobe a different word.
See fetlock.] 1. A small thick lump. [Prov.
Eng.] — 2. A piece orplug of tobacco. [CoUoq.]
— 3. A bar of wood or metal used to support
or steady anything. — 4. Naut.: [a) A square
bar of wood or iron, with a shoulder at one end,
used to support a topmast or topgallantmast
when swayed up into place. The fid passes
n
fiddle
through a square hole in the heel of its mast,
and its ends rest on the trestletrees. (6) A
conical pin of hard wood, from
12 to 24 inches long, and from
1 to 3 inches in diameter at the
butt, used to open the strands
of rope in
splicing. —
Blubber-fld, a
large wooden
pin to which a
rope-lashing is
made fast at one
end, formerly
extensively em-
ployed, and still
used by many
whaling - craft,
for toggling on
to a blanket-
piece when the
old rope-strap-
ped blocks are used in boarding. Also called ^of/f^ie. When
the iron-strapped cutting-blocks are used, the ftd is dis-
carded, the tail of the chain-strap being moused in the
sister-hooks. — Setting-fid, a large cone of hard wood or
iron, used by riggers and sailmakers to stretch eyes of rig-
ging, cringles, etc.— Spllclng-fld. See def. 4 (b).
fid (fid), V. t. ; pret. and pp. fidded, ppr. fidding.
[(.fid, 71.] Naut., to sway into place and se-
cure (a topmast or topgallantmast) by its fid.
Also fidd.
Various plans have been devised for fidding and unfld-
ding topmasts without going aloft.
Qualtrough, Boat-Sailer's Maimal, p. 203.
fiddle (fid'l), n. [Early mod. E. also fidle; <
ME. fidel, fydyll, fedele, usually and prop, with
th, fithel, fithele, < AS. "fithele (not found, but
the derivatives fithela, a fiddler, fithelere, a fid-
dler, fithelestre, a female fiddler, occur) = D.
vedel, veel = OHG. fidula, MHG. videle, videl,
Or. fiedel = leel. fidkla = OSw. fidhla = Dan.
fiddel, a fiddle; appar. connected with ML.
vitula, vidula, a fiddle, whence also the Rom.
forms, OF. viole, viele, vielle, F. viole (> E.
viol, and the modified Sw. Dan. fiol) = Pr.
viula, viola = Sp. Pg. riola = It. viola (whence
E. viola), dim. violino (whence E. violin, etc.).
The ML. vitula, which was sometimes called
vitula jocosa, the merry viol, is referred by
Diez to L. vitulari, celebrate a festival, keep
holiday (orig. perhaps 'sacrifice a calf,' < vi-
tulns, a calf: see veal). It is possible that
the ML. vitula is an accom. form of the Teut.
word; ef. LL. harpa, It. arpa, P. liarpe, etc.,
harp, of Teut. origin. Another derivation, < L.
fidicula, commonly pi. fidiculce, a small stringed
instrument, a small lute or cithern (dim. of
fides, a stringed instrument, a lute, lyre, cith-
ern), hardly agrees with the Teut. and not
at all with the Rom. forms.] 1. A musical
stringed instrument of the viol class ; a violin.
See viol, violin, crowd^. This is the proper English
name, but among musicians it has been superseded by
violin, the name fiddle, except in popular language, being
used humorously or in slight contempt.
Harpe and fethill bothe thay fande,
Getterne, and als so the sawtrye.
Thomas of Ersseldoune (Child's Ballads, 1. 106X
For hym was levere have at his beddes heed
Twenty bookes, clad in black or reed,
Of Aristotle and his philosophic,
Than robes riche ov fithele or gay sautrle.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 296.
A French song, and & fiddle, has no fellow.
Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 3.
The ballad singers, who frequently accompany their
ditties with instrumental nmsic, especially the fiddle, vul-
garly called a crowd, and the guitar.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 268.
2. Naut., a contrivance to prevent things from
rolling off the table in bad weather. It is made
of small cords passed through wooden bridges
and hauled very taut. Same as racl{. — 3. In
wool-carding, an implement used in Yorkshire,
England, for smoothing the points of card-cloth-
ing and dislodging dirt from among the teeth.
It consists of a piece of emery-covered cloth stretched
between two end-pieces of wood connected by a curved
handle.— Fine as a fiddle. See /»ie2._ Scotch fiddle,
the itch : so called from the action of the arm in scratch-
ing, and the prevalence of the disease in Scotland. [Humor-
ous.]—To play first (or second) fiddle, (a) in an or-
chestra, to take the part of the first (or second) violin-
player. Hence — (6) To take a leading (or subordinate)
part in any project or undertaking. [Colloq.]
To say that Tom had no idea of playing first fiddle in
any social orchestra, but was always quite satisfied to be
set down for the hundred and fiftieth violin in the band,
or thereabouts, is to express his modesty in very inade.
quate terms. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xii.
It was evident that since John Marston's arrival he had
been playing, with regard to Mary, second fiddle, if you
can possibly be induced to pardon the extrcfiie coarseness
of the expression. H. Kingsley, Ravenshoe, Iviii.
fiddle (fid'l), i". ; pret. and pp. fiddled, ppr. fid-
dling. [Early mod. E. also fidle; < fiddle, «.]
fiddle
I. intrans. 1. To play upon the fiddle or vio-
lin or some similar instrument.
Themistocles . . . said " he could not >i<K«, but he could
make a small town a great city."
Bacon, True Greatness of Kingdoms aiid Estates (ed. 1887).
This man eould not jidle, could not tune himself to be
pleasant and plausible to all Companies.
FuUer, Worthies, Lancashire.
Hence — 2. To scrape, as one stretched string
upon another.
One of the most essential points in a good micrometer
is that all the webs shall be so nearly in the same plane as
to be well in focus together under the highest powera used,
and at the same time absolutely free tromjiddlijuj.
£ncyc. Brit., XVI. 244.
3. To play (upon), in a figurative sense. [Bare.]
What dost I thou] think I am, that thou shouldst/ddfe
So much upon my patience ?
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, v. 1.
4. To move the hands or other objects over one
another or about in an idle or ineffective way.
The ladies walked, talking, and fiddling with their hats
and feathers. Pepyi, Diary.
5. To be busy with trifles; trifle; do something
requiring considerable pains and patience with-
out any adequate result.
H. trans. 1. To play on, in a figurative sense.
The devil yiiWfc them I I am glad they are going.
Shak., Hen. VIIL, i. 3.
2. To play (a tune) on a fiddle.
fiddle-block (fid'l-blok), n. Naut., a long block
having two sheaves of different di-
ameters in the same plane, not, as
in the usual form, side by side, but
one above the other.
fiddle-bow (fid'l-bo), n. A bow
strung with horse-hair with which
the strings of the violin or a similar
instrument are set in vibration. Al-
so fiddlestifk. See cut under vioUn.
fiddlecnmt, fiddlecomet (fid'i-
kum), u. [Of. Mdle-rum-faddle,
fiddk-ilc-ike.l Nonsensical. Piddie^tock.
Do you thirjk such a fine proper gentleman as he cares
for a Jiddlemiie ule of a draggle-tajled girl ?
VatUjT^t'jh, Relapse, iv. 1.
flddle-cnm-faddle, flddle-come-faddle (fid'l-
kum-fad'I), n. Same as fiddle-faddle.
Boys must not be their own choosers ; . . . they have
their sympathies »aAfiddU-eonie-/addU4 in their brain, and
know not what tbey would ba' themselves.
Cotciey, Cutter of Coleman .Street.
fiddle-de-dee (fid'1-de-de'), intery. [Loosely
connected with fiddle-faddle and fiddlestick.'
used in the same way in allusion to fiddle, which
in popular use carries with it a suggestion of
contempt and ridicule; hardly, as has been
suggested, a corruption of the It. exclamation
fediddio, lit. God's faith.] Nonsense! an ex-
clamation used in dismissing a remark as silly
or trifling.
All tbe retnm he ever had . . . was a word, too com-
mon, I regret to say, in female lips, vis., fiddU-de-dee.
De Qvlnety, Secret Societies, I.
fiddle-faddle (fid'l-fad'l), r. i. [A varied re-
duplication of fiddle, expressing contempt: see
2201
Iwre, G. fiedler = Icel. fidhlari = Dan. fidler, a
fiddler (cf . ML. ritulator, vidulator) ; from the
verb (which is not recorded in AS.) : see fiddle.'^
1. One who plays a fiddle, violin, or some simi-
lar instrument ; a violinist.
Noust to fare as njitheler or a frere, for to seke testes.
Pierg Plowman (B), x. 92.
I'm the king of tbe fidlers.
Jiobin Hoods Birth (Child's Ballads, V. 351).
What music will be in him when Hector has knocked
out his brains, I know not, . . . unless the fiddler Apollo
gets his sinews to make catlings on.
Shak., T. and C, iii. 3.
2. Asixpence. [Eng. slang.] — 3. In the United
States, a fiddler-crab.
Fiddlers, whicli the inexperienced visitor might at first
mistake for so many peculiar beetles, as they run about
side-ways, each with his huge single claw folded upon his
body like a wing-case. Harper's Mag,, LXXVI. 735.
4. The common sandpiper, Tringoides hypoleu-
cits, so called from its habit of balancing the
body as if on a pivot. The corresponding species in
the United States, T. macularius, is for the same reason
called teeUrtail or Mp-up.— Fiddler's fare, meat, drink
and money.
Hits. Did your ladyship play ?
Lady Sm. Yes, and won ; so I came off with fiddler's
fare, meat, drink, and money.
Sw^ft, Polite Conversation, iii.
Fiddler's green, a name given by sailors to their dance
houses and other places of frolic on shore ; sailors' para-
dise,
sm:
fldge
Those degenerate arts and shifts, whereby many coun-
sellors and governors gain both favour with their masters
and estimation with tlie vulgar, deserve no better name
than fiddling, being things rather pleasing for the time,
and graceful to themselves only, than tending to the weal
and advancement of the State.
Bacon, True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates (ed. 1887).
fiddling (fid'ling), J), a. [PpT. of fiddle, v.'\ Tri-
fling; trivial; fussily busy with nothing.
Good cooks cannot abide what they justly call fiddling
work, where abundance of time is spent, and little done.
Swi/l, Directions to Servants, ii.
Fidei Defensor (fid'e-i de-fen's6r). [L. : fidei,
gen. of fides, faith ; 'defensor, defender.] De-
fender of the Faith. See defender.
fidejnssion (fi-df-jush'on), ». [< LL. fidejus-
*io(«-), < fidejiissus, pp. of fidejubere, or sepa-
rately/rfe/wifre, be surety or bail, lit. confirm
by a promise, < fide, abl. of fides, faith, prom-
ise, -f- jubere, order, bid, ratify, approve.] In
law, suretyship; the act of being bound as
surety for another.
If he will be a surety, such is the nature of fidentssion
and suretiship, he must. Farindon, Sermons (1647), p. 15.
fidejussor (fi-df-jus'or), «. [LL., < fidejussus,
pp. of fidejubere : see fidejussion.] A surety;
one bound for another.
God might . . . have appointed godfathers to give an-
swer m behalf of the children, and to be fidejttssors for
them. Jer. Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying, § 18.
'e;—'7daler8 money, a lot of small silver coins, such f)HAln4 n r< (W a,!,,}^ V ^!/il,i^ / t j:j t
all coin being the remuneration paid to fiddlers in ol.i "Sji^J; ^\A-l ^'^ ' -^"'f^ *; Jl"^^' < ^- fidel%S,
times by each of the company.— Fiddler's muscle. ..^^
fidicinalis.
fiddler-crab (fid'lfer-krab), «. A small crab of
the genus Gehmmus, as G. vocans or G. pugila-
tor; a calling-crab: so called from the waving
or brandishing of the odd large claw, as if fid-
dling. They are useful for bait, and injurious by burrow
ing into and weakening levees and dams ~
Geln^imU)!.
fiddle-shaped ( fid'l-shapt), o. Having the form
of a fiddle or violin ; pandurate or
panduriform : applied in botany to
an obovate leaf which is contracted
above tbe base.
fiddlestick (fid'l-stik), n. [ME.
fydyhtyk; < fiddle + stick, n.J 1.
Same as fiddle-bous.
Here's my fiddlestick : here's that shall
make you dance. Shak., R. and J., iii. 1.
2. A mere nothing; chiefly as an
exclamation, nonsense! fiddle-de-dee! often in
the plural, fiddlesticks!
Vou are strangely frighted ;
8hotwitba.^d<UM(ict.' who ■ )>ere to shoot you?
Fletcher, Pilgrim, iii. 4.
At such an assertion he would have exclaimed : A fiddU-
stick! Why and how that word has become an interjec-
tion of contempt I must leave those to explain who can.
Southey, The Doctor, clxxiix.
She wanted to marry her cousin, Tom Poynts, when
they were both very young and proposed to die of a bro-
ken heart when I amuised her match with Mr. Newcome.
A broken fiddlestick I she would have ruined Tom Poyntx
In a year. Tkaekeray, Newcomes, x.
'Hie devil rides on a fiddlestick. Bee ievU.
n. A string for a
fiddle-de-dee. 'Cf. /r^//a;/, a shorter YormV]' To flddle-string (fld'l-striug)
trifle; busy one's self with nothing; talk trifling °'''"" '"" ""'""•
nonsense; dawdle; dally.
Ye may a* easily
Outrun a cloud, driven by a nortJiem blast.
As fiddU-faddU so. Ford, Broken Heart, I. 3.
fiddle-faddle (fld'l-fad'l), n. and a. [See fid-
dle-faddle,v.'\ I. n. TrifUng talk; trifles. Also
fiddle-cum-faddle a,Di fidfad.
Th' alarums of soft tows and sighs, and fiddU-faddUt
Spoils all our trade.
Fletcher, Homorons Lieutenant, L 1.
n. a. Trifling; making a bustle about no-
thing.
She wa.s a troublesome /U<U<-/a<l(U< old woman.
Arbuihfwt.
fiddle-faddler (fid'l-fad'16r), n. One who
busies himself with fiddle-
faddles.
fiddle-fish ffid'l-fish).
fiddle-treet, n. Same as fiddletcood.
fiddle'nrood (fid'1-wnd), ». [Formerly also fid-
dle-trre; < fiddle + «ood (or tree). The E.
name (as the NL. generic name dtharexylum,
which is a translation of fiddlewood) existed
before 1092, and appar. originated in Barba-
dos or Jamaica. The wood was said at that
time to be used in making fiddles. The notion
that the name is a half-translation, half-perver-
sion of P. boisfidile, 'stanch or faithful wood,'
in allusion to its durability, finds record in
faithful, that may be trusted, trusty, true, <
fides, faith, trust : see faith. Cf. feali, a dou-
blet of fidele.^ Faithful; loyal.
We not only made his [Pole's] whole family of nought,
but enhanced them to so high nobility and honour as they
have been so long as they were true aadfidele unto us.
Hen. VI II. to Sir T. Wyatt, March 10, 1539.
See'cu't'iiuder fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. [< F. fidMite = Pr. fe-
deltat = Sp. fi^Udad = Pg. fidelidade = It. fe-
deltd, fedelitd, fidelity, < L. fideUta(t-)s, faith-
fulness, firm adherence, trustiness, < fidelis,
faithful: see fidele. Cf. fealty, a doublet of
fidelity.^ 1 . Good faith ; careful and exact ob-
servance of duty or performance of obligations:
as, conjugal or o(&n&\ fidelity.
I experienced in this brave Arab such an extraordinary
instance ot fidelity, as is rarely to be met with.
Poeocke, Description of the East, I. 114.
Constancy, fidelity, bounty, and generous honesty, are
the gems of noble minds.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 36.
2. Faithful devotion or submission ; unswerv-
ing adherence ; close or exact conformity ; feal-
ty; allegiance: as,^rfe?i<y to a husband or wife,
or to a trust ; fidelity to one's principles or to in-
structions; the dog is the type of fidelity.
The fidelity of the allies of Rome, which had not been
shaken by the defeat of Thraaymenus could not resist the
fiery trial of Cann». Dr. Arnold, Hist Rome, xliv.
Verbal translations are always inelegant, because al-
ways destitute of beauty of idiom and language, for by
their fidelity to an author's words they become treacher-
ous to bis reputation.
Grainger, .Advertisement to Elegies of Tibullus.
3. Faithful adherence to truth or reality; strict
conformity to fact; truthfulness; exactness;
accuracy: as, the fidelity of a witness, of a nar-
rative, or of a picture.- order of FldeUty. (a) An
order of the duchy of Baden, founded by the maigrave
Chailes William in 1715. It is still in existence, and con-
sists of two classes only, that of grand cross and that of
commander. The badge is a cross of eight points in red
enamel, having between each two arms the cipher CC;
the same cipher occupies the middle of the cross, with the
motto Fidelitaji. The riblwn is orange-colored and edged
with blue, (b) An order of Portugal, founded by .John VI.
in 1823 for the supporters of the monarchy during the in-
surrectionary movements in that country. = 8yn. Faith,
integrity, trustiness, trustworthiness, conscientiousness;
Corutancy, Faithfidness, etc. (see/nnnM*).
The monkfirth or angel-
flsh: so (■alle<i from its
Hhanc. [Local, Eng.]
fiddle-head (fid'1-bed), «.
Naut., an ornament at
the bow of a ship, over the
cutwater, consisting of
carved work in the form
of a volute or scroll, re-
sembling somewhat that
at the head of a violin. Flddle^K«l.
fiddler (fid'l^r). n. [< ME. fideler,fydeler,fithe-
ler, < AS. fitltelere = D. vedelaar = MHG. vide-
Miller's "Gardener's Diet." (1759) (where the fides (fi'dez),n. [L., faith,' personified Faith.
" French "name is given as "rtde/tewoorf"), but see faith.'] 1. Faith.— 2. [cop.] hi Horn, myth.,
lacks evidence. The F. fidMe does not mean the goddess of faith or fidelity, commonly rep-
'staneh' except as a synonym of ' faithful,' and resented as a matron wearing a wreath of olive-
is prop., like K. faithful, a subjective term, not or lanrel-leaves, and having in her hand ears
applicable to inert objects. Its orig. L. fidelis,
faithful, etc., has, however, the objective sense
stanch, strong, durable, etc.] A common name
for West Indian species of Citharexylum, and
trees of allied genera, as C. quadrangulare, C.
villosum (which is also found in southern Flor-
ida), Vitex umhrosa, Petitia Domingensis, etc.
The wood is heavy, hard, and strong, and is
used in building.
fiddling (fid'Iing), n. [Verbal n. ot fiddle, e.]
1. The act or practice of playing on the fiddle.
We see Nero's fiddling, and Commodus's skill in fencing
on several of their medals. Addison. Ancient Medals, ill.
2. Trifling; useless or unimportant doings;
fidgeting with the fingers or bands.
-Bona fides, good
of com or a basket of fruit.
faith.— Mala fides, bad faith.
fidfad (fid'fad), n. [E. dial., a trifle, a trifler:
see fiddh-faddle and /arfl.] A contraction of
fiddle-faddle.
fidge (fij), v.; pret. and p-p.fidged, -ppT.fidging.
[Assibilated form of figi, this being another
form otfick,fike^: seefigi,fick, andfike^. Hence
freq. fidget.] I. intrans. To fidget. [Now only
Scotch.]
Nay, never/(i<7«upanddown, . . . and vex himself.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
The fidging of gallants to Norfolk and up and down
countries. Middleton, Black Book.
Even Satan glower'd and fidg'd fu' fain.
Burnt, Tarn o' Shanter.
fidge
n. trans. To cause to fidget. [Scotch.]
Seer cl»w your lug, and /tdfft your back.
£urn«, Prayer to the Scotch Representatives.
fidget (fij'et), V. [< fidge + dim. -et, which has
here a freq. force: see fidge.] I. intrana. To
move uneasily one way and the other; move
irregularly, or in fits and starts; be restless
or uneasy ; show impatience or uneasiness by
restless movements.
n. trans. To make restless, nervous, or fid-
gety.
"I thiuk you vovld fidget me," she remarked.
Scritnurr'g Mag., III. ffl7.
fidget (fij'et), n. [^C fidget, v.] The expression
of uneasiness, restlessness, impatience, etc., by
irregular spasmodic movements and changes of
physical expression; the condition of feeling
thus expressed: commonly in the plural : as, to
be in a fidget or the fidgets; to have the fidgets.
But sedentary weavers of long tales
Give me the fidgets, and my patience fails.
Cotvper, Conversation, 1. 208.
fidgetily (fij'et-i-U), adv. In a fidgety or rest-
less manner.
amiui ftdgetUy watches her.
it Broughton, Second Thoughts, il. 3.
fidgetiness (fij'et-i-nes), n. \< fidgety + -ness.]
The state or quality of being fidgety.
His manner was a strange mixture of fidgetiness, imperl-
ousness, and tenderness. G. H. Lewes.
Fidgetiness of fingers shows a great amount of separate
action of small nerve.centres, or the centres for small parts.
F. Warner, Physical Expression, p. 262.
fidgety (fij'et-i), o. \< fidget + -yi.] Of the
nature of or expressive of a fidget ; being m a
fidget; moving about uneasily; restless; ner-
vously impatient.
There she sat, frightened and fidgety.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gumey.
We have our periodical fits of fidgety doubts and fears,
and society is alarmed by ideas of ruin and disruption, as
agitators come out with threats or prophecies of evil.
^ N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 101.
fldging-fain (fij'ing-fan), a. [8c., also fidgin^
2202
Fidonia (fi-do'ni-a), «. [NL., irreg. < Gr. ipeMg,
sparing, thrifty, < ijieiieaOai, bo sparing, spare;
cf . (j>eiAuvio^, with a narrow neck, (peiduv, an oil-
can with a narrow neck.] A genus of geomet-
rid moths. F. piniaria, the bordered white moth, is a
beautiful insect, having its wings on the upper aide of a
Male and Female of Fidcnia/axoni, natural size.
dusky-brown color, and adorned with numerous pale-yel-
low spots. The caterpillar feeds on the Scotch flr. F.
faxani is a common New England species, extending west
to Missouri, having ochery.bi-own fore wings and lighter
hind wings.
fiducial (fi-dii'shal), a. [= Pg. fiducial = It.
fidueiale, < ML. "fidueialis, < L. fiducia, trust,
confidence, a thing held in trust, reliance, a
pledge, deposit, pawn, mortgage, < ^dere, trust:
Bee faith.'] If. Trusting; confident; imdoubt-
ing; firm.
Such a. fiducial persuasion as cannot deceive us.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 288.
Faith is cordial, and such as God will accept of, when
it affords /dticwi reliance on the promises, and obedien-
tial submission to the commandments. Hammimd.
2. Same a.s fiduciary, 2.-3. In j)%sic«, having
a fixed position or character, and hence used
as a basis of reference or comparison.
It [the knee-piece in an electrometer] also carries a /id«-
cial mark running opposite a graduation on one edge of
the groove, by means of which whole turns of the screw
are read oB, fractions being estimated by means of a drum
head. Fncyc. Brit., VIII. 120.
In half an hour there was an evident commencement of
whitening from the ^dttciai yellow ray to the mean red,
(Ire, Diet., III. 110.
Fiducial edge of a ruler, the thin or feather edge. Gil-
lespie.—FiiMCial points, in thermometry, the melting-
point of ice and the boiling-point of water under a baro-
metric pressure of 760 mm, at 0° C, in latitude 45', and at
the sea-level.
fain; < fidging vv^ ot fidge, v., + fain, glad.] fllucially (fi-du'shal-i), adv. With confidence.
Grape, vine
{F. viticida).
shows natural size.)
Kestiess with delight.
Maggy, quoth he, and by my bags,
Tm fidging/ain to see you.
Maggy Lauder (Ritson's Scottish Songs).
Wha will crack [chat] to me my lane ?
Wha will mak' me fidgin' fain )
Bums, The Rantin' Dog, the Daddie o't.
fid-hole (fid'hol), n. The square hole in the
heel of a topmast or topgallantmast into which
the fid is inserted.
Pidia (fid'i-a), n. [NL. (Baly, 1863). A non-
sense-name'.'] 1. A genus of Chrysomelidce or
leaf-beetles. The prothorax is cy-
lindrical, not margined at the sides;
there are distinct postocular lobes;
the prostornal sutures are obsolete ;
and the femora are not toothed. A few
species inhabit North America. F.
viticida (Walsh) is about 6 millime-
ters long, chestnut-brown, and dense-
ly covered with short whitish hair;
It is very injurious to grape-vines,
upon the foliage of which it feeds.
2. \l. c] A member of this
genus.
fidicent,«. [L., < .^des, a lute,
lyre, cithern, + canere, sing, play.] In old mustc,
a performer on the lute, lyre, or harp.
Fidicina (fi-dis'i-na), n. [NL. (Amyot and Ser-
ville), < L. fidiceri', a player on the lute, lyre,
etc.: see^tcen.] A genus of homopterous in-
sects, of the famUy Cicadidce, containing such
species as the tropical American F. mannifera,
famous for the loudness of its shrilling, whence
the name.
fidicinal (fi-dis'i-nal), a. [< L. fididnus, of or
for playing on stringed instruments (< fidicen
(fidicin-), a player on the lute, lyre, etc. : see
fidicen), + -ah] Pertaining to stringed instru-
ments of either the harp or the viol class.
fidicinalis (fi-dis-i-na'hs), «. ; pi. fidicinales
(-lex). [NL., < L. fidicen (fidicin-), a player on
the lute : see fidicinal.] The fiddler's muscle,
one of the four little lumbrical muscles in the
palm of the hand, the action of which facili-
tates quick motion of the fingers. See lumbri-
ealis. •
fidiciniUS (fid-i-sin'i-us), ».; ^\. fidieinU (-i).
[NL. : see fidiciruilis.] Same as fidicinalis.
fidicula (fi-dik'u-la), n. ; pi. fidicttla (-le). [L.,
dim. ot fides, a lute, lyre, etc.] A small musi-
cal instrument having the shape of a lyre.
fidispinalis (fid'i-spi-na'lis), m. ; pi. fidisjnnales
(-lez). The deep-seated multifid muscle of the
back; the multindus spin«e. Cones.
fiduciary (ii-du'shi-a-ri), a. and ». [= F. fidu-
ciaire = Pg. It. fida'ciario, < \j. fiduciarius, of or
relating to a thing held in trust (ML. also as
a noun), < fiducia, trust, a thing held in trust :
see fiducial.] I. a. If. Confident; steady; un-
doubting; unwavering; firm.
Elaiana can rely no where upon mere love and fiduciary
obedience, unless at her own home, where she is exeni-
plarily loyal to herself in a high exact obedience. Howell.
That faith which is required of us is then perfect when
it produces in us a fiduciary assent to whatever the gos-
pel has revealed. Abp. Wake, Prep, for Deatli.
2. Having the nature of a trust, especially a
financial trust ; pertaining to a pecuniary trust
or trustee : as, a fiduciary power. Also fiducial.
Augustus, for particular reasons, first began to author-
ize the fiduciary bequest, which in the Roman law was
called fldei commissum.
Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws (trans.), xxvii. 1, note.
Commercial credit ... is to.day the most important
wheel in the whole fiduciary mechanism.
Cye. Pol. Econ., I. 696.
Fiduciary capacity, a relation of trust and confidence :
a phrase much used in the law of imprisonment for debt
and of insolvency and bankruptcy, to indicate the position
of the trusted party in relations such as attorney and client,
guardian and ward, etc. ; the general rule being that, not-
withstanding the abolition of imprisonment for debt, a
liability incurred in a fiduciary capacity may be enforced
by arrest and imprisonment, and is not terminated by a
discharge in bankruptcy or insolvency.— Fiduciary debt.
See debt.
n. ».; ^\. fiduciaries {-nz). \. One who holds
a thing in trust ; a trustee.
Prescription transfers the possession, and disobliges the
fiduciary from restitution.
Jer. Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium.
2t. One who depends for salvation on faith
without works ; an Antinomian.
The second obstructive is that of the fiduciary, that
faith is the only instrument of his justification, and ex-
cludes good works from contributing anything towards it.
Hanvffumd.
fiei (fi), interj. [Also written /j/; < ME. fi, fy,
cf . leel. fy, fei = Sw. Dan. fy, fie (Sw. fy skam,
Dan. fy skam dig, fie for shame !), = D. jij = LG.
fi = MHG. fi, phi, G. pfui = OF.fi, fy, V. fi, fie ;
cf. L. phu,fu, alsop%, and E.foh, faugh, phew,
etc. : natural expressions of disg[ust.] An inter-
jection expressing contempt, dislike, disappro-
bation, or impatience, and sometimes surprise.
He that seith to his brother, fy .' schal be gilti to the
counseil. Wycli/, Mat. v. 22 (Purv.).
Fye on the, traytoure attaynte, at this tyde ;
Of treasoune thou tyxste hym, that triste the for trewe.
Tmrk Play; p. 316.
field
Fie upon thee ! Art thou a judge, and wilt be afraid to
give right judgment?
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1660.
Fye on this storm !
I will go seek the king. Shak., Lear, ill. 1.
Acres. I — I — I— don't feel quite so bold, somehow,
as I did.
Sir Luc. 0/!«.'— consider your honour.
Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3.
fle2 (fi), n. An obsolete or dialectal form of /eel.
fledlerite (fed'16r-it), n. [After Baron von
Fiedler.] A hydrous lead chlorid found in tab-
ular monoclinic crystals in the ancient slags of
Laurium, Greece, having been produced by the
action of sea-water upon them.
fief (fef), n. [< F. fief OF. fief fieu, fied, etc. :
see /ee2, feud'^, feoff. ] 1 . A fee ; a feud ; an es-
tate held of a superior on condition of militaiy
or other service. See feud^.
He cautioned him against forming any designs on Na-
ples, since that kingdom was afief of the church.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 1.
In France a revolution has passed over the fie/, and it
has become a mere administrative subdivision, the Com-
nmne. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 326.
2. In French-Canadian law, immovable prop-
erty held under a feudal tenure, to which is at-
tached a privilege of nobility, subject to feal-
ty and homage and to certain services to the
seignior.
Also feoff.
flel (fel), a. [Sc, also written feil, feele; cf.
Icel. felldr, fit, ppr. ot fella, join, fit.] Comfort-
able; cozy.
O leeze me on my spinning-wheel,
O leeze me on my rock an' reel ;
Frae tap to tae that deeds me bien,
An' haps mefiel an* warm at e'en 1
Burns, Bess and her Spinning-Wheel.
field (feld), TO. [Early mod. E. also feeld, feelde ;
< ME. feeld, feld, fild, < AS. feld, a field, pasture,
plain, open country, = OS. feld = OFries./eM,
field = D. veld = MLG. LG. feld = OHG. feld,
MHG. velt, Q.feld (> Sw. fait = Dan. felt), a
field; Goth, 'filth (?) not found. Perhaps akin
to AS. folde, the earth, dry land, a land, country,
region, the ground, soil, earth, clay: seefold^.
Cf. Finn, pelto, a field; OBulg. polje = Euss.
pole, a field; OBulg. polu, open. Connection
with fell*, a hill, is doubtful ; with. foUP, an in-
closure^out of the question.] 1. A piece of
cleared or cultivated ground, or of land suitable
for pasture or tillage ; specifically, any part of
a farm inclosed or set apart from the rest, as
for a special use, except a garden, a wood-lot,
or an orchard, and the appurtenances of the
buildings : as, a wheat-/eW, or a field of pota-
toes.
An even/eeW« thou chese, and in the mene . . .
Or hille or dale in mesure thou demene.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 4.
The field give I thee, and the cave that is therein.
Gen. xxiii. 11.
The wretched, bloody, and usurping boar.
That spoil'd your summer /efiis and fruitful vines.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 2.
On either side the river lie
Long^^eid* of barley and of rye.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott.
2. Any piece of open ground set apart or used
for a special purpose: as, ableaching-/eM. Spe-
cifically— 3. In base-ball, cricket, and similar
games : (o) The ground on which the game is
played; more specifically, in base-ball, th&t part
of the ground on which the fielders play, and
known as in-field, out-field, right-, center-, and
left-field, according to the station of the cor-
responding players. See (b).
The effect of the slow stroke would be to send the hit
ball to the right field. Sci. Amer., N. S., LV. 168.
(6) The fielders collectively: as, the work of
the field was excellent, in base-ball the field in-
cludes all the players but the pitcher and catcher (who
are also included when their work is similar to that of the
other players, as distinct from their specific viork as piteh-
er and catcher), and is divided into the in-field, the three
basemen and the short-stop, and the out-field, the right-,
center-, and left-fielders. See fielder.
4. Any continuous extent of surface consider-
ed as analogous to a level expanse of ground:
as, a field of ice or snow. See ice-field.
A field consists of pieces of closely aggregated ice cov.
ering an extensive area. A. W. Greehj, Arctic Service, Int.
A field [of ice] in motion coming against another /eid
results in the instant upheaval and destruction of the
edges of the conflicting floes.
A. W. Greely, Arctic Service, p. 46.
Specifically — 5. The ground or blank space on
which figures are drawn : as, the field or OTOund
of a picture. — 6. In mtmis., that part of the sur-
face of a coin or medal which is left unoccupied
by the main device ( ' type ') . The field is either left
field
plain, or is filled with symbols or letters, which (except
when they appear in the exergue) are described as being
in th4 Jietd, or in field.
7. In her., the escutcheon, considered as a
plane of a given tincture upon which the dif-
ferent bearings appear to be laid ; also, when
the escutcheon is divided by impalement or
quartering, each division, as a quarter or the
half divided pale wise, it being considered as the
whole escutcheon with reference to that coat
of arms. (See cut under «/i»eW.) In a flag the
field is the ground of each division.
Bright flag at yonder tapering mast,
Fling out your field of azure blue;
Let star and stripe be westward cast,
And point as Freedom's eagle tlew !
A'. P. WiUa.
The American yacht flag . . . displays a white loul an-
chor in a circle of 13 stars in the blue;i«W (of the union].
Amer. Cyc, VII. 252.
8. In entom., a place, space, or area, as a di-
vision of the surface of a wing: as, the pos-
terior of the discoidal /leW. — 9. Any space or
region; specifically, any region, open or cov-
ered with forests, considered with reference to
its particular products or features ; an extent
of ground covered with or containing some
special natural formation or production: as,
diamond-, gold-, coal-, or oil- (petroleum-)^M».
— 10. A scene of operations; open space of any
extent considered as a theater of action : as, re-
searches in the field; the field of military op-
erations; a hunting-^W; the general's bead-
quarters were in the field.
The Confederate government did not hesitate to enter
tbeyfWd and take a share in the business.
J. R. SoUy, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 155.
Specifically — 11. A battle-ground; the space
on which a battle is or has been fought ; hence,
a battle ; an action : as, the field of Waterloo ;
the field was held against all odds ; to show
how fields are lost and won.
This yere |14&3| was a/dde at St. Albona, bytuene the
Kynge and y» Duke of York. . . . ThU yere [1457] was a
/Ode at Ludlow, and at Bloreheth. and a fray bytuene men
of tb« JUngia hoos and men of lawe.
Arnold' t CkntUcU, p. xxxlr.
I goe lyke one that, baring lost the field,
I» prisoner led away with heavy hart.
SpeTuer, Sonnets, Hi.
A Persian prince
That won three fields of Saltan Solyman.
Shak., M. of V., it. 1.
What though tiit field be loatt
All is nut luet. MUtm, P. L., i. 105.
With his back to the field, and Ma feet to the foe.
Campbell, Lochiel's Warning.
1 2. The sphere or range of any connected series
of actions ; a subject or class of subjects con-
cerning which observations or reflections are
made; a class of connected objects toward
which human energies are directed ; the place
where or that about which one busies himself :
as, his field of operations was his counting-
house ; philology is an attractive field of re-
search; a wide ^«M of contemplation.
The varied >(cU< of science, ever new,
Op'ning and wider op'ning on her view.
Cawper, Table-Talk, 1. 2M.
In the T«st field of criticism on which we are entering
innumerable reapers bare already put their sickle*.
Maeatilay.
The visual /ield I* less identlBed with the danger /<<(t In
the rabbit, the eyes of which are on different sides of the
head and nave different fields, and which needs a strong
stimulus to cause bilateral winking. Amer. Jour. Peyehol.
13. In phygie», a portion of space considered as
traversed by equipotential surfaces and lines
of force, so that at every point of it a force
would be exerted upon a particle placed there.
This mode of expression and thought was originated by
Kamday, and is applied chiefly to electric ana magnetic
force*. The Intensity uf a magnetic field Is the force which
a unlt-pole will experience when placed In It.
The electric field Is the portion of space in the neigbbor-
bood of electrifled bodies, considered with reference to
electric phenomena. Clerk Meuwelt, Elect, and Mag., 1 44.
14. In gporting: (a) Those taking part in a
hunt.
The field move* off toward the cover.
Christian Union, March SI, 1887.
(b) All the entries collectively against which a
single contestant has to compete : as, to back a
crew against the y{eM. (c) ^)eciflcally, all the
contestants not individually favored in betting:
a8,tobeton the field in & horse-race A fair field,
a fair opjHjrt unity f^^ a<tion. .Hee extract undfr/nror, «,, 5.
— Baaai field, common Held, Elysian nelds, eu-. See
the adjec-tives.— Field electromagnet, an electromagnet
producing the magnetii' tiri.l id wtiirh the armature of a
dynamo revolve*.— Field fortiflcationi. .Hee furtifica-
(vm. —Field of Vllion or view, in general, the space over
which objects can be discerned ; the compass of visual
2203
field-glass
power; in a telescope_or microscope, the space or range field-day (feld'da), ». 1. A day when troops
"' ' ' "'■' " '■ are drawn up for instruction in field exercises
and evolutions. Hence — 2. Any day of un-
usual bustle, exertion, or display.
Nobody . . . supposes that a dinner at home is charac-
terized by . . . the mean pomp and ostentation which
distinguish our banquets on grand field-dayt.
Thcukeray, Book of Snobs, xi.
3. A day when explorations, scientific investi-
gations, etc., as of a society, are carried on in
the field.
within which object* «r* visible to an eye looking througli
the instrument.— Field shunt, the shunt or derived cir-
cuit of a shunt-wound dynamo (see dynamo) which gives
rise to the electromagnetic field In which the armature re-
volves.— Fields of Cohnheim. Same as areas oj Cohn-
helm (wliich sec, under area).— Flatness Of the field.
Seeyia(;i<;M.— Open-field system, field-grass system,
phrases used in describing tne methods of allotment and
tillage in ancient village communities, where upon the open
fields of the community arable lots were allotted from time
to time to individuals, and plowed and cultivated in turn.
The next fact to be noted is that under the English sys
tem the open field* were the common fields- the arable field-doST (feld'dog'), n. See doa.
land — of a village community or township under a manori.
al lordship. Seebohm, Eng. Vil. Community, p. 8.
Three-field system, the method of operating the open-
field system in ancient village communities in which ro-
tation of crops in three courses was pursued.- To keep
Uie field, (o) To keep the campaign open ; live in tents,
or be in a state of active operations : as, at the approach
of cold weather the troops were unable to keep the field.
(6) To maintain one's ground against all comers.
There all day long Sir Pelleaa kept the field
With honour. Tennyton, Pelleas and Ettarre.
To take the field, to begin the active operations of a
campaign ; put troops in a position of menace. — Uniform
field, in physieg, a field of force throughout which the force
is constant and has everywhere the same direction. — Unit
field, in phyirio, a field of force throughout which there
is a unit force.
field (feld), V. [< field, ».] 1. trans. In lase-
ball and cricket, to catch or stop and return to
the necessary place : as, to field the ball.
TL intrans. 1. To take to the field; do any- page^^l.'
thing in the field, as exploring, fighting, or fielder (fel'dfer), n
searching for food. ' '
The more highly improved breeds of the pigeons will not
field, or search for their own food.
Darun'n, Var. of Animals and Plants,
p. 5.
2. In base-ball and cricket, to act as a fielder.
Also (in cricket) to fag otit.
field-driver (feld'dri"v6r), n. 'An elected of-
ficer of a town, charged with the duty of pre-
venting wandering cattle from doing damage,
and of impounding strays ; a hayward.
The Field Drivers [of Bedford] perform the duties of a
hayward, and receive fees, commonly called pound-shot,
for cattle. Municip. Corp. Reports (1836), p. 2109.
field-duck (feld'duk), n. An occasional name
of the little bustard, Ofts tetvtix.
fielded (fel'ded), a. [< field + -«d2.] Being in
the field of battle ; encamped. [Poetical.]
That we with smoking swords may march from hence.
To help our fielded friends. Shak., Cor., 1. 4.
fieldent (fel'den), a. [< field + -en^.'i Consist-
ing of fields.
The fielden country also and plains. Holland.
field-equipage (feld'ek''wi-paj), n. See equi-
1. In base-ball, cricket, etc.,
one whose duty is to catch or stop balls ; spe-
cifically, in base-ball, any one of the players in
the field, and especially one of the three play-
ers who stand behind and at the right and left
respectively of second base. See base-ball. — 2.
A dog trained to the pursuit of game in the field.
field-ale (feld'al), n. An extortionate practice fieldfare (feld'far), w. [E. dial, also fieldfare,
„. .u. „„,.„„* „«»„«. „# *... ,„„.! t^^.*. ,r, ^.^j^^^^^^ ^v^^^^ ^^^/._ ^ ^^ fieldfare, feldefare,
< AS. 'feldefare (spelled feldeware in the single
gloss in which it occurs: "Scorellus, clodham-
er and /eWeicare, vel bugium"; cf. ''scorellus.
of the ancient officers of the royal forests in
England, and of bailiffs of hundreds, whereby
they compelled persons to contribute to the
supply of their drink.
Field-ale . . . [was] a kind of drinking in the field by
bailiffs of hundreds, for which they gathered money of the
inhabitants of the hundred to which they belonged.
Bees, Cyc.
fleld-allo'wance (feld'a-lou'ans), n. Milit., a
small extra payment made to officers^ and some-
times to privates, on active service in the field,
to compensiEtte partly the enhanced price of all
necessaries.
field-artillery (feld'Sr-til'e-ri), n. See artil-
Uri/.
field-battery (feld'bat'fer-i), b. A battery of
field-gons, comprising 4 smooth-bore guns and
2 howitzers, or 6 rifled or 6 12-pounder guns,
with their caissons, forge, and battery-wagon.
See field-flun.
field-bean (feld'ben), n. See 6ea«l, 2.
field-bed (feld'bed), n. A bed for the field; a
bed til lit may be easily set up in the field; a
portable bed.
field-bird (feld'b*rd), n. The American golden
plover. G. Trumbull. [Local, Maine, U. 8.]
field-book (feld'blik), n. A book used in sur-
veying, engineering, geology, etc., in which are
set down the angles, stations, distances, obser-
vations, etc.
The "FiM Book" which contains the surveys and a
record of the allotments made by the commissioner*.
Johns Hopkins Unit. Studies, IV. 47.
field-bug (feld'bug), n. A bug of the genus
I'ciitatirma.
field-carriage (feld'kar'aj), n. Any carriage
used to mount and transport a gun, ammunition,
etc., belonging to a field-battery of artillery.
Field codes. See code.
field-colors (feld'kul'orz), n. pi. Milit., flags
about a foot square, carried by markers in the
field or on the parade-ground, to indicate the
turning-points of a column, or the line to be
occupied in the formation or deployment of a
body of troops
amore, i. e., yeliow-hammer, q. v.; bugium, an
obscure word, the name of a bird (fieldfare),
mentioned along with the ruddock, goldfinch,
lark, dove, etc.), <feld, field, + faran, fare, go.
Not the same word, or bird, as often alleged,
with AS.feolufor, feolufer,feakfor,fealuor,feal-
for, felofer, earliest gloss feoluferth, a kind of
water-fowl, glossed variously by L. onocrotalus
(pelican),;>orpAyno^sultana-hen), and torax(for
thorax, lit. 'breast,' in allusion to the pelican f).
The composition of AS. feolufor, etc., is not
clear.] The common English name of a Euro-
The term 1* also applied to the dis-
tinctive flag* which de*lgn*te the position of the head- _ ,. , ,.-,,, ,. X
quarter* of a brigade, dlvi*lon, corps, or army, on the field-glaSS (feld glas), n
Fieldfare ; 1 urjui filarij).
pean thrush, Turdus pilaris, of the family Tur-
didcB, about 10 inches long, of a reddish-brown
color, with blackish tail and ashy liead, a winter
resident in Great Britain, breeding far north.
It has many other names, besides the dialectal variants of
fieUt/are, derived from Its color, cries, movements, etc.,
some of them shared by related species of British ttirushes.
He com himself y-charged with conyng & hares.
With fesauns & Mdfares and other foules grete.
Willxam 0/ PaUrm (E. E. T. S.), 1. 182.
Winter birds, as woodcocks and fieldfares, if they come
early out of the northern countriesdwith us shew cold
winters. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
Not yet the hawthorn bore her berries red.
With which the field/are, wintry guest, is fed.
Cowper, Needless Alarm.
1. A kind of biiioe-
march, in camp, or on the battle-fteld. The regimental
flag* carried In the field and on occasions of ceremony are
sometimes so called in contradistinction to garrison flags,
which arc much larger in size.
field-comet (feld'kdr'net), n. The magistrate
of a township in Cape Colony, South Alrica.
field-cricket (feld'krik'et), n. An English
name of Acheta (or Gryllus) campestris. one of
the most noisy of all the crickets, larger but
rarer than the house-cricket, it freqnenu hot,
sandy districts, In which it burrows to the depth of from
6 to 12 inches, and sits at the mouth of the hole watching
for prey, which consists of Insects. See cut under Gryltus.
The slow shrilling of the field-ericket in the grass.
S. Lanier, ScL of Eng. Verse, p. 33.
ular telescope in the form of a large opera-
glass, provided with a case slung from a strap,
so that it can be conveniently carried. These
glasses are used especially by military men and
tourists. — 2. A small achromatic telescope,
usually from 20 to 24 inches long, and ha-ving
from 3 to 6 joints of the kind known as tele-
scopic. This is the older form of fleld-glas'i, and has
now been almost wholly superseded for use on land by the
binocular form described above, though it is still the more
common form for marine service.
3. That one of the two lenses forming the eye-
piece of an astronomical telescope or of a com-
pound microscope which is the nearer to the
field-glass
object-glass, the othei- being the eye-glass. Also
called _n>M-/fHS.
field-gTm(feld'gun), M. Alight cannon mounted
on a carriage, used in manCBUvers in the field.
The principal uu»tiern puns in the X'liited States service
are S^incli. 3.'J-inclt, and 3.0-iiKii breecli-loatiinp, rifled,
steel iiuns. Ther« are also some smoothbores, chiefly 12-
poanilers, still in use. A tiynaniite-ptm was employed in
the Spanish \v:ir of lSil8. Also called field-piece. See
caimonj and cnt under ijun-carriage.
fleld-gtumer(feld'gun'^r), n. A cannoneer be-
longing to a ficUl-battery of artillery.
field-hand (feld'hand), n. A hand or person
who works in the fields; a laborer on a farm
or plantation.
Even In the so-called Border States there was an im-
mense gulf between the house-servant and the ruder
Field-hand. S. De IVrt', Americanisms, p. 149.
field-hospital (feld'hos'pi-tal), n. A building,
tent, or place temporarily used as a hospital
after and near the place of battle.
The horrible scenes of suffering on the battle-field and
in thejietd-hospitalii.
The Independent (Xew York), May 1, 1862.
field-house (feld'hous), n. [< ME. *feldhous (f ),
< AS. feldhus (poet.), a tent, ifeld, field, + hus,
house.] A t«nt. Imp. Diet. [Rare.]
field-ice (feld'is), n. Ice formed in fields or
large flat surfaces, in the polar seas, and in de-
tached masses constitutingfloes : distinguished
from the ice of icebergs or hummocks.
Heavy ^ei(f-t« wa8 found off Cape Sabine, increasing in
size and thickness as the ship advanced, until the captain
refused to go further, and at eight o'clock in the evening
she was tied up to a floe.
Schley and Sotey, Kescue of Greely, p. 45.
fieldie (fel'di), n. [Dim. ot field-sparrmc .'\ The
hedge-sparrow or field-sparrow, Accentor modu-
laris. [Eng.]
fielding (fel'ding), n. [Verbal n. of field, c]
1. In base-ball and cricket, play in the field. —
2. The exposure to sun and air of guile or malt-
wash in casks, in order to promote its acetifica-
tion. E. H. Knight.
The fielding method [of making vinegar] requires a much
larger extent of space and utensils than the stowing pro-
cess. Ure, Diet., III. 1076.
fieldish (fel'dish), a. [Early mod. E. feldishe;
< field + -i«Al.] Belonging to the fields.
[Rare.]
My mother's maides when they do sowe and spinne.
They sing a song made of a feldishe mouse ;
That for bicause her linelod was but thinne.
Would nedes go see her townish sister's house.
Wyatt, The Meane and Sure Estate.
field-kirk (feld'ktrk), n. A small detached
chapel or place of worship. [Prov. Eng.]
There existed on this ground a field-kirk, or oratory, in
the earliest times. Mrs. Oaskell, Charlotte Bronte.
field-lark (f eld'lark), n. 1 . The skylark, Alait-
da arvensis. [Local, Eng.] — 2. Same as weo-
doic-lnrk.
field-lens (feld'lenz), n. Same as field-glass, 3.
field-lore (feld'lor), n. Knowledge or skill
gained in the fields; knowledge of rural pur-
suits.
field-madder (f eld 'mad'^r), n. [ME.notfound;
< AS. "feld-niwdcre rosmarinum" (see rose-
mary), < field, field, -I- mwdere, madder.] A
British plant, Sherardia arvemis, natural order
Rubiacece, common in fields and waste places.
It is a hispid herb, with a prostrate stem spreading from
the root, and clusters of small lilac flowers in terminal
heads.
field-magnet (feld'mag"net), n. The fixed mag-
net as distinguished from the armature of a dy-
namo. See field electromagnet, under field, and
electric machine, under electric.
field-manf, n. [Sc.] A i)easant ; a hind.
He statutis and ordanis that field-men (agrestes) . . .
sail . . . tak and ressave landis fra thair maisteris.
flat. Alex. 11., Balfour's Pract., p. 636.
field-marshal (feld ' mar ' shal), n. An officer
of the highest military rank in the British,
German, and some other European armies. In
France the grade has existed at various times, usually
corresponding to that of general of brigade. It was sup-
pressed in 1848. The rank is often nominal, the Duke of
Wellington having been field-marshal in various European
armies. Abbreviated F. M.
No more . . .
Shall the gaunt figure of the old Field Marshal
Be seen upon his post I
LongfeUow, Warden of the Cinque Ports.
In 1818 he [Wellington] was ma&e field marshal of Aus-
tria, Prussia, and Kusaia. Amer. Cyc, XVI. 560.
Field-marshal lieutenant. In the Austrian army, a gen-
eral of division.
field-marshalship (feld'mar'shal-ship), n. [<
field^marshal + -ship.^ The office or dignity of
a field-marshal.
2204
field-martin (t'eld'tnar'tin), n. The common
king-bird, Tyrannus carolinensis. [Southern
U. §.]
field-mouse (feld'mous), n. 1. A name of sev-
eral European species of mice, Mus sylvaticus,
and sundry other species of the same genus,
as the harvest-mouse, M. humilis. in Great Britain
the voles, of the genus Arvicola, are often distinguished as
short-tailed field-mux. See field-vole.
The fieldrnouse builds her gamer under ground.
Vryden.
2. An American species of meadow-mice. See
Anicola.
field-night (feld'nit), n. A night of special ef-
fort and interest, as when a matter of grave im-
portance is discussed by leaders in a parlia-
ment. See field-day.
The debate was remembered as the greatest field-night
. . . had . . . for a generation.
Trevelyan, Early Hist, ol Fox, p. 32.
field-notes (feld'nots), ». pi. Notes made in
the field: as, the field-notes of a naturalist.
field-ofB.cer (feld'of"i-s6r), n. A military offi-
cer above the rank of captain and below that
of general, as a colonel. Abbreviated F. 0.
field-park (feld'park), n. Milit., a park or train
consisting of the spare carriages, reserved sup-
plies of ammunition, tools, and materials for
extensive repairs and for making up ammuni-
tion, for the service of an army in the field.
field-piece (feld'pes), n. Same as field-gun.
Can you lend me an armour of high-proof, to appear in,
And two or three field-pieces to defend me?
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, v. 2.
field-plover (feld'pluv'fer), n. 1. The Ameri-
can golden plover, Charadrius dominicus. — 2.
The black-bellied plover, Squatarola helvetica.
— 3. Bartram's sandpiper, iforimmfa longicau-
da. [U. S. in all senses.]
field-preacher (feld' pre ■'chsr), n. One who
preaches in the open air. The term came into com-
mon use at the time of the fleld-preaching of Whitefleld
and Wesley in the middle of the eighteenth century, though
it was previously used in Scotland.
Do you think the popish field-preachers . . . made no
provision before they set out upon their expeditions?
Bp. Lavington, To Whitefleld.
field-preaching (feld'pre''''ching), n. Preaching
in the open air.
field-room (feld'rom), n. Open space ; hence,
unrestricted opportunity.
They ... had field-room enough to expatiate upon the
gross iniquity of the covenant. Clarendon, Life, II. 294.
field-service (feld'ser'"vis), n. Service per-
formed by an officer or by troops in the field,
in contradistinction to that performed in gar-
rison ; service in time of war.
field-show (feld'sho), ». Same as field-trial.
fieldsman (feldz'man), n. ; -pi. fieldsmen (-men).
[< fwkVs, poss. ot field, -t- man.'] In cricket, a
fielder. [Eng.]
field-sparro'W (feld'spar'o), n. A small frin-
gilline bird of the United States, the SpizeUa
pusilla or S.
agrestis, closely
resembling and
related to the
chipping - spar-
row, S. sodalis
or <S. domestica.
It is very common
in the eastern
United States, in-
habiting fields,
hedges, and way-
sides, and nesting
in low bushes near
the ground.
field-sports
(feld 'sports), n.
pi. Recreations
of the field;
outdoor sports,
particularly
hunting and
athletic games.
field-staff (feld'staf), n. A staff fonnerly car-
ried by gunners in the field, and holding a
lighted match for discharging cannon.
field-telegraph (feld'tel^e-grif), n. A tele-
graph adapted for use in the field in military
operations. In some instances part of the wire is
reeled off from a wagon and supported on light posts, and
another partis insulated and allowed to rest on the ground.
field-titling (feld'tit'ling), n. The meadow-
pipit, Anthus pratensis. [Local, Eng.]
field-'train (feld'tran), n. In the British army,
a branch of the artillery service, consisting of
commissaries and conductors of stores, which
has charge of the ammunition, and whose duty
Field-sparrow i^Sfizclla pusilta
flendful
it is to form depots of it at convenient points
between the base of operations and the front,
so that no gun may run short during an engage-
ment.
field-trial (feld'tri'''al), H. A test of hunting-
dogs, with reference to their performance in
the field, after a formula of points, or units
of merit, prescribed by fixed rules and adjudi-
cated upon by judges. Sportsman's Gazetteer.
Also field-show. See bench-show.
Its [the setter's] representatives swept the field trials of
their prizes, and from this fact soon came to be known as
the "fleld-trial breed." The Century, XXXI. 122.
field-'VOle (feld'vol), n. A rodent animal, Ar-
vicola agrestis, also called the short-tailed field-
mouse or meadow-mouse. See ArvicoUnm and
vole.
field-'WOrk (feld'werk), m. 1. In surv., physics,
etc., work done, observations taken, or other
operations, as triangulation, leveling, observ-
ing the stars for latitude, longitude, azimuth,
etc., making geological observations, study-
ing objects in their natural state, collecting
specimens, etc., carried on in the field or upon
the ground, even though indoors. — 2. Milit,
a temporary work thrown up by either besieg-
ers or besieged, or by an army to strengthen
a position. Such works are of three kinds, namely,
those that are assailable only in front, those that are
assailable in front and on the flanks, and those that are
assailable on all sides.
fleldyt (fel'di), a. [< ME. fieeldy, feeldi, feldi
(tr. L. campestris) ; < field + -yi.] Open like
a field ; wide-spread.
In fieldy clouds he vanisheth away.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
fiend (fend), n. [Early mod. E. also feend; <
ME. feend, fend, feond, an enemy (most fre-
quently used of Satan and other evil spirits),
< AS. fednd, an enemy, hater, foe (often used
of Satan as the Enemy or Adversary), = OS.
fiond, fiund, fiand = OFries. fiand, fund = D.
vijand = L(J. fijend, fijnd = OHG. fiant, MHG.
viant, vient, Vint, G. feind, enemy, = Ieel.^o»di,
enemy, the devil, = Sw. fiende = Dan. hende,
enemy (but Sw./nM, D&n.fand-en, fiend, devil),
= Goth, fijands, an enemy ; lit. a hater, being
orig. ppr. of AS. fedn, fedgan, fiogan (ppr. /ed-
gende, 'fednde {^fednd, n.), pret./edde) = OHG.
fien = Icel. fid = Goth, fijan, hate (> faian,
find fault), = Skt. ■\^pi, piy, hate. Allied to foe
and feud^. Of similar formation is friend, lit.
lover.] It. An enemy; a foe.
Werse he doth his gode wines [friends] than his fiendes.
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 226.
Ther ne is non ypocrisye . . . ne drede of vyendes, ac
[but] alneway testes and kinges bredales [bridals].
Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 75.
2. Specifically, the enemy of mankind ; Satan ;
the devil. \_Fiend in this use is a translation
of the original of Satan (adversary) and of devil
(accuser).]
O Donegild, I ne have noon english digne
Unto thy malice and thy tirannye !
And therfor to the feend I thee resigne.
Let him endyten of thy traitorye I
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, I. 682.
Upon the Pynacle of that Temple was oure Lord brought,
for to ben tempted of the Enemye, the Feend.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 87.
Being of that honest few.
Who give the Fiend himself his due.
Tennyson, To the Rev. F. D. Maurice.
3. Hence, in a general sense, a devil ; a de-
mon ; a malignant or diabolical being ; an e'vil
spirit.
For I was more devout thanne than evere I was before
or after, and alle for the drede of Fendeg, that 1 saughe in
dyverse Figures. Mandeville, Travels, p. 283.
This look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven.
And /ends will snatch at it. Shak., Othello, v. 2.
4. An exceedingly wicked, cruel, spiteful, or
destructive person: as, a dynamite fiend; a
fire fiend.
lach. Methinks, 1 see him now—
Post. Ay, so thou dost,
Italian /end .' Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5.
5. A person who gives great annoyance; a
persistent bore: as, the newspaper ^enrf ; the
hand-organ _^e»d. [Ludicrous.]
It is one of the marvels of the human mind, this sorcery
which the tiend of technical imitation weaves about his
victims, giving a phantasmal Helen to their arms and mak-
ing an image of the brain seem substance.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 217.
= Syn. .See devU.
fiendfult (fend'ful), a. [< fiend + -ful.'] Full
of evil or malignant practices.
Regard his hellish fall,
ynume Jiendfid fortune may exhort the wise.
Marlowe, Faustus, v. i.
flendfully
ftendfullyt (fend'ful-i), adv. In a fiendful man-
m-r.
fiendish (fen'dish), a. [< fiend + -isAl.] Hav-
ing the qualities of a fiend ; characteristic of
anend; demoniacal; extremely wicked, cruel,
or malicious ; deviUsh : as, a fiendish persecu-
tor; fiendish laughter.
Varney waa taken on the spot ; and, instead of express-
ing compunction for what he had done, seemed to taiie a
tieiuliAh pleasure in pointing out to them the remains of
the murdered countess. Scott, Kenilworth, xli.
The Turliish shells marked us at once, and amidst a
JUndiah hurtling of projectiles we all tumbled otf our
horses, and running forward, took cover in the brush-
wood beyond.
Areh. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 96.
flendisMy (fen'dish-li), adv. In a fiendish
manner.
fiendishness (fen'dish-nes), n. The state or
quality of being fiendish : as, the fiendishness
of a person or of an act.
Dames, under a cloake of modesty and devotion, hide
nothing bat pride and ^nffuAn««<e.
Bp. Hall, Holy Panegyric.
A calm and dignified silence is the best answer to the
lienduhneu ot thirteen. W. Black, Macleod of Dare, viii.
fiendkint, 1. {^E. feandeken; < fiend + -kin.'}
A little fiend ; an imp.
Feondes and femuUkenes by-for me sballen stande.
Piert Plmcman (C), xii. 418.
fiend-like (fend'lik), a. Resembling a fiend:
maliciously wicked; diabolical.
The cruel ministers
Of this dead batcher, and \aa/ieniliie queen.
Shak., Macbeth, t. 7.
Man-like is it to fall into sin.
Fiend-tike is it to dwell therein.
Ijowjfelloie, tr. of F. von Logan's Poetic Aphorisms.
flendlyt (fend'li), o. [< ME. feendly, fendly,
fendely, hostile, devilish, < AS. feondlic, hos-
tile (= D. vijandelijk = OHG. Juintlih, MHG.
vientlieh, G. feindlieh ='lcel. fldndligr = Dan.
Jjendtlig = 8w. fiendtlig), < feind, enemy, -(-
Jic, E. -lyi.] 1. Hostile; inimical.
He semed frendly to hem that knewe him noaght,
But he yiatJeexMy, bothe in werk and thought.
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 292.
2. Fiend-like; devilish; fiendish.
So horrible ti/eendly creature.
Ckaueer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 653.
flent (fent), n. [Sc., the same as fiend, the
devil, and used, like devil, as a profane nega-
tive ; Dan. fanden, the fiend, is nsed in the
same way: see fiend.} The fiend — that is, the
devil : used as a negative, as in fient a bit (devil
a hit), fient a haet, fient hait (devil a whit), etc.
Bnt the' he was o' high degree.
The /lent a pride — nae pride had he.
Burnt, The Twa Dogs,
fler, «. Same as/eorS.
fieramente (fva-ri-men'te), adv. [It., < fiero,
fierce, bold, { L. ferut: see fierce.] In mumc,
with boldness, vigor, or fierceness.
Flerasfer (fi-e-ras'ffer), «. [NL.] The typical
genus of fishes of the famUy Fierasferiaa. it
contains several species, of tropical and subtropical seas,
which intrude in the bodies of nolothurians, as F. dubius
of the Pacific coast of Mexico.
flerasferid (fi-e-ras'fe-rid), n. A fish of the
family Fiintsferidce.
Fierasferida (fi''e-ras-fer'i-d§), n. pi. [NL.,
< Flerasfer + -idee.} A family of teleocepha-
lous fishes, typified by the genos Fierasfer, re-
lated to the Qphidiid<B, but havingno ventral fins
and with the anus thoracic orjugular in position.
The family includes ophidiold Ushes of eel-like siiape, some
of which at least are parasitic, entering the visceral cav-
ity of holothurfakDS through the anus, and there sojouru-
ing.
Fierasferina (fi-e-raB-fe-ri'n§), n. pi. [Nil., <
Fierasfer + -inw.} In Ottnther's ichthyological
system, the third group of Ophidiidte, without
ventral fins and with jugular anus: same as the
familv Fiirnnferidir.
flerasferoid (fi-e-ras'fe-roid), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Fierasferi^.
n. n. A flerasferid.
fierce (fers), a. [B^rly mod. E. also feeree,
feerse; < ME. feiree, fuers, fers, ferse, fierse,
fierce, also ferseh, by confusion with fersch,
frrsrh. bold, savage; < OF. .^», oldest nom.
form of OF./er,/ter, fierce, bold, F. fier, proud,
= Pr. fer, fier = It. fiero, fierce, cruel, stern,
proud, < Ij.ferus, wild, untamed, sava^^e, cruel,
fierce, fertis, commonly fem. fera, a wild beast.
Not related to Gr. d^p, a wild beast, or to E.
deer. Hence also (from L. ferus) fern, ferous,
feriti/, ferocious.} 1. Wild, as a beast; savage;
ferocious ; having a cruel or rapacious dispo-
2205
sitlon or intention : as, a fierce lion ; a fierce
pursuer.
Than theiwere more aferde than be-fore, for it [a dragon]
was moche greter and semed more feiree.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. S8.
"Who knows not
The all-devouring sword ot fierce Mountserrat?
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 6.
2. Ferocious in quality or manifestation ; in-
dicating or marked by savage cruelty or rage.
Sho was affrayet full foule with ^fuerse dreme.
DcDtruclion of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8429.
Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce ; and their wrath,
for it was cruel. Gen. xlix. 7.
A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard
the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young.
Dent, xxviii. 50.
O, save me, Hubert, save me ! my eyes are out.
Even with the fierce looks of these bloody men.
Shak., K. John, iv. 1.
3. Violent; vehement; impetuous; passionate;
ardent.
And so we rode out ye ferge storme for that night.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgryniage, p. 65.
Behold also the ships, which though they be so great,
and are driven of fierce winds, yet are they tiuued alK)ut
with a very small helm. Jas. iii. 4.
With a laugh of fierce derision, once again the phantoms
fled. Whittier, Garrison at Cape Ann.
4. Wild; disordered; dreadful.
Think no more of this night's accidents,
But as the fierce vexation of a dream.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
In the most high and palmy state of Rome,
A little ere the mightiest Julius fell.
The graves stood tenantless ; . . .
And even the like precurse of fierce events . . .
Have heaven and earth together demonstrated
Unto our climatures. Shak., Hamlet, i. 1.
6t. Strong; powerful.
ffestnet with /u^rse Ropis the flete in the hauyn ;
And buskit vnto banke, the boldist ay first.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4704.
6t. Great; large (of number).
Priamus . . . the peopeell . . .
Gert [made] sue to the City sothely to dwell.
And flld it with folke ; fuerse was the nowmber.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1617.
7. Brisk; lively. [Prov. Eng.]— 8. Sudden;
precipitate. [Prov. Eng.] =8yn. 1-3. infuriate, fell,
tlery, passionate, ttarbarous, rapacious, ravenous.
fiercely (fers'li), adv. [< ME. feersly, fersly,
etc. ; < fierce + -ly^.} In a fierce manner; ■vio-
lently ; furiously ; with rage.
Philip his faire folke ferselich araies,
Too Greece he gralllthes hym now with a grete will.
Atisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. 8.), L 2.<>S.
We at St. Albans met,
Oar battles Joln'd, and both sides fiercely fought.
SA<ii.,silen. VI., 11. 1.
The burning rays of the noontide son beat fiercely on
their heads. Preteott, Ferd. and Isa., 11. 12.
Two low-caste Bengalees dispute<l about a loan. At lint
they were calm, but soon grew furious and . . . looked
Aereely at each other from under their lowered and strong-
ly wrinklci! brows. Darwin, Express, of Emotions, p. 248.
fierceness (fSrs'nes), n. [< ME. feersnesse, fers-
nesse; < fierce + -ness.} The quality of being
fierce or furious; fury; ferocity; vehemence;
impetuosity.
His pride and brutal fierceness I abhor.
Dryden, Aarengzebc.
Thro' a stormy glare, a heat
As from a seventimes-heated furnace, I,
Blasted and bamt, and blinded as 1 was.
With snch a fierceness that I swoon 'd away —
O, yet methougbt I saw the Holy Grail.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
flerding-courtt, «. [< ME. 'ferding (Sc. ferd-
ing : see fardinfj'^, farthing), a fourth part, -(-
court.} One of an early class of English courts,
so called because four were established within
every su|)orior district or hundred.
fieri facias (fi'e-ri fa'shi-as). [L., lit. cause
it to be done: fieri (see fiat); facias, 2d pers.
sing. pres. subj. (iLsed imperatively) of facerc,
do, make, cause : see fact.} In law, an execu-
tion against property ; a writ issued, after the
rendering of a judgment for a sum of money,
commanding the sheriff to levy upon the goods,
or the goods and lands, of the judgment debtor
for the collection of the amount aue. Abbre-
viated to fi. fa.
fierily (Cr'i-li), adv. In a hot or fiery manner;
passionately.
She simply grew more and more proudly, passionately,
a Spaniard and a Moreno ; more and more stanchly and
fierily a Catholic and a lover of the Franciscans.
//. H. Jackson, Ramona, p. 29.
fleriness (fir'i-nes), n. The state or quality of
being fiery or burning, or vehement or impetu-
fife-major
ous, etc.: as, the fieriness of the sky; the,^n'-
ness of a horse.
The Italians, notwithstanding their natural fieriness of
temper, affect always to appear sober and sedate.
Addison, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 373.
fiery (fir'i), a. [Early mod E. also firy; < ME.
firy,fyry,fwry,fuyrie (AS. not f otmd; = OFries.
fiurech = D. vurig = MHG. viuric, G. feurig =
Dan. /^rijr, fiery) ; <.fire + -y^.} 1. Consisting
of fire, or resemlDling fire ; burning or flaming :
as, the fiery flood of Etna ; a fiery meteor ; a
flower of a, fiery color.
Whoso f alleth not down and worshippeth shall the same
hour be cast into the nudst of a burning _/ier3/ furnace.
Dan. iii. 6.
He with his horrid crew
Lay vanquish'd, rolling in the fiery gulf.
Miiton, P. L., i. 52.
2. Like fire in character or quality ; vehe-
ment ; impetuous ; passionate ; fierce : as, a
/ery speech; a^erysteed.
Good Lord, what fiery clashings we have had lately for
a Cap and a Surplice ! Howell, Letters, iv. 29.
Xor the constant danger of Innovations will hinder men
ol fiery and restless spirits from raising combustions in a
Nation. StUlimjfieet, Sermons, I. vii.
But the Queen and the citizens entertain themselves
with the hope that Aurelian's /icry temper will never en-
dure the slow . . . process of starving them into a sur-
render. W. Ware, Zenobia, II. xiv.
3. Like fire in effect; heated by or as if by
fire ; producing a burning sensation: as, a, fiery
wound or eruption ; fiery liquors or condiments.
God . . . bids a plague
Kindle a fiery boil upon the skin.
Courper, Task, ii. 183.
, Skirting with green the fierj/ waste of war.
Whittier, Peace Convention at Brussels.
Fiery cross. See ctomi.— Fiery tripUdty, in astroi.,
three signs of the zodiac, Aries, Leo, and ."Sagittarius.
= Syn. 2. Fervid, fervent, glowing, impassioned.
fiery-flare (fir'i-flar), n. A local English name
of the sting-ray, Trygon pastinaca. Also called
fiair, fireflare, fireflair.
fiery-footed (fir'i-fftt'ed), a. Impetuously
swift.
Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,
Towards Phoebus' lodging.
Shak., R. and J., iii. 2.
fiery-hot (fir'i-hot), a. Hot as fire; hence, fig-
uratively, impetuously eager or enthusiastic.
Fierjt-hot to burst
All barriers in her onward race
For power. Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxlv.
fiery-ne'W (fir'i-nu), a. Acrid or fiery from
newness.
The vintage, yet unkept.
Had reUah fiery-new.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
flery-Bhort(fir'i-sh6rt),a. Hotandcurt; brief
and passionate.
Fiery-short was Cyril's counter-scoff.
Tennyson, Princess, v.
fiestf, 1. and V. See fist^.
fiesta (fjres'ta), n. [Sp., a feast: see feast.}
In Spanish countries, a feast-day ; a hohday.
On holidays or fiestas the native and Mestiza women
often appear with their stockingless feet incased in a pair
of light-blue high-heeled French shoes.
U. S. Cons. Rep., No. llx. (1886), p. 257.
fi. fa. In lato, the usual abbre-viation of fieri
facias.
fife (fif ), n. [< OF. fifre, F. fifre, a fife, also a
fifer, = Sp. Pg. pifaro, pifano. a fife, a fifer, = It.
piffero, also pifara, a fife, < OHG. pfifa, MHG.
pfife, G. pfeife, a pipe, = E. pipe: see pipe,
which is a doublet otfife.} A musical instru-
ment of the flute class, usually having a com-
8=a
mm
pass of about two octaves upward from the
second D above the middle C ; a piccolo, or a
flute of still higher pitch: much used in mili-
tary music, particularly with drums.
The shrill trump.
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing /ft.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife !
Scott, Old Mortality, xxxiv., Motto.
fife (fif), V. i. or t. ; pret. and pp. fifed, ppr. fifing.
[< fife, n.} To play the fife, or to execute on a
fife : as, to fife in a band ; to fife a tune.
His ministerial colleagues would not all dance as their
master fifed, and the pressure of official "frictions " was
sore niK)ri him. Lowe, Bismarck, II. 424.
fife-major (fif 'raa''jor), n. A non-commissioned
officer who superintends the fifers of a battal-
ion. Compare drum-major.
flfer
flfor (fi'f^r), n. One who plays on a flfe.
fife-rail (fif' ral), n. Arail above the deck around
the lower part of the mast of a vessel, having
holes in it for belaying-pins.
fi-fi (fi'fi), a. [F. Ji fi, repetition of fi, fie:
see^*.] Somewhat immoral ; scandalous: as,
"Paul de Kock's fi-fi novels," Thackeray.
[Slang.]
The widow of an Indian Nalwb, from whom she was di-
vorced on account of some fi-fi story, my dear, that is never
mentioned now.
Mr». Argles (" The Dticheis"), Airy Fairy Lilian, xxxiii.
Fifish (fi'fish), a. fSe., < Fife + -ish^. "The
term, it is said, had its origin from a mrmber of
the principal families in the county of Fife hav-
ing at least a bee in their bonnet" (Jamieson),
i.e., being deranged. The earliest form of the
name of Fife was Fif; it is said to be a Jutland
word (fibh) meaning a forest.] Exceedingly
whimsical; crabbed and pecviliar in disposi-
tion ; cranky in a manner once considered char-
acteristic of Fifeshire in Scotland.
He will be as wowf as ever hia father was. To guide in
that gate a bargain that cost him four dollars — very, very
Fiftfli, as the east-country flsher-folks say. Scott, Pirate, ix.
fifteen (fif 'ten'), a. and n. [< ME.fiftene, < AS.
fiftene, fiftyne = OS. fiftein = OFries. fiftine,
fitene = O. vijftien = MLG. viftein, viften, LG.
feftcin, foftein = OHG. fimfzehan, finfzehan,
MHG. finfzehen, viinfzehen, G. fUnfzelm = Icel.
fimmtdn = Norw./e/»te» = Sw. femton = Dan.
femten = Goth, fimftaihun = L. quindedm = Gr.
nevTe{Kai)6eKa = Skt.jianchadaga; < AS. fif, etc.,
five, + ten, tyn, etc., ten: see five and ten.'] I.
a. Five more than ten, or one more than four-
teen : a cardinal numeral. i
Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3 (song).
n. n. 1. The sum of ten and five, or four-
teen and one. — 2. A symbol representing fif-
teen units, as 15, XV, or xv. — 3t. Same as fif-
teenth, 3.
First the kyng with her had not one penny, and for the
fetching of her the Marquis of Suffolke demanded a whole
fifteen in open parliament Hall, Hen. VI., an. 18.
The fifteen, the Jacobite rising in Scotland in 1715 : as,
he was out in ttie fifteen. [Scotch.]
Ye were just as ill afl in thefeifteen, and got the bonnie
baroiiie back, tn' a'. Scott, Waverley, xiv.
fifteenth (fif' tenth' ), a. and n. [< ME. fiftentlie,
fiftende, fiftethe, < AS. fiftedtha = OFries. fif-
tinda = D. virftiende = MLG. vifteinde, LG./o/-
teinde = OHG. finftazehento, funfzendo, MHG.
fiinfzehende, G. filnfzehnte = Icel. fimmtdndi =
Norw. femtande = Sw. femtonde = Dan. fem-
tende = Goth, fimftaihunda, fifteenth ; < AS. fif-
tyne, etc., fifteen, + -th, etc., ordinal suffix.]
L a. Next after the fourteenth: an ordinal nu-
meral.
II. ». 1. The quotient of unity divided by
fifteen; one of fifteen equal parts of anything:
as, eleven ^/tee»»t7ts(ii) of an acre. — 2. (a) In
music, the interval or the concord of a double
octave. (6) In organ-building, a stop whose
pipes are timed two octaves above the keys
struck. — 3. In early Eng. law, a fifteenth part of
the rents of the year, or of movables, or both,
granted or levied by way of tax. when a fifteenth
was the rate for the counties at large, that for towns and
demesnes was usually a tenth.
In 1334 the old system of grants of fractional parts of
moveables, ^^eeu^As and tenths, had been relinquished,
and in lieu thereof a practice was adopted of granting a
sum of money, to be partitioned out between the various
counties and towns as for ?i fifteenth and tenth.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, II. 52.
fifth (fifth), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also//<;
< ME. fifth£, fifte,fift, < AS. fif ta = OS. fifto =
OFries. fifta = D. viifde = MLG. vifte, vifte,
LG. fifte, fofte = OHG. fimfto, finfto, MHG. G.
fiinfte = Icel. fimmti = Sw. T>an.femte = Goth.
"fimfta (not recorded) = L. quintus = Gr. ■jri/i-
iTToi = Skt. panchatha (very rare: usually pa«-
chama, with different suffix), fifth; < AS. fif, E.
five, etc., + -tha, -ta, -th, ordinal suffix.] I. a.
Next after the fourth: an ordinal numeral.
He consecrated Games, after the like Heathenish so-
lemnitie, in honour of Caesar, to be celebrated euery fift
yeare at Cacsarea. Purchae, Pilgrimage, p. 118.
Fifth Chain, the tug or chain which connects the leading
horse with the pole when five horses are used in a team.
—Fifth-day, the name commonly used by the Society of
Friends to di;sixiiat<^ Thursday, the fifth day of the week.—
Hfth essence or element. See eaxence, 5. — Fifth Mon-
archy Men, a sect of millenarians of the time of Crom-
well, dilfering from other Second-Adventists in believing
not only in a literal second coming of Christ, but also that
it was their duty U> inaugurate bis kingdom by force. This
kinj^dom was to be tha fifth and last in the series of which
thoee of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Home were the pre-
Two forms of Fifth Wheels.
2206
ceding four ; hence their self-assumed title. They unsuc-
cessfully attempted risings against the government in 1657
and IIMU.
Our vicar, from John 18. v. 36, declaim'd against ye folly
of a sort of enthusiasts and desperate zealots, call'd ye
Fifth-Monarchtt-Men, pretending to set up the kingdome
of Christ with the sword. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 10, 1657.
Fifth nerve, that one of the cranial nerves which comes
between the fourth and sixth in enumeration from before
backward; the tri-
facial or trigeminal
nerve. See second
cut under brain. —
Fifth wheel, a hori-
zontal plate, bent
to form a whole or
part of a circle,
placed on the for-
ward axle of a car-
riage. It is de-
signed to support
the fore part of the
body while allow-
ing it to turn free-
ly in a horizontal
plane. Sometimes
called circle-iron.
II. n. 1. The
quotient of uni-
ty divided by
five ; one of
five equal parts of anything: as, one fifth (i)
of an acre. — 2. In music: (a) A tone five dia-
tonic degrees above or below any given tone.
(6) The interval between any tone and a tone
five degrees distant from it. (c) The combina-
tion of two tones distant by a fifth, (d) In
a scale, the fifth tone from the bottom; the
dominant: solmizated sol, as G in the scale
of C, or E in that of A. The typical mterval of the
fifth is that between the first and fifth tones of a diatonic
scale, acoustically represented by the ratio 3 ; 2, and equal
to three diatonic steps and a half. Such a fifth is called
perfect or major; a fifth a half-step shorter is called di-
minished or minor; a fifth a half -step longer is called aug-
mented, pluperfect, superfluous, or extreme. The perfect
fifth is the next most perfect consonance after the octave.
In harmony the parallel motion of two voices in perfect
fifths is forbidden ; such fifths are often called consecutive
fifths, or simply consecutives.
As if a musician should insist on having nothing but
perfect chords and simple melodies, no diminished /(/(/is,
no flat sevenths, no flourishes, on any account.
0. W, Holmes, Autocrat, ii.
3. In early Eng. law, a fifth part of the rents of
the year, or of movables, or both, granted or lev-
ied by way of tax — Defective fifth. See defective.—
False fifth, in music, a diminished Btth.— Hidden fifths,
in music, the consecutive fifths that are suggested when
two voices proceed in similar (not parallel) motion to a
perfect fifth. (See „ | i _^
^1
fig
fiinfzig = Icel. fimmtigir, jnod. fimmtiu = Norw.
femti = Sw. femtio = Dan. feniti (usually halv-
tredsindstyve) = Goth, fimftigjus = L. quinqua-
ginta = Gr. trcvTyiiovTa = Skt. panchdgat, fifty;
< AS. fif, 'E.five, etc., + AS. -tig, Goth, tigjus,
etc., a form allied to ten ; fifty being thus 'five
tens': see-<yi.] I. a. Five times ten; ten more
than forty, or one more than forty-nine : a car-
dinal numeral.
hGiUiT fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.
Tennyson, Locksley Uall.
II. n.; p\. fifties (-tiz). 1. The simi of five
tens, or of forty-nine and one.
And they sat down in ranks, by hundreds and hy fifties.
Mark vi. 40.
2. A symbol representing this number, as 50,
L, or 1. — Fifty DeciBions. ^gg decisixm.
fifty-fold (fif '^ti-fold), adv. Fifty times.
Let worse follow woi-se, till tlie worst of all follow him
laughing to his grave, fifty-fold a cuckold,
Shak., A. and C, L 2.
figif (fig), V. i. ; pret. and pp. figged, ppr. figging.
[Another form, with sonant g for surd k, of fiek,
fike^, q. v. Hence the assibilated form fidge,
and freq. fidget, q. v.] To move suddenly or
quickly ; rove about.
Like as a Hound, that (following loose, behinde
His pensive Master) of a Hare doth finde;
Leaves whom he loves, vpon the scent doth ply.
Figs to and fro, and fals in cheerfnll Cry.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Baitas's Weeks, ii.. The Handy-Crafts.
fig2 (fig), n. [< ME. fig,fyg,fygge, v^.figes, figis,
figgus (rarely /yfce, < AS. fie), a fig-tree, a fig,
also piles, < OF. figue, fige (prob. < Pr.), also
fie, F. figue = Pr.figa, figua, also^o = Sp. higo,
OSp. Pg. figo = It. fico = AS. fie (in comp.) =
OS. figa = D. vijg = MLG. vige = OHG. figa,
MHG. vige, G. feige = Icel. fikja = OSw. fika,
Sw. fikon = Dan. figen, < L. ficus, tern, (rarely
masc), a fig-tree, a fig, also the piles.] 1. The
common name for species of the genus Ficus,
and for their fruit. The common fig, F. Cariea, is
a native of the Mediterranean region ; it has been culti-
vated from a very remote date, and is now found in most
fig. 1.) The objec
tion to this kind
of progi-ession be-
comes evident
when the interrae-
Fig. I.
diate tones through which the skipping voice virtually
passes are filled in. (See fig. 2.) Hidden fifths are forbid-
lips
Fig. 3.
den in strict counterjwint, and discountenanced in simple
harmony, particularly if both voices skip. Compare kid-
fiftliy7fifth'U), adv. [< fifth + -ly^.'] In the
fifth place.
Fifthly, they counted all them as wicked and reprobate
wyche were not of their secte. Whitgi/t, Defence, p. 41.
fifthy (fif'thi), a. [< fifth + -yl.] In musical
acoustics^ having, as a tone, the second har-
monic— that is, the fifth above the octave —
specially prominent. [Rare.]
If Ce G be followed by C D Fa, we seem to have two
primary triads (involving fifths) — or, to use Hauptmann's
expression, they have a ''fifthy" appearance.
The Academy, Sept. 22, 1888, p. 213.
fiftieth (fif'ti-eth), a. and n. [< ME. fiftithe,
fiftiithe, fiftugethCj < AB. fiftigotha = OFries.
fifticksta = D. vijftigste = MLG. viftegestCy LG.
[foftigste = OKGc.fimfzugostOj MHG. vuttfzegeste,
G.fiinfiigste = Icel. fimmtuffdncJi, mod. fimmtn-
gasti = Norw. femtiande — Sw. femtionde =
han, femtiende J fiftieth; < AS. ftftigy 'E, fifty,
etc., + 'tka^ -thj ordinal suffix.] I. a. Next
after the forty-ninth: an ordinal numeral.
A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you : ye shall
not sow, neither reap that which groweth of itself in it,
nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed.
Lev. XXV. 11.
n. n. The quotient of unity divided by fifty ;
one of fifty equal parts of anything : as, twen-
tv-four fiftieths (f J) of an estate.
fifty (fif 'ti), a. and n. [< ME. fifty, fifti, < AS.
fiftig = OS. ftftich = OFries. Af^ich^ fiftech =
D. vijftig = MLG. viftich, veftick, LG. foftig =
0U.Q,fimf2ug,finf2UCf MHG. viinfzeCjfiinfzeCj G.
Common Fig {Ficus Cariea).
warm temperate countries. It is a small tree, with lai^e,
rough, deciduous leaves, and a pyriforra fruit, which va-
ries much in size, color, and flavor, and of which twcj crops
are usually home each season. This fruit roiisists of a
hollow, fleshy receptacle filled with a multitude of minute
nutlets or so-called
seeds, the ripened
ovaries of the pistil-
late flowers wliich
covered the interior.
When green the fig
has a milky, acrid
juice, which be-
comes sweet and
mucilaginous at ma-
turity. The Turkey
or Smyrna figs of
commerce, which
are the most esteem-
ed, are large and
pulpy. A superior
quality of these are
known as eleme fijs
(Turkish ell&m^,
hand-picked). What
are called Greek tigs
are small and dry. The number of cultivated varieties is
large. Figs are used in medicine as a mild laxative. The
wild fig, or caprifig. is the staniinate and sterile form of the
same species. Of other species, F. Sycamwus, Pharaoh's
flg, or the sycamore flg, is a lai^e tree of Egypt, the fruit of
which is eaten by the Arabs. Its light, durable wood was
used by the Egyptians as the material for their mummy-
cases. F. religiom, the sacred fig of India, is also known
as the pipptd- or bo-tree (which see). F. pedunrtdata is
the wild or red flg of southern Florida and the West In-
dies, a tree sometimes 40 feet high, and spreading by aerial
roots, with a very small, globose fruit. The black flg of
Jamaica is F. Mwn/oitaand F. cras»xnerma. In Australia,
F. macrophylla is known as the Moreton Bay fig. a noble
tree with a "broadly buttressed trunk. F. nibiyinosa, the
Port Jackson flg, is a tree with rooting brauches, similar
to the banian.
, Section of Female Floret of Fig;
Section of Fruit of FIp.
fig •
Do men rather grapes of thorns, or Jigs of thistles?
Mat viL 16.
Feed him with apricocks, and dewberries ;
With purple grapes, greea Jigs, and mulberries.
Shak., M. N. D., iii. 1.
2. A name given to various plants having a
fruit somewhat resembling the fig. — 3. A flo-
rideous alga, Callithamnion floridulum. [West
coast of Ireland.]
At the close of the summer great quantities of its hemi-
spherical, densely matted and aggregated cushions, which
are called jiijs by the country people, are washed ashore
and collected as manure. Phycoloym Britannica,
4. The fig-tree. — 5. A raisin. [Prov. Eng.]
In Cornwall, raisins are called /!(/» ; "a thoomping flggy
pudden,'* a big plum pudding.
Spec, of Cornish Dialect, p. 53,
6. In farriery, an excrescence on the frog of
a horse's foot following a bruise. — 7. A con-
temptuous gesture, pretended to be of Spanish
origin, which consisted in thrusting out the
thumb between the first and second fingers.
Also called fig of Spain and fico.
Pitt. Figo for thy friendship.
Flu. ItUwelL
Pitt. The Jig of Spain! [Exit Pistol.]
Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6.
8. As a colloquial standard of value or consid-
eration, the merest trifle ; the least bit : as, your
opinion is not worth & fig ; I don't care a fig
for it Adam's fU>i the banana, Muia sapieTitium.— A
tig for (this or that), a phraae used eUiptically tor "I
don't care a fig for," etc., to express the speaker's scorn
for some insignificant or worthless person or thing.
Tarie till wee can get but three,
And a Jig for all your braves.
HMn Hood and the Peddlers (Child's Ballada, V. 246X
m pledge you all, and a fig for Peter !
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., 11. .3.
Why, now, a Pig for jroor Father's kindness ; you are
*ble to pay your Debts yonraelf, Sir.
jrr>. Centlivre, The Oimester, UL
Yet whoop. Jack \ kiss Olllian the quicker.
Till she bloom like a lose, and a fig for the vicar!
Scott, L. of the L., vl. 5.
A fix Of Spaln^ See def. 7, above.— Balsam flg, of Ja-
maica, Clutia ro««o.— Cochineal flg, a siwcies of cactus,
Sopaiea cothimUifera. Country flg, of .Sierra Leone,
the Sartocephalut etcuUnt^iit. u rui'iarcous tree or shnihhy
climber bearing an edible fruit. — Hottentot flg, tlu' Mc-
KTHtiriamtiumuan eduU of South Africa, the niucilm;iii'>us
capsules of which make an agreeable preserve.— Indian
flg, a common name for species of the cactaceous genus
OjniHiia, eniecUIlr O. mdgarii and O. Pieitt-Indiea.—
Keg flg, of Japan and China, the Diotpyrot Kalcu—WQA
flg, ofJamaica, Cliuia Jtaoa.
f^ (fig), V. t. [< fig^, «.] 1. To insult with
ficos, or contemptuous motions of the fingers.
See fig^,n., 7, &nd fico.
When Pistol lies, do this ; and Jig me, like
The bragging .Spaniard. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3.
2. To put into the head of, as something worth-
less or useless.
Away to the sow she goes, and Jlgt her in the crown with
another story. Sir R. LKstrange.
flg-< (fig), n. [An abbr. of figure, perhaps in
ref. to this abbr. ("Fig. I, etc.) in fashion-
plates.] 1. Dress; equipment: used chiefly in
the phrase in full fig, in full or oflicial dress.
[Slang.]
In walked the Cap of Maintenance, bearing the sword of,
and followed bv, the Lord Mayor infxMfig.
R. U. D. Barhiam, Mem. of K. H. Barham, In Ingoldsby
(Legends, I. 91.
Lo! isnotoneottheqneen'spyebaldstn/Wf/l^asgreat
and as foolish a monster? Thaekeray, Book of Snobs, xxlx.
Hence — 2. Condition; state of preparation or
readiness: as, the horse is in good fig tat the
race. [Sporting slang.]
~i^ (fl«), f- 1. ; pret. and pp. figged, ppr. figging.
[< fig', «.] 1. To dress or deck : as, to ^ one
out. [Slang.] — 2. To trick or hocus, as a horse,
so as to make the animal appear lively or Rpirit-
ed, as by putting a piece of ginger into the anus.
flg. A common abbreviation of figure.
flg-applo (flff'ap'l), n. i<figi + apple. Cf.AS.
fir-appel, lit. 'fig-apple,' a fig.] A species of
apple without a core or kernel.
flgia^t (fi-ga'ri), n. fAlgo/ejrory, figuary; cor-
rupted from vagary.] A vagary.
Leave your mWAfigaries, and learn to be a tame antic.
Ford, Fancies, ill. 3.
He aald Sellna was missed two or three hours on the
weddInK mom ; some figary, I know not what.
Shirley, Love Tricks, v. 1.
fig-banana (fig'ba-nan'ft), n. A small variety
of the banana, common in the West Indies and
highly esteemed there,
fig-blue (fig'blii), n. Same as soluble blue (b)
(wliii'h see, under blue).
fig-cake (fie'kak), n. A preparation of figs
and almonds worked up into a hard paste and
pressed into round cakes.
2207
fig-dust (fig'dust), n. Finely ground oatmeal,
used as food for eaged birds.
fig-eater (fig'e"t6r), n. [A translation of L.
JiceduUi, a name of some small bird, or rather
of various small birds that eat figs. Cf. the
similar heccafico.'] If. An old name given by
Willughby to a small bird of Great Britain, sup-
posed to be the garden-warbler, Sylvia horten-
sis. Also fig-pecker. — 2. In entom., a scarabseoid
beetle, Allorliina nitida. [Southern U. S.]
figentt (fij'ent), a. lAlso fichent, figient ; <fig^
ov fidge + "-eHt, as if from a L. ppr., or prob.
the JIE. ppr. suffix -ende, -and, etc.] Fidgety.
I have known such a wrangling advocate.
Such a little /i^e/i< thing : oh, I remember him ;
A notable talking knave !
Beau., and PL, Little l"rench Lawyer, iii. 2.
I tell you, a sailor's cap ! 'Slight, God forgive me ! what
kind otfigent memory have you?
Marston, Jonson, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, iii. 2.
I never could stand long in one place, yet ;
I learnt it of my father, ever figient.
iliddleton. Chaste Maid, iii. 3.
flgeti've (fij'e-tiv), a. In her., same &sfitche.
fig-faun (fig'fan), n. [Tr. L. faunus ficarius, in
the Vulgate.] A mythical being, a creature
supposed to feed upon figs.
Therefore shall dragons dwell there with the fig-fauns.
Jer. 1. 39 (Douay version).
fig-feeder (fig'fe'dfer), n. A chalcid hymenop-
terous insect of the group Agaonida.
fig-frailt, »• A fig-basket.
Bun. Nay, you shall see a house dressed up, i' faith ; you
must not think to tread a' th' ground when you come there.
Qol. No? how then?
Bun. Why, upon paths made of fig-frails and white
blankets cut out in steaks.
Middleton, Your Five Gallants, iv. 5.
figging (fig'ing), n. In soap-making, white gran-
ulations of stearate of potash, produced by the
addition of a certain amount of tallow to the
oils of which soft soap is made : so called from
its resemblance to the granular texture of a
fig-
fig-gnat (fig'nat), n. A gnat, Culex ficarius, of
the family Culicidtt, injurious to the fig, into
the interior of which it enters,
figgumt (fig'um), n. [Mere jargon.] Jugglers'
tricks generally ; especially, the tnck of spit-
ting fire.
Lady J. See, he spits fire !
Sir P. KitA. O no, be plays ttfiggum :
The devil Is the author of wicked figgum.
B. Jonson, Devil Is an Ass, v. 6.
figgy(fig'i),n- [</</a + .yl.] 1. Full of figs or
raisins : as, a figgy pudding. [Prov. Eng.] —
2. Resembling figs; specifically, in soap-mak-
ing, containing white granulations of stearate
of potash. See figging.
The quality of soft soap is thought to depend In some
measure upon the existence of white particles diffused
through the mass, producing theappearance called "yi^^."
USeiU, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 408.
figgy-dO'Wdie (flg'i-don'di), n. Naut., plum-
duff. Hamersly.
fight (fit), V. ; pret. and pp. fought, ppr. fighting.
[< ME. fighten, fihten, fehten, etc., < AS. feohtan
(pret. feaht, pi. fukton, pp. fohten) = OFries.
fiuchta = I). MLG. veehten = OHG. fehtan,
MHG. vehten, G. feehien (> Norw. fikta = 8w.
fakta = D&n.fa;gte), fight. On the supposition
that the radical vowel of the inf. was ong. u (as
in pret. and pi.) and not e (eo), i. e., that the
Goth, form, which is not recorded, was *fiuhtan,
a connection has been sought with lj.pugnare,
fight, Gr. vvKTtieiv, fight, box, < n-iJ/cTTf, a boxer;
a similar connection then existing between L.
pugna. Or. Tniy/i^, fist, and E. fisfl, Goth, as if
yuksti : aee pugnarious and fist^.l I. intrans.
1. 'To engage in battle or in single combat ;
contend in arms ; attempt to defeat, subdue, or
destroy an adversary by physical means.
Come, and be our captain, that we nay fight with the
children of Animon. Judges xl. (t.
Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against
all his enemies on every side. 1 Sam. xiv, 47.
I'll fight till from my bones the flesh be hack'd.
.Shak., Macbeth, v. 3.
2. To contend in any way; struggle for the
gaining of an end; strive vigorously: as, to
fight against disease; to fight in a political
campaign.
With the choking weeds the tulip/o«jA(,
Paler and smaller than he had been erst.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 176.
As long as any man exists, there is some need of him ;
let him fight tor his own.
Emerson, Nominalist and Realist.
That cock won't light. See poci'. -To light shy of,
to avoid from a feclTng of dislike, fear, mistrust, diffi-
dence, etc.
fighting
n. trails. 1. To contend with in battle ; war
against: as, they fought the enemy in two
pitched battles. — 2. To contend against in any
manner.
Some ship th&tjights the gale
On this wild December night.
M. Arnold, Tristram and Iseult.
3. To carry on or wage, as a battle or other
contest.
This first Battel of St. Albans vaa fought upon the three
and thirtieth Year of K. Henry's Reign.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 194.
Soothed with the sound, the king grew vain ;
Fought all his battles o'er again.
Dryden, Alexander's Feast, 1. 67.
4. To win or gain by battle or contest of any
kind ; sustain by fighting.
Effeminate as I am,
I will not^At my way with gilded arms.
Tennyson, Geraint.
5. To cause to fight; manage or manoeuver in
a fight: as, to fight cocks; to fight one's ship.
The most recent wooden war vessels have but two decks,
&nd fight their guns on the upper one only.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 212.
To light It out, to struggle till a decisive result is at-
tained.
Come and go with me to Nottingham,
And there we will fight it out.
Robin Hoods Delight (Child's Ballads, V. 215).
To tight the tiger, to play faro ; hence, to take part in
any game played against a gambling-bank. [Slang, U. S.]
While the majority of the vast encampment reposes in
slumber, some resolute spirits are fighting the tiger, and a
light gleaming from one cottage and another shows where
devotees of science are backing their opinion of the rela-
tive value of chance bits of pasteboard, in certain com-
binations, with a liberality and faith for which the world
gives them no credit.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 220.
fight (fit), n. [< ME. fight, fiht, fehf, feoht, etc.,
< AS. feoht, commonly ge-feoht, also feohte, a
fight, battle, = OS. fehta = OFries. fiucht = D.
gevecht = MLG. vacht, vaehte, vechte = OHG.
fehta, MHG. vehte, G. gefecht, a fight; from the
verb.] 1. A battle; an attempt to overcome
or defeat by physical means; a contest with
natural or other weapons.
These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant.
Though by his blindness maim'tl for high attempts.
Who now defles thee thrice to single yi^M,
As a petty enterprise of small enforce.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1222.
Nothing attracts the crowd's Interest like a fight, whe-
ther the combatants be two dogs, or a Napoleon and Wel-
lington. O. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II. 98.
2. Any contest or struggle.
We take them for our enemies, for the object and party
of our contestation and spiritual fight.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 180.
8. A bulkhead or other screen designed for
the protection of the men during a battle; a
bulwark. See close-fights.
They fiercely set upon
Tlie parapets, and poU'd them down, raz'd every foremost
fight. Chapman, Iliad, xll. 271.
Clap on more sails; pursue, up with your fights;
Give fire ; she Is my prize, or ocean whelm them all I
Shak., M. W. of W., 11. 2.
4. Power or inclination for fighting.
p. was not, however, yet utterly overcome, and had
some/^AMeft in him. Thackeray.
= Syn. 1. Conflict, Combat, etc. (see JaWfel) ; fray, affray,
encounter, affair, brush.
fighter (fi'tfer), n. [= OFries. fiuehtere = D.
MLG. vechter = OHG. fehtdri, MHG. vehKere,
vehter, G. fechter = Dan. fcegter = Sw. fdktare;
as fight, v., + -eri.] One who fights; a com-
batant ; especially, one who is disposed to fight,
or who fights well.
But the fortune otfeghters may be fell chaunse.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1761.
To the latter end of a fray . . . fits a dull fighter.
Shak., lHen.lV.,iv. 2.
I must confess to you, sir, I am no fighter; I am false
of heart that way. SAa*., W. T., Iv. 2.
fighting (fi'ting), n. [< ME. fightyng, fihtinge;
verbal n. ot fight, ».] The act of engaging in
combat or battle ; a battle or contest.
When we were come Into Macedonia, our flesh had no
rest, but we were troubled on every side ; without were
fightings, within were fears. 2 Cor. vii. 6.
From whence come wars and fightings among you ?
Jas. iv. 1.
fighting (fi'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of fight, v. In
second sense, attrib. use of fighting, n.] 1.
(^alifled or trained to fight; fit to fight: as,
fighting armies.
Sexty thowsande mene, the syghte was fuUe hugge,
Mlefyghtande folke of the ferre laundes.
Morle Arthurs (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4067.
U7j!iah had an host of fighting men, that went out to
war by bands. 2 Cbron. xzvl. IL
fighting
2. Of or pertaining to battle ; characteristic of
a disposition to tight. — 3. Occupied in war;
being the scene of war: as, & fighting field.
flghting-COCk (fi'ting-kok), n. 1. A game-cock
(which see). — 2. A pugnacious fellow. [Slang,
XJ. S.] — To live like fighting-cocks, to be well led ;
Indulge ill high liviiig. (Slaiig]
fighting-fish (S'ting-fish), H. A Siamese fish,
Bettii itiignax. of the family Oaphromenidse : so
called from its pugnacity, it is a small niiftbaiitoid
flsh, with a short, spineless doi-aal fin on tlie middle of the
back, a long anal, and ventrals of five rays, of which tlie
outer is elongated. In Siam tliese fishes are kept in glass
globes for the purpose of fighting, and an extravagant
amount of gambling takes place upon the results of the
flghtA. When the flsh is quiet, its colors are dull ; but when
it is irrilateii, as by tlie sight of another fish, or of its own
reflection in a mirror, it glows with metallic splendor, the
projecting gill-membrane waving like a black frill about
the throat.
fighting-sandpiper (fi' ting-sand'pi-pfer), n.
Tlie ruff, Machetes pugnax.
fighting-stopper (fi'ting-stop'^r), ». Naut.. a
eoutrivance, consisting of two wooden deadeyes
and a rope lanyard, for quickly
securing any standing rigging
shot away in action.
fighting-top (fi'ting-top"), n. In
a man-of-war, a platform, gener-
ally circular in shape, on or near
the top of a mast, and provided
with rapid-fire guns of small cali-
ber and with accommodations for
riflemen. It is generally reached by
a ladder Inside the hollow steel mast.
fightward tfit'ward), adv. To a
battle. [Bare.]'"
To fightward they go as to f eastward.
Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XLIII. 168.
fightwitet (fJt'wit), V. [Repr.
AS.fyhtwite, < feoht, fight, + wife,
fine.] In old law, a fine imposed
for disturbing the peace by a
quarrel.
Flgites (fij'i-tez), n. [NL. (La-
treille, 1802), prob. irreg. < F.
figue, fig {seefig^), + -ites.'i A
genus of parasitic gall-flies, of the hymenop-
terous family Ci/« ipidse, giving name to the fam-
ily Fiffitidx or subfamily Figitinm, having the
scutellum unarmed and the parapsidal grooves
distinct. Two North American and 16 European species
have been described, all parasitic upon dipterous insects,
BO far as known. F. Scutellaria attacks the larvae ol
flesh-flies.
Figitidae (fi-jit'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Figiics +
-idie.'] A family of parasitic hymenopterous
insects, resembling the chalcids in some re-
spects, but more nearly related to and often
merged in Cynipidce, represented by the genus
Figites and its allies. It is characterized by having
the second segment of the body less than half as long as
the abdomen, and the ovipositor retracted.
Figitinae (fij-i-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Figites +
-JHW.] A subfamily of Cynipidce, typified by the
genus Figites, containing 6 genera of wide dis-
tribution. With the Allolriinoe it includes all the para-
sitic cynipids, and it is distinguished from that subfamily
by the quadrate cupuliform or spined scutellum.
fig-leaf (fig'lef), TO. [ME.notfound; AS.fidedf,
< fie (in comp.) + leaf, leaf.] The leaf of a
fig-tree; figuratively, a thin or partial cover-
ing, in allusion to the first covering of Adam
and Eve ; a makeshift.
And they[Adam and Eve] sewed yS^-ZeouM together, and
made themselves aprons. Gen. iii. 7.
What pitiful fig-leaves, what senseless and ridiculous
shifts, are these ! South, Sermons, II. 296.
Fig-shell (Pyrula or /''i.
cuiaJScus).
Fighting-stopper
in place to secure a
shroud which has
lieen shot away.
[For "figling; <fi^^ + -linghj
figlint (fig'lin), TO.
A small fig.
I flnde in my self e daily a great desire to these flgges, or
fat figlins. Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
figment (fig'ment), n. [< LL. figmentum, any-
thing made, a fiction, < fingere, make, form,
feign: aoe fiction, feign.'] 1 . Something feigned
or imagined; an invention; a fiction.
Del. 1 heard he was to meet your lordship here.
Punt, You heard no figinent, sir.
B. Jovson, Every Man out of his Humour, iv.
Xuma's nightly conferences with a goddess was a fig-
ment for which the people of Rome had his word only.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. i.
The pretence of any plan for changing the essential
{irinciple of our self-governhig system is a figment which
U contrivers laugh over among themselves.
O. \y. lioliiiee, Essays, p. 110.
2. In J»eto;)fe., the opposite of a real thing; that
the characters of which are arbitraiT, depend-
ing on the thought of some particular person
or persons.
2208
flgmental (fig'men-tal), a. [< figment + -al.']
Of the nature of a fijgment; feigned; ima-
gined.
There being a memory also of these figmental impres-
sions, [I demand] how they can be seated upon the brain,
the seat of memory.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, x., App.
figot (fe'go), TO. Same as fico. Shak.
fig-peckert (fig'pek"fer), to. Same as fig-eater, 1.
See hcccafico.
fig's-endt (figz'end), n. A thing of small value ;
a trifle.
Rod. She is full of most blessed condition.
lago. Blessci fig' send! Shak., Othello, ii. 1.
I will not give &fig's-end for it.
Withals, Diet. (ed. 1634), p. 657.
fig-shell (fig'shel), TO. A popular name of the
shells of the various species
of the genus Pyrula or Picu-
la, so called from their pyri-
form or fig-like shape.
Fig Sunday (fig sun'da).
The Simday before Easter.
fig-tree (flg'tre). n. [< ME.
fygtre, figetre, < fig, fyg, +
tre; also, earlier, fictre, fic-
treiv, < AS. fictredw (= Icel.
fiktre = Sw. fikontrdd =
Dan. figentrce), < fie (in
comp.), fig, + tredw, tree.]
A tree of the genus Ficus,
ordinarily F. Carica. See
Ficus and fig^.
Whoso keepeth the fig tree shall
eat the fruit thereof.
Prov. xxvii. 18.
To dwell under one's vine and fig-tree. See dwell.
figulate, fignlated (fig'u-lat, -la-ted), a. [< LL.
figulatus, pp. of figulare, form, fashion, < L.
figulus, a potter, < fingere, form, mold, fashion
(out of clay, etc.),feign, etc.: see fictile, feign.}
1. Molded by hand, or as in soft material.
— 2. Composed of earthenware: as, figulate
vessels.
flguline (fig'u-lin), TO. [= F.figuline = Sp. figti-
Uno, a., =It. figulina, n., figulino, a., < L. figu-
linus, contr. figlinus, of or belonging to a pot-
ter, potter's, fern, figlina, a pottery, nevX.figli-
nuitt, an earthen vessel, a crock, < figulus, a
potter: see figulate.] 1. Any vessel or object
made of potters' clay, especially a decorative
or artistic object. — 2. Potters' clay Flguline
rustique, a name given to the decorative pottery of Ber-
nard Palissy, especially that which is covered with mod-
els of fish, reptiles, and the like, in high relief. S. K. Spec.
Exh. Cat., 1246.
figurability (fig'^u-ra-bil'i-ti), to. [= F.figura-
bitite = Pg. figurahitidade = It. figurdbiUta ; as
figurable + -ity.] Capability of being repre-
sented by a figure or diagram.
Figurability is reckoned one of the essential properties
of matter. Hirst.
figurable (flg'u-ra-bl), a. [= F. figurable =
Pr. Sp. figurable = It. figurabile; as figure +
-able.] Capable of being brought to or of re-
taining a certain fixed form or shape.
Lead is figurable, but not water. Johnson.
figural (fig'u-ral), a. [< OF. figural, figurel =
Sp. Pg. figural = It. figurale, < LL. *figuralis
(in deriv. figuralitas, etc.), < L. figura, figure.]
1. Represented by figure or delineation ; con-
sisting of figures.
Incongruities have been committed by geographers in
the figural resemblance of several regions.
Sir T. Browne.
We also see in the wall-paintings figural representations
— a bull, on which a man dances like an equestrian per-
former. N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 626.
2. In »m«ic, same asfigurate, 3 Figural number.
Same 9Afigurate number (which see, VinAev figurale).
figurant, figurante (fig'u-rant, fig-u-rant'), n.
[F., raasc. and fem. (= Pg! It. figurante) ppr.
of figurer, figure: see figure, v.] 1. One who
dances in the figures of the ballet. [In this
sense usually with reference to a woman, and
in the feminine torm, figurante.]
Figurantes is the term applied in the ballet to those
dancers that do not come forward alone, but dance in
troops, and also serve to fill up the scene and form a back-
ground for the solo dancers. Chambers's Encyc., IV. 321.
2. An accessory character on the stage, who
figures in its scenes, but has nothing to say.
M. Sardou is a born stage-setter, but with a leaning to
"great machines," numbers of/(7Mran(8, and magnificence.
The Century, XXXV. 644.
Hence — 3. One who figures in any scene with-
out taking a prominent part.
figurate (fig'i>rat), a. [= F. figuri = Sp. Pg.
figurado = It. figurato, < L. figuratus, pp. of
figurative
figurare, form, fashion, shape, < figura, a form,
shape: see figure, to.] 1. Of a certain deter-
minate form or shape ; resembling something
of a determinate figure: as, figurate stones
(stones or fossils resembling shells).
Plants are a.\l figurate and determinate, which inanimate
bodies are not. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 602,
2t. Involving a figure of speech; figurative.
Thei enterpreted that in these woordes of Jesus there
laie priuely hidden some figurate & mistical manier of
speaking. J. Udall, On Luke xviii.
3. In music, characterized by the use of passing-
notes; florid: opposed to simple: as, figurate
counterpoint. Also figural, figurative, figured.
— Figurate number, a wliole numlier belonging to a
series having unity for its first term, and for its first differ-
ences another series of figurate numbers or else a constant
number. Thus, the series 1, 8, 38, 98, 238, 504, etc., is a
series of figurate numbers, for the fom-th differences form
the arithmetical progression 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, etc. The
order of a series of figurate numbers is the order of the
constant difference ; the class of the series is the value of
this constant difference. Thus, the series 1, 8, 33, etc., is
of tlie fifth order and third class. Figurate numbers were
so called by Nicomachus, because they are the numbers
of points which form regular figures according to certain
rules.
figurate (fig'u-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pjt.figurated,
ppr. figurating. [< L. figuratus, pp. of figurare,
figure: see figure, v.] To figure or represent.
The glowe worme figurates my valour, which shineth
brightest in most darke, dismal, and horrid atchievements.
Marsion, Antonio and Mellida, I., v. 1.
figurated (fig'u-ra-ted), o. Same as figurate, 1
and 3.
figurately (fig'u-rat-li), adv. 1. In a figurate
manner. — 2t. Figuratively.
Now if any man be superstitious that hee dare not vn-
derstand this thyng as figurately spoken, then may he
verifle it vpon them that God raysed from naturall death,
as he did Lazarus. J^Vith, Works, p. 35.
figuration (fig-u-ra'shon), TO. [= OF. figuration,
figuracion, F, figuration = Pr. figurado = Pg.
figuragao = It. figurazione, < L. figuratio(n-),
< figurare: see figttrate.] 1. Formation as to
figure or outline; external conformation; de-
termination to a certain form : as, the figuration
of crystals.
Neither doth the wind (as farre as it carrieth a voice)
with the motion thereof confound any of the delicate and
articulate figurations of the air, in variety of words.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 521.
In the form, I will first consider the general ^^ruro^io/i,
and then the several members.
Sir II. Wotton, Reliquiue, p. 14.
Nor is it only the extem&l figuration of these gems, but
the internal texture, which favours our hypothesis.
Boyle, Origin and Virtues of Gems, § 1.
2. The act or process of figuring; a shaping into
form, or a marking or impressing with a figure
or figures.
The figuration of materials by abrasion.
Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 70.
3. himusie: {a) In strict composition, such as
fugue-writing, the introduction of passing-notes
into the counterpoint. (6) In general compo-
sition, the process, act, or result of rhythmi-
cally, melodieally, or contrapuntally varying
or elaborating a theme by adding passing-notes
or accompaniment figures, or even by trans-
forming single tones into florid passages, (c)
The preparation of a figured bass (which see,
under bass^). — 4. In philol., change in the form
of words without change of sense. — 5t. Figura-
tive representation ; prefiguration.
Figurations of our Lord's passion and sacrifice.
Waterland, Works, VIII. 333.
figurative (fig'u-ra-tiy), a. [= OF. figuratif, F.
figuratif= Vv.figuraUti = Sp. Pg. It. figurativo,
< LL. figurativus, figurative (of speech), < L.
figuratus, pp. of figurare, form, fashion, ima-
gine, fancy, adorn with figures of speech, < figu-
ra, a, figure: see ^t^wre.] 1. Representing by
means of a figure; manifesting or suggesting by
resemblance; typical; emblematic.
This, they will say, was figurative, and served by God's
appointment but for a time, to shadow out the true ever-
lasting glory of a more divine sanctity.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
In spite of its symbolism, what he wrought was never
mechsinica.l\y figurative, but gifted with the independence
of its own beauty, vital with an inbreathed spirit of life.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 252.
2. Of the nature of or involving a figure of
rhetoric ; used in a metaphorical or tropical
sense ; metaphorical ; not literal.
What have become with us figurative expressions re-
main with men in lower states literal descriptions.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 79.
3. Abounding with figures of speech ; ornate;
flowery ; florid : as, a description highly _^(7?(ro-
tive.
figurative
Which thing made the graue iudges Areopagites (as I
find written) to forbid all manner of Jiffuratiue apaches
to be vsed before them in their consistorie of lustice.
FuUenham, Arte of Eng. Poeaie, p. 128.
Nor are his [Burke's] purely Jjffurative passages the fin-
est even as flgm-ed writing ; he is best when the metaphor
is subdued. Brougham, Burke.
4. In music, same a.s flgurate, 3.
flgiiratiTely (fig'u-ra-tiv-li), adv. In a figura-
tive luamier; by means of a figure or resem-
blance; metaphorically or tropically.
For tho3 men soot al sectes of sustren and of bretheren.
And thow fyude hym, bote Jiguratijiiche a ferly me think-
eth. PUrt Plouman (C), xviL 291.
These words can only be understood Jiguratively of re-
ceiving hira by faith.
Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, an, 1594.
Though a nation has often been jigtirativelg drowned in
tears on the death of a great man, yet it is ten to one if
an individual tear has been shed on the occasion, except-
ing from the forlorn pen of some hungry author.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 266.
fignrativeness (fig'u-ra-tiv-nes), «. The state
or quality of being figurative: &s, figurativeness
of expression.
flxnre (fig'ur), n. [< ME. figure, figour, fygur,
form, shape, image, a figure in arithmetic and
geometry, < OF. figure, F. figure = Pr. Sp. Pg.
It. figura = D. figuur = G. Dan. Sw. figur, < L.
figura, a form, shape, form of a word, a figure
of speech, LL. a sketch, drawing, < fingere
W 'fi9)y form, shape, mold, fashion : see feign,
fictile, fiction, figment, o\^.'\ 1. A line, or a col-
lection of connected straight or curved lines
or surfaces, having a definite shape; specifi-
cally, in geom., any combination of lines, sur-
faces, or solids formed under given conditions.
Chauvenet.
Yoar last proportion ia that of figure, so called for that
it yelds an ocular representation, your meeters being by
good lymmetrie re<)uced into certaine Qeometricall /p.
-ure*. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 75.
And sketching with her slender pointed foot
Some Jiffure like a wizard's pentagram
On garden gravel. Teuuygon, The Brook.
2. In general, the visible or tangible form of
anything; the shape of the outline or exterior
surface ; form ; shape ; fashion : as, a beautiful
female /<7Mre; the groteaqxie figure of a satyr;
the figure of the earth.
Doing, in the/ffure of a lamb, the feats of a lion.
Shot., Much Ado, L 1.
Observing hov the extremities [of sensible bodies] ter-
minate either in straight lines which meet at discernible
angles, or in crooked lines ifrherein no angles can be per-
ceived, by considering these as they relate to one anouier,
in all parts of the extremities of any body or space, it (the
eye] has that idea we call figure.
Loekt, Human Understanding, II. xili. 5.
A good Jigure, or person, in man or woman, gives credit
at first sight to the choice of either.
Richardton, Clarlsu Harlowe.
Hence — 3. A body; a visible object or shape ;
especially, a human form as a whole ; a person
regarded simplv as a body; an appearance rep-
resenting a body.
Well may it sort that this portentous JIgure
Conies armed through our watch.
Shak., Hamlet, L 1.
Behold ih»t Jlgurt, neat, though plainly cUd ;
His sprightly mingled with a shade of sad.
Cowfer, Tirocinium, 1. 664.
But lo ! a frawnlng Xffurs veils the CroH,
And hides the bleat Redeemer !
With stern right hand it stretches forth a scroIL
Uood, Komance of Cologne.
4. The artificial representation of a form, as
in sculpture, drawing or painting, embroidery,
etc.; especially, the human booy represented
by art of any kind.
A coin that bean Qit figure of an angel
Stamped in gold. Shak., M. of V., iL 7.
Bis mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge.
Inwrought wlth^^rM dim.
Mitlm, Lycldas, I. I0&.
A vacant chair . . .
Carven with strange /^iru.
7*CTinyfon, Holy OraiL
6. A cut or diagram inserted in printed text,
or one of a number of representations on the
same plate. Abbreviated .%. — 6. A personage
or personality ; a character; especially, a per-
son of standing or consideration: as, he is a
figure, or a conspicuous figure, in the society
of the place.
Pigunt (persons] of the Past.
Jotiah Quincy (title of bookX
7. Appearance or manifestation; show; dis-
play ; standing; position : used of the compara-
tive prominence, consideration, or estimation
of a person or thing, and in an absolute sense
to signify marked prominence, importance, or
distinction.
]3<J
2209
From Darner in two hours we came to another River,
of no inconsiderable figure^ but not once mentioned by
any Geographer that 1 kuow of,
Maundrett, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 44.
To the world no bugbear is so great
As want otjigure, and a small estate.
Pope, Imit of Horace, I. i. 6".
I have taken more than ordinaiy Care not to give Offence
to those who appear in the higher Figures of Life.
Addiion, Spectator, No. 262.
It is my wish, while yet I live, to have my boy make
some/!jr«re in the world. Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.
8t. Outward manifestation ; the state of being
set out in regular order.
Speech is like cloth of Arras, opened and put abroad,
whereby the imagery doth appear in figure; whereas in
thoughts they lie but as in packs. Bacon.
9. In logic, the form of a syllogism with respect
to the relative position of the middle term, in
the second jigure the middle terra is predicate of Ijoth
premises ; m the third figxtre it is the subject of both.
•Some logicians admit only three figures, and they define
the first figure as having the middle term the subject of
one premise and the predicate of the other. Other logi-
clans admit four figures, and define the first as having the
middle term the subject of that premise which contains
the predicate of the conclusion, and the predicate of the
other premise ; while the fourth figure has the middle
tenn the subject of that premise which contains the sub-
ject of the conclusion, and the predicate of the other,
10. In astrol., a diagram which represents the
heavens at any time ; a scheme ; a horoscope ;
also, a diagram used in the practice of geo-
mancy.
She works by charms, by spells, by tiie figure, and such
daubery as this is, beyond our element.
SAailr,,M, W, ofW., iv. 2.
He set ti figure to discover
If you were lied to Rye or Dover.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. i. 455.
11 . A movement of a dance ; one of the regular
divisions of a dance, comprising a special set
of evolutions, and separated from the next
movement by a slight pause.
He did not announce the name of the dance, . . . the
officers teaching the English girls itie figure.
E. E. Hate, Man Without a Country.
12. In music: (a) A short theme or motive
having a distinct rhythmic, melodic, or har-
monic individuality, which is often the germ
of extended movements ; usually, the shortest
complete idea or form into which a phrase can
be divided without being reduced to separate
tones. (6) A. numeral subjoined to a written
bass to indicate briefly the nature of the un-
written harmony. See figured bass, under 6as«3.
— 13. Any significant written or printed char-
acter other than a letter; specifically, an arith-
metical character, especially one of the Arabic
figures, the nine di^ts and the cipher: some-
times used of a digit, as distinguished from a
cipher: as, a full ^^re.
The tale of an bond red . . . betokneth ane ronnde/li7-
urs, tbet is the uayreste amang alle the otiire figures : vor
aae in the towade figure the ende went ayen to his gin.
ninge, . . . aliuo the tale of an hondred joyneth than
ende to the glnninge.
AyenUle of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.X p. 2S4.
A crooked figure may
Attest, in little place a million.
Shak., Hen. V., i. (cho.).
You see the use of the cipher (for so ihefifrure 0 is pe-
culiarly named, although it t)e generally called and ac-
compted as sl figure). T. IIUl, Arithmetic (1800), fol. 5.
14. Value, as expressed in numbers; price:
as, the goods were sold at a h\^ figure.
Accommodating a youngster, who had just entered the
regiment, with a glandered charger at an unconniionly
still /lyurs. Thackeray, Book of Snobs, x.
16. A mystical type ; an antecedent symbol or
emblem; that which prefigures or represents
a coming reality.
There went Pagentis of ye olde lawe and the newe, joyn-
yiige togyther the fygures of the blessyd sacrament In
suche noumbre and soo apt and conuenyent for that
feeste yt It wolde make any man joyous to se It.
Sir A. 6ug(forde, Pylgrymage, p. 8.
The Flees [fleece] of Edome with dewe delectable
Was of Matva tfygure fulle notabulle.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Fumivall), p. 17.
This was the sweuen whlche he had,
That Daiiiell anone arad.
And said hyni, thatX^u''' strange
Betokerieth how the world shall change.
Gower, Conf. Amant, Prol.
Nevertheless, death reigned from Adam to Moses, even
over them that had not sinned after the similitude of
Adam's transgression, who Is the figure of him tliat was to
come. Rom. v. 14.
16. In rhet., a pectdiar or special use of words ;
employment of words in forms, combinations,
or meanings different from those properly or
ordinarily assigned to them ; use of cei^ain
forms of speech to produce a special effect. An
unintentional, unauthorized, or nn/uatlflable deviation
figure
from grammatical usage is not a figure, but a solecism.
The names of most of the figures of i-hetoric ai"e inherited
from the terms used by the ancient Greek and Roman
grammarians and rhetoricians. Also called figure of
upeech.
Figure it selfe is a certaine liuely or good grace set
vpon wordes, speaches, and sentences, to some purpose
and not in value, gluing them ornament or efficacie by
many maner of alterations in shape, in sounde, and also
in sence. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 133.
And these things, brethren, I have in s. figure transferred
to myself and to ApoUos for your sakes. 1 Cor. iv. 6.
There motley images her fancy strike.
Figures ill-pair'd, and similes unlike.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 66.
The most illiterate speak in figures as often as the most
learned. //. Blair, Rhetoric, xiv.
And now, I think, you shall hear some better language :
1 was obliged to be plain and intelligible In the first
scene, because there was so much matter of fact in it ;
but now, i' faith, you have trope, figure, and metaphor, as
plenty as noun-substantives. Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 2.
17. An image; a fancy; a product of the ima-
gination.
If it be but to scrape the figures out of your husband's
brams. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
Where beams of warm imagination play.
The memory s aolt figures fade away.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 59.
Academy figure. See ocademi/.— Aerial figures, ap-
Sarent figure, Arabic figures. .See the adjectives.—
enter of figure, --iieivji/eii.— Chladui'sflgures, See
)iui/«/.— Cohesion figures. See co/ifsio//.— Congruent
figures, il;;inv.s *apable of superposition. — Correlative
figures, cubical figure, etc. .See the adjectives.— Ele-
ment of a figure. See <;()jicii(.— Epoptlc figures. See
tdiopAanoi/*.- Etching-figure, a minute figure developed
upon a crystalline surface by the action of an appropriate
solvent. Such figures are commonly depressions, often
of sharp geometrical form, and by their symmetry reveal
the molecular structure of the solid. Thus, the etching-
figures produced on the pyramidal faces of a quartz crys-
tal by the action of hydrofiuoric acid show the trapezo-
hedral character of the form, and serve to distinguish
between the plus and minus rhombobedral planes when
not to be recognized geometrically.— Fallacy Of figure
Of speecll. See /a«<ic!/.— Figure of a conic, the rec-
tangle contained by the latus rectum and latus trans-
versum. One fourth of this is the area which, according
as it overlaps or falls short by the square of the ordinate,
gives a name to the hyperbola and ellipse,— Figure 01
diminution, in musical notation, a figure inclosed in a
curve, ami a<lded to a small group of notes to indicate that
they are t4» l>e performed in a rhythm contrary to that of
the c<ini|M>sition as a whole, as the figures indicating
triplets, scxtolets, etc. — Flgtire Of eight. See eightl.—
Flgtire-of-four trap, a trap lor catdiing wild animals,
the trigger of which is set in the shape of the figure 4. A
weighted Iward or box, with one end on the ground, is held
up at the other end by three sticks suitably notched and
put together so that the whole structure falls when the
lialt ia disturbed.— Flgtire Of ftm, a person presenting
an absurd comical appearance, [Cotloq,]
"Is that /i7ur« o//un old Marchant?' I turned and
saw a stout ball of a body rolling in, among the barely
suppressed merriment of some men near the door.
Harpers Mag., XXXVII. 536.
Figure of health, the Pythagorean pentagram or regu-
lar stellar pentagon,— Figure of speech. See def, 16. —
Figure of the earth, see ,arih i .- Figure of the gold-
en rule. .See >»/,•.— Figure of the rule of false. See
nife.— Figures of Llssajous, brilliant lines formed by
the persistence of impressions upon the eye, and occa-
sloned by reflections from the entis of two vibrating tun-
ing-forks placed at right angles to each other.— Generat-
ing figure. .See .'/cntfi-rtit?.- Purkinje's figures, the fig-
ures of the bhxMl-vessels of the retina made visible to the
eye itself by throwing a bright oblique light into the vitre-
ous chamljer of the eye, either obliquely through the pu-
pil or by means of a lens through the anterior part of the
sclerotic, and moving the liyht to and fro,— To CUt OF
makeaflgure, See>l/^— To go thewholefigure. See
.(70,— Wldmannstattlan figtires, structural hues which
appear upon the polished section of meteoric iron after it
has been etched with an acid. See weteorite. — Syn. Form,
Cor\formation, Figure, Shape, Fashion. Form is the gen-
eral word ; and its use in ordinary si»eech has been much
Influenced by its metaphysical meaning, so that it is the
least geometrical of these words. When form refers to the
outward, it generally suggests the substance of the person
or thing whose form it is; foryu may also be used in op-
p*>8ition to spirit or s^ibstance: as, "a/onu of godliness,"
2 Tim, iii, 5, Co}{fonHation is the result of the arrange-
ment of the parts of a whole, and the word suggests the
proportion and relation of the paits, internal or external,
to each other. Figure, shape, and fashion are external ;
the first is often, and the others are generally, the result of
art Figure has a wide range of meaning, from mere out-
line to pictorial or fictile representation. Shape has almost
as mucn freedom of use ; yet. having been little used as a
learned term, it is more literally geometrical, and at the
same time more loosely employed. Fashion in the sense
of form is ol>solescent,
figxire (fig'ur). V. ; pret. and pp. figured, ppr.
figuring. f< ME. figuren (=1). figureren = G.
figuriren = Dan. figurere = ^w.figurera), < OF.
figurer, F. fiqurer = Pr. Sp. Pg. figurar = It.
figurare, < L. figurare, form, shape, fashion,
represent, imagine, etc.,<.figura, a form, shape,
figure: see figure, «.] I, trans. 1. To make
a figure, image, likeness, or picture of ; repre-
sent artificially in any way : as, to figure a plant,
shell, etc.
If they had any gratitude, they would erect a statue to
him ; they would figure him as a presiding Mercury, the
god of traffic and fiction. Shendan, 'The Critic, i. 2.
flgnre
This very carious cirripede [was] well described and/^-
vred by Loven, who considered it an Atepas.
Darwin, Cirrii>edia, p. 170.
2. To cover or adorn with figures or images ;
mark with figures; form figures in by art;
fashion into a figure; diversify; variegate: as,
to Jigure velvet or muslin.
Neither shall ye set up any image of stone [margin, fig-
ured stone] in your land. Lev. xxvi. 1.
The vaulty top of heaven
Fiffur'd quite o'er with burning meteors.
Shak., K. John, v. 2.
Accept this goblet rough withfigur'd gold.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil.
3. To represent figuratively or symbolically;
symbolize.
The sunne and iubiter, goode planetis, and gold, pure
metal, and alle pure thingia that gladen a man, figurynge
by resoun the ioie of heuene.
Book o/QuitUe Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 18.
Tlie matter whereof they [the sacraments] consist . . .
Jiffureth their end. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
By that beast, the old E^ptians
Were wont Xo jigure, in their hieroglyphics.
Patience, frugality, and fortitude.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
4. To imagine; image in the mind.
If Love, alas ! be Pain, the Pain I bear
No Thought configure, and no Tongue declare.
Prior, Henry and Emma.
Figure to yourself a Roman villa, all its little apart-
ments thrown open, and lighted up to the best advantage.
Gray, Letters, I. 76.
5t. To prefigure ; foreshow.
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun, . . .
In this the he&ven figures some event.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
6. To mark with or note by significant figures ;
mark or indicate significantly or numerically:
as, to Jigure the dial of a clock, or the hours on
the dial ; to Jigure the bass in music to show the
intended harmony.
As through a crystal glass the figured hours are seen.
Dryden.
7. To set down or reckon up in numerical fig-
ures ; make a calculation of : as, to Jigure^ Jig-
ure up, or Jigure out costs, profits, or losses.
[CoUoq.] — 8. In 7nusic : (a) To embellish by
adding passing-notes or other decorations, es-
pecially definite figures much repeated. (5)
See def. 6, a,jid Jigured bass, under bass^.
H, intrans. 1. To make a figure ; show one's
self; be seen or prominent; take a part.
The gentlemen, in fact, who figured in the circles of
the gay world in these ancient times, corresponded, in
most particulars, with the beauteous damsels whose smiles
they were ambitious to deserve.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 175.
Knox, who is to figure so grandly in another and greater
work, drifts as a gloomy and portentous shadow across the
scene. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 404.
He [CorreggioJ paints the three Fates like young and
joyous Bacchantes. Place rose-garlands and thyrsi in their
hands instead of the distaff and the thread of human des-
tinies, and they might figure appropriately Upon the pan-
els of a banquet-cliamber in Pompeii.
J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 272.
Though he tries to Jigure as a martyr, he is only that
stock character, the horrid example.
Nineteenth Century, XX. 550.
2. To cipher; work by means of figures ; make
a calculation : as, to Jigure at a problem ; to Jig-
ure upon a proposed bargain. [Colloq.]
figure-castert (fig'ur-kas'''ter), n. One who
easts figures in astrology; a pretender to as-
trology.
I, by this figure-caster, must be imagined in such dis-
tress as to sue to Maronilla.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
ftgore-casting (fig'ur-kas^ting), n. The art of
preparing casts of human or animal forms and
of various other complex objects. A figure is first
accurately formed in wax, clay, plaster, or other suitable
material, which serves as the core. If the core is fusible,
or can be reduced to ashes, the mold is formed directly
upon the core, and when it is perfectly dry and hard it is
exposed to a heat sufficient to melt or incinerate the core,
the removal of which leaves a cavity for the metal of the
cast. This method gives a solid casting, and is therefore
suitable for small work only ; moreover, the model itself
is destroyed by one use. Exquisite casts of natural objects
are made in this manner. If the core cannot be removed
in the way mentioned, the mold itself is made in parts to
permit its removal.
figured (fig'urd), p. a. 1. Depicted; represent-
ed by figures.
The fijur'd streams in waves of silver roll'd.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 335.
2. Adorned with figures: said of any manu-
factured articles, but especially of those which
are intended for surface-tlecoration or which
2210
themselves are decorated superficially : as, Jig-
ured silk ; Jigured muslin; a Jigured wall-paper.
In the manufactures, & figured camlet, stutf, tabby, etc.,
is tliat whereon there are tiivers designs of flowers, figures,
branches, etc., impressed by means of liot irons.
Chambers's Cyc, 1741.
3t. Figurative.
Figured and metaphorical expressions do well to illus-
trate more abstruse and unfamiliar ideas, which the mind
is not yet thoroughly accustomed to.
Locke, Conduct of the Understanding, § 32.
4. In musiCj same as Jiguratey 3. — 5. In her,,
bearing the human face or features; indicat-
ing the face as a roundel, especially the sun or
moon — Figured bass. See feaAS^.- Figured coun-
terpoint. See counterpoint2^ 3. — Figured harmony,
muslin, etc. See the nouns.— Flgiured syllogism, a
syllogism expressed so that the subject and predicate of
each premise are distinguished from each otlier, and the
syllogism belongs to a definite figure.
figure-dance (fig'ur-dans), ?^. A dance consist-
ing of elaborate figures.
The grand figure-dances, and ballettes of action, as they
are called, of'the modern times, most probably surpass
in splendour the ancient exhibitions of dancing.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 316.
figure-flingert, u. Same as Jigure-caster,
figurehead (fig'ur-hed), n. 1. An ornamental
figure, as a statue or bust, on the projecting part
of the head of a ship, over the cutwater and im-
mediately under the bowsprit, if the vessel's name
is that of a pei-son, object, etc., which can be represented
directly or emblematically by a figure, such a figure is usu-
Figurine from Tana^ra, 4th
century B. C- — Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston.
Figurehead.
ally placed at the head of the vessel ; thus, the Columbus
would have a bust or statue of Columbus for a figurehead,
the Lion would have the figure of a lion, the Britannia a
statue or bust of the conventional Britannia. When no
figure is used, the head is often finished off as a xcroll-head
or a fiddle-head (see these tenns), which are not strictly
figureheads.
Her fuU-hn&ted figure-head
Stared o'er the ripple feathering from her bows.
Ten7iy8on, Enoch Arden.
2. Figuratively, a person put forward to rep-
resent or to appear to act for others, without
having any real authority or responsibility.
To many these kings and heroes seem nothing but the
figure-heads of the centuries, which may ornament the high
prow of the times, but which are powerless to direct the
course of the vessel. Westminster Rev., CXXV. 2.
figure-maker (fig'ur-ma''''k6r), n. A maker of
figures ; a modeler, (a) One who makes casts. See
figure-casting, (b) One who makes wooden anatomical
models for artists, figures for shops, figureheads, etc.
figure-stone (fig'ur-ston), «. l. Same as agal-
matoUte. — 2. A stone having or resembling the
form of some object, or marked with lines hav-
ing such a resemblance. Such stones, in which the
representation is often vel-y fanciful, have sometimes been
objects of superstitious veneration.
figurial (fi-gu'ri-al), a. [An improper form of
Jigural.'] Represented by figure or delineation.
Craig.
figurine (fig-u-reu'), «. [< F.Jigurine (= Pg.
Jigurinha ~ It. Jigurina), a dim. of Jigure, fig-
ure,] A figure, or group of figures, in any ma-
terial, small and of ornamental character; spe-
cifically, such a figure in pottery or metal- work.
The figures of porcelain or pottery not painted or glazed
being culled biscuits, the term figurine is often reserved
for those adorned with painting and gilding, as in the
Dresden figures commonly seen. Figurines are especially
abundant among the ancient remains of Greece, Egypt,
Assyria, etc.
After Alexander, from whose time dates the ornamen-
tation of the tombs with figurines, Tanagra became the
fiouriahing center of its province. The Century, XXI. 914.
Tanagra figurine, in archceol., one of the small terra-
cotta figures of divinities, of mortals, or of animals, found
in various quantity and perfection throughout Greek lands.
flke
These figures were in great demand among the Greeks as
household ornaments, and it was usual to present tliem
as olferings in temples, and to hury several of them with a
dead body. Tliey were, as a
rule, cast in molds and then
finished, often very delicate-
ly, by hand, and after the
baking they were brilliantly
colored. In them is pre*
served a charming memorial
of Greek private life in its
various phases, such as the
games of tlie children and the
occupations of the women.
They are commonly known
as Tanagra Jigurincg, because
those first brought into pub-
lic notice, as well as some of
the most beautiful examples
since found, come from the
cemetery of Tanagra in Bceo-
tia.
figuring (fig'u-ring), «.
[< ME. figurynge; verbal
n. ot figure, v.~\ 1. The
act or process of using
figures, especially in
computation : as, close
figuring. — Sf. Figure;
figuration ; beauty of
form.
This flour
That bereth our alder pris in
figurynge.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 298.
flgurism (fig'u-rizm), n. [< figure + -ism.'] In
theol., the doctrine or system of those who con-
sider the events related in the Old Testament
as figures or representations of those in the
New.
flguiistt (fig'u-rist), «. [< figure + -ist.'] One
who uses or interprets figures or symbols ; spe-
cifically, a believer in figurism.
The Symbolists, FiguriMs, and .Siguiflcatists . . . are of
opinion that the faithful at the Lord's Supper do receive
nothing but naked and bare signs.
T. Rogers, On the Thirty-nine Articles, p, 289.
But least of all does he favour the figunsts or memorial-
ists ; for his doctrine runs directly counter to them almost
in every line. Watertan<l, Works, VH. 164.
fig-wart (fig'w^rt), n. Same as ficufi, 3.
figwort (fig'wert), OT. [ME. not" found; < AS.
fie n-yrt (glossed ficus), < fie (in comp.) +
wyrt, wort; so called from its use, according to
the old doctrine of signatures, in the disease
called ficus (AS. fie and gefie): see fig'^.] 1.
The common book-name for plants of the genus
Scrophularia, especially the common species S.
aquatiea and S. nodosa. — 2. The pilewort, Ka-
nunculus Fiearia.
Fijian (fe-je'an), a. and n. [< Fiji, otherwise Viti
(Fiji being the pronunciation in the eastern part
of the group), the native name of the principal
island.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Fiji or the
Fiji islands, or to the Fijians.
II. n. An indigenous inhabitant of the Fiji
islands, a group lying in the southern Pacific
ocean, between the New Hebrides and the
Friendly islands. The Fijians, a vigorous race, were
formerly cannibals, but are now mostly Christianized ; and
the group was annexed to Great Britain as a crown colony
in 1874, at their desire.
Among our interesting fellow-subjects, the Fijians^
whale's teeth served in the place of cowries.
Jevmig, Money and Mech. of Exchange, p. 25.
Also Fecjeean.
fikeif, V. i. [ME. fiken, feign, dissemble, flatter,
< AS. *fician, in comp. ie-fician (once), deceive,
weak verb connected with fieol, fickle, crafty,
gefie, deceit, fdceti, deceit (see fiekle), appar.
ult. from a strong verb, which may be repre-
sented secondarily by fikc'^, q. v.] To feign;
dissemble ; flatter.
fike^ (fik), v.; pret. and pp. fiked, -p-pr. filing.
[Also written fyke and fick, the vowel being
prop, short; Sc. also /eft; < 'ME. fiken, fyken,
move about restlessly, fidget, also hasten away,
< Icel. fika, in the phrase fika sig tipjK climb
up nimbly, as a spider, = ODan. fige = Sw.
fika, refl. fikas, hunt after, prog for, emulate,
= Norw. fika, strive, take trouble, fika ettei;
hasten after, pursue, fika ])aa, hasten, hurry,
cf. leel. fikinn = Sw. Norw. fiken = ODan.
figen, greedy, eager, covetous, ODan../?*/, n.,
desire, craving. Perhaps ult. connected with
fike'^. Hence, from fike^, fick, the form fig'^. as-
sibilated fidge, freq. fidget : see fig'^, fidge, fidg-
et, fisk.'] I. intrans. 1. To move about in a
quick, uneasy way; be constantly in motion;
be restless; fidget; be nervous. [Now only
prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
Fiketh and fondeth [strives] al his might,
Ne mai he it forthen no wight.
Bestiary, Old Eng. Misc. (ed. Morris), L 666.
fike
FyUnhbovte, infra in fyskin [Beefyi]. Fylcynge aljowte
in jdelnes, discursus, ragatus. Prompt. Para., p. 160.
At lengtli, however, she departed, prunibling between
her teeth that "she wad rather look up a haill ward than
be n*iH<7 alwut thae uilfnatTy gentles that gae sae muckle
fash wi' their fancies." Scott, Guy Mannering, xliv.
2t. To hurry away.
The Sarezynes fledde, away %\inne fyke.
Richard Coer de Lion, I. 4749.
n. trans. To give trouble to ; vex ; perplex.
[Scotch.]
flke2{fik), M. [<^fce2t;.] 1. Restlessness or
agitation caused by trifling annoyance. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
O sic ajike and sic a fistle
I had aljout it.
Hamilton, in Kamsay's Poems, II. 332. (Jamieton.)
2. Any trifling peculiarity in regard to work
which causes unnecessary trouble ; teasing ex-
actness of operation. [Scotch.]
And, indeed, to be plain wi' you, cusin, I thinlc you hare
2211
filch
phore or spermatic cartridge of a cephalopod. Seesperma- fllarian Cfi-lS'ri-nn'l n fiamn a.<i HJnrinl
(oBAorf.- Gastric ftlamints mBKBTitiiri/. fllam».,f. tH'''^f*P *^'?J?.'i'.S?^ "• i^&me as jiianal.
[< Filaria + -ateS.'] To
(opAorf.- Gastric fUaaMnts, mesenteric filaments, fii™'";'„7fi*T.;'t^""A' "" "•""'""'■'""""'•
in acalephs. filamentous structures which project into the mariaie (u-ia, n-at;, v.t.,^Tet. and pp^^A
central cavity of the gastrovascular system, as, for esam
pie, in the Cwcojy/ioro.— Spermatic filament, a sper-
matozoon : so called from its tine thready shape.— Urti-
cating filament, the thread of a thread-cell or cnida ; a
cniiiocil. .See cut under cnida.
filamentar (fil-a-men'tar), a. [< filament +
-a (•■-.] Filamentary.
Even such slips of mesentery as are at no point in contact
with the stomatodffium often exhibit a /Yamenter (craspe- filariform nematoids.
dal) thickening. Jour. Microa. Scietice,XX\lU. i2b. Fllariids (fil-a-l'" '"'
ated, ppr. filariating.
infect with Filaria.
We may settle the relationship of the mosquito to the
Filaria ... by Jilariating a man.
Mansim, Trans. Linn. Soc, II. ii. 368.
filariform (fi-lar'i-f6rm), a. [< NL. Filaria +
h. forma, form.] Of the form of Filaria: as,
.. ri'i-Mie), n. pi. [NL., < Filaria
filamentary (fil-a-men'ta-ri), a. [^i filament + + -(rf«;.] The hairworms or guinea-worms, a
-ary.'\ Having the character of or formed by a family of parasitic thread-like worms, of the or-
filament. der Xematoidea, typified by the genus Filaria.
In the blennies, the forked hake, the forked beard, and ■'^l^o Filariada: See cut under Filaria.
some other fishes, the ventral fins are reduced tojilamen- filatfi (fi'lat), a. [< NL. filatus, thread-like, <
tary feelers. Owen, Anat. h.filum, a thread: see fileS.-\ In entom., straight
Any substance capable of yielding a certain continuous
and uninterrupted length of filamentary matter may be
called textile fibre.
W. Crooket, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 16.
owermony/y*«. There, did na' ye keep Grizzy for mair fllamentcd (fil'a-men-ted), a. [< niament +
than twft hniira vpat/>rrluv m/\mln(r s/^jmiti onH .Inotin' -. -. ,-> \ . -4 ... ~. '* •- .-'
than twa hours yesterday morning, soopin' and dustin'
your room in every comer?
E. Hamilton, Cottagers of Glenbumie, p. 206.
fike3 (fik), n. [< ME. fike, < AS. fie (in comp.),
fig: see fig^.l If. A fig. — 2. A sore place on
the foot. [Prov. Eng.]
fikelt, a. A Middle English form ot fickle.
fikery (fi'k^-ri), h. [S<:.,<fike2 + -try.] The
act of giving trouble about trifles ; vexations
trouble.
" I canna understand," said he, " what for a' this fy-
kerie s about a lump o' jrird." Gait, The Entail, I. 306.
flky (fi'ki), a. [8c., < fike^ + -yi.] Causing or
giving trouble, especially about trifles ; finical ;
unduly particular; troublesome in regard to
matters of no consequence: as, fiky work; a
fiky body.
fljit. .An obsolete preterit of fall^. Chaucer.
fll^t, w. An obsolete form ot filly.
A. fit of the same race, both sire and dam, begotten by
the father of lies upon a slanderous tongue, and so sent
post al>out the world to tell fala« tidings of the English.
Ahp. Sanerqfl, Coiuecration Sermon, 1660.
flla, n. Plural of ^ium.
filacet, n. [< OF. fllace, filasse (ML. filaeium),
a file for papers (ctfilas, a net, F. filasse, tow),
< L. filum, thread : see file^.'} A file or thread
-€</"-.] Provided with filaments or filamentary
processes.
The cells were larger and were not ftlamented.
and without a lateral bristle or process : applied
specifically to the antennas of certain JJiptera.
— FUate margin, in entom., a margin sepaiated from
the disk l>y an impressed line running close to the edge.
filateriet, «. [ME., < OF. filaterie, philaterie,
also filatiere, etc., < LL. phylacterium, < Gr.
<t>v7.aKTiipiov, phylactery: see phylactei-y.'] A
Middle English form of phylactery. Wyelif.
Buck:Ha,u^k ^Med. Sci^o, IV. 626. fijatoryt (fiFa-to-ri), n. 1="pr/rJa«ono7 Uate
r,r^^<f,^'^,r,cr..^,^'...„.^ „ r/VT. ML./toton«»«, a thread- or rope-factory, a sew-
ing-room, < filare, wind thread, spin : see fila-
ment and^ieS.] A spinning-machine.
fllamentiferous (fil'a-men-tif 'e-rus), a. [< NL.
filamentum, filament, + L. ferre = E. 6eorl.]
Bearing a filament or filaments; filiferous.
filamentoid (fil-a-men'toid), a. [< filament +
-oid.] Like a filament.
filamentose (fil-a-men'tds), a. Same as /2a-
mentoii.'^.
filamentous (fil-a-men'tus), a. [= F. filamen-
teiix = Hp. Pg. ft. filamentoso ; as filament +
-otts.] 1. Like a thread; composed of threads
or filaments.
There are several filantentout microbia which can give
rise to the same appearance. Science, III. 620.
Except in Amphioxus, the branchis are always lamel-
lar, or Itlamentout, appendages of more or fewer of the
Tlsceral arches. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 91.
2. Capable of being drawn out into filaments,
like mucus ; hence, m med., containing a stringy
substance: as, filamentous urine. — 3. Having
filaments: fringed or fringe-like: fimbriate. —
Filamentous fimgus, mrceliimi, sporophore, thal-
lus, etc. See the nouns. — Filamentous tissue, line
fibrous tissue ; filirocellular or areolar tissue.
This manufactory has three yiiaforied, each of 640 reels,
which are moved by a water-wheel, and besides a small
filatory turned by men. Tooke.
filature (fil'a-tur), n. [= F. filature = Pr. fila-
dura = Sp. It. filatura, < ML. filatura, the art
of spinning, also a coarse thread, < filare, wind
thread, spin: aeefile^, v.] 1. A forming into
threads; the reeling of silk from cocoons.
Floss-silk ... is the name given to the portions of rav-
elled silk broken oil in the filature of the cocoons.
L're, Diet., II. 461.
2. A reel for drawing off silk from cocoons; a
filatory. — 3. An establishment for reeling silk.
steam filatures have become the one thing needed for
success (m silk-culture). The American, VII. 301.
Indeed, I am assured, on good authority, that it is only
fresh cocoons that go from the producers to the lilaturet:
even if choked, they are accounted fresh. Science, III. 431.
filazer (fil'a-z^r), «. Same &s filacer.
on which the records of the courts of justice fllamentule (fil-a-men'tul), n. [< NL. as if *//a- filberdt (iir'b*rd), «. An obsolete form of /Jfcert.
were strung. Halliwell.
filaceous (fi-la'shius), a. [< L. filum, a thread, +
-areotui.] Composed or consisting of thread or
thread-like parts ; filamentous.
It ii the stalk that maketh the JUaeeout matter, com-
monly. Boom, Nat Hlat, ( 614.
filacer (fll'a-s^r), n. [Also written filazer; < ., . , ^ ,
OP. filacier, filassier, < fUace, filasse, a file for filanderi (fi-lan d6rX n.
gtpers: see filace.'\ A former officer in the "' ' -"^>"
nglish Court of Common Pleas, who filed origi-
nal writs, etc., and ma<le out processes on them.
Filago (fi-la'go), n. [NL.,<L.//um, a thread:
see filt^.'] A genus of low, annual, cottony
herbs, belonging to the Composita, and nearly
related to Gnaphaliam. There are 8 or lo widely di»-
tributerl s|)ccies, 3 of which are found on the Pacific toast
of North America. The trotton-roae or herb impious of
Eur.>i>c, F. tiermaniea, is also naturalized in the United
stales.
filament (tVtfmeat), n. [= F. filament = Sp.
P^. It. filamento, < NL. filamentum, < ML. filare,
wind thread, spin, < L. filum, thread: seefileS.]
1. A fine untwisted thread ; a separate fiber or
fibril of any vegetable or animal tissae or pro-
duct, natural or artificial, or of a fibrous min-
eral : as, a filament of silk, wool
mentulum, dim. ot filamentum, filament.] The filbert (fil'b^rt),n
part of a down-feather or plumule which cor-
responds to the barbule of an ordinary feather.
[Rare.]
Theie JttamentuUt hare the same relation to the fila-
ment, their shaft, that the barbule* of the feathers have
to their barbs. MaegiUitray.
[Early mod. E. (pi.)
fylaundres; < OV.filandre,fiHandre,F.filandre,
a thread, string, air-thread, gossamer, in pi.
filandres, filanders ( > Sp.filandria = It. filati-
[Formerly also written fil-
dra, filanders), irreg. ( F. fU, t, thread,
filum: see/teS.] l. The small intestinal worm
which causes the disease called filanders. — 2.
pi. A disease in hawks, caused by small intes-
tinal worms. A\aofelander.<i. — 3. The external
membrane of gut scraped off in the manufac-
ture of catgut. Commonly as French, filandre.
This Uandrt U employed as thread to sew Intestines
and to make the cords of rackets and battledores.
L're, Diet., I. 760.
filander- (fi-lan'dfer), w. A name given by Le
Brun (1711) to the short-tailed kangaroo, Ual-
maturus asiaticus or Macropus brum. See phi-
filament ot silk, wool, cobweb, or tly^^knx.\ ^ t/ -k-i .«, • ^ t .»i
asbestos ; a cortical or muscuhir /!/amc«f. "^ (P '»')' "; , V- ^- ^r^' <.h fi'"">- »
...,^,. .K .K thread: see fileS.] Thread-Iil
He (Darwin) siiggesU the ponibillty that all warm-
■Hooded animals have arisen from one living filament
which the Great Flnt Cause endued with animality.
U. Spencer, Prin. of Biol,, | 144.
It is suggested that the excitement of any single fila-
ment of the cochlear nerve gtve* rlae In the mind to a dis-
tinct musical Imprmtoa.
Hvtdey and Youmane. Phyalol., | 258.
Specificallv — 2. In hot., the support of an an-
ther, usually slender and stalk-like, but very
variable in form. — 3. In ornith., the part of a
down-feather corresponding to the barb of an
ordinary feather, ilacgillivray. — 4. A tenu-
ous thread of any substance, as glass or mu-
cus; hence, in med., a glairy substance some-
times contained
filamentous.
See the nouns.
Filaria (fi-la'ri-a), ».
a thread: see/Je^.]
like; filaceous or
Filar micrometer, mlcroscoiw, etc.
herd, also filbcard, also (with ph ) philbert, phili-
herf, phiUiberd; < ME. filberde, fylberde, fyl-
byrde. fytbert, phiUiberd. Origin uncertain, the
history being obscure and involved in fable and
conjecture ; perhaps ult. from the name of St.
Philibert.] 1. A cultivated variety of the com-
mon hazelnut, Corylus Arellano. The Turkey
filbert is the fruit of C. Colurna. See Corylus.
I'll bring thee
To clust iing/if6irr<f«. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
2. The shrub which bears the nut. Also called
filbert-tree.
And Deniephon was so reproved^
That Phillis in the same throwe [moment]
Was shape into a nutte-tre . . .
And after Phillis phiUiberd
This tre was cleped in the yerd.
Gouer, Conf. Amant, II. 80.
The countrey yeeldeth many good trees of fruit, as fil-
ttenU in some places, but in all places cherie trees, and a
kind ot peare tree meet to graffe on.
Uakluyt't Voyages, III. 182.
The/s(f6(/rd<« hanging to the ground,
Tlie fygg-tree and the maple round.
The S'luyr of Lotce Degre, I. 37 (Ritsons Metr. Rom., III.).
filbert-nutt (fil'bfert-nut), «. [ME. fylberde-
notte, (.fylberde, filbert, + notte, nutte, nut.] A
filbert.
family Filariidce, containing
parasitic nematode worms of
very slender filiform shape,
some attaining a length of sev-
eral feet. F. tanfjuinit-hominit, the
larval form of which is found in the
lymphatics and blood-vessels. Is sidd
to l>e the cause of elephantiasis. F.
medineneis is the hairworm or guinea-
worm, common in the tropical regions
of the old world, and found in the sub-
ciitaneous tissue.
pi
Fylberde notte, fillom. Prompt. Parv.
^Jj., <filaris,<h. filum, filbert-tree (fil'b^rt-tre), n. [Formerly also
The typical genus of the filbeard-trce ; < ME. fylberdtrc, fylbertre, < fyU
in urine, capable of being _,, . . ,„, , .
drawn out into threads or strings.— 8. The 'llariaaaB (nl-a-n'a-de), ».
nearly infusible conductor placed in the globe '"'"'''•
of an incandescent lamp or glow-lamp and
raised to incandescence by the passage of the
current. It is usually some form of carbon,
although metals with high points of fusion ha ve
been osed— Filament of Heedham, the spermato-
Cuinea-wonn tFita-
ria meJimentU).
Same as Fila-
fllarial(fi-la'ri-al),<». [< Filaria + -al.'] Pertain-
ing to, of the nature of, or caused by Filaria.
In the filarial disease the filarial embryos are found in
the blood of the person affected by them, but only at cer-
tain time* In the twenty-four houra.
B. W. Richardmn, Prevent. Med., p. 57a
berde, fylbert, filbert, + tre, tree.] Same as
filbert, 2.
filch (filch), V. t. [< ME. filchen, steal, of ob-
scure origin; perhaps an assibilation of an
unrecorded 'filken, 'felgen, retaining the orig.
guttural of ME. felen, hide, conceal, as shown in
Icel./eta, pp.fdiginn, hide, intrust, commend, =
Goth. /tt««, hide, bury: se'efealS.'] To steal,
especially in a small, sly way ; pilfer ; take from
another on a petty scale, as for the supply of
a present need, or in an underhand way, as by
violation of trust or good faith.
In the end he gat himselfe the anger and displeasure ot
the masters and keepers of the said ponds and cisterns,
with his continuall and immeasurable //cAiik;.
Holland, tr. of I'liny, I. 251.
But he th&t filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which not enriches liim.
And makes me poor indeed. Shak., Othello, ill. 8.
filch
He has play'd the tliief with me, aud JUch'd away
The richest jewel of my life, my honour.
Beau, and FL^ Laws of Candy, ii. 1.
My companion manages to Jilch a raw onion and a crust
of bn?ad, which we share.
R Taylor^ Lands of the Saracen, p. 21.
filcht (filch), n . [< filch, t). *.] 1 . A stick with
a hook at the end, used in filching articles from
windows, clothes-lines, etc.
When hee poes a Filching, he putteth a hooke of yron,
with which htwlie hee angles at a window, in the dead of
night, for shirts, smockes, or any other linnen or woollen ;
and for that reason is the staffe tearmed a Filch.
Dekter, English Villanics, sig. M, 3 (ed. 1632),
2. An act of theft ; also, the thing stolen.
This is all you have to do,
Save every hour a Jilch or two,
Be it money, clotli, or pullen.
Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, iv, 1.
filcher (fil'chfer), n. One who filches; one who
is guilty of petty theft.
For never
Will I leave off the search of this bad man.
This jilcher of atfections, this love pedler,
Fletcher {and another), Love's Hlgrimage, iii. 1.
Every bit of brisk living, and above all when it is health-
ful, is just so mucli gained upon the wholesale Jilcher,
death. if. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 124.
filchingly (fil'ching-li), adv. By pilfering ; in a
thievish manner.
Sldi, H. An occasional Middle English form of
ftVW.
fil de trace (fel d6 tris). [F.-.fil, thread; de,
of; trace, outline: see trace, 71.] In lace-mak-
ing : (a) The outline of a pattern in needle-
point lace, (i) A thread of peculiar texture
differing from that of the rest of the lace and
used in making such outline.
fildorf, flldoret, «. [ME., < OF. fil (For, thread
of gold: fil (< L. filum), thread; de (< L. de),
of; or (< L. ourum), gold: see ^te3^ de^, or^.^
Gold thread.
The mane of that mayn hors mtich to hit lyke,
Wei cresped <fc cemmed wyth knottes ful mony,
Folden in wyth Jildore abonte the fayre grene,
Ay a herle of the here, an other of golde.
Sir Oaimyne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), L 189.
fllei (fil), n. [< ME. file, fyle, < AS. fedl, earli-
est form 1iil (8th cent, gloss) (contr. of orig.
*fihal) = D. vijl = LG. .file = OHG. fihala and
contr. fila, MHG. vile, G. feile = Sw. Dan. .fil
= Icel. tliel, mod. thjol (th for/) = OBulg. Serv.
Bohem. Pol. Russ. j>ilu = Lith. pela, a file;
prob. ult. from the root seen in L. pingere, pp.
pictus, adorn with needle or pencil, paint, pic-
ture, = Skt. V P'9! adorn, form: see paint, jnc-
ture.] 1. A metal (usually steel) tool, having a
rectangular, triangular, round, or irregular sec-
tion, and either tapering or of uniform width
hh n
a b c d e f (J h i
Files.
a, cotter-file when large, and verge- or pivot-file when smalt ; b,
square file (parallel or taper) ; c, banking or watch-pinion file when
parallel, and knife-file when taper; d, half-round, nicking, piercing,
or round-off file ; e, round, gulleting, or rat>tail file ; /, triangular,
three-square, or saw file ; g; equaling, clock-pinion, or endless-screw
file when parallel, and slitting, entering, warding, or barrel-hole file
when taper; h, cross- or double-half-round file; i, sciew-head, fea-
ther-edge, or slitting file.
and thickness, covered on one or more of its
surfaces with teeth or transverse or oblique
ridges, used for abrading, reducing, or smooth-
ing metal, ivory, wood, or other resistant ma-
terials. See phrases below.
Time doth with his secret /?«
Fret and diminish each thing every-while.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 6.
2. Figuratively, any means employed to refine
or polisli something, as literary style.
Mock the nice touches of the critic's Jile.
Akengide, Odes, ii. 1.
3. In entom,j a surface covered with fine par-
allel ridges, on which another surface can be
rubbed, producing the sound called stridula-
tion. These organs are found on various parts
of the body, as the wings, thorax, and abdo-
men.— 4. The rough spines of a sea-urchin,
as a eidarid. [Prov. Eng.] — Balance-wheel file.
See balance-whed. — 'Bai.TTel-nOlQ file, a watchmakers'
file, of rectaiiKular section, very thin, and with parallel
edges. — Bastard file. See bastard. — Blunt file, a file
tenninating in a blunt end, and graded between a taper
2212
file and a dead-parallel file.— Cabinet file, a fine sin-
gle-cut file for wood- work.— Cant file. See cant-file.—
Gheckerlng-file, a file formed of two files riveted to-
gethfr to form two edges, one of which serves as a guide
or spacer, while the other cuts a groove, used in checker-
work such as is formed on the small of gun-stocks, etc.
Also called double file.—CilCVdBX file, a circular saw or
serrated disk designed to run on a spiiuUe or mandrel,
used to cut the teeth of cog-wheels. — Clock-pinlon file.
Same as endless-screio file.—OotX&c file. See cottcr-Jile.
— Dead file, a file whose cuts are so fine that it makes
very little noise in use.— Dead-parallel file. Seeparai-
M ji/c. — Dead-smooth file, a tile having very fine and
close teetli. Sometimes called superJinefile.—'DentB.l file,
a small file of varied and peculiar forms used in mechani-
cal and operative dentistry.— Double-CUt file.a file which
has two series of straight cuts crossing each otlier, and thus
forminganumberofpointsor teeth.— Double file. Same
as checkeringfile.—'Dou'blQ-hali-TO\mCi file, a file with
curved sides and convex edges of dilferent angles. It is
used for dressing or crossing out bahtiice-wheels, and
hence is also called cross-_/(/(^. — Dovetail-file, a thin file
with a back of tin or brass, resembling the stiffener of a
dovetail- or tenon-saw.— Endless-SCrew file, a tlat tile
with a constant thickness and parallel edges. Also called
eqiialing-Jile.— 'EateTiTi^-Qle, a fiat tapering tile for pre-
paring work for a cotter or cjther file. -Equaling-flle, a
flat file with a constant thickness, more or less tapering in
wi<ith. — Equalizing-file, a fiat file of uniform thickness,
used in repairing watches and clocks.- Feather-edge
file, a file having a sharp edge, the cross-section fornihig
an acute angle.— Five-cant file, a file having one angle
of 108° and two of 30° each, used to file M-toothed saws.
— Flat file, a common double-cut file of various grades of
fineness of cut, sometimes taper, and sometimes of uni-
form size through the whole length.— Float-file, a single-
cut file used by comb-makers and ivory-carvers, of several
kinds, known as carlet, topper, etc.— GuUetlng-file, a
round, blnnt, single-cut file for sharpening saws.— Half-
round file, a file flat on one side and rounding on the
other. K II. A'mj?/!^.— Half- thick file, a tile used as a
rubber file for coarse work. It is strong and heavy, and
has one round side and three flat ones. — Knife-file, a file
with a sharp edge and tliin blade-like section, used to finish
narrow grooves.— Lead-float file, a coarse single-cut flle
for soft metals.— Marble-workers' flle, one of a series
of fine flies and rasps used by sculptors and workers in
marble. One form has perforations for the escape of the
dust.— Middle-cut flle, a flle of which the teeth are in
coai-seness between the rough and the bastard. — Nlcklng-
fi.le, a thin flle for making nicks in the heads of screws.
E. H. Knight. — Parallel flle, a file of uniform section,
or without taper from tang to point. A fiat and mathe-
matically correct flle is termed a dead-parallel file. — Per-
forated file, a sculptors' file which has perforations to
permit the escape of abraded material. It was invented
by Hiram Powers.- Piercing-file, a sharp and narrow
file to enlarge a narrow drilled hole. E. H. Knight. —
Pivot-file, a fine flle used in dressing pivots on the arbors
of watches. E. H. A'nt(;A(.—Kat-tailflle,asmall, round,
tai)ering file.— Rough file, a flle with heavy deep cuts
made at an angle of about 12° to the perpendicular. —
Round-edge file, a form of flle with a convex edge, used
in dressing the spaces between the teeth of gear-wheels,
E. II. Knight. — Round file, one of a series of small flies
of circular section. If tapering, such flies are called rat-
tail files; if of uniform section, they are caWed joint-files,
from their use in filing out apertures for joint-wires and
pintles of hinges. E. H. An^<7/l^— Round-joint file, a
form of flle used in clock-making.— Round-off file, a
small half-round flic, with the convex side safe or un-
cut, used for rounding or pointing the teeth of wheels
originally cut square. E. If. Knight.— ^a,fQ-edge6. file,
a file having one edge or more left uncut and made smooth.
Such files are most commonly used in forming a shoul-
der or set-otf, and in filing out rectangular corners. In
certain flies the edges only are cut, the faces being left
smooth.- Saw-file, a flle for sharpening saw-teeth, tri-
angular in cross-section for hand-saws and flat for mill-
saws. E. If. Knight.— ScTew-hea.6. flle, a feather-edged
file for nicking screw-heads. E. II. Knight.— ^econd-
CUt file, a file graded between the bastard and smooth
files.- Single-cut flle, any flle.having a single series or
course of teeth : distinguished from the double-cut file. —
Slltting-flle, a file with two acute and two obtuse edges
and parallel sides. E. H. Knight.— ^VCiOOVo. file, a finish-
ing file graded between the second-cut and dead-smooth
files.— Square file, a file which is square in its transverse
section. It is usually tapering, with one smooth side.
— Superfine file. Same as dead-snioothfile.—'Shxee-
square file, the ordinary tapering hand-saw flle, of tri-
angular cross-section. Also cti\\e& triangular file. E. If.
Knight.— To bite or gnaw a flle, to attempt in anger or
ignorance something that is entirely impracticable or that
merely injures one's self: in allusion to the fable of the
serpent which attempted to bite a file. — Triangular file.
Same as three-square filc—Verge-^Q, a fine flle with one
smooth side : formerly used by watchmakers when work-
ing on the verge of the old vertical escapement. E. If.
A?iif//i(.— Warding-file, a flat flle having a constant
thickness, and cut only upon the edges : used in filing the
ward-notches in keys. E. If. ^nif^/if.- Watch-pinlon
file. Same as banking-file.
file^ (fil), V. t, ; pret. and pp. ^M, ppr. fling. [<
ME..^/cM = D. vijlen = liG.filen = OHG.^ow,
MHG. vilen, (jr.feilen = Sw. fila = Dan. file =
Icel. #M;a, file; fromthenoun,] 1, Toruborcut
with a file, or as if with a file ; render smooth,
sharp, even, etc., by rubbing with a file; re-
move with a file : as, to file a saw ; to file off a
tooth.
I would have filed keys off that hung in chains.
Shak., W. T., iv. 3.
The fetters of my thraldom are fil'd off.
And I at liberty to right myself.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, v. 1.
A smith, a smith, right speedllie,
To file the irons frae my dear brither.
Archie of Ca' field (Child's Ballads, VI. 92).
file
The iron teeth of confinement and privation had been
^\o\v\y filing him down. Dickens, Pickwick, xlii.
2. Figuratively, to smooth; polish; correct;
improve.
The fine and filed phrases of Cicero,
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 155.
Precious phrase by all the Muses rt^erf.
Shak., Sonnets, Ixxxv.
File your tongue with a little more coui-tesy. Scott.
file^t (fil), V. t. [< UK.filen,fyl€n, < AS. d-fylan,
ffc-Jylaiiy he-fylatij make foiil, foul, befoul, defile
(= OHG. /»/«»)» ^^- A.S.fulia7i, d-fulian, intr.,
become foul, </«^ foul. Cf. hefoulj defoul^y de-
file'^, and Bee foul.'] To defile; pollute; con-
taminate; degrade.
The world has many with y&nite filed.
Ilampole, I'rick of Conscience, 1. 1198.
Now Arthur-Seat shall be my bed,
The sheets shall ne'er hefyl'd by me.
Wahj, Waly, but Love be Bonny (Child's Ballads, IV. 133).
For Banquo's issue have I fil'd my mind.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1.
file3(fil),«. [<OF.andF./?<',f.,afile,rank,row,
fil^ m., a thread, string, wire, edge, etc., = Pr,
Pg. It. filUj f ., = Sp.^/a and Mia., f ., a row, line ;
Sp. filo and hilOj m., = Pg. It. filOj m., thread,
string, wire, etc.; < L. filum, neut., a thread,
string, cord, filament, ML. fila, t., a string or
series.] 1. A thread, string, or line; particu-
larly, a line or wire on which papers are strung
in due order for preservation and reference.
Either it is there, or it is upon a file, with the duke's
other letters, in my tent. Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.
All the afternoon and night, looking over and tearing
and burning all the unnecessary letters which I have had
upon my file for four or five years backward,
Pepys, Diary, III. 26.
2. The whole number of papers thus arranged ;
hence, a collection of papers arranged accord-
ing to date or subject for the sake of ready ref-
erence; also, a bundle of papers tied together
with the title of each indorsed: as, a file of
newspapers; bi, file of writs. — 3. A roll, list, or
catalogue.
Our present musters grow upon the file
To flve-and-twenty thousand men of choice.
SAaA:.,2Hen. IV,, i. 3.
You may meet.
In person of a merchant, with a soul
As resolute and free, and all ways worthy,
As else in any^^e of mankind.
Fletcher, Beggars* Bush, ii. 3.
4. A docket; a calendar. [Rare.]
Causes unjudg'd disgrace the loaded File;
And sleeping Laws the King's Neglect revile.
Prior, Solomon, ii,
5. A row of persons or things arranged one be-
hind another; milit.j a row of soldiers forming
a line from front to rear ; the number of men
constituting the depth of a battalion or squad-
ron. When a battalion is formed in two ranks, a flle of
soldiers means two men. The front of a flle is one man ;
its depth may be any number of men.
So saying, on he led his radiant files,
Dazzling the moon. Milton, P. L., iv. 797.
A File of Men, Bumpkin, is six Men.
Steele, Grief A-la-Mode, v. 1.
Here//e« of pins extend their shining rows.
Pope, R. of the L., i. 137.
Soon after three ^^« of soldiers entered. Scott.
6t. Regular succession of thought or narration ;
uniform tenor; thread of discourse.
And, were it not ill fitting for this file
To sing of hilles and woods mongst warres and Knights,
I would abate the sternenesse of my stile.
Spenser, F. Q.,VII. vi. 37.
Let me resume the file of my narration. Sir If. Wotton.
7. One of the lines of squares on a chess-board
running directly from player to player : opposed
to ranJc. See ehcss'^. — 8. Same as rank and file.
See phrase below, [Rare.]
Philip dismissed all those of the common file, on the
condition that they should not bear arms for six months
against the Spaniards. Prescott, Hist. Philip II.
9. In some parts of the United States, a cloth
used in cleaning or wiping a floor. A\so file-doth.
— 10. In Aer.,sameas /«6e?.— Flank flle, the file on
the extreme right or left of any body of troops.— Indian
file. Same as single file.— On file, placed on a flle, or in
orderly arrangement for preservation: more specifically,
hi law, placed among the papers constituting the records
of a court, and purporting to be there as a part of such
records.— Rank and flle. (a) Milit.. the lines of soldiers
from side to side and from front to back ; all common sol-
diers under tlie rank of sergeant, or sometimes all below the
non-commissioned staff. Hence- (6) Thegeneral body of
any party or society, as distinguished from the leaders.—
Single file, an arrangement of a body of pereons or objects
in a single line, one behind another: as, to move or march
in single file. Also called fndian file, because the Ameri-
can Indians usually move in this order.
file** (fil), V. ; pret. and pp. filed, ppr. filing. [=
F. filer, &\e oQ'j fromthenoun.] I. trans. 1.
file
To place or fasten on a file ; fasten, as papers,
on a line or wire, for preservation; hence, to
arrange in order, or insert in a bundle, as pa-
pers ; arrange in a given order ; classify.
Then the examiner, register, and two clerks.
They manage all at home, and sort, and fiU,
And seal the news, and issue them.
B. J&nson, Staple of News, i. 1.
Specifically — 2. To place in due manner, as a
document, among the records of a court or a
public office.
On ane Farnstein they /yled a bill.
Raid of the Reidtwire (Child's Ballads, VL 134).
Ashmole was obliged to file a bill in Chancery.
/. Waltan, Complete Angler, p. 42, note.
Thy fair desires in virtue's court are fil'd.
MidcUelon, Inner-Temple Masque.
3. To receive, or receive and indorse, as a
document so placed.
H. intrans. To march in a file or line, as sol-
diers, not abreast, but one after another.
All ran down without order or ceremony, till we drew
up in good order, and filed otf . Tatler.
Down to the haven of the Isle,
The monks and nuns in order yi^.
From Cuthbert's cloisters grim.
Scott, Marmiou, ii. 11.
FUe left (milit.X a tactical command to change the di-
rection of a column marching in file 90° toward the left.
— File light (mint.), a tactical command to change the
direction of a column marching in file 90^^ toward the
right- — To file off, in milit. tactics, to wheel otf by flies
from marching in line and to march in Hie parallel to the
ori;:inal front, or at right angles to the first direction. —
To file With, to rank with ; be equal to.
3Iy endeavours
Have ever come too short of my desires.
Yet /if (i icttA my abilities.
Shak., Hen. VIII., ill. 2.
file* (fil), a. and n. [< ME. file, fyle, a var. of
vile : see vile. As a noun, ME. file, a wretch, a
▼illain, a vague term of abuse. Cf. OD. fiel,
fielt, a vile, worthless, cowardly, lazy, ragged
fellow. In sense 3 file seems to be popularly
associated with filei, as if it meant a ' hard '
or ' hard-headed' person, a ' hard case.' Slang
terms are unstable in meaning.] I.t o. Vile.
The old emperlce, the/yl« traytour.
Octonan (Weber's Hetr. Bom.).
IL n. If. A wretch; a villain: a vague term
of abuse.
Men mithe (might] thethen [thence] a mile
Here him rore, that tule \U>M\]fiU. Uatxlok, 1. 2498.
Sorful bicom that false HU [Satan],
And tlioght how he mogbt man biwiU [var. blgrle].
Cvnar Mundi, 1. 715.
Philip the Valai was a/Ie;
He fled. Minot, Poems (ed. Wright), p. 31.
2. A pickpocket ; a thief. [Slang.]
The greatest character among them was that of a pick-
pocket, or, in their language a fiU.
Fielding, Jonathan Wild, iv. 12.
3. [See etym.] A hard, cunning person; a
shrewd person ; a deep or artful man : as, a
sly old file. [Slang.]
The Dodger . . . desired the jafler to communicate
" the names of them imoJUee as was on the bencli."
I DUktm, OUver Twist, xliii.
file-card (fll'kftrd), n. A piece of card-clothing
ii.scil for cleansing files from metallic dust.
file-carrier (fil'kar'i-dr), n. A holder in which
!i file is mounted, like a frame-saw in its stock.
file-cleaner (fil'kle'nir), ». 1. A wire brush
or a piece of carding used to cleanse files. —
2. A machine employing a sand-blast, used to
clean and reshiiri)en old files.
file-closer (fil'klo'ztr), «. Milit., a non-com-
missioned officer who marches behind troops in
line, or on the flank when in column, to assist
in preserving the formation and alinement.
Front after front the sturdy infantry trudges by. the stu-
dent-ofllcers hidden ufiU-elosert behind their companies.
Harperi Mag., LXXV'l. 78S.
file-cloth (fil'kldth), n. Same a»1iUfl, 9.
file-cutter (ni'kut'fer), n. One who cuts teeth
in fill's: .1 file-maker.
file-flnisMng (fil'fin'ish-ing), n. The smooth-
ing off an<rfinishing of metal- or wood-work
with files previous to the use of the emery-
whpp] or sandpaper.
file-firing (fil'fir'mg), w. The discharge of small-
anns liy files of soldiers firing in succession.
file-fish (Hl'fish), n. Any plectognathous fish
of the family KalitHdm: so called from the
roughly granular skin. The E\iropcan species is IMie-
tee cajfnectu, a (■^•nitiion inhabitant ttt the Mediterranean,
and f^casjonally met with im the MUlhern coasts of Eng-
laiitl. It grows to the length of 2 feet. /?. aculr.atint, a
native of the Inrlinn and American seas, as well as of the
Bed Sea, is aometlmes 12 or 14 inches long. Another Is a
2213
monacanthine flsh, Alutera xchixpfi, with a single dorsal
spine, a moderate abdominal flap not extended beyond the
File-fish i^Alutera schxfji).
pelvic spine, and of a dull-gi-eenish color mottled with a
darker hue. It is abundant along the southern coast of
the United States.
filegreent, «. An obsolete form of filigrain, fili-
gree.
This Treillage is performed with that variety of Orna-
ments, that it resembles Filef/reen Work, and ia large.
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 186.
file-guard (fil'gard), n. A holder, or temporary
protecting handle, for a file.
fileinief, «. A Middle EngUsh form of villainy.
file-leader (firie"d6r), n. Milit., a, soldier placed
in the front of and leading a file.
file-marching (firmar''ching), «. Milit., the
marching of a line two deep, when faced to
the right or left, so that the front and rear
ranks march side by side. Brande.
file-mark {fil'mark), n. The note indorsed by
a clerk or recording officer upon a document
filed, usually consisting of the word filed and
the date of filing.
filemot (fil'e-mot), n. and a. [Sometimes writ-
ten philomot; an accom. of P. feuillemorte, of
the eolorof a dead leaf: aee feuillemorte.'] I. ii.
The color of a faded leaf; a yellowisn-brown
color.
The colours yon ought to wish for are blue, or filemot
turned up with red. Swi/t, Directions to .Servants, iii.
H. o. Of a dead-leaf color.
Labelled folios all fiUmot with age and use.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 177.
fller^ (ft'16r),'«. One who files or uses a file in
cutting, smoothing, or polishing,
filer'-i (fi'l^r), ». [Cf./fci, n., 2.] A pickpocket.
[Slang.]
A Filer my sister, a Filcher my Brother,
A Canter [tramping beggar] my Unckle
That car'd not for Pelfe ;
A Ufter [shoplifter] my Aunt, a begger myselfe.
John Baafurd, Collection of Ballads (1671).
file-shell (ffl'shel), n. A bivalve moUusk of
the family Pholadidce, as PItolag dactylus, the
piddock: so called from the roughness of the
shell.
filet (fe-la'), «• [F., <lini. of ^^ a thread: see
file^ffillet.] In decora ficearf, a thin line forming
part of a design or ornamenting an edge or the
like; a fillet: as, a^/ef in gold in bookbinding; a
filet of rnby luster on a majolica vase. See JUlet.
— Filet guipure. Same as darned lace. See lace.
filial ( fil'yal). a. [= F. filial = Pr. Sp. Pg. fil-
ial = It. filiate, < Lli. filialis, of a son or daugh-
ter, < filiui, a son, tera.filia, a daughter ; perhaps
orig. (like E. son, q. v.) 'one born,' < V 'fe, 'fev,
bear, produce, in fetus, offspring, fecundus,
fruitful, /cmtna, woman, etc.: see fetus, fecund,
female, etc.] 1. Pertaining to a son or daugh-
ter ; becoming to or due from a child in relation
to the parents.
The Son from the Father had fatherly Love "^nd the
Father from the Son a filial Obedience.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 26.
It were a sin against the piety
Ot filial duty, if I should forget
The debt I owe my father.
Beau, and Ft., Laws of Candy, i. 2.
With filial confidence inspired.
Can lift to Heaven an unpresumptuons eye.
And smiling say, ".My Father made them all. "
Cotcper, Task, v. 745.
2. Bearing the relation of a child.
Sprigs of like leaf erect their ^ftaf heads. Prior.
The same good ofllce Is performed by Property and its
/fiof systems of debt and credit. Fmerson, Nature.
filially (fil'yal-i), adv. In a filial manner.
There is no servant of God but tetiTestiliallj/.
Bp. Hall, Holy Panegyric.
filiate (fil'i-at), V. t. ; pret. and pp. filiated, ppr.
filiatimi. [<. ii. filitts, a son, filia, a daughter,
+ -ate^; ef. affiliate.'] 1. To adopt as a son
filibuster
or daughter; take into filial relation. — 2. In
law, to determine judicially the paternity of, as
a bastard child; hence, to refer to the author
or maker.
Many parts indeed authenticate themselves, bearing so
strong a likeness that no one can hesitate At filiating them
upon the ipsissimus Luther. Southey, The Doctor, ccxxxi.
3. To establish any analogous close relation be-
tween ; affiliate.
Not only are the sciences as now advanced correlated
by innumerable traces of cousinship, but all the past
stages of science are filiated by the same ties.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 123.
filiation (fil-i-a'shon), n. [= F. filiation = Sp.
filiacion = Pg. filidgao = It. filiazione; as filiate
+ -ion.] 1. The relation of a son or daughter
to a parent: the correlative ot paternity.
The fathers flnding great authority and energy in this
confession of Peter for the establishment of the natural
filiation of the Son of God.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 352.
2. The establishment of a filial relation, spe-
cifically by adoption.
God hath forgot all these paternities, all these ^<ta<io7M,
all these incorporatings, all these inviscerations of Israel
into his own bosom, and Israel is bec^mie the generation
of his wrath. Donne, Sermons, vi.
3. In law, the judicial determination of the pa-
ternity of a child, especially of a bastard ; af-
filiation.
We are now sure that, if the principle on which Solo-
mon decided a famous case of filiation were correct, there
can be no doubt as to the justice of our suspicion.
ilacaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
4. Any analogous close connection or relation.
Two of our English letters, n and d, are derived, in
strict historical filiation, from two of the alphabetic signs
... by means of which the name of King Sent is expressed.
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 61.
Everything tends to show that there is direct filiation
l)etween the rude workmanship of theflintof Saint-Acheul
and the skilled workmanship of the flint of the neolithic
age. ..V. Joly, Man before Metals (trans.), p. 29.
filibeg (fil'i-beg), n. [Also written filUbeg and
(improp.) philibeg, sotnetimea fillybag ; < Gael.
feilcadh-beag, the kilt in its modem shape, lit.
'small kilt' (beag, smaill, little), in distinction
from feileadh-mor, the 'large kilt' (mor, large,
great), the kilt in its primitive form, consist-
ing of one piece, generally of tartan, covering,
when spread, the whole body, and girt around
the waist; feileadh, feile, the kilt, cf. filleadh,
a fold, plait, (.fill, v., fold.] A plaited petticoat
or skirt reaching only to the knees, worn by
men in the Highlands of Scotland ; a kilt.
"VXw filibeg or lower garment is still very common.
Johjuton, Jour, to Western Isles.
Upon the road to Port-ree. Prince Charles changed his
dress, and put on man's clothes again, a tartan short coat
and waistcoat, with philibeg and short hose, a plaid and
wig, and bonnet. Boswell, Journal, p. 222.
filibuster (firi-bus-t*r), n. [< Sp. filibustero
(with inserted i in first syllable) (= It. filibus-
tiere), < F.fiilmstier, earlier /nfti/stie)', a filibus-
ter, bucaneer, freebooter (with s inserted, but
orig. not pronounced — a common fact in 17th
century F., after the analogy of words in which
an original s was retained in spelling, though
it had become silent in pronunciation); < D.
rrijbiieter (Kilian, 1598), now vrijbuiter, a free-
booter, = E. freebooter = Dan. fribytter = Sw.
fribytare = G./m6»«f«r (the E., Dan., 8w., and
G. words being not independent formations,
but formed after the analogy of the D. vi-ijbue-
ter, -n-hich appears to be the oldest form). In
a Dutch work ("De Americaensche Zee-Koo-
vers," 1678) written by a bucaneer named John
Oexmelin, otherwise Exquemelin or Esqueme-
ling, and translated into French and Spanish,
and subsequently into English (1684), the ad-
venturers of the West Indies are said to have
been divided into three classes — the bucaneers
(boucaniers) or hunters (see bucaneer), the fili-
busters (flibustiers) or rovers, and the farmers
{habitans); and the fiibusticrs are said to have
assumed their name "from the English word
flibuster, which means rover"; this must re-
fer to E. freebooter, but the D. form appeai-s
to be the original. The bucaneers consisted
mainly of French, Dutch, and English adven-
turers, and not to any extent of Spaniards, with
whom they were con.stantly at war; the Sp. form
filibujitero can only be an accom. of the F. fli-
bustier; the s is now pronounced in F., etc., be-
cause, as now used, it is taken from the books,
as spelled. The commonly assumed connection
with E. fiyboat (Sp.flibote, filibote, t'.fiibot, < D.
rlieboot: aee fiyboat) hag no support either in
form or in historical fact.] 1. A freebooter: in
history, a name distinctively applied to the West
filibuster
Indian bueaneers or pirates of the seventeenth
century. See biiconeei: Hence — 2. One of a
band of men organized, in disregard of interna-
tional law, for the purpose of invading and revo-
lutionizing a foreign state. Speciflcall)- applied in
history to tlie members of certain expeditious which in
the middle of the nineteenth century originated in or set
out from the Tnited States against certain Spanisli- Ameri-
can countries for tlie purpose of revolutionizing them.
The principal of these expeditious were those led by Nar-
ciso Lopez from New Orleans against Cuba, in 1850-51, and
those by William Walker from California against the Mex-
ican state of Sonera in 1853-54, and against Nicaragua
in 1855-58. Both leaders were captured and put to death,
the latter after having succeeded in his second object and
exercised sovereign power for some time over Nicaragua.
Hence — 3. In a legislative or other delihera-
tive body, a member in the minority who re-
sorts to irregular or obstructive tactics to pre-
vent the adoption of a measure or procedure
which is favored by the majority. .Also filibus-
terer. [U. S.]
filibuster (fil'i-bus-t^r), f. i. [< filibuster, «.]
1. To act as a freebooter or bueaneer.
AlilvhanolT's swoop upon Merv was not a filibustering
exploit, carried out by him and other frontier officials on
their own personal responsibility.
Marvin, Gates of Herat, ii.
2. To obstruct legislation by undue use of the
technicalities of parliamentary law or privi-
leges, as when the minority in a legislative as-
sembly, in order to prevent the jjftssage of some
measure obnoxious to them, endeavor to con-
sume time or tire out their opponents by use-
less motions, speeches, objections, etc. [U. S.]
The Democrats . . . filibustered and postponed the vote
till a day when strength could be fairly measured on it.
G. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II. 239.
They [Irish Nationalists] may, as some of the more ac-
tively bitter among them did in the Parliaments of 1874
and 1S80, obstruct business by long and frequent speeches,
dilatory motions, and all those devices which in America
are called fHibusteriug.
J. Bryce, in New Princeton Rev., III. 66.
fllibusterer (firi-bus-ter-6r), n. Same as fili-
huster, 3.
filibusterism (fil'i-bus-tfer-izm), n. [< filibus-
ter + -ism.'] The practice of filibustering, (a)
Bucaneering ; freebootmg.
The spirit of filibusterism must have been very active,
and must have influenced large circles of the population.
//. von Hoist, Const. Hist, (trans.), p. 4.
ib) Legislative obstruction. [U. S.]
filical (fil'i-kal), a. [< L. fiUx (fiUc-), fern, -1-
-a?.] Belonging to the Filices or ferns.
Filices (fil'i-sez), ?i. pi. [L., pi. of filix, a fern.]
The ferns, a large order of cryptogamous plants.
See fernl.
filiciform (fil'i-si-f6rm), a. [< L. filix (filic-),
fern, -i- forma, shape.] Fern-shaped.
FiUcineae (fil-i-sin'e-e), «. pi. [NL., < L. as if
'filicimis {< filix (fiUc-), fern) -t- -ew.] A division
of the vascular cryptogams especially character-
ized by the presence of well-developed leaves ;
ferns and their allies. The group is divided into lep-
tosporangiate Filicinem, in which the sporangia are formed
from a single epidermal cell, and eusporangiate Filicinew,
in which they are formed from a cluster of epidermal cells,
as in OphioqlossacecB and M arattiace<e. The leptosporan-
giate Fiiicineoe are again divided into homosporous Fill-
cinets, the true ferns, and heterosporous Filicinece, com-
prising tile Salviniucea and Marsitiacece, in which two
kinds of spores are formed.
filicite (fil'i-slt), n. [< L. filix (filic-), fern, +
-ite'^.'] A fossil fern or filicoid plant.
filicoid (fil'i-koid), a. and n. [< L. filix (filic-),
fern, + Gr. eMof, form.] I. a. Fem-like ; hav-
ing the form of a fern.
II. n. A plant resembling a fern.
fllicology (fil-i-kol'o-ji), n. [< L. filix (filic-),
fern, + Gr. -?Myia, < ?Jyew, speak: see -ology.]
The science or study of ferns; pteridology.
[Bare.]
fili&re (fe-liar'), n. [F., </!, athread: seefileS.']
A gage for measuring needles. See gage^.
filiety (fi-li'e-ti), n. [< LL. filieta(t-)s, sonship,
< L. filius, a son : see filial.] The relation of a
son to a parent ; sonship. [Rare.]
ITie paternity of A and the filitty of B are not two facts,
but two modes of expressing the same fact.
J. S. Mill, Logic, p. 45.
filiferous (fi-lif 'e-ms), a. [< L. filum, a thread, +
ferre, = E. bear^, + -ous.] Producing threads,
or bearing thread-like growths, as some plants,
insects, moUusks, etc. ; specifically, in entom.,
bearing very slender, thread-like organs, as the
abdomen of a May-fly.
filiform (fil'i-form), a. [= Y.flliforme. = Pg. It.
filiforme, < xih.filiformis, < L. filum, a thread, -t-
forma, shape.] 1. Like a filum in form; thready;
filamentous ; filaceous. — 2. Pertaining to or
having the characters of the Filiformia Fili-
form antennffi, palpi, or tarsi, in eniom. , those an tenme.
2214
etc., in which the joints are cylindrical, slender, and close,
ly fitted together, the outer ones being no larger than the
others, so that the organ luis a thread-like appearance.
See cut under fln/cnnrt.— Filiform pulse. See pulsei.
filiformed (firi-formd), a. Having the form
or likeness of a thread or filament ; filifoi-m.
I distinctly saw a long fili/ormed organ, bearing exces-
sively tine hairs in lines. Dary^in, Cirripedia, p. 9.
Filiformia (fil-i-f or'mi-S), «. pi. [NL. , neut. pi .
of ./i7i/'»»-/«is, thread-like: see ^fe/on«.] In La-
treille's system of classification, a division of
Iffimodipodous crustaceans, containing the slen-
der as distinguished from the stout Isemodipods,
such as Caprella, I'roto, etc. : contrasted with
th-alia. It corresponds to the modern family
Caprellidce.
Filigera (fi-lij'e-ra), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
filiger: seefiligerous.'] A i>rime division of pro-
tozoans, containing the flagellate infusoriaus.
Maximilian Perty, 1852. Also called 7'/(j/(o^oirf«.
filigerous (fi-lij'g-rus), a. [< NL. filiger, bear-
ing threads (i. e., flagella) (< Li. filum, a thread,
+ gerere, bear), -t- -o«.«.] Bearing or furnished
with flagella, as an infusorian ; flagellate ; spe-
cifically, pertaining to or having the characters
of the Filigera.
Filigradse (fi-lig'ra-de), ». pi. A suborder or
superfamily of spiders, characterized by single-
jointed tarsi armed with but one coarse claw,
proposed by Thorell (1870) for the extinct fam-
ily FhalangiUcke or Fhalangitoidce.
fillgrade (fll'i-grad), a. and n. [NL., < L. filum,
a tbi-ead, a cobweb, -I- gradi, walk: see grade.]
1. a. Of or relating to the FiligradcB.
II. n. A spider of the group Filigradai.
filigrainf, flUgranet (fil'i-gran), «. and a. [Also
filegreen (now filigree, q. v.); = D. fiUgrane =
G. Dan. filigran = Sw. filigrams, < F. filigrane,
filigree (also water-mark, i. e., 'wire-mark'; in
this sense also written filagramme, as if con-
nected with Gr. -ypdfifta, a writing, a mark), <
Sp. Pg. It. filigrana, filigree, < L. filum, thread,
wire, -I- granum, grain: see file^ and grain.]
Earlier forms of filigree.
A cMTiows filigrane handkerchief, and two fair filigrane
plates brought out of Spain.
Dr. Browne, Travels (1685), p. 147.
Filigrana (fil-i-gra'na), n. [NL., < L. filum, a
thread, + granum, a grain.] A genus of poly-
cheetous tubicolous annelids, of. the family Ser-
pulidce. F. imjilexa is found on the north Euro-
pean coasts.
flligranet, n. and a. See filigrain.
filigree (fil'i-gre), «. and a. [Also filligree, fila-
gree, fillagree ; a corruption, through an earlier
form 'filigreen, filegreen, of the orig. form fili-
grain, q. v.] I. n. 1. Ornamental work con-
sisting of fine gold, silver, or sometimes copper
wire, formed into delicate tracery of scrolls,
network, and the like, or of minute grains or
plates of metal soldered to a background, or of
both combined, it is used either independently or for
application to more solid articles, and is one of the most
ancient kinds of jewelers' work. The Greek and Etruscan
flligree-work is of extreme beauty, and much of the jew-
elry for personal adornment found in their tombs or else-
where is of this kind. In the middle ages tiligree-work
reached great development in certain parts of Europe,
especially in Ireland before the eleventh century. It is
made in northern Italy, Genoa and Venice being famous
for it.
Busts of Saints and Apostles set a giorno in the body of
an eagle in silver filagree.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 378.
2. Any kind of ornamental openwork resem-
bling or analogous to filigree. Hence — 3.
Figuratively, anything very delicate, light, and
fanciful or showy in structure ; especially, any-
thing too delicately formed to be serviceable ;
something easily destroyed or injured.
Guarantees, he said, were mere filigree, pretty to look
at, but too brittle to bear the slightest pressure.
Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
Steibelt, a maker of filagree for the piano, ... on this
occasion played in a quintett of his own with a very bril-
liant piano part. Fortnightly liev., N. S., XXVII. 881.
II. a. Composed of filigree: as, a filigree
brooch.
filigreed (fil'i-gred), a. Ornamented with fili-
gree. [Eare.]
There was a mirror with a iXeep filigreed frame.
T. B. Aldrich, Bad Boy, p. 37.
filigree-glass (fil'i-gre-glas), n. 1. GIbss or-
namented by colored threads included in the
transparent mass and twisted, waved, or woven
with one another so as to produce regular pat-
terns. Compare latticinio, vitro-di-trina. — 2.
A glass vessel, especiallj' a goblet or drinking-
glass, decorated with filigree.
fill
filigree-point (fil'i-gre-point), n. A kind of
fancy work imitating gold lace, made by work-
ing upon a linen background with gold thread,
which is afterward separated from the back-
ground. JJict. of Xeedleuork:
filigree-work (fil'i-gre-w6rk), n. 1. Work in
filigree; filigree. — 2. Any kind of ornamen-
tation resembling or analogous to filigree, or
wliieh is thought too minute or too fantastic
for its place or piu-pose.
filingl (fi'ling), n. [Verbal n. of file''-, v.] 1.
The act of using a file. — 2. A fragment or par-
ticle rubbed off by a file : as, iron-filings.
.filing^ (fi'ling), n. [Verbal n. of //c3, v.] The
act of putting upon file.
filing-board (fi'ling-bord), «. A board upon
which a piece of work is laid or held to be filed.
For certain classes of work the board is pivoted to yield
to any vertical sway of the file, that it may be always flat
with the surface of the flle.
filiolet, n. [ME. fylyole, felijole, < OF. fillole,
filloelle, fiolle, fiole, fyole, a column, pillar, tur-
ret.] A turret, pinnacle, or cupola.
Towre telded bytwene trochet ful thik,
Sayre /ylyolez that fysed, an<l ferlyly long,
With coruon coprounes, craftyly slese.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, I. 796.
Filioque (fil-i-d'kwe), n. [L., and from the
Son : filio, abl. of filius, son (see filial) ; que
(enclitic), and.] The clause of the Nicene
Creed in its western form which asserts that
the Holy Ghost proceeds both from the Father
and from the Son. The doctrine of the "double pro-
cession," as it is called, has been generally accepted in
the Latin Church from a very early period ; and this
clause was frequently added to the creed before it was
authoritatively incorporated in it in the eleventh century.
The Greek Church, on the contrary, has always main- ,
tained the doctrine of the single procession, as expressed
in the original form of the Nicene Creed, in accordance
with John XV. 26, "the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth
from the Father"; and the controversy on this subject
(called the Filioque controversy), continued to the pres-
ent time, was one of the chief causes of the schism be-
tween the two churches.
filipendula (fil-i-pen'du-lii), n. [=V . filipendule
= Sp. It. filipendula = 6. filipendel, etc., < late
ML. filipendula, prop. fem. of *filipendulus,
hanging by a thread : see filipendulous.] The
plant dropwort. Spiraea Filipendula.
fllipendulous (tU-i-pen'du-lus), a. [< ML. *fili-
pendulns, hangingbyathread,< L./fawi, thread,
-f penduJus, hanging, < pendere, hang: see
fileS and pendulous.] Suspended by a thread.
"[Rare.]
Filipino (fil-i-pe'no), n. [Sp.] A native of the
Philippines ; in a restricted sense, a native of
more or less pure Spanish descent. Also incor-
rectly Fhilippino.
Filistata (fi-lis'ta-ta), n. [NL. CWalckenaer,
1805), < L. ^/«)n, thread, -t- status, pp. of stare,
stand: see state.] The typical genus of the
family Filistatida.
Filistatidse (fil-i-stat'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fili-
stata + -ilia;.] A family of tubitelarian spiders,
typified by the genus Filistata. They have two
stigmata, tarsi without claws, ceidialic and thoracic re-
gions continuous, mandibles united at base, and the labrum
united with the sternum. These spiders mostly make a
tubular web in crevices and holes. Also Filistatoidse.
Filitelae (fil-i-te'le), n. pi. [NL., < L. filum,
thread, + tela, a web: see toiV^.] A tribe of
spiders which spread their threads about the
places in which they prowl in pursuit of their
prey. The most noteworthy genus is Uroctea (Clotho),
of Egypt and southern Europe, a limpet-shaped spider,
about an inch in diameter, remarkable for the curious habi-
tation it constructs for its young.
filll (fil), V. [Early mod. E. also fil, fille; < ME.
fillen, fullen, fyllen, < AS. fyllan = OS. fullian
= OFries. fella, folia = D. vullen = LG. fullen
= Ona. fulljan, MHG. viillen, G.fiillen = leel.
fylla = Sw. fylla = Dan. fylde = Goth. fuHjan,
fill, make full, < AS. full, etc., E. full: see
full^, a., and cf. full^, v.] I. trans. 1. To make
full ; put or pour something into till no more
can be contained ; cause to be occupied so that
no space, or no available space, is left vacant:
as, to fill a basket with fruit ; to ^7/ a bottle
or a vessel ; to fill a church ; to fill a cavity in
the ground or in a tooth.
Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water.
And iiiey filled them up to the brim. John ii. 7.
Corresponding misses fill the ream
With sentimental frippery.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 311.
King Arthur made new knights Uifill tlie gap
Left by the Holy Quest.
Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
2. To occupy the whole capacity or extent of;
occupy so as to leave no space, or no appropri-
ate space, vacant; permeate; pervade: as, the
flU
vfatei fills the vessel; the company ^ZW the
house ; air fills the space all around us.
The earth vfUBjiiUd with violence. Gen. vi. 11.
Boundless the deep, because I Am, who fill
lutluitude ; nor vacuous the space.
MilloH, V. L., vii. 163.
This is the idea which belongs to body, whereby we con-
ceive it to Jill space. The idea of which Jilting of space
is, that, where we imagine any space taken up by a solid
substance, we conceive it so to possess it, that it excludes
all other solid substances.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. iv. 2.
3. To satisfy or content with fullness ; glut ;
satiate.
M Lord. Thou art going to Lord Tinion's (east.
Apem. Ay; to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools.
Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
It maks ye Indeaos of these parts rich & powerfuU and
also prowd therby ; and /ills them with peeces, powder,
and ahote, which no laws can restraine.
Bradjord, Plymouth Plantation, p. 235.
4. Xaut. : (a) To distend, as a sail, to its full
extent by pressure, as of the wind.
A stately ship, . . .
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim,
Sails JiU'd, and streamers waving.
Milton, S. A., 1. 718.
(6) To brace, as the yards, so that the wind
will bear upon the sails and distend them. —
6. To supply with an incumbent : as, to fill an
office or a vacancy. — 6. To possess and perform
the duties of; officiate in as an incumbent;
hold or occupy : as, he fills his office accepta-
bly; to^W the speaker's chair.
Vndisceming praise.
Where love is mere attachment to the throne,
>'ot to the man who filU it as he ought.
Cowpcr, Task, v. 362.
He had loiig/iff«i lucrative posts.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vL
7. To pour into something.
FiU me some wine. 5Aai:.,T. of A.,iil. I.
8. To stop up the cracks, crevices, or pores
of, or hollows in ; cover with a substance, as
varnish, paste, or sizing, which will smooth or
even the surface of, as leather, wood, canvas,
or the like ; specifically, to apply a varnish or
paste to (wood), in order to fill the grain. See
fiUer'^, 3. — 9. In trade, to make up the bulk,
or produce a desired appearance of, by using
sham or inferior materials; adulterate; doctor;
water.
The methods of production ot tiled (I. e., adulterated
and watered) soaps. Nature, XXWIll. 2S7.
To flU In. (<■) To place material in so as to fill up : as, to
JUI in an excavation or a cavity, (b) To insert so as to
complete a list, an account, etc. : as, hejilled in the omit-
ted Items.— To nil oat. (a) To complete or malie com-
plete; extend or enlarge to the desired limit: iM,toJiUvut
a check or an engagement ; to yU out • pattern or a nr-
ment with different materiaL (ft) To poor out. (Obao-
lete or colloq.J
Adding many prayers, that the comming of their guests
might )>e for good, and then did Jill mit the wine, making
a great curtesie. Pureluu, Pilgrimage, p. 448.
While one filled me out very bitter tea, the other sweet-
ened it with a vast deal of brown sugar.
Oray, LetUrs, I. 147.
To fill the bill, to do all that is desired, expected, or
fromised ; suit the retfuirenients of the case. (Slang,
'. S.| — To flU time, in ihralrieal cant, to book dates for
performances. '-To flU up. (n) To make fill; occupy
completely or to the whole extent ; complete ; accom-
plish : as. to fill up an excavation ; to fiU up one's time ;
to^f up or nil out a blank doeument.
Who now rejoice in my safferingB for you. and fill up
that which is behind of the afflictioos of Christ in my
flesh. Cut. i. 24.
It pours the bliss OatJilU up all the mind.
Popt, Essay on Man, Iv. 344.
(6t) To make complete or finished.
Ood sometinis hide a sinner till hi* wickednea Is filled
up.
CAauncy.quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 306.
H. intrann. 1. To potir a liquid into a cup or
glass until it is full ; bence, to give or take to
drink.
"Fyll of the best wync," sayd Ilobyn,
"This monke shall drynke Ut me."
LyfeU Gele of Robyn llmlc (Child's Ballads, V. 85).
In the cup which she hath filled, fill to her double.
Kev. xvtU. A.
2. To grow or become full: as, corn fills well
in a warm season ; a mill-pond fills during the
night.
The sails that were o' taffetle,
Fiil'd not in the east land breeze.
The Demon l/onrr (Child s Ballads, I. 203).
To back and 8U. ^ee hacki —To fill away (rutut.),
U-t lirace the yards, so that sails which have lieen attack
will stand full. -TO fill OUt, to Itecome enlarged or dis.
tended. — To tUl UP. to i^nw or l»ecome f ull ; as, the
channel of tlie t'wvt filU up with sand every spring.
ailW fil ). n. [< ME. fille, fulle, fyllc, < AS. fvllu,
fyUo, fullness, fiU (= OHO. /uHi, G. filU =. I««l,
2215
fylli = Sw. fylle = Dan. fylde = Goth, fullei (in
comp. nfar-fuUei), also fuHo, fullness), < full,
etc., E. /««!, q. v. In def . 2 the noun is direct-
ly from tlie verb.] "1. A full supply; enough
to satisfy want or desire; as much as gives
complete satisfaction.
If ony man loue me, lene me a plase
Where y may wepe my fille & reste.
Political Poeim, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 213.
The land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill.
Lev. xxv. 19.
They sat together that long summer's day.
And could not talk their fill.
Fair Margaret and Sweet H'ii(iani(ChiUi'sBallads,II. 141).
2. An amount of something sufficient for fill-
ing; a charge.
Old and young, we are on our last cruise. If there is a
fill of tobacco among the crew, . . . pass it round, and
let us have a pipe before we go I
R. L. Stevenson, Crabbed Age and Youth.
3. In eiigin., an embankment of earth or rock
made as a road-bed or water-channel : the op-
posite of cut.
flll2 (fii), „. [iHal. for thill, q. v. The inter-
change of fA and/ is not uncommon.] Ashaft;
athiU.
Come your ways, come your ways ; an you draw back-
ward we'll put you i' the /«». SAa*., T. and C, lii. 2.
filPt, I', t. An obsolete variant otfell^.
fill*t. An obsolete preterit of falft.
flip (fil), II. A dialectal variant of field.
&n.<H (fil), n. [< ME. fille, < AS. fille, fylle,
thyme.] Thyme.
The lilie is lossom to seo, the (enyl ant the fille.
Speci)nem of Lyric Poetry (ed. Wright), p. 44.
(This word, like erett and other common plant-names, was
often used as a symbol of worthlessness.
Ich am of kynges ycome, & thou nart not worth a fille.
Robert o/ Gloucester, p. 128.]
flllagree, w. and a. See filigree.
filler! (fil'ir), n. 1. One who or that which
fills ; especially, a vessel or utensil for convey-
ing a liquid into a bottle, cask, etc. ; a funnel.
Brave soldier, yield ; thou stock of arms and honour ;
Thou.^U<r of the world with fame and glory.
Fletcher, Bonduca, Iv. 1.
They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep the
fillers always at work. Jfortiiiier, Husbandry.
2. That which serves to fill up or supply a va-
cancy; a filling.
Horrentia Is.such a flat epithet — as Tully would have
given us in his verses. It is a mere fiUer, to stop a vacancy
in the hexameter, and connect the preface to the work of
VlrgiL Dryden, Epic Poetry.
3. In painting, a material applied to the bare
wood for the purpose of filling the grain, thus
making a smooth surface for the reception of
the coat of paint or varnish. Fillers may be a li-
quid like varnish, or a paste composed of linseed-oil and
any material with a tendency to force its way into the grain
of the wood, as silica, powdered glass, or ground slate.
They are transparent and do not mar the beauty of the
wood.
4. The tobacco which makes the body of a cigar,
as distinguished from the wrapper.
cigar-makers always have an assistant (usually a girl),
who prepares the /l/fer« and wrappers for them.
U. S. Cons. Rep., No. Ixvi. (188«), p. 426.
filler'-' (fil'ir), »• [E. dial., also spelled fillar,
= E. fAi/ier, q. V. SeefilP.] A thill-horse: same
as thiller.
filler-box (fil'ir-boks), n. In a brick-machine,
one of the receptacles for prepared clay from
which the brick-molds are filled. Also called
charge-box.
It is impossible to fill the charge-boxes, or, as they are
also termed, the *' filler-boxes," with any degree of regu-
larity In dry -clay machines.
C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 177.
fillet (fil'et), P. [< ME. filet, felet, < OF. fillet,
F. filet, a thread, band, a net, the chine of beef,
etc., = Pr. filet = Sp. Pg. filete zx It. filetto, <
M\j. filettum, a small thread, a net, dim. of L.
filum , thread : see file^.] 1 . A little band to tie
about the hair of the head.
Some (hairj in her threaden fillet still did bide.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 33,
Others the binding Fillets more become.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
A belt her waist, ^flllei hinds her hair.
Pope, Windsor Forest, I. 178.
2t. A bill or paper kept on a file ; a bill of fare.
Who vseth (by a tricke taken vp of late) to glue In a
breefe rehearsall of such and so inanie dishes as are to
ome in at euerie course throughout the whole seruice in
the dinner or supper wlule : which bill some doo call a
memoriall, ottier a 1>illet, but some a fillet, bicause such
are conimonlie hanged on the file, and kept by the ladie
or gentlewoman vnto some other purpose.
Uolinshed, Chroo. (ed. 16M), I. 196.
filling
3. In arch.: (a) A small molding having the
appearance of a narrow flat band; an annulet;
a list ; a listel. it often projects, and is then rectangu-
lar in section. It is generally used to separate ornaments
and moldings.
Glittering with fillets of white marble running round
pointed windows. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii.
(6) The ridge between the flutes of a column ; a
facet. — 4. Inker.: (a) A bearing consisting of
a barrulet occupying a position corresponding
to the lower edge of the chief. (6) A bearing
consisting of a quarter of the bordure. [Bare.]
(c) Same as baston: in this sense usually called
fillet of bastardy. Also combel. — 5. IntechnoL:
(a) la carp.: (1) Astripnailed to a wall or par-
tition to support a shelf, or a strip for a door to
close against. (2) A strip set into an angle be-
tween two boards. (6) In gilding, a band of gold-
leaf onapicture-frameorelsewhere. (c) Incoin-
ing, a strip of metal roUed to a certain size, (d)
The thread of a screw, (c) A ring on the muzzle
of agun.ete. (/) Inadairy, aperforatedcurbby
which cheese-curds are confined, {g) In book-
binding, a wheel-shaped tool on the edge of which
is engraved a line or decoration, which is im-
pressed on the backs or covers of books. (A) In
teleg., a paper ribbon upon which telegrams are
recorded, (i) In printing, a rule with broad or
broad and narrow lines, principally used as a
border. E. H. Knight, (j) In weaving, a strip
of card-clothing, i'. H. Knight. — 6. A muscle,
or a piece of meat composed of muscle ; espe-
cially, the fleshy part of the thigh. The flUet of
beef is the tenderloin ; the fillet of veal, a thick piece cut
from the leg ; the fillet of chicken, the breast.
Fillet of a fenny snake.
In the caldron boil and bake.
Shak., Slacbeth, iv. 1.
7. In the manage, the loins of a horse, beginning
at the place where the hinder part of the saddle
rests. — 8. Vacooking: (a) A piece of beef, veal,
or chicken, etc., boned and rolled, generally
larded, tied round to keep it in shape, roasted
or baked, and served with various sauces. (6)
A thick slice of fish. — 9. In anat., some special
bundle of nerve-fibers; specifically, a band of
longitudinal fibers lying in the ventral and outer
parts of the tegmental region of the brain, its
distribution is not completely known, but it seems to con-
nect below with the posterior columns of the spinal cord
and above with the corpora quadrigemina, optic thalami,
lenticular nucleus, and cortex cerebrL Also called letn.
nijtcus.
10. Inetitow.: (a) A narrow trajisverse colored
band or mark, or an encircling band. (6) The
space between the eyes and the base of the
mandibles or cheliceree, as of a spider Cross
fillet. See crosji . — Tlltlng-flUet, a si ip of wood of trian-
gular section placed underthe slates of a roof in some situ*
ations, as around chimneys, to shed water more etfectually.
fillet (fil'et), V. t. L< fillet, M.] To bind, fur-
nish, or adorn with a fillet or little band.
He made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid their chapi-
ters, and filleted them. Ex. xxxviii. 28.
He holds a filleted branch, and rests on his club.
B. y. Head, HIstoria Numorum, p. 81.
fillet-cutter (fil'et-kut'fer), V. A gaged tool or
machine for cutting fillets or strips of any ma-
terial, as marble, etc.
For this operation (the cutting of the flUetsj, in which
the fillets should all be of the same size, this regularity can
only be obtained by & fillet-cutter, formed witii precision.
Marble-Worker, §132.
filleting (firet-ing),n. 1. The material of which
fillets are made.— 2. Fillets collectively.— 3.
A kind of heavy tape. Also called stay-tape or
stay-binding.
fille't-plane (fil'et-plan), n. A molding-plane
Mdajilfil for dressing a square bead or fillet.
fill-horse (fil'hdrs), n. [See filft, n.] Same as
thill-horse.
Thou hast got more hair on thy chin than Dobbin my
phlU-horse has on his tail. Shak., M. of V., 11. 2.
fillibeg, n. See filibeg.
filling (fil'ing), n. [Verbal n. of filU, r.] 1.
That which fills, or fills up; anything used for
occupying a vacant space, completing a struc-
ture or fabric, or stopping up a hole : as, the
filling of a wall, of a pie, or of a tooth.
The low panelled dado is painted in leather-toned buffs,
with a narrow panel margin in broken green tint, and gild-
ed mouldings. . . . T'his forms aquiet base for the filling.
Beck's Jour. Dec. Art, tl, 343.
Specifically — 2. Carpeting of solid color, used
to fill up recesses outside of bordered carpets,
or to cover the whole floor where rugs are used.
— 3. The woof- or weft-thread of a woven fab-
ric.— 4. (a) In needlework, any plain stitch
which serves to fill considerable spaces. (6)
In lace-making, tie simple stitch which serves
fllling
to oover the surface of parts of the pattern, as
leaves, petals, and the like. FiUing may either lie
plain or have a geometrical or simple pattern within it-
self, as described under escalier-iace,
6. In hoiise-paintiiig, a coat applied to fill up
inequalities, etc, as those resulting from the
grain of wood ; also, the operation of obliterat-
ing such inequalities, as by the application of
such a coat.
For this [second] coat, which is called filling, use one
half ground lead and any good mineral which experience
has shown can be relied on.
Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 439.
6. A raised embankment or elevated perma-
nent way, as a part of a railroad, formed of
loose stones, gravel, or other material.
fllliM (fil'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of fill\ «.] Calcu-
lated to fill, satisfy, or satiate : as, a filling diet.
Things that are sweet and fat are more filling.
Bacon, Nat. Hist.
filling-can (fil'ing-kan), n. In rope-making, a
can which receives the sliver as it comes from
the doublers, and within which the sliver is con-
densed and wound.
filling-engine (fil'ing-en'jin), n, A machine in
whicTi waste and floss silk from the regular silk-
machinery is disentangled and the fibers are
laid parallel. E. H. Knight.
filling-thread (fil'ing-thred), n. In weaving,
one of the weft-threads, or threads for the
woof or tram.
5,000 filling-threads in a yard carried across the web at
the rate of nearly a hundred throws a minute.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 483.
fillip (fil'ip), V. [Also formerly ^J/p, and some-
times j>/iiHiy>,p/i<T»p; another form of ^j/>, either
by the development of the vocal glide between
/ and I into a vowel, or from the transposed
form ".flip, whence by contraction dial, .ftp, fil-
lip: see flip. "i I. trans. 1. To strike slightly
or with some light instrument; especially, to
strike with the nail of a finger first bent against
the ball of the thumb, and let fly from that posi-
tion with some force.
If 1 do, fillip me with a three-man beetle.
Sliak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2.
2. To strike, nudge, or touch, as a horse or a
person, in order to urge or press forward; in-
cite; drive.
Rachel and Patrick had seen better days, and now Pat-
ricli was sore, and could not bear to be filliped.
C. Reade, Clouds and Sunshine, p. 7.
H. intrans. To strike or tap with the nail of
the finger.
He laugh'd, and swore by Peter and by Paul :
Then filliped at the diamond in her ear.
Tennyson, Godiva.
fillip (fil'ip), n. [Also f ormei\j filip, and some-
times p^iiHip, i>hiUp ; < fillip, v., 1.] 1. A jerk
of a finger bent against the ball of the thumb,
and then suddenly let fly; hence, a smart tap
OP stroke.
Ceccardola [It.], a philip with the fingers. Florio.
Whose dear-bought bubble, flll'd with vain renown,
Breaks with afilip, or a gen'ral's frown. '
Quarles, Emblems, ii. 4.
How hastily he climbs the precipice.
From whence one fillip topples him to ruin.
Shirley, The Traitor, v. 3.
2. Anything which tends to rouse, excite, or
revive : as, that acted as a fillip to my spirits.
The recurrence of similarity should give a smart or fillip
to the cerebral organism, quite as much as the transition
from action to rest, from light to shade, or from rough to
smooth. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 579.
Training had convinced them that hard knocks were the
only educational fillips for sea-boys.
Harpers Mag., LXXVII. 165.
fillipeen (fil-i-pen'), ». See pMhpena.
filliping (fil'i-ping), n. [Verbal n. oi fillip, i).]
A fillip. [Rare.]
Tush, all these tortures are hwi filliping s,
Flea-bitings. Massinger, virgin-Martyr, v. 1.
fillister (fil'is-tfer), M. [Origin obscure.] 1. A
kind of plane used for gi'ooving timber or for
rebates. — 2. A rabbet on the outer edge of a
sash-bar to hold the glass and the putty. E.
H. Knight. —Double flUlBter, a plane used to fillet
boards of any size between g of an inch and 3 inches. It
may be adapted to the several purposes of a filleting-plane,
a 8i<ie fillister, a sjusli or back fillister, and a skewed rabbet-
plane.— Moving fillister, a fillister for sinking the edge
of tile stuff next the workman. — Sash fillister, a fillister
for sinkingthe edge of the stuff which is furthe-st from the
workman. — Side fillister, a fillister which planes both
with and across the ^-ain, as in planing the rei>ate around
the margin of a panel.
fillockt (fil'qk), n. [Early mod. E./!/Ztofc; dim.
of^%.] A wanton girl. H ye way to the Spy t-
tell Hous. (Halliwell.)
2216
fillowite (fil'o-it), n. [After A. N. Fillow of
Branchville.] A phosphate of manganese, iron,
calcium, and sodium, occurring in granularerys-
talliue masses of a yellowish- or reddish-brown
color at Branchville, Connecticut.
filly (fil'i), «.; pi. fillies (-iz). [ME. not found;
< Icel. .fylja, a filly (= Sw.. Dan. fol, neut., a
foal(Sw. sto-fol, Dan. hoppe-fol, afiily), = OHG.
fuli, MHG. iiile, neut., OHG. also fulin, MHG.
viilin, G. fallen = D. veiilen, a foal, a colt), <
leel. foil = Sw. fdle = Dan. fole, etc., = As.
fola, E. foal : see foal. In the second sense
ef. equiv. ^Hocfc.] 1. A female colt or foal ; a
young mare.
I a fat and bean-fed horse beguile,
Xeighing in likeness of afiily foal.
Shak.,lil. N. D.,ii. 1.
2. A youtag woman ; a lively, hoydenish, or
wanton girl. [CoUoq.]
'Tis wondrous like Alinda;
. Their devotion ended, I'll mark 'em, and nearer :
And she had & filly that waited on her, just
With such a favour. Fletcher, Pilgrim, v. 6.
I am joined in wedlock, for my sins, to one of those fil-
lies who are described in the old poet.
Addison, Spectator.
= Syn. 1. Colt, etc. See jyony.
fillyt (fil'i), ?).*. and j. (< filly, n. Cf. foal, v.']
To foal, as a mare. Florio.
film (film), n. [< ME. fylme, a film, membrane,
< AS. fylmen (not *film), a film, a membrane,
the prepuce, = OFries. filmene (in comp. once
transposed fymel-), the human skin ; perhaps
dim., with formative -m, of AS. fell, E. fell,
Goth. *fill (in comp. and deriv.), a skin: see
fell?.'] 1. A very thin skin or membrane; a
pellicle ; an attenuated layer, lamina, or sheet
of any substance : as, a membranous or watery
film over the eye ; a film of oil or gelatin ; a, film
of lace, gauze, etc. ; a film of air between two
plates.
Tlie linnen pulled off in colour, and like in substance to
the inward film between the bark and the bole.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 104,
A film then overcast
My sense with dimness ; for the wound, which hied
Freshly, swift shadows o'er mine eyes had shed.
Shelley, Uevolt of Islam, v. 12.
Such and so indescribable is the atmospheric ^Zmi that
hangs over these poems of Petrarch's : there is a delicate
haze about the words, that vanishes when you touch them,
and reappears as you recede.
T. W. Higginson, Oldport, p. 204.
Specifically — 2. In 2)hotog.: (a) The coating
on a plate mechanically and chemically pre-
pared to serve as a medium for taking a pic-
ture, either before or after it has been sensi-
tized: as, the collodion ^/)» of the wet plate, or
the gelatin film of the dry plate. (6) A skin
or film, usually composed in great part of gel-
atin, made to serve as a medium for receiving
a picture, as that described under (a), but so
prepared as to be independent of any support-
ing plate, or to admit of being stripped intact
from such a plate, it is called film at any stage of
the photographic process, before or after sensitization or
the making of the picture.
3. A fine thread, as of a cobweb.
And floating^^ms envelope every thorn.
Comper, Anti-Thelypthora, 1. 73.
At the tip-top
There hangs by unseen film an orbed drop.
Keats, Endymion, i.
Whit© film, a film of a white color growing over the eyes
of sheep, and causing blindness.
film (film), V. [< film, «.] I. trans. To cover
with a film, or thin skin or pellicle.
It will but skin and film the ulcerous p^ace ;
Whiles rank corruption, mining all within.
Infects unseen. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
Your highness is too tame, your eyes too film'd.
To see this, and sit still.
Fletcher (ctnd another), Queen of Corinth, iii. 1.
And curse your spells ihatfilm the eye of faith.
Coleridge, .'Re\\^\ovL% Musings.
H. intrans. To become covered by a film ; be-
come obscured, as if covered by a film.
straight her eye\i&\\& filmed with horror.
Mrs. Browning.
filminess (fil'mi-nes), n. The quality or state
of being filmy.
filmy (fil'mi), a. Composed of thin membranes
or pellicles, or of fine threads; resembling a
film.
A filmy rind about her body grows.
Her hair to leaves, her arms extend to boughs.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 744.
And Vanity her filmy network spread.
Coleridge, Lines on a Friend.
This set me a second time turning over the filmy leaves
of the book of portraits in my brain.
Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, xiii.
Filmy fern. See/er»i.
^
Hiloplume
of a Goose.
filter
filopluma (fi-lo-plo'ma), n. ; pl.filoplumce (-me).
[ISL.] Same as filoplume.
The same gentleman [Prof. Mosely] showed that the ar-
rangement of the feathers in groups of three each in the
dodo had a close connection with the filoplumce, or thread-
feathers. Science, IV. 282.
filoplumaceous (fi'lo-plo-ma'shius), a. [< filo-
jitiiiiic + -arcoiis.} Having the structure of p
iiloplume; being a thread-feather; resembling
a hair: as, a filoj)lumaceous toather.
filoplumae, «. Plural oi filopluma.
filopiume (fi'lo-plom), ji. [(NIj.filoplwna,< L.
.filum, thread, + pluma, a feather.] In ornitli., a.
thread-feather; a thread-like or hair-
like feather, with a very slender stem,
lacking webs in most or all of its
length.
Filoplumes, filoplvmce, or thread-feathers,
have an extreinely slender, almost invisible
stem, not well distinguished into barrel and
sliaft, and usually no vane, unless a terminal
tuft of barbs may be held for such. . . . These
are the nearest approach to hairs that birds
have; they are very well shown on domestic
poulti-y, being what a good cook finds it neces-
sary to singe off after plucking a fowl for the
table. Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 86.
Filosa (fi-16'sa), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of filosus, thread-like : see filose.'] A
division of protozoans containing those
which have fine thready or filose pseu-
dopodia: contrasted with Lohosa or
ordinary amocbiforms. The Filosa in-
clude the radiolarians, foraminifers,
sun-animalcules, and labyrinthvilines.
filose (fi'los), a. [= Pr. filos = It.filo-
80, < NL. filosus, < L. filum, thread: see file^.']
1 . Thread-like ; thready ; ending in a thread ;
drawn out like a thread. — 2. Specifically, of or
Sertaining to the Filosa.
OSelle (fil-6-zel'), n. [F., floss-silk, modified
in simulation of .;ft'/oc7i«, network {<. fil, thread),
< It. filugcllo, a silkworm, modified in simula-
tion of filo, thread, < ML. as if 'follicellug, the
cocoon of a silkworm; cf. \j. foUiculus, a little
bag, a sac (> Pr. folleil, equiv. to F. filoselle),
dim. oi follis, a bag: see follicle.'] Ferret or
floss-silk ; grogram yam or thread.
These little silken "hanks " were sometimes so prettily
colored by means of the dyes that have been described as
to become in the eyes of the womaiikind of that genera-
tion almost as beautiful as the many-sliaded, Aainty filo-
selles of the present are to the women of to-day.
The Century, XXXVI. 768.
fllourif, «. [ME., also filoure, filowre, fylor^
appar. with ref. to filen, E. filc'>, but prob. ult.,
by apheresis, ior'afilour, < OF. affiloire, a whet-
stone (cf. F. affileur, one who whets), < ML. af-
filatorium, a tool for sharpening, a hone, whet-
stone, or steel, < affilare (> F. affiler), sharpen,
whet, < L. ad, to, + filum, a thread, ML. also
edge : see file^. Cf. ML. filarium, a tool for
sharpening.] A tool for sharpening knives,
razors, etc. ; a hone, whetstone, or steel.
A denez ax nwe dyst . . .
Fyled in afylor.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2226-
Fylowre \y&r.fillour] of barbowres crafte, acutecula, fila-
rium. Prompt. Par v., p. 160.
filoUT^t, n. [ME., aXso filoure, fylour ; only in
the following passage; prob. lit. a cord as spun
or twisted, < OF. fiXure, fileure, filleure, a spin-
ning, what is spun, F. filure, spinning, = Pr.
filadura =Xt. filatura, < 'i&lj. filatura, spinning,
a coarse thread, < filare, spin : see fil^. Less-
prob. filour in this passage means an iron rod,
being then a special use of filour^, a steel.] A
cord on which a curtain is hung.
Tho valance on/ylour shalle henge with wyn,
iij curteyns stres't drawen withinne.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 313.
fllsent, filsomt, ?'. t See.-filsten.
fllstt, V. t. [ME. filsten, fulsten, < AS. fylstan,
contr. oifullwstan, fullestan (= OS. fullestian =
OVLGr.fulleistjan), help, aid, Kfull, full, -i- Iwstmi,
perform, observe, follow : see fulU and last^.]
To help ; aid.
Ure louerd Ihesu Crist . . . gine us might ure sinnes to
forleten . . . and wise [direct] us, and filste hem to beten
[l)eet, expiate]. Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 125.
filstent, V. t. [ME. filsten, filsen, fylsen, filsom,
fuUum, or with inf. sufiSx filstnen, fulstnen ; as
filst-i- -en^.] To help ; aid; further: same as
filst.
His iader him filstnede swo that he ros fro dede.
Bestiary (Old Eng, Misc., ed. Morris), 1. 44.
Yche freike is there frynd to filsom there spede.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S,), 1. 4871.
filterl (fil'ter), n. [= D. Dan. Sw. Mter,< F.filire,
a filter, OF. feutre, felt, a filter, F.feutre, felt.
filter
= Sp. Pg. filtro = It. fellro, felt, < ML. feltntm,
filtrum, felt: 8ee/e/(i, and ct felter, v., feuter.]
1. A device for arresting and separating any
matter mechanically suspended in a liquid, iii-
ters used ill the processes of analytical chemistry are made
of paper or asbestos. The fUter-paper is bibulous, con-
sistiug of nearly pure cellulose, with only bare traces of
mineral matter. Many precipitates are more convenient-
ly separated by an asbestos filter, the most common form
consisting of an ordinary platinum crucible having the
bott4)m perforated with Hue holes which are covered
with a thin asbestos felt. In the arts Alters are used
to purify water, syrups, vinegar, the juices of cane and
fruita, oils, liquors, sewage, liquid by-products, and mol-
ten metals. The materials used in filtration are gravel,
sand, ch&rcoal, bone-black, sponge, fabrics, woven wire
netting, asbestos, porous brick and stone, mineral wool,
rope, paper, and powdered glass. The devices used to hold
the straining material are in a great variety of forms, from
a simple wick or loo«e cloth hung over the edge of a bowl
of water and acting as a capillary strainer, to a settling-
pond filtering 400,000 gallons of water in a day. The most
common filter is a cone of bibulous paper, or a square of
cloth sewed together to form a bag (called Hiypocrates's
tUeetX Filters also consist of porous brick or stone par-
titions, as in a cistern, or vessels partly filled with sand
and gravel, or tubes filled with sponge, charcoal, or sand,
etc i>omestic filters are used in connection with pumps
and water-faucets. To cause the liquid to pass through a
filter, the weight of a column of water, the pressure of the
atmosphere, mechanical force from a screw or from steam-
pressure, and centrifugal force are employed, as in the
centrifugal jitter, oil-Alter, vacuum-filter, and many forms
of pressure-filters. Filters are also made reversible and
intermittent, so that the filtering material may l>e freed
from the collected sediment. In some pressure-filters the
liquid or syrup is within a cylinder, and is forced outward
through rings of fabric under steam-pressure ; in others it
is forced tlirough a series of strainers piled one above an-
other. Where bone-black and charcoal are used, there is
alBo a filtering or straining of a certain amount of gas and
organic material that would pass tlu-ough any other filter
without detention. Filters are also used to remove dust
and floating matter from air, but such devices are more
properly termed air-etrainere.
Having for trial-sake filtered it through cap-paper, there
remained in the^/(re a powder of a very deep and lovely
colour. Boyle, Works, I. 365.
Specifically — 2. In figh-culture, a long box in
wnich screens, usually of flannel, are placed,
through which the water is filtered before it
passes into the hatching-troughs. Also called
filtering-box, filtering-tank. — Aerating filter, .'^ee
OTTO/*.— Caplllaiy filter. .See capiUani. — Centrifugal
filter. See centnJugal.— 'B»yvnaHA filter, a filter so
arranged that the fluid may flow through it iji either di-
rection ; a self-clearing filter. E. H. Knight.
filter^ (fil't«r), f. [= D. filtreren = G. filtnren
= Dan. fiUrere = Sw. filtrera, < F. filtrer, OF.
filtrer, earlier feutrer, = Sp. Pg. filtrar=: It. fel-
trare, < ML. filtrare, strain through felt, etc., <
filtrum, feltrum, felt, a filter: see the noun.]
I. trans. 1. To purify or defecate, as water or
other liquid, by passing it through a filter or
any cleansing medium; strain.
Sages after sages strove
In vain to filter oft a crystal draught
Pure from the lees. Coaper, Task, II. 508.
Specifically — 2. In analyt. chem., to separate (a
solution) from the solid matter contained in it,
either for the purpose of collecting and saving
the solid matter, usually a precipitate, or of
preparing the solution for further operations.
II. intrans. To percolate ; pass through or
as through a filter.
The huge black honaes, between their almost meeting
cornices, snJIer a meagre light to filter down over rough-
hewn stone. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 258.
Swedenborg'a thought has been slowly /Ifferinj; into phi-
los'jphy and theology, spiritualising both.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 77.
filter^!, r. t. Same aa fetter.
fllter^t, ». iieephilUr.
filter-bed (fil'tfer-bed), n. A pond or tank hav-
ing a false bottom covered with sand, and serv-
ing to filter river- or pond-waters.
filter-faucet (fil'ti-r-fa'set), ». A faucet hav-
ing a small filter affixed to its spout.
filtering (fil'tf-r-ing), n. [Verbal n. of ;Mterl, c]
SIraiiiiiitf ; defecating: used in compounds. —
FUterlng-bag, a conical hag made of cloae flannel, and
kept ofK-n at the top by means of a hoop. It is used in
filtering wine, vinegar, etc. — Filterlng-tNIX. Same as
filleA, :£. ~ Fllterlng-Ctip, a pneumatic apparatus used
for the purpose uf snowing tiiat, if the preaanre of the
atmosphere Ije removed from an under surface by exhaus-
tion with an air-pump, the pressure on the surface above
will force a fluid through the pori-s nt substances which
It could not otherwise penetrate. - FUterlng-fimnel, a
glass or otlier funnel made with slight flutes ur channels
down the lower parts of the sides. When used it is lined
wlOi filtering-paper, folded and loosely put in. The
channels allow the liquid to ooze more freely than in a
smooth funnel.— Fllterlng-paper.any pa per unsized and
sufficiently porous Ui allow liquids to pass through it.—
FUterlng-liresS, a filter in which the liquid Is forced
thrrmuh the strainers by atmospheric or mechanical pres-
sure or by the weight of a r<dunm of water ; a filter-press.
— Filtering-Stone, any porous stone, such as sandstone,
through which water is filtered.— Fllterlng-tank. Same
asyl«»ri,»
2217
filter-paper (fil'ter-pa'pfer), «. Porous paper
designed to be used for tillering.
filter-press (fil'ter-pres), ». 1. A filtering-
press. Specifically — 2. An apparatus for the
extraction of oil from fish, as menhaden, and
the compression of the residuum into cakes.
filter-pump (fil'ter-pump), n. An arrangement
devised by the German chemist Bunsen, and
much used by chemists to accelerate the filter-
ing process. The atmospheric pressure is diminished
in the vessel into which the filtered liquid passes by the
aspirating effect of a stream of water flowing through a
connecting tube, and the full atmospheric pressure on the
surfaceof the liquid in the funnel forces the liquid through
the pores of the filter-paper or other material.
filth (filth), n. [< MK. mthe, feltke, fiiUhe, < AS.
Mth (= OS.fmtha = b. milte = OIIG. fulida),
filth, foulness, < Jul, foul, + formative -th : see
foul and./ife2.] i_ Anything that soils or de-
files ; foul, offensive matter ; also, the state of
being defiled; afoul condition; squalor; Has-
tiness.
All ourefodeiabut/!UA. York Playt, p. 5.
As false and foul
As the potich'dfilth that floods the middle street.
Tt;nuyson, Merlin and Vivien.
2. Anything that sullies or befouls the moral
character ; pollution ; defilement.
When we in our viciousness grow hard,
. . . the wise gods seal our eyes
In our ovn filth. Shak., A. and C, iii. 11.
Purifying our souls from the dross and filth of sensual
delights. Tillvteon, .Sermons.
3t. Figuratively, a low or foul fellow ; a wretch.
Then was Meliors neis mad al-most for fere,
Lest that foule/«^(Ae schold haue hem founde there.
irUliam 0/ Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), I. 2542.
Filth, thou liest. Shak., Othello, v. 2.
= Syn. 2. Impurity, grossueas, obscenity.
filth-disease (filth 'di-zez'), n. A disease caused
by or arising in consequence of filth.
Typhoid fever and other prevniAiaXiW filth-dieeates.
Science, VI. 101.
filthheadt, ». [ME. filtheheed; < filth + -head.]
Filthiness; foulness.
Lo, I come as a nyght theef, blessid is he that wakith
and kepith hise clothis that he wandre not nakid, and that
the! Be not the filtheheed of him. Wydif, Rev. xvi. 15.
filthily (fil'thi-li), adv. In a filthy manner;
foully; offensively.
If she do not paint, she will look so filthily thou canst
not love her! burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 572.
filthiness (fil'thi-nes), n. 1. The state of be-
ing filthy, polluted, or defiled.
Who seeth not the filthinet of euil wanteth agreat foile
to perceiue the beauty of vertue.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
Let us cleanse oanelves from all fiUhineu of the flesh
and spirit. 2 Cor. vil. 1.
2. That. which is filthy; filth; squalor; pollu-
tion; corruption.
Carry forth the filtkineta out of the holy place.
2 Chron. xxix. 5.
= 8]m. See/UM.
filthlesst, a. [ME. filthlesse; < filth + -less.]
Uudefiled.
Fountain t^filthleete, as btrell current clere.
Commendation of our Lady, I. 51.
filthy (fil'thi), a. [< filth + -yi.] 1. Contain-
ing or involved in filth ; foul ; dirty ; noisome ;
nasty.
Fair is foul, and foul is fair :
Uover through the fog and ifffAy air.
SAoit., Macbeth, i. 1.
Ttie filthy by-lane rings to the yell of the trampled wife.
Tennyson, Maud, i.
The environs of the camp were in a filthy state, the
Russians neglecting the most simple sanitary precautions.
O' Donovan, Merv, iv.
2. Morally foul; defiled by sinful practices;
polluted.
He which \»fiUhy, let him be^tAy still. Rev. xiii. 11.
The rank debauch suits Clodio's/ffA;/ taste.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 188.
To abound. If I please at any moment. In all manner of
profane, injurious, and filthy behavior.
H. Jamei, Subs, and Shad., p. 84.
3. Low; scurvy; contemptible; mean.
He wrought better that made the painter ; and yet he's
but t filthy piece of work. Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
Hah. Here is the cap your worship did bespeak.
Pel. . . . Tls lewd and Mthy.
Why, 'tis a cockle, or a walnut-shell,
A knack, a toy, a trick. Shak. , T. of the S., iv. 3.
= Syn. 1. Dirty, Foui, etc. (see naety); aqualld.— 2. Im-
pure, corrupt, gross.
filtrate (fil'trSt), v. /.; pret. andpp..^/<rn<crf, ppr.
filtrating. [< ML. Ultratns, pp. of filtrare, fil-
ter : see filter^, v.] "fo filter; defecate, as liquor,
by straining or percolation: also used figura-
tively.
fimbriate
From hence it appears that the expressed juices of
vegetables, not filtrated very clear, contain their whole
specifick virtues. Arbuthnot, Aliments, iii.
To believers ... it must be even more evident than to
unbelievers that a Christianity filtrated of all its " sec-
tarian " dogmas is a Christianity so enlightened as to be
able to dispense with Christ.
H. iV. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 331.
filtrate (fil'trat), n. [< NL. filtratum, neut. of
filtratus, pp. ot filtrare, filtrate : see filtrate, v.]
The liquid which has been passed through a
filter.
filtration (fil-tra'shou), n. [= F. filtration =
Sp. filtraciOH = Pg" filiragao = It. feltrazione,
< ML. as if *filtratio{n-), < filtrare, filter: see fil-
ter'^, «'.] The act or process of filtering; the
process of mechanically separating and remov-
ing the undissolved particles floating in a li-
quid, as by passing the liquid through filtering-
paper, charcoal, sand, etc. See filter'^.
The nature of suction, the cause of filtration, and the
rising of water in siphons. GlanvUle, Essays, iii.
The process of upward filtration through sand is ineffi-
cient for the purification of sewage from soluble offensive
matters. K. Frankland, Exper. in Chem., p. 750.
filum (fi'lum), 11. ; pi. fila (-la). [L., a thread:
see file^.] 1. A thread; a filament, fibril, or
fine fiber; a filar structure. — 2. In musical no-
tation, the stem or tail of a note Flla sperma-
tica, spermatic threads ; spermatozoa. Kolliker. — Fllum
terminale, the terminal thread of the spinal cord ; the
continuation of the spinal cord, greatly diminished in
caliber, after the giving off of the great leashes of lumbar
and sacral nerves known as the Cauda equina.
fimashing (fim'a-shing), n. [With accom. term.,
ult. < OF. fenis, dung (cf. fcmier, F. fumier,
dunghill), (li.fimus, dung: see fiants, fumets.]
Among hunters, the dung of several sorts of
wild beasts ; f umets. E. Phillips, 1706.
fimble^ (fim'bl), V. ; pret. and pp. fimbled, ppr.
fimbling. [A dial. var. of /mjmWc .- see fumble,
and cf. fimble^.] I. intrans. To fumble; do
anything imperfectly or irresolutely. Halli-
tccll; Forby. [Pro v. Eng.]
H. trans. To touch somethinglightly. Wright.
fimble^ (fim'bl), n. [< MD. fimel, "cannabis
brevior," i. e., the smaller sort of hemp, male
hemp, teased hemp or flax, < fimelen, tease flax,
hemp, or wool (D. fijmelen, card), prob. the
same word as fimelen, fijmelen, femelen, move
quickly, move the fingers quickly, play, trifle,
etc., = E._/im6/cl,i'. Hence G.fimmel, also/em-
mel, fcmel, fimble-hemp, fimmeln, pick fimble-
hemp; F. dial./i?me/cr. pick fimble-hemp,/(?me?es,
fimble-hemp. The larger sort of hemp is really
female, but is popularly regarded as male, and
hence called carl-hemp, q. v. ; hence the name
ftnble for the smaller sort has been regarded
as a corruption of female and explained ac-
cordingly.] The male plants of hemp, which,
being soonest ripe, are picked out by hand from
among the female, which are left to ripen their
seed.
fimble-hemp (fim'bl-hemp), n. [= G. fimmel-
hanf; aa fimble"^ + liemp.'] Sametisfitnble^.
The first season for pulling the hemp is usually about
the middle of August, when they begin to pull what they
call the fimbte hemp, which is the male hemp.
Milter, Gardener's Diet.
fimbria (fim'bri-ft), n. ; pi. fimbria: (-e). [=
Pg. It. fimbria, < LL. fimbria, sing., a border,
L. fimbria;, pi., fringe, fibrous part, threads,
prob. a nasalized deriv. ot libra, a thread, fiber:
see^fcerl.] 1. InrooY. and6o<.,oneof theparts
or processes which collectively make a fringe %
a fringing filament, fibril, or filum. — 2. i>l. A
set of fringiiigproeesses ; a fringe. .Speciflcally —
(a) In anat.: (1) 'The fringed extremity of a Fallopian tube.
(2) A narrow band of white fibers running along the me-
dian concave side of the hippocampus major. It Is a con-
tinuation of the pillars of the fornix. Also called Icenia
hippocampi and corpus fitnbriatum. (&) In entovi., an ir-
regular fringe of hairs on any margin or on the antennte ;
specifically, the ciliated hairs on the end of the abdomen,
seen in ..4n^reria and other Ijees. (c) In hot., a dissected,
fringe-like border ; in mosses, the peristome.
3. [c<i;).] [NL.] A genus of moUusks.
fimbrial (fim'bri-al), «. [^<. fimbria + -al."] 1.
Of or pertaining to a fimbria. — 2. Of or per-
taining to the fimbria? of the brain.— Fimbrial
flgaure, iti anat., a distinct and apparently constant de-
pressed line l)etween the faselola ffnd the fimbria}, thus co-
inciding with the margin of the cinerea. It la not a true
cortical fissure. Wilder and Gage.
Fimbriaria (fim-bri-a'ri-a), n. [NL., < L. fim-
/*riV/', jjI.. fringe: see/mfcrm.] AgenuaoiHepa-
ticce, related to Marchantia, and differing in hav-
ing the inner involucre split into from 8 to 16
pendent linear divisions.
fimbriate (fim'bri-at), a. [= It. fimbriate,
fringed, < L. fimbriatus, fibrous, fringed, < fim-
Fintbriate Petals
[Dianthus caryo-
PHyltus).
fimbriate
feckT, frinee : see./i»j6na.] 1. In ro67. and 6of.,
fringed ; Dordered with hairs or with filiform
processes or laciniations. Also
fimbriated. — 2. In her., same as
fimbriated, 2 Fimbriate anten-
JUB, ant<?unie having a fringe of hairs
on one or both sides.
fimbriate (tim'bri-at), t'. t. ; pret.
and i^]). fimbriated, ppr. fimbriat-
ing. [< L. fimbriatiis, pp.: see
fimbriate, a.] To finish or deco-
rate with a border of any kind,
as a fringe, a hem, or a narrow
stripe of diflferent color from
the rest of the surface.
Besides the divers tricking or dressing
[of heraldic crosses], as piercing, voiding,
jititbriatiHfj, &c., insonincli tliat crosses alone, as they are
variously disguiseti, are enough to distinguish all the sev-
eral families of gentlemen in England.
Fuller, Holy War, p. 271.
fimbriated (fim'bri-a-ted), p. a. 1. Fringed.
Speciflcally — (a) In zobl. and bol. , same as fimbriate, 1. (4)
In concti., an epithet applied to many of the murices or
whelks having thin, elevated, tin-like processes on their
shells, and to some cyclostomous land-shells which have
like processes round the aperture, (c) In ornith., applied
to the toes ol birtls which have marginal fringes or lobes,
as those of the coot, grebe, and phalarope, or a series of
small horny processes, as those of grouse, (d) In aimt,
applied (1) to the fringed extremity of the Fallopian tube,
or oviduct of Mammalia, especially of the human female ;
(2) to the flmbriie of the brain.
2. In her. : (a) Bordered or edged with a nar-
row band on all sides. Thus, a bend fimbriated or
has the narrow gold edge at each end and running along
the outline of the escutcheon as well as along the sides of
the bend. (6) Less properly, edged along one
side only, as the St. Patrick's saltier in the
British union jack. Also fimbriate and edged.
The Union Flag shall be Azure, the Crosses Saltire of
St. Andrew and St. Patrick quarterly per Saltire, counter-
charged, argent and gules, the latter fimbriated of the
second, surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the third,
fimbriated as the Saltire.
Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 486.
Fesse fimbriated. See /««»«.
fimbriation (fira-bri-a'shon), Ji. \<. fimbriate +
-ion.'] 1. The state or quality of being fimbri-
ated; that which is fimbriated; a fringe or fring-
ing. Specifically — 2. In Aer., a narrow edge or
stripe following the outline of a bearing. See
fimbriated, 2. — 3. A fringe-like part; a single
division or lobe of a fringe.
Pimbribranchia (fim-bri-brang'ki-a), n. pi.
[NL., < L. fimbriae, pi., fringe, + Gr.fipdyx^'^,
gills.] In Hogg's system of Amphibia, the sec-
ond tribe of the third order (Manentibranchia),
characterized by fringed gills, and thus differ-
ing from the RamibranchiaoT Sirenidteand Pro-
teidm: proposed for the Amphibiehthyidw ov Lc-
l)idosirenid(E, now recognized as fishes.
I^mbribranchiata (fim-bri-brang-ki-a'ta), n.
pi. [NL. : see fimbribranchiate.'] A primary
group of paguroid anomurous crustaceans char-
acterized by phyllobranchiate gills, thus dis-
tinguished from the other types which are tri-
chobranchiate. It is represented only by the
family I'arapaguridce.
fimbribranchiate (fim-bri-brang'ki-at), a. [As
Mmbribranchia + -afcl.] Of or relating to the
Fimbribranchiata.
fimbricate (fim'bri-kat), a. An erroneous form
oi fimbriate.
fimbrilla (fim-bril'a), n.; pi. fimbrillce (-e).
[NL., dim. of L. fimbria, pi. fimbrice, a fringe.]
A single division or tooth of a minute fringe.
fimbrillate (fim-bril'at), a. [ifimbrilla + -ofel.]
Bordered with fimbrilliB or a small fringe.
fimbrilliferous (fim-bri-lif 'e-rus), a. [< L. as if
'fimbritla, dim. oi fimbria, '^\. fimbria, a fringe,
-i- ferre = E. bearK] In bot., bearing fimbrillsB,
as the receptacle of some composites.
flmet, »• [ME. fyme, < OF. fim, fime, fyme, fiem,
fien,fian, etc. (aeefiants), < li.Jtmus, dung, dirt.]
Dung.
Renewe the fynu oonys in the wike, or more, and lete
it putllfle til al the blood be turned into watir.
Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 11.
fimetarious (fim-e-ta'ri-ug), a. [< L. fimetum,
a dunghill, <_^raM», dung: see fiants.] Inbot.,
growing on or amidst dung.
fSlt (fin), ». [< ME. finne, fynne, < AS. finn =
MB. vinne, D. vin = LG. finne (> G. finne) =
OSw. fina, Sw. finne, fena — Dan. finne, fin, =
L. pinna, fin. L. pinna, a fin, is rare ; it is usu-
ally regarded as identical with pinna or penna
(orig. different words, but used indiscriminate-
ly), a feather, wing, a feather on an arrow, an
arrow, LL. penna, a pen, etc. The form penna
was in OL. pesna, petna, the same, though with
different sttffix, as B. feather, q, v. See pen^
Fins of Common Perch.
2), first dorsal ; D', second dorsal ! P, pec-
toral ; t^, ventral ; A, anal ; C, caudal.
2218
and pin^.'} 1. An extension from the body
of au aquatic animal, which serves for propel-
ling, steering, or balancing in the water, and
is developed fi'om various parts of the body,
generally as an alate or wing-like organ; a
pinna. («) in flslies tliere are unpaired or vertical and
paired or horizontal fins. Tiie former are dorsal, anal,
or caudal. The
paired Hns are
pectoral and
ventral, the for-
mer homolo-
gous with the
anterior mem-
ber or manus
(hand) of ter-
restrial verte-
brates, the lat-
ter homologous
with the poste-
rior member or
pes (foot). The
relations of the
spinous and soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins, and
the position and structure of the ventral fins, as well as
various other modifications of all the fins, have been
much utilized for the classification and discrimination of
groups in ichthyology. The names of the fins are com-
monly abbreviated A., C, D., P., V., as la the accompany-
ing figure. In the lower fishes the fins are sustained in
an erect position by numerous filamentary or slender
rods (actinotrichia), but in the typical fishes there is a
growing together of the actinotricliia into special rays
or spines. In various forma {Nematognathi, Salmojiida;,
etc.) there is likewise a pocket-like sac or ridge on the
hinder part of the back, generally consisting of adipose
matter and called au adipose fin. (b) In cetaceans and
sirenians the caudal and (if present) the dorsal fins are
simply extensions of integument and soft tissues without
any skeletal framework, while the pectorals are homolo-
gous with the anterior limbs of quadrupeds, having the
same bones concealed in the outgrown integument; but
there are no outward indications of hind limbs as fins.
(c) In seals and other aquatic carnivorous mammals the
fore and hind limbs, more or less involved in the common
integument, constitute fins or fiippers. (d) In various
aquatic reptiles there are fins like those of cetaceans,
being either tegumentous expansions or pectoral limbs, or
both ; and pelvic limbs are also often present in the form
of tins, (e) In aquatic batrachians, adult or larval, the tail
is usually a fin, as that of the tadpole. (/) In birds the
reduced and peculiarly modified wings of penguins consti-
tute fins. ((f) In numberle-ss invertebrates some extended
or expanded part or organ of the body, of no determinate
homology, serves as a swimming-organ, and so constitutes a
fin, as the expansion of the foot of a pteropod. See pinna,
jiipper.
Vche fysch to the flod that/?/n-ne couthe nate [use].
Alliteratice Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 531.
The bright-eyed perch with/n« of Tyrian dye.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 142.
The pectorals or side fins of a whale are called fiTus^ in
contradistinction to the flukes, or caudal fin.
C. M. Scammon, Marine Mammals, p. 310, Glossary.
The principal organ of motion [in fishes] is the tail ; the
dorsal and ventral jfiisapparently serve to balance the flsh,
and the pectorals to arrest its progress when required.
£no. Cyclopcedia.
2. In sporting, a general term for Jislij as in
the phrase *'^n, fur, and feather." — 3. Some-
thing resembling a fin. (a) A fin-like organ or at-
tachment, or one appearing or used like a fin ; in slang
language, tlie hand.
The fim of her eyelids look most teeming blue.
Webster, Duchess of Malfi, ii. 1.
(ft) The sharp plate in the colter of a plow, (c) In mold-
ing, a thin projection on the surface of a casting, caused
by the imperfect approximation of two molding-boxes,
containing each a part of the mold. The fin is formed by
the metal running in between the two partiiig surfaces.
(d) In com,., a blade of whalebone, (e) A slip inserted
longitudinally into a 'shaft or arbor, and left projecting
so as to form a guide for an object which may slip upon
it. but not rotate. E. If. Knight (/) A tongue on the
edge of a board. E. If. Knight.— Abdorainal, adipose,
anal, caudal, dorsal, lateral, pectoral, ventral, ver-
tical, etc., fln. See the adjectives, and def. 1.— Fin of
the eyet, the eyelid.
Ride at the ring till the finne of his eyes looke as blew
as the welkin. Marston and Webster, Malcontent, i. 3.
fin^ (fin), v.; pret. and pp. .:^wned, ppr. finning.
[< finX, «.] I. trans. To carve or cut up, as a
fish.
Fynne that cheuen [chiib].
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 265.
H. intrans. To fin out: as, a finning whale,
— To fln out, to die : said of a whale when it turns on its
back and rolls from side to side, splashing the water with
its fins, indicating that death is about to oceur.
fillet, n. A Middle English form of fine^.
fin^t, a. A Middle English form of fine^.
fin^ (fin), V. A dialectal variant of find.
Fin^, n. See Finn.
finable^ (fi'na-bl), a. [<fine'^, v., + -able.'] Sub-
ject to a fine or penalty: as, a finable offense;
persons are finable for certain acts.
And if he then confesse the treueth, & al that he shall
be examined of and knoweth in that behalfe : that then
the same offences of hunting by him done be against the
king but trespasse _^naWe.
Rastall, Statutes, fol. 170, Stat, of Hen. VII., vii.
If jurymen, after aworn, eat and drink, . . . they are
finable. Tomlins, Law Diet.
finale
finable^ (fi'na-bl), a. lifine^, v., + -able.'] Ca-
pable of being refined, clarified, or purified.
finablyt, (^dv. [ME., also fyymbbj ; < fine^ +
-able + -ly'^. Qi. finally.] At the end; finally.
Than they sent out spyes to seke hym & fynahly he
was founde in his owne cyte called Aramathya.
Joseph of Arimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 28.
final (fi'nal), a. and n. [< MK final, < OY. final,
F. final = Pr. Sp. Pg. final = It. finale, < LL.
finalis, of or relating to the end or to bounda-
ries, < L. ^H«5, end: see /wel.] I, a. 1. Per-
taining to the end or conclusion; ultimate;
conclusive; last: as, ihe final issue or event of
things; a^nfl^ effort.
There be many examples where sea-fights have been
final to the war. Bacon, Kingdoms and Estates.
Oh, yet we trust that somehow good
Will be the ^nai goal of ill.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, liv.
The/noZ touch was given to the cupola at the intersec-
tion of nave and transept.
C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 125.
2. Respecting the end or object to be gained:
having regard to the purpose or ultimate end
in view. See cause, 1,
We nobly take the high priori road,
And reason downward, till we doubt of God; . . .
Or, at one bound, o'erleaping all his laws,
Make God man's image, man the final cause.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 478.
Thus we necessarily include, in our idea of organiza-
tion, the notion of an end, a purpose, a design : or, to use
another phrase, & final cause. Whewell.
3. In law: (a) Precluding further controversy
on the questions passed upon : as, a statute de-
claring that the decision of a specified court
shall be final.
The scripture only can be the final judge or rule in mat-
ters of religion. Milton, Civil Power.
(b) Precluding further controversy on the ques-
tions passed upon, except by way of appeal :
as, a final accounting by an executor or admin-
istrator— that is, an account which has been
adjudicated after hearing, or opportunity for
objections, as distinguished from a voluntary or
unadjudicated account, (c) Determining com-
pletely the rights of the parties, so that no fur-
ther decision upon the merits of the issues is ne-
cessary : as, a final judgment or decree — that is,
one that is ready for execution, or for review by
an appellate court, as distinguished from an in-
terlocutory judgment or decree, or one that is
preliminary to a further hearing and decision
on details, before its execution or review by ap-
peal.—Final ClOBe, in music, a concluding cadence. —
Final diameter. See tactical diameter, under diameter.
— For flnalt, finally. C/taMC^r. =Syn. Final, ErentiuU^
Ultimate, Conclusive. Final, coming at the end or at last,
marks mainly the circumstance of being the last or at the
last. Eventual has reference rather more to the outcome
of events. Ultimate is like eventual in that respect : an
ultimate object is that to which all one's actions tend as
theiF aim and crowning point; in this sense it is a sort of
superlative, with ulterior as the corresponding compara-
tive. Conclusiee, like decisive, is active ; it means final
by closing or settling, putting a stop to any further ques-
tion or procedure : as, a conclusive argument, step, de-
cision.
Yet despair not of his final pardon.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1171.
The superficial observer . . . may regard the multipli-
cation jf States, with their different local interests, as an
alarming source of dissension, threatening eventual de-
struction in the republic. Everett, Orations, I. 199.
Many actions apt to procure fame are not conducive to
this our ultimate happiness. Addison.
This objection . . . will not be found by any means so
. . . conclusive as at first sight it seems.
Ilobbes, Life, p. 27.
II, n. That which is last ; that which forms
an end or termination ; specifically, in Grego-
rian music, the tone in each mode with which
melodies must end: in authentic modes the
lowest tone, and in plagal modes the fourth
tone from the bottom. The final corresponds
in part to the modern key-note or tonic.
The intervals of each *'mode" are derived from a fun-
damental sound, called its final. Encyc. Brit, XIX. 169.
finale (fe-na'le), n. [It., < finale, a., final, last, <
h. finalis: seefijial.] 1. Inmnsic: (a) The con-
cluding section of a piece in rondo form, or of
an act of a dramatic work, like an opera, espe-
cially if so managed as to produce an impres-
sive climax. Operatic finales are usually con-
certed pieces for several soloists and a cho-
'.ms.
In the fin^ile to Mozart's so-called Jupiter Symphony
eveiT conceivable contrapuntal resource is employed.
Grove, Diet. Music, I. 523.
(6) The last piece on a program, as of a con-
cert.^ 2. The last part, piece, or scene in any
public performance or exhibition ; any conclud-
ing act or performance.
finale
It was arranged that the two horsemen should first
occupy the arena, . . . that Glaucus and the lion should
next pertomi their part la tlie bloody spectacle, and the
tiger and the Nazarene be the ^rand jinate.
BxUwer, Last Days of Pompeii, v. 2.
finality (fi-nari-ti), n. [< LL. JinaHta(t-)s, the
being last, < L.']^»rt/is, last : hee final.'] 1. The
quality or state of being final; the state of
beingsettled or finally arranged ; completion ;
conclusion.
Now, fellow-citizens, I view the finality of the Com-
promise aa necessary to the peace and preservation of the
L'nion. J- Buchanan, in Curtis, II. 65.
Impatient of finality, we make each goal, when reached,
a starting-point for further quest.
G. //. Lewe», Prubs. of Life and Mind, I. 26.
It is a (jxave question whether in one art at le&st final-
ity has not been achieved. Fortnightly Rev., S. S., XL. 369.
2. In pliiloi:, the doctrine that nothing exists
or was made except for a determinate end ; the
doctrine of final causes.
But the very Iwst explanation is imperfect if we refuse
to restrict ourselves within the limits of scientific finality,
and demand a cause of the cause, an origin of the origin.
a. H. Lewet, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ii. § 5.
3. That which is final or last ; a final act or
result ; an absolute conclusion or determina-
tion : as, to reach a finality in a negotiation ;
this offer is a finality.
finally (fi'nal-i), adc. [< ME. fynalhj; < final
+ -ly-.] i. At the end or conclusion; ulti-
mately; at last; lastly: as, he ^naHi/ submitted.
Fynally thei accordeden t« Melechnasser, that Guytoga
had put in Prisoun at Mountrivalle.
MandevilU, Travels, p. 38.
Finally, brethren, farewell. 2 Cor. xiii. 11.
Lastly and finally, mine host of the Garter.
Shot., M. W. of W., 1. 1.
His [Clive'sl first attachments . . . were to Mr. Fox: at
a later i>erioil lie was attracted by the genius ... of Mr.
Pitt : but finally he connected himself in the closest man.
ner with George Grenville. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
2. Completely ; beyond recovery.
\Vliat godes thai wold gyffe to the gret hamies,
To alBruie hit as fast, fynally for euer.
Dalruction of Troy (E E. T. S.), 1. 11470.
The enemy was finally exterminated. Sir J. Davits.
finance (fi-nans' or fi'nans),n. [< "iHTS,. finaunee,
fynaunce, fine, forfeit, ransom (= D. financie,
finantie = G. finanz = Dan. Sw. finnn.'i, usual-
ly in pi., finances), < OP. /nance, pi. finances,
wealth, substance, revenue, extraordinary lev-
ies, F. finance, cash, ready money, finance, pi.
finances, finances, money matters, = Pr. finan-
sa = Ohjp. finanza = Pg. finanqa = It. finanza,
quittance, pi. finanze, finance, revenue, < ML.
finaiicia, a money payment, money, < finare,
pay a fine or tax (> It. finare, end, qiut, dis-
charge, = OF. finer, pay), < ML. finis, a pay-
ment in settlement, a nne, tax: see fine^, n.]
If. A fine; forfeit; ransom.
I am your preaoner thyi tnstane*.
In your handea take at thys ioamaj, lo !
I you here besecli to make ordinance,
in such wyse 1 may be put to/nan««.
Rom. 0/ Partenay (B. E. T. 8.), 1. 185.1.
2. pi. Revenue; funds in the treasury, or accru-
ing to it; resources of money: ax, we finances
•f the government were in a low condition.
All the finances or revenues of the Imperial crown.
Bacon, Offlce of Alienations.
3. pU The income or resources of an individual.
[Colloq.]
These, and a few less defensible fancies.
Brought the Knight to the end of his t\enieT finances.
Barkam, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 34.
4. The science of monetary business or affairs ;
the system by which the income of a nation,
state, or corporation is raised and administer-
ed; pecuniary management in general: as, the
study of political economy and finance; the sys-
tem of finance pursued by an administration,
or a bank, corporation, or other company.
I hope, however, be will not rely too much on the fertil-
ity of Lord North's genius for finance. Junius, Letters, I.
Of the fifty poets whose lives Johnson has written, Mon.
tague and Prior were the only two who were distinguished
by an intimate knowledge of trade and finance.
Macaulay, Hist Eng., vIL
Minister of flnance, in the countries of continental En-
rope, a cabinet officer who has the general direction of the
pultlif finance of the country and the supervision of the
budget in ilie legislative Uxly. Similar functions are exer-
cised in Great Britain nominally by the First Lord of the
Treasury, l)iit really by the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
and in the United States by the .Secretary of the Treasury.
finance (fl-nans'), t-. ; pret. andpp./n<ince(l,ppr.
financing. [= F. financer, advance money;
from the noun.] I. infran*. To conduct finan-
cial operations; manage finances in either a
Sublic or a private capacity : often used in a
erogatory sense.
2219
Those millions you have heaped together with your
financing work. Carlyle, in Fronde, II. 384.
H. trans. To manage fijiancially ; be finan-
cier for ; furnish with finances or money.
Sir Solomon 'SleAmSi financed the commissariat in the
duke of Marlborough's campaigns. E-ncyc. Brit., XIII. 684.
How these Western railways, running through a poor
country, are to pay the different companies who finance
them, construct them, stock them, issue first preferences
on them, and water their shares, is a branch of business
not given to every fellow to understand.
W. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 264.
Indeed, this naturally leads me to say a word or two
about the manner in which the institution was_/i;Mince(f.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 23.
financial (fi-nan'shal), a. [= D. financieel = G.
finanziell = Dan. Sw. finansiel; &a finance +
-i-al.'i Pertaining to finance or to revenue;
pertaining or relating to money matters: as,
financial operations.
Godolphin, . . . whose ^ijuincia/ skill had been greatly
missed during the summer, was brought back to the Trea-
sury. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvl.
The revenue from all sources, including loans, for the
financial year ending on the 30th of June, 1861, was $86,-
835,900.27. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 168.
financially (fi-nan'shal-i), adv. In relation to
finances ; in respect to funds.
I consider, therefore, the stopping of the distillery, ceco.
nomically, financially, commercially, ... as a measure
rather well meant than well considered. Burke, Scarcity.
financier (fin-an- or fi-nan-ser'). ". [Formerly
sometimes written./innnwer; < F./na»<M>r (Sp.
financicro = Pg. financeiro = It. finanziere), a
financier, moneyed man, < finance, finance: see
finance.] 1. An officer who is intrusted with
the control of financial interests ; one who regu-
lates or manages the public revenues.
The most judicious tax which a financier could devise
would excite murmurs if it were called the Ship money.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii.
2. One skilled in financial operations, whether
Sublic, corporate, or individual; one who un-
erstands money matters.
Sidney, lord, and subsequently earl Godolphin, next to
Halifax the most experienced yiiuinci^r of the age, was, on
the advice of Marlborough, appointed lord treasurer.
S. Domll, Taxes in England, It 68.
3. In France, formerly, a receiver or farmer of
the public revenues.
financier (fin-an- or fi-nan-ser'), v, [Formerly
also written financeer; < financier, «.] I. i«-
trans. To conduct financial operations ; act as
a financier; finance; in a derogatory sense,
\iO engage in financial scheming or irregular
pecumary transactions.
II. <ran». To act as financier for; manage or
contrive ways and means for; finance.
financiering' (fin-an- or fi-nan-ser'ing), n. The
mauageinont of financial operations.
lu 1836 the political circumstances of the country were
In general ill calculated to evolve sound or even carefnl
financiering. The American, VII. 164.
There Is no reason to expect a change of policy until the
dangers which Ue in surplas/fusnei^n'nfr are clearly ap-
prehended. A«i* Princeton Rev., V. 79.
finary, n. See finery^.
finback (fln'bak), n. A finner or fin-whale.
flnback-calf (fin'bak-kaf), n, A whalers' name
for the sharp-headed finner, Baltenoptera david-
Koni. Also called young finback. [Pacific coast,
U. 8.]
flnch^ (finch), n. [< JAE. finch, fynch, < AS. fine
= D. t'l'nt = MLG. vink, rinke = OHG. fin'che,
MHG. G. finke, fink = Sw. fink = Dan. finke,
a finch, = W. pine, a chaffinch. From the
Celtic form repr. by W. pine are prob. E. dial,
and 8c. pint, and F. pinson = 8p, pinchon, pin-
zon = It. pincione, in ML. pincio(n-). A third
E. form is spink, q, v. Similar forms appear in
Bret, pint, tint, Slov. penika, Bohem. penkava,
Venice, Slovak, pinka, penkava. Buss, pienka,
hedge-sparrow, warbler (which see), Estnontan
VDink, et«., finch (the chaffinch being common
throughout the whole of Europe), all prob. in
imitation of the call-note (which is thought to
sound like " fink " or "pink") of the male chaf-
finch. The word occurs chiefly with a distinc-
tive epithet: see phrase names below, and the
compounds bullfinch, chaffinch, goldfinch, green-
finch, hawfinch, mountain-finch, etc.] 1. The
chaffinch; any bird of the genus Fringilla or
family Fringillidce, of which the species are
very numerous; a bunting, sparrow, grosbeak,
etc. See Fringillidte.
The finch, the sparrow, and the lark.
The plain.«ong cuckoo gray.
Shak., M. N. D., Ul. 1 (song).
Tbey sang, as blythe m finches sing,
That Hutter loose on golden wing.
Cowper, TTie Faithful Bird.
finch
2. Any small conirostral oscine passerine bird,
as of the family Ploceidee or I'anagridw ; a wea-
ver-bird or tanager. — 3. Loosely, in composi-
tion, some other small bird, as the fallow-^'«cA.
— Angola flnch, a kind of serin finch, Serinug angolensis.
Latham, 1783. ^Bell's finch, Aviphispiza belli, of western
parts of the United States ; named for J. G. Bell, a noted
taxidermist of New York.— Black-and-orange finch,
Melophus nielanicteruf, a crested bunting of Asia. La-
tham, 1783.— Black-faced finch, a South American crest.
ed finch, Coryphosphingus criatatus. — Black-throated
finch, Aniphispiza bilineata, of the western pai'ts of the
United States. — Blanding's finch, Pipilo chlorurus, of
the western parts of tlie I'liited States. Also called green-
tailed sparrow. — Bramble-finch. Same as hrambling. —
Brisk finch, the chaHlncli. [Local, Eng.) — Bud-finch,
the bullfinch. Also bud-bird, bud-picker.— Cax6iRal-
finch. Same as cardinal-bird.— CSL&sin's finch, (a) A
kind of purple finch, Carpodacus casmni, closely resembling
the common species, but larger, inhabiting southwestern
parts of the United States: named for the famous orni-
thologist John Casvin, of Philadelphia. (&) Peuccea cassi-
ni, a kind of summer finch of southwestern parts of the
United States: named for the same.— Cherry-finch, the
hawfinch, Coccothraustes vulgaris: from its fondness for
cherry-pits.— Chinese finch, a kind of green finch, Ligu-
rinus sinica. Latham, 17S3. — Cinereous finch, the large
gray song-sparrow of tiie Aleutian islands and other pai'ts
of Alaska, .Metofipiza cincrea. Latham, 1783 ; Pennant,
1786.— Cltrll-finch. Same as citrit. Latham, 1783.—
Copper finch, tlie chaffinch : so called from the chestnut
color of tlie breast. [Devonshire and Cornwall, Eng. J —
Crimson finch. Same aa purple finch. Cones.- Crim-
son-fronted finch. Same as house-finch.- CriULSOU-
headed finch, the common purple finch of Europe and
Asia, Curpodacus erythrinus. Latham, 1789. — Fasclated
finch, the common song-sparrow of the United States,
Melospiza melodia or M. J'anciata: a name given by La-
tham in 1783. — Fox-finch, the fox-sparrow (which see).
See also Passerella. — Goldfinch, (a) See ^ofrf^ncA. (6)
The yellow-hammer. [Local, Eng.]— GraSS-finch, the
bay-winged bunting, Pooecetes gramineus ; the vesper-
bird, one of the connnonest sparrows of the United States.
— Qreen finch, (a) See greenfinch. (&) The Texas spar-
row, Embemagra rufocirgata. See Einbemagra. — Har-
ris's finch, Zonotrichia quertda, the hooded crown-spar-
row, of interior parts of the United States and British
America. — Horse-finch, the chaflinch. [Local, Eng.] —
House-finch, the burion or crimson-fronted purple finch,
Carjttxlacus frontalis: so called from its domesticity in
New Mexico, Arizona, and California.— Indigo-finch.
Same as indigo-bird. — Lapland finch, the longspur, Cen-
trophanes lapponicus. Latham, 17*3. — Lark-finCh, the
lark-sparrow, Chondestes grammica. See Chondestee. —
Lazull-finch, a kind of i»ainte(l fincli. Pa^tirrina anioena.
See lazuli. — Lesser pled mountain-finch, the snow-
bunting, Plectrophanex niraiiit. — Lincoln's finCh, J/efo-
spiza lincolni, closely related to the song-sparrow and
swamp-sparrow, of plain spotted and streaked coloration
witli a buff band across the breast, found nearly all over
North America: named for one Kol>ert /,i»ro/n. sometime
a companion of Audulwn. — Linnet-finch, the linnet,
Linota ca»in«M'7k7. — Long-tailed finch, Kmberizoides
macrura. See Emberizoideg. — Maze-finch, the chaffinch.
[Cornwall, Eng.] — Mountain- finch, (a) The bramliling.
(6t) A misnomer of the Canadian sparrow or tree-sparrow,
Spizclla rnonticola. Latham, 17b3.— Painted finch, one
of the several species of the gen us Passerina or ('yano:<i>iza,
the nonpareil, the indigo-bird, or thelazuli-flncli: so called
from the brilliant and varied colors. All are Anterican,
and some are common birds of the United States, as the
three named. See cut under indigo-bird. — Pea-flnch,
the chaffinch. [I,ocal, Eng.] — Pled finch, (a) The chaf-
finch : so called from its variegated colors. [Local. Eng.]
{b) The snow-bunting, Plectrovhanes nivalis, in the plu-
mage of winter, or of the female and young male.- Plno-
Snoti (o) The chaffinch. [I.ocal, Eng.] (6) The p4ne-
siskin, Chrysomilris pinus : so called from its fondness
(or the seeds of the pine. [U. S.] — Purple finch, a crim-
son finch; any menil>er of the genus Carpodacus (which
see), especially C. purpureus. The nante is a misnomer,
arising from the faulty coloring of a plate by Mark Cates-
by, 1731. Also called purple bullfinch.— 'Red~\}re9iSted
flncht, the rose-breasted grosbeak. See groKbeak. La-
tham; Pennant. — Red-headed finch, a redpoll (which
see); any species of the genus A'.giothue. — Rose or rOBV
flnffh, one of several species of the genus Leucosticte (whicn
see), all of which have some of tl:e feathers skirted with
rose-red or crimson. The best-known is L. tephrocotis.
Nearly all of them inhabit western parts of North America.
— Rufous-chinned fincht, the black sparrow of Jamaica,
Jjoxigilla noctis. Latham, 1783.- Savanna-flnch, an «Ia
and disused name of the common yellow-winged sparrow
or graashopper-sparrow of the United States. Co/wmif t/fus
passerinus: so called by Latham, 1783, after the name
savanna-bird of Sloane, 1725. See cut under Cotumiculus.
— Seaside finch, one of the birds of the genus Ammo-
drotnus; specifically, A. maritimus, a common marsh-
span-ow of the Atlantic coastof the United States.— Serin
finch. See serin and Seniii/«.— Sharp-tailed finch, a
kind of seaside flnch, Ammodromus camiacutus, common
along the Atlantic coast of the United States, having acu-
minate tail-feathers.- Storm-finch, the stormy petrel,
Procellaria pelagica: anf)l(1 local (l^ritish) name and book-
name. — Strasbnrg flnch, tlie linnet, Linota cannabina.
Latham, 178.3. — Summer finch, one of several species of
the American genin PeuriPa, one of which was originally
descrll>ed as Fringilla aestivalis. They are common birds
of southerly portions of the United States and of Mexico.
-Thistle-finch, the goldfinch, Carduelis elegans.— ^Q
pull a fincht, to swindle an ignorant or unsuspectiag
person. Conapare to pluck a pigeon (under pigeon).
Prively a Synch eek cowde he irulle.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 652.
Tree-finch, the tree-sparrow, Spizella rnonticola. La-
tham, 1783.— Twlte-^lnch. Same as twite.— White finch,
the chaffinch: so called from the white bands on the wings.
Also whitewing. [Ix)cal, Eng. ]— White-throated finch,
the white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicotlis. See
sparrow.— Yellow flnch, a kind of serin flnch, Serinus
fiaviventris. Also called Itidian greenfinch. Latham,
flnch
1783.— TellOW-tliroated finch, the common black-
throated buuting of the t'nited States, Spiza americana,
Latham; Pennant. (See also lieech-Jinch, buckfinch, ca-
narfi-finch, hawfinch, etc.)
flnch-t, f. An obsolete contracted form of
■li)ii.<h.
fln-cliam (fin'chan), n. In whaling, a heavy
chain, about 15 feet long, with a large triangu-
lar loose link or ring at one end and a small
ring at the other, used for raising the fin and
the head of the first blanket-piece i'roin a whale.
Some fin-chains have a loose ring shackled to
them for the blubber-hook.
flnch-backedC finch 'bakt), a. Striped or spotted
on the back, as cattle : in allusion to the varie-
gated plumage of the finch. [Prov. Eng.]
miched (fiueht), a. [< fineV- + -erf^.] Same as
finch-bncl;cd.
fiiach-falcon (finoh'fa'kn), n. See/a?co«.
finch-tanager (finch'tau'a-jfer), «. One of the
conirostral tanagers, such as those of the genus
Habia.
fincklet, "• Bee finkle.
find (find), V. ; pret. and pp. found, ppr. find-
ing. [< yiE.finden {pret. f and, fond, pl.founde,
founden, pp. founde, founden), < AS. findan
(pret. /anrf, pl./««de»J, pp. funden)=iOS. findan,
fidha'n = OFries. 1iMa = D. rinden = MLG. vin-
den, LG. finnen = OHG. findan, MHG. 6. fin-
den = Icel. finna = Sw. finna = Dan. finde =
Goth, finthan, find. Connection with L. petere,
seek after, go to, fall upon, is doubtful: see
compete, petition. Remotely connected with
feeze^ and /«ss, q. v.] I. trans. 1. To discover
by sight or feeling; come or light upon, either
by seeking or unexpectedly ; encounter or meet
with for the first time.
The flrst Day next aftre, Men fynden in the Askes a
Worm. Mandevilte, Travels, p. 43.
Which Seynt Elyne ff<ynd the Crosse at Jhernsalera.
Torkinglon, Dlarie of Eng. Travell, p. 10.
Phalec and Heber, as tliey wandred, fand
A huge higli Pillar, which vpright did stand.
SyUe$ter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Columnes.
Oh that I knew where I might find him ! that I might
come even to his seat I Job xxiii. 3.
2. To discover by methodical means; ascer-
tain or make out by systematic exploration,
trial, or study : as, to ^«d bottom by sounding ;
to find a bullet in a wound by probing ; an
effort to find the philosopher's stone ; to find
one's way in the dark ; to find the answer to a
problem.
If your leisure suffer it, I pray ytud whether I be in him
(Mr. Fowler] still, and conserve me in his love.
Vonne, Letters, viii.
But in short, Mr. Coventry /ound a Customer, and they
found means to get it [opium] ashore, while the Soldiers
of the Fort were at dinner. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 166.
As I really think continually of such a journey, I name
it now and then; though I Aon'tjind how to accomplish
It. Walpole, Letters, II. 98.
3t. To discover the use of, or the way to make
or use ; invent ; devise.
He/ond tentes flrst, but it men lye.
Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, 1. 1.^4.
4. To discover or ascertain by experience;
learn from observation or sensatioii: as, the
climate was found to be nnpropitious ; to find
a friend in a supposed enemy.
"I have," quod he, ' 'founde yow bothe trew and kynde. "
Generydet (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1012.
Corah and his company . . . will be found to be the
first assei'tors of this kind of Liberty that ever were in the
world. Stiltingfieety Sermons, I. vii.
I find a man may have a deal of valour in him, and not
know it ! Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
In Egypt, fish which have not scales are generally /ound
to be unwholesome food.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 114, note.
We shall leave this abstract question, and look at the
world as we find it.
Macaulay, Gladstone on Church and State.
5. To succeed in attaining; gain by effort : as,
to^»td leisure for a visit ; to find safety in flight.
Take god hede to this matere,
AnAfund to lerne it yff ge canne.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 52.
I will go sit and weep,
Till I can find occasion for revenge.
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
6. To come to or into by natural causes or by
force of circumstances; arrive at; reach: as,
water ^n<is its level; the picture /ound its way
to the auction-room.
He past tlie foaming seas.
And Undef the pleasant porte.
(xogcoigne, Philomene (ed. Arber), p. 03.
Glorious deeds done to ambitious ends find reward an-
swerable, not to their outward seeming, but to their in-
ward ambition. Milton, Eikonoklastes, viii.
None want a place, for all their centre /oMTirf,
Hung to the goddess, and cohered around.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 77.
2220
7. To detect ; catch : commonly with out. See
to find out, below.
They flattered me like a dog. . . . When the thunder
would not peace at my bidding, there I found 'em, there
I smelt 'em out. Go to, they are not men o' their words ;
tliey told me I was everything. Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
The fii-st time he is found in a lye, it should rather to
be wondered at, as a monstrous tiling in him, than re-
proved as an ordinary fault. Locke, Education, § 131.
8. In law, to determine after judicial inquiry:
as, the ^nvy found him guilty; to find a verdict
for the plaintiff.
Make her grave straight ; the crowner hath sate on her,
KaA finds it christian burial. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
If we were cited at that tribunal of truth, we should be
found guilty. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 194.
In behalf of the Nose it will quickly appear.
And your lordsliip. he said, will undoubtedly /nd,
That the Nose has had spectacles always in wear,
Sviuch amounts to possession time out of mind.
Cowper, Report on an Adjudged Case.
9. To supply; provide; furnish: as, to find
money or provisions for an expedition.
Now lak I good where with I shuld you fynd..
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1013.
Euery craf te havynge the name of pageant shullen .fyiuie
oon cresset yerly brennynge, to be born biforn the Bail-
lies of the seid cite. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 408.
Our wages are sometimes a little in arrear — and not
very great either — but fifty pounds a year, atiA find our
own bags and bouquets.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 2.
10. To support; maintain; provide for: fol-
lowed by the direct object of the person (often
reflexive), with in, formerly also with, before
the thing provided : as, to receive ten dollars a
week and find one's self.
By housbondrye of such as God hire sente,
Sche/o?uf hireself and eek hire dougbtren two.
Chaueer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 9.
A poor layman, having a wife and twenty children, and
not able to find them, etc.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. Jlore, etc. (Parker Soc, 1850), p. 76.
He that shall marry thee had better spend the poor re-
mainder of his days in a dung-barge, for twopence a week,
and/ind himself. Beau, and Ft., Wonian-Hater, iii. 1.
The state . . , promising for itself that all able-bodied
men should be found in work. Fronde, Sketches, p. 170.
lit. To compose; set in order; arrange.
He drew him to the fere.
And took a light, and fond his contenaunce,
As for to looke upon an old romaunce.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 980.
12. To reach home to ; take the fancy of ; ap-
peal to the taste or liking of. [Colloq.]
A subtlety of perception in appreciating genius, and a
generous enthusiasm for what finds him, are more charac-
teristic of Lamb's criticism than width.
Athermum, No. 3154, p. 427.
Office found, in law. See o/Kcc— To find ball, to find
bones in, to find fault, to find In the heart. See
the nouns.— To find one's account in anything, to fljul
it advantageous or profitable. [A Gallicism.] —To find
one's feet or legs, to rise upon one's feet or legs ; get
or recover the use of them.
Well, sir, we must have you [an alleged cripple] find
your legs. Sirrah beadle, wliip him till he leap over that
same stooL Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
To find one's self, (a) To feel ; fare in regard to ease or
pain, health or sickness; do: as, how do you find your-
self tills moniing ? [Compare the equivalent German wie
befinden sie sich? — a common formula.] (6) See def. 10.
— To find out, to discover by search or observation ; at-
tain to a knowledge or understanding of; detect; solve ;
fathom.
Canst thou by searching /?id out God? Job xi. 7.
And what madness, what wickedness is it then, to pry
curiously into those arcana of Providence, which we can
never find out, and which were hidden fi-om us on pur-
pose that we might not find them out !
' Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxii.
I have found him out a long time since.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.
He, however, who gains access to cabinets, soon finds
out by what foolishness the world is governed.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 400.
To find the bean in the cake. See heani.
II. intrans. In Jaw, to determine an issue
after judicial inquiry ; direct judgment on the
merits or facts of a case : as, the jmry finds for
the plaintiff.
The case seeming doubtful to the jury, they judged it
safest in case of life to find as they did.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 306.
find (find), ?i. l<find,v.'\ Adiscovery of some-
tliing valuable ; the thing found : as, a find in
the gold-fields ; finds of prehistoric tools. Tlie
use of find as a noun has become common only since its
application in recent times to discoveries of archaiological
remains.
For the_;ind« made in North America another epoch . . .
has to be presumed. Amer. Cyc, VII. 197.
Specimens were among the find of coins at High Wy-
combe in 1827. Evans, Coins of Ancient Britons, p. 78.
The Paris Figaro announces a find of letters by Beau-
marchais. The American, VII. 220.
flndjan
findable (fin'da-bl), a. [< find + -able.] Ca-
pable of being found.
Such persons . . . have nothing more to be said of them
findable by all my endevours. Fuller, Worthies, xxv.
A man's ideal
Is high in Heaven, and lodged with Plato's God,
Not findable here. Tennyson, The Sisters (No. 2),
finder (fin'dfer), n. [< ME. finder, fynder (= D.
vinder = MLG. finder = G. finder = Dan. fin-
der); < find + -ci'l.] One who or that which
finds or discovers. Specifically- (a) One who flnds
or determines after search or inquiry.
We will bring the device to the bar, and crown thee for
Si finder of madmen. Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
(6t) An inventor, deviser, or originator.
But Grekes seyn Pictagoraa,
That he the flrste fynder was
Of the arte [of music].
Chaucer, Death of Bliinche, 1. 1168.
(ct) A poet.
A poet [Chaucer], . . . the first finder of our fair lan-
guage, Occleve.
(d) In the customs, a searcher employed to discover gooda
imported or exported without paying custom, (f ) A small-
er telescope attached to a larger, for the purpose of find-
ing an object more readily.
This instrument was mounted on the same set of axes
with tlie twenty-eight inch Cassegrain mirror, as were also-
a finder of five inches aperture, and one of two inches.
Science, III. 726.
Then by his finder, a little telescope set by the side of
his large one and embracing a large field of view in the
sky, he points tlie telescope aright.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LIV. 21.
(/) An extra lens or other device attached to a photo-
graphic camera for the purpose of showing on a small
supplementary ground glass, or otherwise, the position of
the picture in the field of the sensitized plate : used in cam-
eras for making instantaneous pictures, (y) A micro-
scopic slide divided by flue lines into a number of minute
squares, used to locate exactly any point of especial inter-
est in the field of the microscope. By noting the square
which covers the point in question, the observer is en-
abled to bring it at once into view.
fin de Si6cle (fan de si-a'kl). [F.] The end of
the century : used attributively of anything that
exhibits certain characteristics supposed to
mark the closing years of the nineteenth cen-
tury, regarded as a period of emancipation
from the traditional social and moral order.
findfaultt (flnd'fait), «. l<find,v.,+ ohj. fault.']
A faultfinder.
We are the makers of manners, Kate ; and the liberty
that follows our places stops the mouths of nil find-faults.
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
findfaultingt (find'fal'''ting), a. [ifindfault; or
rather a transposition ot faultfinding .1 Fault-
finding.
She doth not set business back by unquiet branglings
andyi7id-/otd(tn^ quarrels.
Whitlock, Manners of Eng. People (1654), p. 347.
finding (fin'ding), n. [< ME. finding (= OHG.
findunga, MHG. vindung, G. findung); verbal
n. oifind, v.] 1. The act of discovering or as-
certaining; discovery.
The most constant finding, in this analysis, relates to
analgesia. Alieti. and Neurol., VI. 402.
2. That which is found by observation or search;
especially, in law, a statement of a conclusion
arrived at by the judicial trial of an issue.
Go you the next way with yoarfindings [a child].
Shak., W. T., iii. 3.
With the physiological machinery I am not concenied,
except to say that I should welcome with humble thank-
fulness any kind of finding from a jury of physiologists,
if it confined itself to physiology.
F. H. Bradley, Mind, XIII. 28.
3t. That which is pro'dded for one's support or
maintenance ; expense.
Thus this sweete clerk his tynie spente.
After his frendes/t/ndi/tio and his rente.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 34.
Yong gentlemen at their fryndes fynding in my lords
house for the hoole yere. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. x.
4. pi. The tools, appliances, and materials which
some workmen have to furnish in their employ-
ment, particularly those used by shoemakers ;
hence, in the United States, shoemakers' sup-
plies in general, excepting leather: as, leather
and findings Distributive finding of the Issue,
in Jaw. See distributive.
finding-list (fin'ding-list), n. A list or cata-
logue of the books in a library without any de-
scription as to contents, date of publication,
size of volume, etc.
finding-store (fin'ding-stor), n. A shop where
shoemakers' tools, appliances, etc., are sold:
called in England a grindery warehouse. [U. S.]
findjan, fingian (fin'jan, fin'jian), n. A small,
thin porcelain coffee-cup, almost semi-spheri-
cal in shape, used in Turkey and Egypt. It is
placed in a holder called the :arf (which see).
The abbot and I, and another holy father, fraternised,
and slapped each other on the b.ick, and had another
flndjan
^lass or two, or rather cup, for coffee-cups of tliin, old
porcelain, called /i/»yirt/w, served ua for wine-glasses.
Ji. C'urzon. Mouast. in the Levant, p. 249.
findon -haddock, «. See Jinnait-haddvck.
flnd-spot (fiud'spot), n. The locality ot a find;
the phice where an object has been found: as,
the Jimispot of these coins is unknown. [Re-
cent.]
When Gen. Cunningham was selecting specimens [of
sculpture] in the Lahore Museum, to be photographed for
the Vienna Exhibition, he complains that he could only
ascertain the •'jtnd spot" of five or six out of the whole
number — 500 or 800.
J. Ferrftuton, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 170, note.
flndyt (fin'di), a. [< ME. fiiidig, fundi, heavy,
weighty (of speech), < AS. 'findig, heavy ('^fin-
dig com," heavy com — Lye, no reference);
cf. ge-findig {gefyndig), capable; J)a,n. fyndig,
emphatic, pithy, < fynd, emphasis, pith (of
speech).] 1. Heavy; full; solid; substantial.
A cold ^fay and a windy
Makes the barn (at and .^ndy. Otdpronerb.
2. Weighty; powerful.
Bidde we nu the holi gost that he . . . giue ua awo
fiiidi'je speche, that the fewe word the we on ure l>ede
selen, be cuthe alle halegen.
Old Bng. Homiliet(ed. Morris), IL 119.
flB6^ (fin). "• [^ ME. Jin, fyn, end, the end of
life, a payment in settlement, a fine, < OP. fin,
F.fin = Pr. fin, fi = Sp. Hn = Pg.fim = lt. fine,
< L. finis, limit, boundary, end, ML. also a
payment in supplement, a fine, orig. "fidnis,
lit. a parting (nence edge, limit, end), < _^«-
dere (V fid), cleave, separate, = E. bite: see
bite, and et. fent, fission, fissure, etc., from the
same ult. root. Hence ult. (from L. finis) fine-,
fine^, finite, finish, etc.] If. End; termina-
tion; conclusion.
The begynnyng Is wel god, * also the/yn.
SI. Edmund the Cot\fu»or, 1. 203 (Early Eng. Poems, cd.
[Furnivall).
Thet that hadde ther-o( the kepynge seide thel shulde
no farther passe till thei saiigh to what /yn the bateile
•holde drawe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 286.
lie may ... be there by the fine of Januarie or before.
llakluyl'i Voyaget, I. 308.
All 'a well that ends well ; still thejiite '% the crown ;
Whate'er the course, the end is the renown.
Skak., Alii WeU, It. 4.
Aa soon as they begin, they hare their /n«.
Middieion, Solomon Paraphrased, il.
Specifically— 2t. The end of life; death.
.Seynt Thomas of ynde (India) thitherward cam
Also biyue as he myjt gan.
And wolde haue ben at hure/yne
sK he my3t haue come bi tyme.
Kin'j Uom (E. E. T. S.), p. 9«.
Better I love thl lif than thi deth, and thow art come to
thi Jin that knowest thow well.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), IlL 629.
3't. In old Eng. laic, a judicial proceeding, often
fictitious, resorted to merely as a mode of con-
veyance of land. The persons concerned In the trans-
fer were made parties to a fictitious action, in which the
transferrer solemnly acknowledged the land to )>e the
property of the transferee, thus by apparent compromise
putting an end to the suit. It was used very commonly
as a means of putting an end to an entail.
This fellow might be In 's time a great buyer of land,
with his statutes, his recognizances, his Jifies, his double
vouchers, his recoveries. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
Fines were a very ancient class of conveyances by mat-
ter of record, consisting uf llctitious suits In the Court
of Common Pleas, commencetl and then compromised by
leave of the Court. They were called firtee because they
put an end not only to the pretended suit, but also to all
claims not made within a certain time.
,V. and Q., 7th ser., I. 13.
4. Vn feudal law: (a) A final agreement between
persons concerning lands or rents, or between
the lord and his vassal prescribing the condi-
tions on which the latter should hold his lands.
[Bare.] (6) A sum of money paid by custom
by a tenant to his lord, nominally as a gratuity,
and distinct from rent. This custom belongs solely
Ui feudal tenures and to those modified by the feudal law,
as copyholds. Fines were paltl usually at a transfer of the
tenant's estate by alienation or succession, but sometimes
on other occasions, as at the death of the lord.
Be thou the Liege, and I Lord Paramount,
I'll not exact hard flne$ (aa men shall woontX
SytvteUr, tr. of Da Bartas's Weeks, il., Eden.
6. The exaction of a money payment as a pun-
ishment for an offense or a dereliction of any
kind: a mulct: as, a ^ne for assault; the^«e«
pre.scribed in the constitution of a society.
My bU>od for your rude brawls doth He a-bleedlng.
But I'll amerce you with so strong &fine
I'hat you shall all repent the U^as of mine.
Shak., K. and J., Hi. 1.
Then, Is a difference between amerciaments and fineji:
these (that Is, the latter}, as they are taken for punish-
ments, are puntshnients certain, which grow expressly
from s^>ine statute; but amerciaments are arbitrarily im-
posed by affeerora. Blount, Iaw Diet.
2221
6. The sum of money so exacted.
But that also at length they unwillingly yielded unto :
styling him in their submitfion by the title of " Pi-otector
and supreme Head of the English Church," and paying a
liiatyjine. Strype, Memorials, Hen. Vlll., an. 1532.
7t. An agreement to do something, as in repa-
ration or restitution ; composition; atonement;
penance.
That es at say, to make the Jin
For sin and bring thaim of pin
To blis.
Eny. Metrical Homilies (ed. J. Small), p. 46.
Abolition of Fines and Recoyeries Act, an English
statute of 1833 (3 and 4 Wni. IV., c. 74) which abolished
the system of transfer of land by fines and common re-
coveries, and substituted a simple deed in lieu thereof. —
Chirographer of fines. See chirographer.—TinB ■with
proclamations, a fine announced in open court by mak-
ing prDcliunation four times in the term at which it was
levietl and fum- times in each of three succeeding terms.
This i»ractice was introduced to preclude the mischiefs
that had resulted from secret fines. — Foot Of a fine, in
old Eng. law, the concluding part of the record of a fine in
the Common Pleas : so called, it is supposed, not because
it was the lower part of the document, but by misinter-
pretation (as if pied, foot) of the Norman French la pees
(modern FYench la paix) — that is to say, the peace, or
final concord or agreement, between the parties. — In fine.
(at) In the end; at last; finally.
Condemned persons haue a pillora-boord fastened about
their neck, . . . which l>oord neither suffereth them well
to eate or sleep, and in Jine killeth them.
I'urchas, Pilgrimage, p. 441.
He sent me a challenge, mixt with some lew braves,
which I restored, and in Jine we met.
B. JonsoH, Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 4.
(b) In conclusion ; to conclude ; to sum up.
His whole demeanor, in Jine, was truly that of a great
king. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 24.
Statute Of Fines, an English statute of 1540, the effect
of which was that a fine levied with proclamations, by a
person of full age, would bar an entail.
fliie^^ (fin), r. ; pret. and pp. fined, ppr. fining.
[< VLE.finen, pav a fine: see^nei, n. The lit.
sense (expressed in ME. by finisshen, finchen :
see finish) appears in OF. finir, finer, F. finir,
etc., < L. finire, end: see finish.'i I, trans. If.
To bring to an end.
Time's office is to.;ine the hate of foes.
Shak., Lucrece, I. 936.
2. To subject to a pecuniary penalty; set a
fine upon, as by judgment of a court or hy any
competent authority ; punish by fine : as, jurors
are fined for non-attendance ; absent members
are fined.
The nobles hath he Jin'd
For ancient quarrels, and quite lost their hearts.
Shak., Rich. IL, il. 1.
Now they Fine men ten times more than they are worth.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 60.
3t. To pay by way of fine or fee.
The Londoners/n«d, in the fifth year of Stephen's reign,
a hundred marks of silver, that they might have sheriffs
of their own choosing. S. Doicetl, Taxes in England, 1. 20.
4t. To pledge ; pawn.
What means this, herald? know'st thou not
That I have Jin'd these bones of mine fur ransom?
Com 'at thou again for ransom? Shak., Hen. V., Iv. 7.
6f. To condemn; pronounce judgment against.
Condemn the fault, and not the actor of It? . . .
Mine were the very cipher of a function
To Jine the faults, whose fine stands in record,
And let go by the actor. Shak., M. for M., H. 2.
H. intrans. If. To come to an end; end;
cease.
Hire soreje [sorrows] ne hire pine
Nemijte ntnttftne.
King Uom (E. E. T. S.), L 262.
Then wold they never Jine
To don of gentlllease the faire office.
CAoucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, I. 280.
2. To pay a fine ; procure acknowledgment of
one's riimt or claim by pecuniary compensa-
tion. [Rare.]
In England women, and even men, simply as tenants in
chief, and not as wards, /ii^d to the crown for leave to
marry whom they would, or not to be compelled to marry
other. Haltam, Middle Ages, II.
fine* (fin), a. [< ME. fin, fyn, fine = D. fijn =
MLG. fin, phin = MHG. rin, fin, G. fein = leel.
finn = 8w. fin = Dan. fin, < OF. fin = Pr. fin
= Sp. Pg. It. fino, fine, minute, exact (ML.
finus, fine, pure, perfect), prob. (with shifting
of accent and contraction) < L. finitiis, lit. fin-
ished (used as an adj. by Cicero, of words, well
rounded), pp. of finire, limit, bound, define,
terminate, finish, < finis, a limit, end : see fine'^,
and ct. finite, finish.'\ 1. In general, finished;
consummate ; perfect in form or quality ; pol-
ished, adroit, in manner or action; delicate,
slender, minute, thin, rare, in size, proportion,
or consistence: opposed to coarse, gross, crude,
rough, unfinished, etc. [Fine, owing to iu very gen-
fine
eral primary sense (' finished '), and to tbe wide range in
literary and colloquial use of its particular applications,
lias assumed a great variety of sliades of meaning. Like
nice, it is much used colloquially as a mere token of ap-
proval, without precise significance. Like that also, espe-
cially with reference to persons or their doings, it is often
used ironically or derisively in an inverted sense : as, a
Jine gentleman, for an ostentatious pretender; Jine writ-
ing, for a showy and pretentious style ; Jine words, for
plausiljle or deceitful address, as in the homely adage,
"Fine words butter no parsnips"; that is & Jine scheme.]
Specifically — 2. Excellent or perfect in form,
style, or aspect ; beautiful ; attractive ; showy :
as, a man of fine appearance ; a fine horse ; a
fine house or landscape ; a fine display of flags.
Fijie pictures suit in frames as Jine,
Consistencie's a Jewell.
Jolly Robyn Roughhead (ballad, 1754).
He seems unconscious that his features are Jijie, that
they have a Southern symmetry, clearness, regularity in
their chiseling. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ii.
3. Exquisite or elegant in manner, action, ap-
pearance, or use ; making or constituting an at-
tractive or imposing display ; aiming to please ;
pleasing; gratifying: as, a fine lady or gentle-
man; /He feathers make ^ne birds; /»« clothes
or furniture.
He was aware of a brave young man,
As_/i7ie as /i«e might be.
Robin Hood and Allin A Dale (Child's Ballads, V. 279).
I will inito Venice,
To buy apparel 'gainst the wedding day. . . .
1 will be sure my Katharine shall be Jine.
SAa*;.,T. of theS.,ii. 1.
By a^n« gentleman I mean a man completely qualified
as well for the service and good, as for the ornament and
delight of society. Steele, Guardian, No. 34.
One that thinkes the grauest Cassocke the best SchoUer ;
and the best Clothes the Jinest man.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmo'graphie, A Vulgar-spirited Man.
lliere, with eyes reverentially fixed on Burke, appeared
the Jinest gentleman of the age, . . . the chivalrous, the
Ingti-souled Windham. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Woman la Jine for her own satisfaction alone. No man
will adnnre her the more, no woman wilt like her the bet-
ter for it. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, p. 54.
4. Perfect or excellent in kind ; suitable or ad-
mirable in character or quality; very fit or
proper; superior: as, /nc roads; /ne weather;
fine sport; a fine entertainment.
I knowe youre hertes Jin and trewe, and that ye wolde in
nothtnge a-gein me not erre. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 616.
We can show you as/n« rivers, and as clear from wood
or any other incumbrance to hinder an angler, as any you
ever saw. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 224.
The walks are shaded with Orange Trees, of a large
spreading size, and all of so Jine a growth both for stem
and he»l, that one caimot imagine anything more perfect
in this kind. Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 40.
The hermit . . .
Told him that her/iw care had saved hia life.
Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
[Used in Great Britain of any weather not actually stormy.
The following morning waa gloomy but Jine, and after
breakfast the vicar and Elsmere started off.
Mrs. II. Ward, Robert Elsmere, ix.)
5. Of exquisite quality; refined; choice; ele-
gant; delicate; dainty: as, a, fine compliment;
a fine wine; fine workmanship; fine texture;
fine maimers.
Re-enter Ariel, like a water-nymph.
Fro. Fine apparition ! SAa*., Tempest, i. 2.
Recommended by the charm
Otfine demeanour. Wordsworth, Excursion, vL
Plenty ot Jine words had been bestowed, which might or
might not have meaning. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 47.
But his [Emerson's] special, constitutional word Is Jine,
meaning something like dainty, aa Shakspeare uses it —
"ray dainty Ariel," *'Jine Ariel."
0. W. Holmes, Emerson, p. 406.
He gratified them with occasional . . . Jine writing.
M. Arnold.
6. Attracting pleased or interested attention ;
admirable; notable; remarkable: striking: of-
ten ironical : as, some fine day you will discover
your mistake.
What did you mean by that same handkerchief you gave
me even now? I was a /ine fool to take it.
Shak., Othello, iv. 1.
I'hat same knave. Ford, her husband, hath the Jinett
mad devil of Jealousy in him . . . that ever governed
frenzy. Shak., M. W. of W., v. 1.
At what a Jine pass is tho Kingdom, that must depend
In greateat exigencies upon the fantasic of a Kings rea-
son, be hee wise or foole. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xi.
Ot course I admit that there is something Jine in the
contempt or Indifference he seems to have for anything
that may happen to him in this world.
IK. Black, In Far Lochaber, xxlv.
•'You are going to Harlwrough yourself, I suppose?"
asks Peggy. . . . "How can I tell? Do I ever know where
I may drift to? I may wake up there some^jw nioniing."
R. Broughton, Doctor Cupid, xv.
7. Expert in knowledge or action ; accom-
plished; skilled or skilful; adroit; apt; handy:
y-
fine
as, a fine actor or musician ; a fine scholar or
irorkman.
There come with this kyng a coynt mon of shappe,
ffellist iu flghi, ami a/vn archer.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7715.
■\Vhere shall I And one that can steal well ? O, for ajme
thief, of the age of two-and-twenty, or thereabout !
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. S.
Let me tell you, I have, which I will sliow to you, an ar-
tificial minnow, tliat will catch a trout as well as an arti-
ficial tly ; and it was made by a handsome woman tliat had
KJinf hand, and a live minnow lying by her.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 94.
8. Delicate in perception or feeling; nicely
discriminating; acutely susceptible to impres-
sions : as, a fine wit ; a fine taste ; a fine sense
of color.
For hadde neuere frelc [man] fyn wit the faith to dispute
J*"e man myghte haue no merit ther-of, myghte hit he
proued. Piers Plowman (C), xii. 149.
And fitted fables for yonr finer ears.
Although at first he scarce could hit the bore.
-B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, Prol.
The spider's touch, how exquisitely fiiie !
Feels at each thread, and lives along the line.
Pope, Essay on Man, i. 217.
A certain IfTM temper of being was now not brought out
in full relief. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, vii.
You shake your head. A random string
YoMx finer female sense offends.
Tennyson, Day-Dream, L'Envoi.
9. Minutely precise or exact; subtle: as, a/»e
distinction ; a. fine point in an argument.
We should do the Church of God small benefit by dis-
puting with them (the Churcli of Rome] according unto
itie finest points of their darlc conveyances.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 7.
Thou art too/ii« in thy evidence. Shak., All's Well, v. S.
The detection of impurities in the air is ... of the ut-
most importance, and it is oidy by the finest methods that
they can be ascertained in small quantities of air.
Angus Smith, quoted in J. Constantiue's Pract.
[Ventilation, i.
10. Free from foreign matter ; ■without dross or
feculence or other impurities ; clear; pure; re-
fined : as, fine gold ; fine oil.
The good whyte brede, the good red wyne.
And thereto the/i/ne ale browne.
Lytell Geste of Hoby'n flode (Child's Ballads, V. 112).
His feet lilte unto fii^ brass, as if they burned in a fur-
nace. Kev. i. 15.
Other [gold] less fine in carat is more precious.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
They entertained me as well as they could, made cakes
which were sour, and brought^ne oil of olives.
Pococke, Description of tlie East, II. i. 5.
1 1 . Delicate or choice in material, texture, or
style; light, thin, elegant, tasteful, etc., ac-
cording to the nature of the thing spoken of:
as, fine silk or wool ; fine linen or cambric.
It ys Also of tables ot/yne whith marble stonne.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel!, p. 49.
Pliaraoh . . . arrayed him in vestures oifine linen.
Gen. xli. 42.
Why, thy verse swells with stuff so^?i« and smooth.
That thou art even natural in thine art.
Shak., T. of A., v. 1.
12. Thin in consistence; subtile; rare; tenu-
ous: as, fine spirits evaporate rapidly.
When the eye standeth in the^ner medium, and the ob-
ject in the grosser, things show greater. Bacon.
It is the law of fluids that prescribes the shape of the
boat,. . . and, in the/i»i€rfluidalM)ve, the form and tackle
of the sails. Emerson, Art.
With the first appearance of the dawn I had heard the
new tlirush in the scattered trees near the hut — a strain
t& fine as if blown upon a fairy flute, a suppressed musi-
cal whisper from out the tops of the dark spruces.
J. Burroughs, The Century, XXXVI. 614.
13. Consisting of minute particles, grains,
drops, flakes, etc.: aa, fine sand or flour; fine
rain or snow ; fine shot.
3Iake ready quickly three measures of fine meal.
Gen. xviii. 6.
The wind blew fiercely over the hills, loaded with par-
ticles of snow, Bsfine as tile point of a needle and as hard
as crystal. JS. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 58.
14. Very small in girth or diameter; slender;
attenuated: as, fine thread; fiiie wire; a fine
hair ; a fine needle.
He draweth out the thread of his verbosity finer than
the staple of his argument. Shak., L. L. L., v. 1.
Ere yet mortality's ^7i€ threads give way.
Cowper, Task, v. 578.
The lawyers of the Duchy of Lancaster . . . complained
that as soon as they had split a hair. Lord Holland pro-
ceeded to split the filaments into filaments still finer.
Macaulay, Lord Holland,
15. Keen; sharp; easily penetrating: as, the
fine edge of a razor; a, fine point, as of a needle
or a thorn.
Wliat/ne chisel
Could ever yet cut breath? Shak., W. T., v. 3.
2222
■Which [treasure] he will not every hour survey.
For blunting X\\e fine point of seldom pleasure.
Shak., Sonnets, Iii.
Don't put too/TW a point to your wit, for fear it should
get blunted. Cervantes, The Little Gypsy (trans.).
A fine entrance is a sharp under- water part of the fore-
body of a ship. Hamersly.
16t. Sheer; mere; pure; absolute: in the old
phrase fine force.
l.onge lasted that strife but lelli too knowe.
By fin/orce of Ills figlit Philip it winnes.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), I. 128.
The saisnes were so many and so thikke that of fin force
thei made hym to remeve fro the brigge in to the playn
feelde. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 249.
Fine arts. See ort2._Flne as a fiddle, very fine ; lilgh-
struug ; liandsome. [CoUoq.]
The horses ai-e at the livery-stable while we have no
pastor. Splendid animals they are, too, fitie as fiddles,
gentle as kittens. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 169.
Fine as fivepence, very smartly or gayly dressed. [Col-
loq.]
Be not. Jug, as a man would say, finer than fivepence,
or more proud than a peacock.
Grim the Collier of Croydon, ii.
Fine casting, (a) A casting of special excellence, either
for its artistic design, or for the soundness and liomogene-
ousness or other characteristic of the material of whicli it
is composed. (6) A casting from a mold in the preparation
of whicli special care has been taken. See figure-casting.
— Fine stuff, selected lime slacked in water, evaporated
to tlie projjer consistency, and used as a slip-coat to cover
the previous coarser coats. Mixed with plaster of Paris,
and sometimes with fine sand, it foi-ms a finishing coat. —
To draw it fine. See drato.— To train fine, in sporting
language, to reduce (the body) to an effective condition by
training ; figuratively, to discipline thoroughly, as the in-
tellectual powers.
A certain strain and a threat of latent anger in the ex-
pression, like that of a man trained too fine and harassed
with perpetual vigilance. R. L. Stevenson, Pastoral.
flne^ (fin), V. ; prot. and pp. fined, ppr. fining. [<
ME. finen (= MH(}. finen = Icel. fina), refine,
purify, < fin, fine, fine, pure : see fine^, a. Cf .
affine^ and refine.'] I. trans. 1. To make fine
or pure; purify; clarify; refine: as, to ^ne gold
or silver ; to fine ■wine.
As gold . . .
Semes /f/n^-d dene ynoghe til mans sight,
Whar [were] it put in fire to fyn mare,
Yhit suld it leve sum dros tharc.
Ilampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 3336.
Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold
where they fine. it. Job xxviii. 1.
Blow, blow, sweet winds, 0 blow away
All vapours from the fined air.
Chapman, Mask of the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn
[(song).
Clarifying the beer by such means as isinglass and gela-
tine is also called fining the beer.
Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 688.
After being racked &nd fined, the produce of the differ-
ent vineyards is now ready for mixing together.
De Colange, Diet., I. 137.
2. To make fine or slender; make less coarse:
as, to fine grass.' — 3. To change by impercep-
tible degrees ; cause to pass by fine gradations
to another or more perfect state. [Rare.]
I oftener sate at home
On evenings, watching how they fined themselves
With gradual conscience to a perfect night.
Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, vii.
II. intrans. 1. To become fine or pure ; be-
come clear, as by depositing sediment: often
followed by down.
The ale hadn't had time to fine down, but it would be
as clear as a diamond . . . tomorrow,
T. Hughes, Scouring of the White Horse.
2. To become fine or thin; melt or fade.
The lo^ fined away to the windward.
W. C. Russell, Jack's Courtship, xxxiv.
The most unwieldy-looking animals often fijie down into
the best shapes.
Dogs of Great Britain and America, p, 204.
fine2 (fin), arff. [<^Me2, a.] 1. Finely; well:
as, I wad like fine to do it. [Scotch.] — 2.
Delicately; cautiously.
To fish fine and far off is the first and principal rule for
trout-angling. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii, 242.
flne^ (fe'ne), n. [It., end, = E.j^nel.] In musical
notation, the word indicating the end of a re-
peated section, whether da capo or dal segno;
also, the end of a composition in several sec-
tions.
fine-arch (fin'arch), n. The smaller fritting-
fumace of a glass-house. E. H. Knight.
fine-cut (fin'kut), a. Cut into fine pieces or
strips: as, fine-cut chewing-tobacco.
finedraw (fin'dra), v. t. ; pret. finedrew, -p^. fine-
drawn, ppr. finedrawing. 1. To sew up, as a
rent, by drawing the edges of the fabric to-
gether with a fine thread, in such a manner as
to restore the pattern if there is any. See fine-
drawing.
fine-rolls
It was in my best pair of kerseymeres, but, thanks to
the skilful little seamstress, I got them finedrawn, and
that without any inconvenient delay,
Marryat, Peter Simple.
2. To draw out to extreme iineness, as wire:
commonly in the past participle.
finedra'wer (fin'dra'fer), «. A person especially
employed to do finedrawing, as in the manu-
facture of tapestry, where many are employed
in uniting the separate pieces of which large
tapestries are made.
flnedra'wing (fiu'dr^'^ing), n. 1. A method of
darfiiiig in which the edgesof a rent are brought
together and the needle is passed through from
one to the other at about half the thickness of
the stuff in such a manner as to restore the
pattern. — 2. In cloth-tnannf., a finishing pro-
cess in which the cloth is exposed to a strong
light, and any minute hole or break is repaired
by introducing, with a needle, sound yarns in
place of the defective ones. — 3. In tapestry-
manuf., the process of sewing together the dif-
ferent pieces separately manufactured.
fine-dra'Wn (fin'dran), p. a. Drawn out to ex-
treme fineness or tenuity, as wire ; hence, fig-
uratively, drawn out with too much subtlety:
as, fine-draton conclusions.
flneerl (fi-ner'), v. i. [< MD. fijneren (= ML6./e-
neren, phenercn), make money, acquire wealth,
in form like fijneren, refine, purify, but with
sense due to fijnancie, money, ■wealth, finance,
< F. finance, finance: see finance.] To get
goods on credit by artifice. See the extract.
The second method of running into debt is called fineer-
ing; which is getting goods made up in such a fasliion as
to be unfit for every other purchaser; and if the trades-
man refuses to give them upon credit, then threaten to
leave them upon his hands.
Goldsmith, Ordinary of Newgate.
fineer^t (fi-ner'), v. t. An obsolete variant of
veneer.
fine-fingered (fin'fing^'gferd), a. Delicate in
workmanship ; expert at fine work. Spenser.
finelesst (fin'les), a. [< fine^ -t- -less.] End-
less; inexhaustible.
Riches, fineless, is as poor as winter
To him that ever fears he shall be poor,
SAai,,Othello, iii, 3.
finely (fin'li), adv. [< ME. finliche (= MLG.
finliken=OnG.finUhho); <fine^ -t- -ly^.] In a
fine manner, in any sense of the word fine;
admirably; elegantly; showily; delicately; sen-
sitively; adroitly; subtlely; minutely; thinly;
lightly: as, a picture /«eZ,!/ painted ; astuff /ne-
^^ wrought; ilour_^Kc/^ ground; a thought /ne-
ly expressed.
Let mee be proued as Prince in pres where I wend.
And fende mee finliche well to fonde my strength.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T, S,), 1. 1201.
Spirits are not finely touch'd
But to fine issues. Shak., M, for M., 1 1.
My Nan shall be the queen of all the fairies,
Finely attired in a robe of white.
Shak.,iI.W.otW.,W.S.
It is as finely situated as any Rectory can be, for it is
about the Midway 'twixt Oxford and London.
Howell, Letters, I. v, 15.
The life of these men k finely described in holy writ by
*' the path of an arrow," wliich is innnediately closed up
and lost. Addison, Thoughts in Westminster .\bbey.
fineness (fin'nes), n. 1. The state or quality
of being fine, in any sense.
He sent, , . .
With some pretext of fineness in the meal
To save the offence of charitable, flour
From his tall mill. Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2. Specifically, the quantity of pure metal in
alloys expressed by number of parts in 1,000.
Here's the note
How much your chain weighs to the utmost carat ;
The fineness of the gold, and chargeful fashion.
Shak., C. of E., iv. 1.
St. Finesse; subtlety.
He promised
To use some holy and religious yi;i«n€««,
To this good end. Massinger, The Renegade, iv, 1.
This is the artificialest peece of fineness to perswade
Men to be Slaves that the wit of Court could have invented.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, iv.
He did the devil more service in this fineness of under-
mining than all the open battery of the ten great rams of
persecution. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed, 1S36), II, 148.
fine-nosed (fln'nozd), a. Having a keen or deli-
cate sense of smell.
The monks themselves were too fine-nosed to dabble in
tan-fatU FuUer, Ch, Hist,, VI. ii, 1.
finer (fi'nfer), n. [< ME. fyner ; < fine"^, v., +
-«/•!.] One who refines or purifies ; a refiner.
Take away the dross from the silver, and there shall come
forth a vessel for the finer. Prov. xxv, 4.
fine-rolls (fin'rolz), n. ph In England, from
the reign of John to that of Charles I., ao-
fine-rolls
counts of fines paid to the king for licenses to
alienate lands, for freedom from knight's ser-
vice, for pardons, wardships, etc. Encyc. Brit.,
XX. 311.
flneryl (fl'n^r-l), n. [< fine"^, a., + -ery, oollee-
tive suflix.] 1. Fineness; beauty; charm.
[Kare.]
Don t choose your place of study by the finery of the
prospects. WatU.
2. Ornament ; decoration, especially gaudy or
excessive decoration, as ribbons, trinkets, a
stilted or flowery style in writing, etc.
His muse had no objection to a russet attire ; but she
turned with disgust from the^/ineri/ of Gnarini, as tawdry
and as paltry as the rags of a chimney-sweeper on May-
day. Macaulay^ Milton.
Sol a dowager brushed us, bedizened with finery.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, i.
finery^ (fi'n6r-i), «. ; pi. fineries (-iz). [Also
written finary ; < fine^, v., + -ery. Cf. refinery.}
In metal, a hearth on which cast-iron is con-
verted into wrought-iron. Previous to the introduc-
tion of the process known as puddtirvr, the conversion of
cast-iron into wrought-iron was always effected in a ttnery,
and this method is still in use in various regions, espe-
cially in Germany. For the best tin-plates, until recently,
sheet-iron prepared in the finery was exclusively used.
flne-spoken (fin'spd'kn), a. Using fine phrases ;
polite in language.
Fiue-dreased &nd fine-tpoken " chevaliers d'industrie."
Chegterfield.
flne-sptm (fin'spun), a. Drawn to a fine thread ;
minute; hence, over-refined; over-elaborated;
subtile : as, fine-spun theories.
Uowe'er disguised th' inflammatory tale.
And covered vith a fine-spun specious veil.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 328.
They are inexhaustible in conjectures and/n«'tjmn con-
clusions. Preecott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 13, note.
The interest of the whole is small, in consequence of
the inherent insipidity of such Afine-tpun discussion.
Ticinor, Span. Lit., I. 385.
finesse (fi-nes'), "• [= D- Dan. finesse = Sw.
finess, < P. finesse (= Pr. Sp. Pg. finesa = It.
finezza), fineness, delicacy, nicety, keenness,
gnbtlety, <.fin, fine: see^ne*, o.] 1. Artifice;
delicate stratagem ; subtlety of contrivance ;
also, that quality of mind or character which
leads to subtle actions.
Prowde speeches and too mMctifineue and cnriositie is
not commeudable in an Embassadour.
PtiUenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 223.
A masterpiece of diplomatic fineese and political inven-
tion, electioneering viewed on the most magniflcent scale,
. . . exhibits a political drama which for the honour and
happiness of mankind is of rare and strange occurrence.
/. D'liraeli, Curios, of LlU, IV. 25.S.
Compared to his brethren in the East, the Persian de-
picted in Iraoks of travel, however distinguished by ques-
tionable finette and arrant falsity, has always presented
a certain humorous side to European remitters.
Athefurum, No. 3086, p. 777.
2. In whist, the play (usually by the third hand,
but occasionally by the second) of a card (say
C) of the suk led, lower than another (A) in
the hand, in the hope that an unplayed card
(B) of intermediate value, whose position is
still unknown, may be found to lie to the right,
so that the trick may be taken by the card C
while A is reserved to take B. — 3t. Fineness
of perception.
But he [Pope) (his musical Jfneoe was such,
8o nice his ear, so delicate nls touch)
Made poetry a mere mechanic art.
Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 862.
■:SyiL 1. Artifice, Manauter, etc. (see artifice); skill, art-
fulness, adroitness, craft, subterfuge.
flmWIIW (fi-nesO, c- ; pret. and pp. finessed, ppr.
finessing. [< finesse, n.} I. intrans. 1. To use
artifice or fine strataigem.
Though secure of our hearts, yet confoundedly sick
If they were not his own hj/nee$ing and trick.
Ooldmith, KeUliation, I. 106.
2. In ichist-pUtying, to attempt to take a trick
by finesse.
With minor tenace it Is generally proper iofineste the
second round, as the best card must probably be to your
left Pole, Whist, v.
H. trans. In whist-playing, to practise or per-
form a finesse with: as, to finesse a king, a
knave, etc.
fine-still (fin'stil), ». t. To distil, as spirits,
frf)iii molasses, treacle, or some preparation
fif sai'dmrine matter.
fine-stiller (fin'stil'tr), n. One who distils
s|iirit.-i from treacle or molasses.
flnetop-grass (fin'top-grfts), n. The Agrostis
nihil (.1. ruUjaris), a valuable meadow- and pas-
ture-grass. Also known as redtop, herdsgrass,
et«.
2223
flnewt (fin'ii), n. [</neM!-edf, q. v.] Moldiness.
E. riiillips, 1706.
finewedt (fin'ud), a. [Also written/enoicerf, also
vinewed, vinnewed (E. dial., etc.); < ME. (not
found), < AS. gefinegod, moldy, musty, pp. of
fynegian, become moldy or musty (of bread),
(.fynig (pi. finie), moldy or musty (of bread),
= OD. vinnigh, moldy, musty, rotten, rank;
perhaps related to fUl, E. /om?i, and to Ij.jniti-
dus, rotten. The resemblance to AS. fennig,
fenneg, E. fenny, marshy, muddy, dirty, is not
phonetically close, and is accidental.] Moldy ;
musty; decayed.
The old moth-eaten leaden legend, and the foisty and
Jenawed festival are yet secretly laid up in comers.
J. Favour, Antiquities, Triumph over Novelty (1619),
Ip. 334.
A souldier's hands must oft be died with goare,
Lest, Starke with rest, they_;f;ieM''d waxe, and hoare.
Mir. for Magf., p. 417.
finewednesst (fin'ud-nes), n. [Also rinewedness,
rinneicedness.^ The state or quality of being
fine wed or moldy; mustiness; moldiness.
finfeet, «. Plural oifinfoot.
fin-flsi (fin'fish), n. A fish of the family Polyp-
teridiv ; a fin-pike.
fin-fold (fin'fold), II. In ichth., a fold of the
skin of the embryo fish in which fin-rays are
developed.
flnfoot (fin'fut), n. 1. PI. finfoots or finfeet
(-futs, -fet). A name of the pinnatiped or lobe-
footed birds of Africa and South America, of
the family Heliornithidm, related to the rails
and coots ; a bird of the genus Heliornis or Po-
doa; one of the sun-birds, as Heliornis suri-
namensis or H. senegalensis . — 2. PI. finfeet. A
swimming-foot ; a pleiopod, as of a crustacean.
Which appendages [alHioniinal legs of stomatopods] . . .
are used in swimming, or are fin-feet.
a. Cuvier, Eigne Animal (tr. 1849), p. 4SS.
fin-footed (fin'fufed), a. 1. Having palmated
feet, or feet with toes
connected by a mem-
brane; web-footed; pal-
miped.— 2. In ornith.,
pinnatiped; having pin-
nate feet, the toes being
separately furnished with
Fiii.foottd(C(x>t). flaps, as in the grebes,
coots, phalaropes, fin-
foots, etc. — S. In MoUusca, pteropod.
Also _/Sn-to«rf.
finfoots, n. Plural otfinfoot, 1.
finga (fing'g^), R. The East Indian king-crow
or droiigo-shrike, Dierurus maerocercus.
fingent (fin'jent), a. [< Li. fingen{t-)s, ppr. of
finiiere. form! See/etjn.] Making; forming;
fashioning. [Rare.]
Ours is a most fictile world, and man is the most.^ft^en^
plastic of creatures. Carlyle, French Rev., I. 1. 2.
finger (fing'g^r), n. [< ME. finger, < AS. finger
= OS. fingar = OFnes. finger = D. finger =
MLG. ringer, LG. finger = 6HG. fingar, MHG.
G. finger = leel. fingr = Sw. Dan. finger = Goth.
figgrs, finger. The asserted connection with
fangis doubtful: see/an^. Cf. toe and dactyl.}
1. A digit of the fore limb ; any one of the ter-
minal or distal members of the hand; in a re-
stricted sense, any digit of the hand except the
innermost or thumb. In this restricted sense the fin-
gers are commonly numbered from the forefinger as first
to the little finger as fourth, but sometimes the thumb is
counted as first.
Put not thy fyngeryg on thy dysche,
Nothyr in flesche, nothlr in fysche.
Babeei Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 18.
The Finffer on which this Ring [the wedding-ringj is to
be worn is the fourth Finger of the left hand, next unto
the liiilt finger; becaose, by the received Opinion of the
I.eamed and Experienced in Ripping up and Anatomiz-
ing Men's Bodies, there is a Vein of Blood which passeth
from that fourth Finger unto the Heart called Vena amo-
ris. Love's Vein.
H. Su^nebume, quoted In Amer. Anthropology, I. 73.
Then he put it [a crown] by again ; but to my thinking,
he was very loth to lay Mafingeri off it. Shak., J. C, i. 2.
I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude ;
And. with titTcea firvjerg rude.
Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.
Milton, Lycidas, 1. 4.
A smaller piece amidst the precious store,
Pinch'd close between his finger and his thumb.
Cowper, Charity, 1. 477.
2. Something like or likened to a finger, as a
ray of a starfish ; something resembling or serv-
ing the purpose of a finger ; an index.
Fancy, like the.;i»'7*^ of a clock.
Runs the great circuit, and is still at home.
Cowper, Task, Iv. 118.
Autumn laying here and there
A fiery finger on the leaves.
Tennyim, In Memoriam, xclx.
finger
Specifically — (a) In zooL, one of the two parts forming a
chelate or forceps-joint, especially tlje smaller part, which
hinges on the other, (b) In vMcli., any small wood or
metal projection on a machine, for parting materials or
arresting motion, as the tooth of a rake, the gripper in
printing-presses, or the wires of a stop-motion : as, the.^?i-
gerg of a harvester, in and between which the knives play.
In Webster's loom (1872) a temporary race is formed
by means of ^^fingerg," inserted and withdrawn at proper
times, and two shuttles may be thrown separately or si-
multaneously. A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 214.
Passing through pointed sheaths now called fingerg. ■
Ure, Diet., IV. 18.
3. (a) A measure of length, a finger-breadth,
commonly a natural finger-breadth. A finger of
liquor is a quantity in a tumbler one natural finger-breadth
deep. The shot in a gun was similarly measured upon the
ramrod, and still is where muzzle-loaders are used. See
finger-trreadth.
Yet he fayled of the garlonde,
Thre.^i/7if?er« and mare.
Lytell Gette of Robyn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 114).
Their armes are clubbes or woodden swords, flue or sixe
foote long, and a foote broad, a finger thicke, and very
sharpe. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 843.
4 fingers make 1 hand breadth.
T. Iiai, Arithmetic (1600).
Upon entering the door [of the magazine], one of the
guns, which had a spring to it, and was charged eight yin-
gerg deep with swan-shot, went off.
Wirt, Patrick Henry, p. 168.
A finger, in Mexican law, is the sixteenth part of a foot,
and is divided into three straws or into four grains.
Hall, Mexican Law, p. 79.
3 jows make 1 unglee or finger, j inch.
Woolhouge, Measures of Bengal.
(6) A finger's length, commonly that of the mid-
dle finger. — 4. In music, execution, especially
on a keyed instrument; method of fingering:
as, she has a good finger.
Miss Wirt, with great delil)eration, played the original
and beautiful melody. . . . "What a /iiif^er.'" cried Mrs.
Ponto ; and indeed it was a finger, as knotty as a turkey's
drumstick, and splaying all over the piano.
Thackeray, Book of Snobs, xxv.
A finger In the pie, a share in the doing of anything ;
frequently, oltlcious intermeddling or interference.
The devil speed him ! no man's pre is freed
From his ambitions ^nr^er. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
AnTiiiiar Qnger, auricular linger, etc. See the adjec-
tives.—^ Finger of God, power or work of God.
The magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of
God. Ex. viii. 19.
His fingers are all thumbs, said of one whose fingers
are awkward or stiff. — Mechanical finger, in microscopy,
a device consisting of a wire, hair, or bristle fixed on a for-
ceps, and used in separating some minute object for ex-
aniination from a mass of material on a slide. — TO hum
one's fingers. .See (iimii.— To have a finger In, to be
concerned in.— To have at one's fingers ends. See
en</.— To live by one's fingers' ends, to live by mechani-
cal skill or handiwork.
How many goodly cities could I reckon up that thrive
wholly by trade, where thousands of inhabitants live sin-
gular well by their fingerg* ends.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., Deniocritus to the Reader, p. 55.
finger (fing'gfer), r. [= D. vingeren = MLG. vin-
gereren = G. fingern = Dan. finqerere, fingre =
Sw. fingra ; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To
touch with the fingers ; handle : as, to finger
money.
Peace, childish Cupid, i>eace ; thy finger'd eye
But cries for what, in time, will make thee cry.
Quarteg, Emblems, ii. 8, Epig.
They began to finger the Indian Gold.
Howell, Letters, I. i. 41.
2. To toy or meddle with.
Let the papers lie ;
"i'ou would he fingering them, to anger me.
Shak., T. G. of V.,1. 2.
Moore lingered yet two minutes; he bent over Caroline's
desk, and glanced at her grammar, he fingered her pen, he
lifted her bouquet and played with it.'
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, V.
There is a sense in which to be always fingering one's
motives is a sign rather of an unwholesome preoccupation
with self than of the eagerness in disinterested service
which lielps forward mankind.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, I 297.
3. To touch or take thievishly; pilfer; filch;
secure by manipulation with the fingers.
The king was slily finger'd from the deck.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 1.
4. In music: (o) To play, as. an instrument re-
quiring the use of individual fingers.
You're a fair viol, and your sense the strings.
Who, finger'd to make man his lawful music.
Would draw heav'ii down, and all the gods to hearken.
Shak., Pericles, i. 1.
(6) To play, as a particular passage involving
a choice among different possible modes of exe-
cution, (c) To indicate upon a piece of music,
by means of figures, the mode of execution with
the fingers to be used. — 5. To do or perform
with the fingers, as a delicate piece of work,
etc.
finger
n. intrant. To touch something with the fin-
gers, as a musical instrument in playing it.
Back . . . did Pelleas in an utter shame
Creep with his shadow thro' the court again,
Fingering at his sword-handle.
Tentiyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
finger-alphabet (fing'g^r-al 'fa-bet), n. Certain
positions and motions of the Hands and fingers,
signifying the common alphabet, used by deaf-
mutes. 8ee ileaf-mute.
flnger-and-toe (ling'gfer-and-td'), »• The popu-
lar name fordactylorhiza, a disease in turnips.
See dttctjilorhisa.
finger-bar (fing'g^r-bar), n. The bar of a reap-
er or mower supporting the fingers and the re-
ciprocating knives.
finger-board (fing'g^r-b6rd),n. 1. In the violin,
guitar, and similar instrtunents, the thin, usu-
ally roimded, strip of wood on the neck, above
which the strings are stretched, and against
which, in stopping, they are pressed by the play-
er's fingers. See cut under violin. — 2. In the
pianoforte and organ, the keyboard.
finger-bowl (fing'ger-bol), n. A bowl or glass
for holding the water used to cleanse the fin-
gers at table. Also finger-glass.
fi[ngerbreadtli (fing'gfer-bredth), n. The
breadth of a finger; specifically, a long mea-
sure, the fotirth part of a palm. The old English
" flngerbreadth by assize " was f^ foot. The word is often
used to translate names of foreign units derived from the
natural flngerbreadth.
4 barlycornes in bredth make 1 flngerbreadth.
T. HiU, Arithmetic (1600).
24 fitigerbreadtks = 1 foot
Tate, Modern Cambist (17th ed., Persia), p. 136.
Natural flngerbreadth, the breadth of a person's finger,
used as a unit of length.
finger-brush (fing'g6r-brush), n. A brush used
in sizing book-covers of leather or cloth after
blanking or tooling, and preparatory to gilding.
finger-coral (fing'ger-kor'al), n. A millepore
coral, iliUepora alcicornis. It is used for orna-
ment.
2224
finicality
every Bound, are the first steps in the series which ends finger-steel (fing'gfer-Stel), n. A small whet-
in the discovery of unseen planets.
H. Spencer, Education, p. 129.
2t. Beckoning with the finger. — 3. In music:
(a) The method of using the fingers upon a
fingered instrument, especially so as to produce
given effects in the best way. The fingering of the
pianoforte has developetl gradually, the thumb and the
little finger being but slightly used until the middle of the
eighteenth century.
In finq'ring some [bards] unskill'd, but only us'd to sing
Unto the other's harp. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. 174,
ting instrument, shaped like an awl or a skewer,
used by curriers to sharpen their knives.
finger-tip (fing'gfer-tip), n. The end or tip of
a finger.
The Jinger-tips, especially of the right hand, have an of-
fice sinular to that performed by the yellow-spot of the
retina ; they are the centre or heanh of clear perceptions
of touch. G. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 417.
To have at one's flnger-tlps, to be practically familiar
with.
fingiail, '!. Seefiiidjan.
(6) An indication by figures, upon a piece of fingle-fanglet (fing'gl-fang'gl), n. [A var. re
music, of the fingers to be used in its perform
ance. For the pianoforte two systems of fingering are
in use : the German or European, which marks the thumb
1, and the fingers 2, 3, 4, and 5 in order ; and the American,
which marks the thumb x, and the fingers 1, 2, 3, and 4 in
order.
4. Delicate work done with the fingers.
Not any skill'd in loops of fingering fine
With this so curious network might compare.
Spenser.
A shady, fresh, and ripply cove,
Where nested was an arbor, overwove
By many a summer's silent fingering.
Keats, Endymion, i.
5. A thick, loose woolen yam used for knitting
stockings, etc. [Great Britain.]
finger-key (fing'gfer-ke), n. A key for opening
and closing electric circuits, operated by the
fingers ; the ordinary transmitter of the Morse
telegraph system.
finger ling (fing'ger-ling), n. [Cf . ME. fingerling,
fyngyrlynge (= D. ringerling = MLG. vingerlink
= G. fingerling, a finger-stall, MHG. vingerlinc,
a ring); < finger + dim. -iin^fl.] If. A finger
of a glove.
Fyngerlynge of a glove, digitabulum.
Prompt. Parv., p. 161.
2. Some small thing no bigger than a finger;
specifically, a very small salmon or a small
trout.
When the salmon is just hatched, he Is known as fry, or
fingerling. St. Nicholas, XIII. 740.
dupl. of /angle.'] A trifle. [Colloq.]
And, though we're all as near of kindred
As th' outward man is to the inward.
We agree in nothing, but to wrangle
About the slightest /(7i^/e-/an^/e.
S.. Butler, Hudibras, III. iii. 454.
fingram (fing'gram), w. Worsted spun of combed
wool on the small wheel. [Scotch.]
There ^n^ram stockins spun on rocks lyes.
Cotvit, Mock Poem, ii. 9.
fingrigO (fing-grig'6), n. [The Jamaica name.]
In Jamaica, the Pisonia aculeata, a spiny, shrub-
by climber.
finial (fin'i-al), n. [< ML. *finialis, < L. finis, end:
see fine'^ and -a/.] 1. In arch., the ornamental
termination or apex of a pinnacle, canopy, ga-
finger-coiinting(fing'g6r-koun''ting),n. Count- finger-mark (fing'g6r-mark), ^. A mark, es-
ing upon the fingers. -i-n i- -i-- - - - ..
They may liave adopted the reverse order, from thumb
to little flnger,a8 many savages do, and as in fact the Greeks
and Romans did with that later and more complicated
system of fingercownting which we find in use in the first
century of our era. Goto, Greek ilathematics, § 8.
finger-cymbals (fing'gfer-sim'balz), n. pi. Cas-
tanets.
fingered (fing'gferd), a. 1. Ha-ving fingers: com-
monly in composition with a qualifying term:
as, &\e-fingered.
Fingered and thumbed. Skelton, Poems, p. 124.
2. In zoiil. and hot., same as digitate. — 3. In mu-
sic : (a) Played by the individual fingers, as a
stringed, keyed, or holed instrument. (6) Pro-
duced by the use of the fingers or by the choice
of a particular fingering, as a tone or a passage,
(c) Having the intended fingering marked: as,
a piece fingered throughout.
fingerer (fing'ger-er), ». One who fingers ; one
who handles that to which he has no right ; a
pilferer. Webster.
peoially a soil or stain, made by a finger,
The application of b. finger-mark, either as an autograph
in lamp-black on ordinary paper, in wax, or on prepared
paper, which would instantly print the most delicate rugaj
of the damp finger impressed on it, ought immediately to
take the place of the present clumsy cross — which, in spite
of school boards, will for a long time yet continue to figure
in various documents.
St. James's Budget, Dec. 24, 1880, p. 7.
finger-mirror (fing'g6r-mtr'''or), n. A dental
hand-mirror supported by a clasp into which,
when it is used, a finger may be inserted.
finger-nut (fing'g6r-nut), n. In mach.,a, nut hav-
ing wings which can be grasped by the fingers.
finger-plate (fing'ger-plat), «. A plate of metal
or porcelain fixed on the edge of a door where
the handle is, to prevent soiling by the hand.
finger-point (fing'ger-point), «. 1. The point
or end of the finger. — 2. That at which the fin-
ger is pointed. [Rare.]
1. Finial, A. D. 1330. Cathedral of Amiens, France. ( From VioUet-Ie-
Duc's "Diet, de r Architecture.") 2. Finial, isth century.
ble, or the like, consisting usually of a knob or
composition of foliage. By older writers the
word is used to denote not only the termina-
tion, but the whole pyramidal mass.
From this f aire Palace then he takes his Front,
From that his Finials.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.
The white finials of Milan Cathedral shining somewhere
in the distance. D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days.
2. In decorative art, by extension from archi-
tecture, the ornamental termination, usually a
knob, cluster of leaves, or the like, of any up-
ward-pointing part.
He groped as blind, and seem'd
Always about to fall, grasping the pews
And oaken finials till he touch 'd the door.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
finger-fern (fing'g6r-f6m), n. A name applied finger-post (fing'g6r-p6st)
He seeks to be what he ought; and is not content to fljjj^; (fin'ik), a. Same as finicah* [Rare.]
^^;e";.;o\VfoTs"c?r,!"'' ''"'i^:u^%t^\ V^l ^^ '- t^mk to be courted for acting the;f«t.. and
to Asplenium Ceterach, and to a variety of Sco-
lopendrium vulgare.
finger-fiower (fing'g6r-flou''6r), n. The fox-
glove. Digitalis purpurea.
fiinger-glass (flng'ger-gl&s), n. Same as finger-
bowl.
After dinner, when she rose from table, her own servant
presented her with a. finger-glass and water, which nobody
else had. OrevUle, Memoirs, April 1, 1830.
finger-grass (fing'g6r-gras), n. The common
crab-grass, Panicum sanguinale.
finger-grip (fing'gfer-grip), n. An implement
for regaining a rod or tool which has been
dropped or broken in a bored shaft.
finger-guard (fing'g6r-gard), n. That part of
a sword-guard which is extended parallel or
nearly parallel to the grip, and protects the fin
jectlng arm or arms for pointers, often termi
nating in the form of fingers, set up for the
direction of travelers, generally where roads
cross or divide.
He threw himself in the attitude of a finger-post, magnif-
icently and mutely suggesting that I should take myself
away from his presence. T. Hook, Jack Brag.
The last cartoon of the year represents Louis Napoleon
recklessly galloping a blind horse towards the edge of a
precipice, which a finger-post indicates as the road " to
glory." Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 63.
finger-puff (fing'gfer-puf), n. In hair-dressing,
a long and slender puff, often made by rolling
the hair over a finger.
finger-reading (fing'g6r-re"ding), «. A system
of reading for the blind in which the fingers are
passed over letters raised sufficiently from the
paper to be distinguished
, , .., conceited?
A post with pro- fl_,.„.i /fin'i.tall
»ra nft.PTl tfirm - nUlCai (,nn 1 Kai)
Collier.
[A var. ot finikin, assum-
gers. The final and elaborated form of this is fiiiger-shell (fing'gfer-shel), n. A marine shell
" " " ■ ■•■••■ resembling a finger. E. D.
finger-shield (fing'g6r-sheld), «. A shield for
a finger, used in sewing to protect the first fin-
ger of the left hand from the needle, or the lit-
tle finger of the right hand from cutting by the
thread.
finger-sponge (fing'gSr-spunj), n. One of va-
rious slender, branching sponges, of unmer-
chantable quality, found in Florida; a glove-
sponge.
finger-stall (fing'gfer-stal), n. A cover or cot
worn on a finger to protect it, as when injured,
or in dissecting, etc.
called the knuckle-bow. See cut under hilt.
finger-hole (fing'gfer-hol), n. In musical instru-
ments, as flutes, oboes, clarinets, etc., a hole in
the side of the tube so placed that it may be
closed by a finger of the player, that the tone
produced maybe modified in pitch. On elaborate
instruments the holes are often so numerous and so wide-
ly dispersed that they can be closed only by an intricate
mechanism of levers.
fingering (fing'g6r-ing), n. [< ME. fingering,
fi/nguryng; verbal n. of finger, t).] 1. The act
of touching lightly or handling.
These fingerings and suckings of every thing it (the in-
fant] cau lay hold of, these open-mouthed listenings to
ing the form 6t an adj . in -al.] Affecting great
nicety or extreme elegance ; ovemice ; unduly
particular about trifles; fastidious: same as
finikin.
A knave ; a rascal ; an eater of broken meats ; a base,
proud, shallow, beggarly, three-snited, hundred-pound,
filthy, worsted-stocking knave; a lily-Iiver'd, action-tak-
ing, whoreson, glass-gazing, superserviceable,ft'Hicai rogue ;
one-trunk-inheriting slave. Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
Yon are too finical for me; speak plain, sir.
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, iv. 4.
The king also reprobated the finieal embarrassments of
the new fashions, and seldom wore new clothes.
I. D' Israeli, Lit. Char., p. 673.
= Syn. Finical, Spruce, Foppish. Finical applies to an
overwrought delicacy of taste in manners, dress, and
speech ; spruce, to appearance, especially dress, a spruce
person being too conspicuously trim for elegance or dig-
nity ; foppish, to absorption in the vanities of dress. All
these words are applied especially to men. See coxcomb.
Be not too finical ; but yet be clean ;
And wear well-fashion'd clothes, like other men.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love, 1. 578.
Gowns at length are found mere masquerade.
The tassel'd cap and the spruce band a jest,
A mock'ry of the world ! Cowper, Task, ii. 749.
Foppish airs
And histrionic raumm'ry, that let down
The pulpit to the level of the stage.
Cowper, Task, ii. 662.
finicality (fin-i-kal'i-ti), ». [< finical + -ity.]
1. The state or quality of being finical ; finical-
uess. — 2. Something of a finical nature: as,
that is a mere finicality. Prescott.
finically
finically (fln'i-kal-l), adv. In a finical man-
ner; with extreme or affected nicety. Bailey,
17-27.
finicalness (fin'i-kal-nes), n. The quality of
being tiuieal; extreme nicety in dress, man-
ners, or style ; foppishness ; fastidiousness.
Nor had Gribelin any thing of greatness in his manner
or capacity. Uis works have no more merit than finical-
not, aud that not in perfection, can give them.
Walpvle, Anecdotes of Painting, III. 244.
finicking (fin'i-klng), n. [Also finnicking ; a
var. of finikin, assuming the form of a verbal
n. in -i/ii/l.] Fussiness; fastidious ways.
The verse laughs at such finnu'kinr^, and asserts its true
division. H. Watlham, Eng. Versillcation, p. 147.
Not in stack-up bowing and scraping, finnicking, polite
quadrillism, but in good active dances, that make every
Umb feel pleasant fatigue.
B. W. Richardson, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 83.
finicking (fin'i-king), a. [Al&o finnicking ; a var.
of finikin, assuming the form of a ppr. in -ing^.']
Same aajfinj^-i/i.
To show off his possessions. . . . with an intended su-
periority in his rude manliness to anything &o finicking.
Mrs. Oliphant, La<iies Lindores, p. 55.
finicky (fin'i-ki), a. [Var. ot finikin, assuming
the form of an adj. in -yl.'] Same as finikin.
[Colloq.]
flnientt, «• [< L. fini«n(t-)s, ppr. of finite, end:
see finish.'] In astro/., the horizon; the finitor.
flnific (fi-nif'ik), a. [< L. finis, end (see/«el),
+ -ficus, ifaccrv, make.] Rendering limited or
finite. [Rare.]
The essential finific in the form of the finite. Coleridge.
flnified (fin'i-fid), p. a. Made fine; fine in
dress or affectedly nice in manner; dandyish;
finical: as, how^/ii/ied youare! he has become
very finified. [Colloq., U. S.]
fini^ (fin'i-fi), V. t. [< fine% a., + -i-fy, make.]
To make fine; adorn. [Obsolete or colloquial.]
As nimble a fine fellow of his feet as his hands: for
there is a noble corn-cutter, his companion, hath . . . pared
Ktifinified them. B. Jonson, Pan's Anniversary.
All the morning he wasteth in fitujyinq bis hodjr to
please her eye. Jian tn iJke Moon, laW.
jlnjUn (fin'i-kin), a. and n. ^Aiao finnikin and,
with accom. terminations, finicking, finicky,
finical; orig. a dial, word, of D. origin; of. MD.
fijnkens, adv., preciselv, exactly, neatly, <fijn,
fine, precise, exact, -I- dim. -ken, E. -kin.] I. a.
1. Daintily fine; dainty.
With that came in a wealthy knight.
Which was both grave and old.
And after him t. finikin lass.
Did shine like the glistering gold.
fioWn Hood and Allin A Date (Child's Ballads, V. J81).
2. Pettily particular; precise in trifles; idly
busy ; especially, particular about dress.
The bearded creatures are quite as finikin over their
toilets as any coquette in the world. Thackeray.
The moet/nntiri'n of us must needs begrime himself in
getting forward ever so little a distance.
Contemporary Rev., LIV. 33.
IL »• A sort of pigeon with a crest some-
what resembling the mane of a horse,
fining (fi'ning), n. ['Verbal n. ol fine^, r.] 1.
{a) The process of refining or purifving. (6)
The process of clarifying wine or other liquor
by hastening the deposition of floating solid
matters.
B<jth white of egg and gelatine . . . are freely used tor
finiwj. and . . . wines that have been freely subjected to
such fining keep better and become dryer with we.
Pop. Sei. Mo., XXVI. 672.
2. The process of becoming clear : said espe-
cially of wine and other liquors. — 3. The ma-
terial or mixture introduced into liquor to clari-
fy it, as whites of efjgs or alum. It is customary
t4>mix th<- tlriiui; wjtti a littli- of the liquor and Iwat them
thorougiily toijetlier ; tlie mixture is then poured into the
c.'t^k an-1 the litfiior is stirred.
fining-forge (fi'ning-forj), n. A finery or re-
hf.itiMtr furnace.'
fining-pot (fi'ning-pot), n. A vessel in which
motHl.s are refined.
The fining pot Is tor sltTcr, and the tnmace tor gold.
Prov. xvll. 3.
fining-roller ffi'ning-r616r), n. In a paper-
inakiii)^ machine, a cylindrical sieve of wire
clotli by whii-h the coarse fibers and knots are
retained while the finely ground stuff is per-
mitted to pass through.
finis (fi'nis), n. [L., the end, limit: see fine^,
/inw*.] The end ; conclusion : a word occasion-
ally, and in former times commonly, placed at
the end of a book.
finish (fin'ish). r. [< ME. finischen, finisshen,
also in contr. form yincAen (Wke piinehen, contr.
of jmnitisheH : see punclfi = jiunish), < OF. fi-
140
2225
niss-, stem of certain parts of finir, F. finir =
Pt. fenir = OS\i. finir = It. finire, < h.finire,
end, finish, complete, < /«(«, limit, end: see
/del, n. and r.] I. traits. 1. To bring to an
end; arrive at the end of ; complete by passing
throughout the length or extent of: as, to fin-
ish a journey or an imdertaking; to finish the
day ; to finish one's life.
Neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I
might finish my course with joy. Acts xx. 24.
So when four years were wholly finished.
She threw her royal robes away.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
2. To bring to completion ; complete by making
or doing the last or final part of: as, to finish
the rea<Ung of a book ; to finish a task assigned ;
to finish a house.
He is the halt part of a blessed man,
Lett to be finished by such a she.
Shak., K. John, ii. 2.
Better to finish one small enterprise than to leave many
large ones half done. J. F. Clarke, Self -Culture, p. 349.
3. To put an end to ; terminate the existence,
opposition, etc., of; destroy: as, to finish an
enemy by an overwhelming defeat ; the last
blow /nisAed him. [Now chiefly colloq.]
Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people, anfl
upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make
an end of sins. Dan. ix. 24.
4. To complete and perfect in detail; elabo-
rate carefully ; put the final touches on, espe-
cially with reference to smoothing and polish-
ing.
Age sets its house in order, and finishes its works, which
to every artist is a supreme pleasure. Emerson, Old Age.
I call'd him Crichton, tor he seem'd
Allpcrtcct, finish'd to the finger-nail.
Tennyson, Edwin Morris.
To put the flnlghing hand to. See hand. = Syn. 1 and
2. To end, terminate, close, conclude, complete, perform,
achieve.
n. intrans. 1. To arrive at the end ; stop.
They sey thci shull neuer/«iiM*« till thei have a-vengid
the deth ot Aungis. And thei have assembleil a grete
power, and wele to conquere this londe be force.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 54.
2. To come to an end ; terminate ; expire.
These her women, . . . who, with wet cheeks.
Were present when she finish'd.
Shak., Cyrabellne, v. 6.
Exeter doth wish
Uis days may finish ere that hapless time.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., Ui. 1.
finish (fin'ish), n. l< finish, v."] 1. The end or
last part of any movement or progress; espe-
cially, the end of a race or competitive contest
of any kind.
I have followed him through his typical Swedish elk-
hunt, and am loth to leave him before he has achieved
some sort of success to console him tor his disastrous
finish. Fortnighlly Ret., .V. 8., XLIII. 96.
2. The last work performed upon any object,
whereby it is completed or perfected. — 3. Care-
ful elaboration or its result ; polish : as, the fin-
ish of a work of art, a poem, or a piece of cloth ;
to put a fine finish on anything, or to give it an
exquisite finish; finish in deportment.
To us who write In a harry tor people who read in a
hurry, finish would be loss of time. J. Caird.
4. The last hard, smooth coat of plaster on a
wall: commonly called hard-finish Blind fln-
Ish, in bookbinding, a style of ornamenting Ixtok-covers
bymeans of heatetf stamps, without ink or g.ild. — Curled
flTiitth in inetal-work, an ornamental finish giving a curled
appearance to the surface. It is produced by the manip-
ulation of a small strip of oilstone or Ayr stone.
finished (fin'isht), />. a. Polished to the highest
degree of excellence ; complete ; perfect : as, a
finished poem ; a finished education.
A finished gentleman is perhaps the most uncommon ot
all the great characters in life. Steele, Guardian, No. 34.
There are two great and separate senses in which we
call a t\iin% finished. . . . One, wliich refers to the mere
neatness and completeness of the actual work, as we apeak
of a yieWfinished knife-handle or ivory toy ; and secondly,
a sense which refers to the effect produced by the thing
done, as we call a picture well /ni«A«^ if it Is so full in its
details as to produce the effect of reality.
Ruskin, Modem Painters, IV. ix. S 3.
Finished drawing, ■''^e <fram)v7.— Flnished-splrlt
condenser, that part of a still in which the work of con-
densation is completed, and from which the hot spirits
pajirt to the refrigerator to be cooled.
finisher (fin'ish-*r), n. 1. One who or that
which finishes, completes, or perfects.
Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith. Heb. xii. 2.
He that of greatest works is finisher
oft does them by the weakest minister.
Shak.. All's Well, ii. 1.
Specifically — (a) In bookbindinq, a workman who takes
the incomplete imok as left by the forwariler and finishes
the work with gilding and decoration by various methods.
(b) In stereotyping and electrotyping, a workman who per-
finite
tecta the face of plates by cutting out superfluous metal,
rectifying faults, and correcting errors, for which p\u-pose
he cuts out the letters or words to be changed and solders
in separate types or cast pieces, (c) In paper-making, the
second rag-pulping machine or half-stuff engine, (d) In
the inant(facture of fabrics, the final carder, or the one
tliat delivers the sliver. See carding-machine. (e) In
2nano/orte-iiuiking, the workman who puts the action to-
gether aud fastens it into the case.
2. One who or that which puts an end to some-
thing ; in colloquial use, that which settles or
puts the finishing touch to something.
" You need go no farther on your flying tour of matri-
mony ; my liouse aud my heart alike are open to you
both." "This was a finisher," said Lackington.
T. Hood, Gilbert Gurney, II. vi.
finishing-drill (fin'ish-ing-dril), n. See drill^.
finishing-press (fin'ish-ing-pres), n. A press
used in finishing; specifically, in bookbinding,
a simple form of press, usually made of two
broad blocks of wood, connected by strong
screws of wood, which are intended to hold a
book firmly during the process of finishing.
finishing-tool (fin'ish-ing-tol), n. In lathe-work,
a turuing-tool with a cutting edge ground to
a large angle. Such tools remove a very thin
chip, and are often used simply as scrapers.
finishmentt, «. [ME. fynyshment, fynisment, <
OF . finessemcnt, fenissement ; a,s finish + -ment]
Finishing; end ; death.
Merlyu be-gan to telle the lovynge ot Ihesu Criste, and
of losep Abaramathie, like as they hadden ben of the slayn ;
and ot Pieron, and of othirfelowes like as they weren de-
parted, and the fynushment of loseph and of alle other.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 23.
finish-tnrn (fin'ish-t6m), v. t. To subject to a
final operation of turning ; finish by the action
of an accurate lathe.
They were then finish-turned on the parts fitting into
the crank-webs. Sci. Amer. Supp., p. 8889.
finitt, n. [< li. finitus, pp. of finire, end: see
finile.] A limit. A'ares.
And soe wee early ended our fifth weckea travel!, with
the finit ot tliat sheere, at the noble city of Bristow.
MS. Lansdotme, 213.
finite (fi'nit), a. and w. [= F. fini = Sp. Pg. It.
finite, < L. finitus, pp. of finire, end, complete,
finish: see finish. Cf.^He^, a., ult.,adoublet of
finite.'] l,a. 1. Not too great nor too small to be
naturally susceptible of measurement, whether
measurable by us or not ; not infinite nor infin-
itesimal. All objects of ordinary experience are finite;
God, eternity, immensity, and the like are not finite. Ety-
mologically,/)u'(e means having an end or terminal ; but
this signification is not coextensive with the English use
of the term. Thus, the circumference of a circle has no
ends, yet is finite ; while past time has an end, yet is not
finite. So, if a finite arc be cut out ot a parabola, what re-
mains has two ends, yet is not finite.
The obvious portions ot extension that affect our senses
carry with them into the mind the idea ot finile ; and the
ordinary periods of succession whereby we measure time
and duration, as hours, days, and years, are bounded
lengths. Locke, Human Understanding, II. xvii. 2.
The following are the special significations of the word:
(n) As applied to a class or integer number, capable ot
l)eing completely counted: this is the fundamental mean-
ing. This distinction between a finite and an infinite class
is very important, liecause there is a peculiar mode ot
reasoning, called by logicians reasf)ning by transposed
quantity, which is applicable to finite classes alone. The
following syllogism is an example: "Every Hottentot
kills a Hottentot ; but no Hottentot is killed by more than
one Hottentot ; hence, every Hottentot is killed by a Hot-
tentot.' If by the Hottentots is here meant a class of
which a complete census might be taken, this conclusion
must be true, provided the premises are true. But if the
generations of Hottentots are everlasting, each Hottentot
might kill one of his children, and yet some Hottentots
might die natural deaths. Reasoning l)y transjiosed (|nan-
tity is indispensable in the higher arithmetic and algebra ;
and consequently in these branches ot mathematics the
distinction between finite and infinite classes is very im-
]iortant (b) As applieil to continuous quantity, smaller
than a suitably chosen finite number multiplied into the
unit of measurement, and larger than a suitably chosen
finite numljer divided by the unit ot measurement.
On account of the finite speed of light, each star appears
to descrilie In space a circle of fixed magnitude, in a plane
parallel to that ot the ecliptic. Tail, Light, % «6.
(c) In gram., limiteil by person ; personal ; strictly verbal ;
not infinitival nor participial.
2. Subject to limitations or conditions, such
as those of space, time, circumstances, and the
laws of nature: as, a finite being; finite exis-
tence or duration.
Only I discern
Infinite passion and tile pain
Of /»i(« hearts that yearn.
Browning, Two in the Campagna.
3. Of or pertaining or relating to finite be-
ings: as, finite ])assions or interests — Calculus
of Unite differences, ."^ee co/ct/do.— Finite canon, in
music, a canon whose theme comes to a definite end, in-
stead of perpetually i-eturning into itself. See canont.—
Finite existence, the moile of existence ot everything
except God ; existence in the ordinary sense, not tran-
scending our power to imagine it ; contingent existence.—
Finite term, (a) In logic, a noun or verb not contain-
finite
ing a ne^tive particle, as rrni n, opposed to not-man; also, a
proposition containing only finite terms, (b) In math,^ au
Ut^Tal is s;ud to be expressed in^Hi^e ff^jnjjwlien it is ex-
pre^edwiti)out resi^rt to an iniinite series, altiiongl) it may
he expressed by means of exponential, elliptic, or Aix-lian
functions wliicli are synonymons witii infinite series ; but
frequently expressions involving higher kinds of functions
than the exponential and trigonometric are excluded.
n. II. That which is finite; finite things col-
lectively : used only with the definite article.
When one tallcs of tlie infiuite in terms Ixirrowed from
the finite ... his words are not symbols.
O. W. Holmes, Emerson, v.
finite (fi'nit), V. t. ; pret. and pp. finited, ppr.
finiting. [(.finite, a7\ To limit ; fe the limits
of. [Kare.]
What gives me identity: i. e., what forever fixes or
Jiniteji me to my own consciousness, and to others' regard.
//. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 85.
flnitelessi (fi'nit-les), o. [< finite + -less.'] Un-
limited; infinite.
It is ridiculous unto reason, and finiteless as their de-
sires. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
finitely (fi'nit-li), adv. In a finite manner or de-
gree ; within limits ; to a certain degree only.
They are creatures still, and tliat sets them at an infinite
distance from God ; whereas all their excellencies can
make them hut finitely distant from us. Stillinfffieet.
finiteness (fi'nit-nes), n. The mode or quality
of being finite, in any sense ; a finite state or
condition; limited quality or character as re-
gards extent, duration, power, etc.: as, the
finiteness of our natural powers ; the finiteness
of a number.
The universe, though dependent on the Infinite, is made
up of individual limited atoms, and any amount of finite-
ness added together or multiplied cannot reach infinity.
BiUiotheca Sacra, XLV. 696.
Once alienated from God and plunged into^nite«e«j* and
sensuousness, men deified the powers of nature, or mortal
men, or even carnal lusts, as in Aplirodite.
Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, III. § 11.
finitort (fin'i-tor), «. [< L. finitor, one who de-
termines boundaries, a surveyor, also (sc. cir-
tmlus) the horizon, < finire, end, limit, bound :
see finish, fine^.] In astral., the horizon.
finitude (fin'i-tud), n. [< I;, finitus, pp.: see
finite. Cf. infinitude.'] The state or mode of
being finite; especially, subjection to limita-
tions or conditions; limitation. Bei6 finite, 2.
The fulness of the creation, and the finitude of the crea-
ture. ^ Chalmers.
fin-keel (fin'kel'), ». A projection downward
from the bottom of a sailboat or yacht, in gen-
eral shape like the ventral fin of a fish. The
fin-keel is usually made of metal, and acts as additional
ballast.
finklet) n. [Also finckle, finkel; < ME. fynhyl,
fenkel, a var. oi fennel, tilt. < 'L. feniculum, dim.
of fenum: see fennel.] Fennel.
Of Finkle or Fennell, and Hempe.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xx. 9.
Finlander (fin'lan-d6r), ». [See Finn.] A na-
tive or an inhabitant of Finland ; a Finn.
finless (fin'les), a. [( fin^ + -less.] Destitute
of fins : as, finless fish.
finlet (fin'let), n. \<fin^ + -let.] 1. A little
fin. — 2. Technically, in ichth., detached rays
of a dorsal or anal fin, forming a kind of &n,
especially in the mackerel family. See Scom-
bAdee.
Serial concrescence of primitively distinct metameric
finlets. J. A. Ryder .
Finn (fin), «. [Also spelled Fin; < ME. Finnes,
AS. Finnas, pi., Finns, Mnna land, land of the
Finns; = Icel. Finnr = 8w. Dan. Finne, Finn ;
ef. Icel. Finnland, Sw. Dan. Finland, Finland,
said to be a translation, equiv. to 'fenland,'
of the Finnish name, Suomi or Suomenmaa, lit.
the swampy region ; cf. Icel. Norw. ODan./e» =
E./eni.] 1. A native of Finland ; a Finlander.
— 2. Ethnologically — (a) A member of the
Finnic race in general. (6) Specifically, a mem-
ber of that branch of the Finnic race inhabit-
ing Finland and other parts of northwestern
Russia, and calling themselves Suomi or Suoma-
laiset. See Mnnic.
finnac (fin'ak), ». [AIbo finnack, finnoc (a.ni\fin-
ner) ; < Gael, fionnag, a white trout, a yovmg
salmon, < fionn, white ; also called gealag, < geal.
white.] The white trout, a variety of Salmo
fario. [Scotch.]
fimian-haddock, flndon-haddock (fin 'an-,
fin 'don -had 'ok), n. [< Finnan, a corruption
of Findon (prdn. fin'in), a fishing-village near
Aberdeen, Scotland, -I- haddock.] A common
name for smoked haddock, especially that
cured at Findon.
finned (find), a. Having a fin or fins, or any-
thing resembling a fin; especially, having broad
2226
edges on either side, as a plow ; speoifleally, in
her., having the fins of a different tincture from
the rest: said of a fish used as a bearing: as,
a fish sable finned or.
They plough up the turf with a broad finned plough.
Mortiiner, Husbandry.
finner^ (fin'Sr), «. [</ni 4- -ei-i.] A fin-whale or
a finback; any member of the Balwnopteridte.
— Oregon finner, the finback whale or razorback, Bal(e-
nopti'ra ir/irvra.— Sharp-headed finner, the smallest
species of liaUv/wptera known on the western coast of the
I'nited States ; the BaUenoptfra davidsotii : generally call-
ed by tile whalemen a youwj finback.
finner^ (fin'6r), n. Same as finnac. [Scotch.]
finner-whale (fin'6r-hwal), n. Same &s finner"^.
Finnic (fin'ik), a. [< Finn + -ic] Pertaining
or relating to the Finns as a race, or to the
group of languages spoken by them ; Finnish,
in the most general sense : as, the Magyars are
a Finnic people.
It is maintained by some that the Finnic languages rep-
resent the oldest forms among the Uralo- Altaic groups.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 219.
Finnic race, an ethnological group belonging to the
I'ral-Altaic family of man, scattered over northern Rus-
sia and Scandinavia, Siberia, and Hungary, and including
the i-'iiuis proper, Lapps, Esthonians, Livonians, Tchuds,
Permians, Ugrians, Ostiaks, Magyars, etc. They all ex-
*hibit physical resemblances, and speak similar agglutina-
tive languages, unlike any others spoken in Europe, but
related to the .Samoyedic, Turkish, Mongolian, and Tun-
gusic languages. Their language is also called Ugrian
and Finno-Ilunr/arian.
finnicking, finnikin, a. and n. See finicking,
finikin.
finning (fin'ing), n. The last throes of a whale
in dying. See to fin out, under fin^, v. i.
Finnish (fin'ish), a. and n. [= Sw. Dan. Finsk
= Icel. Finnskr; as Finn + -ish'^.] I. a. Of or
pertaining to Finland or its inhabitants, or the
Finnic race.
n. n. The language spoken by the Finns
proper, called by themselves Suomi. it is a dia-
lect of the Ugrian or Finno-Hungarian branch of the Ural-
Altaic or Scythian family, and is proximately related to
tlie Lappish and many languages of the aborigines of Rus-
sia, and to the Hungarian. See Finnic.
finny (fin'i), a. [<jft»l + -^^.] 1. Having fins;
finned : as, finny fish.
The fish-market was fuU.of finny monsters of the deep,
all new and strange to us.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I, iv.
2. Fishy; fish-like; of the nature of fish: as,
the finny tribes.
She rules the feather'd Kind and finny Race.
Congreve, Hymn to Venus.
3. Containing fish: as, the /nny deep. Gold-
smith.
finocMo (fi-no'ki-o), n. [It. finocchio, fennel, <
Jj. feniculum, tennel: see fennel.] Fomiculum
dittee, a variety of fennel; sweet fennel. Lou-
don.
fines (fe'nos), n.pl. [Sp.,pl. otfino, fine, excel-
lent: see^»t€2.] Wool from merino sheep next
in quality to the best: a trade-term.
fin-pike (fln'pik), ». A fish of the family Po-
lypteridcc and genus Polypterus; a polypterid.
See hichir.
fin-ray (fin'ra), n. One of the rays of the fin of
a fish. See the extract, and cut under scapu^
loeoracoid.
A form of dermal exoskeleton, which is peculiar to and
highly characteristic of fishes, is found in the fin-rays.
. . . Ordinary _^n-rays are composed of a hornlike, or more
or less calcified, substance, and are simple at the base, but
become jointed transversely, and split up longitudinally,
toward their extremities. Huxley, Anat, Vert., p. 41.
fin-spine (fin'spin), n. A spine of a fish's fin;
a spinous ray of a fin.
fin-spined (fin'spind), a. Having spiny fins;
aoanthopterygious.
flntt, V. A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon
contraction of ^i!<Je*fe. S>ee find.
fintock (fin'tok), n. [< Gael, fiundac] A Scot-
tish name for the cloudberry, Bubus Chamce-
morus.'
fin-toed (fin'tod), a. Same as fin-footed.
finweed (fin'wed), «. A local English name
of the Ononis arvensis.
fin-whale (fin'hwal), n. Same a,a finner'^.
fin-winged (fin'wingd), a. Having wings like
fins or flippers, as a penguin.
fiord, fjord (fy6rd), n. [Also fyord; < Norw.
and Dan. Jyord = Sw. Jjard n Icel. fjordhr, a
frith, a bay (larger than a vik, a small crescent-
formed inlet or creek) ; akin to E. ford, and
to L. partus, a haven. Prom the Icel. fjordhr
comes ME. ^rtfc, mod. "E. firth, frith: seefrith^,
firth^, ford, part^.] A deep indentation of the
land, forming a comparatively narrow arm of
the sea, with more or less precipitous slopes
or cliffs on each side. The coast of Norway offers
fir-cone
the best examples. True fiords can exist only where a
steep and lofty mountain-range borders closely on the sea.
King Ulaf's ships came sailing
Northward out of Drontheim haven
To the month of Salten Fiord.
Longfellow, Saga of KingOlaf.
The frozen fiords were fishless.
The earth withheld her grain.
Whittier, Dole of Jarl Thorkell.
We see that, in whatever language it is that Brentesion
means a stag's honi, the name was not luiflttingly given
to the antler-like yiords of this little inland sea.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 312.
fior di persico (fyor de par'si-ko). [It., lit.
peach-flower : fiar, fiare, < L. fios (fior-), flower ;
di, < L. de, of; persico, < L. persicum, peach:
see fiower, de^, peach^.] A rich marble, mot-
tled with red and white, found among Roman
ruins in Italy, and often used again in more
recent buildings,
fiorett, «■ Same as fieuret.
florin (fi'o-rin), n. [Ir. fiarfhan, a long coarse
grass.] An Irish name for white or marsh bent,
Agrastis vulgaris, var. alha, a common grass in
pastures.
fiorite (fio'rit), n. [< Santa Fiare in Tuscanjr
(where it is found) + -ite^.] A variety of si-
licious sinter found incrusting volcanic tufa.
It is found in tiie vicinity of hot springs and volcanoes in
globular, boti-yoidal, and stalactitic concretions witli a
pearly luster, and consists of silica (sometimes impure
from the presence of alumina), iron peroxid, and water.
Geyserite is a variety occurring about the orifices of gey-
sers.
fioritura (fyo-ri-tO'ra), n. ; pi. fiariture (-re).
[It., lit. aflowering, flourishing, ifiorire, flower,
flourish : see fiourish.] In music, an ornament
or embellishment, as a trill, turn, etc., intro-
duced into a melody: commonly in the plural.
flpl (fip), V. t. ; pret. and pp. fipped, ppr. fipping.
[E. dial., a reduction of fillip or fiijA. Cf. 6.
Uppsen, fillip, fipps, a fillip.] To fillip. [Prov.
Eng.]
fip2 (fip), n. [An abbr. of fippenny.] A fippenny
bit. [Local, U. S.]
I haven't hardly a hair left to my hide, or a pewter ftp
in my pocket. S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 7.
fippence (fip'ens), n. A contracted form ot five-
pence.
fippenny (fip'e-ni), a. A contracted form of five-
penny. — Fippenny bit, flvepence : a colloquial name for-
merly common in Pennsylvania and sevei-al of the South-
ern States for the Spanish half-real, the value of which
was about 6 cents.
fipple (fip'l), «• [Origin obscure.] 1. The
under lip. [Prov. Eng.]— 2t. A stopper, as at
the mouth of a musical wind-instrument.
Some kind of wind instruments are blown at a small
hole in the side, which straitneth the breath of the first
entrance; the rather, in respect of their traverse, and
stop above the hole, which performeth the fijij>le's part.
Bacon, Kat. Hist., § 116.
fir (f6r), n. [< ME. fir, fur, firre, fyrre, rather
from Scand. than from AS. furh, which would
give ME. "furwe, E. *furrow (cf. AS. furh, a
furrow, E. furrow), and is found only in comp.,
in the single gloss ' 'furh-wudu, pinus," fir-wood,
i. e., fir-tree; = OHG. forha, MHG. rorhe, G.
fohre = Icel. fura = Norw. fura, furu, fora,
faro = Sw. fura, fur (in comp. furu-) = Dan.
fyr (in comp./i/rre-), fir (cf.W. pyr, fir) ; akin to
OHG. vereh-eih (eih = E. oak), Lombard, fereha,
the Italian oak (L. asculus), G.ferch, oak, = L.
guercus, oak : see Querctis. The L. for ' fir '
IS abies : see Abies. For the relation E. / = L.
qu, cf . E. four = L. quattuor. Not related, as
sometimes asserted, either to fire, to furze, or to
forest.] A coniferous tree, properly of the ge-
nus Abies, in distinction from the spruce ( Picea) :
a term also applied, more loosely, to trees of
other genera, as Picea and Pinus. See Abies.
Among the true firs are the silver firs, Abies pectinataoi
Europe and A. Nmnidica of the Atlas mountains ; the bal-
sam-fir or balm-of-Gilead fir of the Alleghanies, A. bal-
samea; the balsam-fir or white fir of the Kocky Moun-
tains, A. concolor; the red firs of the Pacific coast, A. no-
bUis and A. viafpiifica; the white fir of the same region,
A. grandis ; and the sacred fir of Mexico, A. relitriom.
Of otlier genera are the Scotch fir, Pinus sylvestris, and
the spruce-fir or Norway spruce, Picea excelga; the red,
yellow, or Douglas fir of western America, Pseudotsuga
Douglasii; the parasol-fir of Japan, Sciadopitys verticil-
lata; and the plum-flr of Chili, Podocarpus Andina. The
gnetaceous genera Ephedra and Gnetttni are known as
joint-firs.
But how the fyr was maked np on highte.
And eke the names how the trees highte.
As ook, firre, birch, etc.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 2063.
Lofty yjiK which grace the Mountain's Brow.
Congrere, Hynm to Venus.
fir-apple (ffer'ap'l), n. A fir-cone. [Eng.]
fir-cone (fer'kon), n. The cone-shaped fruit of
the fir.
Are
fire (fir), n. [Early mod. E. also fyre; < ME.
are, fir, fyre, fyr. fier, fyer, fur, etc., < AS. fyr
= OS,fiur = OFries. ^or, fiur = D. vier, vuur
=x MLG. rur, viur, vuiry vuer, LG. rur, viler =
OHG./«*>, later ^Kr, MHG. vuir, viur, G. feuer
= Icel. fyri (and poet, furr) = Sw. Dan. fyr
= Umbrian pir = Gr. T^vp, fire (> E, i>yre,
q. v.), dial. -Up (ef. Truptrtic, a torch). Differ-
ent words are used in Goth, (fdn, gen. funins,
fire; cf. Icel. fuyiij a flame), in L. and Skt. (L.
ignis = Skt. agni, fire), and in Rom. (It. fuoco
= Sp. fnego = Pg. fogo = F. feu, fire, < L. /ocm5,
fireplace: see /«e/,/ociw).] 1. The visible heat,
or light, evolved by the action of a high tem-
perature on certain bodies, which are in con-
sequence styled inflammable or combustible;
combustion, or the heat and light evolved dur-
ing the process of combustion. Anciently, fire, air,
earth, and water were rt-garded as the four elements of
wbicli all tbiugs are composed; and tire continued until
comparatively recent times to be considered a distinct iro-
ponoerable substance, existing throughout the universe
in the supposed form of caloric. See comimstion, Jiame.
The Lindsays flew like fire about.
Till all the fray was done.
Battle qf Otterbourne (Child's Ballads, VII. 24).
Thou wouldst as soon go kindle /r« with snow
As seek to quench the &re of love with words.
Shak., T. G. of V., it 7.
Wheresoe'er X am, by ni^t and day,
All earth and air seem only burning yir«.
Tennyson, (Enone.
In popular language, the word element is often referred
to Jire, air, earth, and water. A very slight acquaintance
with chemistry is sufficient to prove that air, earth, and
water are compouad bodies, and that fire is mainly the
result of a high temperature on certain bodies.
W. A. MilUr, Elem. of Chem., ( 1.
2. Fuel in a state of combustion, as on a hearth
or the ground, or in a grate, stove, or furnace;
a burning mass of material lighted for the sake
of warmth or for the utilization of the heat or
light from it.
Bryng in/j^re on alhalmwgh day.
To condulmas eueu, I dar welle say.
Babee^ Book (E. E. T. ft.X p. 311.
And ther with owt the Door in the Courte, on the left
bonde, ys a tree with many stonys a bowght it, wber the
rolnistres of the Jewys and Seynt Fetir with them warmyd
them by the /yer.
Torkiitffton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 35.
Now the king sat in the winterhouse in the ninth montli :
and there was a/rr« on the hearth burning before him.
Jer. xxxvi. 22.
In winter's tedious nights sit by the fire
With good old folks. Shak., Rich. 11., t. 1.
3. The burning of any large collection of ma-
terial, as a building, town, forest, etc. ; a con-
flagration: as, the great ^re of London or of
Chicago ; a forest or a prairie fire.
A fyre U fool affray in thinges drie.
PaUadius, Uusbondrie (E. B. T. 8.X p. 2&
Where two ngingfire* meet together.
They do consume the thing that feeds their f ory.
Shak., T. of the &, iL 1.
Grub-street ! thy fall should n.en and gods consi^re,
Thy stage shall stand, ensure It but Iromfire.
Pope, DunctMt, iU. 3.
Till the Iast>re bum all between the poles.
Cotcper, Conversation, I. 758.
4. A spark or sparks; specifically, a spark, as
from red-hot iron, or from flint or other stones
when struck.
Uia spun o' steel were sair to bide.
And fra her fore-feet flew the/r«.
Amuin Water (thiia's Ballads, IL 188).
6. Flashing light ; vivid luster; splendor.
She is very beautiful, and very like her father, with eyes
full otfire, and great expression In all her features.
MaeatUay, Life and Letters, I. 211.
6. In precious stones, the quality of refracting
and dispersing light, and the brilliancy of effect
that comes from this quality. — 7. A luminous
body; a star. [Poetical.]
Before him bum
Seven lamps, as in a zodiac renreseutfng
The heavenly /rM. Milton, P. L., xiL 256.
Yon fair stars, . . .
Cold /hret, yet with power to bom and brand
His nothingness Into man. Tenny»on, Maud, xvitl.
8. A sensation of internal heat arising from
either a physical or a mental cause ; an inflam-
matory process or effect.
What/r« is In mine ears? Shak., Much Ado, lit 1.
9. Ardor; burning desire ; passionate love for
something.
Out he flash'd,
And into such a song, such fire for fame,
8nch tmmpet- blowings In it, . . .
That when he stopt, we long'd to hurl together.
Tennyton, Merlin and Vivien.
2227
10. Consuming violence, as of temper; fierce-
ness ; vehemence : as, the fire of love or of en-
mity.
For Wealth he seeks, nor feels Ambition's Fires.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
He had fire in his temper. Bp. Atterbury.
11. Liveliness of imagination ; vigor of fancy ;
force of sentiment or expression ; capacity for
ardor and zeal ; animation ; vivacity.
Old as we are, our soul retains &fire
Active and quick in motion. Ford, Fancies, v. 1.
His /re is out, his wit decayed.
Svn/t, Death of Dr. Swift.
Mrs. Rebecca Quickly, whom he married, had all that
the /re of youth and a lively manner could do towards
making an agreeable woman. Steele, Spectator, No. 100.
And bless their Critic with a Poet's /re.
Po2>e, Essay on Criticism, 1. 676.
Pitt's . . . ardour and his noble bearing put fire into
the most frigid conceit. Macaulay, William Pitt.
12. Subjection to evil effects of any kind; es-
pecially, overwhelming trouble; severe trial:
used with reference to the old or savage prac-
tice of trial or torture by fire, and especially
to the passing through the fire to Moloch men-
tioned in the Bible : as, to pass through or be
subjected to the fires of affliction.
Not passing thro' the/r«
Bodies, but souls —thy children's — thro' the smoke,
The blight of low desires. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
13. [< fire, V. t., 6.] The firing or discharge
of firearms ; the discharge of a number of fire-
arms, as rifles, muskets, or cannon, from a
body of troops, a battery, or the like : as, to
be under /ire; to silence the enemy's ^rc; en-
filade and ricochet fire, etc. Artillery fire is said
to be direct when the line of fire is perpendicular to the
line aimed at, and the projectile does not touch the in-
termediate ground ; oblique when the line of fire makes
an ang^e less than 90° with the front of the object ; enfi-
lading when the line of fire is nearly parallel to the para-
pet w line of troops to be swept; reverse when the line of
fire forms a horizontal angle greater than SO^ with the in-
terior slope of the parapet or the line of troops exi>osed
to its effects ; ^atU when the angle made with the inte-
rior slope is less than 30* ; horizontal when the piece has
but a small angle of elevation and the projectile strikes
the object w ithout striking the intermediate ground ; ver-
tical when the piece has a gieat angle of elevation, as in the
case of mortars ; ricochet when the elevation is slight and
the projectile strikes the earth or water and relK>uiid8 one or
more tiines (used chiefiy with reduced charges for enfilad-
ing purposes) ; rolling when the axis of the piece is parallel
to tne ground, or nearly so, and the projectile makes a
series of ricochets ; plunging when the piece is situated
above the plane of the object fired at.
Bullets would sing by our foreheads, and bullets would
rain at our feet —
Fire from ten thousand at once of the rebels that girdled
us round. Tettnyson, Defence of Lucknow.
They were under yir« for more than two hours, and every
vessel was struck many times, but with little damage to the
gunboats. IT. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 463.
A dropping fire. Sec <trop, v. i.— Aflaught o' fire. See
jKaught^. Artillery Are. See dcf. 13.- Ascending fires.
See jtmrorit. Baptism of fire. See Uij'ti^m. Blind
flrv. SeeMtfu/1.— Center fire. .See ce»c«r-^r«.~ Central
flTA, a fire which, aconiing to the Pythagoreans, occupies
the center of the universe an<l was the first thing made,
being the germ of everything else. f'<ii>ernicus ami others
supposed the sun was intended.— Chinese fire, a com-
poution used in fireworks. It consists of 16 part« of gun-
powder, 8 of niter, 3 of charr<^>a1. 10 of small cast-iron \>ot-
lugs, and 3 of suIphur.—Colored fires, the tinted flames
produced by the salts of barium, gtrnntinm, so^tium, cop-
per, and other metals, or the compositions used to pn-Hluce
such flames. Variousniixturesareemployed.and the lights
are used for signals. In pyrotecliny, etc.— Cross fire. See
crosf/frv. — Curred fire. See the extract.
When a projectile is fired so as Just to clear an interpos-
ing cover, and then descend upon the object, the Hue of
fire being perpendicular or nearly so to the front of troops
or works to l>e destroyed, such practice is termed mrved
fire, in order to distinguish ft from ricochet.
Farroic, Mil. Encyc, I. 441.
Elmo's fire. SameascorpotarU.— False fire. <a)Ablue
flame ma4le by burning certain combustibles In a wooden
tube, used as a signal during the night, (b) A flre kindled
with the object of leading u ship to destruction ; a false or
misleading beacon.
Shipwrecke<l, kindles on the coast
False fires, that others may be lost.
Wordsteorth, To Lady Fleming.
Fire of the periphery, a flre which, according to the
Pythagoreans and otlier ancient philosfjphcrs. occupies the
circumference of the universe.— Fixed fires. J^e yfre-
worJr.— Oreek fire, a combustible t-omiHtsition the con-
stituents of which are Bup])08ed to havi* heeii asphalt, niter,
and sulphur. It would bum on or under wnter, and was
used with great effect in war by the Greeks of the Eastern
Empire, who kept its composition secret for several hun-
dred years. Upon the conquest of Constantinople the
secret came Into the possession of the Mohammeaans, to
whom it rendered repeated and valuable service. Also
Grecian fire.
The Saracens, by throwing Greek fire on the Cliristlans,
burnt many of their boats and killed the people in them,
thus obtaining the victory.
Quoted in Hewitt's Ancient Armour, T. 328.
Hollow flre. («) A peculiar kind of hearth or furnace
used in the manufacture of iron for tin-plates, and so ar-
fire
ranged that the metal, in the form of "stamps" (bars
broken into pieces weighing about a quarter of a hundred
each), is heated in the flames, and does not come in di-
rect contact with the fuel, thus avoiding contamination
by sulphur, (b) A tire burning chiefly in the interior of
the mass of fuel, so as to avoid waste of the coal by com-
bustion on the outside, where it is not in contact with the
metal. For the common blacksmitli's fire semi-bituminous
coal is preferred. — Holy flxe, in the Koman Catholic and
Oriental churches, a light kindled on Holy Saturday (the
Saturday preceding Easter Sunday) by sparks from a flint,
and used to relight the church lamps, aU of which are ex-
tinguished on Good Friday. In the Greek Church the flre
is claimed to be a miraculous gift from heaven. At Rome
the ceremony is performed in presence of the pope. At
Jerusalem the lighting of the holy flre is celebrated by the
Greek and Armenian clergy combined in the Church of the
Holy Sepulcher, amid a scene of wild enthusiasm on the
part of the spectators.— Kentlsll fire. See Kentish.—
Letters of fire and sword, in the ancient law of Scot-
land, lettera of ejectment issued by the Privy Council, and
directed to tlie sheriff of the county, authorizing him to call
the assistance of the county to dispossess a tenant who re-
tained his possession contrary to the order of the judge
and the diligence of the law.— Line Of fire (milit.), a line
formed by the prolongation of the axis of a firearm for-
ward.-Oblique fire, a phrase noting a form of action in
flrearms, in which the plunger which explodes the cart-
ridge moves obliquely to the axis of the barrel.— On fir©,
ignited; inflamed; burning; hence, figuratively, eager; ar-
dent; zealous. See o/irc.
Receiv'd my heart an offering all on fire.
Kindled, and fed, and blown by strong Desire.
J, Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 88.
All freto
But chafing me on fire to find my bride.
Tennyson, Princess, I.
Out of the firing-pan Into the fire. See fi-yingpan. —
Primitive flre, a fire which, according to Heraditus and
other ancient philosophers, was the primitive material out
of which the universe was formed.— Rotating fires. See
^/frcMwt.— Running fire {mint.), the rapid discharge of
flrearms by a line of troops in succession.— St. Anthony's
fire. Same as erysipelas. — St. Elmo's fire. Same as cor-
posant.—Bt. Flrands'S flret, probably the same as St.
Anthony's fire.
All these, and many evils moe haunt ire.
The swelling Splene, and Frenzy raging rife.
The shaking Palsey, and Saint Frauncesfire.
Spemer, F. Q., L iv. 35.
The fat is in the flre. See /ad.— To bank a fire, to
give fire, to hang fire. See the verbs.- To heap coals
of flre on one's nead. See coai.- To play with fire,
to meddle carelessly or ignorantly witli a dangerous mat-
ter; do anything lightly or for amusement that may cause
great trouble or suffering.- To poUT oil on the flre,
to add fuel to tlie flame — that is, to do or say something
1 lively to intensify existing passion or trouble.— To set OU
fire, (n) To apply flre to ; cause to bum.
And [they] abide so in this maneretill tydingescom to
hem, that her enmyes were entred into the londe that sette
on fire oner all ther as the! myght eny harme do.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.). Hi. 380.
Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusa-
lem . . . and set the city on fire. Judges i. 8.
(6) Figuratively, to make fiery ; inflame ; excite violently.
The tongue . . . setteth on fire the coui-se of nature ;
and it is set on fire of hell. Jas. iii. 6.
To set the river (or the Tharaes.Hudson, or other river,
according to locality) on flre, to accomplish something
surprising or remarkable ; cut a flgure in tlie world : al-
always usetl with a negative: as, he is a smart fellow
enough, but he'll never set the river on fire. See tevxse.—
To strike fire, to produce a spark or flame by friction or
concussion.
Striking fire, I kindled some heath and dry sea-weed, by
which I roasted my eggs. Sivi/t, Gulliver's Travels, iii. 1.
To take flre. (a) To become ignited; begin to burn.
Tlie sapless wood, divested of the bark,
Grows fungous, and takes fire at every spark.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. B4.
(ft) Figuratively, to become inflamed ; be violently excited
or aroused.
I am no courtier, of a light condition.
Apt to take fire at every beauteous face,
That only serves his will and wantonness.
Fletcher {and OTWther), Elder Brother, Iv. 3.
White Bengal flre. a very brilliant light produced by
means of pure metallic arsenic.
flre (fir), r. ; pret. and pp. fired, ppr. firing,
[< ME. firen, fyren^furen, set on fire, expose to
nre, animate, < AH. fyrian, found only in the
sense of *give warmth to,' = D. ^^vren = MLG,
vuren, LG. fiiren = 8w. fyra = Dan. fyrcj fire ;
from the noun.] I, trans. 1. To set on fire;
enkindle : as, to fire a house or a chimney ; to
fire a pile.
And of a certain hearlMi which, l>eing folded up in a mans
clothes, would make him walke invisible, (t the smoke of
the same, l>eing/rc(f, wuuld cause thundei's.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 61.
Keedisdale has fired our house.
Recdisdale and WUe WUliam (Child's Ballads, VIII. 91).
Captain Swan ordered the Town to be fired, which wss
presently done. Dampicr, Voyages, I. 145.
2, To expose to the action of fire ; prepare by
the application of heat; bake: as, to /re pot-
tery ; to fire a stack of bricks. [Rarely used
of culinaiy processes.]
'llie dough is . . . cut into small scones, which, when
fired, are handed round the company.
Hev. J. Ificol, Poems, I. 28, note.
fire
3. To inflame ; irritate the feelings or passions
of: as, to fire one with anger or revenge.
Lords are lordliest in their wine ;
And the well-feasted priest then soonest /red
With zeal, if aught religion seem concern'd.
MUton, S. A., 1. 1419.
O'er prostrat* towns and palaces they pass, . . .
Breathing revenge; wliilst anger and disdain
Fire every breast, and boil in every vein.
Addison, The Campaign.
4. To animate ; give life or spirit to.
Truly to tread that virtuous path you walk in,
Bofir'd her honest soul, we thought her sainted.
Fletcher, Loy^ Subject, v. 2.
Let Ambition ^re thy Mind,
Thou wert born o'er Men to Reign.
Congreve, Judgment of Paris.
Virgil seldom rises into verj' astonishing sentiments
where he is not fired by the Iliad.
Addison, Spectator, No. 279.
It so fired his imagination that he wrote a description
of it. <T. W. Curtis, Int. to CecU Dreeme, p. 10.
6. To drive out or away by fire. [Rare.]
He that parts us shall bring a brand from heaven
And fire us hence. Shak., Lear, v. 3.
6. To subject to explosion or explosive force
by the application of fire (usually in the form of
a spark, variously produced) ; discharge, send
forth, or break up by explosion : as, to fire a
gun or pistol; to fire a cannon-ball or a shell;
to fire a blast or a mine.
Let all the battlements their ordnance fire.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
Is that lead slow which is fired from a gun ?
Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1.
The German gun fired 30 rounds in 16 minutes.
Michaelis, tr. of Monthaye's Krupp and De Bange, p. 94.
The unfortunate wretch who fired the train was killed
by the explosion. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 25.
7. To throw as a missile. [Colloq.]
The boys were firing stones at the house at a great rate,
and after a while the negroes began fli'ingback with rocks,
chunks, and broken bricks.
Charleston (S. C.) Courier, Sept 19, 1870.
8. In t;et5ttr*7., to cauterize. — 9. To illuminate
sirongly ; make to shine as if on fire.
When, from under this terrestrial ball,
He [the sun] fires the proud tops of the eastern pines.
Shak., Rich. II., iii. 2.
10. To eject, dismiss, or expel forcibly or per-
emptorily: commonly with owi. See to fire out
(&), below. [Slang, U. S.]_A ball fired, in her.
See 6aWi. — To fire off, to discharge as a missile, literally
or figuratively.
Mr. Moon was one of the Dean's adversaries, and fired
ojTa pamphlet against him.
British and Foreign Evangelical Rev.
To fire out. («) To drive out by or as if by fire. [Rare. ]
Yet this shall I ne'er know, but live in doubt.
Till my bad angel fire my good one out.
Shak., Sonnets, cxliv.
If any wench should offer to keep possession of my
heart against my will, I'd^re her out with sack and sugar.
Chapman, May-Day, i. 1.
(6) To eject, expel, or dismiss forcibly or peremptorily ;
discharge from employment ; bounce : in allusion to tlie
discharge of a cannon-ball. [Slang, U. S.] — To fire up,
to kindle the fires of, as an engine.
l.l,intrans, 1. To take fire; be kindled. — 2.
To be or become heated, irritated, or inflamed:
as, his feet fire easily in walking, [Colloq.] —
3, To become excited ; become irritated or in-
flamed with passion. See to fire up (6), below.
I grow full of anger. Sir Lucius ! I fire apace!
Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
4, To discharge artillery or firearms : as, they
fired on the town. — 5. To discharge or throw
a missile or missiles. — 6. To ring all the bells
in a peal at once.— Fire away, begin ; go ahead ; do
as you propose ; goon. [Slang.]— To fixe up. («) To start
a fire In a furnace, a locomotive, etc. : as, the stoker fired
up at five o'clock. (&) To become irritated or angry ; fiy
into a passion.
He . . . fired up, and stood vigorously on his defence.
Macaiday.
fire-alarm (fir'a-larm^), n. 1. An alarm of
fire. — 2, A raec'hanical apparatus for giving a
signal or alarm of fire. There are various kinds of
automatic fire-alarms; thus, an alarm may be given by
the burning away of a cord which supports a weight that
in falling sets in motion a clockwork or rings a bell, or by
the expansion of mercury as the result of a rise in the tem-
perature, by which it is caused to touch a wire and close an
electric circuit, as in the thermostat.— Fire-alarm tele-
graph, a telegraph system used to give an alarm of fire,
comprising circuits from district stations to a central sta-
tion, and circuits from the central station to church or oth-
er bells or directly to fire-engine houses. When the second
circuits are only to the engine-houses it is called a silent-
alarm system, to distinguish it from a system where large
bells are rung to inform the public of the location of a
fire. The signal.boxes are controlled by a crank or some
a
Fire-arrows, 14th and
15th centuries.
(From Viollet-le-
Duc's "Diet, du Mo-
bilier fran<^ais."}
2228
simple device, and only signals and not messages are sent
over the lines. Some flre-alarni telegraphs are also con-
nected with private stations, and with thermostats or other
antoniatic lire-alarms.
fire-annihilator (fir'a-ni"hi-la-tor), n. An
apparatus for extinguishing fire; a fire-extin-
guislior.
flre-ant (fir'&nt), n. An ant which stings se-
verely, producing a burning sensation : a com-
mon name in tropical countries of various spe-
cies of stinging ants of the family Myrmecidw.
firearm (fir'arm), n. A weapon from which a
missile, such as a bullet, cannon-ball, shell, etc.,
is expelled by the combustion of gunpowder or
other similar explosive. Pistols, muskets, can-
non, etc., are firearms.
I made a sign that 1 wanted to speak with one of them ;
but seeing me surrounded with a number of horse and
fire-arms, they did not choose to trust themselves.
Bruce, Source of tlie Nile, I. 167.
fire-arrow (fir'ar'a), n. An arrow formerly
used, whether shot from a
hand-bow or from an engine,
having combustibles attached
to it for incendiary purposes.
fireback (fir'bak), n. 1. The
back wall of a furnace or fire-
place.— 2. A macartney or
fire-backed pheasant, of the
genus Euplocamus, as E. igni-
tus.
fire-backed (fir'bakt), a. Hav-
ing the plumage of the back of
a fiery color : as, a fire-backed
pheasant.
fire-ball (flr'bal), n. 1. A ball
of fire, as the sun.
They trudge imder the fire-hall in
the firmament.
Livingston's Life-Work, p. 358.
2. MiKt, a ball filled with ex-
plosives or combustibles, in-
tended to be thrown among
enemies, to injure them by
explosion, to set fire to their
works and expose their move-
ments, or simply to produce
the last result by the light of its own combus-
tion.— 3. Globe-lightning; an electrical phe-
nomenon sometimes seen in thunder-storms,
having the appearance of a globe of fire falling
from the clouds and often bursting with a loud
report.
The fire-ball is almost incomparably less brilliant than
forked lightning, because, though it lasts long enough to
give the full impression of its brightness, it is rarely bright-
er than iron in the state which we call "red-hot."
P. 0. Tail, Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 330.
4. A ball composed of very fine anthracite
coal or dust and clay, used to kindle fires. — 5.
The scarlet lychnis. Lychnis Chalcedonica. — 6.
In her., same as ball fired (which see, under
6oHi) : as, a, fire-ball fired in four places.
fire-balloon (fir'ba-lou"), n. 1. A balloon be-
neath and attached to which is a fire by which
the air contained in it is heated and rarefied,
thus causing it to rise. — 2. A balloon sent up
at night with fireworks, which ignite at a regu-
lated height.
A fire-balloon
Rose gem-like up before the dusky groves.
And dropt a fairy parachute and past.
Tennyson, Princess, Prol.
fire-bar (fir'bar), n. A bar of a grate. Also
called furnace-bar.
firebaret, »• [Of. AS. gloss "fyrbcer, igniferus,"
fire-bearing, \fyr, fire, + beran, bear.] A bea-
con.
fire-barrel (fir'bar''el), ». A hollow cylinder
filled with various kinds of combustibles, used
in fire-ships to convey the fire to the shrouds.
fire-basket (fir'bas"ket), n. A portable grate
or cresset for a bedroom.
fire-bavin (fir'bav'in), n. A bundle of brush-
wood for lighting a fvre : used in fire-ships.
fire-beacon (fir'be'kon), n. In her., a beacon
used as a bearing, It is represented as a cresset on
a polo or mast, sometimes having a ladder leading up
to it ; or as a square box with posts at the cornei-s, and
shown to be of iron from the division of the plates, Ijolt-
heads, etc.
fire-bell (fir'bel), n. A large bell used for sound-
ing an alarm of fire. Such bells are now, in cities,
commonly .souuiied by electricity, the number of strokes
indicating the district within which the Are occurs.
fire-bill (fir'bil), n. Naut., a bill showing the
proper distribution of the officers and crew on
board a man-of-war in case of an alarm of fire.
fire-bird (fir'berd), n. A popular name of the
Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula. See oriole.
fire-clay
fire-blast (fir 'blast), n. A disease of hops,
chiefly occurring toward the latter periods of
their growth, in which they appear as if burned
by fire.
fire-blight (fir'blit), «. Same as pear-blight
(wliieh see, under blight).
fireboard (fir'bord), n, A board used to close
a fireplace in summer. Also called chimney-
board.
fire-boat (fir'bot), «. A steamboat fitted with
steam-pumps, hose, and other appliances for
extinguishing fires: used along river-fronts to
protect the snipping and docks.
firebody (fir'bod^i), ». A kind of compotmd
ascidian; a species of the genus Pyrosoma or
family Pyrosomatidw : a book-name, or literal
translation of the generic name.
fire-boom (flr'bom), ». One of a number of
booms projecting from the side of a ship close
to the water, and connected at their outer ends
by ropes, designed to keep off fire-ships and
-rafts.
fire-bote (fir'bot), n. l<fire + bote, i. e., boot^.
Not found in ME. or AS.] In law, an allow-
ance of fuel which a tenant of land is entitled
to take from it.
There are a great number of pollard trees standing and
growing upon the commons aforesaid, the crops whereof
as they grow are usually cut by the copiehoulders of the
sayd maner, and taken and converted by them for fire-
boote according to the custom thereof.
Archceologia, X. 443.
fire-box (fir'boks),M. Thebox (sometimes made
of copper) in which the fire in a locomotive is
placed, surrounded on the outside by an iron
casing which is separated from the inner fire-
box by a space of about three inches aU round,
filled with water, to prevent the radiation of
heat.
firebrand (flr'brand), n. and a. [< ME. fyre-
hrand, furbrond (= G. feuerbrand) ; < fire +
brand.'} 1, n. X. A piece of wood kindled or on
fire ; a piece of any btiming substance.
It semes that God made us in vayne
"When ... he made us for noght els to dwelle
In erth, bot to he fyrebrandes in helle.
Uampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 7418.
This in a Fire-brand may we see, whose Fire
Doth in his Flame toward's natiue Ileav'n aspire.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 2.
As a mad man who casteth firebrands, arrows, and
death. Prov. xxvi. 18.
Hence — 2. That which or one who sets on fire,
literally or figuratively; specifically, an incen-
diary, in any sense ; especially, one who in-
flames factions, or causes contention and mis-
chief.
We do not only contend, oppress, and tyrannise our-
selves, but, as so m&ny firebrands, we set on and animate
others. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 440.
3. In her., specifically, a torch, when ignited it
is blazoned as firebrand inflamed. It is represented as a
torch or as a pale or pallet raguly couped. In the latter
case it is always inflamed at the top.
II. a. Of an incendiary nature. [Rare.]
Our firebrand brother, Paris, bums us all.
Shak., T. and C, ii. 2.
fire-brick (fir'brik), n. A brick made of mate-
rial which will not fuse readily in a kiln or fur-
nace: used for lining furnaces, etc.
fire-bridge (fir'brij), «. Alow wallof fire-brick,
which in a reverberatory furnace separates the
furnace from the hearth or working-place. Also
called fiame-bridge, fiame-stop.
fire-brieft (fir'bref), n. A circular letter soli-
citing subscriptions for sufferers from a fire.
Nares.
We laugh &t fire-briefs now, although they be
Commended to us by his Majesty.
Cartwright, Poems (1651).
fire-brigade (flr'bri-gad''), n. An organized
body of firemen belonging to a particular town
or district.
fire-brush (fir'bmsh), n. A brush used to sweep
a heartli.
fire-bucket (fir'buk"et), «. A bucket designed
to be used to carry water for extinguishing a
conflagration .
firebug (fir'bug), n. An incendiary. [Colloq.,
U.S.]
fire-cage (fir'kaj), n. An iron box or basket for
holding fire ; a cresset.
fire-chamber (fir'cham'bfer), n. The combus-
tion-chamber of a puddling-furnace ; also, in
general, that part of a furnace in which the fire
is maintained.
fire-chemiset, «• See chemise.
fire-clay (fir'kla), «. That kind of clay which
is suitable for making articles which will not
flre-clay
melt, nor even perceptibly soften when exposed
to a high temperature. The most important aiticles
made of flre-clay are fliebricka and crucibles. Much of
the clay associated with the coal of the Carboniferous sc-
ries is sufficiently retractoi-y to be used for this purpose.
Stourbridge, Worcesteraliire, England, is a locality fa-
mous for manufactures of this kind. In Xew Jersey a
belt of rocks of Cretaceous age extends across the State,
from Staten Island sound southwest to the Delaware, with
which are associated clays of various kinds. Along this
belt the manufacture of flre-bricks and crucibles is a busi-
ness of importance.
fire-cock (flr'kok), n. A cock or spout to let
out water for extinguishing fire.
fire-company (fir'kum'pa-ni), «. 1 . A company
of men for managing an engine to extinguish
fires. — 2. A fire-insurance company.
fire-cracker (^'krak'^r), «. A species of fire-
work consisting of a paper cylinder filled with
a preparation of gunpowder, etc., stopped at
each end, furnished with a fuse, and discharged
for the sake of the noise of its explosion. It is
of Chinese make.
We celebrated the termination of our trouble by setting
off two packs ot Jire -crackers in an empty wine-cask. They
made a prodigious racket. T. B. Atdrich, Bad Boy, p. 89.
firecrest (fir'krest), n. The fire-crested wren
of fliirope, liefiulus ignieapillus.
fire-crested (fir'kres'ted), a. Having the crest
of a fiery color: as, the jSre-cre«<ed wren.
fire-cross (fir'krds), n. The fiery cross (which
see, under cross^).
What is this, but to blow a trumpet, and proclainie a
fire-crosge to a hereditary and perpetuall civill warre?
ititton. Reformation in Eng., ii.
fire-damp (fir'damp), n. The gas contained in
coal, often given off by it in large quantities,
and exploding, on ignition, when mixed with
atmospheric air. Explosion takes place when, as is
often the case, the gas given off by the coal consists
largely of marsh-gas (light carbureted hydrogen). The
composition of the gas evolved from coal is, however, very
variable ; in connection with the marsh-gas, oxygen, car-
bonic acid, and nitrogen seem to be always present. Fire-
damp is a source of great danger to life in coal-mines. See
dari/i .
fire-department (fir'de-pfirt'ment), n. A de-
partment of the government of it city, town, or
village charged with the prevention and the ex-
tinction of fires; also, the entire force of men
employed in this service.
fired-ofT (fird'df), a. In brick-manuf., noting
the condition of a heated kiln immediately after
the fire has expended itself. Also called burned-
off.
If it is desired to admit hot air to the upper part of any
kiln, this ntayl>e done by opening the dampers . . . at the
t^ip of ayfr«f-o/'kiln. C. T. Damt, Bricks, etc.p. SS<.
fire-dog (fir'dog), n. Same as andiron.
The great iron fire-dogt, at least four feet in height,
were connected from shaft to shaft by a clialn, in gro-
tesque suggestion of the Siamese twins.
Uarpert Mag., LXXVI. 212.
fire-door (fir'dor), ». The feeding- or charging-
door of anv form of furnace,
flredrake (fir'drak), «. [< ME. firedrake, < AS.
fyrdraca(=Q./euerdrachen),<.fyr, fire, + draea,
drake, dragon : see drake^, dragon.'] If. A fiery
dragon or serpent.
Bt the hissing of the snake.
The rustling of the Jtre-draJce.
Drayton, Nymphidia.
It may be 'tis but a glow. worm now ; but 'twill
Grow to %Jire.drake presently.
Fletcher, Beggars' Bosh, v. 1.
Here [Hasjid el Jinn] was revealed the seventy-second
cliapterof the Koran, called after the name of the myste-
rlous ^r^rai:tfs who paid fealty to the Prophet.
It. y. burtnn, El-Medinah, p. 472.
2. A fiery met«or ; an ignis f atuus.
Fiery spirits or devils are such as commonly work by
blazing stars, firedraka, or ignes fatui.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 120.
So have I seen a Jlre-drake glide at midnight
Before a dying man to point his grave.
Chapman, Ciesar and I'ompey, ilL 1.
8. A kind of firework.
That fire^trakt did I hit three times on the head, and
three times was his nose discluu'ged against me ; he stands
there, like a mortar piece, to blow as.
Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 3.
How many oatlu flew toward heaven
Which ne er came halt-way thither, but, like fire-drake».
Mounted a little, gave a crack, ami fell,
MiddUton, Your Five OallanU, Hi. 1.
4t. A worker at a furnace or fire : an allusive
use.
That is his ftrf .drake.
Ills lungs, his Zephyrus, he that puffs his coals.
B. Jonaoii, Alchemist, ii. 1.
fire-dress (fir'dres), n. An invention used as
a protection against fire, with the view of en-
abling the wearer to approach and even to pass
through a fierce flame, to rescue lives or valu-
2229
able property, or to use means for the extinc-
tion of fire. It consists of an exterior light annor of
metallic gauze, and of An inner covering of a material
wliich is a slow conductor of heat, such as wool, cotton,
etc., imnierseil in certain saline solutions.
fire-eater (£ir'e"ter), n. 1. A juggler who pre-
tends to eat fire.
I took leave of my Lady Sunderland. She made me stay
dinner at Leicester House, and afterwards sent for Rich-
ardson, the famous fire-eater. He devoured brimstone, on
glowing coals before us, chewing and swallowing them;
he melted a beer-glass, and eat it quite up, etc.
Evelyn, Diai-y, Oct. 8, 1C72.
2. A person of recklessly defiant disposition,
especially a persistent duelist ; specifically, in
the United States, before the civil war, a violent
and bitter Southern partizan. [CoUoq.]
Barnes need not get up in the morning to puuch Jack
Belsize's head. I'm sorry for your disappointment, you
Fenchurch-street ^re-ea(cr. Thackeray, Newcomes, xxix.
All parties joined in this measure : the fire-eaters to pro-
mote secession, the Unionists to thwart it.
The Century, XXXVI. 76.
fire-eating (fir'e'ting), a. Having the dispo-
sition or spirit of a fire-eater, in sense 2 ; reck-
lessly defiant and fiery.
fire-engine (fir'en'jin), ». If. An early name
for the steam-engine.
First, That vessel in which the powers of steam are to
he employed to work the engine, which is called the cylin-
der in common fire-engines, and which I call the steam-
vessel, must, during the whole time tiie engine is at work,
be kept as hot as the steam that enters it.
Watt, quoted in Encyc. Brit., XXII. 475.
2. An engine designed to throw a continuous
stream of water through a hose upon a confla-
gration, for the purpose of extinguishing it.
Fire-engines are of three principal kinds: hani-vomer,
iteam, and chemical, according to the power employed.
Hand-power flte-eugines consist in the main of a pair of
single-acting force-pumps, mounted on wheels, and worked
by hand. 'They have been generally superseded by the
application of steam. Steam flre-engines consist essen-
tUUy of a pair of single-acting suction- and force-pumps
operated by steam, the whole apparatus Iteing mounted on
wheels and drawn by horses, or sometimes self-propelled.
The chemical flre-englne is a large form of flre-extinguisher
mounted on wheels and drawn by horses. Floating flre-
boats and steam flre-engines are used in large ports, for the
protection of shipping anil the water-fronts.
fire-escape (fir'cs-kap'), n. Any apparatus or
structure designed to enable persons to escape
from the upper windows of a building in case
of fire. Portable fire-escapes consist generally of lad-
den, often moanted on wheels for ease in transportation,
and capable of being extended like a telescope ; permanent
fin- es<iip( 8 consist usually of light Iron ladders and land-
in::^ :itta< )i<-<] t<» t)ie outside of a building.
fire-extinguisher (fir'eks-ting'^sh-Sr), n.
An apparatus designed for immediate and tem-
porary use in putting out a conflagration by
means of a small stream of water or of water
mingled with carbonic-acid gas. In the common-
est form water is placed in a metal holder or vessel, and
above it, within the holiier, is placed a smaller vessel con-
taining a chemical, as sulphuric acid, that may be set free
by the turning of a handle or screw on the outside of the
apparatus. Another chemical, commonly sodium bicar-
bonate, Is also placed in the apparatus. When the add is
set free it con))>ines with the sodium, setting free carbonic-
acid gas, which, by its pressure, escapes when a nozle is
opened, carrying the water with it in a strong stream.
Such extinguishers are usually made portable, to be car-
ried in the hand or upon the back, or are mounted upon a
light truck to be drawn by ahorse; but they are also made
in heavier forms, when they are commonly called chemical
fire-mtfines.
fire-eve (fir'5), n. One of the South American
ant-tnnishes, Formicivora (Pyriglcna) leucop-
tfrii : so called from its red eyes,
fire-eyed (fir'id), a. Having eyes of fire. [Poet-
ical.]
They come like sacrifices In their trim,
And to the fire-eyed maid of smoky war,
All hot and bleeding, will we offer them.
Shak.,1 Hen. IV., Iv. 1.
fire-fan (fir'fan), n. A blast-apparatus of small
size, suitable to be used at a small or portable
forge.
fire-fanged (fir'fangd), a. [= Sc. firefanqit; <
fire + fdiiged, pp. otfang, take, seize.] Dried
up as by fire. Speciflcally — (o) Applied tomanurewhich
lias assumed a baked appearance, from the heat evolved
fire-guard
duringdecomposition. (6) Applied to cheese when swelled
or cniclied, as a result of being exposed to loo much heat
before it lias been dried. Jamieson.
fire-feeder (fir'fe'dfer), n. An apparatus for
feeding the fii'e of a furnace.
A properly constructed Fire-feeder, which would supply
the furnaces without involving the necessity of opening
the fire-doors.
R. An}i8trong, in Campin's Mech. Engineering, p. 254.
fire-fiend (fir'fend), n. 1. Fire, as of a con-
flagration, personified as an evil spirit of de-
struction.— 2. An incendiary. [Colloq.]
fire-finch (fir'finch), n. A weaver-bird of the
genus £itplcctcs: as, the flame-colored ^»'e-_^»!c7j
{E. if/nicolor).
fire-fishing (fir'fish''ing), II. Fishing by fire-
light, as when blazing torches are used to at-
tract fish to a boat or to the side of a stream,
so that they may be caught or speared. Also
called torch-fishing.
fire-fiag (fir'flag), n. A flash or gleam of light-
ning. [Rare and poetical.]
The upper air burst into life !
And a liundred fire-fiags sheen. Coleridge.
fireflare, fireflaire (fir'flar), n. Same as,^er^-
flare.
fixe-flaught (fir'flat), n. [Sc, also written fire-
fiaiichi; (.fire + flaught, flaucht : see flaught^.]
1. A flash of lightning; specifically, a flash un-
accompanied by thunder.
The llamb of/yrefiaucht lighting here and thare.
Oavin Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 105.
Even Goneril has her one splendid hour, her fire-fiaught
of hellish glory. Sunnbume, Shakespeare, p. 173.
2. The northern light, or aurora borealis.
firefiirt (fir'flert), n. Same as firetail, 2. C.
Sicainson. [Local, Eng.]
fixefiy (fir'fli), n. ; pi. fireflies (-fliz). An in-
sect which has the faculty of becoming lu-
minous; a lampyrid or elaterid beetle which
emits phosphorescent light from organs in some
part of the body. One of the commonest American
species is a lampyrid, Photinus pyraiis, vulgarly called
lightning-bug. Its larva lives in the ground, feeding on
earthworms and soft-lxHiied insects, and transforms to the
pupa in an oval earthen cell in June, issuing as a beetle ten
days later. In the genus Photuris the larva is luminous.
"The larger tropical flretlies belong to the elaterid genus
Pi/ropAon/«, and are known as cucujids. One of the most
brilliant is P. noctilucus of .South America and the West
Indies, emitting such luminosity from two eye-like le-
e d
Common Firefly {Photinus Oralis).
a, larva : b, pupa in its eanhen cell ; c, beetle. (All natural sizes.)
tt,',/, leg, under side of segment, and bead of larva, enlarged.
nestno on the thorax that small print may be read by this
liglit. The insects are sometimes used to afford light for
domestic purposes, several of them conflneci together emit-
ting light enough to enable a person to write. The glvw-
worm Is, however, a lampyrid. The lantem-fiy is a homop*
terons insect of a different order.
Many a night I saw the Pleiads, rising thro' the mellow
shade,
Glitter like a swarm otfire-fiies tangled in a silver braid.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
fire-fork (fir'ffirk), n. [< ME. fyyrfarke ; < fire
-h fork.] A fork-shaped implement used for
piling fagots upon a fire.
fire-gilding (fir'gil'ding), «. A gilding process
in which the gold is put on in the form of an
amalgam of gold and mercury, and then heated
in a muffle. The mercury escaping leaves a
film of gold.
Fire-gilding may furnish gilding with a bright or dead
lustre, scratch-brushed, ormolued, and also with different
shades. Wahl, Galvanoplastic Manipulations, p. 239.
fire-gilt (fir'gilt), a. Treated by the process of
fire-gililing: as, a fire-gilt vase.
fire-god (fir'god), n. The power of fire personi-
fied as a spirit ; a god of fire.
If we are to derive the notion that Jahveh is a "fire-god "
from such language as : "Tliou coverest Thyself with light
as with a garment " (Ps. civ. 2), we may as well attrilnite
the same idea to Paul, when ha describes Cod as " dwell-
ing in light unapproachable." Edinburgh JJcd., CXLV. 614.
fire-grate (fir'grat), n. The grate to hold the
fuelin common use in domestic fireplaces and
in many forms of heaters and furnaces.
The furnace itself is. as already stated, the ordinary one,
only, in place of the fire-grate, passages are built for the
admission of gns and air. i're. Diet., IV. 383.
fire-gnard (fir'gard), n. A framework of wire
placed in front of a fireplace as a protection.
fire-holder
fire-holder (fir'hol'der), M. A receptacle for
carrying fire. See the extract.
At a later period, the light for igniting the matches was
carried by a slow-burning fuse contained in a metal case
perforated with small holes to afford egress for the smolte.
These jir€-holders were usually attached to the girdle.
tr. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 45.
fire-hole (fir'hol), n. A hole cut through the
ice near a camp or a ship which has been frozen
in, for the purpose of drawing water to extin-
gnish any accidental fire.
The crew . . . had been employed in their ordinary daily
duties, such as cleaning declcs, keeping the fire-hoU open,
procuring ice, and other like work.
C. F. Hall, Polar Exp., p. 217.
fire-hook (fir'huk), ». [< ME. fuyrehoke (= D.
vuurhaak = MLG. vurhake = G. feuerhaken =
ODan. fyrhage); < fire + hook.'] 1. A strong
iron hook used at fires in tearing away burning
timbers, etc. Such hooks are usually operated
by a special corps called a hook-and-ladder com-
pany.
Also, that ther be v. /uyre hokes, to drawe at euery
thynge wher paryle of fuyre ys in eny parte of the cite.
Engluh Gitdt (E. E. T. S.), p. 388.
AJirehooke, such as they occupy to pull downe houses
set on fire. Noinenclator.
2. A heavy rake for stirring a furnace-fire.
fire-house (fir'hous), n. A nouse containing a
fire; a dwelling-house, as opposed to a bam,
stable, or other outhouse. [Obsolete or pro-
vincial.]
Peter-pences to the Pope of Rome to be paid out of
every fire-house in England. Fuller, Ch. Hist, II. iii. 13.
fire-hnilt (fir 'hunt), n. A hunt in which a light
is used to reveal or attract the game.
fire-hunt (fir'hunt), v. i. To hunt at night,
using a torch or other light to reveal or attract
the game ; practise fire-himting.
fce-hunting (fir'huu"ting), 71. A method or
practice of hunting at night with lights which
reveal the game, usuaiiy by the reflection from
its eyes, or attract it to the hunter. See^ooi-
ing, jacking, shining, torching.
Fire-hunting is never tried in the cattle country ; . . .
the streams are not suited to the floating or jacking with
a lantern in the bow of the canoe, as practised in the
Adirondacks. T. Itoosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 168.
fire-insurance (fir'in-sh8r"an8), n. Insurance
against loss by firei See insurance.
fire-iron (fir'i"6rn),n. [< ME.fyreiren,fyyryryn,
furire (= ODan. fyrjern), iron or steel for strik-
ing fire with flint ; < fire + iron. Cf . fire-steel.]
1. Iron or steel for striking fire with flint.
Now he getis hym flint,
His/t/reir«n« he hent.
And thenne withowttene any Btynt
He kyndilt a glede.
Sir Perceval, 1. 753 (Thornton Rom., ed. Halliwell).
2. pi. Utensils employed for managing- a fire,
consisting of poker, shovel, and tongs.
fire-kiln (fir'lal), «. An oven or place for heat-
ing anything. Simmonds.
fire-ladder (fir'lad''^r), n. A fire-esoajje.
fire-leaves (fir'levz), n. pi. A name given in
some parts of England to the leaves of the
plantain and devil's-bit, from the belief that
they induce fermentation in newly stored hay.
flreless (fir'les), a. [^(. fire + -less.] Destitute
of fire.
The unsheltered, fireless soldiers.
The Century, XXIX. 295.
firelight (fir'lit), n. 1. The light emitted by a
fire, especially an open fire of any kind.
Shadows from the fitful fire-light
Dance upon the parlor wall.
Longfellow, Footsteps of Angels.
2. ^a,TD.e &% fire-lighter.
fire-lighter (fir'li"t6r), n. A composition of
inflammable materials, as pitch and sawdust,
used for kindling fires.
firelock (fir'lok), n. A musket or other gun
discharged by means of some mechanical de-
vice which causes sparks by friction or con-
cussion; specifically, a flintlock : distinguished
from and superseding the matchlock, which was
fired with a match ; hence, one armed with such
a gun. See cut wad.ei flintlock.
The day following we were faine to hire a strong convoy
of about 30 firelocks to guard us through the cord-woods.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 25, 1646.
fire-mace (fir'mas), n. An incendiary weapon
used in ancient warfare, consisting of a vessel
of pottery or glass filled with combustible fluid,
and usually thrown from a military engine.
The vessel broke when it struck, and distributed its ourn-
ing contents. Such vessels were often charged with Greek
fire (which see, under fire). The name probably had its
origin in the bulbous or club-like shape of the vessel.
2230
fire-main (fir'man), n. A pipe for water to be
employed in case of conflagration.
fireman (fir'man), n. ; pi. firemen (-men). 1.
One of an organized company, in a city or
town, whose business it is to extinguish or pre-
vent conflagrations ; a member of a fire-com-
pany.
oh ! it's only the firemen a-swearing
At a man they've run over and kill'd !
Hood, Don't you Smell Fire ?
2. One of the crew of a gun in the United
States navy whose duty it is to assist in extin-
guishing fire, especially during a battle. — 3. A
man employed in tending fires, as of a steam-
engine ; a stoker.
The fireman can not cram too much pine into the fur-
nace. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 16.
4. In coal-mining, a person charged with the
special duty of examining every morning the
worldng-places and roads of a pit to ascertain
if fire-damp is present.
fire-marble (fir'mar'''bl), n. Same as lumachel.
fire-master (fir'mas "t6r), n. 1. An officer of
artillery who superintends the composition of
fireworks. [Rare.]
Fire-master, in our train of artillery, is an oflftcer who
gives directions, and the proportions of the ingredients,
for all the compositions of Fire-works, whether for ser-
vice in war, or for rejoicings and recreations.
Chambers's Cyc. (London, 1741), quoted in N. and Q.,
[7th ser., III. 479.
2. In Great Britain, the chief of a fire-brigade.
flre-ne'W (fir'nii), a. [< fire + new; = OD.
viernieuw = G. feuerneu = ODan. fyrny. Cf.
brand-new.] Fresh from the forge; bright;
brand-new.
Peace, master marquis, you are malapert :
Yowc fire-new stamp of honour is scarce current.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
With always some./irc-?i«w project in his brain, J. E. is
the systematic opponent of innovation.
Lamb, My Relations.
fire-office (fir'of'is), n. A fire-insurance office.
[Eng.]
fire-opal (fir'6''pal), «. A variety of opal. See
girasol.
fire-ordeal (fir'or'de-al), n. [<. fire + ordeal;
= OD. vieroordeel (mod. vuurproef).] An an-
cient mode of trying an accused person by
means of fire. See ordeal.
fire-pan (fir'pan), n. [< ME. fierpanne, < AS.
fyrpanne (= OD. vierpanne, D. vmirpan = OHG.
fiurphanna, G. feuerpfanne = ODan. fyrpande
= Sw. fyrpanna), a chafing-dish, < fyr, fire, -l-
panne, pan.] 1. A pan or other receptacle for
holding fire or live coals, (a) A chaflng-dish or a
brazier,
A fire pan, such is used in barbers shops and others, in
cold weather. Noinenclator.
(b) A fire-pot ; a grate.
The place where fire is made, as a hearth moveable or a
fire-panne, focus. Withals, Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 183.
(c) A pan or crate used to carry fire in fire-hunting, (d) In
the English version of the Bible, used to translate a He-
brew word elsewhere rendered " censer " and "snuff -dish."
And thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes, and
his shovels, and his basons, and his fleshhooks, and his
firepans. Ex. xxvii. 3.
2. In a firelock, the receptacle for the priming-
powder.
fire-pike (fir'pik), «. A poker; an instrument
used in stirring a fire. [Prov. Eng.]
fireplace (fir'plas), n. The part of a chimney
which opens into an apartment, and in which
fuel is burned; in a restricted sense, a place
for a fire in which the fuel is supported on and-
irons or is placed upon the hearth. The bottom
or floor of the fireplace is called the hearth, sometimes
the inner hearth; a broad flat stone placed in front of the
hearth is called the slab or outer hearth. The vertical
sides of the fireplace-opening are termed the jambs, and
the lintel which lies on them is called the mantel. The
part of the wall immediately above the mantel is called the
breast, and the wall behind the fireplace the back. The
tube which conveys the smoke from the fireplace to the
top of the clxininey is called the fi-iie. The fireplace-cavity
being much wider than the fiue, they are joined by a
tapering portion, at the narrowest part of which there is
often a damper for regulating the draft. The fuel is burned
on andirons or, if coal, in an iron receptacle or grate.
The fireplaces were of a truly patriarchal magnitude,
where the whole family, old and young, master and ser-
vant, black and white, nay, even the very cat and dog, en-
joyed a community of privilege, and had each a right to a
comer. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 168.
Co'vlngs of a fireplace. See coving.
fire-plug (fir'plug), n. A device for connecting
the supply-pipe of a fire-engine with a water-
main in case of fire.
fire-point (fir'point), n. A poker. [Prov. Eng.]
fire-policy (fir'pol"i-si), n. A written instru-
ment whereby, in consideration of a single pay-
ment or of periodical payments of premiums,
fire-room
an instirance company engages, under certain
specified conditions, to make good to the in-
sured person such loss as may oceiu* by fire to
his property, described in the policy, within
the period therein specified, and usually not
exceeding a specified sum.
fire-pot (fir 'pot), ». 1. A vessel used in an-
cient warfare to contain combustible fluid,
and dropped from the walls or thrown from a
military engine. Compare ^re-?Hace. — 2. That
part of a furnace in which- the fire is made. —
3. A solderers' furnace. — 4. A crucible.
fire-proof (fir'prof ), a. Proof against fire ; so
constructed or protected as to be incombustible.
Buildings are rendered fire-proof by the exclusive use in
their construction of non-combustible materials, as stone,
brick, iron, cement, concrete, and asbestos. In the caae
of textile fabrics, as cotton and linen, the means adopted
is saturation with various salts, as borax, which leave their
crystals in the substance of the fabric. Wood is best
protected by silicate of soda, which on the application of
strong heat fuses into a glass, and, not only enveloping
the outside, but also filling the internal pores of the wood,
shields it from contact with the oxygen of the air. All
that can be done to protect combustible materials by any
process, however, is the prevention of conflagration ; no
process yet known can prevent smoldering.
fireproof (fir'prof), v. t. [< fire-proof, a.] To
render proof against fire by some protecting
cover, by chemical treatment, or by construc-
tion with incombustible materials.
fireproofing (fir'profing), «. [Verbal n. of fire-
proof, v.] 1. The act of rendering fire-proof :
as, the fireproofing of cloth.
A porous tile for fireproofing has been introduced.
Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 293.
2. Material for use in making anything fire-
proof.
fire-quarters (fir'kw&r'terz), n. Naut., the sta-
tions of a ship's company for extinguishing
fires; also, the assembling of a ship's com-
pany at their stations when an alarm of fire
is given.
firer (fir'fer), n. One who sets fire to anything;
an incendiary.
fire-raft (fir'raft), «. A raft loaded with com-
bustibles, set on fire, and directed against an
enemy's ship or fleet.
Then the fire-raft was pushed alongside, and in a mo-
ment the ship was one blaze.
D. G. Farragut, quoted in N. Y. Tribune, May 10, 1862.
fire-raising (fir'ra''''zing), n. The act of setting
on fire. £i Scots law, fire-raising is the techni-
cal equivalent of arson in English law. See
arsoni.
"But we'll see if the red cock craw not in his bonnie
barn-yard ae morning before day-dawning."
** Hush 1 Meg, hush ! hush ! that's not safe talk,"
"What does she mean?" said Mannering to Sampson,
in an undertone.
^^Fire-raising," answered the laconic Dominie.
Scott, Guy Mannering, lit.
fire-red (fir'red), a. [< ME. fyrreed (= OHG.
fiurrot, G. feusrroth), < fyr, fire, + reed, red.]
Red as fire.
A sompnour was ther with us in that place,
That hadde & fyrreed cherubynes face.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 6M.
fire-regulator (fir'reg''u-la-tgr), n. An auto-
matic device employed with low-pressure steam-
heating fur-
naces to main-
tain a uniform
temperature, it
consists essential-
ly of an expanding
valve, which opens
when the steam
reaches a certain
pressure, lifting a
lever which in turn
controls a damper
in the chimney.
Tlie closing of the
damper checks the
fire, when the pres-
sure falls and the
daraperopens again,
the process being
continually repeat-
ed, and thus main-
taining the temper-
ature within cer-
tain limits.
fire-roll (fir'-
rol), n. Naut.,
a peculiar beat
of the drum to
order men to their stations on an alarm of fire ;
a summons to fire-quarters; in the United
States navy, the rapid ringing of the ship's
bell as an alarm-signal of fire.
fire-room (fir'rom), n. A room or space in front
of the furnaces or steam-boilers on a ship, de-
voted to the management of the boilers and the
Fire-regulator.
fire-room
supply of the furnaces with coal. Also called
stoke-hole.
fire-screen (fir' skren), n. 1. A kind of mova-
ble screen placed before a fire to intercept the
heat. Sp«cilically — (a) A standing frame supporting a
surface of pauel-work, textile fabric, or glass, the last ol
which allows the are to be seen, while keeping ofl the
heat. (6) A piece of stuff hanging from the edge of the
mantelpiece or from a bracket or an arm, generally of
light metal-w.jrk. (c) A screen, not unlike a fan, small
enough to hold in the hand.
2. A woolen screen placed in the passage-
way from a powder-magazine whenever this
is opened.
fire-set (fir'set), ». A set of fire-irons, usually
comprising shovel, poker, and tongs, with the
holder. The holder consists generally of a metal rod
» ith ;irni5 or a ring, filed at the foot in a solid block or tile.
fire-setting (fir'set'ing), n. Excavation in a
mine with the preliminary aid of a fire bjiilt
against the working-face. Now almost an obsolete
process, but before the application of gunpowder to min-
ing purposes a method of the greatest importance. The
rock, after being highly heated, is rapidly cooled by throw-
ing cold water on it, by which it is so much cracked that
it can l»e broken down by pick ajid gad.
fire-shield (fir'sheld), n. A sheet-metal guard
used to protect workmen at a furnace or fire-
men at a fire from the heat, in an improved form two
sheets of eorrugatetl iron are riveted together at the edges,
and connected at the top with a hose bringing water un-
der pressure. The water fills the screen and escapes be-
low. Hung on an elevated track before a furnace-door or
suspended from a crane, it serves to absorb the heat from
the furnace, and to keep the flre-room cool. When not
re<|Uired. it is rolled aside or lifted by the crane.
fire-ship (fir'ship), ». A vessel freighted with
combustibles and explosives and set adrift,
for the purpose of burning or blowing up an
enemy's .ships, a bridge, or other object.
fire-shovel ifir'shuv'l), «. [ME. not found ; <
AS. fyrscofl (in a gloss), < f^, fire, + scojl,
shovel.] A shovel for lifting or removing coals
of fire or ashes, or for placing coals on a fire.
N'ym and Bar<Iolph are sworn brothers in filching, and
in Calais they stole a fire-thotH : I knew, by that piece of
service, the men would carry coals. Shak., Hen. v., ill. 2,
fireside (fir'sid), n. and a. L n. The side of the
fireplace ; the hearth ; the space about a fire or
hearth, considered especially as the place where
a family gathers for social enjoyment.
There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended.
But lia* one vacant chair.
LongfeUoVy Resignation.
How often shall her oM firetide
Be cheer'd with tidings of the bride.
Tennyton, In Memorlam, xL
For the winter /Ere«ids meet.
Between the andm>n8' straddling feet,
The mug of cider simmered slow.
Whittier, Snow-Bound.
H. a. Fitted for the fireside ; homely ; inti-
mate.
In a letter to Sonthey, I.amb says of Bant, " He Is one
of the most oordlal-mlnded men I ever knew, and match-
leas as %fiTt9idt companion."
Pertonal Trail » oj British Author I, p. 226.
No higher compliment was ever paid to a nation than
the simple confltlence, the firemU plainness, with which
Mr. Lincoln always addresses himself to the reason of the
American people. LoweU, Study Windows, p. 174.
flre-silverin£ (fir'sil'v^r-ing), n. A method of
silvering either by the nse of a silver amalgam
or by thoroughly cleansing the surface of the
metal and then applying a mixture of spongy
precipitated metallic silver, sal ammoniac, salt,
and corrosive sublimate, and finally heating in
a muffle.
flresmo (fi-res'mo), n, A little-used mnemonic
name for the mood of syllogism called festino.
The name J!re«m« Implies that the premises are
transposed.
fire-spirit (fir'spir'it), n. The spirit or deity
supposed in some systems of religion to be the
animating principle of fire; fire personified.
The Firt'itjnrii has great influence with the winged ae-
rial supreme deity, wherefore the Indians implore him to
t>« their Intefpreter, to procure them success in hunting
and fishing, fleet horses, obedient wives, and male chil-
ilren. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 253.
fire-spot (fir'spot), n. In arehaol., a bowl-
shaped hollow in the earth, partly filled with
aahee, calcined bones, et<!., and apparently used
as a fireplace. By some, fire-spots are thought to be
the vestige* of foneral pyre*. They are common in the
north of Europe, eapecially in Scanalnarlan countries.
fire-steel (fSr'st*!), n. [(= D. vuurstaal = G.
feiiirxtuhl = Dan. fyrataal) < fire + steel. Cf.
fire-iron.'] A 8t«el used with a flint for striking
fire.
A firetteele wherewith to strike fire out of a filnte.
Xomenelalor (1S85).
fire-stick (fir'stik), n. [Cf. Dan. fyr$tik, fyr-
iitikke, a match.] 1. A lighted stick or brand.
Sir K. Digby. — 2. The implement used in va-
• 2231
rious parts of the world for obtaining fire by
friction, or rubbing of one stick against ano-
ther, either with the hands simply or with the
aid of the drill.
When the use of pyrites for striking fire is found exist-
ing in company with it in North America, it is at least like-
ly that the fire-stick is the older instrument.
i'. D. Tylor, Early History of Mankind, p. 262.
fire-stone (fir'ston), «. [< HE. fyyrstone, < AS.
fytstdn (= OD. viersteen, D. vuursteeii = MLG.
vursten, L6. fiiersten = G. feuerstein = Dan.
fyrsten), flint, ifjr, fire, -V- start, stone.] 1. A
flint used with a steel for striking fire.
Afire-tt&ne to strike lire with, silex.
Withatg, Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 206.
2t. Iron pyrites: so called because it strikes
fire with steel. See pyrites. — 3. A stone which
resists the action of fire ; especially, a kind of
sandstone used in fireplaces: same as malm-
rock. — 4. An incendiary composition employed
to set fire to ships, buildings, etc. It is made of
niter, sulphur, antimony, and rosin, mixed with melted
tallow and turpentine. The melted mixture is cast in pa-
per molds and primed with a fuse. Kor use it is charged
in shell together with a bursting-charge.
fire-surface (fir'sSr'fas), ». In steam-boilers,
the aggregate surface of the boiler exposed to
the action of the fire. Also called heating-sur-
face.
fire-swab (fir' swob), n. A swab of rope-yarns,
saturated with water during action, and used
to extinguish any particles of fire ; the rammer
and sponge-heads.
firetau (fir'tal), n. 1. A hymenopterous in-
sect of the family Chrysidides, such as the ruby-
tailed fly, Chrysis ignita. — 2. The redstart or
redtail, Ruticilla phcenicura, a bird. Also^re-
fiirt. [Local, Eng.]
fire-telegraph (fir'tel'e-grif), «. A telegraph
to announce the outbreak of fire to different
parts of a city, by means of signal-boxes placed
at convenient points.
fire-tower (fir'tou'Sr), «. [Cf. D. vuurtoren =
G. feuerthurm (rare) = Dan. fyrtaam = 8w.
fyrtorn, a lighthouse.] 1. An erection with an
iron vessel on its top for holding fire or a flame,
answering the purpose of a lighthouse. — 2. A
tower from which to watch for the outbreak of
fire in a city, and to give the alarm ^y the ring-
ing of a bell : now generally superseded by the
fire-telegraph.
fire-trap (fir'trap), n. A place or building spe-
cially combustible, in which life is greatly ex-
posed to destruction by fire.
While searching for fire-traps among the theaters, why
not take a look at the churches and school-houses?
Waterlmry (Conn.) Weekly American, Dec. 23, 1881.
fire-tree (fir'tre), «. In hot.: (a) Same &a flame-
tree, 1. (6) In New Zealand, the Metrosideros
tomentosa, alarge myrtaceous tree with brilliant
flowers.
fire-tube (fir'tiib), n. In steam-engines, a fur-
nace-tube through which the flame and heated
air pass from the fire-chamber ; a pipe-flue.
fire-ward, fire-warden (fir'w4rd, -war'dn), n.
An officer having authority in the prevention
or extinguishing of fires, as in towns or camps.
fire-water (fir'wa'tSr), n. Ardent spirits: a
name used by American Indians.
The blood of chiefs is In my veins, where it must stay
forever. The Dutch landed, and gave my people the fire-
water; they drank until the heavens and the earth seemed
to meet, and they foolishly thought they had found the
Oreat Spirit. J. F. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, iii.
From Sagamore Bonython's hunting flask
The fin-water bums at the lip of Uegone.
Whittier, Hogg Megone, i.
flre-weapont (fir'wep'n), n. Same as firearm.
J. Bingham, Tactics of Aelian, 1616.
fireweed (fir' wed), n. In bot.: (a) The Erech-
thites hieracifolia, a coarse annual composite of
North America, so called from its appearing
abundantly where clearings have recently been
burned over. (6) The great willow-herb, Epilo-
bium angustifolium, for the same reason, (c)
The horseweed, Erigeron Canadensis, (d) A
species of plantain, Plantago media.
fire-wood (fir'wud), n. Wood for fuel.
In haste they drove . . . and heap'd
'V\\e\r firewood, and the winds from oiT the plain
Rolled the rich vapour far into the heaven.
Tennyton, Iliad, viii. 548.
firework (fir'w<>rk), n. [= D. vuurwerk = G.
fruerwerk; cf. Van. fyrv(erkeri = Sw.fyrrerkeri
(def. 2).] It. Work wrought in the fire. Davies.
His heart the anuile wheron the deuIU frames his fire-
worke. Breton, A Murmurer, p. 10.
2. A contrivance of inflammable and explosive
materials combined in various proportions, for
the purpose of producing in combustion beau-
flre-worshiper
tiful or amusing scenic effects, or to be used
as a night signal on land or sea, or for various
purposes in war : commonly used in the plural.
The basis of these compositions consists of potassium
chlorate, niter, sulphur, and charcoal, pulverized, and
combined in dilferent proportions with other agents
which have the quality of imparting color to the flame
(as with copper sulphate for blue, strontium nitrate or
carbonate for red, potassium salts for violet, sodium salts
for yellow, barium carbonate or nitrate for green), and
with iron- and steel-filings to produce brilliant scintilla-
tions. These compositions are packed in cases of paper
and pasteboard, generally cylindrical, the processes of
packing and finishing demanding much skill and care. For
scenic displays, the forms of fireworks most in use are the
fixed fires, such as theater-fires, lances, and gerbes ; rotat-
ing fires, as pin- or catharine-wheels, spiral wheels, etc.;
ascending fires, as sky-rockets and girandoles; Roman
candles; etc. As night signals or as incendiary projec-
tiles, various pyrotechnic devices have been employed
with success in military and naval operations. These de-
vices consist of preparations used (1) in the service of can-
non or cannon-ammunition, such as slow-match, quick-
match, friction, electric, and obturating primers, port-
fires, and fuses ; (2) for signals, such as signal-rockets, sig-
nal-lights, blue lights, etc., with their decorations consist-
ing of stars, serpents, gold rain, rain of fire, and marrons;
(3) for incendiary purposes, as the carcass, incendiary
match, and fire-stone ; (4) for light, as tarred links, torch-
es, light-balls, fire-balls, pitched fascines, and parachute-
shells; (5) for offensive and defensive purposes, as bags of
powder, petards, projectile rockets, as those of Congreve
and Hale, light-barrels, and dynamite or nitroglycerin
cartridges. The most familiar of the many forms of fire,
works is the sky-rocket, whether employed as a signal
or for mere display, or as a projectile in war. An impor-
tant use of the rocket is that of a line-carrier to establish
communication between a wrecked vessel and the shore.
The Chinese, If not the actual inventors of fireworks,
were the first to use the rocket as a missile in war, and
the pyrotechnic exhibitions of the Chinese and Japanese
still surpass those of all other peoples in ingenuity and
splendor. The Japanese have contrived an exhibition of
fireworks by daylight, consisting of bombs which, explod.
ing high in air, discharge jets or volumes of colored smoke
which take the forms of birds, fishes, trees, and even of
human beings. Fireworks are supposed to have been in-
troduced Into Europe by the Italians. They are men-
tioned in a description of a pageant at the marriage of
Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn.
The king would have me present the princess . . . with
some delightful ostentation, or show, or pageant, or antic,
or firework. Shak., L. L. L., v. 1.
All the hammocks were taken down, our ordnance load-
ed, and our powder-chests and fireworks made ready.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 7.
There was at night a shew of very strange and sundry
kinds of fireirorks, compelled by cunning to fly to and fro,
and to mount very high into the air upward, and also to
burn unquenchable in the water beneath.
Lawham, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 480.
flre-workert (fir'wfer'k^r), n. [= Dan. ft/rvcer-
ker = Sw. fyrverkare.'] Aii ofiicer of artillery,
subordinate to the fire-master: now called sec-
ond lieutenant.
Fire-workers are subordinate officers to the fire-masters,
who command the bombardeers. They receive the orders
from the fire-masters, and see that the bombardeers exe.
cute them.
Chambers's Cye. (London, 1741), quoted in N. and Q., 7th
[ser.. III. 479.
Fire-worker of H. M. Office of Ordnance.
A', and Q., 7th ser.. III. 429.
fire-worm (fir'wferm), n. [= MLG. vHncorm s
G. feuericorm.'] A glow-worm.
I have seen the fireflies and fire-worms.
Byron, Cain, ii. 1.
fire-worship (fir'wfer'sMp), n. The worship of
fire, or of the god of fire, or of the divine as
typified by fire; also, the ceremonial cult of a
public or a family hearth, as practised, for in-
stance, by all Aryan peoples, by all ancient
Greek communities, by the vestal virgins of
Rome, and in each ancient Greek and Koman
family. The term fire-worship, as specifically applied to
the religion of the ancient Persians taught by Zoroaster,
and practised by their descendants, the Guebers and Parsis
of Persia and India, is, if taken literally, a misnomer de.
rived from the Mohammedans, the fire being with these
peoi)lcs merely a symbol of divinity and a visible sign of
their religion. See Oueber and Parsi.
Fire-worship brings into view again, though under dif.
ferent aspects and with different results, the problems
presented by water-worship. The real and absolute wor.
ship of fire falls into great divisions, the first belonging
rather to fetishism, the second to polytheism nroper, and
the two apparently representing an earlier and later stage
of theological ideas. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 251.
After vanquishing Moab and Animon, both nations ad-
dicted to >re-wor»A>p, he[David) showed no trace of mercy
toward.') them. Von Kanke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 47.
fire-worshiper (fir'w^r'ship-*r), t.. A wor-
shiper of fire ; specifically, a follower of Zoro-
aster. See Gueoer and Patsi.
There has \>een an error in imagining that the Persians
and the ancient fire-worshippers were idolaters simply of
fire, inasmuch as, in bowing down before it, they simply
regarded Fire as a symbol, or visible sign, or thing placed
as standing for Deity. //. Jennings, Rosicrucians, p. 79.
The so-called Fire-worshippers certainly do not worship
the fire, and they naturally object to a name which seems
to place them on a level with mere idolaters.
Max MiilUr, Chips, I. IW.
flre-worshlper
When he was seven years old, nil the kindred of his
father s house, and all the friends thereof, assembled in
the inner temple to see the liigh-priest invest him with
the symbolic numenl of the /ire-icorshippery" the garment
of the good and beneticial way."
J. \}\ Palmer, The New and the Old, p. 273.
fir-in-bond (f6r'in-bond'), «. [< fir, taken in a
general sense ; in bond : see &o«rfl, «.] In carp.y
lintels, bond-timbers, wall-plates, and all tim-
bers built in walls. See bond^y 12.
firing (fir'ing), n. [Verbal n. otfire, r.] 1 . The
act of applying fire or of making a fire for any
purpose; specifically, the method of treating
a furnace with regard to the use of fuel: as,
h&rd firing (supplying fuel frequently and urg-
ing the fire) ; light firing (moderate supplies of
fuel at frequent intervals); steady /riH^; heavy
firing. — 2. Fuel; fire-wood or coal.
And in some places they burne it [rhubarb] in stead of
other Jlriitg, and giue it Uieir liorses to eat.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 428.
No more dams I'll make for fish,
Nor fetch in firing
At re<iuiring. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
You would have a load of wood for firing on All Saints'
or Christmas, Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xlL
3. The exposing of any material to high tem-
peratures to burn, bake, etc. : as, the firing of
painted glass to fix the colors ; the firing of
porcelain to melt and fix the glaze.
When the " withering" is finished, then follows the^r-
ing. The tea is placed in metal pans, set in a brickwork
furnace, heated to a temperature of 240° or 250°; the
leaves are turned incessantly ... to prevent their burn-
ing ; . . . they are then removed, . . . thrown on tables,
and rolled and sifted while hot.
A. G. F. Eliot Jaiiies, Indian Industries, p. 345.
4. The act of discharging firearms.
After loading, the block is depressed and kept in posi-
tion for firing by a spring catch working under the barrel.
W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 91.
5. The application of fire or of a cautery in
surgery and farriery; cauterization.
A blow on the sinew is generally the cause of a long
period of lameness, SMdi firing may be needed.
Encyc. Bnt., XII. 195.
6. In bell-dinging, the ringing of all the bells
in a peal at once, it is practised in England on occa-
sions of general rejoicing or mourning. In the latter
case the bells are muffled.— Mechanical firing, the oper-
ation of supplying fuel to a furnace by means of a me-
chanical attachment.
firing-iron (fir'ing-i*6m), n. An instrument
used in farriery for cauterizing; a cautery.
firing-machine (fir'ing-ma-shen''''), w. In viech.,
an apparatus for feeding an engine-furnace
with coal.
firing-party (fir'ing-par'''ti), n. A detachment
of soldiers, marines, or sailors detailed to fire
over the grave of a person buried with military
honors, or to execute any person sentenced to
death by shooting.
firing-point (fir'ing-point), n. The tempera-
ture at which an inflammable oil or hydrocar-
bon is liable to take fire spontaneously.
Mineral oil, one or two degrees above the standard fir-
ing-point, may, if stored in a populons locaJity, cause sad
disaster. lire. Diet., IV. 570.
firk^t (f^rk), V. [Also written, more prop.,/erA:,
< ME./crfcew, rarely ,;?rA^», carry, take, or drive
o£f, refl. take oneself off, intr. go away, hasten,
< AS. ferdan (once), bring or take away, prob.
not connected with fercian, ge-ferdan (each
once), sustain, support (with food). Cf . G. dial.
(Swabian, Swiss) fergen, ferggen, fergken, fer-
ken, bring, despatch.] I, trans. 1, To carry
away or about ; carry ; move.
So bolnet was his body, that burthen hade ynoghe
The fete of that freke Xoferke hym aboute,
Or stond vppo streght for his strong charge.
Destruction of Troy {E, E. T. S.), 1. 3839.
2. To drive away.
Thei werned hym soone,
That by force of hur fight thei_^rjfced hym thennes.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 67.
3. To beat; drub; trounce.
Thei . . . felled the falsse folke,/erJfef;(Z hem hard,
With skathe were thei skonmfyt, skape thei ne myght.
Alisaunder of Macedoine (E. E. T. S.), 1. 85.
I wiU^rit your father, whether you see or no.
Chapman, All Fools, iii. 1.
I shall have
The worst on 't, for I can firk nobody.
Middleton, Game at Chess, iii. 1.
ni fer him, &rnXfirk him, and ferret him.
Skak., Hen. V., iv. 4.
4. To rouse ; raise up.
A fine lawyer, sir,
And would have/ri'd you up a business.
And ont of this court into that.
Beau, and FL, Little French Lawyer, iii. 2.
2232
I have also spent Christn)as Day in India, but not all
the marigolds of Cathay will_^rA: up Christmas spirits, or
make me throw cruniba to a blue-jay.
P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 98.
II, in trans. To move quickly ; go off or fly out
suddenly: sometimes used reflexively.
fferke to the far-lande, and fetche me that wapene.
Morte ArthureiJE.. E. T. S.), 1. 11S8.
How would \iefirk, like Adam Overdo,
Up and about ; dive into cellars too.
B. Jonson, Expost. with Inigo Jones.
firfcl (f^rk), n. l<firk^, v.] A stroke ; a lash.
[Prov. Eng.]
fixk^ (f6rk), n. [Prob. a transposition otfreak^,
q. v.] A freak; a trick. [Prov. Eng.]
Out on him!
These are his megrims, firks, and melancholies.
Ford, Broken Heart, iii. 1.
Sir, leave this;?ril: of law, or, by this light,
I'll give your throat a slit.
L. Barry, Ram Alley, iii. 1.
What new^rit of folly has enter'd into the rascal's head ?
I must observe him.
Sir W. Davenant, The Man's the Master.
firkery (fer'k^r-i), n. ; ipl.firkeri€S (-iz). \_<firk^
+ -^'"y'] A trick; a prank. [Prov. Eng.]
firkin (fer'kin), n. [< OD. *vierke)i (not found)
(cf. ODan. firik, a farthing, firken, a multiple of
four), < D. vier, = E./owr, + -ken, E. -kin. Cf.
kilderkin^ a measure of two firkins, alrio of D.
origin.] 1 . A measure of capacity, usually the
fourth part of a barrel, and varying in magni-
tude with the barrel. The English ale and beer firkin
is 9 imperial gallons, equal to 10.8 United States gallons;
but at the time when ale- and beer-measures were distinct
a firkin of beer was 9 gallons, while a firkin of ale was only
8 gallons. A firkin of honey was also 8 gallons, by a statute
of 1581. A firkin of butter is 56 pounds (.SO Geo. III.)- A
firkin of soap is 64 pounds or 8 gallons. The oldest firkins
were of much greater capacity. Thus, by a statute of
1423 the firkin was 84 gallons ; while by another of 1482
the firkin of fish was made 21 gallons, being one fourth of
a butt and half a barrel. An Irish firkin was half a barrel
or 100 pounds.
8 gallons in measure make 1 firkin of ale, sope, herring ;
9 gallons, I firkin of beere ; lOJ gallons, 1 firkin of salmon
or eeles. T. Hill, Arithmetic (1600), i. 13.
2. A small wooden vessel or cask of no deter-
minate capacity, used chiefly for butter, tallow,
soap, etc.
Here are come for you, from my sister Downing, divers
chests of commodities, and many firkins of butter and
suet. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 469.
firlot (f^r'lot), n. [Also written fyrlot, furlet,
fearlot, < fi^r-, fyr- (< D. vier, nainfirkinl) + lot,
part (or -let, dim.?); cf. -kin in firkin.] The
principal dry measure of the old Scottish sys-
tem. The standards, from 1621, were the Linlithgow
firlots. The wheat firlot, used for wheat, rye, peas, beans,
salt, grass-seed, etc., contained 21J Scottish pints, or 2,197^
cubic inches, equal to l^^g Winchester bushels. The barley
firlot, used for barley, oats, fruit, potatoes, etc., contained
31 Scottish pints, or 3,205^ cubic inches, equal to IJ Win-
chester bushels. But the firlots in actual use were from
1 to 7 per cent, larger than the standards. The firlot was
also used in the Isle of Man.
firm (f6rm), a. [The spelling with i is mod.,
in imitation of the L. ; < ME. ferme, < OF.fermj
feme, F. ferme = Pr. ferm = Sp. Pg. firme = It.
fermo, < L. firmus, steadfast, stable, strong,
fast, firm.] 1, Having consistence or solidity;
compact; close in fiber or dense in grain ; hard:
as, firm flesh ; cloth of a firm texture.
The fiakes of his fiesh are joined together; they are
firm in themselves; they cannot be moved. Job xli. 23.
The other Fort is a Citadell, built on a firme land on the
west side of the towne. Coryat, Crudities, I. 6.
If cushion might be call'd what harder seem'd
Than the;ir?7i oak of which the frame was form'd.
Cotv})er, Task, i. 56.
The body of the amoeba is less firm than jelly, yet it
has the power of moving from place to place.
F. Warner, Physical Expression, p. 83.
2, Strongly fixed; stable; rigid; immovable, or
not easily moved: as, a firm foundation.
It is as positive as the earth is firm that Falstaflf is
there. Skak., M. W. of W., iii. 2.
It shall be
My study to appear another Atlas,
To stand ^rm underneath this heaven of empire.
And bear it boldly.
Fletcher (and another?), Prophetess, ii. 3.
So stood the brittle prodigy ; though smooth
And slipp'ry the materials, yet frostbound,
FirTu as a rock. Cowper, Task, v. 156.
3. Steady; not tottering or shaking; not re-
laxed or feeble ; vigorous : as, a firm step ; a
fi,rm seat in the -saddle; to rule with a firm
hand.
Thus King Henry throws away his crutch.
Before his legs be jfnn to bear his body.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
"Who's there?" a clear ^rm voice demands.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, 1.
firmament
Me yon call great ; mine is the firmer seat,
The truer lance. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine.
4. Fixed in character; stable; enduring; es-
tablished; steadfast; stanch: as, firm credit;
^r»i prices; a /rm friend; a jfir//* conviction.
Myn afiiaunce and my faith \% ferme in tliis bilieue.
Piers Plowman (B), xvi. 238.
All the presidents of the kingd«m . . . have consulted
together ... to make &firm decree. Dan, vi. 7.
A rc\tk.x\ firme and standing in his purposes, nor heau'd
off with each wind and passion.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Stayed Man.
O! shame to men ! devil with devil damn'd
Finn concord holds ; men only disagree
Of creatures rational. Milton, P. L., ii. 497.
5. Strong in action or manner; resolute; posi-
tive; confident: as, a firm defense or resis-
tance ; a firm answer ; the firm handling of a
subject in art or literature.
So unaffected, so composed a mind ;
^ofimn, yet soft ; so strong, yet so refined.
Pope, Epitaph on Mi's. Corbet.
6. Indicating firmness : as, a firm countenance
or demeanor. — 7, Determined; positive; dis-
tinctly stated.
There is wo firm reason to be render'd
Why he cannot abide a gaping pig.
Shak., M. of v., iv, 1.
= Syil. 1. Dense. — 2. Fast, established, secure. — 2 and
4. Immovable, stanch, strong, sturdy.
firmt (ferm), v. t. [< ME. fermen, confirm, < OF,
fcrmer = Pr. fermar = OSp. Pg. firmar = It.
fermare, < L. firmare, make firm, strengthen,
confirm, < firmus, firm: see fi7'7n, a.] 1. To
make firm; give consistence to.
The powder that made Venus a goddess, . . . that kept
her perpetually young, cleared her wrinkles, firmed her
gums, filled her skin, coloured her hair.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
Theforceof the water . . . did ^nn and harden it [land].
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 85.
2, To fix; establish; confirm.
Your wish is blest,
Jove knocks his chin against his breast,
And /rm« it with the rest.
B. Jonson, Masque of Augui-s.
3, To fix or direct with firmness.
Upon his card and compas^rin^* his eye.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 1.
4, To confirm by signing ; make valid by sub-
scription or indorsement.
For lacke of time the gouemonrs haue not firmed this
letter. Uakluyt's Voyages, I. 309.
Of the deatli of the Emporour they advertised Solyman,
firming those lettera with all their hands and seals.
Knolles, Hist. Turks.
firm (f6rm), n. [From the adj.; in defs. 2, 3, a
special use, = It. Sp.^rwa, < Mh.firma, signa-
ture, subscription, in confirmation of a writing :
see firm, a. Cf. /cirmi,] If. The firm land;
terra firma; in general, the mainland.
No such Islands may bee found in the Scithian sea to-
ward i\\e firme of Asia. Uakluyt's Voyages, I. 438.
And to the North, betwixt the fore-land and the_^r7n.
She [Wight] hath that narrow Sea, which we the Solent
term. Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 407.
Towards evening we went ashore on the finn of Asia for
fresh water, Sandys, I'ravailes, p. 15.
2t. A sign manual ; a signature.
A privilege [was] given to Antheniius the Archbishop
[of Cyprus] in that age, to subscribe his name to all pub-
lick acts in red letters, which was an honour above that
of any patriarch, who writes his name or firm in black
characters. liycaut, Greek and Armenian Churches, p. 90.
3. A partnership or association of two or more
persons for carrying on a business; a commer-
cial house ; a concern ; also, the name or title
under which associated parties transact busi-
ness : as, the firm of Hope & Co. The name of one
only of the partners may be taken as the firm-name : as. the
firm of Thomas Jones. If, however, only one person is in-
terestedinthebusiness, there isnopartnershiporfirm, even
though he should use a fictitious addition to make the
concern seem one. Present statutes in several jurisdic-
tions forbid the use of firm-names where there is no firm,
saving, however, the right, under proper restrictions, of
foreign houses, and of continued use of an established
name notwithstanding dissolution of the firm it originally
represented.
Round these halls a thousand baby loves
Fly twanging headless arrows at the hearts. . . .
With me, Sir, enter'd in the bigger boy.
The Head of all the golden-shafted _^nn,
The long-limb'd lad that had a Psyche too.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Snch a steel could now be produced, and his ^r»i were
prepared to make it. The Enrji-neer, LXV. 629.
firmament (f6r'ma-ment), n. [< ME. firmament
(also translated /(75^hWi, q. v.) = D. G. Dan,
Sw. firmament, < OF. firmament, F. firmament
= Pr, fermamen = Sp. Vg. firmamento = It, fer-
mamentOf < L. firmamentnm, a strengthening,
support, prop, in LL. (Vulgate) the firmament
(tr. Gr. trrepiafia, Heb. rakia : see note to def . 2),
firmament
Kfirmare, make strong, strengthen : see^rw, r.]
if. Foundation; support; basis.
The law is the law of sin, . . . custom is the sanction
or Ihe jirmamtni of the law.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. "26.
2. The sky or heavens ; the vault of heaven,
viewed as something solid and abiding; the
region of the air. (The Hebrew word rakia, which is
Bo rendered in Scripture, conveys chiefly the idea of ex-
pansion, although that of solidity is also su>;ge8ted, injis-
much as the root sisniftcation of the word is * that which
is expanded by tjtatinj; out.' The English firmametU is
adopted fntm the L&imjirmanientum, which is the equiv-
alent of the Greek crrepcw^a « (TTtpeo?, firm, solid), by wliich
the writers of the Septuagint rendered rakia. Some old
astronomers identified the firmament with the orb of the
fixed stars ; but the word never had any settled and exact
meaning in astronomy.]
For theise 2 ben the grettest Lordes undir the Firma-
ment. Mandeviite, Travels, p. 272.
And Qod said. Let there be ajirmament in the midst of
the wat«r«, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
And God made the firmament and divided the waters
which were under the firmament from the waters which
were above tiwjirniament. Gen. L 6, 7.
On flaky wings it mounts, and quick as Sight
Cuts thro" the yielding .Air, with Rays of Light ;
'Till the blue Firmauunt at last it gains.
Conffreve^ Death of Queen Mary.
8. A piece of jewelry, as a star or the like,
meant to be worn in a head-dress, such as the
commode or tower of the seventeenth century.
finnamental (f6r-ma-men'tal), a. [< firmu-
nunt + -a/.] Pertaining to the firmament;
celestial ; being of the upper regions.
An hoUow crystal pyramid he takes.
In finnamental waters dipt above.
Dryden, Aunus Mirabilis, 1. 1122.
firman (ffer'man or f6r-man'), n. [Also written
firmuuH,phirman,i>hirmauH,Jirman(l, etc., TepT.
Turk, fermdn = Ar. Hind, furmdn , < Pers. far-
man, a mandate, order, command, patent, =
Skt. pramdna, a measure, scale, authority, de-
cision, < pra- (= Pers. /or- = Gr. npo-, etc.) +
^ md, measure, + -ana.'] A decree or edict of
an Oriental sovereign, as of Turkey, issued for
various special purposes, as to provide protec-
tion and assistance for a traveler, or to sanc-
tion an enterprise and prescribe its conditions;
a passport; a permit; a license; a grant.
The firman for importing rice and coffee from .£g7pt is
In the hands of some merchants here (at Baias].
i'ocorilri-, Description of the East, II. L 175.
After sitting down alK>ut two minutes, I again got up,
and stood in the middle of the mom before him, aajring,
1 am bearer of a hat^herriffe, or royal mandate, to you,
Uahomet Aga ! and took the firman out of my bosom, and
presented It to him. Bruee, Source of the Nile, 1. 162.
The difference between a Firman and a Hatti Sherif is
that, though both are edicts of the Turkish government,
the funner Is signed by ant Minister, whereas the latter
is approved by the Sultan niniself, with his special mark,
and is therefore supposed to be lrrerocal>le. The distinc-
tion is as real as between a love-letter and a marriage set-
tlement. Blackwood'i Mag.
The Saltan granted u firman . . . allowing the menilien
of each sect to put to death any person belonging to the
other sect who should be found inside of their clmrclics
or synagogues. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 80.
flrmaryit (f6r'ma-ri), n. [< VHj. firmare, sign,
confirm.] The right of a tenant to bis lands
and tenements.
flrmary'-^t (ffer'ma-ri), ». Same as fermery, ulti-
mately infirmary.
Inflrmarium, or the Firmorit (the Cnratonr whereof
InftrmariusX wherein persons downright sick (trouble to
others, and troabled by others, if hxlgiiig in the donni-
torie) had the benefit of pbysick, and att<'ndance private
to themselves. Fuller, Ch. IIUL, VI. 286.
armationt(ftr-ma'shon),n. [< ML.^r»iatfo(ii-),
confirmation, assurance, etc., taken in its lit.
sense, < h.frmarc, strengthen, make fast : see
firm, F.] A fixing or steadying.
It is also true that roan onely sitteth, if we define sitting
to be ttfirtnaiivn of the body upon the Ischlaa.
Sir T. Browne, Vnlg. Err., iv. 1.
flrme, a. It. An obsolete spelling of ./!nn. — 2.
In her., reaching and fixed to the edge of the es-
cutcheon : applied especially to a bearing such
as a cross, which is usually borne free in the
middle of the field : as, a cross patt^^rme (which
is also blazoned a cross pattS entire, or a cross
patti'" throughout). A\»o fixed.
firmer-chisel (f6r'm6r-chiz'el), n. A carpen-
ters' chisel with a blade thin in proportion to its
width. The blade is fixed to the handle by a Ung. as
distininished from that of the framing-chisel, in which
thtf Imiitlle is receivwl In a socket.
firm-footed (fferra'fM'ed),o. InrooY., soliped,
or Holiiliingulate, as the horse. See soliped.
firm-hoofed (f^rm'hSft), a. 8&me&8 firm-footed.
firmistemal (f6r-mi-st*r'nal), a. [As Pirmi-
slernin, q. v., -t- -aW] In ;o67., having a com-
pleted scapular arch, as a frog ; pertaining to
2233
the Firmisternia : a.s, a, firmisternal batrachian.
Cones. Also firm isternial, firmisternous.
Firmisternia (fer-mi-ster'ni-a), w. pi. [NL., <
L. firmus, strong, + NL. sternum, q. v.] A sub-
order or superfamily of phaneroglossate anu-
rous batrachians, containing frogs which have
the coracoids firmly united by a simple epicora-
coid cartilage. The precoracoids, if present, rest with
their distal ends upon the coracoids, or are connected
with the latter by the epicoracoid cartilage. The best-
known families are DejidroOalidce, Phryni^cidce, Enijysto-
midee, Brecieepitidce, Dygcophidee, and Ranidte. Con-
trasted with Arcijera. See cuts under Anura and (hno-
sternum.
firmistemial (f f r-mi-st6r'ni-al), a. and n. I. a.
HSime as firtnistemal. Gill.
II. II. One oi the Firmisternia. Gill.
firmistemous (fer-mi-ster'nus), a. Same as fir-
mi.ftirnal: as, the firmisternous type of struc-
ture. Cope.
firmitndet (f6r'mi-tud), n. [< li.firmitudo, < fir-
mus, trtn: see ^n», a.] Firmness; strength;
solidity.
Thy covenant implies no less than firmiiiule and perpe-
tuity. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iv. 2.
In most delicious drops did fall
Down to the floor heartmelting Tears, and yield
A pearly pavement, which the ground's cool kiss
Into chaste Finnitude did crystallize.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ill. 42.
flrmityt (f6r'mi-ti), n. [< OF. fermete, F. fer-
mete = It. fermita, validity, < L. firmita(t-)s, <
^r»i««, firm.] Firmness; strength.
The siiuare is of all other accompted the figure of most
solliditie and stedfastnesse, and for his owue staye and
firmitie requireth none other base then himselfe.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. S3.
The strength and firmity of my assent must rise and
fall together with the apparent credibility of the object.
ChUlinffworth, Religion of Protestants, i. 6.
firmlessf (f^rm'les), a. [< firm + -less.'] Wa-
vering; shifting; unsteady.
Past the Red-Sea, heer vp anti down we float,
Oufinn'lejts sands of this vast Desart heer.
Sylvetter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, iL, The Lawe.
Does passion still the JfnniMff mind control? Pope.
firmly (fSrm'li), adv. In a firm manner; sol-
idly; compactly; strongly; steadily; with con-
stancy or fixedness ; steadfastly ; resolutely ;
immovably: as, particles of matter firmly co-
hering j he /rmitf believes in fatalism; his reso-
lution w firmly fixed.
And so Incessantly contynued all that nyghte. In so
rooche where we had out .ij. ancres thev helde qpt/efin^-
ly, bnt rasyd and draggyd by vyolence or that outrageous
storme. Sir B. Guyl/orde, Pylgrymage, p. 64.
His breastplate first, that was of substance pure.
Before his noble heart Iw firmely bound.
Spen$er, MulopotmoB, L fi7.
I falter where I firmly trod.
Tennyton, In Memorlam, Iv.
While he entertained us with the most lavish generos-
ity, he firmly, though courteously, refused the half dozen
pieces of silver which I offered him.
O'Donovan, Merv, xvilL
firm-name (f6rm'nam), n. The name or title
of a firm in business.
firmness (ferm'nes), n. [< firm -f -ness."] 1.
The state or quality of being firm; compact-
ness ; hardness ; solidity ; stability ; strength ;
steadiastness ; resoluteness; constancy; fixed-
ness; certainty: as, the ^nwnew of jelly ;/rm-
ness of flesh ; firmness of union ; the firmness
of a purpose ; the firmness of a judge.
And In the steddy resting of the ground
Your noble .^nn}i«Me to your friend is found ;
For you are still the same, and where you love,
Ho absence can your constant mind remove.
Beaumont, To the Prince.
A weak mind would have sunk under such a load of un-
popularity [as Fox had]. But that resolute spirit seemed
to derive new firmneu from the public hatred.
Maeautaj/, Lord Holland.
2. In phren., an organ situated toward the back
part of the head, between self-esteem and ven-
eration. Its function is said to be to produce
determination, constancy, and perseverance.
= 83m. 1. Firmnea, Conatancy, Failhfulne$$, Fidelity.
Firmneee is a matter of the will, preventing one from
yielding ; eontlaney at the heart, holding one steadfast.
Firmnem is opposed to weaknei$ or pliancy; eomtaney to
fieUenen. /'aitAAi'n«Mlsamatterof the heart; itiagener-
ally a warmer sort ot fidelity, with the element of principle
sometimes less prominent Fidelity is a matter of personal
principle ; the word more often than the others applies to
definite action. We speak of the firmnea of a teacher in
maintaining order, the eonttaney of a lover, the fidelity
of a bank cashier, the /aitlifulnei$ ot a mother. We may
speak of the fidelity ot a dog only as he meets trusts re-
posed In him, or Is considered as having the power to ap-
ply principle to action as a moral being. See decition and
aesiduity.
She now took her place among her pupils with an air of
spirit and ftrmneei which assured them at once that she
meant to be obeyed, and ol>eyed she was,
Charlotte Bronte, The Professor, iviii.
first
Without constajKy there is neither love, friendship, nor
virtue in the world. Addison.
Faithfulness can feed on suffering.
And knows no disappointment.
Georye Eliot, Spanisii Gypsy, i.
No man can mortgage his injustice as a pawn for his
fidelity. Burke, Kev. in France.
fim (fim or fern), n. [G. dial. (Swiss), aXsofirne,
a glacier, accumulated snow, lit. last year's
snow ; < G. fim, a., last year's, of the last year, <
OHG. firiii, old, ancient: see fern^.'\ A name
given to snow accumulated in the highest parts
of mountain ranges on which glaciers occur,
while such snow is in a granular condition, and
before, in its downward movement, it has been
fully consolidated into ice. Such snow is called by
the French n^v^. Both words are in common use among
writers on Alpine geology and mountaineering generally.
The imperfectly consolidated substance, partly snow
and partly ice, is known in Switzerland as nev6 or/m.
Huxley, Physiography, p. 155.
Firola (fir'o-la), n. [NL.] The typical genus
of heteropods of the family J^('roKd<E, having no
shell, no tentacles in either sex, and a pinnate
tail: s&vae as Pterotraehea. Brvguih^e, 1792.
Firolidae (fi-rol'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Firola +
-Kfof.] A family of nucleobranchiate gastro-
pods, or Heteropoda : same as Pierotracheida;.
Firoloides (fir-o-loi'dez), «. [NL., < Firola -1-
-oides.'\ A genus of pteropods, so called from
its relation to Firola, but distinguished by the
simple tail-fin and the presence of tentacles in
the male.
firoza (fi-ro'za), n. [E. Ind. T] The turquoise-
blue of Indian ceramic ware, put on with the
enamel.
fir-jparrot (f fer'par'ot), n. A name of the cross-
bill, Loxia curvirosira.
Arret, adv. See/ari.
flrrent (fSr'en), a. [< fir + -en2.] Made of fir.
It ne shal no thing ben betwene
ThI hour and min, also y wene,
But a fayr/irre»i« wowe (wall). Havelok, 1. 2076.
firry (ffer'i), a. [< fir + -yi-.'i Of or pertaining
to firs; formed of fir; abounding in firs.
Mine too, Blakesmoor — whose else? — thy fiiry wilder-
ness, the haunt of the squirrel, and the daylong murmur-
ing wood-pigeon. Lamb, Ella, p. 26S.
first, firset, n. See furze.
first! (first), a. and n. [< ME. first, ferst, fiirst,
fyrst, firste, etc., < AS. fijrst (rare, the usual
su{ierl. being forma, with different suffix: see
former^) = OFries. ferost, ferest, ferst, NFries.
foarste, first, =OS. /i/mfo, the firstorchief (per-
son), = D. voorste, foremost, vorst, prince, =
MLG. vorste, turste, prince, = OHG./wm<, first,
as noun furisto, MHG. viirste, G. fiirst, chief,
prince, = Icel. fyrstr = Sw. forsia = Dan.
forste, first (as a noim, Sw. furste = Daa^yrste,
prince) ; cf. D&n. forrest, foremost ; < AS., etc.,
fore, fore, before, + superl. -st, -est. Cf. L.
primus (= AS. for-ma, E. for-mer), first, Gr.
Trpurof, Skt. prathama, first, from the same ult.
source, with different sufiixes.] I. a. Being
before all others ; being the initial imit or ag-
gregate in order of occurrence or arrangement
as to time, place, or rank : the ordinal of one.
(a) Foremost in time; preceding all others of the kind in
order of time : as, Adam was tha first man ; I was the first .
guest to arrive.
Tho adam our uerste fader the sunne hadde Ido
Aud idriue was out of parais and eue is wif also.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 18.
I had from my first yeeres, by tlie ceaselesse diligence
and care of my father, whom God recompence, bin exer-
cls'd to the tongues, and some sciences.
Milton, Church-Government, PreL, 11.
Both [orations] are hopeful, but the second Is more san-
guine than the^frirf. 0. W. Holmes, Emerson, x,
(ft) Foremost in place ; before all others from the point of
view or consideration : as, the first man in a rank or line.
At this Jaffe begynnyth the holy londe, and to every
pylgryme at the ffyrst foote that he set on the londe ther
ys grauntyd plenary remission.
Torkini/ton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 23.
The/!r»t beast was like a lion. Rev. iv. 7.
(c) Foremost In importance or estimation; before or su-
perior to all others in character, quality, or degree : as,
Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece ; the part of
first villain in a play; wheat of the fir jft grade; specifi-
cally, in music, highest or chief among several voices or
instruments of the same class ; as, first alto ; first horn.
The first and principal person in the temple was Irene,
or Peace ; she was placed aloft in a cant.
B. Jonson, King James's Coronation Entertainment.
Established Freedom clap'd her joyful Wings ;
Proclaim'd the.;fr#( of Men, and best of Kings.
Prior, Carmen Secnlare, st. 15.
Bunyan is indeed as decidedly the firKi of allegorists, as
Demosthenes Sb the first ot orators. orSlmkspeare the first
ot dramatists. Mncaulay, Hist. Eng., vU.
Who [Washington] was already ./ir«f in war — who was
already first in the hearts of his countrymen, and who was
first
nov abown also, by the unanimouB suffnge of the country,
to hejirst in peace.
D. VtMer, Speech, New York, March 10, 1831.
First ajrent. See a<;fiif.— First baiting, the supply of
bait first taken on board a fishing-vessel bound for the
Banks. (Local, l'. S.] — First base, in base-ball, the first
of the bases from the home-plate, or the player stationed
at that l>ase. See 6<wf-, 20, and base-ball. — First cause,
a cause which does not depend upon any other.
So Adam is the Jirst cause of men in his species, because
Itegotteu of no other man as the rest were.
Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman, I. xvii. 29.
First cbop. See chop*, 2.— First controller. See con-
IrolUr, 2.— First cousin. See cmtsinl, 2.— First-day,
the first day of the week — that is, Sunday ; the name pre-
ferred by the Society of t'riends to designate Sunday.
The First-day after, I was moved to go to Aldenhani
ateeple-house. FoXy Journal, I. 147.
Come, sit thee down ! Here is the bench where Benjamin
would sit
On First-day afternoons in spring, and watch the swallows
flit. B. Taylor, The Quaker Widow.
First difference. See di./f«rence.— First digit, the in-
nennost digit of a pentadactyl limb ; in man, the thumb
or the great toe. — First energy. See energy, 4.— First
ens. See cH». — First extreme. See extreme, n., 4. —
First figure of syllogism. See figure, 9.— First floor.
See Aoor. — First good, in ethics, that which is desirable
for itself; the ultunate end. — Hrst hand, the mate of
a fishing-smack. [Florida, 0. S.]— First IntegraL See
integral- — Y\lSt intention, notion. f>ee tlic nouns. —
First inversion. Iron, mate, matter, meridian, mo-
tor, pberecratic, pMlosophy, position, principle,
etc. See the nouns. — First set, in whalinig, the first
thrust of the lance : as, the whale died at the first set.
Also called jifr«( taJK'e.— First subject or object of a
science, the general class of things to which the science
relates. — Fljret substance, in vietapk., an individual
thing. — The first, even one; a single. [Colloq., U. S.]
I am not aware of having committed the first act which
should bring upon me the displeasure of the house.
W. A. Gilbert, Speech in House of Rep., Feb. 27, 1867.
= S3nL (a) Primary, primordial, original, primitive, pris-
tine, earliest. See comparison under primary, (c) Highest,
chief, principal, capital, foremost, leatling.
H. n. 1. That which is first ; the beginning,
or that which makes or constitutes a beginning.
I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the
first and the last. Rev. xxii. 13.
2. lanumc: (a) The voice or instrument that
takes the highest or chief part in its class, espe-
cially in an orchestra or chorus ; a leader of a
part or group of performers, (b) The interval
and concord of the unison or prime. See uni-
son and prime. — 3. Same as first base (which
see, above). — 4. The highest rank in an exam-
ination for honors : as, he got a first in math-
ematics. See double-first. [Eng. university
term.]— At first, at the first. («) At the beginning or
origin. (6t) Immediately. Davies.
He bids them put the matter in adventure and then but
whistle for an angel, and they will come at first.
Bp. Andrews, Sermons, V. 523.
First of exchange. See exchange.— Trom the first,
from the beginning or origin.
Ferdinand and Isabella manifested from the first an
eager and enlightened curiosity in reference to their new
acquisitions. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 9.
firsti (f^rst), adv. [< ME. first, ferst,furst, fyrst,
< AS. fyrst (rare) = Icel. fyrst = Sw. Dan. forst,
adv.; from the adj.] 1. Before all others in
place or progression, rank, order of time, etc.
Thanne un to Mounte Joye ; and from thenne, Pylgrymes
mowen/i/r«fe se un to Jerusalem.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 126.
Adam was first formed, then Eve. 1 Tim. ii. 13.
The two senses to which all objects ^rfi( address them-
selves are the sight and the touch.
Stci/t, Tale of a Tub, i.v.
Hence — 2. Sooner; before doing or suffering
(that is, so as not to do or suffer) some act or
result : as, I will not do it, I will die first.
My noble childe, thou shalt not fall in virtue ;
1 and my power will sink first.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ii. 4.
Die?
Hell bribe a jailer or break prison first !
Brovming, Ring and Book, II. 177.
First and last, altogether.
I mentioned an Account I intended to give of the Bay of
Campeachy, where I \\\eA first and last about 3 Years.
Dampier, Voyages, II. ii. 2.
First or last, at one time or another ; at the beginning
or end.
And all are fools and lovers first or last. Dryden.
Head first. See head.
flrst^t, n. [ME., also furst, fyrst ; < AS. fyrst,
time: see /mi.] Time; time granted; respite:
same as frist.
Ak hei crieth him mere! so suithe.
That he gaf hem furst of here line.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 112.
flrst-begotf , first-begotten (f erst ' be - got ",
^ofn), a. First produced; eldest among chil-
dren.
When he bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, he
saith. And let all the angels of God worship him. Heb. L 6.
2234
first-born (f^rst'bom), a. and n. I. a. 1. First
brought forth ; first in the order of birth ; eld-
est: as, the first-born son. Hence — 2. Most
excellent ; most distinguished or exalted.
II. )i. The first-bom child; hence, the first
result or product.
I will make him vay firstborn, higher tlian the kings of
the earth. Ps. Ixxxix. 27.
Where pale-fac'd murder, the first-born of pride.
Sets up her kingdom in the very smiles
And plighted faiths of men like crocodiles.
Quarles, Emblems, v. 7.
first-class (ferst'klas), a. 1. Of the highest
class with respect to some quality or mark, es-
pecially with respect to excellence; first-rate.
[CoUoq.]
Her father was a — what yon would call & first-class busi-
ness man. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 240.
Specifically — 2. Best equipped and most ex-
pensive : noting the first grade of conveyances
for travel: as, he traveled first-class; a first-
elass coach or carriage. — 3. Of the first class
in any order of numeration, as from the lowest
to the highest : as, a first-class clerk (one re-
ceiving the lowest salary). [U. S.]— First-clasa
matter, in.the postal system of the United States, matter
which is in writing, or sealed against inspection.
first-foot (fferst'fut), n. In Scotland, the person
who first enters a dwelling-house after the com-
ing in of the year ; also, the first person or ob-
ject met on setting out on any important jour-
ney or undertaking.
Great attention is paid to the first-foot : that is, the [first]
person who happens to meet them [the marriage com-
pany] ; and if such person does not vohnitarily offer to
go back with them, he is generally compelled to do so. A
man on horseback is reckoned very lucky, and a bare-footed
woman almost as bad as a witch. Edinburgh Mag.
first-finiit(f6rst'frot'), ». and a. I. n. [Usual-
ly in the plural.] 1. The earliest productions
of the soil; the first gatherings of a season's
produce. Of these the Jews made an offering
to God, as an acknowledgment of his sovereign
dominion.
The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine
oil, and the first of the fieece of thy sheep, shalt thou give
him. Deut. xviii. 4.
2. The first profits of anything; in feudal and
eceles. law, the first year's profit of a tenant of
real property. The first-fruits of a benefice were pay-
able in the Church of Rome to the pope, in the Church of
England formerly to the crown, but since the time of
Queen Anne, when paid at all, to a benevolent fund. See
Qiteen Anne's bounty, under bounty.
I had a commission to solicit, in conjunction with two
bishops who were then in London, the first-fruits and
tenth to the clergy. Swift, Change in Queen's Ministry.
The right to i\i& first-fruits of l)ishoprics and other pro-
motions was apparently first claimed in England by Alex-
ander IV. in 1256. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 395.
3. The first portion, products, effects, or results
of anything.
See, Father, what first-fruits on earth are sprung
From thy implanted grace in man !
Milton, P. L., xi. 22.
We give you welcome : not without redound
Of use and glory to yourselves ye come.
The first-fruits of the stranger.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Il.t a. Original; earliest. Congreve.
first-hand (ferst'hand'), n. The firstor highest
source, without the intervention of agents or
media of any kind: generally with at, or, with-
out a preposition, in adverbial use : as, infor-
mation secured at first-hand from the person
interested ; goods obtained first-hand from the
manufacturer.
Case 238, though our first knowledge of it was due to a
published account, would have been at once procured at
firsthand from the percipient, had we been at work in 1876.
Amer. Soc. Psych. Research, I. 159.
first-hand (ferst'hand), a. [< first-hand, re.]
Obtained direct from the first source ; obtained
from the producer, maker, etc., without the in-
tervention of agents or media.
One sphere there is . . . where the apprehension of Him
is first-hand and direct ; and that is the sphere of our mind.
J. Martineau.
firsthoodt (f&rst'hud), n. [< first + -hood; ME.
firsthed, < first + -hed, -head.] The state or
condition of priority.
So that in election Christ held the primacy, the first-
hood. Goodtcin, Works, I. vi.
firstling (f6rst'ling), n. and a. [(.first + -ling^.l
I. M. 1. The first produce or offspring: applied
to beasts.
A shepherd next.
More meek, came with the ^r«Win^s of his flock.
Choicest and best. Milton, P. L., xi. 437.
2t. The thing first thought or done.
The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand. Shak., Macbeth, iv, 1,
fiscal
I have given ye two or three notes of him out of his Ti-
tle page ; by which his firstlings feare not to guesse boldly
at his whole lumpe, for that guesse will not faile ye.
Milton, Apology for SraectymnuuB.
II, a. First produced.
All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy
flock thou shalt sanctify unto the Lord thy God.
Deut. XV. 19.
firstly (ferst'li), adv. First ; ia the first place ;
before anything else.
Christ shed his blood, by 's wound to save ns.
And salve the wound th' old serpent firstly gave us.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
First (for I detest your ridiculous and most pedantic
neologism oi firstly) — first the shilling for which I have
given a receipt ; secondly two skeins of suitable thread.
De Quincey, Spanish Nun, § 5.
flrstness (fferst'nes), n. The quality or state of
being first. [Eare.]
When I give (as he acknowledges) a firstness of prece-
dency and presidency to the Pope, be tells me he is con-
fident I know not how much more is allowed him by the
universal consent of all Catholicks, as of divine institution,
whatever I may have read in particular authors.
Hammond, Works, II. 163.
first-rate (ferst'rat), a. and n. I, a. Of the
first class or rate ; especially, of the highest ex-
cellence ; preeminent in quality or estimation.
Think not these Instructions are design'd
For first-rate Beauties of the flnish'd kind.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
We have sl first-rate musician in the house now — Herr
Klesmer. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, v.
Entirely y(r8(-ra(e work is so quiet and natural that there
can be no dispute over it ; you may not particularly ad-
mire it, but you will find no fault with it.
Ruskin, Lectures on Art, § 129.
n. n. Something rated among the first or
in the first class ; specifically, a war-ship of the
first or most powerful rating or class.
firthlf (f 6rth), n. [< ME. firth, fyrth, transposed
form of frith, a park, wood, etc. : see frith^, n.]
A wood or park : same as frith^, 2.
We have foundene in gone firthe, floreschede with leves.
The flour of the faireste folke that to thi foo langez.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), I. 1708.
firth2 (fSrth), n. Seefrith^.
fir-tree (ffer'tre), n. and a. [< ME. firtre, fyrr-
tree, fyrretre (= Dan. fyrretrce); <. fir + tree.']
I. n. The tree called fir.
II. a. Inhabiting or frequenting firs Fir-tree
parrots, a name of the crossbills, fringilline birds of the
genus Loxia.
fir--W00d (ffer'wud), n. [Cf. AS. gloss "/uWt-
wudu, pinus"; = Dan. fyrreved, fir-wood: see
fir.] The wood of the fir-tree.
flr-'WOOl (ffer'wul), n. A fibrous substance pre-
pared from the leaves of various species of the
genera Pinus and Abies Fir- wool extract, an ex-
tract from the leaves of varioms species of Pinvs and Abies.
-Fir-wool oil, a volatile oil distilled from the leaves of
various species of Pinus and Abies.
firyt (fir'i), a. -An obsolete spelling of fiery.
firzef, ». See/«r^e.
fisc (fisk), n. [< F. fisc = Pr. fisc, fisco = Sp.
Pg. It. fisco, < L. fiscus, a basket of rushes, a
money-bag, the public chest, the state trea-
sury. ] A treasury, particularly that of a prince
or a state.
The streams were perennial which fed his fisc.
Lamb, Two i^ces of Men.
It had been decided to forbid the Prince bread, water,
flre, and shelter ; to give his wealth to the fisc, his heart
to the assassin. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 494.
Its [the United States government's] proper business as
a fisc is to receive the people's revenue from taxes in good
money which it has coined for them.
Report of Sec. of Treasury, 1886, I. xxxvi.
fiscal (fis'kal), o. and n. [= D. fiskaal = Dan.
Sw. fiskal, k F. fiscal = Pr. Sp. Pg. fiscal = It.
fiscale, < LL. fiscalis, of or' belonging to the
state treasury, < fiscus, the state treasury : see
fisc] I. o. 1. Of or pertaining to the public
treasury or revenue ; relating to or concerned
with the collection and expenditure of taxes
and customs ; pertaining to the financial oper-
ations of a government.
Whatever amount is taken from the community in the
form of taxes, if not lost, goes to them in the shape of ex-
penditures or disbursements. T'he two — disbursement
and taxation — constitute the fiscal action of the govern-
ment. Calhoun, Works, I- 19.
In the taxes imposed by the Parliamentary ordinances
we find the germs of our subsequent ^scai system.
S. Dmcell, Taxes in England, II. 4.
Hence — 2. Of or pertaining to financial mat-
ters in general : as, a fiscal agent — Fiscal lands,
among the Franks, lands set apart to form a fund which
might support the dignity of the king, and supply him with
the means of rewarding merit and encouraging valor.
These, under the name of benefices, were granted to fa-
vored subjects, upon the condition that the grantees should
render to the king personal service in the field. — Fiscal
year, the financial year of the treasury of a government ;
hence, the period at the end of which the accounts of any
fiscal
public office or treasury, or of any busiuess enterprise or
una, etc., are made up, and the books balanced.
During the ^jfcai j/cwr ending June 30, 18i^, the total ex-
pense o( the Diplomatic and Consular service was nomi-
nally $1,288,355.28, £. Schujiter, Ainer. Diplomacy, p. 17.
U. «. If. Revenue; the income of a sover-
eign or state.
War cannot be long maintained by the ordinary fiscal
and receipt. Baciyn.
2. In some countries, a treasurer or minister
of finance. — 3. In Spain and Portugal, the
king's solicitor or attorney-general.
The /ileal is of an active, enterprising genius.
H, Stcinbume, Travels through Spain, xlii.
4. A public prosecutor, in Scotland he is also called
proeurator-Jiacai. In tlie Dutch colonies in America the offi-
cer who acted as sherifT and put)lic prosecutor and carried
out the customs regulations of tlie Dutch West India Com-
pany was called aJiiKal, or *chout fiitcael (fiscal sheriff).
Our guardian-angel shall then \>efi)tcal and accuser, call-
ing for Divine justice against us.
Jer. Taylor, Worlds (cd. 1836), I. 369.
I dinna ken what's to be the upshot o' a' this, and I'm no
going to be cross-questioned before the Fiscal,
W. Black, In Far Lochaber, xx.
6. An African shrike, as Lanius or Fiscus col-
htris.
fischerite (fish'fer-it), n. [< Fischer + -if«2.] A
hydrous phosphate of aluminium occurring in
small prismatic crystals of a green color : found
at Nijni TagUsk in thp Ural.
fiscns (fis'kus), n. [L. : see^tsc] 1. A fisc.
He that wishes the JUeus empty, and that all the reve-
nues of the crown were in his counting-house, cannot be
punished by the laws.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 677.
2. [cap.'] [NL.] The genus which contains the
fiscals. Bonaparte, 1853. See Jiseal, n., 5.
flseH (fis), n. [< ME. Jise, fyse; = Sw. Dan.^/
from the verb represented by Icel. fisa, break
wind: see^^^.] A breaking wind.
flse^ (fis), n. [Also written fice,fyce, phyce (the
origin beiugforgotten); abbr.of jfw-doj/.] Same
as fine-dog.
flse^dog (fis'dog), w. [Also written fiee-dog; <
/*«! (01 fisfi reduced to fise before the follow-
ing d) + dog. Cf. fisting-hound, of the same
sense.] A small spaniel or other pet dog.
flseget, n. An obsolete form of visage.
flsetin (fi-se'tin), n. In chem., a yellow crys-
talline coloring matter to which the formula
^19^10*^6 1^*8 been given, obtained fr<tm the
Rhus eotinus, or Hungarian fustic.
flstdg, n; SeefizgigK
flsni (fish), n. ; pi. lishes (fish'ez). (The singu-
lar form is generally used for the plural in a
collective sense.) [< iiE.fischjJisshffisSjfise, <
AS. fise (pL fiscas, sometimes transposed/ixew)
= 08.^* = OPrie8.^Jfc = D. visch = OHG.^Sac.
MHO. visek, Or.fisch = lce\. fiskr = Sw. Dan.^ifc
=: Goth, fisks = W. pysg = Ir. and Gael, iasg,
Olr. iase (with reg. apheresis of p) = L. piscis
Olt^pesee = 8p. pez = Pg. peixe = Pr. pese
s OF.peis, also (,dini.)peisson,^oisson, F. pois-
son), fish.] 1 . A vertebrate which has gills and
fins adapting it for living in the water, in thl*
•enae the worahai been and is still huxelj aMd ai the
equiralent of the former extensive class Piseet, inclading
the leptocardians, myzonta, and seUchiau, as wall aa true
Pitea. But the difference* between theae aereral types
of structure are so great that the leplocardiana and my-
lonta have been each contrasted with all remaining verte-
brates.
"Trewlle." quath the frere, " a fol y the bolde !
Thou woldeat not weten thy fote ft woldest jicA kacchen."
Pien Plowman t Credc (K. E. T. 8.X 1. 405.
3d Pish. Master, I marvel how the Mut live in the lea.
Ut Pith. Why, as men do aland ; tne great odc* eat up
the little one*. Shak., Fericlea, iL 1.
The JM was adopted by the early Church as its sacred
symbol heeauie the Greek word for JIth, which contains
the initial letters of the name and title* of Christ, contains
also the initial letter* of *ome prophetic Uoea ascribed to
the .Sibyl of Erythra. I>ee^, Enrop. Morals, I. 400.
2. In zoiil. : (a) Any branchiferous vertebrate
with a complete cranium and a lyriform shoul-
der-girdle. In this sense, the leptocardians and myzonta
are excladed, but the selachians are included with true
Pitc- (b) A branchiferous or teU'ostomous ver-
tebrate with dermal plates or membrane-bones
superadded to the primordial cranium and
shonlder-girdle, and with the branchisB free
outwardly. The sturgeons as well as all the
osseous fishes are included in the group thus
defined. — 3. In popular language, any animal
that lives entirely in the water; a swimming
aa distinguished from a fljnng or walking ani-
mal, including cetaceous mammals, batrachi-
ans, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms, aa
well as fishes proper: commonly distinguished
b^ some specifying word, as h\ackfish, shell-
fish, 8tar;i«A. Siee these and other compounds.
2235
Skeleton of Fish (Perch).
a, intennaxillaries ; i, nasal region ; c, dentary bone of mandible ;
(/, orbit of eye ; e, supraoccipital crest : y, preoperculum : £^,^, verte-
bral column; A, pectoral nn; i, ventraj fin; i, first dorsal fin; /,
second dorsal fin ; f», anal fin ; M, n, caudal fin, making a homocer-
cal tail.
And God said. Let tis maice man in our image, after our
likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fi^h of the
sea, and over the fowl of the air. Gen. i. 26.
4. The meat of a fish or of fishes used as food.
[In this sense there is no plural.]
Jesus . . . taketh bread, and giveth them, and fish like-
wise. John xxi. 13.
Either at flesh or Jish,
A table full of welcome makes scarce one dainty dish.
Shak., C. of E., iii. 1.
6. The codfish : so called specifically bjr Cape
Cod and Cape Ann fishermen, in distinction
from fish of other kinds, as mackerel, herring,
etc. [U. S.] — 6. The zodiacal sign Pisces.
Now dauncen lusty Venus children dere,
For in the fish her [their] lady sat ful hye.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 265.
7. 2faut. : (a) A purchase used to raise the
flukes of an anchor up to the bill-board. Also
called a fish-tackle, (o) A long piece of timber
or iron used to strengthen a mast or a yard
when sprung. — 8. In joinery, etc., a piece se-
cured alongside of another to strengthen or
stiflfen it — a big deck offish, a large fare or catch of
fish. [Prince Kil\Mird island.]- A cool, a strange, an
odd, or a queer flah, a wliimsical, mid, or eccentric per-
son. [Collo<i.l — Aloosefish.a person of irregular habits.
[Coltoq.] — Angler's flsh. tl^li ttiat are angled for ; game-
fish, as salmon, trt>iit. l.iiiwj, pike, pickerel, etc. — A pretty
kettle of fish, see keltu. — Balt-flsh. (a) Fish used for
bait, aa tlie herring, alewife, capliii, sand-lance, smelt,
minnow, and other small fish. Squids, clams, etc., are also
included. f6) Fish that are or may t>e caught with bait.
— Bank fish, 0sbe* caught on the Banks uf Newfound-
land : distinguished from than fith.— Boneless fish, fish
— as cod, pollack, hake, orcusk — salted and sliced for the
market with bone* and skin* removt-d : a trade-term. ~
Bony fish, same as osseous .^A.— Bottom-flah, fi.ihes
which live and fee<l on tlie bottom, as h:ilil)Ut, tlounders,
etc.— Brackiah-water flah, fishes living at the con-
fluence of fresh and salt water.— Broken flail, in New-
foundland, the third finality of cured codfish, usually re-
servefl for home consumption. — Btmch-flah, small fishes
sold in bunches. They include white and yellow perch,
catfish, pickerel, sfn-kenf, st-vcral Bjiecies of Centrarchida,
etc. [IT. S. 1 — Cartilaginous flah, any fish whose skele-
ton Is entirely or partly cart ilugiiious, as the lampreys, sela-
chians, andsturgeons. Seecut uniler Acipens^-r. — ChXlst-
maa flsh. SecCAru(»i(U. — Cllt>-fl^ codfish salted and
dried in the same manner as tne Newfoundland shore-
cured cod. Also Ar/i'/^-njf/t.— Coarse flah, a commercial
name for all kin,is uf 'fi.'^hc.s except whitelish and trout.
I We*t«m U. .S. 1 — Cold-blooded flah, the true fish ; those
fishes that breathe tliruiigli gills under water, as distin-
guished frofo the n-iirm.hit>''iit'ii fifih,oT cetaceans. — Com-
missioner of Flah and Fisheries. See corn»iiMton^r. —
Cooked flah, meiiliadeu 8tc:iiiied in the process of extract-
ing the oil. — Deep-sea flah, fishes living at more or leas
great depths In tne sea : thus distinguished from Hhore
and pelagic fish. — Bmperor-flsh. See em/>eror. — Flah
and potesh-udtt, a mixture of fish-scrap with lierman
potaao-salts, used as a fertilizer, llie potash supplies that
quality of a complete fertilizer which is lacking in the fish.
— Fish Commlaston. see ci>m7»»Mioni. — Fiah day. See
JUh'day. — Flat-BOled flah, in ship-earj}., a fish of which
the faying surface Is made flat. Fitteham, Shiif-lttiilding,
Iv. 64.— Foul flah. 8e«/f>ufi.-^-Freah-water flah, fishes
living in fresh water. — Hard flah, prime or first-iinality
flah : distinguished from tqft fish, as the whitefish, nius-
calonge, and catfish. lOreat Lake*, U. S.]— Hld-water
flsh. fishe* which do not school at the surface nor fee<i on
thelxjttom, but usually swim aliout midway between the
Iwttom and the surface, as the weakfi.sli.— MucOUS flah,
the hags or niyxinoids. — Order Of the Fish, a fiecorution
founded by the Mogul emperors in India, and conferred
upon certain English statesmen in the early part of the
nineteenth centurj-. Tlte insignia are of the nature of stan-
dards liome befnre the person upon whom the order Is
conferred. — Oaseoua S«h (a) A teleost or teleostean fish ;
one of the TeUttMtfi. ih) l-'isli having a more or less ossified
skeleton: thus tlistin^nished from rarftfo/^irMms/sA. See
cut under AVke. Pelagic flah, a fish of the high sea or
open fxrean. — Rii>e flah, flsh atx>i)t to spawn or milt; a
spawner or milter ; a roe-fish. — Rough flah, any flah ex-
cept whitefish : a ctmmiercial name. [Western U. .S.] See
eofirse _/fjiA.— Rotmd flah, umiressefl flsh, as cod.— St.
George's flah, the common starfish, Asterias vulgaris.
.S'firn/>«on. -Sea-fiah. fishes living in the sea or In salt
water. — Shore flah. (a) Fish taken in-shore, as c<kI, [joI-
lack, hake, antl hiuldock. [Gloucester, Massachusetts,
U.S.] (b) In ichth., a flsh Inhabiting the sea near the
shore and In water of nifMlerate depth: thus contrasting
wlthff«e|>-sea./UA and jtelagif fish. — Soft flah. (a) A fisher-
men'sname for certain fisti, as the herring, menhaden, and
smelt. (6) The squid or cuttlefish. [Rhode Island, U. S.)
— Sow flsh, a female fish when noticeably larger than the
male. [U. S.] — Spent flsh, a flsh which has lately spawn-
fish
ed or milted.— Surface-fish, any flsh which habitually
swims ' ' high, " or near the surface of the water, often mak-
ing a ripple as it goes. Tlie nienhailen is an example.—
To be neither fish nor fiesh, or neither fish, flesh,
nor fowl, to be neithei' one tiling nor another ; be a non-
descript: sometimes contemptuously said of a waverer or
trimmer who belongs to no party or sect.
Damned neuters, in their middle way of steering.
Are neither fish, nor fiesh, nor good red-herring.
Dryden, Duke of Guise, Epil.
To have other fish to fry. to have other occupations or
other objects which require the attention. [Colloq.]
"I've got other things in hand. I've other — I've —
well, let us be vulgar," she cried, with a wild little laugh,
'^ I've got other fish to/ry."
Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xliv.
Trawl-fljsh, flsh which are or may be caught on trawls,
as the cod. [Gloucester, Massachusetts, L'. S.] — Wann-
blooded fi,^U any mammiferous marine animal, as a
cetacean. — White fish, a collective name for cod, had-
dock, hake, ling, x>ollack, sole, turbot, plaice, halibut, and
whiting. [Eng.J See also whitefish.
fish^ (fish), V. [< ME. fischerij fisshen, fisseuy
< AS. Jiscian = OS. jiskdn = OFries. fiskia =
D. visitchen = MLG. vischen = OHG. fiscon^
MHG. vischeHj G. fischen = Icel. fishja = Sw.
fiska = Dan. Jiske = Goth, fiskdiiy fish; = L.
jH50rtri, fish; from the noun.] I^intrans. 1. To
catch or attempt to catch fish; be employed in
taking fish by any means, as by angling or draw-
ing nets.
Vctet fisched for his fode and his felawe Andrewe ;
Some the! solde and some thei sothe [boiled], and so thei
lyued bothe. Piers Plowman (B), xv. 287.
He ys a fole afore the nette that/t/«*fte«.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 83.
A man mayyfsA with the worm that hath eat of a king.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 3.
2, To be arranged or adjusted so as to catch
fish ; be capable of catching fish : as, the net
or pound is fishing ; the net was set, but was
not fishing; the net fishes seven feet (that is,
seven feet deep) — To fish broad^ to fish beyond the
thn-e-mile limit, as a schooner — that is, beyond the limit
inside of which it is unlawful to fish according to the
treaty of 1818 between England and the United States.
See fishery.
But the majority [of mackerel-men] sailed past the Nova
Scotia coast, through the Gut of Canso, and spent the late
summer in the Bay of St. Lawrence, fishing broad.
N.A. Rev., CXLII. 222.
To flsh for, to attempt or seek to obtain by artifice, or in-
directly to seek todraw forth : as, to _/i*(h /or compliments.
— To flsh too big, t*) use an artiflcial fly too large for the
flsh inteniied to be taken with it.
Generally the chances are that the error made by fish-
ermen i^fithing too big. Quarterly Jiev., CXXVI. 349.
H. trans. 1. To catch by means of any of the
operations or processes of fishing: as, to fish
minnows or lobsters.
The actual proceeds of this year's pearl fishery in Cey-
lon were considerably greater than had been anticipated.
Seven millions of oysters were fished, instead of about
three millions.
A. G. F. Eliot James, Indian Industries, p. 227.
2. To attempt to catch fish in ; ti^" with any
apparatus for catching fish, as a rod or net.
Black Rocke was yereXy fished by three or foure hun-
dred saile of Spaniards, Portugals, and Biskiners.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 216.
Do hut Hsh this stream like an artist, and peradventure
a good flsn niay fall to your share.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 248.
3. To use in or for fishing : as, gill-nets are
fished; an oysterman ^Acs his boat. [Colloq.]
— 4. To catch or lay hold of, in water, mud, or
some analogous medium or position, as if by
fishing; draw out or up; get or secure in any
way with some diflftculty or search, as if by
angling. [Chiefly colloq.]
[A lawsuit] aa to whether the chapter can interfere at
all if the dean . . . thinks flt to order a new one, either
fished up from some ancient "use," or invented afresh.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 177.
One of the mares . . . managed to flounder into the
very center of a mud-hole, and we spent the better part
of a morning in fishing her out. The Century, XXX. 224.
6. To search by dragging, raking, or sweeping.
Some have fithed the very jakes for papers left there by
men of wit. Swift.
6. Naut. : (a) To strengthen, as a weak spar,
bv lashing one or more pieces of wood or iron
along the weak place.
When the ship arrived at Hampton Roads, the steam-
launch, which stowed inboard on the starboard side, was
hoisted out with the fished fore and the main yard, and
no signs of giving way could l>e detected.
Quoted in Luce's Seamanship, p. 501.
(6) To hoist the flukes of, as an anchor, up to
the bill-board.
The anchor [was] catted and fished.
W. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, lit
flsli
2236
flsh-fag
7. In joinery, to strengthen, as a piece of wood, fish-carver (fish'kiir''v6r), n. An implement,
Toy fastening another piece above or below it,
and sometimes both. — 8. In rail., to splice, as
rails, with a fish-joint — Fished beam, in joineri/, a
long beam composed of two shorter beams joined end to
end and tished — that is, secured by pieces of wood cover-
ing the joints on opposite sides and bolted to both l>eams.
usually of silver, resembling rather a large flat
spoon or a modified trowel than a knife, tised
for cutting and serving fish at table. Also
called lisli-slice, fish-knife, fish-trowel.
fish-chowder (fish'chou"dfer), n. A chowder
made of fish. The fish most esteemed for the
—To flsh out (n) Toexhanstof flsh by fishing ; over- mauc ui. "="■ mc ^jo" iu^^di, coucc.iic« ^^^ .-^v,
flsh: as. waters barren because .nsAe.i out. ((.) To obtain purpose are the cod, sea-bass, and blackhsh.
by careful search or study or by artifice ; elicit by pains flsh-Chum (fish'chum), 11. 1. Fish ground into
or stratagem : as, to Jigh out a meaning from an obscure
sentence, a secret from a person, or an admission from an
adverse witness.
You shall see, I h&vejiahed ottt a cunning piece of plot
now. B. Joiuon, Poetaster, iv. 2.
(c) To pull up or out from or as from some deep place,
as if by fishing : as, the boy fished out a top from tlio
depths of his pocket.— To flsh the anchor. See anchor^.
flsh2 (fish), ». [< F. fiche, a peg, pin, dibble, a
peg used in marking at eribbage, etc., a fish, <
^Aer, drive in, pinup, fix: see^te/iSand^c/iw.]
A counter used in various games.
flshable (fish'a-bl), a. {_<. fish}, v., + -able."]
is 2 or 3 feet, generally about 30 inches, from the nose to
the root of the tail, which measures from 14 to 20 inches
more. The color is black or blackish, generally darker
below tlian aliove, lightening by mixture of gray or Ijrown
on the upper fore parts and head, and tln-re is no light
tliroat-patch. The ears are low, wide, and semicircular,
and the physiognomy is characteristic in comparison with
other martens. The pelt is valuable. Also called black-
/ox.
3. pi. In or«i<ft., specifically, the Piscatores, Toti-
palmati, or Steganopodes. E.Bly th — Bottom-flsh-
er, one who uses a sinker and fishes at the bottom : said by
aitglers: opposed to fiy-fisher or sur/ace-finher.— TiBihefs
berry. Same asyis/idern/.— Fisher's seaL .Sameas/i«Aer-
jimn's ring (which see, under fixherinan).~YTiQ fisher.
See/re«.
fine particles and mixed with water to serve
the purpose of toll-bait; chum. — 2. Same as
fish-pomace.
fish-coop (fish'kop), n. A box about three feet
square used in fishing through ice. There is a fisher-boat (fish'fer-bot), m. [= D. t-isschers-
hole in its bottom, which is placed over a similar hole in ^ ' --. -. » > - - . ^ ^. ,_,.., j o
the ice. The flslierman crawls into the box, and, it being
quite dark inside, can see to the bottom of the water,
into which he lets down a decoy or lure by a string.
When flsli are attracted by the lure, he spears them. This
device is used on lakes in western New York.
fish-creel (fish'krel), n. A wicker basket used
by anglers in carrying fish; a fish-basket
Capable of beiig fished; fit for being fished in; Ash-crOW (fish'kro). « See cro«;2.
Wul to be fished in. flsh-CUltural (fish'kul'tur-al), a. l< fish-culture
-t- -aZ.] Pertaining to or interested m nsh-
culture; piscioultural. [Rare.]
lawful to be fished in
There was only a small piece of fishable water in En-
glebourn. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford, xlvii.
fish-back (fish'bak), n. Naut., a small rope
fastened to the hook of the fish-block, and used
to facilitate hooking the anchor,
fi^-backed
back; swe „ , , .
fish-bait (fish'bat), n. Bait used for fish or in
fishing. Fish-baits are either natural or artijicial ; the
former are either live or dead baits ; the latter include ai"-
tiflcial flies, spoons, etc., and are sometimes called lures,
bait being then restricted to natural baits.
fish-ball (fish'b&l), n. Same as fish-cake, 1.
The waiter roars it through the hall :
We don't give bread with onefish-ball.
The Lone Fiih-ball.
Tlie finest private fish-cultural establishment in the
world. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 129.
fish-culture (fish'kur'tur), n.
breediiiK of fish; pisciculture
ffi^;:Si"as^SS^^Il' fiX3lSs?^^sK^^i^), „. l<fish-eul.
i"L"tr,f'^k^ft' L^.ftTzt or in ««« + -'■*«•] A fish-breeder; a pisciculturist.
Tlie first-honor prize, the gift of the Emperor of Ger-
many, was awarded to Professor Baird ... as a personal
tribute to one who, in the words of the President of the
Deutscher Fischerei Verein, is regarded in Europe as the
Rrstfish-culturist in the world.
Smithsonian Report, 1880, p. 149.
fish-davit (fish'dav"it), 11. Naut., a spar with
a roller or sheave at its end, used for fishing
the anchor.
[< ME. fissheday, fysshe-
fish-bar (fish'bar), n. In mccfe., the splice-bar, ^gjj.^ay (gsji'da), n. , ,
as of a fish-joint, etc.; a bar used to connect df^y. (,fi^h-i- day.'] Adayonwhioh fishiseaten
two pieces secured end to end. custoniarily,orineonformitywith ecclesiastical
fish-basket (fish'ba,s"ket), n. 1 . A creel used regulations forbidding the eating of flesh-meat.
by anglers to carry fish. Such creels are of sewcs [courses] on ^sAe daves.
various sizes and shapes, made to fit the body Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 171.
easily when carried.— 2. A creel for catching figh-driver (fish'dri"ver), n. One of a fisher-
fish ; a fish-pot or an eel-pot. See eel-pot. men's gang who keeps close to a school of
fish-beam (fish'bem), n. In meeh., a beam " ' ^ i- -^ -j.-i-v., ;„„„**; —
which bellies out, usually on the under side. g^ seine
fish-bed (fish'bed), n. In geol., a deposit con- figlj.duck (fish'duk), n. See duck^.
taining the fossil remains of fishes in predomi- flgjigr (fish'6r ), n. [< ME. fishere, fischere, fissh-
nant quantity amongthose of other marine ani- g^.^ g^c, < AS. fiscere = OS. fiskari = OFries
hoot = G. fischcrhoot = Dan. fiskerbaad = Sw.
fiskarb&t.'] A boat used by a fisherman or in
fishing.
Hauing taken certalne Scotish and other;!«Aer6oa(«, they
brought the men on boord their own ships.
HakluyVs Voyages, I. 604.
The gallies divided into suudi-y squadrons, and tricked
all in their gallantry ; rowing at their sternes three or
four little vessels no bigger then fisher-boats.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 40.
fisherfolk (fish'6r-f6k), n. Those whose occu-
pation is catching fish.
Descriptive of the peasantry and fisherfolk.
The Academy, Jan. 28, 1888, p. 60.
The artificial flgjierman(fish'6r-man),H.; pl.^«7ierjweK(-men).
1. One whose occupation or sport is the catch-
ing of fish; one who catches fish, whether for
profit or for pleasure ; a man skilled in catch-
ing fish.
And [Jesus] saw two ships standing by the lake : but the
fishermen were gone out of them. Luke v. 2.
The fishermen, that walk upon the beach.
Appear like mice. Shak., Lear, iv. 6.
2. A vessel employed in fishing. — 3. The fishing-
duck or fish-duck; a merganser — Fisherman's
bend. See ftejufi, 3.— Fisherman's luck, getting wet
and hungry, and catching no flsh ; poor luck. [Colloq.)
— Fisherman's ring {annulus jiiscatoris), a signet-ring
bearing the device of St. Peter fishing. It lias been worn
by the iMpes since the thirteenth century, and is used for
stamping the papcil briefs. Also called fisher-ring and
fisher's seal.— Fisherman's Stmday, Friday: so called
in parts of Pennsylvania when Ashing on tliat day was pro-
hibited.—Fisherman's weight, the weight of a flsh as
guessed at, but not determined by weighing. See river-
weight. [Cant.]— Free fisherman. See free.
fislTes alTd direcTs or g^desThe gang Tn setting fishery (.fish'6r-i), n. ; y\. fisheries (-iz). [= D.
^ " vissclwnj = MLG. rischene = Q. fischerei = J)a,n.
Sw. fiskeri; as jfefei + -ery.'] 1. The business
mals. Such beds are also known as bone-beds.
fish-bellied (fish'bel'id), o. Shaped like a fish's
belly; swelling downward: as, a fish-bellied
rail.
fishberry (fish'ber'i), n.; t^\. fishberries (-iz).
The fruit of Anamirta paniculata (Cocculus In-
dicus), from its use in capturing fish. When made
into a paste with flour it is readily eaten by fishes, and pro-
duces a speedy but temporary stupefying effect, during
which the flshes float upon the surface of the water and are
easily taken. Seo Cocculus. Also called yisAer'e fterry.
fish-bolt (fish'bolt), n. A bolt which secures a
fish-plate.
fishbone-tree (fish'bon-tre), n. The Panax
crassifolium, a small araliaceous tree of New
Zealand, the leaves of which are singularly
toothed.
fish-book (fish'buk), n. A memorandum-book
in which is entered each man's catch of fish
when several fishermen are catching on shares.
fish-boom (flsh'bom), n. Naut., a boom secured
in men-of-war by a gooseneck on the forward
side of the foremast, by the aid of which the
anchor is fished.
fish-breeder (fish 'bre"d6r), n. One who propa-
gates fish artificially ; a pisciculturist.
fish-breeding (fish'bre'ding), 11. The act, art,
or industry of propagating fish by artificial
means; fish-culture; pisciculture.
fish-cake (fish'kak), n. 1. In cookery, a ball of
shredded or chopped fish (especially salt cod-
fish) and mashed potatoes, fried. Also fish-ball.
— 2. The refuse of fishes, from which the oil or
glue has been expressed, taken from the presses
in large circular cakes shaped like a cheese.
fish-can (fish'kan), m. 1. A large can of heavy
tin or galvanized iron employed by fish-cul-
turists in the transportation of live fish. — 2.
A can used to contain cooked or preserved fish.
fish-car (fish'kiir), n. 1. A box in which fish
which have been caught are kept alive, de-
signed to be towed in the water behind a boat.
— 2. A railroad-car especially constructed and
fitted up for the transportation of fish for com-
mercial purposes or in the operations of flsh-
culture.
of catching fish ; the fishing industry.
It is therefore important that the organization of a state
fisheries department should . . . be primarily under the
control of a scientific authority. Science, VII. 432.
2. In law, a right of fishing in certain waters.
A common fishery is the right of fishing in the sea and
pul}lic rivers open to all the public.
Encyc. Brit., IX. 268.
3. A place where fish are regularly caught, or
other products of the sea or rivers are taken
from the water by fishing, diving, dredging,
etc. : as, a sslmOTi-fishery ; a j>ea,T]-fishery ; the
■fisheries of the coast Bay-fishery, the act or indus-
try of fishing in a bay; specifically, the mackerel-fishery
of the gulf of St Lawrence.— Coast-fiShery, fishery con-
ducted within three marine miles from the shore-line, or
inside a three-mile limit. When the fisliery is pursued
from the shore, but with the use of open Iwats, as in the
taking of mackerel, herring, and especially caplin, smelt,
2. The pekan, wejack, black-cat, or Pennant's and ]s.nce, it is B.strar^-fishery. Hi/wf.- Commissioner
• •'"c ^c^o-ii, >.>.j<» , ..„',, ,,„rTrTN of Fish and Fisheries. See <;ommw«oii«r.— Common
of fishery, tlie right of fishing "in another man's water " :
like cmmmm of pasture, etc. Encyc. Brit., IX. 288.— Fish-
ery society, a society organized for the protection . pro-
motion, anil encouragement of the industry of fishing. —
RsheiT treaties, treaties concerning fisheries ; specifi-
cally, the treaties between the United States and Great
Britain deflniiiu the privileges of fishermen who are citizens
of the United States in the waters of British North Amer-
ica. By the treaty of 1783 with Great Britain extensive
privileges were granted to American flshermen in the
waters of Britisli North America. These privileges were
materially lessened by the treaty of 1818. which gave rise
to the vexed questions whether the "three-mile limit"
from the shore should be run parallel to the shore or from
headland to headland, and relating to the rights of Ameri-
can ships in Canadian ports. On the flshery question the
relations between the two countries continued to be un-
satisfactory, in spite of various attempts at solution, as in
the treaty of Washington in 1871 and the proposed treaty
of 1888 which failed to be ratifled through the non-concur-
rence of the Senate. (For Bering Sea controversy, see
scoZ.)— Free fishery, an exclusive right of ftshingin pulilic
water, derived from royal grant. Kncyc. Brit., IX. 268.
— Several flshery, the exclusive riglit of flshery of an
individual, derived through or on account of ownership
ofthesoil. Tfiiciyc. Brif.. IX. 268.— Strand-flshery. See
coast-fishery.— United States Commission of Flsh and
Fisheries. See commission^.
A woman who sells fish ;
fisker = D. visscher = MLG. vischer = OHG.
fiscari, MHG. vischer, G. fischer = Icel. fiskari
= Sw. fislcare = Dan. fisker, a fisher (from the
verb); =li. piscarius, a., of fish, n. a fishmon-
ger {piscator, a fisher), < pisci,% a fish.] 1. One
whose occupation or sport is the catching of
fish ; a fisherman.
Thu wenest ibeo a beggere,
And ihc am &fissere,
Wei feor icome bi este
For fissen at thi teste.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1134.
Now as he walked by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon
and Andrew his brother casting a net into the sea ; for
they were fishers. Mark i. 16.
The patient fUher takes his silent stand.
Intent, his angle trembling in his hand.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 137.
marten, Mustela pennanti of Erxleben (1777),
M. canadensis of Schreber (1778), the largest
North American carnivorous quadruped of the
Fisher, or Pennant's Marten [Mustela pennanti).
t&mi\y Mustelidce a.ndi subfamily .Jf««f«?Jna; with fish-fag (fisli'fag), n
the exception of the wolverene : so called from a fishwife. [Eng.]
its habit of catching fish. It is a kind of marten or Who deemed himself of much too high a rank
sable, peculiar to the northern parts of North America, With vulgar /«A-/o£;» to be forced to chat
and quite distinct from any other species. The length
Wolcot (P. Pindar).
fish-fall
fish-fall (fish'fal), H. Xaut., the fall of the fish-
taokle. See li^h-tackle.
fish-farm (.tish'fiirm), n. A place where fish-
brei'illng or pisciculture is carried on.
fish-farmer (flsh'far'iner), n. A pisciculturist,
fish-farming (fish'far'ming), H. Pisciculture,
fish-flake (lish'flak), «. 1. The sound or swim-
blaUder of a fish. — 2. A frame, rack, or open
stage on which cod and other salted fish are
dried. See flake"^.
There were a few old buildings, . . . some dilapidated
flsh'houses, and a row ot Jigh-jiakex,
S. O. Jevxtt, Deephaven, p. 224.
fish-flour (flsh'flour), n. 1. A floUr-like sub-
stance made from fish.
Biscuits uiade from fish-Jlour, a preparation invented by
the late Anton Rosinjr, a prominent airricultural chemist
of Norway, . . . were in good condition after having been
kept for ten years in ail unsealed jar.
Goode, Menhaden, p. 141.
2. A dry inodorous fertilizer made from fishes,
used for manure.
fish-food (fish'fod), n. 1. The food eaten by
fislics. — 2. Food consisting of fish.
fish-fork (fish'fork), H. A pitchfork with ashort
handle and 2 or 3 tines, used in pitching fish
into or out of a boat or vessel.
fish-f^eezer (fish'fre'z^r), n. An establishment
for freezing fish, in tlie building in which ttsh are fro-
zen the required degree of cold is commonly produced Ijy
mixing ice and salt and tilling in the mixture between gal-
vanized iron plates in contact with the fish.
fahfolt (fish'ful), a. l< Jishi^ + -ful.'i Abound-
ing with fish.
Britaine is watered with pleasant fithfxdl and navigable
riuers, which yeeld safe havens and roads, and furnished
with shipping and sailera that tt may rightly be termed
the Ijuly of Qm Sea. Camden, Remains, Britain.
Yet Groin and Nevera near, two fine and^A/uZ broolu,
0o never stay their courae. Drayton, Polyolbion, v. 351.
flsh-fangUS (fish'fung'gus), n. 1. A peculiar
red tun;.'u-s. Clathrocyatis roseopergicina, fre-
quently found on salted codfish m midsummer
where the temperature is high. — 2. A fungus,
Saprolegnia ferax, which attacks living flsnes,
especially salmon, causing great destruction.
It also occurs in aquariums.
fish-garth (fish'garth). ». A garth or weir on a
river, or on the sea-snore, for the taking and
ri'taiuing of fish. Also /SaA-ireir. [Eng.J
fishgig (Mh'gig), «. [Also fiigig, hy confusion
with fizgig^; < fish^ + i/H/'-] An instrument
used for striking fish ; a grain. It usually con-
sists of a staff with barl^d prongs, and a line
fastiened above the prongs.
The next day, seeking to kill them wjth fitgigt, they
stmcke so many the water in many places was red with
blond. Cafl. John Smith, Works, II. 121.
fish-globe (fish'glob), n. A spherical glass ves-
sel 111 which fish are kept.
fish-glne (fisb'gid), n. Glue made from fishes;
iHint;las8 — White fish-glue, isinglass dissolved in al-
fish-god (fish'god), H. In myth., a deity or su-
pernatural power having the form and attributes
of a fish, either wholly or in part, as Dagon, a
di\-inity of the Philistines, or the Triton of the
(ireeks. See cut under liagon.
fish-goddess (fish'god'es), n. In vtyth., a fe-
male deity or supernatural power having the
form and attributes of a fish, either wholly or
in part, as the Atargatis of the Philistines.
Derketo became a llsh near Ascalon : a fith-rioddeu iden-
tified with her was worshipped in Syria, and tlie llsh sa-
'Te.i tr. her were not eaten. Eneye, Brit., XV. 90.
fish-goano (fish'gwft'no), «. Same as fisk-ma-
lllirr.
fish-hawk (fish'h&k), n. The .\merican name
of I'liiiilion haliaetug, the osprey, bald buzzard,
or fishing-eagle. See osprey.
fish-hook (fisn'hi^), n. 1. A book for catch-
ing fish.
The days shall conie upon yon, that he will take you
away with hooks, and your posterity with ,^AooJrs.
Amoa Iv, 2.
2. A hook used with a flsh-taokle. See fi«h-
tilrkl'-.
fish-husbandry (fish'huz'ban-dri), n. Fish-
furming.
fishify (flsh'i-fi), v. t. ; pret. and ^-p. fishified,
pur. fishi/yina. [<fi*l>^ + -•-/», make.] To
change to fish. [Humorous.]
O fleBh, flesh, how art thou fithified !
Shak., E. and J., ii. 4.
fishiness (fish'i-nes), n. [< fishy + -nes8.'\ The
state or quality of being fishy, in any sense of
that word.
Its flesh has much the flavour of that of a hare, and no-
thing of the ftthineu of that of the heron.
Pennant, ZotUogj.
2237
[< ME. fischinge, etc. ; ver-
1. The art or practice of
fishing (fish'ing), n.
bal n. of fish'^, r.]
catching fish.
Cleopatra found it straight, yet she seemed not to see it,
but wondered at his excellent fiahintj.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 764.
2. A fishery ; a place or facilities for catching
fish: as, there is good fishing there.
At the ende of the cauchie was a grete water, but ther-
to com no shippes, but it was right feire and plesaunt, and
good fisshinge. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 604.
In a Lauresham record, ... we have an undivided
share of the Jtihinffin Edingero marca given to the church
of St. Nazarius. x>. W. Rons, German Land-holding, p. 45.
Bait-fishing, flahing with bait, as distinguished from
fishing with artificial flies or the like.— Bony fishing, the
menhaden-flshery. [Slang.] — Reef-flshing, fisliinj; fni or
from coral reefs. [Florida, U. S.] — Rip-fishing, fishing
in ripplings or tide-rips, as for pollack. >or tliis pui-pose
the vessel is kept under easy sail, the lines being attached
to poles about seven feet long, which project from the sides
of the vessel.
fishing-banks (fish'ing-bangks), »i. pi. A fish-
ing-ground of comparatively shoal water in the
sea. Thus, on the Atlantic coast of North -America the
Banks of Newfoundland are a famous fishing-ground, and
another, about 20 miles off Cape May, is well known.
fishing-boat (fish'ing-bot), «. A boat used in
fishing: also, a small fishing-vessel.
fishing-duck (fish'ing-duk), n. See duck^.
fishing-eagle (fish'ing-e'gl), ». Same as osprey.
fishing-float (fish'ing-flot), «. A raft or scow
with a small house on it designed to be floated
and anchored wherever desired for use in fish-
ing. A plank apron is let down from the edge to the
bottom of the water, and over this, as upon an artificial
shore, a seine Is hauled by a windlass worked by horse- or
steam-power. Fishing-fioats are often clustered like a
floating village, and the fishermen unite for large opera-
tions. They are peculiar to the mouth of the Susquehanna
river ami the neighboring region. [U. S.]
fishing-frog (fish'ing-frog), «. The angler, a
fi-ih, /.uphills fiiscatorius. See devil-fish.
fishing-hawk (fish'ing-hak), n. Same asosprey.
fishing-line (fish'ing-lin). n. 1. A line used
with hooks and bait in catching fish; a fish-
line. — 2. In ::o6l., one of sundry simple elon-
gated or extensUe tentacular parts of some com-
pound organisms, as the Siphonophora, provided
with special urticating organs, thread-cells, or
nematocysts. Oegenbaur. Alsograppliiig-Uiie.
fishing-net (fish'ing-net), n. Same as fish-net.
The waste and lumber of the shore.
Hard coils of cordage, swarthy Jishing-nett.
Tennyton, Enoch Arden.
fishing-out (fish'ing-ouf), «. The removal of
fish from a fish-pond; the "drawing" of a
pond: as, the fishing-out of a carp-pond, that
the fish may be placed in market-ponds.
fishing-plaos (fish'ing-plas), n. 1. A place
where fishing is or may be carried on. Specifi-
cally— 2. A prescribed length of shore in
shore-fishing to which the sweep of a seine is
limited. Such places are mostly situated on the tidal
parts of streams and Inleta, and can be Ashed only at cer-
tain stagea of the tide, aa during the flood or ebb. The
most extensive are swept only at the turn of the tide, and
these are known aa alaekwater-hauU. 'Yhe importance of
this species of property was early recognized and fostered
by legislation. Also called ;>oof. [U.S.]
fishing-room (flsh'ing-rom), n. A definite por-
tion of the shore appropriated to the curing
and storing of flsh. [American.]
My brother tella me that on Sunday, 7th June, there
was sncb a terrible storm that some of the fishing vessels
were driven ashore, and much damage done \o the fiahimj-
roomt everywhere.
Quarterly Mieeionary Leaf, New Harbour Mission,
[Newfdtmdland, No. xxxviii., Aug., 1885.
fishing-swivel (fish'ing-swiv'l), n. A swivel
used on a fishing-line to prevent it from being
kinked or snarled by the rapid gyrations of fish
upon the hooks. The form of the swivel varies.
fishing-tackle (fish'ing-tak'l), n. An angler's
outfit; angling-gear; the hooks, lines, rods, and
other implements of the art of fishing.
flshing-tnbe (fish'ing-tiib), n. A small glass
tube for taking up small objects floating \n
water, one end is closed with the finger and the other
Is thrust into the water near the object ; on removing the
flnger the water enters the tulie, conveying the object
with it : on again closing the top of the tube, the object
may lie lifte«l with a portion of the water. Also called
dippii\fj't\tl)t.
fish-Joint (fish'joint), n. In railroads, a splice
consisting of one or more oblong plates of iron,
bolted to the side or sides of two rails meeting
end to end. See fish-plate.
fish-kettle (fish'ket'l). n. A kettle designed
to be used for boiling fish whole.
fish-killer (fish'kil'^r), n. A heteropterous
insect of the genus Belostoma ; a large water-
bug occurring in fresh water, and preying on
fishes by sucking their blood and juices.
fish-plate
fish-knife (fi.sh'mf), n. A fish-carver.
fish-ladder (fish'lad'er), «. Same as fishway.
fish-line (fish'lin), «. A line used to catch fish.
fish-louse (fish'lous), n. A general name of
crustacean parasites of fishes. Fish-lice proper
belong to an order or other group of Crtutacea known
as Ichthyophthiri, Siphonostomata, and Epizoa, of uhich
there are many families with numerous genera and species,
generally epizoic or ectoparasitic. They are not confined to
fishes proper, being found also on cetaceans, crustaceans,
and other aquatic animals. Among them are found the
most monstrous and grotesque forms of crustaceans de-
graded by parasitism. .See cut under Bpizoa.
fish-manure (fish'ma-nur'), n. A manure or
fertilizer prepared from fish. There are many prepa-
rations and modes of manufacture. The value is mainly
due to the preponderance of nitrogenous and phosphatic
compounds, these ingredients being furnished more cheap-
ly by fish-manures than by any other class of fertilizers,
except Peruvian guano. The crops most benefited by this
fertilizer are those not specially helped by mineral fertil-
izers alone, as grass, grain, potatoes, some garden-vege-
tables, and roots. As a manure it is quick and stimulating,
soon spending its force, and often leaving the soil worse
than it was before its use. Also called Ji»h-guano.
fish-market (fish'mar'ket), n. [= D. visch-
markt = G. fischmarkt.~i A market where fishes
are sold.
fish-maw (fish'mft), n. The sound or air-blad-
der of a fish.
fish-meal (fish'mel), n. 1. A meal of fish ; diet
on fish ; abstemious diet.
Thin drink doth so over-cool their blood, and making
many fish-meah, that they fall into a kind of male green-
sickness. Sha'k., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
2. Same aa fish-flour.
fishmonger (fish'mung'gfer), 71. [< ME. fisch-,
fych-manger (= MLG. vischmenger = G. fisch-
menger = ODan. fiskemanger); < fish + mon-
ger.^ A seller of iSsh; a dealer in fish.
Pol. Do you know me, my lord ?
Hatn. Excellent, excellent well ; you're & fishmonger.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
fishmoth (fish'moth), n. Same as fishtail.
fish-net (fish'net), «. A net used to catch
fish. Fish-nets are divided into two classes: gilt-neta,
in which tlie fish in attempting to pass through the net is
wedged or jammed in a mesh so that it cannot open its
gills, when it is soon drowned or is unable to move for-
ward or backward ; and incloifing-netg, by which the fish
Is surrounded, as the purse-net, the drag-net, the seine,
the weir, the casting-net, etc. Nets vary in construction
from heavy chain oyster-drags to fine linen-thread herring-
nets, and they are given a variety of names, according to
their shape, purpose, or mode of operating. AIsoyi«/iin^-
n*f.
fish-of-Paradise (fish'ov-par'a-dis), «. A fish
of the family Osphronienidte, Macropodus viri-
Fish-of-Paradise
[^Uaeropedus viridiauratHS).
diauratus, so called from the beauty of its col-
oration. It has been cultivated to some extent
for exhibition in aquariums.
fish-oil (fish'oil), n. Oil obtained from the bodies
of fishes and marine animals, as from whales,
porpoises, seals, pilchards, sharks' and cods'
livers, etc. ; specifically, cod-liver oil. Fish-oil
for medicinal purposes is obtained principally from the
cod, but also from the pollack, turbot, ling, dorse, etc.
fish-owl (fish'oul), n. An eared fishing-owl
witli rough feet ; a member of the genus Ketiipa.
fish-packing (fish'pak'ing), n. The act orpro-
cess of packing or canning fish for the market.
The flsh are taken fresh to the packing-house, where they
are cleaned, cut, weighed, and put in hermetically sealed
cans. The cans are placed in large steam-chests, where
they are left until the flsh are thoroughly cooked. The
cans are then tested to see if they are air-tight, and are
labeled.
fish-pearl (fish'p^rl), n. An artificial pearl of
an inferior grade. See the extract.
In flermany, or rather .Saxony, a cheap but inferior qual-
ity (of artificial pearls] is manufactured. The globe of
glass forming the pearl in inferior ones being very thin,
and coateil with wax, they break on the slightest pressure.
They are known by the name of Oerman Jigh-pearh.
Ure, Diet., III. 618.
fish-pie (fish'pi'). «• 1. A pie containing fish.
— 2. A compost-heap of fish-scrap mixed with
earth.
fish-plate (fish'plat), 11. In railroads, an iron
plate fitted to the web of a rail, and sometimes
partly embracing the foot : used in pairs, one
fish-plate
on eaoh side of the junction of two rails, to
join them end to end, and fastened together by
bolts passing through the rails. When in position,
they form :i liiih-Joiiit. and assist in snpporting tlie ends
of tilt' ruils lis tlie train passes fl*oni one to another.
fii^-poison (fish'poi'zn), n. A name given to
various plants which have the property of kill-
2238
tale.
incredible or extravagant narration or
[CoUoq., U. S.]
fish-strainer (fish'stra'nfer), m. 1. A metal
colander, with handles, for taking fish from a
boiler. — 2. An earthenware slab, with holes,
placed at the bottom of a dish to drain the
. - . water from cooked fish.
ing or stupefying hsh. The nuiiiber of such phints flgh-tackle (fish'tak^l), n. Naut., a tackle used
is ver>- lai¥e, ami the fruit is usually the part employed. "?" fi„i,;,,„ „. vniRitur on nnchor to the tninwale
Among the more commonly known are the Anamirta pa- ^O' nslimg or raising an ancnor to ine gnnwaie
niculala. usually called Cocculxui Ittdinis ; Piscuiia Er<i- of a ship. To this tackle a pendant is attached,
(Anna, a leguminous tree of the West Indies, the leaves of with a large iron hook, called the fisll-hook, f as-
whieh are used; Lrpidium Pucitlium; the mullen, Ver- ^^n^^ fo its end
ba^um Thap.„s: and the red buckeye, ^g^''™ fj« ™^ fish-tail (fish'tal), n. and a. I. «. 1. The tail
of a fish. — 2. A '^'
fish-pomace (fish'pum'as), n. 1
or refuse of tish, as menhaden, after the oil has
been expressed. — 2. The crude state of fish-
gaano before it has been prepared as a fer-
tilizer. Also called fish-chum.
fish-pond (fish'pond), n. A pond containing
fishes ; especially, a pond in which fishes are
bred and kept.
Figh'potuls were made, where former Forests grew ;
-And Hills were levell'd to extend the View.
Prior, Solomon, ii.
fi.sh-pool (fish'pol), n. [< ME. fischepol, < AS.
fiscpol, < fisc, fish, -I- pel, pool.] A pond or pool
for fish.
Thine eyes like the fishpoolt in Heshbon, by the gate of
Bathrabbim. Cant. vii. 4.
fish-pot (fish'pot), n. A pot or creel for catch-
ing fish.
fish-preserve (fish'pre-zferv'), n. 1. A place
where fish are preserved alive. Two kinds are
commonly distinguished, the fresh- and salt-
water.— 2. A private fishery.
fish-prong (fish'prong), n. A fish-fork with
one tine and a short handle, used in moving fish-van (fish'van), «. A covered vehicle adapt-
ed to run on passenger-trains, and fitted to carry
fresh fish in crates or boxes. Car-Builder's Diet.
[Eng.]
fish-warden (fish'war"dn), ». An ofBcer who
has jurisdiction over the fisheries of any partic-
ular locality. Some of the States employ wardens to
oversee the fisheries in streams and ponds, and prevent
unlawful fishing. [U.S.]
fishway (flsh'wa), n. An arrangement for en-
abling a fish to ascend a fall or a dam. in the
pool fishways the water falls through small vertical heights,
the velocity being retarded by means of rocks and boulders
or by falling into pools whence it is allowed to fall again
through a slight vertical distance to be again retarded,
and so on to the bottom. In the dejlected-cnrreiitjishways
the current is retarded by being made to travel through
a distance equal to many times the perpendicular descent,
being frequently interrupted by objects so placed in its
course as to cause a change in its direction. In the cown-
ter-current Jiahways the water is delivered down the in-
cline without acceleration of velocity. This is accom-
plished by compelling the water to travel in a constrained
path. Also called fish-ladder.
pickled or dried fish.
fish-pugh (fish'pug), n. A one-pronged fork
or spear used in handling fish. C. Halloclc.
[Nova Scotia.]
fish-reftise (fish'ref'us), n. A general name
of any one of the several conditions or stages
through which fish-scrap passes in the manu-
facture of fish-guano.
fish-roe (fish'ro), n. The roe of fish, it is much
used for bait, a small quantity being secured to the hook
in a bit of mosquito-netting or by means of woolen threads.
For this puiT)08e fresh roe is the best ; but it can be pre-
served for a year in equal parts of salt and saltpeter.
flsh-roomt (fish'rom), n. On an English man-
of-war, a small storeroom in the afterhold
where fish and sometimes spirits were kept.
Hamersli/.
fish-sauce (fish'sas), n. Sauce to be eaten
with fish, as anchovy, soy, etc.
fish-scale (fish'skal), n. A scale of a fish. —
Fish-scale embroidery, embroidery consisting wholly -, i .
or in part in the application of fish-scales to the material figh-weir (fish'wer), n. Same as fish-garth.
to be decorated. The iridescent scales are selected and fishwife (flsh'wif), ». ; pi. ««7tt»«Des (-wivz). A
S^tr.!Te'ed*rer^'""' '''"' '"'"''"'''' """ ""= '"''''"'' -man ;ho sells 'fish. ^
fish-scrap (fish'skrap), n. Fish or fish-skins fishwoman (fish' wum*an), w.; Tp\. fishwomen
from which oil or glue has been extracted by
cooking and pressing. Fish-scrap, in either a crude
or a dried state, is of great commercial importance as a
fertilizer. The menhaden-flshery furnishes the greater
part of the supply obtained in the United .States. — Acid-
ulated fish-scrap, a preparation of fish-scrap with sul-
phuric acid to render the phosphoric acid contained in it
more soluble and to hinder putrefaction.
fish-show (fish'sho), n. An exhibition of fish
and fisheries.
fish-skin (fish'skin), n. The skin of fish; espe-
cially, this skin made into a sort of shagreen.
— Flsh-Bkin dlsease.in -med., ichthyosis (which see). oil, guano, etc.
fish-slice (fish'slis), ». - Same as ^«7j-corwr. singular.
fissilingual
4. Dull and expressionless, like the eye of a
fish. [CoUoq.]
A stout woman with a broad red face and figky eyes.
C. D. Wanier, Their Pilgrimage, p. 15.
5. Equivocal, unsafe, or unsound, as a specula-
tion or a course of conduct : as, a fishy venture.
[Colloq.]
"I thought it was all up. Didn't you, Henry Sidney?"
" The most fishy thing I ever saw," said Henry Sidney.
DiiraelL, Coningsby, i. 9.
6. Plucky ; brave ; sturdy and enduring; thor-
ough and faithful in duty : as, fishy to the back-
bone; a. fishyia&n. [Fishermen's slang.]
flskt (fisk), V. i. [< ME. fisken, wander about,
be in constant motion, < Svf.fjeska, fisk, fidge,
fidget. Associated in sense, laut not in etymo-
logical form, with fike^, fig^, fidge, etc., and
frisk, whisk.] To jump about; bustle or frisk
about.
And what frek of thys foIde^«*e(7i thus a-boute,
With a bagge at hus bak a begeneldes wyse?
Piers Plouniian (C), x. 153.
Trotiere, k fishing huswife, a ranging damsel, a gadding
or wandering flirt. Cotgrave.
Himself doth ambush in a bushy Thorn ;
Then in a Cane, then in a field of Corn,
Creeps to and fro, and fisketh in and out.
And yet the safety of each place doth doubt.
SyUester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Imposture.
fiskery (fis'k6r-i), «. [< fisk + -en/.] Dispo-
sition to bustle or jump about; f riskiness.
His fusainess and fiskery. Carlyle, in Froude, II. 43.
basket, or space shut in by stakes, with a funnel-shaped ggxiamTt. "• See fisnomy.
fysnamie, phiso-
phinosomie, philo-
zomie, F. physiononiie = Pr. phizonomia = Sp.
fisonomia = Pg. physionomia = It. fisonomia,
< Gr. tftvatoyvu/iia, late and incorrect form of
(pvaioyvuuovia, physiognomy: see physiognomy,
of which fisnomy (with the mod. abbr. phiz) is
a corrupted form.] 1. The art of judging the
character of a person by the countenance or
appearance.
The childe couthe oi fysenamye.
Seven Sages, 1. 1072.
2. The face; countenance; appearance; phys-
iognomy (which see).
He feyede his fysnamye with bis foule hondez.
And frappez faste at hys face fersely there-aftyr !
ilorte Ailhure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1114.
When he [a bear] waz lose, to shake hiz earz twyse or
thryse wyth the blud & the slauer aboout his fiznamy,
waz a matter of a goodly releef.
a. Laneham, Letter from Kenilworth (1575).
Faith, sir, a' has an English name; but his ji«nomi/ is
more hotter in France than here. Shak., Airs Well, iv. 5.
fissate (fis'at), a. [< L. fissus, pp. of findere,
cleave {see fissile), + -ate^.'\ Fissured; cleft;
split; especially, in entom., having the apical
portion divided or split into two parts. Specifi-
cally applied to the antenna when the last joint forms two
long branches directed outward, like the prongs of a fork,
as in certain Tenthredinidce.
fissel, r. and w. See fissle^.
fissenless, «. See fizzeuless.
thysanurous insect of the
family Lepismidce, as Lepisma domestica or L.
saccharina ; a silvertail ; a sUver-fish : in this
sense properly fishtail. See Lepisma. Also
called ^^/imoWi. [Local, U. S.]
II. a. Shaped like a fish's tail; resembling
a fish's tail in any way — Fish-tail burner. See
ftiinier.— Fish-tail propeller (naut.), a propeller con-
sisting of a single wing or blade attached to the stern-post
of a ship, and oscillating like a fish's tail.
fish-tongne (fish'tung), ». A dental instrument
for the removal of the wisdom-teeth : so named
from its shape.
fish-torpedo (fish't6r-pe"d6), n. 1. A self-pro-
pelling torpedo. See torpedo. — 2. A cartridge
designed to be exploded under water for the
purpose of killing fish.
fish-trap (flsh'trap), n. A trap for catching fish.
It may be a baited box or basket closed by hand, or a net,
(-wim"en). Same as fisliioife.
fish-wood (fish'wud), n. The strawberry-bush,
Enonymns Americanus. iiaociii^^ou, ... .-^.^^ j
fish- worker (fish'w6r"k6r), n. A fish-culturist. fissicostate (fis-i-kos'tat), a. [< L. fissus, cleft,
fish-working (fish' wer"king), ». Fish-culture; pp. of ^Hf/ere, cleave (see fissile), + costatus,
the artificial propagation of fish. ribbed : see costate.'] Having the ribs divided,
fish-works (fish' w6rks), ». »i. 1. The appli- fissidactyl, fissidactyle (fis-i-dak'til), a. [<L.
ances and contrivances used in fish-culture for fissus, clett, + dactylus, a finger: see dactyl
the artificial propagation of fish. — 2. A place and dactylus.'] Having cleft digits.
where the products of the fisheries are utilized Fissidens (fis'i-denz), n. [NL., < 1,. fissus, cleft,
for a specific purpose, as the manufacture of -(- deii(t-)s = E. tooth.] A genus of terrestrial
a fish-factory : often used as a
fish-slide (fish'slid), «. A fish-trap for shallow fi3iiworin(fish'werm),)(. Same as<!«rtttcorTO,l.
rivers and low waterfalls: used in the south- fighy (flsh'i), a. [< Jfe/jl + -y^.] 1. Abounding
ern United States. in fish ; inhabited by fish : as, the fishy flood.
fish-smother (fish'smuTH'-'er), n. A cooked
dish offish. [Grand Manan.]
fish-sound ( fish 'soimd), n. The swimming-blad-
der or air-sac of a fish. The sounds of some
fishes are made into glue, and others, as in the
ease of the cod, are eaten.
fish-spear (fish'sper), n. 1. A gig or lance,
often having more than one tine, for spearing
fish through ice or from a boat.
Canst thou flU his [leviathan's] skin with barbed irons?
or his head with fish spears? Job xli. 7.
2. A lance for bleeding captured whales.
fish-stage (fish'staj), «. A stage for dressing
fish.
fish-store (fish'stor), n. A storehouse in which
fish are salted or packed awaiting shipment to
market.
fish-story (fish'sto'ri), «. [In allusion to the
supposed tendency of amateur fishermen to
exaggerate in narrating their exploits.] An
Where are the flowry fields, the fishy streames.
The pasturing mountaines, and the fertile plaines?
Stirling, Doomes-day, Third Houre.
2. Like fish; having a fish-like quality: as, a
fishy taste or smell.
And when they arose early on the morrow morning, be-
hold, Dagon was fallen upon his face to the ground before
the ark of the Lord ; and the head of Dagon and both the
palms of his hands were cut off upon the threshold ; only
the fishy part of Dagon was left to him.
1 Sam. V. 4 (margin).
Better i)lea8ed
Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume,
That drove him, though enamour'd, from the spouse
Of Tobit's sou. Milton, P. L., iv. 168.
3. Extravagant, as a story; dubious or incred-
ible, like many stories told about fishing and
fishes. Compare fish-story. [Colloq.]
We did not lose a man. This sounds rather ^sAy; but
they had no artillery. Sew York Tribune, Nov. 25, 1801.
Altogether, the story is too fishy. The American, V. 83.
mosses, with simple or sparingly branched fron-
diform stems and two-ranked leaves, which are
conduplicate below and winged on the back.
The peristome has bifid teeth, like Dicranum.
There are 24 American species.
fissil, »•• and rt. See fissle^.
fissile (fis'il), a. [< L. fissilis, cleft, that aay
be cleft, < fissus, pp. of findere, cleave, split:
see /en t.] 1. Capable of being split, cleft, or
divided into layers, as wood in the direction of
the grain, or certain minerals and rocks in the
planes of cleavage or foliation. See schist and
cleavage.
This crystal is a pellucid /«site stone. Newton, Opticks.
A solid pumice-stone which possesses a yfm^e structure,
like that of certain micaceous schists.
Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 75.
A very fissile and smooth calcareous shale.
Amer. Jour. Sei., 3d ser., XXXI. 126.
2. In entom., formed of plates or scales which
are closely appressed in repose, but may be
spread apart : an epithet sometimes applied to
lamellate antennse.
fissilingual ''fis-i-ling'gwal), a. [< NL. fissi-
Unp'tis(< L. fissus, cleft, cloven, + lingua = E.
fissilingnal
tongue) + -aW] Having the tongue cleft; spe-
cifically, of or pertaining to the Fissilinguia.
Fi8Siluigtlia(fis-i-ling'gwi-a), H.i)l. [NL.,neut.
pi. of Jinsilinguig, cloven-tongued: see fissilin-
gual.] A group of lacertilian reptiles, with
proeoelous vertebrse, cleft, slender, protnisile
tongue, two valvular eyeUds (except in O/jAiojw),
the legs well developed, and the general aspect
not serpentine. The group is made to contain the or-
dinary lizards of the family Lacertidce, the monitors or
varanians, etc. See Aiiieiva and Leptofflosia. Also Fis-
fissility (fl-sU'i-ti). «■ [< fi^le + -ity.'i The
quality of being fissile.
By which it is evident that diamonds themselves have
a grain or a flaky contexture, not unlike the AssUitp, as the
schools call it, in wood. Boyle, Works, III. 521.
fission (fish-on), n. [< L. lissio(n-), a cleaving,
< Jissus, pp. of findere, cleave : see fissile, fis-
sure.'] 1. The act of cleaving, splitting, or
breaking up into parts. — 2. In biol., the auto-
matic division of a cell or an independent organ-
ism into new cells or organisms; especially,
such division as a process of multiplication or
reproduction. Also fissuration. See cut under
I'aramecium.
The human body is itself compounded of innumerable
microscopic organisms, which . . . multiply, as the iufu-
soriai monads do, by spontaneous ^nan.
a. Spettcer, Social Statics, p. 490.
Multiplication is effected through fittim : that is to say,
each globule or filament, after elongating, divides into
two segments, each of which increases in its turn, to again
divide into parts, and so on.
Quoted in Sci. Amer, Supp., p. 446.
fission-fungi (fish'on-fun'ji), n. pi. Bacteria.
flssipalmate (fis-i-pal'mat), a. [< L. fissus, pp.
ot findere, cleave, split, + palma, palm, -I- -a/el.]
Semipalmate; palmiped with deeply incised
webs ; partly fissiped.
fissipalinatibn (fis'i-pal-ma'shon), n. [< fissi-
jiiiliiKite + -ion.] Semipalmation ; partial pal-
mation or incomplete webbing of the toes.
fissipara (fi-sip'a-rS), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
fissiparus: see fissiparous.'] In ro67., a collec-
tive term applied to fissiparous animals, or or-
ganisms which propagate by fission or sponta-
neous self -division : it has no specific classifi-
catory signification.
flssiparism (fi-sip'a-rizm), n. [<. fissipar-ous +
-ism.] In hiol., reproduction by fission. See
fission, 2.
flissiparity (fis-i-par'i-ti), n. [< fts»ipar-ous +
-iti/.] H&iae na fissiparism.
fissiparous (fi-sip'a-rus), a. [< NXi. fissiparus,
< L. fissus, pp. ot findere, cleave, separate, +
-parus, < parere, produce: see j>are«<.J Kepro-
ducin^ or multiplying by fission or spontaneous
self-division, a mode of asexual generation by
division into two or more parts, each of which,
when completely separated, becomes a new
individual: it is a usual process among the
protozoans, protophytes, and other low organ-
isms. See fission, 2.
There are organisms which are Jlttipmrout, and when cut
in two form two fresh independent organisms, so diffusetl
is the vitality of the original oiganism; and the same phe-
nomenon may be observed in regsrd to human communi-
tle». Eneyc. Brit., XXII. 464.
fissiparously (fi-sip'a-rus-li), adv. In a fissip-
arous manner ; by fission or spontaneous divi-
sion.
fissipation (fis-i-pa'shon), n. [Short for 'fissipa-
rahon, < fissipar-ous + -atUm.] In physiol., re-
pro<luction by fission. Mayne.
fijssiped (fis'i-ped), a. and n. [< h.fissipes{-ped-),
cloven-footed, (.fissus, cloven, cleft, + pes (ped-)
= E./o«t.] I. a. 1. Cloven-footed; having the
toes eleft. — 2. Specifically, of or piertaining to
the Fissipedia.
H. n. A fissiped animal ; specifically, one of
the Fissipedia : opposed to pinniped.
Also written fissii>ede.
Fissipeda (fi-sip'e-a&), n. pi. See Fissipedia.
fissipedal (fis'i-ped-al), a. [< fissiped + -al.]
Same as fissiped.
The Fittipedal Camlvora were divided ^ Cavier Into
t»-.. Kfuups. W. II. FUrwrr, Encyc. Brit, XV. 434.
2239
or produced beyond the rest, generally reduced or rudi-
mentary, and the limbs free and fitted for walking and
bearing the body up from the ground. The series includes
S'ime twelve living families, thus contrasting with tliree
families of Pinniptdin. Also FU^pedes, Fis»ipeda.
FiSSipennse (fis-i-pen'e), n.pl. [NL., < Ij. fissus,
cleft, -I- penna, wing.] A group of small moths,
related to the tineids; the plume-moths orfea-
therwings, as of the genera Fteropharus, Alu-
cita, etc. They are distinguished by the singular division
of the wing into brandies or rays, of which each pair has
from two to six. These are most beautifully fringed at
their edges, and much resemble the feathers of birds. The
plume-moths are of small size ; some of them are diurnal
and bright-colored ; otliera are twilight-fliers, and of a dull-
er aspect. Some species have the power of folding up the
wings like a fan, so that when closed they present the ap-
pearance of a single ray. See Pterophoridce, and cut un-
der plumf-molh.
fissirostral (fis-i-ros'tral), a. [< NL. fissirostris
(< L. fissus, cleft, + rostrum, beak) + -al.] In
ornith., having
the beak broad
and deeply
cleft, as a
swallow, swift,
or goatsucker;
specifically, of
or pertaining to
theFissirostres.
This group has
been abolished,
but Jisgirostral is
retaineil as a con-
venient descriptive epithet.-
bnrbet'i.
Fissirostral Bill of Goatsucker.
Fissirostral barbets. See
Fissirostres (fis-i-ros'trez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
fissirostris : see fissirostral.] In Cuvier's sys-
tem of classification, a division of his Passeri-
n<B, including the swallows, swifts, and goat-
suckers ; an artificial group, the original com-
ponents of which are now separated in different
orders. It was formerly divided into Xoctuma and
Diwma. By some the FUsiroHre^ were made to include
various other broad-billed birds, as kingfishers, trogons,
and bee-eaters.
flssive (fis'iv), a. [< L. fissus, pp. of findere,
cleave (see fissile), + -ive.] Pertaining to or of
the nature of fission.
The whole plant is built up by the figtive multiplication
of the simple cell in which it takes its origin.
ffuxUy and Martin, Elementary Biology, p. 415.
fissle^ (fis'l), V. i. ; pret. and pp. fissled, ppr. fis-
sling. [Sc. ; also written Ussel, fissil, usually
/ljz/« ; an imitative word, in part a variant of
E. whistle (in some parts of Scotland E. trh
is sounded/): see fizzle and whistle.] 1. Same
as fizzle, 1. — 2. To rustle, as leaves in the
wind.
He thought, Mr. Lovel, that he heard the curtains o' his
bed /Mi<. Scott, Antiquary, ix.
3. To whistle, as wind through a keyhole. — 4.
To fidget. [Prov. Eng. or Scotch in all senses.]
flssle^ (fis'l), n. [Also written /»«W,^'«»i7; <.fis-
sle^, v.] Bustle. [Scotch.]
fissle^ (fis'l), n. A dialectal variant of thistle.
[Prov. Eng.]
flsatura (fl-sii'ra), ». ; pi. /*»ur<E (-re). [L.: see
fissure.] In anat. : (a) A fissure, cleft, rift, or
chink between any two things or parts: as,
the fissura palpebrarum (the opening between
the eyelids). (6) Especially, one of the fissures
or sulci of the surface of the brain, complemen-
tary to the gyri or convolutions. This Latin
form isnowused in comparatively few phrases.
See fissure.
fissnral (fish'ur-al), a. [< fissure + -al.] In
anat., of or pertaining to a fissure or sulcus.
See ./i«»t<re.
To confine the discussion of the JUtuml pattern to a
brief statement of what appear to be the constant and
the inconstant ^Muro/ characters.
Wilder and Oage, Anat. Tech., p. 501.
flssnration (fish-ii-ra'shon), n. [= F. fissura-
tion ; as fissure + -ation.] 1. The act of fis-
suring, or the state of being fissured.
Whether/InuroMonbedae to mechanical causes or rep-
resent lines of retarded growth, each fissure [in brains of
idiots, etc.] is probably not due to a distinct process, but
is in many cases, as Dr. A. J. Parker had shown, due to
vegetative repetition. Amer. Jour. Ptyehol., I. 342.
fissipede (fis'i-ped), a. and n. Same as fissiped. 2. In biol. , same as fission, 2.
It is described \lk» JUiipedeM, or birds which have their
feet or claws divided, whereas It Is palmipede or fin-foot-
ed like swans and geese. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 2.
Fissipedia (fis-i-pe'di-ft), ». pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of L..rtx»i/>e« (-ped-), old'ven-footed: Bee fissiped.]
A suborder of carnivorous mammals, of the or-
der Fera, containing all the terrestrial carni-
vores, as distinguished from the aquatic seals
and walruses, or Pinninedia. They have the toes
cleft, the first phalanges or aigita of the feet not enlai^ied
The multiplication of the species Is effected in some by
spontaneous division or fisturation.
Jabez Bogg, The Microscope.
flsanre (fish'ur), n. [= P. fissure = Sp. fisura
— I'g. fissura = It. fissura, fessura, < L. fissura,
a cleft, chink, fissure, < fissus, pp. of findere,
cleave, separate, = E. bite: see bite, and cf.
fent, fissile, and fission.] 1. A narrow longitu-
dinal opening or ^oove; a cleft, crack, or chink;
a line of separation in any substance produced
Fissurella
by parting or cleavage: as, a fissure la the
earth or in a rock.
A Fissure into the Earth, of a great depth ; but withal
so narrow that it is not discernible to the Eye till you ar-
rive just upon it. Maundretl, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 5.
2. In surg. and anat., any solution of continuity
in a bone, membrane, or muscle, or a natural di-
vision or groove between adjoining parts of like
substance; a fissura: a sulcus: as, the longitu-
dinal fissure of the brain, separating the hemi-
spheres.— 3. Jnentom.: (a) A deep, sharp longi-
tudinal depression of a surface. (6) Avery deep
angular notch in a margin, almost dividing the
part or organ. — 4. Inbot., the opening between
segments of a cleft leaf or other organ ; a slit
formed by the dehiscence of an anther or a cap-
sule.— 5. In her,, a bearing resemblingthe bend
sinister, but having one fourth the width of the
bend, and capable of being borne on any part of
the shield, sometimes in connection with others,
sometimes with a bend sinister, a scarpe, or
the like. Also called staff. — 6. In pathol., a
crack-like sore or nicer : as, an anal fissure. —
Auricular fissure, a fissure between the vaginal and mas-
toid processes of the temporal bone for the exit of the
auricular branch of the vagus nerve. — Buccal fissures.
See buccal openings, under ftMccoZ. — Calcarlne fissure.
See calcarinc. — Callosomarginal fissure, the sulcus
bounding the gjrus foniicatus above, and turning up to
terminate a short distance beliind tlie upper extremity of
the Ussure of Kolando. See cut under cerebral. — Central
fisstire, the fissure of Kolando. — Choroidal, collateral,
crescent, fimbria!, etc., fissure. See the adjectives.—
Fissure of Rolando, a deep sulcus separating the fron-
tal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum on each side, on
the superior and external surface of the cerebrum. See
cuts under cerebral and gyrus.— TiBSWCe Of Sylvius, the
largest, deepest, and most constant of the fissures oi the
mammalian brain. It has a short anterior and long pos-
terior branch, the latter separating the temporal from the
parietal lobe. See cuts under cerebral and ^?/n(«.— Fis-
sures Of the brain, in anat., the depressions or sulci
separating the convolutions or gyri. See sidcus. — Glase-
rian fissure, tlie cleft between the squamosal and the
tympanic elements of the temporal bone, separating the
glenoid fossa proper from the vaginal plate of the tym-
panic, loii^ting the processus gracilis of the malleus, and
transmitting the tympanic branch of the internal maxil-
lary artery.— Great horizontal fissure of the cere-
bellum. See cfr*'?w//u»/t.— Hippocampal fissure. See
hiit}t<)camjtal. — Intraparietal fissure, a ileep sulcus on
the convex surface of the parietal lobe of each cerebral
hemispliere. .See cut under cerebral. — Palpebral fis-
sure, the <-leftl>etween theeyelids. See/i#Ki/ra.— Parieto-
occipital fissure, a sulcus on the median surface of each
cerebral hemisphere. Its extremity reaches the convex
surface and marks the boundary between the parietal and
occipital lot^es. See cut under cerebral.— Portal fissure,
the iK)rta or gateway of the liver; the short, deep trans-
verse fissure on the under side of the right lobe, joining
the longitudinal fissure at ri^^ht angles. Also called trans*
tvrsf /fjurnrr.— pterygomaxlllary fissure, the vertical
interval tietween the body of the superior maxillary Ijone
and the pter>i;oid prot-ess of the sidienoiil l>one, leading
from the /yt'oniatic fossa to the sphenomaxillary fossa. —
Sphenoidal fissure, the ititerval between the greater and
lesser wings of the splienoid bone; tlie anterior lacerate
foramen of tile skull, throwing the cerebral and orbital
cavities into communication, and transmitting the third,
fourth, and sixth cranial nerves, and the first division of
the fifth, and the ophthalmic vein. .See cut under nj^Ae-
noi'd.- Sphenomaxillary fissure, the horizontal inter-
val between the sphenoid and superior maxillary iKiiies,
situated at the outer and back part of the liony orbit of
the eye, throwing the orbital cavity into communication
with the temporal, the zygomatic, and the sphenomaxil-
lary fossie resi>ectively.— Transverse fissure. Same as
jmrtal Jissure. — Umbilical fissure, the cleft of the liver
which receives the round ligament or the fibrous cord de-
noting the nnibilical vein after its lumen is obliterated.
flssore (fish'ur), v. ; pret. and pp. fissured, ppr.
fis.furing. I'i fissure, n.] I. frajw. To cleave ;
split ; divide ; crack or fracture.
By a fall or blow the scull may be/»»tired or fractured.
Wiseman, Surgery, v. 9.
n. intrans. To crack ; cleave ; split open.
fissured (fish'urd), p. a. Having a fissure or
fissures; cleft; split; divided.
Ivy clasped
The Jlstured stones with its entwining arms.
Shelley, Alastor.
Their snrfaces are rough, and fissured with branchins
cracks. Darwin, Geol. Observations, i. 43.
Specifically — (a) In hot,, cleft or split.
Almost every flower . . . had . . . [its] rostella/!<tur«i.
Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 108.
(fe) In eniom., partly divided by one or more very deep
notches : specifically applied to the wings of certain in.
sects which appear sjilit into two or more parts, as in the
Pterophoridce, a family of small moths.
flssnreless (fish'ur-les), a. ■ [< fissure -(- -less.]
Without fissure or cleft.
Seeds of Acer platanoides and of wheat which had fallen
between pieces of ice in an ice-house germinated there and
pushed a number of roots several inches deep into the
fissureless pieces of ice. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 660.
Fissnrella (fis-u-rera), n. [NL., dim. of L.
fissura. a fissure: see fissure.] The typical
genus of keyhole-limpets of the family Fissu-
rellida. F. nodosa is an example.
Fissurellacea
flst-ballH (fist'b&l), «. [< fist^ + 6a"^-] A
kind of ball to be struck by the fists. Nomen-
clator (1585), p. 296. iHalliwell.)
fist-bair-2 (fist'- or fist'bal), n. lifisfi + bain.']
A puff ball. Compare Bovista.
fistful (fist'ful), n. [< fisi^ + -ful.'] A handful.
[CoUoq.]
Fissurellacea (fls'u-re-la'se-a),
n. pi. [NL., < FissurdUi +
-acta.] Same as FismireUida.
fissurellid (fis-u-rel'id), ». A
gastropod of the family Fissu-
riUidir.
Fissurellidse (fis-u-rel'i-de). h.
pi. [NL., <i'fcsureHo + -id(«.]
A family of scutibranchiate
prosobranchiate gastropodoiis
mollusks; the keyuole-Umpets.
They resemble onliiiary limpets in appearance and habits,
but (litter ranch in structure. The shell ia perforate or
emarginate, and someUmes disproportionately small for
the siie of the animal. There are many species, extinct
and extant. Also Fhsureltacea.
The FiaureUxda . . . are structurally closely allied to
the . . . IHaliotiiia], but in external appearance they
seem far different. The shell is conical, and shows but
very slightly any spiral. The series of openings of the
Ualiotis are replaced by a hole at or near the apex of the
shell, or by a notch in the front margin. On the inside „^_^
of the shell is a horseshoe-shaped impression, indicating <,„4,. „xj_ _, ^fl./j.: t5 tin,»^ n
the surface of attachment of the muscles of the foot. flStlCatingt (tis tl-Ka-ting;, a
The eyes, instead of being placed on stalks, are scarcely
elevated above the surrounding surface. . . . The species
are largely inhabitants of the warmer seas of the globe,
although some forms are boreal in their range. They are
mostly found near the shores, where they feed on the „ . . <«■ /« /*■ t f\
smaller seaweeds. In their habits they are not different HSuCUH (.us li-KUi;
2240 fistulous
4. \_eap.'] [NL.] In zooL, a genus of polyps.
Oketly 1815. — pistula in ano, fistula penetrating into
the cellular substaufe ubout the anus, or int(» the rectum
itself. — Fistula in perinjeo, fistula resulting from par-
tiiU closure of a ruptured perineum. — Fistula lacry-
malis, a fistula of the lacrymal sac, through which tlie
tears usually escape on the cheek : a disorder cliaracter-
ized iiy the flowing of tears, and usually proceeding from
.. , . , .J I, 1 ol)literation of the nasal duct.
o,Si^^T'nltT.lSr1fSrT^^d^e^Ta'^ngTe';i>^^^ fistular (fis'$u-lar), « i=F. mulaire^ Sp./.-
nor by an assay. S. Bowles, Our Sew West, p. 304. titlar = It. JlStoUtre, < L. Jistularis, like a pipe,
flstiana (fis-ti-an'a or -a'nii), n. pi. [< JisH + < ./fsi«««,.a pipe : see fistula.} Fistulous
-i-ana: see -ana.^ Anecdotes or information FlStularia (fis-tu-la'n-a), n. [NL., < \fistula-
regarding pugilists or pugilistic matters; box- »-is,_like a pipe, < fistula, a pipe: see fistula.}
iana.
fistic (fis'tik), a. [< fist^ + -ic.} Relating to
or done with the fists; pertaining to boxing;
pugilistic: as, fistic exploits; fistic heroes.
[Colloq.]
In Jistic phraseology, he had genius for coming up to
1 . The typical and only genus of the restricted
family FistulariidiV. F. tabacearia, the best-known
species, is the tobacco-pipe ilsh. The genus is named from
the long tubular snout, like a fistula or tube, at the end of
which is the mouth.
2. A genus of holothurians of vermiform fig-
_.. _, , „ , „ - - lire with pinnate tentacles. De Blainville,\?!'iii.
the scratch, wherever and whatever it was and proving PigtulariSB (fis-tii-la'ri-e), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
himself an ugly customer. Dickens, Hard Times, u. ';^.,,„,„,,.„ 1 1 '^^^ vermifori holothurians, a
from other limpets. Stand. Nat. Hint., I. 320.
fissure-needle (fish'ur-ne"dl), n. A spiral
needle for bringing together the lips of a wound.
Being turned round its axis, it catches each lip alter-
nately, and it is so made as to introduce a thread or wire,
which is left in place when the needle is withdrawn.
fissure-vein (fish'ur-van), n. Mineral matter,
often metalliferous, filling a preexisting fis-
sure, not formed by simple shrinkage of the
rock itself, but resulting from deep-seated or
crust movements, and which therefore may be
expected to extend indefinitely downward, in-
stead of ending in the particular stratum or
group of strata in which it began. See vein,
deposit, true vein (under vein), and gash-vein.
flstl (fist), n. [< ME. fist, fyst, fust, rarely fest,
< AS. fyst = OFries. test — D. vuist = MLG.
mst, LG. fust = OHG. fast, MHG. fust, vust,
G. faust, the fist. The Goth, form is not record-
ed ; possibly "fuhstus, < 'fuh, thus connecting
the Teut. forms with L. pugnus, fist, pugil, a
fist-fighter, pugilist, ptigna, battle, etc., Gr.
Tzvyfii), the fiat, ffif , with the fist, etc. : see pug-
nacious, expugn, impugn, etc., pugilism, etc. ;
see also fight. Otherwise the Teut. forms arc
prob. akin to OBulg. pesti = Slov. pest = Pol.
piesc — Bohem. pest = Russ. pyasti, fist.] 1.
The hand clenched ; the hand with the fingers
doubled into the palm.
For god the fader is as a /«»!«, the sone is as a fynger.
The holy goste of heuene is, as it were, the pawme.
Piers Plowman (B), xvii. 200.
Kynge Arthur fonde the kynge Ban on fote, in myddell
of the presse, his swerde in his fiste, that hym deffended
so vigerously that noon ne durst hym a-proche.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 164.
Behold, ye fast for strife and debate, and to smite with
the flit of wickedness. Isa. Iviii. 4.
2. Used to translate German fauat, hand-
breadth, equal in Austria to 10.54 centimeters,
or about 4 inches.— Hand over fist. See hand..
flsti (fist), V. t. [< fisti, n.] 1. To strike with
the fist.
On a sudden — at a something — for a nothing —
The boy would fist me hard. Tennyson, Harold, i. 1.
2. To grip with the fist.
We have been down together in my sleep,
Unbuckling helms, fistina each other's throat.
Shak., Cor., iv. 6.
We fisted the sail together, and, after six or eight min-
utes of hard hauling and pulling and beating down the
sail, ... we managed to get it furled.
li. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 352.
flst^ (fist or fist), n. [Also written fyst, feist,
fiest, foist (see fnist^) ; early mod. E. fyest, <
ME. "fist, fyst, fyyst = OD. veest, D. vijst =
MLG. vist, LG. fist = MHG. vist, a breaking
wind; with formative -t (equiv. to the simpler
form fise = Sw. Dan. fis), from the verb rep-
resented by Icel. ^a = Dan. _^se, break wind:
see .^sei, fizz, fizzle, n. Cf. hullfist, Bovista.}
1. The act of breaking wind: same as fise^.
Prompt. Pari'., p. 163. [Obsolete or vulgar.]
—3. A puffball.
flst^ (fist or fist), v. i. [Also written /j/**, feist,
fiest, foist (see foist^) ; < ME. fisten, fyisten =
MD. vijsten, D. vijsten, veesten = MLG. visten,
LG. fisten = MHG. visten, break wind; from
the noun : see fist^, n., and cf. fizz, fizzle, foist^,
V.} To break wind. Prompt. Parv., p. 163.
[Obsolete or vulgar.]
A corruption of
sophisticating.
There are so many fislicaling Tohaco-mungers in Eng-
land, were it neuer so bad, they would sell it for Verinas.
Quoted in Capt. John Smiths Works, II. 38.
[Formerly fistycuff; <
Fistularia, 2.]
section represented by such forms as Synapta,
Chirodota, and Oncinolabes. Also, incorrectly,
Fistularia.
flstulariid (fis-tu-la'ri-id), n. A fish of the
family Fistularildw.
wnw with Fistulariidae (fis"tu-la-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
mWwSth Fistularia,!, + -ida!.} Afamily of hemibranchi-
fisty^, = fist^, + cufi', a blow.] A
the fist: commonly in the plural, combat with
the fists ; cuffs of the fist given and taken.
There's two at fisty-cuffs about it.
Middleton (and another). Mayor of Queenborough, ill. 3.
My invention and judgment are perpetually at /sd'ctyft,
till they have quite disabled each other. Sm/t.
People who share a cell in the Bastile, or are thrown to-
gether on an uninhabited isle, if they do not immediately
fall to fisticuffs, will find some possible ground of compro-
mise. J{. L. Stevenson, Virginibus Puerisque, i.
fisticuffer (fis'ti-kuf-fer), n. One who fights
with the fists ; a boxer.
Every rising fisticuffer within half a hundred miles
ronnd had heard of Bob's strength, and the more ambi-
tions of these had felt bound to "dare " him.
£J, Eggleston, The Graysons, x.
fisticuffing (fis'ti-kuf-ing), n. Boxing; fighting
with the fists.
Six men were under sentence for simple assault and
battery — mere ;i8(ii!u/S»<i'— one of two years, two of five
years, one of six years, one of seven, and one of eight.
The Century, XXXII. 167.
flsting-houndt, «. [< fisting, ppr. of fist"^, v.,
hound. Ct.fise-dog.} A kind of spaniel. W.Har-
rison, Descrip. of England, p. 230. {Halliwell.)
Msofoisting-hound . , ^. . » fistulate (fis'tu-lat), v.
And alledgmg urgent excuses tor my stay behind, part ,^^^^ ^^^^ iiZunntLn
with her as passionately as she would from her foisting-
hound. Marston, Johnson, and Chapman, Eastward Ho.
flstinutt (fis'ti-nut), n. [For "fistic- = "fustic-
nut: see fustic and pistachio-nut.} Apistachio-
nut.
fist-la-w (fist'ia), n. The law of brute force.
[Rare.]
The president ["of the parliament of Burgundy" and
envoy of Henry IV. of France] told the States-General in
full assembly that there was no law in Christendom, as
between nations, . . . [but] the good old ^sf-iaw, the code
of brute force. Motley, United Ketherlands, IV. 497.
fisfr-mate (fist'mat), n. An antagonist in a pu-
gilistic encounter. [Rare.]
One fights because ... the next parish is an eyesore to
him, and his fist-mate is from it. Landor.
fistOCkt (fis'tok), «. l< fist^-i- dim. -ocl'.} A fist.
Scarce able for to stay his fistock from the servant's face.
Golding, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph.
fistuca (fis-ta'ka), n. [L., a rammer, beetle.]
An instrument for dri-ving piles ; a monkey.
fistula (fis'tu-la), n. [= D. G. Dan. Sw. fistel fistulidan (fis-tii'li-dan), n.
= OF. fistle,' festre (> ME. festrc, E. fester), F. uda-; a holothurian.
(a restored form) fistule = Pr.fistola = Sp. fis- fistuliform (fis'tu-li-f6rm), a. [< L. fistula, a
tola = 'Pg.fi^tula = lt.fistola,<'L.fistula,a,i;ii-pe, pipe, -f /oraia, shape.] Fistular or fistulous
tube, a reed, cane, a musical pipe, a sort of iu form ; tubular or tubiform.
ulcer, fistula. Cf./esterl, ult. a doublet of J?S- stalactite often occni-s/8(Hii/orm. Phillips,
tula in the pathological sense.] If. A reed ; a pj ^^^^3, (fis-tu-li'na), n. [NL., dim.of L. /*■-
pipe ; a mnd-mstrument of music - 2. In the ' ^»^^ ^ -^^ ^^^-^ ^;,^ ^ „f hymeno-
liom. Cath. Ch., same as calamus, 4. mycetous fungi, allied to Boletus. F. hepatica.
For some centuries it appears to have been the custom ,vhich grows on oak and less commonly on various other
for the priest to hold the chalice while the communicant ^j.^^^ j„ Europe and America, ia highly esteemed as an ar-
sucked the wine through a silver tube or fistula. y^ig ^f fo^d n jj called beefsteak-fungus, and is much
Mncyc. Brit., XIX. 185. jjj^g beefsteak in appearance and quality.
3. In pa«Ao?.,anarrowpassage or duct, formed fistulose (fis'tu-los), a. Same as ^.sJm^oms.
by disease or injury, leading from an abscess fistulous (fis'tu-lus), a. [= F. fistuleux = Sp.
to a free surface, or furnishing an abnormal Pg. fistuloso = It. fistnloso, < L. fistulosus, pipe-
means of egress from some normal cavity, as in -' ' ' ' C-t..l- /.«,.<.. 7«
vesicovaginal fistula. A fistula may be cutaneous
or deep-seated; incomplete, or blind, when it has but one
opening ; complete, when there are two. An incomplete
fistula may be external or internal, according to the posi-
tion of the opening.
Moreover you shall not see a part of the bodie but it is
subject to the fistulas, which creep inwardly and hollow
as they go. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxvi. 14.
ate fishes, typified by the genus Fistularia, and
characterized by the very elongate and some-
what depressed body, long tubiform snout, ven-
tral fins with five or six spineless rays, no dor-
sal spines, and extension of the two middle rays
of the tail-fin into a long filament ; the tobacco-
pipe fishes or sea-snipes. Only three species are
known, all of the genus Fistularia. fomierly referred to
tlie Aulostomidm or even the Centriscidcr. In Cuvier's
system Fistulariidte was the fifteenth family of Acan-
thopterygii, and included not only the Firtulariidxe prop-
er, but also the A ulostomidce, Macrorhamphosidff, and Aln-
phisilidie of recent authors. In Giinther's system they
were a family of Acanthopterygii gaslensteifonnes, with
the ventrals remote from the pubic bone, and with six
soft rays, including Fistulariidce proper, Aulostmnidce,
and Aulmhynchidce of later authors. Also written Fistu-
larida;, Fis'tidarides, Fistularioide(e.
fistularioid (fis-tu-la'ri-oid), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to ortaving the characters of the
Fi.?tidariid(B.
II. ». A fistulariid.
fistulary (fis'tu-la-ri), a. [< L. fistularis, < fistu-
la, a pipe : see fistular.} Fistulous.
Gaue liira the farr -heard ./i*/uirtn'« reede.
Chapman, Homeric Hymn to Hermes.
i. ; pret. and pp. fistu-
lated, ppr. fisiulating. [< fistulate, a.} To as-
sume the form or character of a fistula, as an
o 1% Q P A S S
fistulate, fistulated (fis'tu-lat, -la-ted), a. [=
Pg. fistulado, < L. fistulatus, furnished with
pipes, pipe-shaped, < fistula, a pipe: see fistu-
la.} Hollowed like a pipe or fistula : as, " a fis-
tulated ulcer," Fuller.
The beginnings or first stamina in animals are their
tubes, pipes, or ducts, fistulated or hollowed, to circu-
late the blood and juices. The Student, II. 379.
fistulatous (fis'tu-la-tus), a. [Irreg. < fistulate,
a., + -ous.} Fistulated or fistulous. [Rare.]
fistulet (fis'tul), n. [< F. fistule, < L. fistula, a
pipe, fistula": see fistula.} A fistula. Holland.
fistulid (fis'tu-lid), n. A member of Lamarck's
third section of radiated animals, as a holothu-
rian ; a fistulidan.
Fistulidae (fis-tii'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fistula
-I- -idai.} A family of echinodermatous ani-
mals, the holothurians : a term now disused.
One of the Fistu-
shaped, full of holes, having a fistula, < fistula,
a pipe, etc.: see fistida.} 1. Hollow, like a
pipe or reed; tubular; fistuliform.— 2. Hav-
ing the form or nature of a tube or fistula ; con-
taining fistulas.
As for the flesh of the polype, it is to see to, fistulous
and spongeous, like unto honycomlis.
Uolland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 827.
fistwise
fistwise (fist'wiz), a. [< ME. fustwyse; < fisO-
+ -irise.j In the form of a fist.
And alle thre li)8 bote o god [is but one God] as my hand
and my fyngres,
Vnfolde other [or] yfolde Bi/iistwyte other elles.
Piere Ploicman (C), xx. 150.
flstyl (fis'ti), a. [< fisfl- + -yl.] Pertaining to
the fists or to pugilism ; fistic. [Rare.]
In twice five years the "greatest living poet, "
Like to the cliampion in tlie fislij ring,
Is call d on to support his claim.
Byron^ Don Juan, xi. 55.
flsty* (fis'ti), n.; pi. fisties (-tiz). A dialectal
variant of iist^.
fitl (fit), M. " [< UE.fit,fyt,fytt, a struggle, < AS.
Jitt, a struggle, fight ; cf . the verbal n. Jitung, a
fighting; feltian (in pret. pl./eifcidoii), dispute,
contend (f). The AS. forms occur but rarely
(hardly more than once each ) . Connections un-
known ; the nearest word in sense and form is
Jight, AS.feoht; but this cannot be related.]
It. A struggle ; a short period of active physi-
cal exertion.
Sys, ache seyde, make yow gladd.
For on [an] hardere /ytt never ye had.
Sir Xglamour, 1. 255.
The body that on the here Us
Scheweth the same that we schal be ;
That Jerf ul fit may no mon fle.
Early Eiuj. Poeiiu (ed. Furnivall), p. 135.
2. An attack of con\'ulsive disease ; a muscu-
lar convulsion, often with loss of self-control
and consciousness; spasm; specifically, an epi-
leptic attack.
The aged man that coffers up his gold
Is plagued with cramps and gouts and painful /!(».
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 866.
The frequency of attacks varies immensely in epilepsy.
In one case ... the average nightly numlwr of ftu had
been about twelve. Quain, Med. Diet.
3. The invasion, exacerbation, or paroxystn of
disease, or of any physical disturbance, coming
suddenly or by abrupt transition : as, a Jit of
the gout"; a Jit of colic, of coughing, or of sneez-
ing; a cold or a hot Jit in intermittent fever.
I'ntiuiet meals make ill digestions.
Thereof the raging Are of fever bred;
And what's a fever but a fit of madness !
Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
Yon shall not be rid of this ague of my letters, though
perchance the;f( change days. honne. Letters, vi.
4. A more or less sudden and transient mani-
festation of emotion or feeling of any kind,
as of passion (anger), grief, laughter, laziness,
etc. ; usually, a manifestation of violent emo-
tion; a paroxysm; a "spell."
.Such fearefull/ft assaid her trembling hart,
Ne word to speake, ne ioynt to move, she had.
Sperutr, ¥. Q., L vl 11.
Thy jealous fits
Have scar'd thy husband from the use of wits.
Skak., C. of E., v. 1.
There la no dilTerence between a mad man and an angry
man In the time of his;f(. Burton, Anat. of Met, p. 160.
Wrapped In Kfit of pleasing indolence.
Wordtwortk, Vernal Ode, Iv.
8. A sudden impulse toward effort, activity, or
motion, followed by an interval of relaxation ;
impulsive and intermittent action : as, he will
do it now that the /< is on him; to have t> Jit
of work. In the emission theory of light a fit Is a period
during which the matter of light is more or lea* easily
transmitted. These Bts were supposed by Newton to ac-
count for the phenomeiuk now explained by the periods
.of undulation.
He that's compelled to goodness may he good.
But 'tis but for that fit ; where others, drawn
By softness and example, get a habit.
B. Jtnuon, Every Man in his Humour, i. 1.
By jits he breathes, half views the fleeting skies.
And seals again by fitt his swimming eyes.
Pope, Iliad, Jlv.
She came when the/( was on her, she staid Jest so long
•a it pleased her, and went when she got ready, and not
before. //. B. Stoioe, Oldtown, p. 17.
The mind now thinks ; now acts ; and eachyl/ reproduces
the other. Ifmerjfon, Misc., p. M.
Newton endemvoared to explain the rings which go by
his name by the theory of ;!(« of easy reflection and trans-
mission. Stokft, Light, p. 51.
6. A caprice ; capricious or irregular action or
movement.
The Sea hath fitt, alternate course she keepet.
From Deep to Shoar, and from the Shoar to Deepa.
Syltxtler, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, I. 3.
But, for your husband.
He is noble, wise. Judicious, and best knows
The/t» o' the season. Shak., .Macbeth, iv. 2.
7t. A stroke.
"Curse on that Cross" (quoth then the .Sarazin),
" lliat keepe* thy body from the bitter lfl( / "
Spentrr, f. Q., I. II. 18.
By fits, fltfully ', spasmodically ; by Irregular periods of
action or emotion.
141
2241
fit
Mon deth mid strengthe and mid wltte
That other thing nis non hm fitte.
Tlieg alle strengthe at one were,
Monues wit get more were.
Owl arid Nightingale, 1. 781.
5. [< Jit^, c] In soap-making, the Liquid soap,
before it is allowed to cool and harflen, in the
finishing stage of the manufacture of yellow
soap. See Jitting, n.,2.
A fine fit gives a very large nigre, containing much soap ;
while a coarse /i( gives a small nigi-e, composed cliietly of
played a part in history only by fil^ awl ""P»>-e lye. k. L. CarpenUr, Soap and Candles, p. 173.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. S7. flt2 (fit)^ v. ; pret. and pp. Jilted, ppr. Jitting.
[Early mod. E. also Jitte; < ME. Jitten (rare),
fit, become, aiTange or set in array, = OD.
vitten, fit, suit, adapt. The early records are
scant, and other connections are doubtful. The
adj. may be ult. the contr. pp. of the verb (cf.
/aJl, in part similarly contracted). The verb
is by some connected with Icel. Jifja, knit,
web," = Norw. Jitja, draw (a lace) together in a
noose, = Sw. dial. Jittja, bind together, < Icel.
Jit, the webbed foot of water-fowl, the web or
skm of the feet of animals, the edge or hem of
a sock, etc. Connection with feat^ (ME. J'ete,
J'etise, neat, well-made) is improbable ; but of.
Jit^ =/ea<2.] I, trans. 1. To make fit or suit-
able ; adapt ; bring into a corresponding form
or a conformable condition : as, to Jit a coat or
gown to the figure; to Jit a key to a lock; to^t
the mind to one's circumstances.
Shirley . . . wasglad to be independent as to property;
1,1/ fits she was even elated at the notion of being lady of
tile manor. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xii.
Fit of the facet, a grimac*; a twist or contortion of the
(ace.
All the good our English
Have got by the late voyage is but merely
A fit or two o' the face. Shak., Hen. V'lII., i. 3.
Fits and starts, irregular periods of action ; capricious
impulses and movements ; the performance of actions in
an irregular or intermittent way : as, to work by fits atul
ttartt ; the clock goes by fits and starts.
Dalmatia has
starts.
To give one fits, or particular fits, to make a vigorous
attack upon one; especially, to rate or scold one vigorous-
ly: as, I'll give him fits for that. [Slang, U. S.]
The man ran after the thievish Indian, and the corporal
cried out to give him fits if he caught him.
6. W. Kendall, Santa F^ Expedition.
I rather guess as how the old man will give particular
fits to our folks to-day.
S. Eggleslon, Hoosier .Schoolmaster, p. 101.
fltif, f. t. [</<!, «.] To force or wrench, as by
a fit or convulsion.
How have mine eyes out of their spheres been fitted.
In the distraction of this madding fever !
Shak., Sonnets, cxix.
fit2 (fit), a. and ». [Early mod. E. also Jitte ;
E. dial. &\so Jet; < ME.Jit, Jitte, f!/t,fytte, meet;
origin uncertain : seethe verb.] I. a. 1. Meet;
suitable; befitting; becoming; conformable to
a standard of right, duty, or appropriateness ;
proper; appropriate.
Fyt or mete, euuus [eequus], congruus.
Prompt. Pan., p. 163.
Fvtte, as a garment or other tbyng. PaUgrave.
It is not fit for a little foot-page,
liiat has i-un throughe mosse and myre,
To lye in the chamber of any ladye.
Child Watert (Child s Ballads, III. 210).
There will be fit occasion ministred unto me to write
something of It. Coryat, Crudities, 1. 188.
We have certainly ... no reason to complain, if God
thinks fit to debar us at all times any use of unlawfull
Pleasures. Stillingfieel , Sermons, II. ix.
He [John Adams] was chosen its President — a/( honor,
which the feeble old man as llttingly declined.
Theodore Parker, Historic Americans, vl.
We passed a company of thent [monks], young and old,
on our way, bareheaded and barefooted, as their use is,
and looking yerjfil in the landscape.
llowtlU, lT>e Century, XXX 671.
2. Adapted to an end, object, or design; con-
formable to a standard of efSciency or qualifi-
cation ; suitable ; competent.
My neighl)onr hath a wife, not/( to make him thriue,
But good to kill a quicke man, or make a dead reuiue.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 176.
A trotting Horse Is/f for a Coach, but not for a Lady's
Saddle. UotKll, Letters, I. t. 37.
They're fitter far for book or pen
Than under Mars to lead on men.
BattU (if SherifMuir (Child's Ballads, VII. 263).
Existence, generation after generation, in a region where
despotic control has arisen, produces an adapted type of
nature ; partly by daily habit, and partly by sunrlval of
those mostyit for living under such control.
//. Spenetr, Prin. of Soclol., | 483.
3. In a state of preparedness ; in a suitable con-
dition; ready; prepared: as, ^f to die.
So;U to shoot, she singled forth among
Her toes who flrst her quarry's strength should feel.
Fair/az.
If I be not fit to go to prison, I am not/( to go to Judg-
ment, and from thence to execution.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 85.
4. Specifically, in sporting language, in condi-
tion; properly trained for action: as, the horse
was not fit, and lost the race ; hence, colloqui-
ally, in good health. [Eng.]
One day he had opened his eyes — as /( as a flea.
The Century, XXXVI. 127.
"Thought I'd run down for a bit and look you up," he
explained. "And how are you all in Sleepy Hollow?
Pretty fit > " W. B. Sorrii, The Rogue, xix.
Not fit to hold a candle to. See mndU. — Survival of
the fittest. ^•■'' "iiriMv,^ =8yn. 1. 1'mper. seemly, fitting.
— 2. Kxpedit-nt, congruous, correspondent, convenient, ap-
posite, atlequate. Apt, Fit. See apt.
n. ». 1. A fitting or adjustment; adapta-
tion, as of one thing to another; something
that fits or is fitted : as, the fit of a garment,
or of the parts of a machine ; the coat is an ex-
act yit.
" People He about my being cross with yon, ' Issells. the
peevish tailor, remarks to his wornont wife at supper,
"and I may he put out a little by the everlasting botlier
and misfortune I have, . . . people dissatistled with their
fits, people promising ami not paying. "
W. M. Baker, New Timotliy, p. 237.
2. A fitting out ; preparation : as, a good fit for
college. —3. The part of a car-axle upon which
the wheel is forced. E. H. Knight. — 4. One's
equal, like, or match. [Now only prov. Eng.,
in form/et.]
I return you here enclosed the Sonnet your Grace pleased
to send me lately, rendered into Spanish, and^((ed to the
same Air it liad in English. Uowell, Letters, I. iv. 14.
How the dayyf(» Itself to the mind, winds itself round
it like a fine drapery, clothing all its fancies !
Emerson, Works and Days.
Nature has a magic by which she /i(« the man to his
fortunes, by making them the fruit of his character.
Emerson, Books.
For anything I know al>ont the matter, it may he the
way of Nature to be unintelligible ; she is often puzzling,
and I have uo reason to supiKjse that she is bound to fit
lierself to our notions. Huxley, Amer. Addresses, p. 29.
2. To accommodate with anything suitable;
furnish with what is fit or appropriate as to
size, shape, etc. : as, to fit one with a coat or a
pair of snbes.
No milliner can so lit his customers with gloves.
SAa*., W.T.,iv. 3.
His shoemaker, fitting him, told him. " that if his Ijird-
shin would please to tread hard . . . his Lordship would
find his Lordship's shoe will sit as easy as any piece of work
Ills Lordship should see in England. "
Steele, Tatler, No. 204.
3. To prepare ; furnish with what is proper or
necessary ; equip ; make ready ; qualify : as, to
fit a ship for a long voyage ; to fit one's self for
a journey; to fit a student for college.
I create you
Companions to our person, anil will^f you
With dignities becoming your estates.
Shak., Cymbellne, v. 5.
We are directed to ask with a tlxed and fervent mind,
because such a manner of askingyidi and qualifies ns for
receiving. Bp. Atterburii, Sermons, II. xx.
To fit thee for a nobler post than thine.
Cowper, Valediction, 1. 32.
He [Peter Stuyvesant] was in fact the very man fitted
by nature to retrieve the desi>erate fortunes of her beloved
province. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 267.
4. To be properly adjusted or adapted to ; be
suitable for as to size, form, character, qualifi-
cation, etc.; suit: as, the coat exactly /fs you;
he fits his place well.
Every man's pocket is my treasury.
And no man wears a suit but/(jt me neatly.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, v. 3.
You writ to me lately for a Footman, and I think this
Bearer will fit you. Howell, Letters, I. v. 13.
A good government, like a good coat, is that which fits
the body for which It Is designed.
MacatUay, Mitford's Hist Greece.
It seems to me . . . that yon cannot always cut out
men to/( their professiim, and that yon ought not to curse
them because that profession sometimes hangs on them
ungracefully. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ill.
6. To be proper for; be in keeping with; be-
come ; befit.
The time when screech-owls cry, and ban-dogs howl,
And spiriu walk, and ghosts break up their graves.
That time best <f« the work we have in hand.
.STAo*., 2 Hen. VI.,i. 4.
I.ay roe downe all your commodities together ; what I
like I will take, and m reconipence glue yon what I thinke
fitting their value.
Quoted In Capt. John .'imillis Works, 1. 167.
.So clothe yourself in this, that better fits
Our mended fortunes and a Prince's bride.
Tennyson, Geraint.
To Ht out, to furnish ; equip ; supply with necessaries or
means: as. to fit out a ship (that is, to furnish her with
sails, stores, and other necessaries).— To fit up, to pre-
pare ; furnish with things suitable ; make proper for the
fit
2242
reception or use of any person : as, to ^f up a house for a
guest
They [the Dutch] first fit them [trading sloopsl up after
their own fashion, and put a Kuddcr to them, which tlie „ . „. < /fi„u\ „ rir Ai^^ T A aT>r./^nfiil !VrT.v
Jihornians dout use. DamjiK,-, Voyages, II. i. 5. fitcn* (nch), n. [K dial. J A spoontul. \_\'T0\.
You haven't been here, I believe, since I fitted up this ^Dg. J
2. To transfix ; pierce.
Thei ben scaterid, and not ficchid [L. compuncti] with
sorewe. Wyclif, Ps. xxxiv.
, 16.
i-oom.
= Syn. 1. To adjust.
5A«ndrtH, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
^3. To equip, provide.
H. ii>trans. 1 . To be fit, suitable, becoming,
seemly, or proper.
Sometimes I joy when glad occasion fits,
Spenser, Sonnets, liv.
Nor^fjtit to prolong the feast Po^, Odyssey.
2. To be properly adjusted ; be adapted or
made suitable.
This [habit] fits not nicely, that is ill conceiv'd.
Coivper, Task, ii. 603.
To fit into, to adapt itself to ; harmonize with.
All below fits into the procession in cloudlanii above.
The Anierican, XII. 88.
flt3 (fit), «. [Still used occasionally, as an ar-
chaism, and spelled .^tt, fitte,fyne; ME. fit, fyt,
fytt, fytte, a song, ballad, or story, a division
of a song, ballad, or story, < AS. fitt. a song.
The AS. word is rare, and has no known con-
nections. Not from Icel. fet, a pace, step, foot
(as a measure of length) ; Icel. fet does not
mean a metrical foot, and the E. fit^ is not a
metrical foot.] A song, ballad, or story ; a di-
vision of a song, ballad, or story.
As God in heven has gyfFen me wit,
Shalle I now syng you ».fytt
Withe my mynstrelsy.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 51.
Loo, lordes myne, heer is a/i< .'
If ye wol any more of it.
To telle it wol I fonde.
Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 177.
Poems sweet
Like separate souls shall fly from it.
Each to an immortal fytte.
Mrs. Brouming, Isobel's Child, xxxi.
(This use of ;S( for a musical air played, not sung, is erro-
neous, but not uncommon.]
fit'* (fit), n. [Sc, a var. ot foot ; prob. due to
Scand. influence; cf. Icel. fet, a step, pace,
foot (a measure of length), = Dan. fjed = Sw.
_Qdt, track, trace, footstep ; Icel. fit, the webbed
foot of water-birds: see foot.'] A foot ; a step.
Bonny Lizie was weary wi' travelling.
And A fit furder coudna win.
Litie Lindsay (Child's Ballads, IV. 64).
O think that eild [age], wi' wyly fit.
Is wearing nearer bit by bit.
Fergusson, Poems, II. 107.
And when it is raised and removed, put in a piece of a
sponge, as much as a fitch, in the hole which the powder
made, and it will purge the drinesse of the wound.
Barrough, Method of Physick (1624).
fitch-bmsll (fich'brush), «. A brush or hair-
pencil made of the hair of the fitchew or polecat.
i<'itcli-l)rnshes are much esteemed, as they are elastic and
tirni, can be brouglit to a fine point, and work freely. Tlie
name is also given to small brushes made of hog's hair.
fitch6, fitch6e (fi-cha'), a. [Heraldic F. ; F.
^■(•/m?, pp. of .;fie7(er, drive in, fix: see^tefe^.] In
her.: {a) Sharpened or cut to a point; ending
in a point : said
especially of a
cross when the
lowermost arm
seems as if in-
tended to be
fixed in the
ground. (6)
Different forms of Cross Fitch6 Gules.
Less commonly, having a long sharp point at-
tached to the cross or other bearing, and pro-
jecting beyond the bottom. Also fiche, fiched,
figetive, fitched, fitchy — cross fltch^ double, in
her., a cross differing from tlie Maltese cros.s in having the
arms of equal width throughout— Double fltcll6, in her.,
terminating in two points : thus, a cross doul>le tltch^ has
one arm notched at the end, so as to show two sharp points,
or, if doutde fltch^ ot all four, has each arm so shaped.—
Fitch^ of all four. See cross estoiU, under crossl. —
ending in three points. See double
Treble fltcli6, in her.,
fitche.
fitched (fieht), a.
Same as fitchS.
fltchet (fieh'et), n.
fi'tche'W (fich'o), n
[</icP -I- -ed^: aeefitckS.-]
A variant of fitchew.
[Also fitchet and fiteh (Bee
fitch^), and A\s.\. fitchee, fitcher, fitchoU, fitchuk,'
etc. ; < ME. fitchew, fichew, < OF. fissiau, fissau,
< 01). fisse, visse, vitsche, a polecat (Kilian). Cf .
D. vies, nasty, loathsome, and eee fizzle, foist^.']
The polecat orfoulmart, Putorius vulgaris or P.
fwtidus. See polecat.
Vnder that cope a cote hath he furred.
With foyns, or with fitchewes other fyn beuer.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 296.
To be a dog, a mule, a cat, a fitchew, a toad, ... I would
not care ; but to be Menelaus, I would conspire against
destiny. Shak., T. and C, v. 1.
fitchole (flch'61), n. A dialectal variant of
fitchew.
fit* (fit), !?. l<fit*',n. Cf. /oof, i;., and ^«er2.] £tgjjy(fi(.ii'i)^ a. l< fitehe.] Cut to a point; in
I. trans. 1. To kick.— 2. To tread,
II. intrans. To kick.
fits (fit), a. [A dial. var. of feat^, in same
sense.] Great ; long : as, a fit time ; a fit deal
of trouble. [Prov. Eng.]
fits (fit). [A mod. dial. pret. and pp. of fight
(like lit of light), after the supposed analogy of
bit, bit or bitten, writ (obs.), writ (obs.) or writ-
ten, etc., pret. and pp. of bite, write, etc.] A
dialectal preterit and past participle of fight.
fitchi (fich), n. [E. dial., usually in pi. fitches;
< ME. fitches, pi., ficche, also fetches, -pi., fetche,
feehe,fech; in later E., usually with initial v,
vitch, vetch : see vetch."] A vetch, in the authorized
version of the Bible the word is used to translate two dif-
ferent Hebrew words (Ezek. iv. 9 ; Isa. xxviii. 26 - 27). The
former is probably spelt, a grain resembling wheat, and is
so rendered in the revised version ; the latter, the black
cumin (Ifigella sativa), as stated in the margin of the re-
vised version.
fltcll^ (fich), n. [Short for fitchet or fitchew ; or
directly < OD. ti(tec7ie ; see fitchet, fitchew.] 1.
In zooL, same as fitchew. — 2. In furriery, the
dressed fur of the fitchew ; the prepared skin of
the polecat. It makes a fine, soft, and warm
fur, but the natural odor is difficult to remove.
— 3. Sarae &8 fitch-brush.
The smallest hog-hair brushes are called fitches.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 106.
fitch^f (fich), V. t. [< ME. fitchen, ficchen, ficlien,
fix, fasten, pierce, < OF. ficher, fix, fasten, nail,
pierce, stick, thrust or drive in, F. ficher, drive
in, = Pr. ficar = OSp. OPg. ficar, Sp. hincar,
Pg. fincar = It. ficeare, fix, fasten, nail, drive in
(comp. F. afficher, stick up, = Pr. aficar = It.
afficcare, fix, fasten, drive), appar., through a
ML. form "figieare, < L. figere, pp. fixus, fix,
fasten, drive or thrust in, transfix, pierce : see
fix, v.] 1. To fix; fasten; setup.
with Crist I am ficchid [var. fitchid] to the cross.
Wycl^f, Qui ii. 19(0xf.).
Have mynde certeynly to ficchyn thy house of a myrie
site in a low stone. Chaucer, Boethius, p. 45.
But the two hynder feet were so depe ficched in the hau-
berke, that the heed of the catte hanged down-warde.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.). iii. 668.
her., same as fitcM.
Each board has two tenons fastened in their silver sock-
ets, which sockets some conceive made fitchy or picked.
Fuller, Pisgah Sight of Palestine, II. iv. 4.
fitful (fit'ful), a. [< fit^ + -ful.] Varied by ir-
regular fits of action and repose ; occurring or
marked by fits and starts; spasmodic; capri-
cious; changeable; checkered: as, a /</«? dis-
ease or mood ; a fitful life or career.
Duncan is in his grave ;
After life's fit/ul fever he sleeps well.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 2.
Keen, fitful gusts are whispering here and there
Among the bushes, half leafless and dry.
Keats, Sonnets, xiii.
There are, therefore, two strange and solemn lights in
which we have to regard almost every scene in the fitful
history of the Rivo Alto. Buskin.
= Syn. Irregular, variable, unstable.
fitfully (flt'fid-i), adv. By fits ; at intervals.
Her letters too,
Tho' far between, and coming fitfully
Like broken music. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
But fitfully there the hearth-fire burns.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, i.
fitfulness (flt'ful-nes), n. The state of being
fitful; impulsiveness; waywardness; instabil-
ity.
fitneU, n. A Middle English form of fiddle.
fitly (fit'li), adv. In a fit manner; suitably;
properly; with propriety ; commodiously ; con-
veniently: as, a maxim /Wj/ applied.
Which their Indian conquest may make the ensigne of
their Order more fitly then their Burgundian inheritance.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 341.
Cats, that can judge as fitly of his worth
As I can of those mysteries. Shak., Cor., iv. 2.
I can compare him [the chub] to nothing so fitly as to
cherries newly gathered.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 67.
fitment (fit'ment), ». [< fit2 + -ment.] 1.
The act of fitting, or that which has been fitted
or serves as a fitting; a fitting.
The rudder and its fitments. lAice, Seamanship, p. 95.
Fitment showing recess for lounge. Art Age, V. 22.
fittie-lan'
2. A fit, suitable, or proper thing; something
adapted to a purpose.
I am, sir,
The soldier that did company these three
In poor beseeming ; 'twas a fitment for
The purpose I then follow'd.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5.
fitness (fit'nes), w. [< fit^ + -7iess.] 1. The
state or quality of being fit or suitable ; suit-
ableness; adapteduess or adaptability of one
thing to another ; hence, congruity ; befitting-
ness ; meetness : as, the fitness of things ; the
fitness of a thing for the purpose intended.
Fitness is so inseparable an accompaniment of l)eanty,
that it has been taken for it. Emeison, Art, p. 47.
In constructing an ideally perfect distribution of the
means of happiness, it seemed necessary to take into ac-
count the notion (as I called it) of Fitness, which, though
often confounded with Desert, seems essentially distinct
from it. //. Sidgmck, Methods of Ethics, p. 330.
One thing in life calls for another ; there is & fitness in
events and places. B. L. Stevenson, A Gossip on Romance.
2. The state of being fitted or qualified; re-
quisite capacity ; qualification : as, he lacks
fitness for the place.
To do its work well, an apparatus must possess special
fittless for that work. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 301.
fit-rod (fit'rod), n. In ship-biiilding, a small iron
rod, bent at one end to prevent it from slipping
entirely into a deep hole, for insertion into the
holes rnade in a vessel's sides in order to ascer-
tain the required length of the bolts or treenails
which are to be driven in.
fi't-root (fit'rot), n. The Indian-pipe or coi-pse-
plant of the United States, Monotropa uniflora.
fitt, «. See fits.
fittablet (fit'a-bl), a. [ifit^ + -able.] Suit-
able. Sherwood.
fittedness (fit'ed-nes), n. The state of being
fitted; adaptation; fitness. [Rare.]
There is not an ampler testimony of Providence than
the structure of man's body : — the safeness of the fabrick
of the eyes: — their exquisite _^((erfness to their use, &c.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism, ii. 12.
fitten, fitton (fit'en, -on), n. [E. dial., origin
uncertain. Doubtfully connected -with fiction .]
A pretense or feint. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
He doth feed you with /tffons, figments, and leasings.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, i. 1.
fittent, fittont (fit'en, -on), V. i. [Early mod.
E. fitone. See fitten, n'.'] To tell falsehoods ;
draw the long bow; invent fictions. Pals-
grave.
Although in many other places he connuonly useth to
fitton and to write devises of his own head.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 1016, A.
fitter'^ (fit'er), n. 1. One who fits, in any sense
of that word ; one who or that which adapts one
thing to another, or makes it suitable for the
purpose intended.
Sowing the sandy gravelly land in Devonshire and Corn-
wall with French furze-seed they reckon . . . a^tterofit
for corn. Mortimer^ Husbandry.
2. In meek., one who puts the parts of a ma-
chine together, as distinguished from a pattern-
maker, founder, turner, finisher, etc. — 3. One
who supplies and fixes fittings or fixtures of any
kind ; one who " fits up " things : as, a gas-fitter.
— 4. One who supplies whatever is fit or ne-
cessary for the proper accomplishment of any
object or undertaking; one who equips with
whatever is necessary: as, a fittcr-out. — 5. In
some parts of Great Britain, one who vends and
loads coal, fitting ships with cargoes; particu-
larly, a coal-broker who sells the coal produced
by a particular mine or by particular mines.
Imp. Viet. Also called coal-fitter.
fitter^ (fit'er), V. [E. dial, and Sc, appar. freq.
of ./!(*: see fit^.] I. trans. To injure by fre-
quent treading. [Scotch.]
II. intrans. 1 . To kick as cross children do ;
make a noise with the feet. [Prov. Eng. and
Scotch.] — 2. To be in a passion. [Prov. Eng.]
fitter^t (fit'er), H. [< fitter^, v.] A passion; a
quarrel In fitters, in a passion. [Obsolete or prov.
Eng.]
They were in fitters about prosecuting their titles to this
city. Fuller, Holy War. p. 226.
fitter^t (fit'er), n. [A form of fiitter, flinder.]
A fragment ; a flinder ; a rag ; a flitter.
Kone of your piec'd companions, your pinn'd gallants.
That fly to fitters with every flaw of weather.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, i. 1.
A paire of racks in the house was all torne to fitters.
Quoted in Capt. John Stnith's Works, II. 142.
fittie-lan' (fit'i-lan), n. [Sc, as if 'foot the
land'(Jamieson). See/**, !'.] The near horse
or ox of the hindmost pair in a plow.
flUle-lan'
Thou was a nob\e Jittie-lan'
Aa e'er in tug or tow was drawn.
Burnt, The AuM Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare.
flttin (flt'in), n. [A Se. dial, corruption of ichit-
!«(/.] The whiting.
fitting (fifing), n. [Verbal n. of ^«2^f.] 1. Any-
thing employed in fitting up permanently : used
generally in the plural, in the sense of fixtures,
tackle, apparatus, equipment : as, the fittings
of an office ; g&s-fittings.
The fillings ot the church are largely of Renaissance
date. A'. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 63.
2. In soap-making, the finishing operation for
yellow soaps, consisting in removing the lye
from the cooled copper, and then bringing its
remaining contents again to a boU. If the liquid
soap, called at this stage the fit, is now found too stiff, it
is thinned with water ; if too sticky, a little strong lye or
brine is stirred into it.
This addition of water, technically called/tfins', Is made
when the object of the manufacturer is to obtain a unicol-
oured soap, whether it be curd or yellow soap.
Oe, Diet, III. 849.
flttillg (fit'ing),p. a. [Ppr. of^f2^f. i.] Fit or
appropriate; suitable; proper.
The English gaue a n»mefittittg to this distressed Citie,
calling it fort Famine. Punhas, Pilgrimage, p. sas.
Next to my Father, 'tis fitting you should have Cogni-
z»nce of my AiTaira and Fortunes.
UouxU, Letters, I. iv. 26.
Thon art my slave, and not a day shall be
But I will And some/ittinj/ task for tliee.
William Morri», Earthly Paradise, I. 261.
s^Syn. See list under .^(2, a.
flttmgly (fit'ing-li), adv. In a fitting or suit-
able manner; suitably; appropriately,
fittingness (.fit'ing-nes), H. Suitableness; ap-
propriateness; fitness.
He . . . need not question iXiefittingnetse of god-fathers
promising in l>ehalf of the children for whom they answer.
Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, i. 6.
fitting-shop (flt'ing-shop), n. In mech., a shop
in which machinery is fitted together, in con-
tradistinction to turning-shop, foundry, smithy,
etc. ; the shop in which the fitters work.
flttle (fit'l), n. A dialectal variant of tittle, now
spelled rictual.
Atton, n. and v. See fitten.
fittyi (fit'i), a. [< fiti + -yi.] 1. Subject to
fits, spasms, or paroxysms. [Vulgar.]
They . . . turned out so sickly and fitly that there waa
no rearing them anyhow.
E. Sarr; Thinki I to Myself, II. 168.
2. Given to or characterized by fits and starts ;
irreg^ar ; changeable ; capricious : as, he is
yery fitty In his work; fltty moods or methods.
fttty^t (fit'i), a. [Early mod. E. also fittie; <
fifl + -yi.] Fit; auiUble; fitting.
Good Grammarians among the Romaines, as Cicero,
Varro, Quintilian, <t others ittraine^l themaeiues to glue
the Greeke wordea Latin names, and yet nothing so apt
and fittil. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poetie, p. 131.
fitweed (fit'wed), K. The En/ngium fatidum, a
fetid herb of the West Indies, aged aa a remedy
for hvsteria.
fltzt (fits), n. [ME. fiti, fytz, fiz, < AF. fiz (,z ^
ts), OF. jis, fits, F. fits, son, < L. filius, son : see
filial.^ A son. Now used only aa an element in cer-
tain surnames, in the sense of ' son of,' aa Ft/2gerald, Fill-
herbert, PitzmAarice, FitzwWWfim ; especially in the sur-
names of the Illegitimate sons of Ent^lisli kings or princes
of the blood, etc., as Pitzroy, f I'tzclarence,
Merci Ihsu [lesuljiz Marl.
Barly Bng. Poeim (e<t. FnmivaU). p. 12.
Sire Roberd fiz 1e Roy. RolMrt iif QUmeaUr, p. 432.
five (fiv), a. and n. [< ME. five, earlier fi/, <
AS. flf, rarely with pi. t«rm. fife = OS. OFries.
fif= .MLO. vif, Ui.fif= D. i:ijf= OKG. fin f
fimf, f»"f, M&G. vunf, t>Unf, 5. fiinf = Icel.
fimm = 8w. Dan. fern = Goth, fimf = L. quin-
que (for "pinque) (> It. cinque = Sp. Pg. einco
= Pr. cine = F. cinq) = Oscan pomtis = W.
pump = Oir. coic, mod. Ir. cuig = Gael, coig,
dig = Gr. Ttwr, dial, ^rifiire = Lith. penki =
Lett, peezi = OBulg. penti = Slov. peti = Bo-
hem, paty = Serv. peti = Pol. piaty = Kuss.
pyatiz=Skt. paneha, five (whence ult. 'E.punch*,
q. v.). Hence. >!/<*, ^/fy, etc.] I. n. One more
than four, or two more than three : a cardinal
number: as, firemen; /re loaves.
Ten virgins . . . went forth to meet the bridegroom :
aod/ce of them were wise, and^w were foolish.
Mat. XXV. 2.
Plve o'clock, five hour* past nofin or mldnit'ht — Five
per cent, cases. See coaei.- The Five Articles and
the Five Points. See arlicU.—The five bodies, sco
regular body, under fcody. - TO come In With five eggst.
SeeCTji.
n. n. 1. A number, the sum of four and one;
the number of the fingers and thumb of one
hand. — 2. A symbol representing this number,
2243
as 5, V. or v. — 3. A playing-card bearing five
pips or spots on it. — 4. pi. Bonds bearing inter-
est at five per cent Continued fives, live per cent.
bonds issued l)y the United States government in 1870 and
1871, redeemable in 1881, but continued in 1881 at 3i per
cent., subject to redemption at any time.
five-boater (fiv'bo"t6r), «. A whaling-vessel
carrying five boats; a large whaler. Bee four-
boater.
flveflnger (fiv'fing'ger), n. 1. A name given
to common species of Potentilla which have
digitate leaves with five leaflets, as P. reptans
of Europe and P. Canadensis of the United
States. The marsh-fivefinger is P. palustris.
Also called cinquefoil or fivefinger-grass.
The leaves of the five-finger draw together to shelter
the flower when it rains, and open when the sun conies
out. 5. Judd, Margaret, iii.
2. In Jamaica, the Syngonium auritum, an aroid
with five-parted leaves. — 3. pi. A popular name
of some or any starfish; a five-fingered jack. —
4. pi. A name given to the five of trumps in
certain games of cards. [Slang.]
five-fingered (fiv'fing'gerd), a. In zooL, having
live fingers or parts likened to fingers Flve-fln-
gered Jack, a jiopular name for a starfish.
five-finger-tied (fiv'fing*g6r-tid), a. Tied by
all tlie lingers of the hand — that is, thoroughly
or securely tied: only in the passage cited.
And with another knot, five-finger-litd, . . .
Tlie fragments, scraps, the bits, and greasy reliques
Of her o'er-eaten faith, are bound to Diomed.
Shak., T. and C, v. 2.
fivefold (fiv'fold). a. [< ME. fiffold, fiffald, fif-
feald, < AS. fiffeald (= D. vijfvoud = OHG. finf-
falt, G. fiinffalt, filnffalt-ig = Dan. femfold =
Sw.femfald-ig), <y»/, five, + -feald, -fold.] Five
times the number or quantity.
All the brethren are entertained bountifully, but Benja-
min hath Afice-/old portion. Bp. Hall, Joseph.
fiveleaf (fiv'lef), n. Cinquefoil.
fiveling (fiv'ling), n. [< five + -Knal.] In
crystal., a twin crystal consisting of five indi-
viduals.
fivemonths (fiv'mouTHz), n. pi. A name of the
tonguelets, parasitic organisms of the order
Pentastomidea or Lingatulina. See these words.
fivepence (fiv'pens), n. A sum of money of the
value of 5 pennies English, or nearly 10 cents:
often used of five cents, or the American five-
cent piece or half-dime Fine aa fivepence. See
fine-.
fivepenny (Qv'pen'i), a. Of the value of five
pence.
fiver (fi'vtr), n. A five-pound or five-dollar
note. [Slang.]
I'll trot him . . . against any horse you can bring for a
fiver. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford, vi.
fives^ (fivz), «. pi. [PI. otfive.'\ 1. A kind of
play with a ball, originally called hand-tennis:
so named, it is said,becau8e usually played with
five on each side, or because three fives or 15
are counted to the game, or because the ball is
struck with the hand or five fingers. — 2. The
five fingers; the hand; the fist. [Sporting
slang.]
Whereby, altho' as yet they have not took to use their
fipee.
Or, according as the fashion is, to sticking with their
knives. Hood, Row at the Oxford Arms.
Putting themselves in the most approved style of defense,
they bunched their fieet and were going in for satisfaction.
Leaixnwotih (Kansas) Daily Time; Nov. 1, 1864.
Bunch of fives. See (mncAl .
fives- (fivz), n. pi. An improper form of vives.
His horse . . . past cure of the /!m«.
Shak., T. of theS., ill. 2.
flves-conrt (fivz'kort), n. 1. A place where the
game of fives is played.
They went out through the quadrangle and past the
bigfivee court, into the great playground.
T. Hughe: Tom Brown at Rugby, I. 5.
2. In puijiltsm, a hall where boxing is practised.
[Slang.]
fivesomet (fiv'sum), a. [< five + some. See
some. ] By fives ; with five.
They guarded hini. ficeeome on each side.
Kinmont Willi* (Child's Ballads, VI. 59).
five-spot (fiv'spot), n. Same as fire, 3.
five-square (fiv'skwgr), a. Having five comers
or angles.
The lintel and side-posts were/iw-»7««r«.
1 Kings vi. 31 (margin).
five-t'Wenty (fiv'twen'ti), a. and n. I. a. Re-
deemable at any time after five years from date
of issue and payable in full at tlie end of twen-
ty years: applied to certain bonds, commonly
called five-ticcnties, bearing interest payable in
gold at the rate of 6 p«r cent., issued by the
fix
United States government in 1862, 1864, and
1865.
The Ten-Forty bonds have stood in the market at almost
precisely the same figure as tlie Five-Twenty bonds.
The Xation, V. 296.
n. n. A bond of this kind.
Is it possible to advance a strongerproof of theconviction
of bona-fide buyers that the Five-Twenties were payable,
like tlie Ten-forties, principal and interest in gold ?
The Nation, V. 296.
fix (fiks), V. [< ME. fixer, fix, fasten (resting
on fijc, a., fixed), = G. fixiren = Dan. .^xere =
Sw. fixera = F. fixer (OF. *fijcer not in use, but
ficher, fichier, whence the common ME. fiichen,
fichen, fix, fasten: see fitch^) = Sp. fijar = Pg.
fixar = It. fissare, fix one's eyes upon, gaze
upon, < ML. fixare, fix, fasten, freq. of L.figere,
pp. fixus, fix, fasten, drive or thrust in, trans-
fix, pierce.] I. trans. 1. To fasten; make fast
by some material means ; attach or confine firm-
ly or securely: also used figuratively of imma-
terial things.
They've fixed his sword within the sheath.
Death of Parcy Reed (Child's Ballads, VI. 142).
I'll make thy memory loath'd, and fix a scandal
Upon thy name for ever.
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 2.
While he is so overgreedy to^a: a name of ill sound upon
another, note how stupid he is to expose himselfe or his
owne friends to the same ignominy.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
Holding the bush, to^fx it back, she stood.
Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
2. Figuratively, to direct intently or persis-
tently, so as to be as it were fastened to its ob-
ject : as, to fix the mind on a subject ; to fix
the eyes or the attention.
Why are thine eyesfix'd to the sullen earth?
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 2.
There will I fix my heart : there dwells my love,
My Life, my Lord. J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 188.
Shepherd, fix on me thy wondring Sight,
Beware, and view me well, and judge aright.
Congreve, Judgment of Paris.
Unless a book interests us. we cannot fix our attention
to it. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 321.
3. To hold firmly; restrain from wandering or
wavering; arrest: as, to^ one with the eyes;
to fix the attention of an audience ; to fix in-
constant aflfections.
Images are said by the Roman church to fix the cogita-
tions, and raise the devotions of them that pray before
them. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 205.
If I can fix myself, with the strength of faith, upon that
which GckI hath done for man, I cannot doubt of his mercy
in any distress. Donne, Sermons, if.
She had by this time formed a little audience to herself,
and fixed the attention of all about her.
Additon, Fashions from France.
Yon are to understand, that now is the time to ^ or
alienate your hustiand's heart for ever.
Steele, Tatler, No. 86.
4. To establish ; give permanence or a perma-
nent character to ; malte permanent; confirm.
Life to the king, and safety fix ills throne !
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, v. 2.
A greater Empress ne'er was known,
Shefix'd the World in Peace.
Prior, The Viceroy, st. 43.
The last two hundred years of constitutional progressin
England have lieen spent, not in changing the legal pow.
ers of the three great elements of the state, but infixing, hy
the silent understandings of an unwritten constitution,
the way in which those powers are to be exercised.
K. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 369.
6. To establish in position or in a situation;
settle or place stably ; plant firmly : as, to fix
a lance in rest; the fixed stars {see fixed, 2).
Between us and you there is a great gnU fixed.
Luke xvi. 26.
Fix thy foot [for combatj. Shak., Cor., 1. 8.
You cannot shake bim ;
And the more weight you put on his foundation.
Now as he stands, yoa fix him still ttie stronijrer.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, ii. 3.
The apostles did, presently after the ascension, fix a»
apostle or a bishop in the chair of Jerusalem.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 1C6.
6. To make stable in consistence or condition;
reduce from fluidity or volatility to a more per-
manent state ; make less volatile or fugitive :
as, cold fixes water in the form of ice ; to fix
colors by a mordant. A gas is fixed by combining
it with a solid, and a volatile oil witli alcohol. A photo-
graphic negative or positive is fixed, or made permanent,
by the removal of suiierfiuous salts, especially those of
silver, which would otherwise gradually blacken and de-
stroy the image. This is usually done by means of hypo-
sulpliite of soda.
The portion of the plant to be hardened should be put
iuti> alisolute alcohol, in which the cell wall very soon be-
comes rigid, and the protoplasm with slight contraction
is fixed. Behrent, Micros, in Botany (trans.), p. 178.
fix
Enamel may be applied to pottery, glass, or metals, aiut
fixfd by firing. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 662.
If the contrasts are likely to be a little too great, or
tend that way, redevelop before /xin.9.
Lea, Photography, p. 32.
7. To reduce to a concrete state ; seize and put
into permanent form : as, to fix one's thoughts
on paper, or a conception on canvas.
O for the power of the pencil to have fixed them when
I awoke 1 Lamb, Acting of Munden.
8. To establish as a fact or a conclusion ; de-
termine or settle definitely; make certain: as,
this event fixed his destiny ; to fix the meaning
of a word.
Yet. with submission, for fear of blunders in future, I
should be Blad toyix what has brought us to Bath ; in or-
der tliat we may lie a little consistently.
Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.
The eclipse of the suu found to have occurred August
31, 1030, fixes the exact date of the l)attle of Stiklestad, in
>'orway, wherein St Olaf fell. X. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 14.
9. To limit or con fine, as by custom or practice ;
determine by limitation.
When custom hath fixed his eating to certain stated
periods, his stomach will expect victuals at the usual hour.
Locke, Education, § 15.
10. To regulate; adjust; put in order; ar-
range in a suitable or desired manner : as, to
fix one's affairs ; to fix one's room or one's dress ;
to fix one's self for going out, [Fix in this nse,
as a general term for any kind of adjustment, has a wide
range of application. Though not uncommon in England,
it is often regarded as an Americanism.!
Why faith, Brass, I think thou art in the right on 't ; I
must fix my Affairs quickly, or Madam Fortune will be
playing some of her . . . tricks with me.
Vanbruffh, Confederacy, i. 1.
To^, in the American seiise, I find used by the Com-
missioners of the United Colonies so early as 1676, "their
arms weW fixed and fit for service."
Lowell, Biglow Papers, Int.
Dampier has fix apparently in the New England sense.
" We went ashore and dried our cloaths. cleaned our guns,
dried our ammunition, a.iu\fixt ourselves against our ene-
mies if we should be attacked." G. P. Marsh.
11. To bring into a state favorable to one's
purpose; make sure of, as by selection, bar-
gain, or some selfish inducement: as, to fix a
legislative committee or a jury. [U. S.] — 12t-
To transfix; pierce. [Rare.]
.\ bow of steel shall ^fx his trembling thighs. Sandys.
To fix one's flint, to settle or do for one. [Low, U. S.J
" Take it easy, Sam," says I, "your fiint is fixed ; you
are wet through." Haliburton, Sam Slick in England, ii.
To fix out, to set out ; display ; adorn ; supply ; fit out.
(Colloq., U. S.] — To fix up. (a) To mend; repair; con-
trive; arrange, (b) Same as to fix out [Colloq., U. S.]
H, intrans. 1. To rest; settle down or re-
main permanently; cease from wandering.
I am divided.
And, like the trembling needle of a dial.
My heart's afraid to^a;.
Shirley, Love in a Maze, i. 2.
Your kindness banishes your fear,
Resolved to fix for ever here. Waller.
Samuel was grown old and could not go about from year
to year in circuit to Etethel, and Gilgal, and Mizpeh, as he
was wont to do,\bnt fixed at his house in Ramah.
Stillingfieei, Sermons, II. iv.
In ray own memory, the dinner has crept by degrees
from twelve o'clock to three, and where it will^fx nobody
knows. Steele, Tatler, No. 263.
2. To assume a stable form; cease to flow or
be fluid; congeal; become hard and malleable,
as a metallic substance.
In the midst of molten lead, when it beginneth to con-
geal, make a little dent and put quicksilver, wrapi)ed in
a piece of linen, in that hole, and the quicksilver will fix
and run no more, and endure the hammer.
Bacon, Nat. Hist.
To flX on or upon, to determine on ; come to a definite
resolve or conclusion in regard to ; pitch on ; choose : as,
the committee has fixed on the leading features of the
scheme ; U> fix on the candidates.
That sweet creature is the man whom my father has
fixed on for my husband. SheHdan, The Duenna, i. 5.
The chief reasons for fixing upon Friday as the Mo-
hammedan Sabbath, were, it is said, because Adam was
created on that day, and died on the same day of the
week, and because the general resurrection was prophe-
sied to liappen on that day.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 93.
It is hardly to be wondered at that Mount Abu was
early fixed upon by the Hindus and Jains as one of their
sacred spots. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 234.
fixt (fiks), a. [ME. fix, a., = Dan. Sw. fix, <
OF. fixe, F. fixe = Pr. fix = Sp. fijo = Pg. fixo
= It. fi^Ho, < L. fixus, fixed, pp. of figere : see
fiXj v."} 1, Fixed; established; steadfast.
Diuerse tables of longitudes & latitudes of sturres fixe.
Chaucer, Astrolabe, p. 3.
2. Solidified.
Ne eek our spirltes ascencioun,
Ne our materes that lyen al fixe adoun,
Mowe in our werking no thing us anayle.
Chaucer^ ProL to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, L 226
2244
fix (fiks), n. [< fix, v.] A critical condition ; a
predicament; a difficulty; a dilemma.
It's "a pretty particular Fix."
She is caught like a mouse in a trap.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 156.
We were now placed in an uncommonly awkward ^a;.
H'. Black, Phaeton, xxv.
It is not three years ago he came to me in a worse fix
than this man. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. I.'jS.
flxable (fik'sa-bl), a. [< fix + -able.'] Capable
of being fixe^, in any sense of the verb fix.
Since they cannot then stay what is transitory, let them
attend to arrest that which i&fixable.
ir. ^fontag^le, Devoute Essays, I. ix. § 2.
fixate (fik'sat), V. ; pret. and pp. fixated, ppr.
fixating. [< Mh. fixatuSjpip. of. fixare,^x: see
fijc, v.] I. tratis. 1. To fix or render stable;
fix or confine in one place, state, or condition.
The child naturally flits from one sensation to another ;
to fixate and. hold one sensation is an art that must he
learned. Science, X. 293.
The percipient . . . often judges on general grounds
without laboriously /a:a(t«r)' the sensation. Mind, X. 560.
2. To determine or ascertain the position of:
as, to fixate a star.
II. intrans. To become fixed.
Some subjects /a;rt(c first and then the eyes close, or are
closed by the operator. Anier. Jour. Psychol., I. 506.
[Recent in all uses.]
fixation (fik-sa'shon), M. [< ME. fixation, fixa-
cioun, < OF,»fixation, F. fixation = Sp. fijacion
= Pg. fixaqcio = It. fissazione, < ML. *fixatio(n-),
<. fixa}'e,^^.fixatm: see^, v.] 1. The act of
fixing.
To do ther he fixacwun,
With temprid hetis of the fyre.
Gower, Conf. Amant., II. 86.
But who settled that course of nature? If we ascend
not to the original cause, Um fixation of that course is as
admirable and unaccountable ; if we do, a departure from
it is as easy. Howe, Funeral Sermon on Dr. W. Bates.
The fixation in a definite and permanent form of those
effusions which had floated from tent to tent and tribe to
tribe . . . must necessarily be associated with the art of
writing. The Atlantic, LVIII. 552.
2. The state of being fixed ; a fixed, firm, or sta-
ble condition; stability; firmness; steadiness.
Thus 3e haue oure heuene, and the sunne in him fixid, to
the conseruacioun of mannys nature and fixacioun of oure
heuene. Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 7.
A vehement desire of affection, with an unalterable fixa-
tion of resolution. Killinr/beck, Sermons, p. 32.
3, Fixed or certain position orloeation. [Rare.]
To light, created in the first day, God gave no certain
place or ^'xaiion. Raleigh, Hist. World.
Specifically — 4, The act or process by which
a fluid or a gas becomes or is rendered firm or
stable in consistency, and evaporation or vol-
atilization prevented, or by which colors are
rendered permanent or lasting ; specifically, in
chem., that process by which a gaseous body
becomes fixed or solid on uniting with a solid
body.
This fixation of oxygen in yeast, as well as the oxida-
tions resulting from it, have the most marked effect on
the life of yeast. Pasteur, Fermentation (trans.), p. 244.
The diminution in the quantity of available nitrogen
thus supplied is restored by iXxa fixation of free nitrogen
liythe action of organisms in the soil. Science, VIII. 161.
Tlie production of colors is a fact ; the fixation of colors
is still a problem unsolved. Silver Sunbeam, p. 326.
5. Firmness or stableness of consistency; that
firm state of a body in which it resists evapo-
ration or volatilization by heat: as, t\i& fixation
of gold or other metals.
fixative (fik'sa-tiv), a. and n. [< fixate + -ive.']
I, a. Serving to fix, or make fixed or stable : as.
a fixative substance or process.
II. n. Anything which serves to render fixed
or stable, as a mordant with reference to colors ;
specifically, a weak solution of shellac in alco-
hol applied to charcoal and crayon drawings
with an atomizer to fix them and prevent them
from being rubbed. [Recent.]
Artists therefore prefer to buy an imported fixative,
which is made by a reliable manufacturer.
F. Fowler, Charcoal Drawing, p. 15.
fixature (fik'sa-tur), n. [< fixate + -lire.'} A
gummy composition for the hair. See bandoline.
fixed (fikst), J), a. 1. Firm; fast; stable; per-
manent ; of a determinate or unfluctuating char-
acter; hence, appointed; settled; established:
as, fixed \ai,ws; a, fixed sura; fixed T^rices; a fixed
time; fixed habits or opinions.
The most fixt Heing still does move and fly
Swift as the Wings of Time 'tis measur'd by.
Cowley, The Mistress, Inconstancy.
A true judgment and consideration of . . . things be-
forehand keeps the mind of man more steady and fixt
amidst all the contingencies of humane affairs.
Stillingfieet, Sermons, I. x.
fixing
The gradual e8tal)lishment of law by the consolidation
of custom is the formation of something ,^xed in the midst
of things that are changing. H. Spencer.
It is not life upon Thy gifts to live.
But to ^Vi)\y fixed with deeper roots in Thee.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 54.
2. Permanently placed or situated ; established
as to position or relation: as, the planets have
fixed orbits ; the fixed stars (so called from their
always appearing to occupy the same place).
She opened her eye^ again, which wt^re fixed and staring.
W. Black, In Far Lochaber, xxiii.
[Fixed is used substantively for fixed stars by Milton.
They pass the planets seven, and pass ihefix'd,
And that crystalline sphere. P. L., iii. 481.]
3, In her., same asfii'me. — 4. ItxzooL, not free
or locomotory ; rooted or otherwise attached
to some object. — 5. In com., without grace or
days of grace : said of drafts and other commer-
cial papers payable on a specified date without
grace — Fixed air. See ai'/i.— Fixed alkalis. See al-
kali.—Fixed ammunition. .See annmmition.— TixeA
bodies, those hud lis which bear a high lieat without evap-
oration or voliitiliziitiun. — Fixed capital, see capital-.
— Fixed dial. See (/i«^— Fixed do. ^c^ fixed syllables,
— Fixed fact, a ]>ositive or well-established fact— Fixed
fires. See firework.— T\xed force, a force resident in
a liotiy, as gravitation.— Fixed gases. See gas.— Fixed
idea. See irfea.— Fixed Income. See meome.— Fixed
oils, oilsobtained by simple pressure, and not readily V(jla-
tilized : so called in distinction from volatile oils. They
are compounds of glycerin and certain organic acids. Such
compounds are exclusively natural products, none having
been as yet formed artificially. Among animals they oc-
cur chiefly in the cellular membrane; among plants, in the
seeds, capsules, or pulp surrounding the seed, very seldom
in the root. They ju-e generally inodorous, and when fluid
or melted make a greasy stain on pajier, which is perma-
nent—Fixed Star. See A(«r.~ Fixed syllables, in sol-
mization, the system which applies a given syllable to a
given tone and to all of its chromatic derivatives, without
respect to their key-relationship. Thus, C, CJ, and Ct* nre
ail always called do, D, Dff, and W are all always called re,
etc. Hence often called the fixed-do system. It is most
used in southern Europe. Its utility consists simply in
furnishing speech-sounds for elementary vocal study, ra-
ther than a real system of solmization.
fixed-eyed (fikst'Id), a. In Crustacea, sessile-
eyed ; edriophtlialmous.
fixedly (fik'sed-li), adv. In a fixed or settled or
established manner; firmly; steadfastly.
And when our hearts are once stript naked and care-
fully searclit, let our eyes be ever fixedly bent upon their
conveyances and inclinations. Bp. Hall, Great Impostor.
fixedness (fik'sed-nes), n. The state of being
fixed; stability; firmness; steadfastness; firm
coherence : as, a fixedness in religion or politics ;
fixedness of opinion on any subject; the fi.xed-
ness of gold.
There are or may be some corporeal things in the com-
pass of the universe that may possibly be of such & fixed-
ness, stability, and permanent nature, that may sustain
an external existence, at least dependently upon the su-
preme cause. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, iii. § 1.
fixen (fik'sn), n. [Usually vixen, q. v. ; < ME.
fixen, < AS. fixen, prop. *fyxen (= OHG. fuchsin,
MHG. viihsinne, G.fUchsen), a female fox, < fox,
fox, + fem. suffix ~en: see fox^ and -en^.} If.
A female fox.
The fixene fox whelpeth under the erthe more depe than
thebiccheof the wolf doith. MS. Bodl.,5iG. (Halliwell.)
2. A scold; a vixen. [North. Eng.]
[In both senses now usually vixen.}
fixer (fik'ser), ??. One who or that which fixes,
establishes, or renders permanent; specifically,
any solution used to fix a photograph, a crayon
drawing, etc.; a fixative.
The fixer ... is simply a very weak solution of gum-
lac in spirits of wine.
P. G. Hamerton, Graphic Arts, p. 163.
The parts which form the image are covered with re-
duced silver, or an altered iodide or chloride of silver,
which is insoluble in the^erj*. Silver Stmbeam, p. 118.
fixfax (fiks'faks), n. Same as faxwax, pax-
ivax.
fixidityt (fik-sid'i-ti), n. [Absurdly formed from
fij; or fixed; profc. suggested by rigidity.} Fix-
edness.
Bodies mingled by the fire are differing as to fixiditu and
volatility. Bujile.
fixing (fik'sing), w. [Verbal n. of .^j:, r.] 1.
The act of making firm, stable, steadfast, or se-
cure; the act of determining, settling, establish-
ing, or rendering permanent; consolidation;
establishment : the process by which anything
is fixed.
The fixing of the good hath been practised by two
means : vows or constant resolutions, and observances or
exercises. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 300.
2. The act of repairing or putting to rights or
in order. — 3. In mach., a piece of cast-iron
adapted to carry pillow-blocks and the like.
When it is built into a wall, it is called a icall-fixina or
wall-box; when attaclied to a wall by bolts, it is a plate-
fixing. There are also beam-fixings, as when wheels are
fiTJTIg
intended to work at the position where the fixing: is situ-
ated; and when the tixinj; is adapted to them, it is tlien
eoninionly called a irhet'l-fixing.
4. In metal., the coating of the lining of the
revolving chamber of the Danks furnace (see
puddle) with a second or working lining, ac-
complished by covering the first lining with a
melted coating formed of hydrated non-sili-
cious ore of iron mixed with scrap-iron ; also,
the coating so applied. This fixing is analo-
gous to the fettling of the ordinary puddling-
furuace. — 5. Establishment in life; the act of
setting up in housekeeping, or of furnishing a
house. [CoUoq.]
If I'atty would have remained at the castle, she might
have liad the command of all ; or if she would have gone
anywhere else, he would have paid for het fixing, let the
cost be what it would. The Maid of the MUt.
6. pi. Things needed for fi.xing, preparing, or
putting in order; arrangements; embellish-
ments; trimmings; gamishings of any kind:
as, railroad /ijnn^s. [U.S.]
Coffee-cups, eggs, and the inevitable chlcken-/iin<7«,
which it was henceforth our fate to meet . . . till we
reached New Orleans.
Quoted in S. De Vere'n Americanisms, p. 472.
fliillg-bath (fik'sing-bath), n. 1. In photog., a,
chemical solution, usually of hyposulphite of
soda in water, for removing from an exposed
and developed negative or positive the remain-
ing portion of the sensitive agent which has
not been acted upon by light.
The negative _/fanni7-fr«f A consists of a strong solution of
hyposulphite of soda, in the proportion of five or six ounces
to tlie pint of water. Lea, Photography, p. 35.
2. In leatlier-manuf., a bath of water acidified
with nitric acid and to which a little glycerin
is added, used in the process of tanning with
catechu after the catechu-bath, and followed
by a final rinsing to remove any free acid from
the leather.
Tlie tanner removes tthe skins] from the previous liquor
and prepares a new liquor termed the "fixing bath," con-
sisting of water sufficient to cover the skins.
C. T. Darit, Leather, p. 601.
flxity (fik'si-ti), ». [= F.^if^ = Pg. Jixidade,
< L. as if 'Jtxita(t-)s, < fixiig, fixed: 8e«^.] 1.
The8tateofbeingfixed;fixed character ; ftxed-
ness; stability: as, fixity of tenure.
Are not the sun and fixed stars great earths vehement-
ly hot, . . . whose parta are kept from fuming away not
only l>y their fixity, but also by the vast weight and den-
sity of the atmotpherea incumbent upon them t
Xetcton, Opticka.
I And nothing so subtly and inconsolably mouniful
among all the explicit miseries of the Greek mythology as
thi* fiieity of nature in the god or tlie man, by wliich the
Iwing Is suspended, as It were, at a certain pointof growth,
there to hang forever. S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 88.
Permanency of type has so many exceptions, that varia-
tions of type, and the power to give fixity to some of these
variations by means of cultivation or environnienL must
be accepted as a doctrine and a fact Science, X. 288.
Specifically — 2. In physics, the state orproper-
ty of a body in \-irtue of which it resists change
under the action of heat or other cause.
flxtnre (fika'tur), n. [< fix + -ture; cf. mix-
ture. The older form 18 ^ure.] If. A fixing,
planting, or placing.
The firm fixture of thy foot would give an excellent mo-
tion to thy gait. In a semicircled farthingale.
Shak., M. W. of W., ill. 8.
2. Fixedness; steadfastness. [Bare.]
I never beheld eyes that looked so inspired, so super-
natural. They were like flres, half burning, halt smoul.
dering, with a sort of acrid fixture at refpud.
Leigh Hunt, quoted in Lowell's Among my Books,
|2dser.,p. 2S4.
3. A fixed or appointed time or event ; a defi-
nite arrangement; an appointment : especially
used with reference to sports. [Eng.]
The sulMcriber expects to have a card sent to him with
the cub-hunting fixtures, and there ape many who will
go a long disUnce for a gallop through the woodlands In
the early morning. Edinburgh Ret., CLXVI. 410.
4. An vthing placed in a firm or fixed position ;
something fixed and not intended to be re-
moved; specifically, that which is fixed to a
building; any appendage or part of the furni-
ture of a house which is fixed to it, as by nails,
screws, etc. : as, gas-fu-furen. — 6. In lav, a per-
gonal chattel annexed or fastened to r«al prop-
erty. In regaril to tlie right of severance and removal,
the term is used in two directly contradictory senses: (n) A
chattel so annexed, which has thereby b«come in law nait
of the real property, and cannot legally be severed and re-
moved without consent of the owner of the real property.
This wss the original use. (6) A personal chattel so an-
nexed, but which remains In law a chattel, and may be
severed and removed at will liy the person who has annexed
it or his representati ve. Originally, chattels l>ecame part
of the property to which they were attached, and were not
legally removable except with the consent of the owner of
toe real property ; bnt In more recent times Uie rule has
2245
been reversed as to certain kinds of fixtures, such as ma-
chinery put by a tenant into premises hired for purposes
of trade, etc. Hence the ambiguity in meaning.
6. A person who or a thing which holds a fixed
place or position; one who or a thing which
remains so long in one position as to seem im-
movable.
In short, all the Franks who are fixtures, and most of
the Englisli, Germans, Danes, Ac, of passage, came over
Ijy degrees to their opinion.
Byron, Childe Harold, ii., notes.
fiZTirse (fik-sii're), n. pi. [NL., pi. of lAj.fixura,
fixure : see fixurc.} Fibrils by which many
thalloid plants are attached to their substra-
tum; rhizina?.
flabel
fizzle (fiz'l), M. l(. fizzle, v."] 1. Same as ^^2,
2. — 2. A fizzling or fizzing condition ; hence,
a state of restless agitation ; a stew ; worry :
as, he is in a fizzle about his luggage. [CoUoq.]
Whose beards— this a black, tliat inclining to grizzle —
Are smoking, and curling, and all in & fizzle.
liarham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. SO.
3. A breaking wind. [Colloq.]— 4. A failure
or an abortive effort ; in particular, in school
and college slang, a failure in a recitation or an
examination. [Colloq. or slang.]
The best judges liave decided that to get just one third
of the meaning right constitutes a perfect jijjzte.
Quoted in Collegu Words, p. 202.
, i. 3.
flxuret (fik'sur), n. [< LL. fixura, a fastening, fizzog (fiz'og), n. [A dial, corruption of physi-
drivingin, < L. .^j7ere, pp. ^x«s, fasten, fix : see ognomy ; ct. fistimny .1 Same a,s fis)iomy, 2.
fix.'i Fixed position; stable condition; firm- fizzy (fiz'i), n. ; yl. fizzies (-iz). The black sco-
ter, a duck, (Edeniia americana. G. Turnbull.
[Massachusetts, U. S.]
fteld (fyeld), H. [Norw. : see /eH5.] In Nor-
wegian geography, as used by English writers,
one of the high plateaus on the Scandinavian
range, which are barren and unfit for cultiva-
tion. Of ten spelled /eW.
The trani|uil sheet of water is completely encircled by
the endless forest, only here and there above the dark
mass of pines rises the paler edge of the open fjeld.
fovtnigktly Rev., N. S., XLIIL 87.
nord, II. See fiord.
Fl. A chemical symbol otfiuorin.
2. A firework, made of damp powder, which A- An abbreviation of /or j».
makes a hissing or fizzing noise when ignited : -
ness.
Frights, changes, horrors.
Divert and crack, rend and deracinate
Tlie unity and married calm of states
Quite from their fixure. Shak., T. and C.
Whose glorious /xure in so clear a sky.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, L
flz, V. and n. See fizz.
flzgu^ (fiz'gig), n. liAiBO fisgig ; <.fizz + gig^ or
i)*irt f/ig being vaguely used.] 1. A frivolous,
gadding girl.
For when you looke for praises soimd.
Then are you for \ight fisf/ige crownde.
GossoH, Pleasant Quippes (1596).
in one form called by boys a volcano.
If there was a strum-le in .Shelley's breast between the
rival attractions of wisdom on the lips of an elderly plii-
losopher and of fiery figgigg in the hands of a pair of glee-
ful lifiys, the struggle was quickly decided in favour of
youth and frolic and fireworks.
E. Dowdm, Shelley, L 306.
fizgig^ (fiz'gig), n. A corrupt form otfishgig.
&ZZ, flz (fiz), c. i. [More common in freq. form
fizzle, formerly fissle ; an imitative word, like
hist, sizzle, irhizz, etc., without early record, ex-
cept as in the sense fizzle, v. »., 3, where ei. leel.
fisa = Tiaii. fise, break wind: see fise^, fist^.'i
To make a hissing or sputtering sound ; fizzle.
O rare I to see theefizi and freath
I' th' lugget caup ! Burnt, Scotch Drink.
flzz, flz (fiz), n. l<fizz,r.'i 1. A hissing or sput-
tering sound.
No rubbing will kindle your Lucifer match
If the fiz does not follow the primitive scratch.
O. W. llolmee. Verses for After-Dinner.
2. A light frothy liquid; specifically, in the
United States, soda-water or other effervescent
water ; in England, champagne : so called from
(flii), 1'. A dialectal' variant of flay^.
flabbergast (flab'6r-gast), v. t. [Also written
fidbcrgast, flahagast. Like many other popu-
lar words expressing intensity of action, flab-
bergast is not separable into definite elements
or traceable to a definite origin ; but there is
perhaps a vague allusion to flabby (cf. flabber-
hn), or flap, strike, and gast, astonish: see flab-
by, flap, gast. ] To overcome with confusion or
bewilderment ; astonish, with ludicrous effect ;
confound : as, the news completely /a66ecpas<-
ed him. [Colloq. and humorous.]
He was quite fiabbergatted to see the amount.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 314.
It would probably iIo6i>er(7(Mf most barndoor fowl to be
asked the meaning of eccalobeon.
The New Mirror (New York), III. 120.
The alderman and town-councillors were what ii sonie-
timesemphatically styled /taMier>7(Mfrd.' they were speech-
less from Iwwiiderment. Diirraeli, Conlugsby, v. 3.
flabbergastation (flab'^r-gas-ta'shon), n. [<
flabbergast -I- -ation.] The act of confoimding
or covering with confusion ; the state of being
flabbergasted or bewildered. [Colloq. and hu-
„„«„„^„i.„u^ morous.]
the hissingTound if mt^es when uncorked! flabbergulllon (flab'6r-gul'yon), n. [Cf. flab-
A.\bo fizzle. bergast &ml gullion.'] A lout or clown. [Prov.
Go shy with the champagne, . . . the vulgar sparkle of . ,?•] ,
the/a, one half of which now is doctored cider. flabberkint (flab'6r-kin), a. [Cf. flabbergast
„,„,,. , . . The .Voney-Makert, p. 131. ami flahbi/.'i Flabby. iVrtsAe, Fierce Penilesse.
fl^eSless "fis^^tess (fiz'en-les), a. [Var. of g^SSI}.^J«ffl'ib'V'nf ^^ ^ ^.^''^^I'^Tr-
JoisonlesU.y.] Pithless; weak. Also fusion- '^fl^'ll^J^fZccrdity ^' ^""^
[Scotch
I will not wait upon the thowless, thriftless, fistenlae
ministry of that carnal man, John Halftext, the curate.
Scoff, Old MorUlity, v.
flzzle (flz'l), r. ; pret. and pp. fizzled, ppr. fiz-
zling. [Also ftwfe; freq. of fizz, v., q. v. Cf.
sizzle, vhistle.) L intrans. 1. To make a hiss-
ing sound ; hiss or sputter, as a liquid or gas
forced out of a narrow aperture, or a liquid
discharging gas, or a wet combustible, as wood
or. gunpowder, burning: usually with special
reference to the weakness and sudden diminu-
tion or cessation of such sound. Hence — 2.
To stop abruptly after a more or less brilliant
start ; come to a sudden and lame conclusion ;
fail ignominiously : specifically, in school and
college slang, to fail in a recitation or an ex-
amination: often with OMf; as, the undertaking
promised well, but it soon fizzled out; nearly
the whole class fizzled in calculos. [Colloq. or
slang.]
Fizzle: To rise with modestreluctance, to hesitate often,
U> decline finally: generally, to misunderstand the ques-
tion.
The factious and revolutionary action of the fifteen has
Interrupted the regular business of the Senate, disgraced
the actors, and fizzlal out. Gazette (Cincinnati).
3. To break wind. [CoUoq.]
It is the easiest thing, sir, to be done.
As plain M fizzling: rowie but wl' your eyes.
And fuame at th' mouth.
B. Jomon. Devil is an Ass, v. 3.
n, trans. In school and college slang, to ex-
. student) with the result of failure
flabby (flab'i), a. [A colloq. or dial, word of
comparatively recent appearance in literature;
it may be regarded as a var. of fiappy, < flap,
hang loose ; cf . E. dial, flapsy, flabby. Cf. OD.
flabbe, a blow in the face, also a contemptuous
name for the tongue ; Sw. flabh, the hanging
under lip of animals, flabb, an animal's snout ;
Dan. flab, the chaps (also, as a term of abuse,
a malapert); G. (pop.) flabbe, the mouth. Cf.
aXso flabbergast, pxbber1dn.'\ \. Without firm-
ness or elasticity; hanging loose by its own
weight; lax; flaccid: said chiefly of flesh : as,
flabby cheeks.
If a man not very fat sits resting his leg carelessly upon
a stool, his calf will hang fiabbii like tlie handkerchief in
your pocket A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. ii. 21.
2. Figuratively, nerveless; languid; feeble;
lacking substance or force : as, a flabby man-
ner; flabby logic or rhetoric.
Our great men are themselves as flabby in their princi-
ples as those whom you describe as "all the rest "
Spectator, No. 3009, p. 284.
YaU Literary Mag., XIV. 144. flabslt (fla'bel), n. [Also written /afteH ; < OF.
flabelle, t., a\eo flabel, flarel, m., < li. flahellmii,
a fan or fly-flap, dim. of flabrum, in L. only in
pi. ftalrra, blasts, breezes, winds, ML. a fan,
< flare, blow, = E. fctoioi.] A fan. Seeflabel-
lum.
The lungs, which are the Habel of the heart, being by
nature (In regard of their great use and continual motion)
of soft and siMmgy substance.
7*. Ke/iiKT. Treatise on Tobacco (1660), p. 390.
amine (a student) with the result of failure on flabelt, »• t. [< OF. flabeller, < L. flabellare, fan,
_^-P*'!^: **' '"^ P™'®**"' •'*'^'*'' °®""^y '•'^ </a6eHtt»i, afan: see^IaM, «.] To fan. Do-
whole class.
vte$.
flabel
It Is continually /IaM(«J. blown upon, and aired by the
north winds. i'njtthart, tr. of Rabelais, i. 39.
flabella, ». Plural otflabeltiim.
Flabellaria (flab-o-la'ri-a), h. [NL., < L. fla-
helliim, a fan : see flabel.] A genus of aloyona-
rians, of the order Gorgoniaeece and family Gor-
goniidae, so called from the flabellate expansions
formed of a corneous axis enveloped in a calca-
reous crust; the fan-coi-als.
flabellarium (flab-e-lii'ri-um), )i. ; -pi. flabellaria
(-a). [NL., < L./<(ftf//MHi, a fan: see flabel, n.]
Oiie of the whip-like processes of a polyzoan;
a vibraculum : distinguished from a beak-like
process, or avicularium (which see)
2246
Soft and limber; lax; drooping by its own flacky (flak'i), a
weight ; without firmness or elasticity ; flabby : Hanging loosely
as, flaccid flesh.
Yon wild cave, whose jagged brows are fringed
With flaccid threads of ivy, in the still
And sultry air depending motionless.
Wordsworth. To Lycorls.
Her bedrenched and flaccid gannents.
»'. Black, In Far Lochaber, iii.
She caressed his liand with tliose large, soft, flaccid An-
gers from whicli he slirunk.
Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xl.
flag
\_<flacki +
■yi. Cf. flaggy^.]
Could you evolve the intensity and intellectual alertness
of Maggie TuUiver from her precedent conditions ; to wit,
a flaccid mother, and a father wooden by nature and sod-
den by misfortune? S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 290.
of a circle, and usually also plaited like a fan
Flal>eUate anteim89,in entom., those antenna} in which
the joints are sliort and furnished on one or both sides
with long, sleuiler processes, which, when the anteinia is
lient back, spread out like a fan ; the extreme form of the
pectinate or bipectinate types.
flabellately (fla-bel'at-li), adv. In a flabellate
Same &Bflaccidity, 2.
It seems probable that the parasitic organism which
causes that disease [pebrine) is (as is also the distinct
parasite causing the disease known a& flaccidezza in the
same animals [silkworms]) one of the Schizomycetes (Bac-
teria). Encyc. Brit., XIX. 866.
manner; with an approach to the form of a fan: flaccidity (flak-sid'i-ti), ». [= F. flaccidite, <
as, flabellately orbiculate.
S. Somaliensls, . . . stems wiiy, . . . short, distant
branches copiously Haheltately compound.
Brit, and For. Jour. Bot., 1883, p. 82.
flabellation (flab-e-la'shon), n. [= F.flabella-
tioii , < L. flabcllare, fan : see flabel, ».] In surg.,
the act of keeping fractured limbs, as well as the
dressings surrounding them, cool by the use of
a fan or a device of similar character.
flabelliform (fla-bel'i-form), a. [= F. flabelH-
forme, < L. flubeltiim, a fan, + farma, shape.]
In bot. and zool., fan-shaped ; flabellate.
Another set of appendages termed "flabellifm-m pro- . .fl„i,/„j j i;> „ j„
cesses" is added at some little distance from its growing naCClQiy (,naK SlQ-llJ, aav
L. as if *flaccidita{t-)s, < flaeeidus, flaccid
flaccid.] 1. Same as flaccidness.
Tlie viscidity of the juices and the flaccidity of the fibres
would, . . . by proper remedies and a due regimen, be re-
moved. G. Cheyne, Health, vii.
2. A disease of silkworms, due to fermentation
of the food in the intestinal canal, and caused
by one of the bacteria, Micrococcus Bombycis.
Also called _^acfter^ or (as French) flacherie, or
(as Italian) flaccidezza.
When the symptoms are observed we may be sure that
the worms are attacked by flaccidity.
Riley, Silk-Culture, p. 36.
In a flaccid manner.
base. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 53.5. flaccidness (flak'sid-nes), n. The state of be-
flabellinerved (fla-bel'i-nfervd), a. [< L. flabel- ing flaccid ; laxity ; limbemess ; want of firm-
(«)«, a fan, -I- iiercMS, a nerve, + E. -e(f2.] In ness or elasticity. r^ „ ^ ,
bot., with straight nerves radiating from one flacherie, flacnery (flash e-n), n. \_<. b . flaclie-
KFlabel-
An encrinite of the genus
point like a fan.
fl^bellocrinite (fla-be-lok'ri-nit), n.
loerinits + -ite'^.']
Flabellncrinus.
Flabellocrinus (fla-be-lok'ri-nus), n. [NL., <
L. flabcUum, a fan, -t- Gr. npivov, a lily.] A ge-
nus of flabellate crinoids.
flabelluin (tia-berum), n. ; -pX. flabella (-a). [L.,
a fan: see flabel, n.] 1. A fan,' used inthe Greek
and Armenian churches to drive away insects
Papal Flabellum.
Liturgical Flabellum.
from the bread and wine during the celebra-
tion of the eucharist. Its ordinary use in the Ro-
man Catholic Church ceased as early as the fourteenth
century, but survives in the large fans, still known as fla-
hella, carried by
the attendants of
the pope in pro-
cessions on cer-
tain festivals. Al-
so called yfa^MTijft.
2. In Crusta-
cea, same as
epipodite. — 3.
{^cap.] In .4c-
tinozoa, a ge-
nus of apo-
rose madrepo-
rarian corals,
of the family
Turbinoliidw. — 4. In ichth., specifically, same
as serrula. Sagemehl, 1884.
flabilet (flab'il)', a. [< L. flabilis, airy, < flare =
E. hlow^.] Subject to be blown about. Bailey.
flabmm (fla'brum), n. ; yl.flabra (-bra). [ML.]
Eccles., same a.s flabellum, 1.
flaccid (flak'sid), a. [= 8p. flacido = Pg. It.
flaccido, < L. flaeeidus, flabby, pendulous, flac-
cid, < flaccus, flabby, pendulous. The resem-
blance to E. flMck, flacky, flag^, is accidental.]
FlalifUutn atabastrum, def. 3.
rie (see extract) ; cf. OF. flacliesse, flaccidness
see flaccidezza.] Same &s flaccidity, 2.
Consulting the authors who bad written upon silkworms,
Pasteur could not doubt that he had before his eyes a
characteristic specimen of the disease called morts-flats
or flacherie.
Life of Pasteur, tr. by Lady Claud Hamilton, p. 152.
flack ( flak), V. [< ME. flacken, flutter, palpitate,
= OD. vlacken, flicker, flash, sparkle (Kilian),
= leel. flakka = Dan. flakke = Sw. flacka, rove
about; cf. loel. flaka, flap, hang loose; Sw.
flaxa, flutter. Hence the common E. form
(with sonant g for surd k) flag^, q. v., and the
freq. ^acfce»-, q. v.] I. intrans. If. To flutter;
palpitate.
Her cold l)rest began to hete.
Her herte also to flacke and bete.
Gower, Conf. Amant., III. 315.
2. To hang loosely; flag. [Prov. Eng.]
II. trans. To beat by flapping. [Prov. Eng.]
flack (flak), ». l< flack, v.] A blow; a stroke.
[Prov. Eng.]
flacker (flak'er), V. i. [< ME. flakeren, flutter,
waver, = OD. flakkeren, flicker, waver, = Dan.
flagre, flicker, flutter, = OHG. flogaron (once,
for *flacardn1), MHG. vlackern, G. flackern =
Icel. fl^kra (of. equiv. flokta), flutter; cf. AS.
flacor (poet.), flying (of arrows). Practically
a freq. oi flack, q. v. Cf. flicker'^.'] To flutter,
as a bird ; flicker ; quiver. [Prov. Eng.]
And the cherubins flackered with their Vings.
Ezek. X. 19 (Coverdale's trans.).
flacket^ (flak'et), V. i. [< flMck + -et, here freq.
in force, as in fidget; ot. flacker.] To flap about,
as women's skirts; have the skirts flap about.
[Prov. Eng.]
flacketi (flak'et), M. [^<flacket^,v.] If. A loose
hanging piece ; a flap.
Vpon their heads caps of goldsmiths worke, hauing
great fiackets of haire, hanging out on each side.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 113.
2. A girl whose clothes hang loosely about her.
[Prov. Eng.]
flacket2 (flak'et), n. [< ME. flaket, flaget, a
flask, flagon, < OF. flasquet (s silent), flaschet,
flachet, dim. of flasque, flache, a flask : see flask,
flasket, a.nd flagon.] A bottle; a flask. [Prov.
Eng.]
A clerk of the cuntre com toward rome
With tvo flaketes fill of ful fine wynes.
Waiiam of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1888.
And Isai toke an asse laden with breade, and a flacket
of wine, and a kydde, and sent them by David his sonne
unto Saule. Breeches Bilile, 1 Sam. xvi. 20.
He tould them ther was not much for them in this ship,
only 2. packs of Bastable ruggs, and 2. hoggsheads of
nieatheglin, drawne out in wooden flackets.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 269.
[Prov. Eng.]
flacon (F. pron. fla-kon'), «. [F., a flagon: .see
flagon.] An old form of bottle having a screw-
top, especially a pilgrims' bottle : as, a flacon
of perfume, or of salts.
Flacourtia (fla-kor'ti-a), n. [NL., named after
Etienue de Fiacourt, a French traveler (1607-
60).] A small genus of thorny shrubs or small
trees, of the order Bixacece (or type of an order
Flacourtiacc(e), natives of Africa, Asia, and the
islands adjacent. The fruit of most of the species is
edible. F. Jiamontchi is tlie Madagascar plum. F. sepa-
ria is used in India for hedges. Several species are em-
ployed medicinally in native practice.
':er, and So.^JicA-
flap. [Prov. Eng.
Then doubt not you a thousand flafling flags.
Nor horrible cries of hideous heathen hags.
Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith.
An' if the wives an' dii-ty brats
E'en thigger at your doorS an' yetts,
Fla£in' wi' duds. Bums, Addressof Beelzebub.
fiaffer (flaf'fer), r. i. [Freq. of /a/.] To flut-
ter. [Prov. Eng.]
fiag^ (flag), r. ; pret. and pp. flagged, ppr. flag-
ging. [Not found in ME., being a later form of
ME. flaeken, E. flack, hang loose ; cf . OD. flag-
gheren, vlaggheren, flag, droop: Bee flack.] I.
intrans. 1. To hang loosely and laxly; droop
from weakness or weariness.
And now loud-howling wolves arouse the jades, . . .
Who with their drowsy, slow, MuXflayging wings
Clip dead men's giaves, and from their misty jaws
Breathe foul contagious darkness in the air.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
The wounded bird, ere yet she breath'd her last.
With flagging wings alighted on the mast.
Pope, Iliad, xxiii.
A ship was lying on the sunny main !
Its sails were flagging in the breathless noon.
Shelley, Revolt of Islam, iii. 17.
2. To grow languid or less active ; move or act
more slowly; become feeble; droop; decline;
fail : as, the spirits flag.
We may break off from the duty whenever we find our
attention flags, and return to it at a more seasonable
opportunity. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. x.
The subscriptions afterwards were more free and gener-
ous ; but, beginning to jfag, I saw they would be inauf-
flcient without some assistance from the Assembly.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 191.
Th^X flagging oi the circulation which accompanies the
decline of life.
H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol. (2d ed.), { 100.
3. To grow stale or vapid; lose interest or
relish. — 4. To become careless or ineflScient;
slacken; halt.
If she shou'd flag in her part, I will not fail to prompt
her. Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 18.
5. [Cf. flag"^.] To flap; wave. [Prov. Eng.]
=:Syil. 2. To languish, pine, sink, succumb.
n. trans. 1. To cause or suffer to droop.
[Bare.]
Nor need they fear the dampness of the sky
Should flag their wings and hinder them to fly,
'Twas only water thrown on sails too dry.
Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 509.
The thousand Loves that arm thy potent Eye
Must drop their Quivers, ^(7 their Wings, and die.
Prior, Ode, St. 3.
2. To make feeble; enervate ; exhaust. [Rare.]
Nothing so flags the spirits ... as intense studies.
Eehard.
flag2 (flag), «. [Early mod. E. flagge (= 6.
flagge), of D. or Scand. origin : OD. vlagghe, D.
vlag = Sw. flagg = Dan. flag, a flag, orig. of a
ship's flag ; connected with Sw. dial, flage, flut-
ter in the wind, and ult. with E. flag''-, flack,
flacker, q. v. Cf . Icel. flogra = OHG. flogaron,
flokron, flutter; OHG. flogezen, MHG. vlogzen,
vlokzen, flutter, flicker: connected with Icel.
fljUga (= OHG. fliogan, etc.), fly, = E. fly^.]
1. Apiece of thin, light fabric, especially bunt-
ing, usually rectangular and oblong or square,
but sometimes triangular, notched, or otherwise
varied in form, ranging from a few inches to sev-
eral yards in dimensions, used hanging free from
a staff to which it is attached or connected by
one end, for many purposes, as a signal, symbol,
cognizance, or standard, and differing in size,
color, and emblematic marking or ornamenta-
tion, according to its intended use. nie most com-
mon employment of flags is as military ensigns, colors,
or standards, or emblems of nationality in all its modes of
visible manifestation. In the army a flag is a banner by
which one regiment is distinguished from another, and is
usually called the colors. In the navy flags are borne at
the masthead not only to designate the nationality of a
vessel, but also to indicate the rank of the officer in com-
mand, an admiral's presence being denoted by his flag at
the main, a vice-admiral canying his flag at the fore, and
flag
a rear-admiral at the mizzen. In the United States navy
admirals' flags are blue, with four, three, or two stuis,
according to rank. When the President goes atloat, the
natiouiil flag is displayed in the how of liis barge, or at
the main of the man-of-war which receives him. In the
British navy the supreme flag is the royal standard, which
is to be hoisted only when the sovereign or one of the
royal family is on board; the second flag has an anchor
on a red ground, and characterizes the lord high admiral
or lords commissioners of the admiralty ; and the third
is the union or national flag, in which the crosses of St.
Geoi^e, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick (the patron saints
of England, Scotland, and Ireland respectively) are blend-
ed. This flag is appropriated to the admiral of the fleet.
(See eruign. And union jlag, undeT union.) The flag of the
United States has since lhl8 consisted of thirteen horizon-
tal stripes (representing the thirteen original States of
the Union), seven red and six white, placed alternately,
with a blue union having displayed on it one white ttve-
pointed star for each State in the Union. The Confederate
flag had a similar union, but bore three bars, two red and
one white, instead of the thirteen stripes. Flags are also
used afloat and ashore for signaling. Flags are often
raised on public buildings to show that they are open for
boiriness, or (as on the Capitol at Washington) that a legis-
lative body is there in session. So, formerly, play-houses
exhibited flags on their roofs when there were perform-
ances at thera. When the players were out of employ-
ment, they were said to be ftag-failen (which see).
Twas a shame, no less
Than 'twas his loss, to course your flying ^Zo^f,
Aiid leave his navy gazing. Shak.^ A. and C, iii, 11.
The hair about the hat is as good as a fiag upon the pole
at a common play-house to waft company.
MiddUton, Mad World.
Flags, flutter out upon turrets and towers !
Tennygon, Welcome to Alexandra.
2t. The wing or pinion of a bird. [Poetical.]
Like as the haggard, cloister'd in her mew,
To scour her downy robes and to renew
Her broken fiag»^ . . .
Jets oft from perch to perch.
Quarle$, Emblems, iii. 1.
3. In a glass-fumaee having a grate-room in
each end, a part of the bed intervening be-
tween the two grate-rooms and serving as a
partition between them. — 4. In ornith.y the
tuft of long feathers on the leg of falcons and
most other hawks ; the lengthened feathers on
the cms or tibia. Cones. — 6, In nportingy the
tail of a deer or of a setter dog.
The setter's jlo^ should have a gentle sweep.
I>og$(^Qreat Britain and Ameriea, p. 101.
Quarters slightly sloplnff, and Jlag set on rather low, but
straight, fine in bone, and beautifully carried.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 417.
6. hxmuaic. See peniuinf and AooA:.- Black fla«,
a flag either of plain black or bearing some device aaso-
cijited with pirates and piracy, also with warfare when no
quarter is to l>e given : a phrase used loosely to denote
such warfare, or the intention, or avowed intention, of
resorting to it. — Black Fla^s. >^ce Moelr.— BlOOdy flAf.
See red Aaq, below. — Boat flag, in whaling, a waif.-
Flag of distress, any tlag tllspUyed as a signal of dis-
tress. When so used it is generally displaye<l upside
down (called union dotpnXor is hoisted only half way to
lu usual place (called half-inati). - Flag Of protection.
See wUovB flag and white ./lair.— Flag of truce, a white
Hag displayed as an Invitation to the t -nenty to confer, or
one earned by an officer sent to communicate with the
enemy. During an engagement the bearer may be refosed
admlttanc*e into the llnea, or he may be held. A flag of
truce is r^Euded as especially saci«d In character and
■igniftcance, and any abuse of its priTlleges, as for the
purpose of surreptitiously procuring military informa-
tion, is condemned as an offense of peculiar helnouaness.
In naval engagements a flag of truce is met at a suitable
distance by a boat from the senior officer's ship, in cliarge
of a coramisaioned oflloer. and having a white flag plainly
displayed from the time of learinK until her return. —
CtaXTlson flag, a large flag fumlshedf to the principal mili-
tary posts ititiie United States, to be displayed on occa-
sions of national importance.— Knight of the SQUare
flag. See ^nn«r<f/2. — Bed flag, (a) A flag of a re<f color
Witt) or witliout devices, associated with blood or danger :
(1) The Koman signal for battle ; hence, to hang out the
red or Uoodvflag u often used, especially by earlier writ-
ers, to signify a challenge to battle.
When you are hearing a matter between party and party,
if you chance to l>e pinched with the colic, yon ... set
up the bloody flag against all patience. Shak., C<h'., 11. 1.
Stand for your own ; unwind your bloody flag.
Shak., Hen. V., 1. 2.
(2) The recognized standard or symbol of an extreme revo-
lutionary puty, or of tboae who seek sodal as well as po-
litical revolution of anarchy : as, the red flag of the Com-
mune. (S) A signal displayed by boats carrying powder,
and by ships of war when they are shipping or discharging
powder. (4) A danger-signal in target -practice ami on
railways: used on the latter to bring trains to a stand.
At every one of them [the stations] on the route a man
popped out . . . and waved a red fiag. and appeared as
though he would like to have us stop. But we were an ex-
press train. T. B. Aldrieh, Bad Boy. p. 31.
(6) A piece of red flannel used as a lure for flsh. {e\ The
bloody spont of a dying wfaale.— To dip the flag, to lower
the flag and then hoist it again. n.<« n token of respect or
courtesv.— Tohearea flag aboard (nnut.^. to hang it
out. (irchaic or obsolete.]- To hoist a flag at half-
mast, to raise a flag half-way up to It.s uitual place as a
token or Hignal of monming.— To strike or lower the
flag, to ptill 'lown the flag in token of nurrendfr. - White
flag, a flag of pure white material, with or without a de-
vice, used to denote a peaceable disposition or intention,
to secure from molestation In time of war.
2247
By the semblance
Of their white flags display'd, they bring us peace.
. Shak., Pericles, i. 4.
Yellow flag, a flag of a yellow color used as a sanitary sig-
nal. It is displayed on a vessel to show that contagious
or infectious disease exists on l>oard, or that the ship or
boat has been placed in quarantine ; over the house, ship,
or boat which serves as the residence of a quarantiue of-
ficer; and in time of war to indicate hospitals or other
houses containing the sick or wounded, that the enemy
may refrain from firing on them. In this case it is called
the flag of protection.
fiag2 (flag), V. t, ; pret. and pp. fagged, ppr.
^flagging. [< fiag'^, n.~\ 1. To place a flag over
or on: as, to flag a house.
At thy firmest age
Thou hadst within thy bole solid contents
That might have ribb'd the sides and plank'd the deck
Of some flagg'd admiral [ship]. Cowper, Yardley Oak.
I was directed by him to vaccinate, flag premises where
the disease existed, and to send those afflicted with the
disease to the hospital. Sanitarian, XIV. 319.
2. To signal or warn by the use of a flag: as,
to flag a train or a steamboat. — 3, To decoy,
as game, by waving some object like a flag to
excite attention or curiosity.
One method of hunting them [antelopes] is to take ad-
vantage of it [their curiosity], and flag them up to the
hunters by waving a red handkerchief, or some other ob-
ject, to and fro in the air.
T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 194.
flag3 (flag), n. [Early mod. E. flagge; < ilE.
*flagg€, flegge = Dan. flisg^ flag; prob. ult. the
same as flag~^ as that which flutters in the
wind: see flag^f «.] One of various endoge-
nous plants with sword-shaped leaves, mostly
growing in moist places; particularly, the com-
mon species of Iris, as the yellow flag or water-
flag of England (/, Pseudacorus)^ the white flag
(/. Germanica)j and blue flags of the United
States, as /, versicolor and /. prismatica. The cat-
tail-flag is Typha latifolia and other species; the corn-
flag of Europe, Gladiolus segetum, etc. ; the sweet-flag.
Acorwt Calamus. The cattail-flag Is used by coopers to
tighten the seams of flsh-barrels. The term flag is also
applied to the broad-leafed fixed seaweeds.
At the west end there groweth the greatest store of
fiaggest in a luarisli soUe, . . . that ever I saw in my life.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 142.
My spaniel, prettiest of his race, . . .
Now wanton'd lost in flags and reeds.
Cowper, Dog and Water-Uly.
There, with its waving blade of green.
The »ea.-flag streams through the silent water.
J. G. Fercival, The Coral Grove.
flagS (flag), r. t. ; pret. and vV-fl^WO^^^ x^^t, flag-
ging. [< flag^^ H.] To tignten the seams of (a
barrel) by means of flags, ^e flag^, n, Encyc,
Brit., IX. 259.
flag^ (flag), «• [< ME. /rt(7^e, turf, sod, < Icel.
.^<'ifj the spot where a piece of tiirf has been
cut out, flaga, a flag or slab of stone, lit. a * flake '
(cf . flatfnUf flake off, as skin or slough, flakna^
flake off, split) : seefiake'^yflaw'^,fl<iyt^flo€.^ 1.
A piece of turf; a sod. [Prov. Eng.]
Turfe ot flagge, sward of the erthe, cespes, terrlcldium.
Prompt. Part., p. 606.
The dibbler, who walks backwards, and turning the dib-
bles partly round, . . . makes two holes on each flag, at
the tfistauce of tliree Inches the length way of the flag.
A. Hunter, Oeorgical Essays, ll. 35.i.
2. A flat stone used for paving. — 3. A flake
of snow. [Prov. Eng.] — 4. A tuft of coarse
grass. [Prov. Eng.]— calthneu flags, series of
dark, bituminoos, durable, slightly micaceous and cal-
careous tiaggy beds of the lower Old Red system of Scot-
land. They abound in fossil flshes and remains of land-
plants, and are much used for flagging. The name Is de-
rived from Caithness In Scotland, where this form is well
exemplifled.
flag4 (flag), r. t. ; pret. and pp.flaggedj piiv. flag-
ging. [(.Jfag*, «.] To lay or pave with flags
or flat stones.
The sides and floore were all flagged with excellent
marble. Sandys, Travailes, p. 26.
flag^ (fl&S)t A* [Perhaps a particular use of
flag^,^ Agroat; fourpence. [Thieves' cant.]
The orator pulled out a tremendous black doll, l>ought
for a flag (fourpence) of a retired rag-merchant, and
dressed up In Oriental style.
Mayhett, London Labour and London Poor.
flag-bearer (flag'bar'fir), n. One who bears a
flag. The word does not. like the terms standard-bearer,
jt^iinnn-ftearrr, gon/alonier, ensign, cornet, and the like,
convey the Idea of military rank or of permanent office or
appointment.
flag-captain (flag'kap'tan), n. Naut.j the chief
of an admiral's staff; the commanding offieer
of a tla^-ship: same 2^^ fleet captain (which see,
utni<'r ntiitain).
flagella, «. Plural ot flageUum.
flagellant f flaj'e-lant), a. and n. {==¥. flagellant
= Sp. flagelante = Pg. It, flagellante, < \j.flagel-
flagellate
lan{t-)Sy ppr. ot flagellare, whip, scourge: see
flagellate^.'] I. a. Given to flagellation, or the
use of the rod ; flagellating.
We find far more of hope and promise in the broad free
sketdlies of t\\t flagellant head master of Eton and the
bibulous Bishop of Bath and Wells.
A. C. Sicinbuitie, Shakespeare, p. '27.
II. n. One who whips or scourges himself for
religious discipline ; specifically, in hist., one of
a body of religious persons who believed they
could thus appease the divine wrath against
their sins and the sins of the age. An associa-
tion of flagellants founded in Italy about 1260 spread
throughout Europe, its members marching in processions,
publicly scourging their own bare bodies till the blood ran.
Having by these practices given rise to great disorders,
they were suppressed ; but the same scenes were repeated
on a larger scale iu 1348 and several subsequent years, in
consequence of the desolating phigue called the "black
death." These flagellants claimed for their scourgings the
virtue of all the sacraments, and promulgated other here-
sies. There have been also fraternities of flagellants au-
thorized by the Koman Catholic Church. Some flagellants
have held doctrines opposed to the Roman Catholic Church,
and approximating those of Protestantism.
When, from the corruptness of its ministry, religion
has lost its influence, as it did just before the Flagellants
appeared, the State has been endangered.
H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 86.
flagellar (fla-jer&r), a. [< flagellum + -ar.']
In en torn., pertaining to the flagellum of an an-
tenna: as, flagellar joints,
Flagellaria (flaj-e-la'ri-a), «. [NL., < li.flageU
liim, a whip, scom'ge, + -aria.'] A genus of en-
dogenous plants, typical of the order Flagella-
riew. They are herbaceous climbei-s, with long, narrow
leaves terminated by tendrils, panicles of persistent-col-
ored flowers, and one-seeded, drupe-like fruit. There are
only two species, of India and Australia respectively, of
which F. Indica is widely spread through the tropics of
tlie old world.
Flagellarieae (flaj'e-la-ri'e-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Flagellaria + -eo*.] An order of endogenous
plants, intermediate between the Liliacew and
the JuncaceWj found in the tropical regions of
the old world. It includes 3 genera and 6 or 7
species. See Flagellaria.
F&gellata (flaj-e-la'ta), w. pi, [NL., neut. pi.
ot flageliattts: see flagella te^f a.] A primary
group of Infusoria, as distinguished from the
Tentaculifera, or Acinetw, and from the Ciliata.
Tliey are minute organisms of mouadiform structure and
character, provided not with cilia proper or with tentacles,
but with a long whip like flagellum. or with two or more
flagella, which may be situated together at one end of the
body, or be widely separated. There are generally an
A Colony of Cerc^mcnas ttrmo, a trafcal flasellate infusorian,
magnified 300 tunes.
endoplast and a contractile vacuole, but no permanent
oral aperture, tliough there is an oral region of the iKxly
constituting the food-vacuole, by which food enters along
with a globule of water. The tlagella are locomotory or-
gans. The cell of which a flagellate infusorian mainly
consiitts (iiffers much in form in the different genera. I>e-
ing sometimes prolonged around the base of the flagellum
like a collar, and the whole animal may have a calyeine
investment. The flagella of the same animal may differ
much, one being stout and only occasionally moved, the
other forming a delicate cilium in con8t:mt vibration.
The Flagellata multiply by various methods of fission and
sporulation, and iilso by conjuKatinn. Also called Manti-
gophora.— Flagellata* dlscostomata. Same as Choano-
y(a.7Wte/a. — Flagellata eUBtomata,an order of animal-
cules possessing one or more flagellifurm appendages, but
no locomotive organs In the form of cilia, a distinct oral
aperturt- nr cyt^istome invarialily developed, multiplying
by longitudinal or transverse fissiun. or by the subdivi-
sion of a whole or part of the Ixxly -substance into s^wrular
elements.— Flagellata pantostomata, an order nf ani-
malcules simply flagelliferi.us. having in their character-
istic adult state im supplementary lobate or ray-like pseu-
dopwlic appendages, oral or Ingestive area entirely unde-
fined, food-substances being incepted indifferently at all
points of the periphery.
flagellate^ (flaj'e-lat), v. t: pret. &Tid-pip.flag€l-
hiff'd, ppr. flagellating. [< L. flagellatvs, pp. of
flagellare (> It. flagellare = Pg. Pr. flagellar =
F. flageller), whip, scourge, lash, < flagellum, a
whip, scourge (whence E. flail, q. v.), dim. of
flagrum, a whip, scourge ; perhaps akin to E,
blow^.] To whip; scourge.
flagellate
flagellatei, flagellated ('flaj'e-lat, -la-ted), a.
[< ^h.Jlajfellatiiis, furnished with a flagelliun,
< h. flagellum, a whip: see flageUum, aud ef.
flageHate^, f.] 1. In 6/0/., furnished with fla-
gella, or slender whip-like processes ; flagellif-
erous: as, a flagellate infusorian (in this use
techmcaUy opposed to ciliate).
Just as do the fiagellated zoospores of Frotophytes,
H'. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 893.
A large series of more complex forms ot flagellate Infu-
soria has been recently brought to our knowledge.
W. B. Carpenter, Jlicros., | 424.
2. Like a whip-lash ; flagelliform: 9.s,&flMgel-
laie process. — 3. In hot., producing filiform
runners or runner-like branches Flagellate
cell. See cell.— Flagellated cbambers. Same as cili-
at- (/ chamt>ers (which see, uiuier cUiatf).
flagellated, «. An obsolete perversion of fla-
geolet.
flagellation (flaj-e-la'shon), n. [= F. flagel-
lation = Sp. flagelacion = Pg. flagella^So =
It. flageUa;:ionc, < L. flagcllatio{n-), < flagellare,
whip: see flagellate'^, r.] A whipping or flog-
ging; the discipline of the scourge.
This lalwur past, by Bridewell all descend
(As morning prayer and JtageUation end).
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 270.
History malces ns acquainted witli many curious in-
stances in tile lieathen world wijere the images of the De-
ities worshipped llave been very rouglily treated, and even
suffered public rtagellation, for not having avei*lJed the ca-
lamities which had been deprecated.
T. Cogan, On the Passions, I. i. § 3.
flagellator (flaj'e-la-tqr), n. [= F. flagellateur
= Pg. flugellador = It. flagellatore, < ML. fla-
gella tor, one who whips, one of the flagellants,
< L. flagellare, whip: see flagellate^, v.'] One
who whips or scourges.
flagellet, "• [ME., < L. .^fliyeHum, a whip: see
flail, flagellate^, v.] A whip; a scourge.
Thu must of I'ihte yeve him is penaunce
With this fiagelle of equite and resoun.
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 146.
flagellet, »•• *• [< OF. flageller, < L. flagellare,
whip: see flagellate^, v.'\ To whip; scourge;
lash. Eichardson.
Hys legates are so furious and ragynge mad that a man
would thinlce, as they steppe forewardes, that Sathan wer
sent from the face of God to flagelte the church.
Bp. Bate, English Votaries, ii.
flagelliferous (flaj-e-lif'e-rus), a. [< h.flagel-
lum, a whip, -H ferre, = fl. hear^, + -oms.] Pro-
vided with flagella; flagellate.
flagelllform (fla-jel'i-f 6rm), a. [< L. flagellum,
a whip, -t- forma, shape.] 1. Long, thin, and
flexible, like the lash of a whip.
These appear to be pear-shaped sacs, . . . each having
SiJUtgelliforin cilium in its interior.
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 449.
2. In hot., runner-like.
flagellula (fla-jel'u-la), n. ; pi. flagellulw (-le).
[xv L., dim. of L. flagellum, a whip : seeflagellum.']
A flagellate spore; a spore or sporule with a
flagelliform appendage, as a zoospore, swarm-
spore, or the monadiform young of many pro-
tozoans.
The resemblance of these monadiform young (best called
Jtagellulce) to the adult forms Itnown as Flagellata.
Encyc. Brit., XIX. 837.
flagellum (fla-jel'um), «. ; pi. flagella (-a). [L.,
a whip : see flagelle, n., flail, and flagellate^, v.^
1. hi Rom.archceol., aseouTge. The Roman scourges
were made of leather thongs, several being attached to
one handle, and sometimes of cord, to which metal rings
were attached, or of wire twisted and eyed so as to form
linlcs, the instrument then consisting of many such links
in strands of chain.
2. [NL.] Inbot.: (a) Arunner; a weak, creep-
ing shoot sent out from the bottom of the stem,
Flageltum of Strawberry.
and rooting and forming new plants at the
nodes, as in the strawberry, (fit) A twig or
young shoot, (c) In certain Bepaticw, a lash-
like branch formed on the ventral surface of
the stem, and bearing rudimentary leaves. — 3.
[NL.] In biol., a long lash-like appendage to
certain infusorians, bacteria, and protoplasmic
reproductive bodies in cryptogams; a large
eiUum. By means of rapid vibration it serves
as an organ of locomotion.
2248
The flagella . . ■ become visible in the hanging-drop at
one or both e.vtremities of the bacteria by forming an eddy.
Jluep^te, Bacteriological Investigations (trans.), p. 73.
Flagella can be characterized [in iJifu^oria] as isolated
and niore or less elongat^i cilia. 5. Kent, Infusoria, p. 44.
4. In entom., the outer portion of a geniculate
antenna, or of any antenna which has a long
basal joint with shorter and regular joints be-
yond it. The basiil joint is then called the scape, and
the remainder of the ()rgan is the flagellum. In Dlptera
aud Semocera it includes the whole antenna, exclusive of
the two basal joints or scapes.
flageolet (flaj'o-let), n. [Also yfritten flagelet,
and formerly flagellate (simulating jfta^e/fatel) ;
< OF. (and F.) flageolet, a pipe, whistle, flute,
dim. of OF. flageol,flagiel,ftajeol,flagel,flageau,
etc., = Pr. flaitjol, flaubol, a flageolet, flute, <
ML. as if "flautiolus, dim. oiflauta, a flute : see
flute^, «.] A musical instrument of the flute or
whistle class, in which the tone is produced by
a stream of air striking against a sharp edge.
Flageolet.
It consists of a moutiipiece, usually a bulb in which the
tone is produced, and a tube with six tinger-holes. Its
compass is a little more than two octaves upward from the
G next above middle C. It is not now used in the orches-
tra. It is the representative of the ancient and medieval
flute, its immediate precursor being the recorder. It is
often called a flilte-d-bec, in distinction from the modern
German or transverse flute. The penny wliistle is a cheap
form of it.
First, he that led the cavalcate
Wore a sow-gelder's flagellate.
On which he blew as strong a levet
As well-fee'd lawyer on his brevate.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 610.
Well-taught he all the sounds express'd
Of flageolet or flute.
Cowper, Death of Mrs. Throckmorton's Bulflnch.
Double flageolet, a flageolet having two tubes and one
mouthpiece, on which simple two-part music may be
played. It was invented about 1800.
flageolet-tones (flaj'o-let-tonz), n. pi. In in-
struments of the viol class, harmonies — that is,
tones made by lightly stopping a string at one
of its aliquot divisions: so called because of
their flute-like quality.
flag-fallent, «. Out of employment, as a player.
Seeflag^, n.
Four or five flng-falne. plaiei-s, poore liarmlesse knaves,
that were neither lords nor ladies, but honestly wore there
owne clothes. Mowley, Search for Money (1609).
flag-feather (flag'feTH"6r), m. A feather of a
bird's wing next to the body.
flagginess (flag'i-nes), n. The quality of being
flaggv; laxness; limpness.
flagging! (flag'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of /tepl, v.']
Limp; drooping; languid; failing.
He is tlie flagging'et bulrush that ere droopt
With each slight ndst of raine.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, I., ii. 1.
Dull, flagging notes that with each other jar.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, i. 10.
The sole means she found of reviving the flagging dis-
course was by asking them if they would all stay to tea.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, vii.
flagging^ (flag'ing), n. [Verbal n. of flag\ v.']
1 . The act of laying with flagstones, as a side-
walk.— 2. Flagstones collectively; a pavement
or sidewalk of flagstones.
And in the heavenly city heard angelic feet
Fall on the golden flagging of the street.
Longfelloip, Golden Legend, ii.
flaggingly (flag'ing-li), adv. In a flagging man-
ner; limply; languidly; wearily. Imp. Diet.
flaggylf (flag'i), a. [</fl!ffl + -i/l. Ctflacl-y.-]
1. Flagging; languid; limp.
That basking in the sun thy bees may lie,
And resting there, their flaggy pinions dry.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv.
2. Without flavor; insipid: as, "a great flag-
gy apple," Bacon.
flaggy^ (flag'i), a. i<flag'^ + -y'^.'] Like a flag;
broad; spreading.
}i\z flaggy winges, when forth he did display,
Were like two sayles. Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 10.
Plantaines that haue a broad flaggie leafe growing in
clusters and shaped like cucumbers. Purchas, Pilgrimage.
flaggyS (flag'i), a. [< ME.flaggi; < flagS -I- -)/l.]
Abounding in or resembling the plants called
He set out hym in the flaggi place of the brinke of the
flode. Wyclif, Ex. ii. 3 (Oxf.).
flaggy* (flag'i), a. [Kflag^ + -yl.] Suitable for
or resembling flagstones in structure ; fissile.
They jire now flue flaggy micaceous gneisses and mica-
schists, which certainly could not have been developed
out of any such Archaean gneiss as is now visible to the
west. Amer. Jour. Set., 3d ser., XXIX. i:^.
flagon
flagitate (flaj'i-tat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. flagi-
tated, ■p'pT. flagitatiiig. [< L. flagitatuf^, pp. of
flagitare, demand, demand fiercely, urge with
violence or importunity ; akin to .Hagrare, burn :
see flagrant.'] To demand fiercely or imperi-
ously. Carlyle. [Rare.]
flagi'tation (flaj-i-ta'shon), n. [< L. flagiia-
ti(i(ii-), an earnest request or demand, impor-
tunity, < flagitare, pp. flagitatus, demand: see
flagitate.'] The act of flagitating or demanding
with fierceness or passion; extreme importu-
nity. Carlyle. [Rare.]
flagitious (fla-jish'us), a. [= OF . flagicieus =
Sp. Pg. flagieioso = It. flagizioso, < L. flagitio-
SM«, disgraceful, shameful, infamous, <^apjrti(m,
an eager or furious demand, a disgraceful act
(> It.flagizio = Sp. Vg.flagicio, disgraceful eon-
duct), <^<a(7!tere, demand, demand fiercely: see
flagitate.] 1. Shamefully wicked; atrocious;
scandalous; flagrant; grossly criminal: as, a
flagitious action or crime.
He beynge blynded with the ambicious desyre of rule
before tiiis, in obteyning the kyngdome, had perpetrate
and done many flagicious actes and detestable tyrannies.
Hall, Rich. III., an. 3.
The account of what befel the Jews upon their crucify-
ing the Lord <tf life, and fastening the guilt of that flagi-
tious act upon tliemselves and their posterity.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. v.
That gallant cavalier [Colonel Turner] was hanged, after
the restoration, for a flagitious burglary.
Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
2. Guilty of scandalous crimes; profligate; cor-
rupt; abandoned.
These were artifices which wicked men make use of to
deter the best of men from punishing tyrants and flagi-
tious persons. Milton, Defence of People of England.
He dies, sad outcast of each church and state.
And, harder still ! flagitious, yet not great.
Pope, Moral Essays, i. 205.
3. Marked or characterized by scandalous
crimes or vices : as, a flagitious record.
Dischai-ge that rage on more provoking crimes,
Nor fear a dearth in these flagitious times.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 529'.-
= SjTl. Execrable, Villainous, etc. (see tiefarious)', hei-
nous, sh.imcful, infamous, shocking, vile.
flagitiously (fla-jish'us-li), adv. In a flagitious
manner; with extreme wickedness ; atrocious-
ly; scandalously.
If Amasa were now, in the act of loyalty, justly (on
God's part) payd for the arerages of his late rebellion, yet
that it should be done by thy hand, then and thus, it was
flagitiously cruel. Bp. Hall, Sheba's Reljellion.
A sentence &o flagitiously unjust. Macaulay.
flagitiousness (fla-jish'us-nes), n. The condi-
tion or quality of being flagitious; shameful
wickedness ; atrocity.
It exhibits to him a life thrown away on vanities and
follies, or consumed in flagitiotistiess and sin : no station
properly supported ; no material duties fulfilled.
Blair, Works, I. ii.
ThRi flagitiottsness of the governing agencies themselves,
which was shown by the venality of nnnisters and mem-
bers of Parliament, and by the corrupt administration of
justice, has disappeared. //. Spencer, Prin. of Socio!., §574.
flag-lieutenant (flag'lii-ten'''ant), Ji. In the
navy, an officer on an admiral's staff who per-
forms such duties for him as an aide-de-camp
performs for a general in the army, communi-
cating his orders to the ships under his com-
mand either in person or by signal.
flagman (flag'man), «.; p\. flagyiien {-Tnen). 1.
A signal-man oil a railway, who makes signals
by means of flags. — 2t. A flag-ofiicer; an ad-
miral.
To Mr. Lilly's the painter's, and theresaw the heads . . .
of the flaggmen in the late great fight with the Duke of
York against the Dutch. Pepys, Diary, April 18, 1666.
He was a kind of Flagman, a Vice-Admiral, in all those
expeditions of good-fellowship.
Gentleman Instructed, p. 535.
flag-officer (flag'of''''i-ser), n. A naval officer
privileged to display a flag denoting his rank ;
an admiral, vice-admiral, rear-admiral, or com-
modore. In the United States navy, from 1867 to 1862,
it was the official title of a captain while in actual com-
mand of a squadron ; but it was superseded in the latter
year on the creation of the permanent grades of commo-
dore and rear-admiral.
He told me that our very commanders, nay. our very flag-
ojficers, do stand in need of exercising among themselves,
and discoursing the business of commanding a fleete.
Pepys, Diary, July 4, 1666.
flagon (flag'on), n. [< OF. flagon, flacon, older
flascon, < 'ML. flasco(n-), aug. oi flascus, flasca.
a flask : see ilaslc and flacket^. For the form
flagon (for * flacon), cf. MF.flaget=flal-et, flaek-
et : and dragon, < OF. dragon, < L. draco{n-).]
A vessel for holding liquids, especially for ta-
ble use. It has a spout, a handle, and usually
a cover.
flagon
All vessels of small quantity, from the vessels of cups,
even to all the vessels utjiagoiu. Isa. xxii. 24.
A pestilence on him for a mad rogue 1 a poured Ajiagon
of Rhenish on my licad once. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
When in the harvest heat she bore to the reapei-s at noon-
tide
Ftoffoiu of bome-brewed ale, ah, fair in sooth was the
maiden. LonofeUow, Evangeline, i. 1.
flagonet (flag'on-et), ». [< flagon + -et.'\ A
little tiagon. [Rare.]
.And in a hwm\A\\i fiagonet stood by
Beere small as comfort, dead as charity.
Herrick, Hesperides, p. 2bl.
flagpole (flag'pol), «. Same &s flagstaff.
" There were four one-story wooden barracks once,"
said Rod : " whitewashed ; jtag-poU in the centre. There's
nothing now but a chimney."
Harper- i Mag., LXXVII. SIV.
flagra, ". Plural of flagrant.
flagrancet (fla'grans), «. [< OF. flagranee, F.
flagrance = Sp. "flagrancia, < L. flagrantia, a
burning, vehement desire, <. flagran(t-)s, burn-
ing: see ./?<j^ra»<.] An obsolete form oi fla-
grancy.
They bring to him a woman taken in the /lagranee of
her adultery. Bp. Hall, The Woman Taken m Adultery.
flagrancy (fla'gran-si), II. [As flagranee : see
-ancy.'i It. Burning ; inflammation ; beat.
Lust causeth ajla^rancu in the eyes.
Bacon, Sat. Hist., i 722.
2. The quality of being flagrant ; heinousness ;
atrocity.
flagrant (fla'grant), a. [< OF. flagrant, F. fla-
grant = Sp. flagrante = Pg. flagrante, fragante
= It. flagrante, < L. flagran(t-)8, burning, ppr.
otfla'grare, bum, i/'flag = Gr. fAtyetv, bum, =
Skt. ■/ bhrdj, shine brightly, prob. akin to AS.
beorht, K. Iiriglit. etc. : see bright^, and cf. flame,
phlegm, phlox, fulgent, etc., from the same ult.
root. Ct. coiiflagrant, ete.'\ 1. Burning ; blaz-
ing; hence, shining; glorioQS.
Hayle, fulgent Phebus and fader etemall I . . .
Ojiagraunt fader ! graunte yt niyght so be :
York Plays, p. 51o.
See Sappho, at her toilet's greasy task,
Then issuing itagrant to an evening mask.
Pope, Moral Kssays, ii. W (early ed.).
Hence— 2. Ardent; eager.
A thing which fllleth the mind with comfort and heaven-
ly delight, atirreth up jiafrrant deaires and affections, cor-
respondent unto that which the words contain.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
Cesar's was not a smothered, but a flagrant, ambition,
kindling first l>y nature, and blown by necessity.
Sir H. WoUon, BellquiK, p. 242.
He bums with most intense and flagrarU zeal
To serve his country. Cowper, Task, III. 704.
8. Raging ; in action ; actually in progress.
A war with the most powerful of the native tril>es was
fagranl. PaXJrey.
4. Olaring; notorious; scandalous: as, a fla-
grant erime : rarely used of persons.
This was undoubtedly an instance of the most ila^raitf
licentiousness. OoldmtUh, Origin of Poetry.
A score
01 flagrant felons, with his floggings sore.
CraHie, Works, IV. 106.
Has he no reproof, no word of censure, for such k fla-
grant violation of the law ?
D. Webeter, Speech, Senate, June 37, 1834.
[Now obsolete or rare in all senses but the
last.]
= Syn. 4. Wicked. Hnnoiu, etc. See atroeUnu.
flagrante bello (fla-gran'te bel'6). [L., lit.
tln' war being flagrant, that is, raging: fla-
grante, abl. (agreeing with the noun) of fta-
graH(t-)g, flagrant (see flagrant, 3); bello, abl.
abs. of Mlum, war: see bellicone.l While the
war is (or was) raging; during hostilities.
flagrante delict (fla-gran'te de-Uk'to). [L.,
lit. the erime being flagrant, that is, actuallv
in performance: flagrante, abl. (agreeing with
the noun) of yin(7ran(t-)», flagrant (see flagrant,
3); delict)), abl. abs. of delictum, crime: see
delict.'] WTiile the crime is (or was) being com-
mitted ; while the crime is (or was) in the very
performance : as, he was apprehended/ioj/ranie
(iilirtd.
flagrantly (fla' grant -li), adv. In a flagrant
manner; glaringly; notoriously.
The mysteries of Bat^-chus were well chosen for an ex-
ample of corrupted rites, and of the mischiefs they pro-
dured ; for they were early and flagrantlg cornipted.
Warburton, Divine Legation, ii. 4.
flagrantness (fla' grant -nes), n. Flagrancy.
Jiiiilfi/. 1727.
flagratet (fla'grat), p. t. [< L. ftagratus, pp. of
flagrare (> It. flagrare = 8p. flagrar), bum:
Be« flagrant.} To bum.
2249
To represent how Typhon's destructive and ftagrating
power, lying hid in the sun, was made more temperate.
Greenhill, Art of Embalming, p. 336.
flagrationf (fla-gra'shon), «. [< L. as if *fla-
ijratioiii-), < flagrare, pp. flagratus, bui'n: see
flagra II I. Ct. conflagration.'] A conflagration.
We — numbed — feared no flagrntimi.
Lovelace, Fletcher's Wildgoose Chase.
flag-root (flag'rot), n. The root of the sweet-
flag. See flagK
flagrum (fla'gmm), «.; pi. flagra (-gra). [L.,
a scourge: see flagellum, flail.] 1. In Bom. aii-
tiq., a, scourge. See flagellum. — 2. In ro67., a
part of the jaw-feet of some crustaceans.
They have neither /fn^ruHi nor palp.
Eng. Cyc, Nat. Hist. (1865), III. 8«.
flag-share (flag'shar), n. The share of the com-
mander-in-chief in all captures made by vessels
witliln the limits of his command.
flag-ship (flag'ship), n. The ship wliich bears
the flag-ofiicer of a squadron or fleet, and on
which his flag is displayed.
flag-side (flag'sid), n. That side of a split had-
dock which is free from bone. [Scotch.]
flagstaff (flag'staf ), H. A pole or staff on which
a ring is displayed.
flag-station (flag'sta"ghpn), «. A railroad-sta-
tion where trains stop only when a signal is dis-
played. [U. S.]
flagstone (flag'ston), n. 1 . A grit or sandstone
naturally separating in layers of suitable thick-
ness for flagging ; any rock which splits or is
capable of being readily split into tabular plates
or flags. Isually the layers are parallel to the bedding
or stratification of the rock ; but there are cases in which
the lamination of the material available for flagging is the
result of cleavage or jointing.
Flagstone will not split, as slatedoes, being found formed
into flags, or thin plates, which are no other than so many
strata. Woodvjard, Fossils.
2. A flat stone used in paving.
flagWOrm(flag'w^rm),»i. A worm or grub found
among flags and sedge.
He will in the three hot montha bite at Kflagmorm, or
a green gentle. I. Walton.
flaid (flad). Same as flayed, past participle of
Hnifi. [Prov. Eng.]
flaik (flak), n. See /iaA-«2.
flail (flal), n. [< ME. flaile, flayle, fleyl, flegl, a
flail (in part, as in the form flael, from the OF.
flael; in part, as the guttural in the earliest
form shows, of AS. origin), < AS. "flegel (not re-
corded) = MD. vleghei, D. vlegel = LG. fleger
= OHG. flegil, MHG. vlegel, G. flegel = OF.
flael, flaiel, F. fleau = Pr. fl<tgel, flaehel = Sp.
flageio = Pg. It. flaqello,' a flail, < L. flagel-
lum, a whip, scoiirge, LL. a flail: see flagellum,
flagellate^.] 1. An instrument for threshing or
beating grain from the ear, consisting of the
hand-staff, which is held in the hand, the swin-
gle or swiple, which strikes the grain, and the
middle band, whichconnects the hand-staff and
swingle, and may be a thong of leather or a roi>e
of hemp or straw.
Our soldiers' [weapons]— like the night-owl's lazy flight,
Or like a lazy thresher with h flail —
Fell gently down, as if they struck their friends.
Shak., S Hen. VI., 11. 1.
In one night, ere glimpse of mom.
His shadowy /aif hath thresh d the com
That ten day-labourers could not end.
MUlon, L'Allegro, 1. 106.
2. Milit., a similar implement used as a wea-
pon of war in the middle ages, in this weapon the
swingle or swiple was sometimes a t>all set with long
spikes, and sometimes a pear-shaped or still more elon-
gated body spiked in like maimer (in these forms called
iiwminff-ttar : see cut under nMrniTig-ttar); the middle
band wa* a chain ; and the hand-staff was of metal in the
smaller single-handed flails, or of wood with long tangs
and ferrules of metal in the larger forms.
A fauchon of stele went he unto take.
Well gronnde or whet, but tendre was It noght ;
After flaellen thre of yre toke for hys sake.
Horn, of Partenay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2999^
flail (flal), V. t. [< ME. flaylen (cf. OF. flaie-
ler, flaeler, later flageller, < L. flagellare, whip,
scourge: see flagelle, flagellate^, v.); from the
noun.] If. To whip ; scourge.
They him nayled and yl flayled,
Alas, that innocent !
Songt and Car.)(»(ed. Wright), p. 72.
2. To strike with or as if ■with a flail ; thresh.
And in an oil comer for Mars they be stemfulye flayling
Hudge spoaks and chariots. Stanihurgt, Conceltes, p. 138.
It is nothing to get wet ; but the misery of these Indi-
vidual pricks of cold all over my liody at the same Instant
of time made me Aail the water with my paddle like a
madman. R. L. .Stecenton, Inland Voyage, p. 186.
flail-stone (flal'ston), n. A stone implement
found among paleolithic remains, thought to
flake
be the swingle or striking part of the militai-y
flail. See war-flail and morning-star.
flailyf, a. [< flail + -1/1.] Like a flaU.
At once all furrows plow, the strugling streams
Ore all the maine gape wide, boile foamie streams,
Withyfrtii/'Oares and slicing foredecks fierce.
Which through the bustling billows proudly pierce.
Vicars, tr. of Virgil (1632).
flainf. An obsolete past participle of flay'^.
Chaucer.
flairif, '•■ An obsolete spelling oi flare.
flair^ (flar), «. [ME. flayre, odor, < OF. flair,
odor, Y. flair, scent (in hunting), = Cat. flaira,
t., = Pg. cheiro, m., odor, < OF. flair^r, emit an
odor, F. flmrer, tr., scent, smell, fleurer, iutr.,
smell (in form confused with fleur, a flower),
= Pr. flairar = Cat. flairar = Pg. cheirar, < L.
fragrare, intr., emit an odor, whence "E. fra-
grant, q. v.] If. Odor; smell.
Alle swete savours, that men may fele.
Of alkyn thing that here savours wele.
War noght t)ot as stynk in regard of VnsA flayre
That es in the cete [city] of heven so fayre.
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 9017.
2. [Mod. F. use.] In /iMniiMJr, scent; sense of
smell : used figuratively in the extract.
In addition to the industry and accuracy which are in-
dispensable to an editor, he has keen poetical appreciation
and insight, and a flair which always leads him right.
A', and Q., 6th ser., IX. 99.
flair^, flaire (flar), n. [< OF. flair, a sort of fish.
CI. flreflare.] 1. The skate, fiaia 6a<is. [Scotch
(Aberdeen).] — 2. Same as /er^-/are.
flakel (flak), H. [< ME. flake, a flake (of snow,
etc.), of Scand. origin: < Norw. _/foA-, a slice,
a piece, as of ice, torn off, an ice-floe, = Sw.
dial, flag, flak, a thin slice, Sw. flaga, a flake,
flaw, crack, = Dan. ^aijie, flake (,s«e/?ff(/p, snow-
flake) ; cf . leel. flagna, flake off. split, = Norw.
Sw. flagna, peel off : see flag^, flawK flay^ . ] 1 .
A small flat or scale-like particle or fragment
of anything; a thin fragment; a scale: as, a
flake ot tallow; a flake ot flint; & flake oi snow.
As applied to chips or fragments detaihetl from a mass of
rock or mineral, flake often refers especially to such chips
or fragments produced in the process of making stone
weapons, especially in prehistoric times. Flint and obsid-
ian are the materials which, in consequence of their cliar-
acteristically conchoidal fracture, can most readily be
made to take a desired form by chipping or flaking ; but
when these were not to be had, chert, jasper, quartz, antl
even rocks of various kinds, have been utilized in this
way. There are many localities where these chips nr flakes
(as the larger and more regular chips are sometimes des-
ignated), cores, broken tools, stone hammers, and other
similar relics, are found heaped together in large quanti-
ties, indicating the abandoned sites of workshops.
The flakes of his flesh are joined together ; they are firm
In themselves. Job xli. 23.
The businesses of men depend upon these little long
fleakt or threads of hemp and flax.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism.
Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat. Evelyn.
Upon throwing in a stone the water boils for a consid-
erable time, and at the same time are seen little /f<i*<« of
scurf rising up. Addison, Travels in Italy.
In starry flake, and pellicle.
All day the hoary meteor [snowl fell.
Whilti^r, Snow-Bound.
2. Among florists, any variety of carnation in
which the petals are marked with stripes of
one color upon a white ground.
So early as 1769 we find that the Carnation was divided
Into four classes. . . . The Flaken were those having two
colours only, the stripes going the whole length of the
petals. W. itoWiMon, English IHower Garden, p. 108.
flakel (flak), V. ; pret. and pp. flaked, ppr. flak-
ing. [</«*■«!, M.] I. intrans. To break or
separate in flakes or layers; peel or scale off:
absolutely or with off.
We've seen the little tricks of life, its varnish and veneer.
In stucco-fronts of character /al-e o/and disappear.
O. W. Holmes, Meeting of Alumni of Harvard College,
[18.')7.
n. trans. 1. To form or break into flakes:
as, the trost flaked off the plaster. — 2. To cov-
er with or as with flakes ; fleck. Longfellmv.
flake'-' (flak). «. [Also written flaik, fleak ; <
ME. flake, fleke, fleijke, a hurdle, < Icel. flaki.
also flel-i, a hurdle, esp. a shield of wickerwnrk
used for defense in battle, = ODan.flagc = MD.
vlaeck, D. vlaak, a hurdle (vlaken, beat wool on
a hurdle), = MLG. vlak«, LG. flalce, flake, a
hurdle.] 1. A hurdle or portable framework
of wicker, boards, or bars, for fencing; a fence ;
a paling. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
The painful pioners wrought against their will.
With jrt!ca*< and fagots dit<;hes vp to fill.
T. Hudson, tr. of l)u Bartas s Judith, iii. 116.
2. Xaut., a small stage hung over a ship's side,
from which to calk or repair any breach. — 3.
A platform for drying salted fish ; a fish-flake.
2250
Kair Ms, and ye banks of Cam !
Be witness if I tell Hjlam.
Swift, Directions for a Birthday Song.
2. In drum-music, a graxje-note.
II. a. Deceptive; lying; false.
To amuse him the more in his search, she addeth a rf(
story that she had got his hand by corrupting one of 1
letter-carriers in London. "
flake
It keeps the fish clean, and allows a current of air to pass
under them, so that they dry eyenly. It may consist of
a series of horizontal hurdles at a convenient height from
the ground, or of three-edged strips of wood nailed to
frames resting on trestles or horses, with one edge upper-
most so that the pickle may easily drain away. Flakes are
usually made so that they can be taken down and put up
when required. [New Eng. and British provinces.]
Some tear down Flakes, wheron men yeerely dry their
flsh, to the great hurt and hindrance of many other that
come after them.
U'hilbounie, Discoverie of New-Found-land (1622), p. (16.
4 . A rack for bacon. [Prov. Eng. ] — 5. A wood-
en frame for oat-cakes. [Prov. Eng.] — 6t. A
sort of flap fastened to a saddle to keep the
rider's knee from contact with the horse.
Of birch their saddles be.
Much fashioned like the Scottish seatcs, broad Jiakes to
keepe the knee
From sweating of the horse. Uakluiit's Voyages,!. SS&. flam-* (flam), n.
Upland flake, a flake for drying codBsh, built permanent- marshy place, particularly
ly uix)n the shore. It differs from the ordinary pattern ,^,.ii rPvn-ir Vno- 1
in not beins movable. -'"*"• Lt^rov._ja,ng.J
flake-' (flak), r. and n. Same as fake^.
flake-feather (flak'feTH'er), n. A plumide or
down-feather having the appearance of a tuft
of extreme fineness and silky texture, found in
birds of prey, etc.
[am
the
VI, 224).
Sprat (Harl.
flam^ (flam), V. t. ; pret. and pp. flammed, ppr.
flamming. [<^a»H2, «.] To deceive with false-
hood ; impose upon ; delude : often with off.
Till he and you be friends.
Was this your cunning? — and then rtajji me of
With an old witch, two wives, and Winnifrede?
Ford, Witch of Edmonton, U. 2.
God is not to be flammed off with lies, who knows ex-
actly what thou canst do, and what not. South, Sermons.
[Prob. a var. oifleam^.']
near a river.
Alow
Halli-
flamant, n.
Davies.
[OF.: see flamingo.2 A flamingo.
If it be necessary to give these feathers a name, they
may l)e c&Ued jiake-/eathers. MacgiUivray.
Others grew in the legs, and to see them you would have
said they had been cranes, or the reddish-long-billed-stork-
like-scrank-legged sea-fowls called Jlamann, or else men
walking upon stilts or scratches.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, ii. 1.
flakelet (flak'let), n.
flake.
flamant (fla'mant), a. [< OF. flamant, flambant,
ppr. otflamcr,fl/imber,1ia,vae: see flame, v.'] In
her., flaming; burning, as a firebrand or any
bearing. Compare inflamed.
OeoL Jour'.^'XLlv. 17. flambt, flambet, «. Obsolete forms oi flame.
flaker (fla'kfer), n. One who flakes, or strikes flamb (flam), v. [See flam\ flame, «;.] I.f in-
off flakes ; specifically, a workman who strikes trajis. Same as flame.
off flakes of flint from a larger piece.
I<fla1ce + -let.'] A little
Flakelett of fragmental mica or earthy matter.
flame
was contemporary with the English Perpen-
dicular, or to details in this style : as, a flam-
boyant window. The west fronU of the cathedrals of
Rouen, and of .St.
Wulfran at Abbe-
ville, and portions
of that of St. L6,
all in France, are
among the most
beautiful exam-
ples of the style.
The cliurch (at
Bourg], which is
not of great size,
is in the last and
most flamiwyant
phase of gothic,
and in admirable
preservation.
//. Jamen, Jr.,
[Little Tour,
[p. 244.
(6) Character-
ized by irreg-
ular and dis-
torted forms or
glaring colors.
The hotels, res-
taurants, and
shops follow the
usual order of
flamboyant sea-
side architecture.
C. D. Warner,
(Their Pilgrim-
Cage, p. 1S9.
Flamboyant Tracery, Rouen Cathedral, Nor-
mandy.
An expert flaker will make
of twelve hours.
■000 to 10,000 flakes in a day
Encyc. Brit., IX. 826.
flake-room (flak'rom), ». Same as flake-yard.
flake-stand (flak'stand), ». The cooling-tub
or -vessicl of a still-worm. E. H. Knight.
flake-white (flak'hwif), n. In painting: (a)
The purest white lead, in the form of scales
or plates. It has the best body of any white.
When levigated, it is called body white. (6)
Basic nitrate of bismuth, or pearl-white.
flake-yard (flak 'yard), n. An inelosure in
which flakes for drying salted fish are built,
and in which fish are dried. Also flake-room.
flakiness (fla'ki-nes), n. The state of being
flaky.
flaking (fla'king), n. The operation of making
flints, as for gun-locks, by striking off flakes
from a mass of flint. See the extract.
The . . . operation, ^'flaking," consists in striking off,
by means of carefully measured and well-directed blows,
flakes extending from end to end of the quarter, this pro-
cess of flaking being continued till the quarter or core
becomes too small to yield good flakes.
Emyc. Brit., IX. 326.
flaking-hammer (fla'king-ham"6r), n. A ham-
mer of steel with blunt points at each end used
to knock flakes from a liint ; also, a stone used
for the same purpose among primitive races.
In the latter use, also called hammer-stone.
flaky (fla'ki), a. [< flMke^ + -j/l.] Consisting
of flakes or locks ; lying or cleaving off in flakes
or layers; flake-like.
The silent hours steal on.
And flaky darkness breaks within the east.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
While from her tomb, behold a flame ascends.
Of whitest (Ire, whose flight to heaven extends I
On flaky wings it mounts, and quick as sight
Cuts thro' the yielding air with rays of light.
II. trans. If. Sameas^»i«, Specifically —
2. To baste, as meat. [Scotch.]
She . . . undauntedly brandished the iron ladle with
which she had just been flambing (AnglictS basting) the
roast of mutton. ,Sco((, Bride of Lammermoor, xiii,
flamb6 (F. pron. flon-ba'), a. [F., pp. oiflum-
hcr, flame, singe : see flame, ».] In ceram., hav-
ing a changeable or iridescent luster, as cer-
tain porcelains, due to the heat of the furnace.
The comparison of these flambtt vases with onyx or pre.
clous stones is all to the advantage of the brilliant porce-
lain. Hariier's Mag., LXXVII. OSS.
flambeau (flam'bo), n. ; pi. flambeaux (-boz).
[Formerly also /o»j6o; < F. flambeau, OF. as if
*flambel, dim. of flatnbe, < h.flamma, a flame:
see flame, «.] 1 . A flaming torch of any kind ;
specifically, a light made of
thick wicks covered with wax
or other inflammable material,
and used at night in illumina-
tions, processions, etc.
I had a flambeau in my hand, and
was going before the coach.
State Trials, Count Coningsniark and
[others, an. 1632.
2. In decorative art, a candle-
stick, especially a large and
showy one, as of bronze, or one
of decorative material. — 3. One
of the set of kettles used in the
open-kettle process of sugar-
making, 80 called because the
flames of the furnace strike
it vrith most force. [Southern
U. S.]
flamberg (flam'b6rg), n. [G.,
prop, flamberge, < OF. flam
berge: see flamberge.]
Bronze Flambeau,
Florence. — The
shield bears the
Medici arms.
Same as
^.._ flamberge.
Congreve, Mourning Muse of Alexis. flamberge(F.pron.flon-berzh'),
n. [0F\, a large sword, said to be < flatic, side,
+ MHG. G. bergen, protect; cf. bainherg, hau-
berk, which contain the same second element.]
A sword.
flamboyancy (flam-boi'an-si), n. [< flamboy-
an{t) + -cy.] The character of being flamboy-
ant.
and n. [< P
Diamonds themselves have a grain or a flaky contexture.
Boyle,
Wliat showers of mortal hail, what flaky flres
Burst from the darkness !
Watts, Victory of the Poles.
flam^ (flam),n.and». A dialectal form of/ame,
Compare flamb.
flam^ (flam), n. and a. [Of artificial origin, per
haps from the dial, and - -
former E.pronulciktion fl^^^^oyant (flain - boi ' ant , a. ai
ilavly from shame); flam fl">»>><ni">>t (pf- ME. flanmbeande,
> ' fitter.' which. wi4 or ''f'««0, flaming, m_arch. flamboy
oi flame (ef. sham, similarly
would then be equiv. to ' glitter,' which, with or
without a disparaging adjective, is often used
in the sense of a false show, illusion, delusion ;
cf. E. diaX. flam-new, i. e., fire-new, brand-new:
see flam\ fl/ime. See flimflam.] I. ». 1. A
delusion; an illusory pretext; a deception; a
falsehood; a lie.
With some new /(am or other, nothing to the matter,
And such a frown aa would sink all before her,
She takes her chamber.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, iv. 1.
Bdi. Can your drunken friend keep a secret?
Merry. If it Ije a truth ; but it prove a lye, a flam, a
wheadle, 'twill out ; I shall tell it the next man I nieet.
Sedley, l^llamira.
< OF. flam-
flamboyant, ppr. of
flamber,f[a,me: see flame, v.] I, a. 1. Flaming.
For alle the blomes of the boges were blyknande perles,
& alle the f ruyt in tho formes of flaumbeande gemmes.
Alliterative Poenis(ei. Morris), ii. 1468.
Hehad/am!)o,i/n)i( red hair. Harper'sMag., LXXVI. 34.
2. Wavy; having a waved outline like that of
a flame: said of the blades of certain heavy
swords of the middle ages, and of the Malay
creese and similar weapons. Also flaming. —
3. In arch. : (a) Characterized by wavy, flame-
like tracery, as in windows and openwork : an
epithet applied to that highly ornate or florid
style of French medieval architecture which
Hence — 4. Figuratively, of style, dress, and
the like, florid; conspicuous; showy: as, a
flamboyant rhetoric.
II. «. A name given in the West Indies to
several plants with brilliantly colored flowers,
as Ceesaljnnia pidcherrima, Poinciana regia, and
Erythrina Corallodendron.
flamboyantly (flam-boi'ant-li), adv. In a
flamboyant style ; showily ; flaringly.
Herc'less wore also a bright-blue cravat, flamboyantly
tied. The Century, XXXV. 679.
flame (flam), «. [Also dial, flam, flamb ; < ME.
flambc, flaumbe, flaume, flawrne, < OF. flambe,
flamme, flame, F. flambe = Pr. flama = Sp. llaina
= Pg. flamma = It. fiamma = D. vlam = MLG.
flamma = MHG. vlamme, flamme, G. flamme =
Sw. flamma = D&n. flamme, flame, < Ij. flamma,
a flame, blaze, blazing fire, orig. *flagma, <
•v/V"!/iii.^"!/''"''e,burn, blaze: seeflagranf. Cf.
p/ifc(/«( (formerly also/cw, etc.).] 1. Ablaze;
vapor in combustion ; hydrogen or any inflam-
mable gas in a state of visible combustion. Flame
is attended with great heat, and generally with the evo-
lution of much light; but the temperature may be in-
tense when the light is feeble, as is the case with the flame
of burning hydrogen gas. The flame of a burning body, as
of a candle, may be divided into three zones : an inner zone,
containing chiefly unburned gas ; a central, containing par-
tially burned gas; and an outer, in which the gas is com-
pletely consumed by combination with the oxygen of tlie
air. The 1 uminosity of flame depends upon the presence of
solid matter or of dense gaseous products of combustion.
The reducing flame
(as i\i a blowpipe)
is that part of the
flame which is defl-
cient in oxygen for
combustion (RF in
figure), and which
has therefore a re-
ducing effect, or, in
other words, tends
to deprive the sub-
stance under examination of oxygen ; the oxidizing ilame
is that part (OF in figure) in which the oxygen is in excess,
and which exerts the opposite or oxidizing effect. The
distinction is important in blowpipe analysis.
There ben 7 places that bremien and that casten out
liy verse flawmes and dy verse colour.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 35.
And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a Home
of fire out of the midst of a bush. Ex. iii. 2.
Jove, Prometheus' theft allow :
The flames he once stole from thee, grant him now.
Cowley.
2. pi. In her., a conventional representation
of fire, seldom borne as an independent bear-
ing, but accompanying the phenix, the sala-
mander, the fire-bail, and the like. When of
any other tincture than gules, this must be
mentioned in the blazon. Figuratively — 3.
Brilliant light; scintillating luster ; flanie-like
color or appearance.
That jewel of the pul'est flame.
Cou'per, Friendship, st. 2.
When on my bed the moonlight falls . . .
Thy marble bright in dark appears,
As slowly steals a silver /faHjc
Along the letters of thy name.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, liviL
OF
2251
flame
4. Heat or ardor of emotion or passion; warmth
of feeling; specifically, the passion of love;
ardent love.
Put in her tender heart the aspiring /am<
Of golden sovreignty. Shak.. Rich. IIL, iv. 4.
In rain I strove to check my growing Flame,
Or shelter Passion under Friendship's Name.
Prior, Celia to Damon.
One great Genius often catches tlie Flaine from another
and writes in his spirit. AddUmi, Spectator, No. 339.
Drink ye to her that each loves best,
And if you nurse sijiame
That's told but to her mutual breast.
We will not ask her name.
I Campbell, Drink ye to her.
5. Angry or hostile excitement; burning ani-
mosity; contentious rage or strife. ,„ cuniaci, wun mat sunace.
From breathing/amM against the Christians, none more flame-Cell (flam'sel), n. A formation of the
ready than he [Paul] to undergo them for Christ. to™„„..t;„„ ^.^i./' . "■"<><'*"" yi
StUliiigjieet, .Sermons, I. iv.
While the West was thus rising to confront the king, the
>orth was all in k flame behind him.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix.
flammeous
The pipette is flrst thoroughly sterilized by flaming flaminAnnB Cflo min's „<,^ ^ n>_ »ji ■ ■
every portion of it. Dolley, Bacteria Investigation, p. 69 r™?! ¥ (Ha-min e-US), O. [Prop, 'flannnu
Aft^r flaming (that is, being passed over the name] the T' L„,ff?''"^'^'J'^ "^ belon^iig to a flamen:
pieces [hides] are successively laid on an inclined table ^^ejMwen.J Fertammg to a flamen; flammi-
exposed to the Are. iTre, Diet., III. 88. <-'al._
Flamed flowers, a florists term applied to flowers the flaming (fla'ming), p. a. [Ppr. of flame, V. i.l
petalsot winch havea bold dash of color down the center. ■" '^f " t--;-'-* J '- ,•'■..' . ■>
flame-bearer (flam'bar'er), w. l. One who
bear.s flame or light.— 2. A book-name of hum-
ming-bird.s of the genus Selasphorus.
flame-bed (flam'bed), n. A flue-space under a
boiler, usually low and wide.
flame-bridge (flam'brij), n. A waU beneath a
steam-boiler or heater which rises to within a
short distance of its lower surface, and thus
compels the flame or heated gases to pass along
m contact with that surface.
1. Ot a bright or gaudy color, as bright red or
bright orange.
Behold it like an ample curtain spread,
Now streak'd and glowing with the morning red ;
Prior.
terminations of the excretory system of some fl^£'i2 ,^??"?"*'-,., , , ^
trematoid worms. '' namingly (fla'mmg-h), adt,. In a flaming man
6. An object of the passion of love: as, she
was my first /a»i«. [CoUoq.]
I suppose she was an oMflatiu of the Colonel's, for their
meeting was uncommonly ceremonious and tender.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xiii.
7. The gleam appearing at night from a school
of herrings. [Eng.] — 8. The geometridmoth,
trematoid worms.
The spaces between the round connective-tissue cells of
the body are stellate in form, and into these the finest ex-
cretory tubules open by funnels, into each of which pro-
jects a vibratile ciliiim, thus constituting the flame-cells.
Eitcyc. Brit., XXIII. 53«.
flame-chamber (flam'cham'bSr), n. In a fur-
nace, the space immediately behind the bridge,
in which the combustion of the inflammable
gases that pass over the bridge is or ought to
be completed. Rankine, Steam Engine, J 304
aee flame-hriclge
- - -. . „ U..U (^■..niii^ nii.il Liir illOU
Anon at noon in flamimj yellow bright
And chusing sable for tihe peaceful night.
2. Same a,s flamboyant, 2.
Some of the sword blades are marvellously watered sev-
eral are sculptured in half relief with hunting scenes and
others are strangely shaped, teethed like a saw, and ton-
tng (flamboyant). G. C. M. Birdwood, Indian Arts, II. 6.
3. Tending to excite; violent; vehement: as,
a flaming harangue.
ner ; with great show or vehemence ; passion-
ately.
How massie and sententious is Solomon in his Proverbs 1
how quaint &tid flamingly amorous in the Canticles I
Fellham, Resolves, 1. 20.
flamingo (fla-ming'go), n. [= D. G. Dan. Sw.
flamingo, < Pg. flamingo, formerly flamengo =
Sp. flamenco, a flamingo, an accom., simulating
Pg. Flamengo, Sp. Flamenco, a Fleming, in F
e-. L""6j .^^Be^^..u„v.mutii, o„„ « " ^.^ o— , ,--- ^^''f""^ ^^^ Fleming), otVv. flammant, flam-
Anticlea rnbidota : a collectors' name FEne 1 J'^^J'""'f-bndge. bant, OF. flarnan, also flambant, F. flamant, a
—The manomotric flames of Kbnlg See' inanomei- "^me-COlor (nam'kul'or), n. A bright reddish- namingo, lit. flaming, blazing, in allusion to its
o™ , 1.,.. ..... ,., . -^ „. ,.. „■„ 1.. i:i.. ^1... „ , „ . . scarletplumag<?;ppr.ofPr./nniaj- = OF./a»«T,
etc., flame, blaze: see/«»je,f.] Any bird of the
family Pha^i icop teridce : so called from the red or
flaming color.
-The manomotric flames of Kbnlg. See nianomei
TK. = Syn. 1. Flame, Li'jht, Flath, Blaze, Flare, Glare.
Flame and ti^ht are generic words, while the others are
speciflo. A flash la a (tarn* or emitted light of very short
continuance: as, the ^Aot gunpowder ; the liatAfroma
revolving light. A blaze la a quick, hot, bright, or com-
paratively large flame. A glare is a broad and especially — ■ ■ — '• — ■* —•'■•=, —
a MlnfuUy bright light : as, the niore ot a conflagration • Tennyson,
and hence a fierce look : as, the olare in the eyes of a wild flame-COlored (flam'knl'ord ). a
beast. A ylare is a sudden or fitful <7{are. /Vom* especial- of flampa "
ly implies heat. See gtarel, v. i. >- oi names.
flame (flam), v.; pret. and pp. flamed, ppr.
flaming. [Also di&h flam, flamm,flamb; < ilE.
flamben, flaumben, flawmen, rarely flamen,
flame, shine, glitter, < OF. flamher, flamer, F.
flamber zz: It. flamm^tre = D. vlammen = MHG.
rUtmmen, G. flammen = Sw. flamma = Dan.
flamme, < L. fiammare, flame, blaze, bum, tr.
inflame, kindle, incite, < flamma, a flame. Cf.
inflame.'} I. intram. 1. To emit a flame;
burst into flame ; blaze.
Auster and Boreas, iuating furiously J/i/Tioiw
V nder hot Cancer, make two clouds to claah, nwi-ywdcr.
■Whence th' aire at mid-night ytamo with lightning flash. HamelesS (flam les), a. [< flame + -less.} De8
""'"-'"- '- Bartu's Weeks, 1. 1. titute of flame.
orange color, like that of clear flame from wood.
The first wag Splendour in a robe of flame-colour.
B. Jonson, Masques at Court.
Down from the casement over Arthur, smote
Flame-colour, vert, and azure, in three rays.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
Of the color
A fair hot wench in flame-eoloured taffata.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
flame-enginet (flam'en'jin), «. A gas-engine,
flame-eyed (flam'id), a. Having eyes like a
flaino; with bright-shining eyes; angry-eyed.
Sor silent deserts, nor the sullen grave.
Where flame-ey'd Fury means to smite, can save.
Quarlet, Emblems.
flame-flower (flam'flou'^r), ». A name of
species of Kniphofia ( Tritoma), bulbous plants
from the Cape of Good Hope. Also called red-
Syloetter, tr. of Du
The Ashes, which, falling upon aome parched combut-
Uble Matter, began Xo flame and ipread.
HomU, Letter^ L ill. 21.
The sun was burning hot, and, upon mbbing two sticka
together, in half a minute they both took Are, and flamed.
Bruce, .Source of the Nile. I. 171.
2. To shine like flame ; glow with the brilliancy
of flame; flash.
You do but flatter ; there i* anger yet
Flamet In your eyes.
Beau, and FL, Thierry and Theodoret, IIL 2.
The crown
And both the wings are maOe of gold, and flame
At sunrise till the people in far fields ...
Behold It. Tennyion, Holy OralL
All the woods did flame
With autumn.
H'illiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, UL W.
8. To break out in violence of passion.
.Much was he moved at that mefull sight ■
And ytem'd with zeale of vengeance Inwardly.
Stmuer, F. Q., V. L 14.
W'hen a man stands . . . combostlble and ready toytanx
upon every tWng that tonches him, life is a* nneaay to him-
•elf as it is to aU about him. Steele, SpecUtor, Na 488.
When he flouted a statesman's error, or flamed at a pub-
lic wrong. Tennynm, The Wreck.
To flame up, out, orforth, to bunt into flame suddenly ;
hence, to break out in a sudden pasalou, as in resenting
an insult; become .violently excited, as any of the pas-
•lona; manifest renewed vigor, as decaying or expiring
vitality. t- ■•
n. trans. If. To bum, as with a flame ; singe;
baste. See ylamft, p.— 2t. To inflame; hence,
to excite.
And since their courage la so aohly flam' d,
This morning well behold the champions
Within the list
Shirley (and Fletcher T), Coronation, 11.
Our thoughts
Are flamed with charity.
- _ ■'Shirley, Grateful .Servant, v. 2.
St. To cause to shine.
Flamhe doun the doleful light of thyn Influence
Remembring thy seruanta for thy magnificence.
A Balade o/ our Ladie, I. 55.
4. In technical use, to subject to the action
of fire or flame; scorch ; singe.
Detests his sanctuary, and forsakes
lliaflamelesa altar. Sandyt, Lament, p. 4.
flamelet (flam'let), n. {(.flame + -fet.] A lit-
tle flame.
The Ynlelog cracked in the chimney, . . .
And Ihe flamelet* flapped and flickered.
LonefeUow, King Witlafs Drinking Horn.
Flamingos have
extremely long
slender legs and
neck, a relatively
small body, and
large head, with a
heavy bill bent ab-
ruptly in the mid-
dle and furnished
with lamellaj like
a duck's. The feet
are webbed, and
the whole struc-
ture is intei-medi-
ate lietween that of
grallatorial birds,
like herons and
storks, and natato-
rial birds, like the
duck tribe. They
thus constitute a
superfamily group,
called Amphimor-
phie, from the
_, , equivocal struc-
ture. There are about eight species, of which the hetu
known is the common flamingo of the old world Phceni-
coplerus antitjuorum. The led flamingo of tropical and
subtropical America is P. ruber; the African species is P
minor. There are two peculiar to .South America, P igni-
pallialus and P. andimis. Details of structure have caused
the erection of four genera for these birds.
Red V\Amia%^ i^Pharnicopttrus ruber).
flamen (fla'men), n. [L. flamen (fldmin-) per- a""" Y*""^""" "' 'our genera for these birds.
• *^rtffmen(hewhobumsthesacrificesf) AaiDpKO-Plant (fla-ming'go -plant), n. The
la, orig. 'flagma, flame), < ■/ 'flag in r^'"""''""" t^cherzerianum, a greenhc
(cf. flamma, orig. 'flagma, flame), < 1/ 'flag in -*'":""■""" l^cherzertanum, a greenhouse plant
flagrare, bum : see flame, n.] In Rom. antio a °?"°g » bnght-scarlet spathe and spadix,
priest devoted to the service of one particular x-T T®. "'•* "'""^•
deity. Originally there were three priesto so called the 'i*.™"U?° .(n.»-min 1-an), a. Pertaining to
AmutnDMii*, consecrated to Jupiter; the;tem«n Jfartta- "-a'^s ilaminius (died 217 B. c), a Roman cen-
In/^^SIS'.lf.'iy '• ?7? ?i* -"""^ Quirinalie-who super- 80r._ Plamlnlan road (Latin Via Flaminia), an ancient
Intended the rites of Qulrinus or Romulus. The number Roman road constructed from Rome to Ariniinuni in the
...—......... ....» lives wi x'«<i(i<us or ivoiiiiiius. ine numuer
was gradually Increased to fifteen, but the original three
retained priority In point of rank, l)eing styled majores
and elecUd from among the patricians, while the other
twelve, called minores, were elected from the plebeians
Their characteristic dress included the cap called the
apex, the robe called the lixna, and a wreath of laurel.
Seld-shown flamene
Do press among the popular throngs.
Shak., Cor., 11. 1.
A drear and dying sound
Affrights the Flamene at their service quaint.
Milton, Nativity, 1. 194.
flamensUp (fla'men -ship), n. [< flamen +
-ship.'] The office or dignity of a flamen.
C. Claudius, the arch flamlne of Jupiter, lost his flamine-
thip and was deprived of that sacerdotall dignitie, Iwcause
he had committed an error In sacriflcing, when hee should
minister and distribute the inwards of the l>east.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 601.
flame-of-the-WOods (flam'gv-the-wudz'), n.
The Ixora coecinea, a rubiaceous shrub of India,
censorship of Caius Flaniinius, 220 B. c.
flaminical (fla-min'i-kal), a. [< L. flamen (fla-
»»■»-), flamen, + -ic-ai: see flamineous.'i Per-
taining to a Koman flamen or to his office and
duties.
How have they disflgur'd and defac't that more then aii-
gelick brightnes. the unclouded serenity of Christian Reli-
gion, with the dark overcasting of superstitious coaps and
flaminical vestures I Milton, Church-Ooverninent, ii. 2.
flammabilityt (flam-a-bil'i-ti), n. l< flammable:
see -hiliti/. ] The quality oit being inflammable ;
inflammability.
Proceeding from the sulphur of bodies torrifled — that
is, the oily, fat, and unctuous parts wherein consist the
principles of flammability.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vl. 12.
flammablet (flam'a-bl), a. [< L. as if 'flamma-
bilis, < flammare, flame: see flame, ti.] Capa-
^ „.,,,„.„ „^i.„,„„c u i We of being kindled into flame ; inflammable.
frequently cultivated in tropical gardens for its fl'.,!lf™J.4.»__i/ii -/,. % .-,-t .-...,
larso scarlet flowprs """ ^""^ "" flammationt (fla-ma'shon), n. [< L. as if */am-
flame8tonrflW«ton^ « s.m. /, ^„ »'««''(«-),< .^«»»mar«, flame: see /ome, t-.]
name-stop (flam stop), n. ^ Same as flre-bndge. The act of setting on fire, or of inflaming.
flame-tree (flam'tre), n. 1. The Nnytsiaflori
bunda of western Australia, a loranthaceous
tree with numerous brilliant orange-colored ^>ir i. at
flowers Also called rtre-fr-ff.- 2. The Stercu- flammeoust (flam'e-us). a.
ha arcnfoUa of New South Wales. a^T^^^^r * ."i • ""-'' ^•
flamfewst, »■ pi- Kickshaws ; trifles. Davies.
Voyd ye fro these flamfews quoa the God.
Staniivartt, Conceites, p. 138.
White or crystalline arsenick, being artificial, and sub-
limed with salt, will not endure /(ommoti'on.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., ii. o.
_„„„„„, ,„„„ v'ls), a. [< L. flammeus,
flaming, fiery, < flamma, a flame: see flame, n.]
Pertaining to or consisting of flame ; like flame.
This/ammeoun light is not over all the body [of the glow-
wonu]. Sir T. Brovme, Vulg. Err., 111. 27.
flanuniferoas
flianuniferoust i,fla-mif'e-rus), a. [< h.flammi-
/er, < flamma, flame, +'/e)Te = E. 6eorl.] Pro-
ducing flame. Coles, 1717.
flamnuvomous (fla-miv'6-mus), a. [< L. flam-
mivomu.1, vomiting flames, < flamma, flame, +
vomcre, vomit.] \ omiting flames, as a volcano.
Coles, 1717. [Rare.]
Sure Vulcan's 8hop is here —
Hark, how the aiivUs thunder round the dens
. Flammicommu ! H'. rAonipson, Sickness, iii.
flaminulated (flam'u-la-ted), a. [< L. flammu-
la. a little flame: see flammiile.'] In ornith.,
pervaded with a reddish color; ruddy; redden-
ed: as, the flaminulated ovil, Scops flammeola.
flaminule (flam'iil), «. [< h. flammula, a little
flame, dim. of flamma, a flame: see^we.] A
little flame ; specifically, one of the little flames
associated in pictures, etc., with Chinese and
Japanese gods and other sacred beings, to
whose superhuman nature they testify in the
manner of the aureole and nimbus.
flamy (fla'mi), o. l<. flame + -ji.] Pertaining
to, consisting of, or like flame.
My thoughts, imprison'd in my secret woes,
With Jiamy breaths do issue oft in sound.
Sir P. Sidney.
Yonder cloud behold,
Whose sarcenet skirts are edged with Jlamy gold.
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 254.
How gloriously about the sinking sun
Theylamj/ clouds are gathered !
Bryant, Tale of Clondland.
flan^ (flan), n. [Sc, also flann; < Icel. flan, a
rushing; cf. ytona, rush heedlessly.] 1. A sud-
den gust of wind from the land ; a flaw.
Tho' the wind be not so strong, there will come JUinns
and blasts off the land.
Brand, Description of Shetland, p. 81.
2. Smoke driven down the chimney by gusts
of wind.
flan^ (flan), V. t. ; pret. and pp. flanned, ppr.
flanning. [< OF. flan, a loophole, embrasure ;
prob. a var. otflanc, side: seeflauk'^.'] Inarch.,
to splay or bevel internally, as a vrindow-jamb.
flajl3(flan),M. [Origin obscure.] A small round
net for covering the openings of rabbit-burrows
when the rabbits are hunted with ferrets.
After the holes are . . . covered with purse-nets, called
flam, the ferret should be put in.
W. B. Daniel, Kural Sports.
flan^ (F. pron. flon), n. [P., < OF. flan, flon,
flaon (later also flanc), a blank for coining ; a
particular use of flaon, a cake, tart, > E. fl^wn :
see flawn.'l A piece of metal shaped ready to
form a coin, but not yet stamped by the die.
Same as blank, 9.
These Syracusan bronze coins were extensively used in
Sicily, chiefly by the Sikel towns, as blanks or flans on
which to strike their own types.
B. V. Head, Historia Nuraorura, p. 157.
flancardt, n. [< OF. flancard, also flancart,
flatichara, armor for the flanks of a horse (cf.
flancart, adj., of the flank or side), < flanc, side,
flank: see flank^, m.] In armor, plated armor
for the flanks of a war-horse. Also flanchard.
Compare flancher.
Some had the mainferres, the close gantlettes, the guia-
settes, the flancardes droped & gutted with red, and other
had them spekeled grene. Hall, Hen. IV., an. 1.
flinch (flaneh), n. [An assibilated form of
flank^, further altered to flange: see flank^,
flange.'] 1. A projection; a flange.
A carefully made piston . . . having a flaneh rising four
or five inches, and extending completely around its cir-
cumference. Thurston, Steam-Engine, p. 64.
2. In her., a bearing composed of a part of the
field bounded by a curve projecting boldly into
the field from one side and nearly reaching the
fesse-point. in some continental systems of heraldry
the flaneh is Ijordered by straiglit lines meeting in a riglit
angle, and therefore resembling a pile, but less acutely
pointed. Flanches are always borne in pairs, and the es-
cutcheon so charged is most commonly blazoned ^?icAe(/.
.See cut under ^Tic/ied. Also flanqtte and flaitnch. Com-
pare flaffjiie.
flanchardt, ». Same a.s flancard.
flanched (flancht), a. In her., charged with a
pair of flanches. The tincture of the flaneh is men-
tioned in the blazon, and it often hap-
pens that instead of a single tincture
tho surface of the flaneh is covered with
liearings identitted with some person
other than the bearer. .Sometimes the
flanches are charged with the ancestral
arms of the bearer, and their position
on these limited parts of the field is
an early form of denoting cadency, or
perhaps illegitimacy. Also flanked,
flantjoed.
flanchert, n. [ME. flauncher, < OF. flanchierc,
housing for the flanks of a war-horse, < flanc.
Flanched Gules.
2252
side, flank: see flatik^.] In armor, housing for
the flanks of a war-horse. Also flauncher.
Compare flancard.
fianconade, flanconnade (flang-ko-nad'), n.
[F., <, flanc, flank, side] In fencing, the ninth
and last thrust, usually aimed at the side. Ko-
lando (ed. Forsyth).
flandant, «. A kind of pinner attached to the
cap or bonnet worn by women toward the close
of the seventeenth century.
Will it not be convenient to attack your flandan first,
says the maid? More anger yet? still military terms?
Dunloft, Ladies' Diet.
Flanderert, ». l< Flander-s + -er^.] A native
of Flanders. See Fleming.
These German colonists are, in a yet existing document,
referred to as Flanderers. Contemporary Rev., LI. 328.
Flanders brick. See 6ncfc2.
Flandrisht, a. [ME. Flaundrisch; < Flander-s
+ -i6'/(l.] Flemish.
Uppon his heed a Flaundrisch hever hat.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., I. 272.
flanerie (fla-ne-re'), ». [F., < fldner, loimge,
gossip : seefldileur.'] Lounging ; the idle, saun-
tering life of a flaneur.
It is by the aimless fldneri^ which leaves you free to fol-
low capriciously every hint of entertainment, that you get
to know Rome. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 126.
fl&neur (fla-ner'), n. [F., a lounger, loiterer,
< fldner, lounge, loiter, stroll about, dial, gossip ;
ef. Icel. . /?«»«, rush heedlessly: see^aml.] -An
idle, gossiping saunterer; one who habitually
strolls about idly.
More unlooked-for happenings, more incidents in the
drama of real life will happen Ijefore midnight to the in-
dividuals who compose the orderly Boulevard procession
in Paris than those of its chaotic Broadway counterpart
will experience in a month. The latter are not really
more impressive, because they are apparently all running
errands and include no fl^tnettrs. The yfaneitr would fare
ill should anything draw him into the stream.
New Princeton Ret)., VI. 93.
flangi (flang). A Scotch and obsolete English
preterit ot fling,
flang^ (flang), n. [Origin obscure.] In min-
ing, a two-pointed pick.
flange (flanj), n. [A later form of flaneh, which
is an assibilated form of
flanki: see flaneh, flank^.]
1. A projecting edge, rim, or
rib on any object, as the rims
by which cast-iron pipes are
connected together, or the
marginal projections on the
tires of railroad-car wheels
to keep them on the rails. —
2. A strengthening rib: as,
the flange of a fish-bellied rail
or girder. — 3. A plate placed
over the end of a pipe or
cylinder to close it partly or
wholly — BaoMug-up flange, a
flange or collar by which a body is
held firmly to its seat or bearing. —
Blank flajige, a plate used to close
the end of a flanged pipe.
flange (flanj), v.; pret. and pp. flanged, ppr.
flanging, [i flange, n.] I. intrans. 1. To pro-
ject out.
I have seldom looked on the east end of a church with
more complete sympathy. As it flanf/es out in three wide
terraces, and settles down broadly on the earth, it looks
like the poop of some great old battle-ship.
R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 188.
2. To be bent into a flange ; take the form of a
flange.
II. trans. To furnish with a flange ; make a
flange on.
flange-gage (flanj'gaj), n. In rail., a gage for
determining the correctness of the distance
between the inside and the outside of flanges.
Also called distance-gage. Car-Builder's Diet.
flange-joint (flanj'joint), n. A joint in pipes,
etc., made by two flanges bolted together.
flange-lip (flanj'lip), n. In rail., a dovetailed
projection on the wheel-center entering into a
corresponding groove in the tire to hold on the
flange in case of accident, but otherwise sus-
taining no strain. Car-Builder's Diet.
flange-pipe (flanj'pip), n. Pipe of which the
separate lengths or sections are provided with
flanges, so that the ends can be butted and held
together by bolts.
flange-rail (flanj'ral), ». A railroad-rail fur-
nished with a flange on one side to prevent
the wheels of locomotives from running off the
line.
flank
flange-wheel (flanj'hwel), n. A car- or car-
riage-wheel having a guide-flange on one or
both sides of the tread.
flanging-machine (flan'jing-ma-shen"), n. A
machine for bending the edges of boiler-iron,
ship-plates, or sheet-metal to form a curved or
bent edge or flange. For pipes and hollow ware such
machines are made in the form of a revolving mechanism
"jling-macliine.
\'."iriniib forms of
Flanges.
which presses the edge of the tube or vessel against an
anvil, or of a wheel which travei-ses the edge of the ves-
sel, bending the edge back as it advances. In other fonns,
as in the flanfjing.press, the edge of a flat plate is bent by
direct pressure in a hydraulic press.
flanglng-press (flan'jing-pres), n. See flanging-
machine.
flank^ (flangk), n. and a. [< ME. flank, flawnk,
the flank (def. 1), = D. flank = G. Dan. flanke
= Sw. flank, < OF. flanc, F. flanc = Pr. flanc
= Sp. Pg. flanco = It. flanco, < ML. flancus, the
side, flank (def. 1); with change of Tent, hi- to
Rom. fl-, < OHG. hlanca, lanca, lanka, lancha,
MHG. lanke, lanche, loin, flank, side, = ME.
lanke, lonke, E. dial, lank, the groin : see lank^.
Henae flaneh, flange.] I. «. 1. The posterior
part of either side of an animal, between the
ribs and the hip; also, the thin piece of flesh
constituting this part.
The sides, flankes, and bellie [of the chameleon] meet
togither, as in fishes. Holland, tr. of Pliny, viii. 33.
The two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is
\)y t\\e flanks, . . . shall he take away. Lev. iii. 4.
And nuzzling in his flank, the loving swine
Sheath'd, unaware, the tusk in his soft groin.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1115.
2. In entom., the pleura or side of an insect's
thorax. — 3. Milit., one of the sides of an army,
or of any of its di'visions, as a brigade, regi-
ment, or battalion : as, to attack the enemy on
the right flank.
When to right and left the front
Divided, and to either y?an* retired.
Milton, P. L., vi. 670.
The front attack was kept up so vigorously that, to pre-
vent the success of these attempts to get on onr flanks,
the National troops were compelled, several times, to take
positions to the rear nearer Pittsburg landing.
U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 340.
Hence — 4. A side of anything : as, the flanks
of a building.
Mountains have arisen since
With cities on their flanks.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
5. In /or*., that part of a bastion which reaches
from the curtain to the face, or any part of a
work that defends another work by a fire along
the outside of its parapet. See cut under bas-
tion.— 6. The acting surface of a cog inside
the pitch-line. — 7. pi. In /nrnen/, a wrench or
any other injury to the back of a horse. — 8. In
leather-manuf., the part of a hide from the side
of a beast.
The parts of hides are called butts, backs, flanks, etc.,
and form grades of thickness and quality.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 38.
Open flank, in fort., that part of the flank which is cov-
ered by the orillon. Stocqueler.
II. a. Pertaining to a flank or side, (a) Form-
ing a part of, or cut from, the flank : as, a flank piece of
meat. (6) Situated on the flank or at the side : as, & flank
file or company of a regiment or l>attalion. (c) In a direc-
tion toward or from one of the flanks : as, a flartk attack
or defense; a flank movement.— Flank file, ^ee flle^.
— Flank march, a march made p.arallel or obliquely to
an enemy's position, with the intention of threatening or
turning it, or of attacking him on the flank. — Flank pa-
trols, patrols which operate parallel to and in front of
the flanks of an army, or body of armed men. to secure
information regarding the country and the movements of
the enemy, and to protect the main body from surprise by
giving timely notice of an intended attack on the flank.
— Flank (or flanque) point, in her., same as base point
(which see, under jjoint).
flanki (flangk), V. [= D. flankeren = G. flan-
kiren = Dan. flankere = Sw. flankera, < F. flan-
quer = Sp. Pg. flanquear = It. flancare, flank ;
from the noun. Cf. flange, v.] I. trans. 1.
To stand or be placed or posted at the flank
flank
or side of; border at the side or sides: as, the
ftankimj troops of an army.
Kepentance, Hope, and heartj-milde Humility,
l)oofiank the wings of Faith's triumphant Carr.
Syivegter, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, i. 15.
Where stately colonnades &re jiaiikal with trees.
Pitt, Epistle to J. Pitt
With its two little angels, and its toot jiankiiui saints.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii.
Specifically — 2. Milit.: (a) To attack or threat-
en the side or flank of; place troops so as to
command, threaten, or attack the flank of.
The British light companies were sent out to great dis-
tances, as flanking piutieg ; but who was to flank the
Hankers? Everett, Orations, I. 91.
(6) To pass round or turn the flank of; march
or move along or past one side of, as an oppos-
ing army, {e) To secure or guard the flank of:
as, they flanked their position with abattis.
ITie ditch without hewn down exceeding broad, and of
an incredible profundity, strongly jlankt, and not wanting
what fortigcations can doe. Sandyt, Travailes, p. Ib2.
H, intrans. To occupy a flank position; bor-
der; touch: with on.
That side, which Jtank* on the sea and haven, needs no
art to fortify it. Butler, Remains (Thyers ed.), i. 41".
flanks (flangk), B. [< ME. flaunke, a spark or
flake (of fire), prob. < Sw. flanka, a flake, a
clod: a nasalized form of tiorw.flnk, Sw.flai/a,
etc., K. flake^: see flake^. Hardly connected
with Dan. fluiike, gleam, sparkle, G. dial.
flunke, a spark, G. flinken, flinkern, equiv. to
funken, fiiiikeln, gleam, sparkle. CI. flanker^.']
A spark or flake of tire.
The rayn rueled adoun, ridlande thikke
Of telle jtaunkeg of fyr and flakes of soufre.
Alliterative Poenu (ed. Morris), ii. 953.
Flank.'' of ftcr. Uolimhed, Chron., Ireland, p. 143.
flankard (flang'kard), n. l< flank^ + -nrd. Ct.
flancard, of same ult. origin.] Among sports-
men, one of the knobs or nuts in the flanks of
a deer.
flanked (flangkt), a. In her., same as flanched;
especially, having flancbes of the pointed or
angular form.
flaiierl (rtang'kfer), n. [< flank, v.,+-eA. Cf.
OF. flanckere (def. 2).] 1. One who or that
which flanks, as a skirmisher or body of troops
employed on the flank of an army to reconnoiter
or guard a line of march, or a fortification pro-
jecting so as to command the side of an assail-
ing body.
In the ullies of their priuy Fostemea, for the defence
of the said counterscharf e, there were new Jtanekert made.
llakluyVt Voyage; II. 122.
If that thy Jlankert be not canon-proote.
Martton, Antonio and Mellida, L, t 1.
As daylight broke, the flanken and vedettes were thrown
well out. W. (I. Hwaett, Diary in India, II. SS7.
2t. A side piece or flanked piece of timber.
Coli/nire.
flanker't (flang'kfer), F. [</to»t«"l, n.] I. frnn*.
1. To defend by flankers or lateral fortifica-
tions.
The city is companed with a thick wall JIantered and
moateil almut. Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 40.
I have . . . Aankered roy house^ and resolve to main-
tain it as long as a man will stand oy me.
Governor WintUne, New England's Memorial,
[App., p. 466.
And the grim, JUmkered block. home, bound
With bristling palliadea around.
Whittitr, Truce of Piicataqiu.
2. To attack sidewise or by the flank.
n. intrans. To come on sidowise.
Where sharp winds do rather fianker than blow fully
opposite upon our plantations, they thrive best.
Evelyn, Hylva. ill. I 8.
flanker^ (flang'k6r), n. [E. dial. ; cf. flanki.'\
A spark of fire. [Prov. Eng.]
flanker^t (flang'k6r), V. i. [Prob. a nasalized
form of flacker, influenced \>^ flank^, which is
ult. related.] To sparkle; flicker.
For who can hide tlie jtanckrinff (lame
That still iUelfe l>etrayes?
TurtKrviUe, tr. of Ovid (1567), foL 8S.
By Jfaneierynff flame of flrie love
To dnderv men are worne.
Kendall, Flowers of F.pigranis (15T7).
flannel (flan'el), n. and a. [Sc. and E. obs.
and dial.^nneB; = D.flanel = Q.flanell = Dan.
fland. flonel = 8w. flanell, < OF. flanelle, F.
flaiielle = Sp. franela = Pg. flfinelln, also fari-
nellii = It. flanella, frnnclla, flannel. Origin
doubtful ; referred by Diez and others to OF.
flaine, a pillow-case, a feather-bed, mod. dial.
flaine, a kind of ticking. The asserted deri-
vation from W. gwlancn, flannel (Wedgwood,
Skeat. and others), is improbable. W. gwUinen,
2253
flannel, cf. gwlanog, woolly, < gwlan, wool, = E.
wool, q. v.] I. n. 1. A warm loosely woven
woolen stuff used espeeially for undergarments,
bed-covering, etc., but also to some extent for
outer garments, in styles adapted for that pur-
pose. Some flannels have both sides alike;
others have a long nap on one side and none
on the other. — 2t. A warming drink; hot gin
and beer seasoned with nutmeg, sugar, etc.
[Old cant.] — 3t. A person of homely or un-
couth dress, e-xterior, or manners.
I am dejected ; I am not able to answer the Welsh flan-
nel [Sir Hugh Evans). Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5.
Adam's flanneL See ^da»i.— Canton flannel [Canton,
accom. European form of Chinese Kwangttoig, a city in
China], a strong cotton cloth with a long soft nap, usually
on one side, more rarely on both, used for undergarments,
etc. When used for wearing-apparel it is commonly un-
dyed. Also called cotton flannel. — Elastic flannel, a
kind of Jersey cloth woven ia the stockiiig-louui, and hav-
ing a soft pile on one face.— Gauze flannel, tlaniit'l of a
loose and porous texture.— Natural flannel, a felted
layer of tilanientous algte with various other orgaiiisnis
which occur in wet meadows, upon the drying margins of
ponds, etc. It has the appearance of coarse, spon^'y j-'reen
cloth, l>ecoming yellowish or grayish. — Yard Of flannel.
Same as <'f/.'7-rfi';^.— Zephyr flannel, a woolen stulf with
a slight admixture of silk, fine and very soft.
II. a. Made of flannel; consisting of flannel:
as, flannel clothing.
He was dressed in a greasy ^nnci gown, with his throat
bare, and seemed to l>e dividing his attention between
the frying-pan and a clothes-horse, on which a great num-
ber of silk handkerchiefs were banging.
Dickens, Oliver Twist, viil.
flannel-cake (flan'el-kak), «. A kind of thin
griddle-cake made with either wheat-flour or
com-meal, and raised with yeast. [U. S.]
flanneled, flannelled (flan'eld), a. l< flannel
+ -eiP.] Covered with or vrrapped in flannel.
flannel-flO'Wer (flan'el-flou'6r), «. 1 . The mul-
len, Ferbajicum Thapsu.i. — 2. The .Jfacro»ip7io-
nia longiflora, an apocynaceous vine of Brazil,
densely covered with woolly hairs. Its flowers
are remarkable for the length of the tube.
flannelled, a. See flannel^.
flannellet (flan'el-et), n. [< flannel + -let.} A
very soft flannel made in narrow pieces, used
for woarinp-apparel.
flannel-monthed (flan'el-moutht), o. Having
a mouth with the appearance of flannel : as, the
flannel-mouthed cat, a fish {Amiurus nigricans)
of the great North American lakes.
flannen (flan'en), ». and a. An obsolete or dia-
lectal variant of flannel.
Their sarks, instead of creeshie flanneri.
Been snaw-white seventeen hunder linen !
£ur>u, Tam o' Shanter.
In/annen robes the coughing gha«t doet walk.
Dryden.
flanning (flan'ing), n. [< flan^ + -iiij/l.] In
arch.: (a) The internal splay or bevel of a win-
dow-jamb. (6) The inner flare or coving of a
fireplace.
flanqne (flangk), n. [F.: see/tanfcl.] In Aer.,
same as flanch, 2.
flanqned (flangkt), a. In her., same aaflanched.
flap (flap), "• [< ME. flap, flappe, a stroke, blow,
buffet, a fly-flat), a loose, flexible part of a gar-
ment, etc.. = u.flap, a stroke, blow, box on the
ear (cf. OD. flabbe, a blow, a blow on the face,
a fly-flap); from the verb.] 1. A stroke, blow,
or buffet, as with the hand or with any weapon,
etc.
Precbed of penatmcea that Poule the apoatle suffred.
In tame it f rigore and /lappet of •conrges.
Pier$ Ploumum (B), xiil. 67.
Flappe or stroke, ictoa ; fappt or buffett, alapa.
Prompt. Pan., p. 16S.
Tbe beggar with hU noble tree
l,ald lusty Itant him to.
Robin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballad*, V. 192).
2. The motion of anything broad and loose ; a
flapping motion. — 3. An instrument for keep-
ing off flies by a flapping motion.
Flappe, instrument to smyte wythe flyys [smite flies
with], flabellum, muscarium. Prompt. Parv., p. 163.
They had wooden Jtapt to beat them (flies] away.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 160.
4. .Anything broad and flexible that hangs
loose, or is attached by one end or side, and
easily moved ; that part of anything which prt)-
jects in such a form. The flap of a hat is that part
of the (trim which is turned up on one side, or is capable
of being tnnicd up : the Map of a waistcoat, that part of
the long waistcoat of the eighteenth century which came
down upon the thigh, extending on either side below and
beyond the lowest button.
Why art thou then exasperate, . . . thou green sarce-
net flap for a sore eye, thou tassel of a prodigal's purse,
thou? Shak., T. and C, v. 1.
flapdoodle
A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.
Sir T. Brovme.
Embroidered waistcoats with large flaps. Dickens.
5. A heavy valve used to prevent the entrance
of the tide into a sewer. — 6. In surg., a portion
of skin or flesh separated from the underlying
part, but remaining attached at the base. Flaps
are made for various purposes in surgical operations, as
for covering and growing over the end of an amputated
limb, for forming a new nose (rhinoplasty), etc.
7. 2>t- -A. disease in the lips of horses, in which
they become blistered and swell on both sides.
— 8. pi. A diseomyeetous fungus, Feziza coch-
leata. — 9. pi. A broadly expanded hymeno-
mycetous fungus, probably Agaricus arvensis.
[Yorkshire, Eng.]
flap (flap), V. ; pret. anA pp. flapped, ppr. fljap-
ping. [< ME. flappen, flap, clap, slap, strike,
= D. flappen (> G. flappen), intr., flap (cf. F.
f rapper, strike: seefrap); prob. ult. imitative ;
cf. clapi, slap, etc.; cf. also flack, flabby.} I.
intrans. 1. To strike a blow with anything
broad and flexible, as the hand; clap; make
a noise like clapping.
A fool man shal for joye flappe with hondis.
Wyclif, Prov. xvii. 18.
The Dira, or flying pest, which flapping on the shield of
Turnus, and fluttering about his head, disheartened him
in the duel.
Dryden, Ued. of jEneid.
When windows flap and chimney roars,
And all is dismal out of doors.
Wordgivorth, The Wagoner.
2. To move in a waving or swaying manner,
as vrings, or as something broad or loose.
My canvas torn, it flaps from side to side:
My cable's crack'd, my anchor's slightly ty'd.
Quarles, Emblems, iii. U
As when a boat
Tacks, and the slacken'd sail yiajis.
Tennyson, Princess, ii,
3t. To burst out suddenly, as flames ; flash.
Ten tymes be-tyde, tellis me the lyne,
"That hit test was on fyre, & flappit out onone
Vnto smorther & smoke, ana no smethe low.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11795
4. To fall like a flap, as the brim of a hat oi
other broad thing.
I spoke with him, and took much notice of him : he had
an old black hat on, that flapped, and a pair of Spanish
leather shoes.
State Trials, T. Whitebread and Others, an. 1679.
n. trans. If. To strike ; beat; slap; give a
stroke of any kind to.
A lie the flesche of the flanke heflappes in sondyre.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2782.
Rascall, dost flappe me in the mouth with taller ;
And tell'st thou me of haberdasher's ware?
Hoiclands, Knave of Harts (1613).
2. To beat with or as if with a flap.
For (quoth he) when many flies stoode feeding vppon
his rawe flesh, and had well fed themselues, he was con-
tented at another's perawasion to haue them flapt awaie.
Sir T. Wilson, Art of Rhetoric, p. 201.
Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 409.
3. To make or cause a swaying movement of,
as something broad or flap-like: as, the wind
flapped the shutters.
Three times, all In the dead of night,
A bell was heard to ring;
And shrieking at her window thrice
The raven yfaj:»p'd his wing.
Tickell, Colin and Lucy.
The hooded hawks, high perched on beam.
The clamour joined with whistling scream,
And flapped their wings, and shook their bells.
Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 6.
4. To provide with a flap.
with flapped oilskin hats we should have been weather-
proof, but with one of tliese I was unprovided.
Froude, Sketches, p. 89.
6. To let fall the flap of; move the flap of;
especially, as in the case of a hat, to bring the
flaps of forward and downward, so as to cover
or protect the face. — 6. To arouse the atten-
tion of, as by flapping the ears: apparently in
allusion to the " flappers" employed for such a
f)urpose in the feigned island of Laputa in "Gul-
iver's Travels." See extract from Swift, un-
der flapper, 1. [Humorous.]
Tliey sent their complaint to the Home Government, de-
spat/'hed an agent to I.ondon to flap the Colonial Office,
and even secured a certain tepid interest for the question
in the London press. Conlemporaiy Bev., I.III. I'i.
flapdoodle (flap'dS-dl), n. [iflap, stroke (hence
'letter' f), + doodle, a simpleton, fool.] 1.
The stuff on which fools are feigned to be nour-
ished; food for fools. [Humorous.]
flapdoodle
" The gentleman has eaten no small quantity of Itapdoo-
dfe in his lifetime." "What's that?" . . . "It's the stuff
they fee*! fools on." Mam/at, Peter Simple, xxviii.
Flapdoodtt, they call it, what fools are fed on.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford, xli.
2. Transparent pretense or nonsense, as gross
flattery, nonsensical talk, ot foolish boasting.
2254
Some young men down lately to a pond ... to hunt
flappers or young wild ducks. Oilberl White.
A good bag can be made at them in the fall, both amonj;
the young flappers . . . and among the flights of wild
duck. T. Rmsemlt, Hunting Trips, p. 54.
4. Same as flapper-skate. — 5. pi. Very long
shoes worn by negro minstrels.
flap-door (dap'dor),/!. A form of door with tTie flapper-skate (flap'Or-skat), n. A local Eng-
hinges on the lower side, so that it opens down- lish and Scotch name of species of Raia or ray,
ward and outward. Also caXXeA. falling door. as the Raia maerorhyncha and R. fullonica.
flapdragon (iiap'drag'on). H. [</«;> -I- (fraj/on. flappett(flap'et), ». l<flap + -et. CtflacketK'i
Also called »'Mn;«?crt(/OH, q. V. The allusion is to A flap or edge, as of a counter.
the popular • tiery dragon' or firedrake.] 1. A
play in which the players snatch plums, raisins,
or other things out of burning brandy or spirits,
and swallow them ; snapdragon ; also, the ma-
terials for the game.
stabbing of arms, flap-dragant, healths, whiffs, and all
such swaggering hunioiu^.
B. Jomon, Cynthia's Revels, v.. Palinode.
I'll go afore, and have the bonfire made,
My fireworks, a.nA flap-dragons, and good backrack.
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, v. 2.
What brave spirit could be content to sit in his shop,
with a flappet of wood and a blue apron before him, sell-
ing mithridatum and dragon's-water to visited houses,
that might pursue feats of arms ?
Beau, and Ft., Knight of Burning Pestle, i. 3.
flappisht (flap ' ish), a. [< flap + -i^h^.l Dis-
posed to flap ; in active irregular motion.
I see your keys ! see a fool's head of your own : had I kept
thera I warrant they had been forthcoming : you are so
flappish, you throw 'em up and down at your tail.
Sir M. Howard, The Committee, iv.
2. A plum, raisin, or other thing to be snatched flaptail (flap ' tal), m. An American monkey
from the burning liquor in playing flapdragon. the tail of which is not prehensile: distinguish-
See the extracts. ed from elutchtail.
He . . . drinks off candles' ends for flap-dragom. flap-tile (flap'til), n. A tile a part of which is
5*0*., 2 Hen." IV., ii. 4. bent up to form a corner or receive a drip.
Flap-dragona are plums, &c., placed in a shallow dish flap-Val'Ve (flap'valv), n. A clack-valve ; a
filled with some spirituous liquor, out of which, when set valve hinged on one side.
"'" " - . . - flare (flar), J). ; pret. and pp. /area!, ppr. /««')!(/.
[Of Soand. origin : < Norw. flara, blaze", flame.
on fire, they are to be dextroiisly snatched with the mouth.
This elegant anmsement was once more common in Eng-
land than it is at present, and has been at all times a fa-
vourite one in Holland. Thus in Ram Alley : " lly brother
swallows it with more ease than a Dutchman does flap-
dragons. "
Gi/ord, Note to B. Jonson's Cynthia's Revels, v.. Palinode.
Such were flap-dragons, which were small combustible
bodies fired at one end and floated in a glass of liquor,
which an experienced toper swallowed unharmed, while
yet blazing. /. D'Israeli, Curios, of Lit., III. 31.
flapdragont (flap'drag'on), V. t. [< flapdragon,
n.] To swallow at one gulp; snatch and de-
vour, as in the play of flapdragon.
To make an end of the ship ; — to see how the sea flap-
dragotted it. Shak., W. T., iii. 3.
flap-eared (flap'erd), a. [< flap + ear^ + -ed2.]
Having broad, loose, flapping ears.
A . . . beetle-headed, flap-ear'd knave !
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
flapjack (flap'jak), n. [< flap + jack, used
vaguely.] A cake of batter baked on a griddle,
in a shallow pan, or on a board: so called froni
the practice of tossing the cake into the air
when it is done on one side, by a dexterous
movement of the griddle, in such a manner as
to turn it over and catch it again flat upon the
griddle with the baked side uppermost. Also
Jlipjack.
We'll have flesh for holidays, fish for fasting-days, and
moreoer puddings and flap-jacks. Shak., Pericles, ii. 1.
Untill at last, by the skill of the cooke, it is transform'd
into the fonne of a flap-jack, which in our translation is
cald a pancake. John Taylor, Jack-a-lent, i. 115.
flap-keeper (flap'ke'^pfer), n. A man whose
duty it IS to open the flaps of a sewer to allow
the escape of sewage at low tide.
flap-mouthed (flap'moutht), a.
hanging lips, as a dog.
When he (a hound] hath ceased his ill-resounding noise,
Another flap-mouth'd mourner, black and grim,
Against the welkin volleys out his voice.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 920.
flapper (flap'6r), n. 1. One who or that which
flaps.
It would be as a rudder to stirre and conduct him into
a secure port, and an effectuall flapper to drive away the
flies of all worldly vanities.
Benvenulo, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
In each bladder was a small quantity of dried peas, or
little pebbles, as I was afterwards informed. With these
bladders they now and then flapped the mouths and ears
of those who stood near them, of which practice I could
not then conceive the meaning. It seems the minds of
these people (the dreamy philosophers of Laputa] ar
adorn with tinsel, = Sw. dial, flora upp, blaze up
suddenly (cf. 'E.jiare up) ; the older form (with
orig. s) in Sw. dial. /a«a, bum furiously, blaze :
see /as/il.] I. intrans. 1. To shine out with
sudden and unsteady light, luster, or splendor;
give out a dazzling light.
When the sun begins to fling
Kis flaring beams. Milton, II Penseroso, 1. 132.
2. To waver; flutter; bum with an unsteady
light, as flame in a current of air; hence, to
flutter, as such flame does ; flutter with gaudy
show.
With ribbons pendant, flaring 'bout her head.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 6.
Like flaring tapers, brightening as they waste.
Goldsmith, Traveller, 1. 400.
Our last light, that long
Had wink'd and threaten'd darkness./oi-ed and fell.
Tennyson, Morte d'Arthur.
3. To open or spread outward, like the mouth
of a trumpet. — 4. To incline outward from a
perpendicular, as a ship's sides or bows, or any
similar formation : opposed to tumble home To
flare up. to burn high by a sudden impulse ; hence, to be-
come suddenly angry or excited ; fly into a passion.
Crime will not fail to flare up from men's hearts
While hearts are men's, and so born criminal.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 102.
II. trans. To cause to bum with a flaring
flame ; hence, to display glaringly ; exhibit in
an ostentatious manner.
One mortal, one nation or generation of mortals, may
flare a flambeau, and another twinkle a taper.
Sir W. Hamilton.
Having loose, flare (flar),m. 1. A glaring, unsteady, wavering
light ; a glare : as, the flare of an expiring can-
dle.
In the hollow down by the fl.are.
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, I. 31.
2. A spreading outward; a terminal or a con-
tinuous broadening, as of a trumpet or a lily,
the side of a vessel of any kind, etc. — 3. In
pliotog., same as ghost, 8.
Flare or ghost in the camera is an indistinct image of
the diaphragm. Lea, Photography, p. 91.
4. Ostentation.
Too modest for business push and flare, he kept in the
background while others gained by his labor.
Sci. Amer., N. S., LVIII. 21.
= Syn. 1. Glare, etc.
See flame, n.
Same a,s flash-pan, 2.
btimed this over the rail, the turpentine making a great
glare that illuminated the brig from the eyes to the taff-
rail. W. C. Russell, Jack's Courtship, xlvi.
-.---- ^ -..'e so
taken up with intense speculations, that they neither can flare-tin (flSr'tin), 11.
apeak, nor attend to the discourses of others, without be- ,,.■, a .• , j j » »• » »■
ing roused by some external appUcation to the organs of - ^ "ere was Si flare-tin aboard, and from tmie to time we
speech and hearing ; for which reason those persons who
are able to afford it always keep a flapper ... in their
family as one of their domestics. . . . Thisylrt^jj^firislike-
wise employed diligently to attend his master in his walks, flare-UP (flar'up), «. [< jftare M», verb phrase,
and upon occasion to give >>'- »-« AaP - hU eye. ... ^., „„aer.^a.., .,] 1. A sudden flashing or
„. ., ifj. j^^ flaring of flame or light. — 2. A sudden quarrel
2. A reminder; something desiped to fix or ^^ an|ry argument. [CoUoq.]
divert the attention: in allusion to the flappers flaring (flar ' ing), p. a. 1. Blazing; burning
[H^OTOus] ^ ' unsteadily.- 2 Gaudy; showy; flaihy.
T .. . ' . , , Her chaste and modest vail, surrounded with celestial
I write to you, by way ol flapper, to put you in mind of beams, they over-laid with wanton tresses, and in a flar-
yourself. Chesterfield, ing tire bespeckl'd her with all the gaudy allurements of
3. A young bird when first trying its wings; * whore. Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.
especially, a young wild duck which cannot fly, flaringly (flar'ing-li), adv. Plutteringly ; show-
but flaps along on the water. ily.
flash
flash! (flash), V. [The several words spelled
flash are somewhat confused with one another.
Flash^, v., is prob. of Scand. origin: Sw. dial.
flasa, bum furiously, blaze : see flare, f.] I. in-
trans. 1. To burst into sudden 'flame; specifi-
cally, to ignite and flare up with sudden and
transient brilliancy ; emit a briglit flame for a
moment : as, the flashing-jioiat of oil ; the pow-
der/a«/ied in the pan.
Wherof Cometh that horible and broade flashing flame
of fyre? It spronge of one litel sparke.
J. Udall, On Jas. iii.
The quality of an oil may be tested by chemical analy-
sis ; by measurement of density and viscosity ; by obser-
vation of the temperature necessary for ignition in the
atmosphere, or, as it is called, the flashing temperature.
Encyc. Brit., XV. 35.
2. To burst forth with sudden brilliancy; break
out in a transient or variable gleam or glitter;
emit flashes ; gleam : as, the lightning flashed
continually.
Lord Timon will be left a naked gull.
Which flashes now a phoenix.
6'/ia*.,T. of A.,ii. 1.
There the lake
Spread its blue sheet \i\a.t flashed with many an oar.
Bryant, The Ages, st. 30.
His gray eyes
Flashing with flre of warlike memories.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 423.
3. To burst suddenly into view or perception ;
come or appear instantaneously : as, the scene
flashed upon his sight ; the solution of the prob-
lem .^as/ted into his mind.
Upon me flash'd
The power of prophesying. Tennyson, Tiresias.
Then flash the wings returning Summer calls
Through the deep arches of her forest halls.
0. W. Holmes, Spring.
4. To burst suddenly into action; break out
with sudden force or violence.
Every hour
He flashes into one gross crime or other,
That sets us all at odds. Shak., Lear, i. 3.
For while he linger'd there,
A doubt that ever smoulder'd in the hearts
Of those great Lords and Barons of Iiis realm
Flash'd forth and into war.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
5. To come, move, or pass in a flashing man-
ner; act as if in or by a flash: as, the dog
flashed by in hot pursuit.
Eider-ducks flashed out of the water, the father of the
family as usual the flrst to fly, and leaving wife and chil-
dren to take care of themselves. Fro\ide, Sketches, p. 71.
6. In glass-making, to expand, as blown glass,
into a disk. See flashing'^, 1 — To flash in the
pan. (a) To flash and go out so suddenly as not to ignite
the charge : said of the powder in the pan of a flhit-lock
firearm when fired ineffectually, and also of the arm itself.
(6) Hence, to fail after a showy or pretentious effort ; act
or strive without result ; give up suddenly without accom-
plishing anything.
II. trans. 1. To emit or send forth in a sud-
den flash or flashes ; cause to appear with sud-
den glitter.
But now her cheek was pale, and by and by
It flash'd forth fire, as lightning from the sky.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 348.
The chariot of paternal Deity,
Flashing thick flames.
Milton, P. L., vi. 761.
2. To cause to flame up suddenly, as by igni-
tion ; produce a flash from.
A small portion [of gunpowder] is roughly granulated,
a.ud flashed on plates of glass or porcelain.
Bncyc. Brit.. XI. 326.
3. To convey or send by instantaneous com-
munication ; cause to appear or be perceived
suddenly or startlingly: as, to flash a message
over the wires (of a telegraph).
Then suddenly regain the prize,
Xi\A flash thanksgivings to the skies.
Cowper, Annus Memorabilis.
For so the words were flash'd into his heart,
He knew not whence or wherefore.
Tennysotl, Pelleas and Ettarre.
4. To cause to appear flashy; trick up in a
showy manner ; streak ; stripe. [Rare.]
Limning and flashing it with various dyes.
A. Brewer, Lingua, i. 1.
5. In glass-making, to expand to a flat disk, as
the blown globe or mass of glass, by revolv-
ing it in front of the fumace-moufh, which
keeps it hot and ductile ; hence, to apply a
film of colored glass to by this process. See
flashing^, 1.
There is a kind of coloured glass made by having a thin
stratum of coloured glass melted or flashed on one side of
.111 ordinary sheet of clear glass. lire. Diet., II. 298.
On the other hand, extreme brilliancy of surface, as-
cribed by some to the effect of the flashing furnace, is a
characteristic of this [crown] glass. Glass-making, p. 126.
flash
6. In electric lighting, to make (the carbon fila-
ment) incandescent. See flashing^, 3 — Flaebed
glass, colored glass for wiiulows ami tlie like, produced
by the process of Hashing, tine Jtaihimji , 1 (<•),
flashl (flash), n. l<flashl, r.] I. n. 1. A sud-
den burst of flame or light; a light instantane-
ously appearing and disappearing; a gleam:
as, a flash from a gun.
The living creatures ran and returned as the appearance
of a jtoih of lightning. Ezek. i. 14.
Gui. Fear no more the light'ningyto*A;
Arv. Nor the all-dreatied thunder-stone.
Shak. , Cymbeline, iv. 2 (song).
Wit shoots in vain its momentary fires,
The meteor drops, and in aAash expires.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 634.
What strikes the crown of tyrants down,
And answers with its jUmh their frown?
The Sword. M. J. Barry.
2. A sudden burst of something regarded as
resembling light in its effect, as color, wit,
glee, energy, passion, etc.; a short, vivid, and
brilliant outburst ; a momentary brightness or
show.
TbejUuh and out-break of a fiery mind ; «
A aavageneas in unreclaimed bli>od.
Shak., Hamlet, ii. 1.
Where be . . . yoarfltuhuot merriment that were wont
to set the table on a roar? Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
But if 80 great a flash of joy and prosperity . . . should
make them grow wanton and extravagant, what coarse
then so likely to reclaim them as a aeries of smart and
severe judgments one upon another?
StiUingfteet, Sermons, I. xi.
A flath of color like a flame passed over her face.
Mrt. OUphant, Poor Gentleman, xxxiv.
3. The time occupied by a flash of li^ht ; a very
short period ; a transient state ; an instant.
The Persians and Macedonians had It for tt flash.
Bacon.
The height of whoae [earth's) enchanting pleasure
Is but a flash t QuarUs, Emblems, IL 5.
4. jil. The hot stage of a fever. [Prov. Eng.]
— 6t. A showy or blustering person.
The town is full
Of these vain-glorious /huAo.
Shinty, Love In a Maze, L 2.
Fanaticks, and declamatonr flashes.
Milton, Reformation in Eng., L
6t. A quibble ; jugglery with words.
He falls next to ;l<uA<!>, and a multitude of words, in all
which is contain'd no more than what might be the Plea
of any guiltiest Otieuder. Milton, Eikonoklaates, ill.
7. A shoot of a plant.
The new shoots [of the tea-plant], or flashes, as they are
called, come on four, sometimes Ave times between April
and October.
A. G. F. Eliot James, Indian Industries, xxvlil.
8. A preparation of capsicum, burnt sugar,
etc., used for coloring brandy and mm. and
giving them a factitious strength — Aflasblntlie
pan. (a) An explosion of the priming in the lock-pan,
the gun itself hanging fire. Hence— (^) An unsuccessful
effort or outburst; a brilliant endeavor followed by failure:
said of an utterly a)>ortive effort that has been made with
much parade or ironfidenoe, of an inelTective outbreak of
passion. etc.— Flasb-flue. See/u«i.=SyiL 1. Flare, etc.
See Annu, n.
flash- ( flash), e. [Also dial./o»/» ; < ME.flaskien,
rUmkicn, dash (water), sprinkle. See extract.
Origin uncertain ; an OF. 'flasquer, with sense
of OF. and F.flaquer, dash or throw water, etc.,
does not occur, but is suggested by the analog^'
of flwth^, «., < OF. flache, with equiv. fl^sque,
and flaque, mod. F. flaqiie, a pool: see fituh^,
n. in mod. use flash^ is merged in jla»h^. Cf.
flush"^, V. f.] Il trans. If. To dash (water);
sprinkle.
8o schal the thet tchriTeth him, . . . gif dust of llhte
thouhtes windeth to swathe (too machj, flaskie teares on
ham. . . . () the smele dust (on the fine dust), gif hit
dusteth swuthe, heo vUuketh water theron and swopeth
hit ut (sweepeth it out). Aneren Riujle, p. 314.
2t. To splash ; dash about, as water.
With his raging arms he rudely ./toM'd
The waves about, and all his annoar swept.
That all the t>lood and flith away was wasb'd.
Spenser, F. Q.
3. To increase the flow of water in; flood with
water from a reservoir or otherwise, as a stream
or a sewer; flush. See fiaaking'^.
TL intrant. To splash, as waves.
The »em flashed up onto his legs and knees.
HoUnshed. Hist. Eng., p. 181.
flash^ (flash), n. [Also dial, flash; < ME.
flasuhe, flasclie, fiosshe, flosehe, flesshe, also,
without assibilatlon, flask, a pool of water, <
OF. flache, also flasqite, and, without assibila-
tlon. flac, flaque, a pool, puddle, ditch, estuary,
< OD. vlacke, an estuary, flats with stagnant
pools. < rUirk, D. rlak = OHG. flah, Q. flach.
flat, level; cf. OBulg. plosku, flat.] 1. A pool
of water.
2255
Plasche or yfoscA^, where reyne watyr stondythe, torrens,
lacuna. Prompt. Parv., p. 403.
Yet still the dangerous dykes from shot do them secure,
Where they [mallards, et<vjtrom flash to flash, like the full
epicure,
Waft, as they lov'd to change their diet every meal.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv.
2. A sluice or lock on a navigable river, just
above a shoal, to raise the water while craft are
passing.
I was gone down with the barge to London ; and for
want of & flash, we lay ten weeks before we came again.
Dialmjue on Oxford Parliament, 1681 (Harl. Misc., II. 116).
3. [Prob. with allusion to ^sftl.] A body of
water driven by violence To make a flash, to let
boats down through a lock. [Eng.]
flash'^t (flash), a. [Origin uncertain; prob. <
flash^, f.] Insipid; vapid.
Loath I am to mingle philosophical cordials with Di-
vine, as water with wine, lest my consolation should be
flash and dilute. S. Ward, Sermons, p 63.
flash* (flash), fl. [Generally derivedfrom/osftl,
with which the sense of 'vulgarly showy or
gaudy,' equiv. to flashy^, which is the prop. adj.
of flash^, is now associated ; but prob. of dif-
ferent, though obscure, origin. See extract
from Isaac Taylor.] 1. Of or pertaining to or
associated with thieves, knaves, vagabonds,
prostitutes, etc. : applied especially to thieves'
cant or jargon.
Many persons have confused the low gibberish in vogue
with thieves and mendicants called flash with the Ro-
many; but that idea is absurdly wrong.
N. and Q., 6th ser., IX. 504.
In a wild district of Derbyshire, between Macclesfield
and Buxton, there is a village called Flash, surrounded
by uninclose<l land. The squatters on these commons,
with their wild gii>sey habits, travelled about the neigh-
bourhood from fair to fair, using a slang dialect of their
own. They were called the Flash men, and their dialect
Ftatth talk ; and It is not difficult to see the stages by
which the word Flash has reached its present significa-
tion. Isaac Taylor.
2. Vulgarly showy or gaudy: as, a./ta«Adress; a
flash style.
The hotel does not assert itself very loudly, and if oc-
casionally transient guests appear with flash manners,
they do not affect the general tone of the region.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 167.
3. Expert; smart; crack. [Slang.]
The^sA riders, or horse breakers, always called " bron-
co busters," can iierforni really marvelous feats, riding
with ease the most vicious and unbroken beasts.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 507.
naah lanxnaice, thieves' cant ; thieves' slang.
He gives a very Interesting catalogue of some seventy
wortis in the thieves' jargon, or flash tanguoffe, which is
thus shown to have come to this country In the last cen-
tury. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 611.
Flash notes, forged or counterfeit notes.
flasher^ (flash'^r), n. l<flash^ + -«•!.] 1. One
who or that which flashes. Specifically — 2.
One who makes a show of more wit than he
possesses.
They are reckoned the flashers of the place ; yet every-
body laughs at them for their airs, affectations, and tonlsh
graces and Impertinences. Mme. DArblay, Diary, I. 260.
3. A hot boiler into which water is injected in
small quantities and flashed into steam by the
heat. — 4t. A rower. — 5. In ichth., an aoan-
thopterygian fish, the tripletail, Lohotes suri-
namensis, of the family LobotitUe (which see) ;
any loljotid.
flasher- (flash'^r), n. [See flusher.'] Same as
flii.'ihrr.
fliash-house (flash'hous), n. [_<flash^ + hotise.']
A house frequented by thieves, vagabonds, and
prostitutes, and in which stolen goods are re-
ceived.
The excesses of that age [time of Charles II.] remind us
of the humours of a gang of footpads, revelling with their
favourite beauties at at flash-house.
Macauiay, Ilallani's Const. Hist.
flashily (flash'i-li), adv. In a flashy manner;
with sudden glare or force; without solidity
of wit or thought; with gaudy or ostentatious
show.
flashiness^ (flash'i-nes), n. [(.flashy^ + -ness.']
The state of being flashy ; ostentatious gaudi-
ness.
flashlness^t (flash'i-nes), n. [< flashy'^ + -ness.']
Tastelessness; vapidness; insipidity.
The same experiment may be made In artichokes and
other seeds, when you would take away either their flashi-
ness or bitterness. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
flashine^ (flash'ing), n. [Verbal n. of flash^, r.]
1. In glass-making : («) The reheatingof partial-
ly formed glassware in a flashing-furnace to re-
store the plastic condition, and to smooth rough
edges, (h) The act or process of heating a globe
of blown glass, and giving it a rapid rotary
motion, so that the opening already made in it
flashy
wiU widen till the globe flashes suddenly into a
flat disk, (c) A mode of coating a globe of hot
colorless glass with a film of colored glass, usu-
ally red, and blowing them together until they
flash into a disk. Such glass is called flashed glass, or
doubled glasx, and is used for decorative purposes, as in
glass-painting and glass-stainlng, of the richest as well as
plainest sorts ; also to give alternation of color, by grind-
ing away the color in a design or pattern.
2. In arch., pieces of lead, zinc, or other metal,
used to protect the joining when a roof comes in
contact with a wall, or when a chimney-shaft
or other object comes through a roof, and the
like. The metal is let into a joint or groove cut In the
wall, etc., and folded down so as to lap over the joining.
When the flashing is folded down over the upturned edge
of the lead of a gutter. It Is in Scotland called an apron.
3. In the manufacture of incandescent lamps,
the operation of raising the carbon filament to
incandescence in an atmosphere of coal-gas,
for the purpose of hardening and smoothing
the carbons, and equalizing their resistance.
flashing^ (flash'ing), n. [</a«/(3, «.. -f -ing^.']
The act of creating an artificial flood in a con-
duit or stream, as in a sewer for cleansing it, or
at shallows in a river by penning up the water
either in the river itself or in side reservoirs.
See flushing.
flashing-board (fiash'ing-bord), )i. A device
for increasing the depth or force of a stream
of water by diminishing its width, as a board
set up on edge on the top of a mill-dam when
the stream is low.
flashing-bottle (flash'ing-bot"l), n. A glass
vessel in which carbon filaments for incandes-
cent lamps are flashed. Hee flashing^, 3.
flashing-iumace (flash'ing-fer'nas), «. A re-
heating glass-furnace. See flashing^, 1.
flashing-point (flash'ing-point), )i. The tem-
perature at which escaping vapor will ignite
momentarily, or flash : distinguished from the
burning-point, at which the substance will itself
take fire and bum : usually said of oils or hy-
drocarbons. Also flash-point.
As the oil appeared to have taken flre with extraordi-
nary rapidity. It was assumed, in the first Instance, that
theyf(MAin^-j>oin( was below the parliamentary standard.
Ure, Diet., IV. 670.
flash-light (flash'lit), n. 1. A light so arranged
as to emit sudden brilliant gleams, lasting but
a short time : used for military signals and in
lighthouses. See lighthouse.
A flash-light : that Is to say, one which can be made to
glow or disappear at pleasure. Set. Amer., N. S., LI V. 16.
2. A preparation emitting when i^ited a sud-
den and very l)rilliant light, used in taking in-
stantaneous photographs at night or in a room
insufficiently lighted by natural light, etc. It
usually consists chiefly of a magnesium powder,
sometimes in combination with guncotton.
flashman (flash'man), II. ; pi. flashnien (-men).
l<flaiih« + man.'] A knave, especially one who
tries to appear as a gentleman. [Slang.]
You're playing a dangerous game, my flashman. . . .
I've shot a man down for less than that.
H. Kingsley, GeofTry Hamlyn, t.
flash-pan (flash'pan), «. 1. The receptacle in
a llint-lock which holds the priming by which
the charge is exploded. See cut under flint-
lock.— 2. A small copper pan with a handle,
in which powder is flashed as a signal. Also
vtiWeAflnre-tin.
flash-pipe (flash'pip), n. A gas-pipe perforated
throughout with small holes, used in lighting
gas-burners. It has a stop-cock, on turning which gas
IS en)itte«l from each orifice, and when one of these small
jets is lighted the flame flashes along the pipe and lights
the burners connected with it. When the stop-cock is
closed the small jets are extinguished.
flash-point (flash 'point), n. Same kb flashing-
point.
Young's Company now manufacture a lighthouse oil of
IW Fahr. flash-point. Ure, Diet., IV. 669.
flash-test(flash'test), n. A test to determine the
(lasliiiifi-point of kerosene or other volatile oil.
flash-torch (flash'tdrch), n. Theat., a device
by which the fine powdery spores of lycopodium
are driven through flame to produce the effect
of lightning.
flash-'wheef (flash'hwel), n. A water-raising
wheel having arms radial,- or nearly so, to its
axle, as in the common paddle-wheel, it is set
In a trough containing water, nearly fitting It throughout
one quarter or less of Its circumference, and raises the
water from the level of Its lower side to greater elevation.
flashyl (flash'i), a. [< flash'i + -y^.] 1. Like a
flash; characterizedby flashes or flashing; spe-
cifically, acting by flashes, or by fits and starts ;
quick : impulsive ; fiery. [Now rare in this lit-
eral sense.]
flasby
But sometimes so shaken be these shell-fishes with the
feare of /(a«/ii/ lighteniiigs that they become emptie or
bring forth feble young ones.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 239.
Thus spake the ladie, who in this ineanwliile
With light-heel'd yfo*At/ haste tlie horse o'retook.
I'lcar*, tr. of Virgil (1632).
The very attempt towards pleasing every body discov-
ers a temper always yfrtjfAi/, and often false and insincere.
Burke, Speecll at Bristol.
2. Showy ; dazzling for a moment, but not
lasting, solid, or real ; meretricious.
Flaghti wita cannot fathom the whole extent of a large
disconrse. Sir A'. Diffbij, Nature of Man's Suul.
.\ sound and steddy judgment (which rarely goes in
company with subtil and .rfrtj>A.»/ imaginations) is the nmst
useful and commanding ability in business.
Bp. Parker, Platonick Theol. (2d ed.), p. 2!1.
Tom looks upon them as men of superficial learning and
fiaihy parta, Addison, Tom Folio.
As stories, these were cheap and fiashy.
The Century, XXVI. 295.
3. Ostentatiously showy in appearance ; gay ;
gaudy; tawdry: as, a, flash)/ drees.
flashy^t (ttash'i), o. [</flA''/i* + -yl.] Insipid;
vapid ; without taste or spirit, as food or drink.
Distilled books are, like common distilled waters, rlashti
things. Bacon, Studies (ed. 1S87).
And when they list, their lean and jfashy songs
Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.
Milton, Lycidas, 1. 123.
flask (fl&sk), n. [< ME. *flaske (not recorded),
< AS. flasce, and transposed flaxe (not *flax or
*flaxa), pi. flaxan, a bottle (usually of leather,
but once explained by trywen byt, a wooden
butt), = D. flesch = MLG. vlasche = OHG.
flasca, MHG. vlasche, also vlesche, G. flusche =
Icel. flaska = Sw. flaska = Dan. flaske, a bottle ;
cf . OP. flasque, flaske, flaque, flesque = Sp. flasco,
frasco = Pg. fraseo = It. fiasco, m., < ML.
flaseus, m. ; also OF. flMSche, flache. flaische =
It. fiasc/i, f., < Mil. flasct, f. ; also OF. flascon,
fla'coH, F. flacon (> E. flagon), < ML. flasco(n-) ;
LGr. ip/MOK/i, <p.aaKuv, dim. (fAaamov, a flask. It
is uncertaiu whether the Rom. (ML.) forms are
derived from the Teut., or the contrary; pos-
sibly both groups have a common origin in the
Celtic : cf. W. ffiasg, a basket, a flask, Gael.
flasg, a flask. The Finn, lasku and the Slav,
forms, Russ. ^Ja<7a, Aiia. fliajka, a, small baiTel,
Vo\.flasza, Haszka, etc., are derived from Teut.
See flackei^, flagon, flasket, ete.'i 1. A bottle,
especially one of gome peculiar form or mate-
rial (see below) : as, a flask for wine or oil.
Like a drop of oil left in a Jlaxk of wine, in every glass
jou taste it. Southern, Maid's Last Prayer, ii. 1.
With dainties fed,
Ring for a Jlask or two of wliite and red. Siai/l,
Here sits the Butler with a flask
Between his knees, half-drain'd.
Tennyson, Day-Dream, The Sleeping Palace.
SpeciiicaUy — (a) A naiTow-necked globular glass bottle :
AS, a Florence fiask. (b) A metallic or other portable dram-
bottle, witli flat sides : as, a pocket-yio**. (c) A vessel, gen-
erally of metal or horn, for containing gunpowder, carried
by sportsmen, usually furnished with a measure of the
charge at tlie top. (d) An iron vessel for containing mer-
cury, in the shape of a long bottle. A flask of mercm-y
from California is about 76
pounds. («) A vessel used
in a laboratory for subli-
mation, for digesting in a
sand-bath, or for any simi- ,_^ — .=a j
lar purpose. ^ ^— — C^IZj 1
2. A shallow frame of ^=i=>—
wood or iron used in
foundries to contain
the sand and patterns
■employed in molding _
and casting, if the mold Two-part Flask, a, cope ; i. drag,
is contained in two pieces,
these form a two-part flask. The upper part holds the
«a8e or cope, and the lower the drag. Also niolderg' Jlask,
moldinft-Jlask,
3t. A bed in a gun-carriage. — 4t. A long nar-
row case, as for arrows ; a quiver ; hence, a set
of arrows in a quiver.
Her rattling quiver at her shoulders hung,
Therein a Jlask of arrows feathered well.
Fair/ax, tr. of Tasso, xi. 28.
Florence flask, a globular Iwttle of thin transparent
glass with a long neck, usually covered with plaited maize-
leaves or similar material, used for holding liquids of all
sorts. The kind commonly known by this name is that in
which olive-oil is often exported from Italy, and is famil-
iar in Italian grocers' shops. Compare y(a«co SLi\<i Jiaschet-
(n.— Molders' flask. See def. 2.
flask-board (flask'bord), n. In foundry-work,
the board upon which the flask rests.
flask-clamp (flask'klamp), n. 1. An arrange-
ment for securing firmly the parts of a molding-
flask. — 2. A clamp used by dentists to hold the
flask in which the denture or set of teeth is
heated in the muffle.
2266
flaskett (flas'ket), n. [< OF. ftasquet, flasehet,
flachet, a small flask, dim. of flasqiic, a flask:
see flask and flackct^.] 1. A small flask, es-
pecially one for powder: probably same as
morsing-horn . — 2. A vessel in which viands are
served. — 3. A long shallow basket.
And each one had a little wicker basket,
Made of fine twigs, entrayled curiously.
In which they gathered flowers to till their //a**e(.
Spenser, Prothalamion.
Under his arm a little wicker flasket.
B. Jonson, Masque of Hymen.
flask-shaped (flask'shapt), a. Shaped like a
flask; specifically, round, partly cylindrical,
and swelling into a more or less globular form
at one end.
fiaSQUe (flask), n. [F.] In her., a bearing simi-
lar to the flanch, but less rounded and occupy-
ing less of the field. Also called voider.
flat^ (flat), a. and n. [I. a. Early mod. E. also
Hatt,flatte; < ME. flat (rare), < Icel. ftatr=Sw.
flat = Dan. flad = OHG. flaz, flat. Not con-
nected with b. MLG. vlah = OHG. flah, MHG.
vlach, G.flach, flat {seeflash"^), or with E. plat
= LG. idat = G. ;)/««, flat. II. n. < ME. flat,
(level) ground, a field; in other senses mod-
ern. Cf. Icel. flot, pi. flatir, a plain ; from the
adj.] I. a. 1. Lying all in one plane ; without
rotundity, curvature, or other variation or in-
equality; plane; specifically, in math., having
no curvature ; homaloidal ; having the locus
of infinitely distant points linear : applied to
space of any number of dimensions. In the
common use of the word, levelness or horizon-
talness is often implied.
Flat meads thatch'd with stover.
Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
Thon, all-shaking thunder,
Strike flat the thick rotundity o' the world !
Shak., Lear, iii. 2.
Virtue could see to do what virtue would
By her own radiant light, though sun and moon
Were in the flat sea sunk. Milton, Comns, 1. 575.
Tlie brute Earl . . . luiknightly, with /rtMiand,
However lightly, smote her on the cheek.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2. Prostrate; lying the whole length on the
ground; level with the ground; hence, fallen;
laid low ; ruined.
Tlie people &reJUit, or trust in God, and the king's ways.
Donne, Letters, Ixxi.
3. Having little or no relief ; deficient in prom-
inence or roundness of figure or feature ; lack-
ing contrast in appearance, whether physical
or visual; smooth; even; without shading: as,
flat tints; aflMt painting; a, flat face, nose, or
head; flat cheeks.
Whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall not
approach : a blind man, or a lame, or he that hath ajlat
nose. Lev. xxi. 18.
The winged lion of St. Mark and the Ox of St. Luke, col-
oured with bright flat tints.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. xliii.
The gray-green landscape of Provence is never absolute-
ly^*, and yet is never really ambitio<is. . . . It is in con-
stant undulation. //. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 202.
4. Ha'ving no definite or characteristic taste;
tasteless; stale; vapid; insipid; dead.
Taste so divine, that what of sweet before
Hath touch'd my sense flat seems to this, and harsh.
Milton, P. L., ix. 987.
Most ample fruit
Of beauteous form, . . . pleasing to sight,
But to the tongue inelegant and flat.
J. Philips, Cider.
The cause of the beer becoming Jlat may be found in the
ceasing of after-fermentation.
Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 689.
5. Having little or no interest or attractive
quality ; without briskness or animation ; lack-
ing activity ; stupid ; dull.
Reading good books of morality is a little flat and dead.
Bacon, Friendship (ed. 1887).
How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world !
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
Nay, I intreat you, be not so Jlat and melancholic.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iii. 1.
Doubtless many things appear Jkit to us, the wit of
which depended on some custom or story which never
came to our knowledge. Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
I have added four more "Worlds," the second of which
will, I think, redeem my Lord Chesterfield's character with
yon for wit, except in the two stories, which are very flat.
Walpole, Letters, II. 414.
6. Not relieved, broken, or softened by qualifi-
cations or conditions ; peremptory ; absolute ;
positive; downright.
In the true ballauncing of justice, it is a .tlatt wrong to
punish the thought or purpose of any before'it be enacted.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
flat
That in the captain 's but a choleric word
Which in the soldier is Jlat blaaphemy.
Shak., M. forM., ii. 2.
Ill not march through Coventry with them, that's /at.
Shak., 1 Uen. IV., iv. 2.
Thus repulsed, our final hope
l3^( despair. Milton, P. L., ii. 143.
A man deemM worthy of s<j dear a trust . . .
A Jlat and fatal negative obtains
Tliat instant upon all Ins future pains.
Coivper, Tirncinium, 1. 714.
7. Not clear, precise, or sonorous: as, a Jlat
sound or accent.
The fii-st seems shorter then the later, who shewes a
more odnesse then the former by reason of his shai-pe ac-
cent which is vpon the last Billable, and makes him more
audible then if he had slid away with a flat accent, as the
word sw^ruing. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. u9.
Too^^ I thought this voice, and that too shrill.
Prior, Solomon, ii.
8. In music: (a) Of tones, below a given or in-
tended pitch.
Nay, now you are too Jlat,
And mar the concord with too harsh a descant.
Shak., T. G. of V., i. 2.
(6) Of intervals, minor; diminished: ^^ a flat
fifth, (c) Of keys or tonalities, having flats in
the signature: as, the key of F is B,Jfat key —
9. In gram., voiced or sonant: said of conso-
nants, such as b, d^ g, z, v : opposed to sharp
(that is, breathed or surd) consonants, such as
j>, tj fc, s, f. — 10. On the stock excliangej with-
out interest : applied to stocks when no inter-
est is allowed by a lender of them on the sum
deposited with him as security for their return
when the purpose for which the stock was bor-
rowed has been accomplished: such stock is
said to be borrowed flat — Flat arcli. See arch^.—
Flat blade, a doul)le- or single-edged blade, as of a sword
or saber: used in contradistinction to the three-edged
hv.nXa of the small-sword.— Flat calm, candle, candle-
stick, cap, chasing, file, etc. See the nouns.— Flat
masses, sheets. See Uanket-depodt .^TIbX paper,
race, screw, tuning, et€. See the nouns.— Flat point-
lace. See lace. =Syn. Level, Flat. See level.
II. ".1. A flat surface; a surface without cur-
vature or inequality; especially, a level plain;
a field.
The ray n . . . Falls upon fayre/a(.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 506.
No perfect discovery can be made upon a Jlat or level.
Bacon, Advancement of Ijcaming, i. 55.
On the Crown of this craggy Hill there is a Flat, upon
which the Monastery and Pilgrimage-place is founded.
iloivell, Letters, I. i. 23.
The way is ready, and not long ;
Beyond a row of myrtles, on a flat.
Fast by a fountain. Milton, P. L., ix. 627.
2. A level ground near water or covered by
shallow water; a shoal or sand-bank; specifi-
cally, in the United States, a low alluvial plain
near tide-water or along a river, as the Jersey
(United States) or Mohawk flats ; also, the part
of a shore that is uncovered at low tide.
I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of jlat8.
Shak., M. of v.,
i. 1.
They landed . . . and had much a doe to put a shore
any wher, it lay so full of Jlats.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 83.
The naked shore,
Wide Jiats, where nothing but coarse grasses grew.
Tennyxon, Holy Grail.
3. The flat part or side of anything, as the
extended palm and fingers of the hand, the
broad side of a sword or knife, the part of a
panel included by the beading or molding,
etc. : as, to strike with the flat of the hand, or
of a sword.
It is easier to tell when the cutting edge and the /a? are
parallel, and the broad Jlat is the best guide in holding tht
chisel level with the surface to be chipped.
J. Rose, Practical Machinist, p. 257.
The Jlats of panels are finished in imitation of mosaic,
having a conventional border of deep butf and dull Idue.
and a design of acanthus form in the centres, in lighter
l)lne, pink, and Venetian red tones upon a gold mosaic
backgiound. Beck's Jour. Dec. Art, II. 343
4. Something broad and flat in form, or present-
ing a broad fiat surface as a characteristic fea-
ture, (a) A broad, fiat-bottomed boat without a keel,
generallyused in rivernavisration. (h) A railroad-car with-
out a roof or sides; a platform-car; a flat-car. (<■) A
broad -brimmed, low-crowned straw hat worn by women.
(d) A piece of Imne, etc., Tised for making buttons, (e) A
fiat piece of carding placed a1x)ve the cylinder of a carder ;
the flat-top carder. (/) A flat form of mat used in picture-
frames.
There are several small drawings of Turner's in the
present Exhibition greatly injured by the very modem-
looking deep gold Jlats brought close up to them.
nineteenth Century, XIX. 400.
5. A foolish person; a simpleton; one who is
easily duped; a gull. [CoUoq.]
flat
" You did not seek a partner in the peerage, Mr. New-
come." '■ No, no, not such a confounded _ftat as that,"
cries Mr. Newcome. Thackeray, Newcomes, xvi.
6. In arch.: (a) See flat^. (6) A horizontal
or approximately horizontal roof, usually, in
northern climates, covered with lead or tin. —
. 7. In music: (a) A tone one half-step below a
given tone: as, the flat of B — that is, Hflat.
(6) On the pianoforte, with reference to any
given key, the key next below or to the left.
The black keys are often called sharps and flats, because
always named by reference to neighboring white keys, but
B and E are also called C flat and i" flat respectively, (c)
In musical notation, the character b, which when
attached to a note or to a staff-degree lowers
its significance one halt-step. See B rotundum,
under B. — 8. In ship-building, formerly, one of
the midship timbers. — 9. In theaters, one of
the halves of such scenes or parts of scenes as
are formed by two equal parts pushed from the
sides of the stage and meeting in the center. —
10. In mining, in the lead-mining districts of
the north of England, a lateral branching of the
yein, which gives rise to a deposit, as of ore, in
flat masses. The excavations in tliese are sometimes
•ereral yards in breadth, and they are not unfrequently
connected with caverns, the sides of which are incmsted
with beautiful crystallizations of the veinstones peculiar
to that region. Deposits of ore lying horizontally or near-
ly ID an alao, in other mining districts, called jlats. This
is the case in Denbighshire, Wales, and also in Cornwall,
where the Bat parts of the "pipes " and "carboua ' ale of-
ten designated as Jtat9.
1 1 . A surface of size put over gilding. — 1 2. A
continuum of any number of dimensions hav-
ing no curvature : such are a straight line, a
plane, and Euclidean space. — 13t. Flat oppo-
sition or contradiction; a point-blank assertion
or denial.
He thought with banding brave to keepe the coyle,
Or else with jlatu and facings mee to foil.
Mir. for Hagt.
Seek-flat (navt.), a platform or deck of Iron or steel,
either water-tight or uot, but not a complete deck.—
Double flat, in mime, (o) A tone two half-steps lower
than a given tone; the flat of a flat, (b) On the piano-
forte, a key next but one below or to the left of a given
key. (c) The character W, which when attached to a note
or to a staff-degree lowers its signiflcsnce two balf-stepa.
flat^ (flat), r.; pret. andpp.^ttecf, •f\ix. flatting.
[<;la<l, a.] I. trans. It. To make flat; level
or bring to a level ; lay even ; make smooth ;
flatten.
Then frothy whit« appear the fiaittd seas.
And change their colour, changing their diaewe.
J>ryden, Ceyx and Alcyone, 1. 131.
A Face too long shou'd part and Jlat the Hair.
Congrevf, tr. of Ovids Art of Lore.
2t. To level with the ground ; overthrow.
Like a Phcebean champion, she [ Virtue] hath routed the
army of her enemlea, /laiud their strongest forts.
Fdtham, Reaolvea, i. 4.
S. To make vapid or tasteless.
Otherwise fresh in their colour, but their Juice somewhat
JIatttd. Bacon, Nat Hist.
It may be apprehended that the retrenchment of these
pleasant libertie* may JIat and dead the taate of conver-
sation. W. mmUagtu, Devouta Eaaays, I. xii. 1 3.
It mortifies the body, and./((U« the pleasure of the senses.
OfanrtU«, .Sermons, p. 279.
4. lamutie, to depress (a tone); specifically,
to apply a flat to (a note or staff-degree) — that
is. to depress it a half-step. A\»o flatten. — S.
To decorate or paint with colors ground in lin-
seed-oil, and thinned for use with turpentine.
The turpentine kills the gloss of the oil, and
the resulting surface appears dull or flat.
A frieze of massive carton pierre, supporting trusses at
intervals, iijtatled in tones of fawn color and bufl^.
Beeki Jour. Dec. Art, II. 343.
To fiat in the sail (naut.), to draw in the aftmost cine
of a sail toward the middle of the ship.
n. intrant. If. To become flat; fall to an
even surface.
Obserred . . . the swelling to /at yet more.
Sir W. Temple.
2. To become insipid, or dull and unanimated.
— 3. In mutie, to sing or play below the true
Sitch. Also flatten — To flat out, to fall, as an un-
ertaking, from weakness or bad management; make a
fiasco or complete failure, as one who miscalculates his re-
source* or ability. |l'. ».]
flati (flat), adv. [< il[E.flat; <flat, a.] 1. Flat-
ly; so as to be flat or level. — 2. Plainly; posi-
tively. [Rare.]
I am asham'd to feel how /lot 1 am cheated.
Etcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 6.
Sin it flat opposite to the Almighty. O. Herbert.
8. In music, below thetme pitch Flat art(nati«.).
See q/"!.— To fall flat, to fail completely, usually in spite
of strcnii'iiiB efforts or great expectation ; not to succeed
in attracting interest, pnrchasers, etc.: as, the tiook or the
play/WJ .fUit ; the thnnt /M flat on the market— Tobaol
142
2257
the sheets flat aft (naut.), to make fore-and-aft sails lie
like boards without protuberance by hauling on the sheets
which extend them.
flat^ (flat), n. [Orig. adial. (Sc.) form (in sim-
ulation otflat^, level, which is, in fact, the ult.
original) oi flit, a floor or story of a house, the
interior of a housfe, s, house: see flet^.l 1. A
floor or story of a building. [Scotch.] Hence,
in recent general use — 2. A floor, or separate
division of a floor, fitted for housekeeping and
designed to be occupied by a single family ; an
apartment. Compare apartment-house. — 3. A
building the various floors of which are fitted
up as flats.
This of course was before the period of the lofty flats
which have familiarised us with mansions of a dozen sto-
ries high.- Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 53.
flat^t, V. [ME. flatten, dash, throw, < OF. fla-
ter, flatir, throw or cast down, dash, intr. fall,
dash.] I. trans. To dash or throw.
Ry3t with that he swouned.
Til Vigilate the veille vette water at bus eyen.
And Jkttte on bus face. Pierg Plowman (C), vlH. 58.
n. intrans. To dash; rush.
Thei were at greet niyschief, for the saisnes were so
many that thei nioste flkt in to the foreste wolde thei or
noon, ffor as soone as the kynge Orienx was come, he kepte
hen\ so shorte that many were deed and taken.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), 11. 275.
fiat3t,«. [ME.,<OF.^«, ablow: see flats,v.']
A blow.
He gaff Richard a sorry flatt.
That foundryd bacynet and hat.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 5265.
Swlcha/taf.' Arthovr and Merlin, p. 182. (Halliwell.)
flat-* (flat), V. t. [< OF. flater, flatter: see flat-
ter^.] To flatter. [Scotch.]
Flata (fla'ta), n. [NL., < L. flatus, pp. ot flare
= E. bloic^.) The typical genus of wax-produ-
cing bu^, with setnicircular wings, of the fam-
ily Flatldte. F. limbala, an Indian species, is an ex-
ample, of a grass-green color varied with bright red and
pure white, and with wings expanding nearly two inches.
flatbill (flat'bil), n. 1. A bird of the family
Todidte: as, the green flatbill, Todus riridis. —
2. Some other flat-billed bird, as a flycatcher
of the genus Platyrhynchus.
flatboat (flat'bot), n. A flat-bottomed boat
of consiilerable size, roughly made of strong
timbers, for floating merchandise, etc., down
the Mississippi and otlier western rivers. Such
boats were in early times the priiu-ipal means of trans-
imrtation by water, and are not yet entirely obsolete.
At the end of the downward voyage they are broken up
and their material is 8ol«L [U.S.]
About fifty years ago. Abraham Lincoln wa« poling a
flat-boat on the Mississippi River The American, VI. 40.
flat-breasted (flat'bres'ted), a. Having a flat
breast ; spe-
cifically, in
omith., ratite;
not carinate;
having no keel
of the breast-
bone.
flat-capt (flaf-
w!?h'riot fl?t ru..c.p,„f u.. .«. ^^.
crown. Especially— (a) A city flatcap. See city, a.
Flat cape aa proper are to city gowns
As to armonr helmets, or to kings their crowns.
Dekker, Honest Whore, li. I.
Howe says that in the times of Mary and Elizabeth,
"apprentices wore flat .cape, and others under threescore
yean of age, aa well Journeymen aa masters, both at home
and abroad, whom the pagea of the court, in derision,
called fiat-capa."
Oiford, Note to B. Jonson's Every Man in his Humour, U. 1.
Hence— (6) A peraon wearing nich a cap.
Wealthy flat<ape that pay tor their pleasure the best
ot any men in Europe. Marelon, Dutch Courtezan, ii. 1.
(c) Less commonly, the toque worn by lioth men and women
of the wealthier claases In the sixteenth century.
flat-car (flat'kftr), n. A railroad-car consisting
of a platform without sides or top ; a platform-
car.
flat-clam (flat'klam), n. Semele decisa, an edi-
ble species of clam. [California, U. 8.]
flate (tlat), I', f. ; pret. and pp. ./iated, ppr. ^t-
ing. [< 'h. flatus, m. of flare, breathe, blow, = E.
6/o«il.] To produce with flatus, or with simple
unintonated breath. [Rare.]
flatfisb (flat'fish), «. Any fish of the suborder
Hetero.fomata : so called from the flattened bi-
laterally unsymmetrical form. The body is great-
ly compressed, and one side is colorless or whitish, while
the other is dark and variously marked. The typical flat-
fishes constitute the family Pleuronectidtr. and inrhide
many speciesof great economic importance, as thehalihut,
turbot, plaice, sole, flounder, etc. A flatfish is not really
flat (that is, ileprcssed or flattened out horizontally), but
is, on the contrary, thin (that la, extremely compreased
flatly
or vertically expanded), and has both eyes on one side,
not on top. It swims and lies with its eyeless and col-
orless side downward, thus appearing as if spread out
horizontally.
flat-footed (flat'fuf'ed), a. 1 . Having flat feet ;
having little or no hollow in the sole, and a low
arch in the instep. — 2. Firm-footed ; resolute.
[Slang.]
If Mr. should come out flat-footed, call himself a
dealer, instead of posing as an " art lecturer."
The American.
flatbead (flat'hed), a. andn. I. a. 1. Having
an artificially flattened head : applied to certain
American Indians. The deformity is produced in in-
fancy by appliances causing pressure upon the skull from
before backward (the more common method), making it
flat and retreating in front and protuberant behind, or
from above downward, making it flat at the top. It dis-
appears partially or wholly with advance of age, and is
said not to injure the intellect. The practice now survives
chiefly in the northwest, but was formerly common over
both North and South America.
2. [cap.l Pertaining to the tribe of Indians
specifically called Flatheads. See II., 1.
II. n. 1. [cap.'] One of a small tribe of Ameri-
can Indians specifically so called, but errone-
ously, their heads not being flattened, and their
true name being Selish. The original home of the
Flatheads was in the valley of the Columbia river, but a
part of them now live on a reservation in northwestern
Montana. They are all nominally Christianized and civ-
ilized.
2. A dipnoan fish, Ceratodus forsteri. [Austra-
lia.] — 3. A snake which flattens its head, as a
species of Heterodon; the hog-nosed snake or
puff-adder. [Local, tl. S.]
The blow-snake of Illinois is variously known in other
localities as hog-nose, flat-head, viper, and puff-adder.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIII. 660.
flat-headed (fiat'hed'ed), a. Having a flat head
or top.
Tills [church] bears date 1477, as appears from an In-
scription over one of its doors. But this doorway is flat-
headed, and has lost all mediieval character.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 216.
flat-house (flat'hous), ». [<flat^ + house.] A
house containing a number of flats. [U. S.]
flatid (flat'id), n. One of the Flatidw.
Flatida (flat'i-da), n.pl. [NL., < Flata + -ida.]
Same as Flatidw, considered as a subfamily of
Fulgorida". Also Flatides.
Flatids (flat'i-de), n.i)l. [NL., < Flata + -idce.^
A family of homopterous hemipterous insects,
of great extent and extreme variety and exuber-
ance of form and coloration. The head is nnn-ow
the prothorax pnxlnced and narrowed, and the exposed
part of the metathorax relatively large and generally tri-
angular; the wing-covers are large, obtriangnlar or lyrate,
with a broad costal margin. Some of tliese insects secrete
the substance called Chinese wax,
flatilet, a. [< L. flatilis, < flare, pp. flatus, blow,
= E. blow''-: see flatus.] Inconstant; veering
with the wind. Scott.
flat-iron (flat'i'fem), n. An iron for smoothing
cloth. It is made very hot and then passed quickly
and firmly over the dampened surface of the fabric to be
smoothed. Also gad-iron, or simply iron,
flatlvet (fla'tiv), a. [< L. flatus, pp. ot flare =
E. fc/oifl.] Producing wind : flatulent.
flatling (flat'ling), adv. [< UE.flatlyng; <flat^
+ -ling^ ; cf. darkling, backling, headlong, etc.]
With the flat side ; flatwise ; flatly. [Obsolete
or provincial.]
And to hys chaumbur can he gone
And leyde hym flattyna on the grounde.
MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 99. (.Halliuxtt.)
With her sword on him she flatling strooke.
In signe of true subjection to her powre.
Spenter, ¥. Q., V. v. 18.
Of the Sun's stops, it Colore hath to name,
BecsAise his Teem doth seem to trot more tame
On these cut points ; for, heere he doth not ride
Flatling along, but vp the Sphears steep side.
.fiitvetter, tr. of Dn Bartass Weeks, ii.. The Columnes.
flatlings (flat'lingz), adv. 1. Scotch form of
flatling.
Tlie blade struck me flatlirtgt. Scott.
2. Plainly; peremptorily. [Prov. Eng.]
flatlong (flat'16ng), adv. [Var. of flatling, as if
</«fi + longi^.] With the flat side downward ;
not edgewise.
The pitiless sword had such pity of so precious an ob-
ject that at first it did but hit flatlong.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ilL
Ant. What a blow was there given !
Seb. An it had not fallen flatlong.
Shak., Tempest, ii. 1.
Zenas Joy, since words were out of the question, ad-
ministered a corporeal admonition with his sword flat-
long. S. Judd, Margaret, 1. 16.
flatly (flat'li), adti. In a flat manner, (a) With a
flat surface or in a fiat position ; evenly ; horizontally.
At his look nhe flatly falleth down.
For looks kill love.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, I. 46S.
flatly
Plants, fruits, and flowers are freely introduced, but
these are treated AaXly, and not in the round, on the
principle of absolute imitatiuu.
C. C. Perking, Italian Sculpture, p. 116.
(6) Without spirit ; dully.
He that does the work of religion, slowly, Jlatly, and
without appetite. Jer^ Taylor.
(e) Without hesitation or disguise ; plainly ; peremptori-
ly; positively.
(To term it aright), I Jtatly ran away from him toward
my horse. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
8ir Gregory says fiatly she malces a fool of him.
Beau, and Ft,, Wit at Several Weapons, v. 1.
flatness (flat'nes), «. The state or quality of
being iiat. (a) Plaueness of surface ; absence of curva-
ture ; also, loosely, smoothness. (6) Deadness ; vapidness ;
insipidity; want of life or energy, (c) Dullness; uuinter-
estingness.
Some of Homer's translators have swelled into fustian,
and others sunk iuUifiatness. Pope, Pref. to Iliad.
(<f) Graveness of sound, as opposed to sharpness, acute-
ness, or shrillness.
Flatneti of sound . . . joined with a harshness.
Bacon, Nat. Hist.
(e) Absoluteness; completeness.
The emperor of Russia was my father ;
O, that he were alive, . . . that he did but see
The Jiatness of my misery. Shak., \V. T., iii. 2.
(/) In mttxic, the quality or state of beiug below a true or
given pitch. — Elementary flatness, in math., absence
of curvature in the elements or infinitesimal parts.
Any curved surface which is such that the more you
magnify it the flatter it gets is said to possess the proper-
ty of etemenlary Jiatnesg. But if every succeeding power
of our imaginary microscope disclosed new wrinkles, and
inequalities without end, then we should say that the sur-
face did not possess the property of elementary Jlatnegg.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. S09.
Flatness of the field, in microgcopy, the property of an
objective in virtue of which all the parts of an object lying
in the same plane, even if near the margin of the field, are
seen simultaneously with equal distinctness.
The jlatnestt o.f the field atforded by the objective is a
condition of great importance to the advantageous use of
the microscope. W. B. Carpenter, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 269.
flat-nosed (flat'nozd), a. Having a flat nose ;
in zool., same as platyrrhine: as, the flat-nosed
or platyrrhine monkeys.
Flatoides (fla-toi'dez), n. [NL., < Flata +
-oides.] A remarkable genus of Flatidm, con-
taining species inhabiting the warmer parts of
America and also Madagascar. F. tortrix is a
West Indian example.
flat-orchil (flat'6r"kil), n. A lichen, Boccella
fiisrformis, used as a dye.
flatourt, »• [ME., < OF. flateor, flateur, F. flat-
tem- = VT.flataire, a flatterer: see flatter'^.'] A
flatterer.
Alas ! ye lordes, many a fals fiatour
Is in youre courtes.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 503.
flat-rod (flat'rod), n. In mining, a rod for com-
municating motion from the engine horizon-
tally to the pump or other machinery in a shaft
at a distance.
fla'tten (flat'n), v. [<flat^ + -e»l (c).] I. trans.
1 . To make flat ; reduce to an equal or even
surface; level.
They throng, and cleave up, and a passage cleare.
As if for that time their round bodies fidtned were.
Donne, Progress of the Soul, i. 14.
Others say that this event happened in the palace of the
Cardinal de Medici, Torreggiano being jealous of the su-
perior honours paid to Michael Angelo, whose nose was
flattened by the blow.
Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, I. iv.
2. To lay flat; bring to the ground ; prostrate.
— 3. To make vapid or insipid ; render stale.
I humldy presume that it flattens the narration to say
his Excellency in a case which is common to all men.
Steele, Tatler, No. 204.
4. In music, same as^^i, 4. — 5. To deaden
or deprive of luster, as a pigment ; bring to a
smooth surface or even tint, without relief or
gradation.
The colouring matter may also be flattened or deprived
of its lustre by an ill-compounded mordant.
W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 517.
6. In optics, to free from curvature or distor-
tion, as the lines of an image projected by a lens.
— To flatten a sail, to make a sail set as flatly as possi-
ble by hauling aft the sheet.
H. intrans. 1. To become flat; grow or be-
come even on the surface.
The country, which is exceedingly pretty, bristles with
copses, orchards, hedges, and with trees. ... It is true
that as I proceeded it flattened out a good deal, so that
Ifor an hour there was a vast featureless plain.
H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 109.
2. To become stale, vapid, or tasteless.
Here joys that endure for ever, fresh and in vigour, are
opposed to satisfactions that are attended with satiety and
surfeit, and flatten in the very tasting. .Sir B. VEgtrange.
The writings of mere men, though never so excellent
in their kind, yet strike and surprise us most upon our
2268
first perusal of them, and then flatten upon our taste by
degrees, as our familiarity with them increases,
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. ii.
3. In music, same as flat^, 3.
flatten! (flat'n), a. [Irreg. </aii + -e»2.] Flat;
foolish.
The prince has been upon him :
What ft flatten face he has now ! it takes, believe it :
How like an ass he looks !
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, iii. 5.
flattened (flat'nd), p. a. Made flat, specifically
— ta) In entom., perpendicularly depressed; thinner and
broader than usual: as, flattcTied tibia;. (6) In t)ot., de-
pressed, as a sphere or cylinder having its opposite sur-
faces brought more closely together.
flattener <flat'ner), n. 1. Same as flatter''-.
Specifically — 2. A workman in a glass-works
who flattens the softened and split cylinders to
form them into sheets, after they are laid upon
the flattening-stone of the flattening-furnace.
The cylinder is now ready for the flattener, who, having
prepared it by a preliminary warming in the flue by which
it is introduced into his furnace, passes it by means of
a croppie, or iron instrument, on to the flattening-stone.
Glagg.making, p. 128.
flattening-furnace (flat'ning-f6r'''nas), n. A
furnace tor the flattening out of cylinder-glass
which has been split longitudinally ; a spread-
ing-oven. Also flatting-furnace.
flattening-heartn (flat'ning-harth), n. The
hearth of a flattening-furnace. Also flatting-
liearth.
flattening-mill (flat'ning-mil), n. A mill in
wliich metal is flattened out into plates or
sheets by passing it between rollers. Also
flatting-mill.
flattening-plate (flat'ning-plat), n. Same as
fltittciiing-stone,
flattening-stone (flat'ning-ston), «. In glass-
making, a stone or a slab of devitrifled glass,
fire-brick, etc., with smooth surface, on which
the split cylinders of glass are heated in the
flattening-furnace, and then spread out and
made flat by the aid of the flattening-tool. Also
called flatting-stone, flattening-plate, flatting-
plate.
flattening-tool (flat'ning-tol), n. In sheet-glass
manuf., a tool consisting of an iron handle with
a wooden cross-piece at the end, with which the
split and softened cylinder of glass is smoothed
out on the flattening-stone. Also flatting-tool.
flatter! (flat'Sr), «. [< flat^, V. t, + -eri.] 1.
One who or that which flattens or makes flat.
The sides next go to & flatter, who levels off the shanks
and bellies with a currier's knife.
C. T. Davig, Leather, p. 497.
Specifically — 2. A hammer with a broad face,
used by smiths in working flat faces. — 3. In
wire-dramng, a draw-plate with a flat orifice for
drawing flat strips, as for watch-springs, skirt-
wire, etc. E. H. Knight.
Also flattener.
flat'ter^ (flat'er), V. [< ME. flatteren, flateren,
flatren, flatter; cf. MD. flatteren, fletteren, flat-
ter, appar. a freq. form (with freq. sufiix -er*),
but Kilian marks MD. flatteren (not, however,
"fletteren) as if (like G. flattiren, Dan. flat-
tere, Sw. flattera, flatter) of F. origin (with F.
inf. suflii -ej'), < OF. flater, flatter, soothe,
smooth, stroke gently, etc., F. flatter, flatter.
If taken directly into ME., the OF. flater
would give *flaten, "flatten, mod. (Sc.) flat,
flatter; ct. flattery, flatour,tioTn the F. Cf. Icel.
fladhra, fawn upon, fladlir, low flattery, fawn-
ing. Gr. flattern, flit, flutter, rove, ramble, is
an accom. form of fladern, < MPIG. vladern,
vUdern, OHCJ. fledaron = OD. vlederen, vUdderen,
flit, flutter (hence G. fledermaus, D. vledermuis,
E, flittermouse, q. v.). The F. word is prob. of
Teut. origin ; the sense ' stroke ' is prob. the
earlier, and points, as some think, to E. flat^,
Icel. fl/itr, etc., as if 'smooth flat,' hence
' stroke,' etc. Cf . OD. vlaeden, vleijden, D. vlei-
jen, flatter.] I. trans. 1. To please or gratify,
or seek to please or gratify, by praise, especial-
ly undue praise, or by obsequious attentions,
submission, imitation, etc.; play upon the van-
ity or self-love of (a person) with a view to gain
some advantage.
A man thsA fluttereth his neighbour spreadeth a net for
his feet. Prov. xxix. 6.
To seem to affect the malice and displeasure of the peo-
ple is as bad as that which he dislikes, ioflatter them for
their love. Shak., Cor., ii. 2.
Seneca the philosopher . . . condescends to flatter the
imbecile Claudius. Sumner, Fame and Glory.
3. To produce self-complacency or a feeling
of personal gratification in ; please; charm: as,
to tee\ flattered by approval.
flattery
Music's golden tongue
Flattered to teai's this aged man and poor.
Keatg, Eve of St. Agnes.
A man is flattered by your talking your best to hini
alone. Macaulay, Life and Letters, I. 216.
I marvel if my still delight
In this great house so royal-rich, and wide.
Be flatter'd to the height.
Tennyson, Palace of Art.
3. To persuade of something which gives plea-
sure or satisfaction ; give encouragement to ;
especially, to give pleasing but false impres-
sions or encouragement to.
For now reviving joy bids her rejoice.
And flatters her it is Adonis' voice.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 978.
I dare not swear thou loveat me ; yet my blood begins
to flatter me that thou dost. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
None can flatter himself his life will be always fortu-
nate. Steele, Spectator, No. 290.
4. To make appear better than the reality war-
rants : as, the portrait flatters its subject. =8yn.
1. To compliment ; cajole, court, coddle, fawn upon, cur-
ry favor with. See comparison under adulation.
II. intrans. To use language intended to
gratify the vanity or self-love of a person ; use
undue praise.
0 sodeyn hap, O thou fortune instable,
Lyke to the scorpion so deceyvable,
That flatrest with thyn heed whan thou wolt stynge.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, I. 815.
He caimot flatter, he !
An honest mind and plain — he must speak truth.
Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
And, of all lies (be that one poet's boast).
The lie that flatters I abhor the most.
Cou'per, Table-Talk, 1. 88.
flatter^t, v. i. [A var. of flatter, flutter, q. v.]
To flutter; float.
And mony was the feather-bed
That flatter'd on the f aem.
Sir Patrick Spens (Child's Ballads, III. 166).
flatterable (flat'er-a-bl), a. l< flatter^ + -able.'\
Capable of being flattered ; open to flattery.
He was the most flatterable creature that ever was
known. Roger North, Lord Guilford, I. 118.
flatter-blind (flat'6r-blind), V. t. [< flatter^ -i-
blind.'] To blind with flattery. [Rare.]
If I do not grossly flatter-blind myself. Coleridge.
flatterer (flat'er-er), n. [< 'ME.flaterere; < flat-
ter + -erl.] One who flatters ; one who praises
another with a view to please him, to gain his
favor, or to accomplish some purpose.
When I tell him he hates flatterers.
He says he does ; being then most flattered.
Shak., J. C.,ii. 1.
Nine tithes of times
¥sice-flatterer and backbiter are the same.
Tennygon, Merlin and Vivien.
flatteresst (flat'6r-es), n. [< OF. flateresse, fern,
of flateur, flatterer: see flatour, flatter^, and
-ess.'] A female who flatters.
Those women that in times past were called in Cypres
Colacides, i. e.,flatteregses. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 71.
flatteringt (flat'fer-ing), «. [Verbal n. ot flatter^,
v.] Flattery; a flattering speech or action.
That is to saye, peruerse and cursed folkes to whom
enery thynge well done is odyous and hateful! : namely,
whan they see any person that hath dispyed wycked con-
uersacion, worldly gloses or flatterynges, and by holy pen-
annce is become a newe man.
Bp. Fisher, Seven Penitential Psalms, Pa. xxxviii.
flattering (flat'er-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of flatter^,
v.] Adapted to excite complacency or hope;
gratifying; pleasurable; encouraging: as, flat-
tering words or commendations ; flattering pros-
pects; a, flattering Teoeiptiou.
The flatterin{r prospect which seemed to be opened to
our view in the'Month of May is vanishing like the morn-
ing dew. George Washington, to Col. Sam'l Washington,
[N. A. Rev., CXLin. 483.
A conceited person is specially interested in any talk,
flattering or otherwise, about himself.
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 83.
flatteringly (flat'^r-ing-li), adv. In a flattering
manner ; in a manner to gratify or soothe ; with
partiality.
He flatteringly encouraged him in the opinion of his own
merits. Sir T. Browne, Misc., p. 169.
When used as material of landscape by the modern ar-
tist, they [feudal and monastic buildings) are nearly al-
ways superficially or flatteringly represented.
Ritskin, Lectures on Art, § 114.
flatterouslyt (flat'fer-us-li), adr. [< *flatterous
(< flatter^ + -ous) + -ly^.] Flatteringly.
The person that hath the sheep's blood in his veins is
still very well, and like to continue so. If we durst be-
lieve himself, who is flatterously given, he is much better
than he was before, as he tells us in a later account he
brought into the society. Boyle, Works, VI. 263.
flattery (flat'er-i), K. ; pi. flatteries (-iz). [< ME.
fla terie, fla terye, < OF. flaterie, P. fla tterie (= Pr.
flattery
flataria), < JUiter. flatter : see flatter^.'i The act
of oue who flatters; false, insincere, or venal
praise ; obsequiousness ; adulation ; cajolery.
Would I had never trod this English earth,
Or felt the flatterieg that grow upon it !
Ye have angels' faces, but Heaven knows your heai-ts.
ShaJc., Hen. VIII., iii. 1.
Some praises proceed merely of flattery ; and if It be
an ordinary flatterer, he will have certain common attri-
butes, which may serve every man ; if he be a cunning flat-
terer, he will follow the arch-flatterer, which is a man's
self. Bamn, Praise (ed. 1887).
=8yn. Compliment. Adulation, Flattery, etc. (see adula-
tion) ; svcophaiicy, fawning, blandishment.
flattilli (ttat'ing), n. [Verbal a. ot flan, v.] 1 .
A method of preserving unburnished gilding,
by touching it with size; also, the coating
of size laid over the gilding.— 2. A mode of
house-painting in which the paint, from mix-
ture with turpentine, leaves the work flat or
■without gloss. — 3. The rolling out of metal
into sheets by the pressure of rolls or cylinders.
— 4. In leather-manuf., a method of dressing
shaved hides. — 5. In sheet-(jlass manuf., the
operation of flattening. — 6. In music, the act of
depressing a tone below a true or given pitch.
flatting-coat (flat'ing-kot), ». The finishing
coat on a painted wall, where four or five coats
are laid on: so called because it dries without
gloss. It is of pure white lead diluted only
with spirits of turpentine. See flatting, 2.
flatting-furnace (flat'ing-ffer'nas), n. Same as
fliittininij-funiace.
Ikltting-hearth (flat'ing-harth), «. Same as
fla tteti iiitj-li I'l rth .
flatting-mill (flat'ing-mil), H. Same aaflatten-
inf/-nfilL
flatting-plate, flatting-stone (flat 'ing- plat,
-.Htoii). /(. Saint- as tioHening-gtone.
flatting-tool (Hafing-tiil), n. 1. A plumbers'
tool used to flatten sheet-lead or dress it to the
required shape.— 2. Same as flattening-tool.
fla^tool (flat'tol), H. 1. A chisel having a
square end and cutting faces at the sides and
end : used in turning.
Flat tooU for turning hard wood. Ivory, and steel are
ground with the stone running towards the operator.
O. Bi/mt, Artisan's Handbook, p. 28.
2. In seal-engraving, an elongated conical tool
used for bringing ribbons or monograms to a
flat surface.
flattop (flat'top), n. An American perennial
herb, Venionia NoveboraeeH»i$. Also called troN-
weerl.
flatulence (flat'u-lens), ». [= F. flatulence =
Sp. Pg. Aatule'ncia"= It. flatulenza, < Sh. fliitu-
lentus, datulent : see flatulent.] The state of
being flatulent, or affected by wind in the stom-
ach or other portion of the alimentary canal ;
windiness; hence, airiness; emptiness; vanity.
The principal cause of flatulence la fermentation or de-
comiMfsition uf the contenta of the stomach and boweb.
Quoin, Med. Diet.
flatulency (flat'u-len-si), n. Same ta flatulence.
rhe natunl flatulency of that airy Kbeme of notions.
OtanviUe.
The moat sure sign of a deficient perspiration is flatu-
lency or wind. Arbuthnot, Aliments, v.
flatulent (flat'u-lent), a. [= F. fla tulen I = Sp.
Pjr. It. flatulen'to,"< SL. flatulfntus, < L. fla lux,
ablowing, breathing, snorting: see^afu*.] 1.
Windy: affected with gases generated in the
stomach or some other portion of the alimen-
tary canal.
Flatulent accumulation in the intestine* may be due
... to putrefaction uf the lixtd.
Lankelter, lied. Guide, p. 165.
2. Turgid with air; windy: as, a/a<«/«it tumor.
— 3. Generating or apt to generate wind in the
stomach.
Vegetables abound more with aerial particles than ani-
mal substances, and therefore are more flatulent.
Arbuthnot, Ailments, vl.
4. Empty; vain; pretentious; without sub-
stance or reality; puffed up: as, flatulent van-
ity.
The age of apaialon is not long, and, the flatulent spirit
being breathed oat, the man begins to abate of his flrst
beats. Jer. Tayfor, Worki (ed. 18S5), I. aes.
His [Tano'sl story is not so pleasing as Arioato's ; he is
Uioflnlulmt sometunea, and sometimes too dry.
Dryden, Orig. and Prog, of i^atire.
flatulently (fli»t'u-Ient-li), adv. In a flatulent
iiianiur; winduy; emptily,
flatuosityt (flat-u-os'i-ti), n. [= F. flatuosite
= Pg. flatuoMdaiie =1t. flatuositA; as flatuoun
+ -ity.'] Flatulence.
In this disease it were better for to represse the said
windenessc and flatuoeitie.
Holland, tr. of PUny, xxvlli. 18.
2259
flatUOUS (flat'u-us), a. [= F. flatueux = Sp.
flatuoso, flatoso = Pg. fMtoso = It. flatuoso, <
L. as if "flatuostis, <, flatus, a blowing, etc. : see
flatus, flatulent.] Flatulent; -windy; generat-
ing wind ; like wind ; hence, empty ; vain.
Sir Dia. I am very angry.
Com. Do not suffer, though.
That flatuoui windy choler of your heart
To move the clapper of your understanding.
B. Junson, Magnetick Lady, iii. 3.
What if some flatt'ring blast
Of flatumis honour should perchance be there,
And whisper iu thine ear ?
flantino
flaughter'-' (fla'-, Sc. flach'tfer), r. t. [Sc. also
flauchter; a freq. verb ; iflaught^, a flake, taken
in sense of E. A.\a\. flaight, a piece of turf, a flag
(of turf) : see flaught^ and flag*.] To pare or
cut a flake or portion of, as of turf. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
flaughter^ (fla'-, Sc. flaeh't^r), ?i. [Sc. also
flauchter; cf. flaughter^, v., cut (turf), and
.//flH(7/i(2, H., a flake.] A flake; a piece of turf .
See flought^. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
flaughter-spade (fla'-, Sc flach'tfer-spad), n.
Same us dimt-spade. [Scotch.]
(luarlen. Emblems, ii. 10. flaunt, «. See flawn.
flatuousness (flat'u-us-nes), n. Tendency to flaunch (flanch), n. In her., same as flanch, 2.
produce flatulence. flaunchert, i. Seeflancher.
I confesse I wonder at it my self, that I should turne Flaundrisht, «■ Same as Flandrish.
Poet: I can impute it to nothing but the y(o(uou*«<Mie of flaunt (ttiiut or flant), t'. [Formerly also ^nt;
" '" '^"'''"" •■ °" rob. Seand. The nearest form appears to be
our diet. ' S. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 90.
flatus (fla'tus), n. [< L. flatus, a blowing,
breathing, a breath, < flare, blow, breathe, =
E. 6to«;l.] 1. A breath; a puff of wind; a
pure expiilsion of air from the lungs through
the throat and mouth.
You make the soul, as being a mere flatus, to have a
more precarious subsistence even than mere matter itself.
Clarke, To Dodwell, p. 31.
2. Wind present in the stomach or intestines ;
eructation.
In tympanites there is a rapid generation oijtatus, which
overpowers the contractility of the hollow viscera.
Quain, Med. Diet., p. 514.
3. Inflation ; puffiness ; the state of being dis-
tended with air, as a tumor Flatus Tods, the
breath of the voice. This phrase is much usvd U\ describe
the opinion of the early nominalist, Roseellin. whose writ-
ings are lost, but who, according to the undisputed testi-
mony of his enemy, Anselm, held that universals (such
as man in general) are the breath of the voice.
flat-'ware (flat' war), ». In ceram., plates, dishes,
saucers, and the like, collectively, as distin-
guished from hollow-ware.
futtways (flat'waz), adv. Same asflatvise.
It is preferable to place the bricks /(a(imy«.
C. T. Davit, Bricks, etc., p. 180.
flatwise (flat'wiz), arfr. [< flat^ + -wise.] With
the flat side downward or next to another ob-
ject ; not edgewise.
Its posture in the earth wasytaCinK, and parallel to the
site of the stratum in which it was repotited
iw. dial, flankt, adj. and adv., loosely, flutter-
ingly (ef. Y.. flaunt-a-flaxmt, a.),<.flanka, waver,
hang and wave about, ramble, a nasalized form
of Sw. dial, flakica, waver, prob. = ME.flacken,
move to and fro, flutter, palpitate, B. flack, q. v.
Cf. G. dial. (Bav.) flandern, flutter, flaunt.] I.
intrans. If. To wave or flutter smartly in the
wind.
I see not one, within this glasse of mine.
Whose fethers /aun(, and flicker in the winde.
Qascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 63.
flatworm (flat'w^rm), » .
platyhelminth ; one of the Platyhelminthes, as
a tapeworm : a name applied to animals of the
planarian group. See cut under Dendroctela.
flauchter (nach'tfer), r. and n. See flaughter^.
[Scotch.]
flaught, p. '. An obsolete variant of flay^.
flaught' (fl&t. Sc. flacht), ». [Sc, also written
jUiucht,flought,flocht; = E. flight, < 'HE. flight,
flyght,fluht, etc, < AS. ;ly»«, flight: seeflight^.]
1. A flight ; a flock (of birds).
Aflaueht o' dows. Edinbtirgk Mag., Sept., 1818, p. 155.
3. A flatter, as that of a bird ; a flapping.
He . . . was ever noo and then getting up wi' a great
Haught of his arms, like a goose wi' its wings jumping up
a stair. Gall, Sir Andrew W'ylie, II. b.
flaught^ (flat, 8c. flacht), n. [E. dial, also/rtuf.
2. To make a smart show in apparel or equip-
ment of any kind; make an ostentatious or
brazen display ; move or act ostentatiously or
brazenly ; be glaring or gaudy : sometimes with
an indefinite it: as, a flaunting show.
Sly neighbour Flamborougb's rosy daughters, flaunting
with red topknots. Goldtmith, Vicar, Ix.
One/a«»(« in rags, one flutters in brocade.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 196.
Can those neat black clothes . . . give you half the hoji-
est vanity with which you flaunted it about in that over-
worn suit! Z,a»ifr, Elia, Old China.
The poppy yia«n(«rf, for 'twas May.
Bryant, Day-Dream.
n. trans. To display ostentatiously, impu-
dently, or offensively: as, to flaunt rich ap-
parel.
Was this a time for these to flaunt their pride?
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
IToodword, Fossils. flj^Q^t (flftnt Or flint), M. [< flaunt, V.] 1. The
[< flati- + Korm.] A act of flaunting.
Who heeds the silken tassel's ^un<
Beside the golden corn 1
O. W. Holmes, Our Yankee Girls.
2. Anything displayed for show; finery. [Rare.]
Or how
Should I, iu these my borrow'd flaunts, behold
llie sternness of his presence? Shak., W. T., Iv. 3.
3. A boast ; a vaunt ; a brag.
Doet thou come hither with thy flourishes,
Thy /aun(», and faces, to abuse men's manners?
Fletcher (and another). False One, iii. 3.
flaunt-a-flauntt (flant'a-flanf), a. [< flaunt +
a^, jirep., + flaunt; ct. aflaunt.] Flauntingly
displayed.
also /frt»<7Af (aturf); < ME./Ja<7A(,a flake(of snow flaunter (flan'- or flan'tir), «. One yt
or fife); connected with ;totel,/lao*,//iK)l, and flaunting (flan'- or flan'ting), p. a
floe: see these words.] 1. A flake (of snow), flaunt, c] Same aaflaunty, 1.
High eopt hattes, and fethers /aunt a flaunt.
Oascoigne, Steele Olas (ed. Arber), Epil., p. 83.
One who flaunts.
[Ppr. of
Aflaght of snawe. Cat hoi. Angl., p. 138.
2. A flake (of fire) ; a spark ; a flash.
A flaght [printed »laghl\ of Bre. Cursor Mundi, I. 17342.
3. A handful. [Scotch.] —4. A flake or roll of
wool carded residy for spinning. — 6. jtl. Tools
for carding wool, used chiefly in Scotland. Ure,
Diet., n. m
(Scotch.)
There was neither moon nor stars — naething but
.See the proud Uilip'a flaunting cup.
That names in glory for an hour.
O. W. Holmes, Spring has Come.
or flan'ting-li), adv. In a
flauntingly (flan'-
flaunting manner.
A gem was now (in the time of the Ptolemies) a thing
to lie worn^un(ini/f.i/. Encyc. Brit., II. 366.
A flaught o' Are, a flash of lightning, flaunty (flSn'- or flan'ti), a. [< flaunt + -yl.]
1. (Ostentatious; vulgarly or offensively showy ;
gaudy. Also /aun<i«^.
Your conmion men
Build pyramids, gauge railroads, reign, reap, dine.
And (lust the flaunty carpet* of the world
For kings to walk on, or our senators. Mrs. Browning.
2. Capricious ; unsteady ; eccentric. [Scotch.]
She was a /tnunty woman, and liked well to have a good-
humoured jtbe or jeer. Oalt, Annals of the Parish, p. 1^.
flaut (flat), n. See flaught^.
flaueht 0* flre every now and than, to keep the rtjad by.
Blackvtood't Mag., Nov., 1820, p. 302.
flaught^ (flat, 8c flacht), r. t. [< flaught^, n.]
To rani (wool) into thin flakes.
flaughterl (fla'-, Sc flach'tir), f. [Sc written
flauchter, flochter; a freq. verb; <^m.(//i(1, flight,
flying, flutter, perhaps suggested by flacker or
flutter, with which, however, it has no connec-
tion.] I. tram. To frighten. [I'rov. Eng.]
n. «»
[Scotch
Whiles he wad hae seen a glance o' the light frae the a'a—f^in lAiiH fii'fol
door o' the cave flaughtering against the hazels on the nauiaw (nao-ia to;,
other hand. Scott, Antiquary, xxi.
'' . playing, with harmonics or flageolet-tones.
flaughter^ (fla'-, Sc fladh't^r), n. l<flaughtcr'^,
r.] A fluttering motion. [Scotch.]
l)own frae the sera-built shed the swallows pop,
Wi' laay flaughter on the gutter dnb.
Davidson, Seasons, p. 42.
a. [It., pp. of flautare,
play the flute: seeflMutando.] Same as flau-
tando.
flantino (flao-te'no), n. [It., dim. otflauto, flute :
seeflute'^, n.] 1. A small flute ; a piccolo. — 2.
A small accordion. — 3. A direction to violin-
players to play in harmonics.
flautist
flautist (flft'tist), n. [< It. flauiista = Sp. flaii-
tisto = E. Jtutist, q. v.] A flutist.
Several tournebout players coniMned with some Aautists
and oboe playen. Encyc. Brit., XXllI. 490.
flauto (flao'to), n. [It., aflute: see^ufci, n.] A
flute FlautO amablle, n 8» eet-toneii organ stop, gen-
eralljof tour-foot pitch. — FlautO piccolo. Same usjn'c-
coUt. — FlautO transverso, literally, a cross-flute ; the or-
dinan flute as distinguished from the flOte-ii-bec, or di-
rect flute.
flautono (flao-to'ne), n. [It., aug. of flauto, flute :
see.//»?<'l. «.] A large or bass flute.
flavaniline (fla-van'i-lin), n. [< L. flavus, yel-
low, + E. aniline.'] A coal-tar color used in
dyeing, made by treating acetanilid with zinc
ctlorid at 250° F. for several hours, purifying,
and combining with hydrochloric acid. It dyes
yellow on cotton, wool, and silk, but is not fast
to light.
flaveao(fla-ve'd6), n. [NL., < h. flavus, yellow:
see flavoiis.] In bot., yellowness; a diseased
condition of plants in which the green parts be-
come vellow. Imp. Diet.
Flavefia (fla-ve'ri-a), n. [NL., < L. flavus, yel-
low : see flarous. T'te plants are used in Chili to
dye yellow.] A genus of herbaceous annual or
biennial composites, mostly of tropical Amer-
ica, with opposite leaves, and clustered heads of
small yellow flowers. F. Contrayerba is a native of
Peru, and is there used for dyeing yellow. There are 5
species on the southern borders of tlie United States.
flavescent (fla-ves'ent), a. [< I;. flarescen{t-)s,
ppr. of flavescere, become yellow, inceptive of
flavere, be yellow (golden-yeUow, light-yellow),
< flavus, yellow, golden-yellow, light-yellow:
aeeflavous.'] Yellowish; having a yellow tinge ;
turning yellow.
Flavian (fla'vi-an), a. and n. I. a. Of or per-
taining to the Roman emperors Flavins Ves-
2260
2. The quality of a substance which affects the
taste, especially that (luality which gratifies
the palate ; relish ; zest : as, the flavor of the
peach, of wine, etc.; a spicy ^at'or.
Apples of a ripe Flavour, fresh and fair.
Conffreve, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xi.
If, brouglit from far, it very dear has cost,
It has a Flavour then which pleases most.
Coiigreve, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xi.
3. Figuratively, the quality of anything which
affects the mental taste or perception, espe-
cially in a pleasurable way ; characteristic fit-
ness, congruity, impressiveness, or the like,
particularly from a literary or artistic point of
view.
As tliere are wines which, it is said, can only be drunlt
in tlie country wliere the vine grows, so tlie flavour and
aroma of the best worlis of art are too delicate to bear im-
portation into the speech of other lands and times.
J. Caird.
Something it [a song] hue — & flavor of the sea.
And the sea's freedom — which reminds of thee.
Whittier, Amy Weiitworth.
4. That which imparts flavor ; a flavoring sub-
stance or essence. = Syn. 2. Savor, Smack, etc. See
taste.
flavor, flavour (fla'vor), v. t. [< flavor, n.] 1.
To communicate flavor or some quality of taste
or smell to; hence, to communicate any distinc-
tive quality to.
His facts are lies : his letters are the fact —
An infiltration flavored with himself !
Brouming, Ring and Booic, I. 140.
2. To add a flavoring substance or admixture to.
flavored, flavoured (fla'vord), «. a. [Pp. of
flavor, ('.] Having the quality that affects the
sense of taste or smell: used chiefly in compo-
sition : as, lai^-flavored wine.
Roots or wholesome pulse
Or herbs, or flavour'd fruits.
Dodsley, Agriculture, ii.
nasian and his sons Titus and Domitian, who _ . _ ■ ,a-/ • \ r\7-„.i,„i
FeTgn^d A. D, 69-96: as, the Flavian age; the A^VOnng. ^avourmg ^^^^^^^^
ligned
Flavian amphitheater,
n. «■ One of the three Roman emperors of
the dynasty of (Flavins) Vespasian.
flavicant (flav'i-kant), a. [Formed, after the
analogy of albiean't, < L. as if *flavican{t-)s, ppr.
of "flavicare, be yellow, < flavus, yellow : see
flavous.] Yellow. Leighton, British Lichens.
flavicomoust (fla-vik'o-mus), a. [< L. flavieo-
mus, vellow-hai'red, <' flavus, yellow, -I- coina,
hair: 'see flavous and coma^.l Having yellow
hair. Bailey, 1727.
flavin (flav'in), M. [< L. flavus, yellow, + -in2.]
A yellow dyestuff prepared by the action of
sulphuric acid on quercitron-bark.
flavindin (flav'in-din), n. [< L. flavus, yellow,
+ E. iiidin.] A substance apparently isomeric
with indin and indigo-blue, obtained by the ac-
tion of potash on indin.
flavopurpurin (fla-vo-per'pu-rin), n. [< L. fla-
vu.<<, yellow, + E. jmrpurin.] A coal-tar color
used in dyeing, very similar to alizarin, but hav-
ing a yellower shade.
flavor, flavour (fla'vor), n. [Not common be-
fore Milton's time; found but once in ME., in
pi. flavorez, odors ("Alliterative Poems" (ed.
Morris), i. 87), < OP. flaveur, odor (Roquefort).
The form agrees only with that of ML. fla-
vor, 'aurum flavum,' i. e., yellow gold, lit. ' yel-
lowness'; < h. flavere, be yellow, < flavus, yel-
low: see flavous, flavescent. The connection of
thought is not obvious ; a clue has been sought
in the point of view suggested in Milton's lines :
Desire of wine and all delicious drinlts . . .
Thou couldst repress ; nor did tlie dancing niby,
Sparliliug, outpour'd, tYie flavour, or the smell.
Or taste that cheers the heart of gods and men,
Allure thee from the cool, crystalline stream.
Milton, S. A., 1. 544.
Here flavor appears to mean 'glowing color,'
being a poetical application of the ML. flavor,
lit. ' yellowness ' (otherwise it can only be a
synonym of smell or taste following). It is
possible that the E. sense is due to association
with ME. flayre, odor, in old Sc. fleure, fleoure,
fleowre, fleware, flewer, a (bad) smell, the Sc.
forms resting on F. fleurer, intr., smell, an-
other form (by confusion with fleur, a flower)
of F.flairer, tr., smell, scent, OF. flairer, intr.,
emit an odor : see flair^. Savor has also prob.
influenced the meaning ot flavor."] 1 . The qual-
ity of a substance which affects the smell;
smell ; odor ; fragrance : as, the flavor of the
rose. [Rare. ]
Myrtle, orange, and the blushing rose.
With bending heaps, so nigh their bloom disclose,
Each seems t^ smell the flavour which the other blows.
Dryden, State of Innocence, fii. 3.
n. of flavor, v.] A substance used for giving
flavor to anything.
Used . . . by cooks and confectioners as a yJooorin^ [es-
sence of allspice]. Cooley, Practical Receipts.
flavorless, flavourless (fla'vor-les), «. [< flavor
+ -less.] Without flavor ; wanting positive or
distinct odor or taste ; tasteless, literally or fig-
uratively.
It [news by telegraph] comes to him [the reader] like a
steak hot from the gridiron, instead of being cooled and
made (la«or(e8s by a slow journey from a distant kitchen.
D.J. mil, Bryant, p. 71.
flaVOrOUS, flavOUrOUS (fla'vor-us), o. [< flavor
-H -ous.] 1. Pleasant to the taste or smell;
savory.
There casks of wine in rows adorn'd the dome —
Pure /ayorou« wine, by Gods in bounty given,
And worthy to exalt tlie feasts of heaven.
Pope, Odyssey, ii.
Nobody on the shore made chowder like Poll's, or stew-
ed such flavorous dishes from despised haddock and chip-
dry halibut. R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 310.
2. Having a particular flavor or quality.
[Rare.]
Up and down the river lie ancient villages, flavoroui of
the oldeu time. Q. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, I. 14.
flavouBt (fla'vus), a. [< Jj. flavus, golden-yellow,
reddish-yellow, flaxen-colored; perhaps orig.
'flagvus, 'flame-colored,' < ■/ 'flag in *flagma,
flawn
3. A breach; a crack; a defect of continuity or
cohesion ; a weak spot or place.
My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw.
Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.
In all forms the girdle [of a diamond] ought to be per-
fectly smooth, as a rough edge often appears through some
of the facets as a flaw, and injures tlie In-illiancy of tlie
stone. Encyc. Brit., VII. 166.
4. Any defect or imperfection ; anything which
impairs quality or character ; a fault : as, a flMW
in a will, a deed, or a statute.
Tell me this day without a flaw
Wliat I will do for you.
The Earl of Mars Daughter (Child's Ballads, I. 176).
There were some horrible ^au'», as to the common Prin-
ciples of Morality, as to conjugal Society, or the Rights of
Property. Stillingfleet, Seinions, III. ix.
Their judgement has found aflaw in what the generality
of mankind admires. Addison, Spectator.
Not with flaw-aeeUng eyes like needle-points.
Lowell, Love.
5. In weaving, a bore, tangle, or skip. F. H.
Knight. — 6. -A. disease in which the skin re-
cedes from the nails. =Syn. 3. Chink, cleft, rift.— 4.
Blemish, imperfection, spot, speck, stain.
flawi (fla), V. t. [< /awl, ,(.] 1. To cause a
flaw or defect in ; break ; crack ; mar.
Hk flaw'd heart
(Alack, too weak the conflict to support 1)
'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief,
Burst smilingly. Shak., Lear, v. 3.
As it snows often, so it perpetually freezes, of which I
was so sensible that ivflaw'd the very skin of my face.
Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.
The brazen caldrons with the frosts thatyiaited.
Dryden.
2. To violate ; invalidate. [Rare.]
France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
Our merchants' goods. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
flaw2 (fla), n. [Not found in ME. ; < Norw. fla-
ga, a sudden gust of wind, a squall, a shower, a
sudden attack or fit, as of coughing, sneezing,
shivering, a fit, paroxysm, a burst of passion.
Cf. OD. vlaege, D. vlaag. a gust, squall, shower,
fit, whim, throes, =MLG. vlage, a sudden wind-
storm, LG. flage, a storm-cloud or rain-cloud,
flying before the wind. The D. and LG. forms
are prob. also of Scand. origin.] 1. A sudden
gust of wind ; a sudden and violent wind-storm.
O, that that earth which kept the world in awe
Should patch a wall to expel the winter's /aw.'
Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.
Expect rough seas, flaws, and contrary blasts.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., 1. 1.
And he watched how the \eer\ng flaw did blow
The smoke now west, now south.
Longfellow, Wreck of the Hesperus.
The southerly wind draws round the mountains and
conies off in uncertain flaws.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 49.
2t. Asuddenburstof noise and disorder; a tu-
mult ; an uproar.
And deluges of armies from the town
Came pouring in ; I heard the mighty flaw.
Dryden, Aurengzebe.
3t. A sudden commotion of mind.
O, these flaws and starts
(Impostors to true fear) would well become
A woman's story, at a winter's fire.
Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4.
= Syn. 1. Gust, etc. See mind^, n.
fla'wS (fla), V. t. An obsolete or dialectal variant
of flayl.
flamma, flame, flagrare, burn: see flame, fla- floret a. PME., prop, "flave, < OF. ^re, < L,
grant.] Yellow; specifically, in cnton., perfect
ly yellow, without intermixture of red, green,
or brown.
The membrane itself is somewhat of a flavous colour,
and tends more towards that of gold than any other part fl„_-_. ,,
whatsoever. UdweiT, «•
J. Smith, Solomon's Portraiture of Old Age (1666).
fla'Wi (fla), n. [ME. flawe, a flake (of fire), once
fltiy, a flake (of snow) ; cf . AS. floh stanes,
' gleba silicis,' a fragment of stone ; but the ME.
form is of Scand. origin : < Dan .flage, a, flake, =
Sw. flaga, a flake, also a flaw, crack, breach, =
laeX.flaga, a flag or slab of stone; cf. Icel.flagtia
= NoTVf.flagna, flake off; Icel./atom = Norw.
fiakna, flake off, split; Norw. flaga, flake off,
become loose, as bark, flak, a flake, slice, piece,
etc.: see flalce^,flag*^,flay^, floe.] If. A flake;
a fragment ; a shiver.
They . . . ffeglittene and floresche witlie flawmande
swerdez,
Tille the fiawes of fyre flawmes one [on] theire helmes.
J/or(e ^rtAure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2.556.
But this heart
Shall break into a hundred thousand flaws
Or ere I'll weep. Shak., Lear, ii. 4.
2t. A thin cake, as of ice.
As sudden
/ai'!(S, yellow : see flavous.] Yellow.
And lillie forehede had this creature,
With liueliche browes, flawe of colour pure.
Court of Love, 1. 782.
An obsolete variant of flayer.
fla-wles's (fla'les), a. [< /owl + -less.] With-
out flaw or defect.
On the lecture slate
The circle rounded under female hands
■With flawless demonstration.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
Siena a few years since was a. flawless gift of the Middle
Ages to the modern imagination.
H. James, Jr., Confidence, 1.
Different tints of the paint showed through flawless
The Century, XXIX. 17.
As flaws congealed in the spring of day.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV.,
flawlessly (fl&'les-li), arft;. Without flaw; per-
fectly, as regards flaws or defects.
But we know her to be good and flawlessly pure.
Princeton Rev., July, 1884, p. 78.
flawnt (flftn), n. [< ME. flaun, flawn (also,
T&ve\y,flat}ien, flathons, pi., prob. from the ML.
form /odo(n-),"though in the sing, form "flathe
appar. cognate with the D. and G. forms), < OF.
flaot), flan, F. flan, a custard, = Pr. flauzon =
Sp. flaon = It. fiadone, < ML. flodo(n-), also
1lanto{n-), flanso(n-), flansonus. etc., < OHG.
flado, MHG. vlade, G. fladen, a flat cake, pan-
Flax {Limum ujita-
tt'stimuim), with sectioD
of seed-Tcsiel.
flawn
cake, = MLG. rlade = OD. ilade, D. Wa, a cus-
tard ; prob. lit. a flat cake ; ef. Gr. -?.aTvc, flat,
jr'/Adamv, a bread-pau, cake-pan, etc., but not
connected with ^<jtl: see flafi, plat.2 A sort
of flat custard or pie.
F/atm#», Custards, Eggepies. Cotgrare.
Fall to your cheese-cakes, curds, and clouted cream.
Your fools, your jlatnu. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
flaw-piece (fla'pes), n. A slab from the out-
side of a log. E. H. Knight.
flawter (fla'ter), f. t. A variant ot flaughter^.
flawyl (fla'i), n. [(.flaw^ + -t/^.'j Having flaws
or cracks; broken; defective; faulty.
flawy2 (fla'i), a. [< flaw- + -i/l.] Subject to
sudden flaws or puSfs of wind.
flax (flaks), n. [< ME. flax, flex, < AS. fleax,
rarely ^x = OFries. flax = D. vlas = MLG. rias,
LG. flas = OHG. flalis, MHG. ilahs, G. flaclts,
flax; perhaps connected with Goth, flahta, a
plaiting of the hair, < "flaihtan, an xxnrecorded
form, = OHG. flehtan, MHG. vlehten, G. ftechten
= Icel. fletta = Dan. flette = Sw. ^'to, weave,
plait, akin to L. plicare, fold, > ult. E. plait,
pleat, and ply, q. v.] 1. (a) The common name
for plants of the genus Linum and for the fiber
obtained from the stems of L. usitatissimum.
This 8i>ecies, of unknown origin,
has been in cultivation from a very
remote period, and yields the prin-
cipal veRetabie fiber in popular
use over the larger part of the old
world. The plant is au annual, with
slender stems about two feet tall,
which by various processes are freed
from all useless matter, leaving the
elongated bast-cells in the form
of a soft, silky fiber. This fiber is
used in the manufacture of linen
thread and cloth, cambric, lawn,
Uce, etc. The principal sources of
■upply are Russia, Germany, the
Netherlands, and Ireland. The
flowers are blue. The seeds, known
u liiufed KaAfiaxMMd, are very mu-
cilaginous, and are used on that ac-
count in medicine. They also yield
an oil, which is extensively used by
ndnters; and the residue, called
Unteed-eake. has much value as feed
for cattle. The dwarf, fairy, mountain, or purging flax of
Xngland is L. cathartieum ; and the wild flax of the United
States, L. Virginicum and L. perenne.
Summen sowe it thicke in lenelande.
And subtile itoj; ynoueh thereon wol stande.
Palladiut, Huslrondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 187.
Of which line they make their jfosu, and with their flaie
One Linneu. Coryat, Crudities, I. 132.
And the Jlax and the barley was smitten : for the barley
was In the ear, and the Jlax was boiled. Ex. ix. 31.
Blue were her eyes as the faiiy Jtax.
LongfeUouj, Wreck of the Hesperus.
(Jb) One of several plants of other genera, mostly
resembling common flax, as the false or white
flax (Camelina sativa), motintain flax (Polyqala
Senega), toadflax (Liitaria vulgaris). New Zea-
land flax( PAon»i«m tenax), which yields a strong
fiber, and gpurge-flaz (Daphne Gnidium).
Here and there the banks are clothed with a handsome
green flsg, the precious New Zealand flax [Phonnium te-
nax], whose tall, red, honey-laden blossoms, growing on a
stem fully ten feet high, offer special attractions to the
bees. The Century, XXVII. »20.
2. The whitethroat, Sylvia einerea : with refer-
ence to the material composing its nest. [Lo-
cal, Enff.] — Flax MUTM. (a) Canvas made wholly or
chiefly offlax, used in needlework. It is made of many
degrees of fineness, some of the grades having other mate-
rials than linen In their composition, (b) Canvas linen,
made from flax, used for sailmaking.— FOSSll llAZ. See
/o«#i7.~LonK flax, flnx to he spun in Its natural length
without cnMng.1!. II. Knight.
flax (flaks), r. [(.flax, n., in allusion to the beat-
ing of flax. Ct. flaxen^.'] I. fran». To beat.
To spit cotUm Is, I think, American, and also, perhaps,
to Jlax fur to beat. LovM, Biglow Papers, Int
n. intrant. To move quickly; "knock" about:
as, in flnx round (to move about in a lively or
en<Tj;(,-tii' manner). [New Eng. in both uses.]
flax-bird (flaks' b6rd), n. A book-name of the
Rcarlft tanager, Piranga rubra.
flax-brake (flaks'br&k), n. Same as hralce^, 1.
flax-bush (flnks'bush), n. The New Zealand
flax, r/iormiiim tenrix. See Phormium.
flax-comb (flaks'kom), H. A hatchel or heckle.
flax-cotton (flak.s'kot'n), n. Cottonized flax.
Sfc foftoiiize.
flax-dresser (flaks'dres'^r), M. One who pre-
pares Max for the spinner by breaking and
HCiitfhititr it.
flax -dressing (flaks'dres'ing), n. The act. pro-
cess, or tracle of breaking and scutching flax.
flaxedt (flak'sed), a. [< flax + -«dl.] Resem-
bling flax ; flaxen.
2261
She as the leamed'st raaide was chose by them
(Her Jlaxed hair crown'd with an anadem).
W. Broiew, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 4.
flaxen^ (flak'sn), a. [ME. "flaxen (not found),
< AS. "fleaxen (Somner: not verified) (= MLG.
rlessen = G. flachsen), i fleax, flax, -I- -en, -en^.]
1 . Of flax ; made of flax : as, flaxen thread.
A double wealth ; more rich than Belgium's boast.
Who tends the culture of the Jlaxen reed.
Dyer, Fleece, iii.
2. Resembling flax in color, as hair ; fair and
flowing like flax.
His beard as white as snow,
Allyloxen was his poll. SAat., Hamlet, iv. 5.
Stroke his polish'd cheek of purest red,
And lay thine hand upon his Jiaxen head.
Comper, Tirocinium, 1. 848.
Adown the shoulders of the heavenly fair
In easy ringlets flowed her Jlaxen hair.
Fawkeg, tr. of Apollonius, Argonautics, iii.
3. Pertaining to flax.
Dundee had long been the great centre "of the Jlaxen
manufactures. Ure, Diet., III. 120.
flaxen^ (flak'sn), r. (. \iflax + -e»i. Cf. flax,
r.] To beat or thrash. [Prov. Eng.]
flax-mill (flaks'mil), n. A mill or factory where
flax is spun ; a mill for the manufacture of linen
goods.
flai-pnller (flaka'pul'^r), ». A horse-power ma-
chine for gathering flax-plants from the fleld.
flaxseed (flaks'sed), n. and a. I. n. 1. The
seed of flax ; Unseed.
I'll hie me
To Lincolnshire,
To sow hemp-seed and Jtax-teed,
And hang them all there.
Lord Delaware (Child's Ballads, VII. 314).
2. The Badiola Millegratux, a European plant
allied to the common flax, and having similar
seed-pods. (See water-flnxseed.)
n. a. Resembling a flaxseed : an epithet spe-
cifically applied to the pupa stage of some in-
sects.
Larvae of Hessian fly assume what is known as the Jlax-
teed stage. Stand. Nat. Uitt., II. 410.
Flaxseed ore. Same as dyettone ore. See dyeatone.
flaxweed (flaks 'wed), n. The toadflax, Linaria
vulgaris.
flax-wench (flaks'wench), n. A woman who
spins flax; hence, a common woman.
As rank as Any Jlax-wench, that puts to
Before her troth-plight. Shak., W. T., i. 2.
flaxy (flak'si), a. [< flax + -yi.] Like flax; of
a light color; fair.
The four colours . . . signify these four virtues. The
Jiaxy, having whiteness, appertains to temperance.
Sir M. Sandy; Essays, p. 16.
flayi (fla), r. t. [Early mod. E. flea, fley, dial.
ft<tw, flaugh; <.'iiK.ft€eH,flean,flen,flan(&nAflo,
after Scand.) {-prei. flovo, flouh, pi. flogen, pp.
flayn, flawyn, rlage), < AS. "fledn (pret. "flog.
pp. 'flagen; only in comp. pp. be-flagen), orig.
'flahan = MD. vlaeghen, vlaeden, vlaen = Icel.
fid (pret. flo, pp. fle^inn) = 8w. fl& = Dan.
flaae, flay, skin, strip. To this root belong
/tairl, floe, flag*, and flake^ : see these words.]
1. To skin; stnp off the skin of: as, to flay
an ox.
But, know you (varlets) whom you dally with?
My little finger over-balanceth
My Father's loigns : he did but rub you light,
I'ljlay your backs.
Sylvetter, tr. of l>u Bartas's Weeks, It, The Schlsme.
A prince is the pastor of the people. Hee ought to sheere,
not to JUa his sheepe ; to take their fleeces, not their fels.
B. Jonaon, Discoveries.
Habits are soon assttm'd ; but when we strive
To strip them off, 'tis being /lai/'d alive.
Cowptr, nogreu of Error, 1. 68S.
2t. To strip off, in a general sense.
I shall come vpon the with all myn hoete, and make thy
beerde hejlayn, and drawe from thy chyn bonstously, and
that thou shaltknowe verily. ilerlin(Z. E. T. S.), iii. e'20.
flay2 (fla), ».; pret. and m>. flayed, flaid, ppr. flay-
ing. [E. dial, also /la (Yorkshire), iic.flay. flry,
flee, fly, and with orig. guttural ^f*;, frighten;
< ME. flayen, flaien, earlier fleien, frighten,
cause to flee affrighted, < AS. 'flegan, 'flygan,
only in comp. d-fligan, cause to flee, put to
flight, = OHG. ar-flaugjan, frighten, cause to
flee. =r Goth, us-flaugjan, lit. cause to fly (in the
phrase usflaugittis winda, blown about by the
wind), cans, of 'fliugan = AS. fledgan, E.flyl^.
The word is thus a deriv. of fly^, though it lias
been confused with,rfecl: see fly^ and ./fefl.]
I. trans. 1. To cause to fly; put to flight.
It's lang since sleeping wnajtey'd frae me.
irt'nnwnt WUlit (Child's Ballads, VL 66).
flea
2. To frighten.
Thou wille be jiayede for a flye that one [on] thy flesche
lyghttes ! Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2441.
Thise grete wordes shalle not Jlay me.
Toivneley Mysteries, p. 30.
It spak right howe — '* My name is Death,
But be n&Jley'd."
Bums, Death and Dr. Hornbook.
U. intrans. To be fear-struck.
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch in all uses.]
flay2 (fla), n. [< flay'i, t;.] 1. Fright ; fear.— 2.
[<Jnly fl^g ; prob. orig. a sudden kick, as of a
frightened horse.] A kick; a random blow; a
fit of ill htimor. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] —
To take flay, to take fright,
flayer (fla'fer), ». [< ME. flear (Prompt. Parv.) ;
< flay^ + -erl.] One who flays.
Euery fox must yeeld his owne skin and haires to the
Jlayer. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 181.
flayflint (fla'flint), n. [iflay^ + obj. flint; after
skinflint, q.y.1 A skinflint; a miser. [Rare.]
I was at school — a college in the South :
There lived a Jlayjlint near ; we stole his fruit,
His hens, his eggs. Tennyson; Walking to the Mail.
flaying (fla'ing), n. [Verbal n. of ^aj2^ ».] i.
The act of frightening. — 2. An apparition or
hobgoblin. Brockett. [Prov. Eng.]
flayret, «. Seeflair^.
flavsome (fla'sum), a. [< ftay^ + -some.'] Ter-
rifying; frightful. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
Shoo'l not oppen 't au ye mak yer Jlaygom^ dins till neeght.
E. Bronte, Wuthering Heights, ii.
fleal (fle), n. [Early mod. E. also flee; < ME.
flee, fle, pi. flees, earlier fleen, flen, < AS. fledh,
also contr. fled, sometimes written flah, fled =
D. vloo = MLG. vld, vloe, LG. flo = OHG.fldh,
MHG. vlocli, G. floh = Icel. flo (the Sw. Dan.
word is different: Sw. lojipa = Dan. loppe, a
flea, lit. 'leaper': see tea;)i), aflea; prob. from
the root of AS. flein, orig. "fledhun, flee: see
flee^. Not connected with^yl,t'.,or^^2jn.] 1.
An insect of the genus Pulcx, regarded by ento-
Coaimon Flea {PuUx im'tans). (Line shows natural size.)
mologists as representing a distinct order Apha-
niptera, so called because the wings are incon-
spicuous scales. All the species of the genus are very
snnilar iM the common flea, P. irritans, which has two eyes
and six long an^l stout legs, feelers like threads, and the oral
appendages modified into piercing stylets and a suctorial
ftroboscis. The flea is remarkable for its agility, making
onger leaps in proportion to its size than any other ani-
mal, and its bite is very troublesome.
What eyleth thee to 8lei)e by the morwe?
Hastow had rteen al nyght or artow dronke, . . .
So tliat thon'mayst nat holden vp thyii heed?
Chaucer, Prol. to Manciple's Tale, 1. 17.
Flen, flyys, and freres IJIeat, flies, and friarsj populum
Domini ce^unt [afflict the people of the Lord].
Reliquife Antiquoe, I. 91.
That's a valiant /ea, that dare eat his breakfast on the
lip of a lion. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 7.
2. pi. The family Pulidda; or order Jphanip-
tera. See these words. — 3. A flea-beetle; a
saltatorial beetle of the genus Haltica, as H.
nemorum, which injures the turnip, and is also
called turnip-flea and turnip-fly. — 4. Any am-
phipod crustacean which jumps like a flea; a
sandhopper; a scud. Bee beach-flea A flea in
one's ear, something in mind that causes special atten-
tion or interest, particularly of a disagreeable kind, as an
annoying suggestion or hint; especially, an irritating or
mortifying rebuff or repulse ; as, to put n yfca in one's ear.
But so sone as she had gotten her desired pray, she gave
them a rosemarle wipe, dismissing them and sending them
away with fleas in their eares, vtterly disapointed of tlieir
purpose.
Dt L'itle, Legendarle (trans.), quoted in N. and Q.,
[7th ser., IL 265.
My mistress sends away all her suitors, and puts fleas in
their ears. Swi/t.
flea^ (fle), ». t. [< flea^, n.] To clear of fleas.
[Rare.]
Go flea dogs and read romances.
Congreve, Way of the World, Iv. 9.
flea^i ». t. An obsolete form otflay^.
fleabane
fleabane (fle'ban), ?i. One of several compos-
ite plants, so called from their supposed power
of destroying or driving away fleas. The com-
mon fleabHtie of England is I*itlicar%a dysentfncOt or some-
times /*. vui^ari^, and the blue fleabane is Erigtron acris.
In the rnited States the common fleabane is Erigenm
Phiiadftphicti.it, the daisy-fieabane is £. striifosxu or B. an-
fumc, and the marsh-fleabane is Piuehea camphorata. In
Jamaica the name is given to Vemonia arboreecens.
flea-beetle (fle'be" tl), n. The common name
of the saltatorial chrysomelids, or those species
of leaf-beetles which are capable of leaping by
means of their thickened hind thighs. There are
very many of them, mostly of small size. One of the com-
monest in the United States is the cucumber flea-beetle,
2262
lice feed on the leaves or tender stems of various plants,
A few species are also called gallvtakers. To these belongs
the genus Pachypsylla (Kiley), which is distinguished from
Grape-vine Flea-beetle {Haltica chatybea).
a, leaf infested with larva; ; b, larva ; c, cocoon ; tt, beetle.
(Ones show natural sizes, )
Baltica or Crepidodera cucHm€ri«(Harri8), which is black,
hairy, with the thorax punctate and transversely impress-
ed at the base, the wing-covers punctate-striate, and the
antenna; and legs partly yellow. Another is the striped flea-
beetle, Phxfllotreta vittata (Fabricius), which is metallic
black, the thorax without impression, the elytra not punc-
tured in rows, but with two sinuous yellow stripes. Its
larva injures cabbages by mining in the leaves, Hailica
chtUybea is the grape-vine flea-beetle.
Quite a number of Chrysomelidfe have the hind femora
much thickened, enabling them to jump. Some of the
smaller species jump with great activity, and on that ac-
count have been tevmei Jiea-beetleg.
Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 315.
fleabite (fle'bit), n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the
red spot caused by thebite. — 2. A trifling wound
or pain, like that of the bite of a flea ; a slight in-
convenience or discomfort ; a thing of no mo-
ment.
A gout, a cholick, ,
the soul.
. are bat Jleabites to the pains of
Harvey.
3. As much as a flea can bite ; a relatively very
small or insignificant quantity. [Hiunorous,]
The property was in truth but a flea-bite to him [the
giver]. He hoped the Macruadh would live long to enjoy
it. Geo. MacDonald, What's Mine's Mine, p, 306.
fleabiting (fle'bi'''ting), n. Same as fleabite.
Their miseries are hut flea-bitinys to thine.
Burton, Anat. of MeL, p, 343.
fleabitten (fle'bit''n), a. 1. Bitten by a flea;
infested with fleas.
Fleabitten synod, an assembly brew'd
Of clerks and elders ana, like the rude
Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide.
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side.
Cleaveland.
2. Having small reddish spots or lines upon a
lighter ground: applied to the color of horses.
flea-glass (fle'glas), n. An early simple form
of microscope, consisting of a single-glass lens,
in shape a segment of a sphere of small diam-
eter. This lens was fastened into a wooden tube, which
bore at its lower end, in the focus of the lens, a small glass
plate, on which a crushed flea, a gnat, a fly's leg, or a like
object was fixed. Behrens.
fleak^ti «• An obsolete variant otflake^.
Fleaka or threads of hemp and flax.
Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism.
fleak^, n. A variant of flake'^.
fleaking (fle'king), «. [<fleak% = flalce^, a hur-
dle, etc., + ■4ng^.'] A light covering of reeds,
over which the main covering is laid in thatch-
ing houses, [Local, Great Britain.]
flea-louse (fle'lous), n. The popular name of
the homopterous insects of the family Psylli-
cUb, resembling in general appearance the
aphides or true plant-lice, but distinguished
by the difference m the fore wings, wliich have
a distinct marginal vein, in the larval state the flea-
Bramble Flea-Iouse ( Trioza tripunctata).
( Cross shows natural size. )
Psylla proper by the very convex head, oval frontal lobes,
and short antennse. Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma infests
the hackberry (Celtis), the larvee producing bud-like galls
on two-year-old twigs. Another genus is Trioza. The flea-
lice are also called jumping plant-lice, from their habit of
leaping.
fleam '^^ (flem), «. [Early mod. E. and dial, also
flem; < OF. flleme, F. flamme = Pr. ftecme =
Sp. fleme = Pg. flame = It. dial, fiama = D.
vfijin = OHG. fliotuma, MHG. vlieten, vliete, G.
fliete = T>a.Ti. flute, a fleam (G. aXso flame, < F.
flamme), < LL. flebotomus, phlebotomus, < Gr.
(jAe^ofiov, a lancet, < ip'kctj) (ifhfi-), vein, + t^h-
veiv.cnt: %eei phlebotomy. W. .fflam is from E.]
1. In surg. and farriery, a sharp instrument
for lancing the gums or for opening veins in
bloodletting ; a lancet ; in the most restricted
sense, a form of spring-lancet.
He liked horses well enough, but preferred their hides
to'their hoofs; and became more skilful with the fl^am
than the butteris. S, Judd, Margaret, i, 11.
2. In her., a bearing thought by some to rep-
resent the farriers' lancet, but more probably
a builders' cramp of iron, whence often called
erampon.
fleam^t, «• [.Also fl^m, flegm, flegme; < OF.
flamme, F. flsgme, < ML. phlegma, flegma, < Gr.
tjiTieyfta, phlegm: see phlegm, the present spell-
ing.] Same as phlegm.
Alas, I am too honest for this age.
Too full of Jleame and heavy steddinesse.
Marston and Webster, Malcontent, ii. 5,
Fleam hath the predominancy in his [the Sultan's] com-
plexion. Sandys, Travailes, p. 57,
fleam^ (flem), n. [< ME. fl,eme, flume, < OF.
flem, flum, flun, etc., < L, fliimen, river: see
flume.] If. A river; a stream. — 2. A water-
course; a trench or drain. [Prov. Eng.]
fleam-tootll (flem'toth), n. A saw-tooth shaped
like an isosceles triangle, used in cross-cut
saws ; a peg-tooth.
fleamyt (fle'mi), a. [< fleam^ + -^1.] Phleg-
matic.
'Tis naught
But foamie bubling of Sifleamie brain.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, II., ii. 3.
flearf, v. and n. See fleer^.
fleaseed (fle'sed), n. Same a,sfleawort, 2.
fleasht, ft- An obsolete form ot flesh.
fleat (net), n. Same asflet^.
flea-wort (fle'wfert), «. [< ME. flewort, < AS.
fl^awyrt, < fl^dh, fled, flea, + wyrt, worti.] 1.
The Inula Conyza, so called from its property of
keeping off fleas. — 2. The Plantago Psyllium,
from the shape of its seeds. Also fleaseed.
llie dropsie-breeding, sorrow-bringing Psylly,
Heer called Flea^ Wurt.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Furies.
flebilet, a. [< L. fleUlis, weeping, tearful, < flcre,
weep : see feeble, a doublet of flebile.'] Tearful ;
lacrymose.
Alackaday ! a flebriU style this upon a mournful occa-
sion. Roger North, Examen, p. 49.
fleccbet, v. i- An obsolete form oi fletch^.
fleccheret, «• A Middle English form otfletchcr.
fl^cbe (flash), n. [F., an arrow: see fletch^.']
1. In fort., the most simple kind of field-work,
usually constructed at the foot of a glacis, con-
sisting of two faces forming a salient angle
pointing outward from the position taken. — 2.
In arch., a spire ; particularly, a slender spire
rising from the intersection of the nave and
transepts of a cathedral or large church.
I may name the soaring fl^che of Amiens as an excep-
tion to E, L. G, 's dictum (too true in general) that all cen-
tral timber steeples have perished,
N. and Q., 7th ser., TV. 456.
3. In decorative art, an object resembling a spire,
especially the representation of a spire in me-
dieval carving or metal art-work. S. K. Spe-
cial Exhib. Catalogue, 1862.
fleckl (flek), n, [< ME, *fleklc (only in the verb),
< Icel. flekkr, a fleck, spot, = Sw. flack = ODan.
flection
fleck, flek, flekke^ flik, a spot, stain, place, = D.
vkk, a spot, stain, blemish, = MLG. vlecke =
OHG. flee, fleccho, MHG. vlec, vlecke, G. fleck,
a spot, stain, place, piece, patch, shred, etc,
Prob. connected with ^jcfcl, q. v.] 1. A spot;
a streak ; a splash ; a stain.
Life is dasb'd with flttcks of sin,
Tennyson, In Memoriam, hi.
Spenser , , , lifts everything, not beyond recognition,
but to an ideal distance where no mortal , , , fleck is
visible, Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 186,
Specifically — 2. In entom., an irregular and
generally elongate dot of color : applied espe-
cially to such dots on the wings of butterflies
and moths.
flecfci (flek), V. t. [< ME. flecken, flekken, < Icel.
flekka = Dan. flwkke = Sw. flacka, fldka = D.
vlekken, spot, stain, = G. flecken, spot, stain, put
on a piece, patch; from the noun.] To spot;
streak or stripe ; dapple. Also flecker.
Our pikes stand to receive you like a wood,
We'll fleck our white steeds in your Christian blood,
Heywood, Four Apprentices of London.
And straight the sun was flecked with bars —
Heaven's mother send us grace ! —
As if through a dungeon-grate he peered
With broad and burning face,
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, iii.
The more distant ridges faded into a dull indigo hue,
flecked with patches of ghastly white,
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 44.
fleck^ (flek), n. [Another form of flake^, in-
fluenced in form by ^ecfcl, a spot.] A flake; a
lock.
kndi flecks oi wool stick to their withered lips.
Theo. Martin, tr. of Catullus.
flecks (flek), n. A dialectal form of flitch.
flecked (flek'ed or flekt), p. a. 1. Splashed;
spotted; speckled; in entom,, marked with
flecks or little irregular dots and streaks.
He was of foom Alflekked as a pye.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1, 12.
Invisible in flecked sky.
The lark sent down her revelry.
Scott, L, of the L,, iii, 2.
2t. Drunk.
They sweare, and curse, and drinke till they hefleckt.
Mir. for Mags., p. 292.
fleckeri (flek'6r), v. t. [Freq. of fleck\ v. <.]
Same as^cfc^.
How she looked forward to that evening walk in the
still, fleckered shade of the hollows !
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 3.
flecker^t (flek'fer), v. i. Same as flicker^.
fleckiness (flek'i-nes), n. Spottiness ; the qual-
ity or state of being flecked or speckled,
A singular grain of fleckiness always observable on the
surface of Damascus blades, Ure, Diet., II. 5.
fleckless (flek'les), a. [< fl^ck^ + -less.'\ 1.
Spotless; stainless.
Succory keeping summer long its trust
Of heaven-blue fleckless from the eddying dust.
Lmeetl, To G. W, Curtis.
2. Blameless; innocent.
My conscience will not count me fleckless.
Tennyson, Princess, it
flecnodal (flek'no-dal), a. [< flecnode + -al.']
Pertaining to a flecnode Flecnodal curve, a
curve drawn upon a surface the locus of all the poinU at
each of which the curve of intersection of the surface by its
tangent plane at that point has a flecnode. The flecnodal
curve of a surface of the nth order is of the (lln2 — 24n)tli
order,— Flecnodal plane, a tangent plane to a surface,
cutting the latter in a section having a flecnode at the point
of tangency.
flecnode (flek'nod), n. [Irreg, < L. flec(tere),
bend, + nodus, node.] A node of a curve which
is a point of inflection of one of the branches
of the curve.
flectant (flek'tant), o. [< OF. flsctant, ppr. of
/fcfer, <L. /eciere, bend: see flex^,fletc0.'\ In
lier., same &s flexed.
fleeted (flek'ted), a. [< L. flectere, bend (see
flex^), + -ed^. Cf. deflect, inflect, reflecf] In
her., same as flexed Fleeted and reflected, bowed
or bent in a serpentine form, like the letter S.
flection, flexion (flek'shon), «. [=F.flexion =
Sp. flexion = Pg, flexao = It. flessione, < L. flex-
io{n-), a bending, turning, a modulation, inflec-
tion (of the voice), < flexus, pp. of flectere, bend :
see flex^. The spelling flection, like inflection,
etc, and connection, etc, is etymologically in-
correct, but it is rather more common.] 1. The
act of bending. — 2. A bending; a part bent; a
curve.
Of a sinuous pipe that may have some foiirflexiont trial
would be made. Bacon, Nat, Hist
8. A turn; a cast ; a motion or glance.
Pity causeth some tears, and a flexion or cast of the eya
aside. Bacon, Nat Hiat.
flection
4. In gram., the variation of the form of words,
as by declension or conjugation. See inflec-
tiOH. — 5. In anat., that motion of a joint which
brings the connected parts contLnuallv nearer
together: specifically said of the action of auv
flexor muscle : opposed to extension. [In this
sense always ^exio/i.]
They throw the change and the pressure produced by
fiezMii almost entirely upon the intervening cartilages.
Paley, Xat. Theol., viii.
flectional, flezional (flek'shqn-al), a. [< flec-
tion + -a/.] Pertaining to flection ; serving to
bend or var^; specifically, pertaining to the
terminal variation of words ; inflectional.
The French inflections ... are much less complicated
to the ear than to the eye ; and if we strip the accidence
of the jUclional syllables or letters which in the spoken
tongue are silent, the distinct variations in the forms of
words are far fewer than they appear in the written lan-
guage. G. P. Marth, Lecta. on Eng. Lang. , 1st ser. , xvl.
Australian languages have been esteemed variations
from one original tongue, or a crossing of jteaoiuU and
monosyllabic speech.
J. Bonwick, Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XVI. 208.
flectionless, flezionless (flek'shon-les), a. [<
flection + -less.} Without fleetioii or variation;
without terminal change or modification.
flector (flek'tor), n. An impToper tonn of flexor .
fled (fled). Preterit and past participle of /eel.
fletlget (flej), n. [Also flithje, flish, flitch, flush,
Jt'9,.>l>!>g>'d, etc. {8eeflmh»); < AS. 'flycge (not
found; cf. flyge, flight) (> ME. flegge, fligge,
fiygge = MD. vlugghe, D. rlug, fledge, able to
fly, nimble, volatile, = MLG. vlugge = OHG.
flucchi, MHG. vlOcke, 6. flUcke, flUgge = Icel.
fleygr). fledge, able to &j, < fle6gan <= D. r/ie-
gen == G. fliegen, etc.), fly : see flyl.) Able to
fly; having the wings developed for flight:
fledged.
Driue their yoong ones out of the nest when they be
once ftxdge. Holland.
We lookt on this side of thee, ihootinK short •
Where we did flnde
The shell* uljledge souls left behinde.
O. Herbert, The Temple — Death.
,„ ^ Hte loclu behind
Illustrious on his ahonlden 4«<ae with wings
Lay waving round. MUton, P. U, ill. 6W.
fledge (flej), v.; pret. and pp. fledged, ppr.fledg-
iiig. [Also formerly or dial. /»rf<7e/ <. fledge, a.'\
I. intrans. To acquire feathers large enough
for flight; in general, to acquire fullplumage:
often with out: as, the young birds have fledged
In Westminster, the Strand, Holbom, and the chief
places of resort alwut I/>ndon, doe they every day build
their nesU anil every houn Jtidffe, and, in tearmetlme
especially, Butter they abroad in flock*.
Ore«i«(H*rl. Ml*c., VIII. S8S)i
n. trang. To feather or provide with plu-
mage ; provide with anything resembling plu-
mage. [Bare.]
2263
n. a. Newly fledged; untried.
Of course, it gave the book a wide reading, followed by
a marked influence upon tlM style of fledgling poets.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 390.
&6dsy(&eyi),a. [< fledge, a., -^^i.;i If. Newly
When they [bees] do foorth carry theyre young swarme
fledgffie to gathring. Stanihurst, .«neid, i. 415.
2. Covered with feathers; feathery. [Poetical.]
The swan soft leaning on her Jledgy breast. Keats.
fledwitet, «. Seefletwite.
{&&), V. ; pret. and pp. fled, ppr. fleeing.
]S ALh. flee, flx, fleen, flen, fleon (prop, a strong
verb, pret fl^ah, fleh, flegh, fleih, fleyghe, flogh,
fleice,fleu, etc., p\. flugen, fluheti, fiuwen,flowen,
etc., pp. flogen, flowen, but with parallel weak
pret. ^erfe, fledde, fled, pp. flede, fled (whence
even a rare ml. flede, prob. after the weak Scand.
forms)), < AS. fledn, eontr. of orig. "fleohan (pret.
fleah, pi. flugon, pp. flogen), intr. flee, tr. flee,
avoid, escape, rarely caus. put to flight, = OS.
fltohan = OFries. flia = OD. vlien, D. vlieden
(P^t- ilood, pp. gerloden) = MLG. vlien, vlin, vlen
= OHG. fliohan, MHG. vliehen, G. fliegen (pret.
floh, pp. geflohen) (all strong verbs) = Icel.flma
{pret. fljdhi, pp. flyidhr) = Sw. fly (pret. flydde)
= Dan. fly (pret. flyede), flee, = Goth, thliu-
Aa« (pret. thlauh,fip. thlauhans), flee. The orig.
initial consonant th has changed to / (as in
some other eases) in aU but the Goth. ; the com-
mon Teut. root is 'thluh, the word being quite
different from flyi, AS. fle6gan, etc., ■>? •'flug,
with which, however, it has been partly con-
fused from the AS. period: see fly^.} I in-
trans 1. To runaway; take flight; seek escape
or safety by flight.
Whan the Knyghte saw hire in that Forme so Wdou*
and so horrible, he fleyghe awey. "«uo<i»
Mandemlle, Travels, p. 24.
A lytille aboven U the Chapelle of Moy«e», and the
Koche where MoysesyfeyAe to, for drede, whan ie saughe
oure Lord face to face. MandevilU, Travels, p. 62.
Kesist the devil, and he will flee from you. Jas. Iv. 7.
It aoon appeared that a conspiracy had been on foot-
-iT^JTIi^ "*"/ft!' '??'".<:»'»"■ among these Johannes,
who had charge of the king s horses.
Brwe, Source of the Nile, II. 615.
2. To disappear; disperse: as, all our pleasures
haveylerf; the color ^rf from her cheeks; the
clouds flee before the rising sun.
.Sorrow and sighing shall flee Away. In. xxxv. 10.
3 To move swiftly; fly; speed, as a missile.
[Rare.]
Kor hrrowtfled not swifter toward their aim
Than did our soldiers. Shak., 2 Hen. IV.
i. 2
Cupid took another dart, . .
Fledged it for another heart
D. a. ttaueiti, Troy Town.
fledged (flejd), p. a. 1. Furnished with fea- "«v2
thers ; able to fly. iiM^
Shylock, for his own part, knew the bird was fltdotd ■
and then It is the complexion of them all to leave thedam'
Wutt., M. of v., III. I.
The bird* wen not a* yet fledged enough to shift for
themselves 5,y5j^ LEtrange.
Hence— 2. Covered with anything resembling
or serving the purpose of feathers.
The Juvenal, the prince your master, whose chin U not
yet fledged. shak., 2 Hen. IV., I. 2.
. . The bents.
And coaner grata, . . . now shine
Conspicuous, and In bright apparel clad
ABd,fledgd with ley feathers, nod superb.
Cmcper, Task, v. 28.
Enormous elmtree-boles did stoop and lean
Upon the dusky brushwood underneath
Their broad curved branches, fledged with clearest msn.
Tenngeon, Fair Woumd.
3. Equipped for flight ; winged.
Lightlter more
The minutes /nf^nf with music.
A T\ 1 J . , Tennymt, Princess, Iv.
4. Developed; matured.
It boot* not to discover
BOW that young man, who was not )l«fe'd nor skiird
In martial play, was even as ignorant
A^ rhiMiHl,. /),„„. and Fl., Ijiws of Candy, I. 2.
*«dgliiig, fledgeling (flej'Ung), n. and a. [<
/te«^a., + -ttHjrl.] I. ». 1. A young bird just
Tlw orioWt fledglingt fifty times
Have flown from our familiar elms.
Lowell, To Holraea
Hence — 2. A raw or inexperienced person.
n. tram. To avoid by flight; fly from; shun.
AU flagh hym In fere for ferd of his dynttes
Deetruetim 0/ Trog (E. E. T. 8.), L 10809.
Thou, O man ofaod,/M these things. 1 Tim. vi. ii.
Bold Bavaria /Inf the Field.
Congreve, Pindaric Odes, i.
flee* (fle), n. An obsolete or dialectal form of
-[ee^t, a. An obsolete form otflyS
fleece (fl«8), n [< me. Aeese, flees, flese,fleis,
flus,fleose, < A8.;Ie<fe, also in umlauted form
R^'r,^'*?.< fi^^ *««<=«> = D- "««» = UQ.fliis =
OHG. vIks, G. vliess, flies, MHG. vUus, G. obs.
JfeM**, fluss, fleece. A third form appears in
MHG. rlUs = MLG. LG. rlOs, fleece; ci. OHG
flaus, toga, G. flaus or flausch, a tuft (of wool'
etc. ), pUot-cloth. Not in Scand. or Goth. ; con-
nections unknown.] 1. The coat of wool that
covers a sheep, or that is shorn from a sheep at
2S5.*I^-f J 'i' ™'>""^r'^e «o"l» are distinguished ufleeee-
moU and dMd.mwfa, the former being obtained from the
living animals at the annual shearings, and the latter
from animal* that nave been killed.
There wa* a ahepe, at It wa* tolde,
The whiohe hbytses bare aU of golde.
Oouwr, <5>nf. Amant., v.
If I have teen any perish for want of clothing. . If he
were not warmed with the /«« of my sheep, ... then
let mine arm fall from my shoulder blade.
Job ml. 19-22.
2. Something resembling a fleece of wool in
quality or appearance.
pe heavens between their fairy /been pale
Sow d all their mystic gulfs with fleetlngstart.
Tennytim, (iardener's Daughter.
„n!!^*.' wandering cloud-shadows sail across this sea of
olive, and of vines, with here and there a ^eece of vapour
™„?,r, . « "L ''""."PoS* '""" "h*"-""! burners on the
mountain flank ; J. A. Syjnond., Italy and Greece, p. 89!
Speclflcally- (a) A textile fabric with a soft silky pile used
Jm •Sf"V"'- " !"■" l'"'"" "•^'o K«™enu, gloves ^
W The long and soft nap or pile of such a fabric, (d
St. hrTif. '"'' "i"! '^f"' "' ■="""" <"■ ""«' 'coming from
the breaking-card In Uie procett of manufacture
fleecy
3. In her., the woolly skin of a sheep, usually
so depicted that it resembles the animal itself,
suspended by means of a ring passing around
ntL^??®"^ ^5 ^ *^^ well-known pendent badge of the
order of the Golden Fleece, and is also used as a bearing
4. In a bison, the fat and lean meat which lies
along the loin and ribs. C.Hallock. [Western
U.b.]— 5t. l<fleece,v.} A snatch ; an attempt
to fleece. Davies.
There's scarce a match.maker in the whole town but
has had a fleece at his purse.
Jfr». Centlimre, Beau's Duel, il. 2.
Golden fleece, in Gr. myth., the fleece of gold taken from
Jit ^f^S^ y*'""''' fhrixus and Helle escaped from being
sacrificed It was hung up in Colchis, and recovered from
^."^.k i*^ "^/J/ Argonautic expedition under Jason,
with the help of Medea. "—"",
_ . Her sunny locks
Uang on her temples like a golden fleece.
Which makes her seat of Belmont, Colchos' strand
Ana many Jasons come in quest of her.
Shak., M. of V., i. 1.
Ph^^ °f 'S®, "*•¥?" neece, an order founded by Philip
the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1430, on the occasion of
his marnage with the infanta Isabella of Portugal The
?*?* <!' K™"*! """ter passed to the house of Hapsburg in
14,7 with the acquisition of the Burgundian dominions,
which inc uded the Netheriaiids. After the time of the
emperor Charles V. (died 1558) this oflice was exercised
by the Jpanish kings ; but after the cession of the Spanish
Nether ands ^ Austria the latter power in 1715 again
claimed the oflice. Tile dispute remains undecided, and
the order therefore existe independently in Austria and in
Spam. The badge of the order is a golden ram pendent
by a ring which passes round its middle. This hangs from
a jewel of elaborate design, with enameling of several col-
ore, various suggestive devices, and the motto "Pretium
laborum non vile.'
fleece (fles), »•. t. ; pret. and pp. fleeced, ppr.
fleecmg. [< fl.eece, ».] 1. To deprive of the
fleece or natural covering of wool.
They sate Fleecmg those Flocks which they never fed.
MUton, Eikonoklastes, xiii.
I am glad to drink sherbet in Damascus, and fleece my
flocks on the plains of Marathon.
O. W. Curtie, Prue and I, p. 40.
2t. To clip or diminish, as a fleece : said of dis-
honest taking of goods or property.
Their wealth and substance being eury where so fleeced
. . .they came into Syria, much lessened In numbers in
estate miserable and beggarly.
Purehae, Pilgrimage, p. 619.
3. To strip of money or property unfairly or
under false pretenses; rob heartlessly; take
from without mercy.
Unless it were a likwdy inurtherer,
Or foul felonious thief, that Hfec'd poor passengere
I never gave them condign punishment. '
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., Hi. i.
In bad inns you axe fleeced and starved.
Ootdtmith, She Stoops to Conquer, il. 1.
The outer enclosure Is practically a bazaar filled with
shops, where pilgrims are lodged, and fed, and fleeced
J. Fergutton, Hist Indian Arch., p. 348.
4. To spread over as if with a fleece of wool.
Jleantime, light shadowing all, a sober calm
f leecee unbounded ether. Thornton, Autumn, 1. 968.
fleeced (flest), a. [< neece + -e<i2.] Provided
with a fleece : as, well fleeced.
Monarchs . . . whose aim Is to make the People wealthy
indeed perhaps, and well (tew't for their own shearing and
the supply of Regal Prodigality.
MUton, Free Commonwealth.
fleecer (fle'sfer), n. One who fleeces or strips;
one who takes by fraud or severe exactions.
Not,^eeoer«, but feeders ; not butchers, but shepherds.
Prynne (IT. Huntley), Breviate, p. 262.
fleece-wool (fles'wul), n. See fleece, n., 1.
fleech (fiech), V. t. [Sc, also written fleich,
fletlch; < MD.^teew, flatter ; cf./a«er2.] To
wheedle ; coax.
Duncan yteecA'd, an' Duncan pray'd,
Meg was deaf as Ailsa Craig.
Burne, Duncan Gray.
The Papists threatened us with purgatory, and fleeched
us with pardons. Scott, Abbot, xvi.
fleecingS (fle'singz), «. pi. [< fleece + -ingl.'j
Curds separated from the whey. W. H. Ains-
worth. [I>rov. Eng.]
fleeCT (fle'si), a. and n. l< fleece + -y'i-.-} I. o.
1. Covered with wool ; woolly: as, a, fleecy &oek.
Woolly Flocks their bleating Cries renew,
And from their ;!««» Sides first shake the silver Dew.
Congreve, Tears of Amaryllis.
Thyrsis, whose care It was the goats to keep.
And Corydon, who fed the fleecy sheep.
Beattie, Pastorals, vll.
2. Resemblingwoolorafleece: as, ^eecy clouds.
Fleecy locks and black complexion
Cannot forfeit Nature's claim.
Cowper, Negro's Complaint.
Flamed she erewhile on some sunset's bosom
Scarlet and piled wlth/e«cie»( snow?
S. P. Spoford, Poems, p. 7,
fleecy
3. Pertaining to or characteristic of wool.
The moon shiniiig full, the clouds all floating away in
masses oijieecy whiteness.
Mrt. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, x.
H. II. A loosely twisted yam, used for knit-
ting.
fleedt, n. An obsolete dialectal (Scotch) variant
ofyloorf.
Alas : for your staying sae lang frae the land :
Sae lang frae the land, and sae lang (ra theyie«<2.
Lord Solum and AuchanacMe (Child's Ballads, II. 170).
fleeght. An obsolete preterit otfly'^.
fleek (flek), H. Same as fleck^.
fleemt, f. t- [}iE. Jieemeii, flemen, < AS. flyman,
ge-flyman, gefliemaii, gefleman, cause to flee, put
to flight, banish, < flyma, fliema, fiema, a fugi-
tive, (.fleon, flee, cause to flee: see flee^. Cf.
flemens-firth.'] To cause to flee ; banish; expel.
AppetityltftfWKfA discrecioun. ■
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 78.
If thou wolt haue grace as thou doist gesse
Lete al falsnes be jteemyd thee fro.
Political Potmt, etc. (ed. FurnivallX p. 181.
When he was Jlemed out of paradise.
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 123.
fleent, "• A Middle English plural of flea^, and of
fleeri (fler), ». [=E. dial./i>e,^yre; early mod.
E. fleere, flear, flirre, < ME. flerien, fliren, prob.
of Scand. origin; < Norw. flira, titter, giggle,
laugh at nothing, = Sw. dial, flira, titter, =
Dan. dial, flire, laugh, sneer; cf. G.flerren, flar-
ren, make a wry mouth, howl. Cf. also Norw.
flisa = Sw. flissa, titter.] I. intrans. 1. To
Cin mockery ; make a wry face in contempt ;
30, to gibe ; sneer : as, to fleer and flout.
1 fleere, I make an yvell countenance with the mouthe
hy uncoveryng of the tethe. — The knave fleareth lyke a
dogge under a doore. Palsgrave,
Tush, tush, man, never ^er and jest at me :
I speak not like a dotard, nor a fool.
Shak., Much Ado, v. 1.
They offer not to fleer, nor jeer, nor break jests.
J5. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, v. 3.
He will evoke spirits from the vasty deep of imagination,
only to point and fleer at them when they have obeyed his
call. Whip2>le, Ess. and Rev., I. 67.
2. To grin with an air of civility ; leer.
Those,
With their court dog-tricks, that can fawn and fleer.
B. Jonson, Volpone, iii. 1.
U. trans. To mock; jeer at.
I blush to think how people fleer'd and scorn 'd me.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 7.
A vengeance squibber !
She'll yteer me out of faith too.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, ii. 1.
fleer^ (fler)> «• [^ fleer^, v.l 1. Derision or
mockery, expressed by words or looks.
'Tis a Shame to say what he said — With his Taunts and
his Fleers, tossing up his Nose.
Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 6.
The toss of quality, and high-bred ;feer,
Now Lady Harriot reached her fifteenth year.
Soame Jenyns, The Modern Fine Lady (1750),
[Walpole, Letters, II. 212, note.
2. A grin of civility ; a leer.
A sly treacherous /eer upon the face of deceivers.
South, Sermons.
fleer^ (fle'fer), n. [ME. fleare; <flee^ + -eri.]
One who flees.
Than Peterde Boyse had dyuers imaginations other to go
forwarde, and to retourne agayne the fleers, and to fight
with theyr enemies, who chased them, or elles to drawe
to Courtray. Bemers, tr. of Froissart's Chron., I. ccclxxv.
Fleers from before the legions of Agricola, marchers in
Pannoniau morasses. R. L. Stevenson, The Manse.
fleer^ (fler), n. A dialectal (Scotch) variant of
floor.
In it cam a grisly ghost,
Staed stappin' i' the fleer.
King Henry (Child's Ballads, I. 148).
fleerer (fler'6r), n. One who fleers; a mocker.
Pas. Democritus, thou ancient ^erer.
How 1 miss thy laugh, and ha' since.
Bos. There you named tlie famous jeerer,
That ever jeer'd in Rome, or Athens.
Fletcher (and another^, Nice Valour, v. 1.
fleering (fler'ing), n. [Verbal n. of fleer''-, «>.]
The act of scofang or gibing.
Sir, I have oi>served all your fleerings ; and resolve your-
selves ye shall give a strict account for 't.
Chapman, Bussy d'Ambois, i. 1.
I dare, my lord. Your hootings and your clamours.
Your private whispers and your broad fleerings,
Can no more vex my soul than this base carriage.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, ii. 4.
fleeringly (fler'ing-li), adv. In a fleering or
mocking manner.
As he put it [the bottle] down, he saw and recognized us
with a toss of one hand fleeringly above his head.
JL L. Stevenson, Merry Men.
2264
fleet! (flet), I'. [< ME. fleeten, fleten, fleoten
(pret. fleet, pl.floten, fluten, itp.floten), float (in
a general sense), float (as a ship) or sail, flow
or run (as water), fleet or move rapidly, etc.,
< AS.^dta» (pret.^dt, pi. 'fluton, pp. "flotcn),
float (in a general sense), float (as a ship) or sail
(not 'flow'), = OS. fliotan = OFries. fliata = D.
vlieten, flow, = MLG. vteten, LG. fleten, fleiten,
flow, float, = OHG. fliozan, MHG. vUezen, G.
fliessen, flow, run (as water), drop, trickle
(rarely 'float'), =Icel./Joto, float, swim, flow,
run, be flooded, = Sw. flyta, float, swim, flow,
run. = Dan. flyde, float, flow, run, be flooded,
= Goth. *fliutan (not recorded), fl.oat; Teut.
■/ *flut = LitU. pbuUti, float. The root appears
in a shorter fonn in^oK'l, q. v., and in li.phiere,
rain (pluit, it rains), Gr. rr^.hw, '^'keFtiv, float,
swim, sail, Russ. pluite, float, sail, Skt. -^ plu,
float, swim, sail, hover, fly, hasten away. The
primary meaning 'float' is now expressed by
the derived verb float, < AS. flotian, float, <
fledtan (pp. "floten), float: see float, v. As all
the words spelled fleet are ult. related, their
meanings run into each other. Cf . flit^, ».] I,
intrans. If. To float.
Lay theron [i. e., on that lake] a lump of led
& hit on loft fletez.
Alliterative Poems (eA, Morris), ii. 1025.
Him rekketh never wher [whether] she flete or synke.
Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, 1. 182.
To flete above the water ; his cappe fieteth above the
water yonder a farre hence. Palsgrave, 1530.
2t. To swim.
The fisches that i the flodes/co(e(A.
St. Marherete (ed. Cockayne), p. 9.
Selcouthe [rare] kindus
Of the fletinge fihs [fishes] that in the fom lepen.
Alexander and Dindimus (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), L 490.
3t. To sail; navigate.
Schip Jletes on the fiode. Afetr. Homilies, p. 135.
Naviger, to saile, tofleete. Hollyhand's Treasurie.
Our sever'd navy too
Have knit again, and fleet, threat'ning most sealike.
Shak., A. and C, iii. 11.
4t. To flow; run, as water; flow away.
For thi wenestow that thise mutacyouna of fortune^e^j/n
withowte governor. Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 6.
Ech fletyn^je thing which is drunken.
Wyclif, Lev. xi. 34 (Purv.).
The Lime water, which the townsmen [of Lyme Regis]
call the Buddie, commeth . . . from the hils, fleting upon
rockie soil, and so falleth into the sea.
HMnshed, Chron., I. 58.
6t. To overflow ; abound.
The plentyuos Autompne in tulle yeres fletith with hevy
grapes. Chaucer, Boethius, i. meter 2.
6. To gutter, as a candle. [Prov. Eng.] — 7.
[Cf. flit^, V. i., 3.] To fly swiftly; flit, as a
light substance ; pass away quickly. [Now only
poetical.]
What they write 'gainst me
Shall, like a figure drawn in water, fleet.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, Apol.
Bar. I am sorry, neighbour Diego,
To find you in so weak a state.
Die. You are welcome ;
But I am fleeting, sir.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 5.
'Tis a morning pure and sweet.
And the light and shadow fleet.
Tennyson, Maud, x.\vi. 6.
8. \Ci. flU'^,v. i., 2.] Naut., to change place:
said of men at work: as, io fl^et forward or aft
in a boat.— To fleet aft, to go aft, as the crew of a
boat, in order to keep her head up to meet a heavy sea.
II, trans. If. To fly swiftly over; skim over
the surface of: as, a ship that^eets the gulf. —
2t. To cause to pass swiftly or lightly.
Many young gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet
the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world.
Shak., As you Like it, i. 1.
3. Nant., to change the position of: as, to fleet
a tackle (to change its position after the blocks
are drawn together so as to use it again) ; to
fleet the men aft (to order men to move further
aft). The word is used only in special phrases like the
above ; it is not applicalde to every change of position.
Thus, if one rope were fastened to a hawser or a shroud,
one would say ''Fleet that rope higher " or "lower," as the
case might be ; but one would not say ''Fleet that coil of
rope." — To fleet aft (the crew of a whale-boat), to send
them aft, that by their weight they may keep the head of
the boat up wiien a whale is sounding, or in a heavy sea.
fleet^ (flet), 11. [< ME. fleet, flete, fleot, a fleet
(used collectively, lit. a ship; cf. navy, < OF.
navie, na'vy, fleet, < LL. navia, a ship), < AS.
fledt, with umlaut fliet, flyte, a ship or craft
(glossing L. ratis, a raft, ML. pontonium, a punt)
(in this sense. ^oto is more common; flota also
means ' a fleet ' and 'asailor'; ME.^ote. aship.
fleet
a fleet, =D. vloot=la6\.floti, a fleet: see^^oat),
<. fledtan, float, swim, sail: see fleef^, and cf.
flecfi. 0¥. flete, flette, a kind of boat, is of Teut.
origin.] 1. A number of ships or other vessels,
in company, under the same command, or em-
ployed in the same service, particularly in war
or in fishing: as, a /feet of men-of-war, or of war-
canoes ; the fishing-.^et on the Banks ; the fl^et
of a steamship company.
That vessel . . .
Which maister was of all the flete.
Gower, Coni. Amant., I. 197.
Syche a Nauy was neuer of nowmber togedur, . . .
Ne so fele feghtyng men in &fllete soniyn.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4049.
Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean — roll I
Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain.
Byron, Childc Harold, iv. 179.
2. Specifically, a number of vessels of war or-
ganized for offense or defense under one com-
mander, with subordinate commanders of sin-
gle vessels and sometimes of squadrons ; a na-
val armament.
The Dutch are come with a fleete of eighty sail to Har-
wicli. Pepys, Diary, III. 144.
3. In./isWn^, a single line of 100 hooks: so called
when the bultow was introduced in Newfound-
land (1846). [U. S. and Canadian.] — Admiral
of the fleet. See admiral. — Dandelion fleet, a name
formerly given to the vessels sailing from (Gloucester,
Massachusetts, which did not engage in winter fishing, and
were said not to start in the spring until the dandelions
were in bloom. — Fleet captain. See captain. — Fleet
surgeon, paymaster, engineer, marlne-offlcer, in the
United States navy, the senior officer of tlie respective
corps belonging to a squadron. These otticers are on the
start of tlie connnander-in-chief. and exercise a supervi-
sion over the other officers of their corps in the fleet. —
Mosquito fleet (imut.), an assemblage of small craft,
fleet* (flet), n. [< ME. fleet, < AS. fleot, an arm
of the sea, an inlet, estuary (the general sense
of 'a (flowing) stream' does not occur in AS.,
fledt meaning lit. a place where ships float
or ride at anchor) (= D. vliet, a rill, brook, =
MLG. vlet, LG. fleet, fleete, a little brook, a ca-
nal, = OHG. flioz, MHG. vliez, G. fliess, a little
brook), < fledtan, float (= D. vlieten, G. fliessen,
etc., fleet, float, flow) : see fl^ef^, v. OF. and F.
dial. (Norm., etc.) flet, a ditch, canal, is of LG.
origin.] An arm of the sea ; an inlet; a river or
creek: now used only as an element in place-
names: as, North^^eet, South/eet, JP'feeiditch.
Fleet, the watyr of the see comythe and goythe [var.
flete, there 'water cometh and goeth], fleta, fossa, estua-
rium. Prompt. Parv., p. 166.
Together wove we nets t' entrap the flsh.
In flouds and sedgy ./feefcs. Matthews, Aminta.
Fleet books, the books containing the original entries of
marriages solemnized in the Fleet IMson in London dur-
ing the eighteenth century, until this custom was forbid-
den by act of Parliament in 1768.— Fleet marriages,
clandestine niaiTiages at one time performed without
baims or license by needy chaplains in the Fleet Prison,
London.
The long listof social reforms passed under the Pelham
ministry may be fitly closed by the Marriage Act of Lord
Hardwicke, which put a stop to those Fleet marriages
which had become one of the strangest scandals of Eng-
lish life. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii.
The Fleet, or Fleet Prison, a famous London prison for-
merly standing on Faringdon street, long used for debtors :
so called from its situation near Fleet ditch, now a cov-
ered sewer. It was abolished in 1844.
Go, carrj' Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet;
Take all his company along with him.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 6.
fleet* (flet), a. [ME. not found ; the AS. *fle6tig,
' swift, fleet,' is an uncertain emendation of a
doubtful word in a poetical riddle; cf. Icel.
fljotr, swift, fleet (of a ship, a horse, etc.) | from
the verb /ee<l.] S-wift of motion; moving or
able to move with rapidity; rapid.
The horse goung Waters rade upon
W&s fleeter than the wind.
Yoimg Waters (Child's Ballads, III. 89).
He had in his stables one of the fleetest horses in Eng-
land. Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
Thy step— the wild deer's rustling feet
Within thy woods are not more fleet.
Bryant, Oh, Mother of a Mighty Race.
fleets (flet), V. t. [< ME. fleten, skim (milk,
etc.) (= MLG. vloten, LG. af-floten, af-flaten =
Dan. af-fld(1e (af = E. off), skim (milk)), < AS.
flete, fliite, flyte, rarely flet, oream, skimmings,
curds, = Dan. flode, cream, = MLG. vlot, LG.
flat = G.flott, cream, fat or grease floating on
the top, lit. that which floats, < AS. fledtan, E.
fleet\ etc., float: see fleetK^ If. To skim, as
cream from milk.
Fletyn, or skomyn ale, or pottis, or other lycours that
hovytlie, despumo, exspumo. Flete mylke only, dequacco,
exquacco. Prompt. Pan., p. 167.
I flete mylke, I take awaye the creame that lyeth above
it, whan it hath rested. Palsgrave.
fleet
E^mrrer [F.], to Jleet the creame potte.
UollybancTs Treaiurie.
2. Xaut., to skim up fresh water from the sur-
face of (the sea), as practised at the mouth of
the Rhone, of the Nile, etc.
fleet*t (flet), a. [Appar. a particular use of
fleet*, a., moving lightly.] Light; superficially
fruitful ; thin ; not penetrating deep, as soil.
Marl cope ground is a cold, stiff, wet clay, unless where
it is very jleet for pasture. Mortiinery Husbandry.
fleets (flet), adv. [< fleets, a.] In a manner
so as to affect only the surface ; superficially.
Those lands must be plowed /c«<. Mortimer, Husbandry.
fleef (flet), n. A dialectal (Scotch) variant of
fluted
The fiddle and JUet play'd ne'er aae sweet.
Gigkft Lady (Child's Ballads, VIII. 290).
fleet-dike (flet'dik), n. [< fleets + rfifce.] A
dike for preventing inundation, as along the
banks of rivers, etc.
fleeten-facef , ». One whose face is very pale ;
a whey-face ; hence, a coward.
Ono$. Hold you yonr prating.
Can. You know where you are, yon Jleeten-faee.
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, iil. 1.
fleet-foot, fleet-footed (flet'fut, -fut'ed), a. [<
Jleet* + foot.] Swift of foot; running or able
to run with rapidity.
Like a wild bird being tamed with too much handling:.
Or as the lUet/oot roe that's tired with chasing.
Stale., Venns and Adonis, I. 561.
fleeting (fle'ting), i>. a. [Ppr. of fleet\, r.]
Passing rapidly; hastening away; transient;
not durable : as, the fleeting hours or moments.
I will not buy a false and fleeting delight so dear.
B. Jonaon, Love Restored.
Of such a variable and fleeting conscience what hold can
be tak'n t Milton, Eikonoklastes, il.
Some fleeting good that mocks me with the view.
OotdmUth, Traveller, 1. 26.
= 8yil. Tranjritory, etc. See trantient.
fleetingly (fle'ting-li), adv. In a fleeting man-
ner.
fleetingness (fle'ting-nes), «. The character
of being fleeting; transientness ; evanescence.
Morbid, too, were his sense of thefleetingneMiofUfe and
his concern for death.
R. L. Stevenson, Contemporary Rev., LI. 792.
fleetly (flet'li), adv. l< fleet* + -/y2.] In a
fleet manner; rapidly; swiftly.
So fleetly did the stir,
The flower she touch'd on dipt and rose.
And tam'd to look at her.
Trnnyton, Talking Oak.
fleet-milk (flet'milk),n. [< fleets + milk.] Skim-
med milk. [Prov. Eng.]
fleetness (flot'nes), n. [<_/!««(<+ -ne««.] The
quality of being fleet; swiftness; rapidity in
motion; speed.
Bat fame, nnrivall'd in the dusty coane,
Infleetnett far outstrip* the vig'rous horse.
W. L. Leicie, tr. of Statlus's Thebaid, v.
Tasting the raptureii ,^(i)«M
Of her [Truth's] divine completenen.
Lowell, Conun. Ode.
t= Syn. SiriftnetM, SpeeA, etc. See quiekneat.
fleflecnodal (fle-nek'no-dal), a. [ifieftecnode +
-^^l.^ Pertaining to or having a fleflecnode. —
Fleflecnodal plahtt, a tangent plane to a surface, cut.
tiii^' tlif latter in a section having a fieflecnoile at the
p<,iiit of tangency.
fleflecnode (fle-flek'nod), n. [<.fle(mode) + flce-
noile.] A biflecno<le; a node of a plane curve
where both branches have inflections.
fleg^ (fleg), r. Same oiflaii^.
fleg^ (fleg), n. Same aaflay'^.
"In faith.** qno Johnie, "I got sic flegt
Wr their claymores and fllabegs,
U I face them (again), deil break my legs."
^oAnie Cope (Child's Ballads, VII. Z76)l
She's glen me mony a Jirt an' fleg
Sin' 1 could striddle ower a rig.
Burnt, 2<l Epistle to John Lapraik.
fleg- fflog), n. A dialectal variant otfly^.
flegm, flegmatic, etc. See phlegm, etc.
flegme't, «. A corrupt obsolete form otfleam^.
flegme-t, '•• See fleam^, phlegm.
fleicll, r. t. Seefleech.
fleight. An obsolete preterit of /lyl. Chaucer.
flem', ". See/leami.
flem-t, ". See fleam^, phlegm.
fleme^t, "■ (■ See fleem.
fleme^t, «. Seeflcam^.
flement, ". [Ongin unknown.] 1. A tumor of
the ankles. — 2. Chaps of the feet and hands.
flemens-flrthf (fle'raenz-f^rth), n. [A corrupt
])«i'ii4<i-iirr'haicform, repr. the old Law L. form,
flcmenaferth, of AS. flyman fyrmth or flymena
fyrmth, the harboring of a fugitive or fugitives :
flfman, gen., flymena, gen. pt., otfljma, fliema,
2265
flenM, a fugitive (see fleem) ; fyrmth, with equiv.
feorm, harboring, entertainment : see /arwjl.]
1. In oM Eng. law, the offense of harboring a
fugitive, the peualtv attached to which was
one of the rights of the crown. — 2. An asylum
for outlaws.
And ill beseems your rank and birth
To make your towers a fleinens-flrth ;
We claim from thee William of Deloraine
That he may suffer march-treason pain.
Scolt, h. of L. JI., iv. 21.
Fleming (flem'ing), n. [< ME. Flemmynge, <
OD. Vlaemingh, D. Flem. Flaming = MLG.
Vlamink = OHG. Flaming, G. Flaming (whence
ML. Flamingus, Pg. Flamengo, Sp. Flamenco,
F. Flamand); connected with OD. Vlaendere,
T>. Vlaanderen, Flem. Vlaenderen, MLG. Vlan-
der, G. Dan. Sw. Flandern (ML. Flandria,
Flandrica, Pg. Flandres, Sp. Flandes, F. Flan-
dre), Flanders.] A native of Flanders, an an-
cient countship now divided between Belgium,
France, and the Netherlands; specifically, a
member of the Flemish race, nearly allied to
the Dutch both in blood and in language.
I will rather trust a Fleming with my butter . . . than
my wife with herself. Sliak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
Flemish (flem'ish), a. and n. [< ME. Flemmish,
< OD. Flaemsch, D. Tlaamsch, Flem. Vlaemsch
= OFries. Flemsche, Flaemsche = MLG. Flam-
ish, Flamesh = Dan. Flamsk; as Flem-ing +
-«sAl.] I. a. Pertaining or native to Flanders,
or pertaining to its people or their language ;
resembling the Flemings.
What an unweighed behaviour hath thisFtemisA drun-
kard [sir John Falstaffi picked . . . out of my conversa*
tion? SAo*., M. W. of \V., iL 1.
Flemish bond, brick, colL eye, horse, etc. See the
nouns. — Flemish diamonds, in lace-making, lozenge-
shaped Kioiips of liolfs ill tile llllinjjs of lloniton and other
lace: a phrase apptit-d to the pMtlern containing ttiem,
and also to the stitt-li protiucing tlieni.— Flemish polnt-
lace. See itwr#.— Flemish pottery, iiottt-ry made in
those districta which wereincluilt-ii in ancient Flanders, as
Lille and Valenciennes.— Flemish school, the school of
painting formed in Flanders by the brothers Van Eyck at
the commencement of the fifteenth century. I'he chief
early masters were Meraling, Weyden, Matsys, Mabuse,
and Moro. Of those of the second period, Rubens and
Vandyck. Snyders, Jonlaons, Oaspar de Crayt-r. and the
younger 'Teniers take tbe higliest place.— Flemish stitch,
a stitch used for the filling in of some kinds of point-lace.
Compare Flemieh diamondt.
n. ». 1. Collectively, the people of Flanders;
the Flemings. — 2. The language spoken by the
Flemings. The Flemish language is a fonn of that Low
German of which the Dutch is the type. The chief exter-
nal difference between Dutch and Flemish is in the spell-
ing, the spelling of Dutch liaving l>een reformed and sim-
plified in the present century, while Flemish retains in
great part the archaic features of sixteenth-century spell.
Ing.
Flemish (flem'ish ), r. f. [<Flenmh,a.] Tocoil,
as a rope, in a Flemish coil. See coift, n.
flenf, «. A Middle English plural of flea'^.
( liaurcr.
flench (flench), f. t. Same as flense.
flense (flens), v. t. ; pret. and pp. flensed, ppr.
fletuinf. [So. also written flench &nd flinch;
= D. vUn»en, vlemen = G. flensen, < Dan. flense
= Sw. flansa, flense = Norw. flinsa, b\»o flunsa,
slash, cut up.] To cut up and remove the blub-
ber of (a whale). Among American whalers
the process is more commonly called cutting in.
Yon . . . suppose you may cheat a stranger as you would
flinch a whale. Scott, Pirate, 11.
flerdt, »• [ME., also flcerd, < AS. fleard, de-
ceit, folly or superstition, ge-fleard, nonsense ( >
JteardMin, talk nonsense, be deluded), = ODaii.
flerdh, fUer, falsehood, deceit, = Sw. flard,
deceit, artifice, vanity, frivolousness, = Icel.
flardh, deceit, falsehood. Of. flird^^, flird^.]
Deceit; falsehood.
Crist forwerrpethth fals and flard. Ormulum, t 7334.
So was Herodes fox and flerd,
Tho Crist kam into this middelerd.
Bestiary, 1. 452.
flerkt, ''. and n. See flirk:
flest, fleset, n. Middle English spellings ot fleece.
flesh (flesh), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also
fleash; < ME. flesh, fleisch, flesc, flcch, etc.,
often with final s, fles, flehs, fleis, etc., < AS.
fl^c (rarely flm, in glosses, > E. dial, fleck)
= OFries. flcsk,fUisk = OS. flcxc = D. vleesch =
BiLG. vleach, LG. flecsch = OHG. fleisk, MHG.
vleiseh, G. fleisch, flesh. The Scand. forms have
a special sense : Icel. flesk = Sw. fliisk = Dan.
fle-ik, pork, bacon (tho general word for ' flesh '
being Icel. kjiit = Sw. kott = Dan. kjiid) ; so E.
meat, orig. ' food,' now ' flesh food,' tends in
some localities to a special sense, 'beef or
' pork,' as the case may be. Connections un-
kiiown. The Goth, words for 'flesh' were leik
flesh
(lit. body: see like^), mimz.] I. n. 1. A sub-
stance forming a large part of an animal body,
consisting of the softer solids which constitute
muscle and fat, as distinguished from the bones,
the skin, the membranes, and the fluids ; in the
most restricted sense, muscular tissue alone.
Flesh or muscle is composed of muscle-fibers bound to-
gether by connective tissue and made into distinct masses
of definite function — the various muscles. Togetherwith
this are the requisite blood-vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
Chemically, the composition of connective and nervous tis-
sue is here ^--hat it is elsewhere. The muscle-fiber itself
contains (or readily furnishes) myosin, serum albumin or
a closely related body, a globulin called myoglobulin,
creatine, and small quantities of camin, xanthine, hypo-
xanthine, taurin. etc. The red muscle contains, besides
hemoglobin, an allied pigment called histohematin. Potas-
siom salts and phosphates form 80 per cent, of the ash.
But flessh to flessh and skyn to skyn is doo.
PaUadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 104.
A spirit hath not flesh and bones. Lake zxiv. 39.
My beauty as the spring doth yearly grow,
iiyfleah is soft and plump.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 142.
2. Animal food, in distinction from vegetable ;
in the most restricted sense, the substance of
beasts and fowls used as food, as distinguished
from fish.
In the Lond of Palestyne and in the Lond of Egypt thei
eten but lytille or non of Flessche ot Veel or of Beef, but
he be so old that he may no more travayle for elde ; for
it is forbode. MandevUle, Travels, p. 72.
Eten children and men, and eten non ot\\eT fleisehe from
that tyme that thei ben achamed with mannes yf«wcA.
Quoted in William of Palenie (E. E. T. S.), Notes, p. xxix.
In the week are five days accustomably served with flesh.
Privy Council (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 304).
3. The body, as distinguished from the soul ;
the corporeal person.
Almigty god, mercy I craue.
Now lete my flesche my synnis able !
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 89.
The Apostle . . . knew right well that the weariness of
the flesh is an heavy clog to the will.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, 1. 7.
As if this flesh, which walls about our life,
Were brass impregnable. Shak., Rich. 11., ill. 2.
4. Man, or the human race ; mankind ; human-
ity.
Why will hereafter anie flesh delight
in earthlie blis, and joy in pleasures vaine?
Spenser, Ruins of Time, 1. 5*27.
KM flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.
Gen. vi. 12,
She was fairest of all flesh on earth,
Guinev«re. Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
6. Man's animal or physical nature, as distin-
guished from or opposed to his moral or spirit-
ual nature; the body as the seat of appetite:
a Biblical use: as, to mortify tho flesh.
Ye Judge after the flesh. John viii. 15.
The flesh lusteth against the .Spirit. Gal. v. 17.
Grant that he [this child] may have power and strength
to have victory and to triumph, against the devil, the
world, and the flesh.
Book oj Common Prayer, Public Baptism of Infants.
Satan is their guide, the flesh is their instructor.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 632.
Are there none in whom the spirit has conquered the
flesht Channing, Perfect Life, p. 115.
6. Kindred; stock; family; near relative or
relatives. [Archaic]
He is our brother and oar flesh. Gen. xxxvil. 27.
7. In bot., the soft cellular or pulpy substance
of a fruit or vegetable, as distinguished from
the kernel or core, skin, shell, etc — An arm of
flesh, in Scrip., human strength or aid.
With him [the king of Assyria] is an arm of flesh; but
with us is the Lord our God to help us, and to fight our
battles. 2 Chron. xxxii. 8.
Black in the flesh. See Uaei;.— Flesh and blood.
See WfKxf. — Proud flesh, a protuberance fonned by the
overgrowth of the Kninulations of a wound in process of
repair.— To be In flesh, to be fat.
Buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Shak., R. and J., v. 1.
To be In the flesh, (a) To be alive, (d) In Scrip., to
l;e under the control of the animal nature : opposed to
spiritual.
WTien we uvre in the flesh, the motions of sins, which
were by the law, did work in our members to bring forth
fruit unto death. Rom, vii. 6.
To be neither flsh, flesh, nor fowl. See;i«Ai.— To be
one flesh, to be closely united, as in marriage.
Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother,
and shall cleave unto his wife : and they shall be one flesh.
Gen. ii. 24.
n. a. Consisting of animal substance not
fish : as, a flesh diet.
flesh (flesh), V. t. [< flesh, n. In the fig. use
corrupted to flush : see flush*.] 1. To feed full
with flesh, and hence with fleshly enjoyments,
spoil, etc.
The kindred of him hath been flesh'd upon us.
Shak., Hen. V., U. 4.
flesh
Vicious persons, when they're hot, ami fieshed
In impious acts, their constancy abounds.
B. Joiiton, Volpone, iv. 2.
He that is most Jletk'd in sin, commits it not without
some remorse. Hales, Gi>lden Remains, p. 165.
Her slow dogs of war,
FU»he\i with the chase, come up from Italy,
And Itowl upon their limits. Shelley, Hellas.
2. To encourage by giving flesh to ; initiate to
the taste of flesh : with reference to the prac-
tice of training hawks and dogs by feeding them
with the first game they take, or other flesli ;
hence, to introduce or incite to battle or car-
nage.
Full bravely hast tliou Jlegh'd
Thy maiden sword. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 4.
To breed a mongrel up, in his own house,
With his own blood, andj if the good gods please.
At his own Xiivo&t jUnh him to take a leap.
B. Joiison, Sejanus, iv. 5.
Fleshed at these smaller sports, like young wolves, they
grew up in time to be nimble and strong enough for hunt-
ing down large game. Simft, Tale of a Tub, iii.
3. In leather-manuf., to remove flesh, fat, and
loose membrane from the flesh side of, as skins
and hides.
One man can, it is claimed, fieih or slate about six hun-
dred goat skins per day of ten hours.
C. T. Davit, Leather, p. 333.
The hides will be very difficult to Jiesh, unless previously
plumped by a light liming.
Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 370.
4. To clothe with flesh ; make fleshy.
Never are wee without two or three [deer] in the roof.
Very well jleshed, and excellent fat.
King and MiUer o/ Mansfield (Child's Ballads, VIII. 37).
Flesh me with gold, fat me with silver.
Middteton, Spanish Gypsy, iv. 3.
This bare sceleton of time, place, and person must be
Jleshed with some pleasant passages. Fuller, Worthies, i.
flesh-az (flesh'aks), n. A butchers' cleaver.
JTright.
flesh-broth (flesh'brdth), n. Broth made by
boiling flesh in water.
flesh-brush (flesh'brush), «. A brush designed
for rubbing the surface of the body to excite
action in it by friction.
flesh-clogged (flesh'klogd), a. Encumbered
with flesh. [Rare.]
flesh-color (flesh'kul'or), n. The normal color
of the skin of a white person ; pale carnation
or pinkish; the color of the cheek of a healthy
white chila.
The term fiesh color is more properly rendered skin color,
since it is evidently intended to indicate the color of
healthy skin, or the color of muscle as seen through skin.
O'Neill, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 227.
flesh-colored (flesh'kul"ord), a. Of the normal
color of the skin of a white person.
flesh-cro'vr (flesh'kro), ». The carrion-crow,
Corvus corone.
flesher (flesh '6r), ». [Also in Se. formerly
fleshour, fleschour (= G. fleischer) ; < flesh +
-erl. In ME. repr. hy flesh-hewere, q. v. Cf.
fliisher.'] 1. A butcher. [Chiefly Scotch.]
Na fleshour sail slay ony beast, or sell flesh, in time of
nicht. Sir J. Balfour, Pract. Leg. Burg. , p. 72.
Hard by a, flesher on a block had laid his whittle down.
Macavlay, Virginius.
2t. An executioner. [Scotch.]
The pepill had na litill indignacioun that this Marcius
suld rise sa haistelie to be thair new fleschour and skur-
geare, or to have ony power of life or deith abone thame.
Bellenden, tr. of Livy, p. 160.
3. In leather-manuf., one who fleshes hides. —
4. A tool used to flesh hides.
The spring pating flashers measure about seventeen
inches between the handles. C. T, Davis, Leather, p. 309.
flesh-flea (flesh'fle), n. The chigoe, Sarcopsylla
penetrans. J. O. Westwood.
flesh-fly (flesh'fli), TO. [< ME. flescheflie, fleisch-
flie; i flesh + fly^.^ The common name of a
group of exclusively carnivorous dipterous in-
Sarraceiiia Flesh-fly ^Sarcophaga sarracenia).
a, larva ; d, pupa ; c, fly (lines show natural sizes] ; d, head and
prothoracic joints of larva, showinfr curved hooks, lower lip (more
enlarged at g), and prothoracic spiracles : e, end of body of larva,
showinj; stifmata (more enlarged at/*), prolegs, and vent ; k, tarsal
claws of fly with protecting pads ; i, antenna of fly : all enlarged.
sects, the blow-flies, such as those of the genus
Sarcophaga. The fly lays her eggs, or living larvse
2266
which have hatched in the oviduct, on animal matter
(usually dead), and the larvie or maggots quickly grow to
full size, the round of life being very rapid. They crawl
away to pupate, preferably under ground. S. sarraceaitv
(Riley)is a variety of .S. camaria (Linneeus), acosmopolitan
species and general scavenger. The larva of this variety
feeds on the dead insects caught in the leaves of pitcher-
plants.
I am, in my condition,
A prince, . . . and would no more endure
This wooden slavery, than to suffer
'Vh'i flesh-fly blow my mouth.
Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
Blue flesh-fly. Same as bluebottle, 2.
flesh-fork (flesh 'fork), n. A fork for trying
meat and taking it from a boiler in cookiug.
[Rare.]
fleshful (flesh'fvd), a. [< flesh + -ful.'\ Fat;
plump ; abounding in flesh.
flesh-hewert, »• \}i.^.flesch-hewere = V>. vleesch-
hoiiwer = MLG. vleschhouwer, LG. vlesch howere.
Cf. flesher.~\ A butcher.
fleshhood(flesh'hud),«. [< flesh + -hood.'i The
state of being in the flesh, or of being subject
to the iUs of the flesh ; incarnation.
Thou, who hast thyself
Endured this fleshhood. Mrv. Browning.
flesh-hook (flesh 'huk), TO. [< ME. fleshhok,
fleshok, fleischhok (= D. vleeschhaaJc) ; < flesh +
hool\'\ 1. A hook used in handling large pieces
of meat, as in pulling them from a pot, caldron,
or barrel.
They plead that God in the Law would have nothing
brought into the temple, neither besoms nor fleshhookft,
nor trimipets, but those only which were sanctified.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 20.
When any man offered sacrifice, the priest's servant
came, while the flesh was in seething, with afleshhook of
three teeth in his hand ; and he struck it into the pan ; . . .
all that the fleshhook brought up the priest took for him-
self. 1 Sam. ii. 13, 14.
2. A hook on which to hang meat. — 3. Inlier.,
a bearing representing a sharp-pointed hook,
or more usually three hooks emerging from the
same stem.
flesh-hoop (flesh'hop), TO. In a drum, the hoop
upon which the skin constituting the head is
stretched.
fleshiness (flesh'i-nes), TO. [< fleshy + -ness.'i
The state of being fleshy ; plumpness ; corpu-
lence; grossness.
The bodye where heate and moysture haue souerayntie
is called sanguine, wherin the ayre hath preeminence ;
and it is perceyued and knowen by these sygnes which do
folowe, carnositie or fleshynesse, etc.
Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, i.
fleshing-knife (flesh'ing-nif), to. Same as flesh-
knife.
When [the skins] come to the last dressing they are
rinsed and scraped over with the fleshing knife.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 300.
fleshings (flesh'ingz), n.pl. [_< flesh + -ingl.'i
1 . A close-fitting flesh-colored garment or dress
for the whole body or a large part of it, intended
to represent the natural skin and to give the
wearer the appearance of being unclothed: used
on the stage: as, silk fleshings ; a suit oi flesh-
ings.
" Now, Mrs. Sleeve, mind and be very particular with
the fleshings." And all the ladies who had assisted at the
purification of John Gay went to get themselves measured
for silk flesh-coloured leggings and blue satin slips for a
piece of mythology. D. Jerrold, Jack Rnnnymede.
2. In leather-manuf., the substance scraped
from hides in the operation of removing the
flesh from them.
The fleshings are pressed into cakes, and sold for making
glue, as are all such portions of the hide or skin as cannot
be conveniently worked. lire. Diet., III. 83.
flesh-juice (flesh'jos), n. An acid liquid which
may be separated by pressing the flesh of ani-
mals of the higher orders. See flesh.
flesh-knife (flesh'nif), to. In tanning, a blunt-
edged convex knife with two handles used in
scraping the hair, loose flesh, etc., from the
hides ; a flesher. Also fleshing-knife.
fleshless (flesh'les), a. l< flesh + -less.'] Desti-
tute of flesh ; wanting in flesh ; lean.
To throw a dart at the fleshless figure of death.
0. W. Holmes, The Atlantic, LX. 119.
fleshliness (flesh'li-nes), TO. [< M.E.fleschlynesse,
carnality, < AS. flcesclicnes, only in sense of in-
carnation, <^^cKo, fleshly: see fleshly, a.] The
state of being fleshly ; carnal passions and ap-
petites.
Sinne and fleshlines bring forth sectes and heresies.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 81.
fleshlingf (flesh'ling), TO. [< flssh + -ling^.] A
person devoted to carnal things.
Their entente was to set forthe the justice of God, which
is to rewarde the spiritual], his electe, with the blessynges
flesh-tint
promised : and the fleshlynges, the reprobate, with the
plagues thret'ned.
Confutation of N. Shaxton (1546), sig. L, 5.
fleshly (flesh'li), a. [< ME. fleschly, fleschliche,
etc., < AS. flwscHc (= OFries. fldsklik = D.
vleeschelijk = MLG. vlesehlik, vUsUk = OHG.
fleisclich, MHG. fleischelich, vleischlich, G.
fleischlich), < flwsc, flesh, + -lie, E. -lyl.] 1.
Pertaining to the flesh or body in its physical
relations; corporeal.
In the body of this fleshly land (his own person].
This kingdom, this confine of blood and breath.
Hostility and civil tumult reigns
Between my conscience and my cousin's death.
Shak., K. John, iv. 2.
Ministerial responsibility comes between the monarch
and every public trial and necessity, like armor between
fiesh and the spear that would seek 1^> pierce it ; only this
is ah ai-mor itself ii\so fleshly, at once living and impregna-
ble. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 169.
2. Pertaining to the flesh or body as the seat
of appetite ; carnal ; not spiritual or divine ; in
an extreme sense, lascivious.
Ne from thenceforth doth any fleshly sense.
Or idle thought of earthly things, remaine.
Spenser, Hymn of Heavenly Beauty.
Not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God, we
have had our conversation in the world, and more abun-
dantly to you-ward. 2 Cor. i. 12.
Abstain from fleshly lusts. 1 Pet. it 11.
This fleshly lord, he doted on my wife.
Dekker and Webster, Westward Ho, iv. 2.
3. Animal ; not vegetable.
'lis then for nought that mother earth provides
The stores of all she shows, and all she hides.
If men with fleshly morsels must be fed.
And chaw with bloody teeth the breathing bread.
Dryden.
fleshly (flesh'li), adv. [< ME. fleschly; < flesh
+ -ly^.] Carnally ; lasciviously. Chaucer.
fleshly-minded (flesh'li-min''ded), a. Addict-
ed to worldly or sensual pleasures.
flesh-meat (flesh'met), n. [ME. not found;
AS. flcescmete, flesh food, iflwsc, flesh, -f- mete,
food, meat.] Animal food ; the flesh of ani-
mals prepared or used for food: distinguished
from fish.
fleshmentt (flesh 'ment), TO. [< fl£sh, v., +
-ment.'] The act of fleshing; excitement from
a successful attack.
And, in the fleshment of this dread exploit.
Drew on me here again. Shak., Lear, u. 2.
fleshmonger (flesh'mung"ger), TO. [< ME. fleshe-
mongere, < AS. flascmangere (= MLG. vleseh-
menger), <fl^sc, flesh, -I- mangere, monger.] 1.
One who deals in flesh as food.
The vsage of fleshemongeres ys swych, that enerychfleshe-
mongere, out of fraunchyse, that haldeth stal, shal [pay]
to the kyuge of custom fyue and twenty pans by the gere.
English GUds (E. E. T. S.), p. 364.
2t. A procurer; a pimp. [Slang.]
Was the duke & flesh-monger, a fool, and a coward, as
you then reported him? Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
fleshpot (flesh 'pot), TO. [= D. vleeschpot.'] 1.
A vessel in which flesh is cooked.
Would to God we had died by the hand of the Lord in
the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, and when
we did eat bread to the full. Ex. xvi. 3.
Hence (in allusion to the passage above quoted)
— 2. Food ; also, the indulgence of animal ap-
petites.
But we, alas, the Flesh-pots love.
We love the very Leeks, and sordid Roots below.
Cowley, Pindaric Odes, xiv. 1.
3. In her., a bearing representing a three-leg-
ged iron pot, usually, though not always, de-
picted sable.
fleshquaket (flesh'kwak), ». [< flesh + quake;
in imitation of earthquake.] A trembling of
the flesh.
They may, blood-shaken then.
Feel such a flesh-quake to possess their powers
As they shall cry like ours. B. Jonson, Ode to Himself.
flesh-red (flesh'red), TO. and a. I. n. The red
color of flesh or muscle.
The S[truthio] camelus has the exposed surfaces of the
head, neck, thighs, and legs of a flesh-red.
Smithsonian RepoH (1883), p. 732.
n. a. Resembling more or less closely the
red color of flesh or muscle : as, a flesh-red
variety of feldspar.
flesh-spicule (flesh'spik"Til), TO. In sponges, a
spicule not forming part of the supporting skel-
eton.
flesh-tint (flesh'tint), TO. In painting, etc., a
color which represents the natural color of the
human body.
To Infuse into the counterfeit countenance of 5!iss Nlck-
leby a bright aa.\vaon flesh-tint which she [the artist] had
originally hit upon while executing the miniature of a
young officer. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, i.
flesh-tooth
flesh-tooth (flesU'toth), «. One of the sectorial
or carnassial teeth of the typical carnivorous
mammals.
flesh-worm (flesh'werm), «. [Earlymod. E.also
Jtfajihcworni, < ME. 'fleschicorm, < AS. JUesc-
tcyrm, < flasc, flesh, -I- tcyrm, worm.] 1. A
worm that burrows in and feeds on flesh ; the
maggot of the flesh-fly and other dipterous in-
sects: sometimes used figuratively. See cut
VLiideT flegh-fly.
Our wantons, and jteaghe-icormeg, for so it liketh you to
cal them, haue benne contented to forsake fathers, mo-
thers, wiues, chQdren, goodes, and liuings. <fe meekely to
submit themseluea to the extreme terrour of al your cruel-
ties, and to yelde theire IXMiies vnto the deathe ; to be
sterued for hunger, and to be burnte in fiere, onely for
the name and Gospel of Jesus Christe.
Bp. Jewell, Def. of .•Vpologie, p. 335.
2. The spiral threadworm or trichina, Trichi-
na gjiiralis.
flesh-wound (flesh'wond), n. A wound which
does not extend beyond the flesh; a slight
wound.
fleshy (flesh'i), a. [< ME. fleschy (= D. rlee-
zig (for 'deeschu/) = MLG. vleschich = MHGr.
vleigchec, G. fleisckig = Sw. fldskig) ; < flesh +
-yl.] 1. Consisting of flesh; composed of
muscle, etc., as distinguished from harder sub-
stance; hence, pertaining to the physical as
opposed to the moral nature.
The sole of his foot is yIeMy. Bay.
The squirrel had got into my coat pocket. As I endea-
voured to remove him from his burrow, he made his teeth
meet through the Jleshy part of my fore finger.
SUeU, Tatler, No. 266.
Neither could they make to themaelTes fleahy hearts
for stony. Ecclus. xvii. 16.
He, sovran Priest, stooping hi* regal head, . . .
VooT flethy tal>emacle entered.
MiUan, Paoioii, L IS.
2. FMill of flesh; plump; fat; corpulent: as, a
fleshy man.
Galley-slaves are fat and/<Mie, because they stirre the
limb* more and the inward putt leaa.
Baem, Nat. HUt, 1 877.
Flethy, in the sense of stent, may claim Ben Jonson's
warrant. LcnceU, Biglow Papers, Int.
3. Like flesh, (a) .Soft; without hard integument:
as, a ,/Ie«Af/ process, etc. (b) In /«<(., succulent; composed
of juicy, cellular tissue.— Fleshy leaf, a leaf which is
thick and juicy, as that of the houselcek.
flet^t, "• [ME. flet, the floor of a house, a house,
(.AH.flet,fleti, the ground, the floor of a house,
a house, = OFries.flet, a house, = OH.flrLfletti,
the floor of a house, a house, hall, = MLG. vlet,
viette, LG.y!e<, an upper bedroom, = OQQ.flezzi,
MHG. vletze, a floor, a level, G. fteU:,fl6U, a set
of rooms or benches, a house, orig. a flat or
level surface, < OHG. flaz = Icel. flatr = Sw.
flat; but the adj. does not appear except in
OHO. and Scand. (whence in E.): see/Ia(t, a.
and ti.,andcf.ylat3.] 1. Floor; bottom; lower
surface.
Thi heme also be playne, and harde the/sft«,
And footes two to thicke it thou ne lette.
PaOadiiu, Hnabondrie (K. R. T. 8.X p. 18.
2. A house ; home.
I fnetered 300 on mi /let for sotbe, as me thlnketh,
A seide ge were my aone seuen 3er and more.
Waiiam of PaUme (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 5388.
flet^ (flet), a. [E. dial, or obs. pp. otfleefi, q. v.]
Skimmed : as, flet milk.
flet^Cflet), n. [Also written /leaf; perhaps an-
other form of ^aA'2, flake^, a hurdle.] A mat of
plaited straw for protecting a horse's back from
injury by a load. Simmonds.
fletchlf (flech), r. ». [ME. flecchen, < OP. flechir,
F. flSchir = I*r. flechir, bend, give way, vield, <
h.fleclere,hend: aeeflex^. Ct.flineh^.J togive
way; yield; flinch.
That he ne Jleeckedt for ne fere.
The 11,000 rirgini, L lSS(Early Eng. Poems,
[ed. FnmivaU, p. 68).
Soar vergeous schal make the denel a-drad.
For he fieeekeih fro godea spooa.
Boty Rood (E. E. T. 8.X P- 137.
fletch^ (flech), c. /. [Formed from fletcher.']
To feather, as an arrow.
Thy darts are healthful good, and downwards fall,
80ft a* the feathers that OiefnfieteKd withall.
Cowley, Davideia, it
Leave, wanton Muse, thy roving flight ;
To thy loud .String the well-JSeteh'd Arrow put.
Cotkey, Pindaric Odes, i. 10.
fletch^ (flech), r. t. [y&r.otflitch.'i To cut, as
fish, in strips, clear of bone, in order to prepare
it for drying and smoking : chiefly in the past
participle : as, fletcheii halibut.
fletcher (flech'Ar), ». [< ME. fletcher, flecchere,
flecchour, < OF.fleehier, an arrow-maker, < OF.
2267
fl^che, F. fleche, dial, fliche (= Pr. fl^cha = Sp.
flecha, OSp. frecha = Pg. freeha = It. freccia,
oba.fli^ca, dial. /ri^jn), an arrow, < MS. flitse,
D. flitji = MLG. flitze, flitsche, an arrow, javelin
(whence also G. flitz, in cotnp. flitzpfeil, an ar-
row ; G.flitzboge, < D.flitsboog = Van.flitjibue, a
bow) ; ef . MD. flitsen, fly forth, fly away, flee.
Hence the surname Fletcher.'] One who fletehes
arrows ; an arrow-maker ; a maker of bows and
arrows.
It is vuseemly for the Painter to feather a shafte, or the
Fletcher to handle the pencill.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat of Wit, p. 203.
It is commended by our fietchers for bows, next unto
yew. Mortimer, Husbandry.
fietet, ''. and n. A Middle English form of fleet.
flether (fle^n'fer), v. i. [Sc, < Icel. fladhra,
fawn, flatter: see ^tter2.] To flatter.
Expect na. Sir, in this narration,
A ifeeching, jieth'rin dedication.
Bums, Dedication to Gavin Hamilton.
fletiferonst (fle-tif'e-ms), a. [< LL. fletifer,
weeping, dripping, '<C li. fletus, weeping, tears,
-1- ferre = E. 6earf.] Causing weeping. Bailey,
1731.
flettermouset, n. Same as flittermouse.
fletwitet, n. [Skinner gives "flettcit velfledicit,"
a fine imposed on outlaws and fugitives on
coming to the peace of the king, as if a corrupt
form of an AS. ''flyht-mte,<.*flyht, flight, fleeing,
+ v)ite, a fine ; but AS.'flyht, a fleeing, does not
occur (see flight^). The form, if correct, would
represent an AS. "fleticite, lit. a 'house-fine,' <
flet, a house, floor (see fletl.flat^), + wite, a fine.
The precise application is not clear, on account
of a lack of early authority.] In old Eng. law, a
discharge from penalties, where a person, hav-
ing been a fugitive, came to the peace of the
king of his Own accord, or with license. See
the etymology.
fletz (nets), n. [< G. flotz, earlier Jlefcr, a layer,
a stratum, < MHG. vletze, a floor, a level, OHG.
flezzi = OS. fletti, flet = AS. flet, flett, a floor,
etc. : see /efi.] Originally, a bed or stratum ;
hence, as employed by Werner, a layer or bed
inclosed conformably in a stratified series,
but differing in character from the rocks in
which it occurs. The JUiUgelnrge, or fletz formation,
was distinguished from the primary, in that the latter
contained veins and masses of ore, but no interstratifled
deposits (Jlotze), soch as coal or iron ore. The word has
been much lueo from the days of Agricola down to those
of Werner and his disciples, and occurs occasionally in
"Id peological books written in English.
fleuk, «. A Scotch form of fluke^.
fleor de coin (flf r d6 kwan). [F. : fleur, flower,
bloom; «fe, of; coin, die: Bee flower, de^, coin^.']
In numismatical descriptions, noting a coin in
the highest state of preservation, and practi-
cally as fresh as when it left the mint.
flenr-de-lis (tt6r-d6-le'), »•; pi. fleurs-de-lis
(fl6r-d6-le'). [Formerly also fleur-de-lys; F.
fleur de lis, flow-
er of the lily:
see flower and
my. In E. half-
translated, flow-
er-de-lis, flower-
de-iuee, q. v.]
1. In her., a
bearing as to
the origin of
which there is
much dispute,
some autnori-
ties maintain-
ing that it represents the lily, others that it rep-
resents the head of a lance or some such war-
like weapon. TI.c fleur-de-lis has long been the dis-
tinctive bearing of the royal family of France, It is borne
on some coats one, on others three, on others five, and on
some temit, or spread all over the escutcheon in indeter-
minate number.
2. In bot., the iris: commonly called flowtr-
de4uce.
O'er her tall blades the crested Jtettr-dt^ts,
Like blue-eyed Pallas, towers erect and free.
O. W. HotiMi, Spring.
Dutch fleur-de-lis, in her., a fleur-de-lis of peculiar
form used l>y some continental heralds, in which the part
below the cross-liar rt-peats exactly or nearly the part
above. — Flenr-de-liB couped, in A«r., a fleur-de-lis from
which the parts I>elow tlle rross-liar have t»een removed.
The cross-bar itself is sometimes complete anti sometimes
ilividetl horizontally in the middle. — Fleur-de-lla Of
three lilies, in tier., a t)earinK consisting of tliree l>ell-
shaped flowers with tiieir stalks arrani;ecl so as to form a
figure resembling the conventional ttcnr-df-Iis. Also called
/fetir-(f<-/wo/^/*r*'^(Wi7>*.— Fleur-de-lis seeded, in tier.,
the more decorative form of fleur-de-lis, In which two
stems ending in bnncbes of fruits or seeds are interposed
between the central and the side leave*.
Various (orau of tile FIeur.de.Iis.
flexed
fleuret (flo'ret), n. [< V. fleuret, dim. of fleur,
flower: see flower, flowret, floret.'] 1. A flow-
eret or little flower.
Tlie fruit [is to be] spread on sawdust, and so arranged
that the Jleurets, or blossom ends, may look downwards.
Alcott, Tableta, p. 22.
The shape of the Jleurets of the obverse [of a coin] had
been borrowed from the linga pattern.
Numis. Chron., 3d ser., I. 345.
2. A light foil used in fencing-schools ; hence,
by extension, the small-sword or modem duel-
ing-sword.
fleuron (F. pron. flfe-ron'), «. [F., a flower,
jewel, gem, < flsur, flower : see flower.'] In or-
namental art, a conventional flower or a small
object, as one link or member of a bracelet,
necklace, or the like, which has a somewhat
floral shape.
These latter [mohurs] l>ore (obverse) a Nepalese emblem
surrtmnded by eight yte«ron« containing the eight sacred
Buddhist jewels. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 498.
fleuronnS (F. pron/ fl6-ro-na'), a. [F., < flett-
ron, q. v.] In her., ending in buds or rounded
leaves : same as bottony.
flenrs de garance (F. pron. fl^r d6 ga-rons').
[F. : fleurs, pi. of fleur, flower ; de, of ; garUnce,
madder.] Madder-roots exposed to the action
of water for a day or two, and afterward dried.
Also called flowers of madder, refined madder,
maddfr-bloom. [Rare.]
fleurs-de-lis, «. Plural oi fleur-de-lis.
fleur-volant (F. pron. fl^r-vo-lon'), n. ; pi.
fleur.i^olants (fl6r-vo-lon'). [F.: fleur, flower;
volant, flying: see flower and volant.] In lace-
making, a part of a pattern in some varieties of
lace which is in high relief. The different kinds of
fleurs-volants are known as couronnee, loops, knots, and
spiling. See these words.
fleury (flo'ri), a. [< F. fleure, flowered, < fleur,
flower: see ^oirer.] In her., decorated with a
fleur-de-lis, or with the upper part of the flower
only — that is, with the cross-bar and the three
large leaves that rise above it, with or without
the seed-stems. Also flory, flurry, floretty, a,ad '
flourished.
A cross /e<irt« is a cross with fleurs-de-lis issuing from
the limbs ; liut a cross fleurett^e may be intended. They
are almost identical.
Booke o/Preeedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), p. 115.
Cross fleury. .Seerro«xi.
fleury-counter-fleury (flS'ri-koun'tfer-flO'ri), a.
In her., fleury on both sides. It is generally repre-
sented with the up|)er part of the fletir-de-lis emerj;ing on
one side with the lower part opposite, as if the fleur-de-
lis had l>een cut in halves and separated by the width of
the bearing. When a Ix'nd, liar, or the like is so repre-
sented, a niimlier of fleurs-de-lis are used, which are gen-
erally alternated, the lame upper part showing first on
one side and then on the other.
flewl (flo). Preterit of ^^^1.
flew''^, n. See flue^.
flew-*, a. See flue*.
flewea (flod), a. [< flews + -ed2.] Having a
large chop ; deep-mouthed : said of dogs.
When a hound is fleet, t&lrejlewd, and well hangd.
LUly, Mydas (ed. 1632), sig. X, xi. (HaUiwelt.)
My honnds are bred out of the Spartan kind.
So IfetT'd, so sanded ; and their heads are hung
With ears that sweep away the morning dew.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
flewit (flo'it), n. [Sc, also writteTi flewet, fluet ;
origin unknown.] A smart blow, especially on
the ear.
I'd rather suffer for my fant
A hearty yiewif. Bums.
flewk, «. See^tt^i.
flews (fl8z),n.»?. [Origin unknown.] The large
chop or overnanging lip of the upper jaw of
some dogs, as of deep-mouthed hounds.
flex^ (fleks), V. t. [< L. flems, pp. of flectere,
bend, bow, curve, turn round. Ct. fleeted, fletchl,
etc.] To bend; make a flexure of: specifical-
ly said in anatomy of the action of any flexor
muscle.
The slight power ot flexing the ankle. joint.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 270.
When the abdomen It flexed, the spines of the peculiar
telson are placed in such a position as to give additional
protection, lieing thus directed forwards. Science, III. 614.
flex^t, n. An obsolete variant of /aa:. Chaucer.
flexanimous (flek-san'i-mus), a. [< Jj. flexani-
mus, that bends or sways the heart, < flexus,
g). of flectere, bend, + animus, mind, heart.]
aving power to bend or change the mind.
[Bare.]
1 felt my Heart melting within my Breast, and my
Tlioughts transported to a true Elysium all the while,
tliere were such flexanimous strong ravishing Strains
throUKhout it. Ilotvell, Letters, I. v. 12.
flexed (flekst), j>. a. 1. Bent: as, a limb in a
flexed position. — 2. Specifically, in her., said
flexed
of an arm, a leg, or other bearing, bent natu-
rallv. Also fltct, flcetan t, fleeted.
flezi\>ility (flek-si-bil'i-ti), «. [= F. flexibilite
= Pr.flexibilitat=Sp.flexibilidad = Pg.flexibili-
dade = It. flessihilito. flessibilitade, flcsnihilitaie,
< IAj. flexibilita(,t-)s, < L. flexibiHs, flexible : see
Jlexible.'\ The quality of being flexible, in any
sense; pliancy; flexibleness.
Tlie autbority of the teachers, the flexibility of the
taught. Hammond, Worka, II. 664.
Adaptation to any special climate may be looked at as
a quality readily grafted on an innate wide flexibility of
constitution, common to most animals.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 145.
Some fiexibUity has in fact become indispensable to
keep the services true to the conscience aiid close to the
affections of a modern congregation.
Cimtemporary Rev., L, 23.
flexible (flek'si-bl), a. [= F. flexible = Sp. flexi-
ble = Pg. flexivel = It. flessibile, < L. flexibilis,
that may be bent, pliant, flexible, < flexus, pp.
otflectere, bend: see flex^.] 1. Capable of be-
ing bent or changed in figure without breaking ;
specifically, not stiff ; pliant ; easily bent : as,
a flexible rod ; a flexible plant.
Supple and flexible as Indian cane.
Coioper, Hope, 1. 602.
The true school of art will begin its training in youth,
while the hand is flexible and the ways of thought un-
formed. Xew Princeton Hev., II. 36.
2. Capable of yielding to entreaties, argu-
ments, or other moral force ; that may be per-
suaded to compliance ; not invincibly rigid or
obstinate; not inexorable; ductile; manage-
able; tractable.
Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible.
SAat.,SHen. VI.,i. 4.
Mutable, subiect to temptation, and each way flexible
to vertue or vice. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 24.
Thou dost not know the flexible condition
Of my apt nature. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iii. 2.
Nor was he flexible to any prayers or weeping of them
that besought him to tarry there. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
3. That may be adapted or accommodated;
capable of receiving different forms, or of be-
ing applied to a variety of uses ; plastic : as, a
flexible language ; a flexible text.
This was a principle more flexible to their purpose.
Rogers.
We do not apprehend that it is a \q^5 flexible cant than
those which have preceded it, or that it will less easily
furnish a pretext for any design for which a pretext may
be required. Macaulay, West. Rev. Def. of Mill.
4. In miisie, able to execute or perform with
rapidity: particularly used of the voice — Flex-
ible case. See iimp ca«e, under cosfiS. — Flexible cou-
pling, frame, etc. See the nouns. =Syn. Pliable, sup-
ple, lirnher, lithe, facile, adaptable.
flexibleness (flek'si-bl-nes), n. The condition
or quality of being flexible; flexibility; plia-
bleness ; 4ictility ; manageableness ; tractable-
ness.
The flexibleness of the former part of a man's age, not
yet growu up to be headstrong, makes it more governal)le.
Locke.
flexibly (flek'si-bli), adv. In a flexible manner.
flexicostate (flek-si-kos'tat), a. [< It. flexus, pp.
otflectere, bend, + costa, a rib: see costate.']
Having the ribs bent or curved. [Rare.]
flexile (flek'sil), a. [= Pg. flexil (obs.), < L.
flcxilis, that may be bent, jjliant, (.flexus, pp. of
flectcre,henA see^xl.] Flexible ; pliant ; pli-
able ; mobile ; easily bent ; readily yielding to
power, impulse, or moral force.
And she has flexile features, acting eyes.
And seems with every look to sympathise.
Crabbe, Works, V. 57.
A remarkable point about her [Margaret Fuller] was
that long, flexile neck, arching and undulating in strange
sinuous movements, which one who loved her would com-
pare to those of a swan.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 242.
flexiloCLUentt (flek-sil'o-kwent), a. [< LL.
flexiloquus, ambiguous, equivocal, < L. flexus,
pp. of flectere, bend, + loqui, ppr. loquen(t-)s,
speak.] Speaking doubtfully or doubly. Coles.
flexion, flexional, etc. See flection, etc.
flexor I flek'sor),)!.; pl._^cror«and^exor<'.?(-sorz,
flek-so'rez). [= Pg. flexor = It. flessore, < S^L.
flexor, a bender, < L. flectere, pp. flexus, bend :
see flex'^.l In anat., a muscle whose function
is to bend or produce flexion: opposed to ex-
tensor. See flection, 5. Also, improperly, _^cc-
tor — Flexor acceBsorlus, a muscle of the sole of the
foot, accessory to the flexor longus digitornm. — Flexor
brevls dlgitorum, a short muscle of the sole of the
foot, bending the toes.— Flexor brevls minimi dlgitl.
(a) A sliort muscle of the sole of the foot, bending the lit-
tletoe. (&) Ashortmuscleof the palmof the hand, bending
the little finger.— Flexor brevls polllcis. (a) A short
muscle of the sole of the foot, benmng the great toe. (6)
A short muscle of the palm of the hand, bending the
2268
thumb. See cut under muscle.— TlexoT carpi radlalis,
a long muscle of the radial side of the front of the fore-
arm, bending the hand. See cut under miwcie.— Flexor
carpi radlalis brevls or profundus, an occasional
muscle, accessory to the last named. — Flexor carpi Ul-
naxis, a long muscle of the ulnar side of the front of
the forearm, Ijemling the hand. See cut under muscle. —
Flexor digltorum profundus or i)erforans, a deep-
seated muscle of the front of the 'forearm, the principal
flexor of the fingers, exclusive of the tlunub.— FlexOr
digitorum sublimia or perforatua, a superficial mus-
cle of the front of tlie forearm, bending the fingers. —
Flexor hallucis longus. Same as flexor lonftus pollicis
(6).— Flexor longua digitorum, a muscle of the back
of the leg, ftexiug the toes. — Flexor longus pollicls. (a)
A deep-sealed muscle of the front of the forearm, flex-
ing the thumb, {b) A deep-seated muscle of the buck
of the leg, flexing the great toe. — Flexor metatarsi.
Same &s peronev^ tertius. See peroneus.— TlexOT osaia
metacarpi pollicis or opponens polllcia, a short mus-
cle lying upon the ball of the tluinib.— Flexor palmarls,
the palmar flexor ; the long palmar nuiscle. See palma-
ris. — Flexor tarsi anterior,- the anterior tarsal fiexor, an
occasional mnsck* passing from the crus to tile tarsus an-
teriorly.— Flexor tarsi flbularia, a name of the third
peroneal nuiscle, or flexor metatarsi.
flexuose (flek'su-os), a. Same &sflcxuous, 3.
fleXUOUS (flek'su-us), a. [= F. flexueux = Sp.
Pg. flexuoso = It. flessuoso, < Ii.flexuosus, (flexus,
a bonding, winding, (flectere, yp. flexus, bend:
see^exl.] 1. Winding; bending about ; hav-
ing turns or windings.
Physic carrieth men in narrow and restrained ways,
subject to many accidents of impediments, imitating tlie
ordinary flexicous courses of nature.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 166.
Elsie . . . danced with a kind of passionate fierceness,
her lithe body undulating with flexuous grace.
0. w. Holmes, Elsie Venner, x.
2. Wavering; not steady; variable.
The flexuous burning of flames doth shew the air be-
ginneth to be unquiet. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
3. In bot., curved or bent alternately in oppo-
site directions, as a stem or branch. Also flexu-
ose.— 4. In^o67., almost zigzag, but with round-
ed angles ; between undulated and zigzag : as,
a. flexuous margin.
flexUOUSly (flek'su-us-li), adv. In a flexuous
or zigzag manner.
Flexuousty curved.
H. C. Wood, Fresh- Water Alga:, p. 34.
flexura (flek-sii'ra), n. ; pi. flexurce (-re). [L. :
%ee flexure.'] "l. In anat., same &s flexure. — 2.
In vet. surg., specifically, the radiocarpal artic-
ulation, as the knee of a horse, corresponding
to the human wrist-joint.
flexure (flek'sur), ». [= Pg. flexura = It. flcs-
sura, ( L. flexura, a bending, winding, < flec-
tere,-pp. flexus, hend: see flex^.l 1. The act
of bending, or the state of being bent ; a bend-
ing; specifically, in mecli., a strain in which
certain planes are deformed into cylindrical
or conical surfaces. There is a so-called neutral
plane which is neither stretched nor compressed. The
planes parallel to it on one side are compressed ; those on
the other side are stretched. In geometry /exuie differs
from curvature only in being always non-quantitative,
while curvature is sometimes used quantitatively.
Eemember kissing of your hand, and answering
With the French time, and flexure of your body.
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, iii. 1.
God . . . reads the secret purposes, . . . and bends in
all the flexures and intrigues of crafty people.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 677.
Contrary is tlie flexure of the joints of our arms and legs
to that of quadrupeds : our knees bend forward, whereas
the same joint of their hind legs bends backward. Ray.
2. The part bent; abend; a fold. — 3t. Obse-
quious bowing or cringing.
Think'st thou, the fiery fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation '/
Will it give place to flexure and low bending?
S/ia*.,Hen. V.,iv. 1.
Caudal flexure, the bending of the tail of the embryo for-
ward toward the trunk.— Cephalic flexure. See cephalic.
— Contrary flexure, in math., the changing of the direc-
tion of bending of a j)liine curve. If the tangent, as it
rolls upon the curve, ceases to turn in one direction and
instantly begins to turn in the opposite direction, it is at
that instant called a stationary or infiectional tangent, and
its point of tangency is called a point of infiection, or of
eontrarii yffxxre.- Flexure of a curve. See curve.—
Flexure of the wing, alar flexure, in omith., the bend
of the wing ; the carpal angle ; the salience formed at the
wrist when the wing is folded.— Hemal flexure, in anat.,
a bending toward the hemal side or as]H'ct of the body; a
turning vcntrad : as, tlie hemal flexure of the <frebral vesi-
cles.— Hepatic flexure, in anat., the bend bftwecn the
ascending and the transverse colon. — Moment of flex-
ure, in niech., a couple measured by the product of the
intensity of the resultant of all the forces tending to bend
a beam multiplied by the distance from the line of action
of that resultant of any transverse plane with leference
to whicli the moment is taken. — Sigmoid flexure, in
anat., the S-shaped curve between the descending colon
and the rectum. See cut inider aliiitentanj. — Splejiic
flexure, in anat., the bend between the transverse and the
descending colon.
fleyi, f • and n. See flay^.
fley^t. -A^n obsolete preterit otfly^.
flicker
fliaum (fli'am), n. A seorpronoid fish, Sebas-
tichtlnjs pinuif/cr, with about 50 scales on the
lateral line, low cranial ridges, and of a red
color. It reaches a length of about 2 feet, and
is abundiuit along tlie Callfoniiau coast.
Flibberdigibbet, Flibbertigibbet (flib'fer-di-,
flib'Sr-ti-jib'et), «. [Early mod. E. fliberdigihct ;
appar. mere jargon: see flibbergib.'] If. The
name given to a fiend.
Frateretto, Fliberdigibet, Hoberdidance, Tocobatto, were
four ilevils of the round or niorice : these four had forty
assistants under them, as themselves do confesse.
Harsnet, Popish Impostures.
This Is the foul fiend Flibbertif/ibbet; he begins at cur-
few, and walks till the first cock. Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
Hence — 2. [/. c] An imp; an impish-looking
person ; a restless, flighty person.
He was a lean, nervous flibbertigibbet of a man, with
something the look of an actor, and something the look of
a horse jockey. R. L. Stecenson, Inland Voyage, p. 78.
flibbergib, flibbergibber (flib'er-jib, -jib-fer),
n. [Appar. mere jargon (aee flibbcrgibbet), but
the latter part may allude to gibber, gibberish.
Cf . flibbcrgibbet.'] A glib or oily talker ; a lying
knave; a sycophant. [Old and prov. Eng.]
And when these flatterers and flibbergibbes another day
shall come and claw you by the back, your grace may an-
swer them thus. Latimer, Sermons, fol. 39.
flibbergibbett (flib'fer-jib-et), n. [Early mod. E.
flibergibet, flebergibet, flebergebet ; appar. mere
jargon: see flibbergih, Flibberdigibbet.] An imp;
an impish-looking person ; a flighty person.
Thou Flebergibet, Flebergibet, thou wretch !
Wot'st thou whereto last part of that word doth stretch?
J. Heywood, Epigrams.
Coquette, ... a cocket, a tatling housewife, a titifiU, a
flebergebit. Cotgrave.
Flibbertigibbet, n. See Flibberdigibbet.
flibotet, ". See fly-boat.
flic-flac (flik'flak), n. [F., meant to be imita-
tive of the sound of repeated blows. Cf. flick^,
flack, tit-tat, pit-pat.] A repeated noise made
by blows. Thackeray.
flicbter (flieh'ter), v. i. [Sc, perhaps connect-
ed with ^ici'er or flutter.] To flutter, quiver, or
throb ; run with outspread arms, as children
to those to whom they are much attached.
Th' expectant wee things, toddlin', stacher thro'
To meet their dad, wi' fliefiterin' noise and glee.
Bums, Cottar's Saturday Sight.
flick^ (flik), V. t. [Prob. an attenuated form of
flack.] To strike lightly with a quick jerk, as
with a whip or the finger ; flip : as, to flick off
a fly from a horse.
At a state christening the lady who held the infant was
tired and looked unwell, and the Princess of Wales asked
permission for her to sit down. "Let her stand, "said the
Queen, fl.icking the snuff off her sleeve.
Thackeray, Four Georges, George III.
"Near him, leaning listlessly against the wall, stood a
strong-built countryman, flicking, with a worn-out hunt-
ing-whip, the top-boot that adorned his right foot.
Dickens, Pickwick, xliL
flickl (flik), n. [< flick\ v.] A light sudden
stroke, as ■with a whip or the finger ; a flip.
He jumped upon the box, . . . seized the whip, . . .
gave one ^icfc to the off leader, and away went the four
. . . hoi-ses. Dickens, Pickwick, xlix.
flick^ (flik), n. A dialectal form ot flitch.
flicker! (fllk'fer), ?■. i. [Early mod. E. also flycker;
var. flecker ; ME. flikereu, flekereti, ( AS. fliee-
rian',flicorian, flutter (of birds) ; cf. D.flikkeren,
sparkle, glitter; an attenuated form of /«cfcer,
q. V. ] 1 . To flutter, as a bird ; ■vibrate the wings
rapidly.
Above hire heed hire doves fleckering.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1964.
Certain little birds only were heard to warble out their
sweet notes, and to flicker up and downe the greene trees
of the gardens. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 834.
The tuneful lark already stretch'd her wing.
And flickering on her nest, made short essays to sing.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc, ill. 123.
2. To fluctuate or waver, as the light of a
torch in the ■wind; undergo rapid and irregu-
lar changes.
Thei reised theire baners a-lofte that flekered in the
wynde, and the bright sonne smote vpon the bright ar-
murs that it glistered so bright that merveile was to be-
holden. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 324.
A chain-drooped lamp was flickering by each door.
Keats, Eve of St. Agnes, st. 40.
Carriage wheels whirled flickering along the beach, seam-
ing its smoothness noiselessly, as if muffled.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 73T.
It was the sight of that Lord Arundel
Who struck, in heat, the child he loved so well ;
And the child's reason flickered and did die.
M. Arnold, A Picture at Newstead.
3. To scintillate ; sparkle.
' The wreath of radiant fire
On flickering Phoebus' front. Shak., Lear, ii. 2.
flicker
4t. To act lovingly ; bestow caresses.
Thise olde Jotardes holours, which wol kisse and flicker,
and besie hemaelf, tliough they may not do.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale,
= Syn. 2. Glimmer, Gleam, etc. .Sec iflarel, p. i,
flickerlf, «• IME.fliker: see flicker''; v.^ Wa-
vering; unsteady.
For thi asked Ciiat, quether man him soht
Als he wer man of Jiiker thoht.
Metr. Umnilies (ed. Small), p. 36.
flicker! (flik'^r), n. [< flicker^ f.] The act of
flickering or fluttering ; a wavering or fluctuat-
ing gleam, as of a candle ; a flutter.
flicker^ (flik'er), n. [Imitated from one of the
bird's notes.] The popular name of the golden-
winged woodpecker, Colaptes auratus, a very
common and handsome woodpecker of the
United States, and of other species of the same
genus, as the Mexican or red-shafted flicker, C.
mexicanus, or the gilded flicker, C. chryaoides.
FBcker. or Golden-wigf^ed Woodpecker [ Caiaftet auratus).
The common flicker has the under surfaces of the wings
and tail mostly golden-yellow, a profusion of round black
spots on the light ground of the under parts, a black pec-
toral shield, a scarlet nuclial crescent, and in the male
black mustaches. It is about 12^ inches long and 20 in
extent of wings. It nests in holes of trees and lays numer-
ous crystal white eggs. Also called yucker, highholder,
}i>'tUnvwin']--il iCiKtilitecker, and piffeon-woodpeek^r.
flickeringly (flik'*r-ing-li), adv. In a flickering
manner.
flickermooset (flik'fer-mous), n.; p\. flickermice
(-mis), [hike Jliadermouse, another form otflit-
termoute, gnggested Xiyflicker'' : see flicker'^ and
JUttermouse^ The bat ; the flittermouse.
Once a bat, and ever a bat ! a rere moaie,
And abirti o' twilight: ...
Come, 1 will see the fliekermmue.
B. Jontvn, New Inn, ill. 1.
flictedt, ti. Same as flighted.
flidget (flij), o. and r. An obsolete form of
fl<',l,je.
flier, flyer (fli'^r), n. 1. That which flies: as,
the bird was a high^>«r.
Small l>irds that were powerful ttiert.
The Century, X.XXI. S5«L
Specifically — 2. One who or that which mores
swiftly; an animal, a person, or a thing that ex-
hibits or is capable of gT«at speed: as, he drove
a span of fliers; the locomotiTe was a flier.
[Colloq.]
A moderate rider, not being an athlete or a flier on the
•ooe hand, nor exceptionally weak on the other, can, when
he Is in practice, get over in an hour seven or eight miles
of ground on a tricycle. Bury and HUlier, Cycling, p. 6.
The " Wonder," Shrewsbury and London coach, achieved
for itself an enviable reputation as a flytr til the first
-order, and seemed determined not to be oatdone by Its
formidable adversary of the Iron-rood witbont a ttrnggle.
Fint Year of a Silken Reign, p. 12».
-3. One who flees ; a fugitive ; a runaway.
flo, now the gates are ope : — now prove good seconds ;
Tis fur the followers fortune widens uiem,
Not for the fliers. Skak., Cor., 1. 4.
"With courage charge, with comeliness retire.
Make goo^l their ground, and then relieve their guard,
Withstand the ent'rer, then pursue the flyer.
New form their battle, shifting ev'ry ward.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, II.
4. Some part of a machine or mechanism hav-
ing a rapid motion, (o) A piece in a machine de-
signed ti> e<|ualize and regulate the motion of the whole
by its own movement : as, the flier of a Jack. (6) One of
the arms attacht-d to the spindle of a spinning-wheel,
over which the tliread passes to the Imbhln. (c) The fan*
wheel that rotates the cap of a windmill as the wind veers.
<d) In a power printing-press, the pivoted rack at one end
which swings automatically Imclcward and forward to
receive the printed sheets and lay them in a pile. Now
more commonly called a /y.
The sheets are removed singly by an attendant called
a taker-off, or by a mechanical automatic arrangement
«alled hflyer. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 706.
2269
(e) One of the fork-shaped arms attached to a shaft which
revolves in a drum or cylinder turning in the opposite di-
rection, and used formixiug the ingredients of gunpowder.
There is a series of these arms at rij;ht angles to each other.
The fliei-s and the cylinder are Jill niaile from an alloy of
copper and tin called gun-melal.
5. A single step or a straight flight of steps or
stairs ; in the plural, staii-s composed of straight
flights: opposed to icinding stairs. — 6. A finan-
cial venture ; a speculative investment : ap-
plied to a purchase of stock by one not a regular
buyer, in hope of immediate profit : as, to take
a/iier in Wall street. [U.S.]
There are comparatively few "lambs shorn" there, and
the temptation to take a flyer in the market does not as-
sail the average citizen. Xew Princeton Rev., V. 328.
7. A small handbill. Also called dodger.
[U. S.]
flier-lathe (fli'6r-laTH), n. In weaving, a lay,
lathe, or batten for beating up the weft into
the shed and compacting it ; specifically, a sus-
pended lathe, as distinguished from the batten
in a frame journaled below. E. M. Knigh t.
fligger (flig'fer), 11. [Also fliggur; < fligge, an
earlier form of flidge, fledge, a., + -erl.] A
young bird just fledged. [Prov. Eng.]
fllghtl (flit), H. and a. [< ME. flight, flyght, fly t,
fligt, fluht, < AS. flyht, flight, the act or power
of flying, = D. vlugt, rludit, flight, the extent
between the two extremities of a bird's wings,
escape, a course, an aviary, = MLG. vlucht, LG.
flugt, flight, flock of birds in flight, = Syr.flygt,
flight, = Dan. flu^^, flight, soaring (ef. equiv.
AS. flyge = OHG. flug. MHG. vluc, G. flug =
Icel.X"?''; mod.^w^, flight), < AS.fle^gan (pret.
•pi. flugon), fly : seefly^. A different word from
flight^, ult. < flee^ ; but the two words have
been confused.] I. n. 1. The act or power of
flying; a passing through the air by the help
of wings; volitation.
Our soldiers' (weapons] — like the night-owl's lazy
flight— . . .
Fell gently down, as if they struck their friends.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
In birds of vigorous flight we And the pectoral muscles
presenting the greatest development. Amer. Cye., II. 653.
2. Swift motion in general; rapid movement
or passage caused by any propelling force : as,
the flight of a missile; a meteor's flight; the
flight of a fish toward its prey; the flight of a
rapidly revolving wheel.
The arc . . . waltered on the wylde Hod went as hit
lyste, ...
Flote forthe with theflyt of the telle wyndez.
Alliterative Poem* (ed. Morris), IL 421.
He too is witness, noblest of the train
That waits on man, the /t^At-perfonning horse.
Cooper, Task, vL 426.
I shot an arrow into the air.
It fell to earth, I knew not where ;
For so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight,
Loiujfellouj, The Arrow and the Song.
3. A nimiber of beings or things flying or pass-
ing through the air together ; especially, a flock
of birds flying in company; the birds that fly
or migrate together ; the birds produced in the
same season : applied specifically in the old lan-
guaf^e of English sport to doves and swallows,
and in America to pigeons, and also to a swarm
of bees.
Att the first flight of arrowes sent
Full four-score Scuts they slew.
Chevy Chaee (Percy's Reliques, p. 142).
Flight! of angels sing thee to thy rest I
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
Sure yon must have had flightt of strange awkward ani-
mals, if you can be so taken with him !
WatpoU, Letters, II. 26.
High o'er the restlen deep, above the reach
Of gimner's hope, xtMit flightt of wild-ducks stretch.
Crabbe, Works, II. 12.
Master Simon . . . told me that, according to the moat
ancient and approved treatise on hunting, I must say a
muster of peacocks. " In the same way, " added lie, with
a slight air of pedantry, " we say % flight of doves or swal-
lows, a l>evy of quails, a herd of deer, of wrens, or cranes,
a skulk of foxes, or a building of rooks."
Irving, .Sketch- Book, p. 259.
4. Figuratively, an excursion or sally; a pass-
ing out of or beyond a fixed course; a mount-
ing or soaring: as, a flight of imagination or
fancy ; a flight of ambition or of temper.
Tliese were men of hit£h,/ft//Af and above ordinances, and
spake spiteful things of our lord's Nativity.
Bvelt/n, Diary, Dec. 25, 16.^.
Trust me, dear, good humour can prevail.
When airs, tiuA flights, and screams, and scolding fail.
Pope, R. of the L., v. 82.
Ev'ry Idle thing
That Fancy finds In her excursive ^i'./7AtJt.
Cotrper, task, iv. 242.
In the flights of his imagination, [Emerson] is like the
strong'Winged bird of passage.
0. W. Hohaes, Emerson, xiv.
flight-head
5. In archery: (a) The sport of shooting ar-
rows in the manner now called roving — that is,
with roving aim instead of at a butt. See rover.
He set up his bills hei'e in Messina, and challenged Cupid
at the flight. Shak., Much Ado, i. 1.
(6) Shooting with the longbow in general, as
distinguished from the use of the crossbow.
See flight-arrow. — 6. A continuous series of
steps or stairs ; the part of a stairway extend-
ing directly from one floor or one landing to
another.
Hastily we past.
And np a flight of stairs into the hall.
Tennyeon, Princess, ii.
Surrounded ... by stone-faced terraces, and approached
on every side by noble flights of stairs.
J. Ferguss&ii, Hist. Arch., I. 181.
7. The glume or husk of oats. — 8. The thin
membrane which is detached from the coffee-
berry in the process of roasting. — 9. In the
clapper of a bell, the dependent piece or weight
below the striking part ; the tail.
The tail, called the f.lght, is almost always requisite to
maice the clapper fly properly.
Sir E. Beckett, Clocks and Watches, p. 359.
10. In mach. : (o) The inclination of the arm of
a crane or of a cat-head. (6) A ■wing or fin ; a
fan.
To it [the trough of a drier] are secured iron or steel
flights and agitators. Sci. Aitier., N. S., LV. 149.
A number of inclined boards called flights, whose func-
tion was to spread the meal and to gather it toward the
bolting hopper. Sci. Amer., N. S., Supp., p. 8813.
Time of flight, in gun., the time required for a propec-
tile to move through the air from the muzzle of a piece
until it first touclies the mai'k, ground, or water. = S3TL 3.
SeeyfwAri, n.
n. a. It. [Cf ./j<2 = fleet*.'] Swift in transit.
2farss.
So flight is melancholic to darke disgrace.
And deadly drowsie to a l>riRht good morrow ?
Copley, Fig for Fortune (1596), p. 11.
2. In sporting, belonging to a flight or flock.
In the autumn migration , the birds (woodcock] that have
recently arrived are called Flight birds, and are distin-
guished by the feathers on the breast being brigiiter in color
than of those that have been lying in the feeding ground
for some time. Dogs of Great Britain and Ameii^xL, p. 261.
flight^ (flit), n. [< ME. flight, flyght, fligt Jluht
(AS. *flyht, in this sense, not found) = OPries.
flecht = D. vlugt, escape, = MLG. vlucht, LG.
flugt, flight, = OHG. fluht, MHG. vluht, G.flucht
= Sw. flykt = Dan. flugt, flight, escape; < AS.
fle^n (pret. \>\. flugon), etc., E. flee^. A differ-
ent word from/if/A/i, ult. < fly^; but the two
words have been confused.] The act of flee-
ing; the act of running away to escape dan-
ger or expected evil ; hasty departure.
Wha sail take the flyghte and flee.
Thomas of Ersseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 98),
They with sword and spear
Put many foes to flight.
The Seven Champions of Christendom (Child's Ballads,
ttssx
Pr»T ye that your flight be not In the winter.
Mat xxiv. 20.
Munro was forced to abandon his baggage, to fling his
guns into the tanks, and to save himself by a retreat which
might be called & flight. ilacautay, Warren Hastings.
fllght^t (flit), r. t. [< flight^, «.] To put to
flight ; rout ; frighten away.
-Mount Ptouni, . . . from whence the wild Iwre came of
a sudden thsit flighted her. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 245.
Philosophy . . . is to Ije flighted and exploded among
Christians. Glanmlle, Essays, iv.
flight^f, V. and n. An obsolete spelling of flite.
flight-arrcw (flit'ar'6), n. 1. An arrow having
a conical or pyramidal head without barbs. —
2. A long and light arrow in general ; a shaft
or arrow for the longbow, as distinguished from
the bolt.
flighted (fli'ted), a. [< flight^ + -ed2.] If. Tak-
ing flight; flying.
An innisual stop of sudden silence
Gave respite to the drDWsy.flighted steeds
That draw the litter of close-cnrtain'd sleep.
Milton, Comus, I. 553.
2. In her., same aa feathered.
flighter (fli'tSr), n. [< flight + -erl.] In brew-
ing and distilling, a horizontal vane revolving
over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce
a circular current in the liquor.
flight-feather (flit'feTH'ir), n. See /carter.
It Is easy to understand that, durable as are the flight-
fetithers, they do not last forever, and are besides very
snbject to accidental breakage, the consequence of which
W(Hl]d be the crippling of the birtl. Eruyc. Brit., III. 776.
flight-headt (flit'hed), n. A wild-headed person.
Aares.
Some Insurrection hath been In Warwickshire, and be-
gan the very same day that the plot should have been ex-
ecuted: some Popiah flight -heads thinking to do wonders.
Jjetter, dated 16QS.
r
flightily
fli^htily (fli'ti-li), «rfr. In a flighty, wild, capri-
cious, or imaginative manner.
Mightiness (fli'ti-nes), H. The state of being
liighty; caprieiousness; volatility; specifically,
slight (ieliriuia or mental aberration,
iler iau&le Jlightiiie98 made her dangerous.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gumey.
=Syil. Lightntu, Frivolity, etc. (see levity) ; giddiness,
caprice.
flightless (flit'les), a. [i. flight + -less.'] Inca-
pable of flying.
Ttie giant ostrich of Madagascar was a Jlightless bird.
The Century, XXXI. 359.
flight-shaft (flit 'shift), «. Same as flight-
arroic.
flight-shooting (flit'sho'ting), n. The sport or
practice of shooting birds as they fly in flocks,
or to and from their feeding-grounds.
flight-shot (flit'shot), n. The distance which
an arrow flies; bow-shot.
The Temple had priuiledge of Sanctuarie, which Alex-
ander extended to a furlong, Mithridates to a jlight-shot,
Antoniua added part of the Citie.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 330.
Aboute %ftite-ghot from the towne is the Cardinal's house.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 14, 1064.
Jack was already gone &JUght-shot beyond his patience.
Su!\fl, Tale of a Tub, vi.
flighty (fli'ti), a. [= D. vlugtig, volatile, = G.
Jtiichtig = Dan. flygtig = Sw. flyktig, flighty;
as flight^ + -yl.] 1. Indulging in flights or
sallies of imagination, humor, caprice, etc. ;
given to disordered fancies and extravagant
conduct; volatile; giddy; fickle; capricious;
slightly delirious ; wandering in mind.
The Jlighty gambols of chance are objects of no science,
nor grounds of any dependance whatever.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, III. xxvi.
Proofs of my jHghty and paradoxical turn of mind.
Coleridge.
Mr. Dingwell was a man of a fiighty and furious tem-
per. J. S, Le Fanit, Tenants of MoUory, xxxiv.
2. Fleeting ; swift ; transient. [Rare.]
The Jlighty purjwse never is o'ertook,
Unless the deed go with it.
Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1.
flimflam (flim'flam), m. [A varied reduplica-
tion of ^»i2; ct. flipflap, whimwhatn, etc.] A
freak ; a trick ; an imposition or deception.
This is a pretty Jlim-Jiam. Beau, and Ft.
I wil not be troubled, colonel, with his meanings, if he
do not marry her this very evening ; for I'le ha' none of
hi&Jiim-jiams and his may-be's.
Cowley, Cutter of Coleman Street (1663).
fllmmer-ball (flim'6r-bal), n. A protozoan of
Haeekel's group Catallacta, Magosphwra plann-
la of Norway. See Magosphmra.
flimsily (flim'zi-li), adv. In a flimsy manner,
flimsiness (flim'zi-nes), 71. The state or quality
of being flimsy ; thin, weak texture ; weakness ;
want of substance or solidity.
There is a certAin Jtimsinens of Poetry, that seems expe-
dient in a song. Shetistone.
If you like Vandyck or Gainsborough especially, you
must be too much attracted by gentlevasinly jfHmsineas.
Ruekin, Elements of Drawing, App. ii.
flimsy (flim'zi), a. and n. [Perhaps < W. llym-
si, sluggish, spiritless, flimsy. The W. II is a
voiceless I, which is sometimes thought by Eng-
lish hearers to resemble th; th before I is in
other cases represented by/(e. g., inflee^; cf.
filP, for thill). The same change, W. II to E.
fl, appears in flummery'^, q. v.] f. a. 1. With-
out material strength or solid substance; of
loose and unsubstantial structure.
Reveries, . . .
Those jiimsy webs, that break as soon as wrought,
Attain not to the dignity of thought.
Cmtrper, Retirement.
2. Without strength or force of any kind ; weak ;
ineffectual: as, a ^im«^ argument.
Proud of a vast extent of Jlitnsy lines !
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 94.
That style which in the closet might justly be called
Jliinsy seems the true mode of eloquence here.
Goldsmith, English Clergy.
In reply cAmeJlimsy and unmeaning excuses.
MacavXay, Hist. Eng., xx.
=8yn. L Unsubstantial, thin, slight.— 2. Feeble, trivial,
shallow, superficial, frivolous, foolish, puerile.
H. n. 1 . A thin sort of paper by means of
which several copies of a writing may be made
at once; transfer-paper. — 2. A bank-note, from
its being made of thin paper. [Slang.]
When a man sends you the flimsy, he spares you the
flourish. Dickens.
flinch^ (flinch), V. i. [Prob. a nasalized form
(perhaps influenced by blench'^-) of ME. flecchen:
see fletch^.] 1. To give way to fear or to a
2270
sense of pain ; shrink back from anything pain-
ful or dangerous ; manifest a feeling or a fear
of suffering or injury of any kind ; draw back
from any act or undertaking through dread of
consequences ; shrink ; wince : as, the pain was
severe, but he did not flinch.
They [Moskito Indians] behave themselves very bold in
fight, and never seem t^) flinch nor liang back ; for they
think that the white men with whom they are know bet-
ter than they when it is best to fight.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 8.
lie [Stuyvesant] was never a man Ui flinch when he found
himself in a scrape ; but to dash forward through thick
and thin, trusting, by hook or by crook, to make all things
straight in the end. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 269.
The mere holiday-politician . . . flinches from his du-
ties as soon as those duties become difficult and disagree-
able. Macaulay, Sir William Temple.
2. In croquet, to allow the foot to slip from the
ball in the act of croqiieting.
flinch^ (flinch), V. t. Same a,8 flense.
flincher (flin'ch6r), n. One who flinches.
Believe 't, sir.
But make this good upon us you have promis'd,
You shall not find us flinchers.
Fletcher (and others). Bloody Brother, ii. 2.
flinching (flin'ching), n. In ship-building, same
as snape.
flinchingly (flin'ehing-li), adv. In a flinching
manner.
flinder^ (flin'dfer), n. [Also dial. (Se.) flender ;
< Norw. flindra, dial, flingra, a thin slice or
splinter, esp. of stone, dial, flinter, a crumb,
fragment {at. fara i flinter, fljuga i flint, Dan.
springe i flint, go, fly, or spring to flinders,
used fig., burst with rage ; verb refl. flindrast,
flintrast, splinter, shiver, go to flinders). Cf.
D. flenters, rags, tatters, and see flint, flints.
There is no connection with G. dial, flinder,
flinter, G. flitter, spangle, tinsel, flittern, glit-
ter, T)a,n.Sw. flitter, tinsel.'] A splinter; a thin
slice; a small piece or fragment : usually in the
plural.
His bow and his broad arrow
In flinders flew about.
Bobin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 191).
They gar'd it a' in flinders flee.
Jock o' the Side (Child's Ballads, VI. 85).
The tough ash spear, so stout and true.
Into a thousand flinders flew.
Scott, L. of L. M., UL 6.
flinder^ (flin'dSr), v. i. [So.; of. D. rlinder, a
butterfly.] To flirt ; run about in a fluttering
manner. Jamieson.
flindermousef (fUn'dSr-mous), n. ; Tpl. flindermice
(-mis). [< late ME. flyndermouse; < flinder (cf .
D. vlinder, a butterfly: see flinder^) + mouse;
perhaps a var. of flittermou.se, q. v.] A bat:
same as flittermouse.
Thenne cam . . . the flyndemiows and the wezel.
Caxtm, Reynard the Fox (1481) (ed. Arber), p. 112.
One face was attyred of the newe fashion of womens
attyi-e, the other face like the olde arraye of women, and
liad wynges like a backe or flyndermowse.
MS. Marl., 486, f. 77. (Halliwell.)
Flinders bar (flin'dSrz bar). [So called from
its inventor: see Flindersia.] Naut., an ap-
pliance for correcting a part of the local de-
viation of the compass-needle on shipboard,
consisting of a soft iron cylinder, generally
two or three inches in diameter, placed ver-
tically in front or in the rear of the compass-
binnacle at such a distance as may be required.
Besides helping to correct the semicircular de-
viation, it tends to lessen the heeling-error.
Flindersia (flin-der'si-a), n. [NXi., so called af-
ter Captain M. Flinders, K. N. (died 1814), who,
accompanied by the botanist Robert Brown, ex-
plored the coast of Australia in the beginning
of the 19th century.] A genus of tall timber-
trees of Australia, of the natural order Melia-
cecB, and allied to the mahogany. The wood of F.
Greavesii is very hard and durable, and is used in house-
building. F. australis, the ash or beech of Queensland, is
largely used for staves. F. Oxleyana is known as white
teak or yellow-wood, and furnishes a yellow dye. All
have a woody capsule covered with sharp-pointed tuber-
cles, which is used by the natives as a rasp in preparing
roots, etc., for food.
fling (fling), V. ; pret. and pp. flung, ppr. fling-
ing. [< ME. flyngen, flengen (witli strong pret.
flang, flong), tr. fling, usually intr. hasten, fly,
rush, also strike (at), < Icel. flengja, whip,
ride furiously, = Sw. fldnga, romp, ride furi-
ously, a derived sense of OSw. flenga, strike,
Sw. dial, fldnga, strike, hack, strip bark from
trees, = Norw. flengja, slash, gash, cut, esp.
with violence, = Dan. ^a'n<;c, slash, gash; hence
the noun, Sw. fldng, agitation, violent exercise,
= Norw. fleng = Dan. flwnge, a slash, gash;
cf. the adverbial phrase, Sw. i fldng = Norw.
ifleng = Dan. i fleeng, at random, indiserimi-
fling
nately.] I. trans. 1. To throw, cast, or hurl ;
especially, to throw with force, violence, or
swiftness, with ardor, vehemence, disdain, im-
patience, or indifference : as, the w&vesflung the
ship upon the rocks ; his antagonist flung him
to the ground ; to fling a sarcasm at an oppo-
nent ; they flung themselves suddenly upon the
enemy ; to fling a penny to a beggar.
Be . . . raft him al his song
And eke his speche, and out at dore him flong [var. slong,
i. e., slung].
Chaticer, Manciple's Tale (ed. Tyrwhitt), 1. 17254.
Who loves the king, and will embrace his pardon,
Fling up his cap, and say — God save his majesty I
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 8.
Another time my horse Calamity flvng me over his head
into a neighboring parish, as if I had been a shuttlecock.
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, vii.
Once more, on gay St. Crispin's day,
Fling out your blazoned banner !
Whittier, The Shoemakers.
The bell
Flung out its sound o'er night or day.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 187.
2. To throw aside or off, as a burden.
You likewise will do well.
Ladies, in entering here, to cast and fling
The tricks which make us toys of men.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
To fling off. (a) To baffle in the chase ; defeat of prey.
(6) To get rid of.
You flung me off, before the court disgrac'd me.
When in the pride I appear'd of all my beauty.
Fletcher (and another). False One, iv. 2.
To fling one's self out or about, to flounce out or
about; dash out, as in anger or rage. — To fling out, to
utter or speak violently or recklessly: as, to fling out
hard words against another. — To fling the head, to
throw up the head with a violent, contemptuous, or angry
motion.
II. intrans. 1. To act by throwing in some
particular way; discharge a missile, or some-
thing analogous to a missile.
Thou sitt'st upon this ball
Of earth, secure, while death, that flings at all.
Stands arm'd to strike thee down.
QuarUs, Emblems, i. 7.
I and my C!loe take a nobler Aim :
At human Hearts we fling, nor ever miss the Game.
Prior, Cloe Hunting.
2t. To aim a blow, as with a weapon ; let fly.
He . . . flang at hym fuersly with a fyne swerde.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6253.
3. To hasten ; fly ; rush.
Messagers conne flyng
Into the halle before the kyng.
King Alisaunder, 1. 1165.
Then starting up, down yonder path he flung.
Lest thou hadst miss'd thy way.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ill. 1.
This denunciation is eagerly caught up by the public :
away they fliTig to propagate the distress.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, cviL
4. To start away with a sudden motion, as in
token of displeasure ; rush away in anger.
ffor hir son sha gan flyng.
In rage as a lyonesse.
Legend of St. Alexius, I. 1034.
Alas, kind lord !
He's flung in rage from this ungrateful seat
Of monstrous friends. Shak., T. of A., iv. 2.
She [Lady Townshend] burst into a flood of tears and
rage ; told him she now believed all his father and mother
had said of him ; and with a thousand other reproaches
flung upstairs. Walpole, Letters, II. 51.
Tom flu7ig out of the room, and slammed the door after
him. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, ii. 4.
5. To fly into violent and irregular motions;
flounce ; throw out the legs violently, as a horse ;
kick.
Being fastned to proud Coursers coUers,
That fight And fling, it [willo-wort] will abate their chol-
ers. Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
This is but to fling and struggle under the inevitable
net of God, that now begins to inviron you round.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
The beasta began to kick and fling.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 833.
6. To utter harsh or abusive language; up-
braid; sneer: as, she began to flout and fling.
fling (fling), n. [i fling, v.] 1 . A throw ; a cast
from the hand. — 2. Entire freedom of action;
wild dash into pleasure, adventure, or excite-
ment of any kind ; enjoyment of pleasure to the
full extent of one's opportunities.
Give me ray fling, and let me say my say.
Tennyson, Aylraer's Field.
He has seen the world and had his fling at Paris.
T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, i.
I tell you, don't think of marrying— why should you
marry? — but just have your fling and get a little fun
while you can. Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xliv.
3. A lively Scotch country-dance; a reel or
hornpipe, especially of the kind cal'ed the High-
land fling, usually danced by one person.
fling
We MW the Highlanders dancing the JUng; to the music
of the bagpipe in the open street. Xeill, Tour, p. 1.
So he stept right up befoVe my gate,
And danced me a saucy yiim;.
Hood, The Last Man.
4. A gibe ; a sneer ; a sarcasm ; a severe or con-
temptuous remark.
He had a Fling at your IJtdyship too.
Congretx, Way ol the World, iii. 5.
Shalcespear tiaa very slyJUngg at this unnatural manner
of thinking and writing.
Goldtmith, Sequel to A Poetical Scale.
6t. A slight, trifling matter: in the following
proverb :
England were but a JiiilO,
Save for the crooked stick and the gray goose wing.
Fuller, Worthies, Berkshire.
Full flill£. at the utmost speed ; recklessly.
A man that hath taken his career, and rrnia full jling
to a place, cannot recoil himself, or recall his strength on
the sudden. Rev. T. Adanu, Works, I. 237.
fling-dustt (fling'dust), n. [< fling, v., + obj.
((«.•.?.] One who kicks up the dust; a street-
walker: a term of contempt applied to a woman
of low character. Beau, and Fl,
flinger (fling '^r), n. 1. One who flings; a
thrower, jeerer, etc.
And as a Curre, that cannot hurt the flinger.
Flies at the stone and biteth that for anger,
Goliah bites the ground.
Sylvater, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Trophies.
2. One who dances a fling. [Scotch.]
That's as muclde as to say that 1 suld hae minded you
was A fliivter and a fiddler yoursell. Scott, Pirate, ix.
flinging-tree (fling 'ing-tre), n. [Se. flingin-
tree; (flinging, ppr. of fling, v., + tree.} 1. A
piece of timber hung as a partition between
Dorses in a stall. [Ptov. Eng. and Scotch.] —
2. A flail ; properly, the lower part of a flail.
[Scotch.]
The thresher's ireMry JHnffin-tree
The lee-lang day had tired me.
Bxtnu, The Vision, i.
flinktng-COmb (fling'king-kom), n. A comb for
the toilet-table. [Prov. Eng.]
flint (flint), n. and a. [< WE. flint, < AS. flint,
flint, ami in general a rock, = Hw.flinta = Dan.
flint = MLG. rlins = OHG. flins, MHO. tlins,
Q. dial, flins, flint ; perhaps = Gr. xXivflof, a
brick: see plinth. Perhaps ult. connected with
flinder^ (Norw. flinter, a fragment, etc.): see
flinder^. Hence OP. flin, a stone used, like
emery, in polishing luiives; and prob. Dan.
jUnt = Sw. flint (in comp.), G. flinte (whence
Bohem. and Pol. ^into, Lett. pK»f«), a gun: see
flint-}ock.'\ I. n. 1. A form of silica, somewhat
allied to chalcedony, but more opaque, and with
less luster. It is usually of a light-gray or brownish
color. It has a peculiarly well-marked conchoidal frac-
ture, and can easily l>e broken up into fragmeuta having
■haip cutting edges. For this reason, and because of Its
hardneas, which is proverbial, flint was moat extensively
nied In prehistoric times for all kinds of cutting Imple-
ments. The use of flint as a means of striking Are with a
ateel, and especially as a part of the once almost anlvenally
nsed musket-luck, is well known. Flint occurs in large
quantity in the form of nodules, and even sheets or beds,
in the cliatk of England and France, and has been formeil
by the alow replacement of carbonate of lime by silica
held in solution in water. It Is abundant in the I'nited
States, generally in massive forms. The exterior of most
flints is of a lighter color than the Interior, this dilf erence
being caused by a rearrangement of the particles of the
iUica.
Then he tooke up the Eldridge sworde.
As hard as any Jlint.
Sir Cauline (Child's Ballads, III. ISO).
The old chief . . . slowly shapes, with axe of stone.
The arrow-head from Jlitit and l>one.
H'hittier, Mogg Megone, II.
2. A piece of flinty stone used for any pur-
pose, as for striking fire in a flint-lock musket
or otherwise, or in the form of an implement.
See cut under /linf-tocA:.
Ac fbut] hew fyre at u Itf/ttte fowre hundreth wyntre,
Bot thow haue towe to take it witii tondre or brochea,
Al thi laboure Is ioi)te and al thi ionge trauallle.
Fieri Plowman (B). xvii. 244.
Prometheus first struck the jHnts, and roarvelie<l at the
spark. Baam, Advancement of Learning, ii. 212.
So stubborn JKrhU their Inward heat conceal.
Till art and force th' unwilling sparks reveal.
Congreve, To Mr. Drydeo.
The place seems to be devoted to the making otfiintg.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 2M.
8. Pigui»tively, something very hard or obdu-
rate: as, be was flint against persuasion.
He hath a tear for pity, and a hand
Open as day for melting charity ;
Yet notwithatanding, being incens'd, he's /tin/.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. 4.
Dry flint, in leathtr.making. See the extract.
Dry /lint is a thoroughly dry hide that has not been
salted. C. T. Davit, Leather, p. 64.
2271
Liciuor of flints, a solution of illnt or silica in potash. —
To tx one's flint. See fix.— To skin a flint, to act with
extreme closeness or meanness in regard to money mat-
ters.
H. a. 1. Made or composed of flint, — 2.
Hard and firm, as if made of flint: as, flint
com OTflin t wheat. — Flint implements, in arckceol. ,
implements used by man before the use of metals, so called
because, although occasiouatty found of granite, jade, ser-
pentine, jasper, basalt, and other hard stones, those first
studied, as well as the most numerous examples, are
formed of flint. They consist of arrow-heads, ax-heads or
celts, lance-heads, knives, wedges, etc. Flint implements
have been found in many regions [of the globe ; often, as
in the Somme valley in France, in apparently upheaved
Ijeds of drift, and in connection with the remains of extinct
species of the elephant, rhinoceros, and other mammals,
whence man's existence on the globe at a geological period
anterior to the present has been inferred. Flint imple-
ments are still used by some savage tribes.
flintamentosa (flin'ta-men-to'sa), n. A name
given in Australia to the tree Flindersia
Greavesii.
flintedt (flin'ted), a. [< flint + -ed^.] Hard-
ened; cruel. Davies.
Also we the byrthplace detest of fiinted Vlisses.
Sfanthurgt, -£neid, iii. 279.
fliU't-glass (flint'glis), n. A variety of glass
in which the silica is combined with oxid of
lead in greater or less quantity. The larger the
amount of lead the higher the specific gravity and the
refractive power, and the greater the brilliancy of the
product Flint-glass is often called crystal glass, or simply
crystal, while some limit the name fiUit-glass to the va-
riety specially made for optical purposes. Besides the
oxid of lead, potash is an essential ingredient of fiint-glass
or crystaL Analyses of different kinds of crystal show
the presence of from 28 to 37 per cent, of oxid of lead, 14
to 17 of potash, and 52 to 59 of silica. The flint-glass of
Guinand, used for optical purposes and generally admit-
ted to be of unrivalled excellence, contains about 48 per
cent, of oxid of lead and 12 of potash. The brilliancy of
crystal glass fits it for use for ornamental purposes, and
especially for the most showy and expensive table-ware.
The characteristic luster and sparkle due to the high re-
fractive power of the material is brought out by cutting
and polishing, exactly as is done In the case of gems.
Owing, however, to its softness, crystal glass is easily
scratched by careless handling and dulled by wear. The
utme fiint -glass originated in the fact that the silica first
used in England for the manufacture of this article was
derived from flints. An essential requisite for goou flint-
glass is purity of the materials employed, and the forms
of the furnace and of the melting-pots are )>eculiar. Great
technical skill Is required for the production of the best
kind of glass for optical purposes. See glats, strass, and
lens.
flint-heartt (flint'hilrt), a. Same as flint-hearted.
fnder the conduct of Great Soliman,
Have 1 Iten chief commander of an host.
And put the flint-htart Fenians to the sword.
Kyd (?), Soliman and Perseda.
flint-hearted (flint'har'ted), a. Hard-hearted ;
cruel.
"Oh, pity," gan she cry, " fiirit-hearted l)oy."
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 95.
flintiness (flin'ti-nes), n. The quality of being
flinty; hardness; cmelty.
The more I admire your yti'ntin«t«:
What cause have I given you, illustrious madam.
To play this strange part with nie ?
FUteher (and anotkerT), Nice Valour, 1. 1.
flint-knacker (flint'nak'6r), n. Same as flint-
hnapjur.
flint-knapper (flint' nap 'fer), n. A workman
who breiA.s or chips flints to desired forms.
During a recent Joomey through Epirus I was so fortu-
nate as to ob«em in a street of Janina an old Albanian
IlirU-knapper practising his truly elegant art.
.4. J. Bvant, Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XVI. 65.
flint-knapping (flint'nap'ing), n. and a. I. n.
The act or method of breaking or chipping
flints to desired forms. In modern practice the
lumps or nodules of flint are lirokcn into pieces of mod-
erate size by means of light blows with a s<(uare hammer,
and these pieces are then split and sliaped by scaling or
flaking tliem off by means of blows of nicely adjusted force
and direction with a pointed hammer.
H. a. Pertaining to the art of flaking and
shaping flints.
At present the chief site of JUnt-knapping Industry is
Valona and Its neighborhood.
A. J. Evans, Jour. Anthrop. Inst, XVI. 66.
flint-lock (flint'lok), n. 1. A gun-lock in which
fire is produced by a flint striking the hammer,
Manton FItat-lock Fowling-piece.
a, bamnier ; t, flasll-paa, or pan ; c, touch-bole ; (/, flint ; f, t, cocks.
flip
and igniting the priming in a receptacle called
the pan. The match-lock was superseded by
the nint-look, which is now superseded by the
percussion-lock. — 2. A gun, especially a mus-
ket, having a flint-lock.
A pair of the best pattern fiint-locks, well made and fin-
ished, were well worth the £7 paid for their manufacture.
W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 88.
flint-mill (flint'mil), «. 1. In pottery-maniif.,
a mill in which burned and crushed flints are
ground to powder for mixing with clay to form
slip for porcelain. The mill has a pan with
a bottom of quartz or feldspar blocks, and run-
ners of silicious stone. — 2. In mining, an old
safety device for producing light, consisting
of a wheel of which the periphery was studded
with flints, which, when the wheel revolved,
struck against a steel and emitted a quick suc-
cession of sparks. Such sparks do not ignite
fire-damp. E. H. Knight.
The clumsy and unsafe *' safety " lamp, which will soon
be numbered, with t\iti Jlint-inill, among the relics of the
past. Hospitalier, Electricity (trans.), p. 248.
flint-paring (flint'par''ing), n. The practice of
a skinflint ; parsimony.
Much mischief was done by the mercantile spirit which
dictated the hard chalTering on both sides the Channel at
this important juncture ; for during this tedious yiuit-^r-
ing, Antwerp, which might have been saved, was falling
into the hands of Philip.
Motley, United Netherlands, I. 323.
flint-rope (flint'rop), n. A kind of glass-rope ;
the stem of a glass-sponge, as Hyalonema sie-
holdi.
flints (flints), n. pi. [Prob. akin to flinder^
(Norw. flinter, flint, etc.): see flinder^.'i Ref-
use barley in making malt. [Prov. Eng.]
flin't-sponge (flint'spunj), n. The sponge Hy-
alonema mirabilis, found at Yenoshima, on the
coast of Japan. Also called sponge-glass.
flintstone (flint'ston), n. A hard silicious stone ;
flint.
Like wood he sprang the castell about.
On the rock o' the black fiintstane.
Rosmer Hajmand (Child's Ballads, I. 257).
It is not sufllcient to carry religion in our hearts, as fire
is carried \njHnt.stones, but we are outwardly, visibly, ap-
parently, to ser\'e and honour the living God.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 22.
flin'tware (flint'wSr), n. In ceram.: (a) Pot-
tery distinguished by the use of ground flints
mixed with the clay. (6) Pottery having a slip
into which p'oimd flints enter for a considera-
ble part of its volume.
flintwood (flint'wud), «. The mountain-ash of
New South Wales, Ettcalypttts pilularis.
flinty (flin'ti), a. [< flint + -1(1.] 1. Of the
nature of flint ; abounding in flint, or having a
flint-like quality : as, a/iHfy rock; a, flinty fnc-
ture ; flinty ground.
Flinty rocks were cleft. Congreve, Tears of Amaryllis.
Each purple peak, each fiinty spire.
Was bathed in fioods of living tire.
Scott, L. of the L., 1. 11.
2. Figuratively, hard as flint ; obdurate ; cruel ;
unmerciful: as, & flinty 'hea.rX,.
Gratitude
Through Jtinty Tartar's bosom would peep forth.
And answer thanks. Shak., All's Well, iv. 4.
How shall I move
T\iy fiinty heart my curse has made me love?
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 117.
flipi (flip), V. ; pret. and pp. flmped, ppr. flip-
ping. [An attenuated form otflap, q. v. Hence
fillip, fip^, q. v.] I. trans. 1. To fillip; tap
lightly; twitch.
As when your little ones
Doe 'twixt their fingers /lip their cherry stones.
W. Brovme, Britannia's Pastorals, II. 3.
Listlessly flipping the ash from his cigarette.
Hugh Conway, A Family Affair, p. 87.
2. To flick, as with a whip. — 3. To toss with a
snap of the thumb, or the like : as, to flip up a
penny in playing "heads and tails." [CoUoq.]
n. intrans. To flap.
To sing their song " I want to hear the flipping of the
angels' wings." They [three negresses] not only sang the
chorus over and over again, but each time shook their
hands . . . to represent tiieiryii;';>tn(7.
Lotidon Soncon/onnist, June 17, 1886.
When the water had disappeared, eight mackerel were
foaud flippirig about the declc. Science, VII. 263.
To flip up, to toss up a coin to determine what shall be
done, etc. See I., 3. [Colloq.]
The two great men could flip up to see which should
have the second place. Neiv York Tribune, Oct 4, 1879.
flipi (flip), n. [< flipi, ti.] A fillip ; a fiick ; a
snap.
Madame Bovary, with the little pessimistic flip at the
end of every paragraph, is the most personal of l>ooks.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 249.
flip
flipl (flip), <i. [E.dial.; <ftip^,v. Ct.flippant.'\
Nimble; flippant. HalUwell. [Pro v. Eug.]
flip- (flip), «. [Of dial, origin ; prob. < flipi, v.,
but the connection is not clear.] A mixture
of which ale, beer, or cider is the chief iugi-e-
dient, sweetened, spiced, made sometimes with
eggs (see egg-flip), and drunk hot. It is consid-
er essential to heat the conipouiid by nieaus of hot iions
plunged into the liquor, which gives a burnt taste. See
He caus'd the yKp in mugs gae roun'
And wine in cans sae say-
Sir Patrick Speru (Child's Ballads, III. 340).
If you spent the evening in a tavern (says John Adams),
you found the house full of people drinking drams of flip,
(audj toddy, and carousing and swearing.
yineteenth Century, XXIII. 97.
In those good old days ... it was thought best to heat
the poker red hot before plunging it into the mugs otflip.
C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 18.
flip-dog (flip'dog), H. An iron shaped like a
poker, used to heat flip by plunging it while
red-hot into the liquor.
2273
Hurried and Jliitpant fantasies are substitnted for exact
and philosophical reasoning.
Story, Speech at Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1826.
I will not echo the rather flippant observation of Mrs.
Elisabeth Montagu, in her Essay on Shakespeare, ... to
the effect that the primary glory of French dramatists in
their own eyes seems to be their triumph over the difti-
cultics of rhyming. A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., 1. 110.
flippantly (flip'ant-li), adv. In a flippant man-
ner; glibly; with pert volubility.
With those great sugar-nippers they nipp"d off his flippers,
,\s the Clerk very flippantly termed his fists.
Barhain, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 229.
flippantness (flip'ant-nes), n. Flippancy.
flipper (flip'er), n. "[< JlijA + -er^. Cf . flapper.']
1 . A limb used to swim with, (a) The flu of a flsh.
(h) Any limb of a sea-turtle, (c) The leg, especially the fore
leg, of a seal or walrus, (il) The fore fln of a cetacean or a
sirenian, as a whale, a porpoise, or a manatee. («) The
wing of a penguin.
2. The hand: as, give us your/(>;)f r. [Slang.]
— 3. Part of a scene, hinged and painted on
both sides, used in trick changes. [Theatrical
cant.] — 4. A flapjack; akind of griddle-eake. —
Sauare-flipper. the l)earded seal, Eriifnathus barbatus.
[Fojrmerly also flype; prob. of f/,^f-, ^ ^^t or lively person.
r, «,"•„ floT\ a aT,,i»f _rt/\llQ,. J- -i ^ v j.
How now, my wanton flippitt ?
Where are thy ging of sweetnes ? this is mettle
To coyne young Cupids in.
A. Wilson, Inconstant Lady,
flird.! (fl6rd), «. [Sc, formerly also /j/rd; per-
haps a particular use of ME. flerd, q. v.] 1.
Anything thin and insufficient ; any piece of
dress that is unsubstantial. Jamieson. — 2. j)l.
Worn-out clothes. Jamieson.
flird^ (flferd), V. i. [Sc. : see flirt, and cf. flirdi-.']
1. To gibe; jeer.
Sum sings, Sum dances. Sum t*ll storyis. . .
Samjlyrds. .Sum lenyeis ; and sum flatters.
Dunbar, Maitland Poems, p. 102. (Jamieson.)
2. To flutter. Jamieson.
I flype vp my sleucs as one doth that intendeth to do flirHie. flirdv (flfer'di), a. [(.flird^ + -ie, -y^.l
Warm your uose with Forter'B flip-dog.
S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 11.
flipe (flip), n. _ . ....
Scand. origin ; cf. Dan. flip, flap, a shirt-collar,
corner of a handkerchief, etc.; Icel. flipi, a
horse's lip, = Sw. dial. ^ij), the lip.] 1. A fold;
a lap. [Scotch.]— 2. The brim of a hat. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
Good blew bonnets on their head;
Which on the one side had & flipe,
Adorned with a tobacco pipe.
Cieland, Poems, p. 12.
3. A flake of snow. [Prov. Eng.]
flipe (flip), V. t. ; pret. and pp. fliped, ppr. flip-
iitg. [Formerly also flype; < flipe, ?;.] 1. To
fold back ; turn up or down, as a sleeve, or a
stocking in pulling it off, by turning it inside
out. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
some tliynge, or bycauae his sleues shulde not hange oner
his handes. Palsgrave.
2. To rufae back, as the skin. [Scotch.]
The young man '. . . played his pavie, by fly ping up the
lid of his eyes and casting up the white.
McCrie, John Knox, II. 292.
flipflap (flip'flap), n. [A varied reduplication
oi flap. Ct-flip^.] 1. A continual light flap-
ping; the repeated stroke or noise made by
the alternating movements of something broad,
flat, and limber. — 2. A somersault. [Slang.]
— 3t. A flighty person. Davies.
The light sAvy flipflap, she kills him with her motions.
Vanbrugk, False Friend, i. 1.
4. A neuropterous grub, the dobson or hell-
grammite. [Virginia, U. S.]
flipflap (flip'flap), adv. [< flipflap, «.] With a
flapping noise. Johnson.
flipjack (flip'jak), n. Same as flapjack.
flippancy (flip'an-si), n. [< flippan(t) + -cy.]
The state or quality of being flippant; free or
inconsiderate volubility ; presumptuous or im-
pertinent trifling in speech or conduct ; disre-
spectful smartness in speaking or writing ; pert-
ness.
But this flippancy of language proves nothing but the
passion of the men who have indulged themselves in it.
Bp. Hurd, Works, V. vii.
flippant (flip'ant), a. [With suffix -ant, as if
of L. origin, but due to the ME. ppr. sufitx
-and, -ende (< AS. -ende: see -ing^); appar.
resting on flip^, but prob. < Icel. fleipa, orflei-
pra, babble, prattle, fleipr, n., babble, tattle, =
Sw. dial.^pa, talk nonsense.] If. Lively and
fluent in speech; speaking freely; talkative;
communicative.
As for your mother, she was wise, a most flippant tongue
she had. Chapman, All Fools, v. 1.
It becometh good men, in such cases, to be . . . flip-
pant and free in their speech.
Barroio, Sermon on Gunpowder Treason.
2. Voluble and confident, without due know-
ledge or consideration ; talkative and forward ;
impertinent; disrespectfully smart in speech
or conduct.
She was so flippant in her answers to all the honest f el-
lows that came near her, and so very vain of her beauty,
that she has valued herself upon her charms till they have
ceased. Steele, Spectator, No. 118.
To l>e flippant about troubles is as intolerable as if one
were to be frivolous about aldennen.
P. Uobinton, Under the Sun, p. 287.
3. Of alight and trifling quality ; shallow; pert;
disrespectful.
Have no regard to SyblVs dress, have none
To her pert language, to her flippant tone.
Crabbe, Works, IV. 142.
Giddy ; unsettled : often applied to a skittish
horse. Jamieson. [Scotch. ]
flirdoch (fler'doch), ». [<^jr(J2.] Alittle flirt.
Jamieson. [Scotch.]
Aire (Air), v. and «. An obsolete and dialectal
variant otfleer^.
flirk (flerk), V. t. [Formerly also flerk ; a var. of
flirt.'] To throw or toss suddenly; jerk; flirt.
[Now only prov. Eng.]
flirk (flerk), n. [Formerly also flerk; < flirk,
v.] A. sudden throw or toss; a jerk; a flirt.
[Now only prov. Eng.]
With sudden flerk the fatal hemp lets go
The hinnming F'lint.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Trophies.
flirt (fl6rt), )'. [Formerly also written flurt ;
of dial, origin, being associated in sense with
several other words which have the same initial
but different final elements, namely, flirk, flisk,
fliek^, throw, jerk, etc., fleer^, flire, gibe, flite,
scold, etc. Cf . flird^, perhaps in part the orig.
form of which ^iVfc and^iri are variations; cf.
also jerk, jert, yerk, etc., throw: all these words
being more or less dial., and regarded as vaguely
imitative or suggestive of the act they signify,
and in so far prob. variations of one or two orig.
forms.] I. trans. 1. To throw with a quick toss
or jerk ; fling suddenly or smartly, and careless-
ly or without aim ; toss off or about.
The great event is the catastrophe of Sir John Bland,
who lia» flirted away his whole fortune at hazard.
Walpole, Letters, II. 424.
The highly elastic pedicel . . . {in Catasetum Saccatum]
instantly ;tir(s the heavy disc out of the stigmatic cham-
ber, with such force that the whole pollinium is ejected.
Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 18.i.
2, To handle with short, quick movements ;
make waving motions with.
Permit some happier man
To kiss your hand or flirt your fan.
Lord Dorset, Song, To all you Ladies now on Land.
The flirted fan, the bridle, and the toss.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 344.
3. To gibe, jeer, or scoff at ; flout.
Is this the fellow
That had the patience to become a fool,
Aflurted fool, and on a sudden break,
As if he would shew a wonder to the world.
Both in bravery and fortune too?
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, iii. 2.
4t. To snap the fingers at derisively. — 5. To
scold; chide. [Prov. Eng.]
n. intrans. 1. To move nimbly; run or dart
about ; flutter restlessly ; act with levity or gid-
diness.
When we catch them [catfish] witli a Hook, we tread
on them to take the Hook out of their Mouths, for other,
wise, in flurting about, as all Fish will when flrat taken.
flirtigig
they might accidentally strike their sharp Fins into the
hands of those that caught them.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 148.
Pacing the room bare-footed, with the tails of his night-
shirt jfirU'wf)' as he tui-ued.
Ii. L. Stevenson, Treasure of Franchard.
2. To play at courtship ; practise coquettish
diversions; engage in amatory pastime; in gen-
eral, to make insincere advances of any kind.
According to Dame Jocelyn, George Washington rtirfcd
with her just a little bit — in what a stately and highly
finished manner can be imagined.
T. B. Aldrich, Bad Boy, p. 37.
Harley as we now know had flirted with the Jacolutes.
Leslie Stephen, Swift, v.
3. To practise gibing or jeering; scoff.
Derided and flurted at by divers of the baser people, at
night we returned to our Bark. Sandys, Travailes, p. 21.
flirt (flert), n. [Formerly also /«r<; < flirt, v.]
1. A smart toss or cast ; a darting or sprightly
motion.
Indeed there may be sometimes some small flurts of a
Westerly Wind on these Coasts, but neither constant, cer-
tain, nor lasting. Dampier, Voyages, II. iii. 15.
When, with many & flirt and flutter,
In there stepped a stately raven.
Poe, The Raven.
This calmness seemed to enrage Mr. Effingham not a lit-
tle ; and he put on his cocked hat with a flirt of irritation.
J. E. Cooke, Virginia Comedians, I. xii.
2. A contemptuous remark ; a gibe; a jeer.
One yfir( at him, and then I am for the voyage.
Fletcher, Pilgi-im, iii. 1.
Must these smiling roses entertain
The .blows of scorn, and flirts of base disdain ?
Quartes, Emblems, iv. 9.
3. One who flirts; one who plays at courtship ;
one who coquets for pastime or adventure : said
of either sex, but most commonly of a woman.
Ye belles, and ye flirts, and ye pert little things,
Who trip in this frolicsome round.
W. Whitehead, Song for Ranelagh.
Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us
out of the f.ishionable world. Addison, Guardian.
General Tufto is a great yfirt of mine.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxv.
It is like a flirt., miised I ; lively, uncertain, bright-col-
ored. D. G. Mitchell, Reveries of a Bachelor, iL
4t. A shrewish woman.
A good, honest, painful man many times hath a shrew .
to his wife, . . . a proud peevish yf)V(.
Burton, Anat. of Mel.
flirtation (fl6r-ta'shon), n. [< flirt + -ation.]
1. Aflirting; a quick sprightly motion. [Eare.]
— 2. Playing at courtship ; amorous trifling or
adventure.
I assisted at the birth of that most significant word flirta-
tian, which dropped from the most beautiful mouth in the
world, and which has since received the sanction of our
most accurate Laureat in one of his comedies. Some in-
attentive and undiscerning people have, I know, taken it
to be a term synonymous with coquetry : but I lay hold of
this opportunity to undeceive them, and eventually to in-
form Mr. Johnson that flirtation is short of coquetry, and
intimates only the first hints of approximation, which sub-
sequent coquetry may reduce to those preliminary articles
that commonly end in a definite treaty.
Chesterfield, quoted in Brit. Essayists, ci. 210.
A propensity to ^iXad'on is not confined to age or coun-
try, and ... its consequences were not less disastrous to
the mail-clad Ritter of the dark ages than to the silken
courtier of the seventeenth century.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 33.
Or if, perhaps, it was only a passing folly, a foolish little
flirtation, nothing serious at all ?
Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xxxvil.
= Syn. 2. Flirtation, Coquetry. Coqtietr;/ may be general :
as, she was full of coquetry. Flirtation is special. Co-
quetry is the result of the love of admiration ; flirtation Is
more often for the testing or the exhibition of power, and
is generally venturesome or challenging.
flirtatious (fler-ta'shus), a. [< flirtati-on +
-otts.] Given to flirtation. [CoUoq.]
The naughty and flirtatious New York girl, Lilian.
The American, VII. 154.
flirtatiOTlsness (fler-ta'shus-nes), n. A dispo-
sition ortendeney to flirtation ; the habitof flirt-
ing. [Colloq.]
A North Carolina girl of ingenuous flirtatiousness.
Atlantic Monthly, LVIII. 432.
flirter (fl^r'tfer), «. One who flirts ; a flirt,
flirt-gillt, flirt-gilliant (flert'jil, -jil"i-an), n.
[< flirt, n., + giW^, gilHan.] A pert, forward
giri; a light, wanton woman.
Scurvy knave ! I am none of his flirt-gills.
Shak., R. and J., 11. 4.
Thou took'st me up at every word I spoke,
As I had been a mawkin, & flirt -giilian.
Fletcher, The Chances, iii. 1.
flirtigig (flfer'ti-gig), n. [< flirt -f- gig'^ ; the -i-
is merely connective.] A wanton or flirting
girl.
fllrtingly
fliltingly (fl^r'ting-li), adi-. In a flirting man-
ner.
flisht (flish), a. See fledge.
flisk (flisk), V. [E. dial, and Sc, perhaps a var.
of frisk. In sense of flick^, perhaps a var. of
fliyk OT flick^.'\ I. intrans. 1. To fly about nim-
bly; skip; caper.
Were faimes, and flappes of feathers fond,
To Hit away i.\\e JlUkiiui flies.
Gotison, Pleasant Quippes (1596X
2. To fret at the yoke or the collar.
Thou never braindg't and fetch't, and Jliskit.
Bums, Auld farmer's .Salutation to his Auld Mare.
H. trans. 1. To flick, as with a whip. — 2.
To render restless; fret. [Prov. Eng. and
Scotch.]
Fashions fools are easiest /w*et. Scotch proverb.
flisk (flisk), w. [Sc. ; < flisk, v.l 1. A sudden
spring or turn ; a caper ; a whiin.
I never Icnew much of that sort of flne ladies ; . . . but
there is something in Miss Asliton's change . . . too sud-
den, and too serious, for a mere Jlisk of her own.
Scott, Bride of Lammennoor, ixviii.
2. A bundle of white rods to brush away cob-
webs and dust; a whisk. [Prov. Eng.] — 3.
A comb with large teeth.
fliskmahoy (flisk'ma-hoi), n. [Sc., also flisk-
muliaiijo. a giddy, ostentatious person, as adj.
light, triWal, giddy; appar. a capricious exten-
sion of flisk, taken as equiv. to flirt.'\ A giddy,
frisking girl.
Tliat silly flitkmaJtoy, Jenny Rintherout, has ta'en the
exies. Scott. Antiquary, xxxv.
fllsky (flis'ki), a. [Sc. ; < flisk + -y^.] Unset-
tled; fidgety; whimsical.
But never ane will he so daft
As tent auld Johnie's fiitktj dame.
Jloff*;, Mountain Bard, p. 195.
flissa (flis'a), n. [Native name.] A sword with
a straight "blade used by the Kabyles of Algeria.
The edge is usually curved slightly, as in the
yataghan, while the back is straight.
flissat (flis'at), n. Same as/lw8a.
flit' (flit), v.; pret. and pp. flitted, ppr. flitting.
[< ME. flitten, fli/tten, flatten, tr. remove (a
thing) from one place to another, intr. remove,
move, migrate, depart, < leel. flytja, tr. remove,
carry, export or import, refl. flytjask, remove,
migrate, r= 8w. flytta = Dan. flytte, tr. remove,
transfer, convey, intr. remove, depart. Prob.
not connected with Icel. fljota, AS. fledlan, E.
jfeeJi, float, and therefore not connected with
K. fleets in its later sense (ME. and mo<l. E.)
of 'hasten'; hatfleet^ in this sense and fleet*,
a., and pioh. flitter^ and flutter^ have affected
the modern use of flit^, which did not orig. im-
ply swiftness or lightness of motion.] I. trans.
1. To remove (a thing) from one place to an-
other; transport; shift. [Now only Scotch.]
Then tho clerk fli/ttit the boke agayne to the aouth auter
noke. Lay Folkt Mats Book, B. 578.
Fele times have ich fonded toJKtts It fro thougt.
Wmiam 0/ Paleme (E. E. T. 8.), I. 623.
Wl' tentie care 111 ftU thy tether
To some bain'd (saved] rig.
Bums, Auld Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare.
2t. To turn; move; set in motion.
Nature niyhty enclyneth and /Hlteth the govemementr
of tbinge*. Chaucer, Boethius, 111. meter 2.
3. To remove or dispossess. [Now only Scotch.]
So sore it sticked whan I was hit
That by no craft I might It Jlit.
Rom. of the Rose.
Bcbo may not^U nor remove the tenentis.
Balfour, Practlcks (1558), p. 106.
n. intrarut. 1. To move along, about, or
away; remove from a place or from point to
point: go off or about: generally with an im-
plication of suddenness, swiftness, or brevity
of movement.
O thatt otherr da33
Toe Jesu Crist to fiittenn
Inntill the land of Oallle.
Ormulum, 1. 12764.
Him selfe forced to flee to the mountalnes. where he
lined three montlia vnknowne amongst the neardmen,
Jlittinff vp and downe with ten or twelue followers.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 886.
My brither has brought a bonnie yoang page,
Bts like I ne'er did see ;
Bat the red /Hts fast frae bis cheek.
And the tear stands in his ee.
Lady Margaret (Child's Ballads, III. VUl).
2. To remove from one habitation to another.
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
Upon the last of January heJlUted out of old Aberdeen
with his haill family and furniture.
Spalding, UUt. Troubles In Scotland, I. IM.
143
2273
The farmer vext paclcs up his beds and chairs,
And all his household stutf, . . .
Sets out, and meets a friend who hails him, '* What !
YoM'tejlittinfj !" Tennyson, Walking to the Mail.
3. To move lightly and swiftly; fly, dart, skim,
or scud along : as, a bird flits from tree to tree ;
a cloud flits across the moon.
The clouds that Jlit, or slowly float away.
Cowper, Ketirenient, 1. 192.
trnderneath the barren bush
Flits by the sea-blue bird of March.
Tennyson, In Meraoriam, xci.
Many a change o'er the King's face did flit
Of kingly rage and hatred and despair.
As on the slayer's face he still did stare.
Witliam Morris, Earthly P.iradise, I. 350.
Now and then a sheeted figure flitted past us and van-
ished through an inliy archway.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 22«.
4f. [Cf. flitter^.'\ To flutter, as a bird.
He cut the cord
Which fastened by the foot theyiiKtn^ bird.
Dryden, ^neid, v.
fliti (flit), n. [</(<i, t>.] A flitting ; removal.
[Scotch.]
Better rew sit [a staying] nor rew flit [a moving].
Bay, Scottish Proverbs (2d ed., 1678), p. 363.
flit^f (flit), o. [A perversion of .^eet*, in imita-
tion of ^itl.] Nimble; swift.
And in his hand two dartes, exceeding flit
And deadly sharp, he lield.
Spenser, F. Q., II. iv. 38.
For the flitt barke, obaying to her mind.
Forth launched quickly as she did desire.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vl. 20.
flitch (flich), n. [< ME. flicclie, fliehe, flucche,
also without assibilation ^yfcte, ^yfc (> E. dial.
flick^, fleckS) = MLG. vlicke, LG. flikke (> OF.
flique, flicque, fliehe, fliscbe, P. fleche), < AS.
flicce = \ce\. flikki, a flitch of bacon; cf. Icel.
flik, a flap, tatter, = Sw. flik, a lappet, lobe,
= Vt&n. fliy, lap, corner, lappet; cf . Dan. ^it,
flikke, a patch ; perhaps ult. akin to flake^, a
slice, etc. ; but some of the meanings touch
those of the words mentioned under fleck^.']
1. The side of an animal (now only of a hog)
salted and cured : chiefly used in the phrase a
flitch of bacon.
And warn him not to cast his wanton eyne
On grosser bacon, or salt haberdine.
Or dried flitches of some smoked beeve,
Hang'd on a wrythen wythe since Martin's eve.
Bp. Halt, Satires, tv. 4.
Twas thought a sumptuous Treat,
On Birth-Days Festivals, or Days of State,
A salt, dry flitch of Bacon to prepare.
Congreve, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xl.
While he from out the chimney took
A flitch of bacon off the hook.
Sieift, Baucis and Philemon.
2. A steak from tho side of a halibut, smoked
or ready for smoking. — 3. In carp., a plank or
slab ; especially, one of several planks ftistened
side by side to form a compound beam.
Only the flitches taken from the outside part [of the
teak] are available for use. LatlctI, Timber, p. 118.
These [saw] frame* are constructed to take two deals or
flitches instead of one. Ure, Diet., IV. 969.
Flltdl of Dnnmow, a flitch of bacon formerly present-
ed by the lord of the manor of Little Dtnimow, in Essex.
England, to any married couple who could prove (origi-
nally at the priory) that they had lived for a year after
marriage in perfect hamiuny, and had never regretted
their union. The giving of the Hitch was fixed in 1244 as
a condition of the tenure, but the first n^corded instance
of its award was lit 1445 ; several other regular i)resenta-
tions are mentioned, the last in the latter part of the
eighteenth century. The practice was revived in 1856 at
Great Dunmow as a matter of curiosity, and the flitch has
since been awarded on several occasions.
And though thel don hem to Donmmce hut if the denel help
To folwen after the flicche (var. flueehen] fecche thel It
ncuere. Piers Plomnan (B), ix. 169.
flitch-beam (flich'bem), n. A beam made of
two or more flitches or planks fastened to-
gether.
flitchlnt, n. [Dim. ot flitch, n.] Same a,8 flitch, 1.
Vower flUchins of bacon in the chimney.
MS. Inventory of Goods, 1658.
flite (flit), V. i. ; pret. and pp. Aited, ppr. fliting.
[Also flyte, improp. flight; < ME. fliten (pret.
flote, pp. fliten), < Afi. flitan {pret. flat, p].flitnn,
pp. fliten). strive, contend, dispute, = MLG.
vliten = OHG. flizan, MH(>. vlizen, be eager,
apply oneself, G. befleissen = 8w. beflita = Dan.
beflitte, apply to, study, endeavor. See the
noon.] To scold ; quarrel ; brawl. [Old Eng.
and Scotch.]
A-nother werkninn that was ther T)e-8lde
Oan flite with that felthe that formest hadde spoke.
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), I. 2545.
O Bell, why dost thou fl^ite and scome?
Take thy Old Cloak about thee (Percy's Bellquee, p. 119).
flitting
Dinna heflyting on tho wee thing.
N. Macleod, The Starling, 11.
flite (flit), n. [Also flyte; < ME. flit, flyt, strife,
contention, < AS. flit, strife, = OFries. fltt =
MLG. vlit, LG. flit = D. vlijt, diligence, assi-
duity (> Sw. flit, Dan. flid, diligence), = OHG.
fliz, strife, contention, diligence, MHG. vliz,
G.fleiss, diligence, assiduity; from the verb.]
The act of scolding or berating ; a noisy quar-
rel ; an angry dispute. [Scotch.]
I think maybe a flyte wi' the auld housekeeper at Monk-
barns, or Miss Grizel, wad do me some gude.
Scott, Antiquary, xxxix.
fliter (fll'tfer), n. One who flites or scolds. [Old
Eng, and Scotch.]
The Lord was not a flyter, a chyder, an upbraider, a cryer,
etc. RoUoeke, On the Passion, p. 500.
flitterH (flit'Sr), v. i. [< ME. flytteren, scatter
in pieces.] To scatter in pieces.
It flytteryd al abrotle.
Jfor(« d'^r(Aur, i. 137. (HalUwell.)
flitterl (flit'fer), M. [<^i<ferl, r.] 1. A small
piece of anjrthing, especially cloth ; a shred ;
a tatter ; a rag : generally in the plural : as, a
garment torn all to flitters. [Colloq.] — 2. A
minute square of thin metal, used in decora-
tion; collectively, a quantity of such squares.
Strong and brilliant colors are freely used, together with
gilt flitter, in tlie representation of flowering plants, foun-
tains, and other devices [for window-shades].
Beck's Jour. Dec. Art, Supp., II. 40.
flitter^ (flit'fer), V. i. [Appar. an attenuated form
of flutter, q. v. Cf. flittter^, flittermoiise, etc.]
1. intrans. 1. To flutter. Hogg. [Scotch.]
Vnder such props, false Fortune builds her bowre.
On sudden change, her flittering frames be set.
Where is no way, for to escape the net.
Mir. for Mags., p. 502.
Are the stiffwigged living figures, that still flitter and
chatter about that area, less Gothic in appearance?
Lanib, Old Benchers.
2. To hang or droop. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
H. trans. To flutter; move rapidly backward
and forward.
As a skilful juggler /t't/ers the cards before you.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 233.
flitters (flit'6r), n. l<flitT- + -er^.'] One who
flits.
If we be flitters and not dwellers, as was Lot a flitter
from Segor, ... we shall remove to our loss.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc, 1853), II. 109.
flitterchack (flit'6r-chak), «. The ring-ouzel,
Tiirdiis torquatus. J. W. H. Trail. [Orkney
islands.]
flittermouset (flit'6r-mous), n. ; pi. flittermice
(-mis), [(.flitter^ + mottse (ni. eqaiv. flinder-
motise and flickm-mouse), after OD. vleddermuys,
viedermuys, vUrmuys, D. vledermuisz=MLQ. vled-
dermUs =r OHG. fledarmUs, MHG. vledermaus,
G. fledermaus = Sw. flddermus, a bat, < OD.
vleddcren, vlederen, H. fladderen, hover, = OHG.
fledaron, MHG. vJedern, rladern, G. fladdern,
accora. flattem zr Sw. fladdra, flutter, + OD.
tnuys, D. muis = OHG. mus, G. maus = Sw. mus
= E. mouse: see flit^, flutter, flatter^, and mouse.
The older E. name is reremouse, < AS. hreremOs;
ftndsScand. : see rrremoMse and 6at2.] A bat;
a reremouse ; a flindermouse.
My tine flitter-mouse.
My bird o' the night I
B. Jonson, Alchemist, v. 2.
flittem (flit'fem), a. [Origin obscure.] In tan-
ning, applied to the bark of young oak-trees, as
distinguislied from that of old trees, which is
called timber-bark, and is less valuable than
flittem bark as a tanning agent.
flittiness (flit'i-nes), n. The state or quality of
being flitty ; flightiness ; capriciousness ; levity.
[Archaic]
Had we but the same delight in heavenly objects, did we
but receive the truth in the love of it, and niinule it with
faith in the hearing, this would fix that volatilenesa and
flittinesse of our memories, an<l make every truth as in-
delible as it is necessary. Bp. Hopkins, The Lord's Prayer.
flitting (flit'ing), n. [\'erbal n. of /J<1, ».] 1.
A flitting or rapid movement; a flying with
lightness and darting motions ; a fluttering.
Presently came the faint sound of a door opening, and
a flitting of other feet — light, short steps that scarcely
seemed to touch the ground.
Mrs. Otiphant, Poor Gentleman, xvi.
2. A removal from one habitation to another.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.]
A neighbour had lent his cart for the /fifKn^, and it was
now standing loaded at the door, ready to move away.
J. Wilsotl, Margaret Lindsay.
Two fliltings are as bad as a fire. North. Eng. proverb.
3. Household effects in the course of removal
from one place to another. [Scotch.]
flitting
The Bchip-mcn, sone in the morning,
Tursyt on twa hors th&re jlyttinff.
Wyntoicni viii. 38. {Jamieson.)
A moonlight flitting, a secret removal from a place,
as to avoid paying one's debts. [Colloq.J
"Depend upon it," and he winked confidentially, *'he
will smell a rat. and make a moonlujht jiitting of it, and
we shall never hear of him any more."
Mrs, Craik, Mistress and Maid, xvii.
fiittingly (flit'ing-li), adv. In a flitting manner.
flitty (liit'i), a. \<flit^ + -yl.] Unstable ; flut-
tering. [Archaic]
Busying their brains in the mysterious toys
Otjiittie motion.
Dr. H. More, Psychathanasia, I. i. 11.
fliji (fliks), «. [Of obscure dial, origin. There
is nothing to connect this, as has been sug-
gested, with fajc, AS. fe'ax, which means only
the hair of the (human) head (see /ax), or with
flax, AS. fleax, which does not mean either hair
or fur.] It. Bown; fur; especially, the fur of
a hare.
With his loird tongue he faintly licks his prey ;
His warm breath blows heryitx up as she flies.
Dryden.
2. Flufltoess; waviness, as of hair or fur.
[Rare.]
But she had her great gold hair.
Hair, such a wonder of Jiix and floss.
Freshness and fragrance — floods of it, too !
Browning, Gold Hair : a Legend of Pomic.
flix2t (fliks), n. [Early mod. E., < ME. flix, var.
of jiiix, q. V. ] A flux.
And loo ! a womman that suffride thejlix or rennyge of
blood twelve yeer, cam to behynde. Wyclif, Mat. ix. 20.
What with the burning fever, and the Jtixe,
Of sixtie men there scant returned sixe.
Sir J. Hariuffton, tr. of Ariosto, xxxiii. 1.";.
flixweed (fliks' wed), n. A species of cress, the
Sisymbrium Sophia, formerly used in dysentery.
See fluxweed.
flot, «. [ME.Jlo, abbr. otflon, flan, < AS. fl^n,
an arrow: see^one.] An arrow.
Robyn bent his joly bowe,
Therin he set a/o.
Robyn and Gandelyn (Child's Ballads, V. 40).
He schote him to strenge dethe with wel kene Jh.
St. Christopher, 1. 207.
float (flot), V. [Early mod. E. also/o«e; < ME.
flotien, < AS. Jlotian (rare), float, < fleotan (pp.
"floten) = MLG. vloten, vlotten = E. fleefi, float.
Cf. OD. vloten, vlotten, D. vlotten, intr. float, tr.
cause to float, transport, = OHG. fl^zzan, MHO.
vloezen, vloetzeti, Gr. flossen, flotzen, tr., float, in-
fuse, instil, = lael.flota, tr., float, launch. The
related words are numerous: see the noun.
Cf. F. flatter = It. fiotture, float, also fluctuate,
waver, = Sp. ^otar, float; F.flot, m., a wave,
billow, surge, a crowd, multitude, the tide, a
float, = It. fiotto, a wave, billow, flood, tide,
fury, frotto and frotta, a crowd, multitude,
troop; F.flotte, f., a fleet, a float, a buoy, OP.
floie, a fleet, a multitude (> ME.flote, a mul-
titude), = Sp. ^to, a fleet, a mtiltitude (> E.
flotilla, q. v.), = Pg. /rote, a fleet, etc.: words
which owe their origin to L. fluctuare, rise in
waves, be driven hither and thither, waver,
hesitate, < fluctus, a wave, billow, surge, com-
motion, etc., but have taken in part the forms
and the senses ('float, a float, a buoy, a fleet,'
etc.) of the Teut. words, which are not related
to the L. fluctus, etc. : see fluctuate.'] I. in-
trans. 1. To rest on the surface of water or
other liquid, with or without movement ; more
commonly, to be buoyed up by water and moved
by its motion alone.
Thys tree aroos out of the water and Jloted aboue the
water. Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 155.
Vespasian for a tryall caused divers to be cast in [the
Dead .Sea], bound hand and foot, who jloted as if supported
by some spirit. Sandys, Travailes, p. 110.
The ark no more now Jloatg, but seems on ground.
Milton, P. L., xi. 850.
Ourzola does not Jloat upon the waters ; it soars above
them. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 204.
2. To rest or move in or as if in a liquid me-
dium ; be or appear to be buoyed up, moved, or
carried along by or with the aid of a surround-
ing element: as, clouds, motes, feathers, etc.,
float in the air; odors float on the breeze;
strains of music float on the wind.
Stretch their broad plumes, and float upon the wind.
Pope.
When night fell, the music of the city band came floating
over the water. Froude, Sketches, p. 98.
The dancing-girls of Samarcand
Float in like mists from Fairy-land.
T. B. Aldrich, When the Sultan Goes to Ispahan.
All around
Floated a delicate sweet scent,
As though the wind o'er blossoms went.
WiUiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 109.
2274
With his gray hair^Ioa^tni;
Bound his rosy ample face.
Whittier, The Sycamores.
3. To drift about fortuitously; be moved or
carried along aimlessly or vaguely; go and
come passively : as, a rumor has floated hither ;
confused notions ^oa<Jn(7 in the mind.
Every thing floats loose and disjointed on the surface
of their mind, like leaves scattered and blown about on
the face of the waters. U. Blair, Works, XI. ii.
4. In weaving, to pass, as a thread, crosswise
under or over several threads without inter-
secting them. Thus, in twilled or diapered stuff, a
thread of the weft will float— that is, pass under or over
several threads of the warp.
When either of the white or black threads disappear on
one side of the cloth, they are not found floating under-
neath, but are being woven into another cloth.
A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 104.
II. trans. 1. To cause to float ; buoy; cause
to be conveyed on the surface of a liquid : as,
the tide floated the ship into the harbor; to
float timber down a river. — 2. To cover with
water; flood; irrigate.
In some countries the overflow of rivers engenders
mushronies, and namely, at Mytilene, where (by report)
they will not otherwise grow but upon floten grounds.
Hammond, tr. of Pliny, xix. 3.
Proud V&cUAw^ floats the fruitful lands. Dryden, ^neid.
A grass abundantinyioa^etf or irrigated meadows. Pryor.
3. In oyster-culture, to place on a float for fat-
tening. See float, «., 1 (e). — 4. In plastering,
to pass over and level the surface of, as plaster,
with a float frequently dipped in water.
Work which consists of three coats is called floated : it
takes its name from an instrument called a float, which is
an implement or rule moved in every direction on tlie
plaster while it is soft, for giving a perfectly plane sur-
face to the second coat of work.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 122.
5. In ceram., to wash over or cover with a
thin coat, as of varnish, or with enamel. — 6. In
white-lead making, to subject to the process of
floating. See floating, n., 4. — 7. In farriery,
to file, as the teeth of horses, especially old
horses.
The old horse may be made to live . . . years more, if
his front teeth are filed ... so that the grinders can do
their natural work. . . . Many an old horse will renew its
life if its teeth are floated, as the process is called.
Xew York Weekly Tribune, Dec. 28, 1886.
8. To set afloat ; give course or effect to ; pro-
cure recognition or support for : used of finan-
cial operations: as, to float stocks or bonds ; to
float a scheme by raising funds to carry it on.
The floating of loans, which has since risen to the dig-
nity of modern financial science, began to be contemplated
and undertaken. Nineteenth Century, XIX. 883.
9. In .^porting, to hunt by approaching with a
boat or float at night : as, to float deer — To float
up, to solder the ends of (tin cans) inside. The can stands
on tlie floating-board, which is heated until the solderruns.
float (flot), n. [< ME. flote, a boat, a fleet, <
AS. flota, a boat, ship, also a shipman, sailor,
= D. vloot, a fleet, vlot, a float, raft, LG. fleute,
a vessel {see flute^), = loe\.floti, a float, raft,
a fleet, = Sw. flotta = D&n.flaade, a float, raft,
a fleet, =OnG. floz, MHG. vloz, G. floss, a float,
raft (G. flotte, a fleet, < F. flotte, a fleet, which
is of LG. or Seand. origin); the related nouns
are numerous, and the forms mingle ; all from
the verh float, ult. < AS. fledtan, E. fleet^, float,
etc.: see float, v., and fleet^, v. In def. 2, <
ME. flote, < AS. flot, in prep, phrases, to flote,
to the water, on flot (ace), on flote (dat.), on
the water, afloat, ME. on flote = Icel. a flot,
dfloti, afloat, Sw. flott, Dan. flot, D. vlot (> G.
flott), a. and adv., afloat, floating. The F. a
flot, lit. on the wave, is an accom. of the Teut.
phrase. See afloat.] 1. That which floats,
rests, or moves on the surface of water or other
liquid.
And for the space of fifty leagues before we came hither
we always found swimming on the sea flotes of weedes of
a ship's length, and of the bredth of two ships.
Hakluyfs Voyages, III. 415.
Specifically — (at) A boat.
There he made a litel cote
To him and to hise flote. Havelok, 1. 737.
The vessel, gaily, orfloate yt brought it to Kome so many
hundred leagues must needs have ben of wonderful big-
nesse and strange fabriq. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 20, 1644.
(fit) A fleet.
Scipen heo ther heo funden, makede muchel sw-flot [var.
mochel flote]. Layamon, I. 193.
Haml)er king and ac his fleote [flote]. Layamon, I. 91.
The good ship named the Primerose shalbe Admirall of
ih\& flote. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 296.
(c) A collection of timber, t>oard8, or planks fastened to-
gether and floated down a stream ; a raft.
floatage
From that city [Kineveh] to Bagdat they carry on tlie
navigation viiiYi floats of timber tied togetlier on skins of
sheep and goats filled with wind.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 161.
((/) A fishing-fioat. (e) A platform of planks or other ma-
terial, as a galvanized iron netting or something similar,
on whicli oysters are piled in fresh water to fatten for
marketing. (/) A floating platform fastened to a wharf
or the shore, from which to embark in or land from boats,
as a landing-place at a ferry, (f/) A cork or other light
sulistance used on an angling-line to support it and show
by its movement when a flsh takes the hook.
The float and quill to warn you of the bit.
John Dennys (Arber'a Eng. Garner, I. 153).
I . . . was creeping cautiously in the freezing water,
watching the tiny.^a( as itdanced its merry course along.
R. B. Roosevelt, Game Fish, p. 45.
(A) The small piece of ivory on the surface of the mercury
in the Itasin of a barometer, (r) The hollow metallic sphere
of a self-acting faucet, which floats in the boiler of a steam-
engine or in a cistern. (.;' ) An instrument used for gaging
streams.
2. The act or state of floating: now only in the
prepositional phrase or adverb afloat.
Now er alle on flote, God gif tham grace to spede.
Langto/t, Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 169.
Now is this gaily on flote, and out of the safetie of the
roade. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 134.
3t. The act of flowing; flux; flood; flood-tide.
But our trust in the Almighty is, that with us conten-
tions are now at their highest y!oaf.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ix.
Of which kind we conceive the main float and refloat of
the sea is, which is by consent of the universe, as part of
the diurnal motion. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 907.
It were more ease to stop the ocean
From floats and ebbs than to dissuade my vows.
Ford, Tis Pity, i. 1.
4t. [Cf . F. flot, a wave : see etym.] A wave.
For the rest o' the fleet.
Which I dispera'd, they all have met again.
And are upon the Mediterranean flote.
Bound sadly home for Naples. Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
5. An inflated bag or pillow used to sustain a
person in the water ; a cork jacket ; a life-pre-
server.— 6. A platform on wheels, bearing a
group of objects or persons forming a tableau
or scenic effect, and designed to be drawn
through the streets in a procession. — 7. A
kind of dray having the body hung below
the axle, used for transporting heavy goods.
— 8. A coal-cart. — 9. A name of variotis me-
chanical tools and appliances, (a) The float-board
of a water-wheel, or of the paddle-wheel of a steamer. (&)
In prime movers actuated by currents of fluid, that part
of the machine on which water or air acts in producing its
impulsive effect ; a vane, (c) A plasterers' trowel (usu-
ally of wood) for spreading plaster. Floats are of several
sorts: the hand-float, which is a sliort trowel which a man
by himself may use in spreading the plaster on lathing;
the angle-float, which is used for making angles in walls ;
the quirk-float, which is used on moldings in angles ; and
the lonq float or derby, which requires two men to use it.
(d) A single-cut file for smoothing. (<■) A block used in
polishing marble. CO A tool used by shoemakers to rasp
off the ends of pegs, etc., inside the boot or shoe. (*?) An
apparatus used in tempering st^el by means of a stream
of water, (h) The wooden cover of the sponge or tar-
bucket used with fleld-gun caiTiages. Farrow, Mil. Encyc.
lOf. pi. Theat., the footlights : in allusion to
the wicks, which floated in a trough filled with
oil. — 11. In weaving, especially of fancy fab-
rics, the passing of a thread crosswise under
or over several threads without intersecting
them.
A float is caused by the shuttle passing either above or
below the thread or threads intended, consequently it is
not intersected, as it ought to be, but fioats loosely upon
the surface of the cloth. A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 414.
12. A timber drag used for dressing off roads,
especially race-courses. — 13. In zool.: (o) In
Mollusca, specifically, the vesicular appendage
of the lanthinidse. See cut under lanthinidie.
(6) A local name of a discoid medusa of the
genus Velella.
Velella has borne the name which designates its most
striking peculiarity since the middle of the fifteenth cen-
tury, on account, perhaps, of a somewhat fanciful likeness
to a little sail. It is commonly called in Florida, » here it
is sometimes very abundant, the float.
Stand. Nat. Hist., 1. 107.
(c) An air-sac or other light hollow or vesicu-
lar part or organ which floats or buoys some
animals on the water, as the pneumatophore oi-
pneumatoeyst of a hydrozoan. The large inflated
part of a physophoran, as the Portuguese man-of-war, is a
good example. See pneumatophore, and cuts under Atho-
rybia and Physalia.
14. Same as floater, 4.
floatage, flotage (flo'taj), n. [< P. flnttage,
floatage, raftage, < flatter, float: see float, v.,
and -age.] 1. The floating capacity or power
of anything.
I should lighten the brig without imperilling the float-
age power of the timber in the hold.
W. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, xlii.
floatage
Z. Anything that floats on the water ; flotsam.
Hamersly.
floatantt, «. See flotant.
floatation t, ». See flotation.
float-boara (flot'borid), n. 1. A board of the
water-wheel of undershot mills which receives
the impulse of the stream by which the wheel
is driven. — 2. One of the paddles of a steamer.
float-case (flot'kas), «. A contrivance for ele-
vating bodies by the upward pressure of water
under an air-tight metallic case, moving in a
well or shaft.
float-copper (fl6t'kop'6r), n. Copper in the
form of tine particles carried away by running
water. See float-mineral.
floater (flo't^r), n. l. One who or that which
floats or fluctuates; a person or thing in a
floating condition, literally or figuratively.
Let not the suit of Venus thee displease —
Pity theyloa(<r« on th' Ionian seas.
Butden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., Iv.
2. One who floats game.— 3. A registering
float on a graduated stick, designed to indicate
a level attained between periods of observation.
— 4. In political slang, a voter who is not defi-
nitely attached to any party ; especially, a voter
whose vote may be purchased. [TJ. S.] — 5.
A dead human body found floating in the water.
[U.S.] — 6. In Mississippi and Tennessee, a
representative in the State legislat iire who may
be elected indifferently from either of two or
moie counties.
The conuties of Franklin and Lincoln each shall have
one representatiTe and a/kxttrr between them.
Mi*i. Conttilution, 1890, sec 264.
float-flle (flot'fil), n. See rttel.
float-gold (flot'gold), II. Gold in the form of
tine particles carried away by running water.
See flan t-mineral.
float-grasa (flot'gris ), n. One of several species
of grass frequent in wet meadows, as Glyceria
fluitans, Alopecurus genieulatus, and Catabrosa
aquaticn.
floating fflo'ting), «. 1. The act of support-
ing one's self, or the state of being supported
or borne, on the surface of water or other
liquid; flotation.
When the sea was calm, all boat* alike
Show'd inaatenhip injUxtting. Skat.,CoT., ir. I.
2. In agri., the flooding or overflowing of
meadow-lands. — 3. The spreading of stucco or
plaster on the surface of walls, etc. ; also, the
second coat of three-coat plastering-work.
The /tooting is of line stuff witli a little liair mixed witii
it. Workihop Receipt*, Ist ser., p. 122.
4. A method of obtaining pigments and other
materials in a very finely divided state. Th^y
are Hnt ground as fine as poaaible in a niill, and are then
pat into long sluiceways of slowly running water. The
coarser particles sink first, while the liner are carried a
longer distance. The latter are collected and dried, and
conatitate the floated material. Sometimes, by certain
modiflcations, air is used instead of water.
The preparatory working, in order to remove mechani-
cal impuritiea, la effected by levigation. The washed clay
ts dried, slightly calcined, and immediately ground to flue
powder. The floating is done by hand or power.
Wmrkthop lUeeipU, 2d aer., p. 408.
6. In etectrohfping, the process of filling low-
spaced forms of type with liquid plaster up to
the shoulders of the type, and brushing off the
superfluous plaster after it is dry, preparatory
to taking a mold. — 6. In tceaving, a thread of
weft which floats, spans, or crosses on the top
of several warped threads. See flushittg^, 1. —
7. The method or practice of hunting game by
approaching it with a boat at night ; fire-hunt-
ing; shining; jacking. The hunter, equipiied with
a iantent or ton.-ii, jtadiltes noiseleialy towaril the game,
as a deer in shallow water, until the reflection of the light
from the animal's eyes affords an aim.
floatinK (flo'ting), p. a. 1. Borne on the sur-
face of the water or other liquid, or on the air:
as, n floating leaf; floating islands.
Th' Atlantic billow's roard
When such a destined wretch as I
HiM floating home forever left.
Cowper, The Castaway.
The very air about the door
Hade misty with the floating meaL
Tennygon, Miller's Daughter.
2. Not fixed or settled in a definite state or
place; fluctuating: as, ./loaMn^ population.
He had at this period a /looftno intention of writing a
hiatory. BomxU, Johnson, I. 203.
8. Free; disconnected; unattached: as, the
floating ribs in some fishes. — 4. In finance:
(a) Composed of sums of varying amount due
at different but specified dates ; unfunded : as,
a large floating debt. (6) Not fixed or definite-
2275
ly invested; not appropriated to any fixed per-
manent investment, as in lands, buildings, ma-
chinery, etc., but ready to be used as occasion
demands; in circulation or use: as, floating
capital (opposed to fixed capital). See capital'^
—Floating anchor, battery, breakwater, bridge,
clough, dam, debt, derrick, dock, dome, elevator,
gage, harbor, island, ttc. See the nouns.— Floating
bricks. .See brick'J. — Floating kidney, liver, meadow,
rib, etc. See the nouns. — Floating screed.in j'la/^tcring,
a strip of plaster arranfjeii anil nicely adjusted for guiding
the float. Seey/oa(,n., 9(c).— The floating vote,votei"S
collectively wlio are not permanently attached to any
political organization, and whose votes therefore cannot
be counted upon by party managers. [U. S.]
floating-board (flo'tiug-bord), n. A plate of
east -iron with a ribbed or corrugated under sur-
face, but planed true on top, employed in float-
ing up tin cans. (See to float up, under float,
V. t.) Also e&Ued floating-plate.
floating-heart (flo'ting-hart), w. A name given
to species of Lininantliemum, from their floating
cordate leaves.
floating-island (flo'ting-i'land), ». In cookery,
a dish made of cream or boiled custard, with
white of egg beaten stiff and floating on the
top. sometimes colored with jelly.
floating-lever (flo'ting-lev'Sr), n. One of two
horizontal brake-levers which are introduced
under the center of a railroad-car body. Car-
Builder's Diet.
floating-plate (fio'ting-plat), n. 1. Same as
floating-board. — 2. In stereotyping (by the plas-
ter process), a plate of iron, about half an inch
thick, which fits loosely in the dipping-pan when
the pan contains melted type-metal. This float-
ing-plate, which tioats in the heavier melted type-metal,
aids in giving uniformity of thickness to the stereotype-
plate.
float-mineral (flot'min'fer-al), n. Fragments of
ore detached and carried to some distance from
their native bed by currents of water or in the
ordinary process of erosion ; also, particles of
metal which are liberated in the process of
stamping, and are too thin and minute to settle
readily in water, as in the case of float-gold or
float-copper. ,
float-ore (flot'or), ii. Same as float-mineral.
floatsome, n. A dialectal variant of flotsam.
floatstone (flot'ston), «. 1. A spongiform
quartz, a mineral of a spongy texture, of a
whitish-gray color, often with a tinge of yellow,
so light as to float in water. It frequently
contains a nucleus of common flint. — 2. In
bricklaying, a stone used to rub curved work
smooth and remove the ax-marks, as in the
heads and backs of niches. Its form is made
the reverse of that of the surface on which it
is to be used.
floaty (flo'ti), a. [Formerly also ;tofie; < float
+ -yi.] It. Able to float or swim on the sur-
face; buoyant.
The hindrance to stay well is the extreme length of a
ship, especially if she l>e floaty, and want sharpness of way
forwards. Raleigh, Essays.
Some few buttes of beare being flotie they got, which
though it had lien six moneths vnder water was veiVgood.
Quoted in Capl. Jolxn Smith i Works, II. IM.
2. Rank and tall, as grass. [Prov. Eng.]
flocci, n. Plural of floccus.
floccillation (flok-si-la'shon), n. [< "floccillm,
an assumed dim. of L. floccuK, a lock or flock of
wool, etc.: see flock^, n.] In pathol., a deliri-
ous picking of the bedclothes by a patient ; car-
phofoiria.
floccipendt, '". '. [< L. flocci nendere, consider
of no value, lit. vtilue at a lock of wool : flocci,
gen. of floccHS, a lock or flock of woof, etc.
(used as a symbol of valuelessness) ; pendere,
weigh, have value : see pendent. Cf. vilipend.]
To consider of no value; value not a hair.
By reason wherof he should be floceipended and had in
contempt ,% disdeygne of the .Scottish people.
tfott, Hen. VII., an. 11,
floccose (flok'os), a. [< LL. floccosus, full of
flocks of wool, < floccus, a flock of wool, etc. :
aeeflock'^, «.] 1. Woolly: specifically, in bot.,
composed of or bearing flocci. — 2. In omith.,
same &s flocculent, 3.
floccolar (flok'u-liir), a. [< HL. flocculus + -ar.]
Of the nature of or resembling a flocculus ; spe-
cifically, in anat., of or pertaining to the floc-
culus of the cerebellum : as, the JUyceular fossa
(that fossa in which the flocculus is lodged).
On its inner surface the /(occuZar fossa Is nearly always
wide and deep, but it is absent, or nearly so, in the capy-
bara, paca, and porcupine.
W. H. FUncer, Osteology, p. 158.
FloccuUir process, the flocculus.
flocculate (flok'u-liit), a. [< NL. flocculus +
-</««!.] In entom., bearing a flocculus or small
floccns
bunch of curled hairs, as the trochanters of cer-
tain bees.
flocculation (flok-u-la'shon), n. [< NL. flocculus
+ -ation.] The act or process of becoming
floccular; specifically, in cliem. and physics, the
union of small particles into granular aggre-
gates or compound particles of larger size, un-
der the influence of a moderate agitation in
water or other fluid.
If we Ijegin with a strong solution of sulphuric, nitric,
and chlorhydric acids mixed, and follow through repeated
dilutions as above described, the /ioccwZod'on and precipi-
tation of the suspended material is almost equally rapid
for several successive dilutions.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX. 4.
floccule (flok'iil), n. [< NL. floccuhis, dim. of L.
floccus, a lock of wool : see flocculti^.] Some-
thing resembling a small tuft of wool ; specifi-
cally, in chem. and j^hysics, a small compound
particle formed from the vmion of still smaller
particles by agitation in a liquid. See floccula-
tion.
flocculence (flok'u-lens), n. [< flocculent.] 1.
The state of being woolly or flocculent ; adhe-
sion in small flocks or tufts ; the condition of
containing floceuli.
The reflecting surfaces which give rise to these (aerial)
echoes are for the most part due to differences of tempera-
ture between sea and air. If, through any cause, the air
above be chilled, we have descending streams — if the air
below lie warmed, we have ascending streams as the ini-
tial cause of atmospheric flocculence.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 287.
2. In entom., a soft, white, waxy substance ex-
uded from various parts of the body, but pri-
marily from the abdomen. It is found most
commonly in the Homoptera.
floccnlent (flok'u-lent), a. [< L. floccus, a lock
of wool, etc. (see fiock^), + -ulent.] 1. Like a
flock of wool; fleecy; woolly.
The weather had been fine and clear, and in the morn-
ing the air was full of patches of the flocculent web [of the
gossamer spider], as on an autumnal day in England.
Darwin, Voyage of Beagle, I. 204.
Specifically — 2. Coalescing and adhering in
locks or flocks.
These red' cells, acquiring thick cell- walls, . . . float in
fioeeuUnt aggregations on the surface of the water. This
state seems to correspond with the "winter spores" of
other Protophytes. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 2S4.
3. In omith., like or pertaining to the floccus.
See ^cc«», 2(6). Also ^occo«e. — 4. In enfom.,
covered, as an insect, or any part of it, with a
soft, waxy substance, generally white in color
and adhering in irregular flakes or strings,
often of considerable length, as in many Ho-
moptera— Flocculent precipitate, in chem., a woolly-
looking precipitate, like that of alumina, from the solu-
tion of a salt to which ummonla is added.
floccnli, H. Plural ot flocculus.
flocculose (flok'u-16s), a. [< NL. as if 'floccu-
losus, < flocculus, dim. of L. floccus, a lock of
wool.] Woolly; like wool; flocculent; specifi-
cally, in bot., somewhat or finely floccose.
flocculus (flok'u-lus), n. ; pi. floceuli (-li). [NL.,
dim. of h. floccus, a flock of wool: see flock^.]
1. A small flock of wool or something resem-
bling it; a small tuft; a shred; a flake. Spe-
cifically— 2. In anat., a tuft-like lobe of the
cerebellar hemisphere on either side behind and
below the middle pedimcle of the cerebellum,
'i'he nodulus connects the two floceuli. Also called sub-
jieduncular lobe and pneuitiogatilric lobule.
3. In entom., a small bunch of fine curved
hairs ; particularly, a btmch of stiff hairs found
on the posterior coxas of certain hymenopter-
ous insects. — 4. In chem. and physics, a small
^gregation of particles formed by the agita-
tion of a liquid containing them Commissure
of thefloCCIUtU. See eomnuMutv.
floccus (flok'us), n. ; pi. flocci (-si). [L., a flock
ofwool, etc. : seeflock'^.'] 1. A flock or tuft of
wool or something resembling it. Specifically
— 2. In zool.: (a) The long tuft of hair which
terminates the tail in some quadrupeds. (6) In
omith., the peculiar covering of newly hatched
or unfledged birds ; the generally downy plu-
mage, of simple structure, growing at first from
the skin, it is afterward, for the most part, affixed to
the tip of tile growing new feathers, of which it is the pre-
cursor, or rather the first-formed part, and finally falls off,
not to be renewed. In psilopaidic thirds the floccus is as-
sociated only with the true plumage, sprouting from the fu-
ture pt*'ryl»e alone ; in ptilopsedie birds it sprouts also from
the apteria or featherless parts, and so far is not connected
with the future plumage ; in such cases the whole body is
densely clothed.
3. In bot. : (a) A small tuft of woolly hairs.
(6) ;)/. In mycology, hypha; or thread-like cells
which compose the mycelium of a fungus, es-
pecially when they resemble fine wool.
flock
flocki (flok), n. [< ME. floclc, flokk, flok, floe, a
company or band (of men), a flock or herd (of
deer, swiue, sheep, birds), < AS. floe, flocc, a com-
pany or baud (of persons — not used of beasts
or birds), = MLG. vlocke (in sense 2) = Icel.
flokki; a company or band (of pei-sons), = Sw.
flock, a crowd, a collection, = Da.n. flok, a flock
(in all the E. uses). Other connections un-
known; as the special reference to birds is
modem, the supposed relation tofly^, AS.fled-
gaii, etc., will not hold.] 1. A company or
band (of persons). The word is now seldom used
with reference to persons, except as in the ecclesiastical
or religious sense (def. 8), which is a figurative use of
sense 2.
Hys men he delys in twoo floekkes.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 3816.
We saw, come marching ower the knows,
Five hundred Fennicks in a /lock.
Raid of the Reidsmre (Child's Ballads, VI. 134).
I then in London, keeper of the king,
Muster'd ray soldiers, gather'd rtocjfcs of friends.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
2. A company of animals, in modern use espe-
cially of sheep, goats, or birds. Among sports-
men it is applied especially to companies of wild
ducks, geese, and shore-birds.
A semblee of peple withouten a cheventeyn, or a chief
lord, is as ajiock of scheep withouten a schepperde.
Ma}idevUle, Travels, p. 3.
Of Wilde bestis cam gret pray, . . .
Afterward a jtok of bryddis.
King AHsaunder, 1. 564.
There rayghte men see many jtokkes
Uf turtles and laverokkes.
RotH. of the Rose, 1. 661.
Thy hair is as a flock of goats, that appear from mount
Gilead. Cant. iv. 1.
If I do not beat thee out of thy kingdom with a dagger
L. is uncertain,
of wool or hair.
2276 flogging
Ct.flake^.-\ 1. A look or tuft flock-patedt {flok'pa"ted), a. Having a head
or brains like wool; stupid; silly.
And he that would be a poet
Must in no ways he flock-pated :
His ignorance, if he show it,
He shall of all schollers be hated.
Roxburgh Ballads, II. 49B. (Davies.)
flock-powder (flok'pou"der), V. Same as^cA:^,
2. See the extract.
I prithee, Tom, beat Cut's saddle, put a lew flocks in the
point; the poor jade is wrung in the withers.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 1.
2. Finely powdered wool or cloth, used, when
colored, for making flock-paper and also for-
merly as shoddy. See extract uwder flock-2)otc-
der. — 3. The refuse of wool, or the shearings of
woolen goods, or old cloth or rags torn or bro-
ken up by the machine called the devil, used for
stufling mattresses, upholstering furniture, etc.
They were wont to make . . . beds ot flocks, and it was
a good bed too. Latimer, 3d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1649.
4. Same a,s flock-bed.
Here, on a matted flock, with dust o'erspread,
The drooping wretch reclines liis languid head,
Cratibe, Works, 1. 13.
5. i>l. Dregs; sediment; specks; motes.
Not to leave anie flockes in the bottome of the cup.
Nash, Pierce Pennilesse (1592).
6. In chem., a loose light mass of any substance :
usually applied only to such masses as they ap-
pear suspended in a solution.
If any iron is present, brown flocks will remain floating
in the ammoniacal solution. lire, Diet., IV. 933.
flock2 (flok), V. t. [< flock^, n.] To cover with
flock ; distribute flock on (a prepared surface
of cloth or paper). E. H. Knight. Seeflock^,
n., 2.
If the goods have been heavily flocked . . . there may
be trouble in getting them evenly sheared.
Manufacturers' Rev., XX. 223.
flock^ (flok), ». [E. dial., another form of
flake^.'] A hurdle: same as flake^. [Prov.
Eng.]
of lath, and drive all thy subjects afore thee like a flock flock*t (flok), V. t. [Origin obscure ; possibly as-
of wild geese. 111 never wear hair on my face more. soeiated with floclfl (cf . floccipend).-] To flout :
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., u. 4. ipop \ .> j. / j
Hence — 3. In Biblical and ecclesiastical use, a ' We do liym loute and flocke,
company of persons united in one church, un- And make him among vs our common sporting-stocke.
der a leader called, by the same figure, the shep- Udall, Roister Doister, ill. 3,
herd or pastor; a congregation, with regard to flock-bed (flok'bed), n. [= D. vlokbed = G,
its minister.
Neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being en-
samples to the flock. 1 Pet. v. 3.
=S3m. Flock, Gaggle, Covey, Pack, Gang, Wisp, Bevy,
Sedge, Brood. Flock is the popular term for birds of
many sorts ; it is applied by sportsmen especially to wild
ducks, geese, and shore-birds. Herbert applies gaggle to
geese; Colquhoun applies it to geese swimming; it is not
used in the United .States. Covey is applied to several
kinds of birds, especially partridges and pinnated grouse.
Pack is applied to the pinnated grouse in the late season
when they go in "packs "or large flocks. Gan^ is applied flock-duck fflok'dukl n Samp ai ifnekinn fowl
to wild turkeys, utisp to snipe, l>evy to quail, sedge to her- , , „,""S''' i. .-".''' "' ^?"'!P? «'SJl0CKing-J0Wl.
Brood applies to the mother and her youiig till the
flockenbett; < flock'^ + bed.'] A bed filled with
flocks, or locks of wool, or pieces of cloth cut
up fine; a bed stuffed with flock, or the refuse
of wool. Also called /ZocA;.
Get you to your fleas and your flock-beds, you rogues.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, iv. 3.
On once & flock-bed, but repair'd with straw, . . .
Great Villiers lies. Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 301.
On a flock-bed lay the old man he came to visit,
Henry Mackenzie, The Mirror, 1779.
ons.
latter are old enough for game.
flockl (flok), r. [< ME. flocken, flogken = Sw.
(refl.) flacica = Dan. flokke, gather in a flock;
from the noun.] I. intrans. To gather in a
flock, company, or crowd; goinaflockorerowd:
as, birds of a feather /ocfc together; the peo-
ple flocked together in the market-place.
The fowels flokked to-geder. Cursor Muiidi, 1. 178.
The young men of Rome began to flock about him.
Bacon, Advancement of Leai-ning, i. 14.
They [barbels] flock together like sheep.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 167.
It was for a matter of twelve years together that per-
sons of all ranks, well affected unto church-reformatii
(t. Trumbull. [Eastern U. S.]
flocked (flokt), p. a. 1. Covered with flock.—
2. Having the nap raised — Flocked enamel. See
enaitwl.
flocketf, n. A loose garment with large sleeves
worn by women in the sixteenth century. Also
flokkard.
flocking-fowl (flok'ing-foul), n. A gunners'
name in the United States of the blackheads
or scaup ducks, Aithyia marila and A. affinis,
from their flocking. Also called raft-duck, flock-
duck, and troop-fowl, from the same habit. See
cut under scaup.
flocking-maclline (flok'ing-ma-shen"), n. A
machine for spreading flock on prepared paper.
See flock-paper.
■ "■■■ "■ ' ' A
kept sometimes dropping and sometimes flocking into . ,
E:g^td"w\fe^"T?SlJe^d"so'todo""'' "'"""' """'""'■ &°^}f^S (fl°k'ling) n Kflockl + .w,,^!.]
C. Mather, Jfag. Chris., i. 5. "*'"«' member of a flock ; a lamb ; a sheep.
Il.t trans. 1. To gather into a flock or com-
pany.
Brenne . . . flokkede his cnihtes. Layamon, I. 201.
2. To crowd.
Turpentine and tarre to keep my flocklings cleanly in a
spring-time. Brome, Queen and Concubine (1659).
flocklyt, adv. [<flocki -)- -hj^.'] In a flock; in
ambush.
Good fellowes trooping flock'd me so,
That, make what haste I could, the sunne was set
Ere from the gates of London I could get.
John Taylor, Works (1609).
flock^ (flok), n. [< ME. flocke, flokke, a flock
Flocklye, or in a bushement, Confertim. Huloet.
flockman (flok'man), n. ; pi. fl^ckmen (-men).
A shepherd.
flock-master (flok'mas"ter), n. An owner or
overseer of a flock; a sheep-farmer.
(of wool, etc.), a flake (of snow), = MD. vlocke, flockmealt (flok'mel), adv. [ME. flocmeel, floe-
D. vlok, a flock, flake, tuft, = MLG. vlocke, a
flock (of wool, etc.), a flake (of snow), LG. flok,
flokke, flog, flock, flake, = OHG. floccho, MHG.
vlocke, G. flocke, flock, flake, = Sw. flocka =
Dan. flokke, flok, flock, = Icel. floki, felt, hair,
wool, etc. (the Sw. and Dan. forms are prob.
borrowed from LG. ; the Icel. fonn does not
quite agree with the others). Cf. h.flocetis, a
lock or flock of wool, on clothes, in fruits, etc.,
anything of slight value (flocci nonfacere, care
not a straw for, flocci pendere, value at a hair :
see floccipend), > OF. floe, F. floe, floche, also
flocon, a flock of wool, etc., flake, mote, = Pr.
floe = Pg. froco, flock, = It. fiocco, flock, flake,
tassel. The relation of the Teut. forms to the
tmle, flokmel, < AS. flocmalum, floccmcelum, by
flocks, in companies, <._floec, a company, flock,
+ mwlum, dat. pi. of mwl, a mark, measure, etc. :
see meo^l. Cf .piecemeal, dropmeal.] In a flock;
in flocks or herds; in a Isody.
Flockmele on a day they to him wente.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. .30.
flock-paper (flok' pa^'per), n. Wall-paper or pa-
per-hangings covered wholly or in part with a
rough surface formed of flook. Beeflock'^, n., 2.
I'he pattern may be in the flock on a smooth surface, or
smooth as Impressed in gilt upon the surface of the flock.
Also called velvet-paper.
The dining-room, a room of large proportions, has a gi-ay-
green flock-paper, with deep frieze of a gold ground.
Art Age, V. 49.
If bis cloth be xvii yeards long, he will set him on a
rack, and stretch him out with ropes, and racke him till
the sinewes shrinke againe, whiles he bath brought him
to xviii yeards. When they have broujiht him to that per-
fection, they have a pretie feate to thicke him againe.
He makes me a powder for it, and plaies the poticarie,
they call it flock-powder, they do so incorporate it to the
cloth, that it is wonderful to consider, truly a good inven-
tion. Oh, that so goodly wits should be so ill applied :
They may wel deceive the people, but they cannot deceive
God. Latimer, 3d .Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
flock-printing (flok'prin"ting), n. An impres-
sion m varnish subsequently coated with flock,
or finely powdered wool or cloth.
flock-raikt (flok'rak), «. A range of pasture-
ground for sheep.
flocky (flok'i), a. [< flock^ -^ -j/i.] Like flocks
or locks of wool ; floccose; floceulent; woolly.
The eye passed to the south and south-western cobalt
peaks and domes of the Barisan, studded viU]\ flocky hum-
mocks. //. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 214.
flodet, n. A Middle English form of flood.
floe (flo), n. [Another form of flaw^, a flake,
fragment, etc., < T)a.n.flage = Sw.flaga = Norw.
flak, a flake, in comp. Dan. is-flage = Sw. is-
flaga = '!^orw. is-flak, dial, is-flake, is-flok, an ice-
floe: see flaw'^,flake^, and flag*.'] Ice formed
by the freezing of the surface-water of the polar
oceans, and subsequently broken up by the ac-
tion of the winds and the waves into tabular
masses of greater or less size; also, a piece
of such ice.
For some days after this we kept moving slowly to the
south, along the lanes that opened between the belWce
and the Jloe. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., II. 266.
The whole sea was covered with floes varying from a
few yards to miles in diameter.
E. L. Moss, Shores of the Polar Sea, p. 28.
The word/oe is a very indefinite one, being applied to
any single piece of salt-water ice, whether large or small.
It is applied irrespectively to such pieces, whether of
original formation or enlarged by accretion of other floes,
which, cemented, form a wliole.
A . W. Grcely, Arctic Service, p. 43.
floe-berg (flo'bferg), n. Ice resulting from the
freezing of the surface-water of the ocean, or
floe-ice, heaped tip and more or less compacted
into large and thick masses by the action of
the winds and waves.
The gi-eat stratifled masses of salt ice that lie gi-onnded
along the shores of the Polar Sea are nothing more than
fragments broken from the edges of the perennial floes.
We called them floe-bergs, in order to distinguish them
from and yet express their kinship to icebergs. The latter
and their parent glaciers belong to more southern regions.
E. L. Moss, Shores of the Polar Sea, exp. of PI. xii.
floe-ice (flo'is), M. Same as floe.
Cape Sabine was passed about 2 A. M., and shortly after
small amounts of floe-ice were seen, but not in sufficient
quantities to form even an open pack.
A. W. Greely, Arctic Service, p. 66.
floe-rat (flo'rat), n. A name of the ringed seal,
Pagomys foetidus.
flOjg (flog), V. t. ; pret. and -pp. flogged, ppr. flog-
ging. [Appears first in the latter part of the
17th century (e. g., in Cole's Diet., A. D. 1684);
prob. a LG. word of homely use, of which the
early traces have disappeared; cf. 'LG.flogger,
a flail (cf . LG. flegel = E. flail) ; this seems to
'be = E. flogger.] 1. To beat or strike. Spe-
cifically— 2. To whip; chastise with repeated
blows, as of a rod or whip.
What shifts he us'd, detected in a scrape.
How he was flogg'd, or had the luck t' escape.
Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 329.
3. To beat, in the sense of surpass; excel.
[Colloq.]
If I don't think good cherry-bounce y!o(7« all the foreign
trash In the world. T. Hook.
4. In fishing, to lash (the water) with the line.
— To flog a dead horse. See horse.
flogger (flog'er), n. [< flog + -<t1 ; cf . LG. flog-
ger, a flail: see^o<7.] 1. One who flogs. — 2.
A mallet used to beat the bung-stave of a cask
to loosen the bung,
flogging (flog'ing), H. [Verbal n. of ^0(7, f.] 1.
A chastisement; a beating or whipping.
As for their intimation that, because Egypt was a coun-
try intersected by canals, there never were any horses or
chariots in it, they ought for this to take their part in the
next general yfof/f/mr; at Westminster School.
Bp. Home, Works, IV., letter xiv.
2. A lashing of water with a fish-line.
flogging
When a long A&ys flogging lias been at last followed by
» solitary rise, it requires some nerve to be sulBciently
hard on a fish. quarterly Jtec, CXXVI. 350.
flogging-chisel (flog'ing-eWz'el), n. A large
chisel used to chip ofiE certain parts of an iron
casting. One man holds the chisel while a
second strikes it with a sledge-hammer.
flogging-hammer (flog'ing-ham'er), n. A ma-
eliinists' hammer in size between a sledge- and
a hand-hammer.
flog-master (flog'mas'tfer), n. One who exe-
cutes punitory flogging, as in a prison.
Busby was never a greater terror to a blockhead, or the
BiMewcU flog-matUr to a night-walking strumpet
Tom Brown, Works, II. 208.
flogster (flog'sWr), ». [< flog + ^ter.] One
who IS, as a schoolmaster, addicted to flogeine
[Kare.] ^^ ^'
Floirac (flwo-rak'), ». [F.] A red wine grown
in the neighborhood of Bordeaux. It is one of
the most abundant and commonly exported of
uie lower giades of claret above that of vin or-
dinaire.
floitlf, «. [Also floyt; of. flite and /tou/2 i x
contest.
2277
3. A great body of moving water, rising, swell-
ing, and overflowing land not usually covered
with water; a deluge; an inundation.
Zee schulle undrestonde, that it is on of the oldest
Townes of the World: For it was founded before Noes
' tr > » MatxdtmUe, Travels, p. 80.
He relents, . , >■. "«.
And makes a covenant never to destroy
Ihe earth again by flAxd. Milton, P. t., „. >„^.
.„Ti"^ 1^'* "i E'"'"' are with the great fresh/owds washed
to the ground. Capt. John Smith, True i'ravels, I. 45
4. The inflow of the tide; the semidiurnal rise
or swell of water in the ocean : opposed to ebb.
^u t . , . T''e mone
The which hath with the see to done
Wjtodeg high and ebbes lowe
Upon his chaunge it shall be knowe.
Gower, Conf. Amant., HI. 108.
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.
SAo*., J. C.,iv. 3.
By Gods inercie they recovered them selves, & having
y flow! with them, struck into y« harbore. "»>'"*.
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 86
The Dnke of Bedfonle, accompanyed with the Erie of
Marche and other Lordes, had a givat liovi and batayll
with dyuers carykkes of Jeane and other 'shyppes, were
Iwherel after loiige and sore fyght, ye honour fyll to hym
and his Englyssliemen. Fabi/an, Chron., I. an. 1616.
l!oit2 (floit), n. [Now only Sc, spelled tloyt;
l^.floyte, another form olflowte, a flute: see
nouti and^tttel. The foTTafloit,floyt, is perhaps
due to the OD. form/««te.] 1. Same asftuU\
[Old Eng. and Scotch.]
And many a/fo.v?« and lilting home.
And pypes made of greiie come.
CAaiieor, House of Fame, 1. 1223.
a. [Cf. OV.flityte, flattery, deception, rtuvfcn,
talk smoothly or flatteringly, practise decep-
tiOTi, tr. soothe with blandishments : neeflout^ ]
A flatterer or deceiver. Polwart; Jamieson.—
3. A petted person. Jamieson.
floit^t, f . I. [ME. floyten, another form of rtoir-
ten, play the flute : see flouti.] To play the
flute. '
flokkardf, n. Same asfloeket.
flomt, flomet, n. Middle English forms of flume
flonet, ». [ME. flone, fion, earlier flan, < AS.
/l<in,earlyforin^an(pl.;Idn<M, also Aino), also
m shorter form /a, flaa (pi. fldn), ME. fla, ft,,,
an arrow, = Icel. fleinn, an arrow, dart, a bay-
onet-like pike, the fluke of an anchor. A siin-
Uar loss of organic final » appears in mistletoe,
< AS. mtstelttm = Icel. mistilteinn.;i An arrow.
Hit moiiteth, and he let him gon
So of bowe doth the/«n.
King Atitaunder, 1. 784.
With /(oii« fleterede thay flltt fulle ft«Kly ther frekeit,
ffichene with fetherl. thurghe the fyiie maylet
MorU Arthurt (E. E. T. S.X L SOOT.
flraif If. Obsolete preterit and past participle
llong2 (flong), n. In stereotyping, a combination
of several sheets of moist tissue-paper succes-
sively superposed, with thin paste between :
used by stereotypers, in the papier-mach6 pro-
ces^to form a mold or matrix from composed
types. The flong ia beaten on the ty[)eti with a »ti/I brush
until It penetrates every depression.'when "rlJd It i^S
«s a ino ,1 or matrix. -Drying the llong, the operation
of ex|K,si„i- the matrix „f ftong u, steain^Jr fiiroac™hMt
until ,t is entirely free from moisture '""»<:<: "eat
flood (flud), n. [In early mod. E. often floud,
sometimes/urf; < ME. flood, flod, nrely flud,
< AH. /orf, flowing water, a river, the tide, a
flood, the flood, = OS. flM, fluod = ©Fries.
^<i'fi"c<l = P-jlocd = MLG. vlot, vloet, LO.
^ rP-?,*^--''^'' *'"CJ. vluot, G.flut n„th
= IceL flodli = Sw. Dan. flod, flood, = 60th.
iiZ'i^!' rr^"" '?''"' '""native -d {.th), from
the root of AS. flowan, K.flow, etc.: see >«,!.]
1. i! lowing water ; a stream, especially a great
rtream; anver. [Now only poetical.]
Tbe flood which men Nile calleth.
Oouxr, Conf. Amant, HI. 103.
My lorde Jesu achall come this day.
Fro Oalylee vn-to thU/foAj 30 Jourdane call.
J'or* /•laiit, p. 173.
What need the bridge much broader than the ^ood '
Shai., Much Ado, 1. 1.
Arcadia's How'ry plains and pleasing ;food<.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil.
8. A great body of water; the sea.
Je»a hem sent* wynde ful good
To her hem over the salte £xie.'
Richard Coer de Lion, I. IS93.
Timon hath made hfi everlasting mansion
Upon the Iwacbed verge of the ult flood
Shak., T. of A., v. 2.
5. A great body or stream of any fluid or fluid-
like substance; anything resembling such a
stream: as, a /oorf of lava ; a /Joorf of light.
See heaven ite sparkling portals wide dispUy
And break upon thee in a/ood of day.
Pope, Messiah, 1. 98.
Freedom in other lands scarce known to shine.
Pours out ayiood of splendour upon thine.
Cotpper, F.xpostulation, 1. 589.
Hence— 6. A great quantity; an overflowing
abundance; a superabundance.
„„™'"'.k''°'" ">« prince, as from a perpetual well-spring
Cometh among the people the Aw/of 'Si that Is giSd o^
evil. Sir T. More, Ctopia (tr. by Robinson), 1.
You see this confluence, this greAt flood of visitors.
Shak., T. of A., i. 1.
7. The menstrual discharge when excessive.—
Bencallon 8 nood, the destructive deluge from which
according to Ureek mythology, Ueiicali.m son of Prome
earth' "Haif fl"^^'?^'"'"';* *'""." «""ived'to repeople "lie
earth- Half-flood, the time when the flocKltide has been
running for three hours.- Noah's flood, or thHo^
Go ! If your ancient, bnt Ignoble blood
Has crept through scoundrels ever since lit flood.
Pope, Essay on Man. Iv. 212.
Young flood, a temi applied to the beginning of the flood-
flood (flud), f. l< flood, H.] I. tram. To over-
flow; inundate; deluge, literally or figurative-
ly: as, to «ood a building or a mine in order to
extinguish a fire; to flood a meadow.
The moon is at her full and, rliling high
Floodt the calm flelds with light Bryant, Tides.
-JP.* PrPf^'"" "' nshennen sweeping from point to
•"i".' *'i^,' V'* '^•''' "" "'« •»'»'"». A/id with stSriteht
and torchlight, lie, like a green .ei-Urden In a SrtleSf
fl»me. c. W. Stoddard, South-sea IdyU, p. 831!
TJe drawing-room through the open windows was *)o<f«f
with a sweet confusion of odors aiid bird-notes "•'"**"''
//. Jamet, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 440.
n. intrans. 1. To be poured out abundantly:
rise in a flood.
The Nlliis would have risen before his time
And flooded at our nod. Tennyton, Fair Women.
h 75"*/**.""" "J*»™ • • • '•»■»"« to /loorf into a mighty
head of waters, when the storms of rain provoke "t. *'"''
JL D. Btackmore, Ixirna Doone, I.
floor
tl'sed as an adjective by .Shakspere.
, , ^ . My particular grief
i?!,* ffio^-fiate and oerbearing nature
mat it engluts and swallows other sorrows
Shak., Othello, i. 3.]
flooding (flud'ing), n. 1. The act of overflow-
ing or mundatmg ; inundation.- 2. The men-
xi. 892. ^J:™*^ discharge when excessive ; also, hemor-
rhage after childbirth.
flooding (flud'ing), i,. a. In an obsolete use,
lavish or profuse. '
Surely we nickname this same flooddiiig man, when we
call him by the name of brave. %ltl,am. Resolves i I3.
*0^esst(flud'les),a. l< flood + . less.} Arid.
A fruitles, ^food-fcd, yea a land-les land.
i>ylceiter, tr. of Du Bartass Weeks, ii.. The Lawe.
flood-mark (flud'mark), «. Amarkorlineshow-
ing the height to which the tide or a flood has
risen or usually rises; high-water mark.
flood-tide (flud'tid), «. 5'he rising tide. See
flood, «., 4, and tide.
floodyt, a. [< flood + -3^1.] Pertaining to the
sea or flood. ^
This monarchall fludy induperator [the herring]
Aashe, Lenten Stuffc (Harl. Misc., v'l. 167).
flookH, «. An obsolete form otfluke^.
flook^ ». See/Mte^.
flookan, «. Seeflucan.
flooking (flo'king), n. Same as flucan.
flooky.o. Seefliiky.
floor (flor), n [Eariy mod. E. a.\so floare, flore;
dial, fleer; < ME. floor, flore, flo^; < AS. ^
floor, = D. vloer = MLG.
vlor, LG. floor, a floor, =
MHG. vlMor, m. and f., G.
flur, m., floor, flooring,
entrance-hall, flur, f.,
fleld, plain, level ground,
= Icel..^oc, the floor of a
cow-stall, = Ir. and Gael.
Idr (for orig. '•pldr) = W.
llawr = Bret, teur, floor.]
1. That part of a room
or of an edifice which
forms its lower inclosing
surface, and upon which
one walks; specifically,
the structure, consist-
ing in modern houses
of boards, planks, pave-
ment, asphalt, etc. .which
forms such a surface.
An ordinary floor of timber
consists in its simplest form of
boards laid down close toge-
ther and supported upon a se-
riesof joists, as shown In flg. A
cons??,^tLf n,'''S'' '""''f'; "■' '" ''''»'1'»K« of more costly
cons ruct on, the floor-jolsts are themselves supported by
additional beams or joist, called binders, as shown in flgs
B and C, the ceiling-joisU of the room below being fastened
to the under side of the bindel-s. It is usual in houses^ c.,
stnitT ». i'"* "''■'";? "}e floo'-ioists by means of crossed
V^\ " n'J """'.'i' "«• "• ''"•n>"'K « strutted Hoor. In Are-
proof building, the wooden joisU are replaced by iron I
^iT.'. 1.* »P»«es lictween which are bridged over by naS
row vaulu of brick, concrete, tiles, etc
A. single floor: a, a, a,
J>i»ts. «. flamed floor : a, a.
floor-joists : *, binding-joist :
'. c. ceiliiwjoists; <t. Rirder.
c, double floor : a, a, floor- or
bridgimtjoists ; *. *. binders ;
<■. e,c, ceiliiig-joists. D, strut-
ted floor.
2. To have an excessive menstrual discharge:
also to bleed profusely afterparturition ; suffer
post-part urn hemorrhage; flow, as a lying-in
woman. j » '"
floodage (flud'Sj), «. [< flood -f- -aoe.] Inun-
diition. VarhjU. [Rare.]
flood-anchor (flud'ang-kor), n. The anchor by
wliicli a ship ndes duping the flood-tide.
nood-COCk (flud'kok), «. a cock for letting
water into a magazine op shell-room on board
a man-of-war, to flood it, in case of fire
flooder (flud'tr), «. One who floods or in^igates.
flood-flanking (flml'flangking), ». A method
of enibankirig with stiff moist clav which is dug
in spits and each spit thrown fo'rcibly into iti
place so as to unite with the one previously
thrown. As the clay dries it contracts, leaving
crevices, which are filled by sludgine E H
hniqht. " ^ ^. ^.
flood-gate (flud'gat), n. [ME. flodeqate, flode-
yalc; < .nood, 1, + gate.-] A gate desired to
be opened to permit the outflow of water, or to
be shut to prevent it; hence, any opening or
opportunity for indiscriminate flow or passage ;
a great vent. * '
This canal had, without Ooubt, flood-galet to hinder too
o ta^^ "i-^^^j.'K^^'ifflre'^rt Ti?
for^e'llJ iTr.-'-"'^ '^^ '^■'"TAiyH^t'^^.
To rest he layd him downe upon the /(ore
'■•^•}y}o"'«l«rveutTom Knigiits the bedding best).
And thought hi* wewie limlis to have icdrest
Spemer, F. Q., iV. v. 39.
n.,„ . ^J ^^ harpit, and ay he carpit,
nil a the lords gaed through the _rfoor
Loehmaben Harper (Child's Ballads, VI. 5).
»„br'lit'h/°"''.°'A'i° 'l""'" he [Solomon] overlaid with
gold, within and without. 1 jji. v|. 80.
2. Any similar construction, platform, or lev-
eled area: as, the^oorof a bridge ; the charge-
floor of a blast-fupuace ; a threshing-^oor.
i„S®.h '" ""■""8'''J' l^i^e his yloor, and gather his wheat
into the garner. ^,^4. m. 12.
The level place, where the bricks are moulded, called
*'•«><'"• C. T. Davis, Bricks, p. 103.
3. A natural surface corresponding to a floor in
character or use; a circumscribed basal space
or area of any kind: as, the floor of a gorge or
a cave; the floor of one of the ventricles of the
brain.
For Lyclilas your sorrow is not dead
Sunk tliough he be beneath the watery/oor.
Milton, Lycldas, L 187.
After the last mining shaft is passed, and the floors
where the precious blue clay lies to be pulverised by the
sun 8 action, the frontier of the Free State is crossed
Furtmghtly Hev., N. S., XLIII. 198.
Tlie floor of this niany-hued passageway is white sand
and sandstone. The Century, XXXVII. 195.
•..^''^/''^'i?'*'^'."'' ''**"" "' » ''e"! 's that It fs « niem-
■ 1 °i .? ^^^J °} stratified rocks; the layer above it is
tailed the roof of the deposit, and the one below it is the
•'^'■' Encye. BrU., XVI. 440.
floor
4. One complete section of a building having
one continuous or approximately continuous
floor; a story: as, an office on the first ^oor.
It was a large rwim on the lower Jtoor, wainscoted with
pine and unpainted. Longfellow, Hyperion, iii. 3.
5. Naut,y that part of the bottom of a vessel on
each side of the keelson which is most nearly
Ship's l-loor. ^yf, floor-plates; BBB,\iee\sians\ FF, mainframe;
A", keel; LL, lightening*holcs ; RR, reverse frame.
horizontal. — 6. In legislative assemblies, the
part of the house assigned to the members, and
from which they speak; hence, figuratively,
the right of speaking or right to be heard in
preference to other members: as, the gentle-
man from New York has the floor,
Carrington gave the new envoy a cordial welcome, [and]
introduced him to members on the ytoor of Congress.
Baticro/t, Hist. Const., II. 110.
They [chairmanshipsof standing committees] have their
right« to the rfoor and their little perquisites in the shape
of clerks and committee-rooms, and they are therefore
much sought after. E. Schuyler, Anier. Diplomacy, p. 25.
7. In mining^ a flat mass of ore. [Cornwall,
Eng.] — 8f. A plane; a surface.
Both of them [visibles and audibles] spread themselves
in round, and fill a whole fioare or orbe into certain lim-
iU. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 225.
9. In bretcingj same as j^i^ce.
Each steeping is called a Jloor or piece, and must be
laid in succession according to age, the most recent next
the couch, and the oldest next the kiln.
Emyc. Brit., IV. 268.
Dead floor. See dearf.— Double floor, a floor whose
primary timbers are binders resting upon the wall-plates,
anil supporting the floor- or bridging-joists and the ceiling-
joists; a double-framed floor; a double-joisted floor. —
Drying-floor, in brewing, a floor where the grain is ex-
posed in layers to the air.— FlTSt floor, in the United
Stiites, generally the floor or story of a building immedi-
ately on or above the ground or above tlie bsisenient floor ;
in Great Britain and also in some American cities, espe-
cially in large buildings, the floor next higher than this,
or the floor above the ground floor. — Folding floor, a
floor having the floor-boards so laid tliat the joints be-
tween the ends of the boards are not continuous through-
out the width of the floor, the boards being laid in bays or
folds of three, four, or more boards each.— Ground floor,
the floor of a house on a level, or nearly so, with the exte-
rior ground. — Half-floor, in ship -building, one of a pair
of timbers whose adjoining ends abut and are bolted be-
tween the keel and the keelson. They extend outward
each way from the middle line of the vessel, beneath the
futtock-planka, and up to the second futtocks, whose ends
bear against them.- Single floor, flooring supported upon
a single tier of bridging-joists.— Stralght-Jolnt floor, a
floor in which the joints between the ends of the boards
are not broken.— To get In on the ground floor, to be
admitted to or receive an interest in some projected enter-
prise on specially advantageous terms to which others,
and especially the general public, are not admitted, as by
receiving stock without valuable consideration, or by hav-
ing an early opportunity of investing below par, or before
the stock appreciates. [Commercial slang, U. S.]— To
have or get the floor, in legislative and other assemblies,
to be recognized by the presiding officer as having a right
to address the assembly or meeting. [TJ. S.]
floor (flor), V. t [= D. vloeren = ODan. flare;
from the noun.] 1. To cover or furnish with
a floor: as, to floor a house with pine boards.
Thick flr forests, floored with bright green moss.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 30.
2. To place upon a floor ; base.
The doctrine of a he&v en floored upon a firmament.
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 68.
3. To place near or on the floor, as a picture
in an exhibition. [Colloq,]
One E. A. is "skied" and another ''floored."
The American, VIII. 376.
4. To strike down or lay level with tho floor ;
beat; conquer; figuratively, to put to silence
by some decisive argument, retort, etc. ; over-
come in any way; overthrow: as, to floor an
assailant.
The express object of his visit was to know how he could
knock religion over &nd floor the Established Church.
Dickens.
What is yloortn^ Win at present . . . is that problem of
the robin that eats half a pint of grasshoppers and tlien
doesn't weigh a bit more than he did before.
W. D. Howells, Annie Kilburn, xi.
5. To go through; make an end of; finish.
[Slang.]
I have a few bottles of old wine left, we may as well
Jloor them. Macmitlan's Mag.
To floor an examination-paper, to answer fully every
question in it. lEng.)
Our beat classic had not time to JUxyr the paper.
C. A. Brieted, English University, p. 135.
A shaft-bear-
2278
floorage (flor'aj), «. [< floor
on a tioor ; floor-spaee.
The (new Exposition] building, with its three stories, af-
fords seven acres ol Jloorage.
' The Congregationalist, Sept. 2, 1886.
floor-clotll (flor'kldth), «. A heavy canvas of
hemp or ilax woven of extra width, printed in
oil-colors, and used as carpeting. The term also
includes many substitutes for carpets, as felted fal)ric8,
burlaps, mattings, crash, and prepared fabrics made of
powdered corlc, paper, etc. See oil-cloth. — Paper floor-
cloth, a substitute for oil-cloth, consisting generally of
one or more thick sheets of paper treated with paint and
varnish.
floorer (flor'tr), ». l. One who makes or lays
floors. — 2. One who or that which strikes to
the floor, as a blow; henco, figuratively, any-
thing which leads to one's defeat or which over-
masters one; an overwhelming argument or
requirement ; a poser.
floor-frame (flor'fram), n. The main frame of
the body of a railroad-car underneath the floor,
including the sills, body-bolsters, and needle-
beams. Car-Builder's Diet.
floor-guide (flor'gid), ». In ship-building, a nar-
row flexible piece of timber placed between the
floor-ribbon and the keel.
floor-hanger (flor'hang'er), n.
ing secured to the floor, and
used for running countershafts
and lines when they cannot
conveniently be suspended
from the ceiling-joists.
floor-head (flor'hed), n. In
ship-building, an outer end of
the floor-timbers. „ ,^
Floor-hanger.
These [molds] extend on each side
of the ship as high as the /loor head, and are formed of
battens. Thearle, Naval Arch., § 41.
floor-hollow (flor'hol"6), n. Naut., an elliptical
mold for the hollow of the floor-timbers and
lower futtocks of a vessel.
flooring (flor'ing), n. [< floor + -ing'^ ; in AS.
with umlaut, flering, a floor or story, < flor,
floor.] 1. A floor; floors collectively.
Mosaique is an ornament, in truth, of much beauty and
long life ; but of most use in pavements v^ni flooring g.
Sir H. Wotton, Reliquise, p. 63.
An extremely interesting portion of the church is the
marble yloonn^, inscribed with the arms of the various
knights of the order who are buried below.
E. Sartorius, In the Soudan, p. 4.
2. Materials used in the construction of floors.
— 3. In brewing, the operation of spreading
the grain thinly on the malt-floor, and turning
it over carefully several times a day to keep it
at the temperattire of about 62° F., and thus to
check germination Carcass-flooring. Seecarcass.
— Naked flooring, in carp., the timber orfraniework on
which the lioor-itoarding is laid.
flooring-clamp (flor'ing-klamp), n. A carpen-
ters' tool for closing up the joints between
flooring-boards. It consists of a clamp to seize the
joist, and a lever which is supplied with a purchase by
tlie clamp, and serves to force a board about to be nailed
down into close contact with that adjoining.
floorless (flor'les), a. [(.floor + -less.'\ Hav-
ing no floor.
floortht, »• [M.^. florthe ; aa floor + -th.'] Floor-
ing ; a floor.
Y« sayd Goothis, by crafty and false meanes, caused the
dorthe of the sayd chambre to f alle, by which meane ye sayd
raterne was grevously hurte. Fahyan, Chron. , I. xcix.
floor-timber (flor'tim'bfer), ». One of the tim-
bers on which a floor is laid ; specifically, in
ship-building, one of the timbers which are
placed immediately across the keel, and upon
which the bottom of the ship is framed.
floor-walker (flor'wa'kSr), n. A person em-
ployed in a large retail shop to walk about the
place, give information to customers, watch
their conduct and that of employees, etc. Also
called shop-walker.
flop (flop), V. ; pret. and pp. flopped, ppr. flop-
ping. [Another form of ^a;>, q. v.] I. trans.
1 . 'To clap or strike, as the wings ; flap. — 2. To
cause to fall or hang down.
Fanny, . . . during the examination, had flopped her
hat over her eyes, which were also bathed in tears.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews, iv. 5.
II. intrans. 1. To flap. — 2. To plump down
suddenly ; turn or come down with a flop : as,
to flop on one's knees. [Colloq. or vulgar.]
If you must go flopping yourself down, jlop in favour of
your husband and child. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, ii. 1.
3. To collapse ; yield or break down suddenly.
[Slang.] —To flop over, (a) To turn over heavily, or
by a sudden or laborious effort : as, to flop over on one's
back. (6) To go over suddenly to another side or par-
ty ; make a sudden change of association or allegiance.
[Slang.]
Flor^al
-age.'] Space flop (flop), ». [Another form of ^p, q. v.] 1.
The act of flopping or flapping. — 2. A fall like
that of a soft outspread body upon the ground.
And with a desperate ponderous ;!oj>, full thirteen stone
and ten pounds, ... I dropped on the Rajah's feet, and
took my seat at his side. W. 11. Ruggelt.
3. Something that flops or is capable of flop-
ping or striking, as a fluid, semi-liquid, or ge-
latinous substance,' against the side of a vessel
containing it. [Rare.]
Lord and Lady Rosse showed us the foundry [near his
great telescope], and Professor Lloyd gave the story of
the casting . . . and by [near] the oven where the flery
Jlop was shut up for six weeks to cool.
Caroline Fox, Journal.
4. A sudden collapse or breakdown, as of re-
sistance. [Slang.]
flopper (flop'er), M. 1. One who or that which
flops. Specifically — 2. A young duck ; a flap-
per.
floppy (flop'i), o. [(flop + -y^.] Having a ten-
dency to flop or flap ; flapping : as, & floppy hat.
In those days even fashionable caps were large and
floppy. George lUliot, Amos Barton, ii.
flopwing (flop'wing), n. Same as lapwing.
Flora (flo'ra), n. [L. Flora, the goddess of
flowers, < flbs (flor-), a flower : see flower.] 1.
In classical myth., the goddess of flowei-s. — 2.
[I. c. ; pi. florcE, floras (-re, -riiz).] In bot. : (a)
The aggregate of the plants indigenous to a
particular country or region, or belonging to a
particular period: as, the Australasian flora;
the^ora of the Carboniferous period. See fauna.
The origination of tlie successive /oras which have oc-
cupied the northern hemisphere in geological time, not,
as one might at first sight suppose, in the sunny climes
of the south, but under the arctic skies, is a fact long
known or suspected. Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 237.
(6) A work systematically describing the plants
of a country or region or a geological period. —
3. The eighth planetoid, discovered by Hind, in
London, in 1847.— Flora horologlca, a flower which
opens at a certain hour of the day. — Flora's clock. See
horologium.
floral (flo'ral), a. [= F. Fg. floral, < L. floralis,
of or belonging to Flora ; neut. pi. Floralia, the
festival of Flora, also, rarely, a flower-garden ;
< ^os (^or-), flower : see flower.] 1. [cap.] Per-
taining to the goddess Flora: as, the Floral
games of Rome (see below). — 2. Containing or
belonging to the flower ; pertaining to flowers
in general ; made of flowers : as, a, floral bud ; a
floral leal; floral ornaments Floral envelop.
See envelop.— Y\0T3\ games, (a) See Floralia. (b) An
annual literary festival held at Toulouse in France on the
3d of May, under the auspices of a society founded by the
troubadours about 1324, originally called the College of the
Gay Science, and after about 1500 (when it was perma-
neiitly endowed by C16mence Isaure) the College (now the
Academy) of the Floral Games. At first a golden violet
was awarded in competition to the author of the best
poem ; now a number of gold and silver flowers are dis-
tributed among the competitors in both prose and verse.
Floralest (flo-ra'lez), n. pi. [NL. (Latreille,
1809), pi. of L. floralis, floral: see floral.] A
group or section of dipterous insects, of the
family Tipulidce, corresponding to Meigen's
Musc(Ej'ormes.
Floralia (flo-ra'li-a), w. 7^/. [L.: see floral.] A
festival celebratecl in ancient Rome in honor
of Flora or Chloris. it lasted from April 28th to May
2d, and was an occasion of merriment and excessive drink-
ing, also of comic theatrical representations under the di-
rection of the edile. The Florjilia were of comparatively
late introduction in Rome, and had their origin in the
simpler and more innocent rejoicings of the country peo-
ple at the flowering season of vegetation. Also called Flo-
raleK Indi, or Floral games.
florally (flo'ral-i), adv. In a floral manner ; in
a manner in which flowers or representations of
them are concerned: sua, florally ornamented.
floramourt, «• [Alsowritten/wrtmor,/onmCT-
(= G. floranior, flormor = ODan. floramor);
< OF. "fleur d'amour," flower-gentle, velvet-
flower, amaranth, lit. flower of love, hence ex-
plained as "a flower begetting love" (Ash) (see
flower and amour) ; said to be a mistaken trans-
lation of amaranthiis, as if < L. amor, love, +
Gr. avdoq, a flower: see amaranth.] -An old
name for various cultivated species of Amcu-
rantus, as A. caudatus and A. hypochondriacus ;
the flower-gentle.
florascope (flo'ra-skop), n. [More prop. *flori-
scope; < 1j. flos( flor-), a flower, -I- Gr. aKovdv,
view.] An optical instrument for inspecting
flowers.
floret, "• An obsolete form of floor.
Flor6al (flo-ra-al'), «. [F., < Li.floreus, of flow-
ers, <flos (flor-), a flower.] In the calendar of
the first French republic, the eighth month of
the year. It commenced (in 1794) April 20th and
ended May 20th.
fioreated
floreated, floriated (flo'rf-, flo'ri-a-ted), n. [<
L. Jloreus, of flowers, + E. -ate^ + -(/2.] Deco-
rated with floral oruameflt — that is, with more
or less eonveutioualized flowers, or with whol-
ly artilieial designs which resemble flowers in
their general outlines and the minuteness of
their subdivisions.
The columns at Udine . . . stand row behind row, al*
most like the columns of a crypt, and they supply a profita-
ble study in their jturiateit capitals.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 31.
floreet, «. [Also written florie, florey, florry,
ftory, fiorrey, and fluny ; < OF. floree, the blue
scum of dyewood ; the same as fleuree, froth,
or scum, < fleur, earlier /or, flower : see flower .1
The blue scum of dyewood, used in painting.
The refuse, called scoria, which flieth out of the fur-
nace; the ^or«v that floteth aloft [Ilossupernatat]: and the
diphryges or drosse which remainetli behind.
HMaitd, tr. of Pliny, xxxiv. 13.
florent, floreint, «• Obsolete spellings ol florin.
florence (flor'ens), n. [ME. florence, equiv. to
flt/reii, florin, a, coin : see florin. The other tises
(cf. F. florence, sarcenet, and E. florentine, ».,
2) are later; all refer ult. to Florence in Italy.]
It. -An English gold coin, usually called ^n«.
The first gold that King Edward III. coyiied was in the
year 1343, and the peeces were called JUrrencti, because
Florentines were the coyners. Camden, Remains.
2t. A kind of cloth manufactured in Florence,
mentioned in the time of Richard III. Planehe;
Fairholt. Also called florentine. — 3. A thin
silk, a variety of taffeta. Diet, of Xeedleujork.
— 4. [eap.'\ A variety of the red wine of Tus-
cany : a name not commonly used in Italy.
Florence flask, oil, etc. See the nouns.
florentt, «• [< L. floren{t-)s, ppr. of florere.
bloom, flower, flourish: Bee fl!ou>er,v., flourish.']
Flourishing. Davies.
.Slnopa . . . was a jtorent citee, and of greate power.
UdaU, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 77.
Florentine (flor'en-tin or -tin), a. and n. [< L.
Florentinug, pertaining to Florentia (> It. Fio-
ren:e, now Fireme), Florence, < /oren (<-)«, ppr.
at florere, bloom, flower: see 5lore»<.] 1. a.
Of or pertaining to Florence, the chief city of
Tuscany, in Italy. -norentlne experiment, an .x-
periment showing tliat water will n.jt rise l.y -.m. ii..ii high
er than 34 feet, nor mercury more than .ii inthcs. Ihc
fonner experiment was brought by Florentine workmen
to the attention of lialileo, who, reniarliing that Mature
appeared to carry her horror of a vacuum to no greater
length than X3 feet, committed to his pupil TorricelU the
investiKation of the phenomenon. Ilie latter physicist
then constructed the banjmeter, or Torriceliian tube.—
Florentine fresco, a variety of treaco-painting in which
the gruund, covi-red with a preparatioB of lime, is kept
moist during tlic process. It was llrst practised at Klor-
ence.duringthe flourishingperio.1 ot Itali.m art. -Floren-
tine Illy. See .7i</i 10.— Florentine mosaic, a kind of
mosaic made with precious and semi pnc ions stones inlaid
in a surface of white or black jiiarlile or similar material,
and generally ilisplaylngelalx)rate flower-patterns and the
like. It is most commonly of a unifonu flat surface, but
sometimes parts of the design are in somewhat high relief,
as small rounded fruits in a decorative frlew which project
for half of their diameter, i This art is usually applied to ta-
ble-tups and smaller articlet, but alurs and other church
Ottings are also ornamented In it, and a few interiors have
been wholly or In Urge part lined In this style. — Floren-
tine problem, the proldem of flnding the plane area of
a ciirnd (ionic, making allowance for the windows. This
proldt-ni was proposed liy Vincenzo Viviani in ie»2, and
was treated by Leibnitz, Jaci|iies lienmulli, and otheremi-
nent mathematicians.— Florentine receiver, an attach-
ment for a still used in separating c,il.< from water. It re-
sembles in shape a Horence flask.
n. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Flor-
ence.—2. r;. c] (a) A silk textile fabric, of
solid and durable make, used for wearing-ap-
parel, (ftt) Same as florence, 2.— 3t. [/. c] A
kind of pie having no crust beneath the meat.
Stealing custards, tarts, and Jinrentinet.
Beau, and Fl., Woinan-Hater, v. 1.
Ye may gang down yoursell, and I.H>k into our kitchen,
. . . the gude vivers lying a' atwut — l)eef, capons and
white broth —fiurenliiu and flams.
Seott, Bride of Lammermoor, xl.
When any kind of butcher meat, fowls, apple*. Ac., ate
baken in a dish, it is called a /lorentine, and when In a
raised crust, a pie. Receiptt in Cooker)). (Jamieton.)
florea (flo'rez), n. pi. [< L. flog, phflorex, flow-
er.] In the commercial classification of Indigo,
the best quality of dye. Simmnndg.
florescence (flo-res'ens), «. r< florescen(l) +
-ce.] In bol., a bursting into flower; the state
of being in bloom ; inflorescence ; anthesis.
No composite flowers have before been found in the fos-
sil state, and, aa these ICompoiita:] are among the most
complex and specialised forms of /loreteenee. It has been
snpposed that they belonged only to the recent epoch,
where they were the result of a long series of formative
changes. Daweon, Oeol. Hist, of Plants, p. 200.
florescent (flo-res'ent), a. [< L. floregcen{t-)g,
ppr. otfloregcere, fiegin to bloom or flower, in-
2279
florin
ceptive ot florere, bloom, blossom, flower : see
florent, flourish.] Bursting into flower ; flower-
ing.
floreschet, f. An obsolete form ot flourish.
floret (flo'ret), n. [1. < F.fleiirette = It. fioret-
to, < ML. florettus, a floweret, dim. of L. flos
(flor-), a flower: see flower, floioeret. 2. = D.
fteuret = G. Sw. florett = Dan. floret, a foil, <
OF. floret, fleuret, F.fleuret = Sp. Pg. florete =
It. fioretto, a foil, a particular use of the pre- ti-i -j i. i.
ceding. 3. <OF.fleuret,F.fleuret,m.,OF. also '^^'^^^^ °^^^> COOter, crow, etc
fleurette,flourette, t., = It. fioretto, iimj. flare- .^°^^- j ,-, ,- j- . j. . , .
tus, floss-silk, dim. of Ij. flos (flor-), flower; of Florida WOOd (flor i-da wud). A hard wood
same formation as the preceding. Cf. ferret^] obtained from a species of dogwood, having
1. A small flower in a cluster or in a compact j'°^« S?-ain, and much used for inlaying-work
inflorescence, as in the so-called compound '^^ eahit,et.n,RVer«
style, as it prevailed chiefly during the Tudor era. =Syn.
4. Florid, Flowery. Florid is perhaps the stronj-er, and
expresses that which is more seriously out of taste, or
more intimately connected with the thought itself.
The/forid and luxurious charms of his [Petrarch's] style
enticed the poets and the public from the contemplation
of nobler and sterner models. Macaulay, Dante.
Merely to beguile.
By flowing numbers and ti.Jlow'ry style,
The tsedium that tlie lazy rich endure.
Camper, Table-Talk, 1. 741.
See the
nouns.
by cabinet-makers.
flower of the Compositw, or in the spikelet of FlorideSB (flo-rid'e-e), w.p/. [NL., <, L.>n(i«s,
grasses.— 2, A fencing-sword with a button on nowery: see /or»d.] An order of (chiefly) ma-
the point ; a foil.
In such fencing jest has proved earnest, and florets have
oft turned to swords. Goi'emment of the Tongve, p. 126.
3. In silk-matiuf., a yam or floss spun from
the first and purest of the waste, and of higher
quality than the noil yam.
nne algse of a red or purple color. Their non-sex-
ual propagation is by bodies called tetraepores, and the
fruit or cystocarp is tlie product of the action of anthero-
zoids upon a slender organ called the trichoffyne. The
latter transmits the fertilizing influence to its basal cell
(trichophore), from which or from adjacent cells the cys-
tocarp is developed. They are the same as the Rhodo-
spermfce of Harvey.
floret-Bllkt (flo'ret-silk), n. [Formerly also florideous (flo-rid'e-us), a. [< Floridew + -ous.]
flurt-silk; < floret, 3, + silk. Cf.ferret^.] Same Belonging to the order ii'ferj(fe(B, or having the
as floret, 3. characters of that group.
floretta (flo-ret'a), n. [See floret-silk and fer- floridia-grecn (flo-rid'i-a-gren), n. The chloro-
re<2.] Floss-silk. Simmonds. phyl of the Floridew, wtich is masked by the
floretty (flo'ret-i), a. [< OF. fleurett^, fleuretty,
F. fleuret^, < fleurette, a little flower : see floret,
and cf. fleury, flory.] In her., same as fleury.
floriage (flo'ri-aj), n. [< L. flos (flor-), flower,
+ E. -i-age, in Imitation of foliage.] Bloom;
blossom. [Bare.]
And where the trees unfold their bloom.
And where the banks their /oruMe bear.
red coloring matter, but which may be dissolved
out by alcohol.
Floridian (flo-rid'i-an), a. and n. I. a. Of or
pertaining to Florida, a peninsula separating
the gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic ocean,
and forming a State of the United States.
Along the coast from Labrador to the Floridian penin-
Ainer. Anthropotogittt, I. 342.
- . Scott, Odes, XX.
floriated, a. See floreated.
florican, n. See.^or»fcon.
floricome (flo'ri-kom), n. [< LL. floricomug,
crownedwithflowers,< L. rfo«( /for-), flower, -I- fl„_ijj„ ...J /fl= „-j/; a .n rru j i
co»m, hair of the head.] In sponges, a hexastor ^°^^!;y®?if^Y"i ±w ^^' ""u The red color
whose rays end in a bunch of curved branches. « "^i^tv fflo rid'i tnT^ k'«Sw^T7.«T"ti,„
floricomous (flo-rik'o-mus), «. [< ««nco«<. -H fl°"*»*y (^^^^^^^
BUla.
n. H. A native or an inhabitant of Florida.
So it seems St. Augustine [Florida], . . . did she but ad
mit it, were fain to consider him a Floridian.
E. S. Plielps, Sealed Orders, p. 267.
-oux.] Having the cliaracter of a floricome.
floricultural (flo-ri-kul'tur-al), a. Relating to
floriculture.
floriculture (flo'ri-kul-tur), n. [< L. flos (flor-),
flower, -I- cultura, cultivation.] The cultiva-
tion of flowers, or of flowering plants. Loudon.
florictllturist (flo-ri-kul'tur-ist), ». [< floricul-
ture -i- -ist. ] One who is employed or expert in
the cultivation of flowering plants.
state or character of being florid, in any sense ;
floridness.
Poor Dick had a fit of sickness, which robl>ed him of his
fat and his fame at once ; and it was full three months be-
fore he regained his reputation, which rose in proportion
to hiaflortdity. Steele, Guardian, So. 42.
To-morrow I review my piece.
Tame here and there undue /foruftVi/.
Brovyning, Ring and Book, II. 116.
^ ,.„„.„. floridly (flor'id-li), arfv. In a florid manner.
florid (flor'id), a. f= Sp.'pg.'u."}foriVfo,< L. ffo- Aoridness (flor'id-nes), )i. The state or char-
ridug, abounding with flowers, flowery, bloom- ****''' °' oemg flond, in any sense ; floridity.
ing, <_^o» (/Jor-), flower: see^oirer.] 1 Cover- Another infallible indication Is the nature and /forid-
ed or abounding with flowers ; flowery ; bloom- "*" "' ""* P'*"" *'^''^'' *' ottlciousiy produces
inc. [Now rare 1 > J^ . ta^iyn. Terra.
° . ., ,„ ,^, , ,„ ^ . Some of the antient Grecians much extol It [dancing).
The death of the righteous b like the descending of ripe deriving It not only from the amojnity and floridnesg of the
and wboleaome fnilu from a pleasant and florid tree. warm and spirited blond, but deducing it from heaven It-
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1S36), I. 2.'>4. self as being practized there by the stars.
In florid beauty groves and flelds appear. Feltham, Resolves, i. 70.
Ooldnnilh, Traveller, 1. 125. A philosopher need not delight readers with his florid-
2. Bright in color: speoiflcally, flashed with ""'■ ^oy''-
red ; of a lively red color: as, a florid counte- florlferous (flo-rif'e-rus), a. [= F. florifZre =
nance; a ,^>na cheek. Sp. florifero = Pg. It. florifero, < L. florifer, <
The spumous uii florid state which the blond acquires fi^^ (flor-), flower, -t- ferre = E. bear^.] Pro-
in passing through the lungs. Arbuthnot, Aliments, 11. ducing flowers.
Her face was enlivened with such a ytorid bloom as did floriflcatioU (flo'ri-fi-ka'shon), n. [< L. flos
not so property seem the mark of health as of Immortal- (flor-), a flower, -I- -ficatio(n-), < -flcare, make :
ity. Addieon, Vision of Justice,
3. Flowery in appearance or effect; highly em-
bellished or decorated ; loaded with ornamenta-
tion : as, florid architecture ; florid music.
The duty of a golden coin Is to be u florid aa it can,
rich with Corinthian ornaments, and as gorgeous aa a pea-
cock's Uil. De Quineey, Rhetoric.
4. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric ; en-
riched with lively figures ; highly ornate ; over
see -fy.] The act, process, or state of flowering ;
expansion of flowers. Also, improperly, flussi-
fication.
floriform (fl6'ri-f6rm), a. [= F. floriforme, <
L. flos (flor-), flower, + forma, shape.] In the
form of a flower.
florikan, floriken (flo'ri-kan, -ken), n. [Also
written florikin, florican.] A species of Indian
bustard, the Sypheotides bettgalensis.
wrought in expression: as, a /orid style ; florid florilege (flo'n-Tei), n. [= F. florilege = Sp.
" "" Pg. It. florilegio, < L. as if 'florilegium, < L. flo-
rtlegus, flower-culling (of bees), < flos (flor-),
flower, -I- legere, cull, gather. Cf. antholof/yl.]
1. The culling of flowers. — 2. An anthology.
[Rare in both senses.]
florilegium (flo-ri-le'ji-um), n. ; -pi. florilegia
(-&). Same as florilege, 2.
His "Book of Flowers, " . . . which may have been a
poetii:a\ florilet/ium. E'ncyc. Brit., XXII. 850.
eloquence,
Convincing eloquence is Inflnitely more serviceable to
its possessor than the nuMt florid harangue.
GotdnnUh, The Bee, No. 6.
His style was not always in the purest taste. Several
contemporary judges pronounced it too florid.
Maeaulay, William Pitt.
This forms what Is called a florid style : a term com-
monly used to signify the excess of ornament.
//. Blair, Rhetoric, xvili.
Florid counterpoint. See counterpoints, .X— Florid
execiltlon, in nnmic, execution abounding in elaltorate
eml>elllshment or with ostentatious dexterity.— Florid a • ,a i- \
mnslc, music in which a simple theme Is varied, orna- UOrUl (nor in), ».
We have made but a small floriletjium from Mr. Hazlitt's
remarkable volumes. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 373.
mented. and embellished in a ii'igh degree. V'ariatitnis are
most frequently of this kind. -Florid style Of medie-
val architecture, the higlily enriched and ilecoralcd de-
velopments, collectively, of medieval architecture which
prevailed generally in the flfteenth century and later. The
most marked English variety Is often called the Tudor
[< ME. florin, floren, floryn,
florein, etc. (sometimes florence, q- v. ), < OF.
florin, P. florin = Pr. Sp. florin = Pg. florim, <
It. fiorino (ML. florenus), a name first applied
to a coin of Florence (first struck in the 12th
century), because it was stamped with a lily, <
Obverse. Reverse.
Gold Florin of Florence, in the British
Museum. (Size of the original.)
florin
jiore (< L. florem, aco. of flos), a flower. The
allusion to Florence is secondary; the ult.
source is the
same : see flor-
ence.'] 1. The
English name
of a gold coin
weighing about
55 grains, first
issued at Flor-
ence in 1252,
and having on
the obverse a
lily and the word "Florentia." The coin enjoyed
great cununercia) popularity, and was lar>;ely imitated in
France, Germany, Hungary, Bolieniia, and elsewhere.
Oijtorenii fine of gohi ycoined rounde,
Wei uy au eighte Imsshels, as hem thoughte.
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 308.
2. An English gold coin issued by Edward III.
in 1343-4, and worth at the time 6 shillings.
On the obverse it bore a leopard crowned.
In this yere alsOj kynge Edwarde made a coyn of fyne
golde, and named it the fioryne, that is to say, the peny
of the value of vis. vilid., the halfe peny of the value of
iiis.iiiid., and the farthynge of the value of xxd., which
coyne was ordeyned for his warris in Frannce.
Fabi/mi, Cliron. (ed. Ellis), p. 455, an. 1843.
3. An English silver coin worth 2 shillings, be-
ing the tenth part of a pound, ctirrent since
1849. — 4. The silver guidon of Austria and for-
mei'ly of South Germany, and the guilder of the
Netherlands, worth a little less than the Eng-
lish florin. See fjulden and gtdldcr. — Double
fiorln, an English silver coin of the value of four shillings,
authorized in 1887.
Abbreviated./?.
Florinean (flo-rm'e-an), n. [< Florinus (see
def.) + -e-OH.] One of a Gnostic sect of the
second century, so called from Florinus, a pu-
pil of Polycarp.
fl!oriparoU3 (flo-rip'a-rus), a. [= F. floripare
= Pg. floriparo, < LL. floripariis, producing
flowers (of spring), < L. flos (flor-), a flower,
+ parere, produce.] Producing flowers.
floripondlO (flo-ri-pon'di-o), n. [Sp. floripon-
(lio, floriputulio, magnolia, also sraootli-stalked
Brugmaiisia (B. Candida) ; < NL. flnripondiitm, <
L. flos (flor-), flower, 4- poiuhis, weight.] A
plant, the Datura sanguinea, an infusion from
whose seeds, prepared by the Peruvians, in-
duces stupefaction, and, if much used, furious
delirivun. This infusion is said to have been used by
the priests of the temple of the Sun in the ancient capi-
tal to produce frantic ravings, which were accepted as in-
spired prophecies.
florist (fio'rist), n. [= F. fleuriste = Sp. Pg.
florista = It. fiorista, a florist, < L. flos (flor-),
flower, -1- -ista, -ist.] 1. One who cultivates
flowers; one skilled in the raising of flowers;
especially, one who raises flowers for sale.
The antients venially delighted in flourishing gardens;
many were fitrrisU that knew no^ the true use of a flower ;
and in Plinie's dales none had directly treated of that sub-
ject. Sir T. Browne, Vnlg. Err., ii., Ep. Ded.
2. One who writ>es a flora or an account of plants.
florisugent (flo-ri-su'jent), a. [< L. flos (flor-),
flower, 4- sugen(t-)s, ppr. of sugere, suck: see
suck.'] Sucking flowers: an epithet applied to
sundry birds and insects which suck honey from
flowers.
floritryt (flor'i-tri), n. [As if for *floriture (=
It. fioritura), < ML. *floritura, flowery orna-
ment, < floure, flower, flourish: see flourish.']
Flowery ornament.
The walls and arches [of the temple] crested and gar-
nished with jioyitry. Saiidi/g, Travailes, p. 12.'i.
floroon (flo-rSn'), ». [< ME. flotiroun, flower-
work, < OF. floron, F. fleuron, a flower, jewel,
gem, = Sp. floron = Pg. flordo = It. fiorone,
aug. of F. fleur, Sp. Pg. flor = It. fl^re, < L. flos
(flor-), a flower.] A border worked with flow-
ers.
flomlent (flor'6-lent), a. [< L. florulentus, ^o-w-
eTy,<h. flos (flor-), a,&oyfeT.] Flowery; blos-
soming ; in decorative art, formed wholly or in
part of imitated flowers ; floreated.
FlondeyU scrolls in relief upon a mat ground.
H. S. Cuming, Jour. Archa)ol. Ass., XV. 227.
florulonst (flor'S-lus), a. Flomlent.
flory (flo'ri), a. [See fleurij, floree.] In her.,
same as fleury .- Ciosa double-parted flory. See
rfou'jfc.— Cross flory. Seecro>*«i.
floscampyt, n. [An accom. of the L. flos cam-
pi, flower of the field : flos (flor-), flower ; cam-
pi, gen. of campus, field: see camp'^.] A field-
flower; a name of the rose of Sharon.
Haill ! fioscampy, and flower vyrgynall,
The odour of thy goodues reflars to vs all.
York Playt, p. 444.
2280
floscnlar (flos'ku-iar), a. [< floscuJe + -«)•!.]
In hot., same as discoid, as applied to flower-
heads in the Compositw ; composed of florets.
Also flosculous, flosculosc.
Floscularia (flos-ku-la'ri-a), «. [NL., < *flos-
cuUiris (nee floscule) + -ia.] 1. The typical ge-
nus of wheel-animalcules of the
family Flosculariidce. F.probos-
cidea and F. ornata are exam-
ples.— 2. A genus of rugose
cup-corals : same as Cyatho-
nhyllum. Eicliwald, 1829.
Floscularisea (flos-ku-la-ri-e'-
ii), H. pi. [NL., < *fioscularis
(see floscule) + -cea.] A group
of rotifers, corresponding to the
family Flosculariid<B.
floscularian (flos-ku-la'ri-an),
«. A rotifer or wheel-aniinal-
cule of the family Flosculariidce.
We may call attention especially to jrj'^'fj"^"^',!'^'!^'
the fioacularians. They are common- magnitied 500 times.'
ly found attached to the steins and
leaves of a()Uatic plants. The foot-stalk bearing the bell-
shaped body is very long. Statid. Nat. Hint., I. 204.
Flosculariidse (flos"ku-la-ii'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Floscularia + -idw,] A family of permanent-
ly fixed rotifers, with a long ringed foot, usually
with gelatinous coverings and tubes, and the
wheel-organ lobed or deeply cleft.
floscule (los'kiil), 11. [= F. floscule = Sp. flds-
culo = Pg. It. flosculo, < L. flo.fculus, also flos-
cida, f., a floweret, a little flower, dim. otflos
(flor-), a flower : see flower.] A floret.
flosculett, ». [i flosculs + -et.] A bud. Davies.
But when your own faire print was set
Once in a virgin jlosctdet
Sweet as yourself, and newly blown.
To give that life resign'd your own.
Herrich, Hesperides, p. 133.
Flosculidse (flos-kn'li-de), «. pi. [NL., < L. flos-
culus (lit. a little flower) + -idcB.] A family
of Discomedusce with simple unbrauched nar-
row radial canals, a ring-canal, central mouth,
and mouth-arms at the end of a mouth-tube.
flosculiferous (flos-ku-lif'e-rus), a. [< L. flos-
culus, dim. otflos, a flower) +ferre = E. bear^.]
In entom., terminating in a distended hollow
process or organ, open beneath, and somewhat
resembling a labiate flower, as the abdomen of
a fulgora or lantern-fly.
flosculous, flOSCUlose (flos'ku-lus, -16s), a. [<
Ij. flosculus, dim. otflos, a flower: see floscule.]
Same as floscular.
flos ferri (flos fer'i). A eoralloid variety of
calcium carbonate or aragonite, often found in
connection with iron ores.
floshl (flosh), V. t. lA\sofloush; a dial. var. of
flasli^ a,nd flush^,q.\.] To spill ; splash. [Prov.
Eng.]
flosll^ (flosh), n. [< ME. flosshe, flosche, another
form oi flasshe, flasche, a pool: see flash^, n.]
1 . A pool : same as flash^.
Al in a sembld sweyed to-geder,
Bitwene &Jtogche in that fryth, & a foo cragge.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1430.
2. A swamp; a body of standing water grown
over with Weeds, reeds, etc. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
Ducks a paddock-hunting scour the bog,
And powheads spartle in the oosy Jlogh.
Davidson, Seasons, p. 12.
flosh^ (flosh), «. [Origin uncertain ; either the
same as floslfi (cf . flash-hole and flash^), or an
accom. of G. flosse, a float, a trough in which
ore is washed: see float, n., and cf. floss^.]
In metal., a hopper-shaped box in which ore is
placed for the action of the stamps. The side of
the box has a shutter, which is raised or lowered to allow
the ore to escape when it has reached the desired fine-
ness.
flosh-hole (flosh'hol), n. A hole which receives
the waste water from a mill-pond. Halliwell.
floshin (flosh'in), n. [So., also written floshan,
dim. otflo.sh^, q. v.] A puddle larger than a
dub, but shallow. Jamieson.
flosh-silk (flosh'silk), n. Same as floss-silk.
[Rare.]
The truckle-bed of Valour and Freedom is not wadded
v/Hh Jtonh-nlk. Lanitor.
floss^ (flos), n. [E. dial. , prob. a weakened form
ot flosh^, OTig. flash : see flash^. The word, be-
ing local Eng., can hardly be borrowed from G.
dial..^o««, running water, a stream : see flect^.]
A small stream of water: used as a name in the
extract.
A wide plain, where the broadening Floss hurries on be-
tween its green banks to the sea.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 1.
flotation
flOSS^ (flos), n. [Prob. < G. floss, a raft, a boat,
a float, flosse, a float, buoy: see float, ii.] 1.
A fluid glass floating upon iron in a puddling-
furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxids
and earths. — 2. Same as .^o«s-/io/e.
Ihejioss, or outlet of the slag from the |iron-]furnace.
tVc, Diet., 11. 997.
floss^ (flos), n. [Also written flosh (in comp.
flosh-silk, q. v.) (= Dan. flos); < OF. flosche (in
the phrase soye flosche, sleave silk), < It. flos-
cia (floscia seta, sleave silk — Florio); cf. OF.
flosche, weak, soft, as a boneless lump of flesh,
<It./o.scJo, dial. /os«o, weak, soft, feeble, flac-
cid, < L. fluxus, fluid, loose, slack, frail, weak,
pp. of flucre, flow: see flux, fluent.] 1. A
downy or silky substance inclosed by the husks
of certain plants, as maize and milkweed. — 2.
Same &s floss-silk. — 3. The leaves of red cana-
ry-grass; also, the common rush. [Scotch.]
No person shall cut bent nor pull jloss . . . before the
first of Lammas yearly.
Quoted in G. Barry's Hist. Orkney Islands, App., p. 457.
floss-embroidery (flos'em-broi'der-i), n. Any
embroidery in which floss-silk or filoselle is
used in considerable quantities. On account of
its delicacy and tendency to cling to whatever touches it,
and so suffer defacement, it is but little used in embroid-
ery applied to wearing-apparel, and is employed especially
for church embroidery.
floss-hole (flos'hol), n. The opening in a blast-
furnace where the slag is withdrawn. Also.^os«.
Preventing the metal from running out at the fioss-hole
when it begins to fuse. Ure, Diet., II. 997.
flossiflcation (flos"i-fl-ka'shon), n. [Improp.
form otflorification, resting on 'L.flos, nom., in-
stead of flor-, the stem, of the first element.]
Same as florification.
floss-silk (flos 'silk), 11. [Sometimes written
flosh-silk (= Dan. flos-silke); < floss^ + silk.]
Silk fiber from the finest part of the cocoon,
carded and spun but not twisted, so as to be
extremely soft and downy in its surface while
retaining a high luster. It is used chiefly for
embroidery. Filoselle often replaces it.
flossy (flos'i), a. [< floss^ + -^1.] Belonging
to, composed of, or resembling floss.
The thin Jlossy wreath of hair . . . invested his tem-
ples. iS. Judd, Margaret, i. 2.
floss-yam (flos'yam), n. lifloss^ + yarn.] A
soft, slightly twisted yam made from floss-silk
or filoselle.
flot (flot), n. [< ME. flot, a float, ship, etc. :
see float, n. In def. 2 a particular use, < ME.
flot, < AS. *flot, in comp. *flot-smcre (-smeru),
floating fat, the scum of a pot (Somner; not
authenticated) (= Icel. flot, fat, grease, from
cooked meat, = Sw. flott, grease); lit. that
which floats, Kfl^otan (pp. floten), 'E.flect^, etc.,
float: see fleet''^, v., and et. fleets, v.t.] l^. gee
float, n. — 2. Floating fat; the scum of a pot;
the scum of broth. [Scotch.]
As a fornes [furnace] ful oi fiot that upon fyr boyles,
When brygt brennan<le brondez are bet ther an-vnder.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1011.
flota(fl6'ta), ». [Sp., a fleet: seefloatjV.Kxidn.,
&m\ flcef^, n.] A commercial fleet; especially,
the fleet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed
every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz in Mexico,
to transport to Spain the products of Spanish
America.
flotage, n. See floatage.
flotant (flo'tant), a. [Formerly also written
(accom.) flodtant; < F.flottant, ppr. of flatter,
float: see float, v.] In her., represented as if
floating either in the air, as a bird or flag, or in
the water. As applied to a bird, it is synony-
mous with disclosed.
flotation (flo-ta'shon), n. [Formerly also writ-
ten (accom.) floatation; < OF. as if 'flotation,
the orig. type of OF . flotaison, F. dial. /o/rtiso»,
the flooding or irrigation of a meadow, F. flot-
taison, the line of flotation, water-line, < flote>,
flatter, float: see float. Cf. flotsam, ult. a dou-
blet of /oterton.] 1. The act or state of float-
ing.
Nor is this individual life of the units provable only
where free Jtotation in a liquid allows its signs to be read-
ily seen. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 218.
The fruit consisted of i"acemes, or clusters of nutlets,
which seem to have been provided with broad lateral
wings tovjlotation in the air.
Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 133.
2. The science of floating bodies Plane or line
of flotation, the plane or line in wliich the horizontal
surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it; the dividing
line between the i>art of a ship or other floating body I)e-
low the surface of tlie wafer and that above it. In ships
this line has an iiitiin:ife relation to their buoyancy and
eiiuilibrium.— Stable flotation, a phrase applied to that
position of a floating body in which it is not capable ol
flotation
being up8«t by tbe exertion of a small force, but, when
slightly disturbed, invariably returns to its former posi-
tion.
flotative (flo'ta-tiv), a. [< flotat{ion) + -ive.'\
Of or pertaining to flotation ; having the qual-
ity of floating. E. H. Knight.
flote^t, !'■ and n. A Middle English form ot float.
flote^t, f. t. [Cf. flotten-mUk.'\ A variant of
fleets, 1.
Such cheeses, good Cisley, ye flottd to nigh.
Tuiser, A Lesson for Dairy Maid Cisley.
flotert, floteryt. Obsolete forms ot flutter, flut-
ter!/.
floternel (flo-ter-nel'), n. [OF.] A variety of
the gambeson worn toward the close of the
fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth
century. Also spelled flotternel.
flotilla (flo-til'a), n. [= F. flotilU (> D. flotille,
flotilje = G. Can. flotille = Sw. flottilj) = It.
floftiglUi, < Sp. flotilla (= Pg. flotilha), a little
fleet, dim. of flota, a fleet: see float, n.,flota.'i
A little fleet ; a fleet of small vessels.
His [Lafayette's] entire /totitla, ammunition of war, and
even the city of Annapolis, were saved from destruction
by an improvised gun-boat. J. A. Stevens, Gallatin, p. 299.
Before brealcfast was over, [we] found ourselves sur-
rounded by a perfect Jlotitla of boats.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, L ii.
flotist.n- ['!AlS..flotyse,flotyce,tlie same a/sflot,
with F. term.: seeflot, 2.] Scum.
Flotyee or Jhti/ce of a pott or other lyke, spuma.
Prompt. Part., p. 168.
If thon bumest blood and fat together to please God,
what other thing dost thou malEe of God than one that
had lust to smell to bumt/«(<«.' Tyndale, Works, II. 215.
flots (flots), n. pi. [F., pi. of flot, a wave, < L.
flttctus, a wave : see float, n.] Loops of ribbon
or lace arranged in rows, each row overlapping
that below, so as to give to the material the
appearance of little ripples or waves : a device
often used in dressmaking, etc.
flotsam (flot'sam), n. [Also formerly flotsam,
flottom, flotsmne (and dial. ;floatsome, q. v.),
corrupt forms of the vaot6orig.flotaort,flotsen,
contr. of 'flottison (cf. jetsam, <jetHsori) ; < OP.
'flotaison, flotsam, not found in this special
sense, but the same aa OF. flotaisott, F. dial.
flotaison, the flooding or irrigation of meadows,
F. flottaison, the line of flotation, water-line,
< floter, flotter, float, < L. fluctuare, float : see
float, v., flotation. Flotsam, which has hitherto
been unexplained as to its termination, is thus
a corrupt form, a doublet of flotation (ult. of
fluctuation), as the tkssoeitkted jetxam,jetHson,
is of jactation.'] Such part of the wreck of a
ship and its cargo as is found floating. See
jetsam.
The Interior of tbe boiue bore saAcient witness to the
ravages ot the ocean, and to tbe exercise of those rights
which the lawyers term Flot*omt and Jetsunie.
Scott, The Pirate, xU.
Flottam, jetsam, and lagan are not the lawful spoils of
the finders, but must be delivered up to those who can
prove their right to them, the owners paying a reasonable
reward, . . . which is called ulvage.
BtthelT, Counting-house Diet.
flotsomt, flotsont, n. See flotsam.
flottable (flot'a-bl), a. [F., < flotter, float: see
fltiat, p.] In French law, capable of floating
boats or rafts: said of a watercourse.
flottent (flot 'en), p. a. [See flotten-milh.']
Skimmed.
flotten-milkt (flot'en-milk), n. [= OD. rlole-
milck, .skimmod milk, also curtled milk, = ML<i.
rlole-melk, Hi . fliitc-melk, flaten or afflaten mclk,
skimmed milk ; cf. Sc. flatting, also fteetinga,
the game as flot-wkey, floating curds in whey ;
the first element in flotten^milt is another form
of^t, pp. of./leef*: see/toe**.] Skimmed milk.
[Prov.Eng.]
flottert, ". i. A Middle English variant ot flut-
ter.
flotternel, n. See floternel.
flot-wheyt (flot'hwa), n. Floating curds in
wlicy.
flotzamt, n. See flotsam.
flongh', n. Same as >lii«8.
flough-', «. See flow*.
flounce^ (flouns), r. t. ; pret. and pp. flounced.
2281
Nay, 'tis in vain to JlouTice — and discompose yourself
and your Dress. Steele, Grief A-la-Mode, ii. 1.
After delivering herself of her speech, ahejiounced back
again to Iter seat, miglitysiroud of the exploit.
Gremlle, Memoirs, Feb. 26, 1831.
flounce^ (flouns), n. [< flounce^, ».] A sudden
fling or turn, as of the body.
At the head of the next pool a Jlounce, and the appari-
tion of a head and tail brings your heart into your mouth.
Quarterly Rev., CXXVI. 340.
flounce^ (flouns), n. [A changed form of earlier
frounce, q. v.] A deep ruffle; a strip of any
material used to decorate a garment, especially
a skirt near the bottom, gathered or plaited at
one edge, and loose and floating at the other,
the gathered edge being sewed to the garment.
Nay, oft in dreams invention we bestow
To change a Jlounce or add a furbelow.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 100.
Peeps into every chest and box,
TiuTis all her f urbeloes and fiounces.
Prior, The Dove.
flounce^ (flouns), v. t. ; pret. and pp. flounced,
l>pT. flouncing. [< flounce^, n.'] 1. To deck with
flounces: as, to flounce a petticoat or a gown.
She was Jtounced and f urbelowetl from head to foot.
Addison, Country Fashions.
Women, insolent, and self-caress'd, . . .
Curl'd, scented, furbelow'd, and fiounc'd around.
Cowper, Expostulation, 1. 51.
2. To surround with something arranged like
a flounce. [Rare.]
He has . . . stifled ponds, and JUmneed himself with
flowering shrubs and Kent fences,
Walpole, Letters, II. 170.
flouncing (floun'sing), n. [< flounce^ + -ing^.']
Material for making flounces ; flounces coUec-
tivelv: as, Chantilly ^/louncin^s.
flounder^ (floun'dfir), v. i. [Perhaps a nasalized
form, influenced by flounce^ or flounder^, of D.
flodderen, (1) splash through the mire {flod-
der, mire, dirt), (2) dangle, flap, wave; in the
latter senses another form (= MHG. vladern,
G. fladdern, flattern = Sw. fladdra) of OD.
vlederen (= MHG. rledern), flutter: see flutter
&ud flatter^.'] 1. To make clumsy efforts with
the limbs and body when hampered in some
manner; struggle awkwardly or impoteiitly;
toss ; tumble about, as in mire or snow.
After his horse had flounced and jtoundered with his
beeles. iloUand, tr. of Animianus Marcelltnus, p. 77.
Head and heels uimiii the floor
They/lounder'd all together.
Tmnyton, The Goose.
Stuck in a qoagmire, Jtoutidered worse and worse.
Until he managed somehow scramble back
Into the safe sure rutted road once more.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. Vt.
2. Figuratively, to grope imcertainly or con-
fusedly, as for ideas or facts ^ speak or act with
imperfect knowledge or discernment; make
awkward or abortive efforts forextrication from
errors of speech or conduct.
Swearing and snpperless tbe hero sate, . . .
Plung'd for his sense, but found no bottom there,
Vet wrote uiA Jlounder^d on, in mere despair.
Pope, l>uncia>l, I. 120.
Floundering along without clear purpose, without any
real bead, how can we be victorioiu;
Letter q/Ooe. Jokn A. Andrea (Uais.), Jan. 14, 1863.
He plunged into the sea of metaphysics, ^nd Jtoundered
awhile in waters too deep for Intellectual security.
//. Jame*, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 274.
flounder* (floun'd^r), w. [(.flounder^, r.'] The
act of struggling or splashing about, as in mire
or other hampering medium : as, with a despe-
rate founder he freed himself.
flounder^ (floun'dfer), «. [< ME. flounder,
floumdur = G. flunder, flUnder, < Sw. Norw.
flundra = Dan. flynder = Icel. flydkra, a floun-
der.] 1. A flatfish ; a fish of the family J'leu-
ronectid^e. The name applies to some or any such flsb.
(a) In England It is applied especially to the plaice. Pint-
Toneetea or Ptateeta jusum. This is one of the most com-
mon of the European flatfishes, and Is found in the sea
and near the mouths of large rivers ; but it abounds mmt
where the bottom is soft, whether of clay, sand, or mud.
Flounders feed upon aquatic insects, worms, and smiill
fishes, and sometimes acquire the weight of 4 pounds. The
common flounder is an Inhabitant of the Northern, Baltic,
1 pp.
; cf.
piir. flouncing. [ME. not found ; cf . obs. fluce
(Nares), flounce; < Sw. dial. yliowo, dip, plunge,
fall into water with a jiluiige, OSw. flunsa,
plunge, = Norw. fluivia, hurrj-, work hurriedly;
cf. flumsa, fly fast, fly hani.] To make abrupt
or agitated movements with the limbs and
body; turn or twist as 'with sudden petulance
or impatience; move with flings or turns, as if
in displeasure or annoyance : as, to flounce out
of a room.
You neither fret, nor fume, nor,^ottiM*. Swift.
Four-spotted Fiouiider {Paraliththyt eiltmguj). (From Report of
U. S. Fish CommiMlon, inU-)
flouren
and Mediterranean seas. (6) In the eastern United States,
the common flounder is tlie Pseudopleuronecteit america-
nu8 or the Paralichthys ohlongus, here figured, (c) In Cali-
fornia, and along tlie western coast generally, the Pteu-
ronectes stellatus is known as the flounder. In other parts
of the world colonized by the English the name is trans-
ferred to some common representative of the family Pleu-
ronectidce.
But now men on deyntees so hem delyte,
To fede hem vpon the fysches lyte.
As Jlowndres, perches, and such pykyng ware.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 224.
2. A tool whose edge is used to stretch the
leather for a boot-front on a blocking-board.
The fronts [of boot«] are regularly placed on a block, be-
ing forced into position by an instrument called the Jloun-
der. Ure, Diet., III. 100.
flo'under-lantem (floun'dfer-lan'tfem), «. A
local English (Cornwall) name of the common
flounder or plaice.
flour (flour), n. [An earlier spelling of flower,
which in the particular sense of ' fine meal ' (cf .
Icel. flUr, a flower, also flour, fine meal; P.
fleur defarine = Sp. flor de la harina = Pg. flor
de farinlia, flour, lit. flo'wer of meal, i. e., the
finest part; cf. flowers of sulphur, flos ferri,
etc.) is now confined to the spelling flour: see
flower. '\ If. An obsolete spelling of /ower (in
the botanical and derived senses). — 2. The
finely ground meal of wheat or of any other
grain ; especially, the finer part of meal sepa-
rated by bolting ; hence, any vegetable or other
substance reduced to a fine and soft powder :
as, flour of emery ; hop-^o«)'.
Zuych difference ase ther is . . . be-tuene bren and
flour of huete. Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 210.
Whete and flour, fiesch and lardere,
Al togedyr they sette on fere.
Richard Coer de Lion, L 6103.
All
From me do backe receiue the Flowre of all.
And leaue me but the Bran.
Shak., Cor., i. 1 (folio, 1623X
8. A snow-like mass of finely crystallized salt-
feter used in the manufacture of gunpowder.
tis formed by cooling a solution of saltpeter from 180° to
70' F. in large shallow copper pans, and continually agi-
tating it by hand or by machinery during the process of
cr>'stallization. The flue crystals settle to the bottom, are
removed, and allowed to drain on inclined forms, when
they are ready for washing. — Flour of meat, a fine flour
made of dried meat.— FlOUT Of powder, gunpowder not
granulated, but pulverized.— Fossll flOUr. See foesil.—
Second flour, flour of a coarser f|uality ; seconds.
floor (flour), V. [See flower, v. In the later
senses, < flour, «., 2.] I. intrans. It. An obso-
lete spelling of flower. — 2. In mining, in the
amalgamation process, the mercury is said to
floiu- when it breaks up into fine globules,
which, owing to the pres-
ence of some impurity, do
not unite with the pre-
cious metal ■with which
they are brought in con-
tact. This defect is known as
flouring, and also as ifickening,
both in Australia and on the
Paeiflc coast of the United
SUtes.
n. trans. 1. To grind
and bolt ; convert into
flour: as, to flour wheat.
— 2. To sprinkle with
flour.
flour-beetle (flour'be'tl),
n. A beetle, Tenebrio
molitor, which lives in all
its stages on flour or fari-
naceous substances. The
larva is an inch long, cylindrical, smooth and
glossy, and is known as the meal-worm. See
also cut under meal-worm.
flour-bolt (flour'bolt), n. A machine for bolt-
ing flour; a bolter. It consists of a cylindrical sieve
covered with iwlting-cloth or flue gauze, and containing
beaters that beat and press the meal as it comes from the
stone against the sides of the iKilt, and force the fine flour
tlinm^'Ii the gauze, thus separating it from the refuse or
f.lfiil.
flour-box (flour'boks), n. A tin box for dredg-
ing; or s<>attoring flour; a dredging-box.
flour-dredge ( flour'drej), n. Same us flour-box.
flour-dredger (flour'drej'er), «. Same asflour-
hox.
fionr-dresser (flour'dres'ir), n. A cylinder for
dressing flour, instead of passing it through
lii)ltiiit;-('lotlis.
flour-emery (flour'em'e-ri), n. In gem-cutting,
ground corundum, which when pure is almost
an impalpable powder, used to polish gems,
glass, etc. It is sometimes adulterated with
garnet and topaz.
flouren (flour' en), a. [< flour + -ew2.] Made of
flour: as, ^ure« cakes. Mackay. [Prov.Eng.]
Flour-beetle ( Teneirio mc.
litor), ( Line siiows natural
size.)
fllourette
floorettef, ». Bee floweret.
flour-gold (flour'gold). H. lu placer-miniiigj a
name sometimes given to gold occiuring in
exoeediugly fine particles.
flooring-mlll (tlour'ing-mil), n. A mill for
making tloiir, usually on a large scale : distin-
guished from grist-milL [U. b. j
The way from the mealing-stone to the JtoHrinrf-mill is
long. Amer. AiUhropoloffut, I. 307.
flourish (flur'ish), r, [< ME. flouriskenj flu^
rishen^ florisheny flori^chen, etc., bloom, flower,
adorn with flowers, adorn, ornament, rarely (in
Wyclif) of a spear, tr, brandish, intr. be bran-
dished; < 0¥,flouriss-j floriss-y flurisS'j^texn. of
certain parts of flourir, florirj flurir, F. fleunr
{^ItT. Jlenrissant^ Jiorissautj hloovaingt florissant,
flourishing, prosperous), bloom, blossom, flow-
er, flourish, prosper, = ^.florire = It. florire (<
L. florere) = Sp. Pg, florecery < L. florescerCy be-
gin to blossom, begin to prosper, inceptive of
florere^ blossom, flower, prosper, flourish; cf.
flos {flor-)f a blossom, a flower : see flower, n.
and «?.] I. intrans* If. To bloom; blossom;
flower.
The fljgetree shall not Jlorisshe.
Wyclif, Hab. ili. 17 (Oxf.).
Let us see if the vine Jlotirish, whether the tender grape
appear, and the pomegranates bud forth. Cant. vii. 12.
Wither one rose, and let the other /!oHmA .'
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5.
2. To thrive under natural forces or condi-
tions ; be in a state of natural vigor or devel-
opment ; grow or be developed vigorously.
A golden troop doth pass on every side
Of Jlourishing young men and vii-gins gay,
Which keep fair measure all the flow'ry way.
Sir J. Davies, Danchig.
When he [the cunning enemy] had thus covertly sown
them [tares], what wonder was it that they should grow
up together with the corn and ^ourwA?
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. iii.
By continual meditations in sacred ^vritings a man as
naturally improves and advances in holiness as a tiee
thrives and /ourwAes in a kindly and well-watered soil.
Bp. Home, On Ps. i.
3. To thrive under social or spiritual forces or
relations; be vigorous in action or develop-
ment ; be successful or pi'osperous.
Jews that were zealous for the Law, but withal infidels
in respect of Christianity, . . . did while they Jlourisked
no less persecute the Church than heathens.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 11.
After kingdoms and commonwealths have fiourighed for
a time, disturbances, seditions, and wars often arise.
Bacon, Physical Fables, iii., Expl.
But thou shalt ^oumA in immortal youth,
Unhurt amid the war of elements.
Addison, CaXo, v. 1.
Our farmers round, well pleased with constant gain,
Like other farmers, Jlourish and complain.
Crabbe, Works, I. 46.
4. To be in a state of active existence or ac-
tual exercise; exist in activity or practice.
In our school-books we say,
Of those that held their heads above the crowd,
They Jlourish' d then or then. Tennyson, The Brook.
John Woolton, bishop of Exeter, who flourished soon
after the Reformation, . . . was bom in the year 1537.
Battles, Hist. Lancashire, II. 12.
The grammatical sciences on the one hand, the mathe-
matical and physical on the other, flourished in Alexan-
dria side by side, and formed a foundation for all the later
science of the world.
Von Ranke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 468.
5. To make flourishes ; use flowery or fanciful
embellishments : as, to flourish in writing or
speech.
My sad thoughts
Told me some poisonous snake was closely hid
Under your flourishing words.
Beau, and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, ii. 2.
They dilate sometimes and flourish long on little inci-
dents. Watts, Logic.
True, ma'am, as you say, one should be quick in di-
vulging matters of this nature ; for should we be tedious,
perhaps, while we oxe flourishing on the subject, two or
uiree lives may be lost I Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 1.
His [name], that seraphs tremble at, is hung
Disgracefully on ev'ry trifler's tongue.
Or serves the champion in forensic war
To flourish and parade with at the bar.
Cowper, Expostulation, 1. 665.
6. To move or be moved in fantastic, irregular
figores; play with fantastic or wavering mo-
tion.
Impetuous spread
The Btream, and smoking, flourish'd o'er his head.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 180.
7. In music : (a) To play an elaborate, osten-
tations passage, or to play in an ostentatious
or showy manner. (6) To play a trumpet-call
or fanfare.
2282
Why do the emperor's trumpets flourish thus ?
Shak., Tit. And.,iv. 2.
8. Toboast; vaunt; brag. Pope, — Of. Toshake;
be brandished.
He schal scorne a florischynge spere [vibrantem has-
tam, Vulgate]. Wycli/, Job xli. 26 (Purv.).
II. trans. 1+. To cause to bloom ; cause to
thrive or grow luxuriantly.
How God alniyghti of his grete grace
Hath ^oum/terf the erthe on every side!
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 78.
I must confess you have express'd a lover.
Wanted no art to flourish your warm passion.
Shirley, Love in a Maze, iii. '^.
2t. To cause to prosper; preserve.
The fierthe [fourth] is a fortune that florissheth the soule
Wyth sobrete fram al synne. Piers Plotmna7i(B), xiv. 294.
3. To embellish with flourishes, as handwrit-
ing, diction, etc. ; adorn with flowery or showy
words, figures, or lines ; in general, to ornament
profusely in any way : as, to flourish a signa-
ture.
Florysshe thy dysshe with pouder thou mygt.
Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 9.
I saw sixe very precious sockets made indeede but of
timber work, hut flowrished over with a triple gilting.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 178.
His son's fine taste an opener vista loves,
Foe to the Dryads of his fathers groves ;
One boundless green, or flourish'd carpet views.
Pope, Moral Essays, iv. 95.
The day book and inventory book shall he flourished.
Tr. of French Coin. Code.
4. To finish with care ; enlarge and embellish ;
elaborate.
All that I shall say will be but like bottoms of thread
close wound up, which, with a good needle, perhaps may
be flourished into large works. Bacon, War with Spain.
6. To brandish; hold in the hand and shake or
wave about ; hence, to display ostentatiously ;
flaunt: as, to flourish a sword or a whip; to
flourish one^s wealth or finery ; to flourish one's
authority.
A horseman apeeride, . . . florishynge a shaft.
Wyclif, 2 Mac, xi. 8 (Oxf. and Purv.).
He casteth ful harde,
And fluricheth his falsnea opon fele wise.
And fer he casteth to-forn the folke to destroye.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), I. 484.
My sword, I say ! — Old Montague is come,
And flourishes hie blade in spite of me.
Shak., R. and J., i. 1.
6t. To gloss over; give a fair appearance to.
To bring you thus together, 'tis no sin ;
8ith that the justice of your title to him
Doth flourish the deceit. Shak., M. for M., iv. 1.
flourish (flur'ish), w. l< flourish J V.'] If. A flour-
ishing condition.
Present Rome may be said to be but the Monument of
Rome past, when she was in that Flourish that St. Aus-
tin desired to see her in. Howell, Letters, I. i. 88.
2. Showy adornment ; decoration ; ornament.
My beauty, though but mean.
Needs not the painted riouri«A of your praise.
Shak., L. L. L., ii. 1.
3. Ostentatious embellishment ; ambitious co-
piousness or amplification; especially, parade
of words and figures; rhetorical display.
Ham. Let the foils be brought, the gentleman willing,
and the king hold his purpose, I will win for him, If I
can. . . .
Osr. Shall I re-deliver you e'en so?
Ham. To this effect, sir ; after what flourish your na-
ture will. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
He lards with flourishes his long harangue. Dryden.
" In my prison of England " [said Charles], " for the wea-
riness, danger, and displeasure in which I then lay, I
have many a time wished I had been slain at the battle
where they took me." This is b. flourish, if you will, but
it is sometliing more. R. L. Stevenson, Charles of Orleans.
4. A figure formed by bold or fanciful lines or
strokes of the pen or graver : as, the flourishes
about an initial letter. — 5. A brandishing ; the
waving of something held in the hand : as, the
flourish of a sword, a cane, or a whip.
The next day Miss Ritter saw the deacon drive past wiHi
a wagon -load of children; he nodded his head at her as
he passed, and whipped up the old horse with ^flourish.
Harper's Mag.
6. In music: {a) An elaborate but unmeaning
passage for display, or as a preparation for real
performance.
I was startled with a flourish of many musical instru-
ments that I never heard before.
Addison, Religions in Waxwork.
He preluded his address by a sonorous blast of the nose,
a preliminary ^oun'fiA much in vogue among public ora-
tors. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 213.
(6) A trumpet-call; a fanfare — Flourish of trum-
pets, a trumpet-call, fanfare, or prelude for one or more
trumpets, performed on the approach of any person of dis-
Flour-mite ( Tyrog^pkus xi>w),
under surface.
(Highly magnified.)
flout
tinction ; hence, any ostentatious preliminary sayings or
doings : as, his advertisement is accompanied with & Jlour-
ish o/ tru7npets.
A Jlourish, trumpets ! — strike alarum, drums !
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
flourishablet (flur'ish-a-bl), a. [< flourish +
-able.'] Flaunting. Davies.
He [tlie devil] sets the countenance of continuance on
them [the wiclted], whicli indeed are more fallible in theil
certainty than Jluurishable in their bravery.
Itev. T. Adams, Works, I. 217.
flourished (flur'iglit), p. a. In her., same as
fleiiry.
flourisher (flur'ish-fer), n. One who flourishes,
flourishing (flur'ish-ing), p. a. Vigorous;
prosperous; thriving.
The Gardyn is alweys grene and Jlorisshinff, alle the
cesouns of the Zeer, als wel in Wyntre es in Somer.
Mandeviile, Travels, p. 54.
Wealth and plenty in a land where Justice raignes not
is no argument of a jiourishing State, but of a neerneas
rather to ruin or commotion. Milton, Eikonoklastes, ix.
The old city [Alexandria] was, without doubt, in & Jiour-
ishing condition, when the trade of the East Indies was
carried on that way by the Venetians.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 7.
flourishingly (flur'ish-ing-li), adv. In a flour-
ishing manner ; with adornment ; thrivingly.
She is in lyke case JUnirishinf/tye decked wyth golde,
preciouse stone, and pearles.
Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Churches, ii.
flourishing-thread (flur'ish-ing-thred), 11. A
variety of linen thread used for darning and
otherwise repairing
linen fabric, and also
in netting and similar
fancy work.
flour-mill (flour'mU),
w. A mill for grind-
ing grain into flour;
a flouring-mill.
flour-mite (flour'mit),
n. One of several
mites or acarids which
are found in flour, as
Tyroghjphu.^ siro (fa-
rince) or T. longior.
See cheese-mite.
flourount, »i. [ME., <
OF. floron , < flor, flow-
er: see flower.] Flower-work; an ornamental
flower.
A fret of golde she hadde next her heer.
And upon that a white corowne she beer.
With fiourouns smale.
Chaucfr, Good Women, 1. 217.
flour-packer (flour'pak'er), «. A machine for
packing bags or barrels with flour,
floury (flour'i), a. l< flmir + -y^.] It. An ob-
solete spelling of flowery. — 2. Consisting of or
resembling flour; covered with flour : as, your
coat is floury.
She shook her own Jloury hands vigorously, and offered
one at last, muffled in her apron.
S. 0. Jewett, Country Doctor, p. 193.
floush (floush), V. t. Same &sflosh^.
flouti (flout), n. [< ME.jftoMJte (aXsofloyte: see
flmt^), a flute, < OF. flaiite, flahute, aXsofl^te,
and (with false silent s) flaiiste,flahuste, flmste,
later flute (> mod. E. flute, which has displaced
the ME. form), mod. P. fliite : see further under
flutei.'] It. Aflute.— 2. A boys' whistle. Hal-
liwell. [Prov. Eng.]— 3. [Cf. It. /a(?o«to, a bun-
dle, fagot, also a wind-instrument.] A truss or
bundle. HalliweU. [Prov. Eng.]
floutif (flout), V. i. [< ME. flowten valso fl^y-
ten : see floit^), play on a flute, < OF. flaiiter,
also floater, and (with false silent s) fletister,
play on the flute : see flout\ n., and further un-
der ^i/tel. Ctflout^.] To play on the flute.
Syugynge he was, oTjlowtj/nge [var. Jloytirnge] al the day.
CAdMcer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 91.
they Jlouted. and they taberd, they yellyd and they cryed,
loyinge in theyr manner as seniyd by theyr semblaunt.
Lydgate, Pylgremage of the Sowle (ed. 1869), ii. 50.
flout^ (flout), V. [Prob. a particular use of flout^,
play the flute; cf. MD. fluyten, talk smoothly
or flatteringly, tr. soothe, as a horse, by blan-
dishments, impose upon, jeer, a particular use
ot fluyten, mod. D. fluiten = E. flmU^, play the
flute: seefloit^. A similar turn of thought ap-
pears in F. piper, decoy, catch with a bird-call,
take in, cheat, deceive, < pipe, pipe : see pipe
and pee;;2.] I, intrans. To mock; jeer; scoff;
behave with disdain or contumely: with at be-
fore an object.
Fleer and gibe, and laugh and Jlout. Swift.
The Imagination is a faculty iYuA flouts at foreordina-
tion. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 237.
flout
He makes peace with nothing, takes refuge in nothing.
Uejtoulu at happiness, at repose, at joy.
•^ The CeiUury, XXVI. 640.
n. trans. To mock or scoff at ; treat with dis-
dain or contempt.
.\ college of wit-crackers cannot jlotrf me out of my
humour. Sftoifc., Much Ado, v. 4.
The gay beams of lightsome day
Gild but to liout the ruins gray.
Stott, L. of L. M., ii 1.
For he had never Jlouted them, neither made orermuch
of outcry, because they robbed other people.
K D. Blackinore, Lorna Doone, IT.
sgyn. See taunt.
flont^ (flout), n. l<floufi,v.'\ A mock; a scoff;
a gibe.
The Spaniards now thought them secure, and therefore
. . . asked them if they would be pleased to walk to their
Plantations, with many other such /ioufa; but our Men an-
swered never a word. Dampier, Voyages, I. 116.
Wherefore wail for one
Who put your beauty to this ./lout and scorn
By dressing it In rags? Tenniwon, Geraint.
The broad floutt, an ironical representation of a thing
as Its opposite.
As he that saw a dwarle go In the streete said to his
companion that walked with him. See yonder gyant ; and
to a >'egro or woman blackeraoore, in good sooth ye are
a faire one : we may call it the broad fioute.
Pnttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 159.
The antinhrasis, or the broad JUmt. when we deride by
flat contradiction, antithetically calling a dwarf a giant.
/. Pltratli, Amen, of lit., II. 52.
floutaget (flou'taj), ». lijloufi + -flflre.] The
act of flouting; flouts.
The JUmiaffe of his own family.
B. Jonton, Every Man out of his Humour, Characters.
flonter^t (flou'tfer), n. [< ME. flowUmr, floulour,
< OF . flaiiteur, flewiteor, mod. F.fliteur, a play-
eron the flute: Bee^«<l and^Mter.] Onewho
I)lavs on the flute; a fluter.
flouter^ (floa't^r), ». l<floufi + -«ri.] One
who flouts; a mocker.
Dcmocritus that tommoD Jlouter of folly, was ridiculous
himself. Burton, AnaL of MeL, To the Header, p. 71.
floutingly (flou'ting-li), adv. With flouting;
(li.sdaiiifully.
flouting-stock (flou'ting-stok), n. l<flouting +
slork. Cf. laugliiiiystock.'i 1. An object of
flouting or ridicule ; a laughing-stock. Shak.
[Rare.] — 2t. A scoffing jest.
Vou are wise, and full of gibes and vtmUmg-togt ; and
'tis not convenient you should be cozeiMd.
Shot., M. W. of W., Iv. 6.
flowi (flo), V. [< ME. flowen,< AS. flowan (pret.
poir, p\. jledwen, pp.flowen), flow, = D. vloeijm
= MUj. rloien, vloigen, LG. JloieHjJIoJeH, flow,
= OHG. floHwen, fleweit, flauten, MHO. vlouwen,
rleaen, rloen, flaen, fleun, etc., G. dial, fiauen,
wash, rinse (in running water), = Icel. floa,
flood, also boil milk ; cf . Gr. t^Mhv, Ionic form
equiv. to Gr. tr?Jetv, vMiv {■]/ *7r?.cF), sail, go b^
sea, float, swim, = L. pluere, rain (pluit, it
rains), Skt. -^ plu, float, swim, sail, hover, fly;
a shorter form of the root which appears in AS.
fledtan, E. fleet^, float, etc., and the derived
AH.flotiaity'E.float: eeefleet^tndfloat. Hence
flonik, q. v.] L intrans. 1. To move along, as
water or other fluid, in a continuous succes-
sion or stream, by the force either of gravity or
of impulse upon individual particles or parts;
move iu a current ; stream ; run : as, the river
JUiics northward; venous \}\ood flown from the
extremities to the heart; the crowd ./loirerf in a
steady stream toward the point of attraction.
The thridde day shal /Unet a flood
That al this world shal hyle loover).
Altenglitehe Dichtuagen (ed. BMdekerX p. 23».
Where Conradus the Emperonr admitted them Into the
Countrie of SneuU : and thence they /fanwd into other
parts. Purthai, Pilgrimage, p. 100.
Hence — 2. To proceed; issue; well forth: as,
wealth /«if a from industry and economy.
Ill use that tongue I have ; If wit /low from It,
As boldness from my bosom, let it not be doubted
I shall do good. Shak., W. T., li. i.
What a brave confidence Jtowt from his spirit !
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, L 1.
Here tear* shall /low from a more generous cause,
Such teal* as pMriota shed (or dying Uwa.
Additon, Cato, Pnil.
3. To abound; have or be in abimdance; be
full : as, flmoing cups or goblets.
Tlie dry streets /(oic'd with men. Chapman.
4. To glide smoothly, withont harshness or
dissonance : as, ^flomng period ; flowing num-
bers.
Cursed be the rerse, how well soe'er It /low.
That tends to nuke one worthy man my foe.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, L OS.
The immortal accent* which J(»w«l from his (Milton's)
lips. MaeatUay, MUton.
2283
5. To hang loose and waving: as, Motrins' skirts;
flowing locks.
Swell'd with the wanton Jlfind, they loosely y!<w,
And ev'ry Step and graeeral Motion show.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid"s Art of Love.
See the proud pipers on the bow,
And mark the gaudy streamers yioic
From their loud chanters down.
Scott, L. of the L., li. 16.
6. To rise, as the tide : opposed to ebb : as, the
tide ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours.
It ebbethe and /Imcethe, as other sees don.
Mandemlle, Travels, p. 272.
Itjlmved twice in six hours, and about Naragansett . . .
[the hurricane] raised the tide fourteen or fifteen foot
above the ordinary spring tides.
tf inthrop. Hist. New England, I. 320.
7. To discharge blood, as in the catamenia or
after childbirth. — 8. In ceram., to work or blend
freely : said of a glaze.
H. trans. 1. To cover with water ; overflow;
inundate : as, the low groimds along the river
are annually flowed.
And in wynter, and specyally in Lent, it is meruaylously
/loam with rage of water y« commyth withgrete vyolence
thrugh the vale of Josophat.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 31.
Here I /lowed the drie moate, made a new drawbridge.
Evelyn, Diary, May 8, 1666.
2. To carry down in a current : said of water
in a river. [Rare.]
Willie the Tahkheen'-ah noticeably /lows less water
than the Xulson. The Century, XXX. 747.
3. To cover with any liquid, as varnish or glaze,
by causing it to flow over the surface.
The glass is filed, cleaned, and /lowed with collodion, as
before directed. Stiver Sunbeam, p. 144.
4. In founding, to permit (the molten metal)
to flow through the mold long enough to carry
off all air and foreign matter, in order to insure
a casting free from bubbles and similar defects ;
run through — To flow a Jib or staysail sheet, to
slack it otf.
flow* (flo), ». l< flowi, r.l 1. The act oi state
of flowing ; a continuous passing or transmis-
sion, as of water or other fluid ; movement in
or as if in a current or stream : as, a flow of
blood, oil, lava, or magnetism ; the volume of
flow in a river.
They take the /low o' the Nile
By certain scales i' the pyramid : they know.
By the height, the lowness, or the mean, if dearth
Or (oison follow. SAo*., A. and C, II. 7.
Boast the pure blood of an illustrious race.
In quiet /low from Lucrece to Lucrece.
Pope, Essay on Man, W. 208.
The /low of electricity is parallel and proportional to
the /low of force.
Atkineon, tr. of Maacart and Joubert, 1. 18S.
2. That which flows, or results from flowing;
a mass of matter moving or that has moved in
a stream : as, to walk over a l&vi^flow,
I do not think that these felsltes all belong to one out-
burst, whether as an intrusion or a /low.
Geol. Jour., XUV. 277.
3. The rise of the tide: as, the daily ebb and
flow.
His mother was a wlteb, and one so strong
Tliat could control the moon, make /low and ebb*.
Shot., Tempest, v. 1.
And knows the ebbs
Andyfoim of State. B. Jonton, Volpone, IL 1.
4. Any strong progressive movement, as of
thousht, language, trade, etc., comparable to
the now of a river; stream; current: as, a flow
of eloquence ; the fliow of commodities toward
a commercial center.
The feast of reason and the /low of souL
Pope, Imlt. of Horace, II. L 128.
Thy constant yfour of love, that knew no foil.
Cowper, My Mother's Picture.
5. Figuratively, abundant influx or efflux; co-
piousness in emission, communication, or re-
ception.
And treasures that can ne'er be told
Shall bless this land, by my rich flow.
Fletcher (and another). False One, ill. 2.
By reason of man's Imbecility and proneness to elation
of mind, too high &/low of prosperity is dangerous.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 76.
My joy at being so agreeably deceived has given me such
s ytour of spirits ! Sheridan, The Duenna, ii. 2.
6. In mech., the volume of fluid which flows
through a passage of any given section in a
imit of time. — t. In ceram., the flux used to
cause color to run and blend in firing.
What Is technically called a /low : i. e. , introducing a lit-
tle volatilising salt Into the ssggar in which the ware Is
fired. Jewitt, Ceramic Art, II. vUL
flower
8. That part of an inclosed space, as a reser-
voir, along and from which a contained liquid
is flowing — Flow-and-plunge structure, in geol.,
a peculiar form of stratification indicating ileposition iu
the presence of strong and frequently sliiftiiig currents.
The flow-and-plunge structure is nearly the same i\s,/alKe
beddmff (whicli see, under /attse).— Flow of induction
across an element of surface, in magnetism, tlie product
of the surface of tlie element by the perpendicular com-
ponent of induction. Atkinson. — Line of flow, in hydro-
dynamics, a curve imagined to be so drawn within a liquid
at any instant that at each point of the curve the velocity
of the liquid is aloug the curve. A line of flow is not gen-
erally the path of a particle, because it represents only an
instantaneous state of things, and as the particle moves
onward the line of flow itself becomes distorted. But in
the case of steady motion the lines of flow are fixed and
are paths of particles, being then designated as stream-
lines.
Every line of pno cuts ^very equipotential curve which
it meets at right angles ; for at each point the resultant
velocity is along the tangent to the linx oj flow and along
the normal to the equipotential curve.
Minchin, I'niplanar Kinematics, 'VI. i. § 101.
flO'W^ (flou), n. [Sc, < Icel. floi, a marshy moor,
also a bay or large frith, <^o, flood: aeeflow^.]
A marshy moor; a morass; a low-lying piece of
watery land.
In many of these morasses, qt/Iows, as they are called,
when the surface is bored, the water issues out like a tor-
rent. Statist. Ace. o/ Scotland, xix. 20.
A /low is a wet tract of ground, generally flat, though
such can exist on a gentle slope where there has been no
artiflcial drainage. Athenceum, No. 3156, p. 503.
flO'W*!, A form of the obsolete preterit and past
participle (flowen) otfly^.
flo-VT*, fl0Ugfl2 (flo), n. [E. dial.] Cold; windy;
boisterous; bleak: as, ^ic weather. Brockett.
flowage (flo'aj), n. [<}fotri -I- -age.'\ The act
of flowing; the state of being flowed.
flotrandt, «■ [ME. floicanda, flowende, ppr. of
flowen, kow; used archaically.] 1. Flowing.
Mere. But wrote he like a gentleman ?
Johp. In rhyme, flne tinkling rhyme, and./foMia7Ui verse.
B. Jonson, Fortunate Isles.
2. Unstable; fluctuating. Jamieson.
He was floirand in his minde, and uncertane to quhat
parte he wald assist. Betlenden, tr. of Llvy, p. 4».
flow-bog (flou'bog), n. [< /oic2 -4- bog.'] A
peat-bog of which the surface is liable to rise
and fall with every increase or diminution of
water, as from rains or springs. Also called
flow-moss. [Scotland and Ireland.]
flbwent. An obsolete preterit plural and past
participle otfly^.
flower (flou'6r), n. [Early mod. E. also/otcre,
floitre, flour; < ME. flowre, flower, flottr, flur,
flor (= G. Dan. 8w. flor, blossoming), < OF.
flor, flur, flour, fleur, F. fletir = Pr. Sp. V^.flor
= It. ./tore, < li.flos Cflor-), a flower, ong. 'flosis,
et.florere, orig. 'flosere.hloom, blossom, flower,
flourish, < V 'flos = Teut. ■\/ "bios, appearing
in AS. blostma, E. blossom, etc.. and, in a shorter
form, in AS. blowan, E. fttoic^, bloom, Goth, blonia
= OS. blomo = AS. 'bloma, E. bloom : see blow^,
bloom^, bloom^, blossom. In the sense of 'fine
meal' the word is now separated in spelling: see
flour. Hence also (from h.flos {flor-), a flower)
E. Ilora, floral, etc., and (from L. florere, flour-
ish) flower, v., flourish, florid, etc.] 1. In bot. :
(o) A growth comprising the reproductive or-
gans of a phenogamous plant and their envelops.
A comiilite flower consists of pistil, stamens, corolla, and
calyx in regular series, any one or more of wliich may be
alnent. The female organs, or those of trnctiflcation, are
the ovules, which are usually inclosed within a stigma-
bearing pistil or ovary. The male or fertilizing organs are
the stamens, the essential part of which is the polleucase
or antller. According to the association or separation
of these organs in the flower or upon the plant, flowers
are bisexual (hermaphrodite or perfect), unisexual, monoe-
cious, di(cciou8, etc. The corolla and calyx form the flo-
ral envelop or perianth, which may be wholly wanting, in
which case the flower is said to be naked or achlamyd-
eous ; if the corolla only is absent, the flower Is monochla-
mydeous. (6) In bryology, the growth compris-
ing the reproductive organs in mosses. — 2. In
popular language: (a) Any blossom or inflo-
rescence.
And there In were also alle maner vertuous Herbes of
gode smelle, and alle other Herbes also, that beren faire
Flouret. MandevUle, Travels, p. 278.
Here's /lowers tor you :
Hot lavender, mints, savory, marjoram.
The marigold. Shak., W. T., iv. 8.
(6) Any plant considered with reference to its
blossom, or of which the blossom is the essen-
tial feature; a plant cultivated for its floral
beauty. — 3. The best or finest of a number of
persons or things, or the choice part of a thing:
as, the fl^ywer of the family.
Thei were thre hundred knyghtes that weren full noble
and worth! men, flor the! were the flour of the hoste.
Merlin (E. R T. 8.), ill. 401.
flower
These (the Janizaries] are the flower of the Turkish In-
fantery, by whom such wonderfull victories have been at-
chieved. Sandys, Travailes, p. 38.
The Kings Forces were the fioiter of tliose Counties
whence they came. .l/i7(oii, Hist. Eng., vi.
4. That state or j>art of anything which may
be likened to the flowering state of a plauUt;
especially, the early period of life or of adult
age; youthful vigor; prime: as, the flower of
youth or manhood ; the flower of beauty.
If he he young and lusty, the devil will put in his heart,
and say to him, What I thou art in thy flowers, man ; take
thy pleasure. Latimer, Sermons and Remains, 1. 431.
He died upon a Scaflold in Thoulouze, in the flower of
his Years. BouxU, Letters, I. vi. 19.
A simple maiden in her^iMr
Is worth a hundred coats-of-arms.
Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
Cleonymus was an aged man, and Acrotatus, his grand-
nephew, seems to have been his nearest male relation in
Mit flower of life. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 104.
5. A figure of speech; an ornament of style.
Tliey atfect the flowers of rhetoric before they under-
stand the parts of speech. Steele, Tatler, No. 244.
Plain truth, dear Murray, needs noflawers of speech.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vi. 3.
6. In printing, a type of decorative design used
in borders, or in constructed typographic head-
bands or ornaments, or with an initial letter. —
7. Eccles., an ornament of a chasuble, consist-
ing in gold or other embroidery of branching
or floreated patterns, extending over the upper
part of the back, about the shoulders, and some-
times also in front, so as to cover the chest.
— 8t. The finest part of grain pulverized. See
flour.
There were enemies come into that Sea, for which reason
he had dispatched these three Ships with Flower, that
they might not want. Dampier, Voyages, I. 99.
9. pi. In chem., fine particles of a substance,
especially when raised by fire in sublimation,
and adhering to the heads of vessels in the form
of a powder or mealy deposit : as, the flowers of
sulphur. — 10. pi. The menstrual flow. [Used
in the authorized version of Lev. xv. 25, 33, but
changed in the revised version to impurity. Now
onlv vulgar.] —Aggregate flower. See aggregate.—
Argentine flowers of antimony. See antimmiy.—Ar-
Uflcial flower, an imitation of a natural flower, worn as
an orniuiR'iit in the hair, in bonnets, etc. Such flowersare
made of feathers, silk, cambric, gauze, paper, wax, shell,
etc. In Italy the cocoons of silkworms are used for this
purpose, and sometimes vegetaljle parchment, or thin
sheets of whalebone or iif Kiitt;i-perchii dissolved in benzol,
are employed.— Balaustlne flowers, barren flowers.
See the adjectives.— Christmas flower. See Christmas.
—Complete, compound, cyclic flowers. See the adjec-
tives.-Double flower, a llower whose organs of repro-
duction are partly or wholly converted into petals, so that
the rows of petals exceed the normal number.— Equinoc-
tial flowers. See equinociial.— Evening flower. See
«tj«»i/i7.— Fertile or female flower, a tl.iwer having pis-
tils only.— Flamed flowers. St-e flame, r. (.—Flower of
blood. See Uovd. — Flower or flowers of tan, a fungus,
Falim, one of the Miixumycetes. — Flowers Of bismuth,
madder, sulphur, etc. See bismuth, etc.— Flowers of
vinegar, a mold-like growth on the surface of a licpiici hi
which acetous fermentation is taking place. It consists
of the acetous ferment-organism Micrococcus (Mycuder-
mn) (Keti.- Flowers of wine, a mold-like growth on the
surface of fermcntin!' wine, consisting of Saccharomyces
Mi/coderma.— TloweTSOt zlnc. See jiiic- Hermaph-
rodite or perfect flower, a tlower having botll stamens
and pistils. See inflorescence. — Male or sterile flower,
a flower having stamens only. — Nocturnal flowers. See
. nocturnal.
flower (flou'fer), V. [< ME. flouren (= MHG. flo-
ricrcii, G. floriren = Dan. florere = Sw. florera),
bloom, flourish, < OF. flurir, florir, F. flsurir
= Pr. florir = It. fiorire, < L. florere, bloom,
flourish: see flower, n., and flounsh.^ I. in-
trans. 1. To blossom; bloom; produce flow-
ers; come into bloom or a blooming condition,
literally or figuratively.
The South part thereof [Corfu] is mountainous, and de-
fective in waters : where they sow little corn, in that sub-
ject to be blasted by the Southern winds, at such times as
lt/owrc(A. Sandys, Travailes, p. 3.
Whilome thy fresh spring /owed, and after hasted
Thy sommer prowde, with Daffadillies dight.
Spenser, Shep. Cal. , January.
Nor could thy enemies, though its roots they wet
With thy best blood, destroy thy glorious tree.
That on its stem of greatness pnoers. late.
R. H. Stoddard, Guests of the State.
Mercy, that herb-of-grace,
Flowers now but seldom.
Tennyson, Queen Mary, iii. 6.
2f. To flourish ; be in a flourishing or vigor-
ous condition.
Salamon in his parablys sayth that a good spyryte mak-
yth njUiuryng aege, that is a fayre aege & a longe.
Juliana Bemers, Treatyse of Fysshynge wythe an Angle,
[fol. 1.
Myn honeste
That/ouretA yet. Chaucer, Trollus, iv. 1577.
2284
3. To froth ; ferment gently ; mantle, as new
beer.
That beer did;toi«r a little. Bacon, Nat. Hist., | 3S6.
4t. To come as froth or cream from the sm-face.
If you can accept of these few observations, which have
flowered off, and are, as it were, the burnishing of many
studious and contemplative years, I here give you them
to dispose of. Milton, Education.
Flowering almond. See aimonrf(r<c. — Flowering
fern, rush, etc. See the nouns.— Flowering plants.
(a) I'lu'iiogamous plants, or plants wIiilIi produce lluw-
ers, as opposed to cryptogamous or flowerless plants. (i<)
Plants cultivated especially for their llowers.
II. trans. To cover or embellish with flowers,
or figures or imitations of flowers, as ribbons,
lace, gloves, glass, etc.
When the frost flowers the whiten'd window panes.
M. Arnold, Sohrab and Rustum.
The drawboy and slides to the stocking frame for bro.
cading and flowering gloves, aprons, etc.
A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 36.
flowerage (flou'6r-aj), n. [< flower + -age. Cf.
floridije, foliage, leafage.'] A flowering; an as-
semblage of flowers ; flowers taken together in
mass, as in decorative art.
St. Edmund's shrine glitters now with diamond flower-
ages, with a plating of wrought gold.
Carlyle, Past and Present, ii. 3.
They flitted off.
Busying themselves about the flowerage.
That stood from out a stiff brocade.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
flower-amourt, «. Same as floramour.
flower-animals (flou'6r-an"i-malz), n. pi. A
book-name of the Anthozoa.
flower-bell (flou'6r-bel), n. A bell-shaped blos-
som. [Rare.]
Cluster'd flower-bells and ambrosial orbs
Of rich fruit-bunches. Tennyson, Isabel.
flower-bird (flou'6r-b6rd), n. 1. Any bird of
the genus Anthornis, family Melipliagida;. — 2.
Any bird of the family Cwrebidw.
flower-bug (flou'6r-bug), n. The popular name
of sundry small true bugs or hemipterous in-
sects which frequent
the blossoms of flower-
ing plants, as the spe-
cies of Anthocoris. The
insidious flower bug, Antho-
coris (Triphleps) insviiosus
(Say), is often mistaken for
the connnon chinch-bng, up-
on which it preys; it also
feeds upon various gall-mak-
ing plant-lice.
flower-clock (flou'6r-
klok), n. A collection
of flowers so arranged
that the time of day
is indicated by those
which open or shut at
certain hours.
flower-de-lis (flou'6r-de-le'), n. See fleur-de-lis.
flower-de-luce (flou'er-de-lus'), «• [< F./ewr
flowery
For not iclad in silk was he.
But al in floures and flourettes
Ipainted alle with aniorettes.
Jtom. of the Rose, 1. 898,
With gaudy girlonds, or fresh flourets dight
About her necke, or rings of rushes plight.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 7.
And that same dew, which sometime on the buds
Was wont to swell like round and orient pearls,
Stood now within the pretty flow'rets' eyes.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
flower-fence (flou'fer-fens), n. A West Indian
name for the Ctesalpinia pulclicrrima, a large-
flowered leguminous shrub sometimes used for
hedges. Also called flower-pride and Barbados-
pride.
flower-fly (flou'6r-fli), n. Any dipterous insect
of the family Bombyliidce; also, any other fly
which frequents flowers.
flowerful (flou'6r-fvd), a. [< flower -\- -ful.'\
Abounding with flowers. Craig. [Rare.]
flower-gentle (flou'er-jen'^tl), n. [That is,
gentle or noble flower: a translation of F. "Jo
noble fleur, flower-gentle, velvet-flower, flower-
amour, flower-velure " (Cotgrave) : see flower
and gentle, and ct.floramottr/] A popular name
for several cultivated species of Amarantus,
and more particularly for A. tricolor, the foli-
age of which is brilliantly colored in yellow,
green, and red; floramour.
flower-bead (flou'er-hed), n. In bot., a form
of inflorescence consisting of a dense cluster
of florets sessile upon the shortened summit of
the axis, as in the Cotnpositce.
floweriness (flou'^r-i-nes), n. 1. The state of
being flowery, or of abounding with flowers, —
2. Floridness, as of speech; profusion of rhe-
torical figures,
flowering (flou'er-ing), n. [Verbal n. of flower,
v.] 1. The act or state denoted by the verb
flower, in any of its senses: as, the flowering of
the bean.
But then note that an extreme clarification doth spread
the spirits so smooth as they become dull, and the drink
dead, which ought to have a little flomring.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., 8 312.
2. The shoals or strata of fish-feed often seen
in the water about spawning-time. Hamersly.
flower-leaf (flou'6r-lef), n. The leaf of a fiow-
er; a petal.
flowerless (flou'^r-les), a. [< ME. flourelesse;
< flower + -lcss.'\ Having no flowers ; specifi-
cally, in bot., applied to eryjitogamous plants,
as opposed to phenogamous or flowering plants.
An herbe he bronghte flourelesse, all greene.
The Isle of Ladies (ed. Furnivall).
The kingdom of plants [is divided into] Flowering and
Flowerless. W. L. Davidson, Mind, XII. 251.
Insidious Fiower-bue {Aitiko- flnwerlessness (flou'er-les-nes), n. The state
corts iHstdtosus). Line shows **«^ »» v* *v""**w"« \ . .\ .. n
natural size.) or quality of being Without flowcrs.
flower-of-an-bour (flou'er-ov-an-our'), M. The
bladder-ketmia. Hibiscus Trionum, the flower of
which is open only in mid-day.
de Us, lit. flower of the lily: see fleur-de-lis, flower-pecker (flou'er-pek'er), «. 1. AnAmer-
■° " — •^ ''■' • ■' ■• * — — *"- ™««;«o .>f jg^j^ honey-creeper or guitguit of the family
CcereUdee. — 2. Some bird of the family IHcwidw.
Little flocks of the small green flower-pecker (Zosterops)
were the only birds seen or heard at the summit.
//. (). Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 212.
flower-piece (flou'er-pes), «. A specially de-
signed aiTaiigement or representation of flow-
ers; a picture wholly or mainly of flowers, or
a particular shape worked in flowers.
flower-pot (flou'er-pot), H. A pot in which
flowering plants or shrubs may be grown, gen-
erally made of burned clay, unglazed, and ta-
pering a little toward the bottom, which is per-
forated with one hole or more for drainage.
flower-pride (flou'6r-prid), «. . Same a.a flower-
fence.
flower-stalk (flou'fer-stak), «. In bot., a pe-
duncle or pedicel ; the usually leafless part of
a stem or branch which bears a flower-cluster
or a single flower.
flower, and lily.'] 1. A name for species of
Iris — the French fleur-de-lis.
O flower-de-luce, bloom on, and let the river
Linger to kiss thy feet !
Longfellow, Flower-de-luce.
2. In 'her., same as fleur-de-lis.
There are eight other cannon towards the south : I saw
among them two very fine ones, one is twenty-five feet
long, and adorned with flower de luces, which, they say,
was a decoration antiently used by the emperors of the
east before the French took those arms.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 103.
flowered (flou'^rd), p. a. 1. Covered with
flowers; flowery; blooming.
stinging bees in hottest summer's day,
Led by their master to the flowered fields.
Shak., Tit. And., v. 1.
2. Embellished with figures of flowers.
Cato's long wig, flower'd gown, and lacqner'd chair.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 337.
His morning costume was an ample dressing gown of
Ilia iiiviiiiii,^ i^^jomiiiv. .. O.J 1111 uiiipii. M 1 ...^.ji iif, „u..ii "1 .-. ^ ,, i *i 1 \ f-,; i*»l .1
gorgeons\y-flowered silk, and Ids morning was very apt to floWCr-Water (flou er-wa'ter), n. JJlstlllea wa-
lastallday. G. IT. Curtis, Prue and I, p. 107. ' i_. ,__ii-_ i:_i _:i — f a„_.„~ „.
flowerer (flou'6r-6r), n. A plant which flow-
ers ; a plant considered with reference to its
flowers, or to its manner or time of flowering.
Many hybrids are profuse and itersistewt flowerers, while
other and more sterile hybrids protluce few flowers.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 2^^>.
floweret (flou'6r-et), n. [Also written ^owre/,-
ter containing the essential oils of flowers, as
rose-water.
Essences and flower-waters are produced by ordinary
distillation, in which the flowers ai-e boiled with water in
large alembics. L'. S. Cons. Rep., No. Ixviii. (1886), p. 581.
flower-work (flou'6r-w^rk), w. Imitation of
flowers, or ornamentation in which the repre-
sentation of flowers is the principal feature.
< ME. flourette, < OF. florete, flurette, F. fleu- flowery (flou'«'r-i), a. l<flower + -«/l.] 1. FuU
rette, t, = Pr. Sp. floreta, t, = It. fioretto, m.,
< ML. florettus, a flower : see flower, and cf. flo-
ret and ferret^, doublets of floweret.] A small
flower ; a floret.
of flowers; consisting of or abounding with
blossoms: as, & flowery 6e\d.
Come, sit thee down upon thl» flx>wery bed.
Shak., M. N. D., It. 1.
flowery
Me thought I found me by a murm'ring brook,
Keclin'd at ease upon the jtoic'iy margin.
Rout, riyssea, lit
All the land in jtowery squares,
Beneath a broad and equalbloiving wind,
Smelt of the coniinK summer.
Tennysun, Gardener's Daughter.
2. Adorned with figures or imitations of flow-
ers: as, a flowery pattern.— 3. Richly embel-
lished with figurative language; overwrought
in fitjurative expression; florid: as, & flowery
style.
Soft were my numbers; who could take offence
While pure description held the place of sense?
Like gentle Fanny's was my Jlomry theme.
Pope, Prol. to .Satires, 1. 149.
= Syn. 3. See Hand.
flowery-kirtled (flou'6r-i-k6r'tld), a. Clad in
flowers. [Kare.]
I have oft heard
My mother Circe with the sirens three,
A mil-Vat #1-hA #1 A .■ «.> u. < Ib'..^ F ^J V_2^ t_^
2285
Ther were (foy-rene* on flote and farstes manye.
MS. Cott. Calig., A. ii., f. in. (UaUiwdl.)
fine
Amidst the JloireryHrtUd Naiades,
Culling their potent herbs and baleful drugs.
llitton, Comus, 1. 254.
flowing (flo'ing), «. [Verbal n. otflow^, v.'] 1.
The act of that which flows; a flux.
At the ordinary ^omn<7 of the salt water, it divideth It
selfe into two gallant branches.
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 11".
2t. Rising, as of a river ; overflowing ; flood.
Great sir, your return into this nation in the 12th year
of your reign resembles the flowing of the river Nilus in
the 12th degree.
I'arliameiUary Hiit., Cbarle* II., an. 1661 Speaker s
[Speech to the Xing.
flowing (flo'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of flow^, p.] 1.
Movmg, as a fluid; running; gliding.
Langnaiie. ab..Vf all teacliin-, . . .
•Was natural a.^ is the jioicin;/ stream.
Coirper, Table-i'alk, I. 592.
2. Fluent; smooth, as style; smoothly trndu-
lating, as a line ; evenly continuous.
But yirgil, who never attempted the lyrlck verse, is
everywhere elegant, sweet, unAflmeina in his heiaroeters.
Dryden, Epic Poetry.
She . . . wrote the whole out fairly, without blot or
bleniUh, upon the smoothest, whitest, finest paper, in a
•mall, neat, flowing, and legible feminine hand.
Hogg, In Dowden's Shellej, I. 18.3.
A purely Uoral style [of design], flowing in it< lines and
very fantastic and ingenious in ita patterns.
Encye. Brit., XXni. 211.
3. Continuous; varyingcontinuonslv.-Flowlng
quantity, in math., a variable: an integral. — Flowing
sheet* (/OTii/.). a phrase noting the condition of the fiire
and aft Mills of a vessel when the sheeU are eased off: as
she IS running under <roifi')(.;<A<ftj.—Plnw1ii|rw^]]. p.!
troleumwell from which the. >il flows or iponUjioiiietlmM
in great volume, by reasf>ii of the preaaure of the carburet-
ed hydrciiren i:ris which aconiiimnles it.
flowing-furnace (flo'lng-ffer'nas), «. A name
for the cupola in which iron is melted in fonn-
dries. E. It. Knight.
flowlngly (flo'ing-li), adv. In a flowing man-
ner : smoothly ; fluently.
I never wrote ajiy thing so flowingly as the latter half
of the artif'ln nn HnrArw IValruilai
In floynet and fercestei, aad Flemesche schyppes.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 743.
floytt, floytet, «. and r. Seefloit^.
fluate (flo'at), 11. [< ftu{or) + -afel.] In chem.,
a name formerly given to salts formed by the
combination of fluoric acid with a metallic oxid,
an earth, or an alkali: as, fluate of lime, alu-
mina, or soda. They are properly fluorides.
flucan, flookan (flo'kan), «. [Com. dial.] In
mtmng, clayey material within the lode, and
more especially along its walls : nearly sj-nony-
mous with gouge. Some Assures are entirely filled with
flucan, and in Cornwall these are known as flucan courses.
Also spelled fluian and flocking.
The most part of the copper lodes are accompanied by
smal argillaceous veins, called by the miners ifco*a>w of
"'« '"de. (Tre, Diet., I. 911
flucet, <•• i. [A var., or perhaps an orig. mis-
print, of flounce!.'] To flounce.
They flirt, they yerk, they backward ««««, and fling
As if the devil In their heels had been.
Drayton, Moon Calf, p. 513.
flucerin (flo'se-rin), n. [< flu(oride) + eer{ium)
+ -!«•=.] Same as Jiuocerite.
fluck (fluk), n. A dialectal form of ^Mjfce2.
fluctiferonst (fluk-tif'e-rus), a. [< L. fluctus, a
wave, + ferre = E. ftearl.] Producing or tend-
ing to produce waves. Blount.
fluctisonantt (fluk-tis'o-nant), a. [< L. fluctug,
a wave, + soiian(t-)s, sounding; cf. fluctiso-
«0M.?.] Soimding as waves. Bailey, 1731.
fluctisonoust (fluk-tis'o-nus), a. [< LL. fluc-
tisonus, < L. fluctus. a wave, + soiiare, sound.]
Sounding or roaring with waves or billows.
Bailey, 1727.
fluctuability (fluk'tu-a-bil'i-ti), n. l<fluctua-
Mc : see -bility.'j The quality of being fluctua-
ble. [Rare.]
fluctuable (fluk'ta-a-bl), a. [< L. fluctuare,
float, -I- -We.] Liable to fluctuation. Imp. Diet.
[Rare.]
fluctoancyt (fluk'tu-an-si), M. [< fluctuanit) +
-cy.] Tendency to fluctuation.
They may have their storms and toasings sometime
partly by Innate /(iiWiianCT/, as the rollings and ti.llngs of
the sea, and partly by outward winds and tempests.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 222.
fluctuant (fluk'tu-ant), a. [= Y. fluctuant =
Sp- I'g. fluctuante = It. fluttuante, < L. fluctu-
«"('•;)*, ppr. of fluctuare, flow: see fluctuate.}
Moving like a wave ; fluctuating; wavering.
.< ".'■".^'7. ".' Pi'^Phecy • • • describeth the times of the
mlliUnt church, " whether it be fluctuant, as the ark of
>oah, or moveable, aa the ark In tlie wilderness.
Baeon, Advancement of Learning, U. 138.
lof the article on Horace Walpole).
Maeaulay, Life and Letters, I. 294.
flowingness fflo'ing-nes), II. The qualitv of
Iwiiif,' tlii« iiig or fluent; fluency. Sichols.'
flowk ill.. Ilk), n. S&metiBfluke^.
flowkwort (Houk'w6rt), n. Bee JtuJcacort.
flow-moss (flou'mds), n. Same m flow-bog.
He jDelabaUeJ belnga stranger, and knew not the gate
ran his horse into ■ Flow-Mou, where he could not gei
out till his enemiea came upon him.
PittcoUie, Chron. of Scotland, p. 130.
flownl (flon). [< ME.nogen, flowen, < AS. flo-
!/fii. pp. olfledgan, fly.] Past participle of «h1.
flown-' (flon), p. a. [< ME. flouien, < AS. flowen
(scarcely found in use), pp. of flowan, flow : see
J»o«p>.] It. Flooded; steeped; filled; made
. .^ When night
D^ena the atreeto, then wander forth the sons
Of Belial /ffim with Inaolence and wine.
MOton, P. L, 1. 602.
(Some have suppoaed that^wn In this paaaage Uau error
forMovn. Warton reads nrotn.)
2. Decorated by means of color freely blended
or flowed, as a glaze. See/Joifi, ». «., 8.
flowret (flour'et), n. [A less common spelling
(often printed floa'ret, as if a contraction) of
floweret, which, however, was orig. a dissylla-
ble, < ME. flourette: see floweret and floret.]
Hame as floweret.
flowretryt (flour 'et-ri), n. [< flowret + -ry.]
< arvcd work or other decoration representing
flowers.
Nor was all tMt flowretru, and other celature on the
cedar, lost lalwur. Fuller. Pisgah Sight, III. r. 4.
flowtet, H. and P. A variant of ;J«tel.
floygenet, floynet, ». [ME. ; origin unknown.]
A kind of boat or ship.
There needs no bending knee, no costly shrine
So fluctuant crowd to hail divinity.
R. T. Cooie, Wood Worship.
fluctuate (fluk'tu-at), v. ; pret. and pp. fluctu-
ated, ppr. fluctuating. [< h. fluctuatus, pp. of
fluctuare (> It. fluttuare = Sp. Pg. fluctuar
= OF. floter, flatter, F. flatter), waver, rise in
waves, move to and fro, float, fluctuate, < fluc-
tus, a flowing, a flow, a wave, billow, Kfluere,
m.fluxus, orig. 'fluctus, flow: tee fluent. Cf.
float, t'.] I. inlrans. 1. To have a wave-like
motion ; rise and fall in level or degree ; undu-
late; waver.
So sounds, so /««(««<« the troubled tea,
Aa the expiring tempest plows its way.
King, Rufllnus, or the Faronrlte.
Fair France I though now the traveller net
Thy three-striped banner ^ucfua/« on the breeze
Wordtuxtrtk, Descriptive Sketches.
2. To move or pass backward and forward as
if on waves ; be wavering or unsteady ; rise and
fall; change about: as, public opinion often
fluctuates; the funds or the prices of stocks
fluctuate.
The mind may for some Ume fluctuaU between [two
feelings], but it can never entertain both at once.
aoldmiilh. The Bee, No. 8.
The population la therefore constantly «ue(ua(iiw.
D. JTebtter, Speech, Plymouth, Dec. 22, 1820.
The standard of antiquity /(ucCtuifM.
B. A. Freeman, Amer. Lecta., p. 171.
r„?f?; ■"««<M«". /«■««'-!, Waeer, OxittaU, Undulate,
apply to literal or flguratlve movemenU to and fro, or up
and down; but undulate is used only physically, aa ot the
f^^i.!J"!l'*''".T'' *'*■ ''''•^<""'. t""-"-, mA mululate
In their flguratlve use* are founded up,m the rise ami fall
?l;Sl- "?""'t f'f" ^ "'«' swinging „f a i«iidulnni.
VaciUate, and next t<> it waver, suggests the most of men-
Ul or moral Indecision. OtcUtale naturally suggests the
most regular alternations of movement to and fro. Vacil-
late and wacer are now rarely used of physical things ;
.""^T.S *'•*' ""^ "' » hesitation that seema likely to end
in Tleldlng.
He had by no means undoubting confidence In the flue.
f«o(.«^ resolutions of Leicester, whose mind seemed to
mm agitated beyond the government of calm reason.
Scott, Kenilworth, xxxix.
rsilV*','' I"!.' P.','"'*' thoueh a perpetually changing, he
l»ir Kobert Peel) was never a vacillating statesman.
W. J{. Greg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. 234.
Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith.
Shak., Jl. of v.. It. L
As when a sunbeam wavers warm
Within the dark and dimpled beck.
Tennyson, Miller's Daughter.
God offers to every mind its choice between truth and
repose. . . . Between these, as a pendulum, man osctttate*.
Emerson, Essays, Ist ser., p. 310.
The bold rocks thrust their black and naked heads above
the undulating outline of the mountain-ranges.
Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xiv.
_ n, trans. 1. To put into a state of fluctuat-
ing or wave-like motion. [Rare. ]
A breeze began to tremble o'er
The large leaves of the sycamore
And fluctuate all the still perfume.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcv.
2. To cause to waver or be undecided. [Rare.]
The younger sisters are bred rebels too, but the thought
of guiding their mother, when such royal distinction was
intended her, flattered and lluctuated them.
Alme. D'Arblay, Diary, IV. 204.
fluctuating (fluk'tu-a-ting), p. a. Wavering;
moving as a wave; rising and falling; moving
to and fro ; changeable.
All those who had speculated on the rise and tall of this
fluctuatuuj currency [wampum] found their calling at an
'""• Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 278.
The sober people of America are weary of the fluctuat-
ing policy which has directed the public councils.
D. Webster, Speech, Jlarch 10, 1818.
The highest poetry deals with thoughts and emotions
which inhabit like rarest sea-mosses, the doubtful limita
of that shore between our abiding divine and our rftrefu-
atmg human nature. ■'
Ijowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 251.
Fluctuating; function, a function which constantly
changes its value by a finite quantity for an inflnitely
small change in the variable, alternately increasing and
decreasing without ever being infinite. The name, was
given by Sir W. R. Hamilton.
fluctuation (fluk-tu-a'shon), n. [= OF. fluctu-
atiuu, fluctuacion, '¥. fluctuation = ^p. fluctua-
cton = Pg. fluctua^ao = It. fluttuazione, < L.
flucttiatio(n-), < fluctuare, fluctuate: 8ee/«ctt<-
ate. Cf. flotation, flotsam.] 1. A motion like
that of waves; a wa-ving; movement in differ-
ent directions: as, the fluctuations of the sea.
ft. , *. . Each base,
To left and right, of those tall columns drown'd
In silken fluctuation and the swarm
Of female whisperers. Tennyson, Princess, vL
2. Alternating action or movement ; a waver-
ing or varying course; mutation : as, the fluc-
tuatioHs of prices or of the funds; fluctuations
of opinion.
The excentrlcitles, it Is true, will still vary, but too
slowly, and to so small an extent as to produce no incon-
venieucy from fluctuation of temperature and season.
Paley, Nat. Theol., xxii.
Latin was in the sixteenth century a fixed language.
While the living languages were in a state of rf«c<t/(»(io>j.
Maeaulay, Lord Bacon.
3. In med., the alternating motion of pus or
other fluids perceptible on palpation.
Theexperimenterinjected three-fourths of a centimetre
of the mixture (culture of curved bacilli] under the skin of
his left forearm, with the result of much oidematous
swelling and some pain, with deep /iic(«a(u)H In the re-
gion of the puncture three days afterwards. Science, V. 482.
= STn. 1 and 2. Oscillation, vacillation.
flnctuoUBt (fluk'tu-us), a. [= F.fluctueux = Sp.
Pg.fluetuoso = lt.fluttuoso, < h. fluctuosus (very
rare), full of waves, billowy, < fluctus, a flowing,
a wave: see fluctuate, fluent.] Pertaining to
waves; flowing.
Msdona Amphitrlte's/f«c(«ou» demeans.
hathe, Lenten Stuffe(Harl. Misc., VI. 161).
flue^ (fl8), n. [= Sc. flmc. Origin obscure ; per-
haps connected with MD. D. rloegk, grooves,
channels, the flutes of a fluted column. There
is no evidence to connect the word with OF.
flue, flute, a flowing, a stream (< L. fluvius, a
stream). Skeat considers flue to be "a mere
corruption of flute," citing in support of this
view the use in Phaer's Virgil (see extract un-
der def. 2) ; but such a corruption of an estab-
lished word like flute at the .period concerned
is scarcely possible; Phaer's flue, if not a mis-
print tor flute, is prob., like flue in organ-build-
ing (def. 3), merely a deflected use of flue in
the ordinary sense, with some ref. to the acci-
dentally similar ^«te.] 1. A duct for the con-
veyance of air, smoke, heat, or gases. Specifi-
cally—(nt) Formerly, a small winding chimney of a fur-
nace carried up into the main chimney. (6) Now the
central passage for smoke In a chimney, or a side passage
leading from a fireplace to tills main passage.
fine
9th. To the old and ragged city of Leicester, large and
pleasantly situated, but despicably built, y chimney ^tics
like so many smith's forges.
Epelyn, Memoirs, Aug. 9, 1654.
Ue wrtjte on a pane of glass how I'd climb, if the way I
only knew.
And she writ beneath, if your heart's afeared, don't ven-
ture up the flue. Hood, The Sweep's Complaint,
(e) A pipe or tube for conveying heat to water in certain
kinds of steam-boilers, (d) A passage in a wall for the
purpose of conducting heated air from one part of a build-
ing to another.
2. [See etym. ] The winding hollow of a sea-
shell. [Kare.]
Him Trytou combrous bare, that galeon blew with whelkid
shell.
Whose wrinckly wreathed flw (Latin eoticha] did fearful
shril in seas outyell. Phaer, .Eneid, x.
3. In organ-building, a flute-pipe as distin-
guished from a mouth-pipe or reed-pipe. — 4.
The coping of a gable or end-wall of a house,
etc. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]— Dead flue, a flue
which is no longer used. —Flash-flue, a form of flue, with-
out turns or obstructions, for a steam-boiler.
fl'ae^ (flo), V. «'. ; pret. and pp. flued, p
2286
That he first did cleanse
With sulphur, then with fluences of sweetest water rense.
ChapiiMii, Iliad, xvi. 2'24.
2. Fluency.
He is conceited to have a voluble and smart Jlueiice of
tongue. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst., Pref.
fluency (flo 'en- si), «. [See/»ence.] 1. The fl^h5_'£k''
quality of being fluent, (a) The quality of being
flowing or cliangeable ; opposed to risfidity.
An arbitrary rule, an institution, must be opposed to
the Jltupncy, the ever-changing relations, of nature and
fact. iliJid, IX. 396.
(6) Readiness and smoothness of utterance ; volubility.
Unpremeditated prayers, uttered witli great fluency,
with a devout warmth and earnestness, are apt to malie
strong and awakening impressions on the minds of the
generality of hearers. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xx.
A man of weak capacity, with fluency of speech, tri-
umphs in outrunning you. Steele, Tatler, No. 244.
2t. Affluence; abundance.
Those who grow old in fluency and ease.
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job.
=Syn.
_^ Glibness, facility, readiness.
im. fluitig. fluent (flo'ent), a. and n. \_< li. fluen{t-)s, -p-pr.
[Appar. iflue^, n., the entrance of a flue being of fluere, pp. fluxus, flow, = Gr. (fkheiv, swell,
' ■" " ^ overflow, ava-<l>Xhnv, spout up. Not related to
E./oroi. Hence ult. (< L. fluere) 'E. fluid, flux,
flucttiate, etc., flotsam, flume, affiuent, effluent,
influent, refluent, etc.] I. a. 1. Plowing or ca-
pable of flowing; having a flowing motion, or
an appearance as of flowing ; changeable; not nutt (nut), n
rigid.
Motion being a fluent thing, ... it doth not follow that
l)ecause anything moves this moment it must do so the
next. Aay, Works of Creation.
Broad brows and fair, a fluent hair and flne,
High nose, a nostril large and flne, and hands
Large, fair, and flne.
Tennygon, Gareth and Lynette.
I never had dreamed of such delicate motion, fluent and
graceful. H- D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, x.
usually expanded or splayed.] To expand or
splay, as the Jambs of a window.
flue^ (flo), «. [Also written flew (fleif). Ori-
gin uncertain ; the nearest form outside of E.
is lid. flog, anything light that floats in the air,
flocks of wool, etc. (as if < LG. flcgen = E. fly^ ;
but this mingles with^ofc, in the same sense,
= E. flock'^; so E. dial, flook, fluke, equiv. to
flue^. The form fluff, also spelled flough (?),
points to an orig. guttural (W. llwch, dust, pow-
der T). Cf. Dan. fnug = Sw. fnugg, down,
motes, flue, Dan. fiiok, pappus. The incom-
plete evidence points to two or more different
sources for these words. ] Down or nap ; waste
downy matter, abounding in spinneries, lint-
factories, etc. ; downy refuse ; fine hair, fea-
thers, flocks of cotton, etc., that cling to clothes.
flne*, fle'W* (flo), «. [< WE. flew, shallow; origin
obscure.] Shallow. Halliwell; Huloet. [Prov.
Eng.]
Fltui, or scholde [shoal], as vessel or other lyke, bassus.
Prompt. Parv., p. 167.
flue^ (flo), n. [Corrupted tromfluJce.'] In xchaU
ing, the fluke or barb of a harpoon.
flue6(fl6), 71. [Morocco.] A money of account
of Morocco, of the value of one twenty-fifth of
an English penny, or one thirteenth of a cent.
flue'' (no), n. [Appar. an arbitrary reduction
of influenza.'] Influenza. [Bare.]
I have had a pretty fair share of the flM, and believe I
am now well rid of it at last.
Southey, Letters, IV. 674, 1839.
flne-boiler (fl8'boi'''16r), n. A steam-boiler with
flues or heat-pipes running through the part
that contains the water.
flue-bridge (flo'brij), «. In metal., the low wall
of fire-brick, at the end opposite the fire-bridge,
separating the hearth of the furnace from the
flue.
flne-bmsh (flo'brush), n. A brush made of
strips of wire or steel used to cleanse the inte-
rior of a flue from scales and soot.
flue-cinder (flo'sin"d6r), «. Metal cinder or
slag obtained in the reheating or balling fur-
nace in the process of working puddled bar
into merchant-iron.
fined (flod), a. [< flue^ + -ed^.] In whaling,
fluked ; barbed ; having a fluke or flue, as a har-
poon: usually in composition: as, one-flued;
two-flued.
flneful (flo'ful), a. [Appar. <flue'^ + -ful; as if
'full to the flue or chimney.'] Brimful. [Prov.
fluid
fluey (flo'i), a. [< flue^ + -yl.] Resembling or
containing flue, or loose fur or soft down;
downy ; fluffy.
I had the luggage out within a day or two. ... It was
all very dusty ami fluey. Dickens, Somebody's Luggage, i.
^ ,, _ [Also written /ou^A (?); con-
nection with ^tteS uncertain: see^Me^, and cf.
fluff ^.^ 1. Light down or nap such as rises
from cotton, beds, etc., when agitated ; flue.
In Italy there are old crones so haggard that it is hard
not to believe them created just as crooked and foul and
full of flttjf and years as you behold them.
HowelU, Venetian Life, vii.
2. Something downy or fluffy.
Tiny flufs of feathered life [snow-birds].
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 61.
He [Edison] proposed to introduce into the circuit a
cell containing carbon powder, the pressure on which
could be varied by the vibrations of a diaphragm. He
sometimes held the carbon powder against the diaphragm
in a small shallow cell, . . . and sometimes he used what
he describes as ayiu/T— that is, a little brush of silk fibre
with plumbago rul)bcd into it. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 129.
fluffl (fluf), V. t. [< fluffs n.] To treat -with
fluff or powder.
The flesh side [of leather blackened and dressed on the
grain side] is whitened or fluffed, and the grain is treated
with sweet oil or some similar oil, and finally glazed with
a tliiu solution of gelatin or of shellac.
Encyc. Brit., XI\'. 387.
[Perhaps imitative, like I'uff,
q. v.] 1. A puff. [Scotch.]
I'm sure an ye warna a fish or something war, ye could
never a' keepit ae fluff o' breath in the body o' ye in aneath
tlie lock. Saint Patrich, III. 31. (Jamitmn.)
2. A slight explosion of gunpowder — A fluffln
the pant, an explosion of priming in the lock-pan of a flint-
lock gun, while the gun itself does not go otf; figuratively,
any inetfectual, short, spasmodic effort which dies in the
attempt ; a flash in the pan.
fluffs (fluf), V. t. [See the noun.] To cause to
. . . ,. , , V, . ,. , .. puff To fluff powdert, to burn gunpowder.
Moralityisnotamatterof goodness,butottruerelation J, fl, .y^Yfl .,..«r. A aniiib fScotch 1
to facts - a relation which must be fluent, which cannot flUtt-glD (Hut JiD), n. .ft. squiD. Loeot^ci- J
be rigid. Mind, IX. 895.
2. Ready in the use. of words ; using words
with facility ; voluble : as, a fluent speaker or
■writer.
Not but the tragic spirit was our own,
And full in Shakespear, fair in Otway shone :
But Otway fail'd to polish or reflne.
And fluetit Shakespear scarce effaced a line.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 279.
Once on the theme of her own merits. Mademoiselle
w&B fluent. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, vi.
3. Proceeding from a faculty of ready copious
speech ; marked by copiousness of speech : as,
fluent utterance ; a, fluent style.
How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue !
How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung !
Pope, Dunciad, iii. 201.
H. n. If. A stream ; a euiTent of water.
Confiding in their hands, that sed'lous strive
To cut the outrageous fluent. J. Philips, Blenheim.
2. In the doctrine of fluxions, the variable or
flowing quantity in fluxions which is continu-
Nane o' this unlawfn' wark, wi' fighting, and flashes, and
fliif-gihs, disturbing the king's peace, and disarming his
soldiers. Scott, Rob Roy, xxxi.
flufflness (fluf 'i-nes), n. The state or quality of
being fluffy ; flocculenoe.
Tiii3 fluffiness and laxity of the plumage.
Coues, Key to N. A. Birds.
flufiy (fluf'i), a. [< fluffs + -i/l.] Composed
of, containing, or resembling fluff or loose floc-
culent matter, as nap or down ; giving off loose
floating particles when agitated ; fluey.
The carpets were flufy. Thackeray.
It was the solid compressed weight of gold compared
with the fluffy bulk of feathers. Cornhill Mag.
fliigelbom (flil'gl-h6m), n. [G., < flugel, a wing
(see fugleman), + horn = E. horn.] 1. A hunt-
ing-horn.— 2. A kind of bugle.
flngelman (flo'gl-man), n. Same as fugleman.
flniblet (flo'i-bl), a. " [< L. fluere, flow, + -ibie.]
Capable of flowing ; fluid.
As the waters also were earthie, and the earth fluible.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 8.
fluxion Contemporary fluents, functions of the
same independent variable.— Correction of a fluent.
See correcKoji.- Fluent by continuation, an expression
for the fluent of a fluxion deduced from the expression for
the fluent of another fluxion.— Fluent by series, the ex-
pression of the fluent of a fluxion in the fonu of an infi-
nite series. — Fluent of a flUXion, the integral of a func-
tion as conceived in the doctrine of fluxions.
fluential (flo-en'shal), a. Pertaining to or of
the nature of a fluent.
fluently (flo'ent-li), adv. In a fluent manner.
For when this humour of raedisance springeth in the
head of the company, it runnes fluently in to the less no-
ble parts. W. Montague, Devoute Essays, ii. § 2.
The state of being
Eng.]
flue-bammer (flo'ham'fer), n. \<flue^ + ham- fluentness (flo'ent-nes), n.
mer.] A coopers' hammer the ^een of which fluent; fluency.
has a working edge whose length is in the plane ,^,^^ fluentness and consistencie of time has not this in-
of the sweep of the hammer, it is used to spread convenience, to deny us the taking a dimention of it.
or flare one edge of an iron hoop to make it fit the bulge w. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. xii. § 3.
of a cask. ^^^^^ written fluellin; said to be of flue-plate (flo'plat), n. In steam-boilers, a plate
W. origin, < Fluellen (as in Shakspere), a form
of Llewelyn, a proper name. Cf. D. fluweel, vel-
vet, fluweeWloem, amaranth (lit. ' velvet-flow-
er': see velvet-flower and floramour).] -An old
name for the plant Veronica officinalis.— Temale
fluellen, the Linaria spuria.
flnellite (flo 'el-it), n. [Irreg. < fluor + Gr.
Axdo^, a stone.] Native fluoride of aluminium
occurring at Stenna-gwyn, in Cornwall, in oc-
tahedral crystals.
fluencet (flo'ens), n. [= F. fluence = Pg. fluen-
da, < Li.flueritia, a flowing- fluency, < fluen(t-)s,
ppr. of ^uere, flow : see fluent.] 1. A flowing;
a stream. Davies.
fluellem.n. [Also written ^McJiJn; said to be of flue-plate (flo'plat), n. „ „„.
uiu,.ucui, ,!-„,„_ ,_.:j'c.u„i„ N „ * in which the ends of flues or tubes are set.
Also called tube-plate and tube-sheet.
flue-stop (flo'stop), n. In organ-building, a stop
whose tone is produced by the impact of a stream
of air upon a sharp edge : a generic name for
all stops not reed-stops. Also flute-stop.
flue-surface (flo's6r"fas), n. The part of the
surface of a steam-boiler heated by flues, as
distinguished from that part which is heated
directly by the furnace.
flue-'WOrk (flo'wferk), «. In organ-building, all
the flue-stops taken together, in distinction
from the reed-stops or reed-work. Also flute-
work.
ally increasing or decreasing ; an integral. See fluid (fl(>'id), a. and «. [= F. fluide = Sp. fluido
= Pg. It. fluido, < L. fluidus, flowing, fluid, <
/Mere, flow: see /went] 1. a. 1. Capable of
flowing; liquid or gaseous ; consistingof a sub-
stance incapable of resisting forces (tangential
stresses) tending to change its shape.
That pow'rful Juice, with which no Cold dares mix.
Which still is fluid. Congreve, Iniit. of Horace, I. ix. 2.
Transparent forms, too flne for mortal sight.
Their /uui bodies half dissolved in light.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 62.
2. Not fixed or rigid ; flowing; shifting; fluent.
Thought, feeling, sentiment, language, metre ; all the
elements of their art are fluid, copious, untrammelled,
poured forth from a richly abundant vein.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 335.
Fluid compass, a compass the card of which revolves in
a bowl of alcohol on wliicli it floats. See compass, 7.—
Fluid dram, fluid ounce. See the nouns.— Fluid ex-
tracts. See extract, 2.— Fluid inclusion, a liquid in-
closed in a cavity, usually very minute, in a mineral : thus,
smoky quartz often contains fluid inclusions of liquid car-
bon dioxid.— Fluid lens, a lens made by confining a li-
quid between two curved pieces of glass.
II. n. 1. A substance which flows or is capa-
ble of flowing; a substance which is incapable
of resisting forces (tangential stresses) tending
to change its shape without altering its size. A
fluid has absolutely no tendency to spring fiack to its ori-
ginal shape when distorted, except in virtue of a surface
tension. A perfect fluid is a fluid in which a bending stress
produces an instantaneous strain — that is to say, there is
"no delay in taking a form of equilibrium, except what is
due to the masses of the particles : opposed to a viscous
fluid, in which the yielding is not instantaneous, and to a
plastic solid, which yields instantaneously to a sufllcient,
but not to a very small, stress. Fluids are divided ir.to
liquids and gases or vapors. Gases or elastic fluids tend to
fluid
expand indefinitely while preserving their homoseneity ;
li.iui.ls or iiulantic fluids tend to expand indetlnltel.v. but
only by evaporation — that is, by separating into two parta
with a bounding surface between theui. (See lujuui, gas.
and ether.) In the early history of pliysical science tlie
phenomena of heat, electricity, and magnetism were sup-
posed to be due to the motions of peculiar imponderable
fluids- hence the expressions north and gouth magnetic
fluid tlie eleetricai fluid, etc., ^hich still linger (but not
with gooii writers), though the explanation of the phe-
nomena has changed with the advance of knowledge.
\ fluid is a IxHiy the contiguous parts of which act on
one another with a pressure wluch is perpendicular to the
surface which separates those parts.
Ckrk .Vaimll, Heat, p. 9o.
2. Some hvpothetical supersensible substance
conceived as analogous to known fluids. See
fiuidism Amniotic, astral, cerebrospinal, elastic,
etc fluid. See the adjectives. — Condy'S fluid, a solu-
tion of ixitassiura permanganate, used as a disinfectant
and deodorizer. -Culture iluld. See c««»r<'-rfi('.(.-pis-
cbarge of fluids. See dixha r;if. — Fluid of Cotiuu^ua,
the rK.-rilvriii.h. Also called Wiuor Co(u»nii.-LaDar-
raaue's "fluid, a solution of chlorinated soda, used as a
disintictaiit ; the liquor soda; chlorata of the United States
PhainKiCpcia. Commonly called taixirra^w'* tolution.
—Magnetic, nervous, etc., fluid. See the adjectives.—
miller's fluid, potassium bichromate 2 parts, potassium
sulphate 1 part, water 100 parts, used to harden and pre-
•erve anatomical specimens with a view to cuttmg sec-
flui'dal (flo'i-dal), a. i< fluid + -al.} Of, per-
taining to, or of the nature of a fluid — Fluldal
structure, in Uthol., an arrangement of the minute crys-
talline bodies (crystollites) in a more or less vitreous rock
with their longer axes fonuing approximately parallel
Sactloa of IHctaBoe (na(iiMed f> dUin«en>. showing Fluid«l
Stnicture (Ironi Scheranltz, Hungary i.
Unn, u if tomed In one direction by a current slowly
■weeping onward ao unconsolidated or viscous mass.
Holdal stmcture U beet seen In the glassy and acidic
emptWe rocks, and in (amace-sltgs. Also called fluium-
structure.
The lamination of the ore and Jasper U talten to be prob-
ably a <uid<Uj<ru<:(ure. ..vvtl «PU<
Ainar. Jour. Sei., Sd aer., XXXII. 266.
fluldic (fl9-id'ik), a. [</l«W + ^.] Of, per-
toimng to, or of the nature of a fluid ; nuiU.
Undoubtedly the more prolonged and older /uielic con-
dition, accompanied by accelerated laming of tide, Iro-
preiMi* more hnporUnt reaolU on the llfe-hlstory of Mt
Sate*. WincheU, World-Ufc, p. 242.
Fluldlc tMdr. In mritiuUim, the •o-called dnld double
of the physical body : • materlalliatlon : a term derived
fn.in the phrase eorp« Jluidiqut of the French splrltuu.
.^ff it-n'd'JtiH. ,
fluidiflcation (fla-id'i-fl-ka'shon), n. [< rtuidi-
fy + -tition.} The act of rendering fluid.
In nIneUen of the beef-Infusion gelatine tubes nojuidi-
flration had taken place. Anur. Sat., XXII. 128.
fluidify (fl^id'i-fi), V. t. ; pret. and pp. fluidified,
ppr. fluidififing. [< L./miV/iw, fluid, + -ficire.
make : see fluid and -fy.'i To render fluid ; con-
vert into a liquid or gaseous state.
That the J«uidi>I»<J granite was ooce encaaed. Its mlner-
alogical composition and stmcture, and the bold conical
shape of the mounUinmaMea, yield safllcient evldenoe.
Panmn, OeoL Ohaerratlons, 11. 600.
fluidism (fl»'i-diztn), n. [< fluid + -igm.'\ The
hypothesis that there exists a supersensible or
so-called fluidic liody associated with every liv-
int? bo«ly, and not confined entirely to the space
occupied by the latter, nuidism lapnoses that the
ordinary physical body is like a core or nucleus of a more
extensive b<Hly, which reaches In all directions beyond the
viaibie surface of the natural body, and Is capable of pro-
during certain eftecta.
fluidist (flS'i-dist), n. [< /hW + -int.] One
who supports the hypothesis of fluidism.
Even professions and vocations, as well as some diseases,
seem to have often characteristic smells ; so that disease,
•tc.,"doe»notcease attheaurfaceofthebody." Allsnch
facts favor the fluiditt$. Amer. Jour, of Piychol., I. 600.
fluidity (flo-id'i-ti), n. [= F. fluiditi =c It./«-
iditil; < iJ. fluidut, fluid: see ^xirf.] 1. Tlie
quality of being fluid, or capable of flowing;
that quality of a body which renders it incajia-
ble of resisting tangential stresses, ^e fluid, n.
2287
There may be corpuscles of such a nature as consider-
ably to lessen that agitation of the minute parts by which
the /iuidify of liiiuors and tfas warmth of other bodies Me
maintained. Boj/'". ^^ o^ks, III. . 60.
2. Fluency; flowing character or style: opposed
to rigidity or stiff)iess. [Rare.]
The letters [of Mine. deEemusat] . . . have much grace,
rauehyfuW.t.vof thought, and of expression
The Nation, >ov. 29, 1883.
fluidize (flo'i-diz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. fluidi^ed,
ppr. fluidizing. [< fluid + -ize.^ To convert
into a fluid; flvudify. .
fluidness (flo'id-nes), n. The state of being
fluid; fluidity. Boyle.
fluidounce (flo'id-ouns), ». A fluid ounce, bee
ounce. [A method of writing the words com-
mon in medical use.]
fluidraclun (flO'i-dram), n. A fluid dram. Bee
dram. [A method of writing the words com-
mon in medical use.]
fiuitant (flo'i-tant), a. [< L. fluitan{t-)s, ppr.
ol ftuitare, float, swim, or sail about, freq. of
Jluere, flow: see^«e»(.] In hot., floating.
flukan, n. See flucan.
flukel (fl6k), «. [Formerly also written flook;
origin obscure ; perhaps a denasalized form of
G. (LG.) flunk, flunke, the fluke of an anchor,
and lit. a wing (LG. flunk, a wing), this being
prob. a nasalized derivative of LG. flegen, G.
fliegen = E. fty^; cf. LG. and G. flug, flight:
seefly^&nA flight^.'] 1. The part of an anchor
which catches in the ground. See anchor^.
The waste and luml>er of the shore,
Hard coils of cordage, swarthy fishing-nets.
Anchors of rusty /n**, and boaU updrawu.
Tennytton, Enoch Arden.
2. One of the barbs of a harpoon or toggle-
iron; a flue: called by EnRlish whalemen with-
er.—Z. Either half of the tail of a cetacean
or sirenian: so called from its resemblance to
the fluke of an anchor. The flukes of a large whale
may lie sometimes » feet between their extremities,
though 12 to 15 feet la a more frequent measurement.
4. In mining, an instrument used to clean a
hole previous to charging it with powder for
blasting.— 8. [</r«A<'l, r.] In feiHiard*, an ac-
cidentally successful stroke; the advantage
gained when, playing for one thing, one gets
another; hence, any unexpected or accidental
advantage or turn ; a chance ; a scratch.
We seem to hare discovered, a* it were hy * fluke, a most
excellent rule for all future cabinet arrangements.
Time4 (London).
These condition! are not often fulfilled, I can tell you ;
It i* a happy flukt when they are. , _„^ ,
vvj J' ^ gj^^ Princess of Thule, xix.
Piquet gave " discard " to the language ; why should bil-
liards be forbidden to contribute iuke, a far betUr word
aa recards form, and one absolutely without a synonym?
^^ X. and (i., 7th ser., 1. 42.
The discovery which finally drove English geology out
of a Doaitlon which had long been ontenable was made hy
a fluit. !>■ ""d Q-> '"• »"•• ^ *^
To cut flukes out, in ithalina: (a) To throw the tail ont
of the wat.r siil. wise anil upwaril, as a whale : an indica-
tion that tin- animal has taken fright anil seeks to escape.
Hence— (t>) To become refractory or mutinous; make a
distarbance on board ship.— To turn flukes, in whaling:
(a) To round out and go under, throwing the flukes high
in the air, as a whale. Hence -(ft) To go to bed; bunk
or turn In.
flnke^ (flOk), r. ; pret. and pp. fluked, ppr. /lilt-
ing. (<fluke^,n.] 1. trans. iTi whaling: (a) To
disable the flukes of, as a whale, by spading.
(6) To fasten, as a whale, by means of a cham
or rope.
n. intrant. 1. In leAottngr, to use the flukes,
as a 'fish or cetacean: often with an indefinite
it. 2. To gain an advantage over a competitor
or opponent by accident or chance ; especially,
to mate a scratch in billiards. See fluke^, n.,
5. ■ [Slang.] —All flUldng (naul.), a phrase used to in-
dicaU that a ship goes along rapidly with a fair wind.
We arrived on the following day, having gone altfltilrinq,
with the weather clew of the mainsail hauled up, the yards
braced In a little, and the lower studding sail just draw-
ing, ft. //. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 28.^.
fluke-, flook2 (fiok), n. [Also dial, flowk, fluck,
Se. flook, fleuk ; < UE.floke, also written Tltitp,
flewke (glossed 'ffoea' and pelanius); < AS.. floe,
Hooe, a flat flsh, usually glossed platixsa (prop.
• .... 1-: »«„„_,««. ,.~^r, „/.«.*.■ (f)
'pUttesta, aplaice, oneepatwor, prop, /wwser {.„
a turbot), = lce\. floki, a kind of halibut, passer,
solea.'i l.Aname given locally in Great Britain
to species of flatfish, (o) in Northumtwrland, the
common flounder, Pleuronectee fleeut, called in Moray
Frith /mhuvil'rflruk and bigger fleuk. (ft) Aliout Edin-
burgh the dab, /,iman<foKmanda, called »<i/(-in><erl(ii*'',
and in Moray Frith ffray /feu*. See cut under dah. (c)
Along the east coast ol Scotland, the turbot, Putta maxi-
ma, also known as the roddan or roanfleuk, gunner fleuk,
and raim flruk.
flume
fflatt mowthede as a. fluke, with fleiyande lyppys.
And the flesche In his lortetlie fowly as a beie.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 10S8.
Two other flsh, known as the fluke and the megrim, but
not received in polite society, follow the example of then-
fashionable friends in this respect.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 113.
2. A trematoid worm; an entozoic parasitic
worm of the order Trematoidea, infesting vari-
ous parts of man and other animals, especially
the liver, bile-ducts, etc. : so called from the re-
semblance of its hydatid to a fluke or flounder.
There are numerous species, of several genera. The com-
mon fluke is Fasciola hepalica; the liver-fluke is Distovm
hepaticum; the lancet-shaped fluke is D. lanceolatum ;
the broad fluke of China is D. crasmm; the fluke infest-
ing the blood is D. hitmatobittm ; the Egyptian fluke is D.
helerophyea or Heterophyes agyptiaea. Also called fluke-
worm. See cuts under cercaria and Trematoda.
Like sheep-boys stuffing themselves with blackberries,
while the sheep are licking iv^ flukes in every ditch.
Kimjsley, Saint's Tragedy, u. 8.
Craig fluke. &ee cra\<j-fluke.
fllSeS (flok), «. [E. dial., appar. an irreg. form
of flock-, influenced 'byflue'^, waste downy mat-
ter: see^cfc2 and^MeS.] 1. Waste cotton.—
2. A lock of hair. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. in
both senses.]
fluke-chain (flOk'chan), n. A chain used in
fluking a whale. See fluke\ v.
fluke-rope (flSk'rop), «. In whaling, a rope fas-
tened around the slender part or small of the
body of a whale, near the flukes, in fluking it.
Seeflukei,v.
fluke-spade (flok'spad), n. A spade-shaped
knife used in cutting off the flukes of a whale.
fluke-worm (flok'werm), n. Same &s fluked, 2.
flukewort (flok'wfert), n. The marsh-penny-
wort, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, from a belief that it
causes the flukes infesting the livers of sheep.
Also flowkicort, flookuort.
fiuky (flo'ki), a. [< fluked + -y^.i 1. Formed
like or having a fluke or flukes.
Then hushed in silence deep they leave the land :
No loud-mouthd voices call with hoarse command.
To heave the flacky anchors from the sand.
Jtoiee, tr. of Lucan, ill.
2. Of the nature of a fluke or lucky chance ;
obtained by chance rather than by skill. .E. .D.
[Slang.]- 3. Uncertain; shifty: saidof thewind.
Also flooki).
flum(flum), n. [Var. of rt«»n2.] 1. Deceit; flat-
tery.—2. Nonsense; flummery. [Prov. Eng.
and Sootc-h in both senses.]
flumadiddle (flum'a-did-1), n. 1. A dish com-
posed of salt pork, potatoes, and molasses, eaten
by the fishermen of Cape Cod. [Local, V. S.]
— 2. SUly or delusive nonsense ; balderdash ;
flummery. [Slang, U. S.]
flume (flOm), n. [Scarcely found in early mod.
E.; ME. /uOT, ./lorn (rarely /<>/», ,^»ie, > E. dial.
fUnmS, q. v.), a stream, a river; cf. Iceljlaumr,
"an eddy, Horvr. flaum,flom, a flood, overflow, in-
undation, Dan. flam, a water-meadow, a swamp,
MHG. fliim, pflum, phloum, vloum, a stream, a
river. These forms are somewhat irreg., some
of them being plausibly referable to the root
of rtoiri, q. v., but all are in fact of L. origin, <
OF. flum = Pr. flum = It. flume, < L. fl&men, a
stream, a river, ifluere, flow: aee fluent.} If.
A stream; a river.
Tigris, a flum from paradys,
Cometh to that clU.
King Aluaunder, I. 6404.
Thou shalle baptyse .lesus Oyst
In flume Jordan. Towneley Mystenei, p. 166.
2. In pfty«. geog.,m the United States, especial-
ly in New England, a narrow defile with nearly
vertical walls, the bottom of which is usually
occupied by a mountain torrent. The best-known
flume is in the Kranconia notch ol the White Mountains
in New Hampshire, on a branch of the Peniigewasset river.
It is about a third of a mile in length, having waUs from
20 to 60 feet in height.
3, An artificial channel for a stream of water
to be applied to some industrial use. Flumes for
conducthig water to millwheels are open or covered pas-
sages formed of boards, planks, or stone, from which the
water falls uiMin the wheel. In gold-mining regions flumes
for funiisliiiig water as a jKiwer in hydraulic mining are
often extensive structures of planks, carried on heavy tim-
bers over gullies, ravines, or valleys. Flumes are also used
to convey water for irrigation, etc.
flnme (flSm), v. t. ; pret. and- pp. flumed. ppr.
fluming. [< flume, «., 3.] In gold-mtntng, to
carry off in a flume, as the water of a stream,
in order to lay bare the auriferous sand and
gravel forming the bed.
At this time 11850-53] the diggings for gold wjsre chiefly
along the rivers. Tliese were " /w»i«( ■— that is, the wa-
ter was taken out of the natural channel by the means of
wowlen flumes — and the accumulations of sand and gravel
In the former beds were washed. „ „ iv toi
J. D. Whitney, Encyc. Brit., IV. 701.
flnme-car
flume-car (flom'kar), ?i. A car designed to move
on the edges of the sides of a flume, and to use
the current of the water in the flume as a mo-
tive power. [Western U. S.]
fluming (flo'miug), »i. See bar-mining.
fluminous (tlo'mi-nus), a. [< ti-flumen (flumin-),
a river, -I- E. -oms.] Pertaining to rivers;
abounding in rivers. TVebster.
flummer (flum'^r), r. <. [<_^um, n.] To hum-
bug; flatter. [Obsolete or pro V. Eng.]
Httl-Tap. Hark ye. Master Mug!
Jlu^. Your pleasure, my very good friend ?
Heil-Tap. ^o jiumtnfriiyj me; I tell thee, Matthew,
'twon't do : why, aa to this article of ale here, how comes
it about that you have raised it a peuny at^uart?
Foote, Mayor of Garratt, il.
flummery^ (flum'6r-i), ». [< W. llymru, llym-
ruicd, flummery, sour oatmeal boiled and jel-
lied; so called from its sourness; ef. llymrig,
crude, raw, harsh, Jli/mus, of a sharp quality,
Uym, sharp, severe, llymu, sharpen.] 1. A sort
of jelly made of flour or meal ; pap.
To make Jlummery that will thicken sauce excellently,
instead of grated bread or flower : take a good handful of
beaten oatmeal, put it into a quart of water, atul boil it
half away, then strain it through a sieve ; let it stand by
you for use. It is much l>etter tlian grated bread or flower,
or in most cases than eggs.
Lupton, Thousand Notable Things.
There was a farmer in my parish who used to sup upon
wild ducks Skad Jtummery.
Golditniih, Citizen of the World, Iviii.
2. In modem cookery, a name given to various
light preparations of milk and flour with white
of eggs, sweetened and flavored, and served
with cream as a dessert. — 3. A refuse product
of wheaten starch manufactures.
To this are added 4 lbs. of pipe clay, 1 lb. of flour, and
1 lb. of flummery (the refuse pro<luct from wheaten starch
manufactures).
Crace-Catixrt, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 200.
flummery^ (flum'fer-i), ». [Of dial, origin, prob.
< E. flum, deceit, flattery, nonsense, + -ery.
Perhaps suggested by flummery'^, but a dif-
ferent word.] Mere nonsense; mere flattery;
empty compliment.
flummux (flum'uks), V. [E. dial., also written
flummox; origin obscure.] I. trans. To per-
plex; embarrass; hinder; bewilder; defeat.
[Slang.]
My 'pinion is, Sammy, that if your governor don't prove
a alleybi, he'll be what the Italians call reg'larly Jium-
moxed. Dickens, Pickwick Papers, xxxiii.
H. intrans. To fail; give out or give up;
die. [Slang, U. S.]
Be ye men of mighty stomachs.
Men that can't be nmde to flummux.
Oyster War of Accomac, New York Tribune, April, 1849.
flump (flump), t>. [An imitative word ; cf . clumjA,
plump, slump.'] 1. trans. To throw down with
violence. [CoUoq.]
Bellows went skimming across the room, chairs were
fiwmpeii down on the floor.
Thackeray, Paris Sketch-Book, v.
n. intrans. To throw one's self down heavi-
ly ; flop : as, she flumped down into a chair.
The dog squeaks, whines, jumps, flumps.
Comhill Mai;., June, 1881, p. 4a
flnng (flung). Preterit and past participle of
fling-
flunk (flungk), V. [Slang ; origin obscure ; per-
haps a variation of /MnfcS^ q. v.] I, intrans. Ho
fail or give up; break down or back down, as
from incompetence or fear : often with OMf; as,
to flunk in a school recitation or examination ;
to flunk out from a contest. [Slang, U. S.]
"Why, little one, you must be cracked, if you flunk out
before we begin. J. C. Neal.
H. trans. To cause to fail, as in a recitation
or an examination. [Slang, U. S.]
flunk (flungk), n. [< flunk, t).] A failure or
back-down ; in colleges, a complete failure in
a recitation or an examination. [Slang, U. S.]
In moody meditation sunk.
Reflecting on my future yfunfc.
Songt of Yale, 1863.
flunky, flunkey (flung'ki), n. ; pi. flunkies,
flunkeys (-\dz). [Sc.flunkie,flonkie. Recent in
literature, but prob. much older in colloquial
speech; it may be connected with P. flanquer,
" to flanke, run along by the side of, to support,
defend or fence ; to be at one's elbow for a help
at need" (Cotgrave) : see flank, v. The oft-cop-
ied "derivation" from AS. wlanc, proud, is ab-
surd.] 1. A male servant in livery: used in
contempt.
He rises when he likes himsel';
His flunkies answer at the bell.
Burnt, The Twa Dogs.
2288
Much that could not have been ornamental in the tem-
per of a great man's over-fed great man (what the .Scotch
uarne flunky). Cartyle, Misc., III. 66.
Hence — 2. One who is mean and base-spirited ;
a cringing flatterer and servile imitator of those
above him in rank or position; a toady; a snob.
I don't frequent operas and parties in London like you
young flunkies of the aristocracy.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xliii.
fluriche
the liquid is marked by a bluish opalescent light. Again,
if a paper moistened with the solution is exposed to the
ultra-violet rays of the spectrum, it becomes blue, since
these rays are diminished in refrangibility so as to become
visible ; by this means the ultra-violet spectrum (given by
prisms of quartz) can be studied. The delicate blue sur-
face-color of some fluor-spar and the yellowish-green sur-
face-color of glass colored with uranium oxid (canary
glass) are phenomena of the same nature. For some years
previous to 1852 the phenomenon was termed epipoUc dis-
persion.
He tCarlyle] who once popularized the word y^MnA-fi/ by x /.a • -
ringing the vehement changes of his scorn upon it is at flUOrCSCent (flo-o-res ent), a.
[=¥. fluorescent
= Pg. florescente; as fluoresce + -ent.] Possess-
ing the property of fluorescence ; exhibiting
fluorescence. — Fluorescent eyepiece, a form of eye-
piece, as that of Soret, used with the spectroscope in ex-
amining the ultra-violet spectrum made visible by flu*
rescence.
last forced to conceive an ideal flunkeyism to squire the
hectoring Don Belianises of his fancy about the world.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 138.
3. In the United States, among stock-brokers,
a person who, from inexperience, makes bad in-
vestments or loses his money.
flunkydom, flunkeydom (flung'ki-dum), n. [< fluorhydric (flo-or-hi'drik), a. Same as hydro-
flunky + -(lom.'\ 1 . Flunkies collectively. — 2. fluoric.
The grade or condition of flunkies; toadyism, fluoric (flo-or'ik), o. l<fluor + -ic.'i Pertain-
Can you deny that you've been off and on lately between ing to or obtained from fluor (fluor-spar) — Flu-
flunkei/dom and the Cause, like a donkey between two bun- oric acid. See hydrofluoric acid, under hydrofluoric.
dies of hay? .Kin<;s;ei/, Alton Locke, xxvii. fluoride (flo'o-rid or -rid), )i. l< fluor + -ide^.]
flunkyism, flunkeyism (flung'ki-izm), «. [< in diem., a compound of fluorin with another
element.
fluorin, fluorine (flo'o-rin), n. [< fluor + -in^,
-»«e2.] Chemical symbol, F; atomic weight,
19.05. A gaseous element, not known in a free
state, since its isolation is a matter of great
difficulty and of some doubt, it forms with other
elements a group of compounds called fluorides. The
commonest of these is calcium fluoride, or fluor-spar.
Fluorin occurs abundantly in the mineral kingdom, as in
fluor-spar, cryolite, and other minerals, and also in mi-
nute <iuantity in the teeth and bones of animals.
"' " l< fluor + -ite'^.'\ Same
flunky + -ism.'] The character or conduct of a
flunky or snob ; servility; toadyism.
If the lords had not seats in the upper house, they might
depend upon flunkeyism and money-worship of the aver-
age Englishman to return them to the lower.
The American, VIII. 277.
fluoborate (flo-o-bo'rat), n. [< fluobor-ic +
-afei.] A compound of fluoboric acid with a
base.
fluoboric (flo-o-bo'rik), a. [Short for 'fluoro-
boric, < fluor + bor(on) + -ic] Derived from fluorite (fle'6-rit), n.
or consisting of fluorin and boron — Fluoboric &s fluor-spar.
acid, H^BF4, a colorless oily liquid which is easily decora- fluoroid (flo'o-roid), n. [< fluor + -aid.] In
posed by contact with moisture, breakmg up into boric y, *• ■,., ",. Sj i. i. tt
'and hydrofluoric acid. With alkalis it forms salts called crystal, a solid contained under twenty-four
fluoboiates. triangles; a tetrahexahedron (which see): so
fluoboride (flo-o-bo'rid or -rid), n. [< fluobor-ic called because it is a frequent form in fluor-
-I- -jrfci.] A salt of fluoboric acid. spar.
fluocarbonate (flo-6-kar'bo-nat), n. [Short for fluoroscope (flo'or-o-skop), n. An apparatus
*fluorocarbonate, < fluor + carbonate.] In mirir- designed for observing the effect of the Kont-
eral., a carbonate containing fluorin as an es- gen rays by means of their action on a fluores-
sential part. See fluophosplmte. gent substance, it consists essentially of a tube or
flUOCerin (flo-O-se'rin), «. [< fluor + cer{ium) box closed at one end by a screen coated^with a fluores-
-I- -in^.] Same nsfluocerite.
fluocerite (flo-6-se'rit), «. [Short for "fluoroce-
rite, (.fluor + cer{ium) + -ite^.] A fluoride of
cerium and the allied metals, oceumng massive
and in hexagonal crystals in Sweden and Colo-
rado (tysonite). It is often altered to a fluo-
carbonate called bastnasite or hamartite.
fluohydric (flo-o-hi'di-ik), a. Same as fluorhy-
dric, hydrofluoric.
fluophosphate (flo-6-fos'fat), n. [Short for
*fluoropliosphate, < fluor + phosphate.] In min-
eral., a phosphate containing fluorin as an es-
sential part. For example, the mineral wagnerite is a
fluophosphate, the formula being either Mg:)P20s -I- MgFj
or Mg(MgF)P04. The precise part played by fluorin in the
chemical combination may be open to question.
fluor (flo'or), n. [LL. fluor, a flow, a flux, < L.
^MO'e, flow: see^Me«t] If. A liquid state. —
2t. Menstrual flux. — 3. In winerai., fluor-spar.
—Fluor alhus (literally, white flux), in jiafAoi., whites or
leucorrhea.
fluorated (flo'o-ra-ted), a. [< fluor-ic + -ate^ +
-e(?2.] In che'm., combined with hydrofluoric
acid. See hydrofluoric.
fluoresce (flo-o-res'), v. i.; pret. and -p^^. fluo-
resced, ppr. fluorescing. [< fluor (fluor-spar; -1-
inceptive term. -esce. The deriv. fluorescence
cent substance, as tungstate of calcium. When an ubjecL
as the hand, placed before a vacuum-tube is observed
through the fluoroscope, the shadows of its parts that are
not transparent to the X-rays are seen on the fluorescent
screen.
fluorous (flo'o-rus), o. [< fluor + -ous.] Ob-
tained from or containing fluor-spar or fluorin.
fluor-spar (flo'or-spar), n. [< fluor, a flow,
flux (see def.), -(- spar^.] A common mineral,
the fluoride of calcium, CaF2, found in great
beauty in Derbyshire, England, and hence also
called Derbyshire spar, it occurs both massive and
crystallized, in simple forms of the isometric system,
namely the cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, etc., and in
combinations of these. Pure fluor-spar contains 48.7 per
cent, of fluorin and 51.3 of calcium. It is of frequent occur-
rence, especially in connection with metalliferous beds, as
of silver, tin, lead, and cobalt ores. It is sometimes color-
less and transparent, but more frequently exhibits tint*
of yellow, green, blue, and red. From the general preva-
lence of a blue tint in the Derbyshire specimens, it is there
known as blue-John. It is often beautifully banded, es-
pecially when in nodules, which are much prized for the
manufacture of vases, and occasionally used for beads,
brooch-stones, and other ornamental purppses, although
it is of inferior hardness. Some varieties exhibit a bluish
fluorescence ; and all kinds phosphoresce on gentle heat-
ing, especially the variety chlorophane, which emits a
beautiful green light. The name fluor has reference to its
use as a flux to promote the fusion of certain refractory
minerals. Also called ^«on(g.
— , „ T - ., . . -1 J T iiiiiiiiiiia, .Tioij ,- Hilt,, _,.in/i I ic.
was the^ first -word of^this group to be used.] fluosilicate (flo-o-sil'i-kat), n. [< fluosilic-ic +
-ate^.] 1. In c7ie»rt., a compound of fluosilicio
acid with some base. — 2. In mineral., a silicate
containing fluorin as an essential part. See
fluophosjihate.
fluosilicic (flo"6-si-lis'ik), a. [Short for *fluo-
rosilicic, < fluor + silic(on) + -ic] Composed
of or derived from silicon and fluorin Fluo-
silicic acid, SiF4, an acid composed of silicon and fluorin.
It may be obtained by applying a gentle heat to a mix-
ture of one part of powdered fluor-spar, one of silica, and
two of sulphuric acid, in a retort. It is a colorless, pun-
gent, suffocating gas, which fumes when it escapes into
humid air, and is rapidly decomposed by water.
fluotantalic (flo'''6-tan-tal'ik), a. [Short for
*fluorotantalic, < fluor + tantal^um) + -ic] De-
rived from fluorin and tantalum Fluotantalic
acldf an acid obtained by treating tantalum with hydro-
fluoric aciii.
fluotitanic (flo'''6-ti-tan'ik), a. [Short for *flu-
orotitanic, < fluor + titan{ium) + -ic] Ob-
To exhibit the phenomena of fluorescence ; be
or become fluorescent.
Many beautiful effects are . . . produced by blowing
tubes in uranium glass, which fluoresces with a fine green
light. S. P. Thompson, Elect, and Mag., p. 248.
The ultra-violet rays of the spectrum can ... be seen
without the intervention of any fluorescing substance
through a glass. Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 186.
fluorescein (flo-o-res'f-in), n. [< fluoresce +
-in^.] The anhydrid of resorein phthalein,
C2oHi205- It is ^ coal-tar product, but is
little used in dyeing. From it are derived the
eosins.
Fluorescein, some of the Eosins, Magda-red, and Resor-
cin-blue also show a marked fluorescence when in solu-
tion. Benedikt, Coal-tar Colours (trans.), p. 26.
fluorescence (flo-o-res'ens), n. [= p. fluores-
cence = Sp. Pg. fl'orescehcia ; as fluorescen(t) +
■ce.] The property possessed by some trans-
parent substances of becoming self-luminous tained from titanium and fluorin.
while they are exposed to the direct action of flurt, «• A Middle English form of flower, flour.
light-rays. See phosphorescence, it is especially flur-birdt (fler'berd), n. [< flur (origin un-
excitedby the violet and ultraviolet rays of the spectrum, known; cf. E. dial, fluring, a brood) + bird^.]
and is explained by the change in refrangibility (that is, ^ decov-bird Goldsmith
wave-length) of the incident rays by the sulistance under fl , •' a '„ nVisnlptp fnrm of Unnren
experiment. Thus, if a beam of sunlight fall upon a solu- nurent, «. An ODSOlete lorm ot /ZOH»eM.
tion of esculin or sulphate of quinine, its path through flurichet, "• A Middle English form otflourtsn.
flnm
flum (fl6m), V. i. [Appar. a dial. var. of fleer^
(ME. fleren, fliren, flyren), or of flurt = fiirt ;
perhaps assimilated to spurn.l To sneer.
[Prov. Eng.]
Give me leave iofium at them [abortive births], as the
poor excrescenciea of nature, which rather blemish than
adorn the structure of a well-composed body.
Fletcher, Poems, Pref.
ilurryl (flar'i),n.; -pi. flurries (-\z). [Origin un-
certain; cf. Norw. dial. ^«rut^, rough, shaggy,
disordered, Sw. dial, flurig, disordered, disso-
lute, overloaded, flur, face, head, disordered
hair, whim, caprice. In the sense of a gust of
wind, at. fliaw^, which may have affected this
sense.] 1. A state of perturbed action or feel-
ing ; a violent agitation, physical or mental ; a
disordered or excited movement ; flutter ; com-
motion : as, to be in a continual flurry; to raise
a flurry in an assembly.
The paper never did better serWce than when in the
A\trrie» and spasms of political excitement it i(ept its
head, and its cheerful confldciice that the Republic was
safe. G. S. Mrrriam, S. Bowles, II. 37.
Bat the Jlurry of the dissipation he bad been through
. . . made him feel so much alive that he felt no sense of
loneliness. J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 204.
During the first week in May there was a slight yfurr!/
in money, and an advance to 7 per cent, on call, caused by
the rioting at Chicago. Appleton'n Amu CVc.,1886, p. 335.
2. Specifically, of a whale, the death-agony;
the spasmodic action of the animal while ex-
piring. The head uaually rises and falls, and the flukes
strike the surface of the water rapidly, while the animal
swims in a circle, till finally it rolls on its side dead.
Both whales were seen spouting blood, and soon after
pyramids of foam showed that they were in their yturri/.
C. M. Scammon, Marine Mammals, p. 267.
3. A sudden brief movement of air; an irregu-
lar blast or gust: as, a flurry of wind. — 4. A
fluttering assemblage of things, as snow-flakes,
carried by or passing through the air.
And like a /lurry of snow on the whistling wind of Decem-
ber,
Swift and sadden and keen came a flight of feathery ar-
rows. Lonafeltow, Miles Rtandish, vU.
Sadden fiurriet of snow-birds.
Like brown leaves whirling by.
iMUxU, First Snow-FalL
5. In ealico-printing, a state of frotbiness de-
veloped by some colors in the process of print-
ing, due in some to quick printing and in others
to slow printing. It is obviated by the use of
glycerin, oil, turpentine, or alcohol,
flurryl (flur'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. flurried, ppr.
flurrying. [< flurryl, n.] To produce agitation
of feeling in ; conifnse by excitement or alarm.
O lad I now, Mr. Fag — you ^urrv one so !
Sheridan, The Slvals, IL 2.
It was mere Instinct that prompted me to do this, . . .
for I was too much /lurried to think. Poe, Tales, I. 160.
flurry^ (flur'i), a. In A«r., same as/Ieury.
flortt, <!■ and n. An obsolete spelling of flirt.
[flUSll. The several words spelled /f luA, lielng mostly dia-
lectal, colloquial, or technical, and scantily recorded in
early literature, have become partly confused with one
another, and cannot now be entirely disentangled. Words
originally different have acquired some meanings Tery
nearly identical, while on the other hand there are some
meanings not obviously related which are, nevertheless,
to be referred to one original. The separation made In
the (allowing articles Is baaed on the present differences
of sense, and Is proljably more minute than the etymology,
if fully known, would require.]
flosh'^ (flush), V. [Prob. of Scand. origin and
ult. connected with/toxAl; cf. Sw. diHl flossa,
bum furioiuly, blaze, Norw. flosa, passion, ve-
hemence, eagerness : see further under flnsh'^
and flare. The meaning touches those otfluth^
and flush*, q. v., and in the phrase 'flush for
anger' that of flush^ (see flrst extract there).
The meaning has probably been affected by the
different word blush.'] I. intrant. To become
suffused with color, as the face or the sky ; red-
den; blush; glow.
All this uniform uncolour'd scene
Shall be dismantled of its fleecy load,
And /luih into variety again.
Cowptr, Task, vi. 180.
Then /luik'd her cheek with rosy light.
TevnyKn, Talking Oak.
The afternoon was lovely, and it wu/tuthiwi to a close.
H. Jama, Jr., Uttle Tour, p. 22.
The sky increased in brightness as we watched. The
"range /usA'd into rose.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. ISl.
n. tranji. To make suddenly red; suffuse
with color; redden; cause to blush; cause to
glow; color.
Nor/ltuA with shame the passing virgin's cheek.
Oay, Trivia.
Now /luA'd with drnnkenneas, now with whoredom pale.
Cowper, Tirocinium, L 833.
144
2289
The red blood rose to /lush his visage wan.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 212.
How faintly rfuaA'd, jjow phantom-fair,
Was Monte Rosa, hanging there !
Tennyson, The Daisy.
flushl (flush), n. [< flush'i; «.] 1. A redness
caused by a sudden flow of blood to the face ;
a blush ; any warm coloring or glow, as the red-
dening of the sky before daybreak: as, a crim-
son flush.
See how calm he looks and stately,
Like a warrior on his shield,
Waiting till the Jlush of morning
Breaks along the battle-field.
Aytoun, Burial March of Dundee,
The sudden /lush faded from her face as she sat oppo-
site to him, her astonished eyes still fixed upon him.
Mrs. Otiphant, Poor Gentleman, xxxiv.
2. Sudden impulse or excitement; a sudden
thrill or shock, as of feeling: as, to feel a flush
of joy.
It was not properly a passion, which is a subitaneous
flushing : indeed that of his adultery was from such a
/lush of passion ; but this of Uriah's murder was a more
continued distemper, sedately stirred, and retained and
considered of. Goodwin, Works, V. ii. 163.
When the morning ^h-sA
Of passion and the first embrace had died
Between them, . . . the master took
Small notice. Tennyson, Lucretius.
3. Bloom; glow.
No busy steps the grass-grown foot-way tread.
But all the bloomy ^twA of life is fled.
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., I. 128.
After the^tuA of youth is over, a poet must have a wise
method if he would move ahead.
Stedman, Vict Poets, p. 300.
4. The hot stage of a fever. HaMtcell. [Prov.
Eng.]
fllishl (flush), a. [< flmh\ v. In the second
sense scarcely used except in the poetical ex-
amples quoted (first by Shakspere, in a fig.
sense) and imitations of them. The sense is
gathered from the context.] 1 . Hot and heavy :
said of the weather or the atmosphere. [Prov.
Eng.] — 2. In full bloom; in vigorous growth
or condition.
He took my father grossly, full of bread ;
With all bis crimes broad blown, ututh as May.
Shale., Hamlet, iiL 3.
On this /lush pomegranate bough. Keats.
flnsh^ (flush), r. [Another form of llosh^ =
flash^, in a similar sense : see floshi, flash'^.
The form and sense may have been affected by
flux, P. flux, a flowing, running (see if««t and
flush^), and by OD. fluysen, Dan. dia\. fluse, flow
with violence (t perhaps due to MHG. vUeeen,
G.fliessen = 'E.fleet^, flow: see /fee<i). But the
intr. uae of flush'^. equiv. to ' flow,' appears to
be confined to such expressions as " the blood
flushes into the face," where the verb is rather
flush^, the idea of color and not of motion
prevailing.] I, <rons» 1. Same as /lo»Al. Ifal-
liwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. To drench copiously
with water for the purpose of cleansing; wash
out, as a sewer, with a copious flow of water.
The drainage system most be so constructed as ... to
be frequently and thoroughly ^usAwf.
Th4 Cmlury, XXIX. 51.
=8jjl. 2. See plunge.
n. intrans. 1. To flow swiftlv ; especially, to
flow and spread suddenly, as blood in the face :
a use scarcely different from Uiatot flush^,v.i.
The swift recourse ot flushing blood.
Spenser, Tf. (}., IV. vl. 29.
And It sounded vnto me eaen as it hadde bene the
^luAyn^ noyse of many waters.
Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Churches, ill.
2. To become fluxed or fluid.
The solder ^usAm or becomes liquid eaoadi to permeate
the Joint or crevice. Farrow, MIL Encyc, p. 224.
flnah^ (flush), n. [In the flrst sense another
form otftosh^ =Jlash^, as flush^ is another form
otfloshi = flafhi: aee flosh^ and flashS. In the
other senses prob. dependent on flush^, c] 1.
A piece of moist ground ; a place where water
frequently lies; a morass. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
— 2. A run of water. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
The plane stretis and euery hie way
Full of yfiueAu, dubbis, myre and clay.
Gavin Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 201.
3. An increase of water in a river. Halliwell.
[Prov. Eng.]
The pulse of the arteries U not only caused by the pul-
sation of the heart, driving the blood throngli thcni in
manner of a wave or flush, but by the coats of the arteries
themselves. Bay.
4. Snowinastateof dissolution; slush. Jamie-
son. [Scotch.]
flT18ll* (flush), r. (. [Nearly always in the pp.,
in such expressions as "flushed with success,"
flnsli
"flushed with victory," where the word is com-
monly associated with flmh^, as if it meant
'thrown into a glow'; hence 'heated, excited';
it is, however, a corruption, by a natural confu-
sion with^M^fti, ot flesh, v. t., encourage by giv-
ing flesh to, excite, as dogs, by feeding with
flesh ; cf. "flushed, fleshed, encouraged, put in
heart, elated with good success" (Bailey). See
fl£sh, V. t] To encourage; elate; excite the
spirits of; animate with joy: originally the same
as.^A.
The Indian Neighbourhood, who were mortal Enemies
to the .Spaniards, and had been /lusht by their Successes
against tliem, through the assistance of tlie Privateers,
for several years, were our fast Friends, and ready to re-
ceive and assist us. Dumpier, Voyages, I. 168.
Such things as can only feed his pride and /lush his am-
bition. South, Sermons, II. 104.
The Opposition, flushed with victory and strongly sup-
ported by the public sympathy, proceeded to bring for-
ward a succession of charges relating chiefly to pecuniary
transactions. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
flushs (flush), V. [< ME. flusshen (also flussen,
flissen, in pret. fluste, fliste), fly out suddenly;
appar. the same as flyschen (rare) (fly out
against f ), thrust, strike against (of a spear) ;
cf . E. dial, flusl; fly out suddenly, quarrel : see
flusk, flusker, fluster. Flush^, being used in ref-
erence to birds, seems to have a natural con-
nection with flush^, able to fly ; but flush^ is a
modem and corrupt form; the ME. forms of the
two words are far apart.] I. intrans. To fly out
suddenly, as a bird when disturbed ; start up or
fly off.
The blemyed boynard [blear-eyed rascal] . . .
Made the Fawcon to filoter and fflussh Ifor anger.
Richard the Redeless, ii. 166.
There ylvjte ut a buterflise ... on min ije.
Floriz and Blauneheflur (E. E. T. S.), L 473.
I make them to /lush.
Each owl out of his bush,
S. Jonson, Masque of Owls.
So IttuAin^ from one spray unto another.
Gets to the top, anti then embolden 'd flies
Unto a height past ken of Imnmn eyes.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 4.
H. trans. In sporting, to rouse and cause to
start up or fly off; spring: as, to flush a wood-
cock ; to flush a covey ; to flush the trout.
•Spaniels, . . . for the purpose of ^uMtnd' the game.
Strult, Sports and Pastimes, p. 84.
The full possession of the Tennessee River by the Union
gun-boats for the moment hopelessly divided the Confed-
erate commands, and like a flushed covey of birds the
rebel generals started on their several lines of retreat
without concert or rallying point.
The Century, XXXVI. 662.
flnsh'^ (flush), n. [< flushS, ti.] 1. The act of
starting or flushing a bird. — 2. A bird, or a
flock of birds, suddenly started or sprung.
As when a Faulcon hath with nimble flight
Flowne at it flush at Ducks foreby the brooke.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ii. 64.
flnsll^ (flush), n. [E. dial., perhaps an exten-
sion of the notion ' a good many,' implied, by
an easy exaggeration, in 'a flush' of cards:
see flush^, n. The same notion is derivable,
perhaps more easily, from 'a. flush' or flock of
birds (see /iwA^j n.), or from /««*!, n., bloom,
flush^, a., in vigorous growth.] 1. A great
number. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. Abun-
dance; exuberance.
I thought o' the bonny bit thorn that our father rooted
oat o' the yard last May, when it had a' the flush o' blos-
soms on it Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xx.
flush^ (flush), a. [Origin not clear ; perhaps,
as here assumed, from the noun fluslfi, a great
number : see flush^, n. It is not easy to con-
nect this word with flush^.] 1. Full, in any re-
spect; exuberant; plentiful.
His courage was flush he'd venture a brush,
And thus they fell to it, ding-dong.
Bobin Hood and the Banger (Child's Ballads, V. 208).
2. Well supplied, as with money: as, to be
quite ^usA. Skinner, 1671.
Lord Strutt was not flush in ready.
Arbuthnot, Hist John Bull.
Tuffts, who describes himself as being always generous
when flush of money, offered to pay his bill.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 609.
They are particularly /imA just at present, as trade is
brisk and profits are good. Tht American, IX. 19.
3. Prodigal ; wasteful. Halliwell. [Prov. En^.]
flush'' (flush), a. [Hardly other than a partic-
ular use otflush^, full, though the precise con-
nection of thought is not clear. The panel of
a door, for example, usually below the plane of
the frame, seems to have been regarded as ' full '
or ' flush ' when fixed even with that plane, thus
filling up the hollow space.] Having the sur-
face or face oven or level with the adjacent
flush
surface, or in the same plane or line ; being in
exact aliuement ; even.
A r<x>m with one dormer window looking out, and some-
what down, upon a building opposite, which still stands,
Ituih with the street. G. 11'. CakU, Old Creole Days, p. ia.
Bead and flush work, and bead, flush, and square
wort See bead, 9. — Flush panel, a i)anel having its
face even with the face oi the stile.
flush" (flush), r. l< flush'', a.^ I, tram. 1. To
make flush or level.
In driving a heading, particalar care should be taken
that unnecessary cost in flushing the clear profile does not
arise. Eissler, Moif. High Exjilosivcs, p. 23S.
2. In xceanng, to throw on the surface over sev-
eral threads without intersecting, as in twill-
ing, or forming tissue figures.
There are, consequently, two methods that can be used
toT flushing or throwing the thread to form the tissue fijr-
lU"e. A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 176.
To flush a joint, to flU a joint, as in masonry, until the
filling material is in the plane of the surfaces of the bodies
joined.— To flush up, in bricklaying, to fill up the verti-
cal joints of brick with mortar.
n. intrans. In weaving, to flow or float over
several threads without intersection : said of
threads in twilling or tissue-weaving.
So distinct are the threads kept (in tissue-weaving] that
only sufficient intei-sections are made to keep them held
together. They float or flush upon the surface of the cloth
rather than form a component part of its substance.
A. Barlow, Weaving, p. 175.
flushp (flush), a. [E. dial., aiso flish (and flitch,
oflicious, lively), other forms of flidge, uiias-
sibilated ^j<7, all dial, forms of 'E. fledge, < ME.
fleggc, fligge, flygge, able to fly: see fledge, a.,
and flyS, a., which are doublets.] Same as
fteddc. [Prov. Eng.]
flushS (flush), V. i. [E. dial., < fliishB, a. Same
as fledge, v. i.] To become able to fly: same
&a fledge. [Prov. Eng.]
The birds hA\e flrished and flied.
Courtney, West Cornwall Gloss. (E. D. S.)
flush^ (flush), n. and a. [Altered in form, by
confusion with flush in other senses, < OP. flux,
a flowing, running, rushing out, a flux, also a
flush at cards, = Sp. flux = It. fliisso, a flux, a
flush at cards (i. e., a 'run' of cards); hence
also (from OF.) OFlem. fluys, three cards of the
same suit, fluys-spel, a game of cards, fluysen,
play cards; < L.^MXM*, a flow: seeflux.^ I.re. 1.
In eard-r>laying, a hand in which all the cards,
or a certain specified number of them, are of the
same suit.
There was nothing silly in it [whist], like the nob in
cribbage — nothing superfluous. T^o flushes, that most ir-
rational of all pleas that a reasonalde being can set up.
Lamb, Mrs. Battle on Whist.
2t. A certain game of cards.
Flusmta [U.], a play at cardes called Flush. Florio.
Bohtall flush, in jmker, four cards of one suit and one of
another suit : so called because there is a chance of fllling
the flush by drawing a suitable card.— Straight or royal
flush, in poker, a sequence of five cards of the same suit.
n. a. In the game of poker, consisting of
cards all of which are of the same suit : as, a
flush hand.
flush-boxl (flush'boks), n. [< flush^ + Jox2.]
A device forflushing the bowls of water-closets.
It is a rectangular
box or tank (a com-
mon form being
that shown in the
cat), the supply of
water to which is
regulated by a ball-
and-levervsdvethat
prevents the water
from rising in the
tank above a cer-
tain level. The dis-
charge of the wa-
ter is controlled by Waste-preventi.e Flash-box.
a valve which may
be opened by a lever, and may be closed (sometimes auto-
matically) when a limited quantity of water has run eut.
Another kind automatically flushes the bowl at stated in-
tervals, acting on the principle of the intermittent siphon.
Also cMedflitsh-tank.
flU8h-box2 (flush'boks), n. [< flush"! + 6ox2.]
In telcg., an oblong box, the top or cover of
which is flush or even with the surface of the
ground : used in drawing electric wires into un-
derground pipes or conduits. See the extract.
Oblong drawing-in boxes, 30 inches by 11 inches, and 12
Inches deep, with lids formed of an iron frame, into which
a piece of flagstone is fixed, are placed at every 100 yards,
if the line be straight, and nearer if it be curved. They
are fixed level with the surface of the pavement, and are
therefore called flush-boxes.
Cultey, Practical Telegraphy, p. 157.
flush-decked (flush'dekt), a. Having a flush
deck: as, a flush-decked steamer. See deck, 2.
flushed(flusht),p.a. [Pp.offlush^,v.'i In calico-
printing, spread beyond the limits of the pat-
tern : said of a color.
2290
flusher (flush'fer), n. [E. dial., also^asfter, prob.
in part torfleshcr, i. e., ' butcher ' (cf. flush* for
flesh): seeflciher and. flasher^.'] A name of the
red-backed shrike or lesser butcher-bird of Eu-
rope, Lanius or Enneoctoniis coUurio.
flushing! (flush'ing), n. [Verbal n. of fliish'^, r.]
A glow of red, as in the face : as, the disease
is characterized by frequent flushings of the
face.
flushing^ (flush'ing), n. [Verbal n. of flush^, j).]
The act of drenching with a copious flow; a
washing out.
flushing'^ (flush'ing), n. [Verbal n. of flush'!, r.]
1. In weaving, a thread which, in process of
twilling, spans several threads of the warp
without intersection; a floating. — 2. A kind
of stout woolen cloth.
He walked his battlements under fire, as some stout
skipper paces his deck in a suit of flushing, calmly oblivi-
ous of the April drops thjit fall on his woollen armour.
C. lieade. Cloister and Hearth, xliii.
flushingly (flush'ing-li), adv. In a flushing
manner.
flushing-rim (flush'ing-rim), «. In house-plumb-
ing, a hollow rim pierced with holes surround-
ing a basin, through which water can be turned
into the basin to flush it out.
When the pull is drawn down, a copious supply of water
flows into all parts of the bowl through the flushing-rim.
The Century, XXIX. 263.
fiushness (flush'nes), n. [< fluslfi, a., + -ness."]
The state of being flush ; abundance.
Whose interest it is, like hernshaws, to hide the meager-
ness of their bodies by the fiushness of their feathers.
Bp. Gauden, Hooker, p. .37.
flush-pot (flush'pot), n. In plumbing, any ves-
sel or receptacle fitted to contain a supply of
fluid for flushing out a pipe or passage.
There is built beneath the sink, and in connection with
it, &. flush-pot large enough to hold several gallons of wa-
ter. The Century, XXIX. 264.
flush-tank (flush'tangk), n. Same as flush-box^.
flush-wheel (flush'hwel), n. Same as noria.
flusk (fliisk), V. i. [Of. flush^ and ^16*.] 1. To
fly out suddenly. — 2. To quarrel. [Prov. Eng.]
flusker (flus'ker), V. i. [Freq. oiflusk.'\ 1. To
fly irregularly. — 2. To be confused or giddy.
[Prov. Eng.]
fluster (flus'tfer), V. [Prob. of Scand. origin;
ef. Icel. flaustra, be flustered, flaustr, fluster,
hm-ry. Of. flusker. ] I. trans. 1 . To confuse ;
embarrass, as by a surprise; cause to flush
and move or speak hurriedly and confusedly;
flurry.
Do they use to play perfect? are they never flustered ?
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, v. 3.
Come to winds that blew all four p'ints at the same min-
it,— why, they flustered him. //. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 10.
2. To confuse with drink; make hot and rosy
with drinking; fuddle.
Three lads of Cyprus — noble, swelling spirits,
That hold their honours in a wary distance, . . .
Have I to-night fluster'd with flowing cups.
SAa«:.,OthelIo, ii. 3.
A sober man is Percivale, and pure ;
But once in life was fluster'd with new wine,
Then paced for coolness in the chapel-yard.
TeJlnysoii, Merlin and Vivien.
=Syil. 1. To excite, disconcert, disturb, perturb, flurry,
worry.
II. intrans. To become confused, as with
drink; befuddled; be flurried.
fluster (flus'tfer), n. [< fluster, v. Cf. var. flus-
trum. ] Confusion or embarrassment caused by
surprise ; mental confusion and excitement or
perturbation; flurry.
But when Caska adds to his natural impudence the flus-
ter of a bottle, that which fools called fire when he was
sober all men abhor as outrage when he is drunk.
Tatler, No. 252.
flusterate, flustrate (flus'ter-at, -trat), v. t.;
pret. and ti>t[). flusterated, flustrated, ppr. fluster-
ating, flustrating. [Irreg. < fluster + -ate^.']
To fluster; fuddle; confuse. [Colloq.]
We were coming down Essex street one night a little
flustrated, and I was giving him the word to alarm the
watch. Steele, Spectator, No. 493.
flusteration, flustration (flus-ter-a'shon, -tra'-
shon), n. The act of flustering, or the state
of being flustered ; confusion; flurry. [Colloq.]
With a good oaken sapling he dusted his doublet for
all his golden chease-toaster, and lipping me under his
arm, carried me huom, I nose not how, being I wjis in such
a flustration. Smollett, Humphrey Clinker, 1. 126.
flusterer (flus't6r-6r), n. The common American
coot, Fulica americana : more fully called black
flusterer. Lawson, 1709. [North Carolina.]
In Carolina they are called flustert-rs, from the noise
they make in flying over tlie surface of the water.
A. Wilson, Amer. Ornith.
Sea-mat {Flustra /oliacta
flute
Flustra (flus'tra), n. [NL., said to be formed
from AS. flustrian (once, glossing L. plectere),
plait, braid.]
The typical ge-
nus of polyzo-
ans or bryozo-
ans of the fam-
ily Flustridce;
the sea^mats.
The species as-
,sume a branching
form, with broad,
fiat ramifications,
making a matted
surface. One of the
commonest species
is i^./o/iacea, found
on the sea-coast
among seaweed,
which it greatly re-
sembles; but the
frond when closely
examined is found
to be clothed all
over its surface
with a network of
quadrangular cells
minutely toothed at the angles, each inhabited by a little
individual polyzoan having a mouth fringed with tenta-
cles.
flustrate, flustration. See flusterate, flustera-
tion.
Flustridse (flus'tri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Flustra
+ -idai.'i A family of Polyzoa, of the suborder
Chilostomata and order Gymnolwmata, typified
by the genus Flustra; the sea-mats or lemon-
weeds. They have a membranous zoarium, either ex-
panded and foliaceous or ligulate, usually erect, some-
times decurrent on its base of support, and imilaminar or
bilaminar, with the zooeciaquincuncially disposed, without
a raised border, more or less open and membranous in
front, and the avicularia, when present, usually vicarious.
Flustrina (flus-tn'na), n.pl. [NL., < Flustra
+ -iita.li 1. A sujierfamily of Flustrida con-
taining flattened forms vrith even surface and
quadrate cells. — 2. [Used as a singular.] A
genus of mollusks. jyOrbigny,' 1852.
flustrine (flus'trin), a. Of or pertaining to the
Flustrina or Flustridce.
flustrum (flus'trum), n. A colloquial variant
oi fluster.
We may take the thing quietly, without being in e. flus-
trum. Miss Edgeu'orth, Absentee, v.
flutel (flot), n. [Mod. E. (taking the place of
earlier ^0M<1, q. v., a,nd floit^, q. v.), < F. flute,
now -written flute, a eontr. of earlier /fwte (two
syllables, orig. three), <OF.fleutc,flaiifc,flahute,
and (with false silent s) fleuste, flaiiste, fluhuste
= Pr. Sp. flauta = Pg. frauta, flauta = It. flauto,
m.JiML. TeA. flauta), a flute; of. OD.fluyt, D.
fluit = LG. fleute, fleite = MHO. aloite, G. flote
= Dan. floite = 8w. fliijt = Bohem. flauta =r
Pol. flet, etc., of F. origin ; verbal n. of OF.
flaiitcr, blow the flute, lit. blow, prob. trans-
posed from *flatuer, < ML. *flatuare, an as-
sumed verb, < L. flatus (flatu-), a blowing, <
flare, blow, breathe, = E. blow^.'] 1. In mtisic,
an instrument of the pipe kind, in which the
tone is produced by the impact of a current of
air upon the edge of a hole in the side of a tube.
See pipe, flfe. Flutes are either direct or transverse,
the former (flOtes-a-bec) having a mouthpiece or whistle
at the upper end of the tube, which is held straight away
from the player's mouth, and the latter (transverse flutes)
having a mouth-hole in the side of the tube, which is held
across the player's body. In both species flnger-holes in
the tube control the pitch of the tones ; and in both in-
creased force in blowing raises the pitch an octave. Tlie
exact explanation of the production of the tone is some-
what uncertain. It is asserted that the stream of air, be-
ing usuiilly flat, acts like a free reed in the opening, play-
ing back and forth like a solid tongue.
What time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp,
. . . and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship
the golden image. Dan. ili. 6.
The oars were silver.
Which to the time ot flutes kept stroke.
Shak., A. and C, ii. 2.
Specifically — (a) In anc. music, a direct fiute with a coni-
cal wooden tube having a varying number of finger-holes.
Sometimes two tubes were attached to one mouthpiece.
(b) In medieval mttsic, one of a family of direct flutes, com-
prising treble, alto, tenor, and bass varieties, all having
conical wooden tulies with several finger-holes. The mod-
ern flageolet and the penny whistle are derivatives of the
treble kind, (c) In modern music, a transverse flute, hav-
ing a conical or cylindrical wooden or metal tube with
holes controlled in part by levers, and having a compass
of aliout three octaves upward from middle C : also called
the German flute. The change from the medieval direct
flutes took place early in the eighteenth century. The best
model for orchestral use was invented by Theobald Boelim
in 1832. The piccolo-flute or piccolo is "a flute giving tones
an octave higher than the ordinary flute.
flute
2. In organ-building, a stop with stopped wood-
en pipes, having a flute-like tone, usually of four-
foot pitch. The number of vai-ieties is very jireat: they
are usually named descriptively, as Jtute d'aiaaur, jiutc
haniwtUfiue, dopp^l-Jlote , etc.
3. In areh., one of a series of curved furrows,
usually semicircular in plan, of which each is
separated from the next by a narrow fillet.
When such flutes are partially filled up by a smaller con-
vex-curved molding, they are saiil to be cabled. In an-
cient architecture the flute is used in the Ionic, Composite,
Corinthian, and Konian Doric orders, but never in the
Greek Doric. Compare chantwl.
The columns, plain and with twisted Jlutes, . . . have
capitals such as we might look (or in much earlier Roman-
esque. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 255.
4. A similar groove in any material, as in a
woman's ruffle.
If it [a drop of liquid] be instantaneously illuminated by
electric sparks, the separate viltration forms will be seen
presenting half as many tieads and jiu/en as are presented
when the images are superposed through the employment
of a continuous light. Eneyc. Brit., VIII. 729.
6. In decorative art, a concave depression rela-
tively long and of any form, the sides not neces-
sarily parallel. Compare gadroon,
FluUg, beads, and small leaves in furniture carving.
Six. Arts Itep., Exhibit, 1867, p. 55.
6. A kind of long, thin French roll. — 7. A
shuttle used in tapestry-weaving. A separate
shuttle is employed for each color of which the
woof is composed. — 8. A tall and very narrow
wine-glass, us«d especially for sparkling wines.
Also called flute-glass.
For elles of beere, fiute* of canary
That well did wadi downe pasties-mary.
Locelaee, Lucasta (1649).
Dactylic flute. !!ee dactylic. — Nason flute, in the old-
er organs, a stop of covered pipes, of a soft and delicate
tone. — Nofle-flute, a kind of flute played by the nose,
iited among tlie .South Sea islanders. C. W. Stoddard.—
Octave flute, orjtauto piocoio. See piccolo.
flute' (ttiit), v.; pret. and pp. fluted, ppr. fluting.
[= K. flitter = Pr. flautar =: Pg. frautar (= D.
fluiten = hG. floiten,fleit<n = MHQ. floi ten, flou-
ten z=G. flfiten = Dau.flojtf) ; from the noun, but
the verb in OF. is the original of the noun. See
floiil^, the earlier form of ^u/«l.] I. intrans.
To play on a flute; produce a soft, clear note
like that of a flute.
To him who sat upon the rocks
And jtuted to the morning sea.
Teimi/gon, To E. L. , on his Traveli in Greece.
The bird* that^ur«<f on the blossoming bough.
R. Buchanan, X. A. Rev., CXL 453.
H. trans. 1. To play or sing softly and clear-
ly in notes resembling those of a flute.
Knaves are men
That Inte and flute fantastic tenderness.
Tennyson, Princess, It.
2. To form flutes or grooves in, as in a ruffle.
See gauffer.
The cost of fluting one of the columns of the temples,
as calculated by Rangabi from the entries, was 400
drachms. C. T. Seteton, Art and Arclueol., p. 112.
flute* (flot), n. [< F. flute = Sp. flauta, a store-
. ship, < D. fluit (fluit-sehip), Bw.fl/ijt, LG. Jkvte,
a kind of three-masted trading-vessel, with a
narrow stem; cf. I), riot, a raft, float, etc.:
aee float, n.] A long vessel or boat, with flat
ribs or floor-timbers, round behind and swell-
ing in the middle.
I assumed the responsibility of sending thither twoyf «<<*
(small vessels), which crossed the bar with sails set
aayarri, Hist. Louisiana, I. 279.
Armed in flute or en flttte, a phrase formerly applied
to a vessel only partially amieil.
flflte-it-bec (flUt'il-bek'), ». [F. : flute, flute; d,
with ; hec, beak.] A kind of direct flute. See
flute-bird (flot'W-rd), ». A name of the piping
crow, (iymnnrhina tibicen.
flute-bit (flSt'bit), «. A bit used for piercing
holes in hard wofxis, such as those of which
flutes aro made. See fei'fl, 5.
fluted (flii'ted), I). «. TPp. of glutei, r. f.] 1.
h\ III uaie, fine; clear and mellow; flute-like: as,
ftnltd notes. — 2. Grooved; furrowed; orna-
mented or characterized by a series of flutes:
as, a /luted column; a /tuferf ruffle.
U fluted with as many as the Ionic, half as deep as large.
Eeelyn, Architects and Arcnitecture.
Spedflcally — (o) In enltun i<:irallel grooves or
depressions running in :i direction. (I>) In
armor, omamentetiwi tilt i . . >tir>ns, and the like,
which In someiiLm'snd'lol :il-" t.. Itn utility of the piece
as giving greal-r »tn iiglh. .■'ults of araior of the six.
teenth centur>'. n.-tli Italian and (German, are often rich-
ly flute 1. s,. lit in next column." Fluted (IrlU. See
drill'. Fluted scale, in 'T»<"m.,8ameaseiui*ion-si:o/«.—
Fluted Bpectrum, in wptice. See tpectnm.
Fluted Dossiftre or Back-
Biece. ( From Vtollet-le-
>uc's "Diet, du Mobilier
fran^is." )
2291
flute-glasst (flot'glas), n.
[= D. flu it-y lass ; a,s flute^
+ glans.'l A long or.4a
glass : same as flute''-, 8.
Bring two flute-'jlasses, and
some stools, ho! We'll have th
ladies' health.
Dryden, Sir Martin Mar-all.
flutemouth (flot'month), ».
A fish of the family Fistu-
lariida : a pipe-fish.
flutenist (flo'ten-ist), n. [=
G. flotciii.it = Dan. flajteii-
ist; equiv. to flutist, q. v.]
A flute-player ; a flutist.
[Bare.]
These village-known cheeks that
in country listes
Were fencers' men, these some-
times jtutfnisis,
Beare office now.
.Sir ii. Stapleton, tr. of Juvenal,
[iii. 42.
flute-player (flot'pla'fer), »>• 1. A player or
perfonner upon the flute ; a flutist.
This eminent contrapuntist [Kuhlau] devoted nearly the
whole of his short life to Flute compositions. ... An
^niAteur flute-player of position employed him constantly
and liberally in writing them. Qrove, Diet. Music, I. 537.
2. A South American wren of the genus Cypho-
riiius, as C. cantons : so called from its note,
fluter (flo't^r), ». [<^«tel + -erl. Ct.flouterl.'}
1. One who plays on the flute; a flute-player.
At Mr. Debasty's, I saw, in a gold frame, a picture of a
fluter playing on his flute, which, for a good while, I took
for painting, i)ut at last observed it was a piece of tapestry.
I'epyt, Diary, II. 399.
2. One who makes grooves or flutes
flute-shrike (flot'shrik), ». A shrike of the ge-
nus Laiiiarius, as L. cethiopiciis.
flute-stop (flat 'stop), n. [See flute\ n., 2.]
Same a.s flne-stop.
flutet, "• Same as galoubet.
flute-'WOrk (flot'wtrk), n. Same &sflue-v:ork.
fluther (fluTH'^r), n. [Sc., prob. a variation of
flutter, q. v.] 1. Hurry; bustle. — 2. Confus-
ing abundance.
fiutina (rto-te'na), n. [< fluU^ + -tn«l. Cf.
flautiiin.'] A miisical instniment closely resem-
bling the accordion.
fluting (flo'ting), n. [Verbal n. of ^ufcl, F.] 1.
The act of playinjj on the flute, or the soimd
made by such playing; a flut«-like soimd.
Clearly the crystal flutingt fall and float.
K. a. Hobert$, A Secret Song.
2. The act of forming a groove or furrow. — 3.
A groove or furrow ; fluted work; a flute : as,
the flutings of a column, or of a woman's ruffle.
For what purpose of spite or interest were those vast
columns— In the very flutingt of which a man can statid
with ease — felled like forest pines?
J. A. iSymondi, Italy and Greece, p. 101.
4. One of the longitudinal channels in a screw-
tap bv which a cutting edge is given to the
thrAd.
fluting-cylinder (fl<J'tin^-sil'in-d6r), ». One of
a pair of corrugated cylinders used in the flut-
ing-niachine.
fluting-iron (fle •
ting-i'trn), n. A
device for making
flutes in a fabric or
article of dress, as
a ruffle,
fluting-lathe (fl8'-
tiii>;-laTil), n. Same
as till liiiii-miirhine, 2.
fluting-machine
(flo'tmg-ina-shen'), ». 1. Amachineforcrimp-
ing or corrugating sheet-metal by bending it
between corrugated cylinders called fliiting-
eylinders. — 2. A wood-turning machine for
forming twisted, spiral, and fluted balusters,
etc. It acts as a lathe, advancing the wood under re-
ToMog cutters while gi\ing it a spiral motion or rifleil
advance. Also called fluting-lathe.
fluting-plane (flS'ting-plan), n. In carp., a
iiliiiic iiscil in grooving flutes.
fluting-SCissors (flo'ting-sis'qrz), n. pi. A scis-
sors-shai)ed implement for tfuting or crimping
liiieu, etc. Ithassmallcylindricalflngers, one of which
is hollow to hold a heated iron. When the scissors are
Fluting.lron.
Fltttiiig.«clsion.
fluttery
closed, this heated finger forces the cloth between the
two other fingers, thus forming a flute.
flutist (flii'tist), H. [= F. fldtiste = Sp. flautista
= Pg. frautista = It. flautista = Sw. ftdjtist; as
flute^ -I- -ist.'\ A performer on the flute ; a flute-
player.
fliltter (flut'^r), f. [< UE.floUren, flutter, float,
< AS. flotcrian, flotorian, flutter (once of the
heart, otherwise only in glosses), flutter or fly
before (L. prievolare), float about (h. fluctibus
ferri). appar. a freq. verb formed from, flotian,
float, fleotan (pp. "floUii), fleet, float. Cf. LG.
fluttern, alaojiuddern, flutter, as a bird. Simi-
lar words of different origin are OD. vlederen,
vledderen = OHG. fledaron, MHG. vledem, vla-
dern, G. fladern, usually flaitern, flutter, = D.
fladdercn, hover, E. flatter^, flitter^, etc. : see
flatter^, flitter^, flittermouse.'\ I. intrans. 1.
To float ; undulate ; fluctuate.
There contynued suche a calme that we made right lyt-
ell spede, but laye and flotred in the see right werely by
reason of the sayd tedyous calme.
Sir R. Guyl/orde, Pylgrymage, p. 67.
2. To move up and down or to and fro in quick
irregular motions; vibrate, throb, or move
about rapidly or variably; hover or waver in
quick motion.
The old Eagle flutters in and ottt.
To teach his yong to follow him alwut.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 7.
Like swallow's tail, in shape and hue.
Fluttered the streamer glossy blue.
Scott, Mamiion, i. 8.
3. To be in agitation ; fluctuate in feeling; be
in tincertainty ; hang on the balance.
How long we fluttered on tlie wings of doubtful success.
Uowell, Vocall Forrest.
4t. To be frivolous or foppish ; play the part
of a beau of the period; fly from one thing
to another.
Wou'd it not make any one melancholy to see you go
every Day fluttering about abroad, whilst I must stay at
home like a poor lonely sullen Bird in a Cage?
Wycfierleij, Country Wife, iii. 1.
No rag, no scrap of all the beau or wit.
That once so fluttered, and that once so writ.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 120.
U. trans. 1. To move in quick irregular mo-
tions; agitate; vibrate: as, abird^KfieriMj; its
wings. — 2. To cause to flutter; disorder; throw
into confusion.
Like an eagle in a dove-cote, I
Ftutter'd your Volscians in Corioli.
Shak., Cor., y. 5.
My hopes are flutter'd as my present fortunes.
Fletcher, The I'ilgriin, iv, 2.
flutter (flut'6r), n. [< flutter, v.'i 1. Quick and
irregular motion, as of wings ; rapid vibration,
undulation, or pulsation : as, the flutter of a fan
or of the heart.
Set the grave councils up upon their shelves again, and
string them hard, lest their various and jangling opinions
put Uielr leaves into aflutter.
Miltnn, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
She . . . expressetl her inmost sensations by the butter-
fly/tuffer of her Fan. Tr. of Uzannes The Fan, p. 60.
2. Agitation; confusion; confused or excited
feeling or action.
A stately, worthless animal,
I1iat plies the tongue, and wags the tail.
All flutter, pride, and talk. Pope, Artemisia.
There is no doubt their talk would raise a flutter in a
modern tea-party.
It. L. Stevenson, .Some Gentlemen in Fiction.
3. A flow of mingled water and steam from the
gage-cocks of a steam-boiler. This occurs in
locomotives when the boiler primes, or works
water into the cylinders.
To use a phrase emuloyed by practical men, the priming
or foandng of the Iwiler may be known by tlie ''flutter '
of the gauge-cocks. Forney, Locomotive, p. 487.
flut'terer(flut'6r-^r), w. One who flutters; one
who causes something to flutter.
Until the handkerchief /li^ter/T was no longer seen.
Harpers May., LXV. 588.
flutteringly (flut'6r-ing-li), adv. In a fluttering
manner.
flutterment (flut'*r-ment), «. [< flutter +
-ment.] Same &aflutter','2. [Local, tJ. S.]
The' wuz a consid'able flutiennent in the neighl)or-
hoods. J. C. Harris, Harper's Mag., L.XXVI. 707.
flutter-wheel (flut'^r-hwel), «'. A water-wheel
of moderate size placed at the bottom of a
chute : so called from its rapid motion.
fluttery (flut'6r-i ), a. [< ME. ftotery, < floteren,
flutter.] Fluttering; wavering; waving; apt
to flutter.
y/lthflotery l)crd, and rugged asshv heeres (hair].
Chancer, Knight's Tale, 1. 2025.
A light ;ln((<-r2f material.
J. UewiU, Ancient Armour, I. 341.
fluty
fluty (flS'ti), o. [(^Mffi + -j/i.] Soft and clear
in tone, like a flute.
fluvial (flO'vi-al), a. [= F. fluvial = Pr. Sp. Pg.
fluvial = It.flitviale, < li.fluviaJis, <fluvius, OL.
ftovios, a river, < fluere, flow: seefluent.'i Re-
lating or pertaining to rivers: as, fluvial wa-
ters; fluvial navigation or fisheries.
The United States happily has not yet experienced such
serious /iii no/ irregularities as have long wasted southern
and central Europe. The Nation, Dec. 6, 1883.
Next in interest to the Agonistic types of Sicilian Mints
are what may be called the Fluvial types, under which
that main source of the fertility of Sicily — ita springs and
rivers — was represented.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archeecl., p. 422.
fluvialist (flo'vi-al-ist), n. [< fluvial + -isf]
One who explains geological phenomena by the
action of existing streams.
fluviatic (flo-vi-at'ik), a. [< L. fluviaticus^ <
2292 fluxive
an^Trir^rr- 9 flnwiTiir BR of SI fliiid • flow in ffBn- For thc fluxibility of human nature is so great that It
flowing , a flowing, as or a nuia , now in gen .^ _^^ ^onAer if errors should have crept in, the ways be-
eral, but now most commonly an occasional j„g g^, ,„jj„y . ij^ ^^ jg ^ great wonder of God that none
flow ; an outpouring or effusion of anything. should ever creep in. Hmnmond, Works, II. 693.
The cause of the extraordinaiy swiftness of this lake is fluxible (fluk'si-bl), a. [= OF. flujcible = OSp.
the contiiiuall Jluxe of the snow-water_ descending from fluxibU = Pg. fluxivel = It. flussibile, < ML. fluxi-
tliose mountaines. Coryat, Crudities, I
No flux and reflux of thought, lialf meditative, half ca-
pricious. De Quintey, Rhetoric.
Hence — 2. Continual change ; the mode of be-
ing of that which is instantaneous, ceasing to
exist as soon as it begins to exist. This is spe-
cifically termed Heraclitan flux, from the doctrine of the
ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus that there is no be-
ing or permanence, but that all things are transitory and
fleeting.
For time considered in itself is but the flux of that very
Instant wherein the motion of the heaven began.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 69.
fluvius, a river:
tile. [Rare.]
|.,1a /rtK'T
see fluvial.^ Fluvial; fluvia-
fluviatlle (fl6' vi-a-til), a. [= F. fluviatile = Pg.
fluviatil = It. fluviatile, < L. fluviatilis, of or
belonging to a river, < fluvius, a river: see flv-
v\al.'\ Of riverine nature ; growing in or near
fresh water; produced by river action ; fluvial:
AS, fluviatile species or deposits.
A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive
feature. It is earth's eye. . . . The fluviatile trees next
the shore are the slender eyelashes which fringe it.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 202.
The river is, itself, a powerful agent of direct denuda-
tion—/!i(irm/iV« denudation, as it is sometimes termed.
Huxley, Physiography, p. 136.
Fluviatilidae (flo'vi-a-til'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
1,. fluviatilis + -idw.] A family of fresh-water
or river sponges, distinguished from the Lacus-
trid<e by the birotulate shape of the skeletal
spicules.
FlUVicola (flp-vik'o-la), n. [NL., < L. fluvius,
a river, + colere, inhabit.] 1. The typical ge-
nus of watercaps of the subfamily FluvicoUnw,
- -^y
■J. '>/
■Watercap {Fluvicota climacura).
established by Swainson in 1827. F. climacura
and F. pica are characteristic examples. The
plumage Is black and white. The birds inhabit the pam-
pas and other open places, generally in the vicinity of
water.
2. A genus of crustaceans.
Fluvicolinae (flo-vik-o-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., <
Fluvicola + -inte.] A subfamily of South
American clamatorial tyrant flycatchers, of
the family Tyrannidce, taking name from the
genus Fluvicola; the watercaps. Also called
Alectruriiue and Twniopterinw.
fluvicoline (flo-vik'6-lin), a. [As Fluvicola +
-ine^ . ] Fluvial or fluviatile ; inhabiting rivers,
or frequenting their banks ; specifically, of or
pertaining to the Fluvicolinm.
fltiviomarine (flo"vi-6-ma-ren'), a. [< L. flu-
vius, a river, 4- marinus, of the sea: see fluvial
and marine.'] In geol., an epithet applied to
such deposits as have been formed in estuaries,
or on the bottom of the sea at a greater or less
distance from the embouchure, by rivers bear-
ing with them the detritus of the land.
fluvioterrestrial (flo'vi-o-te-res'tri-alj, a. [<
L. fluvius, a river, + terrestris, of the earth : see
fluvial and terrestrial.'] Pertaining to the land-
surface of the globe and its fresh waters; not
marine or maritime.
The marine realms . . . are entirely independent of the
-. . - jggj jj —
Certain it is that matter is in a perpetual flux and never
at a stay. Bacon, Vicissitude of Thmgs (ed. 1.187).
All things, as the old skeptics said, are in ceaseless/ua:;
and yet, to find truth, we nrast find something perma-
nent. LegU« Stephen, Eng. Thought, i. § 28.
3. In patliot, a morbid or abnormal issue or
discharge of matter, as blood, mucus, or pus,
from any mucous surface of the internal ves-
sels or viscera : as, the bloody ^mx (dysentery).
It bifel, the fadir of Publius for to ligge travelid with
feveres and dissenterie orflix,
Wydif, Deeds [Acts] xxviii. 8 (Oxf.).
The next year [A. P. 987] was calamitous, bringing strange
fluxes upon men, and murren upon Cattel.
Milton, Hist. Eng., vi.
4. Matter which is discharged in a flux ; de-
fluxion ; excrement.
Civet is of a baser birth than tar ; the very uncleanly
flux of a cat. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2.
5. A flowing together ; concourse ; confluence.
Thus misery doth part the flux of company.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 1.
6. Fusion; conversion to a liquid state by the
operation of heat.— 7. In metal., any sub-
stance or mixture used to promote the fusion
of metals or minerals, as alkalis, borax, tar-
tar, and other saline matter, or, in large opera-
tions, limestone or fluor-spar. Alkaline fluxes are
either the crude, the white, or the black flux. When tar-
tar is deflagrated with half its weight of niter, a mixture
of charcoal and carbonate of potash remains, which is
often called black flux; when an equal weight of niter is
nseil, the whole of the charcoal is burned off, and carbo-
nate of potassium remains, which, when thus procured, is
called white flux.
8. In math., a vector which is referred to a unit
of area Bloody flux, dysentery.— Hepatic flux, bil-
ious flux.
n.t o. Flowing; changing; inconstant; va-
riable.
Our argument for such a translation is the flux nature
of living languages.
Abp. Neweome, Eng. Biblical Trans., p. 233.
flux (fluks), V. [< flux, TO.] I. trans. If. To
flood; overflow.
Surely, that God is mercifull that will admit offences
to be expiated by the sigh stad fluxed eyes.
Feltham, Resolv*, i. 89.
2. In med., to cause a flux or evacuation from ;
salivate; purge.
He miglit fashionably and genteelly have been duelled
or fluxed into another world. South, Sermons, II. 215.
3+. To clear or clean out by or as if by an
evacuation; relieve by purging,
figuratively.
'Twas he that gave our nation purges,
kiiA fluxed the House of many a burgess.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. i. 362.
4. To melt; fuse; make fluid.
One part of mineral alkali will flux two of siliceous
earth with effervescence. Kirwan.
II. intrans. To flow or change. [Rare.]
The invading waters . . . fluxing along the wall from
below the road-bridge. R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, i.
There is a mystery about it which has not yet been pen-
etrated—that monarchy should be so universal and inde-
feasible in the East, while in the West it has been so;!«a:-
inff and unstable. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 365.
fluxation (fluk-sa'shon), «. [< flux + -ation.]
A flowing or passing away; flux.
They [the Siamese] believe a continual ;?u^o«ton and
transmigration of souls from eternity.
C. Leslie, Short Method with Deists.
flumo-terreitrial. Gill, Proc. Biol. Soc, 1885, II. 30.
flux (fluks), n. and a. [< ME. flux, a,\soflix (see fluxibility (fluk-si-bil'i-ti), n. [=Sj,.fluxim-
bilis, fluxible, < h.fluxus, -pp. of fluere, flow: see
fluent, flux.] Capable of imdergoing flux or
change ; specifically, fusible. [Obsolete in fig-
urative uses.]
But the evening deawes cause them (pearls] to be soft
and fluxible. Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 238.
Good Education and acquisit Wisdom ought to correct
the fluxible fault, if any such be, of our watry situation.
Milton, Free Commonwealth.
fluxibleness (fluk'si-bl-nes), n. Same as fluxi-
bility. [Rare.]
fluxilet (fluk'sU), a. [< LL. fluxilis, fluid, < L.
fluxus, Tp]>. ot fluere, fiow: see fluent, flux.] Same
as fluxible.
fluxilityt (fluk-sil'i-ti), n. [< fluxile + -ity.]
Same as fluxibility. "
Our experiments seem to teach that the supposed aver-
sion of nature to a vacuum is but accidental, or in conse-
quence partly of the weight and fluidity, or at least flux-
ility, of the bodies liere below. Boyle, Works, I. 76.
fluxing-bed (fluk'sing-bed), «. In the manu-
facture of soda, one of the two parts into which
the sole of the furnace is divided. It is lower
than the other part, and slightly concave.
fluxion (fluk'shon), n. [< F. fluxion = Sp. flu-
xion = Pg. fluxSo = It. flussione, < L. fluxio{n-),
var. ot fluctio{n-), a flowing, < fluere, pp. fluxus,
flow: see fluent, fluctuate.] 1. The act of flow-
ing; fluxation ; change.— 2. That which flows ;
that which changes ; a flux.
Some faine tliat these should be the cataracts of heauen,
which were all opened at Noe's flood. But I think them
rather to be such fluxions and eruptions as Aristotle, in
his booke de Mundo, saith to chance in the sea.
Hakluyt'e Voyages, II. li. 21.
And this is wrought the rather, by means of i\tose flux-
ions which rest upon waters, looking-glasses, or any such
mirrors by way of repercussion.
Hollartd, tr. of Plutarch, p. 694.
Specifically— (a) In med. : (1) An abnormal flow or deter-
mination of blood or other humor to any organ, as the
brain ; active hyperemia. (2) A catarrh, (b) The running
or reduction of metals to a fluid state; fusion. Craig,
(c) Something, as an indication, which constantly varies.
[Rare.]
Less to be counted than the fluxions of sun-dials.
De Quincey.
3. In math., the rate of change of a continuous-
ly varying quantity ; the differential coeflicient
relatively to the time, a fluxion is denoted by a dot
placed over the symbol of the fluent or variable. This
term and the method of fluxions (which see, below) were
invented by Sir Isaac Newton.
Fluxions themselves should be regarded as generally
finite, according to what seems to have been the ultimate
view of Newton. Sir W. R. Hamilton.
When a quantity changes from time to time, its rate of
change is called the fluxion ot the quantity.
W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. IB.
Corresponding fluxions, rates at which two connect-
ed (luantities may cliaiiKe tot-'etlier ; simultaneous differ-
entials—Fluent of a fluxion. See /lu«i!.— Inverse
method of fluxions, the method of treating proldems of
integration liy means of fluxions.— Method Of fluxions,
Newton's form of the calculus, hardly distinguishable
from the diffeiential calculus of Leilmitz. It makes use
of tlie conceptions of the doctrine of limits in place of fic-
titious infinitesimals of different orders. See calculus,
3, differential, and Ziniif.- Second fluxion, the rate of
change of the rate of change of a varialile quantity; the
second differential coefficient relatively to the time ; de-
noted by two dots over the symbol of the fiuent.
literally or fluxional (fluk'shon-al), a. [< fluxion + -al.]
1. Subject to flux'or change ; variable; incon-
stant. [Rare.]
The merely human, the temporary and fluxional.
Coleridge.
2. In math., pertaining to or solved by the
method of fluxions Fluxional or fluxlonary cal-
culus or analysis, the metliod of fluxions (which see,
under ;itraio)i).— Fluxional equation. See eijuatwn.
flUXionary (fluk'shon-a-n), a. [= F. fluxton-
naire; as fluxion + -ar'y.] Q&vae as fluxional.
The skill with which detention or conscious arrest is
given to the evanescent, external projection to what is in-
ternal, outline to what is fluxionary, and body to what is
vague — all this depends entirely on the command over
language, as the one sole means of embodying ideas.
De Quincey, Style, iv.
fluxionist (fluk'shon-ist), n. [< fluxion + -ist.]
One skilled in fluxions.
Whether an algebraist, ^ucKonts*, geometrician, or dem-
onstrator of any kind can expect indulgence for obscure
flix^), a flow, flood (of the tide, and in medical
senses), < OF. flux, F. flux = Sp. Pg. fluxo = It.
flusso, < L. fluxus, a flow, a flowing, < fluere,
pp. fluxus, flow: see fluent. Cf. flush^ (in
cards), a doublet otflm.] I. ». 1. The act of
dad = Pg. fluxibilidade = It. flussibilita, < ML.
fluxibilita(t-)s, < fluxibilis, fluxible: see fluxi
principles or incorrect reasonings.
Bp. Berkeley, Analyst, Query 43.
(fluk ' shqn - struk " tur),
fluxion-structure . h- ^ ^ ,
Same as -fluidal structure. Seefluidal.
ble.] The quality of being fluxible, or admit- fluxivet (fluk'siv), a. [< L. flttxus, pp. of fluere,
ting of flux or change ; specifically, the quality flow, + -ive.] Flowing; wanting substance or
of being fusible ; fusibility. solidity.
flnzive
These flettere] often bathed she in her Jlujcire eyes,
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 60.
There argnmeiits are as Jluiive as liquor spilt upon a
table. B, Jonson, Discoveries.
flux-spoon (fluks'spfin), ». A small ladle for
dipping up a sample of molten metal for test-
ing.
flnznre (fluk'sur), n. [< L. fluxitra, a flowing,
<. flujciis, pp. oi jiiiere, flow: see^«x.] 1. The
quality of being fluid. B. Jonson. — 2. A flowing
or fluid matter : as, a fluxure from a wound.
flnxweed (fluks'wed), n. A name given to va-
rious plants used as remedies for dysentery.
flyl (fli), V. ; pret. flew, pp. flown, ppr. flying.
[Early mod. E. also flie, flye ; < ME. flyen,fliett,
Jligen,fleyeH,flegen, fleen , fleon ,flon, fleogen, etc.
(pret. fleg, fleh, flteh, flah, flag, fley, fleiy, fleyghe,
fligh, flieiB, fluwe, etc., pi. flugen, flogen, flowen,
fluwen, fiow, etc.), fly, < AS. fteogan, fliogan
(pret. jiedg. fledh, pi. flugon, pp. flogen), fly,
rarely (by coufusiou with.^*d«) flee, = OFries.
fliaga, yFiies. flega = D. r^iejrf h = MLG. viegen,
LG. flegen = OHG. fliogan, MHG. vliegen, G.
fliegen = Icel. fljiiga = Norw. fljtiga = Sw. flyga
= D&n.flyve, fly, = Goth, 'ftiugun, inferred from
derived factitive flaugjan in comp. its-flaugjan,
drive about, lit. cause to fly about, as the wind
does light substances. The common Teut. root
is 'flug, the word being quite different f rom^cl ,
AS. fledn, etc., Goth, thliiihan, Teut. V "thluh,
with which, however, it has been partly con-
fused from the AS. period: see /eel. Hence
fly^, 11., fly"^, fledqe = flidge = flish, fluslfi =
fly^, aadflay^ = Hc. fley. fleg.l I. inlrans. 1.
To move through the air by the aid of wings,
as birds.
And feblest foule of ttyght is tiiAt /leeghtth or swymmeth;
And that is tile pelcok and the poheiine ; proude riche men
thei bitokneth. Piert Plowman (B), xii. 239.
Ye wish they had held themselves longer in, and not so
dangemusly Juncn abroad before the feathers of the cause
liad Iwen grown. Hooker, Ectles. Polity, Pref., vlii.
From that which highest ;(eiii to that which lowest crept.
Drayton, Polyolbioo, ii. 164.
Ravetis, crows, and kites
Fly o'er oar heads, and downward look on as.
Shak., J. C, v. 1.
2. To pass or move in air by the force of wind
or any other impulse : as, clouds fly before the
wind ; a hal\ flies from a cannon, an arrow from
a bow; the explosion made the gravel /ty.
As, forc'd from wind^gans, lead Itself can Jly,
And ponderoa* slugs cat swiftly through the iky.
Pope, Dunclad, L 181.
Quick /lew the shuttle from her arm of snow.
William Morrit, Earthly Paradise, I. 161.
Then the blue
Bullets jCew,
And the trooper-jackets redden at the touch of the leaden
Rltlebreath.
O. II. MeMatUr, Carmen Bellicosnm.
3. To rise, spring, shoot, or be cast in air, as
smoke, sparks, or other light objects.
His falchion on a dint he softly smlteth.
That from the cold stone sparks of fire doyfy.
Shak., Lucrece, L 177.
Their |martyn'| ashes flnt
— No marble tells us whither. Cowper, Task, T. 726.
4. To move or pass with swiftness or alacrity;
go rapidly or at full speed ; rush ; dart : as, to
fly to the relief of a distressed friend; the ship
flieg before the wind ; recrimination8,^eui about.
The Sarazln. sore daunted with the bulfe,
Snatcheth his sword, and fiercely to hira IfiVs.
Spenter, V. ft., I. 11. 17.
Madam, if yon bid me go, I will ran : If yon bid me run,
111 Jly (If I can) upon your errand. Umnell, Letters, II. 66.
Only this I know, that Calms are very fre(|uent there
(near the linej, as also Tornadoes and sudden Ousts, In
which the Winds /ly In a moment quite round the Com-
pass. Dampier, Voyages, II. ill. 26.
Fool ! knave ! and donee !
Flew hack and forth, like strokes of pencil
In a child's lingers. Lotcell, Oriental Apologue.
6. To depart suddenly or swiftly ; take flight ;
escape J nee: as, the rogue h»8 JUmm; his for-
tune will soon fly.
Mark \ixUmy Is In your tents, my lord I
Fly therefore, noble Caaslus, Jly far oil.
Shak., J. C, V. S.
Wouldst thou then be free from envy and scorn, from
anger and strife, /ty from the occasions of them.
Bp. Atttrbury, Sermons, L x.
Where, my deluded sense, was reason /loiro/
Where the high majesty of David's throne?
Prior, Bolomon, II.
Heaven's light forever shines, earth's shadows /y.
Shettey, AdonaU, 111.
6. To part suddenly or with violence ; burst or
be rent into fragments or shreds : as, the bottle
flew into a thousand pieces ; the sail flew in tat-
ters.
2293
The spllnter'd spear-shafts crack and /iy.
Tennymn, Sir Galahad.
"O bubble world,
Whose colours in a moment break and Jly !"
Why, who said that ? I know not — true enough !
Tennyson, Queen Mary, v. 2.
Overheated steel is apt to fly or crack in hardening.
Morgan, Mining Tools, p. 55.
7. To flutter; wave or play, as a flag in the
wind.
High In the air Britannia's standard Jliex.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 110.
Soon as soft vernal breezes warm the sky,
Britannia's colours in the zephyrs yli/.
Addition, The Campaign.
White &&ils flying on the yellow sea.
Tennyson, Geraint.
8. To be evanescent; fade; disappear: said
of colors : as, that color is sure to fly when the
fabric is washed. [CoUoq.] — 9. To hunt with
a falcon ; hawk.
We'll e'en to 't like French falconers, jf>/ at anything we
see. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
A flying moor (luiiit.). See nwort.—Aa the crow flies.
.See (■«<«••-'.— rijrlng adder. Same asai/<;erX«-— Flying
blister, bridge, buttress, dustman, Dutchman, etc.
See the nouns. — Flying column, in her., a heariu)^ repre-
senting a short column or pillar with wings.— Fljdng jib,
sap, etc. See the noun.*.— To come Off with flying col-
ors, to succeed or triumph : in allusioit to the carrying of
unfurled Hags by troops. — To fly aboutCnaHt.), to change
direction frequently: said of the wind. — TO fly aroimd.
See to fly round. — TO fly at, to spring or rush at with
hostile intention : as, a hen flies at a dog or a cat ; a dog
flies at a man.— To fly at the brookt, to hunt water-fowl
with hawks.
Believe me, lords, for flyinii at the trrook,
1 saw not Ijetter sport these seven years' day.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1.
To fly In the face of. (a) To insult. (6) To resist ; set at
defiance ; oppose with violence ; act in direct oppoeitlon to.
Fly in nature's /ac«.
But how If nature /!/ tn n)y/ac« first?
Then nature's the aggressor.
Dryden, Spanish Friar.
Their (men's) Consciences itiWfly in their faces, and re-
buke them sharply for their sins.
Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. 11.
To fly light, to sail, as a ship, with but little cargo or bal-
last.—To fly off. (a) To depart suddenly; run away.
Tls a poor courage
Flies of lor one repulse.
FUleher, WUdgoose Chase, Iv. 1.
(6t) To revolt (e) To evaporate or volatilize.
The metallic oxide Is combined with a volatile acid, like
the acetic, which flies of and leaves it insoluble in tlie
fibre. USeUl, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 861.
To fly Off the handle, to go lieyond bounds In speech or
action; be carried away by excitement or passion; break
oat or away from constraint of any kind : from the flying
off the handle of a hmse hammer-head when a blow Is
struck with It. (Colloq. , V. H. )
When I used to tell minister this, as he was flying of
the handle, he'd say, Sam, you're as correct as Euclid, but
as cold and dry.
Haliburtm (Sam SllckX Human Nature, p. 14».
To fly on (theat.), to move on side-scenes quickly In
changing a scene In sight of the audience. — To fly open,
to open suddenly or freely : as, the doors flew open.
No door bat flies open to her, her presence Is above a
charm. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, II. 1.
To fly out. (a) To rush or dart out. (6) To break out In
anger, uproar, or license.
They [the apostles] never yly out into any extravagant
passion, never betray any weakness or fear.
StUlingfleet, Sermons, I. Ix.
.So you will fly mU I Can't you be cool like nie ? What
the devil good can passion do? Sheridan, I'he Rivals, II. 1.
To fly round or around, to Ije active or bustling ; move
briskly. (Colloq., U. S.l
Come, gala, fly round, and let's get Mrs. Clavers some
sapper. A New Home, p. IS.
Lawyer Dean be flew round like a parched pea on a
shovel. H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 44.
To fly upon, (a) To pounce upon ; seize.
And the people yiew upon the spoil. 1 Sam. xlv. 32.
(6) To assail; abuse.
David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute
our master; and be railed on them (margin, flew upon
them). 1 Sam. xxv. 14.
To let fly. (a) Absolntely, to make an attack or assault ;
with an ob]ect, to discharge ; throw, drive, or otter with
violence : »M,U>letflyt stone ; he let fly a torrent of abuse.
Whose arrows made these wounds? speak, or, by Dian,
Without distinction I'U 2e( flyjA ye all !
FleUher, Sea Voyage, II. 2.
They, therefore, In angry manner, Ift fly at them again,
counting them as bad as the men in the cage.
Itunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 156.
(6) Snut., in let go suddenly ; as, let fly the sheets.- To
make the feathers (or far)Sy, to make an elfective as-
sault or attack ; produce great confusion, <listnr)>unce. or
damage by a vigorous onslaught, as with tongue or pen.
or by physical force : in allusion to the flying of a bird's
feathers or of an animal's fur when struck by shot.
n. trant. 1. To cause to move through or
float in the air : as, to fly carrier-pigeons ; to
fly a flag or a kite.
fly
lie make a match with you ; meete me to morrow
At Chevy -Chase ; We jlye my Hawke with yours.
T. Heyxvood, Woman Killed with Kindness.
2t. To attack by the flight of a falcon or hawk;
fly at.
If a man can tame this monster, and bring her to feed
at the hand, and govern her, and with her jiy other ra-
vening fowl and kill them, it is somewhat worth.
Bacon, Fragment of an Essay on Fame (ed. 1887).
Fly everything you see to the mark, and censure it
freely, B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, Ind.
The Parliament flying upon several Men, and then let-
ting them alone, does as a Hawk that Jlyes a Covey of
Partridges. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 80.
3. To flee from; shun; avoid as by flight; get
away from: as, to Jly the sight of one we hate.
This is not well, rash and unbridled boy,
To Jiy the favours of so good a king.
Shak., All's Well, iil. 2.
Costly Apparel let the Fair One fly.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
To fly out of the hood, in falconry, to unhood and slip
when the quarry is in sight.
Falcons or long-winged hawks are either /ow-n out of the
hood, . . . orthey are made to Walton till game is flushed.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 9.
To fly the kite, to obtain money on notes or accommoda-
tion bills : in allusion to keeping such paper flying about as
children do a kite. [Commercial slang.] — To fly the red
flag, to spout blood, as a whale.
flyl (fli), ?i.; pi. flies (fliz). [In def. 1, < ME.
flifCy < AS. flyge^ flight, < fledgan (pp. flogen),
fly; in other senses from the modern verb:
see fly'^f r.] 1. The act of flying, or passing
through the air; flight. [Obsolete or rare.]
The Egle is frlkest fowle in Jlye,
Ouer all fowles to wawe hys wenge.
Holy Hood (ed. Morris), p. 221.
'Twas an easy Jly ; the chariot [a car borne by owls] soon
descended upon the crest of a hill.
Disraeli, Imperial Marriage, iii. 3.
2. A state of flying: in the phrase on the fly
(which see, below). — 3. Something having a
rapid or flying motion, or some relation to such
motion, (a) In meek. : (1) An arrangement of vanes on
a revolving axis to regulate the motion of clockwork by
the impact of the vanes against the air; a fanner: now
chiefly used in musical boxes and the striking parts of
clock -machinery. (2) Some contrivance for regulating
the motion of machinery, as a fly-wheel, or cross-arms
loaded at tlie ends with heavy weights, and placed at right
angles to the axis of a windlass, jack, or the like. See
Jty-wkeel. Also called jf?/-/7ortfmor. {byinprintiny, a con-
trivance for receiving and delivering separately printed
flheeta as they are printed on a press. The common form
is an open framework of rods of wood, swinging in a
quarter-circle on a rocking shaft, at the tail of a print-
ing-press. Also called JHer. (c) In weainnff, a shuttle with
wheels driven through the shed by a blow or jerk, (d) In
knitting-machines, a piece for holding the needle in posi-
tion while passing through a new loop. Also called a latch,
(e) In a spinning-frame, one of the arms that revolve round
the bobbin and twist the yarn as it ia wound tipon it. See
Jlier, 4 (t), CO That part of a vane which points and shows
which way Uie wind blows, (p) In base-ball and cricket, a
ball knocked or thrown high in the air. (h) (1) The extent
of an ensign, flafr, or i>endant from the sta^ to the waving
end, or, in a banner hanging from a cross-yard, the length
vertieally from the yard downward, (2) The outer or loose
flying end in general, as distinguished from the part near
the mast or yard.
Tlie part of a flag furthest from the point of suspension
is called the Jly. Encyc. Brit., IX. 278.
4. pi. In a theater, the large space above the pro-
scenium, extending over the whole of the stage,
and yicluding the borders, border-lights, manv
ropes, cleats, and ptilleys, the beams to which
these are attached, and the fly-galleries on either
side from which the borders and drop-scenes
are handled. — 5. A piece of canvas drawn over
the ridge-pole of a tent, dotibling the thickness
of the roof, but not in contact with it except
at the ridge-pole. — 6. The flap or door of a
tent.
Two or three Indians approached, peered through the
Jly, and then came In, The Century, XXV. 195,
7. A strip of material sewed to a garment, but
differing from a flounce in being drawn straight
without gathering, and usually serving some
purpose other than mere ornament. Thns, in
sotne coats the buttonholes are inserted in a fly, so that
the buttons do not show when the cont is buttoned ; some-
times the fly is sewed on Ixtneath the buttonholes.
8. In cotton-spinning f waste cotton, — 9. The
hinged board which covers the keys of a piano
or an organ when not in use Fly of the mariners'
compasst, the compass-card.— On the fly, during flight ;
while still in the air ; l)efore reaching the ground : as, to
«h')ot a bird on the Jly ; to catch a ball on the Jly.
fly2 (fli), ??. ; jpl., except in sense 6, flies (fliz).
[Eariy mod. E. also /t'Cjjfy^; < ME. flye, flic, flee,
flcjfleyjflei, flege, fleoge, etc^ < AS. fleoge, a fly
(Ij. musca)y = D. vlieg = MLG. vlege, LG. flege =
OHG. flioga, MUG.' vliege^ Gt.fli'ege, also (with
umlaut) OHG. flinga, MHG. fliitge, Or. flcngc =
(with short vowel) Icel. fluga = Sw. fluga ==
Ddkn.fluey a fly; < fledgan, K fly'^: aeefly"^, v.]
fly
1. In popular language, a flying insect of any
common Tkiud.
Thou wille be flayeile for a fliie that one [on] tliy flesche
Ijghttes : tlorte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. '2441.
There came a grievous swarm of Jlws into the liouse of
Pharaoh . . . and into nil tlie land of Egypt. Ex. viii. 24.
2. In entom., a two-winged insect; any one of
the order Diptera, and especially of the family
Mtiscidce: commonly used with a qualifying or
specific term: as, the honae-Jiy, Musca' ilomes-
tica. See the compounded words.
AsflUi to wanton hoys ai"e we to tlie gods;
They Itill us for their si)ort. Shale., Lear, iv. 1.
3. A fish-hook dressed with silk, tinsel, feathers,
or other material, so as to resemble a fly or other
insect, and used by anglers to entice fish.
Is it not an art to deceive a Tront with an artificial Flyf
I, Walton, Complete Angler, p. 36.
Kor is it yet settled that by imitating tlie natural insect
you gain any advantage ; onedialf the most skillful flsli-
ermen assert that the fly . . . need resemble nothing on
earth or in the waters under the earth.
R. B. Roosevelt, Game Fish, p. 265.
4t. A familiar spirit: apparently a cant term
with those who pretended to deal in magic and
similar impostures.
Brought me th' intelligence in a paper here, . . .
1 have my fly s abroad.
B. Joiison, Alchemist, iii. 2.
Even the shape of a fly was a favourite one with evil
spirits, so much so, that the term fly was a popular syno-
uym for a familiar. Thistleton Dyer, Folii-Lore, p. 54.
5. Figuratively, an insignificant thing ; a thing
of no value.
The ground and foundation of faith without which had
ready l>efore, al the spiritual cumfort that any man may
speake of, can neuer auaile a flie.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 7.
6. P\.flys{iiz). [Usually referred directly to
the verhfli/^, and defined as "a light carriage
formed for rapid motion " ; but this is not borne
out by the first use of the name (see first extract ).
The name seems to have been a fanciful appli-
cation offly^, an insect.] A kind of quick-run-
ning carriage ; a light vehicle for passengers-; a
hackney-coach.
A nouvelle kind of four-wheeled vehicles drawn by a
man and an assistant; . . . they are denominated Xv«,
a name first given by a gentleman at the Pavilion [at
Brighton, England] upon their flrst introduction in 1816.
Wright's Bnghton Ambulator, 1818. (Davies.)
When the poor, old, broken-down fly drove up, and tlie
portmanteaus were taken down, . . . the two timid young
people stepped out of the mouldy old carriage.
Mrs. Otiphant, Poor Gentleman, xviii.
Bema fly, a species of Trypeta (which see).— Black fly,
any one of the species of the genus Simulium, some of
which are extraordinarily abundant in the northern woods
of America, and cause great sutfering by their bites. —
Camel-necked flies. See camel-necked.— East India
fly, a specie-s of vesicatory fly, nuich larger than the com-
mon cantliaris. — 6olden-eyed fly, any tabanid of the ge-
nus Chrygopx (which see).— Green-headed fljr, Tabanus
lineola. — Hessian fly, a destructive insect, (fecidomyia
destructor, supposed to have been introduced during the
revolutionary war by the Hessian troops, and now the most
serious enemy of wheat in America. This fly is a small
dusky midge, and its larva is a yellowish or reddish mag-
Hessian V\y [Cecidomyia cUatructer'i,
a, larva; b, pupa; c, infested stalk of wheat.
got. There are two broods aniuially, the flrst laying eggs
in .^pril or May, the second in September. The remedies
are late sowing, or sometimes sowing a small patch early
to serve as a trap, pasturing with sheep in November, and
sowing hardy varieties, such as the Underbill Mediterra-
nean wheat, especially the Lancaster variety. — Onion-fly,
Anthomyia cepa}-um, the larva of which is known as the
onion'-manffot. ^ee Antkomyia. — Orange-belted fiy,Ta-
banus cinclus. Snelled fly, in angling, a fly fitted on
a snell. — Spanish fly, the blistering fly. See Cantharis.
— Tall -fly, i n « nffling, the fly at the end of the leader. See
fly-line^.— To cast the fly. See casti.— To rise to the
fly, to be attracted i>y an artificial fly when it is offered
as a lure : said of some fishes, in contradi.stinction to
others which take sunken bait only.— To tie a fly, to dress
a hook so that it shall lesenible a fly.— White fly. (a) The
common name of Bibio albipennis al>out the great lakes
of the United States. ((*) An ephemerid; a shad-fly. May-
fly, or day-fly. (Local, U. S.] (Hee a]so catjbage-fly, .forest-
fly. hand-fly, radish-fly, robber-fly, Kaw-fly, stretcher-fly, etc.)
fly2 (fli), V. ; pret. and pp. flied, ppr. .flying. [<
Jly^, n., 6.] I, trans. To convey in a fly.
2294
Tuesday, Poole flied us all the way to Sir T. .ickhind's
Soniei-setshire seat. Southey, Letters, IH. 478.
II. in traits. To travel by a fly. Davies.
We then flied to Stogursey just to see the Church.
Southey, Letters, III. 478.
fly3 (fli), a. [Early mod. E. also flee; another
form of fledge, flidge, flislt, fliishS, etc., through
dial, flig, < ME.fliggc,flygge, able to fly, fledged
(hence able to shift for oneself, knowing) ;
ult. < fly^, r.i see fledge and fltisli^.^ Know-
ing ; wide-awake ; quick to take one's meaning
or intention : as, a, fly young man. [Slang.]
"Do what I want, and I will pay you well." ... "I
am fly," says Jo. Dickens, Bleak liouse, xvi.
" I want to tell you that " . . . "Shut up ! *' replied
the police official, " you are too fly. I've had luuidreds of
ciises like yours." Philadelphia Times, Aug. 16, 1883,
fly* (fli), n. See vly.
fly-agaric (fli'a-gar"ik), n. A species of mush-
room, Agaricus mnscarius, found in woods, and
having a bright-red pileus studded with pale
warts, while the stipe and gills are ivory-white.
The juice is a strong narcotic, and poisonous if taken
to excess. It is employed in some countries, mixed with
the juice of cranberries, to produce intoxication, and an
infusion of the plant is largely employed as a poison for
flies, whence the name. Also called flybane.
flyaway (fli'a-wa"), a. [< fly away, phr.]
Flighty; restless; fluttering: as, a flyaway
young woman; a flyaway costume. [CoUoq.]
flyaway-grass (fli'a-wa-gras), n. The Agros-
tis scabra, a common grass of North America,
with a very loose, light panicle, which breaks
off at maturity, and is driven to great distance^
before the wind. Also called hair-grass.
fly-bait (fli'bat), n. A natural fly used as bait,
or an artificial fly serving as a lure.
flybane (fli'ban), n. Same as fly-agaric.
fly-bitten (fli'bif'n), a. Marked by the bites of
insects.
fly-blister (fli'blis''t6r), n. A plaster made of
Ciintliarides.
fly-block (fli'blok), n. Naut. See Uocl<^.
flyblow (fli'blo), «. ; pp. flyblown, ppr. flyblow-
ing. [< fly'^, n., + blow^ ; first in the p. a. fly-
blown.^ I. trans. 1. To make flyblown; taiiit
with or as if with flyblows : chiefly in figurative
uses.
Can claw his subtle elbow, or with a buz
Fly-blow his ears. B. Jonson, Sejanus, v. 10.
I am unwilling to believe that he designs to play tricks,
and to flyblow my words, to make others distaste them.
Stillingfleet.
II. intrans. To deposit eggs on meat or the
like, as a fly.
So morning insects, that in muck begun.
Shine, buz, and flyblow in the setting sun.
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 27.
flyblow (fli'blo), 11. [< flyblow, v.'] The egg of a
fly, the presence of which in numbers on meat,
etc., makes it tainted and maggoty.
flyblown (fli'blon), j[>. a. \<fltfi, «., + blowiii,
pp. of blow^. Hence flyblow.'} Tainted with
flyblows; hence, spoiled; impure.
Him, that thon magniflest with all these titles.
Stinking and fly-blown, lies here at our feet.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
Such a light as putrefaction breeds
In fly-blotvn flesh, whereon the maggot feeds.
Cowper, Conversation, I. 676.
fly-board (fli'bord), n. In printing, the board
on which the printed sheets are laid by the fly.
flyboat (fli'bot), «. [Early mod. E. also flie-
boat, flibote; cf. F. flibote = Sp. flibote, fili-
bote, G. flieboot, < D. vlieboot, flyboat. The E.
term, like the others, is usually derived from
the I)., but the D. term does not appear in
Kilian (1598), and the formation, which should
rather be 'vliegboot, is unusual ; the D. may be
from the E. The E. word, appar. referring to
the swiftness of the boat, < flyl, v., + boat, may
be an aecom. of leel. fley, a kind of swift ship
(only in poetry, but the comp. fley-slip, ' fly-
ship,' opposed to langsJcip, 'long ship,' also in
prose; a form * fleyba.tr = flyboat does not oc-
cur). For the supposed connection with Uli-
huster, see that word.] 1. A large flat-bot-
tomed Dutch vessel with a high stem, of a kind
chiefly employed in the coasting-trade, having
a burden of from 400 to 600 tons.
One of the Flemings flieboats . . . chanced ... to be
flred and blowen vp by his owne powder.
Uakluyt's Voyages, I. 612.
2. A light, swift sail-boat.
Here's such a companic of flibotes, hulling about this
galleasse of greatncsse, that there's no boarding him.
Marstun, Antonio and Mellida, I., v. 1.
3. A long, narrow, flat-bottomed boat used for
the transportation in canals and rivers of goods
Fly-book.
fly-drill
requiring to be carefully packed and kept dry.
Also called swift-boat. [Great Britain.]
fly-book (fli'biik), n. A ease in the form of a
book in which
to keep fishing-
flies. Ithasleaves
of Bristol-board or
other stiff materi-
al. At the ends of
the leaf are small
hooks or loops to
which the fish-
hooks are attaclied
so that the flies
may be carried
without bendiug
the gut.
fly-boy (fli'boi),
n. In printing,
a boy who
seizes printed
sheets as they
come from the press, and lays them in order,
fly-brush (fli'bmsh), «. A long-handled brush
used for driving away flies. It is often made
of peacocks' feathers.
They both had fallen asleep side by side on the grass,
and the abandoned fly-brush lay full across his face.
The Century, XXXV. 946.
fly-bug (fli ' bug), 11. A winged bug or heterop-
terous insect, Ilednvius personatus, of the fam-
ily Bcduviida; which preys upon the bedbug.
fly-cap (fli'kap), II. A cap or head-dress for-
merly worn by elderly women, formed like two
crescents conjoined, and, by means of wire,
made to stand out from the cushion on which
the hair was dressed. Its name seems to come
from the resemblance of its sides to wings.
fly-case (fli'kas), n. The case or covering of
an insect; specifically, the anterior wings of
beetles, so hardened as to cover the whole up-
per part of the body, concealing the second pair
of wings ; the elytra. See cut under Coleoptera.
fly-caster (fli'kas"ter), n. An angler who casts
flies, or uses a fly-rod ; a fly-fisher.
fly-casting (fli'kas'''ting), It. and a. I. n. The
act or art of easting the fly in angling.
II. a. Casting the fly, as in angling; pertain-
ing to fly-fishing in general: as, a fly-casting
tournament.
flycatcher (fli'kach"6r), n. 1 . One who or that
which catches or entraps flies or other winged
insects. — 2. Specifically, a bird which habitu-
ally pursues and captures insects on the wing.
(a) Any species of the old-woi-ld family Muscicapidae, a
large group of oscine passerine birds having a flattened
Pied Flycatcher tMuscicapa africapitla
bill garnished with rictal Ijristles. The species and genera
are very numerous, and the limits of the family are not
fixed. Among the Ijest-known species are the spotted fly-
catcher, Muscicapa grisola, and the pied flycatcher, M.
atricapilla. {b) Any species of the American family Ty-
rannidae, a group of non-oscine pa.sserine birds peculiar
to America ; a tyrant or tyrant-flycatcher, of which there
are many genera and several hundred species. See, for
example, Contojm.f, Empidonax. (c) Home bird of nuisci-
capine or tyrannine alfinities or of fly-catching habits, like
or likened to either of the foregoing, as, for example, a
fly-catching warbler of the family Muiotiltidfe. The word
was originally used with great hitituile.— Derblan fly-
catcher. See Derdfan.- Fork-tailed flycatcher, see
.fork-tailed.
fly-catching (fli'kaoh"ing), a. Catching flies;
habitually pursuing flies upon the wing; hav-
ing the characters of a flycatcher.
fly-clip (fli'klip), n. One of the
leaves of a fly-book. See^^-
booli.
fly-dressing (fli'dres"ing), n.
The act or art of manufactur-
ing artificial flies and of mount-
ing them on hooks for use in
angling.
fly-drill (fll'dril), n. A drill to
which a steady momentum is
imparted by means of a fly-
wheel ha\nng a reciprocating motion like that
of the balance-wheel of a watch.
Fly-driU.
fly-dung
fly-dung (fli'dung), V. t. lu dyeing, to pass
through a bath of strong cow-dung, or, as is
now usual, of a solution of silicate of soda, of
the double phosphate of soda and lime, or of
arsenite or arseniate of soda, in order to get
rid of the tiies or spots due to irregular dyeing :
said of goods dyed with madder.
fly-dunging (fli'duug'iug), ». In dyeing, the
tii-st of the two passages of a fabric through
the dunging solution, the second passage being
known as the second dunging. See fly-dung.
The dunging process is always performed twice ; the
first time in a cistern with rollers ; and the second, in a
beck similar to a dye-lieck, washing well between. The
first is called rfw-d«»yt«'7; the other, second dunging.
Wre, Diet., I. 627.
flyer, ». See flier.
fly-finisher (fli'fin'ish-fer), n. In pianoforte-
making, one who fits up and places in position
the movable parts of a piano.
fly-finislling (fii'iin'ish-ing), n. In jnanoforte-
makiiiy, the act of fitting and placing in posi-
tion the movable parts of a piano.
fly-fish (fli'fish), n. A scorpsenoid fish, Seha-
stichthys riiodocliloris, with moderate scales,
smooth cranial ridges, and pale blotches on the
sides, surrounded by green shades. It is about
a foot long, and is found in deep water off the
coast of California.
fly-fisher (lli'fish'6r), n. One who angles with
flies as lures.
A sly allusion to the colossal catches reported by iraa*
ginativc/i/yi«A<r». TAe Cri/ic, April 3, 1886.
fly-fishing (fli'flsh-'ing), n. The art or prac-
tice of angling for fish with a rod and natural
or artificial flies as lures.
Fly-JUhinff, or fishing at the top, Is, as I said before, of
two sorti, with a natural and living fly, or with an arti-
ficial and maile fly. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 241.
fly-flap (fli'flap), n. 1. Something with which
to drive away flies ; a fly-flapper.
\fiie-fiau^ wherewith to chase them away from blowing
of meate, flabellum. WWutU, Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 207.
2. A kind of somersault. See the extract.
There was also the feat of turning round with great ra-
pidity, alternately bearing upon the hands and feet, de-
nominated the jly-Jiap,
SIrutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 317.
fly-flapper (fli'flap'fer), ». 1. One who drives
away tfics by means of a fly-flap. — 2. A fly -flap.
— 3. Olio who turns fly-fliaps.
fly-frame (fli'fram), H. 1. In /(HnHnj/, the longer
rods on three sides of the fly of a printing-
press, which give the smaller rods proper
strength and stiffness. — 2. In plate-glass
manuf., a machine for grinding smooth any
roughnesses upon the surface of the plates. It
consuta of two beits of atone or cast-iron placed a short
dlltanoe apart, with a pivoted frame with two arms ae-
cared between them, and oscillating on Its pivot. The
arms carry heavy rubbing-plates, each being secured to
Its arm by a pin traveling in a slot in the arm. When the
machine Is set In motion, sand and water are applied be-
tween the nihbing-plates and the plates of glass, which
are seciirt-il ti|H,n thelH-ds liy plaster of Paris, and a vigor-
ous grindiu',; action is itHlucud upon the surface of the
frias''. — Bobbin and fly -{Tame. See bobbin.
fly-fringe (fli'friuj), n. A trimming for wo-
niiMi's dresses worn toward the closo of the
eighteenth century, it was made of floss-silk, the
spreading and projecting tassels of which were supposed
to re'M^mble flies.
fly-gallery(fli'gal'e-ri), n. One of several gal-
leries on either siile of the flies of a theater,
varying in iminber according to the size of the
house. The drop-scenes and borders are worked
from the fly -galleries.
The "fly-men" who work the drops and borders are at
the ropes in the ftnt Jty-yaUery. Scrihner't Matj., IV. 444.
fly-governor (fli'guv'6r-nor), n. Same asfly'^,
;i(rt).
fly-honeysnckle (fli'hun'i-snk-l), n. In hot.:
(«) A plinit, LoniC4;ra Xylostcum. (&) A name
(riven to a species of HuUerin.
fly-hook (fli'hdk), n. A fish-hook to which is
attuchf'd an artificial fly as a lure.
flying (fli'ing), H. [< ME. flyinge, flyghynge,
etc. ; verbal n. otfly^, t'.] 1. The act of mov-
ing through the air on wings ; flight.
S4>mc I fowU ; are of ill Jiji'ibtnyre for heuynes of body and
for thalre ueste es noghte ferre fra the erthe.
Ilamimle. Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S,), p. 8.
2. pi. Loose or floating waste of any kind.
It [the dynajno-machlne] should not lie exiHised to dust
or rtffinffi. Oreer, Diet of Elect., p. 87.
flying (fli'ing), p. o. Swift ; equipped for swift
mot lou : as, tiflmng party. - Flying army, a strong
lKj«ly of cavalry aniltnfantry, wliich is alwayj* in motion tfj
cover its own garris^ms or ^> ki-t-p ttie enemy in continual
alarm, fa rrxir. — Flying artillery, camp, coltunn,
etc. See the nouns.
2295
flying-cat (fli'ing-kat), H. 1. Same as flying-
Icm lo: — 2. The taguan or flying-squirrel, a spe-
cies of the rodent genu* Pteromys. [Bare.]
flying-dragon (fli'ing-drag"on), Ji. See drag-
on, '1.
flying-feather (fli'ing-feTH'er), n. Same as
fliyht-featlur (which sec, under /eatfiej')-
flying-fish (fli'ing-fish), )(. .Ajiy fish which can
sustain itself or make a flight through the air
by means of enlarged and wing-like pectoral
fins. Specifically —(a) A syncntognathous fish of the fam-
ily Exwuxtidoe and subfamily Exoccetina;, especially of the
%invts Exoaxtun. (See these words.) Nine species of this
California Flying-iish {Exoctttus californiensis').
genus, and of the related genera Halocypnehis and Parexo-
ccetus, have been taken otf the Atl.antic coast of North
America. There is also a large C'alifomian species, E.
caii/orniengii, some 16 or 17 inches long, whicll has been
observed to take very long flights. See the extract.
The fiying-fiiheg proper, forming the subfamily of Exo-
coetlnes, are distinguished [from other exocujtidsl by the
development of the pectorals, which are elongated and
capable of considerable horizontal extension, so that the
flsh is buoyed up in the air, which it reaches by vigorous
movements of its stout tail and caudal fin. . . . The spe-
cies of the family are pelagic, and representatives are found
in almost all the tropical and warm sejis. They associate
together in scho^jls of considerable size. The aerial flight
is not strictly entitled to the name, for the i>ectoral fins
are not used in active progression, but are simply employed
as parachutes. . . . The tins are . . . more or less vibrated,
but it is i-ather by an opposition to the air than by the voli-
tion of the animal. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 175.
(6) The flying-gurnard, flying-robin, or bat fish, an acan-
thopterygian llsh of the genus C<^phalacanthus or Vacty-
loptenu, having enlarged pectoral fins divided into tM'o
parts, and also able to take short flights in the air. They
are pelagic like the others, and go in schools In warm seas.
though the best-known sjiecies, C or D. rotitaru, reaches
a high latitude. Some are from 12 to 18 inches in length,
and in general they resemble the gurnards {Triijlidce),
hut differ In many anatomical details. See cut under
Daetjttoftterut.
flying-fox (fli'ing-foks), n. A large frugivorous
bat; any bat of the family Pteropodidce, and
especially of the genus Pteropus, as the well-
fly-line
flying-gecko (fli'iug-gek 6), n. A kind of gecko
lizard, I'tijelio-oiin hotiudocephalum, which has
large wing-like expansions of skin on the head,
trunk, tail, and limbs, acting as a parachute to
sustain the animal during flying leaps.
flying-gurnard (fli'ing-ger"nard), »i. A flying-
fish of the family Cephalacanthidoe or Dactylop-
teyida: Also called flying-robin. Seeflying-flsh
(h), and cut under Dactylopterus.
flying-hook (fli'ing-huk), n. The upper or third
hook on the line used by fishermen in catching
whiting and other small fish. [South Carolina,
V. S.]
flying-lemur (fli'ing-le"mer), n. A mammal of
the order /«6cc<ii-or« and family Galeopithecida:.
It is provided with an extension of the skin like a parachute,
bymeans of which it maUes flying leaps from tree to tree.
Its resemblance to n lemur is sucli that it was formerly
referred to the oi-der Primates. It lias, however, no spe-
cial afiinities with the lemurs. Galeopithecus votans is a
common species of Borneo, Sumatra, Malacca, etc. Also
called jitiiti'j-t^at. See cut under Galeopithecus.
flying-lizard (fli'ing-liz aid), «. Any lizard of
the genus Draco, as D. iolans.
flying-machine (fli'ing-ma-shen"), n. 1. A
mechanism designed to enable its user to fly
or float through the air, or to carry one or more
persons through the air by the use of steam,
electricity, or other motive power. Recent experi-
ments with flying-machines have thrown much lij,'ht on
the theory of aeronautics, but have not attained satis-
factory practical result?.
2. A machine designed to float in and propel
itself through the air.
flying-marmot (fli'ing-mar'mot), JI. A taguan
or large flying-squirrel of the genus Pteromys.
Goodrich.
flying-phalanger (fli'ing-fa-lan"jer), «. A gen-
eral popular name of the petaurists or flying
marsupial animals of the family Phalangistidw.
They have a parachute-like fold of skin along the sides by
which they are enabled to take flying leaps through the
air. There are several species and genera, differing mui^h
in size and general appearance, some being no larger than
a mouse. Also called acrobat and ;fytnr/-s^trref. See cut
under Acrohatei.
flying-robin (fli'ing-rob'in), n. The flying-
gurnard.
flying-shot (fli'ing-shot), n. 1. A shot fired at
an object in motion, as a horseman, or a ship
under sail. etc. — 2. A marksman who fires at
an object in motion. Farroiv.
flying-S^uid (tti'ing-skwid), n. A sagittated
calamary or sea-arrow ; a cephalopod or squid
of the genus Ommastrephcs : so called from
having two large lateral fins, which enable it
to leap .so high out of water that it sometimes
falls on the deck of a sliip.
fl3ring-SClUirrel (fli'iug-skwur''el), n. A squir-
rel or s(juirrel-like animal having a fold of
skin like a parachute along each side of the
body, by means of which it is enabled to make
long flying leaps through the air. specifically —
(a) A 8<iuirrel proper, a rodent mammal of the family
Sciuridcn, of the alxive character. The smaller species,
of whicll several inhabit North America and Europe, be-
Flyinjt-fox ^Plcrcpus medius^.
known P. rubrieoUis : so called from the fox-like
shape of the head. There are many species,
constituting collectively one of the prime divi-
sions of the order Chiroptera.
The tenu are all gone, but In their place the /j/ing-
foxei flap heavily along the water.
P. BMnson, Under the Snn, p. 88.
flying-frog (fli'ing-frog), n. A batrachian of
Borneo, of the genua ^acophonu and family
a^j/^'
arttt marmffratuj).
Ranida:, having enormously long webbed toes,
enabling it to sustain a kind of flight.
American Flying-squifrel {Sciumptfrus votucttta).
long to the genus Sciuroplerm. Such arc S. volucella,
the common fiying-sfiuilTel of North America, 6 or 7
Inches long without the tail, with large black eyes and
extremely soft fur, and the similar old-world S. volant.
The taguans or larger flying-wjuirrels are all of the old
world, and belong to the genus PIfrovnftt ; they are some-
times called ftyingmarmots and /lying-cats. (6) Same a»
fiyUi'j phalanijer.
flying-torch (fli'ing-toreh), n. Milit., a torch
attncheil to a long staff for use in night signal-
ing. Farrow.
flying-watchman (fli'ing-woch'man), n. The
dor-beetle or dumbledor, Geotrypes stercora-
riiis. [Local, Eng.^
fly-leaf (fli'lef), «. A blank leaf at the begin-
ning or end of a book ; the blank leaf of a folded
circular, program, or the like.
fly-llnel (fli'Un), ». [< .%l -I- linc^.l The route
habitually taken by a bird in its regular migra-
tiou.
fly-line
Oue of the Jly4i)us of this species [the American bittern]
crosses the Bermuda Islands.
n. Seebolim, British Birds, II. 606.
fly.line2 (fli'lin), «. [< fly^ + H?ie2.] a line
used for angliug with an artificial fly. it is
usually a loni; line of silli or linen terminating in a length
of silkworm gut, calletl a leader, at the extremity of which
is the tail-rlit. Other flies, called droppers, are attached
to the leatieV by snells or snoods.
Thirty yards of waterproofed and polished fl>i-Kne of
braided silk. The Century, XXVI. 378.
fly-maker (fli'ma'ker), n. One who ties arti-
ficial flies for angling.
A certain school ol Jiy-tmikers tie on the wings, or more
properly the wing, last of all. T. Norris, Art of Fly-making.
flyman^ (fli'man), 11. ; pi. flymen (-men). l<fly'^,
»., 4, + man.'] One who works the ropes in
the flies of a theater.
The "grips" shove off the side-scenes, the ^j/-men raise
the drops, the " clearers " run off tlie properties and set-
pieces, and the stage-carpenters lower the bridges.
Scribners Mag., IV. 445.
flyman^ (fli'man), «. ; pl.^^men (-men), [ifly'^,
n., 6, + man.] One who drives a fly.
fly-mixture (fli'miks''tur), n. A preparation,
as spirits of ammonia, oil, and tar, rubbed by
anglers upon their faces and hands as a protec-
tion from flies, mosquitoes, etc.
fly-net (fli'net), TO. [ME. not found ; AS. fleoh-
net (= OD. vKeghen-net), < fleoge, a fly, + net,
a net.] 1. A net used as a protection against
flies, as in an open window to prevent their en-
trance.— 2. A fringe or a net used to protect
a horse from flies.
fly-nut (fli'nut), n. A nut having wings which
are twisted by the hand, as the screw-nut of a
hand-vise.
fly-oil (fli'oil), n. A fly-mixture in which oil
is a chief ingredient.
fly-orcMs (fli'or'kis), «. The common name of
Ophrys miiscifera, from the resemblance of the
flowers to flies.
fly-paper (fli'pa''p6r), n. Poisoned paper used
for killing flies, or a paper with an adhesive
coating to which flies adhere.
fly-penning (fli'pen ing), m. A mode of manur-
ing laud by folding cattle or sheep in rotation
over different parts of it.
fly-poison (fli'poi"zn), ». 1. A poisonous sub-
stance used to kill flies. — 2. In hot., the Amiati-
thium musccBtoxicum, a liliaceous plant of the
eastern part of the United States, allied to
Veratrum. it has a single tall stem bearing a dense
raceme of white flowers. The bulb, when pounded, has
been used as a poison for flies.
fly-powder (fli'pou'dfer), n. Any powder used
to kill flies, usually an imperfect oxid of arsenic
formed by the exposure of native arsenic to the
air and mixed with sugar and water.
fly-press (fli'pres), n, A press for embossing,
die-stamping, punching, and the like, furnished
with a fly or flier. See flier, 4 {d).
fly-rail (fli'ral), n. A movable part of a table
which supports the leaf.
flyre, v. and n. An obsolete or dialectal variant
otfleeA.
fly-reed (fli'red), n. In weaving. See reed^.
fly-rod (fli'rod), TO. A rod used by anglers in fly-
fishing. Fly-rods are made generally in three pieces, the
butt, second joint, and tip, and are very light and flexii>Ie.
There are two or more i-ingson each joint, tlirough which the
line runs from the tip to the reel. The best rods have butts
made of bamboo split lengthwise in strips, which are then
glued and bound together, preserving as much as possible
the hai*d enamel or outer part, tlie softer inner substance
being cut away. The second joint and tip are made of the
best selected lancewood. In size the best trout-rods are
from lOi to llj feet long, and weigh from 8 to 10 ounces.
The reel is placed behind the handle, near the end of the
butt. Fly-rods are also made of steel.
flysch (flish), TO. [Swiss.] In geol., the Swiss
local name of a rock of importance in Alpine
feology, introduced as a scientific designation
y Studer in 1827. it is a sandstone formation of great
thickness, extending through the Alps along their north-
em slope from the southwestern extremity of .Switzerland
to Vienna, where it is also known as the "Vienna sand-
stone." The fossils which this formation contains are
chiefly fucoids, of little value for determining the geo-
logical age of the rock, which, however, is generally con-
sidered to be Eocene Tertiary ; but the. lower portion of
the flysch in its eastern extension is referred to the Creta-
ceous.
fly-Bheet (fli'shet), n. A loose sheet of paper
forming a single leaf, as one on which a hand-
bill or broadside is printed.
Having been printed on a fiy-sheet at Rottweil in the
same province in 1747. The American, XII. 154.
fly-shuttle (fli'shufl), ». A shuttle with wheels
propelled by a cord and driver.
fly-slowt (fli'slo), a. [An adj. use of the phrase
fly slow (see def.) ; explainable, if genuine, as a
Shaksperian caprice.] Moving slowly. [This
Flysnapper {Phainopepta nitens), male.
Specked or soiled
2296
reading occurs only in one of the folio editions of .Shak-
spere and some modern ones ; the othei-s have sly slow. The
change probably arose from a printer's mistake of the old
longs for/.]
The Jly-slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
flysnapper (fli'snap"6r),B. laomith.: (a)Abird
of the subfam-
ily MyiagrincB,
and of the ge-
nus Myiagra,
or Terpsiphone,
etc. (6) A shin-
ing-black crest-
ed fly-catohing
bird, Phainope-
pla nitens, of
the southwest-
em United
States. It is about
"i inches long, and
has a large white
area on each wing.
It is commonly re-
ferred to the Myi-
adestince.
fly-speck (fli'-
spek), n. An
excrementi-
tious stain
made by an in-
sect, chiefly by
the common
house-fly.
fly-specked (fli'spekt), a.
with fly-dung.
The lawyers of the circuit took their seats at the break-
fast-table in the meagerly furnished, fiyspecked dining-
room of the tavern. E. Eggleston, The Graysons, xxv.
fly-tackle (fli'tak"l), n. The implements used
in fly-fishing, including rod, line, flies, etc.
flytail (fli'tal), TO. A small gill-net without
sinkers, formerly used for catching perch and
other small fish. [North Carolina, U. S.]
fly-taker (fli'ta"k6r), to. In angling, any fish
that will take the fly.
flyte, V. and n. See flite.
fly-tent (fli'tent), n. A tent protected from rain
or heat by an additional covering of canvas
stretched from the ridge-pole and forming a
separate roof. See fly'^, to., 5.
He [Gen. Sherman] sleeps in &.Jly-tent, like the rest of us.
6. W. Nichols, The Great March, p. 130.
fly-tier (fli'ti"er), n. One who ties fishing-flies
on hooks ; a fly-dresser ; a maker of artificial
flies for anglers.
fly-tip (fli'tip), TO. The extreme end, joint, or
tip of a fly-rod ; the tip, as distinguished from
the second joint and the butt.
fly-trap (fli'trap), TO. 1. A trap to catch flies.
— 2. In bot., the Apocynum androsaimifolium,
which captures insects by means of its irrita-
ble throat-appendages Venus's fly-trap, the Di-
oncea viusciptda. See Diunoea.
fly-up-the-creek (fli'up-the-krek'), n. 1. A
common name of the small green heron of the
United States, Butorides virescens, also called
shitepoke, chalk-line, and little green heron. — 2.
A giddy, capricious person. [Colloq., U. S.]
fly-water (fli'wa"ter), n. A solution of arsenic,
decoctiou of quassia-bark, or the like, used for
killing flies.
fly-weevil (fli'we"vl), to. The common grain-
moth, Gelechia cerealella. [Southern U. S.]
fly-wneel (fli'hwel), «. In mach., a wheel with
a heavy rim placed on the revolving shaft of
any machinery put in motion by an irregular
or intermitting force or meeting with an irreg-
ular or intermittent resistance, for the purpose
of rendering the motion equable and regular by
means of its momentum.
F. M. An abbreviation oi field-marshal.
fneset, v. i. [ME., < AS. fnmsan = Icel. fnwsa,
later fnysa = Dan. fnyse = Sw. fnysa, snort.
Ct.feeze^.'] To breathe heavily; snort; snore.
He speketh in his nose,
And fneseth f aste.
Chaucer, Prol. to Manciple's Tale, 1. 62.
fo^t, TO. An obsolete spelling of foe.
Fo2(f6), TO. [Chinese.] 1. Sameas-Foft2.— 2.
In Chinese decorative art, a dog-like animal rep-
resented in carvings, porcelains, etc., consid-
ered as the guardian of the Buddhist temples,
and called by this name in Europe and America
when occurring in Oriental art and decoration.
Also called the Dog Fo and the Dog of Fo.
F. 0. An abbreviation of fleld-officer.
foal (fol), TO. [< ME. fole, foils, < AS. /oia, m., =
OFries. folia, NPries. fole = MD. volen, t). veu-
foam
len = MLG. volcn = OUG. folo, MHG. vol, vole,
G.fohleu = Icel. foli = Sw. f&le = Dan. fole =
Goth, fula, a foal (see other Teut. forms under
the deriv. filly) ; = L. pidlus, the young of an
animal, a foal, but particularly of fowls, a
chicken (whence ult. E. pullen, pool^, poult,
poultry, jmllet, q. v.), = Gr. iru/'iof, a young ani-
mal, particularly a foal or filly ; cf. Skt. pota,
the young of an animal, putra, a son.] 1. The
young of the equine genus of quadrupeds, of
either sex ; a colt or a filly.
Home gede to stable :
Thar he tok his gode/oie
Also blak so eiiy cole.
King Horn(E. E. T. S.), I. 689.
Behold, thy King cometh unto thee : he is just, and hav-
ing salvation ; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a
colt the /oai of an ass. Zech. ix. 9.
With that his strong dog, of no dastard kinde
(Swift as the foales conceived by the winde),
He set upon the wolfe.
W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. $ 4.
2. In coal-mining. See the extract. [Eng.]
When they [boys] reach the age of ten or twelve years,
a more laborious station is allotted to them. They then
become what are termed lads or /oals ; supplying the in-
ferior place at a machine called a tram.
A. Hunter, Georgical Essays, II. 158.
foal (fol), V. [< foal, TO.] I. trans. To bring
forth, as a colt or filly: said of a mare or a she-
ass.
In the fourth year of the reign of George III., the year
of the great eclipse, the celebrated " Eclipse " was foaled.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, III. 263.
II, intrans. To bring forth young, as an ani-
mal of the horse kind.
Then he again, by way of irrision, "yee say very true
indeed, that will ye, quoth hee, when a mule shall bring
foorth a fole." Afterwards when this Galba began to re-
bell and aspire unto the empire, no thing hartened him in
tliis desigue of his so much, as thefoling of a mule.
Holland, tr. of Suetonius, p. 212.
foalfoot (fol'fut), TO. A name of the coltsfoot,
Tussilago Farfara, and of some other plants, as
the asarabaeca, Asarum Europwum : so called
from the shape of their leaves. See cut under
Asarum.
foal-teeth (fol'teth), to. pi. The first teeth of
horses, which they shed at a certain age.
foam (fom), n. [Early mod. E. also fome ; < ME.
fome,foom, < AS. fdm = LG. fdm = 0H6. feint,
MHG. veim, G.feim, dial. /aum, foam. The sup-
posed connection with L. spiima, foam, is doubt-
ful: see spume.] 1. An aggregation of bubbles
formed on the surface of water or other liquid
by violent agitation or by fermentation ; froth ;
spume : as, the foam of breaking waves ; the
foam of the mouth.
She whipped her steed, she spurred her steed.
Till his breast was all a foam.
Sir Roland (Child's Ballads, I. 225X
Look how two boars
Together side by side, their threat'ning tusks do whet.
And with their gnashing teeth their angry /ome do bite,
Whilst still they should'ring seek each othere where U>
smite. Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. 325.
It is the frequency of the reflections at the limiting sur-
faces of air and water that renders .^oa?/i opaque.
Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 40.
2t. The foaming sea ; a foaming wave.
ffor to fare on the /ome into fer londes.
Destruction of Troy (B. E. T. S.), I. 985.
Aye the wynde was in the sayle,
Over.^omc« they flett withowtyn fayle,
'The wethur then fortli gan swepe.
Le Bone Florence (Ritson's Metr. Rom., III.).
3. Figuratively, foaming rage ; fury.
Our churches, in the foam of that good spirit which di-
recteth such flery tongues, they term spitefully the temples
of Baal, idle synagogues, abominable styes.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 11.
4. In mineral., same as aphrite. — 5t. Scum, as
from molten metal.
Foinc that conimeth of lead tried, being in colour like
gold. Nomenclator.
foam (fom), V. [Early mod. E. also fome; <
ME. fomen ; also (in older umlauted form) fe-
men, < AS. fwman = OHG. *feimjan, feiman,
MHG. veitnen, G. feimen, dial, fdumen, faumen,
foam; from the noun.] I. intrans. 1. To form
or gather foam, as water (the crest of a wave),
etc., from agitation, a liquor from fermenta-
tion, or the mouth from rage or disease ; froth;
spume.
The frothe femed at his mouth vnfayre hi the wykez,
Whettez his whyte tuschez.
Sir- Gawayne and the Green Kniglit (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1672.
To conclude, the very foaming channel] of the river,
stained and died with the barbarians blond, was even
amazed to see such strange and uncouth sights.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 76.
He foameth and gnasheth with his teeth. Mark ix. 18.
foam
That Psyche, wont to bind my throbbing brow,
To smooth my pillow, mix the/oaming draught
Of fever. Tentii/son, Princess, ii.
2. To become filled or covered with foam, as a fob^ (fob), v. i.
2297
Very pretty sums he his/obbed now and then, . . . SOOO?.
in his saddle-bags at once.
fy. Uoicitt, Visits to Remarliable Places, p. 170.
steam-boiler when the water is frothy
Derf dj-nttes thai delt tho doghty betwene.
With thaire fawchons fell,/i?mi/( of blode.
Destruction o/ Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 10219.
n. trans. 1. To cause to foam ; fill with some-
thing that foams; make frothy: as, to foam a
tankard. [Rare.]— 2. To throw out with rage fob* (fob) n
-- , ,, -, pret. and -pp. fobbed, ppr./o6-
bing. [Origin obscure.] To breathe hard or
with heaving sides; gasp from violent running.
[Scotch.]
The hails is won, they warsle hame.
The best they caft tov/obbin.
Tarras, Poems, p. 66.
[E. dial., origin obscure; hardly
or violence: usually with 0M<. [Rare.]
Kaging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame.
Jude 13.
slowly . . . went Leolin ; then . . .
Down thro' the bright lawns to his brother's ran,
And/oom'd away his heart at .\veriir8 ear.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
foam-bow (fom'bo), «. The iris formed by sun-
light upon foam or spray, as of a cataract.
His cheek brighten'd as tbe/oam-bou! brightens
When the wind blows the foam. Tennyson, (Enone. B^a^, a.cj, ui umcr muntji,.
foam-cock (fom'kok), n. In steam-boilers, a fob-watch (fob'woch), n. A watch carried in
cock at the water-level by which scum is drawn ^^'^ fob.
an altered form of foam.'] Froth or foam.
HalUwell. [Prov. Eng.]
F. 0. B. An abbreviation of free on board, used
in executing contracts of sale, and indicating
that delivery on the vessel or other conveyance
of a carrier is to be without expense to the
buyer.
fob-chain (fob'chan), n. A watch-chain hang-
ing free from the fob, and usually carrying a
seal, key, or other trinket.
oflf.
foam-collector (fom'ko-lek'tor), n. A vessel
placed at the water-level in a steam-boiler to ^- ^'«««. Taxes in England, III. 307.
collect and discharge the foam or scum. focaget (fo'kaj), n. [< ML. focagium, a partly
collect and discharge the foam or scum
foamingly (fo'ming-U), adv. With foam;
frothily.
foamless (fom'les), a. l<foam + 4ess.'\ Free
from foam.
He who would question him
Must sail alone at sunset where the stream
Of ocean sleep* around those /oatn^t isles.
Shelley, Hellas,
foam-spar (fom'spSr), n. Same as aphrite.
foam-wreath (fom'reth), ». The foam that
crowns or edges a breaker, or that lies on a pool.
The long wash of wares, with red and green
Tangles of weltering weed through the wbite/oam-iereatht
seen. WhUlitr, Tent on the Beach.
foamy (fo'mi), a. [Early mod. E. also /omy, <
ME. fomy, < AS. fdmig, fSmig, foamy, < fdm,
foam : see foam.] Covered with or consisting
of foam ; frothy ; of a foam-like character.
That most ingrateful Iwy there by your side.
From the rude sea's enrag'd and /oamy mouth
Wd 1 redeem. Shak., T. N., r. 1.
As the peacemaking tide gradually drifted their boats
asunder, their [the boatmen's] anger rose, and they danced
bacli and forth and hurled opprobrium with i/oamy volu-
bility that quite left my powera of comprehension behind.
UomlU, Venetian Life, vill.
fob' (fob), r. t. ; pret. and pp. fobbed, ppr. fob-
bing. [In another form fub, q. v. ; the same,
Fob watches were not indeed unknown, for a fob imteh
is io existence that belonged to Oliver CromwelL
S. DoweU, Taxes in England, III. 307.
wit>i Plittn.,0 nf H,o fi.,oi «„'„„■ '•'■•""' "■"?' .P»««ln8 through the umbilics of a quadric surface.
with ehan^ of the final consonant, as fopl, focallzation (fo'kal-i-za'shon), ». [< foeaU
q. V. 1 1. To cheat ; tnck: imoose uDon. -u _«(.v.., i ti,„ „,:j^ u_..'_. V -L < .
q. v.] 1. To cheat ; trick ; impose upon!
You've borne me in liand this three months, and now
fobbd me. Middletan (and others). The Widow, IL 1.
Bis Excellence had each Man/oi6'd,
For he had sunk their Pay.
. ITie
restored form otfoagium, a reflex of OF. fouage,
feuage (seefeuage); ML. prop, focaticum, < L.
focus, a hearth : see focus.] Housebote or fire-
bote.
focal (fo'kal), a. [= P. focal, < L. focus, focus :
see focus.] Of or pertaining to a focus : as, a
focal point.
To live.
Live, as the snake does in his noisome fen I
Live, as the wolf does in his bone-strewn den !
Uve, clothed with cursing like a robe of flame,
The focal point of million-flnyered shame 1
(f hittier. The Panorama.
Focal azla, that axis of a conic which passes through the
focL— Focal conic, ellipse, hyperbola, a locus of foci
of a qoadric surface. — Focal cur ve. See curve. — Focal
depth. See deptA. — Focal distance, (a) In conic tee-
aoTis, the distance of the focus from some fixed point-
namely, from the vertex in the parabola, and from the
center in the ellipse and hyperbola, (b) In optics, of a
mirror or lens, the distance (also called the focal length)
from Ita center to the principal focus (see /oeiu); of a tele-
scopy the distance between the focal plane and the ob-
jecf-glass.— Focal lesion, in palhol., lesion of the brain
of limited size. - Focal line, the locus of foci of a quad-
ric cone.— Focal plane, in o;)(i<-«, the locus of the foci
of infinitely distant ol)jecU, with reference to a lens.—
Focal property, any property of a geometrical locus de-
pendmi; "n lines or planes common to the locus and to
the absolute, and especially on the intersections of such
lines and planes.— Ombillcar focal conic, a focal conic
passing through the unibilics of a quadrlc surface.
+ -atioH.] The art or process of bringing to a
focus, or of placing in focus.
Focalimtion In the eye (eye-camera).
Sei. Amer., N. S.,
, , LVlaei.
focalize (fo'kal-iz), V. t. ; pret. and -pv. focalized,
ppr. focalizing. l< focal + -ize.] To bring to
a focus ; focus.
Prior, "fjne Viceroy, st 27.
2t. To beat ; maltreat. Beau, and Fl to fob oft
(o) To put oB slightingly or deceitfully ; get rid of by a
trick ; wave aside. See to put of, under of.
You must not think to/o6 o/your disgrace with a tale.
TV. ,,,.^. ,_ ^ '**^' ^'- '• '■ focaloid (fo'kal-oid), n.
The rascal /oMed roe 0/ with only wine. Addison. "" "
The local interest of the English in the Britooa has led
their scholars to complain that Jlommsen ["Roman Em-
pire," V. 41 haa/oMed 0/ Briuin with too brief a notice.
Amer. Jour. PhiloL, VL 485.
(b) To pas* oir by a false representation ; dispose of by de-
ception : as, to fob of a worthless article on a customer. _.,
fobit(fob),n. l<^E.fobbe;<fobl,v.] LAtap-T^
on the shoulder, as from a bailiff. -"*^'
The man, sir, that, when gentlemen are tired, gives them
a/o*, and rests them. Shak., C. of E., Iv. 8.
2. A cheat.
To lede alle these othere,
A»fobbes and faitours that on hure fet rennen.
Piers Plowman (C), ilL 193.
fob2 (fob), n. rCf. G. dial. (Prussian) fuppe, a
pocket (Brem. Diet.); Skinner also quotes G.
fupsack.] 1. A little pocket made in the waist-
band of men's breeches or trousers as a recep-
tacle for a watch.
He who had so lately sack'd
The enemy, had done the fact,
Had rifled all his poke* and/o6«
Of gimcracks, whlma, and jiggumbobs.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. I. 107.
A watch-chain, or ribbon with buckle and
Light \t focalized In the eye, sonnd In the ear.
/>« Quiruey.
, _. ....„ ... [< focal + -Old.] In
math., an infinitely thin shell bounded by two
eonfocal ellipsoidal surfaces.
The attraction of a homogeneous solid ellipsoid Is the
aame through all external space as the attraction of a
homogeneous focaUM of equal mass coinciding with its
surface. Thornton and Tait, Nat. Phil., { 494.
Thick focaloid, a thick shell so bounded.
.'oci, n. Plural oi focus.
focilt (fo'sil), n. [= OP. focile, F. Jodie = Pr.
focil = Pg. focile = It. focile, < Uh. focile (fo-
cile majus and focile minus), prob. (by confu-
sion -with focile, E. fusifl) for 'fusiUus, lit. a
spindle : see fusiP.] One of the bones of the
forearm or of the leg, distinguished as the
greater focil (ulna or tibia) and the lesser focil
(tibia or fibula).
I was hastily fetch'd to assist one Mr. Powell, a barber-
chirargeon, in the setting of a fracture of both the focUs
of the leg In a man about 60 years of age, of a tough dry
'jody- Wiseman, Surgery, vil. i.
focillatet (fos'i-lat), V. t. [< L. focillatus, pp. of
focillare, focilare, also deponent, focillari, re-
vive by warmth, resuscitate, cherish, < focus, a
fireplace, hearth: Bee focus.] To warm; cher-
». n. wuicu-cnam, or noDon wun Duckle and ish. Blount.
seals or the like, such as is worn appended to focillationt (fos-i-la'shon), n. [< focillate +
the watch and hanging from the fob. [U. S.] -ion.] A warming, as at a hearth ; a cheris'i-
, — J pointing menacingly at the tempting /o6 that hung inR! comfort; support.
from hUpockArepMteJthe demand. foclmetor (fo-8im'e-t6r), n. [< NL. /o<n« -f L.
f«M.f„K^ ^'/"^''"''y'^"""/]'^^^'^-"^-- ».«^r«,«, a measure.] Ait' optical instinim^nt fo;
fob2 (fob), v.t. ; pret. and pp. fobbed, ppr. fob- finding the focus of a lens
bmg. l<fob2,n.] To put into a fob ; pocket; focUB (fo'kus), «.; pi. foci (-a). FA mod
get possession of. (NL.) use (introduced by Kepler in WoT) of
focusing-cloth
L. focus, a fireplace, a hearth (ML. also the
seat or central point of a disease). Hence ult
(< L. focus) fusia = fuseei- = fuse'i, focage,
feuage, foyer, fuel, etc.] 1. In optics, a point
at which rays of light that originally diverged
from one point meet again, or a point from
which they appear to proceed. The former is called
a real, the latter a virtual foctis. The principal focus of a
lens IS the focus of rays striking the lens parallel to its
axis The con/uj^ate /OCT of a mu-ror or lens are two points
so situated that the rays emitted from a luminous body at
either point are reflected (by the mirror) or refracted (by
the lens) to the other. See conjugaU mirror (under con-
juffate), lera, and mirror.
A focus . . . maybe defined as the point to which a
sphencal wave converges, or from which it diverges It
may also be defined as the point at which little waves
from all parts of a great wave airive at the same time.
Airy, Optics, § 44.
Every lens which becomes thickertowards its periphery
has \nrtual /oci; and vice vers4, for the /ocu« of a lens to
be real, the lens must be thicker in the middle than at
the edge. Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 90.
2. In geom., a point from which the distances
to any point of a given curve are in a syzygetic
relation. Thus, the sum of the distances of any point
of an ellipse from its foci is constant, and the ditference
of the distances of any point of a hyperbola from its foci
IS constant A modem definition is that the foci are the
intersections of common tangente of the curve and the
absolute. In like manner, a focus of a surface is a point
on the curve of intersection of common tangent planes of
the surface and the absolute. See cuts under Cartesian
and ellipse.
3. In the theory of perspective, -with reference
to two planes in perspective, one of four points
—two, Pi and Pg, on one plane, and two,fi and
f2, on the other— such that the angles between
two points on the first plane measured at Fj
are equal to the angles between the correspond-
ing points on the other plane measured at fi ,
and so with the pair of foci Fg and fo. One
pair of foci are called similar, because the angles are mea-
sured in the same direction on the two planes ; the other
pair are called dissimilar, because the angles are measured
in opposite directions.
4. Figuratively (with a consciousness of the
classical Latin meaning), a central or gather-
ing point, like the fire or hearth of a house-
hold; the point at or about which anything is
concentrated; a center of interest or attrac-
tion.
The virtue and wisdom of a whole people collected into
one/ocu«. Burke, Kev. in France.
Tell not as new what ev'ry body knows.
And, new or old, still hasten to a close ;
There, centring in h focus round and neat.
Let all your rays of information meet.
Cowper, Conversation, I. 239.
A public house is generally the/ociM from which gossip
radiates. Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xxii.
Acoustic focus, a point to which sound-waves are con-
verged, as l)y reflection in the case of a room having an
ellipsoidal ceiling,— Focus of mean motion, the empty
focus of the orbit of a planetary Ijoily : so called because
when the orbit is nearly ciniilar the planet describes in
equal times nearly equal anirhs al)out this focus as a ver-
tex.— FocUS of true motion, that focus of the orbit of a
wanetary liocly which is occupied by the central body.—
Beat-focus, the point to which the invisible heat-rays
are convergid, as those from the sun by a convex lens.
-In focus, situated or fixed at a focal point, or so as to
secure or exhibit a focal effect : said (1) of the condition
of an image projected by a lens, or seen through a lens,
when this image appears sharp and clearly defined ; (2)
of the position of the lens with reference to a screen or
ground-glass upon which such image is projected, or of
the positiim of the screen or ground-glass with reference
to the lens ; (:t)of a photographic positive or negative pic-
ture accurately produced by the agency of a lens.
While your head is still under the focuslng-cloth, pass
your hand round to the lens, and move the rack backward
and forward till you find the point at which it is most
distinct It Is then said to be "in focus," or "sharp. "
Silver Sunbeam, Int.
focus (fo'kus), V. t. ; pret. and pp. focused or fo-
cussed, ppr. focusing or focussing. [< focus, n.]
To bring or adjust to a focus ; cause to be in
focus; focalize; collect in one point; concen-
trate.
Abstraction Is focussing, whether by sense or by Intel-
lect 0. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, Int, I. i. ; 48.
This chapter leaves on the reader's mind the impression
that ita author has not thought out Federalism or been at
much pains \o focus his thoughts.
Westminster Rev., CXXV. 240.
focusing-cloth (f6'kus-ing-kl6th), «. In pho-
tog., a piece of opaque fabric, preferably of a
dark color, large enough to envelop the cam-
era and the head and shoulders of the oper-
ator, used in bringing a picture to focus to
render the image projected by the lens on the
ground-glass distinctly visible by the exclusion
of other light than that passing through the
lens.
If the camera needs to be placed in the sunshine, throw
the/ociM«in^ cloth over it before the shutter is drawn out
to make the exposure. Lea, Photography, p. 48.
2298
l"i'om the testimony of Mends as well as of /oes, ... it is
plain that these teachers of virtue had all the vices of their
neighbours. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
2. Au enemy in war ; one of a nation or peo-
ple at war with anotlier, whether personally in-
imical or not; a hostile or opposing army; an
adversary.
He fought great hatteils with his salvage /on«.
• Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 10.
Choose thee cither three years' famine, or three months
to be destroyed before thy /o«s. 1 Chron. xxi. 11, 12.
Shall victor exult, or in death be laid low,
With his back to the field, and his feet to the/oe!
Campbell, Lochiel's Waminp.
3. An opponent ; a malevolent or hostile agent
or principle : as, a foe to all measures of reform ;
intemperance is a foe to thrift.
Time-pleasei's, flatterers, foes to nobleness.
Shak., Cor., iii. 1.
Some foe to his upilglit intent
Finds out his weaker part.
Cotrjter, Human Frailty.
4. One who or that which iujui'es, harasses, or
hinders anything: as, the climate is a, foe to
grape-culture. •
To plant and tree an opon/oo is she (the goose].
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 26.
Mirth and opium, ratafia and teai-a,
The daily anodyne, and nightly draught,
To kill those foes to fair ones, time and thought.
Pope, Jloral Essays, ii. 112.
= Syn. Antagonist, Ojyponent, etc. Seeadeenary.
,"■."■"'"!"' ^r," 7" "^^..Thf foedera (fe'de-ra), n. pi. [L., pi. ot fcedtis
iening stalks of /odder . .caught ^"=""','-* ,*■ „ ,„„„„"^L„„ti. „„^ f'lLnli Tiitpr-
focusing-frame
focusing-frame (fo'kus-ing-fram), «. In a
photographic camera, the frame which holds
the ground-glass used in focusing to receive
the image projected by the lens.
The ground glass is also removed ; the negative to be
copied u secured in the focutsiiuj frame in its place.
Lea, Photography, p. 385.
focusing-glass (fo'kus-ing-gias), n. A small
pocket magiiifying-glass, sometimes with a
shade to exclude the light, used in examining
the image projected on the ground-glass of a
photographic camera.
fodder! (fod'er), n. [< ME. fodder, foddur,
foder, fodder, < AS. fodar (rare and improp.
gen. dat. fothres, fothre), foddor, foddiis, food,
esp. for cattle, fodder, = D. voeder = LG. voder,
roer = OHG. fuotar, MHG. viioter, G. fitter,
food, fodder, provender, = leel. fodhr = Sw.
Dan. foder, fodder; the same, but with different
suffix, as AS. foda, E. food : see foodK Hence
ult. forage, foraij.l Food for cattle, horses,
and sheep, as hay, straw, and other kinds of
vegetables. The word is usually confined to
food that grows above ground and is fed in
bulk.
The sheep for fodder follow the shepherd.
Shak., T. G. of V., i. 1.
This was at once the mystery and misery ot Mike's ex-
istence, often pausing between pulls at the fodder, after
he had finished his com, to consider it.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 182.
fog
storm, < fjiika (pret./uwA', pp./oA'(HH), be driven
on, be tossed by the wind (of spray, snow, dust,
etc.), = Hvf.fi/ka (Cleasby) = Dan. fijge, drift,
coUoq. rush, dial, fiige, rain fine and blow.] 1.
The aggregation of a vast number of minute
globules of water in the air near the earth's sur-
face, usually produced by tjie cooling of the air
below the dew-point, whereby a portion of its
vapor is condensed. The cooling may be the result
of radiation, conduction, mixtui-c with colder air, or ascen-
sion. Over surfaces of water wanner than tlie air the fog
produced by cooling is increased by the continued evapo-
ration of the water into the already saturated air. Solid
particles in the air constitute nuclei for condensation, and
are thereby great pi-omoters of the formation of fog. In a
ship's log-book, abbreviated/.
Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain.
As in revenge, have suck'd up from tlie sea
Contagious /o^s. Sliak., M. N. D.,
ii. 2.
Further on, . . . glisi „
the level gleaming from the west, as might the rifles of a
regiment that has been ordered to fire lying down.
Harpers Hag., LXXVI. 212.
= Syn. See feed, n.
fodderl (fod'fer), v. t. [< ME.fodderen,fothere>i,
< AS. *fddrian (implied in deriv. fodrere, fod-
derer, forager) = D. voederen = LG. vodern,
voren = G. fiittern = leel. fodhra = Sw. fodra
= Dan. fodre, fodder; from the noun.] 1. To
{feeder-}, a league, treaty : see federal.^ Inter-
national transactions or facts, and the records
relating to them.
The celebrated/osderawith Carthage, so much discussed
of late. Mncyc. Brit., XIII. 131.
foederalt, foederallyt. Obsolete spellings of
federal, federally.
.... foedifrag'oust, a. See fedifragous.
feed with dry food or cut grass, etc.; supply f<«dityt, »■ Seefedity.
farmera /odrfer their foelin,fohn (fen), M. [G_./(*« or /o«,,_a storm,
with hay, straw, etc. : as,
cattle twice or thrice in a day.
Salt herbage for the .fodderitiij rack provide
To fill their bags, and swell the milky tide.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iii.
St. To graze, as cattle.
Let the cases be filled with natural earth (such as is
taken tlie first half spit from jnst under the tnrf of tile
best pasture-ground), in a place that has been well foth-
er'd on. Evebjn, Calendariuni Horteuse, May.
fodder'-^t (fod'er), n. A variant ot father^.
fodderer (fod'er-er), n. [ME. not found; AS.
fodrere, a fodderer, forager, < *f6drian: see
fodder^, v. f.] One who fodders cattle.
fodet, "• and V. An obsolete form otfood^.
fodge (foj), «. [Sc. ; cf. equiv. fadge^ and
fitd(ie^.'\ A fat, puffy-cheeked person.
fbdg'el (foj' el), a. andn. [Sc; a\ao foggel; cf.
fodge.^i I. a. Fat; stout; plump.
If in your Ixmnd ye chance to light
Upon a fine, fat, foyyel wight,
O' stature short, but genius bright,
Tliat's he, mark weel.
Bums, Capt. Grose's Peregrinations.
II. n. A fat person.
fodient (fo'di-ent), a. and n. [< L. fodien{t-)s.
I
pr.of/orfere,"dig digup.digout: see/omi.] foeman(fo'man),» ; V}:foemen(-m
.a. It. Digging; throwing up with a spade. ./«?«««, ./«?«"«,< AS. fahvian, Jahm
hount.-2. In lU: (a) Digring; fossorial. </aA, hos He, -H »m», man ] Anac
Blount.— 2. In zoiil.: (a) Digging
(6) Of or pertaining to the Fodientia: as, a, fo-
dient edentate.
H. n. One of the Fodientia.
The fodients are only two, perhaps three, species in
number. Stand. Nat. Hist., V. 60.
Fodientia (fo-dl-en'shi-a), n. pi. [Nil., < L. fo-
dien(t-)s, ppr. otfodere, flig, + -ia2.] The fodi-
ent edentate mammals, a suborder of Bruta or
Edentata, comprising only the aardvarks, fam-
ily OrycteropodidiE.
foe (fo), n. [< ME. fo,foo, fa, faa, pi. fos, foos,
faes, faas, also fon, fone, fan, fane, a foe, an
enemy, < AS. ge-fdh, a foe, < ge- + feh, fag,
pi fa, adj., guilty, criminal, outlawed, hostile
(nevei as a noun, for which ge-fdh or fdh-man,
but usually fednd: see fiend), = OHG. gi-feh,
MHG. ge-vech, hostile; prob. connected with
Goth, faih, n., fraud, deception, U-faihon, over-
reach, defraud ; ult. from the same root as fiend,
AS. fednd, an enemy: see fiend. Hence ult.
feud^, orig. the abstract noun of the orig. adj.
form of /oe.] 1. An enemy; one who enter-
tains hatred, grudge, or malice against another.
1 lone hem noust, thci am my. fone,
Ne wolde I neuer sene hem none.
Kiwj Uorn (E. E. T. S.), p. 9.
Heat not a furnace for your.Aie so hot
That it do singe youi-sclf. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
The
See
En-
Beyond tlie difference in the place of origin there is
really little or no distinction to be drawn between a fog
and a cloud. A fog is a cloud resting on the earth ; a
cloud is a. fog floating iiigh in the air,
Huxley, Physiography, p. 44.
Hence — 2. A state of mental obscurity or con-
fusion: as, to be in &fog of doubt.
One fighting with death in the /o.'7 of a typhoid fever.
O. W'. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. BO.
3. Inpliotog., a uniform coating covering a de-
veloped plate, more or less destructive to the
picture in proportion to its opacity. It results
from chemical impurities, from exposure of the sensitized
film to light, from errors in manipulation, etc.
On the deepest sliades should be a piue photogi-aphie
deposit, and not/017. Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 273.
Green fog, in photoy., a coating or discoloration of the
same nature as red fog, but greenisli in color.— Red fog,
mphotog., a more or less opatiue reddish discoloration in
those parts of dry-plate negatives which should be clear.
It may result from over-development, from impurities in
the developing solutions, from their non-accordance chem-
ically with the liraiid of plate used, or from imperfection
in the manufacture of the plate. = Syn. 1. Mist, Haze, etc.
See mill, n.
fogl (fog), V. ; pret. and pp. fogged, ppr. fog-
ging. [<./'o(/l, «.] I. ?ra«s. 1. To envelop with
or as with fog; shroud in mist or gloom; ob-
scure ; befog. [Bare.]
That the light of divine truth may shine clear in them,
and not be foyged and misled with filthy vajxiurs.
Leiyhton, Commentary on Peter, i.
2. To cloud or coat -nath a uniform coating or
discoloration, as in photography: as, an over-
alkaline developer will/03 the plate. See/o(/i,
n., 3.
To prevent the mishap ot fogged plates [in photography)
from scattering and extraneous light. Science, I. 94.
II. intrans. 1. To become covered or filled
with fog. — 2. In photog., to become clouded or
coated with a uniform coating or discoloration:
said of a negative in course of development.
See/o(/i, n.,3.
A peculiar change of colour in the high lights of the
picture . . . takes place just before /o.wiJii; commences.
Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 254.
fog2 (fog), n. [E. dial, also /eg'; < ME. fogge,
grass (see extract) ; perhaps of Celtic origin,
W. /W(/, dry grass.] 1. Aftergrass; a second
growth of grass ; aftermath ; also, long grass
that remains on land through the winter ; fog-
gage. [Eng.]
He fares forth on alle faure, foyye watz his mete [compare
Dan. iv. 33]. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1683.
One with another they would lie and play.
And in the deep/o<7 batten all the day.
Drayton, Moon Calf, p. 512.
2. Moss. [Scotch.]
A rowing [rolling] stane gathers nae fog.
Scotch Proverbs (Ramsay, p. 15).
fog2 (fog), V. ; pret. and pp. .fogged, ppr. fogging.
l<fog^, n.] I. trans. 1. To feed off the fog or
pasture in winter: as, to /oi; cattle. — 2. To eat
off the fog from: as, to fog a field. [Eng. in
both senses.]
II. intrans. To become covered -with fog or
moss. [Scotch.]
About this town [Peebles] both fruit and forest trees
have a smoother skin than elsewhere, and are seldom seen
either to/o<7 or be bark-bound,
Pennecuik, Tweeddale, p. 31.
fogSf (fog), v.i. [Developed from /oj/jfo-l, q. v.]
To seek gain by base or servile practices
(whence pettifogger).
As for the fogqing proctorage of money, with such an
eyeasstrookeOehezi with Leprosy, and Simon Magus with
a curse, so does she [Excommunication] looke, and so
threaten her firy whip. Milton, Reformation in Eng., it
Wer't not for us. thou swad (quoth he),
Wliere wouldst thou ,fog to get a fee ? Dryden.
< MHG. (not found), < OHG. fonna, i., fonno,
m., a rain- wind, whirlwind; possibly ult. due to
L. Favonius, the west wind: see favonian.'] A
warm, dry wind which descends from the upper
Alps into the valleys on the north side of the
chain of the Alps, from Geneva to Salzburg.
Its direction is from tlie south, less often from the south-
west, and it is felt most in the valleys having a general
north-and-soutli trend. It is most cominoii in the autumn
and winter, and exerts an important influence upon the
meteoi'ological condition of the places subject to it : for
example, by rapidly removing the snow in spring, ripening
the grapes in autumn, etc. A similar warm, diy wind is
recognized in other parts of the world, as on the west coast
of Greenland and in Mew Zealand. The chinook wind of
the northwestern United States is a similar phenomenon.
Of local winds the most remarkable are the Fohn, in the
Alps, distinguished for its warmth and dryness, etc.
Eiuyc. Brit, VlII. 690.
■We have hadabitof the Greenland /oe/m. The barom-
eter rose a quarter of an inch during the day.
A. W. Greely, Arctic Service, II. 10.
foehoodt (fo'hud), m. l<foe^ + -hood.'\ Enmity;
hostility.
Have you forgotten S. Hierome's and RufHnus's deadlie
foe-hood which was wrung over the world ?
Bp. Bedell, Of Certain Letters, ii. 326.
^\.foemen {-men). [<ME.
"" mon, foeman,
active enemy;
one who is in open enmity with or engaged in
hostilities against another or others.
Unto his lemman Dalida he tolde.
That in his heres all his strcngthe lay.
And falsly to his/oonieii she him soldo.
Chaucer, Monk's Tale, 1. 75.
Give me this man ; he presents no mark to the enemy ;
the foeman may with as great aim level at the edge of a
penknife. .Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
So this great brand the king
Took, and by this will beat his foemen down.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur,
Foeniculum (fe-nik'u-lum), n. [L. : see fennel']
A small genus of umbelliferous plants, natives
of the Mediterranean region, glabrous, with
divided leaves and an aromatic odor.
principal species is the fennel, F. vulgare.
fennel.
foenugreekt, n. See fenugreek.
foesmpt, ». [< ME. foschip; <foe + -ship.']
mity.
The freke sayde, " no foschip cure faderhatz the schewed."
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 918.
foetal, foetation, etc. See fetal, etc.
foetid, foetor. See fetid, fetor. , , .
fogl (fog), «. [< Dan. /0(/, spray, shower, drift, fog* (fog), a. [E. dial., formerly also/oOT// °rf
storm, in comp. A'H(;-/o.(/, a snow-storm, blinding gm obscure; ct.faggy'^.] Gross; fat; clumsy,
fall of snow, = Icel. fok, spray, any light thing ^ fowle fog monster, great swad, depriued of eyesight,
tossedbythewind, a snow-drift; ct.fjuk,a.snovr- stanihurst, Jlneid, ui. 672.
fog-alarm
fog-alarm (fog'a-larm"), «. A signal or warn-
ing by sound from a bell, gun, whistle, or horn,
to indicate to passing vessels the position of
rocks, shoals, bars, lighthouses, light-ships,
buoys, etc., in thick or foggy weather, or to
warn one vessel of the approach of another.
A fog-alarra may be sounded by the titles or a current, by
the pulsation or swaying of tlie waves, by the wind, liy
clockwork impelled by weights or springs, or by the roll-
ing of a ship.
fog-bank (fog'bangfc), ». 1. A stratum of fog as
seen from a distance. — 2. An appearance at sea
in hazy weather, sometimes resembling land at
a distance, but vanishing as it is approached :
sometimes called by sailors Cape Fly-away,
Dii tell man's Laiul, and No-man's Land.
fog-bell (fog'bel), n. A bell placed on an an-
chored vessel, buoy, headland, rock, or shoal,
rung by the motion of the waves or the force of
the wind, and ser\ing as a warning to mariners
i" foggy weather.
" O father ! I hear the church-bells ring,
O say, what may it l)e ? "
" Tig a/og-beil on a rock-bound coast ! "
Longfellow, Wreck of the Hesperus.
fog-boond (fog'bound), a. Impeded, detained,
embarrassed, or confined by fog.
We were /og-bound la Penobscot bay.
The CongregationalUt, Sept. 3, 1885.
fog-bow (fog'bo), H. A faintish white arch seen
in fog, similar to the rainbow, and due to the
action of the same causes, the globules of water
of the fog playing the same part as the rain-
Tif.'iEr' .,^1 is, however, nsnally len extended and less
•harply defined, and If colored at aU baa only a slightly
roey tint, iog-bowa are sometimes observed at sea when
the fog is very dense, as o« the coaat of Newfoandland.
Among various meteorDlogical phenomena witnessed
during the cmise were parheliaa and /og-bowa, which
were of common occurrence off Wrsngel Island.
.lire. Cruue o/ the Corwin, 1881, p. IS.
fog-cheese (fog'chez), ». In Yorkshire, Eng-
land, a cheese made from the milk of cows fed
on fo^r, or aftergrass. Nares.
fog-dog (fog'dog), n. A break or clearing spot
in a fog-bank, presaging the lifting of the fog.
fog-eater (fog'e't«r), n. A break in a fog-baii
or niLst. a sign of clearing weather ; aUo applied
to the fog-bow.
fogfruit (fog'friit), n. The Lippia laneeolata, a
procumbent verbenaoeous plant of the eastern
United States, with close heads of small flow-
ers.
fOggage (fog'aj), n. [Also written /ojtaj/e ; <
•/"•'': ."*■ -"ff*-] Rank grass which remains on
land in winter ; also, grass which grows among
grain, and is fed on by horses or cattle after
the crop is removed ; aftergrass.
Thy wee bit bonsie, too, in ruin ! . . .
An' naething, now, to big a new ane,
Offoggage green I Burnt, To a Moose.
A simple and lufflclently accurate rule ... Is to mow
when the (forage) planU are in full flower. If thhi stain
U exceeded, both the iiuality of the hay and the amount
of Ou/oggage or aftermath are seriously injured.
Bneye. Brit., I. 379.
fogged (fogd), a. [</o(/i -I- -«rf2.] Covered with
fog; misty; dim; dark. [Rare.]
It must l>e such a ilawn and shade
As that day ca»t, wherein was made
The sun, before man's damning fall
Tlirew %/ogg'd guilt upon thU all.
Ffltham, Losorla.
foggeri (fog'ir), n. [Prob. < MD. focker, a
monopolist or an engrosser of wares and com-
modities (ML. reflex fuggerm), < focken, pack
up, gather secretly. S^e pettifogger, i. e., pet-
ty fogger, orig. two worrls.] 1. A huckster.
[Prov.Eng.] — 2t. A cheat; one who engages in
mean or disreputable practices or professional
arts for gain, especially in the practice of law ;
a pettifogger.
2299
It onght to be observed tiiat in order to produce such
deceptions from the clearness or /ugffiness of the air it
must be uncommonly clear, or uncommonly foggy.
Jteiil, Inciniry into the Human Mind, vi. 5 22.
fog-gun (fog 'gun), «. A gun fired in foggy
weather as a warning to sailors.
foggyi (fog'i),o. i<fogi + -yK'i 1. Abound-
ing with fog; dampwithfog; misty: a,8,a,foggy
morning.
Is not their climate foggy, raw, and dull?
Sliak., Hen. V., iii. 5.
Hence— 2. Figuratively, dull; stupid.
Your coarse, foggy, drowsy conceit.
Sir J. Uayward, Ans. to Doleman, p. 35.
3. Dim; not clear; obscure: as, his description
was rather /o(/<7y.— 4. In photog., affected by
fog; fogged : said of a negative.
Many weak, thin, foggy negatives may ... be made to
produce passable prints.
Workshop Beceiptg, 1st aer., p. 29'2.
foggy2 (fog'i), o. [</og,2+.^l.] 1. Abound-
ing or covered with fog or moss. [Scotch.] —
2. Coarse ; rank, as grass.
foggy3t(fog'i),a. [</o(/* + -1^1.] Sameas/o<;4.
Whereas I was wonte to be blobbe-cheked or ii&\e foggy
chekes that shaked as I went, they be nowe shronke up,
or drawen to-gether. Palsgrave, Acolastus.
Travelling on the way, the weather being extreame hot
and the horse no lesse fat and foggie with over much for-
mer ease, fell downe and died.
Copley, Wits, Fits, and Fancies.
foggy-bee (fog'i-be), «. [ifoggy^ + 6eel.] A
name of the carder-bee, Bombus muscorum.
fog-horn (fog'horn). n. 1. A horn used on board
a vessel to sound a warning signal to other ves-
sels in foggy weather.— 2. A sounding instru-
ment for warning vessels off shore during a fog.
foU
cannon, the fog-whistle, etc. (b) A signal made on shore,
as Ijy a powerful fog-horn or steam-whistle, to warn ships
off a coast. See fog-alarm. Specifically — (c) In roi(. a
signal made by placing detonating caps or torpedoes on
the rails, which, being exploded by the engine passing over
them, give warning of danger ahead.
fog-smoke (fog'smok), n. Fog; mist. [Poeti-
cal.]
Whiles all the night, through /o^-OTnote white.
Glimmered the white moonshine.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, i.
fogy (fo'gi), n. ; pi. fogies (-giz). [Connections
unknown ; Jamieson cites Sw. fogde, formerly
one who had the charge of a garrison ; this is
doubtful. Sw. fogde, a country steward, =
Dan. foged, a bailiff, = MLG. voget = G. vogt,
oaiM, constable, steward, < MHG. logt, voget,
OHG. fogat; < ML. vocatus for advocdtus, advo-
cate, patron, protector, lord, etc.: see advocate,
«.] 1. A slow or dull fellow; an old-fashioned
or very conservative person ; one who is averse
to change or novelty: usually with the epithet
old. [CoUoq. or slang.]
Old Livermore, old Soy, old Chutney the East India di-
rector, old Cutler the surgeon, cfec, that society of oM fo-
gies in fine, who give each other dinners round and round
and dine for the mere purpose of guttling — tliese, again,
are dinner-giving snobs. Thackeray, Book of Snobs.
2. An invalid or garrison soldier. Jamieson.
— 3. Extra pay for long service. Hamersly.
[Colloq.]
Also written /o(;ie, fogey.
fogydom (fo'gi-dum), n. l<fogy + -dom.'] The
state or condition of a fogy ; fogies collectively.
Fogyish (£6'gi-ish), a. [< fogy + -isl,.} Hav-
An infectious UiW-/oBcer.
Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.
I shall be exclaimed upon to be a beggarly /iwMr, greed,
ily hunting after heritage. Terence in gr^ith (1614).
3. A groom or man-servant. [Pror. Eng.]
fogger2 (fog'i-r), n. [< fog-i + -crl.] In Eng-
land, a farm-laborer who fodders cattle and
carries out the hay in the morning and even-
ing.
Poggert know all the game on the places where they
mirk ; there is not a hare or a rabbit, a pheasant or a par-
tridge, whose ways are not plain to them.
The Century, XXXVI. 812.
foggily (fog'i-li), adv. With fog ; obscurely ;
darkly. Johnnon.
fogginess (fog'i-nes), n. The state of being
foggy, in any sense of that word.
The most powerful of these instruments is the siren, or si-
ren fog-horn (tee siren), in wliich the sounil is produced tiy
means of a disk with twelve radial slita, wliich is maile to
rotate In front of a fixed disk exactly similar, a cast-iron
trumpet 20 feet long forming part of the apparatus. The
moving disk revolves 2,800 times a minute, and in each
revolution there are of course twelvecoliicidences between
the two ilisks ; through the openings thus made steam or
Jo.^Si * hlKh pressure is made to pass, so that there are
1IS,«00 puffs of steam or compressed air per minute. The
pulaatimis thus developed impinge upon the sides of the
trumpet and are reflected outwanl in parallel rays, produ-
cing a blast of very great power in the direction required.
fogie, M. See/ojy.
fogle (fo'gl), n. A pocket-handkerchief.
[Thieves' slang.]
"If you don't take /0|7fM and tickers. ... if you don't
Uke pocket-handkechers and watches," said the Dodger
reducing his conversation to the level of Oliver's capacity
"some other cove will." Dickens, Oliver Twist, xvilL
fogless (fog'les), a. [< fogl + -less.l Without
fog; clear.
foglietto (f 6-lyi-et'to), n. [It. , a sheet of paper,
leaf of a book, dim. of foglio, leaf: see foil^,
folio.'] In orchestral music, the part for the first
viohn ; the leader's part, it is written with more de-
tailed directions than the other parts, and hence is often
used by the conductor in the alisence of the score.
fogramt (fog'ram), n. Seefogrum.
fpg-ring (fog'ring), n. In meteor., a bank of fog
III a circular or ring form : a phenomenon not
unusual off the coast of Newfoundland. Brande
and Cox.
fogmmt (fog'nim), M. and a. [Also written fog-
nim. : appar. the same &sfogy, with capriciously
altered termination.] I. «. A fogy.
Never mind, o\i fogrum; run away with me.
O'Keefe, Fontainebleaa, U. 3.
n. a. Fogyish. Davies.
Father and mother are but a couple of /oprum old fools
Foote, Trip to Calais, L
fpg-slgnal (fog'sig^'nal). n. Any signal made
'"foggy weather to prevent danger to ships or
railroad-trains by collision or otherwise, (a) A
signal made on Iniard ship in a fog to prevent collision,
as by the ringing of a bell, the discharge of musketry or
fogyish, ^ „ _. ^.^„„j . .„...j ^^„,-
ing the old-fashioned or conservative ideas or
tastes of a fogy.
The banker, if he were not too old fogvish, woi-b paper
o'lara- Paper World, XUI. 15.
fogylsm (fo'gi-izm), n. [<fogy + -ism.] The
habits or practices of a fogy; the state of be-
ing a fogy ; whatever is characteristic of a fogy.
fohl (fo), interj. [Another foi-m ot faugh, q. v.]
An exclamation of abhorrence or contempt:
same as poh.
Foh ! one may smell In such a will most rank,
Foul disproportions, thoughts unnatural.
Shak., Othello, iii. 31.
Foh^ (fo), n. [A mod. Chin, form (anciently
Bod) of the name Buddha : see Buddha.] The
name in China of Buddha, the founder of Bud-
dhism, which was introduced into that country
about A. D. 67. Also written Fo and Foh-to.
Fohism (fo'izm), n. [< Foh'i + -ism : see Foh'^.]
< liint'so Buddhism.
Fohist (fo'ist), n. [< Foh^ + -ist.] A Chinese
Buddhist; a votary of Foh or Buddha.
foialt, foyalt, a. [OP.: see/eaP.] Same as
feal^.
The act of homage to the king implied and was accom-
panied by the oath of fealty ; the oath recognised that it
was the same thing to befoial and loial.
Stttbbs, Const. Hist., § 785.
foible (foi'bl), a. and n. [< F. foible, another
form of faible (as a noim, faible, a weak point,
a weakness, failing), < OF.feble, etc., feeble:
see/ee6/c.] I.f a. Feeble; weak.
The fencing-masters, when they present a foyle or fleu-
ret to tlieir scholars, tell him it hath two parts ; one of
which he calleth the fort or strong, and the other the/ov-
ble or weak. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Memoirs, p. 46.
n. n. 1. That part of the blade of a sword
which is included between the middle and the
point. Formerly also /ee6/e and /aiifc. — 2. A
special weakness of character; afailing; aweak
point ; a fault of a not very serious kind.
His strong goo<l sense saved him from the faults and
foibles incident to poets — from nervous egotism, sham
modesty, or Jealousy. Emerson, Walter Scott.
= Syn. 2. Inflrniity, Imperfection, defect, fault.
foil! (foil), «. [Early mod. E. aXso foyle; < ME.
finle, a leaf, = D. foelie = G. Dan. Sw. folic,
foU (def. 3), < OF. foil, foel, fuel, fueil, fueill,
m., foille, fuile, fueille, {., F. feuille, f., a leaf,
sheet of pajier, metal, etc., foil in jewelry,
a scale, lamina, = Pr. folh, fueilh, m., folha,
fuelha, f., = OSp. foja, 8p. hoja, f ., = Pg. folha,
t., = It. foglio, m., leaf of paper, page, paper,
foglia, f., leaf, lamina, < L. folium, a leaf, LL.
a leaf of paper (pi. folia, whence the fem.
Eom. forms), = Gr. ^tvlXov, a leaf. From the
same source (h. folium) are folio, foliage, foli-
ate, exfoliate, etc., trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil,
etc., feuillet, feuiUeton, etc.] If. A leaf , as of
a plant.
If the list her [onions'] hedes forto swelle,
Plucke of the foiles alle aboute on lofte.
PaUadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 82.
The mast-holm may be cut into fine thin foils or leaves
like plates, and those also are of a daintie or pleasant
colour- Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvi. 43.
foU
2. A metallic substance formed into very thin
sheets by rolling and hammering : as, gold, tin,
or lead /oil. Gold foil is beaten out to the utmost te-
nuity. Tin foil has a slight alloy of copper, lead, etc.
Dutch foil is made by i-olUng a plate of copper coated with
silver into thin sheets, polishing the silver surface, var-
nishing it, and then laying on a coat of transparent color
mixed with isinglass. A vai'iegated Japanese foil is made
by combining thin sheets of different metals in a single
plate, which is so treated that the different metals or
alloys show in the completed sheet lilie the lines or figures
on a Damascus blade. These sheets are extremely flexible,
aod can be stamped, engraved, etc., for decorative use.
Whose wals were high, but nothing strong nor thick.
And goldeu/oiTe all over them displaid.
Spenser, F. Q., I. iii. 4.
Gold in the form of foil, or In that condition known as
sponge gold, tin in the form of /oil, and amalgams . . .
are the principal material in use as stoppings [for teeth].
Eneyc. Brit., VII. 98.
3. In jewelry, a thin leaf of metal placed under
a precious stone to change its color, or to give
it more color in case of its being inferior in that
respect, or to give it additional luster by the
reflection of light from the surface of the metal.
Much old jewelry is made with thin and poor stones, to
which effect is given by this means.
The stone had need to be rich that is set without /oi(.
Bacon, Ceremonies and Kespects (ed. 1887).
So diamonds owe a lustre to their/oil. Pope.
4. Leaf-metal placed behind translucent en-
amel for the same purpose as that used for pre-
cious stones. (See def. 3.) In this sense often
e&Hedi paillon (which see). Hence — 5. Any-
thing of a different color or of different quali-
ties which serves to adorn or set off another
thing to advantage; that which, by compari-
son or contrast, sets off or shows more con-
spicuously the superiority of something else.
This brilliant is so spotless and so bright.
He needs no/oi7, but shines by his own proper light.
Dryden, Character of a Good Parson, 1. 140.
The general good sense and worthiness of his character
make his friends observe these little singularities as /tyils
that rather set off than blemish his good qualities.
Addison, Sir Roger at Church.
6. An amalgam of tin with quicksilver laid on
one side of a sheet of glass to produce a reflect-
ing surface in making a mirror.
Feuiile [F.], . . . the /oyle of preciotis stones, or look-
ing-glasses ; and hence, a grace, beautie, or glosse given
unto. Colgrave.
I now begin to see my vanity
Shine in this glass, reflected by the/ot7.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, v. 1.
7. In medieval arch., a small are in the tracery
of a window, panel, etc., which is said to be tre-
foUed, quatrefoiled,
cinquefoiled, multi-
foiled, etc., accord-
ing to the ntmiber of
arcs which it eon-
tains — Foil arch. See
archl, 2.
foiP (foil), V. t.
[Early mod. E. also
foyle; < ME. foilen,
foylen, more com-
monly in comp. de-
foilen, defoylen (with
irreg. oi, oy, for reg.
ou), generally de-
foulen, trample up-
on, tread under foot,
fig. subdue, oppress
(whence in part the
mod. sense 'baffle,
frustrate,' but see
to run the foil, un-
der/0172, n.), < OP.
fouler, foler, toiler. Foils, from Amiens Cathedral.
i»m™».l« „„^« c„,l. France; 13th century. .1, trefoil; .S,
trample upon, sub- quatrefoii:
due, defeat, etc., in
anotherform/ouJter, full (cloth) (mod. 'P. fouler,
trample upon, etc., sprain, full (cloth), etc.), in
eomp. defoler, defuler, deffouler (= Pr. dcfolar),
also afoler, trample upon, tread down, etc.,<
ML. fullare (also spelled folare, after the OF.
form), full cloth, namely by trampling or beat-
ing, < li. fullo^n-), a fuller: see fuller^ and/«K2.]
It. To trample upon; tread under foot.
Whom he did all to peeces breake, and /oyle
In filthy durt, and left so in the loathely soyle.
Spenser, F. Q., V. xi. 33.
King Richard, commonly called Richard Cceur de Lyon,
not brooking so proud an indignity, caused the ensigns of
Leopold to be pul'd down and /oiied under foot.
Knolles, Hist. Turks.
2. Toblimt; dtill; deaden: aa,to foil fke scent
in a chase.
When light-winged toys
Of feathered Cupid /oil, with wanton dulness.
My speculative and ofUced instruments.
Shak., Othello, 1. 3(ed. ColIierX
2300
3. To frustrate ; baffle ; mislead ; render vain
or nugatory, as an effort or attempt; thwart;
balk: as, the enemy was foiled in his attempt
to pass the river.
This your courtesy
FoU'd me a second. Ford, Fancies, iv. 1.
And by a mortal man at length axa/oil'd.
Dryden, jEneid, i.
His superior craft enabled him io/ml every attempt of
his enemies. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 1.
The plot was a good plot, but the admiral of France was
destined to he /oiled by an old woman.
Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 168.
=Syn. 3. ThtcaH, Baffle, etc. See/rtM«ra(«.
foil2 (foil), n. [Early mod. B. alao foyle; < ME.
foyle ; < foiV^, t) . ] 1 . The track or trail of game
when pursued.
Sometimes, all Day, we hunt the tedious FoU.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
2t. Defeat; frustration; failure when on the
point of achievement.
Never had the Turkish Emperor
So great &/<nl by any foreign foe.
Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I., iii. 3.
Death never won a stake with greater toil,
Nor e'er was fate so near si/oil. Dryden.
3. In wrentUng, a partial fall; a fall not com-
plete according to the rules.
If he be only indangered, and makes a narrow escape,
it is called &/oyle.
R. Carew, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 150.
Look, how many/ot;» go to a fair fall, so many excuses
to a full lie. Fletcher and Bowley, Maid in the Mill, iv. 1.
And three indirect insinuations will go as far in law
towards giving a downright lie as three /oils will go to-
wards a fall in wrestling.
Dryden, Duchess of York's Paper Defended.
To put to (the) follt, to mar ; blemish.
For several virtues
Have I lik'd several women ; never any
With so full soul, but some defect in her
Did quarrel with the noblest gi-ace she ow'd,
.4nd put it to the/oil. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1.
For monye maks, and mars (say they), and coyne it keepes
the coyle,
It binds the beare, it rules the roste, it putts all things to
/oyle. Drant, tr. of Horace's Satires, i.
To nm the foil, in hunting, to run over the same track
a second time in order to put the hounds at fault : said
of game.
No hare when hardly put to it by the hounds, and run-
ning/oil, makes more doublings and redoublings than the
fetcht compass, circuits, turns, and returns in this their
intricate peregrination. Fuller, Pisgah Sight, IV. iii, 6.
To take the follt, to accept discomfiture or defeat. Do-
mes.
Sundrie of theyme then of the common counsell of the
Citie, standinge upon theire reputation, and myndynge
not to take the /oyle, stande to meaneteane and defende
theyre cause. English Gilds (E. E. T. 8.), p. 304.
Bestir thee, Jaques, take not now the /oil.
Lest thou didst lose what foretime thou didst gain.
Greene, Friar Bacon, p. 168.
foils (foil), n. [Prob. < foil^, v., 2, in the lit.
sense 'blunt'; but examples of this sense are
wanting.] A bated or blunted sword used in
fencing-practice and friendly contests; now,
usually, an implement used in fencing-schools,
for small-sword practice only, it has a blade of
small quadrangular section, a button on the point, and
for the guard two open lunettes or loops, which it is com-
mon to reinforce by "shells " of thick leather. The French
fencing-masters and amateurs distinguish between the
Jleuret or light foil and the ep4e d'escrivie, which is like
the dueling-sword or ^p^e de c&mbat, except in having a
buttoned point, and is therefore much heavier than the
fleuret. See Jleuret.
Bene. Thy wit is as quick as the greyhound's mouth,
it catches.
Marg. And yours as blunt as the fencer's .foils, which
hit, but hurt not. Shak., Much Ado, v. 2.
Against Friends at first with Foils we fence.
Congreve, Pyrrhus, Prol.
foil*t (foU), V. t. [ME. foilen, foylen, a rare and
improp. form (by confusion with foilen, foylen,
foil^, q. V.) of foulen, fylen, defile (cf. ME.
defoilen for defoulen, defylen, defile) : see file^,
fouU, v., amA defile^, def ouU.^ To defile: same
as file"^, fouP-.
foilable (foi'la-bl), a. [ifoiP + -able.'] Ca-
pable of being foiled.
foil-carrier (foirkar''i-6r), ». A kind of dental
pliers for holding gold foil or other filling for
teeth.
foiled (foild), a. [</oiP + -ed2.] In medieval
arch., having foils: as, B, foiled arch.
foiler (foi'lfer), n. One who f oUs or frustrates ;
one who thwarts or baffles.
foilingi (foi'ling), n. [< /o«i + -ing^.'] In
arch., a foU.
foiling^ (foi'ling), n. [Verbal n. otfoil^, tread.]
In hunting, the slight mark of a passing deer
on the grass.
foigt
foil-stone (foil'stdn), n. An imitation jewel.
Simmunds.
toin.^ (foin), V. [Early mod. E. also foyne; <
ME. foynen (once var. funen), thrust at (with
a weapon), rarely tr., pierce, prob. < OF. foine,
foyne, foene, fouane, fouine, F. fouine, a pitch-
fork, a fish-spear (> F. dial, fouiner, catch
fish with a spear), prob. < L. fuscina, a three-
pronged spear, a trident (Littr6) ; hardly < L.
"fodina. lit. 'digger' ? (fodina occurs only in
sense of a pit, mine, ' digging '), < fodere, dig
(Scheler). The particular use of foin in fen-
cing may be due in part to F. dial, foindre, for
F.feindre, feign: see feign, feint.'] I. intrans.
To thrust with a weapon ; push, as in fencing ;
let drive.
He hewd and lasht, and/oynd, and thondred blowes.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 9.
Than they assembled togyder in al partes, and began to
/oyne with speares and stryke with axes and swordes.
Beriiers, tr, of Froissart.
Rogero never /oynd, and seldom strake
But flatling.
Sir J. Harington, tr. of Ariosto, xl. 78.
II. trans. To thrust through with a weapon ;
pierce ; stab.
He egerlyche to Charlis ran
And hente hym by the nekke than.
And /oynde hym with that knyf.
Sir Feriimbras, 1. 5640.
toinH (foin), n. [Early mod. E. also foyne; <
foin^, V.} A thrust ; a push.
At hand strokes they used not swords, but pollaxes ;
which be mortal as well in sharpness as in weight, both
for/oyyies and down strokes.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), il. 184.
It shall not be lawfull to the challengers, nor to the
answearers, with the bastard sword to give or offer any
/oyne to his match.
Quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 15.
foin^t (foin), n. [< ME. foyn, foyne, < OF.
foine, foyne, faine,fayne, F. fouine = Pr. faina,
mod. Pr. faguino, fahino = Cat. fagina = It.
faina (cf. Sp. fuina = Pg. fuinha = It. dial.
fuina, foina, foin, < F.), a polecat, < ML. fa-
gina, a marten, orig. applied to the beech-mar-
ten (Mustela foina), < L. faginus, fem. fagina,
of the beech, < fagus, the beech, = E. beech :
see Fagus and beech^. ] 1 . A name of the beech-
marten, Mustela foina. — 2. The dressed fur of
the same animal.
A cote hath he furred
With /oyns or with fichewes.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E, E. T. S.), 1. 296.
Ermine, /oine, sables, martin, badger, bear.
Middleton, Triumphs of Love and Antiquity.
foina (foi'nii), n. [NL.: see /ow2.] i. The
technical specific name of the beech-marten,
Mustela foina. — 2. leap.'] A generic name of
the same.
foineryt (foi'n6r-i), n. [< /oinl + -ery.] In
fencing, the act of making foins or thrusts with
the foil ; fencing ; sword-play. Marston.
foiningt (foi'ning), n. [ME. foynyng; verbal
n. of foin^, v.] A thrusting, as with spear or
sword; foinery.
ffell was the fight Vfifh/oyiiyng of speires,
Mallyng thurgh metall maynly with hondes.
Destruction o/ Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 9691.
York . . . was . . . famous ... as the first to intro-
duce the custom of /oining of thrusting with the rapier in
single combats. . . . Before his day, it had been custom-
ary among the English to fight with sword and shield.
Motley, United Netherlands, II. 156.
foininglyt (foi'ning-li), adv. In a pushing or
thrusting manner. Johnson.
foining-S'WOrdt (foi'ning-sord), n. A sword
used for thrusting. See estoc, tuck^,foin'^, fen-
cing.
foison (foi'zon), n. [Early mod. E. also foyson,
foizon ; Sc. &\so fissen, fizzen ; <. ME. foison, foi-
soun, fuson, < OF. foison, foyson, fiiison, fuson,
F. foison = Pr. foyso, abundance, profusion, <
L. fusio(n-), an outpouring, effusion, < fusus,
pp. of fundere, pour: see fusion, which is a
doublet of foison.'] X. Plenty; abundance.
[Archaic]
It yaf so gret /otion of water that the brooke ran down
the launde, that was right feire and del[e]ctable.
Merlin (E, E. T. S,), ii, 160.
For he has a perennial /oisow of sappiness.
Lowell, Fable for Critics.
2t. Strength; ability.
The paiens [heathen] were so ferd, thei myght haf oo/oy-
son.
Rob. o/ Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Heame), p. 17.
foisonlesst(foi'zon-les), a. [Sc. fizzenless; (.foi-
son + -less.] Weak; feeble; pithless. Scott.
foist^ (foist, formerly also fist), n. [A var. of
fist^.] It. A breaking wind without noise:
same a,s fist^, 1.— 2. A puffball. [Prov. Eng.]
foist
i'oiBtff (foist), n. [A particular use of foistKl
1. Aslytnck; a juggle; an imposition.
Put not youT/oUU upon me ; I shall scent them.
B, Jonstm, Volpone, iii. 6.
2. A cheat ; a sharper.— 3. A cutpurse : a pick-
pocket. Also/oister. ^
He that picks the pocket is called i/oM
JTot Foist! whafs that? '°'**"'' ^""*'' "' ^'"^°''-
MoU. A diver with two fingers, a pickpocket
Mtddlfton and Dekker, Roaring Girl, v 1
foist2 (foist), «.«. [</oJs<2«.] l.Toworkikby
a tnek; thrust in wrongfuUy, surreptitiously,
or without warrant ; insert or obtrude fraudu-
lently or by imposition; pass or palm off as
genuine or worthy: foUowed by in or into be-
fore the thing affected, and by upon before the
person: as, to foist a spurious document upon
one. ^
ThU gentleman, l>eing a follower of . . . thechanceUor
was by him (as it seemed) /</u««rf into that seruice of pnr-
P*™*- llaUuyfs Voyaga, I. 469.
Our dates are brief, and therefore we admire
WTiat thou (TimeJ dost/oigt upon us that is old.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxiii.
The misgrowth of infectious mistletoe
Fnted into his stock for honest graft
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 226.
vnL'lf ■'"^'^''"1*' »"fhoritie8- partly selfelected, partly
i?,^l I '',5'.«<^'='»"i«'on. partly /o«(«i ,„ by low ind Im-
pudent intrigue - had proclaimed a republic.
W. Jt Qreg, Misc. Essays, 2d ser., p. u.
2t To falsify or make fraudulent by some ia-
sertion ; cog, as a die.
Thou cogging.
Base, foytting lawyer.
Drydtn, Misc., III. 839.
foists (foist), V. i. [E. dial., another form (by
confusion with /o«A) of fmf^, q. v. ; sofMsty
for fusty.] To smell musty : same as /a/t2
foist^ (foist), o. Sameas/owfy. [Prov.Enirl
y^^^ (/oist), n. [Altered (like foist^ for fust^)
K ;i^"*'*;<."*-^''"'' " "?•>* galiey that hath
about 16 or 18 oares on a side, and two rowers to
an oare" (Cotgrave), a particular use of /i«te, a
cask: seefusfl.-] A liglit and fast-saiUng ship
^-yff.abotellkeagaUye. Pal>gra«.
2301
A Fmtt is as it were a Brigandine, being somewhat
Urger then halfe a galley. ^aktuyl'. VoySg^Tl li
jaogalllea, with Are course of oares on a side, and twenty
/out, were set aflote. HoUand. tx. of i.ivy, p lol
foistor (fois't^r), n. [<fmsf> + ^i.l i One
who foists, or inserts without authority.— 2f
Same b8/oi><2, 3.
Si"* f "f ""^ *' "**•*« ^ •'«"<•« and keepe stake
W hen faclng/<«rt,r« lit for Tibume frales
Arc food-sick faint, or hart slcke run their walet.
Hir. /or Mag:, p. 4St.
foistiedt (fois'tid), a. [< foitty, a., + .«ja.i
Madi> fusty or musty. ■"
foistinesst (fois'ti-nes), n. Fustiness ; musH-
ness. ' """"
S.K'h wheat a» ye keep for the baker to buy,
Inthreahed till March, In the sheaf let It lie-
I.e«t/o.^in«M Uke It, if sooner ye thresh It, '
Although by oft turning ye seem to refresh It
Tuuer, Htubandiy, NoTember.
foisltogt (fois'ting), n. [Verbal n. otfoist^, r.l
1. Iheactofusmgfoistsortriekinit.- 2 Pock-
et-picking. ■
A pickpocket ; all hia train stndT the flgging law : that,
to say, cutting of punea and /oiting.
MutdUtm and DeUer, Boarlng Girl, v 1
foisting-houndt, n. Same MfitUng^und.
foistyt (fois ti), a. [Another form of fusty, as
/<^f3 for fust^: s^ f^.] Fusty j-'mii^ty;
I^k well to thy horses In sUlile thou must
That hay be not /aittyi nor chatf full of dustL
Tutnar, Husbandry, December.
folt, n. and n. A Middle English form of/oo/i
rol. An abbreyiation ot folio.
folcland (AS. pron. folk^and), n. The Anglo-
Siixon form ol folkland. ^^^>»-
foldi (fold), V. [< ME. folden, falden, < AS.
fealdan (pret. fe^ld, pi. fedldon, pp. fealden),
■? A wrap up, = OD. vouden, D. vouwenz= OHG
falfian, faltan, MHG. vcUten, G. fallen = Icel
Cw" = 8^-/<"'« = I>«n./o«a« =-both!/aJ«l,
fold. AJcm to -fold, q. v. Not akin to L. pli-
care, fold plectere, Gr. vXlKtw, weave, plait:
see pfcr,/.] I trans. 1. To double over upon
Itself; Jay or bring one part of over or toward
another by bending; bend oyer: used of things
thm and flexible, or relatively so, as a piecoof
Cloth, a sheet of paper, a stratum of rock, etc. :
often with tip.
f»^™ J"ii5;" "8 "^ 'rom the borde the warden rose
X'^'Sle«{2^^*'~^°"'""'^'*^-P-^
Sir A OuyVorde, Pylgrymage, p. 89.
Anone our kynge, with that word,
tie jolde up his sieve.
Lytell Geste o/ Rabyn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 116).
th^l'* *'^^^t^}^ k"!'?,? "P™'"'] be/oi<f«n together as
morns, . . . they shaU be devoured as stubble fully dry.
>>ahum i. 10.
>ow/()W« the lily all her sweetness up
And slips into the bosom of the lake.
Tennyson, Princess, vii.
2. To bring together or place over each other,
as two correlated parts : as, iofold together the
ends of a piece of cloth; to fold one^s arms or
one's hands. '
Conscious of its own impotence, it /olds its arms in de-
^"•, Collier.
head ave'^S''^'' "' w ^? beautUul arms folded and her
neaa averted. H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 343.
3. To inclose in a fold or in folds; wrap un-
cover up or hide away, i" i")
"Coitayse quen," thenne 8(a]yde that gaye.
Knelande to grounde, /olde vp hyr face,
Makclej moder & myryest may,
messed bygynner of vch a grace 1 "
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), i. 434.
Lay open to my earthy gross conceit ...
lae folded meaning of your words' deceit
Shak., C. of B., iii. 2.
n J^f fi •"""'""Sfes were not ended till many years after
scun^fi "'"^'="'°"' "'S'oj'K^t'me. but/JZ<iupi"ob:
scuntie. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 276.
To ciim.f«?/L'?i;"* w'»''J *™«'l "ect she sends
lo Climates /o^ded yet from human Eye.
ov ,^^ „ iVior, Solomon, L
She, with slim hand /oM«i in her gown.
Went o er the dewy grass to where he stood.
WiUxam Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 116.
4. To inclose in or as in the arms; embrace.
We will descend and/oM him in our arms
Shak., Rich. II., 1. 3.
Of. To throw down; overthrow; cause to yield.
That no mon scholde hym lette
The feendes strengthe to f olde.
Kyng of Tars, 1. 1117 (Ritson's Metr. Kom. II )
Folded or plicate wines, in entom., wings which in re-
pos^are longitudinailTJoibled one or more time":
n. tntrans. X. To become doubled uoon it-
self; become bent so that one part lies over
upon another.
tJ[!!:u^, T, ^T" '°.'^J",.* '"■«« proportion of cases the
I?!S.i w ".'.l""^*""? ^"^"'"^ ™"^ed beyond the limit of
elasticity of the rock. Amer.Jour. Se.'.,Sdser.,XXX. ajs.
2. To infold; embrace.
Sleep, weary soul ! ihe folding arms of night
For thee are spread. H. T. Cooke, Nocture.
3t. To yield; give way; fail.
Vr felthe is frele to flecche and/oM;.
Barly Eng. Poem* (ed. Furnirall), p. 122.
Yf he were never so bolde a knyghte.
Of that worme when he had a syghte.
His herte began tofoUe.
MS. Cantab., ft. li 38, f. 67. (BaUiutll.)
folded
wat*r-ti|,-ht fahrlcs. and so arranged that when not in
Folctog chair, door, floor. <-t.-. see the nouns.- poid-
ing fan, a fan wliicli opens and closes, as distinguished
from fans of fixed form.- Folding BtOoL a stool iS»m.ii
chalc which shuta un on hin^.virti.^'' JSfr^.' ""^ »"'"'
foldi (fold),n. [< ME./oW,/oWe(notin AS.) =
OD i>oi«fe, D. vouw = OHG. fald, fait, m., MHG
^"l^e.valte, f., valt,m Q.falte, f., =Icei:/aWa,
Wni' f-'r ^V^"' «•' = »«"»•/»««, fold
Jfn^fr "Y"-/**; "! ?• °"«^n)' a fold, etc.
from the verk] 1 A double or bend in a more
or less flexible substance, as cloth; a flexure
espcciaUy one so extensive as to bring the parts
ther ^^^ °' bending near toge-
The habit of a man or of a woman, which annei>r<vi t^
us in one uniform colour, various?? folded ffshSed^
would present to hU eye (that of a man newlv made 2;
see] nefiher/oW nor shade' but variety of Colour
A-id, Inq. into Human Mind, vi. ; 3.
T_ ., . , This is most strange !
tS- K !' !?o even now was your best object . . .
rn^.^^f ' '.k'^ dearest, should in this trice of time
Lommit a thing so monstrous, to dismantle
So many folds of favour ! shak. , Lear, 1. 1
5. A clasp ; an embrace. [Rare.]
ai..i, , '•^be weak wanton Cupid
bhall from your neck unloose his amorous /oM
_ , , ^ -SAai., T. andC, iii.3.
-Aii2'n«P?o,H^?''' asof Straw. [North. Eng.]
—Amniotic folds. See ammo?!.- Arvteno-pnlirlntH/.
fe'i ' ^°^^^^ ^*?->' = MLG. vkt, van, an
inclosed space, a yard. The AS. fori falod,
Hon wI^kT ' "^^ '^^ S'°««' «"g?ests a conned
^f Ice 1/^^^ V"^ 7'"",' *'*^"^'*' i- «v a board ;
^^Zh^''f (Pl- J?"'"'-,' later /;a«fr) = Dan./tel
Tr, tw-?, I'l fj""^"^' P a"k; /"'od (orig. a neut.
S?'2r ^'Vf "'^.?° ^*- *" inclosure of boards
Sw. /(J«a, a hurdle, a fold, is not related, but
f?a«,:^f-^"J''-^ i- Aplac^of protectionori^r
closure fordomestic animals, usually for sheep.
The fold stands empty in the drowned field
And crows are fatted with the murrain flock
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2.
St Agnes' Eve-^ Ah bitter chill it was '
And silent was the flock in woolly fold.
TT „ « Keats, Eve of St Agnes, 1.
Hence— 2. A flock of sheep.
The hope and promise of my failing/oW
St. A limit ; a boundary. '^'""- *'• "' "'"^
Secure from meeting, they're distinctly rolled;
Kor leave their seats, and pass the dreadful /ok
. . Creech.
4. A farm-yard. [Prov. Eng.]— 5. The inclo-
sure of a farm-house. [Prov. Eng.]
The room, furnished for himself in an old Yorkshire
* 1 JO ..-, :,s Contemptrary Rev., L. 306.
fold2(fold), V. [</oM2 «.] I. trans. To con-
nne, as sheep, in a fold.
These happy pair of lovers meet straightway
Soon as they/ofd their flocks up with the day
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 3.
While to my ear from uplands far away
The bleating of the folded flocks is borne.
M. Arnold, Scholar-Gipsy. •
n. intrans. To confine sheep in afold. [Bare.]
nie star that bids the shepherd /ofd
now the top of heaven doth hold.
- Milton, Comus, 1. 98.
.^•i"-rrP^-L^^^° ■f"!'^' <^S- folde, the
earth.] The earth ; earth.
He 3af to the kowherde a kastel ful nobul.
The fairest vpon fold that euer freke seie
H i«iam of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5382
U .,l''S'..'l''?on.'i" I'.'l'^"-';"' .■"•".?<",». that weldes ;
t'^Z- P*jt« T'liicb are brought together by
bendingorfolding, orone of them ; specifically
/oW^of doth?™^"* "'■ ^ •^P«"y-- "«. » I'road
„ . . , , That remedy
Must be a winding^heet. a/o/d of lead
And some untrod^m corner of the earth
. . .,. ^ ^'^<*. Broken Heart, Hi. s.
Ietthe/<A^ll?e!* "'""' '"""^ "I»» "■" '»0^. «"<»
Dryden, tr. of Dofresnoy's Art of Painting
Down-droop'd, in many a floating/oid,
Engarlanded and diaper'd
With inwrought Rowers, a cloth of gold.
Tennyson, Arabian Knights
3 In entom., a plica or ridge, generally inclined
folded 4' ''Tr'"^/¥^^««"^'«'«l"«i been
whnl;^*-^^'- ^^ol^ed parts of a complex
rJi. I'i r^'"l"?»8;.a complex arrangement or
constitution; intricacy.
If i.« ».-*» y- — ■■■ "-..w. .,ia auiiKeis mat weiae
If he hats loraied the /oid« & folk ther vpone,
I haf bigged Babiloyne, burs alther-rychest.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris) ii. 1665
'^^^h ^i¥^- -■^"^'^' -•^«''*' < -A-S- -/««''« = OS.'
-faUl = OFnes. -fald = D. -voud = OHG. -fait,
MHG. -faji- G. -fait = Icel. -faldr = Sw. -fald
= Dan -fold = Goth, -faiths, a multiplicative
suflBx (connected with AS. fealdan, E. fold\
/ i.i! "^^ I^. difptea; (rf«pZ.-c-), etc., vrith plicare,
vV' ? ?!• -T'"'r<^ ("» iirralToi = AS. twifeald,
Ktvofold, TpmaXroc = AS. thryfeaid, E. three-
joia, etc. ), commonly in secondary form -nUaioc
(in <Jw/i4(T(of, twofold, etc.), orig. '-Talno^, per-
haps akm to -nX6o^, -n-Aoif = L. -plus, as in Gr.
dOT/Wof, diirAoif (whence E. diploe, etc.) = L du-
pUis (whence ult. E. duple, double).'] A multi-
plicative suffix, attached to numerals, as in two-
fold, three/old, fourfold, etc., in algebra n-fold,
etc., signifying 'two, three, four, etc., m, etc.
times as much'; so in many-fold, of which the
older form, with modified meaning, remains in
manifold,
foldagei (fol'daj), n. i<fom-i--age.] In her.,
the doublmg or turning over of a mantle or
mantlet, or of the ribbon on which the motto
IS wntten. In the former sense also called
doubling.
foldaeeSf (fol'daj), n. l<fom + .age.] Same
&»faldage.
foldkoursef, n. l . Land used as a sheep-walk.
~Z\ fl,}° which is appurtenant tbe sole
right of folding the cattle of others.- 3 This
right of folding.
foldet, foldent. Obsolete strong past partici-
ples of fom. Chaucer. ^
folded (fol'ded), p. a. In sool., same as com-
pressed (a) (2).
foldedly
foldedlyt (fol'ded-H), adr. In folds.
The habite of her Priest was . . . apeDtacIeof siluered
stuffe about her shoulders, hanging /oldedft/ down.
Chapman, Masque of Middle Temple.
folder (fol'd^r), B. [< /oMl + -frl.] 1. One
who or that which folds; speeifieally, a flat
knife-like instnunent, frequently of bone or
ivory, used in folding paper. — 2. A circular,
time-table, map, or other printed paper folded
in such a way that it may be spread out in one
sheet. [U. S.]
The Fitchburg Railroad has just issued a local /older
corrected to July 5. It is one of the best, containing
well-arranged time-tables, a good map, and much local
information. The Congregatwnalist, July 14, 1887.
3. In cntom., one of many insects which fold
leaves : as, the grape-leaf folder. See Desmia
and leaf-folder.
folderol (fol'de-rol), n. [Also (Sc.) falderall;
appar. from similar syllables, without mean-
ing, forming the refrain of various old songs ;
ct. fallal.] 1. Mere nonsense; an idle fancy
or conceit ; a silly trifle.
The folderols which I think they call accomplishments.
Spurijeon, John Ploughman's Talk.
2. pi. Trivial ornaments ; fallals.
They can get their dresses &nAfol-de-rols fresh from the
loom of fashion in a few hours. The New Mirror, II. 353.
fold-garth (fold 'garth), n. A farm-yard.
[North. Eng.]
folding (fol'ding), n. [Verbal n. of foW-, v.]
A fold ; a double.
The \(yfiev foMingg of the vest. Addison.
That darkness of character where we can see no heart,
those foldings of art through which no native atfection
is allowed to penetrate, present an object unamiable in
every season of life, but particularly odious in youth.
II. Blair, Works, I. xi.
folding-boards (fol'diug-bordz), ». pi. In min-
ing, a form of cage-shuts used in Scotland.
folding-machine (fol'ding-ma-shen"), n. 1. A
mechanism that automatically folds printed
sheets. Such machines have sometimes at-
tachments fol" cutting, insetting, covering, and
pasting. — 2. A pressing and shaping machine
for forming hollow ware from sheet-metal.
foldleBS(f61d'les),a. [</oWi, »., + -/ess.] Hav-
ing no folds.
fold-net (fold'net), n. A sort of net with which
small birds are taken.
folduret (fol'dur), n. [< fold^, v., + -ure.] The
act of folding. Lamh.
foldy (fol'di), a. [</o?di, «., + ji^i.] Full of
foltls; plaited into folds; hanging in folds.
[Rare.]
Those limbs beneath iheir foldy vestments moving.
J. Baillie.
fold-yard (fold'yard), TO. A yard for folding
or feeding cattle or sheep.
fole^t, n. A Middle English form of foal.
fole^t, ». A Middle English form otfoon.
folehardinesset, folehardyt. Middle English
forms ot foolhardiness, foolhardy.
folelarget, «. A Middle English form of fool-
large.
folewe^t, »'• See follow.
folewe2t, V. Seefulis. .
foleyet, ". An obsolete variant of fool^.
folia'^ (fo-le'a), TO. [Sp. folia (= Pg. folia), a
sort of dance, lit. folly, extravagance : see fol-
ly.'] 1. .4. Spanish dance for one person. — 2.
Music for such a dance, or in imitation of its
rhythm, which is triple and slow.
folia^, TO. Plural oi folium.
foliaceous (fo-li-a'shius), a. [= Sp.folidceo =
Pg. folhaceo = It. fogliaceo, foUaceo, < L. foli-
aceus, leafy, of leaves, < folium, a leaf : see
/oiP.] 1. Being or resembling a leaf.
One of these creatures {Ceroxylug lacerattis] was cover-
ed over with foliaceous excrescences of a clear olive green
colour, so as exactly to resemble a stick grown over by a
creeping moss. A. R. Wallace, Nat. Select., p. 64.
(a) In bot., having the texture or form of a leaf ; bearing
leaves; leafy. (&) In zoiil., having parts or processes like
leaves ; ramifying like a leafy branch ; foliate ; expanded
and thin, but not flat. Also /rondo«c.
The first and second maxilla; are foliaceous.
Huxley, Crayfish, p. 255.
2. Consisting of thin laminee ; having the form
of a leaf or plate: as, foliaceous spar.— Folia-
ceous lichen, one that is peltate and attaclicd only by the
center, as IJmbilicaHa, or expanded, variously lobed, at-
tached by rhizoids, and separaitle from the substratum, as
Parmelia and others. Compare crustaceous aildfruticose.
—Foliaceous tibiae, in entom., tibia; wliich are entirely
or partly expanded into a thin, horny plate, which often
resembles a leaf or flower-petal : a form found in certain
Heteroptera.
foliage (fo'li-aj), «. [Altered (to suit /oKa-
ceowi, foliation, etc., directly from L.) < OP.
2302
fueiUage, F. feuillage, leaves, foliage, < OF.
fueille, foille, F. feuillc, a leaf, < L. folium, a
leaf: see/oiU and folio.] 1. Leaves in gen-
eral; especially, growing leaves, collectively,
in their natural form and condition.
There is not an hearbe throughout the garden that tak-
eth vp greater compasse vfithfuellage than doth the beet.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xix. 8.
Green as the bay-tree, ever green,
Witli its new foliage on.
The gay, tlie thoughtless, have I seen;
Cowper, Stanzas for 1787.
Thou, with all thy breadth and height
Of foliage, towering sycamore.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Izxxix.
2. A cluster of
leaves, flowers, and
branches; particular-
ly, in arch. , the more
or less conventional-
ized representation
of leaves, flowers,
and branches used
to ornament and en-
rich capitals, friezes,
pediments, etc.
A Myrtle Foliage round
the Thimble-case.
Pope, The Basset-Table.
The arch of triumph
. . . looks very much as
if it had been preserved
from the earlier church;
and such is clearly the
case with two columns
and one capital, whose
classical Corinthian foli-
age stands in marked con-
trast with the Venetian
imitations on each side of
it. E. A. Freeman, Ven-
fice D 120 Medieval Conventionalized Foh-
' "' * age, Notre Dame, Paris ; end of
fnlinOTAll ff O ' li - fl,id "^ isthcentury. (FromViollet-Ie-Duc's
lOUdgea 1,1" tl aju;, ..■'Diet, der Architecture.")
a. [< foliage -\- -ea^.J
Having foliage ; covered or decorated with fo-
liage.
Lifting tow'rd the sky
The foliaged head in cloudlike majesty.
The shadow-casting race of trees survive.
Wordsworth, Vernal Ode, iii.
foliage-plant (fo'Ii-aj-plant), «. A plant con-
spicuous for its fine foliage rather than for its
flowers, as the various kinds of coleus and cro-
tons, etc. Beautiful and striking effects are produced
by tlie cultivation of foliage-plants in artistically disposed
masses, foi'niing beds, borders, fantastic patterns, etc.
foliage-tree (fo'li-aj-tre), n. A tree with broad
leaves, such as the oak, elm, and ash, as dis-
tinguished from a needle-leafed tree.
folial (fo'li-al), a. [< L. folium, leaf (see/oiP),
-I- -al.] Pertaining to or resembling foliage;
belonging to leaves. [Rare.]
Wolff in 1759, Linnajus between 1760 and 1770, Goethe in
1790, De Candolle in 1827, and Schleiden in 1836, alike as-
serted the community of structure in the folial and the
floral leaves. G. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 314.
foliar (fo'li-ar), a. [= P. foliaire = Pg. folhear,
< L. folium,"a, leaf : see foil^.] Consisting of or
pertaining to leaves; inserted in, proceeding
from, or resembling a leaf: as, foliar appen-
Not only colour, but even form, may be thus affected
[by the foliage], and the strange leaf-insects crawl about,
each in limb and body a perfect /oitar fragment.
Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 3.
The ripened capsule, with bursting sides, afforded evi-
dence of the foliar nature of the carpels. Science, V. 478.
Foliar gap, in vascular cryptogams, a mesh or break in
the til)rovascular bundle-cylinder of the stem, from the
margin of which a bundle diverges into a leaf, and through
wliich the pith communicates with the outer tissue.
foliate (fo'li-at), V. t. ; pret. and pp. foliated,
ppr. foliating. [< ML. foliatus, pp. of foliare
(> It. fogliare = Pg. folhear = Sp. hnjcar = Pr.
folhar, foillar, fuelhar, fulhar = P. feuiller),
put forth leaves, < Ij. folium, a leaf: see/oiZl.]
1. To beat into a leaf, thin plate, or lamina;
shape or dispose like a leaf ; divide into foils
or leaves.
If gold he foliated, and held between your eyes and the
light, the light looks of a greenish blue.
Newton, Opticks.
2. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and
quicksilver, etc.: as, to foliate a looking-glass.
foliate (fo'li-at), a. [= Pg. folheado = It. fo-
flliato, < Li. foliatus, a., leafy, leafed, <. folium, a
leaf: see foliate, v.] 1. Beaten into the form
of a leaf or thin plate ; foliated.
And therefore gold foliate, or any metal foliate, cleav-
eth. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 293.
2. In bot., leafy; furnished with leaves : as, a
foliate stalk. — 3. In zool., expanded in a leaf-
like form; foliaceous.— Foliate curve. See curve.
foUer
foliated (fo'li-a-ted), p. a. 1. Spread or beat-
en out into a thin plate or leaf. — 2. Covered
with a thin plate or foil. — 3. Consisting of
plates or lamin» ; resembling or in the form of
a plate; lamellar: as, a foliated structure. —
4. (a) In art: (1) Decorated with leaf -shaped
ornaments, or with ornaments whose disposi-
tion and form are suggestive of foliage. (2) Cut
into leaf-shaped divisions or irregularities of
outline.
A very curious baa-relief of a lion, vfith foliated body,
curling hair, and staring eyes.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. xxxvii.
(6) In arch., containing foils: as, a foliated
arch. — 5. In her., decorated with foliations or
lobes; growing into or decorated with natural
leaves. — 6. In music, having notes added above
or below: said of a plain-song melody Foliated
tellurium. .See nagyagite.
foliation (fo-li-a'shon), TO. [= p. feuillaison =
Sp. foliacion = Vg.foleagSo, < ML. as if *folia-
tio(n-), < foliare, put forth leaves: see foliate,
v.] 1. The leafing of plants; vernation; the
disposition of the nascent leaves within the
bud; also, leafage ; foliage.
Nor will that sov'reign arbitress admit
Where'er her nod decrees a mass of shade.
Plants of uneciual size, discordant kind.
Or ruled hy foliation's different laws.
Maso7i, English Garden.
2t. A leaf or scale.
Thus are also disposed the triangular foliations, in the
conicall fruit of the flrre tree, orderly sliadowing and pro-
tecting the winged seeds below them.
Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, ilL
3. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate,
leaf, or foil. — 4. The actor operation of spread-
ing foil over the surface of a piece of glass to
form a mirror. — 5. The state of being folia-
ceous or foliated. — 6. In qeol., an an-angement
of the constituent minerals of a rock in thinly
lamellar or often scale-like forms, the result of
which is that the mass splits easily in a certain
definite direction. Foliation maybe congenital with
the formation of the rock itself, or posterior to it : in the
latter case the epithet foliated indicates a structure not
essentially different from that more generally designated
as schistose. The relations of foliation to cleavage are
somewhat obscure. The essential difference between them
appears to be that cleavage is rarely well developed ex-
cept in fine-grained, argillaceous rock, which i)y its effects
is usually rendered capable of almost indefinite subdivi-
sion In one direction, while foliation separates the rock
into bands sometimes quite distinct from each other in
mineral character, these bands being also not infrequent-
ly more or less irregular in thickness and rather len-
ticular in form. By
some geologists it is
thought that in fo.
liation a more ad-
vanced stage of meta-
morphism has been
reached than that in-
dicated by cleavage ;
but it is also highly
probable that the ori-
ginal lithological and
structural character
of the mass had much
to do with bringing
about the observed
differences. See
schist and schistose.
7. In arch., en-
richment with or-
namental cusps
or groups of
cusps, as in the
tracery of me-
dieval windows;
foils collectively;
feathering. — 8.
Arrangement by
leaves ; specifi-
K
Foliations in Tracery. — Sainte Cha-
Ue, Paris. A. D. 1240. ( From Viollct-le-
'uc's "Diet, de 1' Architecture.")
cally, a numbering of the leaves of a book in-
stead of the pages.
Pagination or rather foliatimi was first used by Am.
Ther Hoernen, at Cologne in 1471, in Adrianus's Liber de
Remediis Fortuitorum Casuum, having each leaf (not
page) numbered hy figures placed in the end of the line
on the middle of each right-hand page.
Encyc. Brit., XXIII, 687.
Obvolute foliation. See obvolvte.
foliature (fo'li-a-tur), «. [= &p. foliatura,
numbering the pages of a book, hojeadura, the
act of turning over the feaves of a book, =
Pg. folheatura, foliation, = It. fogliatitra, work
made to represent leaves, < L. foliatura, leaf-
work, foliage, < foliatus, leafy: see foliate.]
Same a,a foliation.
They wreathed together & foliature of the fig-tree.
Shuckford, Tlie Creation, p. 203.
foliet, n. A Middle English form oi folly.
folier (fo'li-er), «. 1. Goldsmiths' foil. [Bare.]
— 2. A leaf (of an herb or a tree); a sheet of
foUer
paper; also, foil of precious stones. Biehard-
son.
Concerning the preparing these folierg, it is to be ob-
served how and out of what substance they are prepared.
UUt. Royal Society, II. 489.
foliicolous (fo-li-ik'o-lus), a. [< L. folium, a
leaf, + colere, dwell.] Growing upon leaves;
parasitic on leaves, as many fungi, or merely
attached, as some Hepaticw and lichens.
Some foliicolous species (e. g., Platygramma phyllo-
senia). Encyc. Brit., XIV. 56«.
foliiferous (fo-li-if'e-rns), a. [< L. folium, a
leaf, + ferre = E. 'bear\'] Bearing leaves or
leaf-like appendages or expansions Foliifer-
ous staff, a biiton or past<»ral statf decorated with buds ur
leaves at regular intervals, generally on opposite sides
alternately: appearing in decorative worii of the middle
asea as an attribute of certain saints.
foliiform (f6'li-i-f6rm), a. [< L. folium, a leaf,
+ forma, shape.] Shaped like a leaf,
folilparous (fo-li-ip'a-rus), a. [< L. folium, a
leaf, -I- parere, produce.] In bat, producing
leaves only, as leaf-buds. Maunder.
folilyt, adi: [ME., also folili, foliliche; < foly,
follieke, foolish: see folly, a.] Foolishly.
Faire fader, bi mi teith folili ae wrou^ten,
To wilne after wedlok that wold nougt a-sente.
H'miam of Paleriu (E. E. T. S.), 1. 459fi.
Yef ye do as folUy as your syster dede, ye sholde t»e
deed therfore. Merlin (E. K T. S.), 1. 7.
Polily wc have doon. WycHf, Num. xil. 11 (,0x1.).
I have my hody folily dispended,
Blessed be God that it schal been amended.
Chaucer, Jlerchanfs Tale.l. 159.
folio (fo'lio), n. and a. [< L. folio, in the phrase
(XL.) in folio, i. e., in (one) sheet, a book being
in folio when the two opposite leaves form or
are equal to one sheet (so quarto, octavo, etc.,
for in quarto, etc.); folio, abl. ot folium, a
leaf, a sheet of paper: see/oi/i.] I. n. 1. A
sheet of paper folded once, usually through the
shorter diameter, so as to consist of two equal
leaves. — 2. A book or other publication, or a
blank book, etc., consisting of sheets or of a
single sheet folded once.
Thit folio of four pages, happy work !
Cmcper, Task, iv. 60.
3. The size of such a book, etc.: as, an edition
of a work in folio. Abbreviated fol. : as, 3 vols.
fol. — 4. One of several sizes of paper adapted
?or folding once into well-proportioned leaves,
whether intended for such use or not, distin-
guished by specific names. The untrimmed leaf of
a pot folio la about 7^ x 12^ inches ; fooUeap folio, about 8
X 12J ; fat-cap folio, gj x 14 ; croum folio or pott folio, »}
X 16 ; demy folio, 10) x 16 ; medium folio, 12 x 19 ; royal
folio, 12i x" 20 ; tupfrroyal folio, 14 x 22 ; imperial folio, 16
X 22 : elephantfotio, 14 x 23 ; alUu folio, I6{ x 26 ; cofiim-
bicr folio, 17i x 24 ; doubU-eUphant folio, 20 x 27 ; anti-
rrian folio, 26} X 31.
In bookkeejnng, a page of an aocount-book,
or both the right- and left-hand pages num-
bered with the same figure. — 6. In printing,
the number of a page, inserted at top or bot-
tom.— 7. In law, a certain number of words
taken as a basis for computing the length of a
document, in the United Stetes, generally, a folio Is
one hundred words, each figure being counted as a word ;
in England, In conveyancing, etc., seventy-two words, or
in parliamentary and probate proceedings ninety.
8. A wrapper or case for loose papers, sheet
music, engravings, etc. : as, a ransic-folio. —
Broad folio. ^$ee 6roaff.— In follO. {a) In (one) sheet;
in sheets folded but once ; in the fonn of a folio.
The World's a Book in Fnlio, printed all with Ood's
great Worlcs in letters (^'apitall.
SylKtter, tr. of Du Bartaa's Weeks, i. 1.
Devlae, wit; write, pen ; for I am for whole volames in
folio. SAai., L.L.L.,1. 2.
(M) In abundance ; In great style (,Hara); but, perhaps,
in separate leaves ; In flakes or fragments.
The flint, the stake, the stone infoUo flew,
Anger makes all things weapons when 'tis heat.
Faiitliair, tr. of Camoens's Lusiad, I. Dl.
In fall folio, in full dress. [CoUo<).)
H. «. Pertaining to or having the form of a
folio; folded or adapted for folding once ; con-
sisting of leaves formed by one folding: as, a
sheet or book of folio size; a folio sheet, page,
newspaper, or book.
The usual price of the brothers Wlericx for engraving a
plate of folio size was thirty florins.
The Century, XXXVI. 241.
FollO post, a size of writing-paper, generally 17 x 22
inches.
folio (fo'lio), P. f. [< folio, n.l 1. In printing, to
number the pages of, as a book or periodical ;
page; paginate. — 2. In law-copying, to mark
with its proper figure the end of every folio
in; in late-printing, to mark with its proper fig-
ure the space that should be occupied by a folio
in. Hee folio, n., 7.
2303
foliolate (fo'li-o-lat), a. [< NL. foliolatus, <
foliolum, a leaflet: see foliole.1 In hot., of or
pertaining to, or eonswting of, leaflets: used
in composition: as, bifoliolate, having two leaf-
lets ; trifoliolate, having three leaflets.
foliole (fo'U-ol), n. [= F.foliole, < NL. folio-
lum, dim. of h. folium, a leaf: see folio, foil^.'i
1. In bot., a leaflet; a separate part of a com-
pound or divided leaf, or a division of a thallus ;
a squamule. — 2. In zooL, some foliate part or
organ of small size.
The margins of the body and the limbs are furnished
with a series of fiat transparent leaiieta. . . . Similar
foliohs also arise from the basal joint of the antennie.
Stand. Nat. Hist, II. 221.
folioliferous (fo'li-o-Uf 'e-rus), a. [< Nh. folio-
lum, foliole, -1- h.fe'rre = E. ftearl.] In entom.,
bearing leaf -like processes or organs : applied
especially to the abdomen when it is termi-
nated by two thin leaf-like appendages, as in
certain dragon-flies.
foliomort (fo'li-o-mdrt), a. [An aceom. form
otfcidllemorte, q". v.] Same asfeuilleviorte.
foliose (fo'li-os), a. [< L. foliosus, leaf^, full
of leaves, < /oKum, leaf: seefoiP-.'i Bearing or
covered with leaflets or with small leaf-like
appendages.
foliosity (fo-li-os'i-ti), n. l< foliose (in sense 2
with humorous allusion to folio) + -ity.'] 1.
The state of being foliose. — 2. The ponderous-
ness or bulk of a folio ; voluminousness ; copi-
ousness; diffuseness.
It is exactly because be is not tedious, because he does
not slioot into Qenaanffdiosity, that Schlosser finds him
"Intolerable."
De Quineey, Schlosser's Lit. Hist, of 18th Cent.
follott (fo'li-ot), n. [< OF. follet, folet, or, in
full, es}>rit folet or follet, a hobgoblin, Robin
Goflidfellow, bugbear (Cotgrave) ; prop, an ad^.
(> ME. folett), foolish, stupid, dim. ot fol, adj.
foolish, n. a fool, a madcap: see fool^."] A
foblin : associated in popular mythology with
'uck or Robin Goodfellow.
Terrestrial devils are . . . wood-nymphB,/ofio(<, fairies,
robin-goodfellows, Ac. Burtoi\, Anat. of Mel., p. 47.
folions (fo'li-us), o. [= OF. foiUus, foillios, <
h. foliosus, leafy: see/o?«o»e.] 1. Leafy; thin ;
imsubstantial. — 2. In bot., foliose.
folium (fo'li-um), n.; pi. folia (-a). [L., a leaf:
see/oi'A.] 1, A leaf; a lamina; a lamella; a
layer.
Tlie minerals retain their positions In folia ranging in
the usual direction. Darurin, Geol. Observations, ii. 427.
2. In geom., a loop, being a part of a curve
terminated at
both ends by
the same node.
— Folium cacu-
mlnls, in aiuit.,
a lamella of the
vermis superior
of the cerebel-
lum, connecting
the lobi semllu-
nares luperiores.
—Folium of
Descartes, in
geom., a plane
cubic curve hav-
ing a cninode, and one real inflexion, which lies at inftnity.
folk (fok), «. [< ME. folk, folc, < AS. folc =
OFries. OS-foOc = D. MLG. volk = OHG. folc,
MHO. vole, G. volk = Icel. /o«;= Dan. Svr.folk,
people, people collectively, the people, a peo-
ple or nation, = Lith.p«M'(i», a crowd, = OBulg.
pluku = Russ. polkti, an army. The OF. folc,
foule, fulc, fouc, fouk, etc., people, multitude,
crowd, troop, is of G. origin. 'Connection with
flock^ (by transposition) is improbable; with
L. ruU/us, out of the question. The AS. pi. was
the same in form as the sing. ( folc), and meant
only 'peoples, nations'; so SlE., where also
pi. folkes, peoples, occurs; but the pi. folks,
meaning persons, appears in late ME.] People,
considered either distributively or collectively.
Speelflcally — (o) People in general ; persons regarded m-
dividually : used in a plural sense either as/eU or folks.
8wa mykel folk com never togyder . . .
Ala sal be sone bytor Crist than.
HampoCe, Prick of Conscience, L WIS.
Kdt (bleaaed) be thu, taevene queue,
FMts frovre [comforter] and engles blis.
Old Bng. HomUies (ed. Morris), II. 2S5.
He laid his hands upon a few sick folk and healed them.
Mark vi. 0.
So when they came to the door, they went in, not knock-
ing ; tor folks use not to knock at the door of an inn.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 302.
(b) pi. Persons mentally classed togetlicr as forming a
srH'cial group ; with a qualifying adjective or clause : in
this use chiefly colloquial ana generally in the iona folks ;
as, old folks ; young folks; poor folks.
FoUum of Descartes, with its asymptote.
The equation U (4 —J-) (j* — x)> — >rS>.
foUcloristic
Some folks rail against other folks, because other folks
have what some folks would be glad of.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews.
Our ancestors are very good kind oifolka ; but they are
the last people I should choose to have a visiting acquain-
tance with. Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 1.
(c) The people as an aggregate ; the common people : in
this use without a plural form.
Thou Shalt judge the folk righteously.
Ps. Ixvii. 4 (Book of Common Prayer).
(d) An aggregate or corporate body of persona ; a people ;
a nation : as singular /oi*, as plural /o(t» (but rare in the
plural).
The folc of Denemark. Robert of Gloucester, p. 3.
The conies are but a feehlefolk. Prov. xxx. 26.
Some of the wordes the weren spoken bitwene two
folkes, that on was of lerusalem, and that other of Babi-
lonie. Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 61.
But, if we [English-speaking people] do not belong to
the same nation, I do hold that we belong to the same
people : or rather, to use a word of our own tongue, to the
same folk. By that I mean that we come of the same
stock, that we speak the same tongue, that we have a
long common history and a crowd of common memories.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 15.
(e) pi. Friends ; as, we are not folks now, [Prov. Eng.] —
Good folk. See good.— One's folks, or the folks, one's
people ; one's family or relatives : as, he has gone to see
hia folks ; how are the folks at home? [CoUoq.]
FoLkething (fol'ke-ting), «. [Dan., ifolk, folk
(= G. volk), + thing, a meeting (of lawmakers) :
see Landsthing.~\ The lower house of the Dan-
ish parliament or Rigsdag. It consists of 114 mem-
bers elected for three years by all male citizens 30 years
of age and over. All matters regarding the budget and
taxation must first be introduced into the Folkething and
discussed by it before i)eing taken up by the Landsthing
or npi)er house. The Folkething may be dissolved by the
king as often as he pleases.
folk-free (fok'fre), a. Free — Folk-free and
sacless, a term applied to one who Is a lawful freeman.
Wharton.
folk-frith (fok'frith), n. In Anglo-Saxon law,
the rightful peace of the ■whole people. Men
having a controversy with each other were not allowed
to settle it by violence without first obtaining leave of
the people on showing sufficient cause. To fight without
leave was a breach of the folk-frith.
The conquerors came as "folks"; and the very exis.
tence of a folk implied a ''folk frith " of the community
as a whole. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 22.
folkland (fok'land), «. [A mod. form, repr. AS.
folcland, < folc, the people, ■+- teMrf,land.] In old
Eng. law, the land of the folk or people, as dis-
tinguished from bookland, which was held by
charter or deed. It comprised the whole area that
was not assigned to individuals or communities at the
original allotment, and that was not subsequently divided
into estates of bookland. (Slubbs, Const. Uist., § 36.) It
corresponded to the ager publicus of the Romans.
The folkland, the common land of the community or of
the nation, out of which the ancient allodial possessions
were carved. B. A. Freeman, Norman Con<iueBt, I. 63.
Portions of the folk-latid might he, and frequently were,
turned into private property by grant from the sovereign
power ; or, witiiout altering the ultimate public property
in the land, the possession and enjoyment of it might be,
and constantly were, let out to individuals.
E. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 20.
folk-lore (fok'lor), n. [<.folk + lore; first sug-
gested by Mr. Thoms in 1846 (" Athenaaum,"
1846, p. 862), in imitation of G. compounds like
volkslied, 'folk-song,' volkscpos, popular epic,
etc.] The lore of the common people ; the tradi-
tional beliefs and customs of the people, espe-
cially such as are obsolete or archaic; tradi-
tional knowledge ; popular superstitions, tales,
traditions, or legends.
Among the proofs of his [William John Tlioms's] hap-
piness of hitting on names may be cited his . . . inven-
tion of the vorii folk-lore. N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 141.
Mr. Gomme offers as a definition of the science of folk-
lore the following : it is "the comparison and identifica-
tion of the survivals, archaic beliefs, customs, ami tradi-
tiotis in modern ages." Science, IX. 479.
folklorlc (fok' lor- ik), a. l< folk-lore + -ic]
Of or pertaining to folk-lore. [Recent.]
Folk-lorist and folk-loric are not pleasant forms, but
students have txjen driven to use both.
Xattire, XXXIV. 88.
folklorist (fok'lor-ist), n. [< folk-lore + -ist."]
One skilled in or engaged in the study of folk-
lore. [Recent.]
The question whether the personality of the giant Gar-
gantun is an emanation of the fertile genius of Rabelais,
or wiicther tiiat writer grafted his own innnortal ideas
on to an ancient Celtic stock, has for some time past been
a matter of friendly dispute amongst French /oi*-iori«(«.
A', ami Q., 7th ser., I. 404.
folkloristic (fok-lo-ris'tik), a. [< folk-lore +
-istic] Pertaining to the field of the folklor-
ist; of the nature of folk-lore. [Recent.]
A recent visit to the Mississaguas of Scugog Island (a
remnant of a once powerful branch of the great Ojibwa
confederacy) liaa enul)It'd me to collect some interesting
philological uidfolkloristic information.
Science, XII. 132
foUcmoot
folkmoot (fok'mot), H. [A mod. form, repr. ME.
"folhiiote, AS. folc-gemot (= Dan. folkemode =
Sw. folkmote), < folc, the people, + gemot, a
meeting: Bee folk &ni moot. The iorm folkmote
is also used archaically in mod. law writings,
histories, etc. ; it scarcely occurs in ME. litera-
ture.] 1. Formerly, in England, an assembly
of the shire, containing representatives from
townships and hundreds ; also, a local court.
To which folke-mote they all with one consent . . .
Agreed to travell and their fortunes try.
Speiuer, F. Q., IV. iy. 6.
Four representative burghers attend like the four men
and the reeve in the ancient folkmootg, and on behalf of
their neighbours transact the business of the day.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 422.
2. A place where assemblies of the people were
held. [Bare.]
These rounde hills and square bawnes, which ye see soe
strongly trenched and throwen up, were (they say) at first
ordayned for the same purpose, that people might assem-
ble theron ; and therefore aunciently they were called
FolketHOtes : that is, a place for people to meete or talke
of any thing that concerned any difference betwene par-
tyes and towneships. Spenser, State of Ireland.
folkmootert (fok'mo-tdr), n. l< folkmoot +
-crl.] A frequenter of folkmoots or popular
meetings ; a democrat.
Keep your problems of ten groats; these matters are
not for pragmatics and /otk-mooters to babble in.
Milton, Colasterion.
folkmotet, «■ See folkmoot.
folk-psychology (fok'si-koFo-ji), n. [Tr. Q.
rolkerpsi/clii>lo(/ie.'] Same as ethnopgyehology.
folk-light (fok'rit), n. [A mod. form, repr. AS.
folc-rmt, (.folc, the people, -I- riht, right, law.]
The common law or right of the people; the
law or right of the people as opposed to that
of the privileged classes.
When one of Beowulf's ''comrades" saw his lord hard
bestead, " he minded liim of the homestead he had given
him. of the folk-riijht he gave him as his father had it ;
nor might he hold back then."
J. R. Green, Making of Eng., p. 168.
folk-song (fok'song), n. [Tr. G. volkslied.'] 1.
A song of the people ; a song based on a legen-
dary or historical event, or on some incident of
common life, the words and generally the mu-
sic of which have originated among the common
people and are extensively used by them.
The idyllic bond between shepherd and sheep has formed
the subject of many quaintly graceful Roumanian folk-
aongg. Contemporary Rev., LI. 338.
2. A song written in imitation of the simple
and artless style of such a popular song.
folk-speech (fok'spech), n. [< folk + speech;
after Gr. volkssprache.'] Popular language ; the
dialect spoken by the common people of a
country or district, as distinguished from the
speech of the educated people or from the lit-
erary language.
There must have been very great diversity in the folk-
speech. F. A. March, Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 11.
folk-story (fok'sto'rl), ». A popular legend.
Quaint /o!i-8torte« handed down by tradition from gen-
eration to generation.
Seribner's Mag., III., p. 4 of Book Notices, etc.
foUet, V. t. Same as fullS.
foUett (fo-la'), n. [F.] Same &s foliot.
follia (fol-le'a), n. [It., folly, madness, extrava-
gance : see folly.'] In music, a series of varia-
tions on a theme, the only merit of which is their
ingenuity.
folficle (fol'i-kl), n. [= F. follicule = Sp. Pg.
It. {o\>s.) folliculo = It. follicolo, < L. foUieulus,
a small bag or sack, dim. otfollis, a pair of bel-
lows, a wind-bag, a money-bag, etc. ] 1 . In 6o«. :
(a) A dry one-celled seed-vessel consisting of
a single carpel, and dehiscent
only by the ventral suture, as
in the milkweed and larkspur.
(6t) -A^ny bladder-shaped ap-
pendage; a utricle. — 2. In
anat. and zoiil., a minute se-
cretory or excretory cavity,
sac, or tube ; one of the ulti-
mate blind ramifications of a
secretory surface; a glandu-
lar cul-de-sac; a mucous crypt
or lacuna ; a minute nodule
of lymphoid tissue. A seba-
ceous foUicle is a gland of the skin se-
creting a greasy substance; Agastric
follicle is one of the glandular tubes of the mucous mem-
brane of the stomach secreting gastric juice ; an intestinal
follicle is one of the secretory mucous crypts of the intes-
tines ; a Graafian follicle is a little sac in an ovary in which
an ovum matures. The solitary and agminate glands,
glands of Brunner, Peyer's patches, crypts of Lieberkiihn,
etc., are all follicles or aggregations of follicles. The term
Follicle, def. (a).
Frait of Larkspur.
2304
is sometimes extended to a cluster of follicles, thus being
made synonymous with gland.
3. In entom., a cocoon; the covering made by
a larva for its protection during the pupa state.
follicular (f o-lik'u-lar), a. [< LL. follicularis, <
L./oHicM^MS, asmallbag: see follicle.] 1. Per-
taining to, contained in, or having the char-
acter of a follicle: as, a follicular secretion
or parasite; follicular pores. — 2. Composed or
consisting of follicles.
The four tentacles of the posterior division have under-
gone much modification, and are converted into a peculiar
organ termed the spadix, which bears a discoUi&l follicular
gland. Huxletj, Anat. Invert., p. 457.
3. Provided with follicles.
folliculate, folliculated (fo-lik'u-lat, -la-ted),
a. 1. Same as/oHiCH?ac, 3. — 2. In en«o»w., hav-
ing a case or coooon : applied to many pupse and
some larvffi which are so protected.
follicule (f ol'i-kiil), n. [< L. folliculus, a small
bag: see follicle.] 1. A follicle. Hence — 2.
A wind-bag; a pufled-up, conceited person.
[Rare.]
The reporters and other literary and social foUicuies who
have contributed to her ridiculous reputation.
The American, I. 251.
FoUiculina (fo-lik-n-li'nii), n.
[NL., < h, folliculus, a small bag.]
A genus of heterotrichous cili-
ate infusorians, established by La-
marck in 1816 : called Freia by Cla-
parfede and Lachmann in 1856. They
are trumpet-animalcules of the family
Stentorid(e, with the peristome divided
into two lappet-like parts. F. ampulla is
an example.
folliculitis (fo-lik-u-li'tis),n. [NL.,
< follicule + -itis.] In paWjo?., in-
flammation of one or more follicles.
folliculose, folliculous (fo-lik'u-
los, -lus), a. [< LL. follieulosus, full of husks,
iti. folliculus, a small bag, husk, etc.: see fol-
licle.] Having the appearance or nature of a
follicle.
Antheridia in folliculose bodies on the surface of sepa-
rate thalli. Bull. 111. State Laboratory Nat. Hist., 11.30.
follifult (fol'i-fvd), a. \_< folly + -ful.] Full of
folly. Shenstone.
follow (fol'6),«. l<WE.foloiDen,foluwen,folwen,
folshen, folgen, folgien, etc. (also with umlaut
filighen, filihen, fulien), < AS. folgian (also with
reg. umlaut fytgian, fylgean, with syncojie fyl-
gan, with intrusive ifyligian, fyligean, fyligan)
= OS. folgon = OFries. folgia, fulgia, folia =
D. MLG. volgen = OHG. folgen, MHG. volgen,
G.folgen = Icel. fylgja = Dan. folge = Sw. folja,
follow; not in Goth.; connections unknown.]
1. trans. 1. To go or come after; move behind
in the same direction : as, the dog followed his
master home; follow me.
He [Edward the Confessor] took the greatest delight,
says William of Malmsbury, "to follow a pack of swift
hounds in pursuit of game, and to cheer them with his
voice." Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 60.
Of him who walked in glory and in joy,
Follovnng his plough, along the mountain side.
Wordsworth, Resolution and Independence, st. 7.
Fain had hefollow'd their receding steps.
M. Arnold, Balder Dead.
2. To come after in natural sequence, or in
order of time ; succeed.
The nexte houre of 'iA&n folwynge this,
Arcite unto the temple walked is
Of flerse Mars. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1509.
They were free from that childish love of titles which
characterized the . . . generation which preceded them,
and . . . that which /oUoMied them.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
Seest thou how tears stiW follow earthly bliss?
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 390.
3. To engage in the pursuit of ; seek to overtake
or come up with; pursue; chase: as, to follow
game or an enemy.
Whilst her neglected child holds her in chase,
Cries to catch her whose busy care is bent
1o follow that which flies before her face.
Shak., Sonnets, cxliii.
4. To pursue as an object or purpose; strive
after ; endeavor to obtain or attain to.
Follow peace with all men. Heb. xii. 14.
5. To keep up with, or with the course or
progress of; observe or comprehend the se-
quence or connecting links of : as, to follmc an
argument, or the plot of a play. — 6. To watch
or regard the movements, progress, or course
of: as, to follow a person with the eye.
He followed with his eyes the fleeting shade. Dryden.
Is there not one face you study? One figure whose
movements yon follow with, at least, curiosity?
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xix.
follow-loard
7. To accept as a leader or guide; be led or
guided by; accompany; hence, to adhere to, as
disciples to a master or his teachings ; accept
as authority; adopt the opinions, cause, or side
of.
The house of Judah followed David. 2 Sam. ii. 10.
A young man of unblemished character [Gladstone], . . .
the rising hope of those stem and unbending Tories who
follow ... a leader whose experience and eloquence are
indispensable to them.
Macaulay, Gladstone on Church and State.
8. To conform to; comply with; take as a
guide, example, or model : as, to follmc the
fashion ; to follow advice or admonition.
The commodiousness of this invention caused all parts
of Christendom to follow it. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 80.
It has often been alleged as an excuse for the misgov-
ernment of her [Elizabeth's] successors that they o\\\y fol-
lowed her example. Macaulay, Burleigh.
9. To engage in or be concerned with as a pur-
suit; pursue the duties or requirements of;
carry on the business of ; prosecute : as, to fol-
low trade, a calling, or a profession; to follow
the stage.
I would I had bestowed that time in the tongues that I
have in fencing, dancing, and bear -bating : 0, had I but
followed the arts ! Shak., T. N., i. 3.
In peace euery man followed his building and planting.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 37.
Women, girls, and boys often follow this occupation.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 110.
10. To result from, as an effect from a cause
or an inference from premises; come after as
a result or consequence : as, poverty often fol-
lows extravagance or idleness ; intemperance is
often followed by disease.
A duty well discharg'd is aever follow' d
By sad repentance.
Beau, and Ft., Thierry and Theodoret, i. 2.
It is written in the eternal laws of the universe of God,
that sin shall he followed by suffering.
Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 278.
Follow my leader, a game played by children, in which
each in turn does whatever another, called the leader,
does, or suffers some specified penalty. — To follow home,
to follow up closely.
The Prophet, having this fair opportunity, followed the
blow he had given him so home that Ahab was not able
to stand before him. Stilling fleet. Sermons, II. iv.
To follow suit. («) In card-playing, to play a card of the
same suit as that first played. Hence — (6) To follow the
line of speech, argument, or conduct adopted by a prede-
cessor.— To followup, to pursue closely ; prosecute with
vigor or promptness, as something already begun ; act upon
with energy : as, to follow up an advantage.
II. intrans. 1. To come or go behind ; come
in the wake or rear ; come next, or in natural
sequence or order.
loseph ferde bi-foren and the flote folewede.
Joseph of Arimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 2.
When all these things are thus disposed and prepared,
iheti follows the action of the war. Bacon, Fable of Perseus.
The famine . . . Qhz.\\ follow close after you. Jer. xlii. 16.
2. To result as an effect from a cause or an in-
ference from premises; be a consequent: as,
from such conduct great scandal is sure to fol-
low ; the facts may be admitted, but the infer-
ence drawn from them does not follow.
This above all — to thine own self be true ;
And it mvis,i follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.
Shak., Hamlet, 1. 3.
In a short time it followed, that could not be had for a
pound of Copper which before was sould vs for an ounce.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, 1. 166.
If he suspects me without cause, it follows that the best
way of curing his jealousy is to give him reason for 't.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 3.
=Syil. Follow, Succeed, Ensue. Follow and succeed, or
succeed to, are applied to persons or things ; ensue, in mod-
ern literature, to things only. Follow may denote the
mere going in order in a track or line, and it commonly
suggests that the things mentioned are near together.
Succeed (transitive or intransitive), implying a regular
series, denotes the being in the same place which an-
other has held immediately before ; a crowd may follmn a
man, but only one person or event can succeed to another ;
upon the death of a sovereign his oldest son succeeds him
and succeeds to the throne ; A&yfolloifs night. To ensue is
to follow close upon, to/o((owas the effect of some settled
principle of order, to follow by a necessary connection :
as, nothing but sulTering can ensue from such a course.
I yield, I follow where heaven shows the way. Dryden.
One sorrow never comes, but brings an heir,
'That may succeed as his inheritor.
Shak., Pericles, 1. 4.
Then grave Clarissa graceful wav'd her fan ;
Silence ensu'd, and thus the nymph began. Pope.
foUo'W (fol'o), ». [< follow, v.] In MUards, &
stroke which causes the cue-ball to foUow the
obiect-ball after impact.
folIo'W-board (fol'o-bord), n. In founding, the
board on which the pattern for a mold is laid ;
a molding-board.
follower
follower (fol'o-^r), «. [< ME. 'foltcere, foluer,
< AS. folgere.\= OFries. folgere = D. MLG.
loltjtr = OHG. folgari, MHG. rolgare, G. folger
= leel.fylgjari = Dan. {eftfr-)fdlger = Sw. {ef-
ter-lfoljare), a follower, attendant, < folgian,
follow: see /oHoir.] 1. One who follows an-
other, in any sense of the verb follow . in particu-
lar— (a) One who follows or accompanies a master or leatler
as servant, attendant, dependent, associate, or snpporter.
I hane ben his/ojirrtr al this fifty wyntre ;
Bothe ysowen bis sede and sued his bestes.
Piers Plountum (B), V. 549.
Else the lady's road : yet, if 'twere so,
She could not sway her house, command her followerSt . . .
With such a smooth, discreet, and stable beariUK.
Shak., T. Jf., iv. 3.
My lord, cheer up your spirits : our foes are nigh.
And this soft courage maizes your /olloiperg faint.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 2.
(6) One who follows a master or teacher as a disciple or
adherent : one who takes another as his guide in doc-
trines, opinion, or example, or an adherent of a particu-
lar doctrine or system.
So that they aU three do plead God's omnipotency, . . .
the /(titowerg of consubstantiation to the kneading up of
both substances as it were into one lump.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 67.
(e) One who follows in practice the conduct, course, or ex-
ample of another ; one who conforms his conduct or course
to that of si>me person or thing regarded as a model or
pattern; an imitator: as, Terence was & follower of Me-
iiander.
Folloxverg of them who through faith and patience in-
herit the promises. Heb. vi. 12.
id) A man who " kee(» company " with a young woman :
especially, one who is in the habit of calling upon a maid-
servant to pay his addresses ; a beau. [CoUog.]
Mrs. Marker . , . offers eighteen guineas. . . . Five ser-
vants kept. No man. yo/oUoteers.
Diekens, Nicholas Xickleby, xv.
2. In mach., any part of a machine moving in
a limited range, as in guides, and following the
motion of another part. — 3. In a steam-engine,
the cover of a piston or of a stuffing-box.
follower-plate (fol'o-tr-plat), «. In mach., a
l>liit(' serving as a follower.
following (fol'6-ing), )i. [Verbal n. of follow, r.]
1. A body of followers, retainers, attendants,
or supporters ; the adherents, disciples, or imi-
tators of a particular leader or system, consid-
ered collectively ; the persons composing a sect
or party that follows the lead of a chief, or is
devoted to the same causey body of principles,
or system of teaching or action.
While burghers, with Important face.
Described each new-come lord,
Discussed his lineage, told his name,
^in fdlottitiff, and his feudal fame.
Scolt, ilarmion, t. 6.
The Queen . . . took her hand, call'd her sweet sister,
and kiss'd not her alone, but all the ladies of her/oUttirinn.
TennniKfii, Queen Mary, i. 1.
With a small /olloitinn of servants, he reached Naples.
C. v. Warner, Koundaliout Journey, vl.
2. What one follows as an occupation or trade ;
vocation; calling; occupation. [Bare.]
In every age men in general attend more to their own
tmmefltate pursuits anil /o//uirin^« than to the . . . claims
1*1 discontented factions.
.*>. Turner, Hist. Eng. during Middle Ages, vii. 6.
following (fol'o-ing), p. a. [Ppr. ot follow, r.]
1. Immediately succeeding; coming next in
order; ensuing: as, during the /oI/oi^Rff week.
Anil euery ffre sower shall paye, euery yere vij. y«re roj-
wyny, to the ffyndyng of a prest, llij. d.
Knt/lith OMt (E. E. T. 8.), p. 324.
The Mondaye/oJoirynf7(!, that was the daye of Vlti and
Modesti, and the .xvj. day of June.
Sir Ii. Guiil/orde, Fylgrymage, p. 7.
2. That is now to follow; now to be related,
set forth, described, or explained : as, the fol-
lowing story I can vouch for ; in the following
order.
My friend answered what I said in the /oUourinri roan-
"'■r. Steele, Spectator, No. 152.
foUowinglyt (fol'o^ing-li), adv. In what fol-
lows; immediately; next.
So that wp come to him the way that he hath appointed ;
which way is Jesus Christ only, we shall Kt/oUmvinghi.
Tjindale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1850),
(p. 274.
foUo'wing-time (fol'o-ing-tim), n. A wet sea-
sDii, when sjiowers follow one another in rapid
siicffssion. [Prov. Eng.J
folly (fol'i), n.; pi. foUieg (-iz). [< ME./oij^e,
.folf, < OF. folie, folly, foolishness, indiscre-
tion, wantonness. F. folie, folly, also madness,
lunacy (= I'r. folia, follia, fol'hia, fulhia = Sp.
(obs.)/o/iVi = It. follia), < OF. fol, fool, foolish :
see fool^.'] 1. The character or conduct of a
fool ; the state of being foolish ; weakness of
judgment or character, or actions which spring
14.5
2305
from it; want of understanding ; weak or light-
minded conduct.
He . . . that reproveth or chydeth a fool for hii folie.
Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus.
Patriarkej and prophetes repreued lier science.
And seiden, her wordes ne her wisdoraes was but &foli/e.
Piers Plowman (B), xii. 139.
VTh&i folly 'tis to hazard life for ill !
Shak,, T. of A., iii. 5.
^Vhat FoUy must in such Expence appear !
Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
2. Something regard for or attention to which
is foolish.
The things which so long experience of all ages hath
confirmed and made profitable let not us presume to con-
demn as follies and toys, because we sometimes know not
the cause and reason of them.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 1.
Specifleally — 3t. Conduct morally bad; wick-
edness; wantonness.
Sche hadde meche Tresoure al>outen hire : and he trow-
ed, that sche hadde ben a comoun Woman, that dwelled
there to resceyve Men to Folye.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 24.
4. A costly structure or other undertaking left
unfinished for want of means, too expensive
to be properly maintained, built in a very ill-
chosen place, or the like ; an enterprise that
exhausts or ruins the projector.
They saw an object amidst the woods on the edge of the
hill, which upon enquiry they were told was called Shen-
stone's/oWi/. Graces, Spiritual Quixote, ix. 7.
We know indeed how this scorn will embody itself in a
name given to the unfinished structure. It is called this
or that man's /(>;/(/; and the name of the foolish builder
is thus kept alive for lr)ng after-years,
Abp. Trench, Westminster Abbey Sermons, p. 130.
= SyiL 1. Nonsense, foolishness, senselessness, ridiculous-
ness, extravagance, indiscretion, imbecility. See list un-
der absnrdity.
folly (fol'i), r. •'.; pret. and -pp.follied, ppr./o/-
lying. [i folly, n.'] To act with folly ; act fool-
ishly. [Rare.]
Let nie shun
Such/o/Ji/iii<7 before thee. Keats, Endyniion, i,
folly*, a. [ME., also folliehe,foly (mod. as if
'foolly), ifol, fool, + -ly, -licke, E. -lyi.] Foolish.
Than bring they to her remembraunce
The/oiy dedes of her enfaunce.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6006.
Job synnede not with his lippis, none &nyfoly thing ajen
ni>d spac, y'yelif, Job I. 22 (Oxf,).
folmardet, n. An obsolete variant ot foulmart.
foltt, n. [ME. foJte, contr. of folet, < OF. folet,
dim. of/o/, a fool: 8ee/o/e^] A fool. Prompt.
Van., p. 169.
foltt, f. I. [ME., ifolt, n. Cf. OP. enfoletir, act
foolishly.] To act like a fool. Prompt. Parr.,
p. 169.
foltedt, p. a. [ME., < foil + -edZ.] Foolish ;
silly.
Fendes crepte tho ymages witheinne,
And lad folted men to synne.
Cursor Mundi, L 2304.
Shrewes mysdede hym ful ofte.
And helde hym folttd or wode.
MS. Hart., 1701, f. 39. (.Hallimll.)
foltheadt, «■ [ME. foltheed; < folt + -head.-\
Folly.
That non at joure nede 3uure name wolde nempne
In Heranesse ne in folthied, but Haste file away-ward.
Richard the Redeless, ii. 7.
foltisht, a. [ME., a\ao foltisch ; < folt, n., +
-isAl.] Foolish.
Wher Coil hath not maad the wysilom of this worlde
foltisch. Vyelif, 1 Cor. 1. 20 (Oxf,),
A Foityashe face, rude of eloquence,
Bostys with boriaa, and [at] a brownte wul Dee.
Booke <\f Precedence (E. E. T. S,, extra ser.), i. 81,
foltryet, ». [ME.; ifolt + -ry.] Foolish-
ness. Prompt. Parr., p. 169.
folweH, t'. A Middle English form of follow.
folwe'-'t, t'. (. A Middle English form of fulp.
folyt, ". and a. A Middle English form of
folly-
fomentt, w. [< It.fomentum, a warm lotion or
j)oult ice, a mitigation, alleviation, nourishment,
contr. of 'fovimentum, < forere, warm, keep
warm, foment.] A warm lotion; fomentation.
That [ointment] was not vnplcasaunt to our Lordc : but
those superfluous sauors it fomentes of the bmiy, which the
more it is cherished, the more it riseth & reliclleth .against
the soul, Vix<es, Instruction of a Christian Woman, ii. 9,
foment (fo-menf), ". '• [< F. fomcntcr = Pr.
Sp. Pg. fbmentar = It. fomeniure, < L. fomcn-
tare, foment, (.fomentum, a warm lotion or poul-
tice : see foment, n.] 1 . To apply warm lotions
to ; bathe with warm medicated liquids or warm
water.
Creeps Chlllness on him? »he/ame)i(ii and heats
Ills flesh, but more profoundly burns her own.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, L 1&5.
fon
For, whether he cauterize or foment, whether he dravir
blood or apply cordials, he is the same physician, and
seeks but one end (our spiritual health) by his divers
ways, Donne, Sermons, xxiv.
2. To cherish with heat ; encourage or promote
the growth of by or as if by heat. [Bare.]
Every kind that lives.
Fomented by his virtual power, and warni'd.
Milton, P. L., xi. 338.
3. To encourage; abet; instigate or promote
by incitement : commonly used in a bad sense :
as, to foment discord.
The Swedes bear up still, being /omen(«J and supported
by the K-ench. Howell, Letters, I, vi. 8.
Proud Egypt would dissembled friendship bring ;
Foment the war, but not support the king.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 284.
The spirit of maritime enterprise was fomented, and
greatly facilitated in its operation, by the invention ot the
astrolabe, Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i, 16.
fomentation (fo-men-ta'shon), n. [= F. fo-
mentation = Pr. fomentacio"= Sp. fomentacion
= Pg. fomentagao = It. fomeniazione, < L. fo-
mentatio(n-), ifomentare, foment: see fonietit.'i
1. The act of heating, warming, or cherishing;
warmth.
The temper'd heat.
Friendly to vital motion, may afford
Soft foinentation, and invite the seed.
Cowiier, Task, iii. 510,
2. In med.: (a) The act of applying warm li-
quids to a part of the body, by means of flan-
nels or other cloths dipped in them. (6) The
liquid thus applied.
Fomentations properly be devises for to be applied unto
any affected part, either to comfort and to cherish it, or to
allay the paine, or else to open the pores to make way for
ointments and piastres.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, Explanation of Words of Art.
3. Excitation; instigation; encouragement.
And dive in science for distinguished names.
Dishonest /ojiKTTiiad'oH of your pride !
1 ouny. Night Thoughts, v.
Dry fomentation, in v\ed., an application to a part of
the lio.ly of i^LMicthitig warm and dry, as hot flannel, etc.
fomenter (fo-men'ter), n. 1. One who foments ;
one who encourages or instigates: commonly
in a bad sense: as, a, fomenter of sedition.
A perpetual /owcn(er and nourisher of sin.
Hales, Golden Kemains, p. 25.
They (vicars] would not then have become the authors
nn*l fomenters of all that discord and confusion.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. ix.
The small English community was little amenable to the
authority of the king's Government, and appears to have
Iteen the main fomenters, for purposes of gain, of disorder
among the native Irish. Contemi>orary Rev., XLIX, 507i
2. A device for applying heat to any part of
the body, consisting usually of a tin vessel made
to contain hot water, and shaped aaits purpose
requires.
fomes (fo'mez), «.; pi. fomitcs (fo'mi-tez).
[L., kindling-wood, touchwood, tinder, < forere,
warm, keep warm : see /«»«;«<.] 1. In med.,
any porous substance capable of absorbing and
retaining contagion.
The most iniiwrtant /omi'/f-jt are bed-clothea, bedding,
wiKdIen garments, carpets, curtains, letters, etc.
Quain, Med. Diet.
2. [cap.] [NL.] In mycology, a subgenus of
Polyporun, or, according to some authors, a
genus of Polyporei, composed of perennial in-
durated si)ecies.
font, n. and a. [ME. fon, fonne, fool (also as
adj.), < Sw.fdne, a fool (fdnig, foolish), = Icel.
fdni, "a buoyant, high-flying person" (Cleasby
and Vigfusson), a metaphoncal use (according
to the same authority) of fdni, a standard,
= AS. fana, E. fane, vane: see fane^, vane.
Henee/o«rf3, q, v.] I. n. A fool; a simpleton;
an idiot.
By Ood, thou is a/on. Chaucer, Keeve's Tale, 1. 169.
n)us longe where have ye lent?
Certes. walkyd alwnte lyk a/on,
1 wist never what 1 nient.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 80.
Thou art a. fon of thy love to boste,
All that is lent to love wyll be lost.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., February.
II. a. Foolish; simple; silly.
This knyght weddid a woman of the kynrede of Levi,
but she was/(m and bitter. Gesta Romanorum, p. 242.
font, ". i. [ME. fonnen, < fon, a fool ; most com-
mon in the vv. fonned, fond, as adj.: see/o«d3,
a. and t'.] To be foolish or simple; act like a
fool; dote.
When age apnrochith on, . . .
Than thoue snalte begynne Ut fonne,
And dote in love. Court of Love, 1. 458.
Herk, syrs, ye/o/», I shalle you teche.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 94.
■What, ttmfimnytt as a best? Coventry Mysteries, p. 36.
fond
2306
fmid^t. An obsolete preterit of find.
fond^, '■■ '. A Middle English fonn of/aiKp.
fond^ (fond), (I. [< ME. fomi, contr. of usual
fanned, sometimes fonnet, foolish, pp. of fon-
nen, act like a fool, be foolish: see /oh, r.] 1.
Foolish; simple; silly.
The riche mau fuUe/oniied Is, ywys,
That weneth that he loved is.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 5367.
Whether God hath not maad the wisdom of this world fondly (fond'li), adv.
fonntd. ff'yclif. 1 Cof- i- 20 (Purv.). Foolislily ; simply ; sillily.
We have many such fondlings that are their wives'
pack-horses and slaves. Burton, Anat. of Slel., p. 668.
2. A person or thing fondled or caressed.
The badges of a/ondlynge, as
Braue napkyiis, bracelettes, rynges,
He layde away, and went to schoole
To learn more sober thinges.
Drant, tr. of Horace's Satires, i. 3.
He was his parents' darling, not their /o)uHi'n<7. Fuller.
In a fond manner, (a)
I do wonder.
Thou naughty gaoler, that thou art so/ond
To come abroad with him at his request.
Shak., JI. of v., ill. 3.
An old man, that by reason of his age was a little fond.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 32.
2. Exhibiting or expressing foolishness or folly.
Thus shalle we hym refe alle his fonde talys.
Towneley Mysterieg, p. 201.
Let men be assured that a fond opinion they have al-
ready acquired enough is a principal reason why they have
acquired so little. Bacon, Physical Fables, ii., Expl.
3. Foolishly tender and loving ; doting; weakly
indulgent ; "also (without implication of weak-
ness or foolishness), tender; loving; very affec-
tionate.
Coach. But does she draw kindly with the captain ?
Fag. As fond as pigeons. Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 1.
A passion fond even to idolatry.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
4. Foolishly or extravagantly prized ; hence,
trifling; trivial.
Poynt not thy tale with thy fynger, vse thou no such /ond
toyes. Babeeg Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 76.
Not with /ond shekels of the tested gold,
Or stones whose rates are either rich or poor
As fancy values them. Shak., M. for M., ii. 2.
6. Disposed to prize highly or to like very
much; feeling affection or pleasure: usually
followed by o/, rarely by an infinitive : as, to
be fond of children ; to be fond of oysters.
As for their Recreations and Walks, there are no People
mote fond o/ coming together to see and be seen.
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 14.
They seem also to be credulous, and .fond of believing
strange things. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 266.
Ah ! jolly mercer, they who have good wares are fond
to show them. Scott, Kenilworth, li.
6. Cloyingly sweet in taste or smell ; fulsome ;
luscious. [Prov. Eng.]
fondSf (fond), V. [</o«43, a. ; in part prob. an
altered form of the older verb/o». Cf . fondle.^
I. intrans. To be fond; be in love; dote.
My master loves her dearly :
And I, poor monster, fond as much on him.
Shak., T. N., ii. 2.
n. trans. To treat with great indulgence or
tenderness; 'caress; fondle.
The Tyrian hugs and /o»id« thee on her breast.
Dryden, .Eneid, i.
fond"* (fond), n. [< F. fond, < L. fundus, bottom :
see/und.] If. Bottom.— 2t. Fund; stock.
Some new /onde of wit should if possible be provided.
Swift, Tale of a Tub, vii.
3 (F. pron. f6n). A background or ground-
work, especially of lace — Fond clair, mlace-mak
Sometimes her head tihe fondly would agnize
With gaudy girlonds. Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 7.
Sorrow and grief of heart
Makes him speak/ondfj/, like a frantic man.
Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3.
Fondly we think we merit honour then.
When we but praise ourselves in other men.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 464.
(6) With indiscreet or excessive affection ; also (without
implication of indiscretion), affectionately ; tenderly.
He to lips ih&t fondly falter
Presses his without reproof.
Tennyson, Lord of Burleigh.
It was natural in the early days of Wordsworth's career
to dwell most/o?id(y on those profounder qualities to ap-
preciate which settled in some sort the measure of a man's
right to judge of poetry at all.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 202.
fondness (fond'nes), ». [< ME. fonnednesse,
foolishness, < fanned, fond, foolish, -I- -nesse,
-ness.] 1 . The state or character of being fond,
(o) Foolishness; weakness; want of sense or judgment.
In the profetia of Samarie Y tX^ fomxednesse (Latin /n-
tuitatem]. Wyclif, Jer. xxiii. 13 (Purv.).
Fondnesse it were for any, being free.
To covet fetters, though they golden bee !
Spenser, Sonnets, xxxvii.
He is in mourning for his wife's grandmother, which is
thought a great piece ot fondness. Pepys, Diary, I. 283.
(6) Foolish tenderness ; tender passion ; strong or demon-
strative aifection.
Some said he died of melancholy, some of love,
And of that /ondn««ii perish'd.
Fletcher {and Massingerl), Lovers' Progress, iv. 3.
B.eT fondness for a certain earl
Began when I was but a girl.
Swift, Cadenus and Vanessa.
And still, that deep and hidden love.
With its flvst fondness, wept above
The victim of its own revenge !
Whittier, Mogg Megone, ii.
2. Strong inclination, propensity, or appetite.
Being all poor as rats, they dwelt with peculiar fond-
ness upon the popular theme of the enchanted riches.
Irving, Alhambra, p. 302.
Every one has noticed Milton's fondness for sonorous
proper names. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 291.
=Syn. Attachment, Affection, etc. (see love) ; partiality,
inclination, propensity.
fondon (Sp. pron. fon-don'), n. [Sp., bottom,
< fondo, bottom: see fund.] A tub or kettle
with a copper bottom and sides of wood or
stone, larger than the cazo, in which silver
ores are ground and amalgamated. This is ef-
fected by the action of rotating pulverizers (voladoras), as
in the arrastre, except that in the case of the fondon the
pulverizers are made not of stone, but of copper. The
fondon is used in the Catorce mining district in Mexico.
See cazo.
Font, Cathedral of Langres, France ;
end of 13th century.
(From Viollet-le-Duc's "Diet, de
r Architecture." )
171^, a background of the more simple sort, such as a net fondu (f6n-dii'), a. [F., pp. of fondre, melt,
.... , . .. ._.,_.,.„. cast, found, dissolve, soften, blend : seo/o«nd3.]
Blended; softened, in decorattce art, noting anything
in which colors are so applied as to pass insensibly into
each other through delicate gradations : especially said
of color-printing, as in wall-paper and calicoes.
pattern or mesh-like ground.— Fond de CUVet, a cloak of
round form like a cope or Spanish cloak, worn in the four-
teenth and fifteenth centuries.
fondant (fon-don'), a. [F., ppr. of fandre,
found, ground: see/ottrwJS.] In feer., stooping,
as for prey : said of an eagle, a falcon, etc.
fondle (fon'dl), v.; pret. and pp. fondled, ppr.
fondling. [Freq. otfond?, v., < fond?, a.] I.
trans. To treat with tender caresses; bestow to-
kens of love upon ; caress : as, to fondle a child.
The rabbit /<mdte» his own harmless face.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
He knew it was not in their mother's nature to bear to see
any living thing caressed but herself ; she would have felt
annoyed had he fondled a kitten in her presence.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxxv.
n. intrans. To show fondness, as by man-
ners, words, or caresses.
ForuUing together, as I'm alive,
you, my pretty doves ?
Ooldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iv
Persuasion /ondted in his look and tone.
Lowell, Agassiz, ii. 1.
fondler (fond'lSr), ». One who fondles or ca-
resses. Johnson.
fondling (fond'ling), «. [< /o«d3 + -Km(/1.] If.
A person who is fond or foolish ; one of weak
mind or character ; a fool.
Yet were her words and lookes but false and fayned,
To some hid end to make more easie way.
Or to allure gach fondlings whom she trayned
Into her trap unto their owne decay.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. vi. 42.
fontange
now, specifically, a basin, usually of marble or
other fine stone, permanently fixed within a
church, to contain
the water for baptism
by sprinkling or im-
mersion: distinctive-
ly called a baptismal
font. Ritually, its prop-
er position is near the en-
trance of the church, but
it is very commonly placed
near the chancel. In the
early ages of the church
the font was placed in a
separate building or chap-
el called the baptistery;
and this usage has main-
tained itself in some re-
gions, notably in Italy.
By the eleventh century it
had become customary to
locate the font within the
main church edifice. The
earliest medieval fonts
were of considerable size,
as it was then the practice
to administer the rite by
immersion. They were
usually of massive stone or marble, and even the oldest
surviving examples are, as a rule, richly sculptured. See
baptistery.
In the /on( we weren eft iboren. ... In the font ther
we iclensed weren. Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), p. 59.
A Font of baptisme, made of porphyrie stone.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 46.
I have no name, no title ;
No, not that name was given me at thi font.
But 'tis usurp'd. Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1.
2. A fount; fountain; source. [Archaic]
In this garden there are two/o«(« wherein are two aun-
cient Images of great antiquity made of stone.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 35.
Wherefore Moylvennil wyll'd hys Cluyd [river] herself to
show;
Who from her native font, as proudly she doth flow.
Her handmaids Manian hath, and Hespin. her to bring
To Ruthin. Drayton, Polyolbion, x. 110.
Holy-water font, a basin or receptacle for holy water in
Roman Catholic churches ; a b^nitier or stoup. Formerly
also called holy-water stock, stogie, stoup, vat, etc. See cut
under benitier.
font^ (font), n. [In sense 2 also fount; < P.
fonte, a casting, a founding, a cast, a cast of
type, a font, < fondre, melt, cast, found : see
/oiOT(J3.] 1. A casting; the act or process of
casting; founding. ^
When the figure was ready to be cast in bronze, Michel-
angelo seems suddenly to have remembered that, as he
knew nothing of the processes of the font, he could not go
on without the assistance of a skilled workman.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 273.
2. A complete assortment and just apportion-
ment of all the characters of a particular face
and size of printing-type, as required for ordi-
nary printed work. The ordinary font of 500 pounds
of Roman and Italic type tor book- or newspaper-work in
the English language is divided in about the follownig
proportions : small or lower-case letters, 266 pounds ; cap-
ital letters, 37 pounds; small-capital letters, 17 pounds;
figures, 14 pounds; points and references, 20 pounds;
braces, dashes, fractions, etc., 12 pounds ; spaces and quad-
rats, 99 pounds ; Italic letters, 36 pounds. For other lan-
guages than English different apportionments are neces-
fontal (fon'tal), a. and n. [< OF. fontal, < ML.
fontalis, < L. fon(t-)s, a fount, source: see
/oMBfi,/o»<i.] I. a. Pertaining to a font, foun-
tain, source, or origin.
This day among the faithful placed,
And fed with fontal manna,
O with maternal title graced —
Dear Anna's dearest Anna.
Coleridge, Christening of a Friend's Child.
From the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw in-
tellectual power. Coleridge.
II. n. In her., a vase or water-pot depicted
, _„„ , , „ with a fountain or stream running from it.
A Middle English form of the fontanelle. fontanel (fon-ta-nel')-". [<F./om-
tanelle, a fontanelle: see fbntinel.J 1. In pa-
thol., an opening for the discharge of pus. —
2. A vacancy between bones of the skull of
a young animal, due to incompleteness of the
process of ossification. The principal fontanelles
of the human infant's skull are at the corners of the
parietal bones, between these and the frontal, occipital,
and squamosal, respectively. The frontoparietal fonta-
nelle is the largest and lasts the longest, causing the "soft
spot" which may be felt just above the forehead.
The fontanelles remain patent [in rickets] much longer
than in a healthy infant. Qiiain, Med. Diet
3. Some similar opening between other bones,
as in the scapular arch of some batrachians.
Also fontinel.
Coracoid fontanelle, in Batrachia. See coraeoid, and
u. souBc aot^iiug, .,,....»..= »....,. „™„ ait nmier OTnosternnin
in E. use than the baptismal sense, and in /ow<l fontange (fon-tonzh ), n. [t., after the ini-
is to be referred directly to the L.: see/emn*!.] ehesse de Fontanqes, one of the mistresses ot
1 A repository for the water used in baptism ; Louis XIV. See def .] A head-dress f ashion-
Thefondn or rainbow style of paper-hangings.
Ure, Diet., III. 479.
fondne (f6n-dii'), «. [F. fondue, a cheese-pud-
ding, lit. melted, fem. of fondu, pp. of fondre,
melt: see found?.'] A cheese-pudding, made
of grated cheese, eggs, butter, and seasoning-
foneH (fon), n. " " " ' ' "''
plural of /oel.
fone^t, «• An obsolete plural of /ew.
fongt, «'. A Middle English form otfang.
fonlyt (fon'li), a(J». [</o>il,«., + -«i/2.] Fond-
ly. Spenser.
Ah! have I caught font^ (font), ». [< ME. font, rarely font (often
funt, see below) (often in equiv. comp. fant-
ston: see fontstone), < AS./a««(once in comp.
font), a font, = OFries. font, funt = D. vont
= MLG. funte, vunte = Icel. fantr = Sw. funt,
in comp. dop-funt = Dan. font, in comp. dobe-
font, a font, < ML./o«('-)«> a baptismal font, a
particular use of h. fon{t-).s, a fountain, spring.
From the ME. funt, a font, parallel to font,
comes E. fount, now used chiefly in the orig.
L. sense 'a spring,' which is in both cases later
fontange
able in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies. It arose from the use of a ribbon by the Duchesse
(then Mademoiselle) de Fontanges (alxtut lt)80) to fasten
her coiffure when lier hat had blown off, with bows falling
gracefully over the brow. The name was applied to many
modifications of the original simple ribbon or band of lace.
A cap with trimmings of lace, and later a high head-dress
similar to the commode, were successively called by this
name.
The Duchess of Burgundy immediately undressed, and
appeared in »/ontange of the new standard.
Gentleman Instructed^ p, 105.
fontanierf, ». See fountaineer.
Fontarabian (fon-ta-ra'bi-an), a. [< Fontara-^
bia, Sp. Fuenterrabia, in Spain, + -an.'] Of or*
pertaining to Fontarabia or Fuenterrabia, a
town in northern Spain near the French fron-
tier, near which occurred the defeat of the rear-
guard of Charlemagne's army by the Saracens
and the death of Roland; hence, relating to
this battle in the legends of Roland.
O for a blast of that dread horn
On Fontarabian echoes borne.
Scott, Marmion, vL 33.
fonticulns (fon-tik'u-lns), n. ; pi. fonticuli (-11).
[L., a little fountain, dim. offott(t-)s, a foun-
tain: gee /onfl, /o«n<l.] 1. fn surg., a small
ulcer produced artificially either by caustics or
by incisions. — 2. In anat., the depression (fon-
ticulug gutturis) at the root of the neck in
front, just over the top of the breast-bone,
formed by the slanting backward of the wind-
pipe. It is well marked in emaciated per-
sons.
Fontinalese (fon-ti-na'lf-e), n. pi. [KL., < Fon-
tinalis + -«<B.] The tribe of mosses which
constitute the group Cladocarpei ; the water-
mosses. They are aquatic plants with dioecious
flowers. The genera are Fontinalis and Diche-
lymn.
Fontinalis (fon-ti-na'lis), m. [NL., named in
allusion to the place of growth, < L. fontinalis,
pertaining to a fountain : aeefontineW] A ge-
nus of cladocarpous aquatic mosses, repre-
sentative of the tribe FontinaUce. The cilia of
the inner peristome are united into a cone by
transverse bars.
fontinel (fon'ti-nel), n. [< OF. fontenele, fon-
tiiinel^fontanele.fonteneUe, etc., f ., a little foim-
tsin (F.fontanelle, in a special sense, fontsnelle:
see/ontaii«Qe), dim. otfontaine, a fountain: see
fountain.'] 1. A little fount or foimtain.
Let some of those precious distilling tears, which na-
ture, and thy compassion, and thy sufferings, did cause to
distil and drop from those sacred fontintU, water ray
sUiny heart. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S8X L 37.
2. Same a.s fontanelle.
font-namet (font 'nam), n. A baptismal or
Christian name.
Some presome Boston to be his Christian, of Bury [de
Bury I his Simame. But . . . Boston is no Font-name.
Fuller, Worthies, Lincoln, ii. 20.
fontstonet, n. [}/[B.fontston,fontstaH,fantsto»,
fantstan (aiso funtston, fountston), Kfont,fani,
etc., fontl, + ston, stan, stone ; cf. equiv. ME.
funtfat = AS./o»«<B<, if ant, font, + feet, fat,
vat, a vessel.] A baptismal font of stone.
The same year Edmund receav'd at the Fonlttone this
or another Anlas. Milton, Hist. Eng., v.
foo, n. 8ee/u.
foodi (f»d), ». [< ME. foode, fade, < A8. foda,
food; cf. LG. rode = leol. fadhi, n.,fcBdha, t.,
= Sw. ffkia = Dan . /ode = Goth, fodeins, food ;
to the same root belong feed (AS. fedan, < foda,
food), fodderi, fatter'^; of. OHG. fatunga, food,
nourishment ; < Teut. V 'fod, 'fad = Gr. narei-
oftu, eat ; cf . L. pascere, feed : see pasture, pas-
tor.] 1 . What 18 eaten for nourishment ; what-
ever supplies nourishment to organic bodies ;
nntriment; aliihent; victuals; provisions: as,
the food of animals consists mainly of organic
substances; a great scarcity otfood; the food
ot plants.
Feed me with food convenient for me. Prov. ixx. 8.
Bat mice, and rats, and such small deer.
Have t>een Tom'M/ood tor seven long year.
Shak., Lear, ill. i.
And homeless near a thousand homes I stood.
And near a thousand tables pined and wanted /ood.
Wordtmrrth, Onllt and Sorrow.
Hence — 2. Anything that sustains, nourishes,
and augments.
If music be the /ood of lore, play on.
Give me excess of It Shak., T. N., I. 1.
The /ood of hope
Is metlltated action. Tennyaon.
3. Anything serving as material for consump-
tion or use.
2307
P. Hen. I did never see such pitiful rascals.
Fal. Tut, tut ; good enough to toss : /ood for powder,
food for powder ; they'll fUl a pit as well as better.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
I am tempted to believe that plots, conspiracies, wars,
victories, and massacres are ordainetl by Providence only
as /ood for the historian. Jrvinij, Knickerbocker, p. 208.
4t. A person fed or brought up ; a person, as a
child, under nurture ; in an extended sense, any
person; a creature.
Among hem athulf the gode,
Min 03eue child, mv leue/ode.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1340.
My foode that I have fetl. Towneley Mysteries, p. 2-23.
God rue on thee, poor luckless /o<f« .'
What has thou to do here ?
ChUd Rowland (Child s Ballads, I. 250).
ATilTTinl food. See animal, a. — Nitrogenlzed and non-
nitrogenized foods. See nitrogenized. = Syn. 1, Prov-
etuier, etc, (see feed, n.); sustenance, fare, cheer, viands.
food^t (fod), r. t. [< ME. fodeti, a parallel form
ot feden, feed: see food^, feed.] To feed; sup-
ply; figuratively, to soothe; flatter; entertain
with promises.
(He) acoyed it [the child] to come to him A clepud [caUedJ
hit oft,
&/oded it with floures & wite falrh by -best.
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 66.
He was/ood«d forth in vain with long talk.
Baret, Alvearie.
food^t, «. An improper form otfeud^.
Hnrles forth his thundring dart with deadly /ood.
Spenser, F. Q., I. Till. 9.
food-fish (fod'flsh), n. A kind of fish or fishes
suitable for and used as food.
In order for Congress to be able to legislate intelligently
for the protection of food-fishes, it is necessary that their
habits should be understood. Science, XI. 236.
foodful (fod'fid), a. K/oodi -^ -/«/.] Supply-
ing food ; full of food. [Poetical.]
There Tityus was to see, who took his birth
From beav'n, his nursing from the foodfvl earth.
Dryden.
The falling waters led me,
The foodful waters fed me.
Emerson, Woodnotes, 1.
foodlnct. n. [Verbal n. of /oodi, c] Aprovi-
sion or food.
Thou mlght'st have thought and prov'd a wiser lad,
(As Joan her fooding bought) som good, som bad.
Wits Recreatioru (1054).
foodless (fSd'les), a. [<foodl + -le8S.] With-
out food ; destitute of provisions ; barren.
The foodless wilds
Four forth their brown Inhabitants.
Thomson, Winter, 1. 266.
food-plant (fod'plant), n. Any plant that is
used for food.
food-rentt (fOd'rent), n. Rent in kind.
The rent in kind, or food-rent, which was thus propor-
tioned to the stock received, unquestionably develojied in
time into a rent payable in respect of the tenants' land.
Maine, Early Iiist. of Institutions, p. 160.
food-stuff (fod'stuf), n. A substance or ma-
terial suitable for food ; anything used for the
sustenance of man.
food-Tacnole (fOd'vak'u-ol), n. A temporary
vacuole or clear space in the endosarc of a
protozoan, due to the presence of a particle of
food, usually with a little water, it forms a kind
of digestive cavity which travels about In the substance
of the animal, and often has a kind of rhythmic systole
and diastole.
foodyt(Wdi),o. [</oorfi + -yi.] 1. Eatable; fit
for food. — 2. Food-bearing; fertile; fruitful.
Who brought them to the sable Heet from Ida's foody leas.
Chapman, Iliad, it. 104.
food-yolk (fad ' yok), w. That part of the yolk
of a meroblastic egg which serves to nourish
the embryo, as distinguished from the forma-
tive or germinative substance; deutoplasm.
Thus, in a hen's egg all of the ball of yellow ex-
cept the little tread or cicatricula is food-yolk.
fOO-foo (fS'fO), n. 1. A negro name for dough
made from plantains, the fruit being boiled
and then pounded in a mortar. — 2. A person
not worth notice : a term of contempt. Bart-
lett. [CoUoq.]
fooli (fel), n. and a. [< ME. fool, fole, fol, a
fool, sometimes of a court fool, rarely a wanton,
= Icel. fol = ODan. fool, fol, a fool, a madman,
< OP. fol, a fool, ninny, idiot, F. fol, fou, a
madman, lunatic, madcap, fool, buffoon, jester,
= PT./ol,/olh = OSp. fol = It. folle, a fool (also
as adj.), < ML. folliin, follis, adj., foolish, fat-
uous; perhaps orig. in allusion to the puffed
cheeks of a buffoon (see buffoon), < L. follis, a
bellows, a wind-bag, pi. folles, puffed cheeks
(Juvenal): see follicle.] I. n. 1. One who is
deficient in intellect ; a weak-minded or idiotic
person.
fool
By the Statute De PrerogativA Regis, 17 Edw. n., c. 9,
the king shall have the custody of the lands of natural
fools, taking the profits of them without waste or destruc-
tion, and shall find them their necessaries.
Eapatje and Lawrence, Law Diet., p. 623.
2. One who is deficient in judgment or sense ;
a silly or stupid person ; one who manifests
either habitual or occasional lack of discern-
ment or common sense : chiefly used as a term
of disparagement, contempt, or self-deprecia-
tion.
Sche . . . seyde that he was a fool, to desire that he
myghte not have. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 146.
The fool hath said in his heart. There is no God.
Ps. xiv. 1.
Experience keeps a dear school, but Pools will learn in
no other. Franklin, Poor Eichard's Almanac, 1768.
[Used formerly, like uretch, as a term of endearment and
tenderness (with a spice of pity).
Beseech your highness.
My women may be with me. . . . Do not weep, good/oo!»;
There is no cause. Shak., W. T., ii. 1.)
3. One who counterfeits mental 'weakness or
folly ; a professional jester or buffoon ; a re-
tainer dressed in motley, with a pointed cap.
and bells on his head, and a mock scepter or
bauble in his hand, formerly kept by persons
of rank for the purpose of making sport. See
bauble^.
We say also, Giue the/ooJ« his bable; or what's a/ooJ«
without a bable ? Cotgrave.
I protest I take these wise men, that crow so at these
set kind ot fools, no better than the fools' zanies.
Shak., T. N., i. 5.
There was a Whitsuntide /ooie disguised like a foole,
wearing a long coate. Coryat, Crudities, I. 11.
Can they think me so broken, so debased, . . .
Although their drudge, to be their fool or jester?
Jfi«on, S. A., 1. 1338.
4. Figuratively, a tool, toy, sport, butt, or -vic-
tim : as, to be the fool of circumstances.
Thought's the slave of life, and life time's /oo<.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 4.
With morning wakes the will, and cries,
"Thou Shalt not be the fool ot loss. "
Tennyson, In Memorlam, iv.
6t. A wanton, bad, or wicked person All Fools'
day, the first day of April, on which it has long been cus-
tomary to " fool " or mock the unwary by sending them on
some bootless errand, or by making them the subjects
of some deceptive pleasantry or good-humored practical
joke. The origin of the custom is unknown. — April fool,
one who has Ijeen fooled or mocked on All Fools' day. —
Feast of fools. See/ea»<. — Fool saget lOF. fol sage,
lit. a sage or witty fool), a professional jester.
3e lordes and ladyes and legates of holicherche.
That fedeth./'of^jt sa;res, flatereres and lyeres,
And han likynge to lythen hem to do 30W to lawghe.
Piers Ploutnan (B), xiii. 423.
Fool's cap. (o) A head-dress formerly worn by licensed
jesters. It consisted usually of a hood called a coxcomb-
lnx)d, the top rising into the form of a cock's head and
neck, the whole sunnounted by a hell or bells. Asses' ears
were adtled at the sides. " Naturall Idiots and Fooles
haue, and still doe accustome themselves to weare In their
Cappes cocks feathers, or a bat with a necke and head of
a cocke on the top and a bell thereon. " Minsheu, 1617.
Who builds his house on sands.
Pricks his blind horse across the fallow lands.
Or lets his wife abroad with pilgrims roam,
Deserves & fool's-cap and long ears at home.
Pope, Wife of Bath, 1. 360.
(6) A conical paper cap which dunces at school are some-
times compelled to wear by way of punishment. — Fool's
errand. See nronrfl. — Fools' paradise, a state of de-
ceptive happiness ; enjoyment based on false hopes or an-
ticipations.
If ye should lead her into a/oo2's^radt««, . . . it were
a gross . . . behaviour. .S'Aail'., R. and J., 11. 4.
Hence the fool's jnradise, the statesman's scheme.
The air-built castle, and the golden dream.
Pope, Dunciad, ill. 9.
To beg a person for a foolt. See beg'.— To make a
fool of, to cause to appear ridiculous ; lead into useless
or ridiculous acts by deception ; raise false expectations
in; disappoint.— To play bob foolt, to mock. Davies.
What, do they thiuk to play bob fool with me?
Qreene, Alphonsus, iv.
To play the fool, (a) To act as a buffoon ; jest ; make
sport.
I.et me play the foot :
With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come.
■ SAa*., M. of V.,L 1.
(6) To act like one void of understanding.
I havepfa^ed the fool, and have erred exceedingly,
1 .Sam. xxvi. 21.
They all plaved the fool at first, and would by no means
be persuaded by either the tears or entreaties of Christian.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 229.
To put the fool on or npont, to charge with folly ; ac-
count as a fool.
To bethought knowing, you must first ;«(( the fool upon
all mankind. Dn/den.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Simpleton, ninny, dolt, witling, blockhead,
driveler.— 3. Harlequin, clown, jester. See amy.
fool
n, <i. Foolish; silly. [Obsolete or eolloq.]
Sibnht, . . . that was &fole Inng.
Langtoft^ Chroii. (ed. Hearne), p. 14.
A/oi womman tho ert. Legend 0/ St. Katkerine, p. 53.
fooll (f6l), r. [< ME. folen, foUen, < OF. foler,
foUer^ foJoier = Pr. foleiar = Olt. foUeare, be
foolish*; from the noun.] I. intrans, 1. To play
the fool ; act like a weak-minded or foolish per-
son; potter aimlessly or mischievously; toy;
trifle.
Seoieth thanne that toik/olyen and erren.
Chaucer, Boethius, iii. prose 2.
Ro fast« they wesed to h.vm wyne, hit warmed his hert,
And brej-thed xip in to Ins brayn and blemyst his mynde,
And al waykned his wyt, and wel nese [nigh] he/oles.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1420.
Prithee, leave fooling ;
I am in no humour now to /oot and prattle.
Fletcher, Rule a Wife, iii. 5.
I went to London, where \ stayed till 5th March, study-
ing a little, but dancing and fooling more.
E&elyn, Diary, Jan. 19, 1642.
2. To play the buff oon ; act as a fool or jester.
Hadst nothing but three suits of apparel, and some few
benevolences that the lords gave thee Xofool to them.
Bi Jonson, Epicoene, iv. 2.
To fool with, to play, tamper, or meddle with foolishly.
IL trans, 1. To make a fool of; expose to
contempt ; disappoint ; deceive ; impose on.
They fool me to the top of my bent.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
My conscience /ooi« my wit !
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 3.
No man should fool himself by disputing about the phi*
losophy of justification.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 21.
When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat,
Yet, fooled with hope, men favour the deceit.
Dryden, Aurengzebe, iv. 1.
2. To make foolish ; infatuate.
If it be you that stir these daughters' hearts
Against their father, /ooi me not so much
To bear it tamely. Shak., Lear, ii. 4.
3. To beguile; cheat: as, to fool one out of his
money.
And such as come to be thus happily frighted into their
wits, are not so easily /oofd out of them again.
South, Works, IV. vi.
To fool away, to spend to no advantage, or on objects
of little or no value : as, to fool away time or opportunity ;
to fool aioay money.
Without much Delight or Grief,
Ifool away an idle Life.
Prior, To Fleetwood Shephard.
fool2 (f(Sl), M. [< ME./oZe, prob. < OF. foulex,
fole, folic, a pressing, trea(fing, press, fulling-
mill, \ fouler ^foler J F, fouler^ press, tread, crush:
see/oi?2, /mZ/2.] \^^ A light paste of flour and
water, like pie-crust.
Make ^fole of doghe and close this fast.
Liber Cure Cocorum (ed. Morris), p. 41.
2. A sort of custard; a dish made of fruit
crushed and scalded or stewed and mixed with
whipped cream and sugar: as, gooseberry /oo/.
Let anything come in the shape of fodder or eating-
Btuffe, it is Wellcome, whether it be Sawsedge, or Custard,
... or Flawne, or Foole. John Taylor, Great Eater (1610).
Apple-tarta, /ooi«, and strong cheese to keep down
The steaming vapours from the parson's crown.
Satyr against Hypocrites (1689).
Then came sweets, . . . some hot, some cool.
Blancmange and quince-custards, and gooseberry /ooZ.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 303.
fool-be^gedt (fol'begd), a. [In ref. to to beg
forajool: see ftegri.] Foolish.
But if thou live to see like right bereft,
'Hnzfool-beggd patience in thee will be left.
Shak., C. of E., ii. 1.
fool-boldt (fcil'bold), a. Foolishly bold; fool-
hardy.
Some in comers have been /00Z-&0M.
Leland, Journey (enlarged by Bale), Sig. L. 3 b.
fool-bom (f 61'b6m), a. Begotten by or bom of
a fool.
Reply not to me with a fool-bom jest.
SAaA:.,2Hen. IV., v. 5.
(The old editions read fool-borne, probably intended for
fool-bom, but taken by some to mean ' tolerated by a fool
or by fools.' ]
fool-duck (fol'duk), n. See duch^.
foolery (f6'l6r-i), n. ; pi. fooleries (-iz). [< fooU
+ -^'■yO 1- The habit of acting foolishly; ha-
bitual folly; attention to trifles.
Foolery, sir, does walk about the orb like the sun ; it
ghines everywhere. Shak., T. N., iii. 1.
How little giddiness, rant, ?inA foolery do you see there !
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 67.
2. An act of folly ; a trifling or senseless ac-
tion.
" To what request for what strange boon," he said,
** Are these your pretty tricks And fooleries?"
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
2308
3. Afoolish performance; a farcical exhibition ;
a mummery ; a farce.
I went to London, invited to the solemn foolerie of the
Prince de la Grange at Lincoln's Inn, where came the
King, Duke, &c. Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 1, 1662.
4. A foolish belief or practice ; anything based
on fatuity.
That Pythagoras, Plato, or Orpheus believed in any of
these foolencji, it cannot be suspected.
Raleigh, Hist. World.
They have it at Court, as well as we here, that a fatal day
is to be expected shortly, of some great mischief ; whether
by the Papists, or what, they are not ceilain. But the
day is disputed; soraesay next Friday, others a day sooner,
others later ; and I hope all will prove & foolery.
Pepys, Diary, III. 5.
fool-fangle (fOl'fang^gl), ». Afoolish fancy; a
silly trifle.
These Ape-headed pullets, which invent Antique /ooZe-
fangles, meerly for fashion and novelty sake.
N. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 30.
fool-fish (fol'fish), n. 1. A kind of plaice,
Pleuroneates glaber : so called from the readi-
ness with wMeh it takes any bait. The mouth is
very small ; the teeth are chiefly confined to the blind or
white side ; the scales are small ; and the color is grayish-
brown mottled with darker and with blackish spote on the
fins. [Massachusetts, U. S,]
2. A balistoid fish, Monacanthus liispidus; the
long-finned file-fish : so called from its method
of swimming with a wriggling motion with its
mouth upward, by means of undulations of its
dorsal fin, it has a short compressed body, rough skin,
and a single dorsal spine, and is of a dull greenish or
brownish color mottled with a darker shade. [Eastern
coast of the United States.]
fool-happyt (fol'hap''''i), a. Lucky without
judgment or contrivance.
The Marriner yet halfe amazed stares
At perill past, and yet in doubt ne dares
To joy at his/ooZAa^jne oversight.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 1.
foolhardily (fol'har^di-li), adv. [< ME. fool-
hardili; < foolhardy + -ly^.'] ^ith foolhardi-
ness.
If I hadde doon agens my sonX foolhardili.
Wyclif, 2 Ki. [2 Sam.] xviii. 13 (Oxf.).
^Vho, when they would not lend their helping hand to
any man in engine-worke, nor making of bulwarkes and
fortifications, used foole-hardily to sallie forth and fight
most courageously, Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 127.
foolhardiness (f o^har^'di-nes), n. [< ME. fool-
hardinesse, folehardynesse ; (.foolhardy + -ness.']
The quality of being foolhardy; courage with-
out prudence or judgment ; senseless rashness.
Haue I not striven with ful greet strife, in olde tyme be-
fore the age of my Plato, ayeins the foolhardines of foly?
Chaucer, Boethius, i.
Had rebel man's /ooi-Aarrfiness extended
No farther than himself, and there had ended.
It had been just. Quarles, Emblems, iii. 2.
He delighted in out-of-door life; he was venturesome
almost to foolhardijiess, when he went to worship Nature
in her most savage moods. Edinburgh Rev.
foolhardiset (fol'har'^dis), n. [< foolhardy +
-ise; formed by Spenser; gL cowardice.^ Fool-
hardiness.
More huge in strength then wise in workes he was.
And reason with foole-hardize over ran.
Spenser,F. Q.,II. ii. 17.
foolhardy (fol'har^di), a. [< ME. folhardy,
folehardij folherdi, < OF. fol hardij foolishly
bold: see/oo^l and hardy. Cf. fool-hold, fool-
large.'] Bold without judgment or moderation ;
foolishly rash and venturesome.
Folhardy he ys ynou, ac al withoute rede [judgment].
Robert of Gloucester, p. 457.
I find my tongue is too fool-hardy ; but my heart hath
the fear of Mars before it. Shak., Airs Well, iv. 1.
Could you not cure one, sir, of being too rash
And over-daring? — there now *s my disease —
Fool-hardy, as they say?
Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, iii. 2.
=Syn. Adventurous, Enter [yrising. Rash, etc. (see adven-
turous) ; hot-headed, hare-brained. See rash.
fool-hastyt (f61'has'''ti), a. [< fool^ + hasty;
•dfter foolhardy.'] Foolishly hasty.
Annibal . , . rather made full reckning that he had
caught (as it were) with a bait and fleshed the audacious-
nesse of the foole-hastie consull and of the souldiers espe-
cially. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 458.
fool-hen (fol'hen), n, A grouse, especially the
young bird. Seethe extract. [Western U. S.]
In the early part of the season the young [grouse], and
indeed their parents also, are tame and unsuspicious to
the very verge of stupidity, and at this time are often
known by the name of fool-hens among the frontiers-men.
T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 94.
foolifyt (fo'li-fi), V. t. [< fooU + -i-fy, make:
see -fy.] To make a fool of; befool.
They, being throughly taught how with excessive flat-
terie to bear liim up,fooliJied and gulled the man.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 43.
fool-killer
fooling (fo'ling), n. [Verbal n. of /oo/l, r.] 1.
The speech or actions of one M'ho fools or ban-
ters another; jesting; banter; levity; frivol-
ity; nonsense.
In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night,
when thou spokest of Pigrogromitus. Shak., T. N., ii. 3.
Ah, there's no fooling with the Devil !
Cowley, The Mistress, Dissembler.
Such fooling, if not properly animadverted upon, and
seasonably suppressed, may arrive to a greater height, and
be attended with very mischievous effects.
Waterland, Works, IV. 295.
, 2. Ridiculous or absurd behavior; foolery; idle,
aimless, or meddlesome action.
Cres. You shall not go : — One cannot speak a word
But it straight starts you.
Dio. I do not like tine, fooling. Shak., T. and C, v. 2.
Will anyone dare to tell me that business is more enter-
taining than fooling among boats?
R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 37,
3. Playful actions; play; sport.
Ant. 'Twas you we laugh'd at.
Gon. Who in this kind of merry fooling am nothing to
you : so you may continue, and laugh at nothing still.
Shak., Tempest, ii. 1.
Tol-de-rol — 'gad, I should like to have a little fooling
myself —Tol-de-rol! de-rol ! Sheridan, The Kivals, iv. 2.
foolish (fd'lish), a. [< fooU + -ish^. The old-
er adjectives were fool and /o%.] 1. Like a
fool; manifesting folly; deficient in under-
standing, sense, or discretion; weak in intel-
lect or judgment ; unwise.
Now hand your tongues, ye foolish hays.
For small sail be their part.
Rose the Red, and White Lilly (Child's Ballads, V. 175).
Afoolish man, which built his house upon the sand.
Mat. vii. 26.
Pray you now, foi^et and forgive : I am old anA foolish.
Shak., Lear, iv. 7.
2. Proceeding from or prompted by folly ; ex-
hibiting a want of discretion or discrimination ;
silly; vain; trifling.
Foolish delights and fond abusions.
Which doe thatsence besiege with light illusions.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 11.
But foolish and unlearned questions avoid. 2 Tim. ii. 23.
Here lies our sovereign lord the king,
Whose word no man relies on ;
He never says afoolish thing,
Nor ever does a wise one.
Earl of Rochester, Written on the Bedchamber Door of
[Charles II.
Whatever/oo/iij/i notions the novelists may have instilled
into our minds, woman is not all emotion.
N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 408.
3. Ridiculous; contemptible.
Afoolish figure he must make. Prior, Alma, L
4. Denoting or indicative of folly.
Afoolish hanging of thy nether lip.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4.
While wits and Templars every sentence raise.
And wonder with afoolish face of praise.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1 212.
5+. Slight; insignificant.
Nay, gentlemen, prepare not to be gone ;
We have a trifling/ooiisA banquet towards.
Shak., R. and J., i. 5.
= SyiL Silly, Fooli8h{see absurd) ; shallow, brainless, hare-
brained, simple.
foolishly (fo'lish-li), adv. In a foolish manner;
without understanding or judgment; unwisely;
indiscreetly.
He that a fool doth very wisely hit
Doth very foolishly, although he smart,
Not to seem senseless of the bob.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
As foolishly ... as I
Deal with the chess when I am drunk?
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 35.
foolishness (fo'lish-nes), w. 1. The quality or
condition of being foolish ; want of understand-
ing; folly.
Is virtue then, unless of Christian growth,
Mere fallacy, or foolishness, or both?
Cowper, Truth, 1. 516.
" Ugh ! " cried the Sun, and vizoring up a red
And cipher face of roundeii foolishness,
Push'd horse across the foamings of the ford.
Tennyson, Gareth and Lyuette.
2. A foolish practice ; an absurdity.
The preaching of the cross is to them that perish fool-
ishness. 1 Cor. i. 18.
= Syn. 1. Silliness, stupidity, imbecility, dullness, dolt-
ishness, nonsense, absurdity.
foolish-wittyt, «• Foolish in wisdom.
And [she] sings extemporally a woeful ditty;
How love makes young men thrall, and old men dote ;
How love is wise in foWy, foolish -witty.
Shak., Vetnis and Adonis, 1. 838.
fool-killer (forkil^'^r), «. An imaginary per-
sonage invested with authority to put to death
fool-killer
anybody notoriously guilty of great f oUy. [Hu-
morous, U. 8.]
Now and then Niagara has ably assisted the fool-kilter
by knoclcing out gentlemen who bid for fame by going
over the Falls in a barrel.
Sew York TrUntne, Dec. 23, 188a
fool-larget, a. [< MF.. foUlarge, < OF. fol large,
foolishly liberal: see /oo?l and large.} Fool-
ishly liberal ; improvident. Chaucer.
fool-largesset (fol'lar'jes), ». Foolish exi)en-
diture ; waste.
Eachae /ool-Uirge*te, the which men clepen waste.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
foolocracy (fol-ok'ra-si), «.; -pi. foolocracies
(-siz). [</oo/l + -o^raci/, government, as de-
mo-crac^, aristo-cracy, etc.] The rule of fools;
government by fools or incompetent persons.
[Humorous.]
What oceans of absurdity and nonsense will the new
liberties of .Scotland disclose ! Yet this Is better than the
old infamous jobbing and the /ot)locraei/ under which it
has so lung laboured. Sydney Smith, To John Murray.
fool-plou^ht (fai'plou), n. A rustic sport or
pageant in which a number of sword-dancers
dragged a plow, attended with music and per-
sons grotesquely attired.
The /oolplough was, perhaps, the yule-plongh ; it Is also
called the white-plough, liecause the gallant young men
that compose the pageant appear to be dressed in their
shirts, without coats or waistcoats; upon which great num-
bers of ribbands folded into roses are loosely stitchetl.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 450.
foolscap (folz'kap), n. and a. I. n. 1. See/ooFs
cttp, under /oo/l. — 2. A writing-paper, usual-
ly folded, varying in size from 12 X 15 to 12J
X 16 inches: so caUed from its former water-
mark, the outline of a fool's head and cap, for
which other devices are now substituted,
(The Rump Parliament ordered that the royal arms in
the watermark of the paper should be removed anda/oo2>
cap and liells sutjstituted. See *N. & Q..' 2d ser, 1. 251,
and Archasologia, \II. 117. JV. and Q., 7th ser., V. 420.1
The precious lines were written out on /ooiscap — all too
short for the purpose. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 57.
3. A bivalve molliiak, Isocardia cor, better
known as heart-shell.
II. a. Of the size known tiS foolscap.
fool's-coat (folz'kot), H. The European gold-
lliidi, Ciirituflis elegans.
fool's-parsley (folz'pSrsli), n. See parsley.
foolstones (fol'stonz), ». An old name for the
British on'hids Orchis Morio and O. mascula.
Also called dogstones.
fool-trap (fel'trap), n. A trap or snare to catch
fools.
Bets, at first, were fooltrapt, where the wUe,
Like spiders, lay in ambush fur the flies. Dryden.
foorl (fSr). [< ME. for, < AS. for, pi. foron,
pret. of faran, fare : see /orel, r.] A dialectal
(Scotch) preterit otfarc^.
As o'er the moor they lightly /oor.
Bums, Tliere was a Lass, they ca'd her Meg.
foor^ (for), n. [A var. of ford, or perhaps ult.
< AS. for, a journey, < faran, go : see fare^,
r., foor^, ford.'] A ford over a riyer. [Prov.
Eng.]
foor-* (f3r), n. A dialectal variant of furrow.
[Xorth. Eng.]
foor* (f8r), n. [E. dial.] A strong scent or
odor. [Prov. Eng.]
•Foorsday (fOrz'da), «. [8c. dial., = E. Thurs-
il>ii,;<-f.filP = thill, etc.'] Thursday. [Scotch.]
foot (flit), n. ; r,l. feet (fet). [< ME. foot, fat, pi.
fect,fet, < AS. /of, pi. fet = OS. OFries. fot =
D. voet = MLG. vot, Ui. foot, fot, fot = OHO.
fiioz, MHO. ruor, G. fuxn = Icel. fotr = Dan.
fod = Sw. /()< = Qotn./df«», foot; Tent, stem
fot-, in ablaut relation with a stem fat-, fet-,
appearing in AS.ftet (in comp.), a step, going,
Icel. fet (= Dan. Jjed = Sw. jjiit), a pace, step,
foot (of length), fit, the webbed foot of a water-
bird, 9c Jit, foot (see at*) ; AS. feter, E. fetter,
etc.; ME./f«<it-, E./e«of*-, etc.; AS./efian, E.
fet, bring, Icel. feta, find one's way, etc. (see
/efi); = L. pes (pid-) (> It. picde = Sp. piV =
Pg. Pr. ]>e = F. pied), foot, stem ped- appear-
ing also in pedn, a footstep, jtedica, a fetter,
etc., oppidum, town, etc., related to stem pod-
in tripudium, a dance, etc., = Or. n-oi'j- (jrod-),
.iEolic ffcif, foot, related to stem Trri- in jrldt/, a
fetter, -ztiav, the ground, ir^A/ov, a sandal, iriia,
instep, bottom, end, dial, foot, iTff<ic, on foot,
etc.; = Lith. padns = Lett, pehda = Zend pddha
(Pers. ptli. pa. Hind, pa), foot, = Skt. pad,
foot, pada, step, foot, < Skt. ■\/ pad, go, step,
treail. Hence ult., from the AS., fetter, fet-
lock; fct^, ftl3, fit*, etc.; from the L., pedal,
jicdest'il, pcdintrian, pedicel, pediment, etc., hi-
ped, quadruped, centiped, etc., expede, impede,
expedite, etc., peon, pawn^-, etc.; from the Gr.,
podagra, podocarp, etc., podium, peu, etc., dip-
ody, tripod, etc., octopus, polypus, polyp, etc.]
1. In man and other vertebrate animals, the
terminal part of the leg, upon which the body
rests in standing; one of the pedal extremi-
ties.
Thou makes the tor to kysse His mouthe by deuocyone
and gastely prayere, bot tliou tredis apoue his fete and
defoules tbame.
Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 28.
If the foot shall say, Because I am not the hand, I am
not of the body ; is it therefore not of the body?
1 Cor. xii. 15.
Many a light /oof shone like a jewel set
In the dark crag. Tennynon, Princess, ill.
In man the feet are the terminal segments of the posterior
limbs, corresponding to the hands or the anterior extrem-
ities, and extending from the ankle-joint or tildotarsal
articulation to the end of the toes. The foo* is divided
into three parts, the tarsus
or ankle, the metatarsus or
instep, and the phalanges,
digits, or toes. It contains
26 bones : namely, 7 tarsals,
the astragalus, calcaneum,
scaphoid, culH>id. and 3 cune-
iform bones : 5 metatarsals ;
and 14 phalanges, 3 to each
of the digits except the great
toe. which has 2. The axis
of the foot is at right angles
with that of the leg, and the
whole sole rests upon the
ground. The pnncipal mus-
cles acting upon the fixjt are
the anterior and posterior
tibial, the three peroneal,
thegastrocnemii and soleus,
and the flexors and extensors
of the toes. In many mam-
mals the structure of the
foot is much the same as in
man, especially in those
which are plantigrade ; but
the tenn is extended ustial-
ly to the corresponding seg-
ment of the fore limb. In
digltigrade mammals which
walk upon the t^ies, as cats
and dogs, or niK>n the ends
of the toes, as in hoofed quad-
rupeds, the foot, properly
speaking, extends np the
limb : thus In the horse, for «„„„ „ Human foot, or res.
example, the feet reach un the third principal segment of the
■ ' " . ' • •• • hind limo, consistiiw of tarsus.
Bones of Human Foot, or Pes,
legmen
ttg of
metatarsus and phalanges.
to the hock of the hind limb
and the ao-called knee of
the fore Umb (see cut under '■ »»>ra«ah -
feriWoefj/f); but in p.mu. :iC;i'^V„V,.f^^^oi;;:.
lar language /oot Is restrict- meMxruneiform, and ectocuDci-
ed to the phalangeal part of torm, or inner, tniddle, and outer
the foot, which rcsta on the """' — ' '^'" ' '""
cuneiform bones. The foregoing
seven bones constitute the tanus,
and Ml to Mjs, first to the fifth
mctatars.it, constitute the meta-
tarsus. The reniAinini; fourteen
bones ate the phalanges, three
foot
last of a row or series : as, the foot of a monn-
tain, of a column, or of a class.
Departyng owt of thys foi-seyd chnrche of ower lady,
we Came to the/o«e of tlie Moiuite of Olyvete.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 28.
In a Parlour at his beds feete were 3000 Talents of golde.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 363.
When she cam to the gallows /oo(,
The saiit tear blinded her ee.
Alary Hamilton (Child's Ballads, III. 330).
The generous man in the ordinary acceptation, without
respect of the demands of his own family, will soon find
upon the foot of his account that he has sacrificed to fools,
knaves, flatterers, or the deservedly unhappy, all the op-
portunities of affording any future assistance where it
ought to be. Steele, Spectator, No. 346.
6. A blow with the foot. [Rare.]
Harry, giving him a slight foot^ laid him on the broad
of his back. //. Brooke, Fool of Quality, II.
7t. The concluding refrain or burden of a song.
Fotf, or repete of a dittye or verse, whiche is often re-
I>eted. Huloet, 1552.
Ele, leuf, iou, ion ; wheceof the first is the cry and voyce
they con)monly use to one another to make haste, or else
it is the foot of some song of triumph.
yorth, tr. of Plutarch, p. 11.
8t. Footing; basis; principle : used only in the
singular.
This distinction set the controversy upon a new foot.
and seemed to be very well approved by most that heard
it Addison, Coffee-House Debates.
I . . , shall take it ill if you don't keep up the corre-
spondence on the same /oof. Walpole, Letters, II. 126.
I continued upon the same foot of acquaintance with
the two lords last mentioned, until the time of prince
George's death. Suift, Change in Queen's Ministry.
We ought not to treat such miscreants as these upon
the same foot of fair disputants. Steele, Tatler, No. 135.
Of. Regular or normal value or price ; par.
Were it not for tliis easy borrowing upon interest, men's
necessities would draw upon them a most sudden undoing,
in that they would be forced to sell their means (he it lands
or goo<l») far under /oof. Bacon, Usury (ed. 1887).
10. A unit of length, originally the length of a
man*8 foot. Abbreviated ft. The English foot (in
use in the United States) contains 12 inches, and is e<(ual
to 30.48 centimeters. It seems to have slightly lengthened
since the time of Henry VII. The feet in use in differ-
ent European countries before the introduction of the
metric system varied from 9 to 21 English inches. The
ancient Roman foot is known from a number of extant
standards to have been equal to 11.65 English inches.
Otheranuient feetareof uncertain length, even when their
existence is not iti dout>t; especially, there is at present
much dispute concerning the Attic foot. (See geometrical
foiA, below.) Tlie following talde gives the prevalent
opinions concerning the lengths of the ancient feet and
Wfll-detemiined values of the more imp'irtant modern
units of this name, all expressed in English inches :
to each digit excepting the great
toe : A, distal phalanx of the hal-
lux or great toe.
sround in walkhig. In birds
Uie foot is proptTty the
whole of the hind limb up
to the tibiotar^tal johit, coni-
monly but wn>ngly called
the knee, and includes the
tarsometataraua and toes;
but it is popularly restricted to the toes alone. In rep-
tiles and batrachUns whfcti have llmt>s, the foot is the
tenninal Sf^rment of either fore or hind limb, as In other
vertebrates. The bind foot is technically called the pt».
2. In invertebrate animals, some part serving
the purpose of a foot, (a) in mollusks, any surface or
tmrt of the body upon which the animal rests or moves,
t is often extensile or protrusible, as In gastropods, and
is technically calle<l the j}odium. See cuts under ilelicidce
and LatnsUihranrhiata. ib) In Insects, speclflcaUy, the tar-
sus, (r) In arthropods, the leg. The modiflcations of the
llmt>8 have different names, as ttrimming-feet or pticpodM,
ambulatory feet, etc. (rf) In worms, one of the bristly ap-
pendages called parapodia. See cut under prcestomtum.
(e) In echinoderms, a tubular prolongation of the body
through an ambulacrum. See titbe-foot. {f) In protozo-
ans, a temporary prolongation of the body, called a fahe
foot. See p*eitdopo<iium.
3. ^fifit.J soldiers who march and fight on foot;
infantry as distinguished from cavalry: used
collectively for /w>^*oW*>r*.• as, a regiment of
foot; the Tentfi (regiment ot)foot.
Part wfeld their arms, part curb the foaming iteed.
Single or in array of battle ranged
Both hurse and/ooC, nor idly mustering stood.
Jftf/on, P. L.,xi. 645.
Here I leave my second le^.
And the Forty-second foot.
Ihxtd, Faitldess Nelly Gray.
4. Something which bears a resemblance to an
animal's foot in shape, or in its office as a sup-
port or base, or in its position as a terminus or
lowest part.
The groove . . . divides the bottom of the tvpe into
two pails called the feet. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 608.
Speciflcally— (a) Tlie part of a Ht/>cking or lK>ot which
receives the fobt. (h) A mechanical contrivance acting
like the foot of a man hi the propulsion of automatic ma-
chines, (f) The lower part of the leg of a chair or any
other 8Uppt>rt or shaft.
6. The lowest part or foundation ; the part op-
posite to the head or top ; the bottom ; also, the
AncUnt feet. Inches.
Great Ptolemaic .... 13.98
Lesser Ptolemaic... 12.14
Ionic 13.78
Philetajrlan 12.99
Phr>'gian 10.93
.^ginetan 13.11
Olympic 12.62
Attic 11.64
Italic 10.83
Roman 11.65
Ancient German 13.11
Medieval/eet,
Ancient Welsh 9
Scotch 12.064
Modem feet.
( Measures of the Russian com-
mission.)
Sicily 10.183
Modemfeet. Inches.
Spain (footof Burgos) 10.968
Dresden commercial
foot 11.128
Wurtemberg 11.276
PoUnd 11.325
Cassel WerkfuBs .... 11.328
LUbeck 11.329
Bremen 11.387
Bavaria 11.458
Sweden 11.68»
Nuremberg 11.926
Prussia 12.357
Vienna 12.443
Venice 13.672
Cassel RuthenfuBS . . 15.700 .
Piedmont (piede Li*
prando) 20.223
( From other authorities. )
French pled du roi . . 12.789
A foot of grindstone was formerly 8 inches.
The great culverin [of 1551 ] was nearly 10 feit long, fand|
weighed 4,000 lbs. W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 21.
[In this sense foot was formerly, and still is dialectally^
often used for the plural, as well as In idiomatic combina-
tions like a three-foot reflector, an 8-/oot stop.
The boke seith, he was xiiij foote of lengthe, and half a
palme be-twene his browes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 3.Sfl.J
1 1 . In pros. , a group of syllables, of which one is
distinctiished above the others, which are rela-
tively less marked in enunciation ; a section of
a rhythmical series consisting of a thesis and
an arsis. The Greeks first gave the name foot (n-oii?) to
the group of times marked by and- coincident with one rise
and one fall of the human foot in dancing or in l)eating
time. The time or syllable marked alike by the ictus or
stress of voice, and t)y the beat of fm)t or hand in mark-
ing time, they accordingly called the tftettig (^*ffis)or ' set-
ting down ' ()»f the foot), and the remaining interval be-
fore or after this the «rm(ap<ri?) or ' raising (of the foot).
Many Ijitln and modern writers have introduced great
cr>nfusion into metrical nomenclature by directly inter-
changing the meaning of the wonls ar^in and them'x. (See
arxi«.) An uninterrupted succession of feet constitutes
a colon or series, antl tlie name line or tvr«e is given to
a colon, cola, or period, if written in one line. In accen-
tual pfH'try.as in English, and other nuKlern languages in
which the syllabic accent Is chiefly a stress of the voice,
the rhythmical ictus regularly coincides with the syllabic
accent, and the relative length of time taken in pro-
foot
noanciug a sylUble is almost entirely disregarded. In
the poetry of the Greeks, Romans, Hiudiis, ami otlier na-
tions in wliose languages tlie syllabic accent was chiefly a
matter uf tone or piteh, quantity — that is. the length of
time tkl^eu in pronouncing each syllable — detemiined the
rhj'thna. In Greek and Roman rhythmics and metrics a
unit of time is assumed, called a priinaru ov/undainfntal
time or mora, or specifically a time, and tliis is regarded
as the ordinary or normal short (marked -'), and expressed
in verbal composition by a short syllable. The ordinary
or normal long (marked — ) is equal to two times or monc,
and is express^ by a long syllable. Metrical classification
of such feet is based either on metrical magnitude — that
is, on the length of the foot as measured in morse or times,
each long being reckoned as two shorts — or on the i}eda.l
ratio — that is, the proportion of the number of times in
the thesis to that iu the arsis.
From long to long in solemn sort
Slow Spondee stalks; strong /oo«.' yet ill able
Ever to come up with Dactyl trisyllable.
Coleridge, Metrical Feet
12. la music: (a) A drone-bass. (6) A chorus
or refrain; a burden, (c) In organ-building:
(1) The part of apip^ below its mouth. (2) A
measure or name iised in denoting the pitch of
stops. The standard of reference is the length of an open
pipe belonging to the second C below middle C. A unison
stop is called an 8-foot stop, because in this case the pipe
is about 8 feet long. Similarly, an octave stop is called
s 4-foot stop ; a double or suboctave stop, a 16-foot stop,
etc. (See;((o/>.) The usage has been extended to the desig-
nation of the pitch of particular tones and of instruments.
Thus, the second C below middle C is called 8-foot C, and
all the tones in the octave above it 8-foot tones, or tones
in the 8-foot octave, while the first C below middle C is
called 4-foot C, etc. Thus, also, the piccolo is called a
4-foot instrument, because its tones are an octave above
the notes written.
13. The commercial name for one of the small
plates of tortoise-shell which line the carapace :
commonly used in the plural. — 14. One of the
small marginal plates of the upper shell of the
hawkbill turtle. Also called nose. — 15t. Sedi-
ment: same as foots.
Much of this Waxe had a great foote and is not so faire
waie as in times past wee haue had. You must cause the
/oote to bee taken off before you doe weigh it.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 306.
Accentual feet. See accentual.— BaXi of the foot. See
bain.— By foot, by walking.— Cubic foot, a cube whose
Bide is one foot, and which therefore contains 1,728 cubic
Inches.— Dactylic foot. See isorrhythmic.— Dniii'B
foot. See ZJmui.— DrUBlan foot. See Drumanl.-
False feet, (a) In Protozoa, pseudopods. (6) In Crus-
tacea, the swimniinK-feet or abdominal appendages.—
Foot-and-mouth disease, aphthse epizooticae, a conta-
gious affection which attacks cattle and other animals,
manifesting itself by lameness, indisposition to eat, and
general febrile symptoms, with eruptions of small vesicles
on the feet, in the mouth, and elsewhere. It may be com-
municated to persons who drink the unboiled milk of
cows affected with the disease.— Foot of a fine. See
yin«i.— Fungus foot of India, Madura foot. Same
as myMfoma.— CSeometrlcal or philosophical foot, a
foot in use in the sixteenth and seventccntli centuries by
writers of all countries, equal, according to the researches
of De Morgan, to about 9.8 English inches.
An inch [is] one-tenth of a philosophical foot.
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. %. 10, note.
On foot, (a) Standing or moving on the feet ; afoot.
And Vlfln light down onfoote to 8p[e]ke with this man,
and hym axed what he was. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 72.
To come onfote to hunt and shote
To get us mete in store.
The Nut-Brovm Maid (Percy's Reliques, p. 182).
Though I got very close up to my game, they were on
foot before I saw them, and I did not get a standing shot.
T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 301.
(()) In health or activity ; able to go about. [Collo<i.] (c)
In progress ; going on.
It was a glorious July morning, and there was nothing
particular oti foot. In the afternoon, there would be
drives and walks, perhaps.
Mrs. Whitney, Leslie Goldthwaite, viil.
Square foot, a square whose side is one foot, and which
therefore contains 144 square inches.— TO bind or tie
band and foot. See hand.— To brace the feet, to
understand (something); be or become posted (on any
subject) ; learn or know the ropes : a sailors' phrase,
apparently from the literal bracing of the feet in the rig-
ging of a ship.— To cover the feet, in Scrip., to ease
nature.
And he came to the sheepcotes by the way, where was a
cave ; and .Saul went in to cover hin/eet. 1 Sam. xxiv. 3.
To fall on one's feet, to find one's feet. See the verbs.
—To keep one's foott, to maintain proper conduct.
Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God.
Eccl. V. 1.
To know the length of one's foot, to understand a per-
son thoroughly ; take his measure.
Nosce teipsum, take the length of your own foot.
Withals.
To put one's best foot forward or foremost, (a) To
use all possible despatch.
But pvi your best .foot forward, or I fear
That we shall miss the mail.
Tennyson, Walking to the Mail.
(6) To appear to the best advantage ; make as good an ap-
pearance or impression as possible ; use one's most effec-
tive resources ; do one's very best.- TO put One's foot In
It, to spoil a thing completely; ruin it; make a mess of
it ; get one's self into a scrape.— To put one's foot Into,
to enter into ; join in.
2310
The Dutch Captain here put his foot into the conversa-
tion. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 62.
To set on foot, to originate ; begin ; put in motion : as,
to set on foot a subscription.
Such designs are generally set on foot by the secret mo-
tion and instigation of the peers and nobles.
Bacon, Political Fables, viii., Expl.
He, then, who sett a colony on foot, designs a great work.
J{. Choate, Addresses, p. 90.
To take foott, to take to one's heels.
Come on to me now, Livingston,
Or then take foot and flee.
Lord Livingston (Child's Ballads, III. 346).
Washing of feet, a ceremony in the Roman Catholic,
Greek, Russian, and some other churches, as those of the
Dunkers, Wiuebrennerians, etc., in commemoration of
Christ's washing of the feet of his disciples after the last
supper (John xiii. 4-17), both as a symbol of spiritual cleans-
ing and as a lesson to them of humility and good wilL The
washing of others' feet, for their relief from the effects of
exposure in a hot climate with but slight or no covering,
has always been a common practice in Oriental countries,
generally performed by menials ; and religious Ideas have
often been associated with the practice. In the Roman
Catholic Church the ceremony is observed on Thursday
of Holy Week. The pope washes the feet of thirteen poor
priests, and the principal priests or prelates of the Roman
Catholic churches wash the feet of twelve poor persons.
The ceremony is also called mandatum or maundy. See
Maundy Thursday.
foot (fut), V. [<foot, n.] I. intrans. 1. To go
on foot ; walk.
The little girls were timid and grave. As they footed
slowly up the aisle, each one took a moment's glance at
the Englishman. R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 193.
2. To tread to measure or music ; dance ; skip.
He sawa quire of ladies in a round.
That featiy/ooh'n? seem d to skim the ground.
Dryden, Wife of Baths Tale, 1. 216.
My feet, which only nature taught to go,
Did never yet the art ol footing know.
Sir J. Davies, Dancing.
3. In falconry, to seize the game with the tal-
ons and kill it.
A hawk is said to /oo« well, or to be a good footer, when
she is successful in killing. Many hawks are very flue fly-
ers without being good footers. Encyc. Brit., IX. 7.
4. To amount to ; sum up : as, their purchases
footed up pretty high. [Oolloq.]
II. trans. 1. To tread with the feet, as in
walking; traverse on foot; pass over by walk-
ing: as, to foot the green; to foot the whole
distance.
Swithold/ooted thrice the old [wold].
Sheik., Lear, iii. 4.
Then aye he harped, and aye he carped.
Till a' the lordlings /oofed the floor.
Lochmaben Harper (Child's Ballads, VI. 8).
2. To strike with the foot; kick; spurn.
You, that did void your rheum upon my beard.
And foot me, as you spurn a stranger cur.
Over your threshold. Shak., M. of V., i. 3.
For there the pride of all her heart will bow.
When you shall/oo( her from you, not she you.
Beau, and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, v. 1.
3. To fix firmly on the feet ; set up ; settle ; es-
tablish.
Despatch us with all speed, lest that our king
Come here himself to question our delay ;
For he is footed in this land already.
Shak., Hen. V.
, ii. 4.
What confederacy have you with the traitors
Late footed in the kingdom ? Shak., Lear, iii. 7.
footboy
Tolossa hath forgot that it was sometime sackt, and beg-
gars that euer they carried their fardles onfootback.
A'ash, Pref. to Greene's Menaphon.
foot-balistert (fut'baFis-ter), H. An unmount-
ed archer.
foot-ball (fut'bal), n. 1. A ball consisting ori-
ginally of an inflated bladder, now of a hollow
globe of india-rubber or of heavy canvas satu-
rated with rubber, eased in leather, round or
oval in shape, and designed to be driven by
the foot iu the game called by the same name.
See def . 2.
The sturdie plowman, lustie, strong, and bold,
Overcometh the winter with driving the foote-baU,
Forgetting labour and many a grievous fall.
Alex. Barclay, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes.
[p. 169.
2. A game played with such. a ball by two par-
ties of players on a level plot of ground, at each
end of which is a goal through or beyond which
the players strive to drive the ball. There are va-
rious ways of playing the game, the two most commonly
recognized being the "Association" and the "Rugby"
game, the latter either in its original form or as played in
America in a moditted form. The field is 330 feet long by
160 wide, and in the middle of each end is a goal formed of
two upright posts, in the Rugby game IS* feet apart with a
cross-bar 10 feet above the ground, and in the Association
game 24 feet apart with a cross-bar 8 feet from tlie ground.
There are 11 players on each side (in the Rugby game
sometimes 15), divided into rushers and backs; the spe-
cial object of the former being to check their opironents
and to rush or push forward the ball in a body, and of the
latter to kick or run with the ball. The two sides cast lots,
the winner having the privilege of beginning the game with
possession of the ball, or of selecting thegoal In theBugby
game the players can kick, run with, or throw the ball
(but not throw it forward toward their opponents' goal);
in the Association game they can only kick it. 'I'he play-
ing is begun by kicking off the ball from midway between
the goals, and the players strive to force the ball through
or beyond their opjionents' goal. In the Association game,
to win a goal the ball must be kicked tlnough the goal
below the cross-bar, and the side securing the largest num-
ber of goals wins the game. In the Rugby game scoring
is by goals, touch-doums, and safety touch-dimms or safeties.
A goal is won by kicking the ball through or above the
goal-posts over the cross-bar; a touch-down, by carrying
the ball behind the goal and there touching it to the
ground, which gives the player a frt/- that is, the right to
carry the ball out in front of the goal and try to kick a goal ;
a safety touch-down or safety, by forcing one's opponents
to touch the ball to the ground behind one's own goal. The
play continues for a certain length of time (in 1899 one
hour and ten minutes), divided into two parts by a short
intermission, at which time the players change sides. Foot^
ball is an ancient game, probably introduced into Great
Britain by the Romans, though the flrst distinct mention
of it is in Fitzstephen's History of London, about 1175.
Stew. I'll not be strucken, my lord.
Kent. Nor tripped neither ; you base foot-ball player.
[Tripping up his heels.] Shak., Lear, i. 4.
The danger attending this pastime occasioned king
James I. to say, " From this court I debarre all rough and
violent exercises, as the foot-ball, meeter for lameing than
making able the users thereof."
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 169.
3. Figuratively, an object or a person sub-
jected to hard usage or to many vicissitudes or
changes of condition: as, he was the foot-ball
of fortune.
foot-band (fut'band), «. [< /oof + 6and3.] A
band of infantry.
foo't-bank (fut'bangk), n. In /or*., a raised way
along the inside of a parapet; a banquette.
foot-barracks (fut'bar'aks), n. l>l. Barracks
__ , _ for infantry.
4t. To seize with the foot or feet, or paws or foot-base (fiifbas), n. In arch., a molding above
talons ^ plinth.
The holy eagle foot-bath (fut'bath), «. 1. The act of bathing
Stoop'd, as to /oo« us. the feet. — 2. A vessel for bathing or washing
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4. ^^^ j^^j.
5. To add or make a foot to: as, to /ooi a stock- foot-bench (fut'bench), n. A low bench for
ing or boot. several persons sitting in a row to rest their
80 women were carried in chaires /ooted with gold, and feet upon, as in a church pew or the like.
500 in others /oofed with silver, very sumptuously attired
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 85.
6. To add, as the numbers in a column, and
set the sum at the foot: generally with up: as,
to foot up an account.— 7. To pay; liquidate:
foot-blWer (fut'blo'fer), ri. A bellows worked
by the foot.
A foot-blower, from which the blast is created by air-
pressure, caused by repeated strokes of a pair of bellows
flUing an elastic air-reservoir. W. A. Ross, Blowpipe, p. 1.
as, to foot the bill. [CoUoq., U. S.]-To foot foot-board (fut'bord), n. 1. A support for the
foot, as in a boat or carriage, or at a workman's
bench.— 2. An upright piece across the foot of
a bedstead.— 3. The platform on which the
driver and fireman of a locomotive engine
stand; a foot-plate. — 4. A small platform at
the back of a carriage on which the footman
stands.
footboy (fut'boi), n. [< foot + boy. Cf. the
older term footknave.'] A boy in waiting; an
attendant in livery ; a lackey; a link-boy.
The high promotion of his grace of Canterbury,
Who holds his state at door, 'mongst pursuivants,
Pages, anAfootboys. Shak., Hep. VIII., v. 2.
O, sir, his lackey, ... a monster, a very monster in ap-
parel ; and not like a Christian footboy, or a gentleman^s
lackey. "' ' "
her up, in seine-fishing, to keep the bottom of the net
from lifting from the ground during the process of haul-
ing, by putting flrst one foot and then the other on its
lower edge.— To foot it. (a) To walk.
Who that has seen it can forget ... the strange, elas-
tic rhythm of the whole regiment /oo(i7V7 it in time?
R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 203.
(b) To dance.
Lo ! how finely the Graces can it f oote
To the Instrument. Spenser, Shep. Cal., April.
I'd foot it with e'er a captain in the county ; — but these
outlandish heathen allemandes and cotillons are quite be-
yond me. Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4.
foot-artillery (fut'ar-tlF'e-ri), ». See phrase
under artillery.
footback (fiifbak), ». [</oo<-t- ftacfcl.] Foot:
a humorous imitation of horseback.
Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2.
footboy
Too proud for daio'-work, or sale of eggs,
Expect her soou with footboy at her beeU.
Cowper, Task, iv. 550.
foot-breadth (fut'bredth), n. The breadth of
the foot ; an area as large as the sole of the foot.
I will not give you of their laud, no, not so much as a
foot brfodlh. Deut. ii. S.
foot-bridge (fut'brij), ». [< yiE. fotehrydge :
ifoot + bridge^.} 1. A bridge for foot-passen-
gers.
And many yeres byfore ye passyon of our Lorde there
lay ouer the same a tree for a/oU brydge, wherof the holy
crosse was afterwardes made.
Sir R. Ouylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 31.
2. In mach., a curved bar which serves as a
step for the foot or toe of a mill-spindle.
foot-brig (fut'brig), re. A dialectal form of foot-
briilije.
foot-cloth (fut'kldth), n. 1. A large sumpter-
cloth, or housing of a horse, formerly in use
and considered a mark of dignity and state.
Three times to-day my foot-cloth horse did stumble,
And started, when he look'd upon the Tower,
As loth to bear me to the slaughterhouse.
Shak.. Rich. ni.,lU. 4.
Cade. Thou dost ride ou afoot-cloth, dost thou not?
Say. What of that?
Cad*. Marry, thou oughtest not to let thy hone wear a
cloak, when houeat«r men than thou go in their hose and
doublete. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., It. 7.
How he should worshipped be, and reverenced,
Kidti with his furs and /oo(-ctotA4.
B. Jonton, Volpone, i. 1.
2. A carpet or rag.
Abbot Egelric . . . gave to that church {at Croyland]
before the year 992, "two large /oot-ctolhi (so carpets
were then called) woven with lions to be laid out before
the high altar, and two shorter ones trailed all over with
flowers." S. K. Handbook, Textile Fabrics, p. 103.
Tumbled on the purple /oofetofA, lay
Tlie lily-shiuing child. Tennyton, Princess, iv.
foot-cnshion (fut'kAsh'on), n. Inffn(om.,game
as fo(>t-]>ad, 3.
footed (fut'ed), a. [< foot + -«d2.] Provided
with a foot or feet : usually in composition: as,
four-/oote</.
Hhe fulniined out her scorn of laws .Salique
And little-/ooted China. Tennygon, Princess, il.
footer (fut'ir), n. 1. One who goes on foot;
a walker. [CoUoq,]
He had the reputation of beine the best footer in the
West. . . . The neit day some of the chiefs determined
that their best walker should accompany him to see If he
could not l>e walked down.
.Vrir York Semi-uxekly Tribune, Sept. 21, 1881.
2. In falconry, a hawk which seizes its prey
with its talons.
They (the great northern falcons] are considerably swift-
er than the peregrines, and are most deadly /oot«rs.
Bneye. Brit., IX. 10.
3. A stroke with the foot; a kick at a foot-ball.
(ironr. [North. Eng.] — 4. An idler. [Prov.
Eng.]
foote-saantet, ». [Perhapa < foot + 'saunt =
mint-, var. of cenf, F. cent, a hundred; allusion
obscure.] A certain game at cards. Gosson,
Schoole of Abuse (1579).
footfall (fut'f&l), n. A footstep; the tread of
the foot.
I should evermore be vext with thee
In hanging robe or vacant ornament,
Or ghostly/(»</'al{ echoing on the stair.
Tennyton, Guinevere.
footfafltt (ftt'fist), a. and n. [< UE.fotefett
(as noun): < foot -f-/n«fl.] I. a. 1. Held by
the foot; hence, fettered; captive.
n. »■ A captive ; a prisoner.
That he herde sighlnge of folefette tone (authorized
version. To hear the groaning of the prisonerl.
Ph. ci. 21, ME. version (cii. 20, authorized version).
foot-fight (fut'fit), n. A fight between persons
on foot.
.s<i Ix'gan our fnntftght, in such sort that we were well en-
tered to blood of Iwth sides. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, IL
foot-folk (fftt'fok), «. [< ME. footefolk, fote-
folke (= D. voctrolk = MHG. rou:rr;oic, Q.fuss-
volk = Sw. fotfolk = Dan. fodfolk) ; < foot +
folk.} Infantry.
The footef oik and sympyl knaves
In hand they hente ful good staves.
Bichard Coer de Lion, I. 4520.
A lavonrlte book of his gramlfather had been the life of
old Qeorge Krundsberg of Mindelheim, a colonel ot foot-
folk In the Imperial service at Pavia flgbt.
Thackeray, Virginians, Ixiil.
foot-foUowerf, ». [ME. footfoUncer, feetfolotc-
er (XT. L. pcdixff/iiiDi, ra., jiedinequa, f. ); < foot
+ foltown-.l A follower; an attendant; a re-
tainer.
Abi^ai) bijede and roos and stifde vpftn the asse, and
fyue childwymmen Mr feel Oiiowrrii weiiten with hir.
»yclif, 1 Kl. (1 .Sam.) xxv. 42 (Oxf.).
it 11
foot-gear (fut'ger), n. Covering for the feet;
shoes or boots and stockings.
Their /oo(-^eor testified no hijjher than the ankle to the
muddy pilgrimage these gooti people found themselves
engaged in. Carlyle.
foot-geldf, n. [In old law, repr. ME. "fotgeld
or "Jotgild, <.fot, foot, -I- geld, gild, a payment:
see yield.'] In old Eng. forest law, a fine for not
expeditating dogs in a royal forest.
foot-gint, n. [< ME. 'footgin, feetgyn; < foot
+ gin'^.i A snare for the feet.
Vupitous men, waitende, as foulers, grenes puttende
aadfeetgynnes, to ben cast men. Wyclif, Jer. v. 26.
foot-glovet (fut'gluv), n. A kind of stocking;
a warm muffler for the feet.
The buskins xaA foot-glove» we wore. Defoe.
foot-grain (fut'gran), ». A unit of mechanical
work, equal to the work done by a force of one
grain acting through a distance of one foot.
foot-grint, «. [ME. footgrene ; < foot + grin^.']
A snare for the feet.
His footgrene [var. /ooffrappc, Purv.] Is hid In the erthe.
Wyclif, Job xviii. 10 (Oxf.).
foot-gTiard(fut'gard),n. 1. A boot or pad worn
by a horse to prevent wounding the feet by in-
terfering or overreaching. — 2. pi. Guards of in-
fantry. The foot-guards in the British arnty form the
garrison of the metropolis and the guard of the sovereign
at Windsor. They consist of three regiments, the Grena-
dier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards.
foot-halt (fut'hsllt), n. [< foot + ham.] A
disease incident to sheep, and said to proceed
from a worm which enters between the hoOfs.
foot-handed (fut'ban'ded), a. Pedimanous: a
term applied to certain Chiropoda (which see).
foot-hawker (fut'ha'ktr), «. One who travels
on foot to sell his wares; a peddler.
The revenue from the foot-hawkert' licences, about
30,000f. per annum, was collected with considerable diffi-
culty. S. Doureil, Taxes in England, III. 3H.
foot-hedge (fut'hej), n. A slight dry hedge of
thorns, to protect a newly planted hedge. Also
c&Wedfoot/iet. [Prov. Eng.]
foot-hill (fut'hil), n. Adistinct lowerpart of a
mountain ; one of the hills or minor elevations
of a mountain ran^e which lie next the valley
and form the transitions between that and the
higher portions : most commonly in the plural :
as, tbefoot-liillg of the Sierra Nevada.
The tangled, woody, and almost trackless /oof-AiOs that
enclose the valley . . . were dwarfed into satellites by the
bulk and bearing of Mount .Saint Helena.
R. L. Steoenmn, Silverado Squatters, p. 34.
There are towns situated at various elevations among
our mountains wmA foot-kilU, so sheltered aa to be very
free from winds. Pop. Set. Mo., XXVllI. 873.
foothold (fdt'hold), n. 1. That which sustains
the feet firmly and prevents them from slip-
ping ; that on which one may stand or tread se-
curelv ; hence, firm standing ; footing ; stable
position ; settlement ; establishment.
He determined to march at once against the enemy, and
prevent his gaining a permanent/oofAoMln the kingdom.
PrtteoU.
It was the first /i>o(A(><<i of the barbarian, the gate by
which he seemed likely to open his way to the poaseasion
of the central peninsula of Europe.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 321.
Fancy flutters over these vague wastes like a butterfly
blown out to sea, and finds no foothold.
Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886.
2. A kind of light india-rubber overshoe, leav-
ing the heel unprotected; a sandal. Some-
times called tip.
foothook (fut'iiiik), n. The supposed original
of /« ttnck ( which see ) . [The word foothook has
not been found in actual use.]
foot-hot (fut'hot), adv. [< ME. foothot, fote-
hote ; i foot + hot; ct. hotfoot.] In Aunft'nt/, in
hot haste ; hence, in extended use, with all ex-
pedition.
And Custance han they take anon, foot-hot.
And in a ship al sterelees, God wot.
They han hIr set. Chaucer. Man of Law's Tale, 1. 340.
footing (fftt'ing), n. [< ME. fotinq (= G. fm-
sung); verbal n. ot foot, p.] 1. \<'alk; tread;
step; footstep.
The famous witnesse of our wonted praise.
They trampled have with tlieir fowle/ooftnf^s trade (tread].
And like to trouljleit ptnldles have them made.
.Sfieiuer, Tears of the Muses, 1. 276.
I would out-night you, did no Iwdy come ;
But, hark, I hear the footing of a man.
Shak., M. of V., v. 1.
Yet, In the bulk of empty house above him, he could
surely hear a stir of delicate .^ooft'n^ — he was surely con-
scious, inexplicably conscious, of some presence.
B. L. Steven$on, Markheini.
2. Dance ; rhythmical tread.
footknave
Make holiday ; your rye-straw hats put on,
And these fresh nymphs encounter every one
In country /oo(m(7. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1.
Your dance is the best language of some comedies, ,
And/oo(inflr runs away with all.
Shirley, Love in a Maze, iv. 2,
3. Track; footprint. [Bare.]
X follow here the footing of thy feete.
Spemer, F. Q., IV. ii. 34.
Or, like a nymph with long dishevell'd hair.
Dance on the sands, and yet no footing seen.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 148.
Master Eniuet writeth that hee saw footings ^t Port
Desire as bigge as foure of oures : and two men newly
buried, one of which was fourteene spans long.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 851.
4. Place for the foot ; ground to stand on.
stand sure and take good /otmr;.
Skelton, Colin Clout, L 1071.
.Such spoils her desperate step had sought,
Where scarce vf&a footing for the goat.
Scolt, L. of the L., Iv. 21.
Rubbing his eyes, he followed Joe down the dark, un-
certain footing of the stairs.
J. T. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. 126.
Hence — 5. Established place; secure posi-
tion; foothold.
Next to the third reigned his fourth .Son Alfred, in whose
Time came over greater Swarms of Danes than ever be-
fore, and had now got Footing In the North, the West,
and South Parts of this Island. Baker, Chronicles, p. 8.
What he [Christ] had said concerning the Resurrection
was only to be understood of the state of Regeneration :
which doctrine, it seems, had gotten great/oo(i»i^ in the
Church of Corinth by their means.
Stillingjleet, Sermons, II. ih
As soon as he had obtained & footing at court.
MacauJay.
6. Basis; foundation.
Shall we, upon the footing of our land.
Send fair-play orders, and make compromise?
Shak., K. John, v. 1.
(These things] had no footing in scripture, nor had been
in use in the purest churches for three hundred years af-
ter Christ. Winlhrop, Hist. New England, I. 243.
If our law is not already on thii footing, I wish extreme-
ly it were put on it.
Jefermn, quoted in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 430.
7. Mutual standing ; reciprocal relation: as, a
friendly /ooWnj/.
I should carefully avoid any Intercourse with Philip on
any other /ooftn/7 than that of quiet friendship.
George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 3.
Frankness invites frankness, puts the parties on a con-
venient/oott'n^, and makes their business a friendship.
Emerson, Essays, Ist ser., p. 215.
8. The act of putting a foot to anything, or
that which is added as a foot. — 9. The act of
adding up a column of figures, or the amount
of such a column. — 10. A narrow piece of net-
ting or the like, having two parallel edges, used
in women's dress as a basis upon whicti a scal-
loped or other ornamental edging can be sewed.
— 11. The straight edge of a piece of lace
which is sewed to a garment, as distinguished
from the scalloped edge, which is left free. — 12.
The finer detached fragments of whale-blub-
ber, not wholly deprived of oil. — 13. In arch.,
a spreading course at the base or foundation
of a wall. — 14. The lower division of the slope
of an embankment exposed to the sea. — 16. A
piece of wood inserted in the shaftment of an
arrow at the nock. Amer. Xat., July, 1886. p.
674. — 16. An entertainment given on entering
a school, or any new place or oflSce. Brockett.
[Prov. Eng.] —To pay one's footing, to pay money,
usually to be spent for urink, on flrstdoing something,
as on entering upon a trade, or upon one's engagement
in a place of employment.
footing-beam (filt'ing-bem), «. In arch., the
tie-beam of a roof.
footinglyt, adv. Nimbly; featly.
For who, for number or for grace,
Dare mell with me in ryme?
Or who can daunce tofootingly,
Obseruing time and time?
DranI, tr. of Horace's Satires, i. 9.
foot-Iron (Wt'i'^m), n. 1. A carriage-step. —
2. A fetter for the feet.
foot-ja'W (fut'j4), n. A maxilliped or gnathopo-
dite ; one of those limbs of crustaceans and
other arthropods which are modified into ac-
cessory mouth-parts. See cut under Podoph-
thnlmin.
foo't-.joint (fut'joint), n. 1. In ornlth., the po-
dartiinira ; the junction of the toes collectively
with the metatarsus. — 2. In en torn., one of the
joints of the foot or tarsus of an insect, com-
monly five in number.
foot-key (fut'ke), n. The pedal of an organ.
footknavet, «■ [i/lE. foteknave; <foot + knave]
A footboy ; a lackey.
footknave
Of my lioun no helpe i crave,
I ne have none other /oteknace.
I'tmine atui Gatvin (ed. Ritson), 1, 2575.
foot-lathe (fut'laTH), «. A lathe in which mo-
tion is imparted to the spindle by a treadle ; a
lathe moved by foot-power.
footless (fut'les), a. [< foot + -less.'] Having
no feet; without footing or basis.
Dreamful wastes where footless fancies dwell
AmoiiK the fragments of ue golden day.
Tennyson, Maud, xvlii.
foot-level (fut'lev'el), n. A hinged one-foot
rule,*with a spirit-level in the upper edge of
one ann, and a pivoted steel blade, graduated
np to 45°, in the other arm. Also called com-
bination-lerel.
footlights (fiit'lits), H. pi. In theaters, a row of
lights placed on the front of the stage, nearly
on a level with the feet of the performers. For-
merly called ^ate.
As long as Clairon exercised the power, when she ad-
vanced to the /ootlights, to malce the (then standing) pit
recoil several feet, by the mere magic of lier eyes, the pit
- . . flung crowns to her, and wept at the thought of los-
ing her. Doran, Annals of £ng. Stage, 1. xix.
While the floor of the stage runs from the footlights to
the rear wall of the building, the entire depth is rarely
utilized. Scritmer's Mag., IV. 438.
To appear before the footlights, to appear on the
Btige. — To smell of the footlights, to show an inclina-
tion for or connection with tlieatrical concerns ; be stagy
in dei»ortincnt or laniru.ige : a.s. Iier manners smell of the
footUght!'.~1o smell the footlights, to acquire a taste
for acting.
foot-line (fiit'lin), «. l. In fishing, the lead-
line or lower line of a net or seine, to which
sinkers are attached opposite the cork-line. —
2. In printing, the last line of a page of type,
usually blank, or containing only the signature
of the sheet at regular intervals, but sometimes
having in it the folio or number of the page.
fOOtlingl (fut'ling), n. [<foot + -lingi-.] 1. A
small foot. Wright. — 2. Anything no bigger
than one's foot. Wright.
footling^ (ftit'ling), fl.' iifoot + -ling^.'] Hav-
ing the foot foremost : applied in obstetrics to
cases in which a foot presents.
foot-loose (fiit'los), a. Free; untrammeled; dis-
engaged.
footman (fuf man), n.; pi. /ooteen (-men). [<
ME. footman, fdteman, fotman, a foot-soldier, a
running footman ; <. foot + man.] 1. A soldier
who marches and fights on foot.
They assemblyd . . .
Syxty thr)U8and foottnen.
Jiichard Coer de Lion, 1. 2951 (Weber's 3Ietr. Rom., II.).
Distract your army.^vhich doth most consist
Of war-mark"d/oo<7/ie?i. Shak., A. and C, iii. 7.
The other princes put on hamesse light,
As footmen use. Fairfax.
2. A walker ; a pedestrian. [Rare.]
Though practice will soon make a man of tolerable vig-
or an Able footinan, yet, as a help to bear fatigue, I used
to chew a root of ginseng as I walked along,
Williatn Bi/rd, quoted in Tyler's Amer. Lit., II. 277.
3f. Formerly, a ininner in attendance upon
a person of rank ; later, a servant who ran
before his master's carriage for the purpose of
rendering assistance on bad roads or in cross-
ing streams, but mainly as a mark of the con-
sequence of the traveler: distinctively called
a running footman. He was usually dressed In a light
black cap, a jockey-coat, and white linen trousers, and
carried a pole six or seven feet long.
Mony of hem fotemen ther ben.
That rennen by the brydels of ladvs schene [sheen, bright,
fair). Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 320.
I will dismount, and by the waggon-wheel
Trot like a servile /oodnan all day long.
Shak., Tit. And., v. 2.
4. In later and present use, a male servant
whose duty it is to attend the door, the car-
riage, the table, etc. ; a man in waiting.
WonM Chloe know if you're alive or dead ?
She bids her /oot»«in put it in her head.
Poiie, Moral Essays, II. ii. 178.
The dessert was not carried out till after nine ; and at
ten footmen were still running to and fro with trays and
coffee-cups. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xvii.
6t. A stand of brass or other metal placed in
front of a tire to hold anything which is to be
kept hot.
They were to me like a dumb waiter, or the instrument
constructed by the smith, and l)y courtesy called a fool-
■man ; they did what I required, and I was no further con-
cerned with them. Qodtvin, Mandeville, III. 67.
6. In entom., one of certain bombycid moths;
a lithosiid. — Cuckoo's footman, the wryneck.
footman-moth (fut'man-moth), n. A bomby-
cid moth of the family Lithosiidw.
2312
footmanship (fut'man-ship), n. [^(.footman +
-shij).] The art or business of a footman.
Come, Tony, the footmanship I taught you.
Middleton and Rowley, Changeling, iv. 3.
footman's-innf, «. A poor lodging. Nares.
Which at the heeles so hants his friglited ghost,
That he at last \\\ footman s- in ne must host.
Some castle dolorous compos d of stone.
Like (let me see) — Newgate is such a one.
Rowlands, Knave of Hearts (1613).
foot-mantlet (fut'man"tl), n. [< ME. fotcmaii-
iel ; (.foot + mantle.] In the fourteenth cen-
tury and later, an outer garment used to pro-
tect the dress when riding. Apparently it was
used by women only, and was the original of
the modern riding-habit.
Kfoot-viantel al>out hire hipes large.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 472.
footmark (fut'mark), «. A mark of a foot; a
footprint; track.
foot-muff (fiifmuf), n. A receptacle for the
feet, lined with fur, etc., to keep them warm
in winter, especially in a carriage or sleigh.
foot-note (fut'not), «. In xwinting, a note at
the bottom of a page as an appendage to some-
thing in the text, usually explaining a passage in
the text, or specifyingauthorityfora statement.
footpace (fut'pas), n. 1. A slow step, as in
walking. — 2t. A mat; something on which to
place the feet.
Storea, a mat, a footpase of sedges. Nomenclator.
Unless I knew
It were a truth I stood for, any coward
Might make my breast his foot-jxice.
Middleton and Rowley, Fair Quarrel, ii. 1.
3. A landing or resting-place at the end of a
short flight of steps, being a stair or tread
broader than the others. Also called half-pace.
When it occurs at the angle where the stair
turns it is called qiiartcr-pace. — 4t. Formerly,
the dais in a hall. See the extract.
Tlie term footpace, Fr. haut pas, was given to the raised
floor at the upper end of an ancient hall. Vide Parker's
Glossary of Architecture. A', ami Q., 6th ser., XI. 438.
5. Ecclcs., the platform or raised dais upon
which an altar immediately stands. It extends
a short distance beyond each end of the altar, and two
steps lead up to it from the floor of tiie sanctuary or chan-
cel. Throughout the greater part of the mass or commu-
nion-ottice the celebrant stands on the footpace, the dea-
con one step and the subdeacon two steps lower ; but after
the flrst words of the Gloria in Excelsis and the Creed,
and at the Sanctus, the deacon and subdeacon ascend to
the priest's side ; and the deacon also does so at certain
other times, as at the l>eginning of the canon or prayer of
consecration, in order to assist the priest.
6t. A hearthstone. Halliwell.
footpad (fut'pad), re. [< foot + pad^.] A high-
wayman who robs on foot; specifically, one of
a large class, existing in Europe when police
authority was still in an ineffective condition,
who made a business of robbing people passing
on horseback or in carriages.
foot-pad (fut'pad), »!. \<. foot + pad'^.] 1. A
pad fitted over the sole of a horse's foot to pre-
vent balling in snow. — 2. An anklet of leather
strapped on a horse's foot to prevent inter-
fering; a boot. — 3. In entom,, a cushion-like
expansion on the lower surface of tlie tarsal
joints: applied especially to the onychium, or
membranous cushion between the tarsal claws.
Also c&WeA foot-cushion aoA pulvillus. See cut
\uu\ev flesh-fly.
foot-page (fut'paj), n. Afootboy; an attendant
or lackey ; an errand-boy.
He has call'd his little /oot-^i7«
An errand for to gang.
Jetton Oiame (Child's Ballads, II. 286).
foot-passenger (fut'pas"en-jer), «. One who
travels on foot ; especially, one who pays toll
for passing on foot, as over a bridge.
The arches [of the St. Ix)uis and Illinois bridge] are to
carry a double railway track, and above the track a road-
way 54 feet wide for carriages and foot passengers.
Enajc. Brit., IV. 340.
foot-path (fut'path), n. A narrow path or way
for foot-passengers only.
Glo. Know'st thou the way to Dover?
Jidg. Both stile and gate, horse-way anA,foot-path.
Shak., Leal", iv. 1.
Yielding, along their rugged base,
A flinty /oor;;a(A's niggard space.
Scott, Rokeby, ii. 7.
foot-picker (fut'pik"fer), n. An iron instrument
for removing stones or dirt from between the
shoe and the foot of a horse. Sci.Amer., N. S.,
LIV. 400.
foot-plate (fut'plat), n. 1. A carriage-step. —
2. The platform on which the engineer and
fireman of a locomotive engine stand.
foot-rot
foot-plO'W (fiit'plou), H. A kind of swing-plow,
foot-poet (fut'po'et), «. A servile or inferior
poet. Dryden. [Rare.]
foot-post (fut'post), «. A post or messenger
who travels on foot.
Carriers and footposts will be arrant rebels.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, iii. 2.
Anv. Mr. Tridewel I well met Why so fast, sir? I took
you for afoot-post.
Tri. A foot-post I indeed, your flue wit will post you
into another world one of these days, if it take not the
whipping post i' tll' way. And why foot -post, in your lit-
tle witty apprehension? Brome, Northern Lass.
foot-pound (fiit'pound), n. A compound tmit
formed of a foot paired with the weight of a
pound, used in measuring energy or work ; the
energy required to raise a weight of one pound
against gravity to the height of one foot. One
f()ot-pound at tlie equator and the level of the sea repre-
sents an amount of energy e<iual to 13.56 megaergs.
foot-poundal (fut'poun-dal), n. [< foot-pound
+ -«/.] An absolute unit of energy, being the
energy of an avoirdupois pound moving with a
velocity of one English foot per mean solar sec-
ond. It is equal to a foot-pound divided by the accelera-
tion of gravity expressed in feet per second, or about 32.2,
and is equivalent to 421,402 ergs.
foot-press (fut'pres), n. A form of standing
press in which the upper die or follower is de-
pressed by a treadle. £. H. Knight.
footprint (fuf print), «. 1. The mark of a
foot ; an impression left by the foot in walk-
ing.
We can make our lives sublime.
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.
Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
That we might see our own work out, and watch
The sandy footprint hardeu into stone.
Tcnngson, I'linceiiS, ilL
2. In geol., n
impression
the foot of ;-
animal on t!
surface of :i
rock, such im-
pression haviiiu'
been made at .i
time when tli'-
stone was i 1 1
the state oi'
loose sand en-
moist clay; an
ichnite.
foot-race (fuf-
ras), n. A race
run by persons
on foot.
Fossil Footprint, from the Triassic rocks
near Bounton, New Jersey.
The clown, the child of nature, witliout guile,
JMest with an infant's ignorance of all
But his own simple pleasures ; now and then
A wrestling match, a/oo(-race, or a fair.
Cmcper, Task, iv. 626.
foot-rail (ftit'ral), 11. 1. In a railroad, a rail
which has the foot-flanges wide-spreading, the
web vertical, and the head bulb-shaped. E. H.
Knight. — 2. A horizontal wooden bar under-
neath a car-seat for the passengers who oc-
cupy the next seat behind to rest their feet
on. Car-Builder'' s Diet. — 3. In cahinet-maVing,
a crosspiece, brace, or tie near the floor, as m
some chairs, tables, etc.
foot-rest (fuf rest), re. 1. A short 'beneh or
stool used to support a person's feet. — 2. A
support for the foot of a horse while it is being
shod.
foot-rope (fut'rop), n. [< ME. 'fotrope, < AS.
fotrdp, a foot-rope (LL. propes), < fot, foot, -I-
rdp, rope.] Natit. : (a) The bolt-rope to which
the lower edge of a sail is sewed. (6) A rope
extended under a yard from the middle to
2Jt=-
Foot-rope.
the yardarm, and under the jib- and spanker-
booms, for the men to stand on while reefing
or furling.
foot-rot (fut'rot), re. A name applied to cer-
tain inflammatory affections about the hoof in
foot-rot
cattle and sheep. Simple, contagious, and ^m-
berculous foot-rot are distinguished.
foot-rule (fut'rol'), n. A rule or measure 12
inches long; a rule for taking measurements
in feet and inches.
If a bundle of faggots were made of /oot-rufe*, one from
every nation ancient and modem, there would not be any
very uureaaouable ditference in the length of the sticks.
De Morijati, Arith. Books, p. 6.
foots (futs), )i. pi. [A conformed pi. otfoot, in
the deflected sense of sediment: aee foot, n.,
15.] Refuse or sediment, as at the bottom of
a sugar- or oil-cask, etc.
Foots, bottoms, or such like names, have been borrowed
from the tar-distiller to signify the refuse products of the
stills. Ure, Diet., III. 771.
The darkest /oo?« [in sugar], so called from its receiving
the drainage or moisture from the other iKjrtion of sugar
in the hogshead while in a horizontal position during the
voyage from the West Indies. H. Weatherby, Sugar, p. 18,
footsam (fut'sam), n. [For "footseam, ifoot +
neam^, grease.^ Neat's-foot oil. [Prov. Eng.]
foot-scent (fut'sent), n. In hunting, the scent
of a trail.
Pointers find their game by the scent being blown to
them from the body, constituting what is called a " body-
scent," and not from that left by the foot on the ground,
which is called a " foottcent."
Dog$ of Ureal Britain and Ameriea, p. 230.
foot-screw (fut'skro), n. An adjusting-screw
fitted to the leg of a table or bench, to bring
the surface of the table to a perfectly horizon-
tal position.
foot-secretion (f&t'se-kre'shon), n. In sool.,
the extrinsic selerobase or sclerobasic coral lum
of the black corals ot Antipathida, secreted by
the ocenosarc, not by the polyps themselves,
and of homy consistency: opposed to tissue-
urcrctiou,
footset (fut'set), n. Same &a foot-hedge.
footsheett, n. [< ME. foteshete; < foot + sheet.']
1. A cloth spread over the chair and floor for
a person to sit upon while his toilet was made.
Se ye haae a fote theU made in this maner. Fyrst set
a chayre by the fyre with a cuyashen, an other vnder his
fete, than sprede a sbete ouer the chayre.
Babta Book (E. E. T. S.X p. 282.
2. A sheet used at the bottom of a bed. Ward-
robe Are. Edw. IV.
foot-soldier (fM'sol'jtr), n. A soldier who
serves on foot ; an infantryman,
foot-sore (fiit'sor), a. Having the feet sore or
tender, as from much walking.
The heat of the ground made me foot-tore.
Dtfoe, Robinson Crusoe.
kfooUore ox in crowded ways,
Stambling acrow th« market to his death
Unpltied. Tennyeon, Aylroer's Field.
footspace-rail (fut'spas-ral), n. In ship-build-
iiitj, that rail in the balcony in which the bal-
usters rest.
footstakei, n. [ME. footstake ; <foot + stake. ]
The foot or base of a thing.
Thre pilers, and so feele/oo<«fa4:eff.
Wyelif, Ex. x«Tli. 14 (Oxf.).
footstalk (fut'stak), n. 1. In hot., the stalk
or petiole of a leaf, or peduncle of a flower.
In making black teas the foot-stalkM are often collected
with the leaves, unless for the very finest sorts, such as
Pekoe, which are made from leaf-buds not expanded.
A. G. P. Eliot Jamet, Indian Industries, p. 348.
2. In zoSl., a peduncle, pedicel, or cms ; a pro-
cess or part of the body likened to the petiole
of a plant, as supporting some other part of the
body, or the rest of the body, as the muscu-
lar process by which some brachiopods are at-
tached, the peduncle of a cirriped, the stem of
acrinoid, the ophthalmite of a stalk-eyed crus-
tafoan, etc. — 3. In maeh., the lower part of a
inill-siiindle.
footstall (fiit'stil), n. 1. The stirrup of a wo-
man's saddle.— 2. [Cf. G. fussgestell, Sw. fot-
stdUning.] In arch., the plinth or base of a pil-
lar: probably a sort of translation of French
pii'drx ^( ?. pedestal.
footstep (fat'step), n. [< UE.footesteppe, fote-
steppe,footstappe,fetsteppe (=MHO. vuozstapfe,
O. fuss-stapfe); ifoot + step.'] 1. A tread of
the foot; a footfall; a stepping : as, I hear his
footstep on the stair.
Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my footttepe slip
not. Ps. xvll. 5.
Rut hark ! the chiming clocks to dinner call ;
A hundred footttept scrape the marlde hall.
Pope, Moral Essays, Iv. 162.
2. The mark or impression of a foot; a foot-
print ; a track.
Alle h\se fettteppes
Alter him be (the UonJ Blleth. Bettiary, 1. 7.
4M13
Go thy way forth by the footsteps of the flock, and feed
thy kids beside the shepherds' tents. Cant. i. 8.
Hence — 3. pi. The steps taken or methods
pursued in any series of actions; a course of
proceedings or measures, or the track or path
marked out by such a course : as, the conqueror's
footsteps were everywhere marked by blood;
to follow the footsteps or in the footsteps of one's
predecessor.
Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters,
and ity footsteps are not known. Ps, Ixxvii. 19.
Which [flattery] though I will not practise to deceive.
Yet to avoid deceit I mean to learn ;
For it shall strew i\\e footsteps of my rising.
Shak., K. John, i. 1.
Johnson proposed to follow in Lincoln's footsteps, but
for a cautious experiment he substituted a dogmatic the-
ory. (?. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II. 18.
4t. An evidence or token of anything done ; a
manifest mark or indication.
I am an utter stranger to these things, and know not
the X^slsX foot-steps for them so to charge me.
Quoted in Winthrop's Hist. New England, I. 373.
Relations heertofore accounted fabulous have bin after
found t') contain in them many foot-steps and reliques of
something true. Milton, Hist. Eng., i.
No Footsteps of the Victor's Rage
Left in the Camp where William did engage.
Prior, Carmen Seculare, st. 12.
5. In meeh. : (o) The pillow in which the foot
of an upright or vertical shaft works. (6) An
inclined plane under a hand printing-press.
foot-stick (fiit'stik), n. In printing, a taper-
ing strip of wood or metal placed between the
foot of a page or pages and the chase, to re-
ceive the impact of the quoins used in locking
up the form.
footstool (f ut'stSl), n. [<foot+ stool ; cf . ME.
fotsceomel, < AS. fotsceamel, -sceamol, -scamul,
-scaniel (= OS. fotskamel = OHG. fuozscamal,
MHG. vuozschamel, G. fuss-schemel = Dan./orf-
skammel), a footstool: see foot and shamble^.]
1. A stool, usually small and low, to rest the
feet upon while sitting; by extension, anything
serving for the same use.
Adele . . , sat down, without a word, on the footstool
I pointed out to her. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xvii.
Sir Aylmer. . . . with a sudden execration drove
The footttool from before him, and arose.
Tennyson, Ayhner's Field.
Fredericoa Barbarossa the Emperour lay downe his
necke ia%foote-ttool to Pope Alexander the third to trea<le
upon It Coryat, Crudities, I. 266.
2. Figtiratively, a person or thing that is trod-
den upon or oppressed; hence, one who is an
abject thrall, dependent, or tool.
The people of the land are the foot-stoole of the Phari-
sees. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 147.
Hold, mightiest of kings ! I am thy vassal.
Thy footstool, that durst not presume to look
On thy offended face.
Fletcher, Double Marriage, I. 2.
Ood'l footstool, or the footstool, the earth : in allu-
sion to the following passage of the Bilde :
Thus saith the Lord, the heaven is my throne, and the
earth is my footttool. Isa. Ixvl. 1.
foot-stO'Ve (ftit'stov), «. A contrivance for
warming the feet ; afoot-warmer; specifically,
a perforated tin or sheet-iron box with a wood-
en frame, provided with a pan for live coals
in a bed of ashes, formerly carried by women
to church in cold weather.
foot-stump (ftit'stump), n. One of the para-
podia of a, clioctopodous worm. See parapodi-
uni. Also called /oo<-<u6<>rc/«.
foot-temperedf, 1. [HE.foote-tempred.'] Tem-
pered or worked with the feet.
And wel faot,-.fewpred morter theron trete.
I'alladius, Uusbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 158.
foot-ton (ftit'tun), n. A foot coupled with a
ton; the energy expended in raising a long ton
of 2,240 pounds one foot against gravity, its
value Tariea with the latitude and elevation, but Is about
80,400 megaergs. 'I'he power of modem guns Is estimated
in "foot-tons per Inch of the shot's circumference." The
formula generally used is
•2g. nd X 2240'
in which E = the energy in foot-tons per inch of the cir-
cumference of the shot, W = the weight of the shot in
pounds, V = the velocity In feet, d = the diameter of the
shot in Inches, and g = the acceleration due to the force
of gravity (= 32.2 approximately).
English ordnance officers have adopted a larger unit
(than foot-pound) for work, namely /oo(-(on, which is used
for expressing work of heavy ordnance.
A'ystrmn, Elem. of Uechanlcs, p. 68.
A blow of 641 foot-tont per ton of plate.
The Engineer, LVII., No. 1483.
foot-trapt, n. [< ME. foot-trapve; < foot +
trap^.'] 1. A trap or snare for the feet.
fop
The/oo((rai)p« [var./oo(^en«, Oxf.] of hym is hid in the
erthe. Wyelif, Job xviii. 10 (Purv.).
2. The stocks. Nomenclator, 1585.
foot-tubercle (fut'tu"b6r-kl), «. Same as /oo<-
stiimp.
foot-'yal've (fut'valv), n. The valve between the
condenser and the air-pump in a steam-engine.
foot-vise (flit' vis), n. A bench-'vise so aiTanged
that its jaws may be opened or closed by means
of a treadle beneath the bench.
foot-waling (fut'wa''ling), n. The whole inside
planking orliningofashipbelow the lower deck.
Formerly, the several assemblages of Inside plank of a
ship of the line were known as clamps, quickwork, abut-
ment pieces, spirketting, thick strakes, side keelsons, and
limber strakes ; all the plank below the orlop deck clamps
being collectively termed footwaling.
Thearle, Naval Arch., § 218.
footwalk (fut'wfi,k), n. A sidewalk.
foot-wall (fvit'wal), n. In mining, that wall of
a vein or lode which is under the miner's feet
when he is at work: opposed to hanging wall.
Where the vein has no decided dip, the walls are desig-
nated by reference to the points of the compass.
foot-warmer (fut'war'm^r), n. [= Dan. fod-
varmer = Sw. fotvdrmare.] A foot-stove, hot-
water pipe, or other contrivance for warming
the feet or keeping them warm.
foot-washing (fiit'wosh'ing), n. See washing
of feet, under foot. ^
footway (fut'wa), n. [= D. voetweg = G. fuss-
tceg.] 1. A path for pedestrians; a walk; a
sidewalk.
And, whilst onr horses are walk'd down the hill,
Let thou and I walk here over this close ;
The footrmy is more pleasant.
Beau, and Ft., Coxcomb, iii. 3.
2. In mining, the ladders by which the miners
descend into and ascend from the mine.
foot- worn (fuf worn), a. 1 . Worn by the feet :
as, afoot-tcorn pavement. — 2. Worn or wearied
in the feet; foot-sore: as, a /ooi-icorn traveler.
footyl (f ut'i), a. [< foot + -yl.] Having foots
or settlings : a,s, footy oil, molasses, etc.
footy'-* (fut'i), a. and n. [E. dial, and IT. S.;
var. otfouty, q. v.] I. a. Poor; mean; worth-
less; trashy.
I think it would lie a very pretty bit of practice to the
ship's company to take her out from under that /oof. v bat-
tery. Marryat, Peter Simple, xxxiii.
Nobody wants you to shoot crooked ; take good iron to
it, and not footy paving-stones.
Kingsley, Westward Ho, Ix.
H. n. ; pi. footies (-iz). Any one or any-
thing slightly valued. [Local, New Eng.]
fOOZie (fO'zl), n. 1. A tedious person ; a t'ogy.
[Slang.]
.So is Lady Lancaster ; entertaining kindred frumps and
foozles in Eaton Sijnare.
B. Broughton, Cometh up as a Flower, xxvi.
2. In golf, a badly played stroke. [Scotch.]
fopH (fop), V. t. [Also fob : see /ofti and fubl ;
< D. foppen, cheat, mock, prate, = LG. foppen,
G. dial. (Prussian) /ttj:>pen (Brem. Diet.), mock,
jeer, etc., = G. foppen, mock, jeer, banter (re-
garded as slang). Hence fop^.] To mock;
fool; cheat.
Very well ! go too ! I cannot go too ( man) ; nor 'tis not
very well ! Nay, I think it is scuniy: and begin to finde
my telle fopt in it. Shak., Othello, iv. 2 (folio, 1623).
(Most modem editions read fobl)ed, fob being a later form
of /op.)
fop2 (fop), n. [< ME. fop, foppe, a fool ; cf .
D. fopper, a wag, 6. fopper, a jeerer, scoffer,
mocker; (.fopl, v.] I. A fool; a shallow pre-
tender; an ostentatious dunce.
Foppe, i. q. [same as] fulet [a fool : teefotlet,foliot].
Prompt. Pare, p. 170.
May such malicious Fops this Fortune find.
To think themselves alone the Fools design'd.
Congreve, Way of the World, Epil.
There is no fop so very near a madman in indifferent
company as a poetical one. Steele, Tatler, No. 244.
The solemn fop, significant and budge ;
A fool with Judges, amongst fools a judge.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 299.
2. A man who is ostentatiously nice in man-
ner and appearance ; one who invites admira-
tion by conspicuous dress and affectations ; a
coxcomb ; a dandy.
Gods ! shall the ravisber display your hair.
While the /op« envy and the ladies stare?
Pope, R. of the L., iv. 104.
Fops at all corners, lady-like in mien,
Civetted fellows, smelt ere they are seen.
Cotvper, Tirocinium, 1. 829.
Now a French Fop, like a Poet, is Itorn so, and won'd
be known without climths; it is his Eyes, his Nose, bis
Fingers, his EUjows, his lleels ; they Dance when they
Walk, and Sing when they speak.
C. Bumaby, The Reform'd Wife, p. 82.
"Syn. 2. Dandy, Bxquitite, etc. See coxcomb.
fopdoodle
fopdoodle (fop'dS'dl), ». [Formerly also fob-
domile (so cited in Brem. Diet., I. 437), and /op-
doudcU; < /op2 + doodle^.'} An insignificant or
contemptible fellow.
Bee blith,/oprfoud««<.
MS. AshmoU, Cat, col. 48. (,HalUtKll.)
Where sturdy butchers broke your noddle,
And handled you like n/opdotxlle.
S. Butler, Hudibras.
fopling (fop'ling), n. [< /oj)2 + -J»n^2.] A petty-
fop.
Tis mean for empty praise of wit to write,
Aa/opplings grin to siiow their teeth are white.
Brown, Essay on Satire, ii.
J^t/opiings sneer, let fools deride.
Whittier, The Shoemakers.
foppery (fop'^r-i), n. and a. [< fop"^ + -ery,
after D. fopperij = G. fopperei, vopperei, cheat-
ing, hosuc, mystification.] I. n.; pi. fopperies
(-iz). 1. Foolishness; foolery; foolish vanity;
Tain show.
Let not the sound of shallow /ap^^r^ enter
My sober house. Shak., M. of V., ii. 5.
But I shall discover to ye, readers, that this his praising
of them is as full of nonsense and scholastic foppery as
his meaning he himself discovers to be full of close ma-
lignity. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
The design spreads, till at last true piety and goodness
be swallowed up by superstitious fopperies.
^ Stillingjleet, Sermons, II. i.
2t. A foolish or mocking exhibition.
And I am sorry to hear liow other nations do much tax
the English of their incivility to public ministers of state,
and what ballads and pasquils, and fopperies and plays,
were made against Gondamar for doing his master's busi-
ness. Howell, Letters (1650).
3. Vain ornaments ; gewgaws.
To adorn them [pipes] with beautiful wings and feathers
of birds, as likewise with peak, beads, or other such fop-
pery. Beverley, Virginia, iii. ^ 20.
4. Affectation of precision in trifles, or fastid-
ious observance of the prevailing fashion ; dan-
dyism : as, the foppery of dress or of manners.
I wish I could say quaint fopperies were wholly absent
from graver subjects. Swift.
I have known a woman that never was out of the parish
of the St. James's betray as many foreign fopperies in her
carriage as she could have gleaned up in half the coun-
tries of Europe. Addison, Fashions from France.
n.t a. Foppish; foolish. Davies.
Let any Persian oppugn this, and in spite of his hairie
tuft, or lovelock, . . . I'll set my foot to his, and fight it
out with him, that their foppery god is not so good as a
Red-herring. Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 167).
foppish (fop'ish), a. [</op2 -I- .jsftl.] Pertain-
ing to or characteristic of a fop ; affecting or
manifesting ostentatious nicety in dress and
manner; dandyish.
I appeal, whether it is not better and much more pleas-
ing to see the old Fashion of a dead Friend, or Relation,
or of a Man of Distinction, Painted as he was, than & fop-
pish Night-Gown, and odd Quoifure which never belonged
to the Person Painted. Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 40.
He was a handsome fellow in a manly way.'which even
the faultless precision of his attire could not make fop-
pish. Ilarper's Mag., LXXVI. 611.
=Syn. See^inicai.
foppishly (fop'ish-li), adv. In a foppish man-
ner; in a vain, trifling, or affected manner as
to dress or deportment.
foppishness (fop'ish-nes), n. The condition
or quality of being foppish.
But t\\iB foppishness
Is wearisome ; I could at our saint Antlins,
Sleeping and all, sit twenty times as long.
Randolph, Muses Looking-glass, ii. 4.
foppityt (fop'i-ti), n. [Irreg. < fop'^ + -ity (here
dim,).] A simpleton ; a fooUsh trifler.
Why does this little foppitee laugh always? 'tis such a
ninny that she betrays her mistris, and tliinks she does
not hurt at all, no, not she.
Cowley, Cutter of Coleman Street.
for (fdr), prep, and conj. [I. prep. < ME. for,
' for,' in most of the mod. uses, also, rarely, in
the orig. sense 'before' (in place or time), <
AS. for, before (in place, L. coram), for, on ac-
count of, because of, with, by, through, accord-
ing to, instead of, etc., in all uses alternating
with its fuller form, AS. and ME. fore, before,
for, etc.; = OS. for, far, and fora, furi =
OFries. for and fore, fori = D. voor = MLG.
LG. vor, vor, for = OHG. fora, MHG. vore, vor,
G. vor, before, also OHG./wrJ, before, for, MHG.
viir, Qr.fiir, for, = \ee\.fyrir, before, for, = Sw.
for, before, for, = Dan. for, for, for, before, =
Goth./oMr andfaura, before, for. Closely con-
nected with/orei and/or-i,/or2, and remotely
with forth^, from, and /arl . The various forms
and uses mingle, and cannot be entirely sepa-
rated ; so with the cognate L. prce, before, in
front (see pre-) ; L. pro = Gr. rcp6, before, for,
2314
instead of, etc., = Skt. pra, forward, forth,
fore (see pro-); Gr. ndpog, before, for, etc.,
napa, before, beside, etc., ntpa, beyond; Skt.
purds, before, forward, in front, para, away,
forth, para, far, beyond, etc. (see para-). See
fore^, afore, before, etc., for-^,for^, forth, from,
far^, farther, further, etc. II. co>ij. < ME./or (=
Dan. for, fordi), conj., abbr. of the various con-
junctional phrases for that, for thon that, for
thon the, for thi that, for thi the, < AS. for tham,
for thon, for thy, for tham the, for thon the, for
thy the, i. e., 'for this [reason, namely,] that'
. . . /or, prep.; Wiawi, Wi^jdat. and instr., respec-
tively, of thwt, that, neut. demonst. pron. ; the,
conj., that. Similarly erel, before, after, etc.,
conj., from the prep.] I. preji. It. Before,
(a) In place : Before the face of ; in presence of.
Moni mon is . . . erm [poor] for worlde and uniseli
[unblessed, i. e., wicked] /or Gode.
Old E-ng. Homilies (ed. Morris), I. 113.
(&) In time.
Gif hit beo holiniht vor the f este. Ancren Riwle, p. 22.
(c) In order or degree.
The statutz of Clarendone ech bischop holde scholde
And nameliche theo for alle other.
Life of Beket (ed. Black), 1. 720.
[In these uses rare and only in early Middle English.]
2. In the direction of; toward ; with the view
of reaching, (a) Expressing the objective point or end
in view: as, he set out /or London; bound /or Hong Kong.
What, are you /or this great solemnity
This mom intended ?
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, i. 1.
Seeing many Isles in the midst of the Bay, we bore vp
for them. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 174.
I intend, God willing, to go for .Sardinia this Spring.
Howell, Letters, I. iii. 13.
(p) Expressing inclination, tendency, or bent : as, an itch
/or scribbling ; a taste /or art; a love /or drink.
A passion /or dress and ornament pervaded all ranks.
Irving, Granada, p. 5.
3. In quest of; with a view to the coming or
attainment of ; in order to obtain or attain to ;
as expecting or seeking : as, waiting for the
morning ; to send for persons and papers ; to
write /or money or for fame.
I kneel /or justice : shall I have it, sir?
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, iii. 2.
4. In place of ; instead of ; in consideration
of : as, to pay a dollar for a thing ; two for five
cents.
To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord, ... to
comfort all that mourn, ... to give unto them beauty
for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of
praise for the spirit of heaviness. Isa. Ixi. 2, 3.
I'll give my jewels /or a set of beads,
My gorgeous palace /or a hennitage.
Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3.
And for loud hymns.
Chanted by kneeling nmltitudes, the wind
Shrieks in the solitary aisles.
Bryant, Hymn to Beath.
5. As an offset to; as 6ffsetting; correspond-
ing to : as, to give blow /or blow.
Another Nightingale repeats her Layes,
lust Note /or Note, and adds som Strain at last,
That she hath conned all the Winter past.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 5.
For one virtue you shall find ten vices in the same party.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 50.
Weight /or weight is not much more than one half of
the strength in tin of the crystals.
O'Neill, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 435.
6. In the place and behalf of: as, he acted as
attorney /or another.
In due time Christ died for the ungodly. Rom. v. 6.
He with his whole posterity must die ;
Die he or justice must ; unless /or him
Some other able, and as willing, pay
The rigid satisfaction, death for death.
Milton, P. L., iii. 210.
7. In the interest of; with a view to the use,
benefit, comfort, convenience, etc., of: express-
ing purpose or object : as, the earth was made
for man ; to provide for a family.
Shall I think the world was made /or one.
And men are born /or kings, as beasts /or men.
Not for protection, but to be devoured ?
Dryden, Spanish Friar.
8. On account of; because of ; with regard to :
as, to fear for one's life.
Than he comaunded to the kynge Gondofles to go take
vengamice for his nevewes, and he seide he wolde.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 593.
They embrace not virtue /or itself, but its reward.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.
The criminals would answer nothing/or themselves.
Addison, Trial of False Affronts.
9. In favor of ; on the side of : as, to vote for
a person or a measure ; I am for peace.
The Danes and Londoners, grown now in a manner Da-
nish, were all/or Hardecanute. Milton, Hist. Eng., vi.
ftor
If you are for pleasure, marry ; if you prize rosy health,
marry. Jer. Taylor.
A body of men, numerous, respectable, and not without
influence, who leaned toward monarchy and were for set-
ting up a King.
J. B. McMaster, People of the United States, I. 393.
10. With reference to the needs, purposes, or
uses of: as, salt is good for cattle; skins are
used for rugs.
The Birch for shaftes ; the Sallow for the mill ;
The Mirrhe sweete-bleeding in the bitter wound;
The warlike Beech ; the Ash for nothing ill.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 9.
I made a Garden vpon the top of a Rocky He . . . in
May, that grew so well as it serued vs for Sallets in lune
and luly. Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 188.
11. In the character of ; as; as being: as, to be
taken /or a thief; he was left /or dead on the
field.
Thei clayme Bretaigne/or theiers, and I clayme Rome
for myn. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 642.
Whilom he serued in his panterie,
& was outlawed /or a felone.
Robert of Brunne, p. 33.
A man may be allowed to keep poisons in his closet, but
not to vend them aVx>ut /or cordials.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 6.
12. Because or by reason of; as affected or
influenced by: as, he cried out for anguish;
but for me he woiild have gone.
Edward and Ricljard, . . .
With fiery eyes, sparkling /or very wrath, . . .
Are at our backs. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5.
We could not get two myles vp it [the river] with our
boat for rockes. Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 118.
There is scarce any one bad, but some others are the
worse /or him. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 9.
Princess Caroline is going to the Bath for a rhettmatism.
Walpole, Letters, II. 14.
13. By the want of; in the absence or insuf-
ficiency of: as, to be cramped /or space ; to be
straitened /or means.
With hunger pinch 'd, and pinch'd /or room.
She now presaged approaching doom.
Courper, The Retired Cat.
The inhabitants suffered severely both for provisions
and fuel. Marshall.
14. To the extent, number, quantity, or
amount of : as, he is liable for the whole sum.
The Lord's men [that is, the team from Lord's cricket-
ground in London] were out by half-past twelve o'clock,
for ninety-eight runs.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 8.
Then, no matter how iDugh the ground nor how pitchy
black the night, the cowboys must ride /or all there is in
them and spare neither their own nor their horses' necks.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 862.
15. Through; throughout; during the continu-
ance of: as, we traveled /or three days; to be
appointed /or life.
He came to town last week with his family /or the win-
ter. Steele, Tatler, No. 95.
It is not reasonable that the king of Spain should quit
the sovereignty [of the Netherlands] for always.
Deventer (trans.), quoted in Motley's United Nether-
[lands, IV. 469.
16. In relation to ; -with respect or regard to ;
as affects or concerns ; as regards : as, sorrow
is past for him ; as for me, I am content ; for
the present everything is right.
Never was there such a state /or magnanimity as Rome.
Bacon, Atheism.
Thus much/or the beginning and progress of the deluge.
Burnet.
17. In proportion or with reference to ; con-
sidering the state or character of: as, he is
tall /or his age; it is very well done /or him. —
18. Appropriate or adapted to ; suitable to the
purpose, requirement, character, or state of:
as, a subject /or speculation; a remedy /or the
toothache ; stores for the winter ; this is no
place for a sick man.
First whan the fre [man] was in the forest founde in his
denne,
In comely clothes was he clad for any kinges sone.
William of Paleme (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 506.
Let me alone ; I am not /or your purpose.
Fletcher {and another). False One, iv. 3.
The Sultana Ayxa, apprised of the imminent danger of
her son, concerted a plan/or his escape.
Irving, Granada, p. 25.
19. In the direction of, or conducive or neces-
sary to.
It is for the general good of human society, and conse-
quently of particular persons, to be true and just ; and it
is /or men's health to be temperate. Tillotson.
20. In assignment or attribution to ; the share,
lot, possession, right, duty, or privilege of: as,
freedom is for the brave ; it is for you to decide.
A heavy reckoning /or you, sir ; but the comfort is, you
shall be called to no more payments.
Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4.
for
What methods they will take is not /or me to prescribe.
Swift, Improving the English Tongue.
For himself Julian reserved a more difficult part.
Qibb&n, Decline and Fall.
It was /or the pnetor to consider and determine whether
the action or exception should or should not be granted.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 707.
21. To be or become ; designing or designed
to be or serve as ; with the purpose or func-
tion of (becoming or doing something) : as,
the boy is intended for a lawyer ; to run far
sheriff ; a mill for grinding com ; a sketch for
a picture.
The national republican convention assembled at Balti-
more on June 7, 1864, and nominated President Lincoln
for re-election, and for vice president .\ndrew Johnson
of Tennessee. Amer. Cyc, XVI. ISb.
22t. In order to prevent or avoid ; against.
And some of hem took on hem /or the colde,
More than ynough, so seydestow ful ofte.
Chaucer, Troilus, L 918.
We'll have a bib /or spoiling of thy doublet
Beau, and Fl., Captain, iii. 5.
The wife of Granganamoe came running out to meete
■n (her husband was absent), commanding her people to
draw our Boat ashore /or beating on the billowes.
Quoted in Capl. John Smiths Works, I. 84.
Ah, how light he treads,
For spoiling his silk stockings.
L. Barry, Ram Alley.
23. In spite of; without regard to: notwith-
standing: as, that is true /or aught I know.
Then he stert vp full stifhiy, with his store might.
Was on hys wight horse, /or wepyn or other.
Dettruetion of Tray (E. E. T. S.), L 6439.
Others are fain to go home with weeping teats, /or any
help they can obtain at anv judge's hand.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.
The owl /or all his feathers was a' cold.
Keatt, Eve of St. Agnes, st 1.
24. In order; with the intent: used rednn-
•dantly before the infinitive with to: formerly
common, but now obsolete or vulgar: as, I
<;ame for to see you.
The boy asked a boun ;
" 1 wish we were In the good church.
For to get christendoun."
Young Akin (Child's BalUd*, 1. 187).
What went ye out /or to see ? Mat xl. 8.
The Lord had called us /or to preach the goqwl unto
them. Acta xvL 10.
For all. SeeoH.— For all the world. 3e« morW.— For
ay. •'^e aj/l. — For cause. .'*ee cause and /oreauM. —
For certain. See ceriain. — Tor effect, fear, itamme,
etc. .See the nouns. — For ever. See ever and /orever.
— For it, to be done for the case ; advisable : usually pre-
ceded by a negative, and with the emphasis on the prepo-
aitlou.
There is nothing /or it but to cultivate comity between
the SUtes. A'. A. Rev., C.tUII. 147.
Tor my (ble, her, or yonr) head or life, for fear of dis-
astrona consequences ; as apprehending extreme danger.
I dare not /or my head fill my belly ; one fruitful meal
would set mc to 't. Shot., M. for M., Iv. 3.
For the best. See beet.— Tor ta See def. 24.— What
for &, interrogatively, what kind of : as, what /or a man
is he ? [Now rare, and regarded as a Oermaniam (German
iffae /iir ein). J
What is he /or a Ladde yon so lament?
Speruer, Shep. Cal., April.
Hr. Speaker. 1 demand to know who dared present such
« petition. What /or a boldness U that ?
St. Louie Democrat, Aug. 21, 1866.
\For, governing prepoaltionally a noun or pronoun fol-
lowed by an infinitive, la sometimes used. In familiar or
-careless style, with the value of that before a verb in the
conditional : for example,/or him to do that (that is, that
he should do that) would be a pity.
I feare It would but hamie the truth /or me to reason
in her behalfe. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
These expressloni are too oft'n mett, and too well un-
derstood, for any man to doubt his meaning.
Milton, Eikonoklastea, xll.
I am anxious /or jroa to know my new address.
George Eliot, In (TrtiM, iv.
I should be glad /or the new edition to be printed, and
not the old. Darwin (letter), Life, II. 40.
No one cared /or him to call.
Quoted in Academy, No. 826, p. 146. |
n. r/mj. 1. For the reason that; because;
seeing that; since: in modem usage employed
only to introduce an independent clause, or
frequently a separate sentence, giving a rea-
son for, or a justification or explanation of,
something previously said. It Is an elliptical use
of the prcp(»!tit)oii /or, thus: "So death pasaeo upon all
men, /or (the reason] that all have sinned : {I say so] /or
(this reason, that] until the law sin was in the world, but
sin is not imputed when there is no law." K«m. v. 12, 13.
The use of that after /or, as above, was formerly common,
as was also that of /or before the reason for a succeeding
statement, or to introduce a subordinate and inseparable
-clause, as in the following extracts ; but both locutions
are now antlquateil or obsolete.
Partenedon parted first, of paleme the qnenes brother ;
For he hade ferrest to fare, formest he went
WiUiam o/ Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6079.
-#815
Ac, /or the poure may nat paye, ich wol paye myself.
Piere Plourman (C), xiii. 106.
But this apeired moche his bewte and his visage /or
that he was blinde, and yet were the iyen [eyes] in his
heed feire and clier. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 615.
They all shall dye in theyr sinnes /or they have all
erred and gone out of the way togither.
Spenser, Present State of Ireland.
Master Nelson arrived with his lost Phoenix ; lost (I say)
/or that we all deemed him lost.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, 1. 170.
Famed Beauclerc called, /or that he loved
The minstrel, and bis lay approved.
Scott, Marmion, v.. Int.
2t. In order that.
And, /or the time shall not seem tedious,
I'll tell thee what befell me.
Shak., 3 Hen. VL, ilL 1.
For as much. See /oraemuch. — For hecauset, and for
thatt, equivalent to because.
Not /or because your brows are blacker.
Shak., W. T., li. 1.
For why, because ; for ; for what reason. [Obsolete or
coUoq. ]
The magistrates do not exercise their citizens against
their wills in unneedful labours. For why, in the insti-
tution of the weal-public, this end [one afterward men-
tioned] is only and chiefly pretended and minded.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), il. 4.
But yet his horse was not a whit
Inclin'd to tarry there ;
For whyi — his owner had a house
Full ten miles oO, at Ware.
Cowper, John Gilpin.
= 8yiL 1. See since,
for-1. [< ME. for-, < AS. /or- = OS. far- =
OFries. for- = D. ver- = MLG. for-, LG. for- =
OHG. fir-, far-, MHG. ver-, G. rer- = Icel. for-
(rarely /yr-, »r-) = Sw. for- = Dan./or- = Goth.
fra-, faur-, fair-: a prefix involving several
different developments (oppositeness, nega-
tion, difference, change, deterioration) of the
radical meaning 'before,' and varying in its
force accordingly; akin to for, fore^, etc., and
ult. to the L., Gr., and Skt. forms cited under
for. The three Goth, tonaa faur-, fair-, fra-,
are phonetically near to Gr. vapA, before, be-
side, TTfpi, around, and rrpo, before, respectively.
See further under for, prep. In some words
/or-3.] An inseparable prefix in words of Mid-
dle English and Anglo-Saxon origin, formerly
attachable at will to any verb admitting of the
qualification conveyed by this prefix, but no
longer used or felt as a living formative. In
Middle English and Anglo-Saxon it conveyed various no-
tions, as oppositt-ness, negation, ditference, change, dete-
rioration, etc., often intensity, these notions 1>eing trace-
able in the modem words ; thus, /or- is negative In /orbid,
firrtwear, negative or pejorative In /ortpeak, etc., altera-
tive in /orshape, etc., intensive \n /orlom, jorweary, /or-
wounded, /ortpent, etc. From Its Intensive use in parti-
cipial forms of verbs it came to be used also as an inten-
sive prefix to adjectives, as \n/orblack, very black, /ordrt;.
ver>- dry, etc, (.See the etymology, and compare /or--.)
This prefix, once extremely common, has not only ceased
to l>e used in forming new words, but most uf the oM
words containing it have become obsolete, /orbeari,/or-
bid, /orget,/orgite,/orgo\,/orsalte, /ortwear, and /ortorn
in Its adjective use being the only ones now in familiar
use. Only the principal Middle English words with this
prefix are entered in this dictionary.
for-2. [See/ore-l,/or&y,/ornenj<f, etc.] A form
of /ore-1, in/(>rirardl,/orirard2, forgo^.
for-^. [See forclose, etc.] A prefix of Latin
origin, in /orc/o«e (= foreclose), forfeit, uid for-
judge (which see).
for. .An abbreviation of foreign : as, for. sec,
foreign secretary.
fora, «. Latin plural ot forum.
forage (for'aj), n. [< ME. forage, < OF. fou-
rage, forage, pillage, P. fourrage (Pr. fouratge
= 8p. forraje = Pg. forragem = It. foraggio =
'iOj. foragium, fodragium, < F.), forage, < OF.
forrer, forage, < forre,fuerre, F.feurre, fodder,
straw, < ML. fodrum, < LG. voder = Sw. Dan.
foder = AS. fodor = E. fodder, etc. : see fod-
der^. Ct. foray, a, tioxiMetot forage. "] 1. Food
of any kind for horses and cattle, as grass, pas-
ture, hay, oats, etc. : also used humorously of
human food.
And by his side his steed the maty/orage ate.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vll. 2.
She was really hungry, so the chicken and tarts served
to divert her attention for a time. It was well I secured
thls/ora^<. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xvii.
Our poor animals, having no/ora<7« but bitter pine leaves,
began to falter and die from starvation.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 400.
2. The act of providing forage ; the act of
searching for provisions of any kind: as, the
troop subsisted hj forage.
foramen
CJolonel Mawhood completed his/oroye unmolested.
Marshall.
= Syn. 1. Fodder, etc. See/e«d, n.
forage (for'aj), v. ; pret. and pp. foraged, ppr.
foraging. [= F. fourrager = Pr. fourrejar,
fourregiar = Sp. forrajear = Pg.forragear =
It. foraggiare ; from the noun. Ot. foray, ti.]
1. intrans. 1. To procure food for horses or
cattle by a roving search from place to place ;
specifically ( mifif. ), to collect supplies for horses,
and also for men or stock, from an enemy by
force, or from friends by impressment ; in gen-
eral, to procure provisions or goods of any kind
in a predatory manner.
Forage through
The country ; spare no prey of life or goods.
J^ord, Perkin Warbeck, ilL 4.
The rooks, with busy caw.
Foraging for sticks and straw. Keats, Fancy.
2t. To ravage ; feed on spoil.
Having felt the sweetness of the spoil,
With blindfold fury she begins to /ora^«.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 554.
3t. To wander far; rove; range.
Forage, and run
To meet displeasure further from the doors ;
And grapple with him, ere he conies so nigh.
Shak., K. John, v. 1.
Foraging ants. See EcUon. — Foraging party (milit. ),
a party of soldiers sent out to collect provisions for troops
or horses from the surrounding country.
n. trans. 1. To strip of provisions, as for
horses, troops, etc.
They will . . . also be as continual holds for her ma-
jesty, if the people should revolt ; for without such it is
easy to/orage and over-run the whole land.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
Whych victorie letted them, that thel went not to pil-
lage and /ourrage all your townes and cyties of Pelopo-
nese. yicolts, tr. of Thucydides, foL 30.
2. To supply ■with forage or fodder : as, to for-
age horses. — 3. To ransack; overrun, as when
searching for forage.
Though Assur's Prince had with his Legion fell
Forrag'd Samaria.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Decay.
The brain
That /orates all climes to line its cells.
Lowell, Under the Willows,
4. To procure by forage.
With stolen beeves and /oraocd com.
Whittier, Yorktown.
forage-cap (for'aj-kap), n. A small low cap
worn by soldiers when not in full dress. Also
called fiiraging-cap.
forage-guard (for'aj-gard), n. 1. A body of
solmers detailed to guard and protect a forag-
ing party, or a forage-train on the march or
when packed. — 2. A party of foragers. [Bare.]
forage-master (for'8j-mis''t6r), n. A person
who ha.s t'harge of the forage and forage-trains
of an army or a military post, receiving and is-
suing the forage, and having the care of it dur-
ing transportation. In some cases he is em-
powered to collect or purchase the forage.
forager (for'a-j^r), n. [< ME. forager (cf. F.
fourrageur = Sp. forrajero = Pg. forrageiro =
It.foraggiere); < forage, v., + -«rl.] One who
forages; one who goes in search of food for
horses or cattle.
Ther/ort'/er* a-forn pan to send
For ther hostt-s to make ordinance.
Of whome the instrumentes sounded at end.
Kom. 0/ Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1815.
But about midday, when Cajsar had sent forth a lieuten.
ant of his called Caius Trebonius with three legions, and
all his men of armes for forage, sodenly they came flying
vpon the/orragers on all sides.
Qolding, tr. of C»sar, fol. 118.
foraging (for'a-jing), n. [Verbal n. of forage,
f. ] The act of searching for or collecting food.
foraglng-cap (for'a-jing-kap), n. Same as for-
age-cap.
foralite (for'a-lit), n. [Irreg. < L. forare, = E.
ftorel, + Gr. ^j'flof, a stone.] In geol., a tube-like
marking in sandstone and other strata, which
resembles the burrow of a worm.
foramen (fo-ra'men), M. ; pi. foramina (fo-ram'-
i-na). [L.', a hole, < forare = E. bor'e^: see
Wei.] 1, In anat. and zool., a hole or an open-
ing ; an orifice ; a fissure ; a short passage. Spe-
cifically—(a) A hole in or through a bone or other struc-
ture, or between contiguotis Ixmes, giving passage to a ves-
sel or a nerve ; also, a communication between two cavities
of the same organ ; less frequently, a cul-de-sac. See ex-
amples Itelow. (6) An aperture in the beak of a brachl-
opod shell, giving exit to a pedicel liy means of which the
animal is attactieil. (r) One of the perforations in the shell
of a foraminifer. (d) In the arthropods, an aperture in
the integument of a part or joint where another part is
articulated to it, giving passage to tendons, visceral or-
f:ans, etc. : as, the occipital /oramen in the back of an
nsect's head. Such foramina are connected with the cor-
foramen
responding cavities by membranes, and are often exter-
nally visiblej as those at the ends of tlie femora of most
insects ; their form is then useful in classification. See
cut under Uy^n%enoptera,
2. In hot, J an opening of any kind; specifically,
the orifice of the coats of the ovule.— Anteor-
Idtal, atlantal, auricular, etc, foramen. See the ad-
jectives.—Carotid foramen, (a) The lower aperture of
the can)tiii ounal. (6) The carotid canal itself.— Condy-
loid foramen. («) Anterior, a hole in the occipital bone
for tlie passage of the iiypojflossal nerve. See cut under
craniofacial. (6) Posterior, for the passage of a vein. — Co-
racoscapular foramen, in s*)me animals, a hole formed
by the ariiculation of the coracoid bone with tlie scapula. —
Cordlform foramen. See con^i/brm.— Cotyloid fora-
men, ^ notch in the acetabulum or socket of the thigh-
bone, converted into a hole hy a ligament, for the passage
of vessels rfhd nerves. See cut untlcr innominate. — Den-
tal foramen, the termination of the dental canal of the
lower jaw, tlirougli which vessels and nerves euieri;e from
the interior of the bone upon the face.— Diaphragmat-
ic foramina, several holes through the diaphragm, for
the pjissage of the esophagus, the aorta, the pneumogas-
trie nerves, the vena cava inferior, and other structures, —
Epltrochlear foramen, foramen epitrochleare, the su-
pracundyloid foramen upon the inner condyle of the hu-
merus of many animals, sometimes juesent. or represented
by a groove, In man. — Ethmoidal foramina, anterior
and posterior, openings in the orbit, in the articulation
between tiie ethmoid and tlie frontal bone, for the passage
of vessels and nerves.— External carotid foramen, the
external orifice of the carotid canal.- Foramen csecum.
(a) Of the frontal bone, a depression lodging a i>ioccss of
the dura mater, and either impervious or transmitting a
vein. (6) Of the medulla oblongata, a cul-de-sac forming
the termination of the anterior median fissure behind the
pons. Also called foramen ccecum of Vicq d'Azyr, (c)
Of the tongue, a depression about the large middle cir-
cumvallate papilla.— Foramen commune anterius.
Same as foramen of 3/o/iro.— Foramen Intercarpi, tlie
foramen of the intercarpus, an opening between or among
certain bones of the carpus of batrachians. — Foramen
lacerum anterius, the sphenoidal fissure between the
greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, transmitting
the third, fourth, first division of the fifth, and the sixth
cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic vein. See cut under
*pAe;iotd.— Foramen lacerum medium, the interval
between the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal
bone and the sphenoid and occipital bones, in relation with
the inner opening of the carotid canal. See cut under
8ifc««.— Foramen lacerum posterius, the jugular fora-
men, a fissure between the petrous portion of the tem-
poral bone and the occipital bone, giving passage to the
internal jugular vein, and to the glossopharyngeal, pneu-
mogastric, and spinal accessory nerves. See cut under
aJtwZi.— Foramen magnum, the gieat hole in the occipi-
tal bone for the passage of the medulla oblongata and its
membranes, the spinal accessory nerve, and the vertebral
arteries ; the passage from the cranial cavity to the spinal
canal.— Foramen of Monro, the communication between
the lateral ventricles of the brain and the third ventricle,
transmitting the choroid plexus. See cut under encepha-
ion.— Foramen of Soemmering, a deceptive appear-
ance, as of an opening, presented by the retina of the eye
at the yellow-spot. See redVwi. — Foramen Of Stenson.
Same as canalis incigivus. See canaltH. — TorajaeR of
WinslOW, the communication between the greater and
lesser cavities of the peritoneum. —Foramen ovale, (a)
Of the heart, the communication, in the fetus, between
the right and the left auricle, closed soon after birth :
when persistent it gives rise to cyanosis. (6) Of the sphe-
n<rid bone, a hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid, or
between this and the temporal bone, for the passage of
the third division of tlie fifth cranial nerve. See cut un-
der sphenoid.— FOTSiVCien Panizzse, the foramen of Pa-
nizza, the communication between the right aiid the left
aorticarchesof reptiles.- Foramen rotundum, a round
hole in the greater wing of the spheii'dd, for tlie passage
of the second division of the fifth cranial nerve. See cut
under «pAe)ioid.— Foramen spinosum, a hole in the
greater wing of the sphenoid, transmitting the princi-
pal meningeal artery. — Foramen transversarlum, a
hole in the transverse process of a cervical vertebra, as
in birds and mammals, formed by ankylosis of a cervical
rib with the transverse process proper; the vertebrarte-
rial foramen. Ge^enftaur.- Foramen Vesalil, a minute
inconstant hole in the sphenoid bone, transmitting a
vein.— Foramina Thebesii, orifices of small veins which
empty into the light auricle of the heart. — Inferior den-
tal foramen, the inlet of tlie inferi(jr dental canal in the
lower jaw-ix»ne.— Infraorbital foramen, a hole in the
superior maxillary bone, near the lower border of the or-
bit, for the exit of so much of the second division of the
fifth nerve as appears upon the face. See cut under orbit.
—Internal auditory foramen, the meatus auditorius
internus, for the passage from the cranial cavity into the
temporal bone of the auditory and facial nerve. See cuts
under craniofacial and ear.— InteiTial carotid fora-
men, the internal orifice of the carotid canal. — Interor-
bital foramen, a vacuity in the bony plate separating
the orbits in birds, etc.— inteiTertebral foramina,
holes formed between any two contiguous vcrtebree for
the exit of spinal nerves.- Jugtllar foramen. Hee fora-
men lacerum j?o«(«ri?(«.— Malar foramina, holes in the
malar bone for the passage of nerves and vessels. — Mas-
toid foramen, a hole in or near the mastoid portion of
the t<jmporul bone, for the passage of a vein.— Medulla-
ry foramen, the hole in any bone giving entrance to the
proper nutrient artery of the bone. Also called nutrient
/oram«n.— Mental foramen, the outlet upon the chin
of the inferior dental canal of the lower jaw-bone, giving
exit to so much of the third division of the fiftli cranial
nerve as appears upon the chin. — Nutrient foramen.
See Tnedullary foramen. — Obturator foramen, the thy-
roid foramen, a large opening or fenestra in the innomi-
nate bone, representing an interval between the pubis and
ischium, mostly closed by the obturator membrane, and
transmitting the obturat^»r vessels and nerve: sometimes
in lower animals a notch. See cut under innominate.—
Occipital foramen, in entom., the opening by which the
cavity of the head communicates with that of the neck.
See cut under //ymenofrfera.— Olfactory foramina, the
2316
numerous holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
bone, transmitting the olfactory nerves. — Optic fora-
men, the round hole in the sphenoid bone transmitting
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. See cuts under
orbit and «pAenotd.— Palatine foramina, anterior and
posterior, holes in the bony palate for the passage of ves-
sels and nerves : smalt in man, in some mammals constitut-
ing great vacuities. Also calleil jiaUitine fosste. — Ptery-
gopalatine foramen, an opening lietween tlie pterygoid
and the palatine bones.— Sacral foramina, inteiverte-
bral foramina in the sacral region.— Sacrosciatlc fora-
men, a notch in the posterior border of the haunch-bone,
converted by ligament into a hole, through which passes
the pyriformis muscle, the sciatic nerve, and other struc-
tures.- Sphenopalatine foramen, a notch or hole in the
palatine bone, by which the sphenomaxillary fossa c<im-
niunicates with the nasal cavity.— Stylomastoid fora-
men, a hole in the temporal bone, near the root of the
styloid process, giving exit to the facial nerve, and entrance
to the stylomastoid artery. See cut under gArii/i. — Thyroid
foramen. See obtu rator fora men. — Vertebral or verte-
brarterial foramen, a hole in the transverse processes
of cervical vertelirai, transmitting the vertebral artery.
See cut under ccrticaZ.— Vidian foramen, the Vidian ca-
nal. See canal'i^.
foraminate, foraminated (fo-ram'i-nat, -na-
ted), a. \_i LL. foraminatus, having holes, <
L. foramen, a hole: see fora meii.'] Furnished
with foramina ; cribrate ; ethmoid.
foraminifer (f6-ra-min'i-f6r), n. [< NL. fora-
minifer: ^ee foraminifer ons."] One of the Fo-
raminifera.
Foraminifera (fo-ram-i-nif e-ra), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of forayninifer : see foraminiferous.^
An order of Rhizopoda, belonging to the sub-
kingdom Frotozoa, furnished with a shell or
test, simple or complex, usually perforated by
pores (foramina), whence the name. The shell
may be composed of horny matter, or of carbonate ot
lime secreted from the water in which they live, or may
be fabricated by sticlting together extraneous matters,
such as particles of sand. Owing to the resemblance of
their convoluted chambered shells to those of the nau-
tilus, they were at first reckoned among the most highly
organized mollusks. In reality they are among the sim-
plest of the Protozoa. The body of a foraminifer is com-
posed of granular, gelatinous, highly elastic sarcode.
Diagrams of Forantini/era.
A, monothalamian ; B, C, polythalamian ; D, horizontal, and £, F,
vertical sections of the helicoid forms.
which not only fills the shell, but passes through the per-
forations to the exterior, there giving off long thread-like
processes, called pseudopodia, interlacing one another so
as to form a net like a spider's web. Internally the sar-
code-body exhibits no structure or definite organs of any
kind. A nucleus, which at one time was believed to be ab-
sent, has been discovered in these organisms. A remark-
able formation known as nummulitic limestone receives
its name from the presence of large coin-shaped foramini-
fers, generally about as large as an English ahilling. The
name is based on the French foraniinifirett of A. d'Or-
bigny, who regarded these organisms as cephalopodoua
mollusks, and named them from the foramina by means
of which the cells communicate. He divided them into
Helicostigues (with the subdivisions //. nauiiloides, am^
monoides, and turbinoides), Stichostkgues, Enallostigties,
Agaihistkgues, and Entomost^gues, terms corresponding
to Ilelicostega, Stichostega, Enallostega, Agathistega, and
Entonostega. The most approved recent classification of
the Foraminifera is by H. B. Brady, who divides the or-
der into the families Gromiidce, Miliolidce, Asti-orkizidce,
Lituolidce, Textulariidce, Chilostomellidce, Lagenidce, Glo-
bigerinidce, Rotalidas, and NunimuliniJdm. The prob-
lematic fossil of the Laurentian rocks of Canada, named
Eozoon canadense, has been referred to the order, but its
foraminiferal nature has been denied by most recent nat-
uralists. By some authors the Foraminifera, under the
name Reticularia, are regarded as a class of protozoans,
and divided into 10 orders, corresponding with the above-
named families. Thalamophora is a third name of these
c7gaiiisms.
foraminiferal (fo-ram-i-nif 'e-ral), a, 1. Con-
sisting of or containing Foraminifera : &Sj fora-
miniferal mud ; foraminiferal deposits.
There can be no doubt that the foraminiferal shower
falls over the area occupied by the grey ooze and the red
clay just as persistently as elsewhere. ••
Huxley, Physiography, p. 269.
2. Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Foraminifera: SiSj foraminiferal life. Huxley.
foramini^erous (fo-ram-i-nif 'e-ms), a. [< NL.
foraminifer^ < L. foramen {foramin-), a hole,
+ ferre = E. hear^.] 1. Having perforations
or pores (foramina). — 2. Consisting of or con-
taining Foraminifera : same as foramin iferal, 1.
The bottom composed of foraminiferous ooze and coarse
sand. Science, III. 591.
foraminous (fo-ram'i-nus), a. [< LL. forami-
nosuSy full of holes, < L. forameUy a hole : see
forbear
forarncn.'} Full of holes or foramina; perfo-
rated in many places ; porous. [Rare.]
Soft and foraminous bodies, in the first creation of the
sound, will dead it. Batoiiy Nat. Hist., § 215.
foraminule (fo-ram'i-uul), n. [< NL. fm-ami-
niiltnu, dim. ot'L. foramen J a hole: see foramen.']
1. A small foramen. — 2. In certain fungi, the
ostiolum or orilice through which the spores are
discharged. Imp. Diet. [Not in use.]
foraminulose (fo-ra-min'u-los), a. [< forami-
nule + -ose.'\ Pierced with small holes.
foraminulous (fo-ra-min'u-lus), a. Same aa
foraminulose.
forane (fo-ran'), a. [< F.forain = Sp. fordjieo
= It. foraneOj < ML. foraneus, < L. foraSj out of
doors, abroad. It is thus a doublet to foreign^
q. v.] Pertaining to places or things remote;
specifically used in the Roman Catholic Churchy
in the title vicar forane. See vicar.
foranentt, p7-ep. See foreanent.
forasmucn (for'az-much'), conj. [< ME. foras-
much ^ for asmycHe, etc., also, separately, /or a*
much: see for, a^i, much.'] fu view of the
fact that; in consideration that ; seeing that;
since; with«5; as, forasmuch as the time is^
short.
Foras'inuch as the knowingis of these things is a maner
pocion or medicine to thee, al be it so that I haue little
time to done it, yet neuerthelesse I would enforcen me to-
shewen somewhat of it. Chaucer, Boethius, iv.
FornsmwcA then a« we are the offspring of God, we ought
not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver,
or stone. Acts xvii. 29.
foray (for'a), n. [Formerly aXso f array , ferroy ;
< ME. forrayy forrey^ forraye; a northern form
of forage, q. v.] The act of foraging ; a preda-
tory excursion.
Feire oncle, yef ye will suffre me to go owforrey in to a
londe that I knowe, I shall bringe yow vitaile plente, for
the centre is full of all goode. Merlin(E. E. T. S.), ii. 253.
When time hangs heavy in the hall,
And snow comes thick at Christmas-tide,
And we can neither hunt, nor ride
A foray on the Scottish side.
Scott, Marmion, i. 22.
foray (for'a), v. [Formerly &]8oforray; < ME.
* f array en f forreyen ; fromthenoun. Gi. forage,
v.] I. trans. To ravage; pillage.
The Abbot and his community having retreated beyond
the Forth, their lands were severely /oraverf.
Scott, Monastery, ii.
II. intrans. To engage in a foray; pillage.
Ofte tymes he faught with the saisnes [Saxons] whaft
tliat he herde telle that thei come to forrey.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 179.
The people of Granada resumed all at once their ancient
activity, /orai/i7ii? into the Christian territories.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 15.
forayer (for'a-6r), w. [< WE.foreyour; iforay^
+ -cri. Cf. forager.] One who takes part in a
foray ; a marauder. Formerly also forrayer.
Kynde [Nature] huyrdetho Conscience and cam out of the
planetes,
And sente fortli his /oreyowr* feuers and iluxes,
Couhes, and cardiacles, crampes, and toth-aches.
Piers Plotvman (C), xxiil. 81_
They might not choose the lowland road,
For the Merse/oraj/ers were abroad.
Scott, Marmion, iii. 1.
forbadt. An obsolete preterit ot forbid.
forbade (for-bad' or -bad'). Preterit of forbid.
forbartt v* t. [< ME. forbarren (= MHG. ver-
barren)) <for-^ + bar'^yV.] 1. To bar in; shut
up.
Whi lete ge fonlli 30ur ton for-barre 30U her-inne,
& do 30U alle the duresse that thei deuise konne.
Willium of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3333.
2. To bar ; fend off ; ward off.
Thei with fyn force for-barred his strokes,
& wounded him wikkedly & wonne him of his stede.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1217.
3. To exclude ; deny.
As well be domes as by statutes many tymes they [citi-
zens] haue been lettyd, and of some of her fraunchea/or-
bnrred.
Charter of London (K\c\\. II.), in Arnold's Chronicle, p. 28.
forbathet(for-baTH'),^^/. [< for-^+ bathe.] To
bathe abundantly.
And Priam eke with iron murdretl thus,
And Troye town consumed all with flame,
Whose shores hath ben so oft forbathed in blood.
Surrey, ^neid, ii.
forbear^ (for-bar')» v.; pret. forbore, pp. for-
borne, p-pT. forbearing. [< ME. forberen, tr. re-
frain from, intr. (by omission of refl.) refrain,
abstain, tr. spare, excuse, < AS. forberan (pret.
forbcer (whence the obs. E. pret. forbore), pp.
forboren), tr. restrain, abstain from, bear with,
suffer, endure (= OHG. *farberan, ferberen^
MHG. v€rbern=QiOt\i.frabairan, endure), </or-
fort>ear
+ fteroH, bear: see /or-1 and fiear^.] I, trans.
1. To refrain from ; abstain from ; omit; avoid
the doing or use of.
Mourninj: lasteth a Xloone, after which they make drink-
iiiga : but luaiiy after this will forbeare them.
Purchag, Pilgrimage, p. 848.
I had much ado
To forbear laughing. B. Jonmn, Volpone, v. 1.
Then, but /orfteor your food a little while.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
To hear meekly, air, and to laugh mo<lerately ; or to/or-
bear both. Sfiak,, L. L. L., i. 1.
2. To .spare ; excuse ; treat indulgently. [Ob-
solete or archaic]
Whi Ijeet thou him &/orbare me?
Political Poenu, etc. (ed. Fumivall), p. 211.
Forebearing one another in love. Eph. iv. 2.
Agrippa desires you U> forbear him till the aext week;
his mules are not yet come up. B. Jonson, Poetaster, 1 1.
1 pray tell my brother that his tenant Gage desires him
to forbear him £10 till Whitsuntide.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 428.
n. intrans. 1. To refrain; abstain; decline;
stop ; cease ; hold off or back.
.Seven days I mot forbere,
-Tliat 1 ne gyf no answere.
Seven Sage*, 1. 370.
Shall I go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I
forbear > 1 Ki. xxii. 6.
Forbear!
Who's he that is so rude ? what's he that dares
To interrupt our counsels ?
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
2. To be patient; endure; restrain one's self
from action or from violence.
loforbeare in auger is the poynt of a friendly leeche.
Baleai Book (E. E. T. S.), p. M.
By Iong/ori*an'ni7 Is a prince persuaded. Prov. xxv. 15.
The kindest and the happiest pair
Will find occasion to forbear.
Cowper, Mutual Forbearance.
- SyiL 1. To abstain, give over, desist, stay, leave olT.
forbear-, «. 8ee/orf6ear.
forbearance (f^r-bSr'ans), «. [< forbear'^ +
-((«(•/.] 1. The act or state of forbearing; the
cessation or intermission of an act commenced,
or a refraining from beginning an act.
Tliit^ may convince us how vastly greater a pleasure is
cons<-<|iient n|K>ii the forbearaiKe of sin than can possibly
accotiipaiiy the commission of it. South, Sermons.
2. Command of temper; restraint of passions;
long-suffering ; indulgence toward an offender
or injurer; lenity.
<*r despisest thou the riches of hb goodness and for-
bearance and longsulTerlng ? Rom. iL 4,
3. In lair, an abstaining from the enforcement
of a right; specifically, a creditor's giving of
indulgence after the day originally fixed for
pajTnent; as, the loan oT forbearance of money.
— 4t. A withdrawing; a keeping aloof.
At my entreaty forbear his presence, till some little time
hathi|ualifled the best of his displeasure. . . . I pray yon
have a continent /orfrfaraiux till the speed of his ragesoes
slower. Shak., I.ear, 1. S.
I shall crave your forbearance a little : may !« I will
call u|x>n you anon. Shak., M. for )f,, iv, 1.
= Syn. 1. Alistinence, refraining.— 2. Patience, indul-
t't-rirc. nutdness.
forbearant (f^r-bfir'ant), a. [< forbear'^ -^
-a«(l.] Forbearing. [Kare.]
Whosoever had prefcrreil sincerity, earnestness, depth
of practical rather than theoretic insight, . . . must have
come over to Lomlon, and vt\t\iforl>e.aranl snhmissiveness
listened to fMir Juhnson. Carlyle, Misc., III. 237.
forbearantly (fSr-bSr'ant-li), adv. Forbear-
iiit'ly. [Hare.]
forbearer (for-bar'*r), ». One who forbears.
The West, as a father, all goodness doth bring,
The East, n forbearer, no manner of thing.
Tuuer, I*rop«rtles of the Winds.
forbearing (f^r-bSr'ing), p. a. Characterized
by imtifnco and indulgence; long-suffering:
as, a /'or'««riH(/ temper.
forbearingly (f^r-bar'ing-li), adv. In a for-
bearing, patient manner,
forbeatt, »•. t. [< ME. forbeten ; <for-l + beafl,
t .] To beat ; beat in pieces or to death.
Blyndld were hise faire ysen.
And al his fleisch bloodf/or-Vf^.
llgiHiu to Virijin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 29.
■ And Lucifer hynde,
And forbete and adown brynge.
Pieri Plowman (B), ivlii. 35.
forbedet, r. A Middle English form of forbid.
forberet, «•• A Middle English fonn of forbear^.
forbid (f^r-bid'), r. ; pret. forbade, pp. forbid-
ilrn, forbid, ppr. forbidding. [< ME. forbedrn,
forhforlen (prot. forbad, forbade, forbcd, fi>r-
l>ead, pi. forbodc, \tp. forboden, forbedun ; rare-
ly with weak pret. forbedde, pp. forbeded),
< AS. forbeddan (pret. forbedd, pi. forbudon,
2317
pp. forbnden) {= OPries. forbiada = D. rerbie-
den = JILG. vcrhcden, LG. rerbeen, rerbeien =
OKG.farbiotan, MHG. G. verbieten =lce\.fi/rir-
bjodba = Dan. forbyde = Sw. forbjuda), for-
bid, prohibit, < for- + beodan, command, bid:
see /or-l and bid (2).] I. trans. 1. To bid or
command, as to a thing, that it shall not be
done ; prohibit by command, or as with authori-
ty; issue an order against, as the doing of or
being something; interdict: often with a per-
son as indirect object and an act or thing as
direct object: as, to forbid the banns (that is,
the proclamation of the banns) ; I forbid you
my house (that is, to enter my house).
I expressly &ya forbid to touch it,
For it engendei-8 choler, planteth anger.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1.
GoA. forbid it should be necessary to be a scholar, or a
critic, in order to be a Christian.
Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii.
2. To prohibit the use or action of ; put under
ban ; restrain within limits.
Thei seye that wee synne dedly in etynge of Bestes that
weren forboden in the Old Testement, and of the oltie
Lawe. Mandeviile, Travels, p. 20.
The Firmament shall retrograde his course . . .
Yer I presume with fingers ends to touch
(Much less with lips) the Fruit /or&rxf so much.
Sylvester, tr. of l)\\ Burtas's Weeks, ii., Eden.
Too much of water hast thou, poor Ophelia,
And therefore 1 forbid my tears.
Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7.
Sleep shall neither night nor day
Bang upon his pent-house lid ;
Be shall live a man forbid.
Shak., Sfacbeth, i. 3.
3. To prohibit in effect; stand in the way of;
prevent : as, an impassable river forbids the
approach of the army.
A blaze of glory that/«r6td« the sight. Dryden.
Fear forbade her tongue to move.
William Morrii, Earthly Paradise, IL 63.
Any real political union between the United States of
America and the kingdom of (ireat Britain is a thing whicli
geographical cunditi^tns fortiid.
F. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects.,p. 57.
4t. To defy; challenge. Duties. •
To them whom the mist of envy hath so blinded that
they can see no goo<l at all done but by themselves, I for-
hui them, the best of them, to show nie in Kheims or in
K^mie, or any popish city Christian, such a show as we
have seen here these last two days.
Bp. Andrew*, Sermons, V. 36.
To forbid the tumns. See \>annt. =8yil. 1. Forbid, Pro-
hibit, Interdict. Forbid is the common word; prohibit is
formal, legal, and generally more emphatic ; interdict is
legal, and es|)eclally ecclesiastical : as, Ui forbid the use of
a private w-ay ; to jirohibit the importation of opium ; to
interdict intercourse.
Thy coming hither, though I know thy scope,
I bid not, ur forbid. MUton, P. R., i. 49.1.
Thomas Jefferson first summoned congress to j^'ohibil
slavery in all the territory of the I'nited states.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 116.
Alone I pass'd through ways
That brought me on a sudden to the tree
Of itUerdicled knowledge. Milton, P. L., v. 52.
H. intrans. To utter a prohibition.
Forbid who will, none shall from me withhold
Longer thy otferd good. Milton, P. L., t. 62.
God forbid. See God.
forbiddance (fi)r-bid'ans), n. [(.forbid + -ance.']
The act of forbiiMiiig, or the state of being
forbidden; prohibition; a command or edict
against a thing. [Rare.]
The .forbidilance of Oilds in the Franklsh Empire could
also \te Ju8tifle<l from religiniis motives, in consequence of
the gluttony and pavan cust4>ms always associated with
them. Enylifh Giliit (E. E. T. S-X Int., p. Ixxix.
Other and yet grander mountain ramparts thrust their
tgntX forttiildancc on the reaching vision.
Mm. Whitney, Leslie Goldthwaite, xi.
forbidden (fOr-bid'n),;). o. Prohibited; inter-
dicted.
Tlie fruit
Of that. forbid^len tree whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe.
Milton, P. L., I. 2.
To \oyt forbidden man aspires.
Consumes his soul with vain desires.
Cowper, Pineapple and Bee.
Forbidden degrees. In law. See d'.Trci!.— Forbidden
ITult. (a) The fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and
evil, of which v\dam and Eve partook, according to the
account in Ccn. iii. (b) A large variety of the common
onnmc. if) Kiirurativeiy, unlawful pleasure of any kind ;
HInM-illcally, illicit love.
forbiddenly (fQr-bid'n-li), adv. In a forbidden
or unlawful manner.
He thinks that you have tonch'd his f\ween forbiddenlv.
SAa*.,W. T., L'2.
forbiddennegsf (fcir-bid'n-nes), n. The state
of being forbidden or prohibited.
Titese suggested such strange and hideous thoughts, and
such distracting doubts of some of the fundamentals of
forbreak
Christianity, that though bis looks did little betray his
thoughts, nothing hui forbiddenness of self dispatch hin-
dered his acting it. Boyle, Works, I. 23.
forbidder (f6r-bid'6r), «. One who or that
which forbids.
Other care perhaps
May have diverted from continual watch
Our great Forbidder, safe with all his spies
About him. Milton, P. L., ix. 815.
forbidding (for-bid'ing), p. a. Repelling ap-
proach ; repellent ; repulsive ; raising aversion
ordislike; disagreeable: as, a/orfiifWiHjr aspect;
forbidding weather; forbidding manners.
There was something, I fear, forbidtling in my look.
Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 7.
Not all his large estate in Derbyshire could . . . save
him from having a most forbiddintj, disagreeable coun-
tenance. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, p. 7.
= S3m. I'npleasant, displeasing, olfensive, odious, abhor-
rent, repellent.
forbiddingly (f6r-bid'ing-li), adv. In a forbid-
ding inauner; repelloiitly.
forbiddingness (fQr-bid'ing-nes), n. The state
or quality of being forbidding; repulsiveness.
llichnrdson.
forbid-treet, «• [ME. *forboden tre, forbidden
tree, i. e., one forbidden to be cut down.] See
the etymology and the extract.
Concerning the Forest of Deane, and the timber there,
. . . with the age of many trees there left, at a great fall
in Edward the Third's time, by the name ot forbid-trees,
which at this day are called vorbid trees.
Pepys, Diary, I. 311.
forbiscllti V. t. A Middle English form of fur-
/j(.v/(.
forbiset, v. t. [ME. ; < forbisen, «.] Same as
forbisen, 2.
It nedeth me noght the longe to.forbise.
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1390
forbisent, >!• [ME., a.\8oforbison,forbysen,for-
bi/snc, etc., < AS. forebysen, an example, < .fore,
fore, -t- bysen, an example, pattern, parable,
command, = OS. (in comp.) am-biisan = Goth.
ana-biisns, a command.] 1. An example; a
model ; a pattern.
Holy cherche is honoured heygliche thorns '*is deynge,
He is tiforbysene toalle bishopes and a brigt myroure.
Pier» Plowman (B), xv. 558.
2. A parable; a fable.
" By aforbitene," quod the frerc, "I shal the faire shewe."
Piers Plotcman (B), viii. 29.
3. A proverb. Ayenbitc of Inicit.
forbisent, r. t. [ME. forbiscncn, forbisne (also
abbr. /o;-6i«c) ; from the uoun.] 1. To give as
an example.
Fele men hauen the toknlng of thls/orWOTicde thing.
Bestiary, 1. 688.
2. To furnish with examples.
forbitet, r. t. [ME. forbiten (= D. vcrbijten =
I..G. rerbilen = G. rerbeissen) ; <for-^ + bite, f.]
To bite to pieces.
It norissheth nice sijtes and some tyme wordes.
And wikked werkes ther-of wormes of synne,
AniX .forbileth the blosmes rljjt to the bare leues.
Piers Plowman (B), xvi. 36.
forblackt, 1. [ME., </or-i + ftiocA-.] Exceed-
ingly black.
As eny ravenes fether it schon forblak.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, I. 1286.
forbodt, forbodet, ». [ME. forbod, forbode, <
AS. forbod (= D. verbod = MHG. G. rerbot =
Sw. forbad = Dan. forbitd, a forbidding, prohi-
bition), (.forbeddan (pp. forboden), forbid: see
forbid.] A forbidding; a command forbid-
ding a thing; a prohibition — God's forbode,
Lord's forbode, used elliptically as an exclamation, like
the verb use Gita forbid.
"Gmlijs.forbixle," auath [his] fellawe," but ho forth passe
Wil ho is in purpose with vs to dei>arten."
Piers Plowman s Crede (E. E. T. S.), I. 416.
•Secondly he is l)eyond all reason or, God's forbod, dis-
tractedly enamonrd of his own beautie.
Sash, Hanc with you to Saflron-Walden, sig. L.
forbodet, forbodent. Obsolete forms of for-
bidden, past participle of forbid.
forbore (f<kr-b6r'). Preterit ot forbear^.
forborne (fOr-bom'). Past participle of for-
biiir^.
forboughtt. Past participle oi.forbmj.
forbreakt (f^r-brak'), i-. t. [ME. forbrcken, <
AS. forbrecan (pret. forbrar, pp. forbrocen),
break, break down, violate (= D. rerbrckcn =
OHG. farbrechan, MHG. G. rerbrechcn), < for-
+ brcran, break: see/or-i and brcul-.'] 1. To
break in pieces ; destroy.
VndiscretetrauellyniretMrnesthebrnynesIn his hcuedc,
and forbn'kes the mygbtes and the wittes of the saule and
of the body. Ilaminte, I'rose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 17.
2. To break through; interrupt. . i
forbreak
I than . . . forbrak the entencioun of hir that entend*
ede yit to seyn other thiiiges.
Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 1.
forbniiset, t\ t. [ME, forbrus€7t, forhroseti, for-
brisen : < for-^ + hrmsCj r.] To bruise badly
or exceedingly.
In a chayer men aboute hhn bare
XXforbruied, bothe bak and svde.
Chaucer, Monks Tale, 1. 624.
forbuyt^ «'. '. [ME. *forhyen, forhiggen, forbug-
gen; \ Jar-^ + fewy, r.] To buy off ; ransom ; re-
deem.
But he, whiche hyndreth euery kinde.
And for no golde mail heforbought.
Gouvr, Conf. Amant., ii.
forby, foreby (fOr-bi', for-bi'), adv, and prep,
[The toTm foreby y which is less common, shows
more clearly the origin of the first element ; <
ME. forby, forbijforbey adv. and prep., by, past,
near (of LG. or Scand. origin: D, voorbij =
MLG. rorbiy LG. vorbi, vorbi = G. vorbei = Ban.
forbi = Sw. forbi, past, by, over, at an end);
v/or (equiv. to /orei), before, 4- 6yl.] I. adv.
If. By; past; near.
The child gan /orfcy for to pace.
Chaucer, Prioress's Tale, 1. 117.
When he cam to his lady's hour door
He stude a little forbye.
Brown Adam (Child's Ballads, IV. 61).
2. Beyond; besides; over and above. [Scotch.]
Lang mayst thou teach . . .
What pleugh fits a wet soil, and whilk the dry ;
And mony a thousand useful things /or&^.
Ramsay, Poems, II. 303.
H, prep. If. By; past; near; hard by,
AUe that gane /orM the wai. Ps. Ixxix. 30 (ME. version).
A little beyond . . . the river waxeth sweet, and run-
neth/ore by the city fresh and pleasant
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 2.
As when a Faulcon hath, with nimble flight,
Flowne at a flush of Ducks foreby the brooke.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ii. 54.
2. Beyond; besides; over and above. [Now
only Scotch.]
I helded ml hert to do, forbi al thinge, thi rightwise-
nesses. Ps. cxviii. 112 (ME. version).
Forbye the ghaist, the Green Room disna vent weel in
a high wind. Scott, Antiquary, xi.
forcarvet, ^*- 1* [}iE.forJc€rven (itret.forlcarfjfor-
carf pp. forcorven)f < AS. forceorfan (pret. for-
cearf, pi. forcurfon, pp. forcorfen), cut through,
cut off or away, cut down, < for- + ceorfan, cut,
carve: see/or-i and carve^.^ To cut through;
cut completely ; cut off.
Seven chains with his swerde
Our king/orcar/araidward.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 1825.
format (for-sa'), n. [F., < Pr. forsat(= Sp./or-
zado = Pg. forgado = It. forzato), prop. pp. (=
F. forc4) oiforsar = Sp. forzar = Pg. forgar
= It. forzare = P. forcer, E, force : see forced,
v.] In France, a convict condemned to forced
labor in a prison or in a penal colony : a sub-
stitute for the older term galerien (galley-slave),
under changed conditions.
forcatt, w. [< It. forcata, fork, crotch (cf . for-
cato, forked), < forca, a fork : see fork.'] A rest
for a musket.
forcauset, conj. [Adv. phr. for came run toge-
ther as one word, as by cause, now because.'] Be-,
cause ; for the reason that.
And forcaitse it is so necessary for hirae, I do not onelie
cause him to rede it over, but also to practise the preceptes
of the same. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), xxii.
force^ (foi^)j w. [< ME. force, fors, < OF. force,
F. force *= Pr. forsa, forza = OSp. forza, Sp.
fuerza = Pg. forga = It. forza, < ML. fortia,
strength, force, < \j,fortis, OL. forctis, strong:
see/or^.] 1. In general, strength, physical or
mental, material or spiritual; active power;
vigor; might.
O myhty lord, of power myhtieat,
Withoute whom al force is febilnesse.
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 247.
Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he
died : his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
Deut. xxxiv, 7.
Beauty loses its /wee, if not accompanied with modesty.
Steele, Tatler, No. 34.
It is as if only from the /orce of habit.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 288.
What he [Dryden] valued above all things was Force,
though in his haste he is willing to make a shift with its
counterfeit. Effect.
Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser., p. 74.
2, Power exerted against will or consent; com-
pulsory power ; coercion; violence; especially,
violence to person or property, in law it implies
either the exertion of physical power upon persons or
things, or the exercise of constraint of the will by display
2318
of physical menace. Words do not constitute force in this
sense, but gestures may. Force is implied in every case of
trespass, disseizin, or rescue.
To synge also, Xti force he was constreyned.
Political Poetm, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 56.
>Vho overcomes
By force, hath overcome but half his foe.
Milton, P. L., i. 649.
Right I have none, nor hast thou much to plead :
"Tis force, when done, must justify the deed.
Dryden, Cym. and Iph., 1. 521.
It seems I broke a close vfith force and arms.
Tennyson, Edwin Morrts.
3. Moral power to convince the mind; power
to act as a motive or a reason ; convincing pow-
er : as, the force of au argument.
The examples of others calamity and misfortunes, though
ever so manifest and apparent, have yet but little /orce to
deter the corrupt nature of man from pleasures.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vi., Expl.
4. Power to bind or hold, as of a law, agree-
ment, or contract.
When an absolute monarch conimandeth his subjects
that which seemeth good in his own discretion, hath not
his edict the force of a law, whether they approve or dis-
like it? Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 10.
A testament is of force after men are dead. Heb. ix. 17.
The high duties which came into /orce had the effect of
diminishing the supply of brandy.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, II. 55.
This act had been m force a quarter of a century.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
5. Value; significance; meaning; import: as,
I do not see the force of your remark.
Several who make use of that word [proportion] do not
always seem to understand very clearly the force of the
term. Burke, Sublime and Beautiful, iii. § 2.
6t. Weight; matter; importance ; consequence.
Compare no force, below.
What/ors were it though al the toun bihelde?
Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 378.
And those occasions, uncle, were of force.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iii. l.»
7. A union of individuals and means for a com-
mon purpose ; a body of persons prepared for
joint action of any kind ; especially, a military
organization ; an army or navy, or any distinct
military aggregation : as, a force of workmen ;
a police /orce/ the military and n&val forces of
a country ; the party rallied its forces for the
election.
He placed /orces in all the fenced cities of Judah.
2 Chron. xvii. 2.
Macb. What soldiers ? . . .
Serv. The English /orce. Shak., Macbeth, v. 3.
His Body was not only rescued, but his Forces had the
better of the Day. Howell, Letters, I. vi. 6.
8. In physics: (a) Strictly, the immediate cause
of a change in the velocity or direction of mo-
tion of a body ; a component acceleration, due
to a special cause, paired with the mass of the
moving body ; a directed or vector quantity of
the dimensions of a mass multiplied by an ac-
celeration or rate of change of a velocity, this
quantity representing the instantaneous effect
of any definite cause affecting the motion of a
body. The distinct mechanical apprehension of force is
modern. Archimedes discovered the elements of the the-
ory of the pressures upon bodies at rest, but it was not
until the seventeenth century that, by the labors of math-
ematicians from Galileo to Newton, the general mode in
which bodies move became sufficiently understood to give
a perfectly definite meaning to the word, and indeed the
development of the idea has not yet ceased. A particle
infinitely remote from others, so that no special influ-
ences would work upon it, would retain a velocity con-
stant in amount and direction. The elTect of any cause is
to produce an alteration of velocity ; and when this hap-
pens the cause is said to exert force upon the particle.
The explanation of what is meant by & force is dependent
upon the mechanical notion of the composition of mo-
tions, according to which, fgr example, if a man walks on
the deck of a ship, his motion relatively to the sea is said
to be compounded of his motion relatively to the ship and
of the motion of the ship relatively to the sea. In gen-
eral terms, if a particle which at any instant is at any
point of space, A, has a partial or component motion whicli
at the end of a second would carry it to a point B, and at
the same time has
another compo- *^ "Z-^ A
nent motion which
would carry it in
the same time to a
point C, the result
of the two motions
will be that it is
Parallelogram of Forces.
carried to a point D, such that ABCD is a parallelogram, as
in the figure. It necessarily follows that accelerations of
velocity are compounded in a similar manner : namely, if
a particle is at any instant under such circumstances that
according to a law of nature its velocity undergoes the ac-
celeration represented by the line AB, while at the same
time, owing to other circumstances, it undergoes another
alteration represented l)y the line AC, these two altera-
tions are compounded by the same principle; and if the
point D completes the parallelogram ABCD, the altera-
tion represented by the diagonal AD is the result of com-
pounding the two other alterations. This is called the
principle of the parallelogram of forces. The polygon of
force
forces is merely a complicated application of the same
jirinciple, according to which, if the velocity of a particle
experiences several simultaneous alterations, represented
by all the successive sides but one of a polygon taken in one
continuous order, the result is an alteration represented
by the last side in the direction of the last point from the
first. The operation of thus compounding several simul-
taneous changes of velocity is termed the composition of
forces, the partial changes are termed components, and
the result of the operation the resultant. When a body is
under the infiuence of a. force, it has what is called a ten-
dency to motion, which consists in its actually receiving,
THuler all circumstances, in each unit of time, so long as
the force acts, a motion in a definite directicui and of fixed
amount, which motion is compounded with tlie motion
already impressed upon the body, together with the effects
of othav forces to which it may be simultaneously subject.
Thus, every body at the surface of the earth, in conse-
quence of the force of gi'avity, actually receives an increase
of downward velocity at the rate of 32 feet per second;
and if it does not fall on the whole, it is because it is at
the same time, in consequence of the elastic compression
of the support upon which it rests, projected upward with
the same increase of velocity per second. The component
forces when due to definite causes are also called impressed
forces ; the resultant of all of them is called the effective
force. By the same principle, any alteration of velocity
may be separated into several, and this is called the reso-
lution of forces, although no one of the components may
represent the total eftect of any definite cause. When
a velocity or alteration of velocity is thus resolved into
three components at right angles to one another, each is
termed tlie resultant resolved in that direction. By the
law of action and reaction, whenever a body has its velo-
city altered owing to any cause, some other body has its
velocity altered in precisely the opposite direction. The
alterations are not of equal magnitude, but when each is
multiplied by a quantity which is constant for each por-
tion of matter undergoing an alteration of velocity — this
constant being termed the mans or amount of matter —
the two products are equal. All alterations of velocity
take place gradually and continuously. The rate of change
of velocity, together with its direction, coupled witli or
multiplied by the mass of the body undergoing the change
of motion, is a /orce, properly so called, or accelerating
force. According to this, the accepted view of the mat-
ter,/ore*; is nothing occult, but is simply the prodnctof a
mass by a component acceleration due to a definite posi-
tion relatively to another body or to some other circum-
stance. Nevertheless, many writers regard force as an
occult something wliich causes or explains the alterations
of the velocities of bodies ; and no writei"s who employ
the word at all altogether avoid the use of phrases whicli
seem to bear such a meaning. An xjnpidsive force is the
amount of a sudden finite change of motion multiplied by
the mass of the ntoving body ; it is not supposed there
really are any such forces, but it is occasionally convenient
to regard forces as impulsive. X force is defined by its in*
tensity or amoxmt, its direction, its point of application,
and the time at which it exists. The point of application
of a force is the particle which is immediately and directly
affected by it.
Force, then, is of two Wnds, the stress of a strained ad-
joining body, and the attraction or repulsion of a distant
body. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 26.
Loosely — (&) Any mechanical cause or ele-
ment. This use of the word, which dates from before
the development of clear conceptions of dynamics, is now
obsolete with physicists except in special comiections.
Older writei-8 speak of momentum and even of inertia as a
force. Such expressions, and even the reference to pres-
sures sis forces (except in the phrase centrifugal force), are
now obsolete. On the other hand, accelerations are still
frequently called forces. Enei^y is now rarely termed
force, except in the phrase living force (vis viva): thus, in
technical language, it is no longer cori'ect to speak of the
force of the waves or of a cannon-ball, but of their power
or energy. Special affections of matter giving rise to force,
such as elasticity and electrification, are frequently called
forces, although they are properly powers. Other phe-
nomena, such as electricity, light, etc., are still loosely
caUed f wees by some technical writers.
If we accept force as the dynamic aspect of existence,
the correlate of matter, we have a firm, speculative foun-
dation for the first law of motion, which expresses in an
intelligible fonnula both the constancy of existence and
the varieties of its distribution.
G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Slind, II. v. § 13.
9. Some influence or agency conceived of as
analogous to physical forces: as, vital /orce*;
social forces; economic /orce^; developmental
forces.
The belief that the living hand is a natural collector and
conveyor of force has been current in all ages and is !>y
no means extinct. Amer. Anthropologist, I. 53.
We witness with our own eyes the action of those forces
which govern the great migration of the peoples now his-
torical in Europe. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 16.
10. In billiards, a stroke on the cue-ball some-
what below the center, causing it to recoil af-
ter striking the object-ball. — 11. The upper
die in a stamping-press. -E. H. Knight.
The upper die was the cameo, technically the male-die,
punch, OT force [in stamping sheet-metal).
Jmir. Franklin Inst., CXXII. 327.
Ablatitious force. See ablatitious.— Active force. See
vis viva.— Animal force, that force which results from the
muscular power of men, horses, and other animals.— Am
of a force, 'i^cemomrntofaforce, under »)om<'n^— Car-
tesian measure of force. See Cartesian.— Qz.talytic
force. See catalytic.— Center of force. See center^.—
Central force. See centra/.— centrifugal force. [NL,
rix cfntHfuga: a term introduced by Huygens in 1673.
The principle had been vaguely employed by the ancient
astronomer Aristarchus to explain why the motni does not
fall to the earth.] (a) Properly, a quantity of the din»en-
sions of a force, the product of the mass of a particle
force
moving along a curved path into a component accelera-
tive elongation of tlie radius of curvature of the path
(nid2p/dt-), due to the inertia of the particle; inertia con-
sidered as the cause of such acceieration. If, while a
wheel is revolving uniformly, a particle is suddenly re-
leased from its periphery, this particle will (in the absence
of forces) fly off on a tangent withuut change of velocity.
The path of the particle, considered a-i relative to the re-
volving wheel, is an involute of the circle. Hence, at the in-
stant of release the direction of the relative motion of the
particle la radial t^j the wheel, and it can be shown that,
while the velocity of this motion would be null at that in-
stant, its acceleration would be equal to the square of the
velocity of the particle divided by the radius of the wheel.
It is simplest to say that this accelerative elongation of
the radius vector always takes place, and that if, notwith-
standing, the particle does not leave the wheel, it is be-
cause the centrifugal acceleration due to inertia is pre-
cisely balanced by a centripetal acceleration due to the
forces which hold the particle in place. But the centrif-
ugal force does not at all depend upon the principle of
action and reaction. If a particle moves upon any curved
path whatever, any infinitesimal part of this path is oscu-
lated by a circle, and inertia will produce the same accel-
erative elongation of the radius vector from the center of
this circle as I>efore ; and this radius vector is the radius
of curvature of the path. As thus defined, the centrif-
ugal force is not a tnie force, since it results from the
resolution of the motion into a radial and a circular
part, while the principle of the parallelogram of forces
(see def. 8 (a)) forbids such a resolution of forces proper.
Thus, if a particle moves in a circular orbit about an at-
tracting center, since the radius of curvature is constant,
the centrifugal force must be balanced by a precisely equal
and opposite attracting force. But a body which was
really subjected to two equal and opposite forces would
move as if subjected to none — that is, not in a circle, but
In a straight line. The fact is that the only influences to
which the IxMly is subjected are I, its inertia, and A, the
attraction — that is, I -f A. The centrifugal force is equal
to — A, and balances the attraction, but it is a part of the
inertia, the remaintler of which is I + A. (&) In an er-
roneous use, a repulsive force causing a revolving body
to fly away fn^)m the center of revolution. Writers on
attractions sometimes so use the word, (e) A fictitious
force repelling every particle of the earth from the axis
by an amount equal to the centrifugal force in sense (a).
With this hypothesis, and supposing the earth not to ro-
tate, the statical etf ecU are the same as in the actual case ;
but the dynamical efrectsaredlfferent. (d) As used by many
high authorities, the reaction of a moving body against
the force which makes It move in a curved path. In this
sense it is a real force. It does not. however, act upon
the moving Ixwly, but upon the deflecting body ; and, far
from giving the former a tendency to lly away from the
center, It is but an aspect of that stress which holds it to
the carved trajectory. The centrifugal force In sense (a)
may be regarded as that in sense (d) transferred from
the deflecting to the deflected Ixxlies. [These dUferences
of meaning explain the apparently conflicting Tiews of
writers.)
VThen I was about nine years old I was taken to hear a
course of lectures, given by an itinerant lecturer in a
Gonntnr town, to get as much as I could of the secontl
half of a good, sound, philosophical onmlsclenee. . . .
** You have heard what I have said of the wonderful cen-
tripetal force, by which Divine Wisdom has retained the
planets in their orbits round the Sun. But, ladies and
gentlemen, tt must Ite clear to you that if there were no
other force In action, this centripetal force would draw
oar earth and the other plaoets Into the Sun, and univer-
sal ruin would ensue. To prevent such a catastroi>he,
the same wisdom has implanted a orn/7-(/'»/;ai/orr<r of the
same amount, and directly opposite," Ac. I had never
heard of Alfonso X. of Castile, but I ventured to think
that If Divine Wisdom had just let the planets alone it
would come to the same thing, with etjual and opposite
troubles saved. De Morgan^ Budget of Paradoxes, p. 431.
Deviating force and centrifugal force are but two dllTer-
ent names for the same force, applied to it according as
its action on the revolving body or on the guiding body is
under consideration. A>nin'n«, Applied Mechanics, 1 538.
Ttie student cannot be too early warned of the danger-
ous error into which so many have fallen, who have sup-
posed that a mast has a tendency to fly outwards from a
centre about which it Is revolving, and therefore exerts a
erntrifu'inl force which requires to l»e balanced by a cen-
tripcUl force. Tait, Eucyc. Brit, XV. 682.
Although the earth Is really revolving about Its axis,
BO that all problems relating to the relative eqalllbrlnm
of the earth itself and the Ixxlies on its sarface are really
dynamical problema, we know that they may be treat^
statically by Introdadng, In addition to the attraction,
that flctUioos force which we call the eentrifttgcU force.
Stokes, On Attractions, $ 1.
Centripetal force, a force which draws a bo<ly toward a
center. - Chemical fOTC*. See cVmiVn/.- Coerdve or
coercitlve force. ■•'<;*■ /■^^^mV,^. -Complex of forces,
component of a force, con^ruency of forces, *u-. see
cumfUz. r.„„j^,}uiif. . tr— Composition of forces, see
comjHmtum, and <ii f. 8 (a). :iti..\r. Compound force,
\j\tmr, nnlawfnl vii.l.-nc'' iitt-nd' d I'v iiiji.Ili. r ( riiiit- : .lis-
tiii2ti>Hhed from x»"i/'/^/*»rr*-. — Conservation of force.
See thfi Ifttr of th^ ront^rmtion of mer^n/ or of force, under
rrwT'jv. - ConserratlTQ force, an attraction or repul-
sion depending' ni»on the relative pt^isttion of the pair of
Iiodies c»)ncerned. All fundamental forces are believed to
be conservative or fixed. Whatever motion takes place un-
der the influence of conservative forces alone might take
place under the same forces In precisely the reverse onler,
the vehjcities tMjing the same, but oppontte in direction.
A determinate order among phenomena is therefore never
due to the artion of forces, but Is a result of probabili-
ties. Corpuscular force, a force which, like cohesion
and adhesion, acts U'tween the molecules of a iKwly or
of dilfernit iKHlifs; molertilar force,— Correlation of
energies or of forces. Hee (m«f;(;y. —Decomposition
of forces, same as rrmlu/ion of forcen. Deflective
forces. See 4efteetire. -~ Deviating force or tangential
foroe,a force acting in a 'linrti"ri at riuht angles to that
of tbe nwUoD of the body, and producing a curvature of
2319
its path.— DifTusion of force. See djy«*i'on.— Distrib-
uted force, in mech,, a force which is not applie<l at a
point, I'Ut is spread over a surface or disseminated through
a solid. All real forces are distributed. — Electromotive
force. See electromotive. — Equilibrium of forces. See
equilibrium, 1. —Equivalence of force. See eiiuiva-
ic/i<-e.— External forces, those forces which act upon
masses oi" iiiiitter at sensible distances, as gravitation.
—Fine forcet. See jine'^, 16.— Fixed force, ^ec fixed.
— Force Bill, in U. S. higt.: (a) A bill to enforce the
tariff, introduced into Congress at the time of the nullifi-
cation excitement in 1833. It became a law March 2d, 1833.
{h) A bill for the protection of political and civil rights in
the .South. It became a law May 31st, 1870. (c) A bill similar
to (6), but of still more stringent chai-acter, enacted April
20th, 1871.— Force of detrusion. See rfp^r((«('on.— Force
of inertia. See momentum.— in. great force, exceed-
ingly vivacious or energetic; in effective condition : gener-
ally applied to powers of conversation or oratory : as, he
was in ffreat force at the dinner or the meeting last night.
[Colloq.]— Internal forces, forces which act only on
the constituent particles of matter, and at insensible dis-
tances, as cohesion.— Line of force. See equipotential
surface, under eqnijt^^tential.— lAviJlg forco. See rw
nr<7. — Magne-crystalllC force. See magne-crystaUic—
Molar force, a fonc producing motions in large masses
of matter.— Molecular force, a force acting between
molecules, but insensible at sensible distances.— Moment
of a force. See moi/?«»i(.— Moral force, the power of
acting on the reason in judging and determiuing.— Mo-
tive power or force. See motive, a.— Moving force.
See wowi?H/»m. — Noforcet,no matter; no consequence.
See def. 6, above, and to maxe no force, below.
No for$^ quod he, tellith me al youre greef.
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 48©.
** No force" quod Merlin, "he shall do right wele ; but
take a spere, and folowe after, ye and youre brother and
Vlfin." Merlin^T.. E. T. 8.), ii. 221.
Non-conservative forces, forces which depend upon
the velocities of the IkxUcs between which they act. Such
forces are alone capable of setting up rotations. Friction
and viscosity are examples of such forces, and these are
explained by physicists as the result of chance encounters,
etc. , among almost innumerable molecules. Other effects
of this sort are the conduction of heat, the dissipation of
energy, the development of living forms, etc. — (Kuc force,
OdyllC force. See od. — Of forcet, of necessity; neces-
sarily ; unavoidably ; perforce.
Good reasons most, <if force, give place to better.
5Aa*., J. C.iv. 3.
This prince, qf force, roust be belov'd of Heaven,
Whom Heaven hath thus preserv'd.
Fletcher (andmthers). Bloody Brother, 111. 1.
Parallelogram of forces. See def. 8 (n).^ physical-
force men. See CAartw(.— Eeciprocating force, a
force which acts alternately with and against the motion
of the body, as gravity <loes upon an oscillating pendu-
lum.—Resolution of forces, see def. 8 (a).— Simple
force, in law, unlawful violence att*'nded by no other
crime: distinguished from eomimuml force. — Tangen-
tial force. See denatimi force. —Thermo-elwmc or
therm O- electromotive force. See thermo-electric.—
To be in force {milit.), to be prepared for action with a
large or full force.
The enemy wns in force at Corinth, the Junction of the
two most important railroads in the Mississippi valley.
(T. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 330.
To hunt at forcet. See hunt.— To make, do, or give
no forcet, to care not; consider of no importance. .See
no force, above.
When thel here speke of the grete light and blisse of
heven, the! make no force. Oeeta Jionuxnorufn^ p. 14.
To my hcttre did no reverence,
Of my sovereyns gafnofora at al.
Quoted in Babeea Book (E. E. T. S.\ p. xliU.
Triangle Of forces. Seefrionf^fe.— Tube of force. See
<«*«.- Unit of force. See unU.=SyJL strength, etc,
(»ed power); efflcacpr, efBclency, potency, c(^[ency, vir-
tue ; Force, CompKuion, Coercion, Constraint, Jiestraint.
Among these /ores Is the most general. ComptUsion and
coercion are generally more active, pushing one onward ;
constraint and restraint less active, the last being simply
a holding back. The first three could l>e applied to a per-
son's treatment of himself only by a lively figure; con-
straint and restraint express equally self-control and con-
trol of others. Constraint upon one's self is much harder
than resttairU.
By force they could not introduce these gods ;
, For ten to one in former days was odds.
Dryden, Aba. and Achlt, 1. 122.
Give you a reason on eom^mtnon ! If reasons were as
plenty as blackberries, I would give no man a reason
upon compulsion. Shak., 1 Hen. TV,, ii. 4.
Congress had neglected to provide measures and means
for coercion [in dealing with the seceding States]. The
conservative sentiment of the country protested loudly
against everything but concession.
The CerUurjf, XXXV. 614.
Bitter constraint, and sad occasion dear,
Compels me to disturb yoor season due.
Milton, Lycldas, 1. 6.
Certain complex restraints on excesses of altruism ex-
ist, which, in anothcrway, force back the individual upon
a normal egoism. //. Spencer, Data of Ethics, $ 96.
force^ (forH), r. ; pret. and pp. forced, ppr, for-
cing. [< ME.forc€n,forsen (= D.forceren = G.
forciren = Dkn.forcere = Hvf . forcera), < OF.
forcer, forcier, F. forcer = Pr. forsar = Sp.
foTzar = Pg. foTi^ar = It. forzare, < ML. forH-
arf, force, fortify, ifortia, force, Btren^^h.eto.:
8oe /orrc'. m.] I, trans. 1. To act effectively
upon by force, physical, mental, or moral, in
any manner; impel by force; compel; con-
strain.
force
A smalle sparke kyndles a great fyre if it be f<yrste t»
bume. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 94.
I'll undertake to land them on our coast,
And /urce the tyrant from his seat by war.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iU. 3.
I have been told that one hundred and sixty minnows
have been found in a Trout's belly ; either the Trout had
devoured so many, or the miller that gave it a friend of
mine had/orced them down his throat after he had taken,
him. /. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 95.
like a bow long /we'd into a curve,
The mind, releas'd from too constrain'd a nerve,
Flew to its first position with a spring.
Coivper, Table-Talk, 1. 622.
2. To overcome or overthrow by force ; accom-
plish one's purpose upon or in regard to by force
or eomptilsion ; compel to succumb, give way,
or yield. ^'
Will he/orc« the queen also before me in the house?
Esther vii. 8.
Then they flatter'd him and made him do ill things ; now
they would/orce him against his Conscience.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 63.
I should h&ve forced thee soon with other arms.
Milton, S. A., 1. 1096-
WTien wine has given indecent language birth,
And/orc«d the floodgates of licentious mirth.
Cowper, Conversation, I. 264..
Some forced the breach, others scaled the ramparts.
Pregcott, Ferd. and Isa,, ii. 10.
3. To effect by effort or a special or unusual
application of force ; bring about or promote^
by some artificial means : as, to force the pas-
sage of a river against an enemy ; to force a.
jest.
If you bow low may be he'll touch the bonnet,
Or fling tiforc'd smUe at you for a favour.
Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, ii 4,
Some twenty times a day, nay, not so little.
Do I force errands, frame ways and excuses.
To come into her sight.
Middleton, Changeling, iL 1.
A successful speculator or a "merchant prince" may
force his way Into good society in England; he may be^
presented at court, and flourish at court-balls.
W. U. Jiussell, Diary in India, II. 152.
4. To cause to grow, develop, or mature under
unnaturally stimtilating or favorable condi-
tions. Speciflcally — (a) To hasten or enlai^e the growth
of, as flowers, fruits, etc., by means of artlftclal heat and
shelter, as in hothouses or hotbeds. (6) To fine, as wine,
by a short process or in a short time, (c) In general, to-
subject to unnatural stimulation or pressure, in order to-
accomplish a desired result before the usual or natural
time, as in training the young.
6. To impose or impress by force; compel the-
acceptance or endurance of : with on or «»o« .*
as, to force one's company or views on anoftier ;
to force conviction on the mind. — 6t. To fur-
nish with a force ; man; garrison.
Were they not forc'd with those that should be ours,
We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
And b^t them backward home. Shak., Macbeth, v. 6.
7t. To put in force ; make binding ; enforce. —
8. In card-playing: (a) In tckist^ to compel (a
player) to trump a trick by leading a cawi of a
suit of which he has none, which trick other-
wise would be taken by an opponent: as, to
/orce one*8 partner, (b) To compel (a person)
to play so as to make known the strength of his^
hand. — 9t. To attach force or importance to;.
have regard to ; care for.
I force not Philautus his fury, so I may haue Euphues his-
friendship. Mfiy* Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 81.
For me, I force not argument a straw,
Since that my case is past the help of law.
Shak., Lucrece, I. 1021.
Forced heir, in law: (a) An heir In whose favor the law
provides that a part at least of the inheritance shall not
be devised away frtmi him. (6) In Bom. law, one obliged
to accept a sticcesshm, however Involved the estate might
be.— Forced march, sale, etc. See the nouns.— To force
one's hand, (a) in card-playing, same as 8 (b). Hence
— (b) To compel one to disclose his intentions, plans, or
resources.
The potato famine in Ireland precipitated a crisis, .forced
Peel's hand, and compelled him to open the ports, which,
once open, could not, it was clear, again lie closed.
S. Dowell, Taxes in England, IV. 13.
=8yp. 1 and 2, To oblige, necessitate, coerce.
Il.t intrans. 1. To use force or violence;-
make violent effort ; strive ; endeavor.
Forcing with gyfts to winne his wanton heart.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., April.
Howbelt, In the ende, perceiving those men did more
fiercely /orcc to gette up the lull.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 327.
2. To be of force or importance ; be of signifi-
cance or consequence.
It little /or«(A how long a man Hue, but how wel and'
vertuously. J. Udall, On Mark v.
3. To care; hesitate; scruple.
Your oath once broke, you /ewe not to forswear.
3hak^ L. L. U, V. 2,
force
2320
I fan* not of such fooleries [omens], but if I have any functions, but viscosity and other forces which are merely
skill in South-saying (as in sooth I have none), it doth plienomena derived from the action of chance upon in-
prognosticate tliat I shall change copie from a Duke to a numerable molecules have none.
King. Comd^i, Remains, Wise Speeches, forceless (fors'les), O. [</orcel + -?ess.] Hav-
pret. and pp. forced, ppr. iug little or no force ; feeble ; impotent.
The tiranous bishops are ejecte<l, their courts dissolved,
their cannons /orc«^^««, their servise casheired, their cere-
monies uselesse and despised.
Brcut/ord, Plymouth Plantation, p. 7.
forcelett (fors'let), n. [< ME.forcelette, < ML.
forcelletum,foroiletum, accom. dim. forms, after
OF., of ML. fortis, OF. force, a stronghold, a
fort, fortification, a particular use of Mli.fortia,
force, strength : see forced and cf . the equiv.
fort, fortress, fortalice, etc.] A small fort; a tir'Jhei
blockhouse. '
In Egypt there ben but f ewe Forcelettes or Castelles, be
cause tliat the Contree is so strong of him self.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 47.
forcelyt (fors'li), a. [UE.forsely; < forced +
-ly^.'i Strong; powerful.
The flfte was a faire mane thane fele of thies other,
A/orselp mane and a ferse with fomand lippis.
Morte Arthure, JIS. Lincoln, f. 74. (HalliweU.)
forced (fors), t). < , . _ _ . _ _
forcing. [< ME. forcen, forscn ; a corruption
of farce\ v. t., by confusion with/orc«i, v. t.]
To stuff; farce.
Fart hit with powder of canel or good gynger.
Liber Cure Cocorum^ p. 31.
To what form, but that he is, should wit larded with
malice, and malice /orced with wit, turn him?
Shak.,T. andC, v. 1.
force^ (fors), n. [E. dial., also written forse,
fors, foss; i Icel. fors, mod. foss, a waterfall,
also a brook, stream, = Sw. fors, a torrent, =
Dan. fos, a waterfall ; hence Icel. forsa, stream
in torrents, = Sw. forsa, gush, rush, = Dan.
fosse, stream in torrents, foam, boil.] A water-
fall. [North. Eng.]
After dinner I went along the MUthrope turnpike four
mUes to see the falls or force of the river Kent.
Gray, To Dr. Wharton, Oct. 9, 1769.
force* (fors), V. t. ; pret. and -pTp. forced, ppr. for-
cing. [< ME. */orceH,/oorcy», < AP./orcer, clip, forcemeat (fors'met), n. [For farce meat or
shear, < OF. forces, l\ forces, shears, = Ft. force, farced meat : see forced for farce^, and meat.']
forsa = It. force, forbicia, forUce, forbid, < L. In cookery, meat chopped fine and seasoned,
/orpjces, pi. of /(>rj«!X, tongs, a confused form, either served up alone or used as stuffing;
mixing/o(/ex, scissors, suiA forceps, tongs : see farced meat.
forceps and /or/ex.] 1 . To clip or shear, as the forcementt (fors'ment), m. [</o)-cc1 + -went]
beard or wool. In particular— 2. To clip off The act of forcing; violence,
the upper and more hairy part of (wool), for ex- We sought no kingdom, we desir'd no crown :
port : a practice forbidden by stat. 8 Henry VI., It was imposed upon us by constraint,
„ nn .1 ' j^jjjg golden fruit hung on a barren tree ;
» •. •. ,.- , ,1V r^ J. II 1,7 ric And will you count such /orc«7n«n( treachery?
forceable (f or'sa-bl), a. [< /oj-cel -t- -able. Cf. Webster ami Dekker, Sir Thomas Wyat.
forcible.] That may be forced; amenable to f„rcen6 (for-se-na'), a. [Heraldic F.] In Iwr.,
io^^^- rearing on its hind legs : said of a horse. Also
Since in humane lawes there be more thmgs arbitrable frinhfpd
than /or«(i«(e, he [Trajan) should advise his Judges to ./"!/'""."• ,..,.. ^ . . ^ ■„„„„<•
approach mor4 unto reason than opinion. force-piCCe (fors'pes), n. In minmg, a piece of
Letters of Sir Antonie of Guerrara (trans. 1577), p. 20. timber placed in a level shaft to keep the ground
forced(f6rst),p. a. [Pp. of/orcel,«.] 1. Ef- open. r, t ^ • c
fected by an unusual application of force or forceps (for'seps), n. [< L. forceps, a pair of
eSoTt. tongs, pincers, forceps, appar. lit. something
He travelled by/or«d journeys, frequently changing his by which to grasp hot t*ings, < for- (?) in for-
jaded horses. /rm»i<>, Granada, p. 50. mus, warm, fomax, a furnace, etc., + capere,
If there were no other phenomena of will than those of take : see captive, etc.] 1 . An instrument, such
forcipal
eiero, forziere (ML. reflex forsarius), a chest,
casket; perhaps lit. 'a strong box,' ult. < L.
fortis, strong (see/orcel, n.)\ or otherwise ult.
(like/orjrel) < L. /aftrica, a workshop, /atncan,
frame, build, make: see /org^ei. Ci.forcet.] A
chest ; a coffer.
And in hnv forcer sche can hj-m keste.
That same God that Judas solde.
MS. Cantab. Ft. U. 38, f. 46. (HalliweU.)
I have a girdil in my forcere.
MS. Dome 176, p. 67. (Ilalliivell.)
forcett, «• [Early mod. E. also /orse<, forsette;
var. (with dim. -et) ot forcer^, q. v.] Same as
forcer^. Florio.
n. [ME.: see/ojtrc/j.] Same as/oMrc/^.
forced attention, it would be necessary to admit the prob-
ability that all the mental activities are purely mechan-
ical and absolutely dependent upon the action of the ner-
vous system under the exciting influences of stimuli.
G. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 639.
2. Overstrained; unnatural; affected; artifi-
cial.
Whether or no the city of Clazomene might extend
across any part of the high ground, so as that an island
or two in that bay might be said to lie opposite to it, is
very uncertain, and rather too forced an interpretation of
Strabo. Pococke, Description of the East, 11. ii. 41.
The joy assumed, while sorrow dimm'd the eyes,
The forced sad smiles that follow'd sudden sighs.
Crabbe, Worlis, I. 49.
force-diagram (f6rs'di"a-gram), n. See dia-
gram.
forcedly (for'sed-li), adv. In a forced manner ;
violently; constrainedly; unnaturally. T. Bar-
net. [Rare.]
forcedness (f or'sed-nes), n. The state of being
forced. Worlhington.
forceful (fors'ful), a. [< force + -ful.] 1. Pos-
sessing force; forcible; expressing or repre-
senting with force.
There is a sea-piece of Ruysdael's in the Louvre, which,
though nothing very remarkable in any quality of art, is
at least /orc^i3, agreeable, and, as far as it goes, natural.
Riiskin, Modern Painters, II. v. § 21.
The more /orcc/u2 the current, the more sharp the rip-
ple from any alien suljstance interposed.
as pincers or tongs, used for seizing, holding,
or moving objects which it would be imprac-
ticable to manipulate with the fingers. .Such in-
struments are used by watchmakers and jewelers in deli-
cate manipulations ; by dentists for the forcible extrac-
tion of teeth ; by accoucheurs for grasping and steadying
the head of the fetus in delivery, or for extracting the
fetus ; by surgeons for grasping and holding parts in dis-
section, for taking up an artery, etc.; and in blowpipe
analysis (and then platinum-pointed) to hold the fragment
of tlie mineral whose fusibility, etc., is being tested.
2. In zoiil. and anat., some part or process of
the body like a forceps ; any f orcipate organ.
Specifically— (a) In a»ia(., the flbei-s passing backward on
each side from tlie spleninm of the corpus callosum to the
posterior and upper part of the occipital lobes, (b) In en.
torn., a pair of movable horny appendages, curved or bent
inward like forceps, found on tlie extremity of the abdomen
of many insects. In the earwigs tliey are often very long,
and are used in tucking the delicate folding wings under
the short tegmina, and also as weapons of defense. (See
cut under earwig.) In most other groups they are found
only ill the males, and serve for seizing and retaining
the females.— Alveolar, anal, bicuspid, bulldog, etc.,
forceps. See the qualifying wonls. — Cataract forceps,
an instrument resembling the dissecting forceps, but much
finer, used in operating for cataract.— Dilating forceps,
a surgical forceps used to dilate a passage or meatus. —
Dissecting or ligature forceps, a forceps used in dis-
secting, to lay hold of delicate parts.— Fulcrum forceps,
an instrument used by dentists, consisting of a forceps in
which one beak is furnished with a hinged metal plate,
padded with india-rubber, which rests against the gum,
while the other beak has the usual tooth or gouge shajie.
Polypus forceps. See polypus.
n
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 193. forcepS-Candlestick (f6r'seps-kan''dl-stik).
Impelled by violence; driven with force; Same as cliji-candlestick.
acting with power ; violent ; impetuous.
Against the steed he threw
Miiforceful spear. Dryden, yEneid, ii. 65.
Why, what need we
Commune with you of this? but rather follow
Oar forceful instigation? . Shak., W. T., ii. 1.
forcefully (fors'ful-i), adv. In a forceful or
violent manner ; violently ; impetuously.
>'ot m forcefully as half a generation ago, perhaps, but
still forcefully. S. L. Clemens, Lite on Mississippi, p. 407;
forcefulness (fors'ful-nes), n. The character
of being forceful.
Its/or<;e/uf7i««» and wildness stand in antithesis to the
spirit of great beauty and culture.
The Academy, May 3, 1888, p. 155.
force-function (f6rs'fungk"shon), n. In math.,
a function expressing work in terms of position.
It is commonly written 5/ (Xdx -f Ydy -f Zdz), where X
And after the ragge-boon kytteth euyn also.
The f orchis and tlie sydes euyn bytwene.
And loke that your knyues ay whettyd bene;
Thenne turne vp the forchut, and frote theym wyth blood.
For to sane grece ; so doo men of good.
Boke of St. Albans, 1490.
forcible (for'si-bl), a. [< forced + -ible. Cf.
forceable.] 1. Characterized by the exertion
or use of force; energetic; vigorous; violent:
as, & forcible current; forcible means or mea-
sures.
Common /orciWe ways make not an end of evil, but leave
hatred and malice behind them.
Sir T. Broitme, Christ. Mor., iii. 12.
2. Done or effected by force; procured or
brought about by the use of force : as, a forcible
abduction.
Tlie abdication of king James the advocates on that side
look upon to have been forcible and unjust, and conse-
quently void. Swift.
3. Having force or cogency; strong; potent;
efficacious: as, a /omftie argument.
How forcible are right words ! Job vi. 25.
But I have reasons strong and forcible.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 2.
All the most weighty arguments and most forcible per-
swasions are to such [hardened sinners] but like sliowers
falling upon a Rock. Stillingfleet, Sermons, II. iii.
Forcible detainer, in law, a violent withholding from a
person of lands or goods belonging to him. — Forcible
entry, in law, an actual entry, by means of violence or
menaces, into houses or lands without authority of law. It
ini])lies intent to take possession, as distinguished from
a mere trespass. = SyTX. 1 and 3. Potent, weighty, impres-
sive, cogent, energetic, vigorous.
forcible-feeble (f6r'8i-bl-fe"bl), a. and M. [<
forcible + feeble: in allusion to one of Shak-
spere's characters, named Feeble, whom Falstaff
describes as "valiant as a wrathful dove or most
magnanimousmouse, . . . most forcible Feeble,"
2 Hen. IV., iii. 12.] I. a. Striving to be or ap-
pear strong or vigorous while being in reality
feeble: as, a. forcible-feeble style.
Epithets which are in the bad taste of the forcible-feeble
school. North British Rev.
II. 11. A feeble person striving to appear
strong or vigorous : usually said of a writer.
When the writer was of opinion he had made a point,
you may be sure the hit was in italics, that last resource
of the forcible -feeUes. Disraeli.
forcibleness (for'si-bl-nes), n. The condition
or quality of being forcible,
forcibly (for'si-bli), adv. In a forcible manner;
by force; strongly; energetically ; impressively.
The proud control of fierce and bloody war.
To enforce these rights so forcibly witliheld.
Shak. K. John, i. 1.
But, of the objects which I have endeavoured to describe,
none arrested ray attention so forcibly as two others.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 196.
No man can express his convictions more forcibly than
by acting upon them in a great and solemn matter of na-
tional importance. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 232.
forcing (for'sing), «. [< ME. forsynge, verbal
n. of force''-, v.] 1 . In liort., the art or practice
of raising plants by artificial heat, at a season
earlier than the natural one.
Portuguese gardeners are about the very worst and most
ignorant in the civilized world, . . . knowing almost no-
thing of potting, and soils, and cuttings, and grafts, and
farcing, and the management of glass.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 811.
2. In gun., the act of making a bullet take the
grooves of a rifle.
'""'■' ' In hort, a,
forceps-tail (for'seps-tal), n. A book-name of
an earwig ; any insect of the family Forficulidce :
so called from the anal forceps.
force-pump (fors'pump), n. A pump, of widely
varying types, which delivers a liquid under
pressure, so as to eject it forcibly: distin-
guished from a lift-p>ump, in which the liquid
is simply lifted and runs out of the spout. Also
a&W&d. forcing-pump. SeeptwHpl.
forcer! (for'sfer), ». One who or that which forcing-house (for'sing-hous), n.
forces, drives, compels, or constrains. hothouse for forcing plants.
How much bloodshed have the farcers of conscience to forciug-pit (f or'sing-pit), «. A pit of wood or
answer for! Milton, Civil Power, masonry, sunk in the earth, for containing ter-
Specifically — (a)Inm«cft., a solid piston applied to a pump
for tlie purpose of producing a constant stream, or of raising
water to a greater height than it can be raised by the pres-
sure of the atmosphere. Seepurnpl. (b) In Cornish nmi-
ing, a small pump worked by hand, used in sinking small
simples or pits.
Y, and Z are the rectangular components of the impressed forcer^t. «. [Early mod. E. also corruptly /o«cr,
force, and X, y, and z those of the position, and where the /•„„,,„.'/ mK /orwr fnripr forcier < OP for-
aign of summation refers to tlie different particles. Gravi- .JOSar, <, mtj. Jorcer, jorser, jorcier, <, '■'^- Jfr
t»tton and aU the primordial forces of nature have force cier, forchier, forgier, forjier, fourgter = It. for-
mcnting materials to produce bottom-heat in
forcing pl^ts.
forcing-pump (for 'sing-pump), n. Same as
force-pump.
forcipalt (f6r' si-pal), o. [< L. force])s (Jorcip-),
forceps, -I- -al] "Ot the nature of forceps.
Mechanicks made use hereof in fordinl ofgans, and in-
strumenU of incision. Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cynu, IL
forcipate
forcipate, forcipated (f6r'si-pat, -pa-ted), a.
[< NL. forcipatug. < L. forceps (Jorcip-), for-
ceps: see /oro<i>s.] 1. In zool., forceps-like;
formed like a forceps; forficate; furcate; deep-
ly forked: applied to various parts or organs
of animals, as the anal styles of insects, the
chelate limbs of crustaceans, the scissor-like
tails of birds, etc. — 2. In hot., ha\'ing bowed
tips which approach each other like those of a
forceps. The tips of branches of the alga Cera-
miiim are forcipat* — Forcipate labmm, a labnim
much elongated, and terminated with two movable hooics
which act as jaws in seizing prey : a structure found only
in larval dragon-flies. Also called maik.
forcipation (fdr-si-pa'shon), n. [< It. forceps
(forcip-), forceps, pincers, + -ation.'] 1. Tor-
ture by nipping with forceps or pincers.
A punishment of less torment far than either the wheel,
OT /orcipation, yea, than simple buminK.
Bacon, Obs. on a libeL
2. In zool.. the state of being forcipated; for-
fication; bifurcation,
forcite (for 'sit), «. A disruptive compound
coutaiiiing nitroglycerin and other exjSosive
substances. Eissler.
forcloset (f6r-kl6z'), P. '. The more correct
form, etymologically, ot foreclose (which see).
forcutt, f- t, [HE. forcuttcK, forkiitten; < for-
+ cut.} To cut through or completely.
Kight as a swerd forcutUth and forkerveth
An arm atwo. my dere Bone, right so
A tonge cutteth frendahipe al atwo.
Chaucer. Manciple's Tale, L 237.
ford (ford), n. [Early mod. E. also foord; <
ME. ford (also frequently /orM, furth, prob. by
confusion with firth'i, q. v.), < AS. ford = OS.
'ford (in the compound local name Hertford)
= OFries. forda = 01). vord, D. voort (in com-
pound local names) = OHG. furt, MHO. tort,
G. furt, a ford (much used in Teut. local names,
as in E. Hartford, Hertford, Oxford, etc., G.
Frankfurt, Erfurt, etc.); akin to L. portus, a
harbor, port, Gr. iropo^, a passage, ford {Sia-
TTopoc, Bosporus, lit. 'Oxford'), Zend peretu, a
bridge, etc., and prob. to Icel. fjiirdkr, Sw.
fjdrd, Norw. Dan. fjord, whence E. firth^, fiord,
q. v. ; all ult. from the root of AS. faran, E.
fare, go: see/arei.] 1. A place in a river or
other body of water where it may be passed or
crossed by man or beast on foot, or by wading.
This flood-leas Foord the Falthfull Legions pus,
And all the way their shoo sorce moisted was.
Sylceter, tr. of Da Bartas's Weeks, IL, The La we.
He swam the Esk river where /on/ there was none.
Seott, Young LocUnvar.
2. A stream to be crossed.
This deep ford of Affection and Gratitude to you I In-
teiiil to cut out hereafter into small Currents.
UouxU, Letter*, L It. 19.
I'ermit my ghost to pass the Stygian /ord. Drydm.
ford (ford), V. t. [< ford, n.] To pass or cross,
as a river or other body of water, by walking
on the bottom; pass through by wading.
stalking through the deep,
BeJ^rdt the ocean, while the topmost ware
Scarce reaches up his middle side.
Additon, Maeid, 111.
In /ording streams. It Is well. If the water be deep and
swift, to carry beary stone* In the liands, in order to re-
sist being borne away by the current
J. T. Field*, Underbrush, p. 191.
fordable(f6r'da-bl),a. [< ford + -ahle.^ That
may be waded or passed through on foot, as
a body of water.
The waUr being deep, and not /ordablt, be sar'd him-
self by the help of a wiUow. Uomlt, Letters, L tL 29.
Towards night be came cautiously forth, and fluding the
Chickahominy fordabU within a hundred yards, he sue-
tecdi-d ill wading across. The Century, XXXV. 787.
fordableness (for'da-bl-nes), n. The state of
beiiif; fordable.
fordedet, «. [ME., < for; for, + dede, deed.]
A deed done for another; a benefit.
All myghtfuU lorde, grete is thi grace,
1 thaiikc the ot thI grete /or<j«de. YorkPUiy; p. 175.
fordelet, n. See /ore«fea7.
fordo f^r-dft'), V. t.; fret, fordid, pTa. fordone,
pvT. fordoing. [Also improp. foredo; < ME.
fordtm, < AS.Jorddn, destroy, ruin, kill (=
OS. fardoH = D. verdocn, kill, waste, = OHG.
fnrtuon, MHG. vrrtiton, G. rerlhun, consume,
speud, waste), < for- priv., away, + don, put,
do: see /or-l and rfol, v. The word has no-
thing to do with the slang phrase do for, which
is sometimes used in explaining it.] 1. To do
away; undo; destroy; ruin.
l>eth seith he moi fur-do and adoiin hrynge
Al that lyueth other lokcth a londe and a watere.
Fieri Plowman (C), xxl. 28.
146
2321
That synne will/ordoo all my beaute.
Thomas of Ertseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 101).
This is the night
That either makes me or fordoes me quite.
Shak., Othello, v. 1.
fore-and-aft
ni.t conj. Before.
2. To exhaust, overpower, or overcome, as by
fatigue.
Give leave to rest me being half /or<fo7m«.
Spenser, Sonnets, Ijcxx. forel (for), a. and «
, Not a month
tore your queen died, she was more worth such gazes
Than what you look on now. SAaJ-., W. T., v. 1.
forel (for), intcrj. [A contraction of hefore.l In
golf a warning cry, uttered to attract the atten-
tion of a person who is liable to be struck bv
the ball. ''
The heavy ploughman snores.
All wi th weary task fordone. Shak. , M. N. D. , v. 2.
The soldier on the war-field spread,
When all /or«don« with toils and wounds.
Death-like he dozes among heaps of dead.
Coleridge, Ode on the Departing Year, vi.
[Obsolete or poetical.]
fordreadt, v. t. [ME. fordreden, < AS. fordrve-
dan, terrify, < for- + drcedan, fear, dread : see
/or-ianddread,r.] To terrify greatly. Chaucer.
The hethyn men were &ofor-dredd.
To Cleremount with the mayde they fledd.
US. Cantab. If. ii. 38, f. 89. {HalKwdl.)
fordrivet, v. t. [ME. fordricen, < AS. fordrifan
(= OS. fordribhan = OFries. /orrfru'a = D. ver-
drijven = LG. verdriben = OHG. fartriban, MHG.
vertriben, G. vertreiien = Sw. fordrifva = Dan.
fordrive), drive away, < for-, away, + drifan,
drive: see /or-i and drire, ti.] 1. To drive
away; drive about; drive here and there.
We beoth see-weri men mid wedere alfordrecen.
Layamon, I. 265 (later text).
Whenne they in ese wene beste to lyve,
They ben with tempest alle fordryve.
Horn, of the Rose, h 3782.
fordnmkent, a. [ME. fordrunken, fordronken,
< AS. fiirdruncen (= Icel. fordrukkinn = Sw.
fdrdrukkcn = Dan. fordrukken), drunken, very
drunken, < for- intensive + druncen, drunken :
see /or-l and drunten.] Very drunk.
The miller that /ordranitim was al pale.
So that unnethe upon his hors he sat.
He nolde avalen neither hood ne hat.
Chaucer, Prol. to Miller's Tale, 1. 12.
fordryt, a. [ME. fordruye, < for- intensive +
druye,. drye, dry: see for-'^ and dry, o.] Very
dry; withered.
Amydde a tree /ordrjw, as whyt as chalk, . . .
There sat a faucon. Chatuer, Squire's Tale, L 401.
fordullt, V. t. [Also improp. foreduU; < for-^ +
rf«Wl, f.] TomakediUl; stupefy. Nash.
^^lat well of tears may serve
To feed the streams of my fore-dulUd eys?
Tancred and Gimmnda, Ii. 170.
fordwinet, r. •'. [ME. fn-dwinen, < AS. fordwi-
nan, dwimlle away, vanish (= D. verdv>ynen),
< for-, away, + dwinan, dwine : see /w-1 and
dwine.'] To waste away ; dwindle.
So long he lale In prlsoun, iu hunger and in pyne.
That bis lymes donge awei, his bodle gan nXfordmne.
Pilate (Early Eng. Poems, ed. Fumivall), 1. 214.
forel (for), prej)., adv., and conj. [I. prep. < ME.
fore, before, m front of, for, on account of, <
AS. fore, before (in place. L. coram, or in time,
L. ante), for, on account of, cf. foran, prep., be-
fore (in time), = OS. fora = OFries. fore = D.
roor = OHG. fora, MHG. tore, vor, G. vor =
Icel. fyrir = Sw. for = Dan. for = Goth./a«ra,
before, for; the longer and more orig. form of
for, q. V. II. adr. < ME. /ore, before (in time),
< AS. fore, before (in time), aforetime (= D.
[</ore-l, prefix ; being the
prefix (to nouns) written separately, as in fore
part. Strictly, as the regular accent in such
compounds shows, fore, however written, is
still, as always in ME. and AS., a prefix or
component element, and not an independent
adj.; but the accent varies, and as to the
manner of writing, whether as a prefix, with or
■without a hyphen, or as a separate word, usage
wavers : forepart, fore-part, and fore part, for
example, being used indifferently.] I. a. ; su-
perl. foremost (for'most). Situated at the fore
or front ; front ; forward ; anterior ; prior ; for-
mer; being, coming, or going before or in front
m place, or earlier iu time : as, the fore legs of
a horse : the fore part of the day.
Neither were those things laid on his back which be
after suffered, to make satisfaction for his /ore sins.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc (Parker Soc, 1860),
(p. 11-2.
P.esistance in fluids arises from their greater pressing on
the/ure than hind part of the bodies moving in them.
Cheyne.
Foreandaft. See n/'ti.— Fore course. Seecoursei, is.
n. n. 1. The front: in the phrases a f and to
fA«/»re (see below). — 2. Naut., the foremast. —
At the fore, (a) Saut., set or shown on the foremast:
said of a flag or signal.
Medina Sidonia hoisted the royal standard at the fore.
Motley, United Netherlands, ll 475.
(b) At or In the front.
Madison stood at the fore [in 1809].
Congregationalist, June 3, 1886.
To the fore, to or at the front ; ahead ; at hand ; forth-
coming; also (Scotch), In being; alive.
If Christ had not been to the fore, in our sad days, the
waters had gone over our soul. i{u(Aer/ord, Letters, L 193.
How many captains in the regiment had two thousand
pounds to the fore! Thackeray.
Mr. Ruskin comes to the fore with some characteristic
remarks on the education of children.
New York Tribune, April 2, 1886.
forest. An obsolete preterit and past participle
of /arel.
forest, n. [ME., also /or, < AS. /or, journey, <
)^ro» (pret. /or), go: see/arcl,t). Cf./arel, n.]
Way; course; manner of proceeding.
Who folwith Cristcs gospel and his /or«,
But we that humble ben and chast and pore ?
Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 227.
fore-l. [< ME. fore-, often /or-, < AS. fore-, of-
ten for- (with equiv. foran-), fore-, before, be-
ing the adv. and prep. /ore used as prefix ; so in
other languages: see forei, prep., adv., and a.,
and for, for-i.'\ A prefix, equivalent to before
(in place or time) : before nouns often written
separately and regarded as an adjective (see
/orcl, a.). Fore (fore^, adverb or adjective) is much
used in the formation of compounds, most of them mod-
ern and of obvious origin. Such modem compounds are,
In this dictionary, usually left without etymological note.
In nautical usage forH as a prefix notes relation to the
foremast, as distinguished from the mainmast and niizzen-
mastj^ as, /or^sail ; /or«top.
roor = OHO. fora, MHG. vor, vore, G. for = fore-2. [See /or-l.] An erroneous form of
Dan./or,before(inplace),/(>r,before(intime), f*""'^ i° some words, as in forego^, forespend,
= Sw.for,forr); ct.jforan, before fin place) forespeak, etc., for forgo^, forspend, forspedk,
(= D. vooraan = OHG. forna, MHG. vome, «**'•• oeing obsolete in all but /orf<;o2.
forn, vornen, vortidn, G. ror>i, before), = Dan. fore-^. [See/or-3.] An erroneous form of /or-3,
foran: see I. Cf. /orel, a. UI. conj. < fore, as in/«rff?o.w.
adv.: see I. and II. Fore (prep., adv., conj.), fore-admonisht (for-ad-mon'ish), v. t. To ad-
as an orig. simple form, has merged with /ore, monish beforehand, or before the act or event.
an abbr., by apheresis, of afore or before, and Foreadmonishing him of dangers future and invisible.
is now commonly regarded as such abbr., and *P- ^"^' Select Thoughts, i 12.
hence often printed yore. Both /ore and o/ore fore-ad'Tiset (for-ad-viz'), v. t. To advise or
are now only dial, or colloq., before having counsel before the time of action ; pre-admon-
Thus to have said,
As you were fore-advia'd, had touch'd his spirit.
And tried bis inclination. Shak., Cor., ii. 3.
pushed them out of literary use. See afore,
before.'] I. nren. Before (in place); in pres-
ence of. [Oosolete except as an accepted ab-
breviation of before.]
The Jiistise tolde the kinge /ore.
That such a man he se3 [saw].
St. Christopher, 1. 133,
What would you fore our tent? Shak., T. and C, i. 3.
fore-alleget (for-a-lej'), v. t.
before.
To allege or cite
Good authors make it Justly questionable whether these
forealleged marriages should be deservedly charged with
nj ^ -n » /. , V.,, . a sin. i?». //aW, Cases of Conscience.
. aac. 1. Before (in place) ; m the part that *»____ J _«./«- / j >.i,x j x c
■eeedPsorD.oesfirst-.„Lifi„oiw ..„.,/ .„J:".J; fore-and-aft (for'and-ftft'), «. and tt. I. a. See
the following nautical phrase Fore-and-aft
sails, sails cxtcndiiiK from the center line to the lee side
of a ship or Itoat, and generally set on stays or gaffs. Be-
sides the jibs, staysails, trysails, and gaff-topsails of sea-
going vessels, they Include the lug-sails, lateen-salls. sprit-
sails, and shoulder-of-nmtton sails used in Iwats. As they
may be trimmed more nearly in a line with the keel than
square sails, they enable a vessel to sail closer to the wind.
precedes orgoes first ; specifically, naut. , toward
or in the parts of a ship that lie near the bows ;
forward: opposed too/K.— 2t. Before (in time);
previously.
.Seiide wittili to thl wlf, and warne hire/or«.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), I. 4142.
Fore and aft. See i^i .
fore-and-aft
n. M. 1. A fore-and-aft rigged vessel. — 2.
A small cap -with vizors before and behind.
Also called steamer-caj).
On the platform were crowds of men in' conventional
tweed knickerbociiers and Norfolk jackets, and women in
jockey caps und/ore-and-n/ts.
Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 494.
foreanentt (for-a-nenf), prep. [Also "fore-
nent, foment (and with addition /oceitcns*, etc.:
see forenenst); < fore^ + anent, q. v.] Over
against ; opposite to.
Utiieris inliabiting the bordouris /or«mneni England.
Actg James VI., c. 227 (1594).
fore-api)Oilltt (for-a-poinf), r. t. To set, order,
or appoint beforehand. Bailey, 1727.
fore-appointmentt (for-a-point'ment), n. Pre-
■\-ious appointment; preordination.
forearm^ (for'arm), ». [= D. voorarm (cf. G.
vorderarm) = Dan. forarm =
Sw. forarm; as /ore-l -I- arm^,
w.] In anat., that part of the
arm which is between the elbow-
joint and the wrist; the ante-
brachium, represented by the
length of the radius and iilna,
or the radius alone.
forearm^ (fdr-arm'), V. t. [<
fore-^ + arnfl, d.] To arm or
prepare beforehand for attack
or resistance.
A man should fix and forearm his
mind with this persuasion : that during
his passion whatsoever is offered to his
imagination tends only to deceive.
South, Sermons.
fore-backwardlyt, adv. In an
inverted order ; preposterously.
Exercise indeed we do, but that very
fore-backwardly ; for where we should
exercise to know, we exercise as having
known. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetry.
forebay (for'ba), n. [< /or«-i -I-
6«y3.] That part of a mill-race
where the water flows upon the
wheel.
Naut.,
2322
As when, beneath the street's familiar jar,
An earthquake's alien omen rumbles far.
Men listen &Md forebode ; I hung my head.
And strove the present to recall.
Loivell, Agassiz, i. 2.
forebodet (for-bod'), n. [< forebode, f.] Pre-
sage; prognostication.
There is upon many fore-bode^, and seeming more than
probabilities, out of the Revelation, one great fate to come
upon the Churches of Christ. Goodtein, Works, II. iv. 72.
forebodementt (for-bdd'ment), n. [< forebode
+ -mciit.} The act of f oreWding.
foreboder (f6r-bo'd6r), n. One who forebodes
or presages.
foreboding (for-bo'ding), n. [Verbal n. ot fore-
bode, t!.] Presage; foreshadowing; ominous
suggestion.
For the Atheists can never wholly extinguish those hor-
rible fore-bodinffs of conscience. Bentley, Sermons, i.
= S3T1. Portent, Prognostic, etc. See omen.
forebodingly (for-bo'ding-li), adv. In a fore-
boding or threatening manner.
forebody (f6r'bod"i), n. ; pl./oreJodJe,s(-iz). [<
fore-^ + body; cf. AS. foran-bodig, the chest,
thorax.] That part of a ship which lies for-
w. ;
foreclose
He makes this difference to arise from the forecast and
predetermination of the gods themselves.
Addison, Ancient Medals.
The busy days of Spring drew near.
That caird for all the forecast of the year.
Crablie, Works, I. 103.
2. Foresight; prescience; prevision.
The heart's /or«cas( and prophecy
Took form and life before my eye.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, ii.
The ultimate prosperity of the just, asserted and fore-
told by prophets and poets, is but a forecast of the doc-
trine of the survival of the fittest.
E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 237.
=Syn. 2. Prudence, Providence, etc. (see wisdom) ; fore-
thought, anticipation.
forecaster (f or-kas'tfer), n. One who forecasts.
forecasting (for-kas'ting), n. [Verbal n. of fore-
cast, )'.] The act of one who forecasts, or pro-
■vides for consequences; premeditation.
forecasting (for-kas'ting), a. Having fore-
thought; characterized by premeditation.
They who wish fortune to be lasting
Must be both prudent and /orecas/m^.
Lowell, Biglow Papers, 1st ser. , Int.
forecastle (for'kas-l; in sailors' pron., fok'sl),
n. [In accordance with sailors' pron. often
written/o'c'ste or fokesel; < ME. foreeastel, for-
castel; (fore-^ + castle.] Naut.: (a) That part
, stylo
process, a. Ulna :
c, coronoid process ;
£j, greater sifj^oid
cavity; /J, lesser do.:
*, olecranon ; sf,
styloid prtxess.
Front View of
Bones of Right Hu-
man Forearm.
I.Radius: A. head
or capitellum of forcboakt (for bek), tl.
"mdiis'i/.'gfoid the beak; the head of a vessel ;
the prow.
The fight continued very hot be-
tweene them for a good space : in the
end the Swan . . . had her forebeake
strooken off. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 609.
forebeam (for'bem), n. The breast-beam of a
loom. E. H. Knight.
forebear (for-ber'), n. [Sc, also/orfteor, prop.
*forebeer, < fore^ + beer^, < 6el + -erl.] One
who has existed before another; an ancestor;
s forefather. [Scotch.]
I and my forbears here did haunt
Three hundred years and more.
Eing Malcolm and Sir Colvin (Child's Ballads, III. 381).
My name is Graeme, so please you — Kolaud Graeme,
whose /or6ear« were designated of Heathergill, iu the De-
bateable Land. Scott, Abljot, xviii.
We pick up the round-bowed spectacles of out forebears
and see things as they saw them.
The Century, XXIX. 603.
forebelief (for'be-lef), n. Previous belief.
forebemoanedt (for-be-mond'), o. Bemoaned
in former times.
Heavily from woe to woe tell o'er
The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan.
Shak., Sonnets, xxx.
forebode (for-bod'), i'. ; pret. and pp. foreboded,
ppr. foreboding. [< ME. "foreboden, < AS. fore-
bodian (= Icel. fyrirbodha), announce, declare,
< fore, before, + bodian, announce, bode: see
fore-'^ and fcodel.] I. trans. 1. To bode or an-
nounce beforehand; prognosticate; presage,
especially something iinfortunate or undesir-
able : as, the public temper /ore6o(fe« war ; the
clouds /oreftode rain.
What shall we forebode of so many modem poems, full
of splendid passages, 1>eginning everywhere and leading
nowhere? Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 179.
2. To foresee; be prescient of ; feel a secret pre-
monition of, especially of something evil.
We all but apprehend, we dimly /ore6ode the truth.
Enwrson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 301.
Yet my heart forebodes
Danger or death awaits thee on this field.
M. Arnold, Sohrab and Kustum.
=Byn. 1. Predict, Presage, etc. (see foretell); to augur,
portend, betoken, foreshadow, be ominous of.
H. intrans. To prophesy ; presage.
A North Wind never comes without . . . a foreboding
Cloud. Dampier, Voyages, II. iii. 61.
1 came because your horse would come ;
And, if I well /oreiode,
Hy hat and wig will soon be here.
They are upon the road. Cawper, John Gilpin.
Forebody.
t. Profile, or sheer plan. s. Body-plan. 3. Half-breadth plan, fj^,
frames or transverse sections ; .^.S, section.lines or vertical sections ;
lyiV, water-lines or horizontal sections.
ward of the midship section. See also cut
under body-plan.
fore-boom (for'bom), n. See boom^.
forebrace (for'bras), ». Naut., a brace attached
to a foreyard. See brace^, 9.
fore-brain (for'bran), n. The foremost cerebral
segment ; the prosencephalon ; hence, loosely,
some anterior division of the brain. See cui
under encephalon.
These primitive cerebral vesicles give rise to new seg.
ments, so that we can soon distinguish five. The first is
known as the Fore-brain or Prosencephalon.
Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 503.
f ore-bruntt (f or'brunt), n. The foremost stress
or strain.
Blessed be God in the rest — Hooper, Saunders and Tay-
lor, whom it liath pleased the Lor(i likewise to set in the
fore-brunt now of battle against his adversaries.
Bp. Ridley, in Bradford's Letters (Parker Soc. , 1853), II. 192.
foreby (for-bi'), adv. aniprep. Seeforby.
fore-caddie (for'kad-i), n. In golf, a person
employed to go in advance of the players to
watch where their balls alight. [Scotch.]
fore-carriage (f6r'kar"aj), n. The front part
of the running-gear of a four-wheeled carriage,
including the fore axle and wheels.
When the boat is in her place on the trail, the carriage
is so nearly balanced that it is easily lifted to replace the
fore -carriage. Sci. Anwr. Supp., p. 8775.
forecast (for-kasf), v.; pret. and pp. forecast,
ppr. forecasting. I. trans. 1. To cast or con-
trive beforehand ; plan before execution.
A rapid Torrent,
Bounding from Rock to Rock with roaring Current,
Deaffens the Shepheards : so that it should seem
Nature /ore-ca«« it for som .Stratagem.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Captaines.
Man is an intelligent Creature, and apt to forecast and
contrive things for his future advantage.
Stillingjleet, Sermons, III. vii.
2. To consider or calculate beforehand; dis-
cern beforehand.
In forecasting the result of a motion in the House of
Commons much depends on the person who brings it for-
ward. J. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, xxxvii.
H. intrans. 1 . To make a plan or scheme in
advance ; contrive something beforehand.
For of sotyltee and of Alalice and of fercastynge, thei
passen alle men undre Hevene.
Mandevitle, Travels, p. 219.
2. To foresee ; surmise.
If it happen as I Aid. forecast. Milton, Vac. Ex., 1. 13.
forecast (for'kast), n. \< forecast, v.] 1. Pre-
vious contrivance or provision; predetermina-
tion.
Diagram of Ship's Bow.
^.bowsprit; F, forecastle: F , (brecastle-deck ; /., lower deck ;
M, main deck or spar-deck ; S. stem.
of the spar-deck which lies forward of the fore
rigging.
The forcastels full of f uerse men of armys,
With shot & with shildis shalkes to noy.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5657.
(6) A section of a merchant vessel where the
seamen live, either a house on deck or a place
below the spar-deck in the eyes of the ship.
I felt a seaman's curiosity to have a good look at a ship
of which there were a thousand stories afloat in every
forecastle throughout the world.
W. C. Russell, Death Ship, xviii.
Break of the forecastle. See 6rra*.— captains of
the forecastle. See captein.— Topgallant-forecastle,
a short deck above the spar-deck, extending aft from the
stem nearly to tlie foremast.
forecastleman (for'kas-l-man or fok'sl-man),
«. ; pi. forecastlemen {-men). One of a number
of the crew who are stationed on the forecastle
of a man-of-war.
forecbaset, «. 1. The front of the hunt. — 2.
The first assault.
But when th' Ajaces turn'd on them, and made their stand,
their hearts
Drunk from their faces all their bloods, and not a man
sustain'd
The forechace nor the .after-fight.
Chapman, Iliad, xvii. 637.
fore-choir (for'kwir), re. Same as anteehoir.
forechooset (for-ohoz'), v. t. {ME. forcheosen ;
< fore-^ -h choose.'] To make choice of before-
hand.
The lady Philoclea, . . . whose tender youth had obedi-
ently lived under her parents' behests, without framing out
of her own will the forechoosing of anything.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
fore-cited (for'si"ted), a. Cited or quoted be-
fore or above.
foreclose (f 6r-kl6z'), v. ; pret. and pp. foreclosed,
ppr. foreclosing. [More correctly /orcfose, which,
however, is scarcely used ; < OF. forclos, pp. of
forclorre, forsclore, exclude, shut out, < for-,
fors- (< L. foris, outside), + clorre, clore, pp.
clos, < L. claudere, close, shut: see for-3 and
closed, v.] I. trans. 1. 'To shut out; exclude;
prevent.
The ways whereby temporal men provide for themselves
and their families &re fore-ctosed unto us.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 24.
Nor hope discovery to foreclose.
By giving me to feed the crows.
Scott, Rokeby, vi. 16.
Southey had afflicted Shelley by foreclosinif discussion
with the words, " When you are as old as I am you will
think with me." E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 260.
foreclose
2. Inlaw: (a) To shut out bv a judicial decree
from further opportunity to assert a right or
claim : said of the process by which aU persons
previously having right to redeem property
from a forfeiture for non-payment of a debt are
finaUy cut off from that right : as, to foreclose a
mortgager of his equity of redemption. Hence
— (6) To enforce, as a mortgage, by shutting out
in due process of law a mortgager and those
claiming under him from the right to redeem
theproperty mortgaged.
II. intrans. To enforce a mortgage.
foreclosure (for-klo'zOr), «. [< foreclose +
-lire.] The act of foreclosing; the act of de-
priving a mortgager of the right of redeeming
llffh™?'1?¥S?.®'"**''- -P""-""*"". M commonly used
mthe Lnlted States, or, more fully, /oredoture and »aU,
IS effected by causing a public sale of the mortgageii proD-
erty, after notice to all parties (either (a) by action o/fore-
cloiure, or (6), under the power in the mortgage. In a man-
ner usually regulated by statute, called /oricto^re by ad-
'xmiemeiu or ttalutmy/oreeUmreX and applying the pro-
ceeds to the payment of the mortgage and other Uen8,re-
turnmg the surplus, If any, to the mortgager.
1 J?*fTi'*'^?J'** ^"*"y *>''' under /oTKiorere on the
12tb of July, 1793. The Century, XXXV. 7«
Strict foreclosure, foreclosure by obtaining a judgment
or decree which gives the mortgager a short time to re-
Sfif^^f 'default thereof, declares the property to be-
longab«)Iutely to the mortgagee. -To opSn a foreclo-
■iu4). see opfn,
foreconceive(fdr-kon-8ev'),ii. t; pret.andpp
forccoi,cen-c<t, ppr. foreconceiving. To conceive
beforehand ; preconceive.
A certain anticipation of the gods, which he calU a pro-
I.f'?'fi.*n'"''^J' P'r^'O^i^e-or/oreeonceiced information
of a thing in the mind. j. Bom, Works, I. 22.
foreconcludet (f6r-kon-kl3d'), r. t. To ar^ire
or settle beforehand,
3323
foredeterminet (for-de-ter'min), v. t. To deter-
mine beforehand; predetermine. Bp. Hopkins.
foredisppset (tor-dis-poz'), r. t. To dispose or
bestow beforehand; predispose.
th?HMf„'l!"'>\'!'"'i^ promise /orofMpowd the place on
ine uisliop of Meath. Fuller.
foredol (for-do'), v. t. ; pret. foredid, pp. fore-
done, ppr. foredoing. [< /ore-l -I- dol.] f o do
betorehand ; perform or perpetrate previously.
ronniMsf \^®''°''^'i' "! '° '"''« "Pon «' sharp penance,
continuing therein, for to obtain of the Lord forgivnessof
oar/oredone sins, and grace to abstain us hereafter from
°- Bp. Bale, Exam, of W. Thorpe.
foredo2, v. t. An incorrect form of fordo.
'?J.®^'^"^"™®''*3,ry (for'dok-ii-meu'ta-ri), a.
Preceding all written descriptions or accounts.
[Bare.]
,..ll '?* ""'"^ of things we cannot know anything of the
prehistoric, or rather /ore-docuwntan, condition 5f what
appears in history as Israel. Edinburgh £ev., CXLV. 485.
foredoom (for-dSm'), v. t. To doom before-
hand; predestinate. [Bare.]
The clerk, foredoomd his father's soul to cums
W ho pens a stanza when he should engross.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 17.
I.— J J „. , . F»'nt'y flickering suns
Foredoomed like him to waste away.
R. Buchanan, N. A. Kev., CXL. 463.
forego
~. . ,. , Jewels flve-words-long,
rhat on the stretchd/ore/ijii^er of all Time
(sparkle forever. Tenm/son, Princess M
fore-flank (for'flangk), ». a projection of fat
upon the nbs of sheep. [Prov. Eng.1
foreflow (for-flo'), V. t. To flow before.
1.^°} ^^"J^'^V' /•• ' V^- forefeet (-fet). [< ME.
forefot; <fore-l +foot.-i 1. One of the ante-
rior feet of a quadi-uped or other animal hav-
ing more than two feet. [Properly written as
two words.] >- r J
Give me thy flst; thy/ore./oo( to ine give.
Shak., Hen. V., ii. i.
„,. , . As the dog
With mward yelp and restless /ore/oo( plies
His function of the woodland. •''''•
Tennyson, Lucretius.
a. la Mollu^ca, the anterior division of the foot
=^?*"^T%*''^ propodium.-3. The forward
td 'if!it:Ji. "' ^ --el-Athwart the fore-
forefront (for'frunt), n. 1. The foremost part^
blttle"^ ■ **' ^^^J^^^fi^* of a building, or of a
They held the same confederation foreeoncluded by Al-
^*'* Darnel, Hlat. Eng., p. 12.
forecondemnt (f 6r-kon-dem'), v. t. To condemn
beforehand.
What <an eqaaUy »vour of injustice and pialne arro-
^oe aa to prejudice and foreeondemne his idvenary in
the title for slanderous and scurrilous ?
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
fprecourt (for'kort), ». The front or first court
m a series of courts or courtyards; the «ourt
or inclosed space in front of a building.
HU Ma'r was pleas'd to grant me a lease of a alio of
ground out of Brick Close, to enlarge my "r..««rt '^
Enelyn, Diary, Aug. U, 18«8.
»i^?" ** ""* ^' ethnic /onwourt, then the purgatorial
middle.sp«e, and at last tfie holiest of holies dSdiSiSl to
the eternal presence of the mediatorial God.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p 101
fore-covertt (for'kuv'Irt), n. Same as fore-
fence. •'
.^"aJ'^^Z^ Mderminlng and the fabrickes/ore-corert
and defence Nevlta and Dawlalphus had the chaise.
HoUand, tr. of Ammianna (1«09).
foredate (for-daf), v. t. ; pret. and pp. foredat-
ed, ppr. foredaUng. To date before tte true
time; antedate,
foreday (for'dfi). n. That part of a day which
comes between breakfast-time and noon ; fore-
noon. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
The aettin moon shone ev3n in their faces, and be saw
themaaweelaslthadbeen/oreday. flosssBroi^ie, 1."*
foredays (for'dai), adp. l. Toward noon.— a
T.nvard evening. JTrov. Eng. in both uses.] '
foredealt.n. [Earfymod. E.foredele; < jife.
foredel, fordele (= D. voordeel = LG. vorUl =
G. vortheil = Sw. fdrdel = Dan. /orde/), ad-
vantage, benefit; ^ /ore-l -I- deafi.} Advan-
tage; benefit.
To one demaundlmr what awaatage be had by bla philo^
foredoomt (for'dom), n. [,< foredoom, v.-\ Pre
V10U.S (loom or sentence.
fore-door (for'dor), «. The front door. [Ob-
solete or provincial.]
theltk'olrwT^i'e'lif^^'^'''^ "'■*'-'' •P*''''''"«"«P'
Fray of Suport (Child's Ballads, VI. 117).
a l^t'iS?5:,^**^''J"*^• • • •'y '•"■"=« ''af^'ed me through
a long entry to the/ore-cfoor.
BichanUon, Sir Charles Grandison, I. 248.
fore-elder (fdr'el'd6r), ». [= Dan. foneldre =
Sw.Joraldrar, parents; as /ore-l + elderl n.^
An ancestor. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
hi.*^i.T!'T„Th°"^""- "' B«»°'*'"''' Irthiugton, now in
his sixty-ntath yeai^ . . . whose fore-elder,, alternating
all the way down as Thomas and David, have iwned Bean-
lands since 1«03. N. and Q., 7th Mr." IV IM.
ii^t" ** "^^ In history of a brave deed done by an Eng-
lishman seven centuries since or more, we may say with
confidence it was done by one of our/o^.«Wer7
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 378.
fore-end (for'end), ». The early or fore part
of anything. [Property written as two worfs.]
This rock and these demesnes have been my world •
W here I have Ilv'd at honest freedom, paid
More pious debu to heaven, than in all
The/ore-endofmytime. SAa*., Cymbellne, 111. s.
And made the vij Psalmys for the sleyng of Vrye whom
he put m the forhfroMt of the batell porposly to ha "
hym slayne. Torki,igton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p ^
I haue not bene vnmindefuU ... to nlace in the fi>».
fromot this booke those forren conquests exploU^-^and
trauels of our English nation which gaue beneSeSed
„ °"'- Hakluyt $ Voyages, To the Reader.
2t. The forehead,
forefront (for-frunt'), p.*. l<forefrorH,n.2 To
bmld or add a forefront to. [Bare.]
t^^ t "".''' "^'^/ore/ront his house, and add a new wing
to make it even. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv 31
/. UdaU, if. of Apophthegms of Eraimns, p. 157
fore-deck (for'dek), n. Xaut., the forward part
oi the .spar-deck.
foredeclaret (for-dfklar'), v. t. To declare be-
forehand.
That which, if all the coda had/onwfeelorwl,
« ould not have been believed.
•B. Benson, Sejanoa, T. 10.
foredeemt (for-dem'), v. L intrans. To judge
or declare beforehand ; foretell.
nr^i'.'".';!;!'','" "'"'^ »"'" "«' Medeem of things past,
prwent. and to come. Genenn Testa^]
n. tram. To deem; consider; take for grant-
ed; expect. "*
«»fr»»4eltwM more standing with humanltee and
•^^^ ^^ ""? ^"' i*"?* *oMedevu the wonte.
J. UdaU, tr. of Apophthegms of Eraamns, p. 820,
Laugh at your misery, ta foredeeming you
An Idle meteor. Webtter
foredesign (for-de-zin' or -sin'), v. t To de
sign or plan beforehand ; forecast. Johnson.
Gudeday to ye, cummer and mony ane o' them. I will
S^S'^.iI^S'h'^-^'^'-'"^ <•■ •""•■"■ «nd I tr Jt ti And ye
baitb haill and fere. Scott, Antiquary, xivU.
forefalntt, a. 8ee/or/a»nt.
forefaini ( f or-fSm '),p.a. See forfaim.
forefather (for'fa'THtr), n. [< ME. forefader,
MfjKler (= D. roorvader = G. vonater = leel!
/or/«rfA,r = Dan. /oWirdre= Sw. forfdder, only
m pi., ancestors); </ore-l -t- father. Cf. AS*.
/or<A-/<rdCT-,</ortt, forth, +/o'd<T, father.] An
ancestor ; one who precedes another in the line
of genealogy in any degree, but usuaUy in a re-
mote degree.
Ryght vnder the morteys of the craue was fonnde ve
bede of our/ory/o«A«r Adam. ^^ rounae ye
Sir A Ouyf/orde, Pylgrymage, p. 27.
No, if I digg'd up thy /on;/'a«A«r. graves, .
It could not slake mine Ire. Shot., 3 Hen. VL, L 3.
Each In his narrow cell for ever laid
The rude /or</'a<A<rs of the hamlet sleep.
Oray, Elegy.
Farefathers' day, the anniversary of the dav fDecemher
rt'liv^u'tS"«"'^ i""' P'W"»°' flrst'sX™ llSd^
Enrfi^rl .^A i!"T'''"S*'V' »nnually celebrated in New
fn -^^■|""*K''''i^** Englanders elsewhere. Owing to
I^wT^ ." '=,'""«'"« the date from the old style to the
bl^'iad ""'""'■^ "" tormeriy celebrated on Decern
forefeel (for-fel'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. forefelt,
ppr. forefeeling. To feel beforehand ; feel as if
by presentiment.
.^"c^w3" ^-/^"t *° '** "» ''«P»rt from her- as it
were, fore-feeltng the harms which after fell to her
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, Ii.
pe keenest pleasure Is where, against the snrvlvlnc
pain of want, the satisfaction Is feltT/,«-<r<« as iSua"*
F- H. Bradley. Ethical Studies, p. 280, note.
fore-fencef (for'fens), n. Defense in front.
Also called /ore-corert.
Whiles part of the sonldiers maketh the fore-fe^ju,
abroa,l in the flelds. HoUand. tr. of AmndMusOe^
forefend (f6r-fend'),p. t. Seeforfend.
forefinger (for'fingVtr), n. [< Mk.forefynger:
</ore.T -I- ji„ger.-i Tie finger next to the thumb
the index or second digit of the hand (count^
mg the thumb as first). See finger.
— . ■».»ow<»i« .jimiiuy, IV. 31.
^°5®f°?tt (for'frunt), odp. [By ellipsis from
!M the forefront.^ In front.
fm^°. '.''ni''f'^i^"!?f''""' °' ""' » <=<»»'^' »' the other back
front a plot walled in. Evelyn, To Hon. Robert Boyle
fore-gaff (for'gaf), n. Naut., the gaff of the
fore-trysail, or of the foresail in a schooner
foregamef(f6r'gam),n. Afirstgame; first plan.
i> hit lock.
foreganger (for'gang'^r), «. [< ME./orf/anoer,
a foregoer, forerunner (= D. roorganger = G
vorganger = Dan. forgjamger = Sw.foregdngare,
predecessor), < forganzen, < AS. foregangan,
equiv. to forgan, foregdn, forego: see fore-
go^ and gang.-} If. One who goes before ; a
forerunner. Bampole.— 2. In tchaling, a piece
of rope, of the same kind as the tow-line
made fast to the shank of a toggle-iron or
harpoon, with an eye-splice in one end : so
called by EngUsh and Scotch whalemen
more frequently by Americans the strap or
tron-stnip. The process of adjusting this rope to the
I""!,!' «"°*" ''"*■■ ■" '"'''PJ'"W. to the former as
foregatet, n. An entrance gate.
The nether towne . . . fensed with a wall, with a casUe
also thereto, and aforegate at the entrance into it
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, 11. 81.
foregather (for-gara'^r), v. i. See forgather.
lOre-gift (for'gift), H. In lau; a payment in ad-
vance ; specifically, a premium paid by a les-
see on taking his lease, in distinction from the
rent.
foregirth (for'gferth), n. A girth or strap for
the fore partj as of a horse; a martingale.
foregleam (for'glem), n. A gleam or glimpse
of the future.
So many thrilling/orei^feoms of his fulness.
Buthnell, Sermons on Living Subjects, 4th ser., p. 89.
An Indication that the moral is in the mind and purpose
of God, even so far back as in the brute worid-a fore-
guam of the approaching issue.
The Century, XXXII. 112.
foreglimpse (for'gllmps), ». A glimpse or rev-
elation of the future.
Had I had & foreglimpte ot what was to be.
, , CArisftan Union, April 7, 1887.
loro-glow (for glo), H. A glow seen in the east
before sunrise, corresponding to the after-glow
seen in the western sky after sunset.
forego^ (for-go'), V. ; pret. forewent, pp. fore-
gone, ppr. foregoing. [< ME. forgan (rare), go
before, < AS. forgan, more commonly foregdn
(= ^- 'oorfffan = G. vorgehen = Dan. foregaa
= Sw. foregd), with equiv. forgangan, foregan-
gan, go before, precede, < fore, before, + gan,
gangan, go: see /orel and go, and gang.^ I
trans. To go before ; precede.
MUthe [mercy] and sothnes sa forgan thl face.
Ps. Ixxxvlii. 15 (ME. version) (Ixuxii. U\
Moniing shadows linger than the shapes
ITlat last them, not those gloomier which /oreoo
Tlwdarkness of that battle in the West,
where all of high and holy dies away.
Tennyion, To the Queen.
forego
H.t intratts. To go forward; go on.
Her seUe, well as I might, I reskewd tho,
But could not stay, so fast she did/ongoe.
Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 6.
forego^ (for-go'), r. t.; pret. forewent, pp. /ore-
i)(iiie, ppr. foregoing. See forgo^.
fbregoerl (f6r-g6'6r), «. [< MR. forgoere, (. /or-
gan, forego, go before: see forego^.'] 1. One
who goes before another; hence, a predeces-
sor; an ancestor; a progenitor.
Thou shuldist understonde that thou maist uot eutre
in hooly scriptures withoute &/orgoere and shewynge the
weie therot. Wyelif, Pret. to Epistles vi. 66.
Yesterday was but as to-day, and to-morrow will tread
the same footsteps of \aa /oregoerg.
Sir J'. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
We have no right to condemn out foregoers.
J. Motley, On Compromise, p. 79.
2t. A harbinger ; a forerunner.
Bote Gyle yttafor-goere and gyede hem alle.
Pierts Plowman (A), it 162.
foregoer^ (for-gd'fer), n. Seeforgoer.
foregoing (for-go'ing), «. [Verbal n. otforego\
I'.] The act of preceding, going before, or lead-
ing the way.
After whom, encouraged and delighted with theyr ex-
cellent/ore-^oin^, others haue followed, to beautille oure
mother tongue. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
foregoing (for-go'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of forego^,
r.] Preceding; going before, in time or place
or in a series; antecedent: as, a foregoing
clause in a writing.
He casts his eye over the/or«^owi^ list.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 75.
= Syn. 8ee previoni.
foregone (f6r-g6n'), p- «• [Pp. of forego^, «.]
1. That has gone before ; previous; past; for-
mer.
When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
I summon up remembrance of things past, . . .
Then can I grieve at grievances /ore(707ie.
Shak., Sonnets, xxx.
To keep thee clear
Of all reproach against the sin foregone.
Sirs. Brouming.
Z. Predetermined; made up or settled before-
hand.
But this denoted ^foregone conclusion ;
'Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream.
SAa*., Othello, iii. 3.
1 plunge into/wegone visions and conclusions.
Lainb, Elia, p. 33.
foreground (for'ground), n. [= D. voorgrond
= G. vorgrund = Dan. forgrund = Sw. for-
grund; as fore-^ + ground.'] That part of a
landscape or other scene, as actually perceived
or as represented in a picture, which is nearest
the eye of the observer: opposed to background
or distance.
On all the/ore^o«jjd lies the river, broad as a bay.
D. O. Mitchell, Wet Days.
foregrownt, a. See forgrown.
foreguess (for-ges'), v. t. To guess beforehand ;
conjecture.
fore-gut (for'gut), n. See gut.
forehammer (f6r'ham''6r), n. [Sc„ also written
foirhammer (= OB. veurkamer, D. voorhamer
= Dan. forhammer, a sledge-hammer); < fore-^
+ hammer.'] A sledge or sledge-hammer; the
large hammer which strikes first, or before the
smaller one.
Wr coulters, and wi' forehammers,
We garr'd the bars bang merrilie.
Kinmont Willie (Child's Ballads, VI. 65).
The brawnie, bainie, ploughman chiel
Brings hard owrehip, wi' sturdy wheel,
'The strong /ore/ia?n7ner.
Till block an' studdie ring an' reel
Wi' dinsome clamour. Bums, Scotch Drink.
forehand (for'hand), n. [< fore-^ + hand.] 1 .
The part of a horse which is in front of the
rider. — 2t. The chief part ; main dependence.
The great Achilles, whom opinion crowns
, The sinew and the /orcAanrf of our host.
Shak., T. and C, i. 3.
St. Advantage ; the better.
Such a wretch.
Winding up days with toil and nights with sleep,
Hath ttie forehand and vantage of a king.
Shak., Hen. V.,lv. 1.
forehand (for'hand), a. It. Done beforehand ;
anticipative ; done or paid in advance.
If I have known her,
You'll say, she did embrace me as a husband,
And so extenuate the forehand sin.
Shak., Much Ado, iv, 1.
2. Beingaheadorin advance; front. [Scotch.]
I'm as honest as our &a\d forehand ox, puir fallow.
.Scott, Old Mortality, vii.
forehanded (for'han^'ded), a. 1. Early; time-
ly ; seasonable : as, forehanded provision.
2324
If, by thus doing, y(»u have not secured your time by an
early and fore-handed care, yet be sure by a timely dili.
geuce to redeem the time. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, i. 1.
2. Formed in the forehand or fore parts.
A substantial true-bred beast, bravely /oreAandcd.
Dryden.
3. Well circumstanced as regards property and
financial condition generally : as, a forehanded
farmer. [U. S.]
Mr. Palmer was in popular phrase a forehanded man ;
his house and bams were large, and his grounds indicated
thrift. S. Judd, Margaret, i. 9.
The Rambos were forehanded, and probably as well sat-
isfied us it is possible for Pennsylvania farmers to be.
B. Taylor.
forehard (for'hard), n. In rope^making, the
proper twist of the separate strands of which a
rope is made up.
The forehard, or proper twist in the strands for all sizes
of ropes, is at once attained. Lire, Diet., III. 718.
forehead (f or'ed or f or'hed), n. [< ME. forhed,
forheed, forehed, forehede, earliev foreheved, for-
heaved, ( AS. forhedfod, a\soforanhedfod{*fore-
hedfod not found), forehead (= D. i:oorhoofd =
G. vorhaujpt = Dan. forhored, the front part of
the head), < for, foran, before, fore-, -f hedfod,
head: see fore-^ and head.] 1. The fore or
front upper part of the head; the part of the
face which extends from the usual line of hair
on the top of the head to the eyes ; the brow.
With the forked plain gain hym went, »fc smote
Enmyddes of the brest.
Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4216.
And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and ear-rings in thine
ears. Ezek. xvi. 12.
2. Confidence ; assurance ; audacity ; front :
same asface^, 5.
It is certain, nor can it with &ny forehead be opposed,
that the too much licence of poetasters in this time hatli
much deformed their mistress. B. Jonson, Volpone, Ded.
With v/hat forehead
Do you speak this to me, who (as I know 't)
Must and will say 'tis false?
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, i. 2.
Not any College of Mountebanks but would think scorn
to discover in themselves with such a brazen /oreAead the
outrageous desire of filthy lucre.
Milton, Church-Government, ii.
3. In entom., the upper part of an insect's epi-
cranium, including the front and vertex. [Rare.]
forehead-cloth (for'ed-kloth), n. A band sur-
rounding the forehead, worn by women in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, either
alone or in combination with a cap or the like :
said to have been used to prevent wrinkles.
E'en like the forehead-cloth that in the night.
Or when they sorrow, ladies used to wear.
Martoive and Chapman, Hero and Leander, vi.
foreheart (for-her'), v. t. To hear or be in-
formed of before.
forehearth (for'harth), n. In metal., the front
part of the hearth of a blast-furnace, or that
part which is directly under the tymp-arch.
forehentt, "• *• Qeeforhent.
forehe'W (for-hii'), v. t. To hew or cut in front.
forehold(f6r'h61d), ». [</o>'e-l + /(oW2.] The
front or forward part of the hold of a ship.
foreholdingt (for-hol'ding), «. [Verbal n. of
*forehold (not used), predict, <fore-^ + hold^.]
Prediction; ominous foreboding; superstitious
prognostication.
How are superstitious men nagged out of their wits with
the fancy of omens, foreholdings, and old wives' tales !
Sir It. L'Estrange.
forehood (for'hud), «. In ship-building, one of
the most forward of the outside and inside
planks.
forehook (for'huk), n. Naut., a piece of tim-
ber placed across the stem to unite the bows
and strengthen the fore part of the ship; a
breast-hook. See cut under stem.
forehorset, «■ The horse in a team which goes
foremost.
I shall stay here iheforehorse to a smock [that is, walk-
ing before a woman as usher or squire].
Shak., All's Well, ii. 1.
It is not your Poet Garish and your /oreAorse of the par-
ish that shall redeeme you from her fingers.
Nash, Strange News (1592), sig. F.
foreign (for'au), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
forrcign (as in sovereign, the </ is a mod. inser-
tion, prob. due to a confused association with
reign; the reg. mod. form would be *foritin or
*foren) ; < ME. foren, forene, forein, foreyn,
foraijn, < OF. forain, forein, F. forain = Pr.
foraneo = Sp. fordneo = It. foraneo, foreign,
strange, alien, < ML. foraneus, outside, exterior
(as a noun, applied to a canon not in resi-
dence, a peddler, etc.), < L. foras, out of doors,
foreigner
< foris, commonly in pi. fores, a door, gate, =
E. door, q. v. ; connected v/ithformn, q. v.] I.
a, 1 . Not native ; alien ; belonging to, charac-
teristic of, or derived from another country
or nation ; exotic ; not indigenous : as, foreign
animals or plants ; the large foreign population
in the United States ; foreign manner.
His often concurrence with ancient and foreitpi authors.
Comhill Mag., Oct., 1878, p. 468.
A wide commerce . . . imported enough /oreiV/n refine-
ment to humanize, not enough foreign luxury to corrupt.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 95,
2. Having an alien situation or relation ; exter-
nal to or away from one's native country: as,
a foreign country or jurisdiction ; to enter 9, for-
eign army or school.
Whan men gon begonde tho iourneyes, toward Ynde
and to \\ie foreyn YIes, alle is envyronynge theroundnesse
of the Erthe and of the See, undre oure Contrees on this
half. Mandevitle, Travels, p. 183.
There is no foreign land ; it is the traveller only that is
foreign. R. L. Stevenson, Silverado Squatters, p. 114.
[In law, for certain pui'poses, chiefly in the determination
of private rights in a case of conflict of laws, the legis-
lation and the judicial decisions of any one of the United
States are commonly spoken of as foreign with respect to
the other States, especially as regards matters not within
the jurisdiction of the national government. Thus, in
each State corporations formed under the law of any other
State are termed foreign corp&rationx. On the other hand,
as commerce is subject to regulation by Congress, the tenu
foreign i/ort, when used in reference to sucli commerce,
implies a port outside of the United States ; when used,
however, in reference to a State law giving a lien upon
shipping, it may also mean a port of any other State.]
3. Relating to or connected with another coun-
try or other countries; pertaining to external
relations or prisdietion : as, foreign diplomacy ;
a foreign minister ; the department of foreign
alfairs in a government. — 4. Being in a place
other than its own; not naturally connected
with its surroundings; specifically said of an
object, as a bullet or any material, present in
a part of the body or in any other situation
which is normally free from such intrusion.
Thus, sand in the eye, or a splinter or dead bone
in the flesh, is foreign matter or a /ore jg'n body.
When a bullet, or other foreign substance, is lodged in
the flesh, the vital powers go to work and build up a lit-
tle wall around it.
J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, iv. 1.
5. Not belonging (to) ; not connected (with) ;
extraneous; irrelevant; not to the purpose:
with to, or sometimes/rom: as, the sentiments
you express are foreign to your heart ; this de-
sign is foreign from my thoughts.
He never quits his Simile till it rises to some very great
Idea, which is often foreig^ to the Occasion which gave
Birth to it. Addison, Spectator, No. 303.
This innovation by means of the Episode . , . was for-
eign to the intention of the Chorus.
Goldsmith, Origin of Poetry.
6. Excluded; not admitted; held at a distance.
[Rare.]
They will not stick to say you envied him ;
And fearing he would rise, he was so virtuous.
Kept him a foreign man still.
Shak., Hen. Vlil., ii. 2.
Foreign administration, in law. See administration,
9. — Foreign attachment, in law. See attachmait, 1. —
Foreign bill of exchange. See bill of exchanfie, mider
hUl-i. — Foreign canon. See cn?ion2.— Foreign Office,
the department of state through which the sovereign or
sovereign power communicates with foreign powers : call-
ed in the United States the Department qf State.
In nearly every Foreign Office in the world a thorough
knowledge of French is required of every clerk as a pre-
liminary to his appointment.
B. Schuyler, Amer. Diplomacy, p. 15.
Foreign Process Acts, English statutes of 1832, 1834, and
1852, providing for the service of process of certain courts
in places beyond their territorial jurisdiction. =S3ax. 5.
Unconnected (with), disconnected (with), uncongenial (to),
adventitious.
Il.t «. A stranger; a foreigner; specifically,
one who is not a citizen of the place referred
to : opposed to freeman.
The touns, the countes, the/or*-;/?!* alle aboute
To the kyng fell on knees, his jwwere tham loute.
Unto his pes them gald, feaute did him suere;
liob. of Brunn-e, tr. of Langtoft's Chron.
[(ed. Heame), p. 322.
.^Iso, that foren3 as wel as other may make attournays
in hustingis as wel as the playntif as the defeudaunt as it
is done in other court.
Charter of London (Rich. II.), in Arnold's Chronicle, p. 20.
foreigner (for'an-er), n. [Early mod. E. also
forreigner ; < ME. foreyner; (.foreign + -er'^.
The earlier noun -was foreign.] 1. A person
bom or domiciled in a foreign country, or out-
side of the country or jurisdiction referred to ;
an alien.
Nor could the majesty of the English crown appear in
a greater lustre, eitlier to foreigners or subje<;ts. Swift.
2t. One who does not belong to a certain class,
association, society, etc. ; an outsider.
foreigner
2325
foremost
.^^r^^ip^.^Z^^'^^Z^- <^''i^^^r^^^5!!r'yiLf :^??i,*!^ *»»]? ^l^')-.- J< ^:lorloJcen,for.
lawful Master ITintef , as an Apprentice - may-fce enter- (^^- reflex forellus, forubts), dim. of OF. forre,
taiued and employed by any Master Printer for the time foure, fttere, fuerre = It. fodero, < ML. fodrus,
•"„''°°."!i ...,•.. r,-,^ ^ ,, ^ „ , , < Goth. /odr, a sheath, = OHG. fuotar, MHG.
Quoted in EnglxOi OM, (E. E. T. s.). Int., p. clxi., note, ruoter, 6. f utter, a she4th a case (of. e^uiv. D.
foreunism (for'an-izm), ». [</orei</n + -ism.l
1. The state of being foreign. — 2. A foreign
idiom or custom.
That he [Miles Coverdale] left in his Bible some few
foreifftuamg and some inverted English is not surprising,
when we find that the dozen corps of revisers since have
not seen fit, or been able, to exclude them.
Congregatioixalist, Aug. 15, 1877.
foreignize (for'an-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. foreign-
ized, ppr. foreignizing. [< foreign + -ire.] I.
trai>s. To render foreign; adapt to foreign
ideas.
One ot the qnestioni that come Tlvidly Into tbe fore-
iaA:e», tr., foresee; < /ore-1 + 2ooit.] I. iraris.
To foresee.
Swa certayne es here na man.
That can the tyme of the Aeieforluke.
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. 1945.
H. intrans. To look ahead or forward.
. .. , ,, ., Then did I/oreiooife,
= Dan. foer = Sw. foder, lining. Prom the •*£" ^** 'his day marlted white in Clotho's book,
same source comes/«rl, q. v.] If. A case of lea- Jomon, King James's Coronation Entertainment
ther or similar material in which manuscripts forelookf (for'luk), n. [ME. forloke, forloh,
forluke; from fheYei^o: see forelook,v.'\ Fore-
sight; providence.
I hade thre hundrythe powunde of rente,
I spendut two in that entente.
Of suche /orZo*e was I.
Sir Amadace, Three Early Eng. Eom. (ed. Robson), st. 34.
fore-looper (for'lo'pSr), n. A boy who goes in
front of a span of bullocks, guiding them by-
means of a thong fastened to the horns of the
foremost pair.
were formerly preserved,
Take witnesse of the trinite and take his felawe to wltt-
nesae.
What he fond In &/orel of a freres lyuynge ;
And bote the ferste leef be lesynge, leyf [believe] me
neuere after ! Piers Plowman (C), xvi. 103.
FortlU, to kepe yn a boke (to keep a book in), forulus.
Prompt. Parv., p. 171.
2. A kind of parchment for the covers of books.
[Eng.]— 3. The border of a handkerchief. Bal-
Also called leader, leader-boy
<Jf,?L°J^5V"T1'"/A" ~'"*'?'^*I? ""z*" ?* '""" ««■««• [Prov. Eng.] [South Africa.] "
ground to-day IS that of Amencanizing the foreigner, so *__ i ,. ■-, ,^ • ""ft-J ,,.,,., a........ /«- /„ \ i j. , ,
that he cannot /ornj^iM our institutions. lorsl (for el), t?. «.; pret. andpp./oreferf,/ore?terf, loreman (for man), to. ; pl./oremen (-men)
CoiiffregatiotuUist, Aug. 12, 1886.
n. intrans. To become foreign.
Our country-man. Pits, did /oronire with long living be-
yond the seas. Fuller, Worthies, II. 417.
foreignness (for'an-nes), n. The condition of
being foreign; irrelevancy; want of natural
connection with the surroundings.
.Simple /oreij/nfutt may itself make the picturesque.
H. Jamet, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 83.
foreint, a. and n. A Middle English form of
foreign.
foreinf, n. [ME., a particular use of forein,
outside : see foreignT] A jakes ; a cesspool.
Chaueer.
forejudge' (for-juj'), v. t.; pret. and pp. fore-
judged, ppr. forejudging. [</ore-l + judge, r.]
ppr. foreling, forelling. [< forel, n.] To cover
or bind with forel ; hence, to adorn. Fuller.
foreland (for'Iand), n. [< ME. forlond (= D.
roorland); < fore-^ + land.^ 1. A promon-
tory or cape ; a point of land extending into
the water some distance from the line of the
shore ; a headland : as, the North and South
Foreland in Kent, England.
Their whole fleete lay within the very mouth of the
Tliames, all from ye North foreland, Margate, even to y«
buoy of the JJore. Ecelyn, Diary, June 28, 1667.
The seaboard went in a rugged line east and west by the
compass, sometimes coming very low down, sometimes
soaring into gTe»t /orelandt. plentifully covered with wild
growths. — ~ .. -. _ - - - -
D. voorman = '(}. vormann = Dan. formand =
Sw.forman; as/ore-i -I- man.'\ 1. The first or
chief man, or leader; one who is appointed to
preside over a number of others. [Rare or lo-
cal in this general sense.]
The Foreman of the commons [of Huntingdon] Is ap-
pointed by a committee of burgesses, which is itself ap-
pointed by the common council. The common council
has a veto on his appointment and he is removable by the
committee. Municipal Corporation Reports, 1835, p. 2287.
Specifically— (a) The chief man of a jury, who acts as the
spokesman, {b) The chief or superintendent of a set of
operatives or work-people employed in a shop or on work
of any kind ; an overseer of work : as, the foreman of a
coniix>8ing-room in a printing-office.
2\. An ancestor. Boh. of Brunne. (HalUwell.)
" ' "To
W. C. Hwsiell, Death Ship, xlv,
2. In fort, a piece of ground between the wall foreman (for'man), v. t.' [< foreman, n.]
uidgea, ppr. Jorejudging. [< fore-i^ + judge, r.] of a place and the moat. direct or oversee as a foreman. [Rare.]
To judge beforehand, or before hearing the forelaylf (for-la'), v. t. [< fore-'^ + lay'^.J To ^l"* all-round workman requires as a rule very little
facts and proof ; prejudge. contrive in advance. Mede /"'■emnnmi;, and this enhances his value to employers.
Wecommonly/or«-j«d<,«them erewenndentMd them, forelay^t (for-la'), r.'t. Seeforlav. , ., ,,- , Xineteenth Century, XX. 53*.
MiUon, Arwpagitica, p. 56. forelendt (for-lend'), V. t. To lend or irive be- foreinanslllp (for man-ship), n. [< foreman +
forejudge^, r. Seeforfudge. forehand. Spenser. -*'"»•■ "^^ -Da"- forma7id.ikoh = Sw fn,-n,n„.
fnrBiiirtomiont /-fAr'Tni'moTifi « r<- f^.i j. foreliet, t'. t. To lie before
forejudgment (fdr'juj'ment), n. [< /ore-1 +
judqment.l \ . Judgment~rendered in advance ;
prejudgment.
That all the Gmls which saw hit wondrous might
Did surely deeme the victorle his due :
But seldome seene/OTT^t^m^rU proveth true.
Spemtr, Mniopotmoa, L S30.
2. A judgment previously rendered; a judicial
precedent.
What call yoa /ort-judjemmU or ruled
jadgements or sentences heretofore pronounced, whereby
s Judgement in like cases.
judges take example to give like ,
Btundemlle, Arte of Logicke (159»X Iv. S.
foreking (for'king), n. A preceding king; a
predecessor on the throne. [Rare.]
Why didst tliou let so many Norsemen hence?
Thy tivToe /orekingi had clench'd their pirate hides
To the bleak church doors, like kites npon a barn.
Tennyson, Harold, iv. S.
foreknow (f6r-n6'),t>. t.;TpTet.foreknew,pp. fore-
known, ppr. forek-nowing. [< /ore-1 + Jtnou)!.]
To have previous knowledge of; know before-
hand ; think of or contemplate beforehand,
. t.
A golden bauldricke which /orsJay
Athwart her snowy brest.
5p«uer, F. Q.,1I. III. 29.
foreliftt (for-liff), r. t. To lift up in front.
So dreadfully he towardes him did pas,
ForelifUng vp aloft his speckled brest.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xl IS.
forelightent, t?. t See forlighten.
J, JJS'.h* forelittert, v. i. To litter or bring forth pre-
maturely. Davieg.
As forelittring bitches whelp biynd popples, so I may
bee perhaps entwighted of more haste then good speede.
StanihurH, Virgil, Ded.
forelockl (for'lok), n. [</ore-l -I- focA-1.] 1. A
round or flat wedge of iron passed through a
ip ; cf. uan. fortnandskah = Sw. f<»-man-
skap.] The oflSee, position, or functions of a
foreman.
Sixty-three candidates for nine foremaruhipt were ex-
amined by the board. Philadelphia Times, April 22, 1886.
foremast (for'mast or -mast), n. [= G. vormast
— Dan. formast = Sw.'formast ; as /»re-i +
|»<M<1.] The forward mast of a ship or other
vessel.
foremastman (for'm&st-man or -mast-man), «. ;
l>\. fi>r(Hi<i.-<tmeH {-men). 1. A common "sailor;
a man before the mast.
The Adventure galley took such quantities of cotton and
silk, sugar and coif ee, cinnamon and pepper, that the very
foremast-men received from a hundred to two hundred
pounds each. Macaulay.
2. On a man-of-war, a man stationed at the
foremast to keep the ropes, etc., in order.
For whom he did /oreiikw, he also did predestinate to fotelockl (for'lok), t>. <. [<. forelock^, n."] Naut.,
be conformed to the Image of his Son. Kom. viil. 29. to secure by a forelock, as a bolt.
And by their nature and aspect, things to come may be The channel rail is secured to the channel by Iron atrans
foreJmoume. Pvrehas, Pilgrimage, p. «0. fasUned by forelocked bolts, so that the rail may be read^
Who would the miseries of man foreknow/ Dryden. "^ removed when necessary. ThearU, Naval Arch., { 231.
hole in the inner end of a bolt to prevent its foremean (for-men'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. /ore-
withdrawal when a strain is placed on it. — 2. " ^ ' • ~
In medieval armor, a clasp or catch serving to
hold the helm, or in some cases the beaver or
the mentonniire, to the gorgerin or breastplate
in front
meant, pp. foremeaning. To mean orintend
beforehand. [Obsolete or archaic]
The place, by destiny /ore-m«an<.
B. Jonson, Masque of Beauty.
Without /orem<antn<7 It, he [Goethe] had impersonated
In Mephlstopheles the genius of his century.
Lowell, Among my Books, Ist ser,, p. 224.
fore-mentioned (for'men'shond), a. Mention-
ed before ; recited or written in a former part
of the Slime discourse or writing.
foreknowable (for-no'a-bl), a. [,< foreknow + forelock2 (for'lok), n. [<fore-i + focA-2.] The **5-^®™®^V' "" ^''^''' ^ '**'''*"® English form of
-able.} That may be foreknown.
It is certainly /ornbioiMiMs what they will do in such
and such circumstances. Dr. B. More, Divine Dialogues.
foreknower (for-nd'er), n. One who foreknows.
(ioil tbe foreknoKer of al thlnges t^fore the world was
martc. J. Udall. On Mat xiv.
foreknowingly ( for-no'ing-li), adv. With fore-
knowledge; deliberately.
He does rery imprudently serve his ends who seelngly
and foreknowiruily loses his life In the prosecution of them.
.ler. Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying, xiii. 9.
foreknowledge (for-nol'ej), n. Ufore-^ + know-
ledge. ] Knowledge that precedes the existence
of the thing or the happening of the event
known; prescience.
If I foreknew,
Foreknowledae had no Influence on their fault.
JfiUon, P. L., ill. 117.
Since therefore neither the forektiowiedye of Cod nor
the liberty of man can without a plain contradiction be
denied, it foll.iwi unavoldaljly that the forekimdedge of
lock of hair that grows from the fore part of fnrBtrn'riH*
the head; a prominent or somewhat detach- l""""""!!
ed lock above the forehead, especially of a
horse.
Neither age nor force
Can quell the love of freedom In a horse. . . .
Loose fly h\» forelock and his ample mane.
Cowper, Charity, I. 176.
To take time or (rarely) occasion by the forelock,
to be prompt In action; let no oppDrtunity escape; anti-
cipate an emergency or opportunity iiy making suitable
preparation : a proverbial expression.
Time is painted with a lock before, and bald behind
signifying thereby that we must lake time by theforelodc;
tor when It Is once past, there Is no recalling It. Swi/l.
Wake, sleeper, from thy dream of ease,
The great oeeaeion'i forelock seize.
WhUtier, To Pennsylvania.
forelock-bolt (for'lok-bolt), n. A bolt having
in one end a slot into which a key or cotter
may be inserted to prevent it from being with-
drawn.
foremost.
V. t. To intend. Davies.
.Neaucr 1 foremynded (let not mee falslye be threpped)
For toe slip in secret by flight.
Stanihurst, .lEneid, iv. 364.
foremost (for'most), a. and adv. superl. [An ac-
com. form, as if /ore-i + most, of earlier/or»io«<,
< ME. formest, formast, firmest, furmest, < AS.
formest, usually with umlaut fyrmest, foremost,
first, with superl. -st, < forma, ME. forme, first
itself a superl. , <for, fore, fore, before, + superl.
-ma, parallel to AS. fyrst, ME. fyrst, E. first,
from the same for, fore, + superl. st. Thus
foremost, prop, formost, and first are superl.
forms of for, formost having an additional su-
perl. element. The ME. forme, first, has taken
an additional eompar. suffix, and appears as E.
former^, q. v. See -most.} First in place, time,
quality, station, honor, or dignity.
«.^in.!!rt,^f''™«II " "" ■* "«' T' JS™'"'"*"' Y'?!' forelock-hook (for'lok-hik), u. \n rope-making,
the il«rty of man. Cf«r*,, Sermons, I. xlvn. „ „;„„,, or whirl which works through holes fn
forel (for el),n. [Also written /one/, /»rn7 ,• < the tackle-block to twist a bunch of three yams
ME. forel, a cue or cover (for a book), < OP. into a strand.
Paradys terrestre, where that Adam onre/ori!ini?g( Fader,
and Eve weren putt. Mandemlle, Travels, p. 303.
Where there is due order of discipline and good rule,
there the Iwtter shall goe /ormo»( and the woorse shall fol-
lowe. Spenser, State of Ireland.
That struck the foremen man of all this world.
Shak., J. C. iv. S.
foremost
His [Warren Hastiiisre s) first design was on Benares, a
city which in wealtli, iKtpulation, dignity, and sanctity was
among the/ort-mo^t in Asia. Macattlay^ Warren Hastings.
Head foremost See head.— To put one's best foot
foremost. See.fco/.
foremostlyt (for'most-li), adr. In the foremost
place or order; among the foremost.
But when he saw his daugliter dear
Coming on most /oreuiotsUp,
He wTung his hands and tore his hair,
-And cryed out most piteonsly.
Jcphthah Judije o/ Israel (Percy's Reliques, p. 115).
foremother (for'muSH'fer), n. A female ances-
tor. [Rare.]
It was the modesty and humility of some of your .^or«-
iiwtherg not to seat themselves in the church l>efore they
had performed a reverent respect to the minister tlien ol.
flciating. Prideaux.
foren^t. Preterit pltiral and past participle of
foren^t, o. and «. An obsolete (Middle Eng-
lish) form ot foreiijn.
forename (for'nam), ». [= D. voomaam = G.
rorname = Dan. fornacn = Sw. fornamn; as
fore-^ + name. Cf. prenomen.'] A name that
precedes the family name or surname ; a pre-
nomen.
His Sonne, carrying the h&me fore-name, not degenerat-
ing from his father, lived in liigh honour.
lloUaiul, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 320.
forenamed (for'namd), a. Named or nominat-
ed before ; mentioned before in the same WTit-
ing or discourse.
forenenst (for-nensf), pre2>. [Also written/or-
iieiist, formerly forne>is,fornentis, etc., the same
with orig. adv. gen. suffix -es, -is, sf, etc., as
'J'oreiie)it, < forcanent: see foreanvnt.'\ Over
against ; opposite to. [Scotch and Eng. dial.]
The land/ore;i*7W( tlie Greekisll shore he held.
From Sangar's mouth to crook'd Meander's fall.
Fair/ax, tr. of Tasso, ix. 4.
fore-nessti «• [< forc-^ + ness.'\ A headland.
With lis in our language, For-nesse and Foreland is all
one with the Latine Promontorium auterius (tliat is, a
Fore-promontory).
Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 754.
forenight (for'nit), n. The early part of the
night, from dark until bedtime; evening.
[Scotch.]
Much rustic merriment at the farmers ingle cheek, dur-
ing the \wi% fore-nights o' winter.
Dumfries Cmrier, Sept., 1823.
forenoon(f6r'n6n'), 11. anda. I. n. The period
of daylight before noon ; the day from sunrise to
noon; the morning; in a restricted sense, the
latter part of the morning, especially that part
of it which is ordinarily employed in transact-
ing business.
And spent that/ore ?w>o7ic there in prayers and deuocion,
and retourned to the Hospytall to our dyner.
Sir R. GuylJ'iirde, Pylgrymage, p. 35.
H. a. (for'nSn). Pertaining to, occurring in,
or connected with that part of the day before
noon: as, a /ore»oo» visit.
Then out and spak the/oreTiomi hride, —
•* My lord, your love it changeth soon."
Toung Beichan and Suaie Pye (Child's Ballads, IV. 9).
How lovely robed \n forenoon light and shade.
Each ministering to each, didst thou appear,
Savona, Queen of territory fair !
Wordsworth, Near Aquapendente.
forenotice (for'no-tis), n. Notice or informa-
tion of an event before it happens.
forensal (fo-ren'
Same as forensic.
forensal (fo-ren'sal), a. [{ forens-ic + -al.l
lapp
forensic (fo-ren'sik), a. and n. [< h.foren.ns,
of or belonging to the market-place or forum,
public, < forum, the market-place, forum-: see
forum.'] I. n. 1. Belonging to courts of law
or to public discussion and debate ; pertaining
to or used in courts or legal proceedings, or in
public discussions; appropriate to argument:
as, a, forensic term ; forensic eloquence or dis-
putes.
His [name], that seraphs tremble at, is hung
Disgracefully on ev'ry trifler's tongue,
^ Or serves the cliampion in foretisic war
To nourish and parade with at the bar.
Cowper, Exjiostulation, 1. 664.
His eloquence had not the character and fasliion of fo-
Tenjiii efforts. Sumner, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 184G.
2. Adapted or fitted for legal argumentation :
as, his mind was forensic rather than judicial. —
Forensic day, in some colleges, a day on which pulilic de-
liatf-'.s l>L-iwceTi students selected for the exercise are held.
— Forensic medicine, the science which applies tlie prin-
ciples and practice of tlie different branches of medicine
to the elucidation of doubtful <(uestions in a court of jus-
tice ; medical jurisprudence ; medicolegal science.
n. n. Incertaincolleges, as Harvard, a writ-
ten argument ; also, in others, a spoken argu-
ment.
2326
For every unexcused omission of aforeTisic, or of read-
ing afort'tme, a deduction shall be made of the highest
number of marks to which that exercise is entitled.
Laws of Harvard University, 1848.
forensical (fo-ren'si-kal), a. [< forensic + -al.']
Same a,s forensic.
forensivet, «■ {_< forens-ic + -ivc.'] Forensic.
One thing remains tliat is purely of episcopal discharge,
which I will salute and go by, before I look upon his fo-
reiisive or political transactions.
Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 97.
foreordain (for-pr-dan'), v. t. To ordain or
appoint beforehand; preordain; predestinate;
predetermine.
Christ, . . . who verily was/oreo7'daincdbeforetliefoiin-
dation of the world, but was manifest in these last times
for you. 1 Pet. i. 19, 20.
= Syn. f^ec predestinate.
foreorder (for-or'dfer), v. t. To order or ordain
beforehand ; foreordain.
That unspeakable Providence therefore /o»¥on/cr€rf two
ends to be pursued by man : to wit, beatitude in this life
. . . and the beatitude of life eternal.
Lowell, -Among my l^oks, 2d ser., p, 87.
foreordinate (f6r-6r'di-nat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
foreordinated, -p^r. foreordinating. [< fore-i +
ordinate, v. t] To foreordain. [Rare.]
foreordination (f6r-6r-di-na'shon), H. [</ore-
ordiiiate.'] Previous ordination or appointment ;
predetermination ; predestination.
forepart (for'part), n. [< fore-''- + part. Cf.
forepart!/.] The fore, front, or forward part.
[More properly written as two words.]
Two other rings of gold thou shalt make, and shalt put
them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward
the forepart thereof. Ex. xxviii. 27.
And falling into a place where two seas met, they ran
the ship aground ; and tlie forepart stuck fast, and re-
mained unmoveable. Acts xxvii. 41. •
The house . . . endued with anew fashion forepart.
Middleton, Michaelmas Term, i. 1.
forepart-iron (f6r'part-i'''ern), n. A rubber or
buruisher for finishing the edges of soles of
boots and shoes.
forepartyt, «• [ME. ; < /ore-i + lyarty, part : see
part.] The fore part.
Fore2)arty of the hede, sinciput.
Old Enrj. Vocab. (ed. Wright, Wulcher), 1. 183.
fore-passage (f6r'pas"aj:), «. Naut. : (a) A pas-
sage leading to the forepeak. (6) A passage
leading from the hatchway to the forward mag-
azine.
forepastt (for-pasf), a. [Also written fore-
pa.fsed; < fore-^ + past, passed, pp. of pass.]
Past or having existed before a certain time;
former»: as, forepast sins.
He did greatly repent liim of his forepassed folly.
Greene, Pandosto, or the Triumph of Time.
We must trust God, who can and win provide as wise
and righteous judgment for his people in time to come, as
in the present ov forepassed times.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 68.
forepayment (for'pa'ment), n. Payment be-
forehand; prepayment.
I had £100 of him in forepayment for the first edition of
Espriella. Southey.
forepeak (for'pek), n. Naut., the extreme for-
ward part of the forehold, in the angle formed
by the bow.
Many plans for stopping the leak [in the Polaris] were
tried without success ; Chester and the carpenter went
down into iheforepeak, and worked in vain at it several
hours. C. F. Hall, Polar Exp. in Polaris (1876), p. 419.
fore-piece (for'pes), n. The flap or dress-guard
at tlie front of a side-saddle.
foreplan (for-plan'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. fore-
planned, ppr. foreplanning. To devise before-
hand.
She had learnt very little more than what had been
already foreseen vluA foreplanned in her own mind.
Jan^ Austen, Sense and Sensibility, xxxviii.
fore-plane (for'plan), n. In carp., a plane in-
termediate in length and use between the jack-
plane and the long plane. See cuts under
plane,
fore-plate (for'plat), n. In puddling iron, a
shelf or rest in front of the roughing-rolls for
receiving the bloom as it comes from tlie
squeezer or hammer. See puddle and shingle.
forepoint (for-poinf), ". t. and i. To point for-
ward (to) ; foreshadow.
This (&ti forepointing to a stornie that was gathering on
that coast) began the first ditference with the French na-
tion. Daniel, Hist. Eng., p. 10.
Heaven's great hand, that on record
Fore-points the equal union of all hearts,
Long since decreed what this day hath been perfected.
.Viddli'tfin, Spanish (iypsy, v. 1.
forepossessedt (for-po-zesf), a. l. Formerly
lii'ld in iwssession. — 2. Preoccupied; prepos-
sessed; preengaged.
forerun
The testimony, either of the ancient fathers or of other
classical divines, may be clearly and abundantly answered,
to tlie satisfaction of any rational man not extremely ./ore-
possessed with prejudice. Bp. Sanderson.
forepost (for'post), n. An advanced post; an
outpost.
I had been reconnoitring about the Vlt^vwv. forepost line,
trying to form some beforehand estimate for the chances
for that renewed assault which was expected to be made
before tlie end of the month.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Coutiueiits, p. 131.
fore-predicamentt (for'pre-dik'a-ment), n.
Same as aiitepredicament.
Fore-predicaments be certayne definitions, ilivisions,
and rules, taught by Aristotle before ihe predicaments,
for the better understanding of the same.
Blnndeville, Arte of Logicke (l.'>99), i. 7.
foreprizet (for-pnz'), r. t. To prize or rate be-
forehand. [Rare.]
God hath foreprized things of the greatest wei;:lit, and
hath therein precisely defined as well tliat which every
man must perform as that which no man may attempt.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 71.
forequotet, "• '• To quote previously or before-
hand.
As jiublik and autentik 'Rowles fore-quoting
Confusedly th' Eueuts most worthy noting
In His deer Church (His Darling and Delight)
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Columnes.
foreran. Preterit oi forerun.
forereach (for-reeh'), v. I. intrans. Naut., to
glide ahead, especially when going in stays;
gain ground in tacking: used with on: as, we
forereached on her.
H. trans. A'awf., to gain upon; sail beyond;
overhaul and pass.
forereadt(f6r-red'),r.t 1. To betoken before-
hand.— 2. To predestine.
Had fate fore-read me in a crowd to die.
To be made adder-deaf with pippin-cry.
Fitz-Geoffrey.
fore-rent (for'rent), n. In Scotland, rent pay-
able by a tenant six months after entry, or be-
fore he has reaped the first crop ; rent paid in
advance. See back-rent.
fore-resemblet (for-rf-zem'bl), v. t. To prefig-
ure.
He stiffly argues that Christ, being as well King as I'riest,
was as well fore-resembled by the Kings then as by the
high Priest. Milton, Church-Government, i. 5.
forerightt (for'rit), a. [</orel, adv., + right, a.
Ct. forthright.] 1. Straightf oi-ward ; favorable ;
fair, as a wind.
Thou shalt repair all ;
For to thy fleet I'll give ?. fore-right wind
To pass the Persian Gulf.
Fletcher {and another ?), Prophetess, iv. 1.
Their sails spread forth, and with & fore-right gale
Leaving our coast. Massinger, Ilenegado, v. 8.
2. Straightforward ; abrupt ; blunt ; bold.
South.
forerightt (for'rit), adv. [<.fore-^ -I- right, adv.]
Straight forward ; right on ; onward.
Walk on in the middle way, fore-right, turn neither to
the right hand nor to the left.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, iii. 1.
Can you go back? is there a safety left yet.
But fore-right 1 is not ruin round about you?
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 3.
forerightt (for'rit), n. [< fore-^ + right, n.]
In early feudal law, the preference (of an elder
son or brother) in inheritance ; the right of pri-
mogeniture.
The introduction of Tanistry, the date of which is not
known, like the foreright of the eldest son under feudal
law, seems to have led, at least in appearance, to the same
fiction as in feudal law, that all lands were holden either
mediately or immediately of the king.
W. K. Sulliran, Int. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. clxxxv.
fore-room (for'rom), n. A front room in a
house, used for the reception of visitors; a
parlor. [Provincial.]
Into this hall opened the p-irlor. or, as it was usually
called, the fore-room— a severe and awful chamber, dedi-
cated principally to funerals and calls from "the pastor."
The Desmond Hundred, i.
forerun (for-run' ), ti.t; pret. foreran, pp. /o)-c-
ruu,\)\>r. forerunning. [<. fore-^ + run.] 1. To
run before ; have the start of.
Forerun thy peers, thy time, and let
Thy feet, millenniums hence, be set
In midst of knowledge dream'd not yet.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
2. To come before ; precede as an earnest of
something to follow; announce or betoken in
advance ; usher in.
If I should write to you of all things which promiscu-
ously/orerttne our ruine, I should over charge my weake
head.
Cushman, quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 73.
A <iuickening hope, a freshening glee,
Foreran the expected Power.
Wordsworth, Ode Composed on May Morning.
forerunner
forerunner (for-ruu'er), «. [< forerun + -erl.
Cf. equiv. AS. forerynel, forrynel, < fore, for,
fore, + rynel, a runner.] 1. One who or that
which foreruns; an annvineiator ; a harbin-
ger : as. John the Baptist was the forerunner of
Christ.
Within the veil ; whither the forerunner is for us en-
tered, even Jesus. Heb. vi. 19, 20.
The Jortrunntr of the great restoration of our litera-
ture was Cowper. MaeatUay, Moore's Byron.
No one can take a glimpse of any of her [Dalmatia's]
cities without the desire tliat the glimpse may be only the
/orenmner tjl more perfect knowledge.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 199.
2t. An ancestor or predecessor.
.Arthur, that gnaH fore-runner of thy blood.
Shak., K. John, ii. 1.
3. A prognostic ; a premonitory token ; a sign
foreshowing something to follow : as, popular
tumults are the forerunners of revolution.
Being grown rich with Trade, tliey fell to all manner
of looseness and debauchery : the usual concomitant of
Wealth, and as (^mmonly the /orerunner of Ruin.
Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 161.
4. Xaut., a piece of bunting or other material
inserted in a log-line to mark the point at which
the glass must be turned.
foresaid (for'sed), p. a. [< ME. foresaide, for-
saidc, forseyde; (.fore-^ + said, pp. of say. Cf.
aforcmthj, heforesaid.'\ Spoken or mentioned
before ; aforesaid.
That Watre, thei seyn. Is of here Teres : for so moche
Watre the! wepten that made ttie /<rr$eyde Lake.
MandentU, Travels, p. 199.
Tber schal no man be chosen into noone of these /ar«ay(f«
ofDcers vn-to the tyme he be dene oute of the detteof the
/ormyde gylde. Engtith Gildt (E. E. T. S.), p. 276.
The lady Ermengare,
Daughter to Charles Qas/oretaid duke of Loraine.
Shak., Hen. V., I. 2.
foresail (for' sal or fdr'sl), n. [= G. vorsegel =
Dan. forseil = Sw. forsegel; as fore-^ + »aW.]
Naut., in a square-rigged vessel, the sail bent
to the foreyard ; in a schooner, the fore-and-
aft sail set on the foremast ; in a sloop or cut-
ter, the sail set on the forestay.
foresay (for-sa'), r. (. ; pret. and pp. foresaid,
ppr. Jirresaying. [< ME. 'foreseyen (not found,
except as inpp./or«»aid, q. v.), { AS. foreseegan
(= D. toorzeggen = ODan. foretige = 8w. fore-
saga), gay before, foretell, </or«, before, + sec-
gan, say : see/ore-i and say'-.'] To decree; or-
dain.
Let ordinance
Come «a the gods /or«My it.
Shak., Cymbellne, It. 2.
forescriptt (for'skript), n. A prescription.
It is a miserable life, to live after the physician's /ore-
K-rii.i. Quoted in Pop. Sei. Mo., XXIX. 822.
foresee (for-se'), v.; jaret. foresaw, pp. foreseen,
ppr. foreseeing. [< ME. forsen, foreseon, < AS.
foresedn (pret. foresedh, pp. foresewen) (= D.
voorzien = G. vorseken = ODan. forse, forese =
8w. forese), foresee, provide, < fore, before, -*-
sein, see: see/ore-i and »eei.] I. trans. To see
beforehand; discern before it exists or hap-
pens; have prescience of ; foreknow.
The first of them could things to ootmforetee ;
The next could of thinges preeent best adTlze ;
The third things past could Iceep in memoree.
Spenter, F. Q., II. ix. 49.
A prudent nuui/«r«w«tA the evil, and hideth himself.
Prov. xxll. 3.
The doom /oresMn upon me fell.
WiUiam Morrit, Earthly Paradise, I. 332.
Foreseen tbatt, provided that ; on condition that ; grant-
ed that.
One manner of meat is most sure to every complexion,
/orrtrrn that It be alway most commonly In conformity of
qualities with the person that eateth. Sir T. Elyot.
n. inlrans. To exercise foresight.
foreseeing (for-se'ing), p. a. Possessing the
quality of, or characterized by, foresight; pre-
scient.
foreseeinftly (for-se'ing-li), adv. With fore-
sight ; with forethought.
Wbrther you have one, or ten. or twenty processes to
go through— you must go straight through them, Icnow-
ingly anil foraeeingly, all the way.
Rutkin, Elements of Drawing, p. 143.
foreseeor (for-sfi'^r), n. rEarly mod. E. also
foresear; < foresee -J- -«•!.] One who foresees
or foreknows.
I must nedes in hart thinke and with mouth confesse
and sale, that you be a sure frend, and trustye consailour,
> vigllent/oruear. UaU, Rich. III., an. 2.
Among the Romans a Poet was called Vates, which is as
much as a Diuluer, Fore-teer, or Prophet.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie.
foresendt (for-send'), v. t. To send beforehand.
2327 foresite
Claudius . . . /oreaendi Publius Ostorius Scapula, a
great warrior, proprartor into Britaine.
Daniel, Hist. Eng., p. 4.
foresen'tencet (for'sen'tens), n. Sentence or
condemnation in advance.
When wine had wrought, this good old man awook,
Agniz'd his crime, ashamed, wonder-strook
.4t strength of wine, and toucht with true repentance.
With Prophet mouth 'gan thus his Sons fore-sentence.
Sylvetter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 11., The Ark.
foreshadcw (for-shad'o), v. t. To shadow, in-
dicate, or typify beforehand.
Our huge federal union was long ago foreshadowed in the
little leagues of Greek cities and Swiss cantons.
J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 6.
foreshadow (for'shad-o), n. An antetype; an
indication or prefiguratiou of something to
come.
The humble birth of Jesus was an introduction to the
hardships and sufferings of his career. His manger was
the foreshadow of his cross. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 22.
It is only in local glimpses and by significant fragments
. . . that we can hope to impart some outline or fore-
shadow of tliis doctrine. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, i. 8.
One who or foreshO'W (for-sho'), v. t. ; pret. foreshowed, pp.
Foreshortened as events are when we look back on them
across so many ages, ... a whole century seems like a
mere wild chaos. Lowell, Among my Boolis, 2d ser., p. 8.
Displayed foreshortened, in her. See displayed.
foreshortening (for-short'ning), n. [Verbal n.
of foreshorten, v.'] In persp., the representa-
tion of figures pointing more or less directly
toward the spectator standing in front of the
picture, or away from a plane perpendicular to
the spectator's line of sight, but shown in such
a manner as to convey to the mind the impres-
sion of their just length.
■They adopted his forced attitudes and violent /orssAort-
eninffs without a touch of his joyous grace.
The Portfolio, March, 1888, p. 63.
The shadows were a company in themselves ; the extent
of the room exaggerated them to a gigantic size, and from
the low position of the candle the light struck upwards
and produced deformed /ore^Aortenini?*.
S. L. Stevenson, Treasure of Franchard.
foreshot (for'shot), n. The first portion of li-
quid that comes over in the distillation of low
wines. It is a milky liquid abounding in fusel-
oil.
foreshadoiver (f6r-shad'6-6r), n.
that which foreshadows: as, ^ ' the foreshadow-
ers of evil," Chambers's Journal.
foreshadO'Wing (for-shad'o-ing), n. A typify-
ing ; representation by image.
Only foreshadoicintj of outward things,
Great, and yet not the greatest, dream-lore brings.
ff illiatn Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 252.
foreshaft (for'shSit), n. A piece of hard wood,
bone, ivory, or the like, at the front end of an
arrow, to give weight and to serve for the at-
foreshown, sometimes foreshowed, ppr. fore-
showing. [Also written foreshew ; < fore-T- +
show. Cf. AS. forcscedwian, foresee, provide,
= G. vorschauen, look forward or forth.] To
show, represent, or exhibit beforehand ; fore-
token.
What else is the law but the gospel /ore«Ao««d/
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
His house of life being Libra ; which foreshewed
He should be a merchant, and should trade with balance.
. , ,-.^, , - - , „ ., , B. ./onjton. Alchemist, i. 1.
taohment of the head. Jmer. Aof., July, 1886, *__-_v~™i /•»;;.'„t,;;\ ry j^ i -i « •
_ Q-j. u.., utiijjit,.^, foreshowt (for'sho), »i. [(.foreshow, v. ^ A sign
given beforehand ; a foretoken.
foreshower (for-sho'fer), n. One who foreshows
or predicts. Also spelled /oresAetcer.
Now is Daniel called to be the fore-shewer of the iuge-
ment (of OodJ, neither saluting the king nor praysyng his
gi'ts. Joye, Expos, of Daniel, v.
foresho'wn. Past participle ot foreshow.
foreside (for'sid), n. [z= D. voorzijde = G. vor-
seite = Dan. forside ; as fore-^ + yjdel.] 1.
foreshamet, «'. A less correct form otforshame.
foreshape (for-shap'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. /ore-
shaped, ppr. foreshaping. [< fore-^ + shape.]
To shape or mold beforehand ; prepare in aid-
vance.
But let it be propounded on his part,
Or by the seculars before the Synod,
And we shall ao foreshape the minds of men
That by the acclaim of most, if not ot all.
It shall be hailed acceptable.
Sir H. Taylor, Edwin the Fair, ill. 3.
fore-sheet (for'shet), n. l. Naut., the rope or
tackle which keeps the clue of the foresail in
place when the sail is set. or which keeps in
The front side.
Now when these counterfeits were thus uncased
Out of the/ore->i<f< of their forgerie.
Spenser, F. Q., V. lU. S».
- .2. Same as/ore«/iore. [New Eng.]
place the after end of the iib-boom.— 2. pi. foresight (for' sit), n. [iVCE. forsyqhte, forsygt
The space in a boat forward of the foremost (not in AS.; = OHG. foresiht, MHG. 6. vor-
thwart. gicht); < /ore-1 -I- sight. In defs. 3, 4, a mod-
loresnew (for-sho ), v. t. ; pret. foreshewed, pp. em compound of the same elements.] 1. The
foresht-wn, sometimes forshewed, ppr. fore- act or power of foreseeing ; prescience ; fore-
shewing. See foreshmc. knowledge.
foreshewer (f6r-sh6'6r) n See foreshower. gome clerk, maintain that Heaven at Brst foresees,
foreanip (for^ship), n. [_< ME. foreschyp, <_AS. And in the virtue of /orwrn/Ae decrees
forscip {= D. roorschip = G. vorschiff = Dan.
forskib = Sw. forshfpp), < for, fore, before, +
scip, ship: see/or«-i and ship.] The fore part
of a ship ; the bow.
Their/or -«Aip» al to landward then to tume, and inward
bend
He bids his mate*, and to the deepe floud glad he doth
descend. Phaer, Mneli, vii.
They bad let down the boat into the sea, under colour
as though they would have cast anchor* out of the fore-
'hip. Act* xxvll. SO.
foreshore (for'shor), n. The sloping part of a
shore, uncovered at low tide ; the beach ; strand ;
an advanced or projecting line of shore.
There is a widely-spread popular uotion that the public
have the right of going not merely along the/orMAori-, but
along the edge of the cliff, where by reason of the steep-
ness of the coast there is no/oruAor«.
F. PoOock, Land Laws, p. 13.
Castle Baynard,. . . which was probably built .
Dryden, Cock and Fox, 1. BIO.
Dogs and foxes exhibit a well-marked anticipation of
future events, in hiding food to be eaten hereafter. But
it is first in the human race that such foresight becomes
highly conspicuous ; and the difference between civilized
and savage men in this respect is probably even m''ore
marked than the difference between savage men and the
higher allied mammals. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos. , II. 92.
2. I*rovident care ; prudence in guarding
against evil; precaution.
Nor aw'd by Forenght, nor mis-led by Chance,
Imperious Death directs his Ebon Lance.
Prior, Ode to George Villlers.
In anticipation of the heavy equatorial rains, ... we
had had the awnings put up : a fortunate piece ot foresight,
for before midnight the rain came down in torrents.
Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. ill.
3. In siirr., a forward sight or reading of a lev-
eling-staff ; any bearing taken by a compass for-
ward.— 4. The sight on the muzzle of a gun.
Syn. rrevlslon, forecast, precaution.
tf^.S^Aorl.ol'uI'eriver''"'*''" ""'''""''"'"' "'°""'°™ foresighted (fbr'si-te'd), a. Foreseeing; pre-
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 436.
foreshorten (for-shdr'tn), v. t. In persp., to
represent (a figure) in such a manner as to con-
vey to the mind the impression of the entire
length of the object, though only a part of this
length is actually shown, as when the object is
viewed in an oblique direction; represent (any .''""j"- ,. ,,. . , . -.^
object, as an arm, a weapon, the branch of a foresignify (for-sig ni-fi), v t. ; pret. and
tree) as pointing more or less directly toward
the spectator standing in front of the picture,
or as in a plane more or less nearly parallel to
the spectator's line of sig^ht. The projecting object
is shortened in proportion to Its appmach to the perpen-
dicular to the plane of the pictnre. and In consequence ap-
pear* of a Ju»t length. Often used figuratively.
A* 'tis a greater mystery in the art
Of painting io fore-shorten any part
Than draw it out, so 'tis in Iwoks the chief
Of all perfections to be plain and brief.
S. BtUter, Miscellaneous Thoughts.
ieiit : provident. [Rare.]
foresightful (for'sit-ful), a. [(.foresight + -ftil.]
Prescient; provident; foreseeing. [Rare.]
Death gave him not such pangs as the foresightful care
he had of his silly successor. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, 11.
foresignt (for'sin), ». An omen; divination.
Florio.
\ "' • • ■ — • ^ j(; j^Q^ pp
fore.^iijuified, ppr. foresignif^ing.' To signify
beforehand; foretoken; typify; foreshow.
Why do these [psalms] so much offend and displease
their taste? . . . being prophetical discoveries of Christ
already present, whose future coming the other psalms
did hut foresignify. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 40.
Dreams . . . have no certainty, because they have no
natural causality nor proiwrtion to those effects which
many times they are said to foresignify.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 183,5), I. 662.
foresite (fo-ra'zit), n. [After G. R. Foresi of
Porto Ferrajo in Elba.] A zeolitic mineral
foresite
occurring with the tourmalin of the island of
Elba. It resembles stilbite, and may perhaps
be identical with it.
foresketch (for'skeoh), n. In art, a first or
tentative sketch ; a study.
foresketchy (for'skech-i), a. [< foresketch +
-yl.] Having the quality or appearance of a
foresketch. II'. TT. Story.
foreskin (for'skin), «. The hood or fold of skin
■which covers the head of the penis; the pre-
puce.
foreslackt, v- 1. Seeforslach.
foresleeve (for'slev), ». [< ME. foresleve, for-
sleve; < fore-^ + sleeve.'] 1 . The part of a sleeve
between the elbow and the wrist.
In kirtel and kourteby aiid a knyf bi hts syde,
Of a frerea frokke were the forgteues.
Piers Plowman (B), v. 80.
2f . A sleeve or a partial sleeve of a different ma-
terial or color from the body of the garment.
In the rei^ of Henry VH. and later the forealeeves were
separate and ornamental articles of dress, and were put
on or thrown off at pleasure.
A doublet of yellow satin, and the foresleeveg of it of cloth
of gold. Quoted in Archaologia, XXXVIII. 872.
A pair of silken foresleeves to a sattin breastplate is gar-
ment good enough. Mctchin, Dumb Knight (1608).
foreslowt, »•. Seeforslmn.
foresnafflet, t\ t. To restrain or prohibit.
Had not 1/oresnaJled my mynde by votarye promise
Not toe yoke in wedlock ? Stanihurst, ^neid, iv. 17.
forespeak^(f6r-spek'),iJ. t.; pTet.forespoke (dhs.
forespake), pp. foretoken, ppr. forespeaking.
[< fore-^ + speak. In earlier use in the pp.
forespoken, q. v.] 1. To foresay j foretell or
predict. [Obsolete or provincial.]
My mother was half a witch ; never any thing that she
/orespake but came to pass.
Beau, aiid Ft.y Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 1.
2. To engage beforehand; buy a thing before
it is in the market ; bespeak : as, that calf is
forespoken. [Scotch.]
forespeak^t, v. t. Seeforspeak.
forespeakert (f6r-spe'k6r), «. An introducer;
one who or that which bespeaks entertainment
for another.
Wee must get him . . . gloues, scarfes, and fannes to
bee sent for presents, which might be as it were /ore-
tpeakers for his entertainment.
Breton, Grimello's Fortunes, p. 10.
forespeakingt (for-spe'king), n. [Verbal n. of
/orespeak,v^ A foretelling; a prediction; also,
a preface.
And yet wer there some in that assembly of people
which did coniecte (because of the /orespeaMiiff of death)
yt he had spoken of the tormente of the crosse.
J. Udall, On John xii.
forespeecht (for'spech), n. [< ME. /orcsp«cAe,
< AS. forespoec, foresprdec, a preface, <. fore,
rbre, + sprSe, speech: see /orc-i and speech.]
A preface.
forespeed (fdr-sped'), v. t.; pret. and -pp. fore-
sped, forespceded, ppr. forespeeding. [</ore-l -t-
speed.] To outrun; outspeed. [Rare.]
Eager at the sound, Columba
In the vf%y fore»ped the rest. Prof. Btackie.
forespendt, »• t. See forspend.
forespokent (for-spo'kn), p. a. [< ME. *fore-
spoken, < AS.forespeceH,foresprecen,forsprecen,
foresaid, '. fore, for, before, -I- sprecen, pp. of
recaw, speak. Cf.forespeak^.] Foretold; pre-
ted.
forespurrer (f6r-sp6r'6r), «. One who spurs or
rides before.
A day in April never came so sweet,
To shov. how costly summer was at hand.
As this /ore-spurrer comes before his lord.
Shak., M. of V., li. 9.
forest (for'est), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also
forrest; < ME. forest, < OF. forest, F. forSt =
Pr. forest, foresta = Sp. Pg. floresta (simulat-
ing Sp. Pg. flor, flower) = It. foresta = MHG.
vorest, forest, foreist (and prob. OHG. forst,
MH(J. forst, Q. forst = Dan. forst- (in comp.),
although some (German writers patriotically at-
tempt to connect this form with OH(J. foraha,
forha, MHG. vorhe, G. fohre = E. fir), < ML.
foresta, forasta, f., forestum, forastum, n., /o-
restis and forestus, m., a forest, prop, a forest
or space of ground over which the rights of the
chase were reserved ; sometimes distinguished
as an open wood, as opposed to parous, an in-
closed wood, a park (cf . frith^ in both senses).
ML. foresta also means a private fish-pond or
fishing-place ; in both senses it appears to in-
volve the notion of interdiction (as regards
cultivation or common use) ; cf . ML. forestare,
proscribe, put under ban, lit. put outside or
2328
apart ; ML. LL. foraslicus, out of doors, pub-
lie, ML. foresterius, strange, foreign, outside;
all < L. foris, foras, outside, out of doors : see
foreign.] I. n. 1. A tract of land covered
with trees ; a wood, usually one of considerable
extent; a tract of woodland with or without
inclosed intervals of open and uncultivated
ground.
Ettricke Foreste is a feir foreste.
In it grows manie a semelie trie.
Song of the Outlaw Murray (Child's Ballads, VI. 22).
This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and
the hemlocks . . .
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their
bosoms. Longfellow, Evangeline, Prol.
2. In Great Britain, a designation still retained
for some large tracts of land or districts former-
ly but not now covered with trees or constitut-
ing royal forests (see below), especially such
as have some of the distinctive characteristics
or uses of wild or broken woodland, as the For-
est of Dean in England or some of the deer-for-
ests of Scotland.
We have many forests in England without a stick of
timber upon them. Wedgwood, Diet. Eng. Etymology.
3. In Eng. law, and formerly also in Scots law,
a territory of woody grounds and pastures priv-
ileged for wild beasts and fowls of chase and
warren to rest and abide in, generally belong-
ing to the sovereign, and set apart for his rec-
reation, or granted by him to others, under
special laws, and having officers specially ap-
pointed to look after it; a hunting-preserve
maintained at public expense for royal or aris-
tocratic use : specifically called a royal forest.
Such forests were once very numerous, and often of great
extent; but most of them have been disafforested, and
those still kept up are now chiefly used as public pleasure-
grounds.
Forests are waste grounds belonging to the king, replen-
ished with all manner of chase or venery ; which are under
the king's protection, for the sake of bis recreation and
delight. Blackstone, Com., I. viii.
It may happen that the wastes of two or more manors
adjoin, and sometimes the common, or moor, or what-
ever it may be called, is a royal forest — that is, a hunt-
ing preserve created since the Conquest. The presence
of trees, I need hardly say, is not required to make a
forest in this sense. The great mark of it is the absence
of enclosures. F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 40.
Charter of the Forest. See charter.— Drift of the
forest. See dn/(.— Forest-bed group, in Eng. geol., a
division of the so-called crag (whicii see). It is but a few
feet in thickness, but is exposed for many miles along the
coast of Norfolk. It contains a great variety of organic
remains, among which are cones of trees, leaves of va-
rious plants, land-shells, and bones of mammalia, birds,
and reptiles. — Ordinance of the forest. See ordinance.
— Pure forest, a forest consisting wholly of one kind of
trees: in contradistinction to a mixed forest, in v/hich the
trees are of several kinds. — Right Of forest, the right or
franchise of keeping, for the purpose of venery and war-
ren, all animals pursued in field sports in a certain territo-
ry or precinct of woody ground and pasture.— Submarine
forest, a geological phrase applied to beds of impure peat,
consisting of roots, stems, and branches of trees, etc., oc-
cupying the sites on which they grew, but which by change
of level are now submerged by the sea. Such submarine
forests do not contain any trees that are not found grow-
ing at the present time. They belong to the recent or
Quaternary period, and occur above the boulder-clay.
They have been traced for several miles along the mar-
gins of the estuaries on the north and south shores of the
county of Fife in Scotland. = Syn. Forest, Wood, Woods',
Woodland, Grove, Chase, Park. Of some of tliese words the
earlier and tlie later uses differ very much. Forest implies
a large body of trees growing naturally, or the tract con-
sidered as covered with trees. It formerly always im-
plied the presence of animals of the chase. Wood or woods
is like forest, except in being smaller. Woodland differs
from woods in emphasizing the land or tract upon which
the trees stand. A grove is a cluster of trees not suf.
ficiently extensive to be called a wood. A cha^e is, in
strictness, open woods of indefinite extent, especially set
apart for hunting; but the word survives as applied to
places from which the animals have disappeared. A park
is primarily an inclosure of considerable size ; the word is
now often applied to a piece of land set apart for public
recreation and more or less elaborately adapted by art to
that end, as Regent's Park in London and Central Park
in New York.
He [William the Conqueror] ordered whole villages and
towns to be swept away to make forests for the deer. Not
satisfied with sixty-eight royal forests, he laid waste an
immense district to form anotlier in Hampshire, called
the New Forest, Dickens, Child's Hist. Eng., viii.
Like the leaves of the forest, when summer is green.
That host, with their banners, at sunset were seen.
Byron, Destruction of Sennacherib.
A terrace walk, and half a rood
Of land, set out to plant a wood.
Swift, tr. of Horace's Satires, vi.
There is a pleasure in the pathless woods.
Byron, Cbilde Harold, iv. 178.
Over the woodlands brown and bare, . . .
Silent, and soft, and slow
Descends the snow. Longfellow, Snowflakes.
A cops in which the Wood-nymphs shrove ;
(No wood) it rather seems a grove.
Shak., Cephalus and Procria (Poems, ed. 1640).
forestall
Then crost the common into Darnlej chase
To show Sir Artlmr's deer. Tennyson, The ISrouk.
You have fed upon my seignories,
Dispark'd my parks, and fell'd my forest woods.
Shak.,meh. II., iii. 1.
II. a. Pertaining or relating to forests; syl-
van : as, forest law.
It will be found that all /ore«J and game laws were in-
troduced into Europe at the same time and by the same
policy as gave birth to the feodal system.
Blackstone, Com., II. xxvii.
Forest court, devil, oak, etc. See the nouns. — Forest
law, the old Englisli system of law (now obsolete in its
most characteristic features) under which royal forests
were preserved and extended.
In the new forests were exercised the most horrid tyr-
annies and oppressions under colour oi forest law.
Blackstone.
It was with tile utmost reluctance that the clergy ad-
mitted the decision of the legate Hugo Pierleoni, that the
king might arrest and punish clerical offenders against
the forest law. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 399.
Forest liberties, a phrase sometimes used to designate
grants by the crown to subjects, conferring a riglit to the
enjoyment of privileges in a royal forest or to afforest waste
lands; also the privilege so granted.
forest (for'est), V. t. [= Mh-forestare, convert
into a forest; from the noun. Cf. afforest, dis-
forest.] To cover with trees or wood ; affor-
est.
The Appalachian ranges . . . originally were densely
forested from extreme north-east to extreme south-west.
J. D. Whitney, Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 807.
fore-staff (for'staf), n. Same as cross-staff, 1.
forestage (for'es-taj), «. [^(.forest + -age.] In
Eng. law ; (a) A duty or tribute payable to the
king's foresters. (6) An old service paid by for-
esters to the king.
forestal (for'es-tal), a. [Cf. ML. *forestalis, in
neut. forestale, forest right; a,a forest + -at]
Pertaining or relating to or derived from for-
ests : as, forestal rights.
What remains of the hereditary land and forestal reve-
nue of the crown is now intrusted to certain officers called
commissioners of woods, forests, and land revenues.
Chambers, Cyc. Vniv. Knowledge, XH. 589.
forestall! (f6r-star),». '. [< M'E.forstalle?!, fore-
stall, < for-, fore-, + stall, a fixed place, a stall
(in the market).] 1. To buy up, as merchan-
dise, before it has reached the market or before
market-hours, and hence by taking advantage
of others in any way, with the intention of sell-
ing again at an unduly increased price.
That they forstalte no fyssh by the wey, ner none other
vittelle comynge to the market of the cite.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 396.
Suffer not these rich men to buy up all, to ingross, and
/oregfoZ/, and with their monopoly tokeep the market alone
as please them. Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Eobinson), i.
2. In law, to obstruct or stop up, as away; in-
tercept on the road.
An ugly serpent, which forestalfd their way.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xv. 47.
3t. To diminish ; deprive by something preced-
ing.
This Counsel of the Lord Howard his Father followed;
and King James, perceiving what their Meaning was,
thought it stood not with his Honour to be fore-stalled
out of his own Kealm. Baker, Chronicles, p. 260.
May
This night forestall him of the coming day.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 5.
4. To take or bring forth in advance of some-
thing or somebody else ; hinder by preoccu-
pation or prevention ; anticipate ; prevent or
counteract beforehand.
The reason that the Latin Tongue fonnd not such En-
tertainment in the Oriental Parts was that the Greek had
fore-staZled her. Howell, Letters, ii. 58.
Whenever governments have undertaken to educate, it
has been with the view of forestalling that spontaneous
education which threatened their own supremacy.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 373.
To some extent they [certain histories] are attempts to
forestall the opinion of posterity.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 59.
In the eastern part of the north aisle, the imagination
of Jonathan or Pantaloon has forestalled somewliat of the
Dantesque conception of the Inferno.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 331.
To forestall the market, to take an undue advantage in
trade, to the injury of a free market, by buying up the
whole stock or a controlling share of some liind of mer-
chandise, witli the intention of selling it again for more
than the just price ; or to dissuade persons from iiringlng
their goods to that market, or to persuade them to en-
hance the price when there.
0, sir, have Iforstalled your honest market?
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 8.
= Syn. To monopolize, engross, preoccupy.
forestall^t, n. [< /ore-i + stall, a place.] A
footboard.
A fellow stood . . . vpon the /orfi«/«n of the 'carte driu-
ing forth the oxen. Hakluyfs Voyages, I. 96.
fore-stall
fore-stall (for'stal), «. l<fore-^ + stall^.'] The
lookout man who walks before the operator and
his victim when a garrote-robbery is to be com-
mitted. See garrote, v. [Great Britain.]
forestaller (f6r-st4'ler), «. One who forestalls ;
one who purchases merchandise before it comes
to market in order to raise the price.
We ought rather to call him the forestaller, . . . like as
he that standee in the market way, and takes all vp before
it come to the market in grosse and sella it by retaile.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 140.
The before-named Statute of Bakers, &c, (51 Hen. III.)
gives a good specimen of the mode of dealing with &/ore-
stalUr, who is pointed out in indignant words to be "an
open oppressor of poor people and of all the commonalty,
and an enemy of the whole shire and country."
English OUds (E. E. T. S.), p. 3«8.
Three hundred years ago, these speculators would have
been sent to prison Hsforestallers of the market
The American, VI. 164.
forestalling ( for -stft' ling), n. [Verbal n. of
forestall^, r.] The act of engrossing the pos-
session or control of goods for sale ; specifically,
in old Eng. law, the buying or contracting for
any merchandise or provisions coming in the
way to market, or before market-hours, or dis-
suading persons from bringing their goods or
provisions to that market, or persuading them
to enhance the price there: it was formerly a
punishable offense.
fore-starling (for'star'ling), «. An ice-breaker
placed before the starling of a bridge. £. H,
Knight.
forestay(f6r'sta), n. [</orf-l-f-stoy.l] N(iut.,s
stroiiKrope (nowgenerally of wire.and double)
exttinliugforwardfromtheheadoftheforemast
to the kui^'ht-heads to support the mast.
forestaynet, «• [ME., also forestanyg, appar.
corrupt forms for */oreste»i«, Sc. forestam, i. e.,
/ore-stem.'\ The forward part of a ship.
ffrekes one the/orestayne, fakene theire coblez [cables].
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), L 742.
forest-bug (for'est-bug), n. A bug of the genus
rcntiituma ; a wood-bug.
forest-court (for'est-kort), n. See forest court,
under court.
forester (for'es-tir), b. [Early mod. E. also
forrester, < ME. forester, forstcr, foster, < OF.
forestier -^ Pr.forestier = Sp. /torestero = OHG.
forestdri, forstdri, MHG. rorsttere, G. fikster,
< ML. forestarius, a forester, < foresta, a for-
est : see forest. Hence the proper names For-
ester, Forrester, Forster, Foster.'^ 1. An officer
appointed to watch or keep a forest ; one who
has the ohso^e of a forest ; also, one whose oc-
cupation is the management of the timber on
an estate or in a forest belonging to a govern-
ment.
Ne that batlif, neforetter, ne ftoffrede hom nower come.
To sowe, ne to other thing, that hor bestes nere inome.
Robert of CHoueettrr, p. 499.
Before him came ufareHer of Dean,
Wet from the woods, with notice of a hart
Taller than all bis fellows, mUky-white,
Kirst seen that day. Tennyion, Geralnt.
2. An inhabitant of a forest or wild country.
Porestert and borderers are not generally so civil and
reasonable as might be wished. Evelyn. •
Without discipline, the fav'rite child.
Like a neglected /orcster runs wild.
Covper, Progress of Error, I. 362.
3. One who is versed in forestry. — 4. A forest-
tree. [Rare.]
This nicenesa is more conspicnons In flowers and the
herbaceous offspring than laforetlen, Etelyn.
6. The giant kangaroo, Macropus major. Mrs.
E. Meredith, My Home in Tasmania, p. 172. — 6.
The popular name of sundry moths of the fam-
2329
grape-vine, being of a pale-bluish color with light-orange
bands across the middle of each joint. There are two an-
nual generations, and the larva transforms to pupa in a
slight cocoon on or just beneath the surface of the ground.
forest-fly (for'est-fli), n. A popular name in
England for various blood-sucking flies of the
genus Hippohosca, originally H. equina ; a hip-
poboscid. They are found in woodlands, and are very
troublesome to horses and other animals, lighting about
the eyes and mouth, or creeping under the tail, and pierc-
ing the skin with their sharp beaks.
forest-folk (for'est-f ok), n. Dwellers in the for-
est: with reference to men, or sometimes to
beasts and birds, or to imagined creatures of
the woods, such as elves, gnomes, satyrs, dry-
ads, etc.
There are in the woods occasional moanings, premoni-
tions of change, which are inaudible to the dull ears of
men, but which, I have no doubt, the forest-folk hear and
understand. C. D. Warner, In the Wilderness, iv.
forestick (for'stik), ». The front stick lying on
the andirons in a wood fire.
The oaken log, green, huge, and thick,
And on its top the stout back-stick ;
The knotty /oresficifc laid apart.
Whittier, Snow-Boiuid.
You want first a large backlog, which does not rest on
the andirons. . . . Then you want a forestick on the and-
irons, and on these build a flre of lighter stuff.
C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 6.
forestine (for'es-tin), a. {_< forest + -ine^.'i Per-
taining to or living or growing inthewoods: as,
forestine fruit-eaters.
In the tropics, vhere forestine animals are most devel-
oped, the nuts often reach a very high stage of evolution.
The cocoanut is a familiar example.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 438.
It is a woodland plant, native to your forests, and far
more/are«tin« in aspect and habit than our English vine.
O. AUen, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXII. 198.
forestless (for'est-les), a. [< forest + -less.']
Without forest.
Should speak of oar land as ttfore^tta area of a
Th^ American, J
£%fat.«potted F«retter tAiyfia i>ctomaculata\ natural Sl2e.
«, Ufva ; b, side view of one joint, enlarged.
fly2W(P»l<te. The eight-spotted forester, Alyvia ocin-
maetuata. Is a pretty black species with large yellow spots,
the larva of which Is one of the blue caterpillars of the
X. 183.
forest-lizard (for'est-liz'Srd), n. A fossil sau-
rian, HijUeosaurus oweni,' discovered in 1832
by Mantell in the forest of Tilgate, England,
whence the name. It was about 25 feet long.
forest-marble (for'est-mar'bl), ». In Eng. geol. ,
a division of the Great Oolite group, lying be-
tween the combrash and the Great or Bath
Oolite. This formation is extraordinarily variable, both
in Itthological character and in thickness. It has been
used to some extent, after polishing, for ornamental pur-
poses. It was named by \V. Smith from the Forest of
Wychwood in Oxfordshire.
forestone (for'ston), «. A piece of cast-iron
which lies across the hearth with its ends rest-
ing between the keystones, and which can be
moved toward the front or back of the hearth
as required, it is a part of the small recUnguIar fur-
nace called the "ore-hearth," used in the smelting of lead,
and chielly in .Scotland and the north of Englaml.
forest-ox (for'est-oks), «. A book-name of the
small wild ox of Celebes, Anoa depressicomis,
translating the native name, sapi-outan.
forest-peat (for'est-pet), n. Wood-peat.
forestral (for'es-tral), a. An erroneous form of
fi>ri..'<tat.
Most of the New England States are now engaged in the
serious investigation of their /ore«frai condition.
Pop. Sei. Mo., XXVIII. 691.
forestry ffor'es-tri), n. Z<forest + -nj, after ML.
/orMteria,/ore«tona, forestage.] 1. Theartof
forming or of cultivating forests, or of manag-
ing growing timber. — Z. Forestage; the privi-
leges of a roval forest.
forest-steadfng (for'est-sted'ing), n. A farm-
house and offices in a royal forest.
The "foreM-s*eadin{f of Galashiels " is first mentioned
in history shortly after the begiiming of the 15th century.
Encyc. Brit., X. 18.
forest-tree (for'e8t-tre),n. Atree of the forest;
spocifically, any tree not a cultivated fruit-tree.
forestjrt, 0. [< forest + -y'^.'\ Wooded; covered
with forest. [Rare.]
For then their sylvan kind most highly honour'd were.
When the whole country's face viaforexiy, and we
Livd loosely in the weilds, which now thus peopled be.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 47.
foresnmmer (fdr'8um'6r), n. Early summer.
The terrible winter and /ore»t(mm«- of 1854-6.^,
The American, XIV. 234.
foreswatt, p. a. Seeforsitat. Sir P. Sidney.
foret (fo-ra'), n. [F., a drill, borer, gimlet, <
forer, drill, bore, < L. forare = E. 6wel.] In
giin-making, a gimlet or drill used for boring the
touch-hole of a j>ieee of ordnance,
fore-tacklet (for'tak'l), n. Same as pendant-
tiirlde.
foretakent (for-ta'kn), a. Received or adopted
beforehand.
forethink
I am to require . . . that you will lay your hearts void
ot foretoken opinions. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, v.
foretaste (for-tasf), v. t.; pret. and pp. /ore-
tasted, i>-pr. foretasting. 1. To taste before pos-
session; have previous experience of; enjoy
by anticipation. — 2. To taste before another.
[Rare.]
Foretasted fruit,
Profaned first by the serpent.
Milton, P. L., ix. 929.
foretaste (for'tast), n. l<foreiaste,v.2 A taste
beforehand; anticipation; enjoyment in ad-
vance.
It [holy music] is the sweetest companion and improve-
ment of it here upon earth, and the very earnest and/or«-
taste of heaven. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxi.
Scenes of accomplish'd bliss ! which who can see.
Though but in distant prospect, and not feel
His soul refresh'd with/ore<(M«e of the joy?
Cowper, Task, vi. 762.
Foretaste of the coming days of mirth.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 171.
foretaster (for-tas't^r), n. One who tastes be-
forehand or before another; one who enjoys
something by anticipation.
foreteack (for-teeh'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. fore-
taught, -ppi. foreteaching. To teach or instruct
beforehand.
And underneath his filthy feet did tread
The sacred thinges, and holy heastes /ore(a«p*f.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 18.
foreteamt (for'tem), n. [< fore-'^ + team, ap-
par. here repr. L. temo, beam, pole, tongue
(of a vehicle).] The front shaft or pole of a
wheeled vehicle.
Tlieir chariots in their /oreteams broke.
Chapman, Iliad, xvi. 352.
foretell (f6r-ter),f.; pret. and pp. /oretoW, ppr.
foretelling. I, trans. To tell beforehand, or in
advance of the event ; predict ; prophesy.
CatoofUtica . . . discovered afar off, and long/ore(oM,
the approaching ruin of his country.
Bacon, Moral Fables, v., Expl.
Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold. Pope.
Many men that stumble at the threshold
Are well foretold that danger lurks within.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7.
= Syn. To vaticinate ; Foretell, Prophesy, Predict, Presage,
Foretwde, Proffnosticate, may represent the act of a person
correctlyorincorrectly asserting what will happen. Fore-
tell is the general word for telling beforehand, and gener-
ally correctly. Prophesy &nd predict areofteu used lightly
tor foretell, but in strictness they are more forcible words,
prophesy, through its use in the Scripture, often implying
supernatural help, and predict precision of calculation or
knowledge. Presage implies superior wisdom or i)ercep-
tion : to .forebode is to anticipate or prophesy evil, espe-
cially indefinite evil. To prognosticate is to foretell by
studying signs or symptoms : as, to prognosticate bad wea-
ther or the course of a disease. See omen.
The southern wind
Doth play the trumpet to his purposes.
And, by his hollow whistling in the leaves,
Foretells a tempest and a blustering day.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1.
For, by the warning of the Holy Ghost,
I prophesy that I shall die to-night
Tennyson, St Simeon Stylites.
A cunning mathematician, penetrating the cubic weight
of stars, predicts the planet which eyes had never seen.
Emerson, Courage.
Dreams advise.
Which he hath sent propitious, some great good
Presaging. Milton, P. L., xii. 613.
Oh ye fountains, meadows, hills, and groves.
Forebode not any severing of our loves !
Wordsworth, Immortality, xi.
Of thee this I prognosticate,
Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date.
Shak., Sonnets, xiv.
n. intrans. To ntter prediction or prophecy.
All the prophets from Samuel . . . have likewise .fore-
told of these days. .Acts ill. 24.
foreteller (f6r-tel'6r), n. One who foretells,
predicts, or prophesies.
A minstrel of the natural year,
Foreteller of the vernal ides.
Wise harbinger of spheres and tides.
Emerson, Woodnotes, I.
foretMnk^ (for-thingk'), ». ; pret. and pp.
forethought, ppr. forethinJcing. [< ME. for-
thynken; <fore-^ + think."] I. intrans. To think
or contrive beforehand. [Rare.]
U. trans. To think, consider, contrive, or con-
template beforehand. [Rare.]
Ere thou go, with thyself e/or(Aj/7tA:<!
That thou take with thee ])en, paper, and ynke.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 339.
Now the need inflames me.
When \ forethink the hard conditions
Our states must undergo, except in time
We do redeem ourselves to liberty.
B. Jonton, Catiline, L 1
forethink
The motion, lady,
To me, I can assure you, is not sudden,
But welcom'd and /ovethouqht.
Ford, Lady's Trial, v. 2.
forethink'-t, c. Seeforthink.
forethought (for'that), n. [< ME. forethouht,
forthoght; <fore-l + thought.'] 1. A thinking
beforehand ; previous consideration ; premedi-
tation.
This materis more gitt will I mende, so for to fulfill my
/or-thoiitit. York Plays, p. 13.
Devises by last will and testament are always more
favoure<l in construction than formal deeds, which are
presumed to be made with great c&ution, forethought, and
advise. Blaelatotie, Com.
His good was mainly an intent,
His evil not ot forethought done.
Whittier, My Kamesake.
2. Provident care; prudence.
The native race would still have had to learn from the
colonists industry &ndforethoxiffht. the arts of life, and the
language I'f England. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
= Syn. 2. Foresight, precantion, forecast.
forethoughtful (for'that-fvd), a. [< fore-
thought, H., + -fuW] Having forethought.
[Rare.]
foretime (for'tim), ». A time previous to the
present, or to a time alluded to or implied.
His people, to whom all foreign matters in foretime were
odious, began to wish in their beloved prince experience
by traveL Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
The outward, visible Athens seemed unchanged. There
she sat, as in l\\G foretiuw, on her citadel rock.
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 180.
foretoken (for'to-kn), n. [< ME. foretoken, for-
tokin, fortaken, <.ASi.foretdecn,fortacen, (.fore,
for, before, + tdcen, a sign, token : see/orc-1 and
token, H.] A prognostic ; a premonitory sign.
It may prove some ominoua foretoken of misfortune.
Sir P. Sidnei/.
foretoken (for-to'kn), v. t. [< ME. *foretoknen
(not found), < AS. foretdcnian, foreshow, < /ore-
tdcen, a foretoken: see foretokeii, n.] To be-
token beforehand ; prognosticate; foreshadow.
Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood.
Daniel.
The boat is said to turn, sometimes, when there is no
wind to move it, and, according to the position which it
takes, to foretoken various events, good and evil.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 226.
foretokening (for-tok'ning), n. [Verbal n. of
foretoken, r.] Indication in advance.
The dictatour himself, for his part, hath given a good
foretokening &nA presage of a consult commoner, in elect-
ing his generall of horsemen from out of the commons.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 245.
fore-tooth (for'toth), n. A tooth in the fore
part of the mouth ; any tooth socketed in the
premaxillary bone; an incisor. [Properly
written as two words.]
foretop (for'top), n. [< ME. foretop, fortop,
foretop (def. 1) ; <f(yre-^ + top.] If. The fore-
head.
His fax [hah*] and \i\& foretoppe was fllterede togeders.
Morte Arthure, f. 64. {Halliwell.)
Blessynge of hym that aperyde in the busshe come upon
the heed of Joseph, and upon the furtop of Xazarey.
Wyclif, Deut. xxxiii. 16 (Oxf.).
2. A lock of hair, either natural or in a wig,
long enough to lie on the forehead, but some-
times erect or brushed up, worn by both ladies
and gentlemen at various periods until the lat-
ter part of the eighteenth century. The word
is stUl applied in Suffolk, England, to an erect
tuft of hair.
Her Majesty in the same habit, her fore-top long and
turned aside very strangely. Evelyn, Diary, May 30, 1662.
You must first have an especial care so to wear your hat
that It oppress not confusedly this your predominant, or
foretop. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, iii. 1.
I have been often put out of countenance by the short-
ness of my face, and was formerly at great pains in con-
cealing it by wearing a periwig with a high fore-top, and
letting my beard grow. Steele, Spectator, No. 17.
3. Naut., the platform erected at the head of
the foremast.
foretopman (for'top-man), n. ; pi. foretopmen
(-men). In a man-of-war, one of a number of
men stationed for duty in the foretop.
foretopmast (for'top-mast or -mast), n. The
mast erected at the head of the foremast, above
the foretop.
The ship was under royals and foretopmast stunsail.
W. C. Russell, Jack's Courtship, xxxi.
forever (fOr-ev'6r), adv. [Prop, as two words:
for, prep. ; ever, adv.] A common mode of
writing for ever (which see, under ever).
The horologe of Eternity
Sayeth this incessantly, —
^^ Forever — never !
Never — forever!"
Longfellow, Old Clock on the Stairs.
2330
forevermore (f^r-ev'^r-mor), adv. [Prop, as
two words: for, prep.; evermore, adv.] For
ever hereafter.
I am he that liveth, and was dead ; and behold, I am
alive /or evermore. Amen. Kev. i. 18.
forevouch (for-voueh'), V. t. To vouch, avow,
, or declare beforehand.
Sure, her offence
Must be of such unnatural degree
That monsters it, or your fore-vouch' d affection
Fall into taint. Shak., Lear, i. 1.
fore'wallt, «- [ME. forewal, forwal, < AS. fore-
weuil, < fore-, fore-, + ■xeall, wall.] An outer
wall. ll'ucUf, Isa. xxvi. 1 (Purv.).
fore'wardlt (for'wilrd), a. A rare and obsolete
(but more original) form of forward^.
forewardlf (for'ward), «. [< ME. foreword, for-
ward; < forewardX, a.] The van; the front;
the advance.
After the forewarde com the cariage and the prayes that
was grete, and hem condited Adax with x™i men, and after
in the rerewarde com Orienx. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 276.
Myforeward shall be drawn out all in length.
Consisting equally of horse and foot.
Shak., Kich. III., v. 3.
fore'ward^t, «. See forward^.
foreiwarn (for-wam' ), v. t. To warn, admonish,
or advise beforehand ; give previous notice to.
Young Chonebus . . .
(Had] lately brought his troops to Priam's aid;
Forewam'd in vain by the prophetick maid.
Diyden, ^neid, ii. 464.
Tliis day I forewarn thee of death and disgrace.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 154.
forewarning (for-war'ning), n. [Verbal n. of
forewarn, v.] A premonition.
Sometimes God orders things so as a sin is made a great
sin hy ^wohforewarnings ; so he contrived circumstances
in Judas his sinning. Goodwin, Works, III. 523.
fore'wastet, «■ t- Seeforwaste.
foreway (for'wa), n. A highroad. Halliwell.
[North. Eng.]
fore'wearyt, v. t. See forweary.
fore'weept (for-wep'), v. t. To weep before;
usher in with weeping. Davies.
The sky in sullen drops of rain
Forewept the morn.
Churchill, The Duellist, i. 155.
foreweigh (for-wa'), v. t. To estimate in ad-
vance ; count the cost of beforehand.
Where each indulgence was /oreKviz/Aed with care.
And the grand maxims were to sav& and spare.
Crabbe, Works, IV. 98.
fore'Wetingt^^ ». Same &sforewitting.
fore'Wind (for'wind), ». l. A wind that blows
a vessel forward on her course ; a fair wind.
Give us your fore-winds fairly, fill our wings.
And steer us right. Fletcher, Mad Lover, Prol.
Long sail'd I on smooth seas, hyforewiruts borne.
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 25.
2. The leader of a gang of reapers. [Prov.
Eng.]
fore-'Wing (for' wing), n. In entom., one of the
anterior wings of an insect : often used for the
tegmina of Orthoptera, the hemielj^ra of He-
miptera, and even for the elytra of Coleoptern,
all of these being modified anterior wings.'
[Properly written as two words.]
forewish (for-wish'), v. t. To wish beforehand.
The wiser sort ceased not to do what in them lay to pro-
cure that the good eoramovAy forewished might in time
come to effect. Knolles, Hist. Turks.
forewitt, v. t. [ME. forwiten (pret. foncot, for-
woot),<. AS. forewitan {pret.forewdt), foreknow,
< fore, before, + witan, know, wit : see fore-'-
and wit, v.] To foreknow.
Though God forwot it, er that it was wrought.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 426.
fore'Wltt (for'wit), n. [< ME. forwit; < fore-^
+ wit, knowledge. Ct. fore wit, v.] 1. Timely
knowledge; precaution; foresight.
Seynt Gregorie was a gode pope, and hadde a godeforunt.
Piers Plowman (B), v. 166.
After-wits are dearly bought ;
Let thy fore-wit guide thy thought. Southwell.
2. [</ore-i-f-w»f, a clever man.] One who puts
himself forward as a leader in matters of taste
or criticism.
Nor that the/ore-wi«», that would draw the rest.
Unto their liking, always like the best.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, Prol.
fore'witeret, n. One who foreknows. Chaucer.
foreiyittingt, «. [ME. foreweting, < AS. fore-
witung, foreknowledge, verbal n. of forewitan,
forewit: see forewit, v.] The act of foreknow-
ing; foreknowledge. Chaucer.
forewoman (f6r'wum'''an), 71.; pi. forewomen
(-wim"en). The head woman in a workshop
forfeit
or of a department in a shop, etc. Compare
foreman.
foreword (f or' w6rd), n. [< /ore-1 + word, after
G. vorwort (= D. voorwoord = Dan. forord =
Sw. forord), preface, < vor, = E. fore^, + wort
= E. word.] A preface or introduction to a lit-
erary work : a word seldom used.
foreworld (for' w6rld), n. [= G. rorwelt = Dan.
forverden = Sw. fornverld ; as/oce-l + world.]
A previous world or state of the world ; specifi-
cally, the world before the flood. [Poetical.]
It were as wise to bring from Ararat
Thefore-world's wood to build the magic pile.
Southey, Thalaba, ix.
foreyard^ (for'yard), ». [< /ore-l + yard''-.]
Naut., the lower yard on the foremast of a
square-rigged vessel.
foreyard'-^t (for'yard), n. [< ME. forgerd; <
fore-^ + yard^.] The yard or court in front
of a house ; a front yard.
Caste thou out the for^erd [porche, Oxf.] that is withoul
the temple. Wyclif, Apoc. xi. 2 (Purv.),
forfaintt.a. [Improp./ore/am<; <for-'>-+ faint.]
Very faint ; languishing ; pitiful.
And with that word of sorrow, all forefaint
She looked up.
Sackvitle, Ind. to Mir. for Mags., st. 15.
forfairn (for-farn'), p. a. [Sc, also forefairn
(< ME. forfaren) ; pp. of forfare, q. v.] For-
lorn ; destitute ; worn out ; jaded.
And tho' wi' crazy eild I'm aa.iT forfairn,
I'll be a Brig when ye're a shapeless cairn.
Burns, Brigs of Ayr.
forfanglf, forfengt, n. [AS. forfang, also for-
feng and forefong, forefeng, a seizing, particu-
larly in a legal sense, as in def. (ef. MLG. vor-
vank = ODan. forfang = Sw. forfdng, damage,
detriment), < forfon (pret. forfeng, pp. forfang-
en, forfongen), seize, take (= OS. farfdhan
(pret. farfeng, pp. farfangan) = MLG. vorvd-
hen = OHG. firfdhan, MHG. vervdhen, G. ver-
fangen, refl., be caught, = ODan. forfange, for-
faa, injure, dupe), < for- + f&n, seize, take,
fang: see /or-1 and fang, v.] In Anglo-Saxon
law: (a) The seizure and rescue of stolen or
lost property, particularly cattle, from the
thief or from persons having illegal posses-
sion. (6) The reward fixed for such seizure or
rescue.
forfan^^f^ n. [The sense defined rests on an
entry in Spelman; Fleta has forfang in sense
of 'forestalling'; but the word does not occur
in the AS. laws in this sense, which appears
to be due to a misunderstanding ot forfang^,
taken, as it is in a Latin version of the AS.
laws, in the sense ' prseventio vel antieipatio,'
a taking before, < AS. forefon (pret. forefeng,
pp. forefangen), anticipate, < fore, before, +
fan, take.] In old Eng. law, the taking of provi-
sions from any person in fairs or markets be-
fore the royal purveyors were served with neces-
saries for the sovereign. [A doubtful sense:
see etymology.]
forfaret, v. [ilLE. forfaren, < AS. forfaran, pass
away, perish, tr. destroy (= G. lerfahren =
ODan. forfare, perish), < for-, away, + far an,
fo, fare : see for-'^ and fare^. Ct. forfairn.]
. intrans. To go to ruin; be destroyed; perish.
Whanne they seen pore foDs forfare.
Bom. of the Base, L 6779.
H. trans. To destroy; ruin.
Non synf ul manne he wille forfare.
Paraphrase of t/ie Seven Penit. Psalms (ed. Black), p. 3.
Thre enmys in thys worlde ther are,
That coueytez alle men to for-f are —
The deuel, the fiesshe, the worlde also.
That wyrkyn mankynde fnl mykyl wo.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 305.
forfaultt, ". t. [Also forfalt; < for-^ ■\- fault;
appar. suggested by /or/et<. Ct. default.] To
subject to forfeiture ; attaint ; forfeit.
If you be not traitour to the King,
Forfaulted sail thou uevir be.
So7ig of the Outlaw Murray (Child's Ballads, VI. 36).
forfanlturet, ». [Also forfalture ; <forfault +
-ure. Ct. forfeiture.] Forfeiture; attainder.
In the same Parliament Sir William Creichton was also
forfalted for diverse causes. . . . This /or/ai(ure was con-
cluded, etc. Holinshed, Chrou.
forfeit (fdr'fit), V. [The i has been inserted in
imitation of the F. -fait, as in counterfeit (ME.
rarely -f6'ii),SMr/ei< (ME. rarely -/a«t) ; reg.'/or-
fet, (.ME. forfeten, trespass, transgress, tr. lose
the right to by some transgression, etc., < AF.
forfet, OF. forfait, pp. otforfaire, ( Mli. foris- •
facere, transgress, tr. forfeit, < L. foris, out of
forfeit
doors, beyond, +Jaeere, do: see/oc-3 and /act
Cf. forfeit, «.] I. tram. 1. To lose the legal
or moral right to by one's own act or omission
to act, usually by a breach of conditions or by a
wrong act. offense, fault, crime, or neglect ; be-
come by one's own act liable to be deprived of.
How darest thou so often forfeit thy life ?
Thou knowest it is in my power to take it.
Beau, and Ft., King and No King, iv. 2.
I would not lose her good-will, nor for/eit the reputa-
tion which I have with her for wisdom.
Addigun, Advice in Love.
He who has bound us to him by benefits alone rises to
our idea as a person to whom we have in some measure
forfeited our freedom.
Gotdamith, Citizen of the World, livi.
2. To cause the forfeiture of.
Unhand me, and learn manners I such another
Forgetfulness /or/CTt» your life.
Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, iv. 1.
3. To yield up as a forfeiture.
Owners of farm-houses to which a holding of 20 acres
is 8ttachc«i are bound to keep them in repair, or /ar/eit
half the profits to the king.
SliMis, Metlieval and Modem Hist., p. 363.
4t. To subject to forfeiture.
We mone hefor/etede in faith and flemyde [banished] for
ever ! Mwte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11B6.
H.t intrans. To transgress; trespass; com-
mit a fault.
Al this suifred Ihesu Crl«t that nevere/or/rterf.
Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Whan ye departs fro me ye shull neuer /i>r/e(e to lady ne
daniesell in the loude of kynge Arthur.
Nertin (E. E. T. 8.), Ul. 696.
forfeit (fdr'fit), a. Forfeited.
My bond to tlie Jew i» /or/eit ; and alnce in paying it
it is impowible I should live, all debts are cleared be-
tween you and L Shot., -M. of V., UL 2.
By my soul,
And what it hopes for, if thou attempt his life,
Thy own a for/eit !
Beau, and PL, Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 2.
By the memory of Edenic joys
Forfeit and lost
Mr». Browning, Drama of Exile.
forfeit (fdr'fit), n. [< ME. forfet, < AT. for/et,
OF. forfait. < ML. fotisfactum, a transgression,
fault, also a penalty, fine, neut. pp. of foris-
faeere (> OF. forfaire), transgress, forfeit: see
forfeit, r.] If. A transgression; a misdeed;
a crime ; a malicious injury.
Myn hert, ner I, haue doon you noo forfeyt»
By which ye shulde coropleyne f n any kynde.
PUitieal Poeim, etc (ed. FurnivaU), p. 78.
Thus the! soloumed xv dayes in the town, that they dide
noon other y<n-/et on nother side.
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 109.
2. That to which the legal or moral right is
lost by one's own act or failure to act, as by a
breach of conditions or by a wrong deed or
offense ; hence, that which is taken or paid in
forifeiture; a fine; a mulct; a penalty: as, he
who murders pays the /or/i?»t of his life.
Thy slanders I forgive-; and therewithal
Bemit thy other furfeitt. Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
Your brother is * forfeit of the law,
And you but waste your words.
Shak., M. for Jf., 11. 2.
Thou hast undone a faithful gentleman.
By txkiagforfeit of his land.
Fktcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, iv. 5.
See nations blotted out from earth to pay
The forfeit of deep guilt. Bryant, The Age*.
Who breaks law, breaks pact, therefore, helps hinuelt
To pleasure and proBt over and above the du%
And most pay forfeit — pain beyond bis share.
Broirning, King and Book, n. 240.
3. Something deposited and redeemable by a
sportive fine ; hence, in the plural, a game in
whic>h articles deposited by individual players
as forfeited by doing or omitting to do some-
thing are redeemable by some sportive fine or
penalty imposed by the judge.
Ck>untrr dancea and forfeitt shortened the rest of the
day. Ooldtmith, Vicar, ii.
A pleasant game, she thought ; she liked It more
Than magic matic, forfeitt, all the rest.
TennyeoH, Prlncei*, Prol.
Forfeits In a barber's shop, according to Haniwell,
p«n:iUit;.s lor liaii'lliiig the razors, etc., still existing in
iK>me villagt-H, and iiiiirc necessary In .Shakspere's time,
when the mirber was also a snrgeon.
Laws for all faults.
But fanlta so countenanc'd, that the strong statutes
Stand like the forfeits in a ttarljer's ghop.
As much in mock as mark. Shak., M. for M., T. 1.
= 8yn. 2. >*ee list under forfeiture.
forfeitable (f6r'fi-t»-bl), a. [< forfeit + -ahle.l
Liable to bo forfeited ; subject to forfeiture.
And thath that ytforfetabelt. to forfete hltt.
Jingtith aU<U (E. E. T. &.), p. 336.
2331
For the future, uses shkll be subject to the statutes of
mortmain, and forfeitable like the lauds themselves.
Blackstone.
forfeiter (f6r'fit-er), n. One who forfeits ; one
who incurs a penalty.
Forfeiters you cast in prison. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 2.
forfeitmentt (for'fit-ment), «. l< forfeit +
-ment.] Same as forfeiture.
Then many a Lollard would in forfeitment
Bear paper-faggots o'er the pavement.
Bp. Hall, Satires, II. i. 17.
forfeiture (f6r'fi-tur), ». [< 'ME. forfeture, < OF.
forfeture,forfaiture=VT.forfaitnre,forfacture,
< WL.forisfactura, <forisfacere (> OF. forfaire,
etc.), forfeit: see forfeit, v.'] 1 . The act of for-
feiting ; the losing of some moral or legal right
or privilege, as estate, office, effects, honor, or
credit, through one's own fault.
To see what maner of clothes there be vnder paineof /or-
feiture of tlie saide goods. HakluyVs Voyages, 1. 173.
His father's care,
That for the want of issue took him home
(Though with the/or/eiture of his own fame),
Will look unto his safety. Fletcher, Spanish Curate.
John Balliol's/oj/citMr^, his renunciation of homage, his
cession of the crown to Edward, were all legal acts.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 219.
2. Specifically, in law, the divesting of prop-
erty, or the termination or failure of a right, by
or in consequence of a wrong, default, or breach
of a condition. — 3. That which is forfeited; a
forfeit; a fine or mulct.
The same forfetoures to be enployed, halfe to the said
cite, and the oder halfe to the said Sratemite.
Engliih Gild) (E. E. T. 8.), p. 336.
Ancient privileges and acts of grace indulged by former
kings must not without high reason be revoked by their
successors, nor forfeitures he exacted violently, nor penal
laws urged riiiorously. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.
Title by forfeiture, title which is acquired by the person
upon wiioni, by tlie fact of forfeiture, or a decree there-
on, property is devolved. = 8yn. Damage, etc. (see f<i«»);
amercement, sefiuestration, confiscation.
forfend (f^r-fend'), V. t. [Also, improp., fore-
fend; < ME./or/enrfeM, <for- +fen(len, fend, de-
fend: see/or-l and/endl.] To fend off; avert;
forbid. [Obsolete, but still used archaically in
literature. J
Ye entriden not Inne, and other men that entriden 3e
hade /or/«>ufui. Wyelif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), I. 241.
Heavens/of/rnd.' I would not kill thy soul.
Shak., Othello, r. 2.
forfengt, ». Seeforfang^.
forferel, V. t. [ME., only in pp./or/(?rerf, terrify,
alarm (= D. vervareii = MLG. vonercn, LG. ver-
vceren, verviren = MHG. vervieren = ODan. for-
ftere, Dtm.forfcerde = Sw.forfdra), <for- inten-
sive +fereH, terrify, cause to fear: see/or-i and
fear^, v. <.] To subject to great fear; terrify.
He spered his yate, and in he ran
Forfered of that wode man.
Ywaine and Gaunn, 1. 1677 (Ritson's Metr. Kom., I.X
■Tyl that myn hert, . . .
Forfered of his deth, . . . Graunted him lore.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, L 619.
forfez (fdr'feks), «. ; pi. forfiees (-fi-sez). [L.,
a pair of shears or scissors.] A pair of scissors.
The peer now spreads the gUtt'ring /or/«s wide,
T inclose the lock ; now joins It, to divide.
Pope, R. of the L., ill. 147.
forflcate (fdr'fl-kat), a. [< Uforfex (forfic-),
scissors, + -ale^."] Deeply forked ; very furcate
or much furcated: said of the tail of a bird,
for instance, when the depth of the fork equals
or exceeds the length of the shortest feather.
See cut tinder .rnV/n<''-Wr<J.
forfication (for-fi-ka'shon), n. [< forficate +
-ion."] The state of being forficate; a deep fork-
ing or furcation : as, the forfication of the tail
is three inches deep.
forflces, «. Plural of forfex.
Forflcola (fOr-fik'ti-la), n. [L., dim. ot forfex
(forfic-), scissors. j "The typical genus of ear-
wigs of the family ForficulicUe. F. auricuUtria
is the best-known species.
forflculate (f<)r-flk'u-Iat), a. [< L. forficula,
dim. ot forfex (forfic-), scissors, + -ute^.'] For-
ficate ; furcate: as, the /or/icu/ote palpi of cer-
tain scorpions.
Forflculiaa (f6r-fi-ku'li-<le), n. pi. [NL., < For-
firitla + -iV/rt'.] A family of orthopterous in-
sects, the earwigs, alono constituting the sub-
onler Euplexiyptera. See Euplexoptera, Der-
vmptera, and cut under earwig.
Forficulina (fOr-flk-u-li'nS), n. pi. Same as
Ftirliritlidw.
forfbughten (fOr-fa'tn), a. [< ME. /or/oujteH,
forfiiiiliii , forfohten, pp. of an unused verb *for-
filiteii,<.fiir- + fihtcn, etc., fight: see/or-land
fight.] Exhausted with fighting or labor; fa-
tigued and breathless. [Old Eng. and Scotch.]
forge
3e schuld now make 30W nierie, soxu- mene to glade
That feynt arfor-fouten in feld and for- wounded.
William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3686.
I'm but like &forfoughen hound.
Has l>een fighting in a dirty syke.
Hobie Noble (Child's Ballads, VI. 104).
And tho' forfovgkten sair eneugh.
Yet unco proud to learn.
Bums, To the Guidwife of Wauchope.
for-gabt. V. t. [ME. forgabben ; < /or-i -I- gab^.l
To mock ; gibe.
Whoso /or-(7a66ed a frere y-fouuden at the stues,
And brougte blod of his bodi on bak or on side,
Hyni were as god greuen a greit lorde of rentes.
Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 631.
forgaldedt, a. \VTo^.forgalled,<for-^ intensive
-1- galled.'] Very much galled.
But sure that horse which tyreth like a roile.
And lothes the griefe of hia forgalded sides.
Is better much than is the harbrainde colte.
Gascoigne, Philomene (ed. Arber), p. 117.
forgatt (f^r-gaf). An obsolete preterit ot for-
get.
forgather (f6r-gaTH'6r), v. i. [Orig. Sc. ; also,
impiop., /orei/oWier; <. for-^ + gather.'] 1. To
meet; convene.
The sev'n trades there
Forgather'd for their siller gun
To shoot ance mair.
ilayne. Siller Gun, p. 9.
Dickens, Carlyle, and myself foregathered with the ad-
mirable Emerson. J. Forster, Dickens, II. 476.
Fine ladies rubbed shoulders with actresses, magistrates
foregathered with jockeys and sharpers.
J. Uawthorne, Dust, p. 7.
2. To become intimately acquainted (with);
take up (with).
0, may thou we'er forgather up
Wi' ony blastit, muirfand tup.
Burtis, Death of Poor Mailie,
forga've (f^r-gav'). Preterit ot forgive.
forgel (forj), H. [< -ME. forge, < OT. forge, F.
forge = Pr. farga = Sp. Pg. forja (It. dial.
forgia, < F.), < L. fabrica, a workshop, also a
fabric, (.fabei; a smith, an artisan : see/afcric]
1. In general, a place where anything is made,
shaped, or devised ; a workshop.
But now behold.
In the <iuick /or^^! and working-house of thought,
How London doth pour out her citizens !
Shak., Hen. V., v. (cho.X
It was a practice of impiety.
Out of your wicked/or^e, I know it now.
B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, It. 1.
Specifically — 2. An open fireplace or furnace,
fitted with a bellows or some other appliance for
obtaining a blast to urge the fire, and serving to
heat metal in order that it may be hammered into
form. Forges afe of many shniws and sizes, ranging from
small hand-furnaces heated with gas, for jewelers' use, to
the largest furnaces for heating heavy forgings to be treat-
ed with a Bteam-hamnier. Tliey are sometimes portable,
or mounted on wheels to be moved from place to place, as
in the battery-forge. Military forges include an anvil and
other appliances.
I know vnder the grene the serpent how he lurkes ;
The hanunerof the restlessc/or;?? I wote eke how it workes.
Surrey, Fickle Aficctions.
.Soon as he bade them blow, the bellows turn'd
Their iron mouths ; . . . at once the blast expires,
And twenty forges catch at once the fires.
Poi>e, Iliad, xvili
Children coming home from school
Look in at the open door;
• They love to see the naming forge.
And hear the bellows roar.
Longfellow, Village Blacksmith.
3. A smithy or worlss where forging is done.
Joe . . . passed Into the forge. One of the soldiers
opened its wooden windows, another lighted the fire.
Ihckens, Great Expectations, v.
4. Any large iron- working shop. — 5t. The act
of beating or working iron or steel; the manu-
facture of objects in metal.
An horse of brasse thel lette do forge.
Of suche entalle, and of suche n forge.
That in this world was neuer man
That suche an other worke began.
Gower, Conf. Amant., i.
In the greater bodies the forge was easy. Bacon.
6. A sort of hearth or furnace in which malle-
able iron is made directly, from the ore, by the
so-called " direct process." For carrying on this
process successfully the ore must be rich and fusible, and
charcoal (the only fuel employed) be obtainable at a mod-
erate price. Various modifications of tlie forge were, and
some of them still are, in use to a limited extent under
the names of "Catalan,'-' "Bticnyan," and "Navarrese"
forges. Tills process is also in use in America on Lake
Champlain. and in the Lake Superior Iron regions. The
forge there employed does notililfer much from the Cata-
lan. Establishments of this kind are freijuently called
*' bloomcries." See btoinnerjt, and Catalan fxtrnnee, under
/tiniac.!.— Traveling forge (mini.), a portable forge ac-
companying a company of cavalry or a battery of artillery.
See def. 2.
forge
forgei (forp, r. ; pret. and pp. forged, ppr.forg-
iiuj. [< iiij.forgeii, forge (metals), form, de\-ise,
make falsely, < OF. forgicr, forger, F. forger =
Pr. fargar = Sp. Fg.forjar, < L. fabricari,f<ihri-
care, make (out of wood, stone, metal, etc.),
frame, construct, < fabrica, a workshop, also a
fabric, structure, etc.: seeforge^, »., and/((6r)-
eate.'\ I. trans. 1. To form by heating in a
forge and hammering; beat into some particu-
lar shape, as a mass of metal.
Fxil brighter was the shynyng of hir hewe
Than in the Tour the noble yfofrged newe.
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 70.
But the same set of tools, perhaps, suffice to the plough-
maker ior forging a hundred ploughs, which serve during
the twelve years of their existence to prepare the soil of so
many different farms. J. S. Mill,
2. To form or shape out in any way ; make by
any means ; invent.
Put nat the wyte of this tale upon me,
That 1/orged it upon my hed.
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 32.
A tliousand pound of wax/ourged and made she,
As for the morn to don the obseque,
At sodayn warnyng had thay such huge light,
Jiom. o/Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. -2335.
¥e&t/orgeth sounds in my deluded ears.
B. Joneon, Poetaster, iv. 6.
"Se forged . . . boyish histories
Of battle, bold adventure, dungeon, wreck.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
3. To fabricate by false imitation; specifically,
in law, to make a false instriuuent (including
every alteration of or addition to a true instru-
ment) in similitude of an instrument by which
one person could be obligated to another, with
criminal intent, for the purpose of fraud and
deceit : as, to forge coin ; to forge a writing.
See forgery, and compare counterfeit, n., 2.
We are contented with the miracles which the Apostles
wrought without /or^^/i^ or believing new ones.
Stillingjieet, Sermons, I. ix.
A \etteT forged ! Saint Jude to speed !
Did ever knight so foul a deed?
Scott, Marmion, vi. 15.
=S3?n. 1. To hammer out. — 2. To fabricate, frame, man-
ufacture, coin.
II. intrans. To commit forgery.
forge^ (forj), V. ; pret. and pp. forged, ppr. forg-
ing. [Origin not clear; perhaps a naut. cor-
ruption ot forced (first as v. t. ?); of. E. dial.
carcaje for carcass, dispoge, dispoje, for dispose.']
1. intrans. To move ahead slowly, with diffi-
culty, or by mere momentum : said properly of
a vessel, but also of other things: commonly
with ahead. See ahead.
And off she [the ship] forged without a shock.
De Qtiincey.
New communities which forge ahead and prosper.
Wegtmi7tster Rev., CXXVIII. 567.
H. trans. Naut., to force or impel forward:
usually with off, on, over, etc. : as, to forge a
ship over a shoal.
forgeability (f or-ja-bil'j-ti), ». {(.forgeahle : see
-Jfility.^ Capability of being forged.
The greater the proportion the free iron bears to the
sum of these compounds, the greater the forgeability and
weldability of the metal. Ure, Diet., IV. 552.
forgeable (for'ja-bl), a. l< forge^ + -able.^
Capable of being forged, in any sense of the
word.
Forgers treten forgeable thingis.
Wyclif, Pref. to Epistles (ed. Forshall and Madden), vi.
Steel is very malleable and forgeable when heated.
W. II. Greenwood, Steel and Iron, p. 387.
forgedlyt, adv. With artifice ; deceitfully,
iler adversaries might easily get the cyphers which she
had made use of to others, and with the same write many
things forgedly and falsely. Camden, Elizabeth, an. 1586.
Both falsely and forgedly to deceiue me.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 91.
forgemaster (fdrj'mas"t6r), n. The owner or
superintendent of a forge or iron-works.
The ttrst forgemaster was Governo Lewis Morris.
The Engineer, LXVI. 281.
forger (for'jer), n. [< ME. forgere, < OF. for-
giere (also forgeur, F.forgeur), < forger, forge:
see forge^, v.} 1. One who forges, forms, or
makes ; specifically, a smith ; a wright.
God, that is forgere of alle thinges.
Wyclif, Eccl. xi. 5 (Oxf.).
Ye are /orders of lies. Jobxiii. 4.
We have found, in agreement with Transcendentalism,
that the experiencing subject must be the sentient agent,
the thinker, and therewith itself the veritable forger of
the momentarily lapsing particulars of thought.
.Mind, IX. 359.
2. One who makes something by false imita-
tion; a falsifier; specifically, one who makes
or issues a counterfeit document; a person
guilty of forgery.
2332
Mark them with characters and brands
Like other forgers of men's hands.
S. Butler, Satire njion Plagiaries.
forge-roll (forj'rol), «. One of the train of
rolls by which a slab or bloom of metal is con-
verted into puddled bars.
forgery (for' j6r-i), M. ; pi. forgeries {-iz). [< F.
forgerie; as forge^ + -ery.'] If. The act of
forging or working metal into shape.
Useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear. Milton, S. A., 1. 131.
2t. Invention; devising.
They ran well on horseback, but this gallant
Had witchcraft in 't ; . . .
... I, in forgery of shapes and tricks,
Come short of what he did. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7.
3. The act of fabricating or producing falsely ;
the making of a thing in imitation of another
thing, as a legal document, commercial paper
or coin, a literary production, a work of art, a
natural object, etc., with a view to deceive, mis-
lead, or defraud ; specifically, the act of fraudu-
lently making, counterfeiting, or altering any
record, instrument, register, note, or the like, to
the prejudice of the right of another : as, the for-
gery of a cheek or a bond, in criminal law it de-
notes (at common law) a false making of any instrument
by which one person can become obligated to another (in-
cluding every alteration of or addition to a true instru-
ment), with criminal intent, for purposes of fraud and de-
ceit ; the making or altering a writing so as to make the
alteration or the writing purport to be the act of some
person whose act it is not ; the false making of an instru-
ment which purports to be that which it is not, as distin-
guisliod from an instrument which purports to be what it
really is, but contains false statements. The definition is
much enlarged by various statutes in dirt'erent jurisdic-
tions, under which many acts not originally forgery are
punishable as such. See counterfeit, n., 2.
In war he practised the same art that he had seen so
successful to Marius, of raising a kind of enthusiasm and
contempt of danger in his army by the forgery of auspices
and divine admonitions. C. Middleton, Cicero, I. § i.
Forgery may with us be defined (at common law) to be
"the fraudulent making or alteration of a writing to the
prejudice of another man's right."
Blackstone, Com., IV. xvii.
4. That which is forged, fabricated, falsely or
fraudulently devised, or counterfeited ; any in-
strument which fraudulently purports to be
that which it is not.
These are hvX forgeries.
But toyes, but tales, but dreams, deceipts, and lies.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden.
The writings going under the name of Aristobulus were
a forgery of the second centiny.
Waterland, Works, VIII. 6.
forge-scale (forj'skal), «. The coating of oxid
which forms on iron heated to redness, or to a
still higher temperature, as in forging bar-iron,
and which may be detached from the metal by
bending or hammering. Also called iron-scale
and hammer-scale.
forget (for -get'), «>. t.; pret. forgot (forgot,
obs.), pp. forgotten, forgot, ppr. forgetting. [<
ME. forgeten, forgiten, forgeteti, forgiten (pret.
forgat, format, foryat, pp. forgeten, forgeten,
foryeten, forgute, forgote), < AS. forgitan, for-
gietan, forgytan (pret. forgeat, pi. forgedton,
forgmton, forgeton, pp. forgiten, forgeten) (=
OS.fargetan = D. vergeten = MLG. vorgeten =
OHG. firgezzan, MHG. vergezzen, G. vergessen
= ODan. forgade, forgwtte = Sw.fiirgdta; el.
equiv. OFries. urjeta, forjeta = OHG. irgezzcn,
MHG. ergetzen), forget, </or- priv. + gitan, ge-
tan, get: see /or-t and (/efl.] 1. To lose, tem-
porarily or permanently, the power of recall-
ing to consciousness (something once known or
thought of) ; permit to pass, for a time or for
ever, from the mind; cease or fail to remember.
Yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, hut for-
gat him. Gen. xl. 23.
Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
Ps. ciii. 2.
Here the matter is treated lightly, as exciting no atten-
tion : or passed, as never to be known, or, if known, only
to be forgot. Sir W. Hamilton.
The genius of Sallust is still with us. But the Numidi-
ana whom he plundered . . . are forgotten.
Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
The after-world forgets my name.
Nor do I wish it known.
M. Arnold, Obermann Once More.
2. Figuratively, to overlook or neglect in any
way ; fail to take thought of ; lose care for.
Can a woman forget her sucking child ? . . . Yea, they
may forget, yet will I not forget thee. Isa. xlix. 15.
The terrour of such new and resolute opposition made
theia forget thir wonted valour. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
The greater part of the walls, towers, and gates of Sa-
lona, not forgetting a gate which has been made out in
the long walls themselves, all belong to one general style
of masonry. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 166.
forget-me-not
To forget one's self, to lose one's dignity or self-con.
trol, and say or do .something unbecoming in or unworthy
of one.
Urge me no more, I sh&\\ forget myself.
Shak., 3. C, iv. 3.
But I am heated,
And i\o forget this presence and myself:
Your pardon, lady.
Beau, and Ft., Laws of Candy, ii. 1.
forgetable, forgettable (f6r-get'a-bl), a. [<
forget + -able.] That may be forgotten ; easily
escaping the memory.
Into the liml)o of forgetable and forgotten things.
The Century, XXV. 273.
forgetableness, forgettableness (for-get'a-bl-
nes), n. The quality of being forgetable.
Mr. 's a priori argument as to the forgetabUnejts of
the non-coincidental experiences of the same kind comes
to nothing. Amer. Soc. Psych. liesearch, I. 177.
forgetelt, «. [ME., also forgetil, forgetel, for-
yetcl; < AS. forgitel, forgytel,forgytol, forgetful,
< forgitan, forgytan, forget: see forget.] Dis-
posed to forget ; forgetful.
forgetful (tor-get 'ful), a. [< ME. forgetful,
forgetful, an irreg. formation (with-/)/? for ear-
lier -el), substituted for earlier forgetel, q. v.]
1 . Disposed or apt to forget ; easily losing the
power of recalling past experience or know-
ledge to mind.
Not maad a forgetful herer, but a doer of werk.
Wyclif, Jas. i. 25.
Look, Lucius, here's the book I sought for so :
I put it in the pocket of my gown. . . .
Bear with me, good boy, I am mwch forgetful.
Shak., J. C, iv. 3.
2. Heedless; careless; neglectful ; inattentive.
In plenty and fulness it may be we are of God more/or-
getfiil than were requisite. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 24.
Be notforgetftd to entertain strangers. Heb. xiii. 2.
3. Causing to forget; inducing oblivion; ob-
livious.
Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench
Of th&t forgetful lake benumm not still.
Milton, P. L., ii. 74.
And Love would answer with a sigh,
"The sound of that forgetful shore [death]
Will change my sweetness more and more.
Half-dead to know that I shall die."
Tennyson, In .Memorian., xxxv.
forgetfully (for-get'fiil-i), adv. In a forgetful
manner.
But since it is our duty not to violate the memory of
our oppressors, but silently, thankfully, and forgetfully
to accept the oppression, we will commemorate only the
king's restitution. South, Works, VIII. xiv.
forgetfulness (f^r-get'ful-nes), 11. [< ME. for-
getftibie-fse, foryetefulnesse, etc. ; < forgetful +
-ne.ts.] 1. The character or state of being for-
getful; proneness to let past experience and
knowledge slip from the mind.
Not in entire forgetfulness.
And not in titter nakedness.
But trailing clouds of glory, do we come
From God, who is our home.
Wordsworth, Immortality, v.
2. The state of having passed from remem-
brance or recollection; the fact of having
ceased to be remembered ; oblivion.
For who, to dnmh forgetfidness a prey.
This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned,
Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day.
Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind '?
Oray, Elegy, st. 22.
If the noble is often crushed suddenly by the ignol)le,
one forgetfulness travels after both.
• De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.
3. Neglect ; negligence ; careless omission ; in-
attention.
Trouthe alsoo [love hath] put in foryetefulnesse whanne
thei soo sore begynne to sighe asscaunce.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 74.
The Church of England is grievously changed with for-
getfttlness of her duty. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
= Syn. 1. Oblimottsness, etc. Seeoblirion.
forgetivet (for'je-tiv), a. [Irreg. < forge^ +
-t-ive.] Capable of forging (5r producing ; in-
ventive.
A good shen-is-aack . . . makes it [the brain] apprehen-
sive, quick, forgetive, full of nimble, fiery, and delectable
shapes. .Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
forget-me-not (f^r-get'mf-not), n. It. The
ground-pine, Ajuga Chamhpitys: the earliest
use of the word, in the old English herbalists.
— 2. Myosotis paliistris, a boraginaceous plant
of Europe, growing in damp or wet places, and
naturalized in some parts of the United States.
It has circinate racemes of skj'-blue flowers with a yellow
center. (See cut under circinate.) As the emblem of
friendship, it bears a name corresponding in sense to the
English name in nearly every language in Europe: but it
was not so called in England and France till the early part
of the nineteenth century. Some other similar species of
Myosotis are frequently cnltivated under this name, espe-
cially M. dissitijlora and the dwarf .V. aljiestns.
forget-me-not
3. In Scotland and some parts of England,
Veronica Cliamadrys. See Veronica — Creeping
forget-me-not, Omphalodes venm, a pretty species of
suutlRrii Kiiriijif, witli i-reeping branches.
forge-train (forj'tran), n. In iron-puddling, the
series of two pairs of rolls by means of which
the slab or bloom is converted into bars. The
lirBt pair through which the bloom is passed is called the
rou{thin{j-rolU ; the other pair, the finiahinff-rollg. The
forge-train is also called the puddling-rolU. See pxiddle,
'■-. and iniii-rotU.
forgettable, forgettableness. See forgetdble,
torgetableness.
fbrgette (for-zhef), ». In glove-making, same
Hfi/ouichette, 2.
forgetter (f^r-get'er), n. One who forgets ; a
heedless person.
forgettingly (fOr-get'ing-li), adt-. By forget-
ting or forgetifulness.
I fear I have /orgettingly transgrest
Against the dignity of the court.'
B. Joruon, Volpone, iv. 2,
forge-water (forj'w4't6r), «. Water in which
a blacksmith has dipped his hot irons, used as
a popular remedy, as a lotion, for aphtha;, etc.,
and also drunk as a chalybeate.
forght, >'■ An obsolete variant ot furrow.
forgie (f^r-ge'). f- '■ A Scotch form of forgive.
The Loni/OTW>'« nie for lying !
Bunu, l.ast May a Braw Wooer.
for gift t, »• [ME., also forgyft, < forgiven, ioT-
^Ue: see forgive. Ct. gift.] Forgiveness.
I wol not have oo/orffuft for notbinge.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1851.
forgiltt, V. [ME. forgilten, forgylten, forgttlten,
< AS. Jorgyltan, forfeit by guilt, make guilty, <
for- + gyltan, be guilty : see guilt, p.] I. trans.
1 . To nuike guilty.
All folic wtLAi/orrgilU,
Thurrh thatt thatt Adam vntuJorrgilUtdi.
Ormiuum, InL, L 2S.
2. To forfeit by guUt.
Thou laddest oos to parays [panulije].
We hit /ori/ulten ase vnwya.
AUengluche Dicktungm (ed. BOddekerX p. !80.
H. intrans. To be guiltv.
forging (for'jing), n. [^(. ilE. forging ; verbal
n. of forgery r.J A piece of forged work in
metal : a general name for pieces of hammered
iron or steel.
There are very few yards In the world at which such
/orginffs could be turned out. Tirms (London^
forging-hammer (for'jing-ham'^r), n. A gold-
beaters' heavy hammer, the first of the four
hammers used.
forging-machine (for'jing-ma-shen'), H. A ma-
(fhinc in which heated bars of metal are forged.
forging-press (for'jing-pres), n. A form of
hydrauhc press for forging iron, llie forging is
laid on an anvil, which ia raised against a hammer or itop
adjusted to give it its required sliape and thickness.
forgivable (f^r-giv'a-bl), a. iiforgive + -able.']
That may be forgiven ; pardonable.
An irremissible lin, an inexcusable sin ; yet to him that
will truly repent, it ia/orgitahU.
Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., IS50.
Much \%forgitabU to the iotenae lover or the submiasive
disciple. Contemporary Rev., L. 406.
forgive (f^r-giv'), v.; pret. forgave, pp. for-
gircn, ppr. forgiving. [(ISE. forgiven, forgifen,
forgiven, foryiven, forgeven, etc., < AS. forgifan
(pret. forget^, p\.forpedfon, pp. forgifen), give,
give up, foi^ive, remit (a thing, aec, unto a per-
son, dat.) (= OS. fargebhan = D. vergeven =
MLiut. vergeven, LG. tergeben, vergewen = OHG.
frgeban, MHG. vergeben, G. vergeben = Icel.
fyrirgrfa = ODan. forgive (of. Dan. tilgive) =
Sw. forgifva, forgive, = Goth, ^ragiban, give,
grant), </or-, away, -I- gifan, give.] I. trans.
It. To give up ; resign.
So kenli the king ft the knijtea alle
Bi-sou3t William for the quen lOthU so jeme.
That he godli al his xref |grlevance|/or-<7a/ at the last.
WiUiam of Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), L 4418.
To them that list the world's gay shows I leave.
And to great ones such folly do /or^'w. Spenter.
It shall If you will ; I/orgive my right.
B. Jonton, Cynthia'* Revels, v. 2.
2t. To give; grant.
Ac ther was no boye so Imlde Oodea body to touche,
Kor he was knyght and kynge* sone kynde Jor-saf that
tynie
That no boye hadde hardinesse hym to touche in deylnge.
Piem Plavcman (C), )txi. 79.
3. To grant free pardon for or remission of,
as a wrongful act or an obligation ; give up all
claims for or on account of : sometimes with the
thing forgiven as direct objective (accusative),
preceded by the person as imlirect objective
(dative I : as, to forgive an injury; to forgive a
person his debts.
2333
It may appear by my accounte I have not charged y«
bussines with any iutrest, but doe forgive it unto y* part-
ners, alxjve 200«>.
Andrewei, quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation,
[p. 405.
Tim forgo/ , . . of mi sinne the wickednesse.
Ps. xxxi. 5 (ME. version).
If ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your
Y&ttier forgive your trespasses. Mat. vi. 15.
In fact, the only sin which we neverforgive in each other
is difference of opinion. Emerson, Clubs.
4. To grant free pardon to ; cease to blame or
feel resentment against ; restore to good will.
Lov. I do beseech your grace, for charity.
If ever any malice in your heart
Were hid against me, now U> forgive me frankly.
Buck. Sir Thomas LoveU, I as free forgive you
As I would he forgiven: 1 forgive all.
Shak., Hen. VIII., li. 1.
To forgive our enemies, yet hope that God will punish
them, is not to forgive enough.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 15.
Is it Charity to cloath them with curses in his Prayer,
whom he hath/orf^io'n in his Discours?
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxi.
= SyiL 3. To pass over, overlook. — 4. Pardon, Forgive
(see wirdon) ; to excuse, let off.
TL. intrans. To exercise forgiveness; be le-
nient or forgiving.
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 525.
He thought I could not properly /or(7it'«
Unless I ceased forgetting — which is true.
Browning, Ring and Book, II. 26.
forgiveness (f^r-giv'nes), n. [< ME. forgive-
ne»se, forgifenesse, forgifnes, forzefenesse, etc.,
< AS. forgifnes, forgifenes, forgifennes, < for-
gifen, forgiven, pp. of forgifan, forgive, -1- -nes,
-ness. Thus forgiveness is a contr. of 'forgiven-
ness, and means lit. the state of being forgiven ;
and from this, in the active use, the act of for-
giving. D. vergiffenis is an imitation of the E.
wordi] 1. The act of forgiving; the act of
granting pardon, as for a wrong, offense, or sin ;
remission of an obligation, debt, or penalty;
pardon.
* To the Lord our Ood belong mercies and forgivenetgei.
Dan. ix. 9.
In whom we have redemption through his blood, even
the forgieeneM of sins. Col. i. 14.
Not soon provok'd, however stung and teas'd.
And if perhaps made angry, soon appeas'd ;
She rather waives than will dispute her right,
And injured makes /or^'t»n«M her delight.
Cowper, Charity, 1. 431.
2. Disposition or willingness to forgive or par-
don.
\ni nMd forgivenett Intercede
To stop the coming blow. Dryden.
forgiver (f$r-giv'6r), n. One who forgives or
remits.
And indeed, what a shameful! reproach is this to the in-
finite mercy of the forgiver? What a wrong to his jus-
tice ? Bp. Hall, No Peace with Rome, J 10.
forgiving (f^r-giv'ing), p. a. Disposed to
forgive; inclined to overlook offenses; mild;
merciful; compassionate: as, a /or<7i»in<7 tem-
per.
Placable and forgiving, he was nevertheless cold and
uiisympathlzing. Maeaulay, Sir W. Temple.
forgi'Vingly (fOr-giv'ing-li), adv. In a forgiving
manner.
" It was only two yean old, after all," said Jared, for.
givingty. B. S. Pkeipg, Sealed Orders, p. 250.
forgivingness { f^r-giv'ing-nes), n. A forgiving
disposition or act.
Tenacity of purpose is more a special virtue of Bis*
marck than forgivingnett. Ixnce, Bismarck, II. 425.
forgoi (f^r-go'), ». f. ; pret./oncen*, pp./orffone,
ppr. forgoing. [Also written, more often but
less prop., forego; < ME. forgoon, forgon, for-
gan, < AS. forgdn, pass over, neglect, abstain
from (=D. rergaan, intr., pass away, perish, =
OHG. firgdn, fergan, MHG. vergdn, rergen, G.
vergeben = Dan. forgaa = Sw. fiirgd, intr. pass
away, refi. forgo), < for- + gdn, go: see /or-l
and go.] 1 . To go or pass by without claiming ;
forbear to possess, use, or do ; voluntarily avoid
or give up; renounce; resign.
His fader the kyng loved tlio childre so,
That he wild for no thyng the sight of hem forgo.
Bob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Heame),
lp.168.
Now sholt thou, false theef, thy song. A>r.7on.
Chaucer, Manciple's 'Tale, 1. 191.
She . . . .Awetpen? the consideration of pleasing her eyes
in order to procure herself much more solid satisfaction.
Fielding.
Hold her a wealthy bride within thine arms,
Or all l>ut hold, and then —cast her aside,
Foregoing all her sweetness, like a weed.
Tennyifon, Holy Grail.
forisfamiliate
In puffs of balm the night-air blows
The perfume which the day forgoes.
M. Arnold, Bacchanalia.
2. To quit ; leave.
I wish I might this wearie lUeforgoe,
And shortly turne unto my happie rest.
Spenser, Visions of Petrarch, vii.
Stay at the third cup, or forego the place. G. Herbert.
= Syn. 1. To yield, relinquish, let go.
forgo^t, V. A Middle English form ot forego^.
forgoer (f9r-g6'er), n. One who forgoes. Also
foregoer.
forgone (fOr-gon'). Past participle otforgo^.
forgot (for-gof). Preterit oi forget.
forgotten, forgot (f$r-got'n, fQr-got'). Past
participle ot forget.
forgrO'Wt, V. i. [ME. forgrowen, forgrowe, < AS.
forgrowen, < for- + growen, grown, pp. of grow-
an, grow.] To be grown over ; grow in excess
or unduly.
A path . . . forgrowen was with grasse and weede.
Flower and Leaf, 1. 45.
forgrownf, i). a. Overgro'wn. Davies.
To be quiet from the inward, violent, injurious oppres-
sors, the fat iindforegrown rains within our own fold, is a
special blessing. Bp. Andrews, Sermons, V. 137.
forhalef, v. t. [A pseudo-archaic form, spelled
forhaile in Spenser; < /or-l + hale^. Cf. Dan.
forhale = Sw. forhala, protract, prolong, re-
tard.] To overhaul; overtake.
All this long tale
Nought easeth the care that doth me forhaile.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., September.
for-helef, v. t. [< ME. forhelen, < AS. forhelan
(= OS. farhelan = OHG. farhelan, MHG. ver-
helen, G. verhehlen), hide, <. for- + helan, hide:
see/iw-l and Aeai2.] To conceal; hide.
3if I any thinge haue mys-wrou3t
Seieth me uowfor-hele 3e-nou3t.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 80.
forhentt,v. t. [Prob. formed by Spenser; spelled
ixaprop. forehend, forehent, forhetid ; < for-^ +
hent, q. v.] To overtake.
Doubleth her haste for feare to beefor-henl.
Spenser, F. Q., III. iv. 49.
forhewt, v. t. [ME. /or^ewen, < AS. forhedwan,
cut down, slay (= OS. forhawan = OHG. far-
hawan,farhouwen, MHG. verhouen, G. verhauen),
< for- + hedwan, cut, hew : see /or-i and Aeipl .]
To cut down ; .cut to pieces ; slay.
His face forehewed with wounds.
Saekvilte, Ind. to Mir. for Mags.
forhow, forhooy (fOr-hou', -ho'i), v. t. [< ME.
forhoicien, forhohien, forhogien, < AS. forho-
gian, forhycgan, despise, neglect (= OS. far-
huggjan = OHG. farhuggan), < for- + hogian,
hycgan, have in mind, care, be anxious.] To
forsake ; abandon : as, a bird forhotcs its nest.
[Old Eng. and Scotch.]
The hawk and the hern attour them hung.
And the merl and the mavis /orAooi/erf their young.
Hogg, Queen's Wake, Bonny Kilmeny.
for-hungredt, "• [ME. (= D. verhongerd = G.
verhungert = D&xi.forhungretz=Syi.fdrhungrat);
<.for-^ + hungered.] Extremely hungry.
The! made hem than merye with mete that thei hadde,
& eten at here ese, for thei were for-hungred.
WiUiam of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2516.
forinsecalt, a. [< L. forinsecus (cf. Sp. forin-
seco), from without, on the outside, ML. foreign,
< foris, outside, out of doors, -I- secus, as in ex-
trinseeus: see extrinsic, intrinsic] Foreign;
alien. Burnet.
forirkt, v. [ME. "forirken, forhirken ; < for-^ +
»>A", t'.J I. trans. To irk; weary.
Of manna he ben forhirked to eten.
Genesis and lixodia(E, E. T. S.), 1. 3658.
n. intrans. To become weary.
For loe his wife foreirking of his ralgne
Sleeping in bed this cruel wretch hath slaine.
Mir. for Mags., p. 442.
forisfamiliate (fd^'ris-fa-milM-at), v.; pret.
ami pp. f(iri.tfiimiliated,i>pT. forisfamiliating. [<
ML.foi'i.'<f(imitiatus, pp. ot forisfamiliare, eman-
cipate, < foris, outside, + familia, family: see
family.] I. trans. To put out of the family;
in law, to emancipate or free from parental au-
thority: used of putting a son in possession of
property in his father's lifetime, as his share
of the inheritance, either at his own request
or with his consent, and thus discharging him
from the family.
A son was said to be forisfamiliated if his father as-
signed him i)art of his land, and gave llini seisin thereof,
and did this at the nquest or with the tree consent of the
son himself, who expressed himself satisfied with such
portion. W. E. Ueam, Aryan Household, p. 132.
forisfamiliate
n. intrans. In laic, to renounce a legal title
to a further share of paternal inheritance.
forisfamiliation (fd'ris-fa-mil-i-a'shon), H.
[< forisfamiliaie + -ion.'] The act of forisfa-
miliating, or the state of being forisfamiliated.
My father could not be serious in the sentence of /on'*-
famiiiation which he had so unhesitatingly pronounced.
Scott, Rob Koy, lii.
forjeskit (f^r-jes'kit), a. [Sc, pp., < Dan. for-
jaskc, forhjaske, soil, tumble, rumple, <for- +
Jaske, tr. soil, jumble, draggle, intr. dabble,
paddle.] Wearied out ; Jaded with fatigue.
Forjeakit sair, with weary legs,
Rattlin' the corn oot owre the rigs.
Burn*, Second Epistle to J. Lapraik.
forjudge (f^r-juj'). « • <• [ME. forjugen, < OF.
forjuijer, forjugier, forsjuger, forsjugter, take
away by judicial sentence, confiscate, alienate,
nonsuit, judge unjustly, etc., < ML. fori^udi-
care, take away by judicial sentence, confis-
cate, deprive, < L. foris, outside, + judicare,
judge: see/or-3 t^ni judge, i'.] If. To judge
wrongfully.
Falsly accused, and of his loon forjudged
Without answere, while he was absent
He damned was. „,,„„.
LydgaU, Complaint of the Black Knight, 1. 2i4.
2. To deprive by judicial sentence.
Thei a-corded in the ende that he sHolde be disherited.
Whan Bertelays saugh he was /or-Iuged, and that he
ne mytfht noon othirwise do, he returned with-oute moo
worde". Merlin (E. E. T. S.), m. 470.
Forjudged of life and lands for cowardice in battle.
F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 26.
Hence — 3. In law, to expel from a court for mal-
practice or non-appearance.
forjudger (fOr-juj'fer), «. [< OF. forjuger, inf.
as n. : see forjudge.'] In law, a judgment by
which a man is deprived or put out of the thing
in question; a judgment of expulsion or ban-
ishment. , , . „ ^
fork (f6rk), n. [< ME. fork, forke, < AS. fore
= OFries. forke, fitrke — D. vork = LG. fork =
OHG. furka, MHG. furke, G. Aia\. furke, forke
= leel. forkr = Dan. fork = OF. forche, fourche
(whence ME. also forche, fourche), OF. also
fourqiw, furke, F. fourche = Pr. OSp. fovea =
Sp. horea = Pg. It. forca = W. fforch, ffwrch, a
fork, < L. furca, a fork.] 1. An instrument or
tool consisting of a handle with a shank, usu-
ally of metal, terminating in two or more
prongs or tines. Specifically — (a) Such an instru-
ment, of small size, used at table to hold food while it is
being cut with the knife, and to lift food to tlie mouth.
The Italian . . . strangers . . . doe alwaies at their
meales use a little /or*e when they cut their meate.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 106.
This ceremony [of washing], wliich in former times was
constantly practised as well before as after meat, seems
to have fallen into disuse on the introduction of forks.
2334
7. In mining, the bottom of the sump. Pryce.
— Fork-and-grld stop-motion, in weaving. See stop-
motion. -In fork, in mining. See fork, v. t., 3.
fork (fork), f. i<fork,n.] 1, trans. 1. To raise
or pitch with a fork, as hay. — 2. To dig and
break with a fork, as ground.— 3. In mining,
to pump or otherwise clear out (water) from
a shaft or mine. Forking the water is drawing it all
out • and when it is done the mine or tlie water is said to
he forked, and the engine to be in fork. Prgce.-To fork
out or over, to hand or pay over ; pay down. [Slang.]
What must I /or* out to-night, my trump,
For the whole flrst-floor of the Magpie and Stump ?
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 286.
If I am willing to fork out a sum of money, he may be
willing to give up his chance of Diplow.
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxviii.
forlorn
forlana (for-lii'na), n. [It. dial.] 1. AVene-
tiau dance. — 2. Music written for such a dance,
or in its rhythm, which is sextuple and quick.
Also furlano.
forlayt (fOr-la'), v. t. lAiso forelay; irreg., after
the supposed analogy of verbs prop, in for-,
from ' lie in wait /or'; lay, tr., for lie; ef. way-
lay. Cf. forlic, differently foi-med.] To lie in
wait for; ambush.
Ue being many times /oreiaid by the trains of traitors.
BoUand, tr. of Ammianus (1609).
And lastly, how cunningly doth he forelay their con-
fidence ... in the Almighty, protesting not to bee come
up thither without the Lord.
Bp. Hall, Hezekiah and Sennacherib.
An ambush'd thief /orcioi/s a traveller.
Dryden, Pal. and Arc, i. 493.
II. t« <»"a«s. 1. To become bifurcated or fork
ed; send out diverging parts like the tines of a forleavet, i>. t. \}liE. forleven forleaven (pp
fork.— 2. In HjiHix^, to draw out water from a forleft.,forlaft);<for-l + leaveK] To leave be-
shaft.
fork-beam (fork'bem), «. Naut., a short beam
introduced to support the deck of a vessel where
there is no framing.
hind; abandon; give up.
A theef of venisoun that hath forlaft
His licorousnesse, and al his theves craft,
Can kepe a forest best of any man.
Chaucer, Doctor's Tale, 1. 83.
forkbeard (fork'berd), n. An English gadoid ^ ^ ^ ,,^ [Improp./o»-eic»d; <for-i + lend.]
fish, i%CTS MeHH»Oidf«. The ventral tins are jugu- lO^^^UJ,^^^^ J
I'hycis . _
lar in position, and appear to be forked or bifurcate, from
the fact that two rays are elongated and enveloped at the
base ill a common skin, whence the name. Also called
forked-bca.rd and hak^e-dame.
fork-chuck (fork'chuk), n.
As if that lite to losse they had forelent.
And cared not to spare that should be shortly spent.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. iii. 6.
turning-lathe, so called from the fact that the
part which is screwed on the mandrel has on the
outer side a square hole in which forked pieces
of iron of different sizes, according to the
strength required, are placed when in use.
forked (f6r'ked or forkt), a. [< ME. forked,
forket; <fork + -crf^.] 1. Having a fork or bi-
furcation; separating into diverging parts like
the tines of a fork.
Unaccommodated [unclothed], man is no more but such
a poor, bare, forked animal as thou art.
Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
Proud as Apollo on \na forked hill.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 231.
He saw
No pale sheet-lightnings from afar, hut fork'd
Of the near storm, and aiming at his head.
Tennyso7i, Aylmer's Field.
Ambiguous; equivocal.
Give forked counsel ; take provoking gold
On either hand, and put it up.
B. Jonson, Volpone, i. 1.
Pointed, or prolonged to a point : as, forked
shoes Forked chlckweed, drill, etc. See the nouns.—
Forked dagger, a dagger whose guard projects forward in
two points or horns, one on each aide of the blade. Such
a weapon was formerly used in the left hand for parrying
the tlirusts of an adversary's rapier, and by seizing the
blade to break it off or throw it out of line.
forked-beard (f6rkt'berd), n. Same as fork-
heard.
Anappendage t^ a fo^leset, v. t. [WS. forlesen, forhosen (pret./or-
les, forleas, pi. forlure, pp. forloren, forlorn,
rarely forlost : see forlorn), < AS. forleosan (=
OS. farliosan = OFries. forliesa = D. verliezen
= OHG. farliosan, MHG. verliesen, G. verlieren,
lose, = Dan. forlise = Sw. forlisa, tr. lose, intr.
be lost, = Goth, fraliusan), lose, <for- + leosan,
lose : see for-^ and lose.] 1 . To lose entirely or
completely; abandon.
Aurelius, that hU cost hath al forlorn,
Curseth the tyme that evere he was born.
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, L 829.
She held hiresell aforlost creature.
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 756.
The order of preest-hode he has/oriorTie.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 97.
2.
3.
forkedly (f6r'ked-li), adv. In a forked form.
about the year 1620 ; as"befoi'e "that period our ancestors forksdneSS (f or'ked-nes), «. The quality of be-
supplied the place of this necessary utensil with their fin- • i„,.]ied or opening into two or more parts.
gers. Ritson, quoted in Child's Ballads, V. 25, note, fgr^grvet, V- t. See forcarve.
(b) One of various agricultural tools with the prongs of fork-head (f6rk'hed),M. An arrow-head having
„.:„. ,„„.. .„....„..„.. o„ „»tb...e. .nrt lifted, as a hav- lor^ ^«.^^^v directed forward, as distinguished
which loose substances are gathered and lifted, as a hay
fork or dung-/or«:. See pitclifork.
The peasants urge their harvest, ply the /or*
With double toil, and shiver at their work.
Cowper, Table-Talk, I. 214.
2. Something resembling a fork in form, (a) A
tuning-fork, (b) A fork-chuck, (c) MUit. : (It) A weapon
for thrusting, with a long handle and two points or prongs.
Also called war-fork. (2) A rest for a heavy musket used
In the sixteenth century. See croc, (d) In clock-making,
a bifurcation fixed at right angles to the end of the crutch
which descends from the pallet-arbor. Tlie fork embraces
the pendulum-rod, and transfers the motion of its vibra-
tions to the crutch and the pallets.
3. One of the parts into which anything is di-
■vided by bifurcation ; a forking branch or di-
vision ; a prong or shoot : as, the forks of a
road or stream ; Clark's fork of Columbia river ;
&fork of lightning.
The ancients
forkt.
4t. The point or barb of an arrow.
Lear. The bow is bent and drawn ; make from the shaft.
KetU. Let it fall rather, though the /or* invade
The region of my heart. Shak., Lear, 1. 1.
5. The bifurcated part of the human frame ; the
legs. [Humorous.]
represented a thunderbolt with three
Addison, Ancient Medals.
from barbs,
forkiness (for'ki-nes), n. The quality or
of being forky or forked. Cotgrave.
forkless (fork'les), «. i< fork + -less.] Hav-
ing no forks ; not bifurcated.
fork-moss (f6rk'm6s), n. See moss.
fork-rest (fork'rest), n. A bifurcated instru-
ment carried by a soldier to serve as a rest in
aiming the heavy firearms formerly in use ; a
fork.
forks-and-knives (forkz'and-nivz'), «. A club-
moss, Lycopodium elavatum : so called from a
fancied resemblance of the fruiting spikes to
forks and knives. [Prov. Eng.]
forktail (f6rk'tal), B. l<fork+ tail^.] 1. A
fish with a forked tail, as the salmon and sword-
fish: a fishermen's term.— 2. The kite: fromits forloret, a. See forlorn
forked tail.— 3. A bird of the family Henicii- forlorn (f6r-16rn'), «-^aii1 n.
ridw.
fork-tailed (fdrk'tald), a. Having a forked
tail; seissor-tailed ; swallow-tailed — Fork-tail-
ed flycatcher, an American tyrant-flycatcher of the genus
Milmdm, as M. tyrannus or M. forficatus. Also called
sctssorfai;. — Fork-tailed shrike, a drongo; any shrike
of the family Dicruridte.
2. To bereave ; deprive.
When as night hath us of light /orioni.
Spenser, Sonnets, IxxxvL
forlett, V. t. [ME. forleten, forla;teu (pret. far-
let, pp. forleten), < AS.forlwtan (= OS.farldtan
= D. verlaten = OH.G.farldzan, MHG. verlaeen,
G. verlassen = Icel. fyrirldta = Sw. forl&ta =
Dan. forlade), let go, relinquish, forsake, < for-
+ Iwtan, let : see /or-l and let^.] To let go ; re-
linquish; leave; abandon; depart from; for-
sake ; lose.
To /orfe(e synne. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
So that thulke stude was vor-lete niony aday
That no cristennion ne paynym nuste war the rode lay.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 34.
forleygnet, f- t. See forloyne. Chancer.
forlie (for-li'), V. t. [< WE.forliggen, < AS. for-
licgan, refl., lie -with, fornicate, < for- + began,
lie : see for-i and lie^.] It. To lie with.— 2. To
overlay "(a child). Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
g^jjtg forlightent, «■• '• To decrease; lighten.
We hafe as losels liffyde many longe daye,
Wyth delyttes in this land with lordchipez many,
And/orc(i/(«nede the loos that we are layttede.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 264.
forlivet, v. i. [ME. forlyven; < /pr-l + live'i^.]
To live pervertedly; degenerate in race or na-
ture.
They ne sholden nat owtrayen orforlynen fro the vertiius
of hyr noble kynrede. Chaucer, Eoethius, iii. prose 6.
Eni/oriiued wrecche. King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 104.
forloret (f6r-16r'), v. t. An erroneous form for
*forlose, forlese, atter forlorn.
Thus fell the trees, with noise the deserts roar ;
The beasts their caves, the birds their nests/orfore.
Fairfca.
Lord Cardigan had so good a stature that, although fork-'Wrench (fdrk'rench), n. A spanner with
l... ,_...- I» *l.n y^nl. 1.A .rat nof .-atho,- toll 111 T.hp. **'**^ »» * »***v«^ \ /, L
two jaws which embrace a nut or a square on a
coupling. E. H. Knight.
forky (for'ki), a. \<fork-^ -y^.] Forked; fur-
cate.
At each Approach they lash their forky Stings.
Congreve, Semele, ii. 1.
The last, and trustiest of the four.
On high his forky pennon bore.
Scott, Marmion, 1. S.
somewhat long in the fork, he yet sat rather tall in the
saddle. Kinglake, Crimea, xxii.
6t. A gibbet; in the plural, the gallows. See
furca.
I would starve now.
Hang, drown, despair, deserve the /or*«, . . .
Ere 1 would own thy follies.
Fletcher, Bonduca, 1. 2.
They had run through all punishments, and just scaped
the /or*. Butler, Remains, II. 195.
[< ME. forlorn,
forloren, forlore, < AS. forloren (= D. verloren
— G. verloren. = Dan. /or ?oreH), pp. oiforledsan,
lose: see forlese.] I.t a. 1. Lost; deserted;
forsaken; abandoned.
Is all his force forlome, and all his glory donne ?
Spe^iser, F. Q., II. v. 35.
Relating then how long this soil had lain/oWom.
Drayton, Polyolbion, l '
.101.
Some say that ravens foster /orforn children.
Shak., Tit. And.,
ii. S.
Hence — 2. Without help or succor; helpless;
wretched; miserable.
Tlie Saxons, taking Advantage of his [Cad\«llladar'B] Ab-
sence, came over in Swarms, and dispossessed the forlorn
Britains of all they had, and divided the Land aniongat
themselves. Baker, Chronicles, p. 5.
forlorn
I'd rather b«
A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn ;
So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,
Have glimpses that would make me less forlcyrn.
WorcUu'urth, Sonnets, xxxlii.
The condition of the besieged in the mean time vbls/ot-
lom in the extreme. Prescott.
3. Small ; despicable : in a ludicrous sense.
He was so forlorn, that his dimensions to any thick
sight were invincible. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
4. Deprived; bereft; destitute.
Art thou of thy loved lasse/orfom*.'
Spemer, Shep. Cal., April.
There ne'er was man in Scotland bom,
Ordain'd to be so much /oriorn.
Leetome Brand (Child's Ballads, II. 346).
He went like one that hath been stunned,
And is of sense /orfom.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, vii.
Forlorn boys*. |Tr. of F. en/anU perdtu ; D. verloren
kinderen.] Aume a& /ortom hope. —TOTlOTn. hove. ID.
cerloren hoop. lit. a lost troop (D. hoop, a troop, = E. iuap)
but associated in E. with hopei, expectation.) A detach-
ment of men appointed to lead In an assault, to storm a
counterscarp, enter a breach, or perform other service at-
tended with uncommon peril.
A confused rabble and medley of all sorts of nations,
who at the forlorn hope . . . might, if they did no other
good, yet with receiving many a wonnd in their bodies,
ull and turn the edge of the enemy's sword.
Holland, tr, of Livy, p. "65.
^Syn. Friendless, miserable, comfortless, disconsolate,
woebegone, abject, pitiable.
H. n. 1. A lost, forsaken, or solitary person.
That Henry, sole possessor of my love,
Is, of a king, become a baniah'd man,
And forc'd to live In .Scotland a/or/om.
Shot., 3 Hen. VI., ill S.
2t. A forlorn hope; an advanced body of troops;
a vangtuird.
The squadron nearest to your eye
1« his Forlorn of infantry ;
Bowmen of unrelenting minds.
Cotton (Arber's Eng. Oamer, I. 219).
Oar /ortorn of horse marched within a mile of where the
enemy was drawn up. Cromwell.
forlornly (f^r-ldm'Ii), adv. In a forlorn, for-
saken, or -wrretched manner.
And poor, proud Byron, sad as grave,
And salt as life : foriomlj) brave.
And qulv'ring with the dart he drave.
Mrs. Browning, Vision of PoeU.
forlonmess (f^r-ldm'nes), n. [< ME. forlor-
neaae, forlorennesw, < AS. forlorenes. for *for-
lorennes (= OHG. farloranigsa, MHG. rerlore-
niisse), < forloren, lost : see /ortorn.] The state
of being forlorn; destitution; misery; a for-
sakon or wretched condition.
forloynet, v. t. [ME. forloynen, delay, divert,
abandon, < OF. forlogner, forlongier, forloin-
gnier, etc., eloin, leave far behindf, delay, etc.,
< L. ftrris, out, outside, + longiu, long: see
long, and ef. eloin, purloin, etc.] To delav ; di-
vert ; abandon.
forloynet, n. [ME. forlogne, forleygne, < OF.
"forlonge, very fur off (a term of huuting)"
(Cotgrave). Cf . /ortoyne, f .] In hunting. See
the extract.
Forloirie. In hunting, a chase in which some of the
hounds hare tailed, and the hunUman is ahead of some
and following others. It may also be explained, when a
hound, going before the rest of the cry. meet* chase, and
goea away with It See Twicl, p. 1« ; Oent. Eec., 11. 79
.^ HaUimll.
Therwith the hnnte, wonder faste.
Blew nforUygne at the laste.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, I. 386.
forlyet, f. t. See /or/if.
form (fdnn), H. [Early mo<l. E. also fourm,
fourme ; < ME. forme, foorme. fourme, furme,
shape, figure, manner, bench, frame, seat, con-
dition, agreement, etc.. < OP. forme, fourme,
furme, F./orme = Pr. 8p. Pg. It. forma = D.
torm = MHG. forme, G. form = Icel. formr =
Dan. Sw.form, < h. forma, shape, figure, image,
outline, plan, mold, frame, case, etc., manner,
sort, kind, etc., ML. also a bench, choir-stall,
grade in a school, etc. (with many other mean-
ings). There is no ground for the attempted
distmction, in pronunciation and spelling, b«-
tween form, shape, etc., and form (spelled fourm
inBaiIey),abench,etc.] 1. The externalshape
or configuration of a body ; the figure, as <fo-
flned by lines and surfaces ; external appearance
considered independently of color or material ;
in an absolute use, the human figure : as, it
was in the form of a circle ; a triangular /orm ,■
the form of the head or of the body; a beauti-
ful or an ugly /orm.
And the earth was without /orm, and void. Oen. I. 2.
aS85
Each /orm In the moonlight dim, •
Of rock or of tree, is seen of him.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, i.
At Beni Hassan, during the time of the 12th dynasty,
curvilinear /ormjf reappear in the roofs.
J. Ferijusson, Hist. Arch., I. 204.
The apparent permanence in the case of the rock or
tree is a temporarily abiding.^orm or temporarily abiding
spacial relations. Ainer. Jour. Ptijchol., I. 626.
2. Specifically, in crystal., the complex of
planes included under the same general sym-
bol. Thus in the isometric system the most general form
isthehcvoctahedron, embracing forty-eightsimilar planes,
in the triclinicsysteni a torm, even in the mostgeneral case,
includes only two similar planes, and is called an open form,
since it does not represent an inclosed solid or ciotedform ;
similarly, the two basal planes in the orthorhombic system
constitute a form.
3. Attractive appearance ; shapeliness ; beauty.
[Archaic]
He hath no form nor comeliness. Isa. liii. 2.
4t. A costume ; a special dress : as, a blue silk
form.
There comes out of the chayreroome Mrs. Stewart in a
most lovely /orm, with her hair all about her cares, hav-
ing her picture taking there. Pepy', Diary, II. 148.
6. A mold, pattern, or model ; something to give
shape, or on or after which things are fash-
ioned: as, a hatters' or a mUUners' /omj; a
form for jelly. — 6. In printing, an assemblage
of types secured in a chase for stereotyping, or
of either types or plates for printing, a form may
consist of one page or of many pages. For stereotyping,
no particular order of arrangement la necessary ; for print-
ing, the pages are arranged in such order that in folding
the printed sheet they will fall in regular sequence. In
book-printing, before the general use of steam-presses,
two forms (see I'nn^r and outer form, below) were usually
required for a sheet, one being separately printed on each
side; now a single form frequently comprises a whole
sheet, the paper being turned end for end for printing the
second side. Large newsi>apers, however, still require two
forms. In this sense often spelled/on/x in Great Britain.
7. In milit. engin., same as gabion-form. See
gabion. — 8. In general, arrangement of or rela-
tionship between the parts of anything, as dis-
tinguished from the parts themselves: opposed
to matter, but not properly to substance (unless
it be the intention of the writer to identify sub-
stance with matter). Thus, to say that the soul was
Immaterial was formerly considered the same as to say that
Itwasa/orm. With theolderwriters /orm isotten synony-
mous with e—met, and has generally lofty associations
(thus, the shape of a living being, considered ai lu per-
fection, was called lU form, while that of a lifelest thing
was called its /tmire, but not its form) ; and these Ideas
cling to the word to the minds of later writers, as Kant
But with many modem writers th/cunceptlon is of some-
thing imposed upon the thing from without, and distinct
from iU life and essence. In meUphysics/onn denotes a
determination, a specializing element, that constituent of
a thing by virtue of which it Is the kind of thing that it
is. In the Platonic philosophy the form is the exemplar
according to which a thing Is made, or the mold as it
were. In which the thing is cast. In the Aristotelian phi-
losophy form is the developed actuality, matter the un-
developed potentiality ; maUer la that element by virtue
of which the thing Is, form Is that by which it is as it is —
that is, the nature or essence of the thing. In Bacon's
philosophy the true form Is the physical stracture or con-
stitution of anything. In Kant s philosophy form is that
element of an object which is Imported into It by the
mind: opposed to the mailer, which is given in sense
For various other metaphysical applications of tlie term
•ee phrase* below.
The Hgure comprehendeth the shape of things that have
no life, a* the facion of the elemcnte, of trees, of flouddes
of an house, a shippe, a cote, and soche like. The/oumM
conteineth the portraiture of al llvyng thinges, a* the very
llvelle Image of man, of an horse, or a Hon, a* we cal a man
wel favoured or harde favoured.
Sir T. Wilton, Rule of Reason (1661).
Though I ihall for brevity's sake reUln the word /orm,
yet I would be understood to mean by It, not a real sub-
stance distinct from matter, but only the matter Itself of
a natural Ijody, considered with iU peculiar manner of
existence, which I think may not inconveniently he called
either lu spccincal or denominating state, or Its es*entlal
modlflcatlon ; or. If you would have me express it In one
word. Its sUnip. BoyU, Origin of Forms.
Of a l>eautiful landscape, melody, or poem, the blend-
ing of unity with variety appears not only In the group-
ing of Sense.Elements ("form" In the narrow meaning)
but also In that of the representol content or signification
of these. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 536.
In a phenomenon, I call th.it which corresponds to the
sensation Its matter; but that whkh causes the manifold
matter of the phenomenon to be perceived as arrrnged In
a certain order I call IU form.
Kant, Criti(iue of Pure Reason (tr. by Max Milller), p. 18.
'The distinction above specified is employed by Aristotle
In his exposition of the soul. The soul lielongs to the cat-
egory of substance or essence (not that of quantity qual-
ity, etc.); but of the two points of view under which es-
sence may be presented, the soul ranks with fimn, not
with matter — with the actual, not with the potential.
Orote, Aristotle, p. 4.57.
Time and space are not given In sensation. Thev are
not the sensational matter of perception, but something
that " makes It possible for us to represent all parts of
form
9. A specific formation or arrangement; charac-
teristic structure, constitution, or appearance ;
disposition of parts or conditions.
Whan the Duke herde that in the same forme he moste
come a-geyn, he vndirstode wele he sholde bringe with
hym Ygerne. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 69.
To laugh at all things thou shalt heare is neither good
nor fit.
It shewes the property and forme of one with little wit.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 294.
Who, being in the form of God, . . . took upon him the
form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men.
Phil. ii. 6, 7.
In the Egyptian females the /or»t« of womanhood begin
to develop themselves about the ninth or tenth year.
E. ir. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 40.
The third or "long "form contains the seven (Epistles]
already enumerated in a more expanded state.
Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 474.
10. Mode or manner of being, action, or mani-
festation ; specific state, condition, determina-
tion, variation, or kind : as, water in the form
of steam or of ice ; electricity is a form of
energy; English is a, form of German speech;
varioloid is a mild /orm of smallpox; life in all
ita forms.
This notion of " ought," when once it has been devel-
oped, is a necessary /orm of our moral apprehension, just
as space is now a necessary /orm of our sense perceptions.
U. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 93.
To many the battle of the giants, over the " long, " the
"middle,' and the "short " form or recension of the Ig-
natian Epistles, will be an intellectual treat, as he watches
the fence and scholarship of the various disputants.
Quarterly Jien., CLXII. 474.
11. Fixed order or method ; systematic or or-
derly arrangement or proceeding, as to either
generals or particulars ; svstem or formula : as,
the forms of civilized society; a, form of words
or of prayer; a rough draft to be reduced to
form; a document in due /orm.
And Exspoundide theim after myn owne wesdone
After the forme of Experience.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Ftu'nivall), p. 1.
Though well we may not pass upon his life
Without the form of justice. Shak., Lear, iii. 7.
'Gainst /orm and order they their power employ.
Nothing to build, and all things to destroy.
Dryden, Abs. and Achlt. , i. 531.
For who would keep an ancient /onn
Thro' which the spirit breathes no more?
Trnnyton, In Memoriani, cv.
I am not so foolish a* to declaim uainst/orm>.
Smer$on, Misc., p. 25.
12. Specifically, mere manner as opposed to
intrinsic qualities; style.
Perhaps we owe the masterpiece of humorous literature
to the fact that Cervantes had been trained to authorship
in a school where /orm predominated over substance.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 126.
13. Formality, or a formality ; ceremony.
O place I O form .'
How often dost thou with thy case, thy habit.
Wrench awe from fools, and tie the wiser souls
To thy false seeming! .SAo*-., M. for M., 11. 4.
Should form, my lord.
Prevail above affection? no. It cannot.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, 1. 1.
Conformity to the conventionalities and
14
mara ivi. iL. ^_ Caird, Phllo*. of Kant, p. 234.
usages of society; propriety: chiefly in the
phrases good form, bad form.
We'll eat the Dinner and have a Dance together or we
aball transgress all Form. Steele, Tender Husband, v. 1.
I would see the buxom bride decked in the robe of cul-
ture, jewelled with the gems of refinement, and adonied
with the lace-enwoven veil ot good form.
Wutmintter Rev., C.XXVIII. 626.
15. Mere appearance ; semblance.
Why keep up t. form ot separation when the life of It
U fled? Lamb, Imjierfect Sympathies.
16. High condition or fitness for any under-
taking, as a competition, especially a physical
competition ; powers of competing.
In the language of the turf, when we say that a liorec is
In /orm, we intend to convey to our hearers that he is in
high condition and fit to run. So, again, the word is used
In still another sense ; for we speak of a horse's /orwi when
we wish to allude to his powers on the turf, as compared
with other well-known animals. Thus, if it he supposed
that two three-year-olds, carrying the same weight, would
run a mile and a half, and come in abreast, it is said that
the /orm of one is equal to that of the other.
J. II. Walth, I'he Horse, vi.
17. In alg., a qnantio in which the variables
are considered abstractly with reference only
to their mathematical relations in the quan-
tic, and apart from any signification. — 18. In
gram., a word bearing the sign of a distinct
grammatical character, or denoted by its struc-
ture as hav-ing a particular office. — 19. In mu-
sic: (a) The general theory or science of so
arranging themes, tonalities, phrases, and sec-
tions in a piece that order, symmetry, and cor-
form
relation of parts may be secured: one of the
most important branches of the art of compo-
sition. (6) The particular rhythmical, melod-
ic, or harmonic disposition or arrangement of
tones in a phrase, section, or movement, espe-
cially when distinct and regular enough to be
known by a special name, as the sonata-/or/M,
the rondo-/orw, etc. — 20. A blank or schedule
to be filled out by the insertion of details; a
sample or specimen document calculated to
serve as a guide in framing others in like cases :
as, a form for a deed, lease, or contract.
You'll memorialise that Department (according to regu-
lar /ornu that you'll find out) for leave to memorialise this
Departmeut. . . . You had better take a lot of /on/w away
with you. Give him a lot ol forms .'
Dickens, Little Dorrit, x.
21. A long seat; a bench.
The Duke, upon hearing it, leaps from the Table so has-
tily that he hurt both his Shins on the Form.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 130.
I was seen . . . sitting with her upon the form.
Shak.,L.L.L.,l 1.
22. (a) A niunber of pupils sitting together
on a bench at school. (&) A class or rank of
students in a school (especially in England).
Preaching the same Sermon to all sorts of People is as
if a School-Master should read the same Lesson to his sev-
eral Formes. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 93.
The lower-fourth /ornt in which Tom found himself at
the beginning of the next half-year was the largest form
in the lower school, and numbered upwards of forty boys.
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. S.
Hence — (c) A class or rank in society. — 23.
The seat or bed of a hare.
Now for a clod-like hare inform they peer.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.
The hares (Lepus Americanus) were very familiar. One
had her form under my house all winter, separated from
me only by the flooring. Thoreau, Walden, p. 301.
24. A particular species or kind ; a species of
a gentis, etc. ; any assemblage of similar things
constituting a component of a group, especially
of a zoological group.
Practically, when a naturalist can unite two forms to-
gether by others having intermediate characters, he treats
the one as a variety of the other, ranking the most com-
mon, but sometimes the one first described, as the species,
and the other as the variety.
Danvin, Origin of Species, p. 66.
We must also remember that many slight characters
may be the atrophied or rudimentary remains of more
important characters which were useful in some ancestral
fomh A. H. Wallace, in Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 306.
Absolute form, in metaph., form considered, or being,
without matter. — Accidental form, in metaph.y&ioTxa
which constitutes not the substance of a thing, but a mere
accident of it.— Adjoint linear form, in jnatk., a linear
function having the same facients as the quantic to which
it belongs, and its coefficients indeterminate. Cayley,
1854.— Algebraic form. See def. 17.— Assistant form,
in raetaph., a form which makes no part of the subject,
but serves only to impart motion to it. — Bad, binary,
canonical, conditional, etc., form. See the adjectives.
— Blank form. («) A printed paper in which spaces are
left blank to be filled up according to particular require-
ment. Such forms are very extensively used in legal and
business transactions. (6) \u printing, a form of types in
which a page or several pages have been left blank.— Cal-
culus of forms. See calculun.— Continuity of forms.
See continuity. — Contract forms. See contract, a. —
Corporeal form, a form which not only inheres in bodies,
but has in itself a bodily character. —Degenerate form.
See degenerate. ^DXaponent or disposing form. See
principal form. — Dl^sor of a form. See divisor. — Ex-
ternal form of reasoning. See external.— Vorm. of
action, in law, the distinguishing method of procedure,
and hence the class to which an action belongs, considered
with reference to the mode of procedure or the kind of
relief sought.— Form Of a proposition, the mode of re-
lationship which it asserts between its terms ; also, the
logical type or class to which the proposition belongs ;
also, with older writers, the copula as contradistinguished
from the subject and the predicate. —Form Of COgEdtion,
the mode in which anything is cognized; especially, in
the Kantian philos., that by which any kind of synthesis
of representations is effected, being either a form of in-
tuition (space and time), of the understanding (a Kantian
category), or of the reason (a Kantian idea).— Form of
Concord. See concord.— Tovm. of corporeity, in met-
apk., that in which the bodily character of a thing is de-
termined.— Form of forms, in metaph., the idea which
determines the ideas themselves ; the one, also the nous
of Plotinus.
Arise, climb, ascend, and mount up (with speculative
wings) in spirit, to behold in the glasse of creation the
form of forms, the exemplar number of all things numer-
able, both visible and invisible, mortal and immortal, cor-
poral and spirituaL Dee, Pref. to Euclid (1570).
The soul may be called the form of forms.
Bacon, Physical Fables, li., Expl.
Form value. See raitw.— Good form. See def. 14.—
Ground form. See .^rowndi.- Immaterial form, in
metaph., a form the efficient cause of which does not lie
in matter: opposed to 7na^«rta£/orm.— Informing form,
in metaph., a form which is a part of its suljject, — In-
herent form, in metaph., a fornt which can exist only in
matter. — Inner form, in printing, v/Yvexx two forms are
med for one sheet, the form which contains the pages that
are hidden or concealed by the folds or bolte iu an uncut
2336
sheet. This form is usually printed first.— Intelligible
form, in metaph., a form which can be perceived only
by the intellect.— Outer form, in 2>^inting, wlieu two
forms are required, the form which contains the first and
last p^es of a signature, as 1 and 8 in a sheet of octavo,
or 1 and 16 in a sheet of lUnio, and the pages which there-
fore appear on the outside of the folded sheet. Usually
this side of the sheet is printed last. — Principal form,
in metaph., a form which itself constitutes a species;
opposed to a disponent or disposing form, which merely
prepares the matter for the reception of the principal
form.— Ribbed form, in hand paper-making, a square or
oblong wooden frame with parallel brass wires steadied
by cross-wires, used for making lined paper. — Sensible
form, in vietaph., a form which can be perceived by the
senses. — Separate form, in metaph. , a form wliich, while
it may be capable of existing only in matter, yet has a being
apart from the matter. — Simple form, in metaph., mere
form, witliout matter: thus, God is held to be simple
form.— Substantial or essential form, in metaph.,
that in which the essence of a thing consists. The sub-
stantial form has four marks : it does not directly affect
the senses ; it has no variations of degree (though this
was disputed); it is good and perfect; it is the princi-
ple or origin of the properties and operations of that to
which it pertains. Much use was made by the medieval
logicians of the doctrine of substantial forms, and thus
the absurdity of trying to explain the properties and
operations of things by means of mere abstract state-
ments was put in a strong light, which the conflict with
the real explanations of science soon heightened. Thus,
if the Newtonian law of gravitation were merely a traus-
fonnation of Kepler's laws, and implied nothing further,
it would be of the nature of a substantial form ; but in
point of fact it predicts the various lunar equations,
the planetary perturbations, the precession of the equi-
noxes, the tides, and the figure of the earth. — Theory
of forms, tlie theory of the changes of algebraic forms
due to linear transformations of their variables ; espe-
cially, the theory of invariants, reciprocants, etc.— To
take form, to assume a definite shape, appearance, or or-
der; become definite and clear: as, the conception gradu-
ally took form, in his mind. = Syn. 1. Shape, Fashion, etc.
See figure, n. — 13. Hite, Observance, etc. See ceremony.
form (f6rm), V. [Early mod. E. also fourm,
fourme; <. ME. formenj fonrmeUj <. OF. former j
fourmerj F. former = Pr. Sp. l^g. formar =. It.
formare = D. vormen = MHG. G.formen = leel.
Hw. forma = Dan. /orme, < Ij. formare, shape,
fashion, form, etc., (.forma, a shape, form:
see form, w.] I. trans. 1. To give form to;
shape ; mold, (a) To give a figure to ; make a figure
of ; constitute as a figure : as, to form a statue ; to form a
triangle.
That glorious picture of the air
Which summer's light-robed soigel forms
On the dark ground of fading storms.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, ii.
(6) In general, to model, make, or produce by any combi-
nation of parts or materials.
And the Lord Godfonned man of the dust of the giound.
, Gen. ii. 7.
I'll trust you with the stuff you have to work on,
You'll form it! B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3.
Prometheus, forming Mr. Day,
Carv'd something like a Man in Clay.
Prior, The Parallel.
We can put together sentence after sentence of clear
and strong English without a single Romance word ; we
cannot form the shortest really complete grammatical
sentence without Teutonic words.
E. A. Freevfhan, Amer. Lects., p. 165.
Specifically — (c) To arrange; combine in any particular
manner : as, he formed his troops into a hollow square.
(d) To model by instruction and discipline ; mold ; train.
Eminent men, living and dead, whom we will not stop
to enumerate, carried to the Upper House an eloquence
formed and matured in the Lower.
Macaulay, Lord Holland.
I resolved to /orm Dora's mind. . . . I talked to her on
the subjects which occupied my thoughts.
Dickens, David Copperfield, xlviii.
(e) To devise; conceive; frame; invent; create: as, to
form opinions from sound premises ; to /orm an image in
the mind.
He said that be was unable to form an idea of what
would be international bimetallism.
Contemporary Rev., L. 287.
We have now no means of forming an opinion of the
great national temple of the Capitoline Jove, no trace of
it, nor any intelligible description, having been preserved
to the present time. J. Fergusson, Hist, Arch., I. 305.
(/) In gram., to make, as a word, by derivation or by af-
fixes.
The one class or conjugation regularly/orTnaits preterit
and participle . . . by theadditionof *'ed"or "d" to the
root of the verb.
Whitney, "Essentials of Eng. Grammar, p. 107.
2. To go to make up ; be an element or con-
stituent of ; constitute ; take the shape of : as,
duplicity /or/ws no part of his character; these
facts form a safe foundation for our conclu-
sions.
The diplomatic politicians, . . . who/ormedby far the
majority. Burke, A Regicide Peace, ii.
He took his measures with that combination of dexter-
ity and daring v/YAoh formed his character.
Irving, Granada, p. 61.
3t. To display so as to communicate the real
meaning.
No violent heat whatsoever can /orm. a new language to
a man which he never knew before.
Stillingfieet, Sermons, I. ix.
formal
4t. To persuade ; bring to do.
The ffrist that 50U jformed to that ffals dede.
He shulde have hadde Iiongynge on hie on the fforckis.
Richard the Redeless, i. 107.
5. To provide with a form, as a hare. [Rare.]
The melancholy hare ia form'd in brakes and briers.
Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 204.
= Syn. 1. To fashion, carve, produce, dispose. — 2, To con-
stitute, compose, make up.
II. intrans. X. To take or come into form;
assimie the characteristic or implied figure,
appearance, or arrangement: as, the troops
formed in columns; ice forms at a tempera-
ture of 32° F.
Form! Form! Riflemen, /or»i.'
Ready, be ready to meet the storm !
Tennyson, The War.
At the time of the English settlement in Britain, the
consciousness of distinct national life could hardly have
begun among the Nether-Dutch people ; their language,
their institutions, were still only /ormin^r, not yet formed.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 77.
2. To run for a form, as a hare ; squat in a form.
Scath. First, think which way she fourmeth, on what
wind ;
Or north, or south.
George. For, as the shepherd said,
A witch is a kind of hare. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 2.
-form. [= F. -forme = Sp. Pg. It. -forme, < L.
-formis, -like, -shaped, the form, with adj. ter-
mination, in compound adjectives, of format
shape, form : see form, n. The vowel preced-
ing this termination (representing in Latin
the stem-vowel of the preceding element) is
properly i; but in some scientific words re-
cently formed the vowel is erroneously made
ce, as if the ending of the Latin feminine geni-
tive.] A termination in words of Latin origin,
or in words formed like them, meaning *-like,
-shaped, in the form of ' : as, ensiform, sword-
like, sword-shaped; falciform, sickle-shaped;
■vermiform, worm-like ; oviform, in the form of
an egg.
formable (f6r'ma-bl), a. [= F.formable = Sp.
formable = It. " formaHle, capable of being
formed, < lAu. formaMlis, that may be formed,
< for^nare, form: see/orw, v.] 1. Capable of
being formed.
A good many of his nervous connections are not yet
formed, they are only /ormafe^e,
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 312.
2t. Shapely; well formed. Davies.
Thys profit is gott by trauelling, that what&oeuer he
wryteth he may so expresse and order it, that hys narra-
tive may be formable, W. Webbe, Eng. Poetry, p. 90.
3t. Formal. Dekker.
formal (for'mal), a. [< ME. formel, fourmel, G.
formell = Dan. Sw. formel, < OF. formel, F.
formel ■=z'Pr. Sp. Pg. formal = It. formale, < L.
formalis, (forma, form: see form, n.] 1. Ac-
cording to form, rule, or established order;
according to the rules of law or custom ; sys-
tematic; regular; legal.
The tide of blood in me
Hath proudly fiow'd in vanity, till now :
Now doth it turn, and ebb back to the sea ;
Where it shall mingle with the state of floods.
And flow hencefortli informal majesty.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2.
It was agreed that there should be z. formal disputation
between these doctors and some Protestant clergymen.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
Clive . . . applied to the Court of Delhi for a formal
grant of the powers of which he already possessed the re-
ality. Macaulay, Lord Clive.
In northern Gaul, above all, where the Franks accepted,
not only Christianity but Catholic Christianity, in the very
act of their coming, the Teutonic conquest can hardly be
said to have made any change at all in the fomuU position
of the Christian Church.
E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 111.
2, Characterized by or made or done in strict
or undue conformity to legal or conventional
rules ; notably conventional.
And then, the justice ;
In fair round belly, with good capon lin'd.
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut.
Full of wise saws and modern instances.
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.
Still in constraint your suff'ring sex remains.
Or bound informal or in real chains.
Pope, Epistle to Miss Blount, 1. 42.
A cold-looking, /<?mMi^ garden, cut into angles and rhom-
boids. Irving.
Formal habits long since out of date.
Brovming, Ring and Book, I. 66.
3. Observing or requiring strict observance of
the rules of law, custom, or etiquette; strict-
ly ceremonious ; precise ; exact to affectation ;
punctilious.
Especially [ceremonies] be not to be omitted to stran-
gers and formal natures. ' Ba^on, Essays, lilL
formal
TVa. What is he, Biondello?
Bion. Master, a niereatante, or a pedant,
I know not what; hnt/onnal in apparel,
In gait aud countenance surely like a father.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 2.
The Moos'Ums are extremely /onnai and regular in their
social manners. E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 250.
Formal as she was, still, in her life's experience, she
had gnashed her teeth against human law.
Hatcthome, Seven Gables, v.
4. Begular or methodical in action. [Rare.]
the formal stars do travel so
As we their names and courses know. Waller.
6. Having conformity with the rules of art;
scholastic; theoretical; also, rhetorical; aca-
demical; expressed in artificial language.
Here is taxed the vanity of formal speakers, that study
more about prefaces and inducements than upon the con-
clusions and issues of speech.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, iL 314.
I b^^an to look on the rudiments of musick, in which I
afterwards arrived to some/ormoi knowledge, though to
small perfection of hand. Evelyn, Diary, 1639.
He fayned such a formall excuse that for want of lan-
guage Captaine Winne vnderstood him not rightly.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 223.
6. Relating to form merely, not to the sub-
stance or matter; having the form or appear-
ance without the substance or essence; ex-
ternal; outward: as, a formal defect; formal
duty ; formal worship.
Let not our looks put on our pnri>os68 ;
But bear it as our Roman actors do,
With untlr'd spirits SMd formal constancy.
Shak., J. C, U. L
Of formal duty make no more thy boast ;
Thou disobey 'st where it concuioa me most.
Dryden, Aurengzebe.
7t. Embodied in a form; personified. The allu-
sion in the extract is to the character of the Vice who,
under many aliases, was an attendant on the Devil In the
old moralities. See iniquity and viM.
Thus, like the formal Vice, Iniquity,
I muralise two meanings in one wurd.
Shak., Rich. III., ilL 1.
8t. Pertaining to or regarding the shape and
appearance of a living being; characteristic;
proper; sane.
The consequence is then, thy Jealous fits
Uave scar'd thy husljand from the use of wits. . . .
Be patient; for I will not let him stir
Till X have us'd the approved means I have.
With wholesome sympe, drugs, and holy prayers.
To make of falro m formal man again.
Shak., C. of E., T. 1.
ThU is evident to tmy formal capacity.
Shak., T. N., li. 5.
0. Pertaining to form, in sense 8, especially
in the Aristotelian use, opposed to material;
essential ; express. See phrases below. — 10.
Pertaining to those elements of cognition which
according to Kant have their origin in the na-
ture of ^e mind itself; universal and neces-
sary.-Formal abstraction. See oMrocf ion.— Formal
acceptation, the- »< • ei)tiiti<>ii of a word as representing
what it niKiiitlfd. TliiiH, if we say "Man has three let-
ters," man is taken in its material acceptation; bat if
we say "Man Is an animal," the acceptation iM formal. —
Fomul appellation, the mode in which an adjective is
underHUxMl when it forms the predicate of a proposition.
— Formal beatitude. Aee beatitude.— Tormal cbjum,
in niftajiU., that fk-mt*nt of a thing which determines
whiit Kort of a thing it Is.— Formal correctness, evi-
dence, heresy, etc. See the noun-*. Formal criterion
of truth. See cnVeriort, — Formal Inclusion, in l<»,nf,
express inclusion, such that the iiicluiliiiK tenn roiild not
be defined without giving a d*'ttnitii»n of part i»f tht- defi-
nition of the term inducted. — Formal induction, an
inference having the form uf an Induction, but differing
essentially therefnjm In being d<-n)on»trative ; complete
induction. — Formal law, in lo^ic, an explicit law ; also,
one which has no exceptions. — Formal logic, the theory
of the relations of different forms of pmiMi-sitinns and syl-
logisms : aUfj (by loose writers) applied to the opinion of
those who hold that such logic is adequate to represent-
ing human thuught.
The doctrine which expounds the laws by which our
»<rientiflc proce^lure should be governed, in so far as these
lie in the forms of thoogfatj or tn Uie conditions of the
mind Itself, which is Uie subject In which Icnowledge in-
heres, this science may be called /ormoi, or subjective, or
abstract, or pure, logic. Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, App. i.
Pure or formal lome is devoted to thought In general
and those universal forms and principles of thonght which
hold good everywhere, both In Judging of reality and
wetglui^ poasiblUty, irrespective of any di(Tert>nce In the
obJecU. Lota, Logic (trans., ed. Boaanquet), Int., xi.
Fomud mods, a mode which affects the copula of a
prr>positlon, as possibility, necessity, etc., contradistin-
guished from a material -mod*, which Is any kind of If mita-
tion or mfxllflcatlon of the subject or preincate. — Formal
nature, the essence of a thing, the universal in re.—
Formal object of a facoltyt, the adequate object ; the
object expressed with sufficient generality to include every
sperut ohjtTt ami nothiiitc r-Ise. llius, color it said to be
Uiv fftrmnl i-hjrrt i.f ftight. hut blue or red a material of>-
jert. ~ Formal object of a science, the adequate object,
as considered l-y the lirjence; that which Includes all that
the Bcit'n<e treats 'in-' nothing else.- Formal opposi-
tion, an opp<Mitir>n between two proposltioTiH which ap-
pear to directly conflict, apart from any ezplanation of
147
2.337
the meanings of the terms : as, No A is B; All A is B.—
Formal part, in Icjic, the genus or specific difference
considered as part of the species.— Formal repug-
nancy, the repugnancy of two characters which tauiiut
be true of the same subject, as black and white.— Formal
sign, in loffic, a sign which denotes its object by virtue of
resembling it ; a lilceness ; an icon ; an analogue ; a dia-
gram.
The formal sign Is that which represents the thing. So,
a picture is a sign of the thing painted; the footstep, of
the foot ; conceptions, of things, etc.
Burgersdiciii^, Monitio Logica (tr. by a Gentleman),
[1. xix. 26.
Formal Slgnlficate, the quality connoted by an adjec-
tive.- Formal slgrniflcatlon, the regular signification of
a word. — Formal truth, logical consistency ; agreement
with logical possihility.
The knowledge of the form of thought la a formal
knowledge, and the harmony of thought with the form of
thought is, consequently, /orma/ trttth.
Sir W. Hamilton, Logic, xxvi.
Formal imlty, in metaph., the unity which belongs to
an individual apart from his individuality. Tims, the
humanity of Peter, apart from his individuality as Peter
(PetreityX is one humanity, ami in so far possesses /orma/
wni7.y.— Formal whole, in logic, a species considered as
composeii of its genus and specific difference. = Syn. 3.
Ceremonial, etc. (see ceremonioug); punctilious, stiff, prim.
formaldeliyde (form-al'de-hid), n. l<.form(ic)
+ alfkhude.^ A gas, CH2b. It can be obtained in
several ways, as, for example, by leading a mixture of
vapor of methyl-alcohol, CH4O, and air over a heated
filatinum spiral. When dissolved in water it is a power-
ul disinfectant
formalism (fdr'mal-izm), n. {<fomml + -ism.']
1. The character of being formal; strict ad-
herence to or observance of prescribed or rec-
ognized form, rule, style, etiquette, or the like;
excessive attachment to conventional usage,
or (especially in religion) to external forms
and observances ; hence, artificiality or cold
stiffness of manner or behavior: as, judicial
formalism ; formalism in art ; the formalism of
pedantry or of court life ; cold formalisrn in
public worship.
Tills practice of asserting simply on authority, with the
pretence and without the reality of assent, is what is meant
hyformalitm, J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 41.
One good result had followed the constitutional formal-
itm of the three reigns. Stubb*, Const. Hist., % 373.
2. In philos, : (a) The system which denies the
existence of matter and recognizes form only ;
phenomenal idealism. (6) A belief in the suf-
ficiency of formal logic, especially of the tradi-
tional syllogistic, for the purposes of human
thought.
formaliflt (fdr'mal-ist), n. [= G. Dan. Sw. for-
malist, < F. formaliste = Pg. It, formalista ; as
formal + -ist.] 1. One who adheres strictly
to established custom, form, or tisage, as in
style, conduct, or procedure ; one who is at-
tached to the observance of recognized modes
or methods ; also, one who has undue regard to
forms and rules.
There are in point of wisdome and sufflclencle, that doe
nothing or little verie solemnly. It is a ridiculous thing,
and fit for a satyre to persons of Judgement, to see what
shifts these formalitt$ have, and what perspectives to
make superficies to seeme body, that hath depth and
bulke. Bacon, Of Seeming Wise (1612).
The cramping Influence of a hsrd formalist on a young
child in repressing his spirits and courage, paralyzing the
understanding, ... is a familiar fact explained to the
child when he becomes a roan. Emerton, History.
2. In philos.y one who denies the existence of
matter and recognizes the existence of form
only; an idealist.
formalistic (for-ma-lis'tik), a. [(.formalist +
-jc.J Characterized by formalism.
To make forms essential is the essence of formalittie
ritualism. C. Hodge, quoted In Church Polity, p. 297.
formality (f6r-mari-ti),n. ; p\. formalities (-tiz).
f = F. formality = ^p. formatidad = Vg.formali-
(lade = It. formality ; a.9 formal + -ity.] 1, The
condition or quality of being formal ; specifi-
cally, rigid or undue observance of forms or
established rules, as in style, conduct, or pro-
cedure ; especially, the sacrifice of substance or
spirit to form ; conventionality.
Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of for-
mality and custom, but of conscience. Bp. Atterbury.
His heart was a little cold ; ... his manners decorous
even to formality. Macavlay, William Pitt
2. The result of exclusive attention to the
rules of art, without life or spontaneity.
Such {l>ooksl as are mere pieces of formality, so that If
you look on them you look through them. Fuller.
3. An established order; a nile of proceeding;
a formal mode or method: as, the formalities
of judicial process; formalities of law.
The only j>art of the formalitif$ Mrh\c\\ seemed to distress
him was the plucking of the Bible out of his hand.
MacaxUay, Hist. £ng., vL
formation
Land once afforested became subject to a peculiar system
of laws, which, as well as t\\*i forinalities required to con-
stitute a valid atforestment, have been carefully ascer-
tained by the Anglo-Norman lawyers.
Efhcyc. Bn<.,IX. 409.
4t. Validity ; binding force.
The formality of the vow lies in the promise made to
God. Stillingjleet.
5t. Customary behavior or dress, or customary
ceremony; ceremonial.
Civilians . . . attired in blacke gownes, with certaine
tippets and formalities that they wear upon pleading days.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 31.
The pretender would have infallibly landed in our north-
ern parts, and found them all sat down in Iheii formalities,
as the Gauls did the Roman senators. Swift.
6. In 2>/ii?o5., external appearance; formal part.
To fix on God the formality of faculties or affections is
the imposture of our fancies, and contradictory to his di-
vinity. Glanville, Seep. Sci.
7. In the philosophy of Dims Scotus, a formal
element of being ; a quidditative ens, or any-
thing belonging thereto except an intrinsic
mode. Examples of formalities are : humanity, asineity,
aniniality, quantity, quality, entity, unity, truth, goodness.
Examples of intrinsic modes are : infinity, potentiality,
necessity, existence, reality, haecceity.
Its parts are said to be formal ; as if one should say,
which by reason only, which they call formality, are dis-
tinguished.
Burgersdicius, Monitio Logica (tr. by a Gentleman),
II. xiv. 10.
8. The character of the formal in the Kantian
sense; universality and necessity.
formalize (f6r'mal-iz), r. ; pret. and pp. formal-
izedj ppr. formalizing. [=. F. formaliser = Sp.
formalizar = Pg. formalisar z=: It. formalizzare ,
as formal + ■4z€.~\ I. trans. If. To reduce to
form ; give a certain form to ; model.
The same spirit which anointed the blessed soul of our
Saviour Christ doth so formalize, unite, and actuate his
whole race, as if both he and they were so many limbs com-
pacted into one ln»dy. Hooker.
2. To render formal.
It is curious to see the agency of this [importance at<
tached to] gentility in foiinalizing even love and hatred.
Whipple, Lit. and Life, p. 137.
H, intrans. 1, To affect formality ; become
formal. [Rare.]
They turned their poor cottages into stately palaces,
their true fasting into /onna/uin^ and partial abstinence.
Hales, St. Peter's Fall.
2t. To use forms, as of statement.
Many times indeed our gallants can formalize in other
words, but evermore the substance, and usually the very
words are no other but these of Cain's, Let us go out into
the field. Hales, Duels.
formalizert (f6r'mal-i-z6r), n. A formalist.
The ministers UxvxxeA formalizers.
Roger North, Lord Guilford, 11. 144.
formally (f6r'mal-i), adv. [< ME. formellichej
formeliche; <. formal -\- -ly^.] In a formal man-
ner; as regard3 form; in form.
O wher hastou l>en so long hyde In muwe.
That canst so wel and foiinetiehe arguwe?
Chaucer, Troilus, Iv. 497.
You and your followers dostand/on;ia/^i/divided against
the authorised guides of the church and the rest of the
people. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
A judgment \a formally right when its predicate Is con-
tained In the conception of the snhjcct ; formally wrong
when it Is not. E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 295.
The true principle /ormaHi/ stated by Butler, that "prob-
ability is the guide of life." BiUiotheca Sacra, XLV. 711.
Tlie very devil assum'd thee/ortHa/^v.
That face, that voice, that gesture, that attire.
Middleton, A Mad World.
(In the Scotist philosophy this adverb was Introduced
into a proposition to show that it was true by virtue of a
definition, or "identically."
The effect Is said to be contained in the cause either for-
molly or eminently. When formally, or the effect is of the
same nature with the cause, the cause is said to be univo-
cal, and is equal to Its effect.
Burgersdicius, Monitio Logica (tr. by a Gentleman),
[I. xvii. 21.
Tliat which formally makes this [charity] a Christian
grace is the spring from which it (lows. Smalndge.]
formate (f6r'mat), n. [iform-ic + -ate^.] A
salt formed by the union of formic acid with a
base. Also (tdWed formiate.'
formation (f6r-ma'shon),n. [=G. Dan. Sw./or-
mation, < F. formation = Sp. formacion = Pg.
forma^do = It, formazione, < L. formatio{n-)^
< formare^ form: see /arwi, r.] 1. The act or
proce^ of forming or making; the operation
of composing by the union of materials or ele-
ments, or of shaping and giving form; a put-
ting or coming into form: as, the formation of
a state or constitution; the formation of ideas
or of character.
The Sixth Day concludes with the Formation of Man.
Addison^ Spectator, No. 338
formation
2338
2 Disposition of parts or elements; fonnal formedont (for'me-don), n. [L /or»«a doni.}
structure or arrangement; conformation; con- In ohi Emj. law, a writ ot. ngl^t fffj"^
recov-
ery of lauds by one claiming according to the
form of a gift or grant thereof — Fonnedon in
the descender, such a writ brought by the heh' in tail
astainst an alienee of a preceding tenant in tail.— For-
medon In the reverter, such a writ brought by the
one entitleil to the reversion.
The well-disciplined picket had gone rightabout-face formelt, «• [ME.formel,fortnele,formaylle, ap-
structure _ „
figuration: as, the peculiar /or»ja<io» of the
heart ; & forma Hon of troops in columns, squares,
etc.
The doomed men marched on, without any /oniiof ion.
E. Sartorim, In the Soudan, p. 63.
par. an altered form, in simulation of ME. fc-
mel, female, female, of OF. forme, a female of
the falcon or hawk kind.] The female of the
falcon family of birds.
Nature held on hire hond
A/ormele egle.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1.
lilie a single person. They maintained this/onnadon all
the while we were in sight.
R, L. Stevftmm, Inland Voyage, p. 143.
3. That which is formed ; anything considered
as to its form, structure, or arrangement : as,
the forma tion consisted of a mass of incongruous
materials. Specifically— 4. In ffcoi., properly,
a group or assemblage of rocks, whether strati-
fled or unstratified, having a similar origin or
some common physical character. Some geologists
use the word formation as the equivalent of tystem, or as
designating a group of strata having the same geological
age. See system.
Thus we speak of stratified and unstratified, fresh-water
and marine, aqueous and volcanic, ancient and modern, fonuenet (for'men), «.
metalliferous and non-metalliferous /or7na/i«n«. Af otlimiB nr marsh-trBS
Sir C. LyeU, Manual of Geology, p. 8. Methane, or marsn gas.
37.'!.
form-element (fdrm'el'e-ment), n. Anything
that enters into the structure or composition f—mestt a. ««perZ. A Middle English form of
of something else, giving it a recognizable ,;,,.„„jo,«.
Formicariids
2. In time past ; at a certain point or through
an indefinite period in the past ; of old ; here-
tofore.
Marry, 'tis a withered pear; it vm formerly better.
SAa*-., All's Well, i. 1.
At this time the King forgot not a deliverance he had
formerly had. Baker, Chronicles, p. 405.
St. In time just past; just now; as aforesaid.
Thou hast incurr'd
The danger formerly by me rehears'd.
5-Ao*.,M. of V.,iv. 1.
= Syn. 2. Once, anciently ; Formerly, Previously. Former-
ly means before the present time, and perhaps a considera-
ble time before ; jn-eviously, before some particular event
or time, and generally up to that point : as, the rates of
postage were formerly much higher than now ; they were
reduced in 1845, having previously been at an average of
about lai cents.
-/«?.] Ready
[Bare.]
" Formerly it was considered sufficient to collect the more
typical specimens of a species, and to be satisfied with a
general collection to represent the Formation." To this
is added in a note : "the term formation is in some re-
spects objectionable, but it is convenient, and no satisfac-
tory substitute has as yet been proposed."
Prestwi^h, Geology, p. 5.
Alluvial formations. See aHwiiai.— Free-cell forma-
tion. Sic ,mc. — Polar formation, in 7nath., the appli-
catiiMi of till' operation a;,l),, -f x^D,, +, etc.
fonnational (for-ma'shon-al), «. [< formation
+ -al.'] Pertaining to formation or formations.
Fonnational and historical geology.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXII. 244.
formative (for'mii-tiv), a. and n. [< F. for-
matif = PT.formatiu = Sp. Pg. It. formativo,
< NL. formativus, < L. formare, pp. formatus,
form: see form, r.] I. a. 1. Giving form or
shape; having the power of giving form; plas-
tic ; shaping; molding; determining: as, the
formative yolk of an egg, which changes into
an embryo; a /ormofttie process.
The meanest plant cannot be raised without seeds by
auy/orina(ii» power residing in the soil.
Bentley, Sermons.
Cumberland substitutes throughout for the idea of right
as formative in ethics that of natural good.
Bibliotheca Sacra, XLIII. 542.
2. Pertaining to formation or development;
related to the fixation of or growth into form
or order: as, the formative period of youth or
of a nation; formative experiments.
The man who has learned it [history] as he learns French
or German from a travelling conversation book does not
gain either the formative effect on the judgment, or the
great inheritance of scientific study.
Stubbs, Jledieval and Modern Hist., p. 78.
To them who did not consider the formative nature of
the book ... it seemed as if the young author [Swin-
burne] was lusting after strange gods.
Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 390.
3. Ingram., serving to form; determining gram-
form or constitution. Thus, the corpuscles of the f„__,f,,i /fArm'fvd") a r< form +
blood are form-elements of that fluid; a cell is a, form- ^Y';T'-'"> pvestive ■' imaanuitivR
element of any tissue; an ultimate fibril of muscle is a to toim, creative , imaginative
form-element of flesh. As fleets the vision o'er i\\eformful brain,
[(. form-iC + -e»e.] This moment hurrying wild the impassion'd soul,
The next in nothing lost. Thomson, Summer, 1. 1632.
former^ (for^mer), a. and n. [Mod. E.,^ with form-genuS (fdrm'je'nus), n. In biol., a genus
compar. suffix -er, < ME. forme, fijst, < AS,
forma, first (= OS. formo = OFries./orajn), <
for, fore, fore, before, + -ma, superl. suffix.
See/or,/orel,and cf. /oremo««.] I. «. If. Be-
ing before in place ; fore ; first ; foremost.
He was euer in the former f ronte, and hilde Calibourne
in his right honde, and smote on the right side and on the
lifte. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 661.
Coming from Sardis, on onr former ensign
Two mighty eagles fell ; and there they perch'd.
Shak., J. C, V. 1.
2. Being or happening before in time; pre-
ceding another or something else in order of
time; prior.
He shall come unto us as the rain, as the latter and for-
mer rain unto the earth. Hos. vi. 3.
'Tis but the Fun'ral of the/ormer year.
Pope, To Mrs. M. B.
At v/h&t former period, under wh&t former administra-
tion, did public officers of the United States thus interfere
in elections? D. Webster, Speech, Oct. 12, 1832.
3. Past ; especially, long past ; ancient.
F.nquire, I pray thee, of the fornur age. Job viii. 8.
After-Ages can know nothing of /on(icr Times but what
is recorded by writing. Baker, Chronicles, p. 1.
4. Preceding or going before in a series; an-
tecedent in order of thought, of action, etc.:
specifically applied to the antecedent one of
two things, or of two parts or divisions of any-
thing.
Then speak again ; not all thy former tale.
But this one word. Shak., K. John, iii. 1.
My twoforiner [letters] were of Judaism and Christian-
ity. Howell, Letters, ii. 10.
A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic ; a
man may be the/ormer merely through the misfortune of
want of judgment ; but he cannot be the latter without
both that and an ill temper. Pope.
Former adjudication. See adpidication. = Sjm. 2. Prior,
anterior, antecedent, i^ee 2»-evious. — 3. Bygone.
Il.t «. A predecessor. Davies.
mXarform or character 'as a part of speech former^ (for'mfer), n. [< ME /o™ar,/omo«r,
- - - •• ■ fourmour, formyour, < OP. formeor, *f armour,
or derivative ; inflectional: as, a formative ter-
mination.
n. n. In gram., a formative element of a
word; that which serves to give grammatical
form ; an addition to or modiflcation of a root
or crude form, giving it special character.
formator (fdr'ma-tor), m. [< L. formator, a
former, shaper, <: formare, form, shape: see
form. V. Cf. former^.] Same as conformator.
formature (for'ma-tur), n. [= Pg. formatura;
< L. as if "formatura, < formare, form: see
form, v.] the act of shaping or forming.
[Rare.]
These infant communities were easily susceptible of
formature by leading men. The Churchman, LIV. 489.
form-board (fSrm'bord), «. An inferior kind
of pasteboard used for packing, bookbinding,
etc. It is made from waste paper, refuse rags,
and coarser portions of the pulp.
formeH, a. [ME., < AS. forma, flrst: see for-
»«erl.] Former; first.
Adam oure /orm« fader. Chaucer, Tale of Mellbeus.
forme^ (f6rm), ». A Middle English spelling of
form, still retained in English and Scotch usage
among printers. See form, n., 6.
form6 (f6r-ma'), a. [F., pp. ot former, form:
sec/orm, «.] tnJier., s&mo &% patU.
formed (formd), a. 1. Arranged, as stars into
a constellation. — 2. In her., seated or crouched
as in its form: said of a hare. — 3. Trained;
developed ; mature : as, a formed character. —
Formed bachelor. See bachelor, 2.
composed of similar form-species.
When vigorously glowing and dividing, the Schizomy-
cetes as a rule present certain definite forms, which are
at any rate so constant under constant conditions that
they can be figured and described with such accuracy and
certainty that good observers have regarded them as fixed
species, or at least as form-species w form-genera.
Encyc. Brit., XXI. 401.
formiate (f6r'mi-at), n. Same a,s formate.
formic (for'mik), a. [=F. /ormigwe; short for
formicic, q. v.] Pertaining to, produced by,
derived from, or characteristic of ants. Also
formicic.
When we are told to go to the ant and the bee, and con-
sider their ways, it is not that we should borrow from them
formic laws or apiarian policy.
Southey, The Doctor, xcvi.
Formic acid, HCO.OH, an acid obtained from a fluid
emitted by ants when irritated. This fluid contains both
malic and formic acids, and by infusing ants in boiling
water an acid as strong as vinegar is obtained, which has
been used in place of vinegar. Formic acid exists also in
certain other insects, in the common stinging nettle, and
in various animal liquids. It is prepared commercially
by heating oxalic acid and glycerin, the oxalic acid sepa-
rating into carbon dioxid and formic acid. It is a colorless
fluid of strongly acid smell, and produces a blister and
great pain when dropped en the skin.— Formic ethers,
ethers obtained by the substitution of alcoholic radicals
for the replaceable hydrogen of formic acid : thus, ethyl
formic ether, (CsHsK'nO^.
iPormica (f6r-mi'ka), n. [L. (> It./omiica =
Sp. hormiga = Vg.formiga = Vr.formiga = F.
fourmi), an ant, emmet.] 1. The typical ge-
nus of ants of the family Formicidip, formerly,
as used by Linnreus, coextensive with the whole
group of f ormicarians, but now greatly restrict-
ed. It still contains many species, having the abdominal
peduncle one-jointed, the mandibles triangular and den-
ticulate, and the females stingless. /■'. ru,fa is a common
red ant, found both in Europe and in North America.
2. [I. c] [ML., a kind of abscess (apostevia),
lit. an ant; also called iforr«»i, lit. leek; cf. F.
oignon, a bunion, lit. an onion.] An abscess;
in falconry, a distemper in a hawk's bill which
eats it away.
{ZZ":ee'f^;m{T&rm':S^^\'. ^nZ^o ^^^^^'j^^F^:-!<± tjl^l ^
form: see form, v. Ct. formator.]
forms, fashions, creates, or makes ; a creator.
We beleven God, formyojir of hevene and of erthe.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 2.
Fader and/oiinnowr of al that enere was maked.
Piers Plowman (B), ix. 27.
2. Specifically, a pattern in or upon which formicant (for mi-kant) « .[<L./orm«
anything is shaped, as a piece of wood used for PW- f form,care,cra..\ like ants feel
sb^nin., cnrtrid^es and a^n-wads: anv mecha- skin) as if craw ed over by ants, <forr
shaping cartridges apd gun-wads ; any mecha-
nism contributing to give shape to an article in
process of manufacture.
To roll up the cases [of rockets] you nnist have a smooth
round ruler, or, as it is called, a/orjn«r; exactly the size of
the cavity of the rocket, and 10 or 12 times as long.
H'or*8ftop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 124.
ant, + -an.] Of or pertaining to the ant; re-
sembling an ant.
The driver-ants . . . are vagabonds and wanderers upon
the face of the earth, formican tramps.
Eclectic May., XLI. 420.
[< li. formican (t-)s,
' (as the
_ formica, an
ant.] Crawling like an ant": applied in medicine
to the pulse when it is extremely small, scarcely
perceptible, unequal, and communicates a sen-
sation like that of the motion of an ant per-
ceived through a thin texture. Dunglison.
formicaria, «. Plural of /onHioanMW.
Thecuttingpressureof thetooltendstoholdthe/orniCT- formicarisb (for-mi-ka'ri-e), n. jyl. [NL.,fem.
and the plate together. Sci. Amer., N. S., LIV. 259. ^j^ ^^ jj^j^_ *formicaritis, adj. : see formicnrian.]
formeret (for'me-ret), n. [< OF. formeret, fro- ^ superfam'ily name of the ants, conterminous
meret, < forme, iorm: see form, w.] In arch., yf{f\^ j^g familv Formicida' in a large sense:
the arched rib which in ribbed vaulting lies
next the wall and in a plane parallel to it.
Axes the form of the vault longitudinally, and is less than
the other main ribs which divide and support the vault-
ing. See arc doubleau, arc oyive, under arcl .
formerly (f6r'm6r-li), adv. It. First; first of
all; beforehand.
But Calidore, that was more quicke of sight, . . .
Prevented him before his stroke could light.
And on the helmet smote him formerlie.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. i. 38.
synonymous with Heterogyna.
I' formicarian (f6r-mi-ka'ri-an),o. and»i
[<ML.
*formicarius (> OF. formicaire), pertaining to
ants, < L. formica, an ant: see Formica.] I. o.
1. In e« torn., of or pertaining to ants; formicine.
— 2. In ornith., of or pertaining to ant-birds;
formicarioid.
II. n. 1. In CHtom., one of the Formicaria;
an ant. — 2. In ornith.. an ant-bird; a formi-
carioid passerine bird.
If I had not/ornusri!/ read the Barons Wars in England, pn_mipa.,NJm rf6r'''mi-ka-ri'i-de'). n. pi. [NL.,
I had more admired that of the ^eagures in^Fr^n^e.^^ ^^ ^<°^Sw ^ liZ.]' 2 fam^ 0^ for^nical
Fomicariidae
rioid passerine birds, having long slender feet,
the outer toe united at the base to the middle
toe, full plumage on the rump, and a charac-
teristic coloration; the South American ant-
birds. The family is divisible into ThamnophUirux (ant-
shrikes), Fonnicimriiux (ant-wrensX and Formicariirut
(aut-thrnshes). Under various names, the Formicariulff
have been include<l with several different groups of birds
with which they have little afllnity, as the Laniida: Tur-
dida. etc.; and the terms Formicariidir and Formicari-
ina have uaually included a number of Iieteroffeneous
forms now eliminated. The family as here limited is con-
fined to the warmer parts of .\raerica, and is highly char-
acteristic of the Neotropical fauna. Also FonHicarid{v.
Formicariinx (f6r-mi-ka-ri-i'ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Furmicarius + -inw.] A subfamily of Fornii-
cnritrfff, the ant-thrushes proper, resembling in
form but not in coloration the old-world pittas
(with which thev were formerly confounded).
Tlley have a thrusli-like bill, large stout feet, a very short
stinare tail, sexes usually alike in color, and terrestrial
habit& These ant-birds are confined t«» the warmer parts
of .\merica ; the genera and species are numerous.
formicarioid (f6r-mi-ka'ri-oid), a. and n. I. a.
Hin-ing the characters of the Formicarioidea;
as an ant-shrike, ant- wren, orant-thrush proper.
Also formicaroid.
n. n. One of the FormuMrioidea ; a formi-
carioid or traeheophonous passerine bird.
Fonnicarioidea (f6r-mi-ka-ri-oi'de-e), M. }>l.
[XL., < Formkarius -t- -owtetc.] A superfamUy
of birds, the ant-thrush series or formicarioid
passerines, a group of non-oscine Passeres, with
tracheal syrinx and schizopelmous feet; the
Tracheophona of authors. It b a large Mriea of
some 500 species, confined to the Neotropical re^on.
Leading families are the Formicariida, FurTtariida.Dtn-
dncolaptidfK, Pteroptochido!, etc.
formlcarltun (f6r-mi-ka'ri-iim), n. ; pi. formi-
airia i-'A). [ML.] Same asformieary.
Fonnicarins (for-mi-ka'ri-ns), n. [NL., < 'for-
micariu.t, p<>rtaining to ants, <. formu-a, an ant:
see /'onH !<■«.] The tj-pical genus of ant-thrushes
2339
While the superiority of the ants as a group t« the re-
maining Hymenoptera, to all other insects, and to the rest
of the annulose "suit-kingdom," is undisputed, we are un-
able to decide which species of ant is elevated above the
rest of the Formicide family. Pop. Sci. Mo., XII. 197.
Formlcidse (for-mis'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Formi-
ca + -ida.'] A family of aculeate hymenopter-
ous insects, of the series Heterogyna or Formica-
rue ; the ants, it is specially characterized by the form
of the abdomen, the first joint of which (and in one sub-
family the second also) forms a lenticular scale or knot of
variable shape, serving as a peduncle to the rest. All the
species are social, and live in colonies, consisting of males,
females, and neuters. See ayif^, and cut under Atta.
formicide (for'mi-sid), a. Seeformicid.
Formicina (for-mi-si'na), n. [NL., < Formica
+ -ina.'i A genus of ants, of the family Formi-
cid(E. F. rufa, known as the horse-ant, is an ex-
ample.
fonnicine (f6r'mi-sin), a. l<li.formieinus, <
formica, an ant : see Formica.'] Same as for-
micate.
Every trading vessel in the tropics has its /onnieiiie
fauna, and cannot help acting as a transporter of all sorts
of ants. H. O. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 31.
Fonnicivora (fdr-mi-siv'o-ra), n. [NL., < ^.for-
mica, an ant, -I- vorare, eat, devour.] The typi-
of the family Formicariidte&nA subfamily Formi-
cariina; containing such as /'. moniliger and
many others.
formicaroid (f6r'mi-ka-roid), a. Same as for-
miitirinid.
F"rinii-armd paaaeres, a group of paMerine' l>ir<U em-
braciii:; ten families not normally acromyodian, as dift-
tingui:.|icd from tnrdold,tanagrold. and stumold passeres
rt>«i><'i tivcly. A. R. Wallact, Ibis (1874), p. 400.
formicaiT (fAr'mi-ka-ri), n. ; pi. formicaries
(-riz;. [< iSli. formicarium, an ant-hill (prop,
neut. of 'formicarius, adj.), < L. formica, ant:
see formicarian, Formica.] An ants' nest or
ant-hill ; the nest or burrow inhabited by a col-
ony of ants. See ant-hill.
In A/ormieary we can detect no trace of private prop-
erty ; the territory, the buildings, the stores, the booty,
exist etjually for the benefit of all.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XII. 198.
This woric tbey |the ants) carry on nntll enough workers
are reared to attend to tlte active duties of the /ormieary.
Science, III. 54.
formicate (f Ar'mi-kat), a. [< L. formica, an ant,
+ -«</■'.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling an
ant or ants. Also/ormici/K'.
formication (fdr-mi-ka'shon), n. [= F. formi-
eatioH,<. lj.formicatio(n-),(formieare, crawl like
ants, feel (as the skin) as if crawled over by
ants: nee formicant.] In ;>n//io'., an abnormal
subjective sensation, referred to the skin, re-
sembling the feeling of ants creeping over the
body.
formicic (fAr-mis'ik), a. [< L. formica, an ant,
+ -!<•.] Same as /onnic.
formicid (fAr'mi-sid), It. and a. L »• An ant
of the family FormicidiB.
IL <i. Of or pertaining to the Formicida.
Alao formicide.
Ferrtigioous Ant-wrcn {t- t>rmii trora /frrug^inta).
cal genus of ant -wrens of the subfamily Formi-
eivorina, containing such as F. ferruginea and
others.
FormlciTOrinaB(f6r-mi-8iv-o-ri'ne), n.nl. [NL.,
< Formieitora + -iruB.] A subfamily of the fam-
ily FormicariidcB ; the ant-wrens, it comprises
small wealc species with comparatively slender and scarce-
ly hooked hill, the sexes unlike in color, the males l>eing
varied with black and white, and the females with lirown.
formidability (fdr'mi-da-bil'i-ti), n. [< for-
midable : see -bility.] Tie quality of being for-
midable; formidableness. [Rare.]
A Mackint4>sh has been taken who reiluces their /onni*
dnbilittt by l>eing sent to raise two clans.
Walpale, To Mann, II. 98 (1745)i
formidable (fdr'mi-da-bl), a. [< F. formidable
= 8p. formidable = I*g. formidarel = It. formi-
dabile, < L. formidahilis, causing fear, < formi-
dare, fear, dread; cf. formido (formidin-), n.,
fear, dread.] Exciting or fitted to excite fear
or apprehension ; hard to deal with ; difficult
to overcome, perform, or the like: applied to
persons or things possessing such strength,
power, or capability, or presenting stich ob-
stacles to action or progress, as to discourage
effort or inspire dread of failure.
I swell my preface into a volume, and make it /ormt*
dabU, when you see so many pages behind.
Dryden. Ded. of .Uneld.
One or two of the present ministers are pleased to rep-
resent me as a /ormufaM^ man.
Goldtnnith, Ooo<l-natnred Man, ii.
The master of such a force [sixty thonsanil troops] conld
not bnt l>e regarded by all his neighbours as &/ormidabU
enemy and a valuable ally. Maeautay, Frederic the Oreat.
=8yn. l>eterrent, discouraging, fearful, appalling, re-
dcnilitable.
formidableness (far'mi-da-bl-nes), «. The
quality of being formidable, or adapted to ex-
cite dread.
formidably (fflr'mi-da-bli), adr. In a formi-
dable niniiner.
formidoloset (for-mid'o-16s), a. [= Sp. Pg. It.
formidoloso, < L. formidolo/ms, fnrmidulomit,
full of fear, < formido, fear, dread : see formi-
dable.] Dreading greatly; very much afraid.
liaihii.
forming-cylinder (f6r'ming-8il'in-dtr), n. See
cylituhr,
forming-machine (fdr'ming-ma-shen'), n. 1.
A machine U8e<l for bending tiii-plate. and in
making hollow ware. — 2. An apparatus for
shaping articles made from fabrics of various
formular
kinds, as hats from plaited straw. — 3. A ma^
chine for twisting strands of fiber into rope.
formless (form'les), a. [= D. vormloos = G.
formlos = Dan. 8w. formlos ; as form + -lens.]
Wanting form or shape; without a determinate
form ; shapeless ; amorphous.
What's past, and what's to come, is strew'd with husks
And Jormlegs ruin of oblivion. Shak., T. and C, iv. 5.
formlessly (f6rm'les-li), adv. In a formless
manner.
His long coat \m\igformlesgly from his shoulders.
Hotvells, Annie Xilburn, vi.
formlessness (f6rm'les-nes), «. The state of
being without form.
Formosan (fdr-mo'san), a. and n. I. a. Of or
pertaining to Formosa, a large island lying
soutlieast of China, to which coimtry it belongs.
—Formosan deer. See deer.
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Formosa.
formosityt (for-mos'i-ti), n. [< OF. formosite
= It. formositd, < L. formosita(t-)s, beauty, <
formosics, beautifvil: see formous.] Beauty;
gracefulness.
The thunder-thumping Jove transfused his dotes into
your excellent/ort«o«tie.
Sir P. Sidney, Wanstead Play, p. 619.
formonst, 1. [=Pg. It. /onwoso,< Ij.formosiis,
beautiful, < forma, form, beauty : see/or>», n.]
Beautiful; fair. Halliwell.
O pulchrior sole in beautie full Incident,
Of all feminine most /ormowi flour.
The yine Ladies Wortkie, I. 23.
form-species (fdrm'spe'shez), M. In biol., a
species constituted by a single stage in the
course of development of a species which un-
dergoes transformations, and in many cases
originally supposed to be the only form of the
species.
formula (f6r'mu-la), m. ; pi. formula', formu-
las (-le, -laz). [= Gr. Dan. 8w. formel = F. for-
mule = Sp. Pg. formula = It. formoia, formula,
< L. formula, a small pattern or mold, a form,
rule, principle, method, formula, dim. of forma,
a form: see form, «.] 1. In general, a pre-
scribed form or rule ; a fixed or conventional
method in which anything is to be done, ar-
ranged, or said ; particularly, a form of words
in which something is required by rule or cus-
tom to be stated.
Formula are but decent and apt passages or convey-
ances of speech, which may serve indifferently for differ-
ing subjects. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 255.
The memory disburdens itself of its cumbrous catalogues
of particulars, and carries centuries of observation in a
single /orinu/a. Fmerson, Misc., p. 51.
Specifically — 2. Eccles., a written confession
of faith ; a formal enunciation or statement of
doctrines. See creed, and confession of faith,
under confession, 3. — 3. In math., any general
equation ; a rule or principle expressed in alge-
braic symbols. — 4. In chem., an expression by
means of symbols and figures of the constitu-
ents of a compound. See chemical formula, un-
der Wiemiffl/. Abel's, Cauchy's, Frullanl's, Kum-
mer'B, Polsson's formulse, in umlh., certain formula;
relating u> ileftriite intcgral.i. Approximate, associa-
tive, cbaractertBtlc, chemical, dental, dimldiatlcn,
distributive, duplication, empirical, i ti.. formula.
.Sec il].- qii:ilit.viiig words. — CotCB's, OauBS's, Simpson's
formulse, fnrniulie for approximate ([uadratures.— Eu-
ler'B formulse, the formula expressing the sine and co-
sine of an iiiigle as the sum of two exponentials. — For-
mula of ChristiSOn, a rule for estimating the amount of
solids in urine, namely : Multiply the last two figures of
the 8i»eciRc gravity of the urine expressed in four figures
by i.X^ to obtain the total solids in grains in 1,000 cubic
centimeters. Also called llacKtrs /omnila.— TormXila,
Of coincidence. See coincidence.- FormtUa of Con-
cord. See ocmeonf.— Fourier's formula, the eiiuation
/
sin OCX
Fl.dx = iirFO,
where * £ J».— Graphic, myologlcal, etc. formula.
See the adjectives. Incidence, coincidence formulas,
formulie of geometry for determining the numbers of in-
cidences and coincidences of ililferent kinds under given
oonditlons.— Lambert's formula, a formula for obtain-
ing tlie m an wind direction from a table of observed
directions, viz. :
tan<^
E - w -I- (NE -t- SE - SW - NW) COSTS'
' N - S^mNE + SW - 8E - 8W)cos 46'
where * is the angle between the north and the mean wind
direction measured round by east.- Pliicker'S formulSB,
equations showing the numbers of singularitie.^i of plane
curves. —Sterling's formula, theapproxlmate expression
1.2.3.
■-=(!)
y2ite.
formnlar (for'miViar), a. and n. [< formula +
-ar2.] I. <i. 1. Of or pertaining to a formula;
formulary. — 2t. Formal ; of the regular or cor-
rect form.
formular
A speech on the stage, let it flatter ever so extravagant-
ly, is /ortnuiar. It has always been /onnular to flatter
kings anil queens ; so nuieh so, that even in our chui'ch-
aervice, we have "our most reliKious king," used indis-
orimiuately, whoever is king. Bogivetly Johnson, 1. 152.
II.t H. A model ; an exemplar.
He [Sidney! was the very/onmiior that all well-disposed
gentlemen do form their manners and life by.
Quoted in Motlty's United Netherlands, 1. 358.
formularistic (for'mu-la-ris'tlk), a. l<. formu-
lar + -istic.'i Pertaining to or exhibiting for-
mularization. Emerson.
formularization (for'mii-lar-i-za'shon), n. [<
fonnitldrhe + -ation.'] 'the act, process, or re-
sult of formularizing or formulating.
The great majority of those so-called enactments were
probably nothing more than /ormutaHxatiotui of custom-
ary law, for the use of private judges in civil causes whom
the king is said to have instituted. Encyc. Brit., XX. 677.
F. A. Lange, however, has attempted to show at some
length that, after excluding modality, a special formu-
larization in thought is always necessary when we would
assign a general validity to any particular logical form.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 164.
fonnularize (f6r'mu-lar-iz), i;. t. ; pret. and pp.
formulari^ed, ppr. formularizing. [< formular
+ -ize.'\ To reduce to a formula; formulate;
express in precise or systematic form.
It is, therefore, to be regretted that the commissioners
as a botly have not formularizfd an opinion on a subject
that was within their jurisdiction, and which was exam-
ined by them at great length and with evident care.
Saturday Rev., Feb. 10, 1866.
formulary (f6r'mu-la-ri), a. and n. [= F.for-
mulaire = Sp. Vg.lt. formulario, n. (< ML. as if
*formularium, neut.); cf. L. formularius, as a
noun, a lawyer skilled in composing writs or
forms; prop, adj., < formula, a form, formula:
S66 formula.'] I. a. 1. Of the nature of a for-
mula or formal statement ; stated precisely, or
according to certain forms ; also, explicitly pre-
scribed; ritual.
Why, Sir, in Ihe for^nulary and statutory part of law a
plodding blockhead may excel.
Johnson, quoted in Boswell, I. 13.
2. Closely adhering to formulas or rules ; for-
mal. [Bare.]
There is . .in the incorruptible Sea-green himself,
though otherwise so lean Ani.fonnxtlary, a heartfelt know-
ledge of this latter fact. Carlyle, French Eev., III. iii. 2.
H. n.; -pi. formularies {-Tiz). 1. A prescribed
form or model ; a formula.
The/ormM;«rie« for exorcism still continued, as they con-
tinue to the present day, in Roman Catholic rituals, and
they were frequently employed all through the eighteenth
century. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 118.
2. A collection or system of set forms; espe-
cially, a book containing prescribed forms used
in the services of a church : as, the formulary
of the Church of England is the Book of Com-
mon Prayer.
formnlate {f6r'mu-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. for-
mulated, ppT.formulaUng. [(.formula + -ate^.]
To reduce to or express in a formula; state in a
precise and comprehensive or systematic form.
Along with social development, the /ormulatiny in law
of the rights pre-established by custom becomes more
definite and elaborate. //. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 102.
There is nothing so pitilessly and unconsciously cruel
as sincerity formulated into dogma.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 158.
Some talkers excel in the precision with which they/o7--
rrndate their thoughts, so that you get from them some-
what to remember ; others lay criticism asleep by a charm.
Emerson, Clubs.
formulation (for-mu-la'shon), n. [= F. for-
mulation = Pg. formulagao ; as formulate +
-ion.] The act, process, or result of formulat-
ing.
Only fifty yeara separate Galilei's ' ' Discorsi " from New-
ton's "Principia,"and the formulation hy Leibnitz, in the
same year 1686, of the doctrine of the conservation of en-
ergy. Pop. Set. Mo., XIII. 386.
formulatory (f6r'mu-la-t6-ri), a. [< formulate
+ -ory.] Pertaining to formulation; formu-
lated.
He presents the unfamiliar in the guise of the familiar.
Put in this bald formulatory fashion, the difference be-
tween the two may seem unimportant.
Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 841.
formulelf (for'miU), M. [< F.formule, < li. for-
mula : see formula.] A formula.
formule^ (for'mul), n. In chem., same asfor-
myt.
formulisation, formulise. See formuUzation,
formulize.
formulism (for'mu-lizm), n. [< formula +
-ism.] Adherence to or systematic use of for-
mnlaa
The whole of this complex theory is ruled by a mathe-
matical/ormu/mn of triad, hebdomad, etc.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 608.
2340
formuUzation (f6r''mu-li-za'shon), n. [< for-
mulize + -ation.] The act or result of formu-
liziug or reducing to fixed form. Also spelled
formulisation.
The reader is probably well-aware of the curious tenden-
cy to .fonnidization and system which under the name of
philosophy encumbered the minds of the Kenatssanee
schoolmen. Ruskin.
Religious belief and rites are considered as ajsthetic
formulizatio}is of pious feeling.
G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 92.
formulize (for'mu-liz), V. t. ; pret, and pp. for-
mulized, t^t^v. formuUzing. [< formula + -ize.]
To fix in a determinate form; construct for-
mulas of or for; make formal. Also spelled
formulise.
Largely, moreover, as invocation of the Blessed Virgin
is used in the Greek Church, it has nowhere adopted that
\:\&tformtdiz€d theory as to her place as the channel of
all grace to the Church, and to each single soul, which is
to us the especial " crux" In the Roman system.
Pusey, Eirenicon, p. 94.
Intelligent congregations who have taken steps to for-
inxdize their worship. The Century, XXXI. 81.
form-'WOrd (f6rm'w6rd), n. A word showing
relation only or chiefiy ; an independent word
performing an oiBce such as in other languages,
or in other eases in the same language, is per-
formed by the formative parts of words: e. g.,
auxiliaries, prepositions, etc.
formy (for'mi), a. [< P. forme, pp. of former,
form: see form, v.] In her., same a,spatt4.
formyl (f dr'mil), n. [Also written formyle and
formule; < form{ic) + -yl.] A hypothetical
univalent radical (OHO), of which formic acid
may be regarded as the hydrate.
fornt, ndv. [ME., < AS.foran, before : seefore^.]
Same as/orei.
Fornax (for'naks), ». [L., a furnace: see fur-
nace.] 1. A southern constellation, invented
and named by Lacaille in 1763. It lies south of the
western part of Eridanus, and, as its boundaries are at
present drawn, contains no star of greater magnitude than
the fifth.
2. [NL. (Castelnau, 1835).] A genus of elate-
rid beetles of wide distribution, found in North
and South America, the West and East Indies,
Africa, and Australia, of large size and a imi-
form brownish-black or reddish color, with a
fine appressed pubescence. Seven species in-
habit North America, among them F. calceatus.
forncastt, "• *■ [ME. ; </or»t + ca«<i.] To ar-
range beforehand; forecast.
For he, with grete deliberacioun,
Hadde every thynge that hereto myght availle
Fomcast, and put in execucioun.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 521.
By heigh ymaginacioun /ornca««.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 397.
fornet, «• [ME., var. ot feme : see /erji2.]
Former.
The Camel's hous ; whiche it is saied that a certain king
infonie yeares, when he had on a dromedarie camele es-
caped the handes of his enemies, builded there.
J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 210.
fornenst (f6r-nenst'), prep. Same &sforenenst.
fornentt (for-nenf), /•"■ei*. Same a,s foreanent.
fornical (for'ni-kal), a. [< fornix, an arch, -1-
-«(.] Pertaining to the fornix.
fornicate^ (for'ni-kat), a. [< Li. fornicatus,
arched, < fornix (fornic-), an arch, vault: see
fornix.] 1. Arched; vaulted or arched over
like an oven or furnace, concave within and
convex without; hollowed out underneath. —
2. In hot.: (a) Overarched with forniees, as
the throat of the corolla of the forget-me-not.
(ft) Overarching: as, a /orntcaie appendage.
Also fornieiform.
Fornicate clypeus or nasus, in entom., a clypeus or
nasus that is much elevated and overarches the parts
beneath, as in cei'tain Ilyvienoptera.
fornicate^ (f6r'ni-kat), V. i. ; pret. and pp. for-
nicated, ppr. fornicating. [< LL. fornicatus, pp.
of fornicari (> It. fornicare = Pg. Sp. fornicar
= Pr. fornicar, fornigar = F. forniquer), for-
nicate, < L. fornix (fornic-), a brothel, so call-
ed because generally situated in underground
vaults; lit. an arch, a vault: see fornicate^, a.]
To have illicit sexual intercourse: said of an
unmarried person.
They permitted stranger virgins and captives to forni-
cate ; only they believed it sinful in the Hebrew maidens.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 216.
fornication^ (f6r-ni-ka'shgn), n. [< L. forni-
catio(n-), a vaulting or arching over, (fornica-
tus, arched : see fornicate'^, a.] 1 . An arching ;
the forming of a vault or convexity ; a hollow-
ing, vaulting, or arching over; a cameration.
— 2. Tlie state of being fornicated or vaulted.
fornication^ (f6r-ni-ka'shon), n. [<ME. forni-
catioun, -cioun, < OF . forriication, F. fornication
forpass
= Pr. fornicatio = Sp. fornicacion = Pg. forni-
caqdo = It. fornicazione, < LL. fornicatto{n-), <
fornicari, fornicate: see fornicate^.] The act
of illicit sexual intercourse on the part of an
unmarried person with a person of the opposite
sex, whether married or unmarried. May, J.
It is a criminal ott'ense in some jurisdictions. In Scrip-
tural use the word is also applied to adultery, and figu-
ratively to idolatry.
A fayre Mayden was blamed with wrong, and sclaun-
dred, that sche hadde don Fomycacioun.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 69.
Adultery, in Scripture, is sometimes used to signify /or-
nication, and fornication for adultery.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 215.
fornicator (for'ni-ka-tor), n. [< ME. fornica-
tour, < OF. fornicator, P. fornicateur = Pr. for-
nicadre, fornicador = Sp. Pg. fornicador = It.
fornicatore, < h. fornicator, (fornicari : see for-
nicate^.] One guilty of fornication.
Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers . . .
shall inherit the kingdom of God. 1 Cor. vi. 9.
fornicatress (f 6r'ni-ka-tres), n. [= P. fornica-
trice = Pr. fornicairitz = It. fornicatrice ; as for-
nicator + -ess.] A woman guilty of fornication.
See you, the fornicatress be remov'd.
Shak., M. for M., ii. 2.
forniees, n. Plural ot fornix.
fornieiform (fOr-nis'i-form), a. [< L. fornix
{fornic-), an arch, a vault, + forma, shape.]
Same a.s fornicate^.
fornicolumn (f6r'ni-kol'''nm), «. [IiTeg. < for-
ni(x) + column.] A column or pillar of the for-
nix. [Eare.]
fornicommissure (f6r-ni-kom'i-sur), n. [Irreg.
< forni{x) + commissure.] The commissure of
the fornix. B. G. Wilder.
fornimt, v. t. [ME. fomimen, fornemen, ( AS.
forniman, take away, < for- + niman, take : see
for-^ and 7>im.] To take away ; appropriate to
one's own use.
Euerych tannere that halt bord in the heyestret of Wyn-
chestre, shal [pay], for the stret that he for-nemeth, twey
sliullynges by the jerc. English GUds (E. E. T. S.), p. 359.
fornix (fdr'niks), M. ; pi. forniees (-ni-sez). [L.,
an arch, a vault.] 1. In anat.: (a) A median
symmetrical arched formation in the brain, be-
neath the eoi-pus callosum and septum lucidum,
vaulting over the optic thalami and the third
ventricle, and running into the floor of each
lateral ventricle, in the human brain it consistsof two
longitudinal bundles of fibers, one on each side, which
rise from the corpora albicantia, pass up, as the anterior
pillars of the fornix, in front of the foramina of Slonro
and behind the anterior commissure, then, somewhat flat-
tened and in apposition to each other, arch backward
l)eneath the corpus callosum and above the velum inter-
posituni, forming the body of the fornix, and then diverge
toward the back part of the corpus callosum* to turn down,
as the posterior pillars of the fornix (crura fornicis), into
the floor of the descending comua of the lateral ventri-
cles, where their free edges form the flnibrise. See cut
under corpus. (6) Some other arched, vaulted, or
fornicated formation : as, the fornix conjunctiva,
the vault of the conjunctiva. — 2. In conch.: (a)
The vaulted or excavated part of a shell under
the umbo. (6) The more concavo-convex one
of the shells of an inequivalve bivalve, as an
oyster. — 3. In hot., a small arching crest or ap-
pendage in the throat or tube of a corolla Body
of the fornix See def. 1 (a).— Bulbs of the fornix.
.See bulb. — Columns of the fornix. See column. — Del-
ta fornicis. See dfi(n.— Fornix cerebri, the fornix.
See def. 1 (a).— FomlX cranll, the arch or arched roof
of the cranium ; the sknll-cap or calvarium. — Fornix Of
GottSChe, in ichth. See the extract.
There is a peculiarity about the structure of the optic
lobes, which has given rise to much diversity of interpre-
tation of the parts of the brain in osseous fishes. The pos-
terior wall of these lobes, where it passes into the cere-
bellum, or in the region which nearly answers to the valve
of Vieussens in mammals, is thrown forward into a deep
fold which lies above the crura cerebri and divides the
iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculnm from the ventricle of
the optic lobes throughout almost the whole extent of the
latter. This is the fornix of Gottsche.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 142.
Fornix of the conjunctiva, the line of reflection of the
conjunctiva from the eyelids to the eyeball.
foroldt, a- [ME.; </or-i + old.] Very old.
A beres skyn, col-blak, for -old.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, I. 1284.
for-OUtt.i'rep. [ME.; </or,/orel, -I- -0M<.] With-
out.
Sche preied par charite in pes to late hire lengthe
Fulle a fourtenist/or-oufe alle greues
Of sanstes to the cite or any sorwe elles.
WUliam of Palerne (E, E. T. S.), 1. 2681.
forpampert, ". ^ [WE. forpamjyren ; ( for-^ +
pamper.] To pamper exceedingly ; overfeed.
They ne were nat forpainpred with outrage.
Chaucer, Forpier Age, 1. 5.
forpasst (f fir-pas' ), "• [( for-'L + pass.] Lin-
trans. To go by; pass unnoticed.
forpass
One day, as iiee /orpasged by the plaine
With weary pace, he far away espide
A couple, seeming well to be his twaine.
Spenser, F. Q., HI. x. 20.
n. tram. To surpass.
In al Troyes cite
Was noon so fayre, /orpasgynge every wight.
Chaucer, TroUus, i. 101.
forpet (fdr'pet), n. [Sc, appar. a corruption
of fourth part (or fourth peckl).^ The fourth
part of a peck, or one sixteenth of a iirlot.
Otherwise called lippie.
In Edinburgh, at the present time, the commonest mea-
sure for meal is called the /orpi/, being the fourth part of
a peck.
U. W. Chitholm (Warden of the Standards), Testimony,
[Feb. 12, 1868.
forpinet (fOr-pIn'), r. ». [< MEJ'orpinen = MLG.
vorpinen; <for-^ + pine2.] To waste away by
suffering or torment.
Farpyned what for woo and for distresse.
Chaucer, Knight s Tale, L 595.
He was so wasted and /orpined quight.
That all his substance was consum'd to nought.
And nothing left but like an aery Spright.
Spenser, F. Q., III. \. 67.
forrat (for'at), a. A dialectal contraction of
forward^.
forrayt, n. An obsolete form ot foray.
forrayerti "• -Aji obsolete form otforayer.
forret, ". and v. Seefuri^.
forrel, forril (for' el, -il), ». Same aaforel.
forret, forrit (for'et, -it), a. Dialectal contrac-
tion.s <>tforu:ard^.
forrowt, prep. [Var. of /orel.] Before.
Tak ye my sark that is bludy.
And hing il yarrow yow.
The Bludy Serk (Child's Ballads, VIII. 150).
fors't, «• A Middle English form o{ forced.
2341
Although I may be deserted by all men, integrity and
firmness shall imv&r forsake me.
Washing/on, in Bancroft's Hist. Const, II. 360.
Abandon all remorse ;
On horror's head horrors accumulate.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
Every point which a monarch loses or relinquishes but
renders him the weaker to maintain the rest.
Dryden, Post, to Hist. orLeague.
All but mariners
Plung'd in the foaming brine and auit the vessel.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
forsaken (f§r-sa'kn), p. a. Deserted; left;
abandoned; forlorn.
I'he view is a noble one, looking out on the mainland
and the sea, with the neighbouring island crowned by a
J'orsaken monastery. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 235.
forsaker (for-sa'kfer), n. One who forsakes or
deserts.
forsaking (for-sa'king), n. [Verbal n. ot for-
sake, r.] Abandonment.
forspend
sldwian, be slow or unwilling, < for- + sldwian,
be slow, < sldtv, slow: see sloic, ti.] . I. trans.
1. To delay; hinder; impede; obstruct.
Then ryse, ye blessed Flocks, and home apace.
Least night with stealing steppes doe you J'ordoe.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., June.
The wond'ring Nereids, though they rais'd no storm,
Foreslow'd her passage, to behold her form.
Dryden, Epistles, vi. 15.
2. To be dilatory about; put off; postpone;
neglect; omit.
Let hyr /orslow no occasion that may bring the childe to
quyetaesse and cleanlynesse.
Lyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 131.
If you can think upon any present means for his deliv-
ery, do not/ore»ioi<i it.
B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, v. 5.
II. intrans. To be slow or dilatory ; loiter.
Fore-slow no longer, make we hence amain.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
Until ... the Lord have removed men far away and forslowtht, V. t. [Mod. E. as if *forsloth; ME.
— ■- .^ /o('»toi(!</ie»,/ors/oMWien, also, with umlaut,/or-
sleictheii,jiegleet; <for- + slowth, slouth, sleuth,
< AS. slwwth, sloth : see sloth, and ef. forslow.^
To lose by sloth or negligence.
I see that thou wilt her abyde,
And thus/or«ioM(Ae wilfully thy tyde.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, L 276.
Bothe bred and ale, butter, nielke, and chese
Forsleuthed in my seruyse til it myjte serue noraan.
Piers Plourman (B), v. 445.
there be a gre&t /orsaking in the midst of the land.
Isa. vi. 12.
forsayt (f^r-sa'), v. t. [Not found in ME. ; cf.
AS. forseraan, accuse (= Or. versagen, deny, re-
nounce), < for- + secgan, say : see /or-1 and
8ay^,v. Ci. forsake.'] To forbid ; renounce.
Sike worldly sovenance he mvmt forsay.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.
forsee (f^r-se'), »._«.]^pret. /orsaw, pp. /orseew,
se6n (= OS. forsehan = OHG. farsehan, UHG
versehen), look down upon, despise, neglect, <
for- + se&n, see: see /or-1 and *efl.] 1. To
overlook; neglect; despise.— 2. To see; per-
ceive. [Obsolete or provincial in both senses.]
forsert, «. Same as /orcer 2.
,„ „^ „.^ . forsett, "• Same as /orcet.
fors2'(f6r8), ». [Perhaps connected with'/ttrl, < forshamet, f . [Improp. /ore«»ame; < ME. /or-
Fe^^„{rj^^J'*^:/7;*^^!'fc!l^&-^"o:- fo"iugt... . [ME./or..„,.„; </«r- +>^«,;
Rough hair on sheep.
OF. forre : see furl.]
[Ijocal, Eng.]
forsake (f^r-sSk'), v. t.; pret. forsook, pp. for-
saken OT forsook, pyr. forsaking. [< ME./or»aA-e»
(■DTet.forsok, pp. forsaken), < A8. forsaean (pret.
forsoc, pp. forsacen), give up, refuse, forsake
(= 08. farsakan = D. verzaken, deny, forsake,
= SILG. vorsaken, vorseken = OHQ.farsachan,
firsachan, MHG. versachen = Sw. forsaka =
Dan. forsage, give up, refuse), < for- + sacan,
contend : see sake. The form and sense of for-
sake touch those of forsay, q. v.] 1. To give
up; renounce; reject.
We hauen forsaken the worlde, and In wo lybbeth.
In penaunce^and pouerte.
Plowman t Crede (E. E. T. 8.), \. 110.
P». xxxvil. 8.
Piers
Cease from anger, ttaAfortake wrath.
If his children forsake my law, and walk not fn my
judgments. Ps. Ixxxix. 30.
In this King's Time the Orecians/orsoot their Obedience
to the Church of Rome. Baker, Chronicles, p. 8».
2t. To refuse (a request) ; deny (a statement).
I'hou nutyst Dat/or«utyn that tbou art yit blysseful.
Chaueer, Boethius, ii. prose 3.
Ihesn, my god <S: my loaeli king !
Forsake thou not my desllr.
Hynme to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. .S.), p. 27.
3. To quit or leave entirely ; desert; abandon;
depart or withdraw from : as, friends and flat-
shamen, < AS. forsceamian, be ashamed, < for-
+ sceamian, shame : see/or-l and shame, v.] I.
intrans. To be ashamed.
H. trans. To shame ; Iwing reproach on.
The deofell weunde awejs anan,
Fomhamedd off himm sellfenn.
Ormulum, 1. 12528.
forshapet (f$r-shap'), r. *. [< ME. forshapen,
forschapen, transform, < AS. forscapan (pret.
forseop, pp. 'forseapen, forscepen), transform
(= MHG. G. rerschaffen = 9w. fiirskapa), <for-
+ scapan, shape, form: see /or-1 and shape.]
To change the shape of; transform.
The swalwe Proigne . .
WhI 8he/or«Aa;>#» was.
Unkindelich he was transformd.
That he, which erst a man was formed.
Into a woman v&aforshape.
Oower, Conf. Amant., I. 292.
forshrlnkt, ». i. [ME. forshrinken (in pp. for-
shronke), < AS. forscrincan (pret. forscranc. pi.
forscruncon, pp. forscruncen), shrink up, wither,
<for- + scrincan, shrink: see/or-l and shrink.]
To shrink up ; wither.
Forshronke with heat. Flower and Letif, L 358.
fOTsingt, f. t. [,ME.forsingen; < for-i + sing.]
To exhaust (one's self) with singing.
Chalaundres [larks] fele sawe I there,
That wery ufgbforsongen were.
Rom. of the Rote, 1. 064.
gan make hire waynientynge
Chaucer, TroUus, ii. 68.
terers /or«aA-e us in adversity; fortune /or«oot .p^^v-u- /m i -/i- -x rxrr
him. Forskalla (fOr-ska'li-a), n. [NL., named for
Peter ForskAl (died 1763), a companion of Nie-
Fortake the foolish, and lire. Prov. ix. 6.
Another Weakening happened to the English Party ;
the Earl of .SL Paul forsakes them, and is reconclle<l to
the K. of France. Baker, Chronicles, p. 186.
The Immortal mind that hath forsook
Her mansion in this fleshly nook.
Milton, II Penieroao, L 91.
=8yil. S. Fortake, Desert, Alandon, Relinquish, Quit.
'Hieae all expreM the idea of giving up or leaving. Thellrst „^.. . ,„.,„„,,„i,„
threearestrongexprewiions.ordinarllyconTeyfngtheldea fornlapk* (fAr-slak'l «
«( loaa to that which U left ; the fourth, on the other hand, lorsxacxt (IQr-siaK ), V,
buhr in his Arabian journey.]" A genus of
physophorous siphonophorous hydrozoans, of
the family Agalmidce. F. contorta is an exam-
ple. KiiUiker, 1853.
PorskaliidSB (fdr-ska-U'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < For-
skalia -f- -uUp.] A ifamily typified by the ge-
nus Forskalia: same as Stephanomiida;. Also
written FctrskaliadtB.
t.
ugseau low to him who retimiuishet.' >or«ai<U chiefly *'«cfc; < /or-1 + slack^.]
p (,_j ._ . _ , _ . ■ . .
[Also improp. fore-
_ To neglect by idle-
ness ; relax ; render slack ; delay.
But they were virgins all, and love eschewed
That might /orrfact the charge to them foreshewed.
Spen»n-, F. Q., VII. vli. 4.5.
The official thinking to foreslacke no time, taking coun-
sell with his fellowes, laiile hanils vppon this Peter, and
brought hlni l>efore the inquisitor. Foxe, Slartyrs, p. 829.
applied to leaving that by which natural affection or _
•ense of duty should or might have led us to remain ; as,
to forsake one's Korae, friends, country, or cause ; a bird
forsakes its nest. In the passive It often means left des-
olate, forloni. Forsake may be nsed in a good sense :
as, the color forsook her cheeks ; even hope forsook him.
Desert may lie synonymous with fnrsakr. but In the active
voice It usually implies a ((rcater ilegreeof culpability, and
often the infringement of a legal obligation : as. to desert
one's family, regiment, ship, colors, post. Such was the
original use of the word. Aliandon most fully expresses
complete and flnal severance uf connection : as, to aiatufon *-__i-_4.i,. „ , o „ .r i ..i
ashiporahoiielessundertaking; toatondmhopeorprop. lOrSleWtllt, tJ. t. Hame Sksforslowth.
erty. .Sometimes, but not so often as desert or /«r«oi«, it forSUpt (f'ir-slip'), p. <.
Implies the dropping of all care or concern for an object :
as, to ainndon one's offspring Relinquish Is not used with
a personal object: as, to relinauieh a claim, land, effort.
(See lists imder relinquish and abandon.) To quit is to
leave flnally or hastily, or Iwth.
see slug.] To lose or destroy by sluggishness.
It [this foule synne accidie] forslowthith and forslug-
gith and destroyeth alle goodes temporels by rechelesnes.
Chaucer, Parson's 'Tale.
forsomucht, conj. Forasmuch ; inasmuch ; be-
cause.
He was compelled agalne to stay till he had a full North-
erly winde, foreomuch as the coast bowed thence directly
towanis the .South. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 6.
forsoneent. Past participle otforsing.
forsook (f^r-suk'). Preterit and occasional past
participle ot forsake.
forsooth (f^r-86th'), adv. [< ME. forsoothe, for-
sothe,for sothc, i. e., for truth, in truth : see /or
and sooth, «.] In truth; in fact; certainly;
very well : now commonly used ironically.
If ghe louyden me, forsoothe, ghe schulden haue ioie,
for I go to tlie fadlr, for the fadir Is grettere than I.
Wyclif, John xlv. 28 (Oxf.).
f'or sothe, Thomas, yone es myn awenn [own],
nd the kynges of this ctnintree.
Thomas of Ursseldoune (Child's Ballads, I. 105X
This degree of anger passes, forsooth, for a delicacy of
judgment. Steele, Spectator, No. 438.
(Being formerly conmion as an affected ganilsh of polite
conversation, forsooth came to be regarded as noting a
ladies' nnin, and was occasionally used, allusively, as a
noun or a verb.
I'll never fear you for being too witty.
You sip so like n forsooth ot the city.
B. Jonson, The Penates.
The captain of the Charles had forsoothed her, though
he knew her well enough, and she him.
Pepys, Diary, Jan., 1661.]
forspeak (f^r-spek'), ». t.; pret. forspoke, pp.
forspoken (forspoke, obs. ), ppr. forspeaking. [<
ME. forspeken, bewitch, < AS. forspecan, *for-
sprecan, deny (= OHG. firsprechan, plead for,
MHG. Or. verspreehen, promise), <for- + specan,
«pr«ca», speak: see speak.] If. To forbid; pro-
hibit.
Thou h»sl forspoke my being in these wars,
And say St, it is not fit. Shak., A. and C, ill. 7.
2. To bewitch. [Now only prov. Eng. and
Scotch.]
Forspekyn or charmyn, fasclno. Prompt. Parv. , p. 173.
Iforspeake a thyng by enchauntemeutes. Palsgrave.
A poison of all ! I think I was forespoke, I.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, ill. 1.
I tak' ye a" to witness, gude people, that she threatens
me wi' mischief, and forespeaks me.
Scott, Bride of Lammemioor, xxxiv.
3. To injure by immoderate praise ; affect with
the curse of an evil tongue, which brings ill luck
upon all objects of its praise. [Now only prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
One is said to foriqieak another when he so commends
him as to have a supposed Influence in making him practi-
cally belle the commendation. Jarnieson.
olliL%ZtCX^'<^oJi'^f:r"e:S^T''' ''" f°"pend (f^r-spend'),.. ^; pret. and pp. for-
Todd, Works, VIII. 305. *i'«"') PPr- forspending. [Often written fore-
spend; < ME. forspenden, < AS. forspendan,
spend utterly, consume, (.for- + spendan,
. . [</or-l -H slip.] To let
slip ; suffer to escape. Davies.
Hee . . . shifteil off and dallieil with them still, untill
they had forslipt the opportunitie of pursuing him.
Hollnnd, tr. of Camden's Britain, il. 127.
When my fatlier and my mother /orsoire me, then the fOFSlCWt (f^r-slo'). ". [Also improp. foreslow ;
Lord wUl take me up. Pi. xxvii. 10. < ME. forslowen, forslewen, neglect, < AS. for-
spend: see/or-l and spend.] To spend com-
pletely ; exhaust, as by overexertion.
Is not enough thy evill lite forespent >
Spenser, F. Q., I. Ix. 43.
Forspent with toil, as runners with a race,
I lay me down a little while to breathe.
.SAot., 3Hen. VL,iL 3.
forspend
A painful march,
Through twenty hours of night and day prolong'd,
Foretpent the British troops. Southei/.
forspoke, forspoken (fgr-spok', -spo'kn). Pret-
erit and past partioiple ot forspeak:
forstallt, !•■ '• Same a.s forestall^ .
forstert, "• An obsolete form ot forester.
forsterite (fors't&r-it), «. [Named by Levy
for Jacob Forster (1739-1806), a professor of
mineralogy at St. Petersburg.] A crystallized
mineral which occurs at Vesuvius accompa-
nied by pleonaste and pyroxene. It is a silicate
of magnesium, and belongs to the chrysolite group. Bol-
tonite, from Bolton in .Massachusetts, is a variety oc-
curring in embedded masses or imperfect crystals in a
wiiiti^b crystalline limestone.
forstraughtt, «• [ME. ; as distraught, q. v. , with
for instead of <((*■-.] Distracted. Chaucer.
forswallowt, '■■ *• [< ME. forswolewen, forswol-
uicen, forswolzen, forswal^en, forswelgen, < AS.
forsw'elgan, forswilmn (= D. verexvelgen = MLG.
vorswelgen = OHG. farswelhan, MHG. verswel-
gen), swallow up, < for- + swelgan, swallow:
see/or-l and swallow^, f.] To swallow up.
forswatt, P- " • [ME. forswa t, pp. of unused *for-
sweteii, i. for- + sueten, sweat : see for-^ and
siceat, i\] Overheated ; covered with sweat.
2342
ri. a. < ME. 'fort, < OF.fort,
: Sp.fuerte = Pg. It. forte, <
Shee is my goddesse plaine,
And I her sliepherds swayne,
Albee forawonck and forsivatt I am.
Spenser, Shep. Cal.,
April.
Mlao and Mopsa (like a couple of foresimt melters) were
getting the pure silver of their boilies out of the ure [ore]
of their garments. Sir P. Sidivey, Arcadia, ii.
forswear (f6r-swar'), r. ; pret. /orswore, pp./or-
sicorn, ppr. 'forswearing. [< ME. forsweren, for-
sicerien, < AS.forswerian {met. forswor, pp./or-
sworen), swear falsely, refl. perjure oneself (=
OS. forswcrian = OFries. forswera, urswera =
D. verzweren = MLG. vorsweren, LG. versweren =
OHG. farswerjan, fersweren, MHG. verswern, G.
verschworen = Icel. fyrirsverja = Sw. forsvdrja
= Dan. forsvcerge), < for- + swerian, swear:
see for-i and swear.] I. tram. 1. To reject
or renounce upon oath; renounce earnestly,
determinedly, or with protestations ; abjure.
I . . . i\o/orswear her.
As one unworthy iUl the former favours
That I have fondly tlatter'd her withal.
Sliak.,T. ottheS.,iv. 2.
Like innocence, and as serenely bold
As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal.
Now, I'll die, butyou are so scandalous, I'll/orgwear your
society. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2.
2. To deny upon oath or with strong assevera-
tion.
At a peer, or peeress, shall I fret,
Who starves a sister, or forswears a debt ?
Pope, Epil. to Satires, i. 112.
To forswear one's self, to swear falsely ; perjure one's
self.
Thou Shalt not/or<n«or thyself. Mat. v. 33.
= Syn. Renounce, Recant, Abjure, etc. See renoutice.
For forswear one's self, see perjure.
II. intrans. To swear falsely; commit perjury,
forswearer (for-swar'fer), n. [< ME. forswerere;
< forswear + -c?-l.] One who forswears; one
who swears a false oath ; a perjurer.
forsweltt, «'• [ME. forswelten, < AS.forsweltan,
die, <for- + sweltan, die : see sweU.] I. intrans.
To die.
II. trans. To cause to die ; slay. Halliwell.
forswingt, "• *• IME. forsroingen, <for + swing-
pensa, natives of China and Japan, are now very frequent
in cultivation.
2. [I. c] A plant of this ^enus.
fort (fort), n. and w.
F. fort = Pt. fort , . _ .
L. fortis, Oil. forctiSjforctus, strong, powerful;
whence perhaps hortari, encourage, exhort:
see hvrtation, exhort, etc. II. n. Not in ME. ;
= D. G. Dan. Sw. fort, < F. fort, OF. fort =
Pr. fort = Sp. fuerte = Pg. It. forte, < ML. for-
tis, "a fort, fortified structure, stronghold ; prop, fortelacet "
adj., strong (sc. domus, locus, etc.): see I., and forte-nian'o (
cf . fortalice, fortress, forced, etc. Hence (from
L. fortis) forced, afforce, ertforce, etc.] I.t a.
1. Strong.
O goodly man at arms.
In fight a Paris, why should fame make thee fort gainst
our arms,
Being such a fugitive? Chapman, Iliad, xvii. 112.
2. Tipsy. Halliwell.
But if he come home fort to bed.
I will not strive to turn his head.
Roxburgh Ballads, II. 422.
n. n. 1. A strong place of defense ; a forti-
fied building or inclosure; especially, an arm-
ed place for a garrison, provided with defensive
works, for the protection of a town, harbor,
frontier, or other point against the approach or
passage of hostile forces.
Picardy
Hath slain their governors, surpris'd our/oi(«.
And sent the ragged soldiers wounded home.
SAat., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1.
Thy words to my remembrance bring
How Succoth and the /or( of Penuel
Their great deliverer contemn'd.
Milton, S. A.,
1. 278.
2. A trading-post among the North American
Indians, whether fortified or not. Such posts were
originally armed forts, and the name continued to be used
after defenses Iiecame unnecessary, and they were accord-
ingly built without them. [U. S.]
3. Same as /ortei, 1 — Bastioned fort. See bas-
lioneil. = S5T1. T.. fitie fortification.
fort (fort), «.». [</or<,«.] 1. To occupy a fort.
[U. S.]— To fort In, to intrench one's self in a fort.
[U. 8.]
A few inhabitants /orfed m on the Potomac.
Marshall, Washington.
fort. An abbreviation oi fortification.
fort-adjutant (f6rt'aj'''6-tant)j n. In the Brit-
ish army, an officer in a garrison doing duties
analogous to those of the ad jutan t of a regiment :
equivalent to 2)ost-adjutant in the United States
army.
fortalice (for'ta-lis), «. [Formerly also fortelace,
Jortilage; < OF. fortelesse, fortelesce = Pr. forta-
lessa, fortaleza = Sp. Pg. fortakza = It. forta-
lizio, fortilizio, < ML. fortalitia, fortalitium, a
small fort, < L. fortis, strong, ML. fortis, a
fort : see fort. Cf . fortress, a doublet of forta-
lice.] A small fort, or a small outwork of a
fortification.
Away on the eastern horizon are frequent mounds, the
remains of former /(w(aiice» ; and just visible are the tow-
ers and cupolas of the ruined capital of these plains.
O'Donovan, Merv, xvii.
There is no church more interesting than theold/or(«-
ii'M-like church of Maguelone, which . . . looks more like
a baronial castle than a peaceful church.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 460.
fortattert, v. t. [ME. fortateren ; < for-i- + tat-
ter.] To tear to tatters; tatter.
I am leverd a lap is lyke to no lede,
Fortatered and torne.
Tovmeley Mysteries, p. 239.
forth
niitm-making, a slide or cover in the chest con-
taining one or more sets of reeds, so an-anged
as to be opened by a stop-knob or a knee-lever
and thus to produce a forte effect. Frequently
separate fortes are introduced for the treble
and the bass ends of the keyboard.
fortedt, "• l<fort + -ed'^.] Fortified; strong.
It deserves with characters of brass
Aforted residence, 'gainst the tooth of time.
And razure of oblivion. Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
An obsolete form of fortalice.
forte-piano (for'te-pe-a'no), a. and n. [It.] I,
a. In music, characterized by sudden but tran-
sient emphasis ; loud, then immediately soft ;
sforzato. Abbreviated^.
II. m. The original name of the pianoforte
(wliich see).
i^orte^Jiaiio — afterward changed to pianoforte — was
the natural Italian name for the new instrument which
could give both loud and soft sounds, instead of loud
only, as was the case with the harpsichord.
Grove, Diet. Music, I. 556.
forth! (forth), adv. and jrrep. [Early mod. E.
also foorth ; < ME. forth, < AS. forth (= OS. fwth
= OFries. forth, ford = D. roort = OHG. *ford
(not found), MHG. rort, Q. fort, > Sw./oJ-< (in
comp.) = han.fort), forth, forward, onward,
hence, thenee, < /ore, for, fore, with term, -th,
appar. demonstrative. Hence afford. Cf . fur-
ther, furthest.] I. adv. 1. Forward; onward or
outward into space ; out from concealment or
inaction.
So fer I have gon more forthe in the Contrees, that I have
founde that Sterre more highe.
. Mandeville, Travels, p. 181.
Observe in Curtesie to take a rule of decent kinde,
Bend not thy body too tat foorth, nor backe thy leg behind.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 29«.
Bold forth thy golden sceptre, and afford
The gentle audience of a gracious Lord.
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 6.
Ledbury bells
Broke forth in concert flung adown the dells.
Wordsworth, Sonnets, ii. 28.
As King Ferdinand approached Cordova, the principal
inhabitants came forth to receive him.
Irving, Granada, p. 51.
2. Onward in time or order, in progression or
series : as, from that day forth; one, two, four,
eight, and so forth (see below).
Blessed be the name of the Lord from this time forth
and for evermore. Ps. cxiii. 2.
3. Forward or out, as by development or un-
folding; into view or consideration: as, plants
put forth leaves and send forth shoots in spring ;
to hring forth sound arguments.
The flg tree putteth/ortA her green figs. Cant. ii. 13.
Good Tlioughts hring forth good Works.
Uoxvell, Letters, ii. 54.
Of many changes, aptly join'd.
Is bodied forth the second whole.
Tennyson, Love thou thy Land.
4. Away, as from a place or country; out;
en, swing, beat: see /or-l and awing, swinge.] fortaxt,»- *• [ME. /ortexen; </or-l + tax.] To
To beat; whip.
When thow were so farmvong,
Among the lues they did the hong.
Holy Rood (ed. Morris), p. 194.
forswinkt (f6r-swingk'), V. t. [ME. forswinken
(pp. forswunken, forswonken) ; <for- + swink:
see /or-l and swink.] To exhaust by labor.
Sj>en.<tcr.
fors-woUent, a. [ME.; <for- + swollen, pp. of
swell, q. v.] Puffed up with pride ; boastful.
"Ha, boys," quod the kynge, "thow art fell and for-
swollen.- Merlin (E. E. X. S.), iii. 538.
fors'wonkt. Past participle oiforswink.
fors-wore, fors-wom (for-swor', -sworn'). Pret-
erit and past participle of forswear.
fors'womness (fOr-swom'nes), n. [< ME. for-
sworenesse; < forsworn + -ness.] The state of
being forsworn.
fors'wnnkt. Past participle oiforswink.
Forsythia (f6r-si'thi-ii), n. [NL., named after
William /''orwi/iA, a British botanist (1737-1804).]
1. A genus ofoleaceous shrubs, bearing numer-
ous showy yellow flowers in early spring, before
the leaves, riie two species, F. riridi«siina and F. sus-
tax heavily ; burden.
We are fortaxed and ramyd
We ale made hand tamyd.
Withe these gentlery men.
Towneley Mysteries, p. 96.
forte^ (fort), n. [< F. fort, strong part, hold,
strength, skill, forte, <fort, a., strong : see fort.]
1. The strong part of a sword-blade or rapier,
as opposed to ihe foible. Also spelled /ori.
All thrusts are made either inside or outside, over or un-
der, the arm ; and are parried with the fort of the sword.
Rolando, Modern Art of Fencing (ed. Forsyth), p. 6.
2. That in which one excels ; a peculiar talent
or faculty ; a strong point or side ; chief excel-
lence.
Itwas in description and meditation that Byron excelled.
" Description," as he said in Don Juan, "was his .forte."
Macaulay, Moore's Life of Byron.
forte^ (for'te), a. and n. [It., strong, loud, < L.
fortis, strong: see fort.] I. a. In music, loud;
with force : opposed to piano : used also as if
an adverb. Abbreviated /.— Forte possibile, as
loud as iwjssible.
H. "■ 1 . In mrisie, a passage that is loud and
forcible or is intended to be so. — 2. In harmo-
abroad : now always followed hyfrom, but for-
merly sometimes used absolutely or followed by
()/; as, to go forth from one's home; to send
a traitor forth from his country.
For him he helpyd, when I wm forth.
To cher my wyfe and make her myrth.
The Horn of King Arthur (Child's Ballads, I. 26).
I am Prospero, and that very duke
Which was thrust /or(A of Milan.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Sir John Wallop marching/ortft o/Calais with his Army,
joined with the Emperor's Forces, who together went and
besieged Landrecy. Baker, Chronicles, p. 292.
They look as if they had newly come forth of Trophonius
den. Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 236.
5t. Thoroughly; from beginning to end.
You, my noble and well-warranted cousin.
Whom it concerns to hear this matter .ftrfA,
Do with your hijuries as seems you best.
Shak., M. for M., v. 1.
[Forth was formerly used intensively to strengthen some
adverbs and prepositions, without real addition of mean-
ing : as, far-forth, beneath-forth, within-forth. with-forth.]
—And so forth, and so on or onward ; and others, in pro-
gres.sion or in addition; and more besides: a summary
phrase including such nnmentioned terms or items of a
series as may be inferred from those mentioned. The ab-
breviation for the Latin et cetera, etc. or Ac. (especially
the latter), is commonly understood as representing and
so forth, and so read. See et cetera.
They to stond and be in full attoryty and powre for the
viij. men, and they to make ordynances and good rullys
to be kept, aM so forth. English Giidi (E. E. T. S.), p. 328.
Fai forth. See /ar-/or(A.— From forth, forth from ;
away from.
Here's a prophet, that I brought with me
From forth the streets of Ponifrct.
■S'/myt., K. John. iv. 2.
Going forth. See gointi.—To break, bring, flame, give,
go, hold, lay, etc., forth. See the verbs.
Item, that from henceforth there be no knells or forth-
farei rung for the death of any man.
Bp. Hooper, Injunctions (1561).
forthfathert, »• [ME. forthfader, forthfeder, <
forth
n.t prep. Out of; forth from.
Each corns bat forth his Tent, and at his dore
Flndes his bread ready.
Sylveiter, it. of Du Bartass Weeks, ii., The Lawe.
If tliou lov'st me then,
Steii forth thy father's house tomorrow night.
SUak., JI. N. D., i. 1.
To this I 8Ul>scribe ;
And, forth a world of more particulara,
Instance in only one. B. Jonton, Sejanus, iii. 1.
forthH, f- t. [< ME. forthen, < AS. forthian,
forward, advance, promote, < forth, forth, for-
ward: see/orfAl, adr. Cf. forther, dow further,
r., and afford, orig. aforth.] To forward ; fur-
ther; accomplish.
Of more make se auaunt than 30 mow forthen.
Atexatuleraiid Dindimus,!. &70. ^ _^
forth'-t, »• A common Middle English form of forthglidet, v. i. [ME. forthgliden; <.forth^ +
ford. glideT] To glide on ; pass by.
forthbeart, «■ <■ [ME. forthberen, < AS. forth- Forthglod this other dais nigt.
beran, i forth, forth, + fceran, bear: see/ortftl Geneaw and i'xodu* (E. E. T. s.), 1. 113.
andfrearl.] To bear or carry forth. St. Edmund, forthgot (forth-go'), ». ». [ME.forthgoH,forth-
1. 83. gan, < AS. forthgdn, forthgangan (= OS. forth-
forthbringt, v. t. [ME. forthbringen, < AS. gangan = OFries. fordgd = D. voortgaan = G.
forthhriiuian, < forth, forth, + bringan, bring: fortgehert = Sw. fortgd), go forth, proceed, <
2343 forthy
At this minute one rash young rooster made a manful
attempt to crow. " Do tell ! " said his mistress, who rose
in great wrath; "you needn't be so forth-putting, as I
knows on ! " S.O. Jewett, Mrs. Bonny.
'Ss:M^d:r,<:}^;'^^Tf<^^^^er\ fonhTfiv. See further.
see Uthi .na'faiher, 'and cf. flrefather.^ A ''l^^l±,^^^%f(li:^f:,l^^^^^
forth, forth, -1- riht, adj., right: see forth^ and
forefather.
forthfett, V. t. [ME. forthfetten; < forth^ +
/e(l.] To fetch forth.
Anon his sone was forthefete
And ladJe ther he schulde dee.
Seven Sages (ed. Wright), 1. 2440.
forthgangt, ». [UE.forthgang, forthgong, < AS.
forthgang (= OFries. forthgong = D. voortgang
= G. fortgang = ODan. fortgang = Sw. fort-
gdng), a going forth, < forthgdn, forthgangan,
go forth: seeforthgo.'\ A going forth
To bring forth ; bring
see forth^ and 6nn</.]
out ; produce.
I seis a clerke a hoke forthe Itringe.
Barly Eitg. Poeim, p. 124.
Out of the erth herbys shal spryng.
Tieea to Horish and frute/urtAftnmj.
Towneley Mytteria, p. 2.
foithclepet, '-. t. [ME. /ortActop»en,< AS. /or<A-
cliinun, </orf/i, forth, -f- ciipion, call: see/orWil
and c/c^K.'] To call forth.
As an egle forthecUpynge his bryJdis to flee, ... he
spnidc out his wceiigis. Wycltf, Dent, xxjill. 11 (Oxf.).
forthcomet (forth'kum), n. [}iE. forthcome, <
AS. forthrijme, a coming forth, < forth, forth,
-I- cyme, a coming: gee/orttl and come, «.] A
coming forth.
Fained is Egypt In forthcoiHe of tbam.
Pi. clY. 88 (Old Pwilter).
forthcoming (forth'kum-ing), n. [< forth'^ +
coining, n.] 1. A coming forth.
Would tliis pacifier aduise the ordinarie thus, or elles
to keepe bym in pryson where he should doe no burte, and
lette the walles and the lokkes be hys suertye* for hb
forthecoming. Sir T. More, Works, p. 888.
2. In Scots law, the action by which an arrest-
ment is made effectual. In this action the arrestee
and common delitor are called before tbe Judge to hear
judgment given : the debt la ordered to be paid, or the ef-
fects aro iinlercd to be delivered np to the arresting cred-
itor, nr ttif mutter is otherwise disposed of.
forthcoming (forth'kum-ing), «. [< forth^ +
e/iming, ppr.] About to come forth or out;
about to appear; in such a position or condi-
forth + gdn, gangan, go : see forth^ and go,
gang.'] To go forth ; proceed.
fbrthgoing(f6rth'g6-ing), n. [< ME.forthgoing,
verbal 11. of forthgo.] A going forth or utter-
ance ; a jiroceeding from or out. Chalmers.
forthgoing (forth 'go-ing), a. Going out or
forth; departing.
forthinkf, r. [Also /orefAinfc; < ME.forthinken,
forthynken, forthanken, forthenehen, tr. dis-
please, cause to regret, refl. regret, repent (=
MHG. rerdunken, displease, = leel. forthykkja),
< for-, mis-, + tbinken, thynken, < AS. thyncan,
seem: see for-'^ and think^, methinks.'\ 1. trans.
right, a."] I. a. Straightforward; honest; di-
rect; immediate: a,8,& forthright man; &fortlt-
right speech.
There is nothing so true, so sincere, so downright and
forthright, as genius.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 359.
There is a headlong, forthright tide, tliat bears away
man with liis fancies like straw, and runs fast in time
and space. R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 164.
n.t «■ A straight or direct course.
Here's a maze trod, indeed,
Through forth-rights and meanders !
Shak., Tempest, iii. 3.
forthright (forth'rit), adv. \UI^.forthriht,forth-
rihtes, < Aii.forthrihte, straight, < forth + rihte,
right, straight: see forth^ and right, adv.']
Straightforward; in a direct manner; straight-
way.
No more he spake,
But thitherward /ortAi-iffAt his ready way did make.
Spenser, F. Q., V. ii. 10.
It ran upon so fine and delicate a ground as one could
not easily judge whether the river did more wash the
gravel, or the gravel did purify the river, the river not
running forthright, but almost continually winding, as if
the lower streams would return to their spring, or that
the river had a delight to play with itself.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
Impatient in embarrassment
He forthright passed, and lightly treading went
To that same featherd lyrist. Keats, Endyniion, ii.
A man should not be able to look other than directly
am\ forth right. Emerson, Experience.
1. To cause to regret or repent; vex; reflex- forthrightness (forth'rit-nes), «. The quality
ively, to regret ; repent. or state of being forthright. [Recent.]
A thynge that myghte the forthinke. Dante's concise forthrightness of phrase, which to that
Chaxuer, Troilus, ii. 1414. „( „mBt other i)oets is as a stab to a blow with a cudgel.
We say in EnglUh, " Uforethinieth tne, or I forethink "; Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser.. p. 123.
and"Irepent,orltrepentethme ";and"Iamsorrytliat forthshOWt, "• '■ [ME. forffcsc/ieircn; < forth^
r»m/ife"An..to9irT.More,etc.(P«rkerSoc.,1850),p.23. + show.] h'oshowfort'h; make known.
2. To regret: with object noun or clause. •?„7trgW:;?^)f.S?;"i?Sl!:'""''"'""''''™'"'"''
Ps. cxiiv. 4 (ME. version) [cxlv. 4).
Full sore for-thynkyng was he
Tliat euere he made niankynde.
y'orir Plays, p. 54.
That all this land unto his foe shall fall, . . .
That now the same he greatly doth /or(Ain*e.
Spenter, t. Q., VI. lv.^2.
n. intrans. To repent.
If Jelousie the soothe knewe
Thou Shalt /ortAt«*«, and iore rewe.
Rom. ttf the Boh.
And he answerlde and seide I nyle (will not), but after-
wanl lie furthoughte and went forth. Wytl\/, Mat. xxi. 2».
tion, as a person or a thing, that his or its forthlrstt. f. •• [ME. forthursten (= LG. rer-
presence when needed can be counted on.
It was ordered, that he | Walgrave) should be moved out
of the Tower, . . . remaining still as a prisoner, and to be
forth-couung whensoever he should lie called for.
Strype, MemorUls. Edw. VI., an. 1.S&1.
He wu forthcoming to answer the call, to satlsfv the forth-l8SUing(f6rth-i8h'9-ing),a. Issuing; com-
•cmtiny. and t<i sustain the brow-beating of Christ s an- injf out ; coming forth, as from a covert.
gry and ix.werfiil . nemlee. PaUy, Evidences, I. I. forthlcadt, r. t. [ME. forthleden; < /orf/|l -t-
diirsten, rerdiisten = G. verdursten = Dan. for-
tiirste); < for-i + thirst.] To be very thirsty.
He . . . lejsde thatt he waas forrthristt
& tatt he wollde drinnkenn. Ormulum, 1. 8635.
forthwardt (forth'wilrd), adv. [< ME. forth-
ward, forthwardes, AS. forthtceard, forward,
tending toward, continual (= OS. forthuerd,
-tcerdes, -icardes), < forth, forth, + -leeard, E.
-ward. Ct. forwartfl, adv.] Forward.
Tho com ther a southerne wynd, that drof hem /or(A-
ward faste. St. Bramlan (ed. Wright), p. 22.
We made saile/or(Ainird. Ilaklmjt's Voyagei, II. 184.
forth'Wait, ". »■ [ME. forthwaxen, \ AS. forth-
wcaxan, < forth, forth, + weaxan, grow: see
/orWii and troxi.] To wax ; increase.
Wintres forthwexnn on Ysaac.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. 8 ), 1. 1211.
forthwendt, «^ «'• [ME. /orf/itrejiden; < forth^
+ wend.] To wend forth ; go away.
Iliderwardes he hconi senden, the biscopes/ort/iwcndi'n.
Layamon, I. 433.
Forthcoming bond. See fromll.
f ortbcomingness ( forth 'kum-ing-nes), n . Read-
iness to be brought forward or produced.
The subject of forlkeomingnat belongs to the general
sulijcct of procedure. •/• S. Mill.
forthcntt, v. t. [ME. forthkutten (tr. L. pro-
scindere); iforthi + ciit.] To cut; in the ex-
tract, to plow.
Whether al day shal ere the erere, that he aowe and
forthkutten and purgen his erthe?
Wydif, Isa. xxvlll. 24 (Oxf.).
forthdealt, »>• An erroneous form otforedeal.
As g''o<l a forthdeaU and auantage towards thendc of
the werkc as it a g<x>d porclon of the same wer alredie
llnished.
J. L'dall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 41, note.
forthdra'Wt, v. t. [ME. forthdragen ; < forth^ +
draw.] To draw or bring forth.
The flschcr than the child forthlrottj
With salt and with the crismrcloth.
(Jregorlegende (ed. Schull), 1. S47.
forthent, adv. [ME., < AS. furthon, forthun, <
forth, forth: seeforth^.] Also; even.
See further.
forthert, '"''"•,«•, and r. ^
forth-faret, c i- [ME. forthfaren; < forth^ + forthputting (f6rth'piut''ing), n
Icait^.] 'I'd lead forth.
I'her was many a wepyng heye (eye)
As the childe wtsforthladde.
Seven Sages (ed. Wright), 1. 2442.
forthleapt, v. i. ™e. forthlepen; < forth^ +
/<■«/<! .] To leap forth or out.
forthlookt, V. i. [ME. forthtoken, < AS. forthlo-
riiin, < forth, forth, + locian, look: see /orfAl
and look.] To look forth; lookout.
Laverd, from heven thare he wonei,
Forthloked over mennes aonea.
Ps. xill. 2 (ME. version) [xiv. 2).
forthnimtjf- [MK.forthnimen; <forth^ + nim.]
I. Iranx. To take away; destroy.
II. intrans. To go away,
forthpasst, «'. i. [ME. forthpassen; < forth^ +
pass?] To pass on.
ao nnii forthpa—e into Hesopotany.
Wyclif, Oen. xxviii. 2 (Oxf.).
forthpushing (forth' pfish'ing), a. Pushing
or pressing forward; aggressive; impulsive;
eager.
Any amount of forthpushing zeal.
Congregalionalitt, March 11, 1888.
1. The act of forthyif, adv
forthwith (forth-wiTH'), adv. [< WE. forthwith
(rare), short tot forthwithal, q. v.] 1. At once ;
without delay ; directly.
For why the queen forthwith her lene
Toke at them all that were present.
The isle of Ladies.
Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been
scales ; and he received sight /ortAiCT'(A. Acta ix. 18.
Forthwith the l)ruit and fame
Through all the greatest Libyan towns is gone.
B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
2. In law, without delay ; as soon as the thing
required may be done by reasonable exertion
confined to that object : in rules of legal prac-
tice, sometimes deemed equivalent to within
twenty-four hours.
forth'Withalt, adv. [WE.forthwithall; <forth^
-f withal : see forthwith and withaU.] Forth-
with; immediately.
Thepreost . . . let itt (the goat) eomenn [run] /or(AiCT(A-
all (printed forthwith all]
Ut tntlll Wilde wesste.
putting or bringing forth ; output; pro<iuetion.
They (the Epistles of St. Paull are not the fiirthi>iiltings
of a system like Calvin's. Christian Unioit, Dec. 30, 18««.
farei.] To go forth ; depart". Castle of Lore.
N'atheles Meliors A he made moche sorwe
For theniperour wuaforth-fart faire t<» crist.
WiUiam <\f Paleme (E. E. T. s.), 1. 5266. g Forwardness ; undue assumption ; boldness,
forth-faret, n. \UE.. < AH. forthfaru, < forth- [Colloq.]
/■«r'(«, CO forth: see /V>rf/i-/are,«.] 1. Depart- forthputting (forth' put' mg), a. Forward;
iire.— 2. Same aa jmssing-bell. bold; presumptuous; meddlesome. [CoUoq.J
Ormulum, I. 1336.
Stand, & sytte not/«r(A-«»i(A-aH«
TOle he byde the that rewlys the halle.
Bahees Book (E. E. T. S,), p. 21.
_ [ME. for thy, for thi (= Dan.
'ford'i),"< AS. for thy: for, for; thy. instr. of
tha-t, that: see /or and that, the^.] Therefore;
therefor; on this or that account; for this rea-
son. , , .
Vet not for thy he hadde trew knowlegmge
Of his doughter, and gave hyr his lilyssyng.
His land, is good, withoute eny strytle.
Qeuerydei (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 236.
forthy
For-thji appease your giiefe and heavy plight,
And tell the cause of your conceived payne.
Spenser, F. Q., 11. 1. U.
forthy^ (for'thi), o. [</ortAi + -yl.] Forward;
frank. [E. dial.]
Wherever is uo awe or fear of a king or prince, they
that are most forthy in ingyring and furthsetting them-
selves, live without measure or obeiiieuce after their own
pleasure. Pitseottie, Chrou. of Scotland, p. 1.
fortieth (f6r'ti-eth), a. and n. [< ME. fower-
tuthe, fuwertithe, fourtide, etc., < AS. fedwerti-
gotha (= D. veertigste = OHG. fiorzugosto, MHG.
vierzegeste, Or. vierzigste = Icel. fertugandi =
Sw. fyrtionde = Dan. fyrretyvende), fortieth, <
feoirertig. E. forty, etc., + -tha, -th, term, of
ordinals.] I. a. Next after the thirty-ninth:
an ordinal numeral.
What doth it avail
To be the fortieth man in an entail?
Donne, Love's Diet.
H. n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by
forty ; one of forty equal parts into which
something is divided. — 2. In early Eng. law,
one fortieth part of the rents of the year, or of
movables, or both, granted or levied by way
of tax.
fortiflable (for'ti-fi-a-bl), a. [= F.fortifiable;
as fortify + -able.^ "Capable of being fortified.
fortification (for 'ti-fi-ka'shon), n. [= D. for-
tifikatie = (i. fortification = Dan. Sw. fortifika-
tion, < F. fortification = Sip. fortificacion = Pg.
fortificagho = It. fortificazione, < LL. fortifica-
tio(n-), a strengthening, fortifying, <fortificare,
toTtity: see fortify.'] 1. The act of fortifying
or strengthening. — 2. The art or science of
strengthening military positions in such a way
that they may be defended by a body of men
much inferior in number to those by whom
they are attacked.
Fortification is, in short, the art of enabling the weak
to resist the strong. Encyc. Brit., IX. 421.
3. That which fortifies, strengthens, or pro-
tects.
The gloves of an Otter are the best fortification for your
hands that can be thought of against wet weatlier.
I. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 69.
Specifically — 4. A military work, consisting
of a wall, ditch, palisades, etc., constructed for
the purpose of strengthening a position ; a for-
tified place ; a fort ; a castle. Fortiflcations are
divided into permanent and temporary or field fortifica-
tionn. Permanent fortificatiotu; are works required to
remain effective for any length of time, for the purpose
Section of Fortifitd W dll ( Intenor on the left , extenor on the
right ]
of defending important positions, as cities, harbors, ar-
senals, etc. Temporary or field fortifications are designed
to strengthen a post that is to be occupied only for a
limited period. The figure represents a section of a for-
tified wall, a, a, is the abatis ; b, h, the counterscarp ;
c, c, the palisade ; d, d, the scarp ; /,/, the fraise ; /, c, g, g,
the parapet ; h, the banquette ; and i, g, the breast-height.
For definitions of these, see the words.
That done, I will be walking on the works ;
Repair there to me. . . .
T\i\& fortification, gentlemen, shall we see 't?
Shak., Othello, iii. 2.
Systems of fortification, special methods of arranging
and constructing the works in uiui around a fortified place,
so that the different parts shall be correlative. These
methods have been desij^nated by engineers, according
to the plan of the enceinte, as (a) the circular or cur-
vilinear system, (6) the polygonal or caponiere system,
(c) the tenailled system, and (d) the bastioned system. To
these in modern times may be added the armored or tur-
reted system. Mahan. =Syn, Fortification, Bulwark,
Castle, Citadel, Fort, Fortress, Mamelon, Rampart, Redan,
Redoubt. Fortification is the only one of these words
that is used for the art or science, or for all classes of de-
fensive works ; the others represent kinds of fortification.
Thus, fortress represents a large, and fort generally, but
not always, a smaller stronghold, defensible on all sides,
as Fortress Monroe, Fort Sumter. See the definitions of
the words.
fortification-agate (f6r"ti-fi-ka'shon-ag''at), n.
A variety of agate which when polished exhibits
lines stiggestive of the form or of the plan of a
fortified place.
fortifier (f6r'ti-fi-fer), n. 1. One who strength-
ens or upholds. — 2. One who fortifies, or con-
structs fortifications.
M. Oiouanni Marmori, ^fortifier, had deuised a certaine
kinde of ioyned boords, the which being caried of the soul-
diers, defended them from tlie shot.
Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 123.
2344
fortify (for'ti-fi), V. : pret. and -p-a. fortified,
ppr. fortifying. [< P. fortifier = Pr. Sp. Pg.
foriificar = It. fortificare, < LL. fortiflcare,
strengthen, fortify, < h.fortis, strong, + facere,
make: see fort &riA.-fy.] I. trans. 1. To make
strong ; strengthen ; increase the force of in
any way ; especially, to furnish with means of
resistance.
And he made to a-meude and fortyfie the wallis of the
towu ther as, as thei were most feble.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 187.
With scriptures autentike
My werke woU I ground, vnrterset, & fortifie.
Remedie of Love, 1. 130.
It will not be amiss to fortify the argument with au
observation of Chrysostom's. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 7.
Fortified by the sip of . . . why, 'tis wine.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 202.
Timidity wna fortified by pride, and even the success of
my pen discouraged the trial of my voice. Gibbon, Life.
2. Specifically, to surround with defensive
works, with a view to resist the assaults of an
enemy; strengthen and secure by walls, bat-
teries, or other means of defense ; render de-
fensible against attack : as, to fortify a city,
town, or harbor.
Go you and enter Harfleur; there remain,
And fortify it strongly 'gainst the French.
S/ra*:.,Hen. V.,iii. 3.
Bachu . . . is a walled towne, and strongly /or(i^«d.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 422.
The accesses of the Hand were wondrously fortify d
with strong workes or moles. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
To fortify wine, to add brandy to it.
II. intrans. To raise strongholds or defensive
works.
Master Samuel lorden gathered together but a few of
the stragglers about him at Beggersbush, where he forti-
fied and lined in despight of the enemy.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 76.
I at once put all the troops at Savannah in motion for
Pittsburg Landing, knowing that the enemy was fortify-
ing at Corinth and collecting an army there under John-
ston. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 331.
fortilaget, n. [Another form of fortalice, q. v.]
A little fort ; a blockhouse ; a fortalice.
Nought feardtheyr force that fortitage to win.
Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 43.
for-timet, n. An obsolete form of foretime.
fortin (for'tin), n. [F., dim. of fort, a fort.]
A little fort; a field-fort; a sconce.
fortinet, »■ An obsolete variant ot fortune.
fortissimo (for-tis'i-mo), a. [It., superl. of
forte, loud, strong: see forte^.1 In music, very
loud : noting a passage that is intended to be
so rendered. Abbreviated ff.
fortition (for-tish'on), n. [< L./or(<-)s, chance
(see/ortene), -I- -iiion.] The principle of trust-
ing to chance ; fortuitous selection.
No mode of election operating in the spirit ot fortition
or rotation can be generally good. Burke.
fortitude (f6r'ti-tiid), n. [= F. fortitude = Sp.
fortitud = It. fortitudo, < "L. fortitudo, strength,
</orfts, strong: see/ort.] If. Strength; force;
power to attack or to resist attack.
The fortitude of the place is best known to you.
Shak., Othello, i. 3.
He [Otho] conquered him [the Saracen] with no less
fortitude then happinesse. Coryat, Crudities, 1. 120.
2. Mental power of endurance ; patient cou-
rage under afiiiction, privation, or temptation ;
firmness in confronting danger, hardship, or
suffering.
Fortitude is a considerate hassarding vpon daunger, and
a willing harte to take paines, in behalfe of the right.
Sir T. Wilson, Art of Rhetoric, p. 35.
You bear calamity with a. fortitude
Would become a man ; I, like a weak girl, suffer.
Fletcher (find another). Sea Voyage, ii. 1.
The imminent and constant risk of assassination, a risk
which has shaken very strong nerves, a risk which severely
tried even the adamantine /or(t(Mde of Cromwell.
Maeaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
3. In astrol., any circumstance which strength-
ens the effect of a planet, or of the part of for-
tune ; a dignity ; especially, an accidental dig-
nity, such as being in the ascendant, in the
seventh, fourth, eleventh, second, fifth, ninth,
or third house, being in hayz, having direct
motion, having swift motion, being free from
combustion, being in cazimi, etc.
Let the twelve houses of the horoscope
Be lodg'd with fortitudes and fortunates,
To make you blest in your designs, Pandolfo.
T. Tomkis (T), Albumazar.
= Syil. 2. ETidurance, etc. (%ee patieTue), reaolntion, Teso-
luteness, nerve.
fortitudinous (f6r-ti-tii'di-nus), a. [< h. forti-
tudo (fortituditi-), fortitude, + -ous.] Having
fortitude; capable of endurance. [Bare.]
fortuitous
As brave and asfortitiulinoits a man as any in the king's
dominions. Fielding, Amelia, v. 6.
fortlet (fort'let), n. [<fort + -let; et.forcelet,
fortalice, etc.] A little fort.
fortnight (fort'nit or -nit), n. [< ME. fourte-
night, fourten flight, < AS. fedwertyne niht, i. e.,
fourteen nights; cf. sennight, for seven night,
a week.] The space of fourteen days; two
weeks.
Here in the temple of the goddesse Clemence
We have ben waytynge al thii fourtenight.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 71.
From tlie haven of Linne in Norfolke ... to Island, it
is not aboue & fortnight's sailing with an ordinarie winde.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 122.
Nurse. How long is it now
To Lammas-tide?
La. Cap. A fortnight, and odd days.
Shak., R. and J., i. 3.
fortnightly (f 6rt'nit-li or -nit-li), a. [< fortnight
+ -ly^.] Occurring or appearing once a fort-
night: as, a. fortnightly mail.
fortnightly (f6rt'nit-li or -nit-li), adv. [(.fort-
night + -ly'^.] Once a fortnight; every fort-
night ; at intervals of a fortnight : as, a paper
published fortnigh tly.
fortot. See /or, prep.
fortra'Velt, «'■ *• [ME. fortravaillen ; < /or-l +
travel, travail.] To tire by travel.
Fortrauailted by were sore, that they moste slepe echon.
L\fe of St. Kenelm (Early Eng. Poems, ed. Furnivall),
(1. 313.
fortreadt, ". t. [ME. fortreden (pp. fortroden),
< AS. fortredan (pret. fortrwd, pp. fortreden),
tread down, < for- + tredan, tread : see /or-l
and tread.] To tread down; trample upon;
crush.
It [virtue] is cast undyr and fortroden undyr the feet of
felonous folk. Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 1.
fortress (for'tres), n. [< ME. fortresse, < OF.
forteresce, F. forteresse (= Fr.fortaressa), an-
other form of OF. fortelesse, fortelesce (= Pr.
fortalessa), > E. fortalice, q. v.] A fortified
town or position; afort; acastle; astronghold;
hence, any place of defense or security.
To lyve the more in sikirnesse
Do make auoon & fortresse.
Rom. of the Rose, \. 3942.
God is OUT fortress ; in whose conquering name
Let us resolve to scale their flinty bulwarks.
Shak., IHen. VL, ii. 1.
This arm — that hath reclaim'd
To your obedience fiity fortresses.
Twelve cities, and seven walled towns of strength — . . .
Lets fall bis sword before your highness' feet.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI. , iii. 4.
Maiden fortress. Seematden. =Syn. Bee fortification.
fortress (for ' tres), V. t. [< fortress, n.] To
furnish with a fortress ; defend by or as by a
fortress; guard; fortify.
Their temple and cite Jerusalem were bnilded pleas-
antly vpon that holy highe mount of Sion, well fortreced
and tuiTetted. Joye, Expos, of Daniel, xii.
Honour and beauty, in the owner's arms,
Are weakly /ortre««'d from a world of harms.
Shak, Lucrece, 1. 28.
fortrett (fort'ret), n. [Cf. fortress tiiid fortlet.]
A little fort; a fortlet; a sconce.
fortuitt, a. [< UE.fortuit, < OF. fortuit, F.for-
tuit, < L. fortuitus, casual : see fortuitous.] For-
tuitous; accidental.
Thise ben tbanne the causes of the abriggynge of fortmt
hap, the whicli al)reggynge of fortuit hap <;omtb of causes
encowntrynge and flowynge togydere to hemself, and nat
by the enteucion of the doere.
Chaucer, Boethius, v. prose I.
fortuitism (ffir-tli'i-tizm), n. The doctrine of
a fortuity in the action of natural causes, as
opposed to design. [Rare.]
Professor Mivart's teleology now so nearly approaches
Mr. Darwin's /oriwifHWrt that the difference between them
is reduced to a matter of abstract hypothesis.
St. James's Gazette, April 14, 1881.
fortuitist (f6r-tii'i-tist), n. One who holds the
doctrine of fortuitism. [Bare.]
There will always be teleologists, no doubt, and there
will always he fortuitists, if we may coin a needful colTel-
ative term. St. James's Gazette, April 14, 1881.
fortuitous (fpr-tu'i-tus), a. [= F. fortuit =
Sp. Pg. It. fortuito, < L. fortuitus, casual, acci-
dental, < for(,t-)s, chance (cf. abl. forte, by
chance): see fortune.] Accidental; casual;
happening by chance; coming or occurring
■without any cause, or without any general
cause; random.
How can the Epicurean's opinion be true that the uni-
verse was formed by a fortuitous concourse of atoms?
Swift.
To what a fortuitous concurrence do we not pwe every
pleasure and convenience of our lives !
Goldsmith, Vicar, xxxL
fortuitous
Thus nature works as if to mock at art.
And in defiance vi her rival powers,
fiy these fortuitous and random strokes
Performing such inimitable feats
JlB she with all her rules can never reach.
Cowper, Task, v. 124.
Fortuitous cause, a contingent cause which acts with-
out purpose. =:Syu. Chajicf, Casual, etc. See accidental.
fortuitously (for-tu'i-tus-li), adv. Acciden-
tally; casually; by chance.
The old stale pretence of the Atheists, that things were
first made fortuitou^y, and afterwards their usefulness
was obaerred or discovered, can have no place here,
Ray, Works of Creation, iL 416.
Nothing befals them fortuitously, nothing happens in
vain, or without a meaning. Zf . Blair, Works, V. v.
fortuitousness (f§r-tu'i-tu8-nes), ». The qual-
ity or condition of being fortuitous; casual oc-
currence or causation.
But what do these Theists here else then [than], whilst
they deny the fortuitous motion of senseless matter to be
the first original of all things, themselves in the mean-
time enthrone fortuitousness and contingency in the will
of an omnipotent being?
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 873.
fortuity (f^r-tu'i-ti), n. [< L. as if ''fortuita{t-)s,
< fortuitus, fortuitous, accidental : see fortui-
tous.'] Accident; chance; casualty.
The only question which the adversaries to Providence
have to answer is, how they can be stire that thoae de-
served judgmentes were the effect of VKre fortvity, with-
oot the least intervention on the part of the Lord of the
oniverae? Forbes, On Incredulity, p. 79.
Mohammed was not alone in preferring despotism to
anarchy, fate to fortuity.
R. D. Hitchcock, Add. 4gth Anniv. Union Theol. Sem.
Fortuna (f6r-tii'na), ». [L., fortune; personi-
fied. Fortune.] 1. In i^oni. myfA., the goddess
of fortune. See fortune, 2. — 2. The nineteenth
planetoid, discovered by Hind, in London, in
1852.
fortunablef, (I. [ME. forlunable, fortyrutble ; <
fortune + -able.'] Fortunate.
There waa neuer birde brede vnder the stone
Mor«/or(unaMe In a felde than that birde hath be.
PalUical Poems, etc. (ed. romlvaliX p. S.
The Lord lyneth in truth. In eqaite, & righteoiisneMe ;
and al people shall bee/orfunoMc and ioyfnil in him.
BiWe of 1551, Jer. Iv.
fortunalt, a. [ME., also/oriwne?, < OY.fortu-
net, < fortune, fortune : see fortune.] Pertain-
ing to fortune or chance ; fortuitous.
The watrea ymedlyd wrappith or impUetb many/orfu-
nfl happes or nianeres. Chaucer, Boetbliu, v. meter 1.
fortunate (fflr'tu-nat), a. and n. [< ME./or-
tunate, < F. /orft«n^'= 8p. (obs.) Pg. fortunado
= It. fortunnto, < 'L.fortunatus, prospered, pros-
perous, lucky, pp. otfortunare, make prosper-
ous or happy, (fortuna, fortune, good fortune :
atiei fortune.] l. a. 1. Having good fortune;
receiving good from uncertain or unexpected
sources; lucky.
And the oontrarie is joye and gret aolai,
As whan a man hath l>en in poore estat.
And clymbeth up and wezeth/orfuno^.
Chauasr, ProL to Nun's Priest's Tale, L 10.
If a Wife lie the best ot worst fortune of a man, cer-
tainly you are one of the/ar(una(ot men In this Island.
HouxU, Letters, I. vl. 30.
One or two pieces so facile in thought and fortunate in
phrase as to Ije carried lightly in the memory.
LoweU, .Study Windows, p. 335.
2. Bringing or presaging good fortune ; result-
ing favorably, as something uncertain ; having
a happy issue; auspicious; felicitous: as, a/or-
tunate speculation ; a fortunate accident.
This dream Is all amis* interpreted;
It was a vision fair and fortunate.
Shak., J. C, 11. 2.
As Sylla was sacrificing before his tent In the fields of
Vola, a snake happened to creep out of the bottom of the
altar ; n|ion which PDatamlm, the lianupex who attended
the saiTiflce, proclaiming it to be t fortunate omen, called
out upon him to lead hu army immediately against the
enemy. C. Middleton, Cicero, I. 1 1.
= 87n. Felicitous, Lueky, etc (See happy.) Fortunate,
Successful, Prosperous, favored. Fortunate implies the
attainment of lacceiB more by the operation of favorable
circumstances, or throngh accident, than by direct effort ;
twxessful denotes that effective effort has been made :
prosperous has nearly the same meaning as suceestful,
bat doe* not at all empliasiie the effort maile, and applies
rather to a serie* of things than to a single event. We say
% fortunate gambler, a sucetstiful merchant, a prosperous
line of business.
The administration ai Oglethorpe wa* marred by some
faulu of temper and of tact, but it was on the wliole able,
energetic, and fortunaU. Leckjf, Eng. in 18th Cent. , iii.
What can they see in tlie longest line in Europe save that
H runs back to a successful soldier? Seott, Woodstock.
Eqnally inured
By moderation either state to bear,
Prosperous or adverse. Milton. P. L., xl. 364.
n.f n. In <utrof., a favorable planet. Nares.
See extract under /orfifude, 3.
2345
fortunatet, v. t. [ME., < "L. forttmatus, pp. of
fortuiiare, make prosperous: see fortunate, a.]
To make fortunate ; prosper.
Let sowe it forth, and god it fortunate .'
Palladiug, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 7.
fortunately (f6r'tu-nat-li), adv. In a fortunate
manner ; by good fortune ; luckily ; happily.
After this victorye fortunately obteined, the Duke of
Bedforde sailed by water vp to the very towne of Hai'flew.
Ball, Hen. V., an. 4.
The battle then at Stoke so fortunately struck,
Upon King Henry's part, . . .
As never till that day he felt his crown to cleave
Unto his temples close.
I>rayton, Polyolbion, xxiL 1503.
Fair lovers, you are fortunately met.
Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1.
fortunateness (fdr'tu-nat-nes), n. The state of
being fortunate; good luck.
The power of his wit, the valiantness of his courage, the
fortunatene.ss of his successes. Sir P. Sidney, ATvaiii&,ii.
fortune (f6r'tun), n. [< ME. fortune, < OF. for-
tune, F. fortune = Sp. Pg. It. fortuna, < h. for-
tuna, chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune, good for-
tune, prosperity, etc., <.for{t-)s, chance, prob.
allied to ferre, bear, bring, = E. bear^.] 1.
Chance; nap; luck; fate.
Alas, why playnen folk so in commune
Of purveyiaunce of God, or ot fortune t
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 394.
And some tyme he wan, and many tynies he loste, as is
the fortune of werre. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), IL 184.
What should I do.
Bat cocker up my genius, and live free
To all delights my fortune calls me to?
B. Jonson, Volpone, 1. 1.
2. Chance personified; the events or circum-
stances of life antecedent to some result attrib-
uted to their working, more or less conscious-
ly personified and regarded as a divinity which
metes out happiness and unhappiness, and dis-
tributes arbitrarily or capriciously the lots of
life. When represented as an actual goddess (Latin For-
tuna), the usual attribute of Fortune is a wheel, in token
of InstiOiUity.
So confease the to sum frere and shewe hym thi synnes.
For whiles Fortune is thi frende freres wil the louye.
Piers Plowman (B), it. 54.
^orfuiw was pleased to give us a frown.
Beading SHrmish (Child's Ballads, VIL 244).
It Is a madness to make /orfuno the mistress of events.
Dryden, Character of Polybius.
Since fortune Is not In oar power, let us be as little aa
possible in hers. Steele, Tatler, No. 5S02.
8. That which falls to one as his portion in life
or in any particular proceeding; the course of
events as affecting condition or state; circum-
stances; lot: often in the plural: as, good or
bad /orfune; to share onei'a fortunes.
For wel wote I that oure Lord geueth In thys worlde
vnto eyther sort of folk either sort ot fortune.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 1157.
These must be men of action, for on those
The fortune of our /or(une» must rely.
^■ortf, Perkin Warbeck, 11. 2.
While he whose lowly /or/iifw I retrace.
The youngeat of three sons, was yet a babe.
Wordsworth.
Almost within a week of the Archduke Albert's success,
the fortunes of Austria made shipwreck on the field of 8a-
dowa. B. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 291.
4. Specifically, good luck; prosperity; success.
It rain'd down/ortunc showering on your head.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1.
King [Henry I.l had the Fortune to be a Oalner by his
Losses. Baker, Chronicles, p. 39.
6. Estate; possessions; especially, when used
absolutely, large estate; wealth: as, he mar-
ried a lady ot fortune.
They have two hundred and eighty Imarders, children
of little fortune, who pay a very snmil sum for their diet
and lodging, and have their dining riMm by themselves.
Poeocke, Description of the East, II. ii. 231.
A Woman that Is espous'd for a Fortune Is yet a better
Bargain if she dies. Steele, Conscious Lovers, i. 2.
6. A person of wealth ; especially, a marriage-
able heir or heiress. [Colloq.]
Do you see this young Qentleraan ?hehasaSister,a pro-
digious fortune — 'Faith, you two shall be aci(ualnted.
Steele, Tender Husband, I. 1.
The lady and a couple of sisters of hers were . . . the
greatest /i>rtun«< aliout town. Spectator, No. 282.
7. In astro}., one of the fortunate planets:
namely, Jupiter, Venus, the stm, the moon, and
Mercury.
Fortunes.— li and 8 : and the 0, J, and o , if aspcct-
Ing them, and not afflicted, are considered fortunate plan-
eta. W. Lilly, Introil. to Astrology, App., p. 341.
To tell one's fortune, tell fortunes, to foretell what
is to happen to one, or practise the prediction of future
events with reference to persons, through some professed
faculty of penetrating, or,specinc means of calling up, the
secrets of the future. See/ortune-tsKer.
fortunous
fortunet (f6r'tun), v. [< ME. fortunen, < OF.
fortuner = It. fortunare, < L. fortunare, make
prosperous: seefortu)W,n.,fortunate.] I. trans.
1. To determine the fate or chance of; fix or
control the lot or fortune of ; dispose of.
But atte last, as god wold fortune it.
Ye all only, and by your interprise,
Owt of daunger ye causid me to rise.
Generydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1431.
0 stronge God, that , . .
Hast in every regne and every londe
Of arnies al the bridel in thyn honde,
And he\i\fortune.)it as the lust devyse.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1, 1519.
Dear Isia, keep decorum, and fortune him accordingly.
Shak., A. and C, i. 2.
2. To foretell the fortime or lot of; presage.
Wel cowde he fortunen the ascendent
Of his ymages for his pacient.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 417.
3. To endow with wealth or fortune.
A gentleman of handsome parts,
And, they say, fortun'd.
Shirley, Love in a Maze, i. 1.
A man for whose whole suit a Houndsditch .lew would
not give Is. 6d. may be able to ' ^fortune his daughter with
a hundred, or maybe a brace of hundreds. "
Contemporary Rev., LI. 237.
n. intrans. 1. To befall; fall out; happen;
chance ; come to pass casually.
Suche merveyles fortunede than.
Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 288.
We fortuned to lye in a better place and more out of the
dyntof therageof thesayd tempest, or ellys we haddeben
in lyke case or worse. SirR. Guytforde, Pylgrymage, p. 75.
It fortuned out of the thickest wood
A ramping Lyon rushed suddeinly.
Spenser, F. Q., I. Hi. 5.
2. To come by chance.
They fortuned to a countre of a tyraunt kene.
Called wales. Joseph of Arimathie (TS.. E. T. S.), p. 41.
fortune-book (for'tiln-buk), n. A book to be
consulted for the revelation of future events
or in telling fortunes.
fortuned (for'tund), o. [< fortune -f -ed^.]
Supplied by fortune ; provided : used in com-
position.
Not the imperious show
Of the full-/or^«n'd Ciesar ever shall
Be broocli'd with me. Shak., A. and C, iv. 13.
fortune-hunter (for'tun-hun'tfer), n. A man
or woman who seeks to marry for wealth or
fortune.
Widows are indeed the great game of your/orh*ju;-At/n(-
ers. Addison, The Fortune-Hunter.
fortune-hunting (f6r'tim-him''ting), «. The
seeking of a fortune by marriage.
fortunelt, a. Hee fortunal.
fortuneless (fdr'ttin-les), a. l< fortune + -less.]
If. Luckless; unfortunate.
For to wexe olde at home in idlenesse
Is disadventrous, and <imte fortunetesse.
Siienser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 100.
2, Destitute of a fortune or portion.
No wonder ... If, courted by the son of a proud and
powerful baron, she can no longer spare a word or look to
the poor/or(u7»«f<«« page. Scott, Abbot, xxiv.
fortnne-tell (f6r'tun-tel), v. t. To tell the for-
tune of ; play tfie fortune-teller to. [Used
punningly in the place cited.]
I'll coniiu^ you, I'M fortune-tell you.
SAaJr.,M. W. ofW., iv. 2.
fortune-teller (f6r'tun-tel'6r), n. One who
tells or reveals future events in the life of an-
other ; one who pretends to a knowledge of fu-
ture events, and makes a practice of foretell-
ing them.
fortune-telling (f6r'tun-tel'ing), a. and n.
I. a. Telling, or pretending to tell, the future
events of one's life.
He tipples palmistry, and dines
On all her/or(uw-(enm(7 lines. Cleawland.
n. n. The act or practice of predicting fu-
ture events in the life of any person.
We are simple men ; we do not know what's brought to
pass under the profession ot fortune -teUing.
Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2.
fortunizet (fdr'tu-niz), V. t. [(.fortune + -ize.]
To regulate the fortune of;, render fortunate
or happy.
Fooles therefore
They are which fortunes doe by vowes devize,
Sith each unto himselfe his life mny fortunize.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. Ix. 30.
fortnnoust, a. [ViE. fortunous, <. OF. fortunos
= Sp. fortunoso, tempestuous, = Pg. fortunoso,
fortunate, = It. fortunoso, fortuitous; as for-
tune -t- -ous.] Proceeding from fortune; in-
constant; changeable; fickle.
I ne trowe not in no raanere that so certeyn thinges
sholdcn be moeved by /ortunotu fortune.
CAaucer, Bo^thiua, L prose S.
forty
forty (f6r'ti), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
foiirty ; < ME. forti, fourty, fotrrti, fowerti, fcow-
erti, etc., < AS. /edicerfiVji (= OS. fiwartig, fiar-
tig. fiortig = OFries. fiuwertich = D. veertig =
OHG. Jiorzug, MH6. vierzk, G. vierzig = Icel.
fjorutiu, fertug = Sw. fyratio, fyrtio = Dan.
fyrretyve, Jirti = Goth, fidvor tigjus = L. quad-
raginta (> It. qimranta = Pg. quarenta = Sp.
(MiareHto = F. qiiaratite) = Gr. rfffoapd/iovra =
Skt. chatx'dringat), forty, </(;(5irer, E./owr, etc.,
+ -%, E. -<y, etc., of the same ult. origin as
ten: see /our and -ty\ and cf. twenty, thirty,
etc.] I. a. Four times ten ; ten more than tliir-
ty, or one more than thirty-nine : a cardinal
numeral.
H. M. ; -pi. forties (-tiz). 1. The sum of four
tens, or of thirty-nine and one. — 2. A symbol
representing this number, as 40, XL, or xl. —
The Forty, (a) A body of magistrates in ancient Attica
for the trial of small causes in tlie rural demes. (&) The
name (with qualifying terms) of two appellate civil tri-
bunals and a criminal court in the Venetian republic.
(c) A collective designation of the members of the French
Academy, forty in nunibt-r. Also called the Forty Im-
mortals.—"The roaring forties, the notably rough part
of the Ntirth Atlantic crossed on the passage from Europe
to the ports of North America between the 40tli and SOth
degrees of north latitude. The term is also applied to the
region between 40° and !iO° south latitude in the South
Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
The region of the "brave west winds," the roaring for-
ties of sailora. Eneye. Brit., XVI. 146.
forty-five (f6r'ti-fiv'), n. A game of cards,
played with a full pack, in wMeh each trick
counts five and the game is forty-five, rive
cai"ds (two and three or three and two) are dealt to each
player, and the top card after dealing is turned as the
trump. The ace of hearts is always a trump, ranking
next below the knave of the trump-snit, which is itself
second in rank, the flve-spot being highest. The other
cards have their normal value, except that in the black
suits the lowest spot-card takes the trick when no face-
card is played. Suit must be followed when a trump is led,
but in other cases a player may trump if he chooses. A
player taking all five tricks in one hand wins the game.
forty-knot (f6r'ti-not), n. The Altcrnanthcra
Acliyrantha, a prostrate amarantaceous weed
of warm countries. It is said to have diuretic
properties.
fortynet, "• -An obsolete form of fortune.
forty-niner (f6r'ti-ni'n6r), n. One of the ad-
venturers, chiefly from the United States, who
went to (Jalifornia in search of fortune soon
after the discovery of gold there in 1848. The
greater number of them arrived in 1849 ; hence
the name. [Colloq., U. S.]
fomla (for'u-la), n.; p\. forulai (-le). [ML.:
see/o)-rc/.] "A ease of leather or similar mate-
rial in which old manuscripts have been pre-
served.
The remarkable/orMia, or case of thick stamped leather,
in which the "Book of Armagh," an Irish MS., supposed
to be of the early part of the IXtli century, has been pre-
served. Archaol. Inst. Jour., XIII. 178.
forum (fo'rum), n. ; -pi. forums or fora (-rumz,
-ra). [< L. forum, a market-place, forum, akin
to forts, foras, out of doors, foris, pi. fores, a
door: see foreign and door.'] 1. In Rom. an-
tiq., the market-place of a city. It was the oiBcial
center of the public and corporate life of the city, and
2346
sembly for the people. The word was originally applied
to an open space or area left before any editlce, and par-
ticularly before a tomb. In ancient Rome the space left
vacant at the first agglomeration of the city for the trans-
action of judicial and otlier public business was specifi-
cally called the Forum, or Forum Komanum. Two other
judicial forums were constructed by Julius Cicsar and
Augustus, and all three were richly adorned witli colunuis,
statues, etc., divided by the rostra into a comitium or
ctmrt and a place of public assembly, and surrounded by
temples, jwrticos in which financial business was trans-
actetl, and other buildings. There were many forums ex-
clusively for market purposes. Compare agora.
In yon field below,
A thousand years of silenced factions sleep —
The Forum, where the immortal accents glow.
And still the eloquent air breathes — burns with Cicero I
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 112.
Hence — 2. A tribunal; a court; any assembly
empowered to hear and decide causes.
He (Lord Camden] was, however, fully more eminent in
the senate than the /oru7rt. Brougham, E.arl Camden.
Law of the forum, the rules of law prevailing within the
jurisdiction of a particular court, as distinguished from the
law in other jurisdictions.
forwaket, "• t. [ME. *forwaMen (in pp. ) ; < for-''-
+ uakc] To exhaust with waking; tire out
with long watching.
He was forwept, he was forwaked.
Gower, Conf. Amant., II. 15.
forwarding
Wery, fonvaked in her orlsouns,
Slepeth Custance.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 498.
Forum of Pompeii.
A, principal entrance ; B, a Corinthian temple ; C, the public prison
{carctr publicus) ; D is supposed to have been a horreutn, or public
eranary : E, temple of Venus, the guardian goddess, of the city : F.
basilica ; G, H, 1, the curi^. or civiland commercial tribunals; K, a
rectangular building which may have served the purpose of a shop for
money-changers ; L, a portico terminating in an apsis ; M, temple of
Mercury or Quirinus ; S, a building with a large semicircular tribune,
which probably constituted the residence of the priests called Augus-
tales.
was usually surrounded by the chief public buildings,
and often ornamented with statues and other works of
art. Justice was administered in the forum or in build-
ings opening upon it, and it was a normal place of as-
forwalkt, «-'• *■ [ME./oct/ja/tcn ,- </or-l -I- walh.]
To weary with walking.
Whanne thei theder come
Al wery for-ti'alked, & wolde take here reste.
Waiiam o/Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 22S5.
forwandert, »• [ME. forwandrien ; < /oc-l -I-
wander.] I. intrans. To wander till wearied.
Thanne dismaied, I, left alle sool [stile, alone]
Forwery, forwandred as a fool.
Rum. of the Rose, 1. 3336.
They far cspide
A weary \f\gi\t forwandritig by the way.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 34.
II. trans. To weary with wandering
to wander until weary.
I was viQry forwandred, and went me to reste.
Piers Plowman (li), Prol., 1. 7.
His amies, which he had vowed to disprofesse.
She gathered up, and did about hiui dresse,
And h\% forivaiuired steed unto him gott.
Spenser, F. (J., III. xi. 20.
forward^ (f6r'ward), a. [< WE. forward, rarely
foreward (in adv. forewardes), < AS. foreweard,
rarely forweard, forward, fore, early, in front,
< fore, fore, before, -t- -weard : see /orel and
-ward. Ct. forward^, adv. ,a,ndforeward^,n.'] 1.
Situated in the front or fore part ; anterior ;
fore ; directed toward some point or position
in advance from the starting-point: as, a, for-
ward cabin in a ship ; the forward movement
of an army.
Four legs and two voices. . . . His forward voice now
is to speak well of his friend ; his backward voice is to
utter foul speeches and to detract. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.
2. Being in a condition of advancement ; well
advanced with respect to progress, attainment,
development (as the season), growth (as vegeta-
tion), or (rarely) position or rank : as, the build-
ing is in a forward state ; he is forward in his
studies ; a forward crop.
My good Camillo,
She is as forward of her breeding as
She is i' the rear of our birth. Shak., W. T., iv. 3
I He] was well pleased to hear that our Catalogue of Eng-
lish Manuscripts was so forieard in the Press at Oxford.
Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 119.
Come tell me in plain Terms how fonvard he is with
Araminta. Congreve, Old Batchelor, iii. 6.
The Athenians, deserted by the other states, met his in-
vading army, in which the exiled chief of that faction, Hip-
pias, had ^forward appointment. Brougham.
3. Ready in action or disposition; prompt;
earnest; also, in a derogatory sense, over-con-
fident; assuming; presumptuous; pert: as, to
be forward in good works ; a forward chit.
God grafte in vs the trewe knowledge of his woorde, with
& forward will to folowe It.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. B6.
Many about the King were /orwartf for this Match, but
the Lord Cromwell specially. Baker, Chronicles, p. 287.
It were uncomely
That we be found less /oripard for our prince
Than they are for their lady.
Ford, Perkin Warheck, ii. 3.
You need not call me to any House of yonrs, for I am for-
ward enough to come without calling.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 17.
Your cousin Sophy is a forward, impertinent gipsy.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1.
Clara is of a cold temper, and would think this step of
mine highly /orward. Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 5.
4t. Foremost.
First and /orwartf she bigan to weepe.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 04J.
= Syn. 3. Willing, zealous ; presuming, presumptuous,
imiicrtinent.
forward!, forwards (for'wiird, -wardz), adt:
[< ME. forwarde, forwardes, < AS. foreweard,
adv., forward (= D. voorwaarts = G. vorwarts),
< /orweard, forward : see forward^, a.] 1. To-
ward a part, place, or point of time before or
in advance; onward: with reference either to
motion or to position : opposed to backward.
And fro this forewardes nevere entred suche Filthe in
that Place ainonges hem, ne nevere schalle entre here
aftre. Mandeville, Travels, p. (il.
A great coyle there was to set him forward.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 166.
From this time/orwartf I will be your Master.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 66.
If a man will walk straight /oncard without turning to
the right or the left, he must walk in a desert, and not In
Cheapside.
Macaulay, Conversation between Cowley and Milton.
2. With advancing steps ; with good progress.
It is the nature of God's most bountiful disposition to
build /orward where his foundation is once laid.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1.
3. Toward the terminal point.
It [Se(nu)ia Reichenbachii] has indeed stiff, pointed
leaves, lying forward, but they are arcuate, and the cones
are smaller. Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 1S6.
Drawn forward. See draw.— To bring forward, go
forward, set forward, etc. See the vcriis— To put
one's best foot forward. Sec foot. = Syn. Forward, On-
ward. Forward is toward what is or is imagined to be the
front or the goal ; omvard is in the direction of advance.
Generally they come to the same thing, but onward in-
dicates a less definite aim : the traveler lost in the woods
feels it to be necessary to go onward ; when he finds his
way, he presses forward.
The mustering squadron, and the clattering car.
Went pouring /or?card with impetuous speed.
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 25.
There is no death with Thee ! each plant and tree
In living haste their stems push onward still.
Jones Very, Poems, p. 53.
cause forward^ (f6r'ward), v. t. [< forward^, a. and
adv.} 1. To send forward; send toward the
place of destination; transmit: as, to forward
a letter or despatches.
All the drag(5e8 [sugar-plums] were forwarded by the
ambassador's bag.
Mrs, Gore, Mothers and Daughters, p. 259.
2. To advance ; help onward ; promote ; fur-
ther ; encourage : as, to forward the gro-wth of
a plant.
The occasional propensity to this superstition [symbolic
figures] was, without question, /oncardf^d and encouraged
by the priesthood. Warburton, Divine Legation, iv. §4.
3. In bookbinding, to fit (a book) with back and
covers, and prepare it for the finisher. =S3m. 1.
To expedite, accelerate, despatch.— 2. To further, pro-
mote, foster, favor.
forward^t, «. [ME. forward, forword, foreward,
foreicerd, < AS. foreweard, foreward, alsofore-
warde, agreement, contract (= D. roorwaarde,
conditions, precontract), < fore, before, +
iceard, ward, keeping: see fore^ and ward, «.]
Agreement; covenant.
To breke forward is not niyn entente.
Chaucer, Prol. to Man of Law's Tale, 1. 40.
This forward to fulfill faithly thai swere,
Vppon solempne sacrifice, soche as thai vset.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11447.
forwarder (f6r'war-der), «. 1. One who for-
wards or sends forward ; specifically, in the
United States, one who ships or sends forward
goods for others to their destination by the
instrumentality of third persons; a forwarding
merchant. Neither a consignor shipping goods nor a
carrier while engaged in transporting them is called a for-
warder. The name is applied, strictly, to one who under-
takes to see the goods of another put in the way of trans-
portation, without himself incurring the liability of a car-
rier to deliver. A carrier who undertakes to transfKirt the
goods only part of the way often becomes a forwarder in
respect to the duty of delivering them to some proper car-
rier to complete the transportation.
2. One who forwards, promotes, advances, or
furthers.
Nor am I accessary.
Part or party confederate, . . . forwarder.
Principal or maintainer of this late theft.
L. Barry, Ram -411ey, v, 1.
3. In bookbinding, a workman who, after re-
ceiving the sewed book, puts on its back and
covers, trims its edges, and fits it for the fin-
isher.
The ends of the cords are then drawn by the fonmrder
through holes pierced in the boards. Ure, Diet., I. 424.
forwarding (for'war-ding), n. [Verbal n. of
forward^, v.] 1. The act or business of send-
ing forward merchandise, etc.; the business of
a forwarder. See forwarder, 1. [U.S.]— 2. In
forwarding
bookbinding, the operations of putting on the
covers and back, rounding the back, trimming
the edges, adding bands, lining, and all other
work, after the sewing of the sheets, that is
needed to prepare the book for the finisher.
forwarding (for'war-ding), p. a. [Ppr. of for-
tf(!r((l,c.] Advancing; promoting; expediting;
sending forward.— Forwarding merchant, a mer-
cliant whuse biisniess ia to receive and forward j;oods f<.'r
others. See forwarder, I.— Forwarding note, a note in
which a description of goo<ls or of a parcel ia entered with
the name and address of the consignee, and tlie name of
the consignor, to be sent with the goods, etc., conveyed by
a carrier.
iorwardly (f6r'ward-li), adv. 1. In a forward
position ; toward the anterior extremity ; an-
teriorly.— 2. In a forward manner, (o) Eagerly ;
promptly.
After his return, however, he was so far from observing
that caution which Plutarch speaks of, that he freely and
/orwardty resumed hia former employment of pleading.
C. MiddUlon, Life of Cicero, I. § 1.
Christianity gives us these hopes, which reason/ortcard-
ly assumes and makes her own.
Bp. Hurd, Works, Vn. xxxlv.
(h) With undne assurance : impertinently.
forwardness (for'ward-nes). «. [< forward +
-ness.] 1. The condition of being forward or
in advance; a state of advancement: as, the
foncardness of spring; the formardness of a
scholar.
The saying went that he [a friar] practiced with the
Turk to have undone again all that was there in so go<Ml
/orwardntM. Strype, Memorials, £dw. VL, an. 1552.
So I 1 am very glad my friend Puff's tragedy is In such
/orwardiiffs, Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
2. Cheerful readiness; promptness; eagerness;
confidence.
Having with his pow'r held out so long.
Many a<lventure, with more fonpardnegt,
To yield him aid, and to support his wrong.
iJoiuff, Civil Wars, Iv.
We made Master Jones our leader ; for we thought it
best herein to gratify hia kindness tad/orwardnem.
Muurt'i Journal, in Appendix to New England's
[Memorial, p. 349.
3. Undue assurance; lack of becoming mod-
esty: as, thB forwardness of an ill-bred child.
The /orimr(fti«M that he shewed to celebrate his own
merits in all his publick speeches teems to Justify their
censurea C.JfuUicton, Life of Cicero, III. } 12.
= 8yiL Promptitude, seal; presumption; WiUiHtnat.
FonrardnfM expresses more than vnUiniineu in that it
implies promptitude and active desire, wnile wiUingwtt
has lost the sense implied In its derivation, and expresses
rather a somewhat passive readiness.
forwards, adv. Seefoncard^.
forwastet, f . '. [Improp. forewatte; < /or-i +
wavte.] To waste ; desolate.
A company of clownish viUains . . . both In face and
apparel so /orwa«Ud that they seemed to bear a great con-
formity with the savages. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
Till that infeniall feend with foule uprore
ForwoMled all their land, and them expeld.
SprwKT, F. g., I. i. .1.
forwet, ». An obsolete variant of /wrroic. Chau-
cer.
forweant, "• '• [ME. fortoenien, foncanien (=
MLO. vorwenen = MH6. verwenen, O. verwohnen
= Dan. forvasHne) ; < /»r-i -1- wean, accustom :
see trean.] To accustom to bad habits; spoil
by indulgence; pamper.
T'he unwise man and fonemtd child habbeth both on
lone] lage [law]. Old kng. UomUiet (ed. MosrisX II- ^l-
Thanne he charged chapmen to chasten her childeren ;
Late no wynnynge hem/anwnyhrar./ormnyc] whil the!
tte s^mge. Pien Plowman (BX v. S4.
forweart, r. t. ; pp. forworn. [< ME. forweren
ipret. fortcered, forwerd) ; <for-^ + iceari.] To
wear out; spend; waste.
It were hir loth
To weren ofte that like cloth ;
And if it were foncered, she
Wolde have ful gret neceasite
Of clothyng, er she bought bir newe.
ttom. of the Bote, L 237.
A Billjr man, In simple weeds /onvonu.
Spenter, F. Q., I. vl. 36.
Though what stl'd me, I might not well as they
Rake up attme/oruwne tales that smother'd lay
In chimney comers, smoak'd with winter fires.
To rea<l and rock aaleep our drowsy sires?
Bp. Uall, Satires, vl. 1.
forwearyt, «. [< ME. foneerien ; < /or-l +
irrrtryl, r.J I. trans. To weary utterly; tire
out.
Thine armys shalt thou sprede abrade,
As man in werre were /onwried.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 2e63.
Oive him more labour, and with strelgbter law.
That he with worke may he foneearied.
Sprnier, F. Q., V. T. SO.
IL intrans. To become wearied.
I furmary, | K. ) je lalse. PaXtgrax*.
2347
forwearyt, a. [ME. forwery; < /or-t intensive
+ weary, a.] Excessively weary; exhausted
with fatigue.
Forwtry of my labour a^ the day.
CAoucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 93.
Prestly in a thicke place of that pris wode,
Wei out from alle weyes /or-wen/ thei hem rested.
William of Palente (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2443.
forweept, «•. [ME. forwepen ; < for-^ + weep.]
I. trans. To wet with tears ; exhaust with weep-
ing.
Sche./onrepcd and forwaked,
Was wery.
Chawer, Death of Blanche, L 126.
The quen was very forivept, and went to *)edde.
WUliam of Palertie (E. E. 1. S.), 1. 2868.
H. intrans. To bleed, as a tree or plant.
As vynes th&t foneepe and turne away
ffrom fruyte the Grekes wol the stok to tere.
Palladia, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 102.
forwelkt, '■. »• [ME. forwelken (= G. verwelken),
wither, decay ; Kfor-'- + loelk^.] To wither; de-
cay; fade.
A (o\i\e forwelked thynge was she,
That whilom ruunde and soft hadde be.
Rom. of the Rose, I. 361.
forweptt. Past participle of forweep.
forwhyt, conj. [ME. : see phrase for why, under
for.] Because. Chaucer.
fbrwitt, forwiteret, etc. See forewit, etc.
forwithert, ''. •. [</w-i + wither, v.] To wither
away ; shrivel. Davies.
Her btniy small, /ornn7A«r'rf, and forespent,
As is the stalk that summer's drought oppresa'd.
Sackville, Ind. to Mir. for Mags., st 12.
forwoundt, »'• '• [}iE.forwounden,forwnnden, <
AS. forwundian (= MLG. vorwunden = G. ver-
wuttdcn), wound, (.for- + tcundian, wound: see
/or-1 and iroundl.] To wound severely.
Felile as Afoneounded man. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1830.
forwrapt, t'. t. [ME. forwrappen; < for-^ +
tcraj>.] To wrap up or about ; muffle.
Why artow alfonrrapped save thy face?
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, I. 256.
foryetef, «. *. A Middle English form ot forget.
forye'tent. A Middle English form of the past
parti<'iple oi forget.
foryevet, f. A Middle English form ot forgive.
foryleldt, ". '• IME. foryelden, for^elden, for-
Zielden,forgelden, < AS. forgildan,forgyldan (=
D. vergelden = MLG. vorgelden = 6. vergelten =
OD&n. forgielde, remunerate, recompense), pay,
repay, recompense, give, (.for- + gildan, gyldan,
pay, give, yield : see /or-1 and i/«eM.] To yield
up; pay; repay; requite.
The Ood above
Foryelde yow.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 457.
forzando, forzato (for-tsiin'do, -tsft't?), a, [It. ,
j)pr. and pp. oiforzare, force: 8ee/orcel,t?.] In
music, forcible : noting a passage to be rendered
with force or loudness. Also sforzando. Ab-
breviated fz.
f088* (fos), n. Same aa forced. [Prov. Eng.]
foss^, fosse (fos), n. [= MLG. fosse, canal,
sound, < F. fosse = Sp. /o«n,/o»o = Pg. It. fossa,
fosso, a ditch, < li. fossa, a ditch, trench, foss,
</»«»a, fom. of /o*f««, pp. of /odfre, dig.] 1. A
ditch; a canal; a stream or river artificially
made or enlarged.
And a none we left all the Poo, and toke ower course by
a lytyll Ry ver that cometh to the same, called the foete,
made and cutte owte by handc.
Torkington, Uiarle of Eng. Travell, p. 6.
A Carak of Oenoa . . . passed before the port of Rhodes,
. . . and rid st anker at the Foue, 7. or 8. miles from the
towne. Hakluyt'g Voyatjen, 11. 76.
Specifically — 2. In fort., a hollow place, ditch,
or moat, commonly full of water, lying between
the scarp and the counterscarp below the ram-
part, and turning round a fortified place or a
post that is to be defended. See cut under
eastle.
Shall I shut up myself In some strong castle or tower?
. . . the Brc will pass the/o»»f», consume the bulwarks.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 374.
Fierce Rodoniont escapes, and as he flies,
High iKiunding o'er the/o«« that yawns below.
Lights on th' interior ramparts of the foe.
Iloole, tr. of Orlando Furioso, xv.
3. In anat., same as /o««ai .—Adyance-foss. •'*ce
ndr^anre^ n., 6.
fossa' (fos'ii), n. ; pi. fossw (-e). [L., a ditch
or trench : seefoss^.] 1. In anat., a foss, pit.
depression, or hollow of some kind in any
structure, specified by a qualifying term. — 2.
In zool., a deep pit or depression in the hard
integutaient of an animal, often opening into
the interior cavity of the body and serving for
fossa
the point of attachment of an organ: as, the
anteu nary /ossa of an insect Anconeal fossa
of the humerus. See anconeal.— Anterior palatine
fossa. i^iiUie tis anterior palatine canal {a), Seecanufl. —
Antheliclne fossa, the depression between tlie branches
of the antihclix; tlie fossa triangularis. — Oanine fossa.
See «arti7i«.— Cerebellar fossa, the posterior cerebral fos.
sa. — Cerebral fossa, one of tliree depressions, anterior,
middle, and p^jsterior, on each side of the floor of the cra-
nial cavity, lodging respectively the frontal and temporal
lol)es of the cerebrum and the cerebellum. — Conarial,
coronoid, cotyloid, digastric, digital, etc. , fossa, see
tlie adjectives. — Condyloid fossa, a dei)res.si<ai behind
the occipital condyle on either side, soinetiiiics pertorated
at its iiottoni by a foramen which transmits a vein to tlie
lateral sinus,— Fossa CSsruIea, the shallow groove ex-
tending forward from tlie superior fovea of the medulla
oblongata, ordinarily known as the locus ctEruleus.— ^os-
sa ductus venosi, the posterior part of the longitudinal
Ussure of the liver, where the ductus venosus lies, usually
caUi^d Jigsure of the ductus venosus. — FOSSa Innominata,
the nameless fossa. See scaphoid fossa (^).— Fossa na-
vicularis, the navicular fossa, (a) A recess in the urctlira,
near the urinary meatus, whei'e the caliber of the tube is
enlarged. (6) A depressed space between the posterior com-
missure of the vulva and the fourchette. — Fossa of the
f [all-bladder, the depression on the under surface of the
iver in which the gall-bladder lies.— Fossa of the helix,
a narrow groove in the external ear, between the helix
and the antihelix. .Also called scaphoid fo/tsa,.fossa innomi-
nata. See rarl,— Fossa Of the vena cava, the Assure
in the liver in which the vena cava lies.— Fossa ovalls.
the oval fossa, a depression on the left wall of the right
auricle of the heart. It is the remains of the fetal fora-
men ovale between the auricles. Also called fovea ovalis.
— Fossa rhomboldalis, the fourth ventricle of the brain.
— Fossa slgmoidea, the groove on the internal surface
of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone lodging the
lateral sinus.— Fossa triangularis, the fossa of the an-
tihelix of the ear. See second cut under ear^. — Glenoid
foasa, one of two shallow fossaj : («) The surface by which
the scapula articulates with the humerus. (6) The surface
by which the temporal lione articulates with the lower
jaw : improperly extendetl in human anatomy to include
the whole of the snn)Oth surface of the vaginal process be-
hind the Glaseriau fissure, in relation with the parotid
gland, and not concerned in the tcniporoniaxillary articu-
lation. See cut under »*ii«.— Guttural fossa, that part
of the base of the skull lying between the posterior border
of the horizontal plate of the palftt<'-bone and the anterior
border of the foramen magnum.— niac fossa, the gener-
al inner surface of the iliac lione, occupied by the iliacus
muscle. See cut under innominate. — Incisive fossa, a
little depression on the surface of the upper jaw-lione
just above the sociieta of the incisor teeth. — Inftaspi-
nous fossa, the surface of the dorsum of the scapula be-
low the sphie, occupied by the infraspinatus muscle. See
cut under Kca/zu/a.— Ischiorectal fOBSa, a deep pit in
the perineum, on each side of the lower end of the rectum,
between that and the tuberosity of the ischium, of trian-
gular-pyramidal form, its base directed to the integument
of the parts, it« apex corresponding to the divergence of the
levator aiii from the obturator muscle. It is Ixiunded in*
ternaliy by the sphincter and levator ani and coccygeus
muscles, and externally by the ischium and obturator mus-
cle, behind by the edge of the glutens niaxinius and great
sacrosciatic ligament, and is filled with a mass of adipose
connective tissue, the freijuent site of abscesses. — Jugu-
lar fossa, a pit on the temiwral bone, entering into the
formation of the pvtsterior lacerate foramen of the skull,
in sjiecial relation with the beginning of the jugular vein,
at the conflnenee of the lateral and inferior petrosal si-
nuses. ~ Lacrymal fossa, a small depression in the orbital
part of the frontal bone, lodging the lacrymal gland. —
Myrtlform fossa. Same as incifire /<)«xa,— Nasal fos-
se, the two cavities which constitute the internal part
of the nose. 'I'hey are the seat of smell, and they aid also
in respiration and phonation. See cut under nasal. —
Occipital fossss, two pairs, upper and lower, of depres-
sions on the inner surface of the occipital lione, the up-
per lodging the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, the lower
lodging the ceretiellum, the latter being the same as the
posterior cerebral or cerebellar fossa. 'I'he two pairs are
separated horizontally at the plane of the tentorium by
the ridges and groove for the lateral sinus, the right and
left fossa) being separated vertically by the line of the
falx cerebri ami falx cerelielli ; at the junction of the four
fosaie is the internal occipital protuberance.— Olecra-
nold fossa, a deep pit at the back of the lower end of
the humerus, receiving the olecraium when the forearm is
extended. — Palatine fossse. i^ame as palatine foram-
ina (which see. under foramen). — Pituitary fOSSa, a pit
on the t^ip of the liody of the sphenoid bone, receiving the
pituitary Iwdy. Called in human anatomy the sella tur-
cica or Turkish saddle, and bounded by four prominent
clinoid processes. It is the most important landmark
of the skull, indicating the site of the trabeculie cranii
of the embryo, the forward limit of the notochord, and
thus the lioundary between the vertebral and the everte-
bral ilivlsions of the cranium ; In the early embryo it is
a perforation. Sec cut under «*•«//.— Pterygoid fossa
the depressed interval between the diverging internal
and extenial pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone,
filled in by the internal pterygoid muscle. See cut under
sJ^uf^- Scaphoid fossa. («) A slight special depression
of the general pterj'goid fossa, whence arises the tensor
palati muscle. ((<) I'he innomipate fossa of the outer
ear ; the groove between the helix and the antihelix ;
the fossa of the helix. See second cut under «ari.— Sig-
moid fossa, a curved groove on the inner surface of the
mastoid bone for the lateral venous sinus.— Spheno-
maxillary fossa, a small triangular recess on the outer
surface of the cranium, below the apex of the orbit,
where the sphenoid, sphenomaxillary, and pterygomax-
illary fissures converge, Iwunded by parts of the sphe-
noid, superior maxillary, and palate bones, lodging the
splienopalatine or Meckelian ganglion, communicating
with the orbital, nasal, zygomatic, and cerebral cavities,
and having opening int^i it the foramen rotnndiim, the
vidian, pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine, posterior pala-
tine, and other foramina — Submaxlllairy fossa, a pit on
the inner surface of the lower jaw-bone, where rests the
fossa
submaxfllary gland. — Subscapular fossa, the concave
auteriur surface of the scapula occupied l>y tlie subscapu-
lai-ts musi-le. — Supraspinous fossa, the' surface of the
dorsum of the scapula ulK)ve the spiuous process, occu-
pied by the supr;ispinatus muscle. See cut under trcapuUi.
— Temporal fossa, the general depression on the outer
surface of the side of tlie skull, in the temporal region,
above the level of the zygoma, tilled in by the temporal
muscle, and continuotis below tlie zygoma with the zygo-
matic fossa.— Trochanteric fossa. Sauieasdi<?i(oZ/o<.»a.
See tiitjital. — Zygomatic fossa, the general recess on the
side of the skull helow and within the zygomatic arch,
being the downward extension of the temporal fossa, from
which it is distinguished by a ridge on the great wing of
the sphenoid Iwne separating the temporal from the exter-
nal pterygoid muscle. It is l)ounded by the surrounding
surfaces of the sphenoid, superior maxillary, malar.'and in-
ferior maxillary bones.
Fossa^ (fos'a), n. [NXi., < fotissa, a native
name.] 1. In zool., a genus of Madagasean
viverriue quadrupeds, allied to the genets, f.
daubentoni is the tambasading or fossa, a grayish-black
animal, whitish below, striped and spotted above, and with
the tail half-ringed.
2. [/. c] The species of this genus, formerly
called Genetta fossa.
fossagef (fos'aj), n. [< foss^ + -age.'] In old
lair, a duty levied on the inhabitants of a forti-
fied town for the purpose of cleaning the foss
surrounding it; or a composition paid to be
free from the duty of cleaning the foss.
fossak (fos'ak), 71. An estuarine form of the
common European trout, Salmo fario.
The tidal trout, or so-called fossak of the Inver and
other rivers. Athenceum, April 21, 1888, p. 503.
Fossar (fos'Sr), n. [NL. (Adanson); etymol-
ogy unknowi.] The typical genus of Fossa-
ridw. J. E. Gray, 1840.
Fossarian (fo-sa'ri-an), n. [< ML. Fossarii, pi.,
< Li. fossa, a ditch : see/o«s2.] 1 . In eccles. hist,
about the f otirth century, one of a body of minor
clergy who were employed as grave-diggers, and
more commonly known as Copiake. — 2. One of
a body of sectaries, about the fifteenth century,
who rejected the sacraments, and celebrated
their peculiar rites in ditches and caves.
fossand (f os'a-rid), n. A gastropod of the fam-
ily Fosaaridw.'
Fossaridae (fo-sar'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fossar
+ -idw.} A family of gastropods, taking name
from the genus Fossar. The head is proboscidiform,
the radula provided with seven rows of teeth, of which
the central is cuspidate, the lateral transverse, and the
marginal elongate and simple ; the shell is turbinate, spi-
rally costate or grooved, with an entire aperture and an
almost straight columella ; and the operculum is corneous
and subspiral or subconcentric. The species are sparingly
distributed in most warm seas.
fosse, n. See foss^.
fosset (fos'et), n. An obsolete or dialectal form
of faucet.
fosset-sellert (fos'et-seFfer), n. One who sells
faucets.
You wear out a good wholesome forenoon in hearing a
cause between an orange-wife and afosset-setler.
Shak., Cor., ii. 1.
fossette (fo-sef), n. [F., dim. ot fosse, a ditch:
see /os«2.] X. A little hollow; a dimple. — 2.
In pathol., a small ulcer of the transparent cor-
nea, the center of which is deep.
fosseway, n. See fossway.
fossick (fos'ik), V. i. [Of obscure dial, origin.]
1. To be troublesome. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. In
gold-digging, to undermine anothers digging;
search for waste gold in relinquished workings,
washing-places, etc. ; hence, to search for any
object by which to make gain: as, to fossick for
clients. [Australia.]
The latest linguistic importation comeB from Australia
in the shape of the verb "to fossick."
Daily Telegraph (London).
I discoursed with the eldest boy Alick, . . . who kept the
whole fannly in bread, besides supplying his mother in li-
quor, by wlxat is called /osfficArinf/ in the creek for wasted
gold. //. Kingsley.
fossick (fos'ik), n. [See fossick, v."] A trouble-
some person. Halliwell. [P*rov. Eng.]
fossicker (f os'i-k6r), n. A miner who tries his
luck in abandoned mines, or works over old
waste-heaps, in the hope of finding something
of value. [Australia.]
A fossicker is to the miner as is the gleaner to the reap-
er ; he picks the crevices and pockets of the rocks.
R, Brough Smyth.
fossil (fos'il), a. and n. [Formerly also/ossi^e;
< F. fossile — 8p. fdsil = Pg. fossil = It. fossile,
< L. fossilis, dug out, dug up, < fodere, pp. fos-
sus, dig.] I. a. 1. Dug out of the earth: as,
fossil coal ; fossil salt.
Lo ! from the depth of many a yawning mine
ThyfossU trea-sures rise. DodsUy, Agriculture, iii.
2. Pertaining to or resembling fossils; pre-
served by natural inhumation, as an organic
2348
body, in form and sometimes in texture: as,
fossil shells, bones, or wood. See II., 2.
Language is fossil poetry. Emerson, The Poet.
Fossil remains of Men or implements of human manu-
facture have hitherto been found only in late Tertiary . . .
deposits, and in caves, mingled with the remains of ani-
mals which lived during the glacial epoch.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 422.
Spiders are not creatures which belong solely to the
present geologic era of the earth, for fossil spiders . . .
as well as spiders in amber have been found ; the oldest
in the coal formation, Encyc. Brit., IL 299.
3. Figuratively, antiquated; superannuated;
outgrown; belonging to a past epoch or dis-
carded system: as, a fossil statesman; fossil
manners or literature — FossU bezoar, button-
mold, copal, etc. See the nouns.— Fossil charcoal.
Same as mother-of-coal (which see, under coaZ).— FossU
cork, flax, paper, and wood, popular names for asbes-
tos respectively of cork-like, nax-like, or paper-like tex-
ture, or resembling fossilized wood. — Fossil fartna. See
/an>ia.— Fossil flour, infusorial earth, as that often
found beneath peat-beds ; a white, impalpable, flour-like
powder, consisting for the most part of tlie silioious shells
of diatoms.— Fossil Ivory, ivory furnished by the tusks
of mannnoths preserved from prehistoric times in the ice
of northern Siberia. It is of good quality, and sufficient
in quantity to be an important article of trade.— Fossil
screw, a popular name for a cast in rock left by a spiral
shell. E. D.
II. n. 1. Any rock or mineral, or any min-
eral substance, whether of an organic or of an
inorganic nature, dug out of the ground. —
2. Specifically, in later geological and min-
eralogical use, anything which has been buiied
beneath the surface of the earth by natural
causes or geological agencies, and wMeh bears
in its form or chemical composition the evi-
dence that it is of organic origin. Thus, the
shell of a moUusk may be preserved unchanged, in both
form and chemical composition ; or, while retaining its
original form, it may have been converted into silica ; or
it may have disappeared entirely, leaving only a cast as
evidence of its former existence ; or there may remain
only a mold of its interior, formed after the soft parts had
entirely decayed : in any of these cases, the specimen or
fragment of rock which thus shows by its form that it,
either wholly or in part, belonged to an organic body, or
that its configuration resulted from the presence of some-
thing having had an organized existence, would be proper-
ly called a fossil. Even the rocks showing traces of trails,
footprints, bored cavities, or other evidences of contact
with organic life, are usually designated as fossils. The
bones or other remains of species now living on the earth,
if buried by any recent catastrophe, such asa flood or land-
slide, would not, as a general rule, be designated a.8 fossil,
but would be called recent. If, however, such an entomb-
ment took place in prehistoric times, the term fossil would
by most geologists be used in describing the occurrence in
preference to recent.
3. Hence, figuratively, one who or something
which is antiquated, or has fallen behind the
progress of ideas ; a person or thing of super-
annuated or discarded character or quality: as,
a curious literary /ossJi.-Dyestone fossa Same
as dyestone ore. See dyestone.
fossiled (fos'ild), a. [< fossil + -eti^.] Fossil ;
fossilized.
fossiliferous (fos-i-lif'e-rus), a. [= F.fossili-
fere, < li. fossilis, fossil, + ferre = E. bear^.'i
Bearing or containing fossils : as, fossiliferous
rocks.
Neither Hutton nor his friends had any conception of
the existence of the great series of fossiliferous formations
which has since been unfolded by the labors of later ol)-
servei-s. Oeikie, Geol. Sketches, ii. 29.
fOSSiliflcation (fo-sil"i-fi-ka'shon), n. [< fos-
silifi/: see -fication.'] The act of fossilizing or
of becoming fossil ; petrifaction.
fossilify (fo-sil'i-fi), V. ; pret. &nA. -mi. fossilified,
ppr. fossilify ing. [< fossil + -i-fy.'] I. trans.
To convert into a fossil ; fossilize ; petrify.
II. intrans. To become a fossil ; petrify.
fossilisation, fossilise. See fossilization, fos-
sili:i\
fossilism (fos'il-izm), ra. [< fossil + -ism.'] 1.
The state of being fossil; the character of a
fossil, in any sense of that word. Also fossility.
— 2. The scientitie study of fossils; paleon-
tology. Also called fossilogy, fossilology.
fossiUst (fos'il-ist), n. [< fossil + -isi.] One
who studies fossils ; one versed in the scien-
tific study of fossils ; a paleontologist.
■ It is well shaded by tall ash trees of a species, as Mr.
Jones, the fossilist, informed me, imcommonly valuable.
Johnson, Jour, to Western Isles.
fossility (fo-sil'i-ti), n. [= F. fossiliti; as fossil
+ -iti/.] Same as fossilism, 1.
fossilization (fos'il-i-za'shou), n. [= T. fos-
silisation; as fossilize + -ation.'\ The act or
process of fossilizing, or converting animal or
vegetable substances into fossils or petrifac-
tions; the state of being fossilized Also spell-
ed fossilisation.
fossulet
A large proportion of a<iuatic creatures have structures
that do not admit of fossilization.
Ii. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 349.
fossilize (fos'il-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. fossilized,
ppr. fossilizing. [= F. fossiliser ; < fossil +
-ize.] I. trans. 1. To reduce to a fossil condi-
tion; convert into a fossU: as, to/o««»fec bones
or wood. — 2. To render like a fossil; cause to
become antiquated or out of harmony with pres-
ent time and circumstances and the progress
of ideas: as, age has a tendency to fossilize
men's minds and ideas.
There, indeed, you are among the French, the fossilised
remains of tlie old regime. Btilwer, Pelham, xxii.
II. intrans. 1. To become or be changed
into a fossil. — 2. To become antiquated or ob-
solete ; become out of harmony with the pres-
ent time and circimistances by falling behind
the progress of ideas.
Also spelled fossilise.
fossilogist (fo-sil'o-jist), n. Same Asfossilolo-
gist. Jodrcll.
fossilogy (fo-siro-ji), n. Same a,s fossilism, 2.
fossilologist (fos-i-lol'o-jist), B. [< fossilology
+ -ixt.^ One versed in fossilology ; a fossilist.
fossilology (fos-i-lol'o-ji), n. [< fossil +
-ology : see -ology.] Same as fossilism, 2.
fossor (fos'or), «. ; pl./ossores(fo-s6'rez). [L.,
< fodere, pp. fossus, dig: see foss^.] A grave-
digger.
The fossores, or grave-diggers, who appear to have es-
tablished a kind of property in the Catacombs.
Encyc. Brit, V. 214.
Fossores (fo-s6'rez), n. pi. [L., pi. of fossor,
a digger: see /o«sor.] 1. In entom.: (a) In
LatreiUe's system of classification, the second
family of aculeate hymenopterous insects. It
was divided into Scolietes, Sapygites, Sphe^ites, Beintye-
cides, Larrates, Nyssoniens, and Crabriomtes, and was
nearly equivalent to the modern Fossores, not including
the tsimay Mutaiidoe. (ft) The digger-wasps; the
Fossoria. it is a group of bun'owing hymenopterous
insects having the posterior abdominal segments not re-
tractile and the basal joint of the hind tarsi not dilated.
The females are armed with a sting, and the neuters, w hen
there are any, are winged. The group includes such fam-
ilies as the Vespidfe, Sphegidce, Pompilidx, etc., together
with the Mxitillidm. (c) A Latreillean group of
f ossorial caraboid beetles, the Bipar titi or Scari-
tides. — 2t. In mammal., a group of burrowing
or fossorial quadrupeds.
Fossoria (fo-s6'ri-a), n.^Z. [NL.: see Fossores.]
A division of hymenopterous insects, includ-
ing the burrowers, as burrowing-wasps, sand-
wasps, mud-wasps, daubers, etc. : practically
the same as Fossores, 1 (6).
fossorial (fo-s6'ri-al), a. and n. [< UL.fosso-
riiis, < L. fossor, a digger: see/os«or.] I. a. 1.
Digging, burrowing, or excavating, especially
in the ground; fodient: as, a /ossonai animal.
— 2. Pit or used for digging or burrowing : as,
a fossorial Umb. — 3. Able to dig or burrow;
being a burrower; specifically, of or pertain-
ing to the Fossores, Fossoria, or Fodientia : as,
fossorial nature or habits; a fossorial insect
or quadruped — Fossorial Hymenoptera, Ilymenop-
tera belonging to LatreiUe's group of the Fossores. They
generally have all the tibiaj strongly spined, but not ex-
panded as in the typical fossorial limb. — FOSSOrlal legs,
in entom., legs in which the tibite are very broad, fiat, or
concave beneath, and generally with several processes or
teeth on the outer edge, serving like claws for digging.
The tarsus also may be expanded, but generally it is small
and sometimes entirely absent ; the whole leg is stout and
has gl'eat muscular force. The fossorial form is most com-
monly seen in the anterior legs ; it is well exemplified in
the mole-crickets and in many Coleoptera.
II. n. An animal which digs into the earth
for a retreat or residence, and whose feet are
adapted for that purpose ; a burrowing animal.
fossorious (fo-s6'ri-us), a. [< IAj. fossorius :
see fossorial.] In cntmn., savae as fossorial.
fOSSUla (fos'u-la), n. ; pi. fossulw (-le). [L.,
dim. of fossa, a ditch : see foss^.] A small fos-
sa; specifically, a vacant space representing
one of the primitive septa of certain corals, as
the Rttgosa, more fully called a septal fossula.
Also fosstde.
The septal fossula usually presents itself as a more or
less conspicuous depression or groove in the chalice. . . .
In general it is a simple space or deficiency caused by the
absence or abortion of one of the four primarj- septa.
Encyc. Brit., VI. 382.
fossulate (fos'ij-lat), o. [< fossula + -ofei.]
In anat. and zool., grooved; slightly excavated
or hollowed out; having a small or shallow
fossa.
fossule (fos'iil), n. [< fosstila.] Same as fos-
sula.
fossulet (fos'u-let), n. [< fossule + -et.] In
entom., a somewhat long and narrow depres-
sion ; a fossula : said of the sculpture of insects.
fossway
fOBSWay (fos'wa), n. One of the great Roman
roads in England : so called from the ditch on
each side. Also spelled /oswwo^.
The Foae-icay at Leicester. N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 372.
foster^t (f08't«r), n. r< ME. foster, < AS.fostor,
foster, fostur, nourishment, feeding, rearing,
fostering (= Icel. fostr, nursing, = Sw. Dan.
foster, fetus, embryo, offspring ; cf . D. loedster,
nurse), for *fddtor, <,foda, food: see food, fod-
rferl.] 1. Nourishment; care; keeping.
Of thare sorow no some [sum, end], hot ay to be yelland
Id oore/ortK. TaumeUy Mytteriet, p. 320.
2. A nursling; a child; progeny; offspring.
Hit was the toTxaefotter that the folde [earth) bred.
AUiterative Poena (ed. Morris), ii. 257.
Tba art/oster of free moiine.
5*. Marherete (ed. Coclcayne), p. 4.
3. [Bather a contr. ol fosterer .'] A fosterer or
cherisher. Danes.
Tha ajtf>er and feder to helplesse children.
St. Marherete (ed. CMcltayne), p. 8.
He plays the serpent right, describ'd in Esop's tale.
That sought the/oster'g death, that lately gave him life.
Greene and Lodge, Looking Glass for Lond. and Eng.,
[p. 131.
foster^ (fos'tir), V. [< ME. fostren, < AS. "fos-
trian, umlautedj^<Wan, nourish, foster (= feel.
fostra = Sw. fostra = Dan. /o«frc, foster; cf.
D. voedsteren (poet.), feed, foster), ifostor, fos-
ter, nourishment, feeding, rearing, fostering :
Bee/o»ferl, n.] I, trans. 1. To feed; nourish;
support ; bring up.
He es my fadire in faithe, for-salce salle I never !
He has me/otterdt and fedde, and my faire bretherene.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. .S.), L 4144.
Some say that ravens /osf«r forlorn children.
Shak., Tit. And., IL 3.
Bacchus and/o«<«rtfi^ Ceres, powers divine,
Who gave us com for mast, for water wine.
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgica, I.
2. To sustain by aid, care, or encouragement ;
give support to ; cherish ; promote : as, to fos-
ter tho growth of tender plants ; to foster an en-
terprise ; to foster pride or genius.
They [the priest*) shave their heads and foiter their
beards, contrary to the laity. Sandy$, Travailes, p. 133.
Oft, 'mid some green plot of open ground.
Wide as the oak extends its dewy gloom,
The/offerrd hyacinths spread their purple bloom.
Wordtworth, Eccles. sonnets, i. 27.
Benignly /ottered by the good St. Nicholas, the Infant
city thrived apace. IrvinQ, Knickerbocker, p. 140.
^ Syn. 3. Harbor, etc. (see eheriah) ; to indulge, favor, for-
ward, advance, further, help on.
n.t intrant. To be nourished or trained up
together. Spenser.
foster^f (fos't^r), n. A contracted form of for-
i<ter, forester.
And still the/Mter with his long bore-speare
BIm kept from landing at his friahed will.
Spenur, T. Q., III. v. 20.
fosterage (fos't*r-aj), n. rFormerlr also /os-
ttridt/e ; < foster^ +'-age.'] The act of fostering,
nursing, or nourishing; specifically, the rearing
of another's child as one s own, in the relation
of foster-parent and foster-child.
Some one or other adjofnintc t>> tiiU lake had the charge
»Bd/oHeTidge of this child ISeniiramisl.
Raleigh, HUt. Worid, I. xii. I 3.
Fotttragt was an Institution which, though artidctal in
Its commencements, was natural in its operations ; and
. . . the relatinn of foster-parent and foster-child tende<1,
in that stage of ft-eling, toW-ome indistinguishable from
the relatlun of father and son.
Mainr. Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 242.
fOBt«r-babe (fos't^r-bab), n. [< foster^, n., +
babe.'] An infant foster-child.
All thy /oster-baba are dead.
Byron, Chllde Harold, Iv. 89.
foster-brother (fos't*r-bruTH'*r), n. [< ME.
'foster-brother, < XH.fostor-brothor (= Icel./o»f-
brodliir = Sw. Dan. foslerbroder), < fontor, fos-
ter, + brothor. brother.] A male child nursed
at the same breast as another, or reared by the
same person, but not the offspring of the same
parents.
I am tame and bred up with my wrongs.
Which are my fotter.brothrr't.
Beau, amt Ft., Mslils Tragedy, Iv.
foster-child (fos'tir-child), B. r< ME. foster-
child, < A.S. fostor-cild, < fostor, foster, + did,
child.] A child nursed or brought up by one
not its own mother or father.
Then I avow, by this most sacred head
Of my deare/o«/rr ekUde, to ease thy grief e
An.l win thy will. Spenter, F. Q., HI- H- M.
foster-dam (fos't^r-dam), n. {(.foster^ + dam.']
A nurse ; one who nourishes a child but is not
its mother.
2549
There by the wolf were laid the martial twins :
Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung ;
The/o»(«rdai/i loll'd out her fawning tongue.
Dt-yden, ^neid.
foster-daughter (fos't6r-da't6r), n. [= Icel.
fostrdottir = Dan. fosterdatter = Sw. fosterdot-
ter; &a foster^, «., 4- daughter.'] A female nour-
ished or reared like an own daughter, though
not such by birth.
Go, go; give your /o«fer-dauf7/i(cr« good counsell.
Webster, Duchess of Mali), ii. 2.
foster-earth (fos'ter-^rth), n. [= leel.fosttjdrd,
native country, ^D&n. fosterjord ; a,a foster^ +
earth.] Earth by which a plant is nourished,
though not its native soil. Philips.
fosterer (fos't6r-6r), n. l<fosierl, v., + -er^.]
A nurse ; one who feeds and nourishes in the
place of a parent ; hence, one who or that which
promotes or sustains : as, a fosterer of rebel-
lion ; intemperance is a fosterer of crime.
Beauty allures to delights, deliglits to ease, ease conse-
quently the/otterer to discouraged pusillanimity.
Ford, Honour Triumphant, ii.
They [kings] by God are destined to be the protectours
of the church, the patrons of religion, the fogterers and
cherishers of truth, of virtue, of piety.
Barrow, Works, I. x.
fosteress (fos'tfer-es), n. Same aafostress.
foster-father (fos't^r-fii'THfer), n. [< ME. fos-
ter-fader, < AS. foster-fader (= Icel. fostrfa-
dhir = Sw. D&n. fosterfader ; cf. D. voedsterva-
der), < foster, fostor, foster, + f aider, father.]
One who takes the place of a father in nour-
ishing and rearing a child ; a nurse's husband.
Faine would she [Esther] uncase her/o#fcr-/o(A#r [Mor-
decat] of these nioumfuU weeds, and change his sack-
cloth fur tissue. Bp. Hall, Haman Disrespected.
The orAitiiTy fotter-father was bound by the law to give
education of some kind to his foster-children.
Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 243.
fosterhood (fos't^r-hid), n. [< foster^ +
-hood.] The stat« or condition of fostering
or being fostered ; the relation established by
fosterage.
foster-land (fos't6r-land), n. [< AS.fostorland,
fosterland, < fostor, provision, feeding, foster, -h
land, land. Cf. Icel. fostrland = Sw. Dan. fos-
terland, native country.] If. In Anglo-Saxon
lav, land assigned for maintenance or the pro-
curing of provisions, as for a monastery. — 2.
The hind of one's adoption.
foster-leant, «. [AS. foster-ledn, fostor-ledn {=
Icel. fostrlaun = Dan. fosterlon; cf. D. foerf-
sterloon), < foster, fostor, rearing, feeding, fos-
tering, -*- ledn, payment, reward (= OS. Ion = D.
loon = OHG. MHO. Ion, Q. lohn = Icel. laitn =
Sw. Dan. Ion z= Goth, laun, reward); perhaps
related to lucre, q. v., but in no wise to loan,
with which it is often confused in dictionaries.]
In Anglo-Sajcon late, the remuneration fixed for
the rearing of a foster-child. [Otherwise stated
as " the jointure of a wife." Wharton.]
fosterling (fos't*r-ling), n. [< ME. fosterling
(cf. D. roedsterling), < AS. fosterling, < foster,
rearing, fostering, 4- dim. -ling.] A foster-child.
I'll none o' your Light llenrt /ottertingi, no inmates.
B. Jonton, New Inn, v. 1.
fostermentt (fos'tSr-ment), n. [< foster^ v.,
+ -ment.] Food; nourishment,
foster-mother (fos ' t6r-muTH ' *r), n. [< ME.
foster-moder, < AS. fostor-modor, foster-modor,
also fester-moder, etc. (= Icel. fostr-modkir =
8w. Dan. fostermoder ; cf . D. roedstermoder), <
fostor, foster, -f- modor, mother.] A woman
who takes the place of the mother in suckling
and bringing up a child ; a nurse.
I'he children, housed
In her foul den, then at their meat would growl,
And mock their /otter-mother on four feet,
Till, straighten'd, they grew up to wolf like men,
Worse than the wolves. Tennyton, Coming of Arthur.
foster-norse (fos't^r-n^rs), n. [< foster^, n.,
+ nurse.] A nurse ; a cherisher or sustainer.
Onr/oster-nurw of nature is repose,
The which he lacks. ^o*., Lear, Iv. 4.
foster-parent (fos't^r-pSr'ent), n. [< foster^,
)!.. -i- juirrnt.] A foster-father or foster-mother.
fostershipt (fos'tfer-ship), n. [< foster^ tor for-
ester -f- -ship.] The condition or occupation of
a forester.
foster-sister (fos't^r-sis't^r), ». [ME. not
found ; < AS. foster-sweostor (Somner) (= Icel.
fiistr-systir, fosystir), < foster, foster, + sweos-
tor, sister.] A female cfiild, not a sister, reared
with another child by the same person.
foster-son (^os't^r-sun), n. [= Icel. /<5»fr-so»
= han-fostersiiii = Sw.fosterson; asfoster^, n.,
+ son.] A male child nourished or reared Uke
an own son, though not such by birth.
fondroyant
Mature in years, to ready honours move ;
O of celestial seed ; O/osterson of Jove !
Dryden, .£neid.
fostress (fos'tres), «. l< fostcr'i^, v., + -ess.] A
woman who nourishes or rears ; a nurse.
Come forth ; your /o««ress bids ; who from your birth
Hath bred you to this hour.
B. Jonson, Prince Ueni-y's Barriers.
fot^t, fotet, n. Middle English forms of foot.
fot^t, r. t. A dialectal variation otfet^.
fother^ (foTH'fer), n. [Also written /orfder, dial.
fudder; < ME. fother, fothur, rarely /orfec, < AS.
father, fothur, a load (of wood, fagots, gravel,
etc.), a wagon-load, cart-load, = OS. fothar =
D. voeder, voer, a wagon-load, cart-load, voeder,
a wine-cask, = LG. foder, for = OHG. fiiodar,
MHG. vuoder, G.fuder, a wagon-load, a certain
measure for wine. The F.foudre, a tun, Sw.
foder, a tun, fora, a wagon-load, are of L(J.
origin.] It. A wagon-load; a cart-load.
With him ther was a ploughman, was his brother.
That hadde Had of dong ful many & /other.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 580.
2t. A load; weight; burden; mass.
Many man weeneth to grieve other.
And on his head falletli the /other.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 1731.
Heore nether Uppe is a ioM\ /other.
King Alisaunder, 1. 6467.
3. An old unit of weight for lead, lime, and
some other substances; a two-horse cart-load.
A fother of lead varies from 19J to 22J hundredweight,
each hundredweight being usually 120 pounds avoirdu-
pois. At Newcastle in England a fother is a third of a
chaldron ; and in American lead-mines the word is some-
times used for a short ton.
fother^ (foTH'fer), V. t. [Prob. < Icel. fodhra,
line or fur (a garment), = Dan. fodre, fore =
8w./odra, line or tut (cf. Dan. foritig, lining,
naut. ceiling, foot-waling), = G. fiittern, line,
case, < Icel. fodhr = Dan. Sw. foder, a lining,
case, Dan. foer, lining, = AS. *f6der, fodder
(rare), a case (botja-fodder, a quiver), = OHG.
fiiotar, MHG. vuoter, Q.futter, a sheath, a case,
= Goth. /odr, a sheath : see further under /oreZ
and fur^.] To place a sail or tarpaulin over,
as a' leak in a ship's hull, for the purpose of
keeping the water out. In fothermg a leak,
rope-yams, oakum^ etc., are thickly stitched on
the sail or tarpaulin.
If you cant stop a leak by /othering, yon can ease the
pressure of water upon tlie hole.
IT. C. Rutiell, Jack's Courtship, xxxvii.
foti'ret (fo'tiv), a. [< L. fotus, pp. of fovere,
'warm: see/omen<.] Nourishing.
If I not cherish them
With my distilling dews, and/oCtf« heat.
They know no vegetation.
Carew, Coelum Britannicum, iv.
fotmal (fot'mal), ». [Origin not ascertained.]
A commercial term for 70 pounds of lead. It
was legalized by a statute of Edward I.
fon (fi>), a. [Sc, also written fow and fu', =
E. fulO-, a.] Full of food or drink ; drunk.
They had been/o« for weeks thegither.
Burnt, Tam o' Shanter.
fon (f8), n. [A particular use ot/ou, a., full.]
A bushel. [Scotch.]
For my last /oh,
A heapit stimpart [Sll of com]. 111 reserve ane
Laid by for you.
Burne, Auld Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare.
fouaget, «. An obsolete variant otfeuage.
fouat (fo'at), n. Beefouet.
Foucault currents (fO-kol' kur'ents). Cur-
rents of electricity which are induced in a mass
of metal when in motion relatively to a non-
uniform magnetic field, or when stationed in a
magnetic field of varying intensity. When the
intensity of the magnetic field surrounding a mass of
metal or other conductor Is by any means increased or di-
minished, Foucault currents are generated in the conduc-
tor. I'niform motion of translation in a uniform magnetic
field does not proiluce such currents. Rotatory motion of
the conduct^)r in a unifonn magnetic field does produce
them. Their energy is expetnled in heating the mass or
In arresting the motion to which they are due.
foucht, n. [A contr. of foureh.] In hunting, a
quarter of a buck.
foucht, ». *. [< fouch, n.] To divide (a buck)
into quarters.
foudret, n. See foulder.
foudroyant ( f 6 - droi ' ant), a. [F. , ppr. of fou-
(Irnyer, strike with lightning, < foudre, light-
ning: see foulder.] 1. Sudden and overwhelm-
ing in effect ; like a lightning-stroke. [Rare.]
She was not far out of the way, and with Helen Darley
as a foil anylKjdy would know she must be /oudroyant
and pyramidal — if these French adjectives may be natu-
ralized for this one particular emergency.
0. W. Holmet, Elsie Venner, II. xxL
foudroyant
8. Specifically, in pathol., beginning in a very
sudden and severe form : said of disease.
fouet (fo'et), H. [Sc, also vrTiUenfouat,fouets,
tbics, foose, Jews; origin obscure.] The house-
leek.
The king's leaving Scotland lias talcen all custom frae
Edinburgh ; and there is hay made at tlie Cross, and a
dainty crop offouats in the Grassmarket.
ScotI, Fortunes ol Nigel, ii.
fongade (fo-gad'), n. [F., <fougue, < It. foffa,
impetuosity, jjassion, fury, prob. a var. otfugu,
flight, < L. fuga, flight: see fugue. Ct.foii-
gassc.'i Milit., a little mine in the form of a well,
8 or 10 feet wide and 10 or 12 deep, charged
with sacks of powder, or powder and shells,
and covered with stones or earth. Sometimes a
fougade is dug outside the works of a fortification or post
as a defense, and sometimes beneatli to destroy them by
explosion.
foogasse (fo-gas'), n. [F., < fougue: see fou-
gade.'] Same asfougade.
fought (fo),iHter;. [ysLT.ot faugh, fo)A.'] Bah!
an exclamation expressing disgust orcontempt.
Fouffh .' lie smells all lamp-oil with studying by candle-
lifrht. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iii. 2.
fought (f 6t). Preterit and past participle ot fight.
foughten (f6'tn),p. a. [Another form oi fought,
pp. of fujh t ; for the second meaning, cf . for-
foughten.] 1. That has been fought. [Ar-
chaic]
And not a/oufjhten Field,
Where Kingdoms' rights have lain upon the spear and
shield,
But Plains have been the place.
Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. 137.
Hence — 2 (f66h'tn). Overworked; outwea-
ried; troubled. [Old Eng. and Scotch.]
Are we sue /ou(/hten an' haraas'd
For gear to gang that gate at last 1
Bums, The Twa Dogs.
fouli (foul), o. and n. [< ME. foul, ful, < AS.
ful = D. vuil = OHG. ful, MHG. vul, G. faul,
foul, rotten, lazy, idle, etc., = Icel. full = Sw.
Dan. ful = Goth. /«k, foul : with deriv. suffix -I,
from a verb repr. by Icel. pp. fuinn, rotten,
Teut. ■/ 'fu = Lado-Eur. •/ 'pu, in L. pus (Gr.
izi'ov), pus, putere, stink, putrere, be rotten, Gr.
niSetv, maKe rotten (> ult. E. putrid), Lith.
piiti, rot, Skt. ■/ J'M, stink: see putrid, pus, etc.
Hence filth, fulsome (in part), foulmart, etc.]
I. a. 1. Grossly offensive to the senses; of a
filthy or noxious character or quality ; noisome ;
disgusting : as, foul matter or exudations ; a
/oh? smell; foul breath. — 2. Of a harmful or
mischievous character ; causing trouble or an-
noyance; obnoxious; obstructive; clogging:
as, foul weeds ; foul weather ; afoul wind.
In the morning [ye say]. It will be foul weather to day :
for the sky is red and lowring. Mat. xvi. 3.
What a brave day again ;
And what fair weather, after so foul a storm !
Fletcher (and another), Sea Voyage, i. 3.
Till our arrival here we have had only one day's foul
wind. The Century, XXXVII. -n.
3. Affected by noisome or defiling matter ; in
a filthy state or condition; unclean; dirty;
turbid ; defiled : as, foul clothing ; a foul den ;
a foul stream.
My face isfout with weeping, and on my eyelids is the
shadow of death. Job xvi. 16.
The wav was long and wonderous/ow^e,
Dutchess of Suffolk's Calamity (Child's Ballads, VII. .302).
Throw /ouZ linen upon him, as if it were going to buck-
ing. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. 3.
Let Austria clear thy way, with hands
Foul from Ancona's cruel sack.
Whillier, To Pius IX.
4. Affected by harmftil matter or things ; ob-
structed by anything fixed or attached ; clogged ;
choked: as, a, foul garden (one full of weeds);
a foul chimney (one choked with soot) ; the
ship's bottom is foul (clogged with seaweeds or
barnacles) ; the chanpel has a foul bottom (one
cumbered by rocks, wrecks, or the like).
lie acquainted his lordsliip tliat his sliip had grown /out
to a degree that must necessarily hinder lier fast sailing.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 257.
The voyage to Suez is very dangerous, more especi<ally
south of Tor, where there is much foul ground.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 135.
5. Clogged or impeded as by collision or en-
tanglement ; in a state of obstructing contact
or involvement : with of before the obstructive
object : as, the ship wfoul of a rock or of another
ship ; a rope or an anchor is foul from being
jammed, entangled, or clogged in any way.
The wind blew so high, they durst not send out a Boat,
though they much doubted slie would i>e foule of their
Kocks. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 151.
2350
6. Contrary to or violating rule or established
usage ; done, acting, or acted upon improperly ;
irregular ; disorderly ; unfair : as, a foul blow
or stroke ; a foid player or fighter ; a foul at-
tack. See foul play, helow. — 7. Grossly offen-
sive or loathsome in a moral sense ; manifest-
ing, or prompted or actuated by, base or vicious
feeling; vile; odious; shameful; revolting:
as, foul thoughts or actions ; foul language ; a
fold slander, murder, conspiracy, etc. ; a fottl
slanderer or conspirator.
Foul whisperings are abroad : unnatural deeds
Do breed unnatui*al troubles. Shak., Macbeth, v. 1.
Foul deeds will rise,
Tliougli all the earth o'erwhelm them, to men's eyes.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
This was extremely /ouZ, to vex a child tims.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, iii. 3.
Nature crost
Was mother of the foul adulteries
Tliat saturate soul witli Ix>dy.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Fielii.
8. Extremely bad as to effect or result; un-
favorable ; imlucky ; pernicious ; distressing :
as, a foul accident ; a fotd prospect or omen.
[Not now in common use.]
Soniefoul niiscliance
Torment me for my love's forgetfulness.
Shak., T. 0. of V., ii. 2.
If I cannot recover your niece, I am nfoul way out.
Shak., T. N., ii. 3.
A foule trouble there was to make him kneele to receiue
his Crowne. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, 1. 196.
Eadl>ald, vext with an evil Spirit, fell oft'n into foul fits
of distraction. Milton, Hist. Eng., iv.
9t. Coarse ; common ; of little value.
Let us like merchants show out foulest wares,
And think, perchance, they'll sell.
Shak., T. and C, i. 3.
lOt. ni-favored; ugly; homely.
Well, I am not fair; ... I thank the gods I sun foul.
Shak., As yon Like it, iii. 3.
My pretty maid,
I dare not bring thee home ; my wife ia foul.
And therefore envious.
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, iii. 3.
They that are foul shall have a greater portion ; if fair,
none at all, or very little.
Burton, Anat. of MeL, To the Reader, p. 67.
Foul anchor, an anchor with the slack of its cal>le twisted
round the stock or one of tlie flukes : the badge of the Brit-
ish Admiralty.
On one of his broad arms he had a crucifix (stamped with
India ink), and on the other the sign of the fotd anchor,
R. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 95.
Foul 'ball, in base-ball, a ball struck so tliat it falls out-
side of the lines connecting the " lionie " with tlie first and
tliird bases respectively, or their continuation. — Foul
berth, a berth or position in a harlior of such a nature
tliat the vessel occupying it cannot swing at her anchor
without becoming foul of another sliip.— Foul bill Of
health. See hill of health, under bill'^. — Foul chieve
hlmt. SeecAicyei. Nares.
Ay, fold chioe him ! he is too merry.
Beau, and Fl., Knigllt of Burning Pestle, i. 3.
Foul copy. See co/«/. — Foul fish, fish during the spawn-
ing season.— Foul hawse, a plirase ajiplied to the cliaiiis
of a moored sliip wlien tliey Iiave lieen twisted togetlier
ijy the swinging round of the sliip. — Foul play, prima-
rily, cheating or unfair action in a game or contest of any
kind ; hence, underhand intrigue or dishonest action in
general, to the detriment of another or others.
They'll feed ye up wi' flattering words.
And that's fmd play.
Catherine Johnstone (Child's Ballads, IV. 37).
Foul proof, in printing, an uncorrected printed slip, iie-
fore the typographical and other errors have lieen recti-
fied; a proof containing many errors. — To fall foult, to
fall out ; quarrel.
If ever the King of Spaine and we hhon\A fall foule, those
Countries being so capable of all inaterialls for sliipping,
by this might have beene owners of a good Fleet of ships.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 264.
If they be any ways offended they fall foxd.
Burton, Anat. of Mel.
To fall foul of or (formerly) on or upon, (a) Saut., to
run against, or come into collision with.
The principall Galleon of Siuill . . . falling foule of an-
other shippe, had her fore-mast liroken.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 597.
Steer straight unto good, ViwAfall not foxd on evil.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 17.
Here we split our skiff, falling foivle upon another
through negligence of the master.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 12, 1641.
(h) To attack ; make an assault upon. See afoul.
Captain Boliadill tells me he 'k fallen foul o/you too.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iv. .'i.
Missing Preferment makes the Presliyters fall foul upon
the Bishops. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 96.
In his sallies their men might fall foul o/each other.
Clarendon, Great Rebellion.
To malce foul water (naut.), to come into such shoal or
low water that the motion of the keel stirs up the mud
from the tiottom and fouls the water: said of a ship.
= Syn. land 3. Dirty, Filthy, etc. (seetmsty); impure, un-
clean, stained, sullied, polluted, noisome, squalid, disgust-
foul-faced
ing.— 7. Vile, scurvy, base, scandalous, infamous, sinister,
dark, disgraceful.
II. n. 1. The act of fouling, colliding, or
otherwise impeding due motion or progress;
specifically, in a contest of any kind, a viola-
tion of the governing rules. — 2. In base-ball,
a hit which makes the ball land outside the
lines from home to first or to third base con-
tinued indefinitely; a foul ball or a foul hit.
See base-ball. — 3. An ulcer in a cow's foot; a
disease that produces ulcers. HalliwcU. [North.
Eng.]— To claim a foul, to claim that an opponent
has made a foul, in order to prevent adverse award of
victory.
fouli (foul), adv. [< ME. foule; <foul\ a.] In
a foul manner.
Thei haue take the Duke and letlde hym a-wey, niagre
hem alle betiiige hym foule. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 551.
You offer foul, Siguier, to close ; keep your distance.
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
An antagonist who neither flinches nor hit& foul.
A'. A. Rev., CXLII. 449.
foull (foul), V. [< ME. foulen, fulen, tr. and
intr., < AS. falian, d-fulian, intr., become foul,
parallel with E. file^, < ME. fylen, fden, tr. and
intr., < AS. fylan (in eomp.), make foul (= LG.
fulen = OHG. fulan, fulen, tr., MHG. vulcii, G.
faulen, intr.), < ful, foul: see/oM/1, a., and cf.
file^, defile^, defoul, and foil^.'] I, trans. To
make foul, in any sense ; befoul, (a) To defile ;
dirty ; soil.
He cut his own throate at length with a razour, /yM^ini/
his infamous life with a low and dishonest departing.
Saville, tr. of Tacitus, p. 41.
But if you be nice to foxvl your fingers (which g(X>d an-
glers seldoine are), then take this Iiait.
/. Walton, Complete Angler (1653), xii.
Where'er I turn, some scandal fouls the way.
Lowell, To O. W. Curtis.
(6) Naut., to entangle.
'Twas all along of Poll, as I may say,
That/ourrf my cable when I ought to slip.
Hood, Sailor's Apology.
H. intrans. 1 . To become foul or dirty : as,
a gun fouls from long use.
Metford's Military Grooving does not fmd so rapidly,
and is more easy to clean than the Match Rifie Grooving.
W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 169.
2. Naut., to come into collision, as two boats;
become entangled or clogged: as, the rope
fouled; the block /oMZed. — 3. In base-ball, to
strike a foul ball — To foul out, in base-ball, to be
retired from the bat through the catching of a foul ball
ity one of the opposite nine.
foul^t, n. An obsolete spelling otfowl^.
foulard (fo-lard'), n. [F., of unknown origin.]
1. A soft, thin, and flexible washable silk, ■with-
out twill. It was originally made in India, but
is now successfully produced in the south of
France.
Foulard is simply the name for plain-woven silk not
dyed in the yarn, of which pongee is the Asiatic kind.
Harper's Slag., LXXI. ^256.
Hence — 2. Asilk handkerchief, especially one
used as a cravat or to tie aroiuid the neck.
'I'heir mother's beautiful brown hair is usually covered
with a violet/fiw;rtr</. Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 738.
foulardine (fo-lilr-den'), «. [< foulard + -i««2.]
A cotton material made soft and flexible in imi-
tation of foulard.
foul-brood (foul'brbd), n. A germ-disease of
bees, the seeds of which lurk in the honey,
whence bees contract it.
That terrilile fungoid malady, foul-brood, which bee-
disease is indicated by a nauseating stench.
Science, V. 73.
fouldf, adv. [An irreg. var. of fouP-. Cf. inld
for rile.'] An obsolete variant of fouT^.
fouldert, «• [< ME. "fouldre, foudre, < OF.
foudre, later fouldre, F. foudre = Vr.foldre =
It. folgore, < L. fulgur, lightning, < fulgere,
lighten: seefidgent.1 Lightning.
That thynge that men calle foudre.
That smite sometime a toiire to poudre.
Chaucer, House of Fame, I. 535.
This flr'd my heart nsfoulder doth the heatli.
Baldwin, in Mir. for Mags., p. 389.
fouldert, "• ». [< foulder, M.] To emit great
heat ; flame, as lightning ; bum.
Seenid thatlowde thunder, with amazement great.
Did rend the ratling skyes with flames ot fouldring heat.
Spenser, F. Q., II. ii. 20.
foulert, "■ An obsolete spelling of fowler.
foul-faced (foul'fast), «. 1. Having the face
foul or filthy. — 2t. Of foul aspect or character;
foul-mouthed.
If black scandal, ar foul-fnc'd reproach,
Attend the sequel of your imposition, '
Your mere enforcement shall accpiittance me.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
foully
foully (foul'li), adv. [< ME. fouUiche, fulUche,
< AS.fullice, foully. < ftiUic, a., foul, </«/, foul,
+ -lie, -ly2.] In a foul manner; filthily; nas-
tily; hatefully; scandalously; disgracefully;
shamefully; unfairly; dishonestly.
Her swollen eyes were much dlsfi^red,
And her faire face with teares yiM/oxcly blubbered.
Spemer, F. Q., II. i. 13.
Thou play'dst moii, /oully for't.
Shai., Macbeth, iii. 1.
foulmart, foumart (foul'mart; in second form
(Sc), fou'miirt), n. [Formerly also fuhnart,
fulmar, fowmart, fumart, fomnard; < ME. ful-
mart, fulmard, fulmerd, folnwrd, fulmere, a
polecat, < foul, ful, foul, + marte, a marten,
partly < AS. inearth, a marten, and partly <
OF. martre, marte, a marten: see marten.'\ An
old name of the fitchew or polecat, Putoriug
vulgaris ; literally, foul or stinking marten : so
called from its offensive odor. See polecat.
It U ordanit . . . that he pay ... for x FmnmaHU
sklimis calUt Fithowis, xd. AcU Jot. I., 1424.
Ill the night time . . . foxes and foumardet, with all
other yermine, and noysome beastes, use most Btyrringe.
Atcham, Toxophilos.
In the second clan [of beasts of the chase] are placed
the /lUimarl, the fltchat or fltch, Ac, and these are said to
be beasts of stinking flight.
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 14.
foul-mouthed (foul'moutht), a. Using scurril-
ous, ojjprobrious, obscene, orprofane language;
given to abusive or filthy speech.
Wilt thou ever be a/ou'-nioutAii and calumnious knare ?
Shot., All s Well, 1. 3.
I
Hare never heen foul-nunith'd against thy law,
PUtchtr (and another). Two Noble Kinsmen, r. 1.
foulness (foul'nes), n. [< ME. foulnesse, < AS.
fulnes (= OPries. fulnisse = D. vuilnis = MLG.
vulnis3e = 0H.Q.fulnussi, G.faulni^),<.ful, foul,
-I- -ne», -ness.] 1. The quality or state of be-
ing foul or filthy ; impurity ; filthiness ; defile-
ment; pollution; corruption : as, the/ottin««« of
a cellar or of a well ; the foulness of a musket ;
the faultless of a ship's bottom.
Thls/ou<n<a roost be purged.
Or thy disease will rankle to a j>estllence.
Ford, Fancies, iv. 1.
2t. Ugliness; deformity.
Ilea fallen In love with your /oulneu, and shell fall in
love with my aoger. SAoJr., As you Like it, iiL 5.
The/oti2n<a of th' Infernal form to hide.
Drydm, iEneid.
3. Unfairness; dishonesty; atroeiousness; vil-
lainy; treachery; abusiveness; scurrility: as,
the/<>uZne»»of abloworascheme; the/oi(2ne«»
of a slander or crime.
The duke nor the constable wolde nat departe thens
tyll they had ye castell at their wyll, outher with fayr-
Dease or/oulnetM.
Bemen, tr. of Frolssart's Chron., I. cccxii.
Those aspersions were rais'd from the /ouIhtm of his
own actions. Milton, Eikonoklastes, >r.
Through the pageants of a patriot's name
They pierc'd the /oui»e*$ of th]r secret aim.
Akennde, Epistle to Curio.
Bag of foulness, .''ee baii.
foul-spoken (foul'spo'kn), a. Using scurril-
ous, slanderous, profane, or obscene language ;
foul-mouthed.
Foul-tpoken coward, that thund'rest with thy tongue.
And with thy weapon nothing dar'st perform.
SAoi.Tlt. And., ii.1.
fonl-tongned (fonl'tnngd), a. Fonl-spoken;
foul-mouthed.
They curse him. They are rery /oultonffued.
Livingftone, Missionary Travels and Besearches, p. 280.
foumart. ». See/<nUm<irt.
foundi (found). Preterit »nd past participle
of find.
fouhd^ (found), r. [< ME. founden, < OP. fott-
lUr, K. fonder = Pr. fondar = 8p. Pg. fundar =
It. fondare = MD. fonderen = MLG. funderen =
MHG. funden, fundieren, G. fundieren = Dan.
fundere = 8w. fundera (Teut. forms partly after
F.), < L. fundare, lay the bottom, keel, foun-
dation of a thing, found, e8tabli8h,</«n(iiM, bot-
tom, base, foundation, akin to E. bottom: see
fund^ and bottom.'] I. trans. 1. To lay the
basis of ; fix, set, or place, as on something solid ;
ground ; base ; establish on a basis, physical or
moral.
And thou Lord in the begynnyng /ounduf u( the erthe,
and heuenes l>en werkls of thin hondis.
Wyctif, Heb. 1. (Oif.).
Thou. Izreels King, seme the great King of All,
And only on hi« Conducts pedestaU
Fouwl thine Affaires.
Sylvetter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 11., The Magnificence.
The man who Drat saw that It was possible to found an
European empire on the ruins of the Mogul monarchy was
Uupleix. Maeaulay, Lord Clive.
2351
Nothing is more shameful for a man than Ut found his
title to esteem not on his own merits, but on the fame of
liis ancestors. Suimier, Orations, I. 6.
2. To take the first steps or measures in erect-
ing or building up ; begin to raise ; make a be-
ginning of ; originate by active means : as, to
found a city or an empire.
And itwasoneof the flrsteCytiesof theworlde/ounded
by Japheth, Noes sone, and beryth yet his name.
Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 16.
Most of the buildings are founded like to these of the
Venetian houses. Coryat, Crudities, I. 206.
3. To make provision for the establishment of;
originate by gift, grant, or endowment: as, to
found an institution or a professorship by be-
quest.
He (King Edward the Confessor] founded also the Col-
ledge of St. Mary Ottery in Devonshire, and gave unto it
the Village of Ottery. Baker, Chronicles, p. 19.
A prince should found hospitals, the noble and rich may
diffuse their ample charities. Steele, Guardian, No. 174.
H. intrans. To base one's opinion; rely:
followed by on or vpon : as, I found upon the
evidence of my senses.
It [theology] founds thus necessarily on faith equally
with religion. Princeton Rev., Sept., 1879, p. 315.
founds (found), f. t. [< OF. fondre, F. fondre
= Pr. fondre = Sp. Pg. fundir = It. fondere,
melt or cast, as metals, < h. fundere, pp. fusus,
pour, cast metals (see fusei), -y/ *fud = Goth.
giutan = AS. gcotan, etc., pour (see gu,^h, gut),
akin to Gr. x"^) pour (see chyle, chmue^, etc.).
Hence ult. (from L. fundere) E. font'^ = fount^,
fuse^, fusion, etc., affuse, effuse, infuse, perfuse,
profuse, etc.] To cast; form into shape by
casting in a mold, as metal or a metallic article.
A fellow /ound^d out of charity,
And moulded to the height, contemn his maker.
Curb the free band that fram'd him ! this must not be,
FUtcher, Kule a Wife, iv. 2.
A second multitude
With wondrous art founded the massy ore,
Severing each kind, and scumm'd the bullion dross.
.»ft«on, P. L., i. 703.
found' (found), n. [</o«nrf3,r.] The operation
of casting metal, etc. ; the melting of metal or
of the materials for glass, etc.
The first operation is to heat up the pots thoroughly,
before filling tliem. This fxrcupies from two to four hours,
and on it deiH-'iids in a great measure the success of the
subsequent melting or found. Olatt-making, p. 120.
found^ (found), n. [Origin obscure.] A three-
sided, single-cut file, used in making combs.
found't, V. i. [ME. founden, funden, < AS.
fundian, hasten, <. findan, pp. funden, find: see
Jind.] To hasten; go (to get or seek some-
thing); strive.
found^ (found), V. t. A dialectal variant of
fonfCi, famP.
foundation (foun-da'shon), n. [< ME. foun-
dacioun, fundacioun, < OP. fondation, F. fonda-
tiim = 'Pr. fundacio, fontlation = 8p. fundacion
= Pg. funda^So = It. fondazione, < LL. fun-
rfnW»(n-), foundation, < li. fundare, found: see
found"^.] 1. The act of founding, originating,
or beginning to raise or build ; the act of es-
tablishing.
Thou lovedst me before the/oundotion of the world.
John xvll. 24.
That authority which had belonged to the baronage of
England ever since the /oundation of the monarchy.
Maeaaiay, Hist Eng.
2. The solid ground or substructure on which
the walls of a building rest ; also, the lowest
division of the building or wall, which is gen-
erally below the surface of the ground.
Behold, I lay in i!.ion for a fouruLalion a stone, ... a
precious comer stone, a sure /oundafton. Isa. xxviii, 16.
Hence — 3. The basis or groundwork of any-
thing; that on which anything stands and by
which it is supported or confirmed.
So shook the whole /ouiufafton of his mind,
As they did all his resolution move.
Daniel, Civil Wars, vl.
He [Giles D'Anei) returned with the same good fortune
to Portugal, after having found , . . that there was no
foundation for those monstrous appearances or difllculties
mariners till now had expected to find there.
Bruce, .Source of the Nile, II. 99.
I cannot but think that the foundation* of all natural
knowledge were laid when the reason of man first came
face to face with the facts of Nature.
Huxley, Ijiy .Sermons, p. 11.
4. A ftmd invested for a benevolent or charita-
ble purpose ; a donation or legacy for the sup-
port of an institution, as a school or hospital,
or of some specific object, as a college pro-
fessorship, a ward in a hospital, etc.; an en-
dowment.
He had an opportunity of going to school on 2. founda-
tion. Swift.
founder
At Trinity the Scliolars and Sizars have a right to remiiin
in residence just as nuicti as the Fellows tliemselvcs, being
equally "on i\\Q foundation."
C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 106.
5. That which is founded or established by en-
dowment ; an endowed institution or charity.
We see there be many orders and foundations whicli . . .
take themselves to have a kind of contract, fraternity,
and correspondence one with the other.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 115.
I went to see the Weese-house, a foundation like our
Charter-house, for the education of decay'd persons, or-
phans, and poore children. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 19, 1641.
In Germany, since the first foundation at Prague in
1348, only forty-two universities have been established.
Science, VI. 246.
6. In crochet, knitting, etc., the first stitches put
upon the needles, to which all that follows is
secured. — 7. Same as foundation-muslin and
-net. — 8. In apiculture, a sheet of wax, artifi-
cially shaped to resemble the foundation of a
comb, attached to the slats or bars of a hive, or
placed in a honey-frame, to induce the bees to
build combs where desired; a guide-comb. —
Old foundation, new foundation, terms used with
reference to the ori^anization of the cathedral cliapters of
England. At the establishment of the reformation under
Henry VIII. the collegiate cliapters were left unchanged
in constitution, and their cathedrals are said to be of the
old foundation. But the mouastic chapters were sup-
pressed, and new ones were organized for their cathe-
drals, and for the abbey churches converted into cathe-
drals ; and these are said to be of the new foundation.
The tenns have no relation to the age of the cathedrals
themselves.
foundational (foun-da'shon-al), a. [<. founda-
tion + -fl/.] Of the nature of a foundation;
fiuidamental.
foundation-chain (foun-da'shon-chan), n.
Same as foundation, 6.
foundationer (foun-da'shon-6r), n. In Great
Britain, one who is supported on the founda-
tion or endowment of a college or an endowed
school.
foundationleSS (foun-da'shon-les), a. l<. foun-
dation + -less.] Having no foundation.
foundation-muslin (foun-da'shon-muz'lin), «.
A coarse cotton cloth woven very loosely, like
a canvas, and stiffened with gum, used for giv-
ing stiffness to parts of garments.
foundation-net (foun-da'shon-net), w. A ma-
terial used for the same purpose as foundation-
muslin, but still coarser, with large meshes.
foundation-school (foim-da'shon-skel), «. An
endowed school. See founiiation, 4.
foundation-square (foim-da'shon-skwar), n.
In (jim-ciittiiKj. one of eight squares formed in
bevel planes round the edges of a brilliant,
and of which all the angles are subsequently
cut away so as to make triangular facets.
foundation-stone (foun-da'shpn-ston), n. One
of the st GUI'S of which the foundation of a build-
ing is composed ; specifically, a corner-stone.
My castles are my king's alone.
From turret to foundation-stone.
Scott, Marmion, vl. 13.
founder! (foun'der), n. [< ME. founder, foun-
dour, fondoure, < OF. fondeor, fondour, fun-
dour, fondeur (mod. F. fondatenr = Pr. funda-
tor, fondador = Sp. Pg. fundador = It. fonda-
torc), < L. fundator, a founder, </Mnrfar(;, found :
see fountP.] One who founds or establishes,
(a) Due who lays a foundation or begins to build : as, the
founder of a temple or a city.
Julius Caisar was the first founder of this tower, which
he erected to the end to fortifle that place.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 10,
(6) An originator; one froiu whom anything derives its
lieginning; an author: as, the /o«ndcr of a sect of philoso-
phers ; the/ou7wf«" of a family.
At Saynt Stevens kirkc thei laid him with honoure.
Hiniseld dit (did) it wlrke. he was thar/ondmire.
Rob. ofBrunne, tr. of Laiigtoffs Chron. (ed. Heame), p. 84.
Eacli person Is the foutuler
Of his own fortune, good or bad.
Fletcher (and atwther). Love's Pilgrimage, i. 1.
Bishop Roliinson . . . has been looked upon as the
founder of the eighteenth century school of English di-
plomacy. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 5.
(c) One who establishes by endowment; one who provides
a pennanent fund for any purpose : as, the founder of a
college or hospital.
Here stands my father rector.
And you professors ; you shall all profess
Something, and live there, with her grace and me
Your/oiind«rii, B. Jonton, Staple of News, iv. 1.
Huge cathedral fronts of every age, . . .
The statues, king, or saint, nr founder, fell.
Tennyson, Sea Dreams.
(dt) A creator ; a maker.
He that Is ml /o«7id«or may hit folfuUe,
That was ded on the cros & bougte us so deore.
Joseph qf Arimathie (E. E. T. S.), p. 3.
founder^ (foun'dfer), n. [< OF. fondeur, F.'
fondeur = Sp. Pg. fundidor = It. funditore, <
Mh. fundator, 'funditor (h.fusor), {h. fundere,
founder
vp.fusus, pour, found: see/ounrf*.] One who
founds metals, or articles of metal or glass (the
material of which is called metal) ; a caster : as,
a founder of cannon, bells, printing-types, etc.
Item, The Court doth order and declare that there shall
be foure FomuUrg of letters for printing allowed, and no
more. Dtcrteof Star Chamber concernitig Printing, wv'ii.
The "/ounder' as he is called, with his staff of assis-
tants or*" crew, now takes charge of the furnace.
Glags-making, p. 120.
Founders' dust, charcoal-powder, and coal- and coke-
dust, ground tine, and sifted for casting purposes.—
Founders' sand, fine sand used for making foundry-
molds.
founder^ (foun'dfer), v. [< ME. foundren, foun-
der (as a horse), tr. cast down, destroy, < OF.
fondrer, in comp. afondrer, affondrer, sink,
founder, go to the bottom, and effondrer, sink,
founder, etc., F. effondrer, give way, fall in, tr.
dig deep {ct. fondriere, F.fondriere, a pit, gully,
mire, bog), var. of fonder, fall, < OF. fond, < L.
/unrfiw, bottom : see /0Knd2 and/itnd.] I, in-
trans. 1. Naut., to fill or become filled and sink,
as a ship.
Vain efforts ! still the battering waves rush in.
Implacable, till, delng'd by the foam,
The ship sinks /oundennfr in the vast abyss.
J.' Philips, Splendid Shilling.
The ship, no longer found'ring by the lee,
Bears on her side th' invasions of the sea.
Falconer, Shipwreck, iii.
The house or hut is half sunk in the general accumula-
tion lof snow], as if it had foundered and was going to the
bottom. S. Jxidd, Margaret, i. 17.
Hence — 2. To fail ; miscarry.
The king . . . perceives him, how he coasts.
And hedges, his own way. But in this point
All his tricks /ounder. Shak., Hen, VIII,, ill. 2.
Do I halt still i' the world, and trouble Nature,
When her main pieces/ounder and fail daily ?
Fletcher, Double Marriage, v, 2.
3. To trip; stumble ; go lame, as a horse.
His hors for fere gan to turne.
And leep aayde, and foundrede as he leep,
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1829.
H. trans. 1. Naut., to cause to fill and sink,
as a ship.
We found a strong Tide setting out of the Streights to
the Northward, and like to founder our Ship,
Dampier, Voyages, I, 82,
2. To cause internal inflammation in the feet
of, as a horse, so as to disable or lame him.
In Deceit & Subtilty, by such Colour and Device to take
Horses, and the said Horses hastily to ride & evil entreat,
having no Manner of Conscience or Compassion in this Be-
half, so that the said Horses become all spoiled and foun-
dered. Babees Book (B. E. T. S), p, 362.
I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch of
possibility ; I have foundered nine-score and odd posts
[post-horses]. Shak., 2 Hen. IV,, iv, 3.
Are they fou7Ulered, ha? his mules have the staggers
belike, have" they? B. Jomon, Poetaster, i. 1.
foimder3(foun'd6r),m. [</ott«rfer3, J).] In far-
riery, lameness caused by inflammation within
the hoof of a horse; laminitis. Also called
clash.
fonnderons (foun'dfer-us), a. [< founder'^ +
-o«s.] Causing to founder, go lame, or be dis-
abled. [Bare.]
I have travelled through the negociation, and a sad
founderous road It is. Burke, A Begicide Peace, iii,
foundery (foun'd6r-i), n. ; pi. founderies (-iz).
Same as foundry.
founding (foun'ding), n. [Verbal n. of founds,
f.] The act or process of casting metals.
Now long before this time [A, U, C. 608], those great mas-
ters and imageurs, so famous for meisiU-founding and
casting of images, were dead and gone.
Holland, tr, of Pliny, xxxiv, 2.
foundling (found'ling), n. [< ME. foundling,
foundeHng,fundeling,fundUng, etc. (= D. vonde-
Ung=MhG.vundelink =1^110!. vundelinc,G. find-
ling), ifunden, found, pp. otfinden, find, -I- dim.
-ling. Cf. equiv. W&.funditig, with term. -ing'i.'\
An infant found abandoned or exposed; a child
without a parent or claimant.
I am an Israelite, not by engraffynge, but by kytidred :
not a itT3iD%e foundiyng, but a Jewe, being borne of the
Jewes. J. Udall, On Philippians iii.
She is
None of our child, but a vaere foundling.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, iii, 1,
It is remarkable that a law of King Ina orders the
care and education of foundlings to be regulated by their
beauty. Burke, Abridg. of Eng, Hist,, ii, 1,
foundmentt (found'ment), n. [< ME. founde-
ment, < OF . fondement,X lit. fundamentum, foun-
dation: see fundament.'] A foundation.
Foundemeni of our clergie,
Bewle hit is of haly vie.
Holy Rood (E, E, T. S,), p. 119,
2352
fOTmdress (foun'dres), n. [< founder^ + -ess.]
A female founder ; a woman who founds or es-
tablishes, as a charitable institution, or who en-
dows with a fund, as a school or a hospital.
In the midst on the South.side is the Emperour Constan-
tines (picture], opposite to his mothers, the memorable
Foundresse. Sandys, Travailes, p. 129,
Saint Bede's is one of the most ancient of the minor col-
leges of Avonsbridge. Its foundress's . . . face, clad in
the close coif of the time of the wars of the Hoses, still
smiles over the fellows' table in hall.
ilfr«. Craik, Christian's Mistake, ii,
foundry (foun'dri), n.; pi. foundries (-driz).
[Also uncontr. foundery ; < F. fonderie (= Sp.
funderia (rare) = It. fonderia), a foundry, <
fondre, found: see/ott»dS.] If. The casting
of metals.
The art otfounderie or casting metals.
Holland, tr, of Pliny, xxxiv, 7,
2. An establishment for the founding of me-
tallic articles: as, a, foundry of bells or of can-
non ; a type-foundry — Foundry Iron, iron contain-
ing carbon in sufficient quantity to admit of casting,
foundryman (foun'dri-man), n. ; -pi. foundry-
men (-men). A founder; one engaged in the
work of a foundry.
The first man he would send liome for would be his old
pattern maker and the next the \>oi» foundryman.
Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXV. 297.
fount! (fount), n. [< ME. fount, ftmt, a,\ao font,
only in the sense of a baptismal font (aeefont^) ;
< OF. funt, font = Sp. fiiente = Pg. It. fonte, <
'L.fon\t-)s, a spring, fount, fountain, prob. orig.
*foron{t-)s (= Gr. x^'^, orig. *;i:cfoi'(r-)c, ppr. of
X^v, orig. *;f£fs«v, pour), ppr. of a shorter form
of the root which appears in fundere, pour,
whence ult. E. found^ and fount"^: see found^,
fount^, fuse^, etc.] 1. A spring of water; a
fountain.
The soft green grass is growing
O'er meadow and o'er dale ;
The silvery /own(« are flowing
Upon the verdant vale,
T. J. Ouseley, .Seasons of Life, Spring,
2. A source ; a f ountainhead.
What a goblet ! It is set round with diamonds from the
mines of Eden ; it is carved by angelic hands, and filled
at the eternal /tmni of goodness,
Z>. Jerrold, Cup of Patience.
Aonian fount. See Aonian.
fount^ (fount), n. [Another form of font^, <
¥. fonte: seefont^. Remotely connected with
fount'^.'] Same as/ont^, 2.
fountain (foun'tan), n. [< ME. fountayne, fon-
tayn, < OP. funtdine, fontaine, F. fontaine = Pr.
fontana, fontayna = Sp. It. fontana, < ML. fon-
tana, a fountain, < L. fon{t-)s, a fount: see
founi^. Ct. mount and mountain.'] 1. A natu-
ral spring or source of water; the source or
head of a stream.
Aftyr that we cam to a ffountayne wher our blyssyd
lady was wont many tyraes to wasse hyr clothes,
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel], p. 53.
The Fountain of these Waters is as unknown as the
Contriver of them.
MaundreU, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p, 62,
Where a green grassy turf is all I crave.
With here and there a violet bestrewn.
Fast by a brook, or fountain's murmuring wave.
Beattie, The Minstrel, ii,
2. An artificial basin or tank for receiving a
flow of living water, from which it may be
drawn for any use, or from which by the force
of its own pressure it may rise or spout through
orifices in jets or showers. For the latter purpose
it is necessary that the water should flow through a pipe
or closed conduit from a source considerably higher than
the level of the fountain. Ornamental fountains thus
supplied are often very elaborately constructed.
And in the midst of all afountaine stood,
Of richest substance that on earth might bee.
Spenser, F. Q., II, xii, 60,
Fountains, playing through the trees,
Give coolness to the passing breeze.
Addison, Rosamond, ii. 3.
3. Origin; first source; cause.
Almighty God, the fountain of all goodness.
Book of Common Prayer.
And how many Nations were founded after that by
Abrahams posteritie (not to mention so many other Foun-
taines of Peoples), by the sonnes of Hagar, and Ketura,
and Esau the Sonne of Isaac, Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 47,
4. In lier. : (a) A roundel, barry wavy of six
argent and azure, or more rarely having a
greater number of barrulets.
(6) The representation of an
ordinary architectural foun-
tain with basin, etc. — 5. A
tin-lined copper holder used in
transporting aerated waters,
or the combination of orna-
mental faucets and syrup-hold- Fountain, def, i (a).
four
ers from which such waters are drawn ; a soda-
fountain. — 6. The ink-holder of a printing-
press, — 7. The supply-chamber of a fountain-
pen or of a fountain-inkstand, or the reser-
voir for oil in certain kinds of lamps, etc.
— Hero's fountain, a pneumatic apparatus in which the
elastic force of a confined body of air, Increased by hy-
draulic pressure and reacting upon the surface of water
in a closed reservoir, produces a jet which may rise attove
that surface to a height equal to the effective height of
the pressing column: named from Hero of Alexandria, to
whom the invention of the instrument is ascribed. It con-
sists essentially of an open basin, and two closed reservoirs
at different levels below the basin, A tube connects the
upper parts of both the reservoirs. Another tube con-
nects the bottom of the basin with the lower part of the
lower reservoir. A detachable tube with a jet-nozle at
its upper end passes through the center of the basin and
down into and very nearly to the bottom of the higher
reservoir. The detachable tube being removed, the higher
reservoir is partly filled with water through the opening;
then the tube is replaced, and water poured into the basin.
This water, running down into the lower reservoir, forces
the air from the latter up into and increases the pressure in
the higher reservoir, displacing the water therein and
forcing it through the detachable tube in the form of a
jet. This ejected water falls into the basin and thence
passes to the lower reservoir, and thus the action continues
till nearly all the water in the higher reservoir has been
discharged through the jet.— Steam-fountaln, a foun-
tain in which the liquid is raised by the pressure of steam
upon the surface in a reservoir, =Syn. 1 and 2. Spring,
etc. See well.
fountained (foun'tand), a. [< fountain + -ed^.]
Provided or embellished with artificial foun-
tains.
The preacher said good-day, and started down the steps
that used to lead from the levee down across a pretty
fountained court and into the town,
6. W. Cable, Au Large, xxii.
fountaineert (foun-ta-ner'), n. [Also fonta-
nier; < OF. fontenier, a maker or manager of
fountains or conduits, < fontaine, a fountain:
see fountain.] A manager or engineer of a
fountain. Daries.
The hedge of water, in forme of lattice-worke, which
the fontanier caused to ascend out of the earth by de-
grees, exceedingly pleased and surpris'd me.
Eeelyn, Diary, Oct. 8, 1641.
fountain-fish (foun'tan-fish), n. A ctenopho-
ran ; one of the coelenterates of the class Cte-
nophora : so called from the currents of water
caused by their cilia. Beroe is an example.
fountainnead (foun'tan-hed), «. A fountain
or spring from which a stream of water flows ;
the head or source of a stream ; hence, primary
source in general ; original.
We have this detail from the fountain-head, from the
persons themselves, Paley, Evidences, II. viii,
fountainless (foun'tan-les), a. [< fountain +
-lesH.] Having no fountain ; without springs or
wells.
For barren desert, fountainless and dry.
Milton, P, R,, iii. 264.
fountainlet (foun'tan-let), n. [< fountain +
-let.] A little fountain.
In the aforesaid Village there be two Fountainelets,
which are not farre asunder.
Fuller, Worthies, Huntingdon,
fountain-pen (foun'tan-pen), n. A writing-
pen with a reservoir for furnishing a continu-
ous supply of ink.
fountain-shell (foun'tan-shel), n. Same as
conch, 2.
fountful (foant'ful), a. lifounfi- + -ful.] Full
of springs.
Go wait the Thunderer's will, Satumia cry'd.
On yon tall summit of t.\\Q fountful Ide,
Pope, Iliad, xv.
fountstoneti n. See fontstone.
Sles [slays] them alle . . ,
But yiff they graunte, with mylde mood.
To be baptysed in fountston.
Richard Coer de Lion, I, 3939.
Fouquiera (fo-ki-a'ra), n. [NL., named after
Dr. Pierre Eloi Fauquier, a professor of medi-
cine at Paris (1776-1850).] An anomalous ge-
nus of Mexican shrubs or small trees, which has
been placed in the order Tamariscinew by recent
authorities. The wood is brittle and resinous ; the spiny
stems an<l branches are usually leafless ; and the flowers,
which are of a brilliant crimson, are in terminal spikes or
panicles. There are four species, one of which, F. splen-
dens, is found within the southern borders of the United
States,
four (for), a. and n. [< ME. four, foter.fmrer,
feower,<AS.fe6iDer(\nsomeeoxayo\mAsfyther-,
fithcr-) = OS. fiuwar,fiur, for = OFTies. fiuwer,
fiover, for, NFries. fjouwer = D. rirr = MLG.
ver, LG. veer = 0H(5. for, fier, MHG. vier, G.
vier = Icel. fjorir = OSw.'fiugur, S-w.fyra =
Dan. fire = (joth. fidtcor = W. pedtoar = Gael.
ceithir =1t. cethir='Li. quattuor,quatuor (whence
It. quattro = Sp. cuatro = Pg. q'uatro — F.
quatre) = Oscan petur = Gr. rtrrapf f, rtaaapeq.
fonr
•dial. TtTopei, nerrapec, ircTopec, T^irrvpec = OBulg.
■ehtti/ri = Kuss. chetrero = Lith. keturi, Lett.
■chetri = Skt. chatur, cliatvdr, four.] I. a. Oue
more than three; twice two: a cardinal nu-
meral: a,a, four legs; four wheels.
Her hair shall grow rough, ami her teeth shall grow lang,
And on her/uur feet shall she gang.
Kempion (Chilli's Ballads, 1. 141).
Four comers. See comtr.
II. ". 1. A number, twice two or the sum of
three and one ; the number of the fingers of one
hand, without the thumb. — 2. A symbol rep-
resenting this number, as 4, IV, or iv. — 3. A
four-oared boat ; the crew of a four-oared boat.
— 4. («) A playing-card with four pips or spots
on it. (6) hi'dice or dominoes, the face of a
piece showing four spots, (c) pi. In the game
of poker, a Iiand containing four cards of the
same denomination, and ranking between a
full and a straight flush. — 5. A team of four
horses harnessed together to draw a coach or
.other vehicle: as, a coach and /our/ a well-
matched /our. — 6. pi. Same &a fourings.
It U interesting, however, to note that in the eastern
•counties at harvest time bever cakes are made and hand-
■ed rouuil to the harvesters in the afternoon, this refresh-
ment being called/our». S. and <J., 7th ser., II. 306.
Four o'clock, four hours after noon or midnight.— To
be, go, or run on all fours, or (formerly) on all four.
4a) To go or run on the hands and feet, or the hands and
juiees.
Whilum thei urtU on aUefour as doth wilde bestes.
WiUiam of PaUnie (E. E. T. 3.), L 1788.
I am almost founder'd
In following him ; and yet I'll never leave him ;
ni crawl o/all/our first. FUteher, Pilgrim, iv. 1.
'Tis Man, said be, who, weak by Nature,
At first creeps, like his Fellow-Creature,
I'pon all/our. Prior, Two Riddles.
•<t) Tu be perfect or consistent in all respect* : as, tbe prop-
osition does not run on all/ourt.
>'o prophecy can be eipected to go upon all/ourt.
Southey, Itoctor, xclv.
This example it on all-/ourt with the other. Macaulay.
It Is exceedingly dangerous for him [the English lawyer]
U} . . . endeavour ... to pick out (from tbe Corpus Juris]
a case on all/ourt with his own.
Maine, Village Communities, p. 377.
fourbt (f6rb), n. [< F. fourbe, a trick, cheat, im-
|K)sture, <. fourbe, a., tricky, knavish (= It./«r-
bo, a rogue, knave, cheat), perhaps < fourbir,
furbish, polish, make bright: aee furbish.^ A
tricky fellow ; a cheat.
The basest drudgery of a sycophant in flattering y* Car-
dinal, ... as where I can shew yon bim speaking of this
/ourb for one of the most learned persons of the age.
Bveli/n, To Mr. Sprat.
The referring these /oMr(>» to the secretai7's offlce to be
examined always frustrated their designs.
Ro'jer Xorth, lord Guilford, II. «.
fourbt (forb), r. f. [</oMr6, n.] To cheat.
I ask then bow those who/otirfc«f others l>ecome dupes
to their own contrivances. Gentleman Jnttructed, p. 370.
fourb€ryt(f5r'b6r-i),M. [</0Mr6 + -ery.] Cheat-
ing; trickery.
You have unmask'd the /ourbery, you have dlscover'd
tbe imposture. Oentleman tnttructed, p. 37.1.
four-boater (for'bo't^r), n. A whaling-ship
carrviiiK four boats on the cranes.
four-icant (for'kant), a. and ». [<four + canfi.']
I. n. Consisting of four strands, as a rope.
II. «. Four-stranded rope.
fonr-centered (for'sen'tird), a. Described
from four centers: noting a type of curve or
arfh, as the ogee arch or accolade. See cut
under nrcAl.
fonrcht (forsh), n. [< OF./o«rofc«, < h.furcn, a
fork: see /ort.] In hunting, one of the forks
or haunches of a deer. Al8o/ou«A.
fourcht (fiirsh), r. t. [< fourch, n.] To divide
iiiio four quarters, as a deer.
fonrcht (for-sha'), «• [< F. fourrht', pp. otfour-
clnT. fork: see fourch.] In her., forked; hav-
ing the extremities divided into
two : said of any bearing, espe-
cially of a cross. Also fourchi,
furrhe.
fburchette (fSr-shef), n. [F.,
dim. of fourche, a fork: see fork.']
1. In surg., an instniraent used
to raise and support the tongue
during the operation of dividing
the frenura. — 2. In glove-making, the side of a
finger, to which the front and back portions are
sewed Also forgette.
Out of the pnrtJt left [from the pieces cut for bandsl he
cuts pieces for the thumbs and /ourchettet or sides of the
Angers -usually jironounced "forgets."
ChrtmfMTJi't Jintrnal. rjuoted in Library Mag., July, 1886.
3. In oriiith., the fiircula or united clavicles of
a bird; the merrythought or wishbone of a
148
Crois Fourch^.
2333
fowl. — 4. InaMflf., the frenulum pudendi; the
small thin fold just within the posterior com-
missure of the vulva, separated therefrom by
the fossa navieularis, and commonly ruptured
in first parturition.
fourchi, ". See fourche.
four-cornered (for'kor'n^rd), a. [< ME. four-
cornsrile, fowrecorneryd ; (.four + corner + -cd'^.']
Having four comers or angles.
They h&ue a /oure-comered garment, which some put on
with the rest when they rise ; otlK-rs, then when they will
pray. Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 194.
Four-cornered cap. See ca;>i.
four-corners ( for'k6r''n6rz), n. 2)1. An old form
of tlie game of bowls in which but four pins are
used. See the extract.
Four-corners is so called from four large pins which are
placed singly at each angle of a 8<iuare frame. . . . The
excellency of the game consists in beating them down by
the fewest casts of the howl.
Slrutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 367.
Fourcroya (for-kroi'a), n. See Furcrcea.
fourfold(tor'f61d),a."[<ME./o«r/bM,/our/a?(?,
< AS. feowerfeald (= OFries. fiuicerfald = D.
lierroud-ig = ML6. rervalt, veri'old-ich = OHG.
Jiervalt, jilHG. viervalt, G. vierfdlt-ig = ODaii.
firefold, Dan. firfold = Goth, fidurfalths), <
feower, four, + -feald, -fold.] Four times num-
bered or reckoned; quadruple: as, & fourfold
division.
He shall restore tbe lainb/oui/oftf. 2 Sam. xii. 6.
Renowned Spenser, lye a thought more nigh
To learned Chaucer; and rare Beaumont, lye
A little nearer .Sfjcnser, to make roome
For .Shaksi>eare in your threefolil, /our/old toral>e.
William llasne, On Shakspeare.
four-footed (for'fut'ed), a. [< ME. fourefoted
(= 8w. fyrfotad = Dan. firfoddet) ; cf . AS.
fedaerfete, a,\so fytherfete, fytherfnte = OFries.
fuwerfoted = D. riervoet-ig = MLG. vervoted,
verrot-ich = OHG. fiorfuozi, G. rierfiissig = h.
quadrupes {-ped-), etc., four-footed: see quad-
ru}>ed, tetrajiod.'] Having four feet; quadru-
ped: as, a /o«r-/oof<>rf animal.
fourgon (for-gon'), «. [F., a van, baggage-
wagon.] An ammunition-wagon or tumbril ; a
baggage-cart.
*'We have had, of course," said the young lady, who
was rather reserved and haughty, "to leave the carriages
aiii\ /our' ion at Miirtigny." Diekent, Little Dorrit, xxxvi).
four-handed (for'han'ded), a. 1. Having four
hands ; quadrumanous.
A temperature Kutticiently high for arboreal Mammalia
of the /uur-handed unier.
Owen, British Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 3.
2. Done or played by four hands, or by four
persons : as, a. four-handed piece for the piano;
a four-handed game of cards.
four-horse (for hors), a. Drawn by four horses:
IIS, M foitr-hortte coach.
Fourierism (f<i'ri-*r-izm), n. [< Fourier (see
def.) + -!>»!.] The communistic system pro-
pounded by the French socialist Charles Fourier
(1772-1837), based on his philosophy of the pas-
sions and aiTections. According to his plan, society
was to be organize<l into phalanxes or associations united
by the principle of attraction, each large enough for all in-
dustrial snd social requirements (estimated at about l,bOO),
arranged in groups according t> occupations, capacities,
and attractions, liviitg in phalansteries or conmum dwell-
ings, and guaranteeing to every niemliertbe means of self-
supp<irt, or maintenance under disability, and opportuni-
ties for tbe harmonious development of all his faculties
and tastes. Several phalansteries were established In
France and the t'niteti States ; but It was not found prac-
ticable to carry out bis plans fully In any of them, and
their existence was brleL Also called attoeiationi^n.
The most skilfully combined, and with the greatest fore-
sight of objections, of all the forms of socialism, is that
commonly known aj Fourieritm.
J. S. Mill. Pol. Econ., II. 1. i 4.
Fourieritm was brought to America about 1840, and soon
foun<l numerous advocates, Includingmanynames of which
America is proud.
P. T. Ely, French and Oerman Socialism, p. 107.
Fourierlst (fS'ri-^r-ist), n. [< Fourier (see def. )
+ -ixf.] An adherent of the system propound-
ed by Charles Fourier. See Fourierism.
According to the Fourierittt. scarcely any kind of use-
ful la)>our is naturally and necessarily disagreeable, unless
it is either regarded as dishonourable or is immo^lerate in
degree. J. S. MiU, Pol. Econ., II. I. { 4.
Fourieristic (f«'ri-6r-is'tik), a. [< Fourierist
+ -ic] Relating to Charles Fourier or his
socialistic system; based on the principles of
Fourierism : as, a Fourieristic scheme.
All tbe strictly Fourierittic experiments tried in France
thus far have failed.
I!. T. Ely. French and German Socialism, p. 102.
Fonrierite (f6'ri-*r-it), a. and «. [< Fourier
(seedef.) ■+ -i7c2.] I. «. Pertaining to Fourier
or to Fourierism.
n. «. .Same as Fourieritt,
fourquine
four-inched (for'incht), a. Four inches broad ;
four-inch. [Rare.]
The foul fiend . . . made him proud of heart, to ride on
a bay trotting-horse over /our-inched bridges.
Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
fourings (for'ingz), n. [< four + -ing^.'i An
afternoon meal taken at 4 o'clock in harvest-
time. Also called /ours. [Prov. Eng.]
four-in-hand (for'in-hand), «. and a. I. «. 1.
A vehicle drawn by four horses driven by one
person. — 2. A team of four horses attached to
a single vehicle, or matched for the purpose of
being driven in this way.
As quaint a/o«r-m-Aand
As you shall see — three pyebalds and a roan.
Tennyson, "Walking to the Mail.
3. A long scarf or necktie. One of the ends (which
are broader than the center which surrounds the neck) is
wound twice over the other, passed up between the neck
and the tie, and then brought down through the loop thus
formed.
H. a. 1 . Drawn by four horses driven by one
person: as, a ./'owr-JM-Aanri coach. — 2. Having
to do with a four-in-hand : as, a good four-in-
hand driver.
It is excessively pleasant to hear a couple of these /o«r-
in-ttaiid gentlemen retail their exploits over a bottle.
Irving, Salmagundi, No. 3.
four-jointer (for'join't^r), «. An anglers' rod
made in four joints or sections. [Colloq.]
four-lane-end (for'lan-end), «. A place where
four roads meet.
He, l)cing also anathematized, was interred at a four-
lane-emi without the city. Archceologia, VIII. 203.
fourling (for'ling), n. [< four -I- -ling^.'] 1.
One of four children born at the same birth.
[Rare.] — 2. In mineral., a twin crystal made
up of four independent individuals. See twin.
fourmt, «. See form.
foumeau (f6r-n6'), «. ; pi. fourneaux (-noz').
[F., a stove, furnace, chamber of a mine, etc.,
< OF. fornel = Sp. fornelo = It. fomello, < ML.
fomellus, a foumeau, furnellus, a furnace, dim.
of L. /oniu«, furnus, an oven ; ef . fornax, a fur-
nace, and see furnace.] Milit., the chamber of
a mine in which the powder is lodged.
four-o'clock (tOT'o-ktok'), n. 1. "The Austra-
lian friar-bird or Teatherhead, Tropidorhynchus
corniculatus : so called from its cry, which is
fancied to sound like four o^clock. See cut un-
der/nar-Wrd. — 2. The marvel-of-Peru, Mira-
IHlis jalapa: so called from the fact that its
flowers open in the afternoon. — 3. Same as
fourings,
four-part (for'piirt), a. In music, having four
voices or parts in the harmony.
She [the (luecn) was particularly fond of Joining in /our-
pnrt singing. First Year o/ a Silken Reiirn, p. 57.
fourpence (for'pens), n. 1. In the British is-
lancls, the sum of
fourpence, equal to
one third of a shil-
ling, or about eight
cents of United
States money. — 2.
A small silver coin
of this value, usu-
ally called a four-
j>cnny bit or four-
penny piece, and sometimes a groat.
and joey.
fourpence-halfpenny (for 'pens-hap 'e-ni or
-hii'pen-i), n. A name popularly given in New
England to a small Spanish coin, the half-real
(of Mexican plate), the value of -which was
equal to i^d. of the old New England currency,
or 6J cents. Also called fippenny hit, or fip,
in Pennsylvania and several of the Southern
States.
fourpenny (for'pen-i), a. 1. That may be pur-
chased for fourpence : as, fourpenny calico ; a
quart of fourpenny ale. — 2. Of the value of
fourpence: as, a /ourpenw^ piece or bit. [Eng.
in both senses.] s
four-poster (for'pos'tSr), n. A large bed hav-
ing four posts for curtains. •
" Will you allow me to in-quire why you make up your
l>ed under that 'ere deal table?" said Sam. " 'Cause I was
always used to a four-jmster afore I came here, and I find
the legs of the table answer Just as well," replied the cob-
bler. Dickens, Pickwick Papers, xliv.
Nobody mistook their pew for their .fc«r-po«(fr during
tbe sermon. C. Reade, Never too Late to Mend, vii.
four-pounder (for'poun'dfer), n. A cannon car-
rving a ball of tlie weight of 4 pounds.
fourquinet (for-ken'), n. [F., < fourche. fork:
see fork.] The musket-rest used in the six-
teenth century. See fork, 2 (<•) (2).
Fourpenny Fiecc o( Jjueen Victoria.
^ Size of the original. )
See groat
fourscore
fourscore (for'skor), a. [< ME. fourscore ; <four
+ scorc.l Four times twenty; eighty.
The days of our years are threescore years and ten ; and
if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is
their strength labour and sorrow. Ps. xc. 10.
foursome (for'snm), a. and n. [Also foursiim ;
also used as a noun, fovir in company; ifour +
some.'j I. a. By fours ; With four : said "of any-
thing in which four act together : as, & foursome
reel. Compare ./fresome, serensome, twosome.
II. H. A golf match in which four persons
engage, two playing against the other two.
foursquare ^for'skwar), n. [< iiE.foirresquare ;
<four + sqiiare.2 Having four sides and four
angles equal; quadrangular: a.s, a foursquare
altar.
So he measured the court, an hundred cubits long, and
wi hundred cubits broad, fourequare. Ezek. xl. 47.
fourteen (for'ten'), a. and n. [< ME. fourtene,
feoicertene, < AS. fedwertyne (= OS. fiertein =
OFries.^HirerriHc = D. feer<ie» = MLG. vertein,
verteigen. rertin, vi-rtin, hG. vertein =OKG. Jior-
zehan, MHG. vierzeheii, Gr. vierzehn = leel. fjor-
tdn = Sw. Jjorton = Dan. fjorten = Goth. Jid-
wortaihun = L. quattuordecim (> It. quattuor-
dici = Pg. quatorze = Sp. catorce = Pr. F. qua-
torze) = Gr. Teaaapec(-Kal-)SeKa ~. Skt. chatur-
daga), fourteen, < fedwer, E. fmtr, etc., + teon,
pi. -tyne, E. ten, etc.] I. a. Four more than ten,
or one more than thirteen : a cardinal numeral.
II. n. 1. The sum of ten and four, or thir-
teen and one. — 2. A symbol representing four-
teen units, as 14, XIV, or xiv.
fourteenth (for'tenth'), a. and n. [< ME. four-
tenethe,fourtend,fourtethe,fourteothe, etc.,< AS.
fedwerteotha (= OFries. fiuwertinda = D. vier-
tiende = G. vierzehnte = Icel. fjortdndi = Sw.
fjortonde = Dan. Jjortende), fourteenth, < fedw-
ertyne, etc., fourteen, -I- -tha, -th, the ordinal
suffix.] I. a. Next after the thirteenth : an
ordinal numeral — Fourteenth nlghtt, a fortnight.
The queen was highly offended ... that hee had agreed
upon such a cessation as miglit every fowteenth nif/ht be
broken. Holland, tr. of Camden's Britain, ii. 131.
H. n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by
fourteen ; one of fourteen equal parts of any-
thing: as, nine fourteenths {•^) of an acre. — 2.
In music, the octave or replicate of the seventh,
an interval one diatonic degree less than two
octaves.
fourth (forth), a. and n. [< ME. fourthe, forthe,
furthe, ferthe, feortlie, < AS. fedrtha, fedwrtha
(= OS. fiortho = OFries. *fiuwerda, *fiurda =
D. rierde = MLG. verde = OHG. fiordo, MHG.
vierde, G. vierte = Icel. Jjordhi = Sw. Dan. fjerdc
= Goth. *fidwdrta — not recorded), fourth, <
fedwer, E.four, etc., + -tha, -th, ordinal suffix.]
I. a. Next after the third : an ordinal numeral.
The thridde was from Habraham forte Moyses com,
The/er(Ae fro Moyses to Dauid liyndom.
Rob. of Gloucester, p. 9.
Fourth-day, Wednesday : so called by members of the
Society of Priends.
I have an invitation to visit the Duchess of Gloucester
next Fourth-day. Elizabeth Fry, in Ryder, viii.
Fourth estate, nerve, position, shift, etc. See the
nouns.— Fourth figure of syllogism, that type of syl-
logism in which each of tlie tiu'ce terms occurs once as
subject and once as predicate. Hee figure, 9.
II. n. 1. The quotient of unity divided by
four; one of four equal parts of anything; a
quarter: as, three fourths (}) of an acre. — 2.
In early Eng. lam, a fourth part of the rents of
the year, or of movables, or both, granted or
levied by way of tax. — 3. Inmusic: (a) A tone
four diatonic degrees above or below any given
tone. (6) The interval between any tone and a
tone four degrees distant from it. (c) The har-
monic combination of two such tones, (d) In
a scale, the fourth tone from the bottom ; the
subdominant: solmizated fa, as F in the scale
of C, or D in that of A. The typical interval of the
fourth is that between the first and fourth tones of a
scale, acouctically represented by the ratio 3:4 — that is,
in number of vibrations — and equal to two diatonic steps
and a half. Such a fourth is called perfect or major; a
fourth one half step shorter is called diminished or minor;
a fourth one half step longer is called augmented, extreme,
sharp, or guperjlttous. The perfect foui-th is tile second
most perfect consonance after the octave, and the next to
the fifth.
When two musical tones form a fourth, the higher
makes four vibrations while the lower makes three.
HelmhoUz, Sensations of Tone (trans.), p. 22.
The Fourth, in the United .States, the Fourth of July, the
anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, which
was prornulE^ated July 4th, 1776.
fourth-class (forth'klas), a. Belonging to the
class next after the third Fourth-class matter,
in the postal system of the United States (1899), mail-mat-
2354
ter consisting of merchandise — that is, not consisting of
written or printed matter.
fourthly (forth'U), ade. [< fourth + -ly^.^ In
the fourth place.
fourth-rate (forth'rat), a. Of the fourth rate
or class : specifically, formerly, the rating of a
vessel carrying from 50 to 70 guns. At present
the ratings of ships, both in the British service and in
that of the United States, are changeable and indefinite.
Formerly the rating was determined by the number of
guns ; now, in the United States service, the classification
is by displacement.
four-way (for'wa), a. Of or pertaining to four
ways or pas-
sages.—Four-
way cock, a cock
having two pas-
sages in the plug
and four passage-
ways for delivery,
or one wliich unites
four pipes so as to
deliver from either Four-way Cock.
one at will, accord-
ing to the position of the valve. Such a cock is used in
the continuous air-brake.
four-wheeled (for'hweld), a. Having or run-
ning on four wheels.
four-wheeler (f6r'hwe"16r), n. A carriage with
four wheels; especially, a four-wheeled cab.
[Colloq.]
He, having sent on all their luggage by a respectable old
four-wheeler, got into the hansom beside her.
W. Black, Princess of Thule, x.
four-wings (for'wingz), n. [Said to be trans-
lated from the Arabic name.] A name of the
goatsuckers or night-jars of the genera Macro-
dipteryx and Cosmetornis, in which some of the
flight-feathers are so much elongated that the
birds seem to have four wings. The streamer-bear-
ing night-jar or four-wings is Cosmetornis vexiUarius. Also
called, for the same reason, standard-t}earers. See cut
under Macrodipteryx.
fouset, a. [ME. fotis, earlier fiis, < AS. fm,
ready, prompt, quick, eager (=OS.fus = OHG.
funs, ready, willing, = feel. fOss = Norw. Sw.
dial, fus, willing, eager) (cf. Sw. fram-fus,
fram-fusig, Dan. fremfusende, pert, saucy);
orig. *funs, perhaps allied to AS. fundian, ME.
founden, strive after, go, hasten: eee found^.
Hence ult. feeze''-, feaze'^, v., and prob. fuss,
q. v.] Ready; willing; eager; prompt; quick.
He waas/Ms tolernenn. Ormulum, 1. 16997.
Of hir and Martha w&sfus
Abote the nedes of thare hus.
Cursor Mundi, 1. 191.
To dele ech man rappes
Ever he was/ow«, Lybeaus Discontts, 1. 287.
foussa (fo'sa), «. The galet, Cryptoproctaferox.
See Cryptoprocta.
fouterl (fo'tfer), t). i. To bungle. [Old Eng. and
Scotch.]
fouterl (fo'tfer), n. [</0Mterl, «).] A bungler;
a "handless" or shiftless person. [Old Eng.
and Scotch.]
fouter^t (fo'tfer), n. [Also foutre, foutra; < F.
foutre, v., < L. futuere, have sexual commerce
with.] A gross term of contempt: used inter-
jectionally.
If I 'scape Monsieur's 'pothecary shops,
Foutre for Guise's shambles !
Chapman, Bnssy d'Ambois, v. 1.
A. foutra for the world, and worldlings base !
Shale., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3.
fouth (fSth), n. and a. [Sc, also yrnttenfotvth;
< ME. fulthe, fullness: aeefuUh.'] I. n. Abun-
dance; plenty.
So suld 36 cheis gour Pastoris gude
That lies the fouth of heuinly fude
To satisfte the houngre scheip
Quhilk in thare cure thay haue to keip.
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), 1. 320.
He has a fouth o' auld nick-nackets,
Rusty aim caps and jinglin' jackets.
Burns, Captain Grose's Peregrinations.
II. a. Abundant; copious; plenteous.
When the wind is in the South, rain will he fouth.
Scotch proverb.
foutrat, "■ Seefotiter^.
fouty (fo'ti), a. and n. [Also footy ; < F.foutu,
used in slang and vulgar speech in a great va-
riety of senses, expressing contempt or empha-
sis; pp. of foutre, < L. futuere: see fouter^.']
I. a. Mean; contemptible; despicable.
He, Sampson like,
Got to his feet, finding no otlier tool,
Broke one rogue's back with a strong wooden stool,
And, at a second blow, with little pains,
Beat out another /ouiy rascal's l)rains.
Hamilton, Wallace, p. 353.
H. n.; pi. /ottites (-tiz). A base, contempti-
ble fellow.
[Scotch and North. Eng.]
fowl
fovea (fo've-a), n. ; -pi. fovea (-e). [L., a small
pit.] 1. In anat. and zool., a depression or
shallow pit in a surface, generally more or less
rounded. — 2. In hot., a depression or pit ; espe-
cially, a depression on the upper surface of the
leaf-sheath in Isoetes, in which the sporangium
is foi-raed — Fovea anterior or superior, a depression
on either side of the floor of tlie fourth ventricle of the
brain in front of the striae acusticre.— Fovea axillarlB,
the armpit.— Fovea cardiaca, the space occupied by tiie
heart in the early embryo.— Fovea centralis retlnsB,
a little pit in the middle of the macula lutca or yellow
spot of the retina. See refijia.— Fovea hemlelliptica,
an oval transverse deiu-ession on tlie roof of the vestibule
of the inner ear, separated from the fovea lieniispherica
by the crista vestibuli.— Fovea hemlspherica, a small
rounded depression on the inner wall of the vestibule of the
inner ear, perforated by minute orifices f<ir the passage of
filaments of the auditory nerve. — Fovea ovalis. Same as
fosm oraitK (which see, under /o8sal).— Fovea posterior
or Inferior, a depression in the floor of the fourth ven-
tricle on either side below the strise acusticie.— Fovea
supraclavlcularis, the depression above the clavicle be-
tween the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, —
Fovea trochlearis, a depression (sometimes replaced by
a prominence, the spina trochlearis) on the inner anterior
region of the orbital plate of the frontal bone in which the .
pulley of the superior oblique muscle is fastened.
foveal (fo've-al), a. [< fovea + -aW] Of or per-
taining to or situated in a fovea: as, a, foveal
image (an image formed upon the fovea cen-
tralis of the retina).
foveate (fo've-at), o. [< NL./ofea/us, < L. fovea,
a small pit, pitfall.] 1. In anat. and zool., hav-
ing fovete; fossulate; alveolate; pitted. — 2. In
hot., covered with small excavations or pits;
pitted.
foveated (fo've-a-ted), a. [< foveate + -ed2.]
Same as foveate.
A small UTegu\aT foveated vesicle was present.
Medical News, LTI. 545.
fo'^eola (fo-ve'o-la), n. ; -pl.foveolw (-le). [NL.,
dim. of fovea, a small pit.] 1. In anat. and
zool., a slight pit or depression found at the
summits of the papillee of the kidney, at the
bottom of which are the mouths of the urinif-
erous tubules. — 2. In hot, in the leaves of Iso-
etes, above the fovea, a small depression out of
which the ligule springs. — 3. In entom., a small
fovea, or rounded impressed space Lateral
foveolse, in orthopterous insects, two small depressions
on the margins of the vertex, near the compound eyes.—
Median or central foveola, in orthopterous insects, a
depressed part of the vei-tex, bounded by raised margins.
fO'Veolarious (fo "ve-o-la'ri-us), a. [< NL. fove-
ola + -nciOMs.] Foveolate.
foveolate (fo've-o-lat), a. [< NL. foveolatus,
< foveola, q. v.] In anat., zool., and hot., having
foveolffi ; marked by little depressions or pits.
foveole (fo've-ol), n. [< 'Nil. foveola, dim. of L.
fovea, a pit : see fovea.'\ A foveola.
foveolet (fo've-o-let), n. [< foveole + -ef] In
entom., a small foveole; a small, roundish, ra-
ther deep depression of a surface, larger than
a variole.
fovilla (fo-vil'a), re. [NL., dim., irreg. < L. /o-
fere, warm, cherish: see foment.'] In hot., the
contents of a pollen-grain, consisting of coarse-
ly granular protoplasm and other matters.
fowaget, ». [<. OF . fouage, feuage : seefeuage.'^
Hearth-money; feuage.
Bethink ye. Sirs,
What were the fowage and the subsidies
When bread was but four mites that's now a groat?
Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Artevelde, I., ii. 6.
fowert, a. and n. See fmtr.
fowk, n. A dialectal form of folk.
fowli (foul), n. [Early mod. E. also foul, foule ;
< ME. fowl, foul, fowel, fuwel, fuel, fugel, fiigel,
< AS. fugol, fugel = OS. fugal, fugl = OFries.
fugel = D. vogel = MLG. vogel, voggel, vagel =
OHG. fogal, MHG. vogel, G. vogel = Icel. fugl,
fogl = Sw. fdgel = Dan. fugl = Goth, fugls, a
fowl, a bird. It is possible that the orig. form
was *flugl, AS. *flugol, etc., < ■/ *flug, AS.jfledgan
(pret. pi. flugon), fly; cf. G. gefliigcl, fowl col-
lectively {<fliegcn = E.fly), with equiv. MHG.
gevugele. Cf. fugleman, G. fHigelmann.] 1. A
bird : generally unchanged in the plural when
used in a collective or generic sense.
This launde that I of speke was so feire and plesaunt to
be-holde for the swote sauours, that thei liadde no will to
meve thens and for the swete songe of the fojcles.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 274.
In Huntlee bannkes cs niery to bee,
Vih&ve fowles svnges bothe nypht and daye.
2'/io»iaso/&s«eWoMn(! (Child's Balhads, I. 107).
This river also, as the two former, is replenished with fish
andfoute. Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 117.
Specifically — 2. A barn-yard cock or hen; also,
a domestic duck orturkey ; in the plural, poultry.
(This is now the usual uiealiing of tile w^ord wlien used
without qualiflcation, bird being the general term for a
feathered biped.]
fowl
Then waiter leans OTer,
To take off a cover
From /awls, which all beg of,
A wing or a leg of. Hood, A Public Dinner.
Ht mother went about inside the house, or among the
maids and /(>iW«. . . . But the /(nr2« would take no notice
of it, except to cluck for barley.
R. D. Blackmore, Loma Doone, vi.
Bam-yard, dunghill, etc.. fowl. See the qualifying
words, — Fowl-gfrass, the Poa serotina, a meadow-grass
of Europe and North America. Also called ./"oir? Mieadmc-
jrrojB.— Frizzled fowL See .frizrfe.— Wild fowl, non-
domesticated birds, especially game-birds, or such as are
bunted for food.
fowll (foiU), r. [< ME. fowletufoulen, < AS. /«-
gelian (= MHG. rogelen), fowl, < fiigol, a fowl:
see fowU, n.} I. intrans. To eateh or kill wild
fowl as game or for food, as by means of de-
coys, nets, or snares, by pursuing them with fal-
cons or hawks, or by shooting.
In these every man may hunt, and/owj, and fish.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 904.
You sit at their tables — you sleep under their roof-tree
— you flsh, hunt, and/otW with them.
JL Choate, Addresses, p. 9.
n. trans. To hunt wild fowl over or in ; catch
or kill wild fowl in.
They hunt all grounds, and draw all seas,
Fowl every brook and bush, to please
Their wanton taate. B. Jongon, Catiline, i. 1.
fowl'^t, «. Au obsolete variant otfoul^.
fowl-cholera (foul'kol'e-ra), n. Same as chick-
cn-cholera. See cholera, 3"
fowler (fou'16r), n. [Early mod. E. also fouler;
< ME. fowler, foweler, foulere, < AS. fugelere,
fuglere (= MLG. vogelere = OHG. fogaldri,
MHG. vogeldre, rogeler, G. vogler), a fowler, <
/n^e/ia«, fowl : see/oirfl.r.] 1. One who pur-
sues or snares wild fowls; one who takes or
kills birds for food.
The bird that knowes not the false /oiW»*< call
Into his hidden uett full easely doth falL
Spetutr, F. Q., III. i. M.
The foolish bird hiding his head In a hole thinks him-
self secure from the view of the fovler, because ihe/owter
is not in hia view. South, Works, vn. xUL
Vainly the fowUr'i eye
Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong.
Bryant, To a Waterfowl.
2t. A small piece of ordnance carrying stone-
shot. Many such cannon were distinguished by
the names of birds, v^a falcon, saker, etc. Also
called reuglaire.
fowlerite (fou'16r-it), n. [After Dr. Samuel
Fowler (1779-1844).] A variety of the manga-
nese silicate rhodonite, from Franklin Fur-
nace, New Jersey, containing 5 oj 6 per cent,
of zinc oxid.
Fowler's solution. See solution.
fowlery (fou'l*r-i), n. [< fotcl + -ery.'] 1.
Fowling. — 2. A place where fowls are kept or
reared ; a poultry-yard ; a hennery.
fowling (fou'ling), n. [< HE. foirlynge ; verbal
n. nffowft, r.] The practice or sport of shoot-
in;; or snaring birds.
fowling-net (fou'ling-net), n. A net for catch-
ing feathered game.
Entangled in A/owlinff-net,
Which he for carrion Crowes h»d set
That in our Feere-tre« haunted.
Sptnter, Shep. CaL, March.
fowling-piece (fou'ling-peg), n. 1. A light gun
for shooting fowls or birds of any kind.
Wc had sport that will be a memory through life, and
nntil the age- weakened arms can no longer wield the/oiW-
ing-fiUa. R. B. {i(»aeiK<(,Oaine WaterBirds(1884),p. 129.
2. A picture of game.
The /owtitur-pi^ce, which is something like the flne pic-
ture at the Prado. Athentrum, Jan. 7, 1888, p. 21.
fowth, n. and a. See/ou*A.
foxi (foks), n. [< ME. fox, Southern vox (et. fix-
en, vixen), < AS. fox ='08.vohs, vus (Schmeller)
= I>. vos = MlA. LG. vos = OHQ.Juht, MHG.
riihs, O.fuchs (ODan./(M, afoz, < LG.; Icel./ox,
only in the fig. sense of fraud) = Goth, 'fauhs
(not recorded), with suffix s (masc.), cf. Goth.
fauho = OHO. foha, MHG. vohe, t, a she-fox
(sometimes used as masc. ), = leel. foa, f ., a fox
(mml. Icel. toa, prob. an alteration of foa, due
to a superstitious notion of not calling a fox
by its right name); ult. origin unknown. Hence
AS. 'fixin, fixen, E. fixen, vixen = G. fiiehsin,
a she-fi)x.] 1. A carnivorous quadruped of
the family Canidte and of the vulpine or alope-
coid series of canines, especially of the restrict-
ed genus Fulpes, as V. vulgarin of Europe. This
animal is much smaller than 'the wolf, with a pointeil
muzzle, erect ears, elonsatcd pupils of the eyes, Iouk,
straight. )Mi!«hy tuil tipped witti white, and mostly reddisli-
yell'iw or fulvous pelasre. It is proverbially cuiming, bur-
rows in the ground, preys on lamljs. poultry, and other
small animals, and is the principal object of the chase In
2355
some countries, as Great Britain. It is more fully known
as the red/ox, and runs into several varieties, as the cross-
fox, silver or sUixr-gray/ox, black/ox, etc. The common
Red Fox { yul^s vulgaris otJUlvus).
fox of North America is very similar to the red fox of Eu-
rope, being probably not speciflcally distinct. There are
many other true foxes, or species of Vulpes proper, in dif-
ferent parts of the world, one of the most notable of which
is the arctic fox or isatis, V. lagopus, which is of a dark
color, and turns white in winter. (See cut of arctic fox,
under arctic.) The corsak or adive ( V. corsac) of Tatary
and India is one of a group of small foxes, represented in
North America by the kit or swift fox, V. velox. (See cut
under corsak.) The gray fox of the United States is suf-
ficiently different to have been placed in another genus,
Urocyon (as U. cinereo-arrjentaUis), to which the coast-fox
of California ( U. littoralis) also belongs. (The related ani-
mals of .South America are thooid, not alopecoid, and are
known as ./"or- wo/ w*, of the genera LycalopezanA Pseuda-
lopex.) The fennecs are small African foxes, closely allied
to Vulpes proper, but conmionly placed in a different ge-
nus,/"cH/t^cK*- (.See cut under /c?l?l«c.) Resembling these
externally, but structurally different, is the African fox,
Mcfjalotis OT Otocyon lala ndi, a generalized form represent-
ing a different subfamily Meyalotiutr. The tail of the fox
is called the brush. In the English Bible the word fox re-
fers in some places to the jackal, in others to the fox. See
reynard.
And whan thel seen the Fox, thai schulle have gret mar-
veylle of him, l>e cause that thel saughe never suche a
Best. MandeMle, Travels, p. 2(!7.
The/esc barks not when he would steal the Iamb.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 1.
But a month ago
The whole hill-side was redder than ^fox.
Tennyion, Walking to the JIall.
Hence — 2. A sly, cunning fellow.
Oo ye, and tell that/oz [Herod AgrlppaJ, Behold, I cast
out devils. Luke ilil. 32.
We call a crafty and cruel man a /at.
Beattie, Moral Science, IV. i. $ 1.
3. The gemmous dragonet : chiefly applied to
the females and young males. Also called /ox-
Ush. [Local, Eng.] — 4. Naut., a seizing made
by twisting several rope-yarns together and
rubbing them down.-Arctlc fox, burnt fox, fresh-
water fox, etc. See the adjectives. — Fox and geese, a
game played on a cross-shaped Imani or on a cliess-)K)ard
with pins or checkers, one of which is the fox, the rest
the geese. Tlie geese move forward one square at a time,
and win If they can surround the fox or drive him into a
comer. The fox can move forward or backward, captures
the geese aa men are taken in checkers, and wins if he
captures all the geese.
"Can you play at no Und of game. Master Harry?"
" A little at /or and geeu, madam. "
H. Brooke, Fool of Quality, I. 367.
Fox In the hOlet, a game played by boys, who hopped
on one leg, and beat one another with gloves or pieces of
leather. //afli'uvU.— Spanish fOX (naut.), a single yarn
twisted contrary to Its oriKitial lay. — To bolt a fox, to
Chop a fox, etc. See the verbs.
foxl (foks), V. [< /oxl, n.] I. intrans. 1. To
hunt the fox.
* With us of the 'SoTt'h, foxing is by some followed during
the late fall and winter, for the skins of the animal, which
bring a fair price In market. Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 17.
2. To employ crafty means ; act with dissimu-
lation.
The Venetians will join with France. The Florentines
and other petty princes are /oxtrM already for fear.
BaiUie't Letter; II. 175.
n. <rnn«. To st«al. Coll. Eton, (ffalliwell.)
fox''^ (foks), )'. [Prob., as foxed, foxfire, foxij,
etc., in related senses indicate, <foxi, n., with
ref. to the red orrusty color of the common fox.]
1. intrans. 1. To become discolored: said of
timber or of paper. See foxed, foxfire.
Foxinff in prints and books Is caused sometimes by damp,
but often by rust N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 173.
2. To turn sour : said of beer when it sours in
fermenting.
n. trans. To make sour, as beer in ferment-
ing.
fox^t (foks), V. [Prob. in allusion to /oxl or
/ox2.] I. ^ran». To intoxicate; fuddle; stupefy.
Ah, blind as one that had l)eeti/ox'(i a seven-night!
Middteton (and another), Mayor of QueenI>orongh, v. 1.
Item, such a day I was got/ox'd with foolish metheglin.
Middteton, Anything for a Quiet Life, i. 1.
foxglove
The sole contention [is] who can drink most, and fox his
fellow the soonest. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 143.
II. intrans. To become drunk.
The humble tenant that does bring
A chicke or egges for 's offering
Is tane into the buttry, and does /ox
Equall with him that gave a stalled oxe.
Verses prefixed to Lucasta, 1649.
fox* (foks), V. t. [Origin obscure.] To repair, as
a shoe, by renewing the front upper-leather;
also, to cover the upper of (a shoe) with a piece
of ornamental leather.
fox^t (foks), 11. [Origin obscure; hardly an
aecom. of OF. faux, faulx, a scjrthe, < L. falx, a
sickle : see falx, and of. falchion, from the same
source. According to some, so called from the
figure of a wolf (taken for a fox) on the Passau
blades: see woy-fttode.] A sword. [Old slang.]
Put up your sword ;
I have seen it often ; 'tis a/ox.
Beau. andFl., Captain, iii. 5.
O, what blade is 't?
A Toledo, or an English /oz.
Webster, White Devil, v. 2.
A cowardly slave, that dares as well eat his /ox as draw
it in earnest. KUligrew, Parson s Wedding.
foxbane (foks'ban), n. A species of monk's-
hood, Aconitum Vulparia.
fox-bat (foks'bat), n. A flying-fox ; a fruit-bat ;
one of the large frugivorous bats of the family
Pteropodidw, such as the kaloug or edible fruit-
bat, Pteroptis edulis, of the East Indies, measur-
ing 4 or 5 feet in alar expanse : so called from
the fox-like face. See cut under flying-fox.
foxberry (foks'ber'i), n. ; pi. foxberries (-iz).
A name of the plant Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi.
See bcarberry.
fox-bolt (foks'bolt), n. A bolt which has one
end split to receive a wedge. The wedge, when
the bolt is driven in, secures it. See fox-wedge.
fox-brasb (foks'brush), n. The tail of a fox.
fox-case (foks'kas), n. The skin of a fox.
fox-chase (foks'chas), n. The pursuit of a fox
with hounds.
See the same man in vigour, in the gout, . . .
Mad at & fox-chase, wise at a debate.
Pope, Moral Essays, L 74.
fox-earth (foks'ferth), n. A hole in the earth
to which a fox resorts to hide itself.
Shall the vile fox-earth awe the race that stormed the
lion's den? Macaulay, Virginius.
foxed (fokst),p. a. [</ox2 (in def. 3 < /ox*) -I-
-ed^.] 1. Discolored by incipient decay: said
of timber. — 2. Discolored, stained, or spotted:
said of books or prints, with reference to the
paper. The discoloration In books is usually caused by
imperfect cleansing from the chemicals used in the maim-
facture of the paper.
3. Covered by a foxing, as a shoe.
foxery (fok'sfer-i), n. [< ME. foxerie (= G.
fuchserei) ; </oxl + -ery.] Beha-vior like that
of a fox; fox-like character; wiliness; cun-
ning.
I have wel lever . . .
Bifore the puple [people! patre and preye.
And wrie [cover) me in my foxerie
Under a cope of papelardie [hypocrisy].
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6796.
fox-evil (foks'e'vl), n. Same as alopecia.
fox-finch (foks'finch), n. Same &sfox-S2Mrrow.
foxfire (foks'fir), 11. [< /ox2 + fire.l The
phosphorescent light given forth by decayed
or foxed timber.
fox-fish (foks'fish), n. Same as/oxi, 3.
foxglove (foks'gluv), n. [< ME. foxes glove, <
AS. foxes glofa, i. e., fox's glove: foxes, gen. of
fox, fox; glofa, glove. Cf. Norw. rev-bjelde, lit.
fox-bell. See other names under jyigitalis.]
1. A common ornamental flowering plant of
gardens, Digitttlis jmrpurea, a native of Europe,
where it is found in hilly and especially rocky
Subalpine localities, it has large tubular-campanu-
late flowers in long terminal racemes, and is one of the
most stately and beautiful of European plants. T!ie
flowers are purple or sometimes white or rose-colored.
The plant has valuable medicinal properties as a sedative
and diuretic. See Digitalis.
Pan through the pastures often times hath runne
To plucke the speckled fox-gloves from their stem.
W. Broume, Britannia's Pastorals, II. 4.
Bring orchis, bring the foxglove spire.
Tennyson, In Memoriani,lxxxiii.
2. The name in Jamaica of species of Phyto-
lacca.— 3. One of several plants of other gen-
era— False foxglove, of the United States, Gerardia
fiava and G. quercifoUa, species allied to Digitalis, with
large yellow Mowers. — FoxglOVe-pug, Kupithecia put-
ciiellala, a small geometrid moth of England. — Mullen
foxglove, the Seymeria macrophylla,a species similar to
false foxglove, a plant with yellow flowers, densely woolly
within.
fox-goose
fox-goose (foks'gSs), «. The Egyptian or Nile
goose, Clienalojiex or Alopochen Wjjyptiaca : so
called either from the rusty-reddish coloration
or from the bird's breeding in underground
burrows.
f0X-grai>e (foks'grap), n. The common name
of several species of North American wild
grapes, especially Vitis Labrusea of the north-
em and western and F. rulpina of the southern
United States : so called from their musky or
foxy perfume.
fOxSound (foks'hound), »i. A hound for chas-
ing fo.xes: a variety of hound in which are
combined, in the highest degree of excellence,
fleetness, strength, spirit, fine scent, persever-
ance, and subordination. The foxhound is smaller
than the stai^hound, its average height heing front 20 to
22 inches. It is supposed to be a mixed breed between the
staghound or the bloodhound and the greyhound. It is
commonly of a white color, with patches of black and taii.
fox-hunt (f oks'hunt), n. A chase or hunting of
a fox with hounds.
fox-himt (foks'hunt), v. i. [(.fox-hunt, n.] To
hunt foxes with hounds.
I have engaged a large party to come here . . . and stay
a month U}/ox-httnt. Duke of Richmond, To Burke.
'Re fox-hunted wherever foxes were to be found.
Christian Union, March 31, 1887.
fox-hunter (foks'hun''ter), ». One who hunts
or pursues foxes with hounds.
fox-hunting (foks'hun'ting), n. and a. I. n.
Tlie sport of hunting the fox.
II. o. Relating to the hunting of the fox;
having the tastes or habits of a fox-hunter.
Cowper himself, ... in poems revised by so austere a
censor as John Newton, calls a fox-hnntiwj squire Nim-
rod. Macautay, Comic Dramatists of the Restoration.
fOXinessl(fok'si-nes),Ji. [</oxyl +-ncss.] The
state or character of being foxy, (a) The state or
quality of beuig fox-like, or cunning like a fox ; wiliness ;
cunning ; craftiness. (6) The quality of having a peculiar
penetrating, sweet, musky, and somewhat sickish taste and
smell, as some American grapes.
foxiness^ (fok'si-nes), >i. [<. fox^fi + -ness.'] 1.
The state of being foxed, decayed, stained, dis-
colored, or spotted, as books ; decay.
Oak timber of the gnarled description, and having some
figure in the grain, is in request for articles of furniture;
and even when in a state of decay, or in its worst stage
of foxinegg, the cabinet-maker prizes it for the deep red
colour. Laelett, Timber, p. 47.
2. The state or quality of being of a harsh, sour
1 ;i?'^e, as wine or beer,
foxing (fok'sing), n. [Verbal n. of /ox*, D.] An
extra or ornamental surface of skin or leather
over the upper of a slioe.
foxish (fok'sish), a. [< ME. foxyshe (= G.fwch-
S!sc7(); </oj;l -I- -j'sftl.] Resembling a fox ; es-
pecially, cunning. [Rare.]
Among foxys he/oxische of nature:
Among rauenours thynk for avantage.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 25,
foxlyt (foks'li), a. [</oxi + -ly^.'\ Having the
qualities of a fox : as, foxly craft.
So men that foxlie are,
And long their lust to haue
But cannot come thereby,
Make wise they would not craue.
Turberville, A Fox that wold Eate no Grapes.
fox-moth (foks'mdth), n. A rather large cin-
namon or grayish-brown bombycid moth of
Europe, Lasiocampa rubi : so called from its
color. The larva feeds on the heath.
fox-nosed (foks'nozd), a. Having a snout like
a fox's : an epithet applied to the lemurs called
fox-Hosed monkeys.
fox-shark (foks'shark), n. The sea-fox, sea-
ape, swingletail, or thresher, Atopias vulpes, a
large shark from 12 to 15 feet long, of which
the tail forms more than half, whence the name.
It is of a bluish lead-color above and white be-
neath. See cut under Alopias.
foxship (foks'ship), n. [< /oxl -t- ship.) The
character or qualities of a fox ; cunning.
Hadst thou foxship
To banish him that struck more blows for Rome
Than thou hast spoken words? Shak., Cor., iv. 2.
fox-sleep (foks'slep), n. A feigned sleep.
fox-snake (foks'snak), n. A large harmless
serpent of the United States, Coluber rulpinus,
of a light-brown color with squarish chocolate
blotches.
fox-sparrowCfoks'spar'o), n. Afringilline bird
of North America, belonging to the genus I'as-
gerella: so called from the rusty-reddish or
foxy color of the common species. The common
species, P. iliaca, is found throughout eastern parts of
North America. It is one of the largest and handsomest
of the sparrows, 6i inches long and 11 in extent of wings ;
it is reddish aljove, more or less obscured with gray, white
below, blotched and streaked with reddish, and has two
2356
whitish wlng-bands and a yellowish lower mandible. It
is a fine songster. It breeds in British America, is migra-
tory, and winters in the Middle States and southward. It
nests indifferently in bushes or on the ground, and lays
greenisii-white eggs thickly speckled with rusty brown.
Several varieties of the fox-sparrow inhabit western parts
of the continent, all of them less foxy in color than the
typical P. iliaca. Also called /ox-^jicA.
fox-squirrel (foks'skwur^el), n. The largest
true arboreal squirrel of eastern North America.
It is about 12 inches long (the tail being as much more),
and varies in color from black, with white nose and ears,
through various shades of reddish, rusty brown, and gray.
The ears are not tufted. It is much larger and otherwise
distinct from the ordinary gray and red squirrels, and
its several varieties or subspecies have received different
names. The rusty and grayish form is Sciurus cineretts.
Black Fox-squirrel
iSciurus ntffer).
the northern fox-squirrel ; the black is S. niger, the south,
ern fox-squirrel ; the strongly reddish form of the Missis-
sippi region is S. ludovicianue, the western fox-squirrel.
Also called cat-squirrel.
foxtail (foks'tal), )i. 1 . The tail of a fox. It was
anciently one of the badges of a fool. [Prop-
erly/ox-te)7.] — 2. One of various species of
grass with soft brush-like spikes of flowers, es-
pecially of the genus Alopecurus, and also of the
genera Setaria and (in Jamaica) Andropogon.
Tlie meadow-foxtail is Alopecurus pratensis ; the slender
foxtail, A. at/regtis; the vf&ter-foxt&W, A. genicidatus; the
bristly foxtail, Setaria glauca ; and the green foxtail, S.
viridis. Also foxtail-grass.
3. A club-moss, Lycopodium clavatum. [Prov.
Eng.]
That plant which in our dale
We call Stag's-horn or Fox's tail.
Wordsworth.
4. In metal., the cinder, of a more or less cy-
lindrical form and hollow in the center, obtain-
ed in the last stage of the charcoal-finery pro-
cess Foxtail wedge. Same as /ar-t(i«d<;e.— Foxtail
wedging, in joinery, a method of fastening performed by
sticknig into the point of a wooden bolt a thin wedge of
hard wood, which, when the bolt reaches the bottom of the
liole, splits the bolt, expands it, and thus secures it. See
fox-holt undfox-wedge.— To give one a flap With a fox-
tailt, to deceive or make a fool of him.
A flap with a foxe-taile, a jest. Florio.
fox-tailed (f oks'tald), a. Having a tail like that
of a fox.
foxtail-grass (foks'tal-gr&s), «. Same as fox-
tail, 2.
foxtongue (foks'tung), n. The hart's-tongue
fern, Scolopendrium vulgare. [Ireland.]
fox-trap (foks'trap), n. A trap, gin, or snare
designed to catch foxes.
fox-trot (foks'trot), n. A pace, as of a horse,
consisting of a series of short steps, usually
adopted in breaking from a walk into a trot, or
in slackening from a trot to a walk.
She heard a horse approaching at & fox-trot.
The Century, XXXVI. 897.
Fox-type (foks'tip), n. [Named from H. Fox
Talbot, whose surname was already emplo^d
in the termteZftofjpe, q. v.] 1. A photo-engrav-
ing process in which the negative is printed
on a gelatin film, the unaltered gelatin washed
away, and an electrotype made from the result-
ing image. Also called Fox-Talbot process. —
2. A picture produced by this process.
fox-wedge (foks'wej), «. In carp., etc., a thin
wedge of hard wood inserted in the point of a
wooden pin or tenon to be driven into a hole
which is not bored through. When the back of the
wedge reaches the bottom of the hole, it is forced into the
pin, and spreads its end so that it cannot be withdrawn
from the hole. MsacaWeA.foxtailwedqe, nose-key. Com-
pare fox-holt, and foxtail wedging, wwdier .foxtail.
fox-wolf (foks'wulf), n. One of the South
American canine quadrupeds of the genera Ly-
calopex and Pseudalopex, which resemble both
foxes and wolves.
foxwood (foks'wiid), n. [< /ox2 + wood^; cf.
foxfire.'] Foxed wood; decayed wood, espe-
cially such as emits a phosphorescent light.
[U. S.]
foxyl (fok'si), a. [</oxl -H -jyl.] 1. Pertain-
ing to or characteristic of foxes; resembling
or suggestive of a fox; hence, tricky; given to
cunning or subtle artifice.
frache
Oh, foxy Pharisay, that is thy leuen, of which Christ bo
diligently bad vs beware. Tyndale, Works, p. 148.
Henceforward rarely could she front in hall.
Or elsewhere, Modred's narrow foxy face.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
2. Of the color of the common red fox; rufous ;
reddish; ferrugiiieous.
That [style] of Titian, which may be called the Golden
manner, when unskilfully managed becomes what the
paintei-s call Foxy. Sir J. Reynolds, Note on Dufresnoy.
His frosted earlocks, striped vith.foxy brown.
Lowell, Fitz Adam's Story.
He was a youngish fellow, with/oori/ whiskers under his
chin. E. Eggleston, The Graysons, xix.
3. Having the peculiar sickish-sweet taste and
smell of the American fox-grape, illustrated in
the familiar Concord grape.
foxy2 (fok'si), a. [< fox^ + -y^ ; or a particu-
lar use of /oxj/1, with ref. to/ox2.] 1. Sour:
said of wine, beer, etc., which has soured in the
course of fermentation. — 2. Discolored, as by
decay; stained; foxed. See /oxed. Specifically
applied in dyeing to colors which assume an undesirable
reddish shade, due to insufficient soaping or chemicklng.
foyif (foi), n. [< OF. foy, foi (F.foi), earlier /ej,
feid, faith, > E. fay^ and faith, q. v.] Faith ;
allegiance.
He Easterland subdewd, and Denmarke wonne,
And of them both did/oy and tribute raise.
Spenser, ¥. Q., II. x. 41.
foy^t (foi), n. [< OV>.foey, a compact (Kilian),
< OF. foy, foi, faith: see /oj/l.] A feast given
by a person who is about to make a journey or
who has just returned.
He did at the Dog give me and some other friends of his
his foy, he being to set sail to-day. Pepys, Diary, I. 236.
foy^t, »*. [Origin obscure.] Some sort of cheat
or swindler. Davies.
Thou you be crossbites, foys, and nips, yet you are not
good lifts.
Greene, Thieves Falling Out (Earl. Misc., VIII. 389).
foyaite (foi'a-it), ». [< Foya, a locality in Por-
tugal, -I- -ite^.] Same as ela'oUte-syenitc.
foyalt, a. Seefoial.
foyer (fwo-ya'), ». [F., hearth, fireside, green-
room, lobby of a theater, focus, etc., < ML. fo-
carius, hearth, prop, adj., < L. focus, hearth,
fireplace (> F. feu, lire): see focus.] 1. In the-
aters, opera-houses, etc., a public room at or
near the entrance next to or comprising the
lobby: often, as in the Grand Opera at Paris,
a magnificent saloon, elaborately decorated.
We met next in the foyer of the opera, between acts of
Traviata. T. Winthrop, Canoe and Saddle, v.
2. In a furnace, the crucible or basin which
holds the molten metal.
foylet. An obsolete form ot foil\ foil^.
foynt, ''. A variant otfoin'^.
foysont, n. An obsolete form of foison.
foze (foz), V. i. ; pret. and pp. fozed, ppr. fozing.
[Sc, perhaps connected with E. fust^, fusty,
foist", etc.] To become moldy; lose flavor.
fbziness (fo'zi-nes), n. The state or quality of
being fozy; sponginess; softness; hence, want
of stamina; want of spirit ; dullness. [Scotch.]
The weak and young Whigs have become middle-aged,
and their foziness can no longer be concealed.
Blackwood's Mag., Dec, 1821, p. 753.
fozy (fo'zi), a. [Cf. /ore.] Spongy; soft; fat
and puffy. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]
fp. An abbreviation ot forte-piano.
T. P. A. An abbreviation of free of particular
average, a phrase of frequent use in marine in-
surance. See average^.
Fr. An abbreviation of French.
frat, l^rep. and «ffii. Same as fro,
frab (frab), v. t. ; pret. and pp. frabbed, ppr.
frabbiiig. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.] To worry;
harass.
I was not kind to you
from tile first, my lamb.
frabbit (frab'it), a. [</ra6 + -t<* = -ed2.] Pee-
vish. Mrs. Gaskell.
fracas (fra'kas; F. pron. fra-ka'), n. [F. (=
S-p. fracaso = Pg. It.fracasso), an uproar, crash,
< fracasser = Sp. fracasar = Pg. fracassar, < It.
fracassarc, break in pieces, destroy, <fra, with-
in, amidst, in, upon (prob. shortened from L.
infra, within), + cassare, < L. quassare, shatter,
break, intensive of quatere, shake: see casli^,
co.s«l, and quash.'] A disorderly noise or up-
ropr; a brawl or noisy quarrel ; a disturbance.
Officers of the earl's household, livery-men and retainers,
went and came with all the insolent .fracod which attaches
to their profession. Scott, Kenilworth, vii.
frache (frash), w. [A technical tern), of uncer-
tain origin ; perhaps (?) < F. fraiche, fem. of
frais, fresh, cool.] In glass-worls, an iron pan
I frahbed you and plagued you
Mrs. Gaskell, Ruth, xxxvi.
frache
in which glass vessels which reqiiire annealing
are exposed to heat in the leer.
fracidt (fras'id), a. [< h.fracidus, soft, mellow,
< 'fracere, inceptive fraeescere, become soft or
mellow, rot, spoil.] Rotten from being too ripe ;
overripe.
frack'^ (frak), a. Same as /recti.
frack^ (frak), r. [Perhaps < /racil = /recA,!.]
1. intrann. To abound, swarm, or throng. Hat-
liwell. [Prov. Eng.]
H. trans. To fill to excess. Wright. [Prov.
frack^ (frak), «. A hole in a garment. Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng.]
fractable (frak'ta-bl), ji. [< L. fractus, pp. of
fraiigere, break, + -able.'] In arch., a gable-
coping, when the coping follows the outline of
the gable, and is broken into steps, crenelles,
ogees, etc.
fracted (frak'ted), a. [< h. fractus, pp. otfran-
gere (frag-), break, = E. break.'] If. Broken;
riolated.
His days and times are past.
And my reliances on liis/rocfea dates
Hath smit my credit. Shak., T. o{ A., ii. 1.
His heart is/rcuted, and corroborate.
Shak., Hen. V., 11. 1.
2. Specifically, in her., broken asunder. This
condition is depicted in ditferent ways:
thus, a fesse /rac(«d may l>e represented ^\ 7
as two demi'bara touching at one angle,
or as a bar with a piece brolcen out of
the middle and moved away. The bla-
zon must therefore give more than the
mere epitliet /rac(f^.
Fracticomest (frak-ti-kdr'nez),
n pi. [XL. (LateeiUe, 1802) ] ^,_„ p,„^,
A group of coleopterous insects,
representiug a division of the family Curculio-
nifUe.
fraction (frak'shon), ii. [< "UK. fraction, frac-
eion, < OF. F. fraction = Pr. fraccio = 8p. frac-
eion = Pg. fracx^Uo = It. frazione, < L. frac-
tio(n-), a breaking, a breaking in pieces, ML.
a fragment, portion, < frangere, pp. fractus,
break, = E. break, q. v.] 1. The act of break-
ing, or the state of being broken, especially by
violence ; a breaking or fracture. [Rare.]
Such public Judgment in matters of opinion most be
seldom, . . . for in matters speculative, as all determina-
tions are fallible, so scarce any of them are to purpose,
nor ever able to make compensation of either side, either
for the public /roction, or the particular injustice.
Jer. Taylor, Work* (ed. 1835), II. 883.
2. Specifleally (eeeles.), the liturgical act of
breaking or dividing the eucbaristic bread, or
host. Four such tractions are found in different litur-
gies at dirferent iiointa in the office, but all do not occur
In any one litursry, namely: (1) A preparatorj cutting or
separation of purtioiut at the beginning of the office or in
Uie offlce of prothenis ; (2) a breaking at the word "brake "
{/regit} In the institution ; (3) the aolemii fraction after
consecration and tiefore communion; (4) a division for
distribution among the commualcauts.
The bread, when It la consecrated and made sacramental.
Is the body of our Lord ; and the/nufionand distribution
of it is thf^ communication of that body, which died for us
upon the croas. Jer. Taylor, Worka (ed. 1836), I. 305.
The Fraetion ... in some Utoigles precedes the Lord's
Prayer. J. M. XeaJe, Eastern Church, 1. 518.
3. A fragment; a separated portion ; a discon-
nected part.
The/roe«ioii» of her faith, orts of her love,
The fragmenta, scrap*, the bit*, and gr«a*y reliqne*
Of her o er-esten faith, are bound to Dioroed.
Shak., T. and C, v. 2.
An Atti/ntUcfK ... did not tnm their back* on the
Mesalah. O. P. FUhtr, Begin, of Christianity, p. 88.
4. In math.: (a) In arith., a part, or a number
of aliquot parts, of unity. Unity 1* regarded a* di
Tided Into equal part*, and on* or more of theae parts
aa taken to constitute the fractkm. The niunber of parts
Into which the unit Is divided i* termed the denomina-
tar, and the number of these parts taken the numerator.
Tile denominator Is commonly written below, and the nu-
merat.«r above, a horizontal or diagonal line : thus, |, J,
a. Fractions written in this form are called common or
vulfiar /raetiom. (Hee decimal.) A proper /rod ion Is one
whose numerator i* leas tlutn Its denominator; an i>»-
proper /Taction, one whole numerator is greater than It*
denominator : as, |, V- A limpU fraction expresses the
ratio iKtween two whole numbers : as, | ; a com;>0un<f or
eomplez fraction expresses the ratio between fractions (or
mixed nnmben), or between a fraction (or mixed number)
and a whole number : aa,
» ?* ?l_±i !
"' J 1 + 1' 7
-i
CompoQDd or complex fractions can always be redure<l lo
aimple fractions. A emnpound fraction is also defined ns
a fraction of a fraction. A fraction is said to be reduced
to It* lowe*t terras when the numerator and denominator
contain no common factor.
The/raefion which denotes the ratio of the map to the
true area I* sometimes tcnneil the representative fraction.
UtixUy, Fiiyalography, p. II.
2357
(6) In alg., a ratio of algebraic quantities anal-
ogous to the arithmetical vulgar fraction, and
similarly expressed — Astronomical or physical
liraction, a fraction whose denominator is 60 or a power
thereof : so called because angular degrees are so divided
by astronomers, and lengths formerly were so also. — Con-
tinued fraction. See con(i;i»f(/.~ Convergent frac-
tion. ^Ge convergent, n. — Decimal fraction. See (iect-
mal. — Rational fluctlon, a fraction whose numera-
tor and denominator are rational ; especially, one whiclx
can be resolved into a sum i>f two fractions of lower de-
nominators.—Vanishing fraction, a fraction whose nu-
merator and denoniinutor are inrtnitesinial or vanishing
together.— Vulgar traction. See def. 4 (a).
fractional (frak'shon-al), a. [< fraction + -al.]
Pertaining to fractions ; comprising a part or
the parts of a unit ; constituting a fraction : as,
fractional numbers.
So soon as the [colored] child is able to wield a hoe, he
is regarded a/rac(tonaf field-hand, and during the cotton-
picking season quite a large fraction.
Pop. Set. Mo., XXVI. 42.
Fractional cultivation, currency, distillation, pre-
cipitation, etc. See the nouns.
fractionally (frak'shon-al-i), adv. In a frac-
tional manner; by a fraction.
The new discoveries in California and Australia rendered
Zo\d fractionally cheaper than sliver.
Quarterly Rev., CXXVI. 455.
The chloride was next fractionally distilled, and a por-
tion eventually obtained boiling constantly at 120" C.
Nature, XXXIX. 39.
fractionary (f rak'shon-a-ri), a. [= F. fraction-
naire = Sp. Pg. fraccionario ; as fraetion +
-ary.] 1. Fractional. — 2. Of a fractional na-
ture ; constituting a small part ; hence, subor-
dinate; unimportant.
Our sun . . . de8crit>ing the sweep of such an orbit In
space, and completing the mighty revolution in such a pe-
riod of time as to reduce our planetary seasons and our
planetary movements to a very humble and fractionary
rank In the scale of a higher astronomy. Chalmers.
Those who were contemporary to these great agencies
[by which Christianity moved 1 saw only in part ; ihe frac-
tionary nio<le of their perceptions intercepted this compul-
sion from them. De Quincey, Essenes, 1.
Fractionary function. Same as nt«romorpAic /unction
(which see, under mcromorphicy. ,
fractionate (frak'shon-at), V. t. ; pret. and pp.
fractwnateil, ppr. fractionating. l< fraction +
-ate^.] To subject ^o or obtain by the process
of fractionation.
The liquid In the receiver win fractionated into portions.
Amer. Chem. Jour., VIII. 6.
These heavy oils were obtained by passing the gas over
carefully /racfuM)at«d pure light coal oils,
W. R. BowdUck, Coal Gas, p. 6.
fractionation (frak-sho-na'shon), n. [< frac-
tionati- + -ion.] Chemical separation by suc-
cessive operations, each removing from a liquid
some proportion of one of the substances. The
operation may be one of precipitation, or more
familiarly of distillation.
The isoheiane . . . wa« obtained by/rocfumation from
gasoline. .,4«Kr. Chem. Jour., VIII. «.
fractionlet (frak'shon-let), n. [< fraction +
-let,] A small fraction. [Rare.]
Wrote h fractionlet of verse entitled "The Beetle."
Carlyle, In Froude, II. 16.
fractions (frak'shug), a. [Appar. an alteration
(simulating fraction, fracture, etc.) of fratchous
(cf./rafcAeo, restive, vicious, applied to ahorse),
< fratch, soold, quarrel, s<^uabble, + -ous.] Apt
to quarrel; cross; snappish; peevish; fretful;
rebellious: as, a fractious child; a fractious
temper.
The leading animals became fractiout, and we were
obliged to stop every few minutes, until their paroxysms
subsided. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 144.
Men struggling doubtfully with fraciiou* cows and
frightened sheep. L. WaUace, Ben-Hur, p. 46.
fractiously (frak'shus-li), adv. In a fractious
manner.
fractionsness (frak'shus-nes), n. The quality
of being fractious; a fractious or snappish tem-
per.
fractnosity (frak-ta-os'i-ti), n. [< L. fractus,
broken (see fracted), +"-osity, appar. after an-
fractuosittj.] The state of being fractured;
superficial fracture.
This defect is remedied by replating, which reincorpo-
rates atxl reunites the surface, correcting all/ra(;(uo«tfj/,
and making the ware bright and new.
Sei. Amer., X. .S., LVIIL 17.
fractnral (frak'tur-al), a. [< fracture + -al]
Pertaining to or' of the nature of a fracture.
Ilorceitcr, Supp. (1881).
fracture (frak'tur), n. [< OF. fracture, F. frac-
ture = Pr. fraclura, fracnura = Sp. Pg. fractura
= It. frattura, < L. fractura, a breach, fracture,
cleft. < frangere, pp. fractus, break : see frac-
tion.] 1. A breaking or a break; especially,
a partial or total separation of parts of a con-
fragile
tinuous solid body under the action of a force ;
specifically, in surg., the breaking of a bone.
Tlie fracture of a ttone is simple when tlie hone only is di-
vided ; compound when the breaking of the bone is accom-
panied by a laceration of the integuments ; and comminute
or comminuted when tlie bone is broken in more than one
place. Fractures ai'e also termed transverse, l&iujitudi-
nal, or oblique, according to their direction in regard to
the axis of the bone.
Likewise if any bones or limbs be broken, cerot made
with the seed of rue and wax together is aljle to souder
the fracture. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xx. 13.
2. A broken surface, with reference to texture
or configuration, or to manner of breaking ; spe-
cifically, in mineral., the characteristic break-
age of a substance, or appearance presented on
a surface other than that of cleavage : as, a
vompsict fracture; a Hhrous fracture ; foliated,
striated, or conchoidal /rociure, etc.
Fracture, taste, color, polarization, electrical properties,
and transparency are among the least decisive peculiari-
ties of minerals. Amer. Cyc, XI. 686.
3. 5oi'''i^l6 separation or disunion; quarrel-
ing. [Rare.]
Let the sick man set his house in order before he die,
. . . reconcile the fractures of his family, reunite breth-
ren, cause right understandings.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. 9.
Colles'B fracture, fracture of the lower end of the radius
of the forearm.— GreensUck fracture, a partial frac-
ture of a young bone.— Pott's fracture, fracture of the
lower end of tlie fibula with dislocation at the astragalotib-
lal articulation. = Syn. Fracture, Rupture, Breach. Frac-
ture of something hard, as a bone, glass, rocks ; rupture of
something soft, as a blood-vessel, the skin ; breach, a bad
break of any kind : as, the cannon made a breach in the
wall. Fracture is rarely used tlguratively ; the others
often are.
A bone may be broken at the part where it is struck, or
It may break in consequence of a strain applied to it. In
the former case the fracture is generally transverse, and
in the latter more or less oblique In direction.
Ettcyc. Brit., XXII. 681.
The egg that soon
Bursting with kindly rupture forth disclosed
Their callow young. Milton, P. L., vii. 419.
Disburdeifd heaven rejoiced, and soon repair'd
Her mural breach, Milton, P. L., vi. 879.
fracture (frak'tur), v. ; pret. and pp. /rocfurerf,
•ppr. fracturing". " [^(.fracture, «.] I. fran*. To
break; cause a fracture in ; crack: &s, to frac-
ture a bone or the skull.
Loud the northern main
Howl* through the /ractur'd Caledonian Isles.
Thomson, Britannia.
= ftUL Cleave. Split, etc. See rend, tLnA fracture, n.
n. intrans. To break; undergo fracture.
The implements of the Trenton gravels are of sandstone
chledy, those of the upper Mississippi are of quartzite,
neitlier of which fractures properly when subjected to
heat. Science, IV., No. 96, p. 6.
fracture-box (frak'tur-boks), 11. A box used
to incase a fractured leg, securing immobility
and facilitating the application of dressings.
frae (fra), prep. A Scotch form of fro, from.
frsenula, frenulum, etc. See frenula, etc.
Fragaria (fra-ga'ri-a), n. [NL., < L. fraga,
pi., strawberries, > I'.' fraise, strawberry: see
fraise^.] A genus of perennial herbs with creep-
ing stolons, of the natural order Rosaeece, the
fruit of which is known as the straicberry. There
are 6 or 8 species widely distrilmted through the temperate
and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere, besides a
Strawberry [Fragaria vtsea).
single species in the Andes of South America. Several are
cultivated very extensively for their characteristic fruit,
which consists of a large fleshy receptacle bearing numer-
ous small, hard achenes upon its surface, ami of which
there are many varieties. F. Indica, which is the only
species with yellow flowers, has handsome but tasteless
fruit, and is cultivated for ornament. See strawberry.
fraggle (frag'l), ti. t. ; pret. and pp. fragglcd,
ppr. fraggling. [Origin obscure.] To rob.
[Local, U. 8.]
fragile (fraj'il), a. [= F. fragile = Pr.fragil,
fragel = Sp. frdgil = Pg. fragil = It. fragile, <
Ij. fragilis, easily broken, brittle, frail, < fran-
gere (y 'frag), break : see fraction. Doublet,
frail^, q. v.] Easily broken ; brittle ; hence, of-
fering weak resistance to any destroying force ;
weak; easily destroyed ; liable to fail.
The stalk of ivy is tough, and not fragile. Bacon.
fragile
other incident tliroes
That nature's /ra^« vessel doth sustain
la life's uncertain voyage. ShaJc., T. of A., v. 2.
When subtile wit« have spun their thread too Anc,
Tis weak And/raailf, like Arachne's line.
^iV J, Veuham, Progress of Learning.
Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm
And jrarril'' arms, much instrument of war,
Long in preparing, soon to nothing brought.
Maton,P.R.,m.SSS.
Yet seem'd the pressure twice as sweet
As woodbine'B/ra(;i;« hold.
Tennyson, Talking Oak.
=Syn. Fragile, Frail; weak, infirm, slight, delicate.
Fragile is nearly always restricted to the physical ; /rail
applies to the physical, but has also been extended to the
moral.
On a sudden a low breath
Of tender air made tremble in the hedge
The fragile bindweed-bells and briony rings.
Tennyson, The Brook.
How short is life ! how frail is human tnist.
Gay, Trivia, ill. 235.
The Kanawits have a custom of sending much of their
deceased chief's goods adrift in & frail canoe on the river.
//. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol;, § 112.
fragilely (fraj'il-li), adv. In a fragile manner.
fragileness (fraj'il-nes), n. Fragility.
fragility (fra-jiri-ti), n. [< ME. fragilite, fra-
gelite, < OF. fragiUte, F. fragilite = Pr. fragilitat
= Sp. frag ilidad = Pg,fragiUdade=lt.fragilUd,
< \i.fragilita{t-)s, brittleness, ifragilis, brittle :
see fragile. Doublet of /rai/^.] The condition
or quality of being fragile or easily broken;
hence, weakness in general; liability to be de-
stroyed or to fail ; frailness.
Wite ye fro whens this cometh of the grete fragelite that
is in hem. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 433.
Ot fragility the cause is an impotency to be extended:
and therefore stone is more fragile than metal.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 841.
Honor seem'd in me
To have forgot her own fragility.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 57.
The controversy as to the relative /ra^iZi(2/, or the rela-
tive dilficulty, of popular government and other forms of
government, appears to be a controversy of this kind.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 171.
fragment (frag'ment), TO. [= D. G. Dan. Sw.
fragment, < F. fragment = Pr. fragment = Sp.
Pg. It. fragniento, < L. fragmentum, a fragment,
remnant (et. fragmen, a fracture, pi. fragmina,
fragraepts), < frangere (•/ *frag), break: see
fraction.'] A part broken off or otherwise sep-
arated from a whole ; a small detached portion ;
hence, a part of an unfinished whole, or of an
uncompleted design : as, ihe fragments of a bro-
ken vase, of Anacreon's poems ; this building is
but a. fragment of the original plan.
I saw ... a block of marble four feet diameter, which
seem'd to have been the head of a colossal statue, and
many pieces about it appear'd to be fragrn^ntu of the
* sauie statue. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 12.
Claudian, in his fragment upon the Gyants War, has
given full Scope to that wildness of Imagination whicli
was natural to him. Addison, Spectator, No. 333.
As when rich China vessels, fall'n from high,
In glitt'ring dust and pSLinted fragments lie.
Pope, E. of the L., iii. 160.
Wolfenbiittel fragments, (a) Portions of a New Tes-
tament codex, supposed to be of the fifth or sixth century,
recovered about 1750 at Wolfenbiittel in Germany from a
palimpsest of Isidore of Seville. (6) A rationalistic work
on the Bible, by Reimarus, a German critic of the eigh-
teenth century. =Syn. Bit, scrap, chip, remnant.
fragmental (frag'men-tal), a. [(.fragment +
-aW] Consisting of fragments; fragmentarily
cotnbined.
Trap, granite, gneiss, and metaraorphic and eruptive
rocks generally, were giving way to the sedimentary and
fragmental. Science, III. 226.
fragmentarily (frag'men-ta-ri-li), adv. In a
fragmentary manner; piecemeal.
Even the facts here fragmentarily collated point clear-
ly to some common motie of genesis for both planets and
satellites. ./. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 368.
firagmentariness (frag'men-ta-ri-nes), n. [<
fragmentary + -ness.'] Tte state or quality of
being fragmentary ; want of continuity ; bro-
kenness.
This stupendous./'ra<7m?n(artne«» heightened the dream-
like strangeness of her bridal life.
George Eliot, Middlcmarch, xx.
fragmentary (frag'men-ta-ri), a. [< fragment
+ -aryl.] 1. Composed of fragments or bro-
ken pieces ; broken up ; hence, not complete
or entire; disconnected; disjointed.
yfh2X fragmentary rubbish this world is
I'hou know'st, and that it is not worth a thought.
Donne, Progress of the Soul, Second Anniversary.
It is only from little fragmentary portions of village
churches that we leani that the round Gothic style was
really at one time prevalent in the province.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 523.
He murmured forth in fragmentary sentences his hap-
piness. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 13.
2358
There is no complete man, but only a collection of frag-
mentary men. 0. W. Holmes, Emerson, vi.
2. Specifically, in geol., made up of fragments
of other rocks : said of rocks such as tufas, ag-
glomerates, conglomerates, and breccias.
fragmentation (frag-men-ta'shon), n. \_< frag-
ment + -ation.'i A breaking up into parts or
fragments; specifically, in zool., a breaking up
into parts or joints which become new indi-
viduals, as in some Schizomycetes : a form of
fission.
It not unfrequently happens, however, that groups of
cells break away from their former connexion as longer
or shorter straight or curved filaments, or as solid masses.
In some filamentous forms this fragmentation into multi-
cellular pieces of equal length or nearly so is a normal
phenomenon, each partial filament repeating the growth,
division, and fragmentation as before.
Encyc. Brit., XXI. 402.
fragorl (fra'gor), n. [= Pg.fragor = It.fragore,
< L. fragor, a breaking, a breaking to pieces,
a crash, noise, (.frangere (•/ *frag), break : see
fraction.'] A loud harsh sound; the report of
something bursting ; a crash. [Rare.]
Scarce sounds so far
The direful /rc(»7or, when some southern blast
Tears from the Alps a ridge of knotty oaks
Deep fang'd, and ancient tenants of the rock.
Watts, Victory of the Poles.
fragor^t, fragourt (fra'gor), n. [Irreg. < 'L.fra-
grare, emit a scent: see fragrant.] A strong
sweet scent.
Gardens here for grandeur and fragour are such as no
city in Asia outvies.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 185.
fragrance (fra'grans), n. [= Sp. Pg. fragran-
cia = It. fragranza, fragranzia, < ML. "fragran-
tia, < L. fragran(t-)s, fragrant: see fragrant.]
The quality of being fragrant ; that quality of
bodies which affects the olfactory nerves with
an agreeable sensation; sweetness of smell;
pleasing scent ; grateful odor.
Eve separate he spies,
Veil'd in a cloud ol fragrance. Milton, P. L., ix. 425.
The train prepare a cruise of curious mold,
A cruise of fragran.ce, formed of burnish'd gold.
Pope, Odyssey, vi.
Cool Zephyrs through the clear blue sky
Their gather'd fragrance fiing.
Cfray, Spring.
The south wind searches for the flowers whose fragrance
late he bore. Bryant, Death of the Flowers.
=Syn. Perfume, Aroma, etc. (see sm^ll, n.); redolence,
incense, balminess.
fl:agrancy(fra'gran-si),».;pl./raflrraTOCte8(-siz).
Same a,s fragrance.
The goblet, crown'd.
Breathed aromatic /ra(7rancie« around. Pope.
fragrant (fra'grant), a. [= F. fragrant = Sp.
Pg. It. fragrante, < h. fragran(t-)s, sweet-scent-
ed, ppr. of fragrare, emit an odor (usually an
agreeable odor).] Affecting the sense of smell
in a pleasing manner; having a noticeable per-
fume, especially an agreeable one: often used
figuratively.
How sweet and lovely dost thou make the shame
Which, like a canker in the fragrant rose.
Doth spot the beauty of thy budding name !
Shak., Sonnets, xcv.
Fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers. Milton, P. L., iv. 645.
Their ./ya(7ran( memory will outlast their tomb,
Embalm'd forever in its own perfume.
Coivper, Conversation, 1. 631.
Dark maples where the wood-thrush sings,
And bowers of fragrant sassafras.
Bryant, Earth's Children.
=Syn. Sweet-smelling, sweet-scented, balmy, odorous,
odoriferous, perfumed, redolent ; spicy, aromatic.
fragrantly (fra'grant-li), adv. With fragrance.
As the hops begin to change colour and smell fragrant-
ly, you may conclude them ripe. Mortimer, Husbandry.
fragrantness (fra'grant-nes), n. The quality
of being fragrant ; fragrance.
frait, fraiet, «. and v. Obsolete forms oifray'^.
fraightt, a. Same as fraught.
fraifi (fral), a. [< ME. freyl, freel, frele, < OF.
frele, F. frile (also uncontr. fragile), frail, =
it. fraile, frale (also uncontr. /raj/ite), < h.fra-
gilis, brittle, fragile: see fragile, which is a
doublet of fraiU.] 1. Easily broken or de-
stroyed; fragile; henee,weak in anyway; like-
ly to fail and decay ; perishable ; infirm in con-
stitution or condition.
I am ferd, by my faith, of thi frele yowth.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 829.
Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of
my days, what it is; that I may know how frail I am.
Ps. xxxix. 4.
These houses are composed of the frail materials of the
country, wood and clay, thatched with straw, though, in
the inside, they are all magnificently lined, or furnished.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 623.
frain
More frail than the shadows on glasses.
A. C. Swinburne, Poems and Ballads, Ded.
2. Specifically, weak in moral principle or reso-
lution; not strong to resist temptation to evil ;
so weak as to be in danger of falling, or to have
fallen, from virtue; of infirm virtue.
.\ll flesh is frayle and full of ficklenesse.
Spenser, F.Q.,yi. 1.41.
I know I am frail, and may be cozen'd too
By such a siren. Beau, and Fl., Captain, iii. 1.
Prodigious, this ! the frail one of our play
From her owu sex should mercy find to-day !
Pope, Jane Shore, Epil.
3. Weak-minded. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] —
4t. Tender in sentiment.
Deep indignation, and compassion /raii. Spenser.
= Syn. 1. Fragile, Frail (see fragile) ; brittle, slight.
fraillt, »• '• [ME.frailen;<frail^,a.] To make
frail.
Thou bringest my body in bitter bale.
And fraill my sowie with thy frailte.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 218.
frail^ (fral), n. [< ME. fraiel, frayle, frayl, frey-
el, < OF. fraiel, fraiaus (ML. fraellum), a bas-
ket; origin obscure.] 1. A flexible basket made
of rushes, and used, especially in commerce,
for containing fruits, particularly dried fruits,
as dates, figs, or raisins.
Great guns fourteen, three hundred pipes of wine,
Two hundred frailes of figs and raisons fine.
Mir. for Mags., p. 482.
As in Grape-Harvest, with vnweary pains,
A willing Troop of merry-singing Swains
With crooked hooks the sprouting Clusters cut.
In Frails and Flaskets them as quickly put.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The ^lagnificence.
Three frails of sprats, carried from mart to mart.
Are as much meat as these, to more use travell'd.
Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, ii. 4.
[Here is] a frail of flgs, which I send to yourself (in the
barrel of raisins). Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 470.
2. Arushusedforweavingbaskets. — 3. Acer-
tain quantity of raisins, about 75 pounds, con-
tained in a frail.
frailly (fral'li), adv. [< frail^ + -ly^.] In a
frail manner ; weakly ; infirmly. Imp. Diet.
frailness (fral'nes), n. The condition or qual-
ity of being frail; weakness; infirmity; frailty.
frailty (fral'ti), «. ; pi. frailties (-tiz). [< ME.
freylte, frecltie, freletee, frelote, frelte, frealte, <
OF. "frailite. Norm, "frealte (Mann), F. fragili-
ty, < Jj. fragilita(t-)s, brittleness: see fragility,
which is a doublet of /raiZf//.] 1. The condition
or quality of being frail ; weakness of condition
or of resolution ; infirmity ; liability to be de-
ceived or seduced.
Other for ye have kept your honestee.
Or elles ye han f alle in freletee.
Chaucer, Doctor's Tale (ed. Tyrwhitt), 1. 12012.
To forget, may proceed from the Frailty of Memory.
Howell, Letters, I. iv. 16.
God knows our frailty [and] pities our weakness. Locke.
2. A fault proceeding from human weakness;
a foible ; a sin of infirmity.
Finally for lone, there is no frailtie in flesh and blond
so excusable as it, no comfort or discomfort greater then
the good and bad successe thereof.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 30.
No further seek his merits to disclose.
Or draw his frailties from their dread abode.
Gray, Elegy.
= Syn. Imperfection, failing.
fraimentf, ». See frayment.
frainl (fran), V. t. [Formerly also/reiMe,/raJne;
< ME. frainen, fraynen, freinen, freynen, < AS.
frignan, also syncopated frinan (pret. frayn,
SI. frugnon, frunon, frunnon, pp. frvgnen) =
iS. fregnan = Icel. fregna = Goth, fraihnan
(pret. frah, pi. frehum, < pres. *fraihan), ask,
with verb-formative -« (prop, of pres. tense),
parallel with AS. fricgan = Goth, as if *frigjan,
with verb-formative ■'j (-«), ask; from the same
root as OS. fragon = D. vragen = OHG. frdgen,
frdhen, MHG. vragen, G. fragen, ask; Tent.
"freh = L. ■;/ *prec in precari, ask, pray (whence
ult. E. j>ray^, precarious, etc.), jrreces, prayers,
procus, a wooer, etc., = OBulg. prositi, demand,
= Skt. \f prachh, ask. See pray^.] To ask.
[Now only prov. Eng.]
His bretheren and his sustren gonne hymfreyne
Whi he so sorwful was in al his cheere.
Chamer, Troilus, v. 1227.
This folke frayned hym firste fro whennes he come.
Piers Plowman (B), v. 532.
And she toke the yonger in counseill and frayned her of
many dyuers tbynges. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6.
frain^t, «. [ME., also frayne, freyn, < OF.
fraisnc, freisne, frasne, fresne, F. fr^ic = Pr.
fraisne, fraisse = Sp. frcsno = Pg. freixo = It.
frassino, < L. fraxinus, ash: see 'Fraximis.]
The ash ; the ash-tree.
frain
2359
tempt, = OS. freson, try, tempt, endanger, =
OH(j./rei.so«, be in danger or terror; ef. OHG.
'freisjan, MHG. vreisen, endanger, terrify; weak
verbs, associated with Goth, fraisan, try, prove,
t«st. Cf. fraist.^ To put in terror or danger.
He fellez forests tele, forrayse the landez,
ffrysthez [read trytluz, i. e., friths, spares] no fraunchez,
hot (raittz the pople.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1M7.
frakelt, a. [ME., also/reieJ, var., with term, -el,
otfriiked, q. v.] Same a,sfraked.
Senien, hwen thou naUles | woiildst not) Godd, this fikele
world &/rakeUi. HtUi Meidenlud (ed. Cockayne), p. 7.
frakent. "• See/recfcen.
fraknedt, «. See freckened.
fraknyt, «• Seefreckny.
"ramable (frii'ma-bl), a. [< frame + -able.]
Capable of being'framed or formed. [Eare.]
Man hath still a reasonable understanding, and a will
thereby /mm«We to good things, hut is not thereunto now
able to frame himself. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1.
AS. frdsian, ask, try, framboesia (fram-be'si-S), n. [NL., < F. fram-
For it [the child] was in an asche yfonnde ;
She cleped it Frain in that stounde.
The/«y)i» of the asche is Ajreyn
After the langnaije of Breteyn.
Lay ie Freine, 1. 223 (Weber's .Metr. Rom.).
fraischeurt (fra'shtr), «. [< OF. fra^c]ie„r,F.
frakheur,< OF. frais,f em. fraisehe,F.fratclie,
fresh, cool: see /re.*.] Freshness; coolness, '^^^^f^ (fra'ma-bl), a.
[Bare.]
Hither in summer evenings you repair.
To taste the /raitcheur of the purer air.
Drydeii, To his Sacred Majesty.
fraiseH, r. t. [ME., <
hoise (whence Sp. frambuesa), raspbeiry, dial.
(Walloon) frombdhe, perhaps (with change of
br to fr by association with F. /raise, straw-
berry: see/rai«'e3) < D. braambezie, raspberry,
blackberry, = OHG. 'bramberi, pramperi, MH6.
brCiinbere, G. brombecre, blackljerry : see bram-
ble, brambleberrij.] In pathoh, the yaws, a
chronic contagious disease prevalent in the
Antilles, some parts of Africa, and other tropi-
fraise'-^ (fraz), n. [Also written /roise, perhaps cal regions, characterized by raspberry-like
<OF../Vois,/roi«e,broken,/ro»»»er, break, crush, excrescences, whence the name. The name has
bruise Cf. F. /raise, pluck (of a calf, lamb, also been somewhat loosely applied to other affections of
etc.).! A pancake with bacon in it. [Prov. tlie skin anatomically resembling the yaws. Also called
p •'•J Ji f- -" u fnan,Terruija^.!im\polypapMomatropicum.
hjug.j „„ ;* framb(ESioid(fram-be'si-oid), a. l</rambcesia
fraiseS (fraz), ». [F., a strawberry, < LL as f "^'^"ff ^^^^ „^ indicating the disease called
'J,a;iea, < h. /ragum, a strawberry-plant, pi. f^^nj^aisia
/raga, strawberries (> It. /ra;/a = WaUoon ^. ^^^^ ^„j ^^^ ^t A^^ „^.,ik ^^^,
Jrere, strawberry).] In her., the conventional pr„f^sely hypertrophic -/ramiK^ioid.
strawberry-leaf, as those in the coronets of Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, \. '7.
English dukes, marquises, etc. frame (fram), v.; pret. and pp. /ranted, ppr.
fraise'* (fraz), n. [< F. /raise, a ruff like those /raming. [< ME. /ramen, construct, build,
worn in the time of Queen Elizabeth, formerly /ramen, /remen, /remmen, strengthen, refresh,
also /reze, another form of /rise, /rize, part of /remen, /remmen, perform, execute, /ramen,
the entablature of an order: see /rieze'^. But framien, /remien, /remen, intr. (with dat. obj.),
there seems to bo a reference to /mc in c/icfauj- profit, be of advantage, avail, < AS. /remman,
ile-/rise,q.\.'i 1. In /or<., a defense consisting /remian, tr., advance, promote, perform, exe-
of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in jute, commit, do, framian, /remian, intr., prof-
a horizontal or an inclined position. See cut jt^ avail, = OS. fremmian, perform, = OFries.
under /ortification. — 2. The name of several /rema, commit, effect, = MLG. vromen, LG.
tools, (a) A grooved tool used in marble-working to en- /ramen = OHG. /remman, /reman, MHG. /re-
large a hole made by a drill (6) A tool nscd by Jewelers, „„,„ _ Xcd^ /remia, /rama = Sw. /rdmja = Dan.
consisting of a piniun-shapeil cutter for correcting in«c- ■'■''■'...
curacies in the form of tlie teeth in toothed wheeU.
/remme, promote, further, perform (etc.; the
various verbal forms and senses are mingled),
< AS. /ram./rom, a., bold, forward, strenuous,
strong, = OS. /rom, earnest, = OFries. /remo,
/rom = D. rroom = MLG. vrome = MHG. vrum,
-^ „. - ^. ' ._ ^ .. ■ vrom, G. fromm, pious, strong, brave, honest,
= Dun. /rwte, try, attempt, tempt, experience ; j^^j ^ j^.^, .^ forward, prominent, = Sw.
with formative-t (akin to Goth, /rawton, in p^^ f ^ raee\i; connected with AS.
deriv. /raiatubni, /raistobm, trial, temptation), fram. /rom, prep., from : see /rom. The sense
fraised ifrazd), a. [< /raised + -etP.] Forti-
fied w ith a fraise.
fraistt, f. ['iSE./raisten,/reisten,/rasten, < leel.
/reixia = Sw. /resta, try. attempt, test, tempt.
from the \*erb (Goth, /raisan, etc.) represented
hy /raised: see /raise l.] L trans. 1. To try;
test ; prove ; put to the proof.
Thou/roM(«d us, all sliver /niiiffd ine.'
Ps. Uv. 10 (ME. version) |UvL 10).
Fulle many men the world here/ral«fej.
Hot he is noaht wyse that tharin traystc*.
Ilampole, Prick of Conscience, 1. lOAO.
2. To learn by trial ; experience.
joure donhtynesse of l>lo<le the Sarazins lalle Acute.
Rob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Cbron. (ed. HearneX
ip. 176.
3. To seek to learn ; ask ; inquire.
ffrayne will I fer ami Jraist of there werkes,
Meue to my mater and niake here an end«.
Destruction o/ Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 97.
4. To seek ; be eager for ; desire.
Nay, ftaytt I no fyjt, in fayth I the telle.
Sir OaimylM and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 279.
n. in trans. To go forth on an expedition;
sally forth.
The kyng/rai/»fM a-furth over the freache atrandez.
Jfor<< Arthure (E. E. T. 8.). I. 1227.
flraitcrt, fraitort, n. [Early mod. E. also/rayf«T,
/rai/tor, fniyter ; < ME. frailor, /raitour, /ray-
tour. /rriUmr, /reitur, fralour, /ralure, < OF.
/railur, by apheresis from fe/reitor, re/retnr,
re/relour, re/retoire, < M L. re/ectorium, a dining-
hall in a convent, a refectory: see refectory.
Hence /ratery, /ratry, and in comp. /rater-
house.'] A dining-bail in a convent; a refec-
tory.
Thus thei lien exempt from clolstre, and from risyng
at mydnyxt, and fro faatinge In her [their] /raitour, and
other workes of nltedience.
U'ljcli/, .Select Works (ed. Aniold), I. 292.
And thanne freres in here/rnVoure shal fynden a key*
of Constantynefl coffrea. In which Is the catel
That Mregorlea god-children han yuel dispended.
Pi>r> Plomnan (B), x. 323.
fraket, >i. See frefce.
frakedt, a. [ME., < AS. /raeolh,/racuth, /raced,
/raced, bad, base, unseemly, vile, shanicful. Cf.
/rakd.} Bad; vile; shameful.
Ms none werae fo thene /raA-^f*? fere [than a bad com-
panion]. Old Eng. UomUies (ed. Morris), II. 189.
'construct' appears first in ME.] I. trans.
To strengthen ; refresh ; support.
Thor [there] ghe (she] can fremen Yamael
With watres drinc and bredes mel.
It.
1245.
2t
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), I
At last, with creeping crooked pace forth came
An old, old man, with beard aa white as anow.
That oo a stafle his feeble steps did/ranw.
Upenser, F. tj., I- viil. 30.
To execnte ; perform.
Alle haueden sworen him oth . . .
XlMt he ahoUleu hise wiUe /reme.
Uavelok, 1. 4S9.
The silken tackle
Swell with the touches of thoae flower-soft hands
That yarely/ratiM the olBce. Shak., A. and C, il. 2.
3. To fit, as for a specific end ; make suitable
or conformable ; adapt ; adjust.
I will hereafter /ram< my self to be coy.
Lyiy, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 85.
He hath a person, and a smooth dispose,
To be suspected, /ram'd to make women false.
Shak., Othello, 1. 3.
It is a happlneu to be bom and/ra>n<d unto virtue.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, il. 2.
It seems to me the little lass in/raminn herself to some
artince. E. H'. Imiu, Jlodeni Kgyptians, II. 86.
4 . To construct by fitting and uniting together
the several parts ; fabricate by union of constit-
uent parts: as, to /ram« a house, a door, or a
machine.
First are two seates placed, or one so /ratned that two
may sit in the same apart. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 191.
A fairer creature never did
Dame Nature ever /ram*.
The Cruel Black (Child's Ballads, III. 370).
6. In general, to bring or put into form or or-
der; adjust the parts or elements of ; compose ;
contrive; plan; devise.
Exceedingly they troubled were In thought,
Ne wist wliat answerc unto him to /ram*.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 31S.
He began to frame the loveliest countenance he could.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, Hi.
For thou art/rom'd of the Nrm truth of valour.
Shak.. Hen- V., iv. 3.
Frame a Will ; whereto you shall inscrilie
My master your sole heir. B. Jonson, Volpone, i. 1.
frame
Our English Universities, however far in the hjstorie
distance we may throw back their origin, must have been
framed on the model of the Continental L'niversities.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 141.
6. [< /rame, ».] To surround or provide with
a frame, as a picture ; put into a frame, as a
piece of cloth.
There at the window stood.
Framed in its black square length, with lamp in hand,
Pompilia. Browning, Ring and Book, I. 286.
Lo ! God's likeness — the ground-plan —
Neitlier modell'd, glaz'd, nor/ra»M;d.
Tennyson, Vision of Sin.
Satins may also be cleaned, dried, damped, brushed,
f rained, and finished, exactly as described for silk damasks.
M'orkshop Receipts, 2d ser. , p. 147.
II. intrans. If. To profit ; avail.
Of ther childer it sals the names,
To neven [name] tham here it ne frames.
Rob. of Brunne, in Layamon (ed. iladdeu). III. 389.
The mente with some of them could scant /mj)l«, by rea-
son of their queazie stomackes. llakluyt's Voyages, 1. 27(i.
2t. To fit ; accord.
When thou hast turned them all ways, and done thy
best to hew them and to make them frame, thou must he
fain to cast tbeni out.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc, 1850), p. 106.
* .Sweet! then, while each thing doth /ram«.
Take me to thee, and thee to me I
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 583).
My rude rhymes ill with thy verses /rainc.
L. Bryskett (Alber's Eng. Garner, I- 274).
St. To succeed in doing or trying to do some-
thing; manage.
Said he, "Sae weel vie frame,
I think it is convenient
That we should sing a psalm."
Battle of PhUiphaugh (Child's Ballads, VIII. 133).
Then said they unto him, Say now Shiby>oleth : and he
said Sibboleth : for he could not frame to pronounce it
right. Judges xii. 6.
4. To wash ore with the aid of a frame. — 5. To
move. Dalies. [Prov. Eng.]
An oath, and a threat to set Throttler on me if I did not
frame off, rewarded my perseverance.
E. Bronte, Wuthering Heighta, xill.
frame (fram), n. [< ME. /rame, a fabric, struc-
ture, also profit, advantage, benefit, < AS. /re-
mu,/reme, profit, advantage, benefit, = Icel./ra-
mi, advancement; from the verb.] It. Profit;
advantage; benefit.
He made an ancter [altar] on Codes name.
And sacrede he thor-on for sowles/rrti/i*?.
Genesis and Exodus (E- E. T. S.), 1. 625.
We trowe it is to our /rain*.
Rob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft's Chron. (ed. HearneX
[p. 162.
2t. The act of planning or contriving; contri-
vance ; invention.
John the bastard,
Whose spirita toll in /rom« of villainies.
Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1.
3. Form, constitution, or structure in general;
system; order: as, the /rame of government.
For then [at the last day] the present frame of things
shall be dissolved, and the bounds set to the more subtile
and active parts of matter shall be taken away.
StiUingfleet, Sermons, I. xl.
The law of Moses, as distinguished from all other re-
ligious Institutions, had nothing in the frame and design
of it apt either to recommend it to its professors, or to
invite proselytes. Bp. Atlerbury, Sermons, I. iv.
4. AnyWiing composed of parts fitted and unit-
ed ; fabric ; structure : used especially of natural
objects with reference to their physical struc-
ture or constitution.
This goodly /roni«, the earth, seems to me a steril prom-
ontory. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.
llie very mould and frame of hand, nail, linger.
Shak., W. T., ii. 3.
As you enter at the door, there is opposed to you the
frame of a wolf in the hangings.
B. Jonson, Cynthia s Revels, iii. 1.
All thonghts, all passions, all delights.
Whatever stirs this mortal /raww,
All are l)ut ministers of Ixjve,
And feed his sacred flame. Coleridge, Love.
6. The sustaining parts of a structure fitted
and joined together; framework: as, the /r«me
of a house, bridge, sliip, or printing-press. See
cut on following page. — 6. Any kind of case
or structure made for admitting, inclosing, or
supporting things, whether fixed or movable :
as, the /rame of a window, door, picture, or
looking-glass.
Mine eye hath play'd the painter and hath stell d
"Thy beauty's form in tai)le of my heart ;
My body is the /rame wherein 'tis held,
Shak., Sonnets, xxiv.
The mill yawned all ruinous with unglazed /ra>n«».
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xix.
China has the frame of morals, but has no picture to
place within it ; it wants an ideal to give beauty to its own
conception. Faiths of the Wtrld, p. S3.
firame
X
Frame of Iron Ship.
or spar deck : ly, upper- or spar-deck beam : F, main frame ; H, ham-
mock-berthing ; /, mner bottom plating; A", keel ; /..longitudinals;
M, main deck ; AT, main-deck beam ; P, outside plating ; R, reverse
frame ; S, boilers ; K, protective deck ; V, protective-aeck beam.
Speciftcally — (a) An open elevated framework of wood or
iron that supports the cases out of which the compositor
picks his types. (&) A loom; especially, a sort of loom
on which linen, silk, etc., are stretched for quilting or em-
broidering, or on which lace, stockings, etc., are made,
(c) In inilit. etiffin., a framework of four stout pieces of
scantling fastened together in rectangular form, placed at
intervals in shafts and galleries, to support and hold in
position the sheeting, (rf) In hort.y a glazed structure
of different kinds, portable or permanent, for protecting
young plants from frost, etc. (e) In mining, a very sim-
ple apparatus for washing ore, consisting of a table of
boards slightly inclined, over which runs a gentle stream
of water. See /raming-UMe. [Cornwall, Eng.] (/t) A
raft. Davies.
Set sayles aloft, make out with oares, in ships, in boates, in
fratiw^. Phaer^ ^neid, iv.
Hence — 7. An inclosing border of any kind;
specifically, in art, a purely ornamental sur-
rounding border, as in sculpttired or other re-
lief ornament; a carved border to a sunken
panel or opening; in surface-decoration, a
painted or inlaid ornament carried round a
fresco-painting or other picture upon a wall.
There were no flowers, no garden-beds; only a broad
gravel-walk girdling a grass-plat, and this set in the heavy
framt of the forest. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxxvii.
8. Particular state, as of the mind; mental
condition ; natural temper or disposition : as,
an unhappy /rajwe of mmd.
Christianity is not so much a Divine institution as a
Divine frame and temper of spirit.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 19.
Your steady soul preserves her frame. Swift.
I sat by his bed the whilst — He passed away in a blessed
frame. Scott, Kenilworth, i.
Only in the gathered silence
Of a calm and waiting /ranw
Light and wisdom as from Heaven
To the seeker came. Whittier, To .
9. Shape; form; proportion. [Obsolete or ar-
chaic]
Good ray lord, put your discourse into some frame, and
start not so wildly from my affair. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
A bear's a savage beast, . . .
Whelp'd without form, until the dam
Has lick'd it into shape and frame.
S. BuOer, Hudibra<I. iii. 1308.
Balloon ftaxne, in carp., a wooden frame for a building,
formed of light scantlings, all of equal size, and nailed to-
gether, instead of being framed and pinned together. Such
a frame depends for its strength chiefly upon the boarding
nailed to the outside.— Flexible frame, in car- and ca-r-
riage-buildinfj, a frame so constructed that the natural
spring of the wood may serve in part as an equivalent for
metallic springs, which may thus be dispensed with entire-
lyorinpart. (?ar-BMt(der'»Di<!(.— Outof frajne. Seeottf.
framea (fra'rae-a), «. ; p\. framete l-e). [L. ; of
Teut. origin.] 1. In hist., a long spear used
by the Franks, having a socketed head, some-
times barbed, but more commonly formed like
a lance-head with a flat double-edged blade. —
2. Inarc7i(EoZ.,acelt of the socketed form. See
celt^ and amgarn.
frame-breaker (fram'bra'kfer), «. A weaver
who attempted to prevent by violence the in-
troduction of looms operated by machinery.
[Eng.]
I only wish the machines— the frames — were safe here,
and lodged within the walls of this mill. Once put up, I
defy the frame-breaktrs. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ii.
frame-bridge (fram'brij), n. A bridge con-
structed of pieces of timber framed together.
frame-diagram (fram'di"a-gram), «. See dia-
gram.
frame-helmet (fram'hel'met), n. A helmet
in which there is a solid frame, consisting of a
ring round the brows with two, three, or more
haU-arches meeting at the top, and a boss to
2360
which the half-arches are bolted, the spaces
between the arches being filled with lighter
metal in plates, which can easily be bent to
the slight curve required. Helmets of this form
are common among peoples who are not skilful
in forging.
ftame-house (fram'hous), n. 1. A house con-
struetetl with a skeleton frame of timber cov-
ered in with boards, and sometimes with shin-
gles, etc. — 2t. A house in which framing or
building is carried on. [Rare.]
God's scholars have learned otherwise to think of the
cross, that it is iheframe-hottse in the which God frameth
his children like to his Son Christ.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc, 1853), II. 78.
frame-knitting (fram'nif'ing), n. A kind of
weaving or knotting made upon pins fixed in
a frame, and resembling, when finished, ordi-
nary knitting.
frameless (fram'les), a. [< frame, n., + -less.']
Having no frame.
A couple of finished pictures . . . stood in one comer,
frameless. The Century, XXVIII. 541.
frame-level (fram'lev'el), n. A masons' level.
-E. H. Knight.
framer (fra'm^r), n. One who frames; a
maker ; a contriver.
Almighty /rawwir of the skies !
O let our pure devotion rise
Like incense in thy sight.
Ckatterton, Hymn for Christmas Day.
Of the numerous servants of the Company who have dis-
tinguished themselves as framers of minutes and des-
patches, Hastings stands at the head.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings,
frame-saw (fram'sa), «. A thin saw stretched
in a frame to give it sufficient rigidity for work-
ing.
frame-timber (fram'tim"ber), n. One of the
timbers constituting part of the frame of a
house or a vessel.
framework (fram'wferk), B. 1. A structure or
fabric for inclosing or supporting anything; a
frame ; a skeleton : as, the framework of a build-
ing; the bones are ihe fravievoork of the body.
The screen in front tof Kenheri Cave] has all the mor-
tices and other indications, as at Karli, proving that it
was intended to be covered with wooden galleries and
frameivork. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 130.
2. Structure; constitution; adjusted arrange-
ment; system.
Once we held debate, a band
Of youthful friends, on mind and art,
And labour and the changing mart,
And all i\\Q framework of the land.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxxvii.
3. A kind of fancy work made with yam of silk
or worsted drawn across a frame in two direc-
tions, and knotted or otherwise secured at the
intersections, producing reticulated patterns,
sometimes of considerable elaboration. [Prop-
erly /rowe-tcorA;.] -Branchial framework. See
branchial.
framing (fra'ming), ?j. liME.framynge; vev-
hal Ji. ot frame, v.] 1. The manner or style of
putting together. — 2. A framework or frame ;
a system of frames. — 3. In metallurgical opera-
tions, a process of separating the slime, as re-
ceived from the trunk, into grades according
to value. Also called ragging. See framing-
table.
framing-chisel (fra'ming-chiz'el), n. In carp.,
a heavy chisel used for making mortises.
framing-table (fra'ming-ta"bl), n. In mining,
an inelmed table over one end of which is spread
slime from the trunk. A cuiTent of water let in upon
that end washes the poorer portions and impurities down-
ward, toward or out of the lower end, the heavier and
richer portions of the ore remaining at the top. When the
slime is thus cleansed and distributed, the table is revolved
on its supporting axles, and the contents are dumped into
assorting-boxes beneath, from which the ore is taken to
be submitted to other operations suited to its character.
This operation of sorting is called /raJm'nsr or ragging, and
there were formerly various modifications of the process
in use in Cornwall, England, where, however, the simplest
form of ore-dressing has been nearly superseded by im-
proved methods and machinery. See huddle^ and pjrcus-
gion-table. i
frammit (fram'it), a. A Scotch form otfremd.
An' monie a friend that kiss'd his caup
Is now A frammit wight.
Burns, The Five Carlines.
fi-ampel, frampold (fram'pel, -pold), a. [Also
written frampal, frampul, frampald, frampled,
frampard,framfold, etc. ; < W. ffromfol, passion-
ate, < ffromi, fume, fret, jfrom, testy.] Unruly;
f reward; evil-conditioned; peevish; rugged;
quarrelsome. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
For this flower of age . . . winseth and flingeth out
like a skittish and jramymld horse, in such sort that he
had need of a shat*pe bit and short curb.
Uolland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 12.
franchise
He's a very jealousy man ; she leads a very frampold
life with him, good heart. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2.
I come from the fine, irovf^rA, frampul lady.
One was run mad with pride.
B. Jomton, New Inn, v. 1,
Is Pompey grown so malapert, mframpel?
Beau, and Ft., Wit at .Several Weapons, iii. 1.
franc (frangk), n. [Now spelled as F. ; formerly
frank; (.ME. frank {=iiLtG. frank =zG. frank =^
Sw. Dan. frank), <
OF. franc, F. franc
= Sp. Pg. It. fran-
co, a franc : so
called, it is said,
from the device
Francorum rex,
Kii^ of the Franks
or French, on the
coin as first struck
by King John in
1360. See-fVanfcl,
«., franlfl, a., and
French.] 1. Either
of two ancient
coins in France :
one, of gold (the
franc a cheval, the
obverse being a
horseman), first
c oined by John the
Good in 1360; the
other, of silver, by
Henry III. in 1575.
The gold franc weigh-
ed about 60 grains, and
was worth about half
a guinea English. The
specimen of the silver
coin given in the cut
weighs about 217
grains, and was worth
about one third as
much as the gold coin.
Silver Franc of Henry III. of France.
British Museum. (Size of the original. >
This coin afterward fluctuated
greatly in size and value, and was not minted after 1641,
being replaced by the still older livre, but remained as a
money'of account.
2. A French silver coin and money of account
which since 1795 has formed the unit of the
French monetary system. It lias also been adopted
as the unit of currency by Switzerland and Belgium, and
tlie lira of Italy, the drachma of Greece, the dinar of .Ser-
via, etc., have been made confonnable to it. It is of the
value of a little over 9^d. English money, or about 19
I'liitt'il States cents, and is divided into 100 centimes.
fran?aise (F. pron. fron-saz'), n. [F., prop,
fern, of frangms, French: see French.] A
French country-dance in triple rhythm, or the
music for it.
franc-archer (F. pron. fronk'ar-sha'), 71.; pi.
francs-archers (fronz'ar-sha'). One of a body
of bowmen formed by order of Charles VII. of
France, one man being equipped by each parish ,
and being free of taxes in consideration of his
service. The use of the bow by the peasantry of France
had always been discouraged by the nobility with disas-
trous results on the field of battle, hence this undertak-
ing on the part of the king, under whom the English were
finally expelled from France.
francht, v. t. [Appar. a var. of frunch; cf.
craunch, crurwh.] To crunch with the teeth.
I saw a river stopt with stormes of winde.
Wherethrough a swan, a bull, a bore did passe,
Fratwhing the fish and frie with teeth of brasse.
Baldwine, in ilir. for Mags., p. 408.
franchise (fran'chiz or -chiz), «. [< ME. fran-
chise, fraunchise, fraunches, fraunchesse, free-
dom, privilege, generosity, < OF. franchise, F.
franchise, freedom, privileged liberty (= Pr.
franqnesa = Sp. Pg. franqueza = It. franchezza,
freedom), </r((nc, free: see/ra«A:2, o.] Xf. Lib-
erty; freedom from constraint or subjection;
independence ; enfranchisement.
In doubte is all our surete to denise.
And our noble and blissed franchise
Is full strangely changed into seruice.
Jiom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3745.
ilulniutius . . ,
Ordain d our laws i . . . whose repair and /ra)w;Aw«
Shall, by the power we hold, be our good deed.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 1.
2. A privilege arising from the grant of a sov-
ereign or government, or from prescription,
which presupposes a grant; a privilege of a
public nature conferred on individuals by grant
from government: as, a corporate /ranc/iiw (the
right to be and act as a corporation).
No man ne may bygge [buy] lether grene ne skyn grene
in the towun, but jlf he be of fraunchyse, vppeyne to
nyme that good to the ferme of the town.
English Oilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 363.
Your temples bunied in their cement ; and
YouTfranehises, whereon you stood, confin'd
Into an auger's iKire. Shak., Cor., iv. 6.
He was the first that appointed the Forms oj Civil Gov-
ernment in London, and other Cities, endowing them also
with their greatest Franchiget, Baker, Chronicles, p. 73.
franchise
The franchitet of the company were immense, that it
might lay ita own plans, pmviile for its own defence, and
in all things take care of itself.
Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 278.
3. Specifically, the privilege of voting at pub-
lic elections; the right of suffrage: distinctive-
ly called the elective franchise.
The /ranchise, as ioon as its value was ascertained, be-
came a subject of dispute between different classes of
mm. Stubbg, Const. Hist., § 422.
4. The district or jurisdiction to which a par-
ticular individual or corporate privilege ex-
tends ; the limits of an immunity.
Whanne [he] came ther for moche people he sent,
The whiche held of his lordshippe and/ro«ncA««»e,
That thei shuld come to hym in eny wise.
Generydet (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1273.
Ye shall not suffer nor counsell any forynar to dwell
withyn the frangchyi of this craft.
Emjliah Gitdt (E. E. T. .S.), p. 317.
At Worcester in 14fi6 the rule was that the members
should be chosen openly in the Guildhall by the inhab-
itants of tht/ranchite. Stubbt, Const. Hist., } 422.
6. An asylum or sanctuary where persons are
secure from arrest.
Churches and monasteries in Spain are /ranchiira for
criminals. London Encyc.
6f. Nobility of spirit; generosity; highminded-
ness; magnanimity; liberality.
Ueer may ye se how excellent /rancAiM
In wommeu is whan they hem narwe aryse.
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 743.
Yef we be take or slain, the hamie is owres and the
shame youres, . . . and ther-fore remembre vs of pitee
and of youre grete/roune/iwe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.X U. 280.
Corporate franchise. See def. 2. -Elective fran-
chise. See def. 3. — Franchise Bill, a l ill l for t he leKula-
tion of the rights of surfraKe in a parliamentary or other
election; specilically, in Eng. hut., a bill passed in 1SS4,
jn-eatly extending the number of voters in elections for
Parliament, particularly in the borouichs.— Parliamen-
tary franchise of a lx)roUKh or county, the right to send
n.-|ii-fr.'-ntativrs to Parliament. [Eng.]
franchise (fran'chiz or -chiz), v. t.; pret. and
pp. franchised, ppr franchising. [< ME. fran-
chisen, fraunchisen, < OF. franchiss-, stem of
certain parts of franekir, F. franchir, render
free, < frane, free : see frank^, v. Cf . affran-
ehine, disfranckise, enfranchise.'] To make free;
enfranchise.
And to the Sonne* of Aaron they gane the /ranehyied
cytyes Hebron and Lobnah, wyth their suborbes.
BMe o/ 1551, 1 Chron. t1. 57.
So I lose none I honor]
In leeking to augment it. but still keep
My bosom franehU'd and allegiance clear,
I shall be counseli'd. Shak., Macbeth, iL 1.
franchisement (fran'chiz- or -chiz-ment), n.
[< OF. franchisement, franchissement ; aa fran-
chise, v., + -ment.] Release from burden or
restriction ; enfranchisement.
That fate, which ilid thy /rattehisenunt inforce,
And from the depth of danger set thee free.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, ill.
franchiser (fran'chiz-6r or -chiz -*r),n. A per-
son having a franchise. Carlyle. [Kare.]
Francic (fran'sik), a. [< ML. Franciscus, per-
taining to the Franks, < Francos, pi. Pranei,
Frank: see Frank^.1 Pertaining to the Franks
or the language of the Franks; Frankish.
[Bare.]
ftancisca (fran-sis'k&), H. [ML., fem. of Fran-
ciscus, Frankish: see Frankish.] A battle-ax
,^^ used by the Franks, of which the
f Wl^^iMcv typical form is a head long in
^^, (ini|)ortion to its width, and ex-
>'^^^^. j 1 'I luling toward a con vex curved
"^ IJ '■''KC, the general direction of
1 1 which forms a considerable an-
II gle with the handle, others are
T: I two-bladed, or have a spike on the side
Fraackca. opposite to the blade; bat theae ar«
(Fiom ViolleMe "»>" rTt. AUo fmneiiiue.
njci-pict.duMo- Franciscan (fmn-sia'kan), a.
Mito ft^.,*!.. . ^^^, „ ^^ J, fYa,^cain = 8p.
Pg. Franeiseano = It. Franeescano (= D. Fran-
ciskaan = G. Franeiseaner = 8w. Dan. Frands-
kaner, n.), < ML. Franciscus, a Franciscan, <
Franciscus, Francis, aproper name, lit. ' Frank-
ish': see l-Yankish, French.'] I. a. Belonging
to the order of St. Francis; of or pertaining to
the Franciscans.
Holy Franciscan friar ! brother, ho !
SkaJ'.,R.and J., V. 2.
They who, to l>e sure of Paradise,
Dying put on the weeds of Dominic,
itr in rraneisean think to pass disguised.
Milton. P. L., lii. 480.
n. n. One of an order of mendicant friars
founiied by St. B'rancis of Assisi, Italy, author-
ized bv the t>ope in 1210 and more formally
ratified in 1223. In addition to the usual vows of pov-
2361
erty, chastity, and obedience, special stress is laid upon
preaching and ministry to the body and soul. Under va-
rious names, such as ilinorites, Barefooted Friars, and
Gray Friars, the order spread rapidly throughout Europe ;
amongits members were Alexanderof Hales, Duns Scotus,
Roger Bacon, Occam, Popes Sixtus V. and Clement XIV.,
and other eminent men ; and the order was long noted for
its rivalry with the Dominicans. Differences early arose
in regard to the severity of the rule, which culminated in
the fifteenth century in the division of the order into two
great classes, the Observantlnes or Observants and the
Conventuals ; the former follow a more rigorous, the lat-
ter a milder rule. The general of the Observantlnes is
minister-general of the entire order. The order has been
noted for missionary zeal, but suffered considerably in the
Reformation and the French revolution. The usual dis-
tinguishing features of the garb are a gray or dark-brown
cowl, a girdle, and sandals.
Franciscea (fran-sis'e-a), «. [NL., named af-
ter Francis I., Emperor of Austria, a patron of
botany.] A shrubby scrophulariaceous genus
of Brazil, with large showy flowers, which is
now referred to the genus Brunfelsia. Several
species, as E. Ilopeana and F. eximia, are cultivated in
greenhouses. The stems and root of F. uniflora have
been employed in the treatment of rheumatism, and are
said to be used in Brazil as a remedy also for syphilis and
other diseases.
franciscein (fran-sis'e-in), n. [< Franciscea +
-in'^.] An alkaloid obtained from the Brazil-
ian monaca-root, the product of Franciscea uni-
flora and other species. The alkaloid is said
to have powerful purgative and diuretic quali-
ties.
Francise, v. t. See Francize.
francisque (fran-sisk'), n. [F.,<franeisea,q.v.]
Same as francisca.
Francize (fran'siz), v. t.; pret. and pp. Fran-
cized, ppr. Francizing. [< ML. Francus, Frank,
+ -izeT] To make Frankish ; Gallicize ; French-
ify. Also spelled tVancisc. [Rare.]
He was an Englishman Prancited, who, going over into
France a young man, spent the rest of his life there.
FiUUr, Worthies, Hertford.
Francoa (frang'ko-S), ». [NL., named after
Franco, a physician and botanist of Valencia
in the 15th century.] A genus of stemless
perennial herbs, of the order Saxifragacea, of
which there are two Chilian species. They have
lyrately pinnatlAd leaves and racemes of rose-colored flow-
ers. The roots are said to have astringent and sedative
properties, ami are used for dyeing black.
ltanco-Ohin9se(frang'k6-chi-ne8'), o. Relat-
ing to France and China; of or pertaining to
both France and China, or French and Chinese.
The recent Franeo-ChinfM war.
Sex. Atner.. N. 8., LV. 48.
Franco-Chinese decoration, a style of decoration of
French enameled pottery of the eighteenth century with
designs imitated from or suggested by the decoration of
Chinese porcelain. The pottery of Sinceny especially is
known by this name. See Sinceny ware, under ware'!.
francolin (frang'ko-lin), n. [< F. francolin =
Sp. /rancoHn = Pg. francolim = It. francolino
CSli. francolinus), francolin, appar. dim. of Pg.
frango, frangOo, a cockerel, a chicken, fern.
franga, a pidlet.] A partridge of the genus
Francolinus. The common francolin, F. rndgarii, is
an elegant species, formerly found throughout all the
4^
>^*
Black Of CoauBoa FnaooUa {FranceHnut vtttfarii).
warmer parts of Europe, a* well as in Asia and Africa, but
now chiefly confined to Aala. It has a very loud whistle,
and its flesh is greatly esteemed.
Francolins (frang-ko-li'ne). n. )>l. [NL.] The
fniiicolins as a subfamily of gallinaceous birds.
Francolinus (frang-ko-li'nus), «. [NL. : see
francolin.] The technical specific name of the
common francolin, Tetrao francolintis (LinnsB-
Ms). made by Stephens in 1819 a generic name
of the francolins. There are several species besides
F. mdgariji, as the Chinese, F. chinenttig, and the Indian,
F. pie'tug.
f^ancolite (frang'ko-llt), n. [< Franco (seedef.)
+ -lite.] A grayish-green or brown variety of
apatite from Wheal Franco, near Tavistock, in
Frank
Devonshire, England. It occurs in small round-
ed crystals grouped in stalaotitie masses.
Franconian (fraug-ko'ni-an), a. and n. [< ML.
Fianconia + -ian.] I. a" Of or pertaining to
Franconia, a medieval German duchy south of
Thm-ingia, later the name of several territorial
divisions, and now of three provinces (Upper,
Middle, and Lower Franconia) of Bavaria, con-
sisting of parts of the old duchy Franconian
emperors, the dynasty of German emperoi-s who reigned
1024 -112o: so called because they were descended from
the ilucal house of Franconia. Also called Saltan emperors.
H. n. A native or an inhabitant of Franconia.
Franco-Prussian (frang'ko-prush'an), a. Per-
taining or relating to France and Prussia: as,
the Franco-Prussian war.
franc-tireur (fron'te-rer'), n.; y\. francs-tireurs
(-rerz'). [F., lit. a free-shooter (Gs.freischiitz) ;
< franc, free, + tireur, a marksman, shooter,
drawer, < tirer, shoot, draw.] A sharpshooter
in the French service, sometimes making part
of a corps of light troops and sometimes of a
separate body of guerrillas. Francs- tireurs were first
organized in 1792, and were prominent in the war of 1870.
frangent (fran'jent), a. [< i,.frangen(t-)s, ppr.
otfrangere, break, \^ *frag = E. break. Cf. fra-
gile, framnent.] Causing fractures. H.TValpole.
frangibility (fran-ji-bir.i-ti), n. {_=zF.frangi-
bilite = lt.frangibilitd; as frangible + -ity.] The
state or quality of being frangible.
He allows the /ranffibility of charters when absolute
occasion requires it.
Fox, Speech, East India Bills, Dec. 1, 178S.
frangible (fran'ji-bl), a. [< ME. frangebyll
(once), < OF. and F. frangible = Sp. frangible
= Pg. frangivel = It. frangibile, < L. frangere,
break: see frangent.] Capable of being bro-
ken; liable to fracture ; breakable.
Some solid and frangible, as the bones ; others tough and
flexible, as the ligaments. Boyle, Works, III. 68.
Tlie women bore crockery and other frangible articles.
J. T. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. 138.
ftangibleness (fran'ji-bl-nes), n. Same as
frangihilitij.
frangipane (fran'ji-pan), m. [iY.franqipane,
Kiippdscd to be so called from the Marquis
Frangipani, major-general under Louis XIV.]
I. An extract of milk for preparing artificial
milk, made by evaporating to dryness skimmed
milk, mixed with almonds and sugar. Thomas,
Med. Diet. — 2. A kind of pastry -cake, filled
with cream, almonds, and sugar. — 8. A kind
of perfume. See frangipani.
frangipani, frangipaimi(fran-ji-pa'ni, -pan'i),
II. [See frdngijMiiie.] A perfume prepared
from, or imitating the odor of, the flower of &
West Indian tree, Plumeria rubra, or red jas-
mine.
frangula (frang'gu-la), n. [NL. ; origin uncer-
tain.] The bark ot iihamnus Prangula,VLBedm
medicine for somewhat the same purpose as
rhubarb.
fk'angulin (frang'gu-lin), n. [ifrangula + -in^.]
A yellow crystafiizable coloring matter (Coo^
H20O10) contained in the bark of the alder-
buckthorn, Bhamnus Frangula, and other spe-
cies of the same genus.
f^aniont, «. [Perhaps a per\'erted form of OF.
faineant, an idle or lazy fellow: see/a»M^aMf.]
An idle, dissolute fellow ; a paramour or boon
companion ; a gay or dissolute person of either
sex. See first extract under /r«ni'2, a., 5.
This Ladie, which he sheweth here.
Is not (I wager) Florimell at all ;
But some fayre Franion, fit for snch a fere.
Spemer, F. Q., V. ill. 22.
Frank^ (frangk), n. [< ME. Frank, < AS. Fran-
ca, pi. FraruMn = D. Frank, pi. Franken =
MLG. Franker = OHG. Franko, MHG. yra7ike,
G. Fratike = Dan. Sw. Frank-er= OF. and F.
Franc = Sp. Pg. It. Franco, < ML. Francus, pi.
Franci (generally in the plural), a Frank (see
def. ), a tribal name usually explained, from the
OHG. form, as < OHG. 'francho, 'franko = AS.
franca, a spear, javelin, = Icel. frakki, also
/rnA'ta (prob. < AS.), a kind. of spear; the Franks
being thus ult. ' Spear-men,' as Saxons were
' Sword-men ' (see i^xon). The notion of ' free '
associated with Frank is appar. later: see
frank^, a.] 1. A member of a body of Ger-
manic tribes which coalesced under this name
in the third century, and afterward separate<l
into three groups, the Chatti, the Ripuarian
Franks, and the Salian or Salic Franks. The
Kipnarians dwelt along the Rhine, near Cologne. The
Salians occupied the country on the lower Rhine, and in
the fifth centtiry. under Clovis. overthrew the Roman
jiower in Gaul, founded the Merovingian Frankish mon- ,
arcliy, and gave origin to the name France.
Frank
2. [A readoption of the Oriental form of the
European name Frank, originating at the time
of the crusades, when the Fraulis (that is, the
French, and by extension the other nations of
2362
3. In carp., to form the joint of, as that of
a window-sash where the crosspieces of the
frame intersect each other, by cutting away no
more wood than is sufficient to show a miter.
'western Europe) became familiar to the Turks, frank^ (frangk), h. l<fran}fi,v.'] 1. The sig-
■ ■ „ ., . -, . T^ „ ^, nature or indorsement of a person holding the
privilege of franking mail-matter, written or
Arabs, etc. See Feringee.^ A European of the
western nations : a common designation among
the Turks, Arabs, and other Orient-al peoples
for any western foreigner.
Trust not for freedom to the FroiiJt*.
They have & king who buys and sells.
Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86.
"Franit!" quoth the Arab. . . . "Pranks are the fa-
thers of hats, and do not wear guns or swords, or red caps
upon their heads, as you do."
H. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 172.
firank'-i (frangk), a. [< UE. frank = D. G. Dan.
Sw. frank; free, < OF. franc, frank, free, at
liberty, exempt from subsidies, etc., liberal,
valiant, etc., honest, etc., = F. franc = Pr.
franc = Sp. Pg. It. franco, < ML. francus, free,
at liberty, exempt from service, etc. ; as a noun,
a free man, a nobleman; prob., and according
to the usual statement, a generalization of the
tribal name Frank, OKGt.Franko, ML. Francus,
a Frank, pi. Franci, the Pranks, the 'free' peo-
ple, in distinction from the tribes in subjection
to them : see Frank'*-. Cf. slaved, a serf, ult. <
Slavs'^, Slav, a Slavonian. Thus franh"^ has no- frank^t (frangk), v. t.
Franklinian
ments changed in the nature of the tenure by
feoffment, etc., from knight-service to certain
yearly service.
frank-fold (frangk'fold), n. \_<frank^ +fold2.-\
In Eng. law, a liberty to fold sheep, as the right
of a landlord to fold sheep on the land of his
tenant; faldage.
impressed on the wrapper in token of the right Frankfort black. See^ Uack,
Having a
of the inclosure to pass free.
Among some franks which were lately given to me were
the undermentioned. I should feel nmch obliged if you
could inform me . . . what in the succession was the writ-
er, judging by the date of my /ran*.
« . , ii. ii. -J j"" ?'i^ '^"Vi ■ i frank-heartedness (frangk 'har" ted -nes)
2. A letter thus indorsed, sent by mail free of r^j^g g^^^^ ^j. ^^„s.\itJ of having a frank or can
jiostage.
frank-hearted (frangk'har"ted), a.
frank, candid disposition.
The /rank-hearted Monarch full little did wot
That she smiled, in his absence, on brave Lancelot.
Scott, Bridal of Triermain, i. 11.
«.
candid
frank^t (frangk), «. and a. [< ME. frank, an in-
closure for fattening swine, poultry, etc., < OF.
franc, a sty for swine, < franc, free, privileged,
reserved: see /ranfc2.] I. n. A pigsty; a pen
for fattening boars.
P. Hen. Where sups he ? Doth the old boar feed in the
old /rank ?
Bard. At the old place, my lord ; in Eastcheap.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 2.
n. a. sty-fed. See I.
When they were once franke and fat, they stoode up to-
gether proudly againste the Lord and his worde.
Bp. Bale, On Revelation, i., sig. I, iiii.
[< WE. franken ; (.frank^.
«.] 1. To shut up in a frank or sty: usually
with up.
Marry, as for Clarence, he is well repaid ;
He is/ra»*'<J up to fatting for his pains.
Shak., Ricit. III., i. 8.
In the sty of this most bloody boar
My son George Stanley is frank'd up in hold.
SAaifc., Rich. III., iv. 5.
2. To feed; cram; fatten.
The frank'd hen, fatten'd with milk and corn.
Middleton, Game at Chess, v. 3.
frank^t, «• -A- former spelling oi franc.
frank^ (frangk), n. [Said to be imitative.] A
name of the heron, Ardea cinerea. [Local,
Great Britain.]
frankalmoin, frankalmoigne (frangk 'al-
moin), n. [< OF. franc almoigne, etc.: see
frank^ and almoin. ] Free almoin ; in Eng. law,
a tenure of land free from all temporal ser-
vice ; a tenure by which a religious corporation
thing to do, etymologically, with free or with
/recfei.] 1. Free; open; unrestrained; uncon-
ditioned. [Now rare.]
Thou hast it wouue, for it is of franke gift.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 631.
At that time there is a faire, free and/raji*eof al cus-
tome. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 210.
"Thy frank election make;
Thou hast power to choose, and they none to forsake.
Shak., All's Well, ii. 3.
In such frank style the people lived, hating three
things with all their hearts : idleness, want, and coward-
ice. Froude, Sketches, p. 166.
2. Liberal; generous; not niggardly. [Rare.]
The franke and bountifull Charter granted by king Ed-
ward the first. Ilakluyt's Voyages, To the Reader.
Let them be ever so intelligent, and ever so frank of
their advice. Bacon, Moral Fables, v., Expl.
Being /ran*, she [Nature] lends to those are free.
Shak., Sonnets, iv.
3. Free from disguise or concealment ; candid
in utterance ; sincere and unreserved in man-
ner: as, a /ranfc disposition ; a /ranfc avowal.
TUa frank nature of his is not for secrets.
B. Jonson, Epicoene, i. 1.
4. Freely disclosed; clearly manifest; undis-
guised ; indubitable : as, frank ignorance or
poverty.
The gastric appearances somewhat resembled those
shown in a case of death after operation for removal of
the uterine appendage, although there frank peritonitis
coexisted. Med. Neics, L. 306.
Iftndin the performances of these puppets . . . Sifrank
admission of unreality that makes every shadow of veri-
similitude delightfuL Howells, Venetian Life, v.
6f. Unrestrained; using free license.
Might not be found afrancker franion.
Of her leawd parts to make companion.
Spenser, F. Q., II. it 37.
Over the fields, in his franke lustinesse,
And all the champaiu ore he [a butterfly] soared light.
Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 148.
Cliaste to her husband, frank to all beside.
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 71.
=gyil. 3. Open, In{/ennous, etc. (see candid); plain, un-
resei'ved, undisguised.
frank^ (frangk), V. t. [= OF. frankir, franquir
(var. of franchir: see franchise, v.), free, = It.
francare, free, exempt (and cf. franchise, v.);
from the adj.: see frank^, a.] 1. To send or
cause to be sent by public conveyance free of • ,i, ,-,...,
expense: as, to frank a letter. The privilege of *^S^M!'JV^v.^™°Sr,L"!:??
franking their own letters through the post, by indorsing ' '" " "
their names on them, and also of giving franks to their
friends, belonged to the members of the British Parliament
from aljout 1660 till 1840, when it was abolished on the
establishment of penny postage. The practically unlim-
ited franking privilege formerly enjoyed by members of
the United States Congress and many officers of govern-
ment was abolished in 1873 ; but provision was afterward
made for the free transmission of mail-matter relating to
olhcial business, by the use of special envelops, etc.
quality (
disposition. Craig.
Franklfy (f rang'ki-fi), V. t. ; pret. and pp. Frank-
ified, ppr. Frankifying. [< Frank^, 1, + -f-/i/.]
To give a Frankish or French appearance or
seeming to; Frenchify. [Rare.]
As for Frankifying their own names, the Greeks do it
worse than we do. Lord Strangford, Letters, p. 150.
frankincense (frangk'in-sens), n. [Formerly
also frankincence ; < ME. frankincens, franken-
sence, franc encens, < OP. franc enccns, < ML.
francuni incensum, lit. pure incense, ' pure ' be-
ing one of the senses of ML. francus and OF.
franc: see frank^ and incetise.'} 1. An aro-
matic gum resin yielded by trees of the genus
BosweUia, much used from ancient times, es-
pecially'for burning as incense in religious
observances. See olibanum. Also called gum
thus.
Whan thei wil schryven hem, thei taken fyre, and sette
it besyde hem and casten therin poudre of /rarw; encens,
Mandeeille, Travels, p. 120.
The priest shall burn . . . all the /rnnfa'ncenne thereof:
it is an offering made by flre unto the Lord. Lev. ii. 16.
The tree which beareth frankincence hath a trunk
or body writhen about, and putteth fortli boughs and
branches, like for all the world to the maple of Pontus.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 14.
Hence — 2. Some other resin resembling oli- '
banum in any way. The common frankincense of
druggists is the concrete turpentine which collects upon
the ti-unks of the pines in the turpentine-lands of tiie south-
ern United States. It is a semi-opaque pale-yellow resin,
and is used in the composition of plasters. A similar resin
from the Pinus Tceda was formerly used in the churches
of Europe as a substitute for olibanum.
might hold lands to them and their successors Frankish (frang ' kish), a. [< ME. Frankish,
for ever, on condition of praying for the soul
of the donor. This is the tenure by which almost all
the old monasteries and religious houses held their lands,
and by which the parochial clergy and very many ecclesi-
astical and eleemosynary foundations hold them to this
day, the nature of the service being in the Reformation
altered and made conformable to the usage of the Church
of England.
The lands of ecclesiastical corporations are to this day
said to be held by the tenure of frank almoigne or free
alms, though the explanation which originally supported
the fiction of a tenure has disappeared since the Reforma-
tion. F. Pollock, Land Laws, p. 34.
The essence of the donation in Frankalmoigne was that
it was a gift to God in free and perpetual alms, and there-
fore it could never be held or enjoyed by any but a " re-
ligious corporation." In other words, no gift in Frank-
almoigne could be bestowed upon a parish or a layman.
A', and Q., 6th ser., XIL 619.
frank-bank (frangk'bangk), n.
bench.
frank-chase (frangk'chas), n. In Eng. law, a
right of liberty of free chase, whereby persons
having lands within its limits are prohibited
from cutting down any wood, etc., even in their
own demesnes, to the prejudice of the right.
Also called free-chase.
The forest is the most noble of all, for it is a franchise
of so princely a tenure that, according to our laws, none
but the King can have a forest ; if he chance to pass one
over to a subject, it is no more forest, hnt franck-chace.
Howell, Letters, iv. 16.
«. [After Johann
Franke (John F)-dnkenius) (1590-1661), profes-
sorofmedicineatUpsala.] Agenusof lowand
heath-like perennial herbs or undershrubs, also
constituting the natural order PrankeniacecE,
and nearly allied to the Cari/ophyllacece. There
are about 30 species, widely distributed, but mostly found
near the sea or in saline localities. The sea-heath, F.
Icevis, is common in Europe, and 3 species are found in
western North America.
The representatives of the people . . . begin to make Frankeniacese (frang-ke-ni-a'se-e), »!. p?. A
distinctions, by making exceptions of themselves in the
laws. I'hey may /ran* letters; they are exempted from
arrests, etc. J. Adams, On Government.
Hence — 2. To facilitate the passage or move-
ments of; give the right of way to, as a traveler.
[Rare.]
English itself, which will nov frank the traveller through
the most of North America, through the greater South Sea
Islands, in India, along much of the coast of Africa, and
in the ports of China and Japan.
JH L. Stevenson, The Foreigner at Home.
natural order of shrubs, represented by the
genus Frankenia.
franker (frang'k6r), n. One exercisingthepriv-
ilege of franking mail-matter, ^ee frank*, v.
frank-fee (frangk'fe),». [< /ra«ifc2 4-/ee2.] In franklmgt, »■
Eng. law
freehold.
Frenkisch; cf. AS. Frencisc (> E. French: see
French) = OHG. Frenkisc, MHG. Vrenkisch, G.
Frdnkisch (ML. Franciscus); as Frank^ + -ish\.']
1. Relating or pertaining to the Franks.
Their [the Karlings'] dominion marked the predomi-
nance of the eastern part of the Frankish realm.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 5.
2. Of or pertaining to Europeans: said with
reference to the Oriental use of Frank^.
franklandite (frangk'lan-dit), n. [After the
English chemist Frankland.'] A hydrous borate
of calcium and sodium, allied to ulexite, found
in Peru.
frank-law (frangk'la), 11. [< frank^ + law.'\
Free or common law, or the rights a person en-
joys under it.
Same as/ree- franklin (frangk')in),»i. \<.WE,.franklen,frank-
eleyn, francoleyn, < OF. *frankeleyn,franch€leyn,
ML. francliilanus, aceom. of a theoretical G.
'frankling (cf. frankling), < ML. francus, frank,
free (seefrank'^, a.), + -ling. The same termi-
nation, similarly changed, appears in chamber-
lin, chamberlain, q. v. Hence the proper name
Franklin.'] If. A freeman.
First he [Joseph] was here als our thain,
Bot now es he for ai frankelain.
Cursor Mundi, 1. 5373.
2. Formerly, in England, a freeholder; a yeo-
man; originally, a person distinguished from
the common freeholder by the extent of his pos-
sessions, and by his eligibility to the dignities
of sheriff, knight of the shire, etc. ; in later
times, a small landholder.
Fnl wel biloved and famulier was he [a friar]
\i \th frankeleyns over al in his cuntre.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 216.
Provide me presently
A riding suit, no costlier than would fit
A /ra)lH»K's housewife. Shak., I'ymbeline, iii. 2.
In everything that relates to science, I am a whole En-
cyclopicdia behind the rest of the world. I should have
scarcely cut a figure among the franklins, or country gen-
tlemen, in King John's days. Lamb, Elia, p. 87.
&ee franklin.
(a) A holding of lands in fee simple ; Frankling, libertns, municeps. Levins, Manip. Vocab.
(6) Freehold lands exempted from Franklinian (frangk-lin'i-an), a. .-[< Fi-anklin
all services, but not from homage
frank-ferm (frangk'fSrm), n. [< frank^ + ferm.
farm: see farm^.^ In Eng. law, lands or tene
(see def.) -f -ian.'] Of or pertaining to Benja-
min Franklin (1706-90): as, the Franklitiianex-
periments in electricity.
■
FranUuiian
The whole science oJ electricity, so far aa it is known,
according to the Franklinian theory.
Deluze, Auini. -Mag. Eug. (trans.), p. 400.
Frankllnic (frangk-lin'ik), a. [< Franklin (see
franklinian) + -ic] In elect., frietional: an
epithet applied to electricity excited by fric-
tion.
Lectures on Electricity (Dynamic and Franklinic).
VaU, iled. Cat., p. 12.
I'ranklinism (frangk'lin-izm), ». [< Franklin
(see Franklinic) + -ism.'] Same as frietional
eleetrieitg. See electricity.
It has also been called ''frietional " electricity, from the
mode of it8 production ; and also " Franklinic " electricity,
or FranUiniiin. E. C. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 65«.
franklinite (frangk'lin-it), n. [< Franklin (see
Uef.) + -i<e'A] An oxid of iron, zinc, and man-
ganese, belonging to the spinel group. It occurs
m octalietiral crystals and rounded jirains, ofa black color
and metallic luster; it resembles magnetite, but is feebly
If at all magnetic. It is found in Sew Jersey near the vil-
lage of Franklin or Franklin Furnace (whence the name),
aaaf>ciated with the zinc oxid zincite, the zinc silicate wil-
leniite, the manganese silicates rhodonite and tephroite,
ami other speties.
firanklinization (frangk'lin-i-za'shon), n. [<
"franklinize (< Franklin (see Franklinic) + -ize)
+ -ation.} The therapeutic application of frie-
tional electricity.
Another method that may be applied during the day is
general /ran*fmtzafion. Med. .V«w«, L. 509.
frankly (frangk'li), adv. 1. In a frank or
unreserved manner; without reserve or dis-
guise; candidly: as, to confess one's faults
frankly.
He owned me/rankly he had been much imposed upon
by those false accounta of things he had heard in the coun-
try. Addison, Conversion of the Foxhunter.
2. Freely; without hindrance or restraint; will-
ingly. [Now rare.]
When they had nothing to pay, be/ranily forgave them
both. Luke vil. i-i.
O, were it but my life,
I'd throw it down for your deliverance
Ai/rankly as a pin. Shak., M. for M., UL 1.
Her father and myself (lawful espials)
Will so bestow ourselves tliat, seeing, unseed.
We may of their encoooter/ranUw Judge.
Shai., Hamlet, UL 1.
"^Syn. See/ran*2, a.
frank-marriage (frangk'mar'aj), n. [ME.
frnnkr maridt/e, < OP. franc mariage: see
frank- aud marriage.'] In old F.ng. law, an es-
tate of inheritance given to a man together
with his wife (being a daughter or near relative
of the donor), and descendible to the heirs of
their two bodies begotten, to be held free of ser-
vice other than fealty, to the fourth genera-
tion.
But you wil I gif gentilly, sire, of myne, . . .
With my fair doughter U\/Tanke mariage:
For other haue uon discended of my lyne.
Rom. o/ I'arttnay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1506.
frankness (frangk'nes), n. 1. Plainness of
speech; candor; openness; ingenuousness: as,
he told me his opinion with frankness.
With this candour does the gentleman speak of himself
and others. The nme/rankneu runs through all his con-
versation. Steele, Spectator, >'o. 2.
Ttie ease of his manner freed me from painful restraint ;
the friendly /ranJbwM, as correct as cordial, with which
he treated me, drew me to him.
Charlotte Bronti, Jane Eyre, xv.
Frederick of Prussia said, with a commendable /rank-
net; that he always found the Ood of Battles on the side
of the strongest regiments. Sumner, Orations, I. &r>.
2t. Liberality; boimteousness.
He [ Verrio] was expensive, and kept a great table, and
often pressed ttie king for money with a freedom which
hii nnijeitty's oyfii/ratiknees indlUged.
Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, III. i.
frank-pledge (frangk'plej), n. [< OP. franc
pifye: st^efrank^ and pledge.] laoldFng.law:
(a) A i)le<lge or surety for the good behavior
of freemen ; specifically, an early English sys-
tem by which the members of each decennary
or tithinR, composed of ten households, were
made responsible for one another, so that if
one of them committed an offense the other
nino were bound to make reparation.
The Articles of the View of Frank-pU'dge were part of
the Counnon l.aw, but were also enacted in Acts of Parlia-
ment, and were added to from time to time, as fresh cir-
cumstances ariMe.
Quoted in Englith Gilds (E. E. T. S), Int., p. xil.
The association of ten men in common responsibility
legally em)>o4lied in tlie frlthtjorh or frankjAedqe.
Stuhbs, Const, hist, I 41.
Who that has otiserved the common responsiliility of
the dwellers in a Chinese street for the preservation of
order in that street, has not been reminded of the old
StLXOH /rank-iAedge f Science, VI. 479, Supp.
2363
(6) A member of a decennary thus bound in
pledge for his neighbors, (c) The decennary
or tithing itself.
frank-service (frangk'sfer'vis), H. Service per-
formoJ by freemen.
frank-tenant (frangk'ten'ant), n. A free-
holder, .ftimson.
frank-tenement (frangk'ten"e-ment), n. In
Eng. law: (a) The possession of the soil by a
freeman. Hence — (6) An estate of freehold.
fransicalt, a- [< fransy (= frenzy) + -ic-al.
Ct frantic] Frantic. Davies.
A certain /raiwicai nialadie they call Love.
Sir P. Sidney, Wanstead Play, p. 619.
fransy t, «• See frenzy.
frantic (fran'tik), a. and n. [Formerly fran-
tick, frentick, frantik, also phrantick, phrentick;
< HE. frentik, frenetik, < OF. frenetique, F.fre-
nitique = Ft. frenetic = Sp. freneticc = Pg. It.
frenetico, < ML. freneticus, L. phreneticus or
phreniticus (whence E. also phrenetic), < Gr.
ippevr/TtKo^, correctly (jipevtriKoc mad, suffering
from inflammation of the brain (phrenitis), <
<j>pei'l-ii, inflammation of thebrain,< ^pi7i'(^per-),
the brain: see phrenitis. Ci. fransy =frcmy,
and frenetic = phrenetic. ] I. a. 1 . Mad ; raving ;
wild; distracted: as,/raHHc with fear or grief.
"Wel artow wyse," quod she to Wltte, "any wysdomes
to telle
To flaterercs or to folia that/ran/t/i ben of wittes !"
Fieri Plowman (B), x. 6.
Shall the wild words of tills distemper'd man.
Frantic with age and sorrow, make a breach
Betwixt your majesty and me?
Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, Iv. 2.
.Some few hours more
Spent here would turn me apish, if not /ran<»e.
Ford, Lover's Melancholy, iv. 2.
2. Characteriied by violence and mental disor-
der ; springing from madness or distraction.
Blood to blood, self against self : O, preposterous
And/roii(ic outrage ! Shak., Rich. III., ii. 4.
About this time a franiick Opinion was held by one
Peter Bourchet, a Gentleman of the Middle Temple, That
it was lawful to kill them that opposed the Truth of the
Gospel. Baker, Chronicles, p. 349.
To violate even. prejudices which have taken deep root
in the minds of a people is scarcely expedient ; to think
of extirpating natural appetites and passions \» frantic.
Maeaulay, Mitford's Hist. Greece.
=Byn. 1. Distracted, infuriate, frenzied, raging.
U.t n. A frenzied person ; a madman.
Fantastik/raiifijts, that would innovate.
And every moment change your form of state.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., "Vhe Captaines.
Have I put on this habit of ^frantic, '
With love as full of fury, to beguile
The nlnil)le eye of watchful Jealousy?
Middletan and Hotcley, Changeling, Iv. 3.
frantict (fran'tik), v. i. [< frantic, a.] To run
about frantically.
First (the needle|/ran/iM up and down from side to side.
And restless beats his crystal'd iv'ry case.
Quartes, Emblems, v. 4.
frantically (fran'ti-kal-i), adv. In a frantic or
furious manner; madly; wildly,
franticly (fran'tik-li), adv. Same as frantically.
Fie, lie, how /ranticty I square my talk !
Shak., Tit. And., ill. 2.
frantic-madt (fran'tik-mad), a. Quite mad;
raving mad.
Past cure I am, now reason is past care.
And /ranttc-mod with evermore unrest.
Shak., Sonnets, cxlvli.
franticness (fran'tik-nes), «. The state of be-
ing frantic : distraction; frenzy.
franzy (fran'zi), n. An obsolete or dialectal
form ot frenzy.
franzy (fran'zi), o. [ifranzy, n., with modified
sense of frantic, a.] Cross; fretful. [Prov.
Eng.]
Her hair won't curl, all I can do with it, and she's so
franzy about having it put up i' paper.
Oeorge Eliot, Mill on the Floss, I. 2.
frap (frap), V. ; pret. and pp. frapped, ppr./ra;)-
ping. [In def. I., 1, a var. of earlier j'rape,
q. V. ; in def. I., 2, directly < F. f rapper, strike,
knock, naut. fix, fasten : see frape.'] I. trans.
1. To strike; smite. [Prov. Eng.]
Wliose heart was frapped with such surpassing woe, as
neither teare nor word could issae forth.
Palace of Ptfamre, II., sig. B b 3.
2. yaut., to secure by many turns of a lashing.
At length, John . . . succeeded, after a hard struggle,
. . . in smothering it [the sail], antl./'r-a;'/M';t'7 it with long
pieces of sinnet. It. H. Dana, Jr. , Before the Mast, p. 250.
H. intrans. To fly into a passion. [Prov.
Eng.]
frap(frap), «. [i frap, v.] A violent fit of rage.
[Prov. Eng.]
frater
frapet, V. t. [ME./Va^>e«, < OF. fraper,f rapper
F. f rapper = Pr. frapar, strike ; prob. of Tent,
origin, u\t. <flapi, q. v.] Same asfrap^, 1.
With niyn a'x I sclial hem frape,
Ther schal no Sarezyn escape.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 2513.
frapef, n. [ME. frape, frappe, a crowd; cf. E.
dial. /raps, noise, perhaps < OF. fraper, frapper,
F. f rapper, strike: see frape, v.] A company;
a crowd ; a multitude ; a rabble ; a mob.
My faire suster Polyxene,
Cassandre, Eleyne, or any of the frape.
Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 410.
He . . . (fyghttezwithallethe/'rajjpeafurlangeof waye,
ffelled fele appone felde witli his faire wapene.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2091.
fraplet.f. «'. [Freq. of /rap, /rape.] To bluster.
The lamentable plight of the east provinces under Va-
lens deceived by his courtiers, and making much of these
frapling lawyers and petiefoggers.
Holland, tr. of Amraianus (1609)l
Controwle you once, then you begin to fraple.
Ashmoles Theatrum Chemicum Brit. (1662), p. 324.
fraplert (frap'ler), n. l< fraple, v., + -eri.] A
blusterer ; a rowdy.
I say to thee thou art rude, debauched, impudent, coarse,
unpolished, Sifrapter, and base.
B. Jonson, Cyntltia's Revels, iv. 1.
fraplingt (frap'ling), n. [Verbal n. ot fraple, v.]
Quarreling; strife.
Idomeneus in frapling prompt.
What mean'st thou tlms to prate ?
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 39.
frapp6 (fra-pa'), a. [P., pp. of frapper, strike,
smite : see frap, v.] Made very cold by the ap-
plication of ice : said of wine, and, in French
restaurants, of water: as, a carafe /rapjie'e, a
water-bottle fiUed and artificially frozen.
frappett, n. [Origin obscure.] A term of en-
dearment.
Why, my little /rappef you, I heard thy uncles talk of
thy riches, that tliou hadst hundreds a year.
Wilkins, Miseries of Enforced Marriage, v.
frapping (frap'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of frap, v.,
q. v.] Fretful; peevish. ► [Prov. Eng.]
frappisht, «. [Var. froppish, q. v. ; equiv. to
frapping; < frap + -ishX.] Fretful ; peevish.
Kennett, MS. Lansdowne, 1033. (Halliuelt.)
fraryt, «• [ME., also freyry; < OF. frarie, F.
frairie, < ML. fratria, a brotherhood, fraternity,
< L. frater, brother: see/ra<er.] A brother-
hood ; a fraternity.
The order of foles . . .
Nombre of thys/rory, is Ix. and lij.
Lydgale, Minor Poems, p. 164.
We be all off afreyry;
I ame sour awne brother.
The nam of King Arlhttr (Clilld's Ballads, I. 26).
Frasera (fra'ztr-ft), «. [NL., named after John
Fraser, an English botanist (1750-1817).] A
North American genus of gentianaceous plants,
ha'ving a single erect stem from a mostly bien-
nial thick bitter root, and numerous usually
dull-white flowers. There are 8 species, of which F.
Carolineiuris is tlie only one that is found in the Atlantic
States. Its root, known as American columbo, resembles
gentian in Its properties, and is used as a tonic.
frasier (fra'zi^r), M. [< OF. fraisier, frasier, F.
fraisier, a strawberry-plant, < fraise, a straw-
berry : see fraise^.] In her. : (a) A straw-
berry-plant, perhaps used only in the arms of
the family of Fraser as a rebus, (b) A cinque-
foil, a supposed representation of a strawberry-
leaf.
fratch (frach), V. i. [< ME. fracchen, creak.]
It. To creak, as a cart. Prompt. Parv., pp. 76,
175. — 2. To quarrel ; brawl. [Prov. Eng.]
O, Dfinald, ye are just the man
Who wlien he gets a wife
Begins to fratrh.
Mist Blamire, Cumberland Songs.
3. To sport ; frolic. [Prov. Eng.]
fra'tch (frach), «. [</rafc/i, r.] 1. A quarrel
or brawl.
I ha* never had no fratch afore sin ever I were bom wl'
any o' my like ; Gonnows I ha' none now that's o' my
niakin'. Dickens, Hard Times, xx.
2. A rude, quarrelsome fellow. — 3. A frolic-
some child. [Prov. Eng. in all senses.]
fratclier(frach'6r),»i. A scold. Brockett. [Prov.
Eng.]
fratchy (frach'i), a. [</ra«cft + -yl.] Quar-
relsome. [Prov. Eng.]
frater (fra'tfer), n. [< li. frater = E. brother:
see fraternal, friar, etc., and brother.] 1. A
brother; a friar; a monk. — 2t. One who as-
sumes the garb and character of a begging friar.
See the extracts.
A Frater is a l)rother of as damnd a broode as the rest :
his office Is to trauell with a long wallet at his backe, and
frater
m blacke box »t his girdle, wherein is a pattent to beg for
some Hoapitall or Spittle house.
Dekker, Belman of London, sig. C, 3.
A/ra/^rgoeth wyth a like Lisence to beg for some Spit-
tlehouae or Hospital. Their pray is commonly upon poore
women as they go and come to the Markets.
Quoted in Kibton-Tumer's Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 593.
Fratercula (fra-ter'ku-la), H. [NL., appar. in
allusion to the puffed-out beak or the swelling
breast of the puffin (see puffin), < L. fratercu-
lare, used by Plautus in comic imitation, and
with the sense, of sororiare, swell up alike (of
the breasts), <. fraterculus, dim. ot frater = E.
brother, as sororiare < soror = E. sister.'^ A
genus of marine diving-birds of the family Al-
cidtB; the puffins or masked auks. They have
three-toed webbed feet, very short wings and tail, the bill
exceedingly compressed and vertically ridged, with its
gayly colored horny covering deciduous, a rosette at the
angle of the mouth, and fleshy appendages of the eyelids.
The common puffin is F. arctica ; the horned puffin, F.
eornicvlata. The tufted puffin, F, cirrata, is sometimes
placeil in this genus, but now oftener called Luiida cirra-
ta. The genus gives name with some to a subfamily Fra-
tercxUin(B. See pujin,
fratercule (frat'6r-lml), n. [< L. fraterculus,
dim. oi frater = E. hrother.'\ In ornith., a spe-
cies or variety which differs from another only
or chiefly in being of smaller size. [Rare.]
Most of the species [of Cotj/mbidte or Podicipedid(S]are,
as it were, duplicated : that is, there is another scarcely
ditTering except in size, one being the/ra(ere«te, or "lit-
tle brother," of the other.
Coueg, Birds of the Northwest, p. 723, 1874.
Fraterculinae (fra-t6r-ku-U'ne), n. 2>l- [NL., <
Fratercula + -ince.l Asiibfamilyof ^icirfoB. See
Fratercula.
firater-houset (fra'tfer-hou's), n. [< frailer +
hout-e ; the first element, as also in the equiv.
fratery, fratry, being assimilated to Ij. frater,
brother (ML. friar), as if "domus in qua fra-
tres una comedunt in signum mutui amoris "
(the house in which the brethren eat together
in token of mutual love). See/ra!<er.] Same
as /rafter.
fraternal (fra-tfer'nal), o. [= F. fraternel =
Pr. Sp. Pg. fraternal = It. fraternale, < ML.
fraternali,", < L. fraternus, brotherly, < frater
z='E. brother : see frater.'] Brotherly; pertain-
ing to brethren ; proceeding from or becoming
to brothers: as, /rater«a J interest; a, fraternal
embrace.
I also, in my capacity and proportion, may do some of
the meaner offices of spiritual building, by prayers, and by
holy discourses, and fraternal correption.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 144.
Fraternal tenderness arose in all its warmth, and totally
effaced from his [Joseph'sl generous breast the impres-
sion of their ancient crueltie. H. Blair, Works, I. xiii.
= Syn. Brotherly. Fraternal. See brotherly.
fraternally (fra-t6r'nal-l), adv. In a fraternal
manner.
firatemate (frat'6r-nat), V. i. [< L. fraternus,
brotherly, + E. -ate^.] To fraternize. Jeffer-
son. [Rare.]
fratemation (frat-6r-na'shon), n. [< frater-
nale + -ion. Cf. ML. fraterrMcio{n-), equiv. to
LL. fraternita(t-)s, a society.] Fraternization.
Jefferson. [Rare.]
fraternisation, fraternise, etc. See frater-
nization, etc.
fratemism (frat'6r-nizm), re. [< L. fraternus,
brotherly (»ee fraternize), + E. -ism.] Frater-
nization. Jefferson. [Rare.]
fraternity (fra-t6r'ni-ti), re.; -pi. fraternities
(-tiz). (< Mfi. fratefnite, < OF. fraternite, P.
fraternite = Sp.fratemidad = Pg. fraiernidade
= It. fraternita, < IAj. fraternita(t-)s, a brother-
hood, a fraternity, < L. fraternus, brotherly, <
frater = E. brother : see fraternal, friar, bro-
ther.] 1. The relationship of a brother; the
condition of being a brother or of being bro-
thers; brotherhood. E. Phillips, 1706. Hence
— 2. That mutual interest and affection which
is characteristic of the fraternal relation ; bro-
therly regard and sympathy for others, regard-
less of relationship by blood; brotherhood in
general.
For you I have only a comrade's constancy : a fellow-
soldier's frankness, fidelity, fraternity, if you like ; a neo-
phyte's respect and submission to his hierophant ; nothing
more. Charlotte Bronte. Jane Eyre, xxxiv.
The first aspect in which Christianity presented itself to
the world was as a declaration of the/ra(ernt7i/ of men in
Christ. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 19.
3. A body of men associated by some natural
tie, as of common interest or character, of com-
mon business or profession, or by some formal
tie, as of organization for religious or social
purposes ; a company ; a brotherhood ; a so-
ciety: as, a. fraternity of monks; a college /ra-
ternity.
2364
In ye begynnyug it is ordeynede yat y\i fraternite shal
be holden, at ye Chirche of seint Botulphe forsayde, on ye
sonday next folowande ye Epiphany of oure lorde,
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 15.
With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak
of their own/ra(er«i(j/.' South, Sermons.
Their first charter, in which they are styled Peyntoui-s,
was granted in the (jth of Edward IV., but they had existed
as & fraternity long before.
Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, I. iv.
The constitutions of many college fraternities are now
open to the Inspection of faculties ; the most vigorous iiub-
lish detailed accounts of their conventions and social gath-
erings. Tlie Century, XXXVI. 759.
4. Specifically, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., an organ-
ization of laymen for pious or charitable pur-
poses, as the special worship of Christ, the honor
of the Virgin Mary or of particular saints, the
care of the distressed, sick, or dead, etc. Also
called confraternity, gild, or sodality. = syn. 3 and
4. .Association, circle, sodality, league, clan.
fraternization (frat'''er-ni-za'shon), re. [= F.
fraternisation = Pg. fratcrnisa^ao ; as frater-
nize + -ation.] , The act of fraternizing, or of
associating and holding fellowship as brethren.
Also syeWeA. fraternisation.
This was the beginning of a series of fratevnizaiions
among the churches of New Albion,
The Century, XXV. 63.
fraternize (frat'er-niz), V. ; pret. and pp. fra-
ternized, ppr. fraternizing. [< F. fraterniser =
Sp. Pg. fraternizar = It. fraternizzare, < ML.
fratemizare, < L. fraternus, brotherly : see fra-
ternal.] I. intrans. To associate, sympathize,
or hold fellowship as brothers ; hold brotherly
intercourse ; have sympathetic relations.
I am jealous of your fraternizing with Bowles, when I
thinic you relish him more than Burns, or my old favourite
Cowper. Lamb, To Coleridge.
II, trans. To bring into fraternal association
or into sympathy. [Rare.]
A regular correspondence for fraternizing the two na-
tions had also been carried on by Societies in London with
a great number of Jacobin Societies in France.
Burke, Conduct of the Minority.
It might have . . . reconciled and fraternized my soul
with the new order. Mrs. Browning.
Also spelled /ratemtse.
fratemizer (frat'6r-ni-zfer), n. One who fra-
ternizes, or desires to promote fraternization.
Also spelled fraterniser.
Here again I join issue with the fraternizers, and posi-
tively deny the fact. Burke, A Regicide Peace, iv.
frateryt, ». Same as fruiter.
Fraticelli (frat-i-sel'i), n. pi. [It., little bro-
thers, pi. dim. otfrate, a monk, < L. frater, bro-
ther, ML. a friar, monk: see friar.] Same as
FratricelU.
fratriaget, fratraget (fra'tri-aj, -traj), n. [ML.
fratriagium, < fratria, a fraternity (cf . friary),
<li. frater z=E. brother.] lulaw: (a) Ayoung-
er brother's inheritance. (6) A partition of an
estate among coheirs.
FratricelU (frat-ri-sel'i), n. pi. [ML., lit. little
brothers, dim. of h. frater, Tpl.fratres, brother.]
The common designation of a body of reformed
Franciscans authorized by Pope Celestine V. in
1294, under the name of Poor Hermits, who af-
terward defied the authority of the popes, re-
jected the sacraments, and held that Chris-
tian perfection consists in absolute poverty.
They were severely persecuted, but continued
as a distinct sect until the fifteenth century.
Also Fraticelli.
fratricidal (frat'ri-si-dal), a. [< fratricide +
-al.] Pertaining to or involving fratricide : as,
a, fratricidal war.
Wherefore should we leap.
On one band, into .fratricidal tight.
Or, on the other, yield eternal right?
Whittier, A Word for the Hour.
fratricide! (frat'ri-sid), «. [< OF. (also F.)
fratricide = Sp. Pg. It. fratricida, < L. fratri-
cida, one who murders a brother, < frater, = E.
brother, + -cida, a killer, < ccedere, kill.] One
who murders or kills a brother.
The infamous./'rafncide was presently thrown from his
usurped greatness. L. Addison, Western Barbary, p. 16.
Now, while the fratricides of France
Are treading on the neck of Rome.
Whittier, To Pius IX.
fratricide^ (frat'ri-sid), n. [< OF. (also F.)
fratricide = Sp. Pg. It. fratricidio, < 1j. fratri-
cidium, the murder of a brother, < frater, bro-
ther, -I- -cidium, a killing, < cwdere, kill.] The
act of murdering or killing a brother.
The nnirderer the assises after was condemned, and the
law could but only hang him, though he had committed
matricide &ni\ fratricide. Howell, Letters, iv. 43.
fratryt, »• Same as frailer.
fraudless
The true kitchen being a building with great central
fireplaces, conimunicating through hatches with both the
fratry of the choir monks and the hall of the conversi.
Atheiuxum, Sept. 22, 18S8, p. 391.
fraud (frad), «. [< ME. fraud, fraude, < OF.
fraude, F. fraude = Pr. frau = Sp. Pg. It.
fraude, < L. fraus (fraud-). Oh. fr us, a cheat-
ing, deceit, guile, fraud, delusion, error, etc.
Perhaps connected with Skt. dhurta, shrewd,
knavish, <v' rfAt'ar, bend or make crooked, hariifl
by deceit; with this root are connected E. dull^,
dwale, dwell, etc.] 1. An act or course of de-
ception deliberately practised with the view of
gaining a wrong or unfair advantage ; deceit ;
trick ; an artifice by which the right or interest
of another is injured.
Sclio kayres to Karelyone, and kawghte hir a vaile,
Askes thate the habite in the lionoure of Criste,
And alle for falsede, and /rawde, and fere of hir loverde *.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3919.
The/rattd of men was ever so.
Since summer first was leavy.
Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3 (song).
Where fraud is permitted and connived at, or has no
law to punish it, the honest dealer is always undone.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, i. 6.
For when success a lover's toils attends,
Few ask if force or fraud attain'd his ends.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 34.
2. Specifically, in law, an artifice employed by
one person for the purpose of deceiving ano-
ther, to the prejudice of his right; the causing
or making use of the error of another for the
attainmentofanillegal object. Puchta, ii., fol. 6.
It includes the secreting or disposing of property with dis-
honest intent to impair the rights or remedies of its own-
er or of a creditor of its owner, and the unjust and uncon-
scionable use of a technical legal advantage which equity
forbids.
3t. A position artfully contrived to work dam-
age or prejudice ; a snare.
Cffisar was informed of all their plots; he knew their
deseignments, their places, their open and secret deuises,
and turned the enemies /rawd to his owne destruction.
Grenewly, tr. of Annals of Tacitus, p. 38,
To all his angels he proposed
To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud.
That he might fall in Ranioth.
Milton. P. R., i. 371.
4. A deceiver; a cheat; a pretender; also, a
fraudulent production; something intended to-
deceive. [Colloq., U. S.] —Actual fraud, or f^ud
in fact, a fraud in which there is an actual wrongful in-
tent to deceive or take advantage of deception ; a false
representation of fact, made with a knowledge of its false-
hood, or in reckless di-sregard of its tnith or falsity, with
the intent and effect of inducing another to act thereon. —
Constructive fraud, legal fraud, an act or course of
conduct which, if sanctioned by law, would, either in the
particular case or in common experience, secure an un-
conscional)le advantage, irrespective of the existence or
evidence of actual intent to defraud. Thus, if a trustee
takes a conveyance to himself of the trust property, though
on paying what he deems its fidl value into the trust fund,
the transaction is constructively fraudulent as to any ben-
eficiaries not having full knowledge, and intelligently and
freely assenting, even though his estimate of the value
was fair and just; because to sanction such a use of the
power of a trustee would in general produce results in
legal efi'ect equivalent to actual fraud.— Pious fraud,
(rt) A fraud or deception practised with the intention of
promoting some good object or of sparing pain to the per-
son deceived ; a kindly deception.
May is & pious fraud of the almanac.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
(&) A person who talks piously, but is not pious at heart;
a religions humbug. [Colloq.]— Statute Of Frauds, an
English statute of 1677, reenacted in varying forms in near-
ly all of the United States, requiring written memoranda
to make valid many classes of contracts ; the statute being
named from its intent to put an end to frauds and per-
juries in claiming contracts to have been actually made
in cases where there had been only negotiations. — YazOO
Frauds Act. See rtc^=Syn. 1. Deceit, Deception, Fraud
{^va deceit); circumvention, imposition, cheat, cheating.
fraudt (frad), V. t. [< ME.frauden, < OF. fraii-
der, F. frauder = Pr. OSp. Pg. fraudar = It.
fraudare, < li. fraudare, cheat, defraud, (.fraus
(fraud-), irand: aee fraud, n. Ct. defraud.] To
cheat; defraud.
The hijre of goure werkmen . . . that is .fraudid of
3on. Wyclif, Jas. v. 4.
fraudful (frad'ful), a. [< ME./rai/rf/«? ; <fratid
+ -ful.] Full of fraud; characterized by fraud
in act or intent ; trickish.
The welfare of us all
Hangs on the cutting short that./'ra^rf/'iii man.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
No man can Proteus cheat, but, Proteus, leave
Thy fraudful arts, and do not thou deceive.
Dryden, tr. of Vii-gil's Georgics, iv.
From this curst Hour the Fraudful Dame
Of sacred Truth usurps the Name.
Prior, Truth and Falsehood.
fraudfuUy (frad'ful-i), adv. In a fraudful man-
ner ; dishonestly ; treacherously. Johnson.
fraudless (frftd'les), a. l<fraud + -less.] Free
from fraud. Craig.
firandlessly
fraudlessly (fr&d'les-Ii), adv. In a fraudless
manner.
fraudlessness (frad'les-nes), «. The state or
<iuality of being fraudless.
fraudsmant (fradz ' man), n. ; pi. fraudsmen
(-men). [Apparently "a mere nonee-word
framed as a parallel to tradesman.'^ A trick-
.ster; a fraudulent person.
Vol! shall not easily discern between ... a tradesman
an.l Afniudtman. Rev. T. Adams, Worlis, II. 240.
fraudulence (fra'du-lens), n. [< OF. fraudu-
lenee = Sp. Pg. fraudulencia = It. fraudolema,
< h. fraudulentia, fraudulence, < fraudulentus,
fraudulent: see fraudulenf] The quality of be-
ing fraudulent ; dishonesty; trickery.
Tliough the Egyptians lost what they had lent them, yet
it was without any /raudulmce or Injustice on their part
who were the borrower*. South, Worlcs, V. viil.
Euryalus in Virgil wins the race by downright /roudu-
tencf. W. llarte, tr. of Sixth Thebaid of SUtius, note.
fraudnlency (fr4'du-len-si) n. Same aafraud-
fraudulent (fri'du-lent), a. [< ME. fraudu-
lent, < OF. fraudulent = Sp. Pg. fraudulento =
It. fraudolente, fraudolento, < L. fraudulentus.
cheating, fraudulent, ifraus (fraud-), fraud.]
1. Involving or characterized by fraud; pro-
ceeding from or founded on fraud; deceitful:
as, a fraudulent bargain.
Philosophy we are warned to talce heed of : . . . that
philosophy which to bolster heresy or error casteth a
/rauduient show of reason upon things which are indeed
unreasonable. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8.
One writer gravely aasures ns that Maurice of Saiony
learned all bis /rauduletU policy from it [Machlavelli's
J^inceJ- MacaiUai/, Machiavelli.
2. Planning or using fraud; given to the prac-
tice of fraud.
Sin Is/rauduUnt, and beguileth ns with evil under the
ahew of good. IJooktr, Eccles. Polity, v., App. 1.
Many, who are very Just In their dealings between man
and man, will yet be very fraudulent or rapacloui with
regard t<j the publlck. Clarke, Works, II. cxlvUL
Fraudulent bankruptcy, the wilful cheating of credi-
tors by means of tramliilent practices on the part of an In-
solvent : a bankruptcy in which the Insolvent Is acceuory
to the diminution. I)y alienation, abstraction, or conceal
ment. of the fiinils divisible aiiionir hil creditors, with
fraudulent intent. -Fraudulent conveyance. See eon-
veyanee. — Statute of Fraudulent Conveyances. See
Wa(u(.r. =8yn. Uteciljul, tie. (see dtccptiM); diahonest
desigiiiiiK', unfair, knavish, guileful.
fraudulently (fri'du-lent-li), adv. In a fraud-
ulent manner ; by fraud.
He la holy man] dares no more deal unjustly or fraud-
uUntly with his neighbour than he dares to neglect hU
daily prayers aud praises unto Ood.
Bp. Btteridgt, Works, II. xcr.
Upon any Insolvency, they ought to suffer who were weak
enough to lend upon bad security, or they who fraudu-
Irnlttj held out a security that was not valid.
Burke, Kev. In France,
fraudulentness (fr&'du-lent-nes), H. The qual-
ity of being fraudulent. "Bailey, 1727.
ftauglltt(frat),». i<yi¥.. fraught, fraugt, fragt,a,
load, cargo, freight, freight-money (in this sense
2365
frachten, < Dan./rajrte = Sw./roJfcte, lade, load,
fraught ; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To lade ;
load ; freight (a ship).
These marchantz have don /rau(7A( here schippes newe.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, I. Ti.
Something will come along U> fraught your bark.
Masginger, Renegado, v. 4.
Here did the shepheard seeke
Where he his little boate might safely hide.
Till it vi^ fraught with what the world beside
Could not outvalew.
W. Broime, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. B.
Godwin gave counsel to send him [Swane] 50 Ships
fraught with Souldiers. MUton, Hist. Eng., vi.
2. Figuratively, to fill ; store ; charge.
Saint Anthony,
A man with valour /ra«(7A(,
The champion of fair Italy.
The Seven Championt of Christendom (Child's Ballads,
[1.89).
Such Comfort to us here your Letter gives,
Fraught with brisk Eacy Verses.
Cowley, Ans. to Verses sent me to Jersey.
The breeze
Came/rau(7A< with kindly sympathies.
Wordtumrth, White Doe of Rylstone, iv.
iNow used only in the past participle.]
I.t intrans. To form or make up the freight
of a vessel; constitute a vessel's freight or car-
go-
It should the good ship so have swallow'd, and
The fraughting souls within her.
Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
frazU
3t. A chase ; a hunt.
Death hath not struck so fat a deer to-day.
Though many dearer, in this bloody /ray.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 4.
All, on this cry being raised, were obliged to follow the
fray, or chase, under pain of death.
Quoted in Child's Ballads, VI. 116.
= Syn. MiUe, Brawl, etc. See quarreU, n.
fraylf (fra), v. [< ME. frayen, fraien, contend,
dispute, fight, put in fear: an abbr., by apher-
esis, of affray, v., q. v.] I. trans. 1. To put in
fear; terrify; frighten; deter by fear.
If ye be so addicted to the letter, why fray ye the com-
mon people from the literal sense with this bug. telling
them the letter slayeth?
Tyndate, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc, 1850),
[p. 244.
Their service he applyes,
To aide his friendes, or fray his enimies.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 38.
It [the basilisk] frayeth away other Serpents with the
hissmg. It goeth vpright from the belly vpwardes.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 560.
Siveet Phosphor, bring the day ;
Thy light will /roy
These horrid mists. Quarles, Emblems, L 14.
2. To maltreat ; misuse.
Made he thee nou3t? myste thou not blynne?
ror ouerniyche thou/roiedw( that free;
Thoru3-out his bodi no place was inne,
Bothe fleisch & blood thou pullidist with thee.
PolUical Poems, etc. (ed. Funiivall), p. 211.
n. intraris. To contend; combat; fight.
(In some editions the reading is freighting.]
fraught (frat),j). a. Freighted; laden; loaded; «mu imiuen werre. court o/ Low i 682
charged; replete: chiefly in figurative use : as, fra.v^ Itrk'i r r< Ctv fm,,^^ /••.«„— r ■ ' J
Dayly, with Diane eke to light and/raj/e
And holden werre. Cour( of Low, 1.
a scheme fraught with mischief,
frau^htagef (fra'taj), n. [< fraught + -age
cl. freightage.'^ Freight; cargo.
Oar fraughtage, sir,
I have convey'd aboard. Shak., C. of E., iv. 1.
esfregar = It. fregare, < L. frieare, rub : see
/nction.] I. trans. If. To rub; grate.— 2. To
i-ub away the surface of; fret, as cloth by
wearing, or the skin by friction ; especially,
to ravel out the edge of, as a piece of stuff, by
fr».n.,l,t n^^^lU xf -H"' Z -i *." "r"'' ""* ^^^ ^^^^ «f' »« » P^eoe of stuff, by
traugnt-moneyt, n. Money paid for freight or drawing out threads of the warp so that the
for transportation of goods. threads of the weft make a kind of fringe: in
Y*frauaht money, naulnm. this sense nnnAllv -arifh n^if
Y* fraught money, naulum.
Lenm, Manip. Vocab. (E. E. T. S.), p. 10.
fraunchiset, ". and r. See franchise.
Fraunhofer's lines. See line^.
fraietin (frak'se-tin), n. [< Frax(inus) + -et
+ -»»2.] A substance (CioHgOg) obtained by
the action of dilute acids on fraxin.
firazin (frak'sin), n. [< L. frai{inus), ash, -I-
-in^.] A glucoside (C21H22O1S) found in the
bark of the common ash-{ree, Fraxinus excel-
sior, and of the horse-chestnut.
Frazines (frak-sin'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. fraxi-
neus, of ash-wood, < fraxinus, ash.] A small
tribe of the order Oleacew.
f^azinella (frak-si-nel'a), n. [NL., = F. fraxi-
ticlle = Hp. fresnillo, fraxinela = Pg. fraxinella
= lt. frassinella,< h. fraxinus, Hn ash-tree: see — - .-■
Fraxinus.^ A common name for the cultivat- fray2 (fra), n. [< fray^, v. <.] A fret or chafe
ed species of Dictamnus, particularly D. fraxi- in cloth, a eord,^tc. ; I place injured or we^-
ened by rubbing : as, a fray in an angler's line.
this sense usually with out.
We know that a sensitive skin, /rayed by much friction,
becomes thickened and callous if the friction is often re-
Pe»'ed. //. Speticer, Prin. of Psychol., f 510.
I . . . looked upward, and saw a narrow belt or scarf
of silver lire stretching directly across the zenith, with
its loose, frayed ends slowly swaying to and fro down the
slopes of the sky. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 6S.
n. intrans. If. To rub against something.
Ther myght a man haue sein many a helme hurled on
an hepe, and many a shafte and shelde /rayen togeder
Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), ill. 594.
2. To yield to rubbing or fretting; ravel out,
as cloth.
"And pray, sir, what do you think of Miss Moriand's
gown 1 " It is very pretty, madam, " said he, gravely ex-
amining it : " but I do not think it will wash well ; I am
afraid it will /ray." ./on€ .!«<»«>, Northanger Abbey iii.
nrlla.
Fraxinus (frak'si-nus), n. [NL.,< h. fraxinus, an
ash-tree, ash : seefrain^.] A genus of deciduous
trees, containing the common ash, and belong-
ing to the natural order Oleacea. There are about
30 known species, natives of the temperate r^ons of the
Your purest lawns have frays, and cambrics bracks.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, i. 1.
with a var. freight, freyt, freythe: gee quot. un-
der def. 2), < D. tracht = MUi. vruckt, t/recht,
vracht, LOr.fracht (> G. fracht = Dan. fragt =
8w. frnA-f), a load, cargo, freitrht annar nricr ■-"■•'—■■ Ji-^;""' "•"••'" "'"'e lemperaio regions or the //erne*, Hesperides, p. 86
the freighimoney- ="^^0^^*/, "^"yrZ, u::;i^'Su''.^'''^lt^"Jon!r,:tl'loriu"ro'pl '"/fJSst' ^ayinglt (fra'ing), „. [Verbal n. otfrayl, .."
reward (> gi-frchton, earn, gain), prob. = Goth. '» ■ handsome tree with a heavy, tough, and compact '■■ ^^ alarm ; a panic. — 2. Contention ; strug
as if •/■rn-aiA<.»,</ra- = OHO. /nr-, /ir-=: AS <»™"< "' "^-^ "'•-—'' - — ■.— ^ « "i^ =
for-, E.for-1, + Goth, aihts = OHG./'Af = As!
aht, property, possessions, lit. what is owned, <
Goth, ail/an = AS. dgan, have, own: see owe,
oicnl. From the LG. come OF. frait, fret, F.
fret = Pg.frete = Sp. Jlete (ML. f recta, fretta),
freight, freightage, to which is due the change
of vowel, from /rauoAf to late ME. and mod. E.
freight: see freight.] 1. A load; cargo ; freight
(of a ship).
Ful of synne b my secke [sack] :
To the preeat y wole schewe that frauxte.
Mi schip Is chargid, al gooth to wreck*.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 7«
, p. 14.
Ber fraughu more woortbe then all the warea of Inde.
Puttenham, Parthenliules, x.
A* the bark that hath dUchug'd her/rauf7A(
SAa*., TIL And.,1. i
2. The sum paid for the transportation of a
load or cargo. Compare /raKj/i^money.
My fader had not to pay to the master of the ship for
the fraught. . Oa,a Komawrum, p. 80.
Freythe of cariage [var. freyt or freythe. K., freight or
cartage, P. ), vectura. PrJmpt. pirr,., p. 177.
fraught (frAt), r. [< ME. fraughten, fraugten,
rare except in the np. fraught, which remains
the most common form (in the fig. sense) in
mod. E. ; = D. be-^rachten = MLG. vrachten=Q.
— - ......»wiu.7 *..;« ..i„t> » iicM.j, loii^n, ana compact
wood of great value, and employed for many purpoaes
Several varieties are cultivated for ornament. The flow'-
ering ash, F. Omut, Is a small tree of the .Mediterranean
region, which yields a sweet exudation known as manna.
Several of the American specie* are valuable for their
tinilxr and as shade-trees. See oiAl.
frayi (fra), n. [< ME./roy, contention, dispute,
assault, fear; an abbr., by apheresis, of affray,
»., q. v.] 1. An affray; a battle; an assault;
a quarrel with violence.
Ihou woIdUt bleede for niannis nede.
And suffre manye a feerdful /ray.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.),
I rome to tell you things sitli then befallen.
After the bloody /ray at Wakefteld fought
Shak., 3 Hen. VI
The fame that heroes cherish.
The glory earned in deadly fray,
Shall fade, decay, and perish.
Bryant, i>de for an Agricultural Celebration.
R^pp'd on their lx>dkin spears the sprites survey
The growing combat, or assist the /ray.
Pope, R. of the L., v. 56.
2. A brawl ; a riot ; a m6Me.
But Incontynent after dyner, there began a great /ro./e
bltwene som of the gromea and page* of the strangers, and
of the archers of Inglande.
Tis like a lawnie flmiament, as yet
Quite dispossest of either /ray or fret.
Herriek, Hesperldes, p.
n alarm : a name. — « rnntotiH^n • of,.,,.-
gle.
For Arthur was also fallen to grounde with the/r«yin<7e
that thei hurteled to-geder. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), liT 3S9.
due their endeuoure to mayntalne their tyrainiy
1 u^^' "" " '•*""• .-""tuvuio wi iiiiijriitaiiie iiieir lyraimy
with deceipts, frayinges, wiles, trayiies, tliretninges. and
i consniracies. ./ ITiinlt n». t^k., .-
. Ii. 1.
wicked conspiracies. " ' ' j! t'dn«," OnTohnx."
flraylng2 (fra'ing), n. [Verbal n. oi fray^, ».]
The velvet frayed or rubbed from a deer's
antler.
A hart of ten,
I trow he be, madam, or blame your men :
For by his slot, his entries, and his port,
Hlafrayings, fewniets, he doth promise snort.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
ftay-makert (fra'ma''k6r), n. One who causes
a fray or fight. [Rare.]
CoiisUblcs may by the law disarme and Imprison peace
breakers, fray-makers, rioters, and others, to prevent
bloodshed, quarrels, and preserve the public peace.
Prynne, Treachery and Disloyalty, iv. 28.
ftaymentf, n. [< frayt + -ment.'] A fight.
Nares. Also spelled f raiment.
Or Pan, who wyth hya sodayne fraimentt and tumulta
bringeth age over all things.
Chalimer, tr. of MorlaD Encomium, sig. C.
B^l^ytr. of Frolssarts Chron., I. xvl ?*'S®A' -• '•.„.^ Middle English form otfrainl.
^r.'«. Where are the vile beginner, of thta/ray? fiazil ( f ra-zil ), « [A Canadian-F. term of ob-
£ni. O noble prince, I can discover all scureongin; perhaps a particular use of F./rai-
The unlucky manage of this fatal brawl, sil, cinders, culm, slack ; or < F. fraise, a eol-
Shak., R. and J., 111. 1. lar, ruff, in allusion to the way in which the
frazU
anchor-ice clings around the boulders at the bot-
tom of a stream.] Anchor-ice. [Canada.]
It has been suggested that it may be due to the accumu.
latioii otfrazU or anchor-ice.
The Gazette (Montreal), March 17, 1888.
fret, «• A Middle English form of free.
freak^ (frek), n. [Early mod. E. freake = Se.
fieik; freke, frick; < ME. freke, freike, a bold
man, a warrior, a man, < AS>.freca, a bold man,
a warrior, < free, greedy, eager, bold (cf. guth-
/rcc, eager for battle) : see/recAi, /rrfcii. Cf.
freak^.^ If. A man, particularly a bold, strong,
vigorous man.
Godus frend may the/r«fcc frely be called.
Alex, and Dindimut (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), 1. 1004.
A8 ti freke that fre were, forth gan I wallte.
Pier^ I'lowman (B), xlii. 2.
A Freake, gigantnlus.
Levins, Mauip. Vocab. (E. E. T. S.), p. 206.
2. A fellow ; more commonly, a petulant young
man, Jamieson. [Scotch.]
Quod I, Loune, thou leis,
Ha, wald thou fecht, quod the freik, we haue bot few
swordis. Gavin Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 239.
freak^ (frek), n. [First recorded in Spenser's
time ; origin uncertain ; perhaps < ME. freke,
frike, bold, vigorous, quick, eager, hasty, etc. :
see freck^, and cf. freak^, esp. in def. 2.] 1.
A sudden and apparently causeless change or
turn of the mind ; a wilful whim or vagary ; a
capricious notion or prank.
"Oh ! but I feare the fickle /reoies" (quoth shee)
" Of fortune false." Spenser, F. Q., I. iv. 50.
She is so exquisitely restless and peevish that she quar-
rels with all about her, and sometimes in a freak will in-
stantly change her habitation. Steele, Spectator, No. 427.
If a man's action did not represent his character, but an
arbitrary /reojfc of some unaccountable power of unmotived
willing, why should he be ashamed of it or reproacli him-
self with it? T. II. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 110.
2. .An abnormal object or production ; a strange
or curious result of real or apparent vagary : as,
a freak of art or of nature.
Thy most magnificent and mighty /reoi [Catharine II. s
ice palace],
The wonder of the North. Cowper, Task, v. 130.
HegavehisnaraeasEUiaRhinehart, acircus/reat. . . .
He is 33 Inches in height.
Philadelphia Times, March 31, 1886.
FreaJk of nature, a monstrosity ; a malformation ; an
abnormal organism ; in the variety-show business, a per-
son or an animal on exhibition as sliowiug some strange
deviation from nature, as a bearded woman or an albino,
=S3rn. Whinisey, humor, crotchet, quirk, vagary, antic,
caper ; Freak, H'him, Prank. The last three agree in
representing causeless or unexpected personal peculiari-
ties of conduct, and may l>e applied figuratively : as, a
freak of nature, X freak is childish and perhaps sudden ;
a whim is eccentric ; a prank is ludicrous or of the nature
of a practical joke : as, the mad pranks of a Falstatf.
If a sum was bestowed on the wretched adventurer,
such as, properly husbanded, might have supplied him
for six months, it was instantly spent in strange /reois of
sensuality. Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.
I care not how men trace their ancestry.
To ape or Adam ; let them please their whim.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
Two children in two neighbour villages
Playing mad pranks along the heatliy leas.
Tennyson, Circumstance.
freak2 (frek), v. i. \<freak^, n.] To gambol;
frolic.
Then glad they left their covert lair,
\nd freaked about in the midnight air.
J. R. Drake, Culprit Fay, st. 26.
freak^ (frek), V. t. [Var. of freck^, simple form
of freckle, v. : seefreck^, freckle.'] To variegate ;
streak or fleck.
The white pink, and the pansy /reajb'd with jet.
Milttm, Lycidas, 1. 144.
.Sables, of glossy black ; and dark embrowned.
Or, beauteous, freaked with many a mingled iiue.
Thomson, Winter, I. 814.
The path was strewn with old claret box-berries, gray
mosses, brown leaves, /rcajtcd with fresh green shoots.
5. Judd, Margaret, ii. 1,
freak^ (frek), n. \<freak^, ».] A splash, fleck,
or streak of color.
Tliese quaint freaks of russet [in an old book] tell of
Montaigne. Lowell, .Study Windows, p. 292,
freakful (frek'ful), o. lifreak^ + 'ful.] Freak-
ish ; capricious.
Jove heard his vows and better'd his desire;
For by some /r«aA/ui chance he made retire
From his companions, and set fortli to walk.
Keats, Lamia, i. 230.
freakiness (fre'ki-nes), n. The quality of being
freaky; eaprieiousness.
No other species seems to show such peculiar /reoJtin«««
of character, both individually and locally.
T. Ilouseeelt, Hunting Trips, p. 347.
freaking (fre'king), j/. a. [Ppr. of freak% v.]
Frpakisli; eccentric, [liare.]
2366
Visited Sir J. Minnes, who continues ill, but he told me
what a mnAfreakintf fellow Sir Ellis Layton hath been, and
is, and once at Antwerp was really mad.
Pepys, Diary, Jan. 26, 1664.
freakish (fre'kish), a. [</;'eaA:2 -t- -is7il.] Ad-
dieted to freaks ; resulting from or caused by
a freak; capricious; whimsical; fantastic.
Bless me ! Wh&t freakish Gambols have I play'd !
Steele, Conscious Ixjvers, Epil.
Thou wouldst have thought a fairy's hand
'Twixt poplars straight the osier wand
In many a freakish knot had twined.
Scoff, L. of L. M., ii. 1.
The freakish wind among the mists
Moulds them as sculptors mould the yielding clay.
Bryant, Tale of Cloudland.
freakishly (fre'kish-li), adv. In a freakish man-
ner ; caiiriciously. Bailey, 1727.
freakishness (fre'kish-nes), n. The quality of
being freakish ; eaprieiousness.
All freakishness of mind is checked ;
He tamed, who foolishly aspires.
Wordsworth, Rob Roy's Grave.
freaky (fre'ki), a. [< freak^ + -jl.] Given to
freaks; capricious; whimsical.
freamt, v. i. [= F. fr4mir, rustle, shake, trem-
ble, < L. fremere, rustle, murmur, roar: see
ftriwil.] To roar ; make a din.
Hudge finds lowdlye/reamiHi/ from mountayns loftye be
truulliiig. Stanihurat, ^Eneid, iv. 169.
freasado'wet, «• See/n'sado.
freatet, «• An obsolete form otfrefl. Ascham.
frecfcl (frek), a. [Now only Sc., also written
frack; < M'E. frek, freke, frik, frike, frecche, bold,
vigorous, lively, quick, i AS. free, frmc, greedy,
eager, audacious, bold, = OD. vreck, greedy,
avaricious, miserly, D. vrek, n., a miser, =MLG.
vrak = OHG. freh, frech, greedy, avaricious,
MHG. vrech, G. frech, audacious, bold, insolent,
= Ice\. frekr, greedy, voracious, = Sw.frdck =
Dan. frwk, audacious, impudent, = Goth, friks,
greedy, only in comp. faihu-friks, greedy for
money, avaricious (faihu = AS. feoli, E. fee,
money). Cf. freak^, a man, and frcak^, a ca-
price.] It. Eager; lively; quick; ready.
With lordes and with knightes kene
And other doghty men bydene [besides]
That war f ul frek to fight. Minot, Poems, p. 15.
ffrek as fuyre in tlie flint
He in amies had liyre hynt.
Sir Der/revant, I. 1365.
Lone is better than the cole
To hem that of it is f ayn & fi-ike.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 23.
2t. Bold; audacious.
Ac Sathanas the frecche the saule wule drecche [But
Satan the audacious will vex the soul).
Old Eng. Miscellany, p. 75.
Faughte with the frekkeste that to Fraunce longez.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), I. 2164.
The Egle isfrikest fowle in flye.
Oner all fowles to wawe hys wenge.
Holy Hood (ed. Morris), p. 221.
3. Active; vigorous; stout.
My floures ben fallen, and my frike age.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), I. 2204.
Fortune's cudgell, let me tell.
Is no a willie-waun. Sir :
Thefreckest whiles hae own't lier dought.
Picken, Poems (1783), p. 159.
freck2 (frek), V. t. [A later form of freckle,
taken as the simple form; also frcak^, q. v.]
Same a,B freckle.
frecken (frek'n), n. [Also frekon; < ME.
freken, fraken, frakyn, pi. freknes, .fraknes, <
Icel. freknur, pi., = Sw. frdkna (pi, frdknor) =
Dan. fregne (pi. fregner) = Norw. frekna (pi.
freknor, fraknor, fritknaar), sAao frokle, freckle.
Cf. 6r. nepKvd^, sprinkled with dark spots. Cf.
freckle.'] A freckle. [Obsolete or prov.Eng.]
A f ewe fraknes in his face yspreynd.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1311.
Wrinkles, pimples, redde streekes, .freckons, haires,
warts, neves, inequalities. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 558.
freckened (frek'nd), a. [< ME. frakned; <
frecken + -cd^.] Freckled.
freckle (frek'l), n. [Early mod. E.frecJcel, frek-
ell, freccle, a later form (with equiv. -el for -en)
ot frecken: seo frecken.] 1. A brownish-yel-
low spot in the skin, particularly on the face,
neck, or hands, either hereditary or produced
by exposure to the sun. These spots usually
occur in large number, and are due to increase
in the pigment of the lower layers of the epi-
dermis.
If there appeare in theyr fieshe a glysterynge whyte
somewliat Ijlackishe, then it is but .freckels groen vp in
the skinne ; and he is cleane. Bible of 1551, Lev. xii.
The clear shade of tan, and the half a dozen freckles,
friendly remembrancers of the April sun and breeze.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, v.
free
2. Any small spot or discoloration ; a fleck.
So far was he from the giving of any diligence to earthly
things, that he seemed somewhat besprent with the freckle
of negligeiice.
Sir T. More, Life of Picus, in Utopia, Int., p. Ixxix.
The cowslips tall her pensioners be ;
In their gold coats spots you see ; . . .
In those /rccifcfc* live their savours.
Shak., M. N. D., ii. 1.
freckle (frek'l), «i. ; pret. and pp. freckled, ppr.
freckling. [< freckle, «.] I. trans. To mark
with freckles or spots : as, his face was freckled
by the sun.
striped like a zebra, freckled like a pard.
Keats, Lamia, i.
II. intrans. To become covered with freckles :
as, the face freckles by exposure,
freckled (frek'ld), jj. a. 1. Marked with freck-
les or spots: as, a, freckled face. — 2. Marked
with small, irregular, and not very distinct
spots, resembling freckles on a face.
The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth
The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover.
Shak., Hen. V., v. 2.
He's set his twa sons on coal-black steeds,
Himsell upon a freckled gray.
Jamie Telfer (Child's Ballads, VI. 109).
The crisp boughs of the pomegranate loaded with
freckled apples, and with here and there a lingering scar-
let Idiissom. G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 86.
Freckled sandpiper. See sandpiper.
freckledness (frek'ld-nes), n. The state of
bein" freckled.
freckle-faced (frek'1-fast), a. Having a face
marked with freckles.
freckling (frek'ling), n. A spot ; a fleck.
A deep volcanian yellow took the place
Of all her milder-mooned body's grace ; . . .
Made gloom of all her frecklings, streaks, and bars.
Eclipsed her crescents, and lick'd up lier stai-s.
Keats, Lamia, i.
frecklyl (frek'li), a. [< freckle + -y^.] Marked
or covered with freckles.
Thus on tobacco does he hourly feed.
And plumps Ins freckly cheeks with stinking weed.
Tom Brown, Works, I. 117.
freckly2 (frek'li), adv. [< freck^ + -Zy2.] i.
Hurriedly. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
Thane folous frekly one fote freckkes ynewe.
And of the Romayns arrayed appone ryche stedes.
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1360.
2. Boldly; eagerly.
When thies batels full bold were to bent comyn,
Thay hurlit furth hard to the hegh laund,
ffHckly there fos found for to greue.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8994.
frecknesst, n. [ME. * freknes, freykenesse ; <
frcck^ + -ness.] Eagerness; iDoldness; zeal.
frecknyt, a. [< ME. frakny; < frecken + -^i.]
Freckled.
fredon (fre-don'), n. [F., a trill, < fredonner,
trill.] In (HMSj'r, melodic embellishment; espe-
cially, a trill or a tremolo.
fredricite (fred'ri-sit), 11. [< Sw. Fredrik (ML.
Fredericus) + -ite"^; namedbySj6gren from the
particular shaft (called Fredericks) in which
the mineral was found.] A variety of arsen-
ical tetrahedrite, or tennantite, peculiar in con-
taining some lead, silver, and tin, found at the
Falun mine in Sweden.
fredstolet, n. Same &s frithstool.
free (fre), a. and n. [< ME. free, fre, freo, also
fri,fry,<. AS. fred,fri6, frig, fri, fry = OS. fri (in
frilic, ftee-bom) = OFries./j-j = D. n'»; = MLG.
vri, vrig, trig, LG. fri (> Icel. /ro-/r«= Sw. Dan.
fri) = OHG. fri, MHG. m", G'. frei = Goth.
freis (ace. ra.frijana; stem frija-), free; orig.
meaning appar. 'loved, spared, favored,' hence
' left at liberty ' ; in active sense, ' loving, spar-
ing, generous'; cf. Skt. priya, dear, < ■\/ pri,
please. See the related words friend, friili^,
Friday, Frigga, etc.] 1. a. 1. Not subjected
to physical ormoral restriction orcontrol, either
absolutely or in one or more particulars ; able
to act without external controlling interfer-
ence ; being at liberty : said of persons and
of their acts or functions: as, free thought;
a free conscience; free will or choice; the
prisoner was set free ; he was free to go or to
stay.
stand fast, therefore, in the liberty wherewith Christ
hath made u».free. Gal. v. 1.
Others apart sat on a hill retired,
In thought more elevate, and reasoned high
Of providence, foreknowledge, will, and fate;
Fix'd fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute.
MMon,T. L., ii. 660.
So far as a man has a power to think or not to think, to
move or not to move, according to the preference or direc-
tion of his own mind, so far is a man/rcc.
Locke, Human I'nderstanding, II. xxl. 8.
■
firee
F(Hid Man ! art thon only yree to ruine and destroy thy
»eU? Stillingjleet, Sermons, I. ii.
To a will /rfe in the sense of unmotived we can attach
no meaning whatever.
T. H. Grfen, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 97.
2. Unrestrained in movement ; not constrain-
ed, as by fastenings, to remain in a certain
position or to move in a certain direction: as,
to get one's arm/rce; the free motion of a par-
ticle in space. See def. 17. — 3. Specifically,
not subject to arbitrary, despotic, or autocratic
governmental control, but existingunder a gov-
ernment and laws based on the consent, ex-
pressed or implied, of the majority of the gov-
erned ; having civil liberty : as, a free state or
people ; a free church.
We must he free or die, who speak the tongue
That Shakspere spake, the faith and morals hold
Which Milton held. Wordsworth, Sonnets, xvi.
For a thousand years after Christ the Church of Ireland
was/ree. Bp. Chr. Wordsworth, Church of Ireland, p. 114.
by definition, a nation calling itself /r« should have no
jealousy of the executive, for freedom means that the na-
tion, the political part of the nation, wields the executive.
Ba^ehot, £ng. Const., p. ^6.
A free press might have heen a great gain under the
despotism of the Roman Empire ; it could not have made
political life under the Athenian democracy /r^rr or more
open than it was. E. A. Freeinan, Amer. Lects., p. 250.
4. Based on the principles of civil liberty; not
arbitrary, despotic, or autocratic : as, a/rcccon-
stitutiou or government.
There can he no free government without a democrat-
ical branch in the constitution. J. Adams.
6. Characterized by liberty of action or ex-
pression; unreserved, open, frank, ingenuous,
etc.: often with the implication of undue lib-
erty.
He was very free to talk with me, and first asked me
my business thither. Dampier, Voyages, II. !. 94.
Great wita love to be/ree with the highest objects.
Sw^t, Against Abolishing Christianity.
The critics have been very/rM in their censures.
FelUm.
He sees with pride her richer thought,
Her fancy s/ww ranges.
Whitti^r, Among the Hills.
6. Loose; atlibertv: wild: often used in old
English poetry, mainly for alliteration, without
special significance.
The cnlorum of this clause caratoret ys to mene,
lliat ben carpenten vnder Criste holy klrke to make
For lewede folke, godes foules and hus/ree beates.
Piert Plowman (C), xU. 249.
He's parted her and her sweet life,
For pain the rose and the fair Hlie,
For pu'iu them sae fair and/rf?«.
Dttke of Perth's Three Daughters (Child's Ballads,
(II. 282).
And weel he kent that ladye fair
Amang her maidens /ivc.
The Gay GossUawk (Child's Ballads, IIL 279).
7. Unrestrained by decency ; bold ; indecent.
Tbo'free aa Thais, still affect a Fright.
Congreve, tr. of Ovid s Art of Lore.
Earl LImours
Drank till he Jested with all ease, and told
Free tales. Tsimyaon, Geraint
Many of these poems are full of a solemn and deep de-
votion ; others are strangely ooane and free.
Tidtnor, Span. Lit., II. 178.
8. Clear of obstraction or impediment; not
hindered or restricted; unobstructed: a8,/ree
motion ; the water has a free passage or chan-
nel; afree field of action.
Pray for us, that the word of the Lord may have fret
course, and be glorified. 2>Tlies. iiL 1.
Fret vent of words love's fire doth assuage.
Shak., Venus and AdonU, L 384.
They Iwre her . . . free-fsced to the free airs of heaven.
And laid her in the vault of her own kin.
Tennyson, Lover's Tale, iv.
Inthe treatment of typhus and typhoid fevers, the/rw*f
ventilation, even totheextent of placlngthe patient in the
open air, reduces tbe mortality more thui half, and greatly
shortens the time of recovery.
Huxley and Youmans, Physiol., % 393.
9. Clear or exempt (from something); having
immunity: with from, or sometimes of: as,
free from disease, or from faults; a grove free
from underbrtish.
Tliese, my lord,
Are sach allow'd Infirmities, that honesty
Is newer free of. Shak., W. T., 1. 2.
The Countries that sae freest from Excess of drinking
are Himln and Italy. Ifoifell, Letters, 11. M.
Here, /r« yourselves yVvwn envy, care, and strife.
You view the various turns of human life.
Dryden, Prol. to the Cnlv. of Oxford, 1674, 1. 7.
Tlie side corridors are generally /ri?^/rf>m figure -sculp-
ture. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 358.
10. open for use or enjoyment ; generally ac-
cessible or available ; not appropriated ; unre-
2367
stricted: as, air and water &refree; the ocean
is a free highway for all nations ; a free li-
brary.
MTiy, sir, I pray, are not the streets stBfree
For me as for you? Shak., T. of the S., i. 2.
Where wert thou when thy father play'd
In his free field, and pastime made,
A merry boy in sun and shade ?
7'ennyson, Two Voices.
11. Specifically, not encumbered with taxes
or customs-duties.
We are living under a system in which our imports
alone are free, our exports for some of the principal mar-
kets not being /re?.
Quoted in Nineteenth Century, XIX. 384.
12. Gratuitous; without compensation or re-
ward ; clear of equivalent or reciprocation : as,
/rcc schools or education; a /rentable; 9, free
gift or service.
" I take it s&free gift, then," said the boy,
" Not guerdon." Tennyson, Geraint.
13. Liberal ; not parsimonious or sparing ; giv-
ing or using, or disposed to give or use, gener-
ously or abundantly; as, he is very free with
his money ; a free patron of art.
As many as were of a/ree heart burnt offerings.
2 Chron. xxix. 31.
It is a very pretty place, the house commodious, the
gardens handsome, and our entertainment very free.
Ecelyn, Diary, June 2, 1676.
14. Invested with the rights or immunities (of) ;
having a right to the freedom, enjoyment, or
use (of): with of: as, a man/rcc o/the city of
London.
I VISA free of haunts umbrageous. Keats.
15. Ready; eager; not dull; acting without
compulsion.
Raunging the forest wide on courser /re«.
Spenser, V. Q., I. U. 12.
Courageously, and with a free desire,
Attending but the signal to begin.
Shak., Rich. IL, I. 3.
A spur to %free horse will make him run himself blind.
Burton, Anat of -Mel., p. 336.
16. Not holding strictly to rule or form or to
an original: as, a/ree drawing; a /r«e transla-
tion; a/rcefugue.
There is a winning freshness In the originals . . . that
escapes In translation, however /rw or however strict.
Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 139.
17. Not attached or fixed; moving freely, or
able to do so; detached from some support:
as, the free larval form of an animal afterward
becommg fixed.
Within the arch is a framework or centering of wood
8tanding/r». J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 119.
Specifically— (a) In cAem., not chemically combined with
any other body; at liberty to escape: as, free carbonic-
acid gas.
The anaerobla — those (plants] . . . which thrive best In
the absence of /r» oxygen, and to which, in certain cases,
the access otfree oxygen is fataL Encyc. Brit., XIX. 51.
(b) In bot., not adnate to other organs : as, a ftee ovary
(that is, one not united with the duyx) ; a fre^ placenta
(one detached from the walls of the ovary). It is some-
times used in the sense of distinct, or not adnate to adja-
cent organs of the same kind, (c) In «n/om., unrestrained
in articulate movement; movable at the point of con-
tact
The head is formed nearly aa in Vsephanus, but it is
lenfree, owing to the prominent angles of the thorax.
Waterhouse.
((f) Said of those parts of a limb which are beyond the
common Integmneot of the body.
18t. Noble.
Whan William that wiste, wistll vp he stlrte,
As glad as any gome that euer god wrougt,
That he mi^t his fille fist for that /re queue. ^
WiUiam ofPalerne (E. E. T, 8.X L 8277.
Almyghty god, my Fadlr/r«,
In erthe thi bidding haue I done,
And clarifletl the name of the,
To thy selffe claritte the sone.
Vork Plays, p. 45".
Brethren of the Free Spirit. See i>rot her. Tree
agency, the power uf acting without constraint of the
wTa. See wiU.
Only through that {the qaeen's] mind, only by Inform-
ing that supreme free-agency, could bis (the prince con-
sort's] Influence legitimately aJct
QUuistone, Gleanings, I. 74.
Free agent. Bee voluntary agent, under agetit.—Tree
and easy, unconstrained ; unconventional.
Also In another Historical Tableau, on the side of the
same Room, he (Rubens) has Painted his own Picture, In
a very free and easie Posture.
lAster, Journey to Paris, p. 41.
Free Baptists. See FreewiU Baptists, under Baptist.—
Free bench. See free-bench.— Free burgh. See burgh.
— Free cause. Hee cauxe, l . - Free cell, in rniptotjamie
bftt., a Hingle cell that is n<»t ritta* hcd t.i any other cell
nor to any object. — Free-cell formation, in histology,
the formation of sereral cells (rarely of one cell) from and
free
in the protoplasm of the mother-cell. It is recognized
as one of four types of cytogenesis or cell-formation, the
others being rejuvenescence, conjugation, and division.
Free-cell formation may be typically obseiTed in the
formation of the ascospores of the Ascomycetes.
Fncyc. Brit., XII. 13.
Free chant, chapel, charge, etc. See the nouns.—
Free charge of electricity, tlectricity on an insulated
conductor not in the immediate vicinity of a eoirespond-
ing or complementary charge of the opposite sign x. —
Free Church, more fully Free Church of Scotland, a
large and important body of Presbyterians, organized at
Edinburgh, Scotland, at the disruption in 1843, when over
200 ministers, members of the General Assembly of the
Established Church of Scotland, after the reading of a
protest, formally withdrew with a large following of ad-
herents to another meeting-place, and constituted the
first general assembly of a church that should be free
from state connection, the interference of the civil courts
in spiritual matters, and the evils of patronage, while still
maintaining the Confession of Faith and the standards
of the Church of Scotland. The Act of Separation and
Deed of Demission by which the new organization cut
loose from the Established Church was signed by 474 min-
isters and professors, wlio renounced all claim to the bene-
fices they held. The Free Church ranks as second to the
Established Church in the number of its congregations and
membership. Abbreviated F. C. See disruption.
In one sense the Free Church dates its existence from
the Disruption of 1843, in another it claims to be the right-
ful representative of the National Church of Scotland as
it was reformed in 1560. Encyc. Brit., IX. 742.
Free church, a church in which the pews or sittings are
not rented, but are open to all. — Free city. See city. —
Free coinage, a phrase denoting that the mint is open to
any one who may Itring bullion to be coined. The United
States mint is now (1896) closei^l to the free coinage of
silver.— Free companion. Same »a free-lance, L
My gallant troop of Free Companions.
Scott, Ivanhoe, xxx.
Free Congregations. See congregation.— Tree coup.
See coupt.— Free Democratic party, in cr. s. politics, a
name assumed by the Free-soilers in 1852. — Free drain-
age, the capability, in consequence of position, of being
drained by an adit-level. A mine wldch can be thus
drained is said, although rarely, to have free drainage.
In Warwickshire, England, to have free drainage is called
being "level-free."— Free electricity. See electricity
and ifuiuct ion.— Tree fantasia. See fantasia. — Free
flsher, or free fisherman, in England, one who holds
the riglit to take tlsh in certain waters.— Free fl,shery.
See >Aert/.— Free gUls. See gim.— TxeQ labor, labor
performed by free persons, in contradistinction to that of
slaves. — Free love, the doctrine, maintained by some per-
sons and associations, of the rightfulness of free choice
in sexual relations, without the restraint of legal marriage
or of any continuing obligation independent of individual
will. This doctrine, under different names, but generally
as part of a religious creed, has been more or less advo-
cated and practised in many peiiods and countries; but
the al>ove name was probably first ai>plied to it in the
United States.— Free Methodist. See Methodist.— Tree
on board. Sce F. o. /^ -Free ovary. See def. 17 (6),
and ovary. — Tree Parliament. See convention, 3(c).—
Free part» in innxic, a pail added to a canon or fugue
to conii>lete the liarniony ; in a canon, any part which is
not an antrredcnt or a consequent— Ftee path Of Uie
molecules of a gas. See pafA.— Free (maker. See
9t«i*«r.— Free reed. See rwrfi.— Free Religious Asso-
ciation, a society founded at Boston in 1867 for the pur-
pose of religious inquiry. Its members are drawn from
various religious bodies, and gi'eat toleration prevails in
its meetings. — Free Services, in iha feudal syston, fk\\t:h
services as were not nnbeconnug the cliaracter of a soldier
or freeman to i)erf<»nn, as to serve under his lord in the
wars, tocontrjlpiitcnioney, and the like. —Free Ship. See
ship. — Free States, in the I'nited states, before the civil
war of I801-r>. ibose states in which the institution of slav-
ery did not exist: in contradistinction to Ware States.—
Free stuff, cUar timber ; timber free from knots : a build-
ers'term. — Free thought, tliought nntrammeled by re-
gard for authority ; ratToualiani. 8ee/rc'c-fAin*cr.
The word free thought is now commonly used, at least
in foreign literature, to express the restdt of the revolt of
the mind against the pressure of external authority in
any department of life or speculation. Farrar.
Free town. See/r«< city, under city.— Tree trade, un-
restricted trade; especially, trade or connnerce Ijetween
dlflTerent conn tries free from restrictions or customs-duties;
in a narrower and more common sense, international trade
free from protective or discriminative duties; trade sub-
ject only to such taritTs and regulations aa are necessary
for revenue and police. Complete freedom of trade be-
tween the several States Is prescribed by the Constitu-
tion of the United States. See pro^«/to7J.— Free trade
and sailors* rights, a i>opnIar cry throughout the United
States in the years immediately preceding and during the
war of 1812. It was a protest against— first, the restric-
tions which were laid upon neutral commerce, and the con-
fiscations which followed any violation of these restrictions,
l»y the warring nations, France and (Jreat Britain; and,
secondly, the right (»f search for British seamen on Ameri-
can vessels, which (ireat Hritain claimed as her preroga-
tive, and repeatedly carried into execution.— Free veins,
in entom., such veins ns do not anastomose; those veins
which are unconnected with other veins except at their
origin— Tenure by free alms. See ahm.- To have a
ftee wind. See to mil free, under free, adiK—TO make
free with. («) To meddle with. (&) To use liberties with ;
us«', or make use of, with undue freedom.
Il.t M. A person of free or noble birth; of-
ten, in early poetry, a lady.
The night was so nighe, that noyet hym sore,
Merkit the mountayns tt mores aboute.
Ichc freke to his fre held & so the fight endis.
Destruction of Tmy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7810.
She's followed her sons down to the strand,
That chaste and noble /re.
Rosmer ilafmand (Child's Ballads, I. 258)l
free
free (fire), adt\ [< free, a.] In a free manner,
in any sense of the adjective; freely; with free-
dom or liberty.
Sir Thomas Lovell, I us free forgive you
As I would be forgiven. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. l.
To sail &ee. or to go tree (naut.), to sail somewhat fur-
ther from the wind than when close-hauled.— To work
free, to be easily cut with a t«.>ol, as a piece of wood.
firee (fre), r. [< ME. freen, freosetif < AS.fredrij
freogan, free (< freoy free) (= OFries. friaia,
fraia, fna = MLG. vrierif vrigen = OHG./r«a/i,
MHG. vrierij vrfjen, vrigen, G. (be-)frei€n = leel,
fria = Sw. fria = Dan. /W, make free from),
mixed with the more orig. verb fredn, fredgan,
love, = OS. *frihdn, friehan = D. vrijen =: MLG.
rrieuj vrigen, IjG.frijen = MG, vrien^ G.freien
= Icel. fria = Sw. fria =: Dan. fri, court, woo,
make love to, = Goth./ryo«, /non, love. See
friendj orig, ppr. of the verb freon^ fredgany
love.] I, trans, 1. To make free; release from
restraint or constraint; specifically, to release
from bondage or from imprisonment : as, to free
prisoners or slaves.
Spirit, fine spirit ! I'll free thee
Within two days for this. Skak.y Tempest, i. 2.
Till the freed Indians in their native groves
Reap their own fruits. Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 409.
2. To rid, as from something obstructive or re-
strictive; clear; disentangle; disengage: with
from or of: as, to free a man /row debt, or the
feet from fetters ; to free the lungs of morbid
matter; to free a ship /rom water by pumping
it out.
He that is dead ia freed from sin. Rom. vi. 7.
The devil speed him ! no man's pie is /reed
From his ambitious finger. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1.
3t. To remove.
That ... we may again . . .
Free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives.
Shak., Macbeth, iil. 6,
With great labour we kept her from sinking by freeing
out the water.
Quoted in Capt John Smith's Works, I. 175.
4t. To clear from blame or stain; absolve from
some charge ; gain pardon for.
My ending is despair.
Unless I be reliev'd by prayer;
Which pierces so, that it assaults
Mercy itself, and /rees all faults.
Shak., Tempest, Epil.
For mine honour
(Which I would /ree), if I shall be condemn'd
Upon surmises. Shak., W. T., iii. 2.
Cf. To indorse and send free by mail ; frank.
Please to free this letter to Miss Lucy Porter in Lich-
field. Johnson, to Mrs. Thrale, June, 1775.
To free one's conscience, to do that which conscience
requires; relieve the conscience by an act of duty.— To
free one's mind, to speak according to one's feelings;
utter one's tlioughts without restraint or reserve; talk
plainly: as, I have freed my mind to him, and now he
may do as he pleases. (CoUoq.]
II. intrans. To make free ; take liberties : fol-
lowed by with. [CoUoq.]
free-and-easy (fre'and-e'zi), n. [< free and
easy J phrase under /fee, a.] A sort of club held
in public houses, in which the members meet
to drink, smoke, sing, etc.
£ree-bencll (fre'bench), n. In Eng, law^ the
right of a widow in her husband's copyhold
lands, corresponding to dower in a freehold.
Also <t^\\Qdi frank-hank.
free-board (fre'bord), n. Naut., the part of the
side of a vessel or boat which lies between the
line of flotation and the upper side of the deck
(or a point corresponding to it), or, when there
are several decks, of the uppermost water-
tight deck.
To allow a sufficient margin for heeling and for rough
water, the /ree-6oard in sailing canoes is seldom less than
«lx inches, and will often be found to be eight inches.
Qualtrough, Boat Sailer's Manual, p. 150.
When I say monitors I refer to vessels with high free-
boards. . . . The reason I say high /ree-6oarrf« is that such
vessels mit;ht be able to go to sea at any moment, regard-
less of the weather. N. A. Rev., CXXVII. 378.
freeboot (fre'bot), v, i. [= D. vrijbuiten, rob ;
from the earlier noun : see freebooter.] To act
as a freebooter ; plunder. [Rare.]
An ambition to shed blood and to freeboot it furiously
over the placid waters took possession of their bosoms.
New York Tribune, Nov. 25, 1879.
free-boott (fre'bot), 71. {_< freeboot, v., or a re-
version to/rcc(adj.) boot^ (booty).] Robbery.
Julius Tutor, who robbed his fellow theeves, for he pil-
laged the Cilicians, that lived themselves upon free boote.
Sir R. Stapleton, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, viii. 124, note.
freebooter (fre'bo^tfer), n. [Not of purely E.
formation, but made, it seems, like the simi-
larly accom. forms, Sw. fribytare, Dan. fribyt-
teTj G.freibeuter, in imitation of MD. vrybueter,
2368
a freebooter, pirate ( * * Praemiator, prcedo cui
quicquid ab hoste capitur, in pnemium cedit;
Pirata" — Kiliau), D. vrijbuiter {"> mod. D. vrij-
buiten, plunder, rob) ; < MD. D. vrij (= E. free^
etc.) + MD. bueter, a plunderer, D. buite}\ free-
booter, < MD. bueten, buyten, D. buiten, plunder,
catch, take, < MD. buety buyt, D. buit, plunder,
booty: seebooty. See remarks under j?/i6ws^er.]
One who wanders about in search of plunder;
a robber; a pillager; a plunderer.
Richard of England came [to Cyprus] not as a freebooter,
but as a deliverer from utter misery.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 161.
= Syn. J/arawrfer, etc. See robber.
freebootery (fre'b6''''t6r-i), n. [= Sw. Dan. fri-
bytteri=zG.freibeuterei; &s freebooter -h -y : see
-ery.] The act, practice, or gains of a freeboot-
er. [Rare.]
freebooting (fre'bo^ting), w. [Verbal n, oi free-
boot, v.] Robbery; plunder; pillage.
Lastly for a theif it [a mantle] is so handsome, as it may
seeme it was first invented for him ; for under it he can
cleanly convay any fitt pillage that conieth handsomely in
his way, and when he goeth abrode in the night on free-
booting, it is his best and surest frend.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
freebooting (fre'bG^ting), p. a. Acting as a
freebooter; engaged in or occupied with plim-
der.
He hastened from his sick-bed into the service of a Cat-
alan/re^iood'nf? gentleman. Ticknor, Span. Lit, I. 302.
T\iQ freebooting lives which the soldiery led while fight-
ing in France during the numerous wars nmst have tended
materially to unfit them for resuming peaceful pursuits
when tliey returned home.
Ribton-Tumer, Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 53.
freebooty (fre'b6''''ti), n. [Irreg. < free + booty;
suggested hy freebooter.] Pillage or plunder
by freebooters. Imp. Diet,
free-born (fre'bom), a. [< ME. /re-&ore«, fre-
bore = Sw. friboren = Dan. fribaaren ; as
free + born, pp. of bear'^.] Born free; born
to the conditions and privileges of citizen-
ship ; not in hereditary vassalage ; inheriting
liberty.^
Litlie and lysten, gentylmen,
That be otfrebore blode.
Lj/tell Geste of Robyn Hode (Child's Ballads, V. 44).
Tell me, art thou a Roman? He said, Yea. And the
chief captain answered. With a great sum obtained I this
freedom. And Paul said, But I was/ree bom.
Acts xxii. 27, 28.
Bor. The soldier's grown too saucy ;
You must tic him straiter up.
Archas. I do my best, sir ;
But men of free-bom minds sometimes will fly out.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ii. 1.
Let them remember themselves to be, not on\y freehorn
Englishmen, but /ree&om Christians : let them be jealous
of their spiritual liberty, as well as their temporal.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. iv.
free-borou^h (fre'bur''''o), a. An epithet former-
ly applied in England, in the phrase/rcc-feorowgrA
men, to such men as had not engaged, like the
frank-pledge men, to become sureties for the
good behavior of themselves and others.
free-chase (fre'chas), n. Same &b frank-chase.
freecostt (fre'kdst), n. Freedom from charges
or expenses. South,
free-denizent (fre'den^i-zn), v, t. To make a
free denizen or citizen of.
No worldly respects can free-denizen a Christian here,
and of " peregi-inuB " make him "civis."
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 202.
freedman (fred'man), w. ; pl.freedmen (-men).
l<. freed, pp. ot free, + man,] A man who has
been a slave and is manumitted or otherwise
set free: as, the /recf?wicw of ancient Rome; the
class of freedmen created by the abolition of
slavery.
Appius Claudius brought in a custom of admitting to
the senate the sons ot freedmen.
Sivift, Nobles and Commons, iii.
The slave is atoned for with thirty solidi, the freed-
man with eighty, the freeman with two hundred, and the
adaling with six hundred. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 23.
The president [in the proclamation of freedom, Jan. 1,
1863] enjoined upon the freedmen to abstain from all vio-
lence unless in necessary self-defence, and recommended
to them in all cases, when allowed to do so, to lalx>r faith-
fully for reasonable wages ; but gave notice also that suit-
able persons would be received into the armed service of
the United States. Anier. Cyc., XV. 101.
Freedmen's Bureau. See bureau.
freedom (fre'dum), w. [< MK, fredom,fre€domy
< AH. freodom (= OFries. fridoniy NFries./n-
doevi = D. vrijdom = MLG. vridom. 'hG.frldom
= MHG.vn^wom), freedom, ifred, free, + -rfow,
-dom.] 1. The state or character of being free.
(a) Exemption from the constraint or restraint of physical
or moral forces ; the state uf being able to act without
external controlling interference; liberty; in a special
sense, exemption from bondage or imprisonment.
freedom
I else must change
Their nature, and revoke the high decree,
Unchangeable, eternal, which ordain'd
Their /rcedtwn; they themselves ordain'd their faU.
Milton, P. L., iii. 128.
In this then consists /reedom ; viz., in our l)eing able to
act or not to act, according as we shall choose or will.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxi. 27-
The doctrine of Freedom was first elalwrated into a
metaphysical scheme, implying its opposite Necessity, by
St. Augustin against Pelagius ; and in a later age was dis-
puted between Anninians and Calvinists; being for cen-
turies a capital controversy both in Theology and in Meta-
physics. A. Bain, Emotions ami Will, p. 498.
(b) Exemption from arbitrary, despotic, or autocratic con-
trol, especially in civil matters ; independence ; civil lib-
erty.
A ! fredome is a nobill thing !
Fredome mayse man to haiff liking I . . .
He levys at ese that frely livys.
Barbour, Bruce.
If you deny it, let the danger light
Upon your charter, and your nXty' a freedom.
Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
Grant him this, and the Parlament hath no more/r««-
dom then if it sate in his Noose.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvii.
By a declaration of rights, I mean one which shall stip-
ulate freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom
of commerce against monopolies, trial by juries in all
cases, no suspensions of the habeas corpus, no standing
armies. These are fetters against doing evil wliicli no
honest government should decline.
Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 291.
For what avail the plough or sail.
Or land or life, it freedom fail?
Emerson, Centennial Poem.
(c) Frankness; openness; outspokenness; unrestrictedness.
You shall
This morning come before us ; where, I know,
You cannot with such freedom purge yourself
But that . . . you must take
Your patience to you. Shak., Hen. VIII., v, 1,
This thought of Monsieur Merrie's has made a great
Breach betwixt Monsieur Vemey and himself ; for which
Reason I had not that /reedo?n of Conversation as I could
have wisht with both of them.
Lister, Jouniey to Paris, p. 67.
(d) License ; improper familiarity ; in a concrete sense
(with a plural), a violation of the rules of decorum ; an act
of bold presumption.
Peace ! — I perceive your eye, sir,
Is fix'd upon this captain for his freedom;
And happily you find his tongue too forward.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ii. 1.
Those best can bear reproof who merit praise.
'Twere well might critics still this/re*dowi take.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 584.
Elizabeth . . . [assured] him that Mr, Darcy would con-
sider his addressing him without introduction as an im-
pertinent freedom.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, p. 84.
(e) The state of being clear or exempt (from something) :
as, freedom from sickness ; freedom from care. (/) Ease
or facility (of doing anything) : as, he speaks or acts with
freedom .
I always loved you for the Freedom of your Oenius.
Howell, Letters, I. vi. 56.
A poet's just pretence —
Fervency, /re^dom, fluency of thought —
Harmony, strength, words exquisitely sought.
Coivper, Table-Talk, 1. 700.
(g\) Generosity ; liberality ; opeu-handedness. Chaucer.
Blithe was eche a bam ho best migt him plese,
& folwe him for his fredom & for his faire thewes.
For what thing William wan a-day with his bowe . . .
Ne wold this William neuer on withhold to him-selue.
William ofPaleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 189.
2. The possession of particular privileges; fran-
chise ; immunity : as, the freedom of a city or
of a corporation.
It was lately proposed in the city to present him [the
Duke of Hamilton] with the freedom of some company.
M'alpole, Letters, II. 43.
3. A free, unconditional grant ; a free privi-
lege or franchise. [Rare.] — 4. In math., ca-
pability of displacement in space — Bird of free-
dom. See tiVrfi.— Degree of freedom, in math., an
independent mode in which a body may be displaced.
Thus, a wheel the axis of which is fixed, or a roller which
is compelled to roll on the ground without sliding or turn-
ing, has but one degree of freedom — that is, it can move
only forward or back. If it can turn without sliding, or
slide without turning, either in the direction of its rolling
or in that of its axis, it has two degrees of freedom : if it
is capable of all these motions, it has four degi-ees of free-
dom. If one end of it can rise above the surface of the
ground, it has five ; if both ends can leave the ground, it
has six degrees of freedom and is perfectly free. — Free-
dom of repealt, a free, unconditional recall.
I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Ca?sar;
Desiring thee that Publius Cimber may
Have an immediate freedom of repeal.
Shak., J. C, iii. 1.
Freedom of the will. See wilL—Syn. 1. Freedom, Lib-
erty, Independence: scope, range, play, swing, latitude.
Tlie first three words are sometimes used as synonymous,
but they are clearly distinguishable. Freedom is the
most general in its application. Liberty is commonly
used where reference is made to past or po6sil)le physi-
cal confinement or restriction : as, the prisonei-s were set
at liberty. Freedom is used where emphasis is laid upon
freedom
larf^e opportunity given for tlie exercise of one's powers :
as, tl>e freedom of country life ; or where tlie previous or
possible restriction iias been or is legal or moral : as, the
slave was given his /reedom ; he expressed his views with
/reedom. Liberty is more often public ; /reedom, personal
and private. Liberty has more in mind protection from
external constraint or from the aggressions of power;
hence, in civil affairs, libertu is /reedom as outlined and
protected by law. Independence is more exact, expressing
not only self-direction but exemption from control, and
even lack of connection. There may be liberty without
indefendence, as in the case of a self-governed colony, and
there may be independence without liberty, as in the case
of a despotic monarchy.
Ye winds, that wafted the Pilgrims to the land of prom-
ise, fan, in their children's hearts, the love of freedom!
. . . Speak, speak, marble lips I teach us the love of lib-
erty protected by law. Eixrett, Eulogy of Lafayette.
This is got by casting pearl to hogs ;
That bawl tor freedom in their senseless mood.
And still revolt wlien truth would set them free.
License they mean when they cry liberty;
For who loves that, must first be wise and good.
MMon, Sonnets, vii.
Individuals entering into a society must give up a share
of their liberty to preserve the rest WatMngtom.
The independence and liberty you possess are the work of
joint counsels and joint elTorts.
Waghinrjton, Farewell Address.
fireeds'tolef, ». [Improper form, accom. to
frieii.'\ Same as frithstool.
freed'Woman(fred'wum'an),n.; pi. freedwomen
(-wim'eu). A woman who has been a slave and
is made free.
ftee-footed (fre'fiit'ed), a. Not restrained in
the use of the feet; hence, unrestricted in
movement or action ; foot-loose.
We will fetters put upon this fear,
Which now goes too free-footed.
Shak., Hamlet, lii. 3.
, free-hand (fre'hand), a. Done with the un-
aided hand and eye ; executed without gtiidine
instruments, meastirements, or other artificial
aid : as, free-Jtand drawing.
The curve was not drawn hy freehand (drawing), hut by
means of engineers' curves, Xature, X.XXVII. 2W.
free-handed (fre'han'ded), a. 1. Having the
hands free or unrestrained. — 2. Open-handed;
liberal.
Be was u free-handed a young fellow as any in the army ;
he went to Bond St. and boogbt the best bat snd spencer
tliat money coul.i buy. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, vi.
firee-handedness (fre'han'ded-nes), n. Liber-
ality; generosity,
standing treat with quite a reckless >Ve«Aan<i«dn;M.
A reh. Forbee, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 120.
free-hearted (fre'hSr'ted), a. [Cf. D. rrijhar-
tiy = G. freiherzig.'] Open; frank; generous.
A noi»ie, honest gentleman, /r«-A«irfed,
And of an open faith, much loving and much lov'd.
Fletcher and another. Love's Pilgrimage, UL 3.
One of lord Timon's men? a gift, I warnuit. . . . And
how does that honourable, complete, yVw-Aeatted gentle-
man of .Athens, thy very liouutiful good lord and master .'
Shak., T. of A., Hi. 1.
firee-heartedly (fre'hSr'ted-li), adv. In a free-
heartf<l iiiauiu'r; frankly; liberally.
free-heartednesB (fre'hiir'ted-nes), n. Frank-
ness; openness of heart; liberality.
freehold (fre'hold), «. [< free + liold^, n.] 1.
In law: (a) Originally, in Kngland, an estate
in land in possession held by a freeman ; a free
socage or feudal estate ; now, an estate in fee
simple or fee tail, or for life, as opposed to
copyhold. See the extract.
The distinguishing marks of a freehold (in England]
were, (I) that It should last (or life, ... (2) that the du-
ties or services should be free : that is, worthy the accep-
tance of s free man. To (ulfll this Utter condition, it was
necessary that the services by which the land was held and
by the non-performance of which it would be forfeited
should be honourable (that is, not servile) in respect of
their quality, and certain in respect both of their quality
and quantity. ttailey and WhUely, Concise Law Diet.
(6) Hence, in general, an estate in land such as
was originally considered as being an ownership
of the soil itself, as distinguished from a mere
use or chattel interest in it. That is, it is an estate
in possession, either of imleflnlte future duration, trans-
mimible to one s heirs (called an estate of inheritance), or
for the life of either the owner or some one else ; or " an
estate In iKtssesslon, the duration of which is not fixed or
as'.-ertaiiioi )iy a Hpecitled limit of time" {DiffbyX
I still own. and until a few monttis occupied, a boose
and garden : one half of the land in freehold, and one half
under a lease of 10,OuO years, which I believe dates from
early in this century.
Thomoj Kerttab, N. and Q., 7th ser., V. 78.
2. A parcel of land held by either of the ten-
ures above described. — 3. Figuratively, any
free or unrestricted possession, or right of pos-
session; that which Delongg to one absolutely.
But if she lift up her ilrooping head and prosper, among
tb<ise that have something more than wlsht her welfare,
I have my charter and freehold of rejoycing to me and my
helres. Milton, Church-Cuveniment, Pref., if.
140
2369
My heart's good/r«AoW, sir, and so you'll find it.
Beau, and Fl., Wit without Money, ii. i.
All the authorities speak of fellowships in colleges as
freeholds. D. Webster, Speech, March 10, 1818.
Customary freehold. See customary.
freeholder (fre'liol'dfer), ». l< freehold + -erl.]
In law, one having the present seizin or pos-
session of land by virtue of an estate greater
than one limited by a specified time — that is
to say, having a fee or a tenancy for life of the
tenant, or for life of a third person ; one who
holds an estate in fee simple or fee tail. See
freehold, 1. Under various laws in England and the
United .States, the right of suffrage and the qualification
for some minor local official duties or trusts have been
conferred on freeholders as distinguished from other in-
habitants. In Scotlanil the term is applied to one holding
lands of the crown.-- Chosen flreebolders, in New Jer-
sey, a board of county olficers liaving charjrc of the finances
of the county, corresponding to the county commissiotierg
or the b*xt rd of supervisors of other States. — Freeholders'
court. Same as court-baron.
fteeing-stick (fre'ing-stik), n. A soft deal stick
used in cutting veneers to free the teeth of the
saw from sawdust, it is applied on the right and left
of the blade beneath the timber w bile the saw is at work.
freelage, freelege (fre'laj), n. The status of a
freeman before the law ; the freedom or privi-
lege of a burgess; franchise. [Rare.]
Up to the year 1854 the admission to the freelege of this
borough was, among other things, by "going through the
well," a pond about a hundred feet long, by fifteen or six-
teen witle, and three to five deep, y.and Q., 7th ser., IV. 73.
free-Ian(» (fre'lins), n. 1. A mercenary soldier
during the middle ages, especially one of some
rank, mounted and thoroughly armed and hav-
ing followers or attendants. (Compare lance.)
They were most conspicuous in Italy, where
they were called condottieri. Also called free
companion. Hence — 2. A person who acts
upon his own will and pleasure, with little re-
gard for the conventionalities of life ; especial-
ly, one who uses great freedom in speech or
writing, as in indiscriminate attack upon or
objurgation of all who disagree with him.
freelet, «. A Middle English form otfrailK
freelege, «. Hee freelage.
free-li'Ver (fre'liv'fer), n. One who eats and
drinks abundantly; one who gives free indul-
gence to his appetites.
Freeiiver$ on a small scale, who are prodigal within the
compass of a guinea. Irving, "The Stout Gentleman.
ftee-livlng (fre'liv'lng), n. Full gratification
of the appetite.
ftee-liTing (fre'liv'ing), a. 1. Living in a free
or unrestrained manner. — 2. In Wo/., living free
from and independent of the parent, as a me-
dusa-bud separated from the polyp-stock upon
which it grew.
free-lover (fre'luv'fer), n. One who advocates
the do<'triiies and practices of free love,
freeltet, freelteet, ». Middle English forms of
frailty.
fteelyf (fre'li), a. [< UE.frely, frelich, freelieh,
etc., < AS. fredlic (= OS. frilic = OFries. /ri«/t
= MLG. vrilik; vrigelik = OHG. /n7»7», MHG.
triUeh), free, < fred, free, + -lie, -lyi.] Free;
frank; generous; noble; excellent.
i'nto that f rely foode [child, creature]
That now of newe Is borne. York PUtyi, p. 149.
Al his /reft felawchip freli the! gret
WiUiam of PaUme (E. E. T. 8.), L 5328.
For tbat/r«ef<cA freke (warrior], as I fore tolde.
The kid Knlgbt Pausanias, that King was of Spart
Alttaunder <tf Macedoine (E. E. T. ».), h 1246.
freely (fre'li), adv. [< ME. frely, freliche, etc.,
< AS. fredlice (= D. vrijelijk = MLG. i-rilike,
rrieliken, vrigeliUen = MHG. vriliche, frilichen,
freely, O.freilich, certainly, to be sure), (.fred-
lic, a., free: see freely, a.] 1. In a free man-
ner; under free conditions; with freedom;
without hindrance, interference, or restraint:
as, to move freely.
Finally by sefiuestring tliemselues for a time fro the
Court, to be al)le the freelier A cleerer to disceme tlie
factions and state of the Court.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 261.
The Devil may walk freely up and down the Streets of
I.ondon now, for there is not a Cross to fright him any
where. Howell, Letters, lii. 2.
Temple's plan was . . . that the King should . . . suf-
fer all his affairs of every kind to be freely debated (in
the new Privy Counclll, . . . and not to reserve any part
of the public business for a secret committee.
Maeaulay, Sir William Temple.
2. Without constraint, reserve, or hesitation ;
unreservedly; frankly; openly.
What is 't you blench at ? what would you ask ? speak
freely. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, 11. 1.
I shall freely and bluntly tell you that I am a brother
of the angle too, and peradventure can give you some
instructions. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, 11. 22.S.
freemasonic
3. Without reluctance or niggardliness; ■will-
ingly.
Also the Dyaniand scholde ben zoven [given] frely, with
outen coveytynge and with outen byggynge : and than it
is of grettere vertue. Mandemlle, Travels, p. 159.
Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.
Milton, P. L., lii. 102.
4. Liberally; unstintedly; plentifully.
Freely ye have received, freely give. Mat. x. 8.
We gave them 3 or 4 Callabashea of Wine, which they
freely drank. Dampier, Voyages, I. 170.
Who throw their Helicon about
As freely as, a conduit spout !
Cowper, Epistle to Robert Lloyd.
5t. Nobly; excellently; admirably.
Sche had a derworthe dou3ter to deme the sothe,
On the fairest on face &\\ifrelokest i-schapen.
That euere man vpon molde migt [on] diuise.
WUliam of PaUme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2634.
freeman (fre'man), «. ; pi. freemen (-men). [<
ME. fremen, < AS. fre&man, friman (= OFries.
frimon = D. vrijman = OHG. friman, MHG.
vriman), a free man, <.fre6, free, + man, man.]
1. A man who is free; one who enjoys liberty,
or who is not subject to the will of another;
one not a slave or a vassal.
For he that is called in the Lord, being a servant, is the
Lord's freeman. 1 Cor. vii. 22.
In Parthia did I take thee prisoner ; . . .
Now be & freeman. Shak., J. C, v. 3.
Corrupted frevmen are the worst of slaves.
Qarrick, Prol. to Shirley's Gamester.
Land had even then become the inseparable accompani-
ment of the freeman, the badge and test of his freedom:
he was sl freeman because he was a land-owner.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 201.
2. One who enjoys or is entitled to citizenship,
franchise, or other peculiar privilege: as, a, free-
man of a city or state. In olden times the posi-
tion of such a freeman gave the right to trade in
the place.
The/r«man casting with unpurchased hand
The vote that shakes the turrets of the land.
O. W. Holmes, Poetry.
3. In early Eng. hist., a ceorl ; one admitted to
a share in the land and corporate life of the
village community.
The freeman [in Anglo-Saxon times] was strictly the
freeholder, and the exercise of his full rights as a free
memljer of the community to which he l)elonged became
inseparable from the possession of his "holding" in it. It
was this sharing in conmion land which marked off the
freeman or ceorl from the unfree man or Ifet, the tiller of
land which another owned.
J. R. Green, Making of Eng., p. 191.
fteemartin (fre'raar-'tin), n. A cow-calf twin-
bom with a bull-calf, it is generally barren, and
when this is the case on dissection is found to have parts
of the organs of each sex, but neither perfect.
flreemason (fre'ma'sn), «. [Not found earlier
than mod. E. ; </ree + mason.] A member of
an order, fraternity, or brotherhood forming
a secret society, or series of affiliated secret
societies called lodges, now existing in all the
countries of Europe, in many parts of America,
and in other parts of the world where Euro-
peans have settled in larger or smaller commu-
nities. This society is founded on and professes the
practice of social and moral virtue ; truth, charity in its
most extended sense, brotherly love, and mutual assis-
tance being inculcated in it. It possesses an elaborate
ritual, numerous grades of officers, and many secret signs
and i)assword8, Ijy which members may make themselves
known to other members of the craft in any part of the
world. Secret organizations of free or enfranchised oper-
ative masons, with similar rituals, were formed in the
middle ages, when skilled workmen moved from place to
place to assist in building the magnificent sacred struc-
tures—cathedrals, abbeys, etc.— which had their origin
in those times, and it was essential for them to have some
signs by which, on coming to a strange place, they could
be recognized as real craftsmen and not impostors. Iliere
was such a society of actual masons and builders in Eng-
land In the seventeenth century, and some persons not be-
longing to the craft had been accepted as members of it ;
hence the full name of the present fraternity, "Free and
Accepted Masons " (abbreviated F. and A. M.). Modem
freemasonry dates from the organization in 1717 of the
four lodges then existing in London, on a new basis, into
a grand lodge, by which other grand lodges were charter-
ed. To mark its departure from the limited scope of the
original society, the principles and methods of the order
are called sjtectdative masonrij, the terms and insignia of
operative masonry being retained.- Fable, though abso-
lutely without any historical basis, takes the history of
the order back to the Roman empire, Ut the Pharaohs, to
the building of Solomon's temple or the tower of Babel, or
even to the building of Noah's ark.
Some, deep Freemasons, join the silent race.
Worthy to fill Pythagoras's place.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 571.
fireemasonic (fre'ma-son'ik), a. [< freemason
+ -w'.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling free-
masonry.
That mysterious, undeflnable freemasonic signal which
passes l>etween women, by which each knows that the
other hates her. T-hackeray.
freemasonry
freemasonry (fre'ma'sn-ri), n. l< freemason +
-ry.] 1. The principles, practices, and insti-
tutions of freemasons. Hence — 2. Secret or
tacit brotherhood.
There is & freemtuonry extending through all branches
of society in the quick comprehension of significant words.
A. Rhodes, Monsieur at Home, p. 66.
freemason's-cup (fre'ma'snz-kup), n. A drink
made of ale, especially Scotch ale, and sherry in
equal parts, ^vith the addition of some brandy,
sugar, and nutmeg.
free-milling (fre'mU'ing), o. Easily reduced:
said of auriferous and argentiferous ores which
are reduciWe without previous roasting.
free-minded (fre'min'ded), a. Having the
mind free from care, trouble, or perplexity.
To be /ree-viinded and cheerfully disposed at hours of
meat, and sleep, and of exercise, is one of the best pre-
cepts of long lasting.
Bacon, Regimen of Health (ed. 1887).
freeness (fre'nes), n. The state or quality
of being free, unconstrained, or unobstruct-
ed ; openness ; unreservedness ; frankness ; in-
genuousness ; candor ; liberality ; gratuitous-
2370
freeze
The freetiynfjued preacher must either live by air or be
forced to change his pasture.
Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iii. 7.
One [building] i« very spacious and broad, and of a great
heigth, adorned with many goodly pillars of white free-
stoiif. Coryat, Crudities, I. 30.
The walls of the citty are of large square /cM-stoTie, the free-trader (fre'tra'dfer), H. One who advocates
most neate and best in repaire I ever saw. ^ „„ ,„,, or believes in free trade. See /ree irode, under
Jiivclyn, uiary, Sept. 30, 1644.
2. A freestone peach: distinguished from cling-
stone. See II.
II. a. Having, as a fruit, a stone from which
the flesh of the fruit separates readily and
cleanly, as distinguished from the quality of
having a stone to which the flesh clings or ad-
heres firmly: as, a, freestone peach.
free-swimmer (fre'swim'Sr), «. A fish that
swims high, or near the surface of the water,
as the herring and other clupeids.
AW /ree-smnanert are especially heedful to avoid con- freewill (fre'wil), n. and a.
tact with the bottom. Ooode, Menhaden, p. 67. under icill.
free, a.
freety, freity (fre'ti), a. [Also written /re^ty;
<freet, freit, + -yi.] Superstitious; of or be-
longing to superstitions. [Scotch.]
I knew the man whose mind was deeply imbued with
the superstitions and freitty observances of his native
land. Edinburgh Mag., Sept., 1816, p. 154.
freewarren (fre'wor"en), n. In Eng. law, a
royal franchise or exclusive right of killing
beasts and fowls of warren within certain
limits.
I. n. See free will,
Freenesse of speech is when we speake boldly and with-
out feare, euen to the proudest of them, whatsoeuer we
please or haue list to speake.
Sir T. WiUon, Art of Rhetoric, p. 203.
He was a clear asserter of the sovereign /ree/i««« and in-
fallible efficacy of divine grace in the conversion of souls.
Bates, Funeral Sermon of Baxter.
freer (fre'fer), n. One who frees or gives free-
dom. B. Jonson.
freeret, n. A Middle English form ot friar.
Freesia (fre'si-a), «. [NL.] A genus of iri-
daceous bulbous plants of the Cape of Good
Hope, allied to Gladiolus. There are two spe-
cies, frequently cultivated.
free-soil (fre'soil'), a. In favor of free soil or
territory — that is, opposed to slavery. An epi-
thet applied to a party or the principles of a party in
the United States who opposed the extension of slavery
into the Territories, or those parts of the country which had
not yet been erected into States. The Free-soil party arose
out of a coalition of the Liberty party with the Barnburners
in 1848, and, with the addition of Whigs, Know-nothings,
and some Democratp, became in "864 the Republican party.
It nominated candidates for the presidency in 1848 and
18.'i2.
The Liberty party was merged in the Free-soil, whose
creed was the exclusion of slavery from the territories.
0. S. Iternam, S. Bowles, I. 52.
Free-SOiler (fre'soi'lfer), n. [< free-soil + -«rl.]
In U. S. hist., a member of the Free-soil party;
one who advocated the non-extension of sla-
very.
The shibboleth of this party [nominating Van Buren]
was " Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men."
It wa-s, of course, anti-slavery, but its adherents took the
name of " Free-soiiers." N. Sargent, Public Men, II. 334.
free-SOilism (fre'soi'lizm), n. [< free-soil +
-ism.'\ The principles of the Free-soilers.
During the anti-slavery agitation in Kansas, " Senator
Atchison, formerly the presiding officer of the United
States Senate, openly advised the people of Missouri to
go and vote in Kansas. General Stringfellow told them
to take their bowie-knives and exterminate every scoun-
drel who was tainted with Free-soUism or Abolitionism."
J. F. Clarke, N. A. Rev., CXX. 73.
free-spoken (fre'sp6"kn), a. Given to free-
dom of speech ; accustomed to speak without
hesitancy or reserve.
The emperor [Nerva] fell into discourse of the injustice
and tyranny of the former time, . . , and said, What
should we do with them, if we had them now ? One of
them that were at supper, and was & free-spoken senator,
said, Marry, they should sup with us.
Bacon, Apophthegms.
" Am I but false as Guinevere is pure?
Or art thou mazed with dreams ? or being one
Of onr free-spoken Table hast not heard
That Lancelot " — there he check'd himself and paused.
Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
free-spokenness (fre'sp6"kn-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being free-spoken. Thackeray.
free-standing (fre'stan*ding), a. Detached;
isolated : as, free-standing statues.
The absence of the wooden ornaments of the external
porch, as well as our ignorance of the mode in which this
temple was finished laterally, and the porch joined to the
main temple, prevents us from judging what the effect of
the front would have been if belonging to a free- standing
building. J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 121.
freestone (fre'ston), n. and a. I. n. 1. Any
species of stone composed of sand or grit, as
the brownstone or brown sandstone of the east-
em United States, much used in building: so
called because it is easily quarried.
I saw her hand : she has a leathern hand,
K freesU>ne-Ko\nnx' A hand ; I verily did think
That her old gloves were on ; but 'twas her hands.
Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3.
free-swimming (fre'swim"ing), a. Swimming
freely : said of any aquatic animal that is not
fixed, and particularly of those which are at-
tached at some period of their lives and free
at another : as, the free-swimming embryo of a
eirriped; the free-swimming adult of a crinoid.
freet, freit (fret), n. [Also fret; < leel. frett,
news, intelligence, inquiry, inquiry about the
future; ef. Icel. fretta = J)a,n, fritte, question,
interrogate; ODan. frittere, an interrogator;
prob. ult. akin to E. frain\ q. v.] 1. A super-
stitious notion or belief with respect to any
action or event as a good or a bad omen.
Freits follow them 'stt freits follow. Scotch proverb.
Syne thai herd, that Makbeth ay
In fantown fretis had gret fay.
\Vynto\tni, vi. 18, 362. (Jamieson.)
2. A superstitious observance or practice.
All kinds of practiques, freits, or other extraordinary
actions, which cannot abide the trew touch of natural
reason. King James, Dsemonologie, p. 99.
[Scotch in both senses.]
free-tailed (fre'tald), a. Having the tail free
from the interfemoral membrane to a consid-
erable extent or entirely, as a bat ; emballo-
nurine.
free-thinker (fre'thing"k6r), n. One who is
not guided in the formation of his beliefs by
obedience to authority, but submits the claims
II. a. 1. Made, performed, or done freely or
of one's own motion or accord ; voluntary.
Churchmen in those Ages liv'd meerly upon free-will
Offerings. Milton, Touching Hirelings.
The basket of fruit of the juvenile Talfourd [did] not
displease me : not that I have any thoughts of bartering
or i-eciprocating these things. To send him anything in
return would be to reflect suspicion of mercenariness upon
what I know he meant a freewill offering.
Lamb, To Wordsworth.
2. Of or pertaining to the metaphysical doc-
trine of the freedom of the will : as, the free-
will controversy. See loill.
1 persist in saying, with Sir W. Hamilton, that on the
free-vkll doctrine volitions are emancipated from causa-
tion altogether. J. S. Mill, Exam, of Hamilton, xxvi.
Freewill Baptist. See Baptist.
free-willed (fre'wild), a. Endowed with free-
dom of the will.
In vain we think that/re«-^pi7rd Man has Pow'r
To hasten or protract th' appointed Hour.
Prior, Ode to George Villiers.
free-willer (fre'wil"6r), n. In Maryland, dur-
ing the colonial period, an immigrant who had
voluntarily sold his labor under contract for a
certain number of years.
freewoman (fre'wum"an), n. ; pi. freewomen
(-wim"en). A woman not a slave.
Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other
by a freewoman. Gal. iv. 22.
free-thinking
aftesbury. [Rare.]
beHefs and dogmas'^; Tience it acquired the still current freezablo (fre'za-bl), a. [< freeze + -ahle.'\
sense of skeptic, infldel, and even atheist. The word. Capable of being frozen,
though employed earlier, is generally siipposed to have fteejiel (frez), ^•.; ^TOt. froze,y^. frozen or frOZe,
of authority to reason as the ultimate arbiter, f-.^ __,•*„_ ^fre'ri"tAr1 « A
The early application of the term was to those who occu- iree-wribei y-re ii uci ;, n. j^
pied a rationalistic position in regard to current religions writer. i^eG ftye-tntnKer. ^ftajtes
been brought into common use in 1713 by the publication
Anthony Collins's "A Discourse of Freethinking, occasion-
ed by the Rise and Growth of a Sect called Freethinkers."
Although this work defines free-thi7iking aa the endeavor
to judge a proposition according to the weight of evidence,
and does not explicitly maintain any proposition which can
offend a Protestant, it was rightly judged to be a covert
attack upon fundamental tenets of the Christian religion.
The frqe-thinkers specifically so called formed a class of
deistical writers in England in the seventeenth and eigh-
teenth centuries, the chief of whom were Toland (died
1722), Anthony Collins (1676-1729), Woolston (1669-1733),
Tindal (died 1733), and Bolingbroke (1678-1751). See deist.
The idiot is supposed to say in his heart what David's
fool did some thousands of years ago, and was therefore
designed as a proper representative of those among us
who are called atheists and infidels by others, &nd free-
thinkers by themselves. Addison, Religions in Waxwork.
Is he a churchman? then he's fond of power :
A quaker ? sly : a presby terian ? sour ;
A Bmart free-thinker? all things in an hour.
Pope, Moral Essays, i. 157.
The freethinker perhaps too has imbibed his principles
from the persons among whom he was bred up.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, Y. viii.
Who born within the last forty years has read a word
of Collins and Toland and Tindal and that whole race
who called themselxes freethirikers?
Burke, Rev. in France.
If Collins included as freethinkers All v/ho differed from
the prevalent creed of the time, Bentley would not deny
thAt freethinkers had done good service. If. on the other
hand, Collins meant, as Bentley assumed him to insinuate,
that all these freethinkers were atheists, then he was pal-
pably wrong. Leslie .Stephen, Eng. Thought, iv. § 14.
= Syn. Unbeliever, Skeptic, etc. See infidel.
free-thinkinp; (fre'thing"king), n. The act or
the habit of inquiring freely into the truth of a
fact or point of faith in which authority requires
implicit belief : especially applied to skeptical
inquiry into the supernatural elements of Chris-
tianity.
Collins's Discourse on Freethinking discusses the rela-
tion of reason to the acceptance and the interpretation of
revelation, with great acuteness and ability, in a spirit not
favorable to much of the current theology of the time.
N. Porter, App. to Ueberweg's Hist. Philos., p. 376.
ppr. freezing. [Early mod. E. also/ree»e, friese;
< ME. freesen, fresen, freosen (pret. fres, frese,
and weak freesede, pi. not found, pp. froren),
< AS. fredsan (pret. *freds, pi. "fruron, pp. fro-
ren) = D. vriezen = MLG. rresen, LG. fresen =
OHG. *friosan, freosan, friesen, MHG. vriesen,
G. frieren = Icel. frjosa = Sw. frysa = Dan.
fryse = Goth. *friusan (evidenced by deriv.
friits, frost, cold), freeze, = L. prurire (orig.
*priisire, itch (orig. sting, as -with cold), cf.
pruina (orig. "prn.sina), hoar frost, j^rSma (orig.
*pr-MSna), a burning coal, cf. Skt. -^Z plush, bum,
•/ prush, sprinkle, > prushva, a drop, frozen
drop, hoar frost. Hence /ro«i, and frore, pp.]
1. trans. 1. To congeal; harden into ice;
change from a fluid to a solid form by cold or
abstraction of heat.
When icicles hang by the wall,
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail.
And Tom bears logs into the hall.
And milk comes /rozcre home in pail.
Shak., L. L. L., V. 2 (song),
2. To affect with frost; stiffen, harden, injure,
kill, etc., by congealing the fluid portions of ;
hence, to produce some analogous effect in.
I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
Elfsin, . , . ascendingbySimony to the Chair of Canter-
bury, and going to Rome the same year for his Pall, was
froz'n to Death in the Alps. Milton, Hist. Eng., v.
As a knight of old, at the very moment when he would
else have unhorsed his opponent, was often frozen into
unjust inactivity by the king's arbitrary signal for parting
the tilters. De Quinceg, Secret Societies, 1.
Her loveliness with shame and with surprise
Froze my swift speech. Tennysojl, Fair Women.
3. To chill with cold; produce the sensation
of intense cold in.— To freeze In, to entangle or en-
velop in ice : as, the vessels were frozen in earlier than
usual.
Six vessels \Ay frozen in At a considerable distance from
the town. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 190.
free-thinking (fre'thing'king), a. Holding the
principles of a free-thinker ; untrammeled or To freeze out, to drive out or off ; compel to withdraw
iold in speculation ; hence, deistical; skeptical. "L'trSmlnl'T ma^'^o^ hTsln^'s^ tl^^eTc"^^^^
free-tongUed (fre tungd), a. Given to speak- tjon or opposition, or a body of stockholders by depress-
ing freely and without reserve. lug the stock. [CoUoq., v. s.]
flreeze
2371
Jealousy on the part of Western stockholders and an Fregata, Fregatta (fre-ga'ta, -gat'S), n. [NL.,
insane fear that Colt would freeze them all out, delayed / i," f\.Z,„,. ° *„;„„*„•. „ iL- < V a
the erection of thU Imining) machiner). ^A'A'^'Il^' ^^.^"g*'**' = see /n</ate.] A genus
Quoted in Moiitys Arizona and Sonora, p. 58. "I birds, the fngate-pebcans, fonnLng the type
The Baltimore and Ohio, only a short time ago, /nze out ^""^ ^^^7 representative of the family Fregati-
the Inter-State Telegraph Company. dw: same as Tachypetes. See cut under frig-
Electrical Rev. (.\mer.), XII. 11. ate-bird.
II. intrans. 1. To be congealed by cold ; be Fregatidae (fre-gat'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Fre-
changed from a liquid to a solid state by the gcta + -iilw.l A family of totipalmate birds,
of the group Steganopodes, having very long
abstraction of heat; be hardened into ice or
into a solid body by cold: as, water /recjes at
the temperature of 32° F.
Thare ys a nother Ryvere, that upon the nygt freseth
wondur faste. ilandecille, Travels, p. 125.
The sculptured dead, on each side, seem to freeze,
Imprisou'd in black, purgat^jrial rails.
Keatu, Eve of St. .\gnes, ii.
2. To be of that degree of cold at which water
congeals : often used impersonally to describe
the state of the weather: as, it is freezing to-
night.
Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
Thou dost not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot.
Shot., As you Like it, iL 7 (song).
3. To suffer the effects of intense cold; be
stiffened, hardened, or impaired by cold.
Such rage as winters reigneth in my heart.
My life-bloud /nV^uji/ with unkindly cold.
pointed wings, very long forked tail, and ex-
tremely short tarsi ; the frigate-pelicans. Also
called TachypetidcB.
Fregatta, «. See Fregata.
fregiatura (fra-ja-to'ra), n. ; pi. fregiature
(-re). [It., trimming, ornament, < fregiare,
trim, adorn, < ML. frigiare, phry glare, embroi-
der witli gold,<.frigium, phrygium, gold embroi-
dery, Phrygian work: see auriphrygia.'] In
ynusic, an ornament ; an embellishment.
Fregilus (frej'i-lus), n. [NL. ] A genus of cor-
vine passerine birds with black plumage and
red bill and feet; the choughs. F. graculus is
the common chough. Also called Pyrrhocorax
and Coracia. See cut under chough.
Freia (fre'ya), M. [NL.] 1. A genus of arach-
nidans. C. 1). Koch, 1S50.— 2. In Protozoa, smne
_, „.^ aaFolliculina. CUiparMe and Lachmann, 1856.
SpCTwer.Shep.Car., January, freibergito (fri'b6rg-it), n. [< Freiberg (see
def.) + -ite'^.} A variety of tetrahedrite con-
taining several per cent, of silver: named from
Freiberg in Saxony.
flreieslebenite (fri-es-la'bn-it), n. [Named
after Johann Karl Freiesleben (1774-1846), a
distinguished Saxon geologist.] A native sul-
phid of antimony, lead, and silver, occurring
m prismatic crystals of a light steel-gray color
,^ ..,,. r - . -,. . , and metallic luster, and easily cut by a knife,
suits; chilling or freezing conditions: as, there freight (frat), n. [< late ME. freight, freyt, an
4. Figuratively, to be or become chilled ; suf-
fer greatly from the sensation of cold. — 6. To
cause a sensation of great cold. [Rare.]
The wand'ring rivals gaze with cares oppress'd.
And chilling \iOVro\m freeze in every breast.
Pope, Odyssey, ii.
To freeze to (a person or a thing), to attach one's self
dost 1 y or devotedly to ; take possession of. [CoIIoq., U. S.)
freeze! (frez), n. [< freeze^, r.] Frost or its re-
was a strong/reere last night. [CoUoq.]
The effects of the late/Fee» have been severely felt.
CKarletUm (U. 8.) Nempaper. (Bartlett.)
freeze^t, m. See/nesel.
freezer (fre'z^r), «. One who or that which
(rufzes or chills; a refrigerator; especially, a
contrivance, as a vessel containing a freezing-
mixture, for producing a freezing temperature
in substances exposed to its influence, as cream.
The books . . . looked, ir their cold, hard, sllpperr unl-
fomiB. as if they had but one idea among them, and that
w its u freeztr. Dickent, Uombey and Son, v.
freezing (fre'zing), B. [Verbal n. ot freeze^, v.']
The act of hardening, congealing, or solidify-
ing with cold ; freezing or chilling treatment.
And wynter incraayng with many great snowet and /ru-
yng of the earth, there telle on him another maladie.
Qoldm Book, uirUL
WhatyWezin^t bare I felt, what dark dajrt ieen !
What old December's bareness everywhere I
Shak., .Sonnets, xcriL
freezing (fre'zing), p. a. [Ppr. of freeze^, e.]
1. Suen as to freeze; specifically, at or below
the temperature of 32o F. (0° C. ), which is called
the freezing-point, because water freezes at
that temperature; in general, very cold: as,
altered form ot fraught, prob. due to the influ-
ence of F.fret: see fraught, n.] 1. The eai^o,
or any part of the cargo, of a ship ; lading ; that
which is carried by water ; in the United States
and Canada, in general, anything carried for
pa^ either by water or by land; the lading of a
ship, canal-boat, railroad-car, wagon, etc.
Yon sail, that, from the sky-mixt wave.
Dawns on the sigh*, and wafts the royal youth,
freight of future glory to my shore.
Thomson, Britannia.
The bark, that ploughs the deep serene,
Charg'd with a freight transcending in its worth
The gems of India, Nature's rarest birth, . . .
A herald of Ood's love to pagan lands.
Coicper. Charity, L 1S8.
2. The price paid for the transportation of
goods or meronandise by sea; by extension, in
the Unite<l States and Canada, m general, the
price paid for the transportation of goods or
merchandise by land or by sea.
Fuel i« cheap, freighti are extremely low, and these,
with many other advantages, otTer unusual epportunities
to merchant* and manufacturers.
Harper-t Mag., LXXVI. 718.
3. In a more general sense, the price paid for
the use of a ship, including the transportation
freezing weather.— 2. Figuratively, haughty; of passengers.— By ftelght. by the usual public con-
stern : chilling: as, freezing politeness. veyance or means of transport ; as regular freight : op-
freezing-box (fre'zing-boks), n. A box in which ?JS?;*°r5'. sT^-— --'■---!'*'""' i"'-(".' !'" »■■ ''"/^
fi;<li Hre fruzcu. the adJectlVeii.
-Dead flight, fast (height, etc. See
freezingly (fre'zing-U), adv. In a freezing or freiglit (frat), v. t. [(.freight, n.] 1. To load
la"
chilling manner,
A crowded and attentive House, which, whilst/recn'n^fy
deprecatory, remained politely attentive.
H. J. tituton, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 35.
freezing-mixtnre (fre'zing-miks'tur), n. A
mi.iitiire that has the property of producing a
suflicient dfgree of cold — that is, a sufficiently
rapid absorption of heat — to freeze liquids.
In general, sueh a mixture consists of a solid and a liquid
in whifh the solid i-hpiilly dissolves : for example, hydro-
chlorie aeid and Ho<liiitii sulphate. Its effect Udue to the
facttliat the change of a solid to a liquid requires a certain
amount of heat (see Infenf heat, under heat), and if this
change goes on rapiilly, ii considerable lowering of tem-
perature results. In the eoininon case of pounded ice and
salt, which gives a temperature of alKiiit 0' f. (—18* C.),
there is a double «-hange, Ihith resulting in the absorption
of heat — the melting of the ice and the solution of the
salt. See ire-titarhine.
freezing-point (fre'zing-point), n. The tem-
or lade with goods or merchandise for trans-
portation : often used figuratively.
I had from you lately two Letters ; the last was well
freighted with very good Stuff, but the other, to deal plain-
ly with you, was not so. Howell, Letters, 11. 21.
Each vessell freighted with a several load ;
Each squadron waiting for a several wind.
Dryden, Annus Hirabllis, st 205.
Every page is brightened with wit, ennobled by senti-
ment,/rei'^Atai with knowledge, or decorated with im-
agery. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 13.
2. To hire for the transportation of goods or
merchandise. — 3. To carry or transport as
freight.
Each of these Rooms (compartments in a ship) belong to
one or two Merchants, or more ; and every Man/reij/AU
his Goods In his own Boom. Dampier, Voyages, I. 412.
A water that has been freighted perhaps three thousand
.,, . miles, and kept In stock for months, undergoing unknown
perature at which a liquid freezes; loosely, changes all the time. ' '
the temperature at which ice melts. The freez- freightt (frat), p. a.
ing.point. ill the strict sense, depends on manv eirt:um. ' ■ - ~
stances difllcult to control, and many liquid*, incluiling
water, can with care be cooled several degrees lielow their
melting points without freezing. The meltinirpointof ice
(water), however, is relalively flied and readily oliserved.
Consequently, the melting p<ilnt is always substituted for
the freezing-iioiiit in m.iking thermometers, although it is
generally called by the latter name.
Tt)e frteziiui-point of water and the melting-point of
Ice, as Professor Tyndall remarks, touch each other as it
were. J. CroU, Climate and Time, p. 567.
UarpeTt Mag., LXXVII. 721.
[Also fraight; var. of
fraiifihf.'] Same aa fraught.
freightage Cfra'taj), n. l<. freight + -age.'] 1.
Freight; lading ;' cargo : also used figuratively.
English ships laden with full freightage of gallant sol-
diers. W. II. RiumU, Diary in India, I. 11.
Coal as an np freightage Is fully as important as the down
cargo of grain. Harper' t Mag., LXXI. 1B9.
2. The carrying or transportation of merchan-
dise, etc.
fremd
All travel nnd freightage are still, as of old, conducted
by means of horses, asses, camels, and mules.
Harper's Mag., LXXII. 216.
3. Money paid for the carriage of goods or
merchandise ; charge for the transportation of
goods. See freight, n., 2.
No more than one half of the duty ot freightage shall be
expended toward the payment of their debts.
Milton, Letters of State, To the K. of Portugal.
freight-car (frat'kar),n. A railroad-car for car-
rying freight, commonly a box-car. Called in
Great Britain a goods-wagon or goods-van.
freight-engine (frat'en'jin), n. A locomotive
used for drawing freight-trains. [U. S.]
freighter (fra'tfer), «. l. One who freights or
charters a ship for the transportation of goods
or merchandise ; a shipper.
He represented in behalf of himself and other owners
&nA freighters of the London gaily, that the said gaily sailed
from Jamaica the latter end of February last.
Parliamentary Hist., 6Anne, 1706. The Lord's Address.
2. One who sends goods by land or by sea,
either for himself or for others. See freight,
n., 2.
The local trader or the agricultural /rei^Wer.
Contemporary Rev., LI. 81.
Men employed by (he freighters to look after the mulea
during the night to prevent their straying off.
The American, IX. 110.
3. A ship or vessel engaged in the carrying-
trade.
The ship "Maria" . , . being at that period employed
&8& freighter. C. M. Scamtnon, Marine Mammals, p. 244.
Heavily loaded freighters were lurching in, every mule
straining in his collar, every trace taut and quivering.
The Century, XXXI. 65.
freight-house (frat'hous), n. A house or depot
for freight. [U. S.] =Syil. Station, etc. See depot.
freighting (fra'ting), «. [Verbal n. of freight,
f.] The carriage or transportation of freight;
freightage.
In the rainy season, the water flowing down from the
various ravines and from the Salto(the source of the San
Miguel) fills the arroyo, ami rendersfreightiiig in wagons
difficult, but does not impede transit by mules and pack-
trains. L. Hamilton, Mexican Handljook, p. 67.
freighting (fra'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of freight, v.]
Concerned with the carrying of freight or mer-
chandise.
At the beginning of that war (as in the commencement
of every war) traders were struck with a sort of panick.
Many went out of the freighting business.
hurke. Late State of the Nation.
freightless (frat'les), a. Destitute of freight.
freight-train (frat'tran), «. A train of freight-
cars. Called in Great Britain a goods-train.
freinet, v. t. Seefrain^.
freit, freity. See freet, freety.
freket, II. See/reaA-i.
freltet, n. A Middle English form ot frailty.
fremd (fremd), a. and n. [North. E. and Sc,
also frem.fremit, fremmit. frammit, etc.; < ME.
fremd, fremed, frenide, fremede, < AS. fremde,
fremede, fremthe = OS. fremithi = OFnes. fre-
med, framd = D. vreemd = MLQ. vremede, vro-
mede = OHG. framidi, fremidi, MHG. vremede,
rremde, Q. fremd {leel. framandi = Svr.frdm-
mande = flan, fremmed, appar. < LG. or G.) =
Goth, fra maths, strange, foreign, < Goth., AS.,
etc.,yram,E./rom; 8ee/ro»t.] I, a. 1. Strange;
foreign.
A faucon peregryn than seme<l she
Ot fremde londe. Chaucer, Scinire^s Tale, 1. 421.
Wharfrae cam thir [thesej/rei/t swains,
Wr us this night to guest?
Rosmer Httftnand (Child's Ballads, I. 264X
2. Not akin ; unrelated.
Many are that nener haue halde the ordyre of lufe
ynesche thalru frendys sybbe or ffremede, hot onthire thay
lufe thaym ouer mekill or thay lufe tham ouer lyttill.
Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. 8.), p. 8.
I saw not how the balm could dwell among them, see-
ing that they were fremd in heart if they were kin in
blood. Ifrs. Oliphant.
3. Strange; singular; queer.
Never was there yit so fremed a cas.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1046.
Better my friend think luc fremit
Than fashions. Ramsay's Scotch Proverbs.
4t. Wild; undomesticated.
Bothe /rfmed and tame. CAatteer, TroIIus, Hi. 529.
The fremd, strangers ; the strange world : as, to go Into
the fremd, to go among strangers; said of any one leav-
ing the family in which he was brought up and going
into the service of strangers. [Scotch.]
n.t n. A stranger; a foreigner or an alien.
So now his trend is chaunged for tifreiine.
Spenser, Sliep. Cal., April.
Asperjnr'd cowards in adversity.
With sight of fear, from friends to fremb'd do fly.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, L
fremedly
fremedlyt, nrfp. [ME.; <fremed,fremd,+ -ly^.^
As a stranger.
Mony klyf he ouer-clanibe in contrayeg straunge,
Fer flot«n fro his f reiidej fremedly he rydeg.
Sir Gaxrayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), I. 714.
fremescence (fre-mes'ens), n. [ifremescent.l
Noise suggestive of tumult. [Rare.]
Rumour, therefore, shall arise ; iu the Palais Royal, and
in broad tYance. Paleness sits on every face ; confused
tremor and fremescence; waxing into thunder-peals, of
fury stirred on by fear. Carlyle, French Rev., I. v. 4.
fremescent (fre-mes'ent), a. [< L. fremere,
make a low noise, roar, growl, + inceptive ppr.
term, -escent.'] Very noisy and tumultuous;
riotous; raging. [Rare.]
Thuriot shows himself from some pinnacle, to comfort
the multitude becoming suspicious, fremescent.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. v. 6.
fremitus (frem'i-tus), n.: pi. fremitus. [< L.
fremitus, a duU, roaring, humming, murmuring
sound, < fremere, roar, hum, murmur, growl.]
In med., palpable vibration, as of the walls of
the chest.
The so-called hydatid fremitus . . . scarcely differs
from the ordinary impulse communicated by fluid within
any other Isind of tumor. Cobbold, Tapeworms (1866), p. 63.
Palpation of the chest probably reveals & fremitus over
the central portion of the chest. Med. News, LII. 290.
BroncMal fremitus, that fremitus produced by the air
passing through obstructed bronchial tubes.— Friction
fremltOS, fremitus which is produced by the rubbing of
rougliened surfaces over each other, as of the pleural
membranes in pleurisy.— Vocal fremitus, that fremitus
whicti is produced by utterance of sounds.
Fremontia (fre-mon'ti-a), ». [NL., named af-
ter John C. Fremont, an American explorer.]
A genus of plants, of a single species, F. Cali-
fomica, a common shrub upon the dry hills of
California, known as California slippery-elm.
It has lobed leaves, and conspicuous flowers with a bright-
yellow petaloid calyx, and is now introduced into cultiva-
tion. It is closely related to the hand-flower tree (Chiran-
thodendron) of Mexico, and the two genera have been
placed sometimes in the Malvacece, sometimes in the Ster-
culiacece ; but they have recently been separated to form
the order ChiranthodendrecB.
frent, frennet, »• Apparently a poetical per-
version ot.fremd.
frena, «. Plural oifrenum.
frenate (fre'nat), a. [< frenum + -atel.] In
entom., provided with a frenulum: applied to
the posterior wings of a lepidopterous insect
when they are provided with a bristle by which
they can be attached to the anterior wings.
French (french), a. and n. [< ME. Frenche,
Frensch, Frensc, Frenkisch, rarely Franche, <
AS. Frencisc, French, i. e., Frankish, < Franca,
Frank, + -isc, -ish. The term, -ish is similarly
contracted in Dutch, Scotch, and Welch, now
usually Welsh. Cf. P. Frangais, OF. Frangois,
Franchois, earlier Franceis (fem. F. Frangaise,
OP. Francoise, Franchoise, earlier Francesche)
(> MLG. frantzos, fransois, a., franisoser, fran-
soiser, n., = MiiG.franzois,frangeis,a,.,frangoy-
ser, franzoysare, n., G. franzos-isch, a., franzos,
franzose, n., = Sw. fransysk; cf . D. fransch, Dan.
Sw.fransk, equiv. in form to E. Frankish) = 8p.
Francfy = Pg. Francez = It. Francese, < ML.
"Francensis, Francesus, French, < Francus, a
Prank, + -ensis, whence the common E. patrial
term. -ese. Thus E. French is etymologieally
Frank-ish, and P. Frangais is *Frank-ese.'] I.
a. 1. Pertaining to France, a country of west-
em Europe, or to its inhabitants. Often ab-
breviated Fr.
Thank love for my blindness ; who cannot see many a
fair French city, for one fair French maid that stands in
my way. SAa*., Hen. V., v. 2.
2. Foreign; from a distant or foreign land;
hence, strange ; uncommon ; rare. [Prov. Eng.]
In the Sheffield dialect /rencft means "foreign." Anew
kind of American knives would be called french. Com-
pare with this the different meanings of Welsh.
N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 261.
French asparagus. See asparagus. — French berry.
Same as Avignon berry. See berry^. — French blue.
Same as artificial ultramarine (which see, under ultra-
marine).—French bole. Sec boiei, 1.— French brace,
an angle-brace.— French cambric, a very fine variety
of cambric used for handkerchiefs and similar things. —
French canvas, a variety of grenadine u.sed for ladies'
dresses and very durable. Diet, of Needlework.— French
chalk, cotton, cowslip. See the nouns.— French
crown, (a) A piece of French money.
It is no English treason to cut French crowns; and, to-
morrow, the king himself will be a clipper.
5AaJ:.,Hen. V.,iv. 1.
(6) Baldness produced by what was called the French dis-
ease (morbus Oatlicus). Hence used with equivocation.
Schmidt.
.Some of your French crowns have no hair at all, and
then you will play bare-faced. Shak., M. N. D., i, 2.
Fremai daisy. See dawi/.-FrenchdlBease*, syphilis.—
French duck, Encyclopedia, encnre, fake, etc. See
2372
the nouns. — French fall. Same as falling-band.—
French grass, green, honeysuckle, hood, horn. Jas-
mine, etc. See the nouns.— French measles. Same as
ruWIa.— French merino, a very fine twilled woolen
cloth, made from the wool of the merino sheep, and used
for ladies' dresses. It was originally made only in France,
but is now produced elsewhere.— French mixture, a car-
bolized solution of codeine.— French morocco, mus-
tard, nut, ocher, pie, pitch, plum, polish, etc. See
the nouns.- French porcelain, French pottery, porce-
lain and pottery made wiMiin the limits of France. See
porcelain and pottery.— 'FiencU poxt, sypliilis. — French
purple. See purple.— TrencU quilting. See pique.—
French red, rouge.— French roof. See roo/.— French
sixth. See sra(A.— French spoliation claims. See
spoliation. — French timing. See_rfa( tuning, under tun-
tnfir.- French twill, a variety of French merino of infe-
rior fineness but great dural>ility.— French varnish,
white, willow, etc. See the nouns.— French weed, in
Jamaica, the Cmnmelina Cayennensis, a species of day-
flower.— To take French leave, to depart without cere-
mony or notice ; hence, to disappear under suspicious cir-
cumstances ; elope : as, a defaulting cashier takes French
leave.
I felt myself extremely awkward about going away, not
choosing, as it was my first visit, to take French leave, and
hardly Icnowing how to lead the way alone among so many
strangers. ilme. D'Arblay, Diary, II. 199.
You are going to quit me without warning — French
leave — is that British conduct?
Bulwer, What will he Do with it? i. 10.
H. «. 1. The language spoken by the peo-
ple of France. French is parallel with Provencal,
Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Wallachian, and minor dia-
lects, called together the Romance languages, being de-
scended from the Latin as spoken by the Romans and the
peoples of the various provinces whom they brought un-
der their dominion, mingled with the Celtic and Teulionic
tongues with which Latin was thus brought in contact.
{&efi Romance.) J^rerio/i means 'thelangnage of the Franks,'
a Teutonic people merged witli the mixed races of Gaul,
who received the Frankish name (the country being thence
called France), but retained their Romanic speech, the
PYanks and other Teutonic tribes, and later the Northmen,
accepting the speech of the people they conquered. It
is divided chronologically into Old French and Tnodern
French, the former extending from the ninth century to
the fourteenth, or, with the convenient inclusion (as usual-
ly in this dictionary) of what is specifically called Middle
French, to the sixteenth century. Old French existed in
many dialects, the phrase, indeed, when unqualified or
undiscriminated, including the aggregate of such dia-
lects. The most important were the dialect of the lie de
France, which, as the "French of Paris," has become the
modern literary French ; and that of Normandy, the N&r-
man or Norman French, which, transferred to England
at the Conquest and there developed (as Anglo-French),
gave much to and took much from the English, and was
flnallydisplaced by the mixed English speech thus formed.
(See Enolish.) By later borrowing from French, or from
the Latin on the French model, the Romanic pai-t of the
English vocabulary is now to a great extent nearly identi-
cal with that of French. As the most central and highly
developed of the Romance dialects, French began, in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to take the place of
Latin as the general language of diplomacy, polite society,
and commerce. Its importance in this respect has much
diminished in tlie present century. It is now drawn upon
by otiier languages chiefly for terms of fine art, dress, and
cookery. The use of accents as a customary part of French
orthography began in the seventeenth century ; they now
form a rigid artificial system, often a guide to pronuncia-
tion, and reflecting generally, but with numerous excep-
tions, previous etymological conditions of the words con-
cerned. Regarded as a Romance language, French is re-
markable for its departure from the Latin type. In its
vowel and consonant system (notably in its nasal vowels),
its sweeping contractions, and its general destruction of
final sounds or syllables, with the retention in many cases
of these lost sounds in spelling, it differs markedly from
other Romance tongues.
And Frensch sche spak ful faire and fetysly,
After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,
For Frensch of Parys was to hire unknowe.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T. (ed. Morris), 1. 124.
2. Collectively, the people of France.
Let Euclid rest, and Archimedes pause,
And what the Swede intends, and what the French.
Milton, Sonnets, xvi.
Frenchify (fren'chi-fi), V. t; pret. and pp.
Frenchified, ppr. Frenchifying. [< French +
-i-fy.! To make French ; irifeet with French
tastes, manners, or turns of expression.
Before the Conquest they misliked nothing more in
King Edward the Confessor than that he was Frenchified,
and accounted the desire of forraine language then to be
a foretoken of the bringing in of forraine powers, which
indeed happened. Camden, Remains, Languages.
Has he familiarly
Dislik'd your yellow starch, or said your dublet
Was not exactly Frenchified ?
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, i. 1.
Frenchiness (fren'chi-nes), n. The quality of
being Frenchy in aspect, manner, expression,
etc.
There is, I must say, a Frenchiness about Ledru that I
own makes me tremble.
Quoted in Wiko^'s Reminiscences of an Idler, p. 531.
Frenchman (french'man), n. ; pi. Frenchmen
(-men). [< ME. Frenche man (= D. fransman
= G.franzmann='Da,Ti.franskmand = Sw.frans-
man): see French and jwan.] 1. A man of the
French nation; a nati've inhabitant of France,
or one belonging to the French race.
frenzical
The Frenchman, first in literary fame —
(Mention him, if you please. Voltaire?— The same).
Comper, Truth, L 303.
2. A French ship.
French-tub (freneh'tub), n. A mixture of the
protoehlorid of tin and logwood, used in dyeing.
Frenchwoman (french' wum'' an), n.; pi. French-
women (-wim''en). A woman of the French
nation.
Q. Mar. I cry you mercy, madam ; was it you?
Duch. Was't I? yea, 1 it was, proud Frenchwoman.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., 1. 3.
Frenchy (fren'cM), a. and n. [< French + -jl.]
1. a. Having a characteristic or exaggerated
Frencli manner, appearance, or sound : gener-
ally used in a depreciatory sense : as, a Frenchy
gesture ; a Frenchy tune. [CoUoq.]
A theatrical and Frenchy tone.
The CoTigregationalist, Jan. 6, 1887.
II. n. A Frenchman. [CoUoq. and familiar.]
The squires had begun by calling him Frenchy.
Miss Yonge, Stray Pearls, p. 62.
frendt, «. See/n'««(?.
frenesyt, «. An obsolete form ot frenzy.
frenetic, frenetical (fre-net'ik, formerly fren'-
e-tik, fre-net'i-kal), a.' [< OF. frenetique, F.
frcnetique = Pr. frenetic = Sp. frenetico = Pg.
It. frenetico: see /ramHc] 1. Relating to or
accompanied by mental disorder.
Sometimes he shuts up, as in .frenetick or infectious
diseases. Milton, Church-Government, ii.
Thether came Isabell, the Frenche Queue, because the
King her husband was fallen into hys old frenetical des-
ease. Hall, Hen. V., an. 7.
2. Frenzied; frantic.
In his throwes/rencd'Are and madde.
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 206.
Also spelled phrenetic, phrenetical.
frenetically (fre-net'i-kal-i), adv. [< frenetic,
q. v.] In a frenetic or frenzied manner ; fran-
tically. Also spelled phrenetically.
All mobs are properly frenzies, work frenetically with
mad fits of hot and cold. Carlyle.
frennet,". See /?•«».
fren'tict, a. An obsolete form of frantic,
frenti'yet, a. [ME.: see frentic = frantic.']
Having the mind disordered ; frantic.
Item, in ye same chirge [St. Peter's at Rome] on the
right side is a pilour that was somtyme off Salamons tem-
ple, at which pylour our Lord was wont too rest him whan
he preched to ye peple, at which pelour, if ther any be
.frentyf or made or troubled with spyrittes, they be de-
luered and made hoole. Arnold^s Chronicle, p. 145.
frenula^ (fren'u-la), «.; -pi. frenuUe (-le). [NL.,
dim. of 'L. frenum, q. v.] In anat, a small fre-
num. Xlsoframula — Frenula lingulse, a small pro-
cess extending from the posterior lamellie of the lingula
towai'd the middle peduncles of the cerebellum.
frenula^, «. Plural ot frenulum.
frenular (fren'u-lar), a. [< frenula + -ar^.]
Of or pertaining to the frenulum : as, a frenu-
lar bristle.
frenulum (fren'u-lum), n.; pi. frenula (-la).
[NL.,dim.of L./mi««, q.v.] 1. Inajmf.,same
a,» frenum ot frenula. — 2. In lepidopterous in-
sects, a strong, elastic, sometimes double bris-
tle on the upper edge of the secondary wing,
near its base, it can be drawn through a hook on the
under side of the primary, and serves to lock the wings
together. The frenulum is wanting in nearly all butterflies
which do not fold the secondaries when at rest. Morris.
Also speWedi frcenuhim.
Frenulum cerebri, a median ridge running down from
the corpora qu.adrigeniina on to the valve of Vieussens. —
Frenulum pudendi, a transverse fold within the poste-
rior commissure of the vulva ; the fourchette, commonly
ruptured in the first parturition.
frenum (fre'num), n. ; pi. frena (-na). [L.,
also -written frcenum, a bridle, curb, Bit.] 1.
In anat., a ligament or fold of membrane which
checks or restrains the motion of a part : as,
the frenum linguw, or bridle of the tongue. See
below. — 2. In entom., a strong membrane or
chitinous ridge extending from the scutellum
to the base of each anterior wing. It is promi-
nent in the cicadas and some other insects. —
Frenimi ClitoridiS, a fold connecting the glansclitoridis
with the ]al)ium minus on eitherside. — Frenum epiglOt-
tidis. See epiglottis.— Trenxan labil inferiorts, ftenum
labii superioris, a fold of mucous membrane which ties
the under and itpper lip, respectively, to the gums in the
median line.— R'enum lihguse, a fold of the mucous
membrane of the mouth, whicli binds down the under side
of the tongue, and sometimes requires to be cut from too
great restriction, or from extension too far forward, caus-
ing the subject to be tongue-tied.— Frenum pireputii,
a fold of skin connecting the foreskin with the meatus
urinarius.
frenzical (fren'zi-kal), a. [< frenz-y + -dc-al.
Cf. fransical.l Partaking of frenzy.'
Tbe frenzical disposition of her [Vanessa's] mind.
Orrery, On SWift, ii.
firenziedly
frenziedly (fren'zid-li), adr. As one frenzied;
distractedly.
frenzy (fren'zi), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also
frenzie, frensy, phrensy, phremy, framy, etc., <
ME. frensy, fransy, fransey, frenesy,frenesie, <
OF. freiiesie,frenaisie, F.frenesie = Pr. frenezia,
frenezi = Sp. frenesi = Pg. frenesi = It. frenesia,
< L. phrenesis, < Gr. ippevr/m^, a later equiv. of
^pcwnf, inflammation of the brain: see frantic
&nd freneticl I. ». ; pi. /renn'es (-ziz). Vio-
lent agitation of the mind approaching to tem-
porary derangement of the mental faculties;
distraction; delirium; madness.
He felle in a/ratuye for fersenesse of herte,
He feghttis and feUi« downe that hyme before Btandig I
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3827.
Ereiy passion is a thoTi/remy.
Bacon, Fable of Dionysios.
A kind of frenzy seized the people of Adel ; they ran
tumultuously to arms, and, with shrieks and adjurations,
demanded to be led immediately against the Abyssinians.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 35.
= Sy]L Mania, Madneu, etc. (see in9anity); rage, fury,
ravnig.
II,t a. Mad; delirious.
All these sharpers have but tt/renzy man's sleep.
S. Ward, .Sermons, p. 100.
frenzy (fren'zi), v. t. ; pret. and pp. frenzied,
ppT.fremying. .{(. frenzy, n.} To render fran-
tic ; drive to distraction.
The bright Titta/Temied with new woes.
KeaU, Hyperion, i.
The people, frenzied by centuries of oppression, prac-
tised the most revolting cruelties, saddening the hour of
their triumph by crimes that disgraced the noble cause
for which they struggled. Buckie, Civilization, I. viL
freq. An abbreviation ot frequentative.
fireqnencet (fre'kwens), n. [= F. frequence =
8p. frecuencia = Pg" frequeneia = It. frequema,
frequency, < L. frequentia, a throng, a crowd, <
frequen(t-)s, crowded, also frequent: see fre-
quent.'] If. A crowd; a throng; a concourse;
an assembly.
I, as I undertook, and with the vote
Consenting in tall frequence was impower'd,
Have found him, view'd him, tasted him.
MiUon, P. B., IL 130.
2. Same &a frequency.
The ordinary practise of idolatry, and frequence of
oathes. Bp. Uatl, Quo Vadls? { 20.
freqaency (fre'kwen-si), n. [Formerly also
friquencie :' eee frequence.] If. A crowd; a
throng.
London, . . . both tor frequeneie of people and molti-
tude of houses, doth thrise exceed it [Mantua],
Cmryat, Crudities, I. 145.
Thou caro'st erewhile into this senate. Who
Of such u frequency, so many friends
And kindred thou hast here, saluted thee ?
B. Jonton, Catiline, iv. 2.
2. The quality of being frequent ; often occur-
rence; the happening often in the ordinary
course of things.
The people with great freqtuncie brought gifts onto
Palatlum, which they oHered unto the Ooddesse, and sol-
emnized a iectistemium. UMand, tr. ot Urj, p. 719.
Concerning frequency in prayer, it is an act of zeal . . .
easy and nsefuL Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 688.
3. The ratio of the number of times that an event
occurs in the ordinary course of events to the
number of occasions on which it might occur;
with a few recent writers on physics, the num-
ber of regularly recurring events of any given
kind in a given time.
The/refiwney of crimes has washed them white.
Cinpper, Task, til. 71.
freqnent ffre'kwent), a. [< OF. frequent, F.
frcfjiieHt z= Hp. frecuentt: = Pg. It. frequente, <
L. frequen(i-)ii, crowded, crammed, frequent,
repeated, etc., ppr. in form, allied to farcire,
cram: see/orcel, e.] If. Crowded; thronged;
folL
Tls Casar's will to hare » frequent senate ;
And therefore must your edict lay deep mulct
On mch as shall t>e absent. B. Jonton, Sejanos, v. S.
Moving from the strand, apart they sate,
And full and frequent forro'd a dire debate.
Pope, Odyssey, xvii.
One hundred and thirty-nine Lords were present, and
made a noble sight on their benches /ymuntt and full !
Walpole, Letters, II. 38.
2. Often appearing, seen, or done ; often re-
peated or recurring ; coming or happening in
close succession or at short intervals.
There is nothing mnre frequent among us than a sort of
poems intitled Pindaric Odes. Conifreve, Pindaric Ode.
Frequent hearse* shall besiege your gates.
Pope, Elegy on an Unfortunate lady, L 88.
The sure sign of the general decline of an art is the
frequent occurrence, not of defonnity, but of misplaced
beauty. MacaiUay, ilachiavelli.
2373
The waste enormous marsh,
Where from the /requ<n« bridge . . .
The trenched waters run from sky to sky.
Tennyson, Ode to Memory.
3. Doing or accustomed to do a thing often;
practising or given to repetition ; repetitious ;
iterative: as, to be frequent in one's remon-
strances.
You cannot be
Too frequent where you are so much desir'd.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i, 1.
Suffering such a crew of riotous gallants,
Not of tile best repute, to be so frequent
Both in your house and presence ; this, 'tis nunour'd,
Little agrees with the curiousness of honour.
JUasnnger, Parliament of Love, L 4.
Make no more Allegories in Scripture than needs moat,
the Fathers were toofrequeiU in them.
Selden, Table-Talk, p. 21.
4t. Currently reported; often heard.
'Tis /re^«en( in the city he hath subdued
The Catti and the Daci.
Massinger, Roman Actor, 1. 1.
frequent (fre-kwenf), V. t. [< OF. frequenter,
F, frequenter = Bp. freeuentar = Pg.frequentar
= It. frequentare, < L. frequentare, fill, crowd,
visit often, do or use often, etc., < frequen{t-)s,
frequent, crowded: see frequent, a.] If. To
crowd; flU.
With tears
Watering the ground, and with our sighs the air
Frequenting. Milton, P. L., x. 1091.
2. To visit often; resort to habitually: as, to
frequent the theater.
I lay at the signe of the three Kings, which is the . . .
most frequented of al the Innes. Coryat, Crudities, I. 70.
The nnknowen Countries of Oinny and Binne, this six
and twentie yeeres, have l>eene frequented with a few
English ships only to trade.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 48.
It is to be wondered, that these Operas are Wi frequented.
There are great numbers of the Nobility that come daily
to them. Litter, Journey to Paris, p. 171.
freqnentable (fre-kwen'ta-bl), a. [= F. fre-
quentable; &s frequent +'-ahle.] Accessible;
easy of approach.
Wliile youth lasted in him, the exercises of that age, and
his humour, not yet fully discovered, made him somewhat
the more frequentable and leas dangerous. Sir P. Sidney.
Have made their bookstore most frequentable for facil-
ity of purchase. • The New Mirror, III. (1843).
ftequentage (fre-kwen'taj), n. [< frequent +
-age.] The practice of frequenting: as, "re-
mote frova frequentage," Southey. [Bare.]
freqnentation (fre-kwen-ta'shon), n. \=F.fr6-
quentation = Sp. frecucntacion = Pg. frequenta-
f&> = It. frequentazione, < Xi, frequerttaUo{,n-),
frequency, frequent use, < frequentare, fre-
quent: see frequent, r.] The practice of fre-
quenting; the habit of visiting often.
The loveliest cove upon the North New England coast,
and nearly the loneliest, a few miles ahead of the wave of
indiscriminate frequentation already rolling steadily on
towards the British provinces.
//. W. Preilon, Year in Eden, iv.
frequentative (fre-kwen'ta-tiv), a. and n. [=
F .friquentatif z= ip. frecuentativo = Pg. It./re-
queniativo, < lAt. frequentativus, frequentative,
* L. frequentare, do or use often : see frequent,
v.] I. a. In gram., serving to express the repe-
tition of an action: as, dictito is a frequentative
verb.
H. n. A verb which denotes the frequent oc-
currence or repetition of an action, as dictito
(Latin) from rfic/o, t'dradi<> (Sanskrit) from va-
dali, waggle from wag.
Abbreviated freq.
fteqnenter (fre-kwen'ter), n. One who fre-
quents ; one who often or habitually visits or
resorts to a place.
A gre&t frequenter of the church.
Where bishop-like he finds a perch.
Cowper, tr. of Vincent Bourne's Jackdaw.
They [English religious housesl stood often in defence-
leas solitudes, guarded by a feeble garrison of inmates
sndfrequeTtteri, a prey r«uly to the liand of the spoiler,
whenever he should come up against them.
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., i.
,adv. If. Populously;
frequently (fre'kwent-li)
in a crowded manner.
Tlie place became frequently inhabited on every side, as
approved Iwth healthfulland delightful!.
Sandyt, Travailes, p. 279.
2. Often; many times; at short intervals.
The First is, that the antient Oauls uacd t« come fre-
quently to be instructed here by the Britisli Druids.
HovxU, Letters, Ir. 19.
The Christians, also, sallied /r«7U«n<Zj/ from the gates,
and made great havoc in the irregular multitude of assail-
ants. Irving, Granada, p. 44.
= B3m. 2. See often.
fTequentness (fre'kwent-nes), n. The fact of
being frequent or often repeated.
&esh
freret, "■ A Middle English form ot friar.
frescadet (fres-kad'), re. [< OF. frescades, fres-
quades, pi., "refreshments, or things refresh-
ing, as (in summer-time) light garments, cool
air, cold places, bowers or shades, overspread
with green boughs" (Cotgrave), < It. *frescata,
< fresco, OF. frais,fres, fresh, cool: see fresh.]
A cool walk ; a shady place. Maunder.
fresco (fres'ko), n. ; pi. frescos ov frescoes (-koz).
[< It./re«co, fresh, cool,/resco, n., coolness, fresh
air, cool, fresco, < OHG. frisc, fresh : see fresh.]
If. Coolness; a cool, refreshing state of the
air; shade. See alfresco.
Wee mett many of the nobility both on horseback and in
their coaches to take the frenco from the sea.
Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 31, 1645.
Hellish sprites
Love more the freeco of the nights.
Prior, Hans Carvel.
2, A method of painting on walls covered
with a ground or coat of plaster or mortar, with
which the colors become permanently incorpo-
rated if properly chosen and applied; also, a
picture or design so painted. True fresco (Italian
ouon fresco) is painting in colors mixed with water or hy-
drate of lime upon a wet surface of mortar made of lime
and pure quartz-sand. In this method eai-th pigments are
chiefly used, because all vegetable and many mineral pig-
ments are decomposed by lime or altered l)y light. The
solidity of the painting depends upon the penetration of
the colors into the plaster or mortar, and upon the crys-
talline layer which forms upon its surface before the mor-
tar has set, as it does in a few hours through the absorp-
tion of carbonic acid from the atmosphere. If this crystal-
line layer is disturbed, or if it has begun to form while the
artist is painting, or if it forms between the thinner and
thicker coats of color successively applied, the colors will
flake and fall away. Dry fresco (Italian fresco secco) is a
method of fresco-painting upon a dry surface. The last
coat of plaster, or intonaco, when perfectly dry, is rubbed
with pumice-stone, and well wetted with water and a little
lime the evening before painting, and again immediately
before the artist begins work. The first step in this process
is to pounce the outline of the design upon the wall. The
phrase fresco secco is applied also to retouching in dis-
temper. The implements used by fresco-painters include
wooden and glass floats, trowels of wood and iron, palette-
knives of steel and bone, a trimming-knife, a bone or ivory
stylus, and brushes of hog-bristles and other hair, of such
quality as to be neither curled nor burned by lime. Com-
pare distemper^.
It is a very common error to term the ancient paintings
found on church walls, &c., frescos, but there is scarcely
an instance of a genuine fresco among them. They are
distemper paintings on plaster, and quite distinct in their
style, durability, and mmte of manipulation. FairhoU,
The room, which was not darkened, was hung with dam-
ask of purple and gold, and tlie high ceiling was painted
with gay/rf««)«of some story of the gods.
C. E. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 30.
Florentine fresco. See F/ore7i(in«.— Fresco colors.
See color.— In fTesco, in the open air ; out of doors : same
as alfresco.
Come, let us take, in fresco here, one quart.
B. Jonton, New Inn, iv. 2.
The house was doubly balconied in the front . , , for the
ciubsters to issue forth in fresco with hats and perukes.
Roger North, Lord Guilford, I. 145.
fresco (fres'ko), v. t. [(.fresco, n.] To paint in
fresco, as a wall.
A melodramatic statue of Moses receives the tables of
the law from God the Father, with fretcoed seraphim In
the Imckground. Howellt, Venetian Life, xviii.
frescoing (fres'ko-ing), n. [Verbal n. ot fresco,
v.] The process of painting in fresco; frescoed
decoration.
The/re««>tn(7, stained glass work, and tiling in the Union
I.eague Club building. Art Age, III. 198.
fresco-painter (fres'ko-pan'tSr), n. One who
paints in fresco.
ftesco-painting (fres'ko-pan'ting), n. 1. The
art or act of painting in fresco. — 2. A fresco.
fresh (fresh), a. and K. [< ME. fresh, fresch,
fressh, fress, and transposed /cr«fe, ferss, etc., <
AS. fersc, fresh (applied to water) (transposed
from 'fresc), = T>. versch = MLG. rarseh, versch
=1 OHG. frisc, MHG. vrisch, G. frisch = Icel.
ferskr, fresh (of food, meat, fish, fruit, etc., of
smell, etc.), = Sw. fdrsk = Dan. fersk, fresh,
sweet, etc. From the same ult. source are frisk,
a doublet ot fresh, and fresco, < It. fresco = Sp.
Pg. fresco = OF. fres, freis, frais, fris, fem.
fresche, fraische, F. frais, fem. fralche, fresh,
cool: see/re«co.] I. a. 1. Having its original
qualities; unimpaired in vigor or purity; not
weakened, faded, tainted, or decayed ; not stale
or worn : as, a fresh voice ; a fresh complexion ;
events still fresh in the memory; to keep meat
or flowers fresh.
Tii\fretsh and newe here gere apiked was.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 365.
A grave young Swede with afresh Norse complexion.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 14.
2. Of unimpaired physical or mental condi-
tion ; having full natural vigor, activity, beauty,
bloom, etc.; hearty; sound; brisk; Uvely.
fresh
Ther sholde ye haue seia many /rtsgh lusty men of armes
Tt>on stroiige startelinge stedis.
Merlin (E. E. T, S.), iii. 383.
A race of real children ; not too wise,
Too learned, or too good ; but wanton, /reaA,
And bandied up and down by love and hate.
Wordsworth, Prelude, v.
3. In a refreshed condition ; freshened ; reinvig-
orated; strengthened or pnrified: as, the troops
were now fresh for action ; to put on fresh linen.
I remember, wlien the fljrht was done, . . .
Came there a certain lord, neat and trimly dress'd,
Fresh as a bridegroom. Shak., 1 lien. IV., 1. 3.
Nay, [I) let him choose
Out of my flies, his projects to accomplish.
My best &ud/reishe»t men. Shak., Cor., v. 5.
Brewer says to his driver, "Now is your horse pretty
frtAt" . . . Driver says he's tk% fresh as butter.
Dickons, Mutual Friend, ii. 3.
4. New ; recent ; novel ; newly produced, ob-
tained, occurring, arriving, etc. : as, co\n^ fresh
from the mint; & fresh coat of paint; fresh ti-
dings; & fresh misfortune; to take a/re^/t sheet
of paper.
My glory •was/renh in me, and my bow was renewed in
my hand. Job xxix. 20.
But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,
With furbish'd arms and new supplies of men,
Began &J'regh assault. Shak., Macbeth, i. 2.
To-morrow to /t\'sh woods and pastures new.
Milton, Lyeidas, 1. 193.
In every liquid all the molecules are running about and
continually changing and mixing themselves up in frexh
forms. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 195.
Hence — 5. Unpractised; untried; inexperi-
enced; unsophisticated: as, a/rc5^ hand on a
ship ; a fresh youth.
How green you are, and/re«ft in this old world !
Shak., K. John, iii. 4.
We that have skill must pronounce, and not such fresh
men as you are. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
It is not unusual to see girls in tlieir third year attend-
ing the same lectures with Freshmen, I say ' ' Freshmen "
because, although there is no class feeling, yet there is an
undefined idea that new students must naturally he fresh.
Nineteenth Century, XXIV. 921.
6. Cool ; refreshing ; invigorating ; imparting
strength or refreshment ; in nautical language,
moderately strong or brisk: as, a draught of
fresh water; a breath of fresh air; a fresh
breeze.
Sir, we are all so happy as to have a fine, fresh, cool
morning ; and I hope we shall each be the happier in the
others' company. I. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 20.
I'll cull the farthest mead for thy repast;
The choicest herbs I to thy board will bring,
And draw thy water from t\\e freshest spring.
Prior, Henry and Emma.
And the shade of the beech lies cool on the rock,
And/re«A from the west is the free wind's breath.
Bryant, Two Graves.
Ihirfng the first part of this day the wind was light, but
after noon it came ow fresh, and we furled the royals.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast.
7. Not salt, salted, or pickled ; not brackish :
as, fresh meat or codfish ; fresh water.
So can no fountain both yield salt water and/r««A.
Jas. iii. 12.
I found helpe for my health, and my sicknesse asswaged,
by the meanes oi fresh dyet, especially Oranges and Limons.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 9.
&\, Bright; brilliant.
Tlier helraes garnysshed that they had Tppon,
With perlys and dyaniauntez of price,
Ther course[r]8 trappid in the fressest wise.
Generydes (E. E. T. S,), 1. 2037.
9. Tipsy. [Slang,]
Drinking was not among my vices. I could get fresh,
as we call it, when in good company and excited by wit
and mirtb ; but I never went to the length of being drunk.
Marryai, Frank Mildmay, xiii.
10. Sober; not tipsy. [Scotch.]
There is our great Udaller is wee! eneugh when he is
fresh, but he makes ower mony voyages in his ship and
his yawl to be lang sae. Scott, Pirate, xxiv.
11. Verdant and conceited; presuming through
ignorance and conceit; forward; officious.
Compare cool. [Slang, U. S.] — '1/2. Open; not
frosty. [Scotch.]
Our winters . . . have been open and fresh, as it is
termed.
P. Campsie, Stlrlings. Statist. Ace, xv. 319, N. (Jamieson.)
Fresb blood. See blood.— Treeh suit, or fresh pur-
suit, in law, effectual pursuit of a wrong-doer while the
wrong is fresh. In old English criminal law such pur-
suit of a thief was encouraged by allowing the owner who
made it to recover his goods again ; otherwise they went
to the crown if retaken. So, if a tenant, to prevent the
landlord from distraining his cattle on the land, drove
them off the land, the landlord might, if he made fresh
suit, distrain them off tlie land.=Syn. 1 and 2. Unfaded,
blooming, flourishing, hearty. — 4. Novel, Jiecent, etc. See
new. — ti. Untrained, unskilled, raw.
H. n. 1. A flood; a stream in overflow ; an
inundation ; a freshet.
2374
It is held one of the greatest rivers In America, and as
most men thinke, in the world : and commeth downe with
sucli afresh, it maketh the Sea fresh more than thirtie
miles from the shore.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 268.
It is called afresh, when, after very great rains, or (as
we suppose) after a great thaw of the snow and ice lying
upon the mountains to the westward, the water descends
in such abundance into the rivers tliat they overflow the
banks which bound their streams at other times.
Beverley, Virginia, iii. ^ 34.
2t. Figuratively, a flood or rush of persons.
Thefresshe was so felle of the furse grekes.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4730.
3. A spring or brook of fresh water; a small
tributary stream. [Now only local.]
He shall drink nought but brine ; for I'll not show liim
Where the quick /re^/tes are. Shak., Tempest, jii. 2.
In Vii^inia it means also *' a small tributary of a larger
river," and Beverley (History of Virginia) already men-
tions " the freshes of Pawtomeck river."
7Van«, Amer. PhUol. Ass., XIV. 49.
4. A stream or current of fresh water running
into tide-water. [Local.]
Running up into the freshes with the ship or vessel
during the five or six weeks that the worm is thus above
water ; for tliey never enter, nor do any damage in fresh
water, or where it is not very salt.
Beverley, Virginia, ii. TI 6.
Fresh, used locally in Maryland for a stream distinct
from the tide water : as, " Allen's Fresh."
Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XIV. 48.
5. The mingling of fresh water with salt in
rivers or bays, or the increased current of an
ebb-tide caused by a great volume of fresh wa-
ter flowing into the sea.
The freshes, when they take their ordinarie course of
ebbe, doe grow strong and swift, setting directly off to
sea against the wind. Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 673.
6. Open weather; a day of open weather; a
thaw. [Scotch.] — 7. A freshman. [College
slang.]
fresh (fresh), adv. [< fresh, a.] Freshly.
Who finds the heifer dead and bleeding/resA,
And sees fast by a butcher with an axe,
But will suspect 'twas he that made the slaughter?
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
Mrs. Can. She has a charming fresh colour-
Lady T. Yes, when it is fresh put on.
Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2.
fresht (fresh), V, [ifreshj a.] I, trans. Tore-
fresh.
Whan he was to that wel yeomen
That shadowed was with braunches grene,
He thoughte of thilke water shene
To drinke, and/re*«Ae him wel withalle.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1513,
I walkt abroade to breath the freshing ayre
In open fields, whose flowring pride, oppi'est
With early frosts, had lost their beauty faire.
Spenser, Daphnaida, 1. 26.
You hsive freshed my memory well in 't, neighbour Pan.
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, i. 2.
II. intrans. To grow fresh ; freshen.
About three in the afternoone the gale began to fresh.
Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 450.
fresh-blown (fresh'blon), a. Newly blown, as
a flower,
Beds of violets blue,
AnA fresh-hlown roses wash'd in dew.
Milton, L'AlIegro, 1. 22.
fresh-colored (fresh 'kuKord), a. Having a
lively, healthy color ; ruddy: ^^^ Vi, fresh-colored
complexion.
freshen (fresh'n), v. [i fresh H- ~c7i^ (c).] I.
intrans. 1. To grow brisk; grow stronger or
brighter: as, the vfindi freshens ; the verdure
freshens.
The breeze v/\\\ freshen when the day is done.
Byron, Corsair, i. 7.
Sometimes on a sunny day it began even to be pleasant
and genial, and a greenness grew over those brown beds,
which, /re^Aemn^r daily, suggested the thought that Hope
traversed them at night, and left each morning brighter
traces of her steps. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, ix.
Heard
The freshening wind about the cordage beat.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 240.
2. To grow fresh; lose salt or saltness.
II, trans. 1. To refresh; revive; renew,
Freshen'd from the wave the zephyr flew.
Goldsmith, Traveller, 1. 246.
Clearer skies and softer air, . . .
Freshening his lazy spirits as he ran,
Unfolded genially and spread the man.
Cowper, Progress of Error, 1. 411.
Freshen the priming of your pistols — the mist of the
falls Is apt to dampen the brimstone.
Cooper, Last of Mohicans, vii.
A strong and healthy soil of common sense, freshened
by living springs of feeling. Longfellow, Hyperion, i. 3.
2. To make fresh ; remove saltness from : as,
to freshen fish or flesh.
Freshen [salt codfish] by leavmg It in water an hour.
Qoodholmta Domestic Cyc, p. 113.
freshness
3. Naut.j to relieve, as a rope, by altering the
position of a part exposed to friction — To fresh-
en the hawse. See hawse^.
freshet (fresh'et), w. [Prob. < OF.freschet^frc-
chet, adj., fresh (applied, among other things,
to a spring), dim. olj'reSj tem.fresche, fresh : see
fresh, a. J and at.freshy n.} 1+. A small stream
of fresh water; a brook.
Beyond the said mountaines towiirds the North, there
is a most beautifnil wood gi'owing on a plaine ful of foun-
taines & freshets. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 94.
All flsh, from sea or shore,
Freshet or purling brook, of shell or fin.
Milton, P. R., ii. 845.
2. A flood or overflowing of a river, by reason
of heavy rains or melted snow ; an inundation,
especially one of a comparatively moderate ex-
tent: same Sisfreshj «., 1.
Between Salem and Charlestown is situated the town
of Lynn, near to a river, whose sti'ong freshet at the end
of winter filleth all her banks, and with a violent torrent
vents itself into the sea.
F. Gorges, Description of New England (1658), p. 29.
freshly (fresh'li), arfv. [< 'KE. freschly, fressh-
ly ; < fresh + ~ly'^.~\ In a fresh manner; so as
to be fresh; anew; newly; recently.
And swore, and hevtely gan her hete [promise]
Euer to be stedfast and trew.
And loue her alw&y freshly new. Isle of Ladies.
Looks he &s freshly as he did the day he wrestled?
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2.
Fate seemed to wind him up for fourscore years :
Yet freshly ran he on ten winters more.
Dryden, (Edipus, iv. 2.
fteshman (fresh'man), n. and a. I. n. ; pi,
freshmen {'men). If. A novice; one in the ru-
diments of knowledge.
'Las, you are freshmen !
I'm an old weather-beaten soldier, that, whilst drum
And trumpets terrified cowards, had the world
At will. Beau, and Fl. (V), Faithful Friends, i. 2.
What if I left my token and my letter
With this strange fellow— . . .
Not so, I'll trust wo freshman with such secrets.
Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, ii, 3.
I am but a fresh-man yet in France, therefore I can send
you no news. Howell, Letters, I. i. 13.
2. A student of the first year in a college or
university.
No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, un-
less it rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and
have not both hands full.
Laws of Harv. Coll., quoted in Quincy's Hist. Harv.
[Univ., II. 539.
He [Pendenuis] drove thitherin a well-appointed coach,
filled inside and out with dons, gownsmen, young fresh-
men about to enter, and their guardians, who were con-
ducting them to the University.
Thackeray, Pendennis, xvii.
I remember'd Everard's college fame
When we were Freshmen. Tennyson, The Epic.
Abbot of freshmen, ^ee abbot of yellow-beaks, under
a6bo(.— Freshman's Bible, the body of laws, the cata-
logue, or the ciileiidar of a collegiate institution. [Col-
lege slang.]
Every year there issues from the warehouse of Messrs.
Deightou, the publishei-s to the University of Cambridge,
an octavo volume. . . . Among the Undergraduates it is
conmionly known by the name of the Freshman's Bible —
the public usually ask for the University Calendar.
Westininster Rev., XXXV. 230.
President's freshman, formerly, a member of the fresh-
man class who performed the official errands of the presi-
dent of the college. lU. S.]
II, a. Pertaining to a freshman, or to the
class composed of freshmen, in a college.
Lord ! how the Seniors knocked about
The frenhm-an class of one !
0. W. Holmes, Centennial of Harvard College, 1836.
freshmanhood (fresh'man-hiid), n. [< fresh-
man + -hood.'\ The state of a freshman ; the
period of being a freshman.
But yearneth not thy laboring heart, O Tom,
For those dear hours of simple Freshmanhood ?
Harvardiana, III. 405.
freshmanic (fresh-man'ik), a. [< freshman +
-ic] Pertaining to or resembling a freshman,
or the state of freshmanhood.
I do not pine for those freshmanic days.
Harvardiana, III. 405.
f^eshmanship (fresh'man-ship), n. [< fresh-
man + -ship/] The state of being a freshman.
A man who had been my fellow-pupil with him from the
beginning of our Freshmanship would meet him there.
C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 150.
freshmentt (fresh'ment), n. [_< fresh + -ment,']
Refreshment.
To enjoy thefreshment of the air and river.
J. CaHwright, I'leacher's Travels, p. 19.
freshness (fresh'nes), «. [< ME. fresshenesse ;
< fresh + -ness.] The condition or quality of
being fresh, in any sense.
Our garments, being, as they were, drenched in the sea,
hold, notwithstanding, their freshnexs and glosses.
Shak.^ Xemp«8t, Ii. 1.
fireshness
Let bttt some new (k-siie ^iw play to a quite different
set of organs, and the luiixl runs after it witli as niucli
Jfrtknesa and ea^mess as if it liad never done auytliing.
A. Tucker, Liglit of Nature, I. L 8.
We . . . ran
By ripply shallows of the lisping lake,
Delijihted with tUe/r^*An<w« and the sound.
Tennyson, Edwin Morris.
fresh-newt, «• Unwonted; unpractised.
For the love
Of this poor infant, tWs freih-neic seafarer,
I would it would \x quiet Shak., Pericles, iii. 1.
fresh-nm (tresli'run), a. 1 . Just from the sea ;
having recently run up a river, as a salmon.
— 2. Aiiadromous in general, as a fish.
fresh-shot (fresh'shot), h. [Appar. a perver-
sion of freshet, as if it meant, in this instance,
fresh water shot out into the sea.] The dis-
charge o£ fresh water from any great river into
the sea, often extending to a considerable dis-
tance from the mouth of a river. Imp. Diet.
fresh-sophomore (fresh'sof'o-mor), n. One
who enters college in the sopliomore year, hav-
ing made the studies of the freshman year else-
where. Also, abbreviated, /resA-«o/) A. [U.S.]
I was a Vregh-Sophoinore then, and a waiter in the Com-
mons' hall. Yale Lit. Mag., XII. 114.
firesh-water (fresh'w4't6r), a. 1. Pertaining
to. yielding, produced by, living in, or situated
on wat«r that is fresh or not salt: as, fresh-
water deposits; fresh-water fish.
As I have heard that, somewhere in the main,
Fresh-viater springs come up through l)itter brine.
Tennymn (ed. 1S33), Sonnets, il.
2. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only, as
on lakes and rivers: as, a, fresh-water sailor. —
3. Raw; untrained: as, "/re«A-MJa<er soldiers,"
Knolles — Fresh- water cod. See coda. — Fresh- water
fox, an English iiunio of the common carp, allndinK i*) its
sup[M.>sed cunniiiL'. —Fresh-water herrlni^, a local Eng-
lish name of the whiteflsh, Corfjoniut elupe'itcUt. — Fresh-
water marsb-hen. a name of UnUn^ eUnanti, the kln;;-
rail of the United States. — Fresh- water mussels, the
Uniiinidte. as distirii^nished from the Mytilidir or marine
mussels. — Fresh- water shrimp, a name (jf the Gamtna-
rrw fw/f-e. not a true sliriiNp. — Fresh-water soldier, the
Straliotejf aiuide*, a European aquatic plant with sword-
shaped leaves.
&e^W0IIiail (fresh'wftm'an), n. ; pi. /re«>-ico-
men (-wim'en). An assumed feminine correla-
tive of freshman in the academical sense.
Mother, you ilo intreat like a fresh-ipoman ;
Tis against the laws of the university.
MiddMon, Chaste Maid, til. 2.
fireslsOII (fre-si'son), ». The mnemonic name
now usually given to that mood of the fourth
figure of syllogism which, when it is considered
as belonging to the first flgnre, is called frise-
somorum (which see), it is also called Arnuuan.
The / signifies that the mood is to lie reduced to /erio ;
the two f's, that the premises are both to be converted
simply in the reduction : while the three vowels show the
quantity and quality of the three propositions, namely :
e, universal negative ; i, particular affinnative ; o, particu-
lar negative.
firesk (fresk), H. A dialectal variant of frosk.
Fresnel lantern, lens. See the nouns.
Fresnel's surface of elasticity. See wave-«ur-
fiic and clitsliciti/.
fret* (fret), r. ; pret. and pp. fretted, ppr.
fretting. [Early mod. E. also frette, and with
orig. long yovieXfreet, treat; < ME./reten (pret.
fret, freet, frate, pi. freien, freeten, pp. freten,
fret), < AS. fretan (pret. frcet,p[. fraston, pp.
freten), eat up, devour (hence /re^fan, pret. pi.
fretton, eat up), = D. treten = ML(j. rretrn,
LG. freten = OHG. frezzan, MHG. rrezzen, G.
fressen (8w. frata, corrode, is borrowed) =
Goth, fraitan (pret. /ret, pi. fretun), eat up, de-
vour, < Goth, fia-, = AoT/or-, E. for-'i^, etc., +
Goth, itan = AS. etan, E. eat, etc. : see /or-i
and eat. Fretl is thus equiv. to a syncopated
form of 'for-eat, and the reg. mod. form would
be freal ; the short vowel is perhaps due to the
preterit fret (like iat, pret. oteat) and the influ-
ence of the other words spelled /re<. With /ret
of AS. origin is now thoroughly confused in
form and sense another verb of di£F. origin,
namely, < OF. fretter, another form of frniter,
Y.frotter = Pr. fretar = It. frettnre, rub, chafe,
fray, fret, < L. as if 'frirtarc, freq. of fricare,
J>p. frictuM, rub : see friction, and ct.frot, frote."]
'„ trans. It. To eat up ; devour.
Ride, which that al can /rrte and bite.
As It hath/r*f<rn [var. froien] mony a noble storle.
Chawer, Anelida and Arcite, 1. 12.
They sawe lygge in theyr looke legges A armes,
Kayre haiides ^ feete freaten too the bonne.
Aliaaunder o/Macedoiiu (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1150.
2. To eat into; gnaw; corrode.
Vermyn Grete
That the synful men sal gnaw and frete.
HampoU, Prick of Conscience, 1. «6I)6.
2375
It costith greet to use a synne
lliat is clepid foule Enuye,
For it /retith man with-inne;
Budi & soule it dooth distrole-
llyinni to Virgin, etc. (E- E. T. S.), p. 66.
Like as it were a n\oX\\ fretting a garment.
Book ojf Common Prayer, Ps. x.\xix. 12.
Rich robes a.re fretted by the moth.
H'ordsifortA, The Egyptian Maid.
3. To wear away; fray; rub; chafe: as, to /ret
cloth by friction; to /ret the skin.
By starts,
Kis fretted fortunes give him hope and fear.
SAa*-., A. andC.iv. 10.
They would, by rolling up and down, grate and fret the
object metal, and fill it full of little holes.
Xewton, Opticks.
.\ided by its burden of detrital matter, the river /re(«
away the rocks along its banks, and thus tends to widen its
channel- Huxley, Physiography, p. 134.
4. To make rough ; cause to ripple ; disturb ;
agitate : as, to fret the surface of water.
Mountain pines . . . fretted witli the gusts of heaven.
Shak., M. of v., iv. 1.
6. To chafe painfully or vexatiously; irritate;
worry; gall.
Whan man hath that complexion,
Full ... of dredes and of wrathful! thought,
He fret him selven all to nought.
Oouxr, Conf. Amant., III. 98.
Fret not thyself because of evildoers- Ps. xxxvii. 1.
Because thou hast . . . fretted me in all these things ;
... I also will recompense thy way upon thine head.
Ezek. xvi. 43.
This Wretch ha»/retted me that I am absolutely decay'd.
Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 5.
As a man who had once sinned, but who kept his con-
science all alive and painfully sensitive by the fret ting ot
an unhealed wound, he might have been supposed safer
within the line of virtue than if he had never sinned at
all. Hawthorne, .Scarlet Letter, xviii.
To fret one's gizzard. See gizzard. = ajii. 8. To vex,
provoke, nettle.
II. inirans. 1. To be worn away, as by fric-
tion; become frayed or chafed ; be wearing out
or wasting.
No Wooll is lesse subiect to mothes, or to fretting in
presse, then this. llaktuyt'g Voyages, II. 161.
Twas a (■(mimmiity l&y fretting by you :
Twill bring you gain, or perish on the seas.
Shak., T. of the 8., 11. 1.
Tour satin sleeve begins to fret at the rug that is under-
neath it. B. Jonmn, Poetaster, iii. 1.
Of a new Bainbow, e'er it fret or fade,
The choicest Piece took out a Scarf is made.
Cowley, Davideis, ii.
2. To make way by attrition or corrosion.
By this salve, the sore rather festered and rankled than
healed up, and the sedition therehy fretted more and more.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 228.
Had the Leprosie of your sins so fretted in my Walls
that there was no cleansing them but by the flames which
consume them? SliUingfUet, Sennons, 1. i.
.'Hany wheals arose, and fretted one into another with
great excoriation. WiMman.
3. To be worried ; give way to chafed or irri-
tated feelings ; speak peevishly and complain-
ingly.
He frett like a chaf'd Hon. Fletcher, Loyal .Subject, v. 3.
Ah, nionarchs ! could ye taste the mirth ye mar.
Not In the toils of glory would ye fret;
The hoarse dull drum would sleep, and man lie happy yet !
Byron, Chllde Harold, L 47.
He knows bis mother earth ; he fret t lor no fine cradle,
but lies tranquilly and composed at her feet- Landor.
4. To be in commotion or agitation, as water;
boil, bubble, or work as in fermentation ; hence,
to work as angry feelings ; rankle.
That diabolical rancour thhi frets and ferments In some
helllsh breasts. South, Sermons.
In vain our pent wills /r«(.
And would the world subdue.
Jf, .irnttld, Eropedocleson Etna.
Ales intended to be stored some months should have a
porous vent peg placed in the shive to keep the ale from
fretting, and save the head of the cask from being blown
out. Eneyc. Brit., IV. 275.
To ft*t In, In wine-Tnaking. to combine one wine with
another. = Byn. 3 and 4. To chafe, fume.
fretl (fret), n. [< fret, c] 1. A wearing away,
abrasion, or corrosion. — 2. A place worn or
abraded, as by friction.
Freates be In a shaft as well as In a bowe. and they be
much like a canker, creepinge and encreasinge in those
places in a bowe which be much weaker than other.
Asrham, Toxophilus, p. 156.
3. In med. : (a) Chafing, as in the folds of the
skin of fat children. _ (6) Herpes; tetter. — 4.
In mining, the worn side of a river-bank, where
ores, or stones containing them, accumulate by
being washed down the hills, and thus indicate
to the miner the locality of the veins. Webster.
— 6. A state of chafing or irritation, as of tlw
fret
mind, temper, etc. ; vexation ; anger : as, he
keeps himself in a continual fret.
Yet then did Dennis rave in furious /r^f.
Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 153-
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan.
Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
6. The agitation of the surface of a fluid, as
when fermenting or boiling; a rippling on the
surface, as of water; a state of ebullition or ef-
fervescence, as of wine.
And if It ferment not at all, it will want that little /re(
which makes it grateful to most palates.
Evelyn, Aphorisms conceniing Cider.
Of this river the surface is covered with froth and bub-
bles ; for it runs along upon the fret, and is still breaking
against the stones that oppose its passage.
Addison, Travels in Italy.
Those humours, tart as wines upon the fret.
Which idleness and weariness beget.
Cowper, Retirement, 1. 761.
7t. A flurry.
About ten in the morning, in a very great fret of wind,
it chopt suddenly into the W.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 22.
8. A glass composition, composed of silica,
lime, soda, borax, and lead, used as a glaze by
potters.
fret^t (fret), V. t. [< ME. fretteit, < AS. fret-
wian, usually with (e, frwtwian, frcetwan, frwt-
tewian = OS. fratahon, adorn, ornament ; cf.
Goth, us-fratwjan, make wise (Gr. ao^iCEiv).
Somewhat confused in meaning with fret?,
V. t.] To adorn ; ornament; setoff.
Ne juwel/re«e ful of riche stones.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1115.
Alle hir fyue fyngres weore frettet with rynges,
Of the preciousest perre that prince wered euere.
Piers Plowman (A), ii. 11.
In a long purple pall, whose skirt with gold
Vt'aafretted all about, she was arayd-
Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 87.
ftet^t (fret), n. [ME. fret; < /ret2, v.'\ A caul
of silver or gold wire, sometimes ornamented
with precious stones, worn by ladies in the mid-
dle ages. Fairholt.
A fret of golde she hadde next her heer.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 215.
firets (fret), n. [< OF. frete, f., an iron band, a
ferrule, frete, frette, t., a lozenge, pi. frettes, a
grating (>Sp./re(e«, frets, in heraldry) {at. fret,
n., a hoop, collectively cross-bars, twigs for
making baskets, cages, etc.), appar. syncopated
from 'ferrette, n., It. f errata, ferriatu, the iron
grating of a window, an iron railing, < ML. fer-
rata, an iron grating, < ferrare (F. ferrer = It.
ferrare), bind with iron, < Ij. ferritm, iron: see
ferrous, farrier. Cf./ret2.] 1. A piece of in-
terlaced or perforated ornamental work.
About the sides shall run a/ret
Of primroses- Drayton, Muses' Elysium, IL
The hook she bears
Of thine own csrving, where your names are set,
Wnmght nnderneath with many a curious /rt-f.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, Iv. 1.
2. A kind of or-
nament much
employed in
Grecian art and
in sundrymodi-
fications com-
mon in various
other styles, it
is formed of bauds
or fillets various-
ly combined, fre-
quently consist-
ing of continuous
lines arrangeil In
rectangular forms. Sometimes called key ornament.
Beautiful works and orders, like the frets in the roofs
of houses. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, 11. 228.
3. In her., a charge consisting of two bendlets
placed in saltier and inter-
laced with a mascle. Also call-
ed true-lover's knot and Mar-
iliiliiii
Greek Frets.
, from the Parthenon, above cella frieze ;
d, from vases.
Di.imond I-rcts.
a, from Church of Retau'l, France; 6, from
Lincoln Cathedral, England.
Heraldic FreL
rin0on Mot—
Diamond ftet,
In arch., a mold-
ing; consisting of
fillets intersect-
ing one another,
so as to fomi (lia-
mondsor rhombs,
or of other com-
binations of dla-
ftet
mond-shaped figures. It is usual In the earlier medieval
architecture." Fret couped, in her., a bearing similar to
a fret, liavini; tlic t-nds of tlie i>endlets cut otf so as not to
reach tlie edges of the escutcheon.— Fret fretted, in her
a fret of which tlie masde lias cacli of its cornci-s extended
to form a loop or lozenge. — Labyrinth fret, in arcA.,
a tret with many involved turnings,— Lozenge fret, an
oruament used in Koraanesiiue architecture, presenting
an api>earance of diagonal ribs inclosing lozenge- or dia-
mond-shaped panels. See diamond /ret.— V^T f^et, in
2376
The kindred souls of every land
(Howe er divided in the fretful days
Of prejiuiice and errour) mingled now
In one selected never jarring state.
Thomson, Memory of Lord Talbot.
The new-born infant's ./re^^wi wail.
Willvnn Morris, Eartlily Taradise, I. 395.
= S3m. 3. Peevish, Pettish, etc. (see petulant); irritable,
complaining, querulous.
a fretful man-
friar-bird
ftench (fruch), a. [Sc, also written freu-eh,
frooch, Jrouijh ; = E. Aia\. frough, f row : see
frow'^.'\ Easily broken ; brittle; frail as witli
rottenness, as wood.
The Bwinglc-trees flew in flinders, as gin they had been
asfreugh as Itailcastacks [kail-stems].
A Journal from London to Portsmouth, p. r>.
A«r., divided by diagonal lines in the direction of the lines fretfully (fret ' ful-i), adv. In a
of the fret — that is, Iwth saltierwise and lozengcwise: -noY; peevishly; complainingly.
said of the field. -Triangular fret, a dovetail-molding, fretfulness (fret'fiil-nes), n. The state or char-
firetS (fret), f. t. ; pret. and pp. fretted, ppr. /rc<- .^^. j^j. „£ \)^\^„ fretful ; peevishness ; ill humor ;
ting. [= OF. frettcr, freter, cross, interlace; disposition to fret and complain ; irritability,
from the noun.] 1 . To ornament with or as if
with frets.
Frey (fri), »• [Icel. IVe^r.] In Norse myth. ,\he
god of the earth's fruitfulness, presiding over
rain, sunshine, and all the fruits of the earth,
and dispensing wealth among men ; the son of
Njord. He was especially worshiped in the
temple at Upsala in Sweden.
Fretfulness of temper, too, will generally characterise Freya (fri'a), 11. [Icel. Freyja.'] In Norse myth.,
those who are negligent of order. W. Biair, Works, II. i. the daughter of Njord and sister of Frey. She
bliSmlrte?r?cX/««'"A'nCTnten''^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ fretiset, V. t. KfretS + -ise.} Same as/r««3. is the goddess of sexual love, the Scandinavian
Jivelyn, Diary, Feb. 8, 1644. Again, if it be in a great hall, then (beholding) of the Venus.
.m. „ .„»_ „« „„!.! ...^ .!!„„ .„H «,»..« <v.>f/«rf liwo thB fair embowed or vawted roofs, or of the .fretised seelings frevalite (fri'a-lit), n. [< Freya, q. v., + -lite.}
They.were of.gold and stiver, and were fretted l.ke the ^^_..^,^^,y ^^^^^g,,^ ^„^ ,u,„pt„„u8iy ,et forth A^ydrous silicate of thorium and the cerium
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 38. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ Norway: perhaps derived from
fret-saw (fret's&), n. 1. A compass- or key- the alteration of thorite,
hole-saw with a long and slender blade and fine Preycinetia (fra-si-ne'shi-ii), n. [NL., named
teeth.— 2. A reciprocating scroll-saw mounted ^fter Louis Claude de Saulses de Freycinet, a
on a table and operated by a treadle. Seescro/^ ■ " - ■ ~
sa u:
frettage (fret'aj), «. [< F. frettage, < fretter,
hoop, <.fre^/e, a hoop: see/»-ette.] 1. The pro-
cess of reinforcing the breech-section of a heavy
gun by shrinking on coiled rings of wrought
west window of the Chanry Kirk.
iUiwtrationt of Northern Antiquities, quoted In Child's
[Ballads, I. 249.
White clouds sail aloft ; and vapors fret the blue sky
with silver threads. Lonafellotv, Hyperion, iii. 1.
2. To make a fret of. [Rare.]
Ye hills, whose foliage, fretted on the skies,
' Prints shadowy arches on their evening dyes.
0. W. Holmes, Poetry.
fret*t, I', t. [< ME. fretten, < OF. fretter, freter,
ferter, strengthen, fasten, provide.] 1 . To fas-
ten; bind.
Take thenne A/re«e hym [a stafte of hasyll, wylowe or
aspe] faste wyth a cockshotecorde ; and bynde hym to a
fourme or an euyn square grete tree. . . . Unfrette hym
thefte, and let hym drye in an hous roof in the smoke.
Jtiliana Bemers, Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle,
[fol. 3.
2. To strengthen ; fill.
With alle the fode that may be founde/re((c thy cofer,
For sustnaunce to yow-self & also those other.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. S39.
French naval officer and explorer (1779 - 1842).]
A genus of frutescent or climbing plants, of
the natural order Fandanacece, of which there
are about 30 species in southeastern Asia, Aus-
tralia, and the adjacent islands. Some species
are occasionally found in greenhouses.
iron or steel.— 2. The series of solid hoops or friability (fri-a-bil'i-ti), «. [= F.friabilite =
j_ i .i__i ...1...- J o_„ ,r..„4*„ Sp.friabiUdad='Pg.'friaUlida(le = lt.friabilita;
as friable + -ity : see -bility.] The quality of
bands of steel thus used. Seefrette.
Tlie gun . . . ordinarily j-eceives an exterior /re(fay«.
Report of Chief of Ordnance, 1882, p. 244.
frettation (fre-ta'shon), n. [Irreg. < frei^ +
-ation.'] Annoyance; discomposure. Davies.
[Rare.]
I never knew how much in earnest and in sincerity she
was my friend till she heard of my infinite frettation upon
occasion of being pamphleted.
Mme. D'ArUay, Diary, I. 144.
frets (fret), n. [Origin uncertain ; perhaps, as ^ .q -, t
Skeat suggests, a particular use of OF.frete, a frette (fret), n. [F., a hoop: see frefi.^ In
ferrule (a bar): see /re<3, «.] in musical in- gun.-, (a) A coiled ring of wrought-iron or
struments of the lute and viol class, a small
ridge of wood, ivory, metal, or other material,
set across the finger-board, and serving as a
fixed point for stopping or shortening the strings
in playing, the fingers being applied just above
it so as to press the string against it. Frets were
originally used on all varieties of the lute and the viol ;
but they are now employed only in the guitar and zither
and sometimes in the banjo.
The Towne Musitians
Finger their/re(8 within.
Heywood, Woman Killed with Kindness.
These means, as frets upon an instrument.
Shall tune our heart-strings to true languishment.
Shah., Lucrece, 1. 1140.
fret^ (fret), V. t. ; pret. and -pT^. fretted, -pipr. fret-
ting. l< fret^, 7i.'\ 1. To provide with frets.
Instruments may be well made and well strung, hut if
they be not well/re((ed, the Musique is maiTed.
N. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 40.
2t. Punningly, in Shakspere, to worry as if by
acting upon the frets of.
Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret
me, you cannot play upon me. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
fretSf (fret), ». [< L. f return, a strait, a sound ;
not connected with frith'^ = firth^.'] A frith.
[Bare.]
It [Euripus) generally signlfleth any strait, fret, or chan-
nel of the sea, running between two shores.
Sir T. Browne, 'Vulg. Err.,vii. 13.
steel designed for strengthening the exterior
of cannon. The terra is applied to hoops of steel rolled
from the solid ingot, as well as to those made by coiling
a bar around a mandrel, heating, and then welding the
coils together under a hammer. (6) Any hoop or
band for a built-up cannon. The interior diameter
of the frette is less than the diameter of the body of tlic
gun or tube on which it is to be placed. It is exp,iiided
by heat, placed in position, and allowed to cool until it
grips the metal beneath, after which the cooling js has-
tened by the careful application of water upon the exte-
rior.
frett6 (fre-ta'), a. In her., same a,s fretty, 2.
fretted (fret'ed), p. a. [Pp. of frets, ^.] l.
Adorned with frets or fretwork; exhibiting
sunk or raised ornamentation in rectangular
forms; having many intersecting groins or
ribs.
Yet then no proud aspiring piles were rais'd,
Ho fretted roofs with polish'd metals blaz'd.
Pope, tr. of Statiiis's Thebaid, i.
Adown the Tigris I was borne,
By Bagdat's shrines ot fretted gold.
Tennyson, Arabian Nights.
2. In lisr., interlaced one with another: said
of any charges which can be so combined : as,
a chevTon fretted with a bar Fret ftetted. See
frettenlf (fret'n), a. [< ME. freten, < AS. fre-
ten, pp. of fretan, eat, eat into: see fret^.l
Marked: as, pock-/reMe» (marked -mlth the.
smallpox).
*".'l*'"' ^"^^ '''°'" *''^ *'™* '^MojI^'ist'Turks' fretten^ (fret'n), a. [Var. ot fretted.'] In her.,
same as fretted. [Bare.]
ftetter (fret'fer), n. One who orthat which frets.
A hot day, a hot day, vengeance, a hot day, boys ;
Give me some drink, this fire's a plaguy /rc«er.
Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, ii.' 2.
fretty (fret'i), a. [< OF. (and F.) frette, pp.
of fretter, tret: see frets, v.'] i. Adorned with
It.
of the sea. Knolles, Hist. lurks,
ftret^t, p. a. [A form of freight, found in 16th-
century editions of Chaucer, but not in ME
manuscripts.] Sa-rae as freight.
fretet, »• A Middle English form of fret^.
fretful (fret'fid), a. [< fret^, n., + -ful]
Gnawing; wearing; abrading; corroding.
Though parting be & fretful corsive,
It is applied to a deathful wound.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.
2. In a state of commotion ; moved or agitated,
as water; seething.
Two goodly streames in one small channel meet,
Whose fretfuU waves, licating against the hill,
DW all the bottome with soft mutt'rings fill.
tr. Broime, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 4.
8. Disposed to fret ; ill-tempered; ill-humored;
peevish : as, a fretful temper.
Each particular hair to stand on end,
Like quills upon the fretful porpentine.
ShaJc., Hamlet, i. 5.
A fretful poor soul, that has a new distress for every
hour in the four-and-twenty.
Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, i.
4. Characterized by, indicating, or causing fret,
worry, or ill temper.
fretwork.
But, Oxford, O I praise thy situation
Thy bough-deckt <lainty walkes, with brooks beset,
Fretty, like Christall knots, in mould of jet.
Davies, Sonnet to Oxford Univ.
2. In her., covered with a grating composed of
narrow pieces, as bendlets, fillets, etc., cross-
ing one another and interlacing. Also frette.
freWork (fret'wferk), n. Ornamental work con-
sisting of a series or combination of frets ; or-
namental work with interlacing parts; espe-
cially, work in which the design is formed by
perforation.
The glimmering /refwori of sunshine and leaf -shadow.
Lontjfelloie, Hyperion, iv. 5.
The leader of the herd
That holds a stately /retoor* to the Sun,
And foUow'd up by a hundred airy does.
Tennyson, Princess, vi.
being friable, or easily broken, crumbled, or re-
duced to powder.
friable (fri'a-bl), a. [= F. friable = Sp. fria-
ble = Pg.friavel = It.friabile, < Jj. friabilis,
easily crumbled or broken, < friare, rub, crum-
ble.] Easily crumbled or pulverized; easily
reduced to powder, as pumice.
A light /Wa6/e ground, or moist gravel.
Evelyn, Sylva, Of the Chess-nut.
For the liver, of all the viscera, is the mo&t friable and
easily crumbled or dissolved. Arb^tthnot, On Diet, iii.
The pollen-masses are extremely friable, so that large
portions can easily be broken off.
Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 96.
friableness (fri'a-bl-nes), n. Friability.
friar (fri'ar), n." [Early mod. E. also /rier; <
ME. frere, < OF. frere, freire, F. frere = Pr.
fraire, frar, frai = Sp. fritile, fray = Pg. frei
= It. frate, fra, brother, monk, friar, < L. fra-
ter, brother, ML. a monk, friar, etc., = E. bro-
ther: see brother, frater, fraternal, etc. For
the form, ef. brier, briar, < ME. brere.] 1. In
the liovi. Cath. Ch., a member of one of the
mendicant monastic orders. The four orders whose
members are chiefly known as friars are the Franciscans
(Friars Minor or Gray Friars), Dominicans (Friars Ma-
jor, Friars Preachers, or Black F'riars), Carmelites (White
Friars), and Augustinians (Austin Friars). The menibers
of some minor orders are also so called, as the 3Iinim8
and Servites.
Holy writ bit men be war and wisliche hem kepe,
That no false /rere thorw flatrynge hem by-gyle.
Piers Plottinan (C), xvi. 77.
It was the friar of orders gray.
As he forth walked on his way.
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1 (song).
2. [In allusion to Gray or White Friar.'] In
printing, a gray or indistinct spot or patch in
print, usually made by imperfect inking: dis-
tinguished from monk.
The print will be too pale or grey in places, such imper-
fections being called /rtnrs. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 706.
3. An Irish name of the angler. Lophius pisea-
torius. — 4. A fish of the family Atherintda: —
5. The friar-bird or leatherhead. See friar-
bird. — Begging filars. See mendicant orders, under
mendieant.^Ciutched, crouched, or crossed friars
(ML. Cruciati), a minor order of friars, the canons regular
of the Holy Cross, so named on account of an embroidered
cross which they wore on their garments. — Friars' bal-
sam, an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam,
and aloes, used as a stimulating application for wounds
and ulcers. It is equivalent to the tincture of benzoin com-
pound ot the United States and Britisli pharniacopceias.
— Friar's chicken, chicken-broth with eggs dropped in
it, or eggs beaten and mixed with it. Also called fried-
chicken. [Scotch. [
My lady-in-waiting. . . shall make some /rior'scAicicn,
or something very light. I would not advise wine.
Scott, Old Mortality, xxiv.
Gray friar. See Fronct«caK.— Preaching filar. See
black-friar and Dominican.- White friar, (a) A Car-
melite, (b) A small Hake of light-colored sediment float-
ing in wine.
If the cork be musty, or white friars in your liquor, your
master will save the more.
Slinft, Directions to Servants, i.
friar-bird (fri'iir-bferd), n. The l&atherhead
or four-o'clock," Trojndorhynchus corniculatus,
friar-bird
an Australian bird coinmouly referred to the
family MeUiplutgidw : so called from the bare-
Friarbird { Trefiicrhynchuj comieulatus).
ness of the head and neck. Also called monk,
monk-bird, pimlico, and poor soldier.
friarlingt (fri'iir-ling), n. [< friar + -?»ngrl.]
A diminutive ot friar.
I haiie lalHjured with mine owne hands, and will labour,
and will that all my friarlingt shall laliour, and live of
their labour, whereby they may «up|>ort themselues in an
honeat meane. Fixe, MartjT«, p. 3«1.
frtarlyt (frl'ar-li), a. [Formerly also frierhj ; <
friar + -ly^i'\ lake a friar ; pertaining to friars ;
monkish.
Thia la a/riarly faahion.
Lati:
mtr, 6th Sermon heL Edw. VI., 154».
Have no abstract or friarly contempt of friches], . . .
but dlstinguiah, as Cicero saith well of Kahirius Pustliu-
mus. Bacon, Kiches (ed. Iil87).
The stoics . . . founded their satisfaction upon a scorn-
ful and /rierty contempt of everythhiK.
Bj>. Parker, Platonick Phllos. (ed. 1687), p. 16.
fiiar-msht, "• A kind of Christmas game. Dec-
laration of Popish Impostures (1603). (Naret.)
friar's-cap (fn'iirz-kap), n. The wolfs-bane,
Aconitum Xapelhis, so called from its hooded
sepals. See .icnnitiim.
frlar's-COWl (fri'arz-koul), n. The wake-robin,
Arum nuiculatum: so called from its cowl-like
spathe. Bee Arum.
frlar'B-crown, friar's-thistle (fri'Srz-kroun,
-this'l), n. The woolly-headed thistle, Cnicus
eriophorus.
friar-skate (fri'&r-skat), n. The Raia alba, a
kind of Kkate or ray. [Local, Eng.]
Crlar's-lantem (fri'ftrz-lan't*m), n. The ignis
futuus or will-o'-the-wisp.
She was pinch'd and pnll'd, she sed ;
And he, by /rior's lanUrn led.
MiUon, L' Allegro, L 104.
ftiar's-thistle, n. Heo friar' s-crown.
friary (fri'ar-i), n. and a. [Formerly also fri-
ery, fryery; mod. form, aocom. to friar, of ME.
frary, < OF. frarie, F. frairie = It. fratria, <
ML./ra<riaj a fraternity: see frary. ]^ I. n.; pi.
friaries i-iz). 1 . A convent ot friars ; a monas-
tery.
There are but 2 Friers in this Friery.
Hakluyfi Vofogt*, It 103.
It was late in the reign of i^lward before the parish
church and hospital of At. Itariholoniew an<l the new erec-
tion of Christ's Hospital, maile out of the old friary, were
readv for the reception of distressed poverty and father-
leaa infaDcy. R. W. Dixim, Hist. Chorch of Eng., xx.
2t. The system of forming into brotherhoods
of friars ; the ' practices of friars ; monkery.
Fuller.
n. a. Pertaining to friars, or to a friary: as,
"a friary cowl," Vamden.
It was fashionable for persons of the highest rank to
bequeath their bodies to be buried In thefnery churches,
which were consequently iUled with sumptuous shrines
and superb monuments.
T. Warton, Hist Eng. Poetry, I. 293.
ftlationt (fri-a'shon), n. [< L. friatiis, px>.
of friare, rub, crumble: see friable.] The
a<t of crumbling or pulverizing. Coles, 1717.
fribble (frib'l), a. and n. [Origin unknown;
the verb seems to be earlier than the adj., but
this may be due to a defect in the records. If
the adj. is the original, it may be a more Eng-
lish-looking form for frivol. < OF. frivole, fre-
vol, < L. frivoliis, silly, trifling, frivolous: see
frivol.~\ I. a. Frivolous; trifling; silly; con-
temptible.
2377
The superficial, trivial, and fripiid manner in wliich that
fribble minister treated this imi>ortant branch of adndn-
istration. Britigh Critic, Jan., 1798.
II. n. 1. A frivolous, trifling person.
That/n'Wife the leader ot such men as Fox and Burke !
Thackeray, The Four Georges, George IV.
The theory of idlers and dilettanti, of fribbles in morals
and declainiers in verse, . . . wliich wlien accepted by a
mature man, and carried alon^ with him through life, is
a sure marii of feebleness and of insincere dealing with
himself. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 189.
2. Frivolity ; nonsense.
That orator, erst so eloquent, seems now but froth and
fribble. Lowe, Bismarck, II. 662.
fribble (frib'l), v.; pret. and pp. fribbled, ppr.
fribbling. [See fribble, n.] I. intrans. 1. To
trifle ; act in a trifling or frivolous manner.
Those who with the stars do fribble.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. iii. 30.
The tools that aie fribbling roimd about you.
Thackeray.
2. To totter.
How the poor creature yr{U2«s in bis gait.
Toiler, No. 49.
U. trans. To deal with or dispose of in a tri-
fling or frivolous way.
They only take the name of country comedians to abuse
simple people with a printed play or two, . . . and what is
worse, they speak but what they list ot it, and friblde out
the rest.
Middleton (and another). Mayor of Queenborough, v. 1.
Here is twenty pieces ; you shall fribble them away at
the Exchange presently. Shirley, Witty Fair One, iv. 2.
While Lord Melbourne and his whig colleagues . . . were
fribbling away their popularity.
J. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, I. x.
fribbleismt (frib'1-izm), ». l< fribble + -ts»i.]
Frivolity. [Kare.]
He disdained the fribleifm ot the French, in adopting
the blemishes with equal passion as the beauties ot the
ancients. OvUUimlh, Phanor.
fHbbler (frib'Wr), n. A trifler; a coxcomb ; a
fribble.
They whom my correspondent calls male coijuets should
hereafter Ik; called fribUern. A fribbler is one who pro-
fesses rapture and admiration tor the woman to whom he
addresses, and dreads nothing so much as her consent.
Sixctalor, No. 288.
firibbling (frib'ling), j). a. Frivolous; trifling;
feebly captious.
friborgt, mburght, «. Same as frithborg.
fHcaceH. fricaciet, n. [Appar. irreg. < OF./ri-
cacion,< L./r»ca(io()»-), arubbing: aeefrication.']
Frication.
I will not here speke of oyntementes used in olde tyme
amonge the Romayns and Oreekes, in fricatie* or rubbings.
Sir T. Elyot, Castle of Health, 11. S2.
You make them smooth and sound.
With a bare /ricace of your med'cine.
B. JvHson, Alchemist, Iii. 2.
firicace^, ». [See fricassee.'] Meat sliced and
dressed « ith strong sauce.
fricandeau (frik-an-do'), «. ; -pi. frieandeaux
(-doz' ). [Formerly also fricando ; < F. frican-
deau, larded veal, etc.; appar. < friand, friant,
fruant (for 'fricand), dainty, nice; cf. OF. /ri-
andel, aiipetizing, dainty, F. friandeau, a person
fond of dainties, friandises, dainties, goodies ;
perhaps ult. connected with fricassee (t).] A
thick slice of veal or other meat larded, stewed,
and served with a made sauce.
fricandelle (frik-an-del'), n. [P., fem. ot fri-
ctmdeau, (i. v.] A ball of chopped veal or other
meat richly seasoned and fried ; a dish pre-
pared of veal, eggs, spices, etc.
fricasseti f . t. Same as /rica««ee.
Common senae and truth will not down with them nnleu
they be Iiashed aiid/WeaJwd.
J. Eehard, ObaervatioDS on Ans. to Cont of Clergy, p. 63.
firicassee (frik-a-s8'), n. [< F. fricassee, a fric-
assee, any meat fried in a pan ; also a charge
for a mortar, consisting of stones, bullets, nails,
and pieces of old iron mixed with grease and
gunpowder; prop. pp. fem. of fricasser, fric-
assee, also squander. Usually referred to F.
frier, fry, < L. frigere, fry, but this is phoneti-
cally improbable. The sense points rather to
1j. frieare, rub, or to P. fracasser, break in
pieces ; but a connection with either of these
verbs has not been made out. Cf. fricandeau.]
A dish made by cutting chickens, rabbits, or
other small animals into pieces, and dressing
them with a gravy in a frying-pan or a like
utensil. Formerly also /rjctwee.
No cook with art Increas'd physicians' fees.
Nor serv.'d up death In soups or fricaieet.
Garth, Claremont.
fticasseeCfrik-a-se'), ». t. [Formerly also/rico-
sec (and fricasse) ; from the noun.] To prepare
or dress as a fricassee.
Actional
frication (fri-ka'shon), n. [Early mod. E.
fricacion; < OF. fricacion, frication = Sp. fri-
cacion = It. fricazione, < L. fricatio{n-), < fri-
eare, Tpp. fricattts, rub: see friction.] The act
of rubbing; friction.
Fricacion is one of the euacuacions, yea, or clensynges
ot mankinde, as all the learned aflirmeth: . . . a course
warme clothe, to chafe or rubbe the hedde, necke, breast,
amieholes, bellie, thighes, Ac is good to open the
pores. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 246, note.
Frications used in the morning serve especially to this
intention ; but this must evermore accompany them, that
after the/ricatton, the part be lightly anointed with oyl.
Bacon, Hist. Life and Death.
The like, saith Jorden, we observe in canes and woods
that are tmctuous and full ot oyle, which will yield fire by
frication or collision. Sir T. Brotmie, Vulg. Err., iii. 21.
fricative (frik'a-tiv), a. and'n. [< KL.frica-
tirus, < L. /nca<««, pp. ot frieare, rub: see fric-
tion.] I. a. l.Characterizedby friction: said of
those alphabetic sounds in which the conspicu-
ous element is a rustling of the breath through
a partly opened position of the organs, as s and
«/i, ^aud^/i, /andu, WtandTH, and so on. They
are sometimes divided into subclasses, as sibi-
lants, like s and sh, and spirants, like / and v.
— 2. Sounded by friction, as certain musical
instruments. See instrument, 3 (rf).
II. n. A fricative consonant. See I., 1.
It has been common of late to describe the sonant /ric-
oHves, V, th in thy, z, etc., as made by means ot breath
added to tone. Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., XV. 40, App.
firicatricef (frik'a-tris), n. [< L. as if 'frica-
trix (atter fricator, m.) tor frictrix, t., K frieare
(pp. /rica<«« and /rictMs), rub: aee friction.] A
harlot. IS. Jonson.
frickle (frik'l), n. [Origin not ascertained.]
A bushel basket. [Prov. Eng.]
Frickle, a basket tor fruit that holds about a bushel.
Dean Millet, MS. (Ualliwell.)
friction (frik'shon), n. [< F. friction = Sp.
friccion = Pg. fricqcto, < L. fricUo^n-), a rub-
bing, rubbing down (of parts of the body), <
L. frieare, pp. frictus, also fricatus, rub, rub
down.] 1. The rubbing of the surface of one
body against that of another ; attrition ; frica-
tion.
Frictimit make the parts more fleshie and full, as we
Bee both in men and in the currying ot horses, &c.
Bacon, Nat Hist., § 877.
The sheep here smooths the knotted thorn
With frictions ot her Heece.
Cowper, Mischievous Bull.
2. In mech., the resistance to the relative mo-
tion, sliding or rolling, of surfaces of bodies in
contact: called in the former case sliding, in
the latter rolling friction, it la partly due to the ad-
hesion of bodies, but the greater part of it is the result of
their roughness. The friction proper is independent of
the velocity and ot the area of contact; it depends solely
upon the nature of the two surfaces and upon the pressure
upon them, t^i which it is directly proportional. What is
sometimes called the internal .friction ot fluids is iriscosity
(which see). The friction of a fluid upon a solid is consid-
erable ; It Is now recognized as an Important factor in the
designing of ships.
3. Figurativeljr, lack of harmony ; mutual irri-
tation; worrying; difficulty.
Many causes, and among them that personal friction
which is the despair of all who would make History a
science, had produced among the peasantry such intensity
of hatred to their lord that they were ready to find allies
against him anywhere.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 327.
The whole numl>er of horses for the field armies, some
360.000, would, by the system which prevails, be furnish-
ed immediately and without friction.
Furtniyhlly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 36.
Angle of friction. See angle of repose, under angled.
^^^nter cf friction. See cciWct-i.— Friction fremi-
tus. See /rnnitus.— Friction Of rest, the friction and
resistance of IkmHcs In contact and at rest with respect to
each other when they are compelled to move on one an-
other.
That excess, however, of the friction of rest over the
friction of motion, is instantly destroyed liy a slight vibra-
tion. Rankine, Steam Engine, § 13.
Friction Of rolling, or rolling-friction, the resistance
to the rolling of one surface on another.
Rollingfrictian is the resistance of uneven surfaces
rolling on one another, like that ot a wheel rolling on a
road. Nijttrom, Elem. ot Slechanics, p. 88.
Index or coefficient of friction. See coeficient.
factional (frik'shon-al), a. {(.friction + -ah]
Relating to or of tlie nature of friction ; moved
or effected by friction ; produced by friction :
as, frictional electricity.
If a rigid body rest on a frictional fixed snrtace, there
will In general be only three points ot contact.
Thornton ami Tail, Nat. Phil., I 668.
Frictional gearing-wheels, wheels which catch or bite,
and prtnliu-enioti'-n nut by tcctli. but by nteans of friction.
With the view ot incrciesiiig or iliniinisliing the friction,
the faces are made more or less V- shaped. See cut under
friction-bearing.
frictionally 2378
As regards ^^ to move from the rim toward the center or past the cen-
ter of the disk, as in the feed-motion of some forma of
gang-saws.
frictionless (frik'shon-les), a. [< friction +
-less.^ Without friction.
Friction-cones.
a and i>, cones ; c, fork.
frictionally (frik'shon-al-i), adv
frietion.
friction-balls (frik'shon-b&lz), «. pi Balls
placed under a heavy object to reduce the fric-
tion while that object is moving horizontally.
Some forms of swing-bridges have such balls
placed under them.
niction-brake (frik'shon-brak), «. 1. A brake
acting by friction on some part, as of a moving
vehicle. — 2. A form of dynamometer invented
by Prony. — 3. An apparatus for testing the
lubricating properties of oils.
&iction-breccia (frik'shon-brech'ia), n. In
geoi., angular or sometimes imperfectly round-
ed fragments of rock filling more or less com-
pletely the cavity left between the sides or
walls of a fault or fissure. This material may have
been torn from the walls as one of the results of the vio-
lent motion to which the rock was subjected at the time
the tlssui-e originated, or it may have fallen in from above
after the cavity had been formed. Mineral veins are not
infrequently made up in considerable part of brecciated
material derived from the rubbing together and crushing
of the adjacent rock. Large masses of rock thus occur-
ring in a vein are called horses. Friction -breccia is also
sometimes c^Wed fault-rock. See vein and horse.
friction-card (frik'shon-kard), w. The diagram
produced by the indicator of a steam-engine
when it is applied to exhibit graphically the
power of an engine working without load.
friction-clutch (frik'shon-kluch), n. In?««cA.,
a form of friction-coupling.
friction-cones (frik'shon-konz), n.pl. In mack. ,
a form of friction-coupling consisting of two
cones, one of r-i
which is fitted into l_J^
the other and com- ^"^"^
municates its mo-
tion to it by means
of the friction be-
tween the two sur-
faces. See fric-
tion-coupUng.
friction - coupling
(frik ' shon-kup "-
ling), n. 1p mach.j
a device for conveying motion from one line of
shafting to another by the frictional contact of
cones, expanding toggles, and clutches of vari-
ous forms. In all these appliances a sleeve sliding on
one of the shafts and turning with it may be advanced
or drawn back at will to bring
the parts into actioa. In the
friction-cone coupling a conical
disk is pushed at will into a hol-
low cone, the two surfaces fit-
ting closely together, and either,
when in motion, imparting its
motion to the other by friction.
In other friction-couplings the
sliding sleeve causes a pair of
toggles to expand against the in-
ner rim of an idle pulley, and
by their contact to impart to it
their motion ; or the movement
of sliding levers over a cone
causes two pulleys to be drawn
together into frictional contact,
or causes two disks to press one
against the other. In all these
couplings the object sought is
to connect parts of a line of shafting by hictional con-
tact instead of direct contact, as in a geared wheel, and
to obtain the same advantages in a coupling that are
found in friction -gearing.
friction-gear (frik'shon-ger), n. Same as /n"c-
tion-(jearing.
friction-gearing (frik 'shon- germing), n. A
method or system of imparting the motion of
one wheel or pulley to another by simple con-
tact. The advantages of
this kind of gearing are
threefold : it enables the
parts of a machine to be
thrown quickly into or
out of play ; it gives a
variable speed or power ;
and it prevents the injury
caused by a breakage or
stoppage from extending
from one part of the
mechanism to another or
from the machine to the
motor. The most simple
form of friction-gearing is
a pair of wheels with thin Friction^earin^, grooved,
faces, which may l>e cov-
ered with leather, a fabric, or other elastic material, in
more or less close contact. In some such wheels the faces
are grooved, or the wlieels are cone-shaped and placed at a
right angle and with grooves cut on the faces. In others
a collar on a shaft may carry pivoted arms which if turned
one way press against the inner face of a wheel, and if
turned the other way fall back out of contact and cease
T impart their motion. In other forms one wheel revolves
"^.hin another, contact being assured by means of springs.
he resistance overcomes the springs the contact is de-
4.ved and motion is no longer imparted. Variable speed
■Woreversal of direction are also secured by causing a
in-wheel placed at right angles with adisk and against
Were water absolutely /ric^toH^esj*, an incline, however
small, would be sufficient to produce a surface-ilow from
the equator to the poles.
J. Croll, Climate and Time, p. 2*20.
The joints and bearings of all the levers are made fric-
tioiUess by xising flexible steel connecting plates instead of
knife-edges. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 597.
friction-match (frik'shon-mach), «. A match
tipped with a compound which ignites by fric-
tion : the usual form of match in domestic use.
The first chemical matches were invented in Paris in 1805 ;
and soon after 1827, when the composition of friction-
matches was much improved by an English chemist, they
came Into general use, superseding the various applica-
tions of the flint and steel which had until then been re-
lied on.
friction-plate (frik'shon-plat), 71. 1. A metal
plate attached to any surface to prevent abra-
sion or resist friction. — 2, A plate used in con-
nection with a clamp to check the recoil of a
gun-carriage.
fflction-powder (frik'shon-pou''''d6r), n. A com-
position of chlorate of potash and antimony,
which readily ignites by friction.
friction-primer (frik'shon-pri*m6r), n. A frio-
tion-tube. [U. 8.]
friction-sound (frik'shon-sound), n. Inj^athoL,
the sound perceived on auscultation of serous
sm'faces which rub together when through dis-
ease they are roughened or not well lubricated.
friction-tight (frik'shon-tit), a. In mach., fit-
ting so tightly or closely that a desired effect
of friction is produced. Noting— (a) A mechanical
fit, joint, or union between the surfaces of two assembled
parts so close that any motion given to one part will be
transmitted to the other without slipping, as a contact
between two curved surfaces so perfect that their recip-
rocal pressure is sufficient to transmit any motion of rota-
tion applied to one to the other without the interposition
of any locking device, as a key, gib, splice, screw-thread,
set-screw, or polygonal surface, (h) A close fit produced
by a pressure sufficient to retain a part in its position
when acted upon by its weight alone.
friction-tube (frik'shon-tiib), n. Milit.j a tube
used in firing cannon, sufficient heat being
generated in it by friction to ignite friction-
powder. [Eng.] OdW^di friction-primer in the
United States service.
friction-wheel (frik'shon-hwel), w. In macK :
{a) A form of slip-coupling applied in eases
where the variations of load are sudden and
great, as in dredging-machinery, etc. in the
form illustrated a strong pulley, B, is keyed on the driving-
shaft, and on the cii'cumference of this awheel,^, is fitted,
with a series of friction-plates, a, o, a, interposed, and re-
tained in recesses formed in the eye of the wheel. Behind
each of these plates a
set-screw, 6, is inserted, A
which bears against the
back of the plate, and
can be tightened at
pleasure to regulate the
degree of friction re-
quired for the ordinary
work ; but should the
pressure on the circum-
ference of the wheel A
exceed this, the plates
slide upon the circum-
ference of the pulley B,
which continues to re-
volve with the shaft,
and the wheel itself re-
mains stationary, (h)
One of two simple
wheels or cylinders intended to assist in dimin-
ishing the friction of a horizontal axis. The
wheels are simply plain cylinders, carried on parallel and
independent axes. They are disposed so as to overlap
pair and pair at each end of the main axis, which rests in
the angles thus formed by the circumferences. The axis,
instead of sliding on a fixed surface, as in ordinary cases,
carries around the circumferences of the wheels on which
it is supported with the same velocity as it possesses itself,
and in consequence the friction of the system is propor-
tionally lessened.
A late improvement in what are called fi-iction-wheels
. . . consists of a mechanism so ordered as to be regu-
larly dropping oil into a box which encloses the axis, the
nave, and certain balls upon which the nave revolves.
Paleyy Nat. Theol., viii.
Friday (fri'da), w. [< ME. Friday, Fryday, Fri-
dai, Vrideiej etc., < AS. FVige dwg, also contr.
Frigdceg (= OFries. Frigendeij Friendei = MD.
Vridachj D. VHjdag = MLG. Vridach = OHG.
Friatag, Frijetag, MHG. Vritac, G. Freitag),
Friday; < AS. Frige, gen. of *Frigu (found
otherwise only as a common noun, in gen. pi.
friga, dat. pi. frigum^ love) = OHG. Fria =
Icel. Frigg (gen. Friggjar, Frigg, Latinized
Frigga, a Teutonic goddess, in part identified
with the Roman Venus), AS. Frige dceg, etc., be-
ing a translation of the Boman name of this
Friction-wheel.
friend
day, dies Veneris or Vowris dies (> It. Venerdl
= Cat. IHvendres = Sp, Viernes = F. Vendredi,
Friday; the Pg. term is sexta-feira, lit. sixth
fair, i. e., day). The name Frigg appears in
Icel, only as the name of a goddess, the wife of
Odin, different from Freyja; in AS. from the
same root as free, friend, fritW^, etc. ; cf . Skt.
priyd, f., one beloved: see free, friend, frith'^.'\
The sixth day of the week. Friday is the Moham-
medan sabbath or *'day of assembly." It is said in the
Sloliammedan traditions to have been established by di-
vine command as a day of worship for Jew and Christian
alike, as being the day on which Adam was created and
received into Paradise, the day on which he was expelled
from it, the day on which he repented, and the day on
which he died. It will, according to the same traditions,
be the day of the resurrection. In the Roman and East-
ern and Anglican churches, all Fridays except Christmas
day (when it occure on Friday) are generally observed as
fasts of obligation or days of abstinence, in memory of
the crucifixion of Christ, an event which is more espe-
cially commemorated annually on Good Friday (see below).
In most Christian nations Friday is popularly regarded
with superstition, and is considered an unlucky day for
beginning any enterprise ; to spill more or less salt on Fri-
day is considered an especially bad omen. Until recently
it was common for criminals under sentence of cai)ital
punishment to be executed on Friday; hence Friday is
sometimes called hanginmi's day.
After hym we honoureth Venus mest, that Frie yclepud
ys in oure tonge, & in the wyke Friday for hym ywys,
liob. of Gloucester, p. 112.
Selde is the Fryday al the wyke Hike.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 681.
The duke, I say to thee again, would eat mutton on FH-
days. Shak., il. for M., iii. 2.
Columbus sailed from Spain on Friday, discovered land
on Friday, and reentered the port of Palos on Friday.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 19.
Black Friday. (a\) Good Friday : so called because on
that day, in the W^estern Church, the vestments of the
clergy and altar are black. (6) Any Friday marked by a
great calamity: with special reference in England to Fri-
day, December 6th, 1745, the day on which news reached
London that the young pretender Charles Edward had
reached Derby ; or to the commercial i>anic caused by the
failure of the house of Overend and Gurney, May 11th,
1866 ; and in the United States to the sudden financial panic
and ruin caused by reckless speculation in gold on the ex-
change in the city of New York on Friday, September 24th,
1869; or to another similar panic there, which began Sep-
tember 18th, 1873.— Golden Friday, (a) The Friday in
each of the ember-weeks. F. Q. Lee, Eccles. Terms. (6)
Among the Nestorians, the Friday after Whit-Sunday.
The Friday after Pentecost is called Golden Friday, and
is a high Festival. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 750.
Good Friday, the Friday before Easter, a holy day of the
Christian church, in memory of Christ's crucifixion, of
which this day is taken as the annivei-sai-y. The early
church observed it as a strict fast ; in the church services
doxologies were omitted, no music except the most plain-
tive was allowed, and the altars were stripped and draped
in black. At present, in the Greek and Roman Catholic
churches. Good Friday is a solemn fast ; and it is also ob-
served with special services and prayers by the Church
of England, and the Protestant Episcopal Church in the
United States, and by the Lutherans, German Reformed
Church, Moravians, and many Methodists.
The tother salle be Godfraye, that Gode schalle revenge
One the Gvd Frydaye with galyarde knyghtes.
Morie Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3432.
Cheer up, my soul, call home thy sp'rits, and bear
One bad Good-friday; full-mouth'd Easter's near.
Quarles, Emblems, v., Epig. 7.
Good-Friday bun, a cross-bun.— Holy Friday, Friday
in an ember-week.
Friday-facedt (fri' da-fast), a. Melancholy-
looking; dejected.
Marry, out upon him ! what a friday-fac'd slave it is !
I think in my conscience his face never keeps holiday.
Wily Beguiled (Hawkins's Eng. Drama, III. 356).
fridge^t (frij), v. «'• [Assibilated form of equiv.
frig {(tt. fidge, assibilated form oijig'^); cf. E.
dial. /nc^e, brisk, nimble, active, < W)£t.frilce,
frek, active: see frcclA and /n^.] To move
rapidly ; frisk or dance about.
The little motes or atoms that fridge and play in the
beams of the sun. Ilallywell, Melanipronoea (1681), p. 3.
fridge^t (frij), v. t. [E. dial.; origin uncertain;
perhaps another form, assimilated to/nV/^ei, of
fray, ult. < Ij.fricare, rub: see/rcfy2.] To rub;
fray.
You might have rumpled and crumple<l, and doubled and
creased, and fretted muX fridtjed the outside of them [jer-
kinsl all to pieces. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 116.
fridstolet (frid'stol), n. See fritkstool.
frieif, V. See/n/i.
frie^t, ''. See/rjf/2.
fried-cllicken(frld'chik'en), n. Same As friar's
chicken (which see, under /nV/r),
friedelite (fre'del-it), n. [Named after a French
chemist, Ch. Friedeh'] A silicate of manganese
containing a little chlorin, oecun*ing in rhom-
bohedi-al crystals and in cleavable masses of a
rose-red color at Adervielle in the department
of Hantes-Pyr6n^es, France.
friend (frend), n. [Early mod. E. also frcnd,
freind; < ME. frend^ freondy < AS. freond (pi.
I
friend
frednd, frynd, frend, freonda^) = OS. friund =
OFries. friund, friond = D. vriend = MLG.
vruni, rrent, vrint, L6. friind = OIIG. friunt,
MHG. vriuHt, G.freund, a friend, = Icel. frandi
= Sw. frdnde = ODan. frynt, friend, kinsman,
Dan./r<CTi(fc, a kinsman, = Goth, frijonds ; orig.
ppr. of AS. freon, freogan, love, = D. vrijen,
court, woo (> MHG. vrien, G. freien, court, woo),
= Icel. frjd, love, = Goth, frijon, love ; a verb
merged in some instances with the later verb
meaning 'free, liberate.' < free, a., from the
same root: cf. AS. fredn, freogan, free, =
OFries. fria, friaia, fraia = Icel. fria = Sw.
fria = Dan. fri = G. freien, befreien, free, lib-
erate : see free, a. and f . Cf. fiend, which is
similarly formed.] 1. One who is attached
to another by feelings of personal regard and
preference; one who entertains for another
sentiments which lead him to seek his com-
pany and to study to promote his welfare.
A faithful /rende is a strong defence : whoso fymleth
suche one, fyndeth a notable treasure.
Bible of 1551, Ecclus. vi. 14.
I spake to you then, I courted you, and woo'd you,
Call'd you "dear desar," hung about you tenderly,
Was proud to appear your friend.
Fletcher (arid another), False One, iy. 2.
If we from wealth to poverty descend,
Want gives to know the flatterer from the/n«n<t
Drydm, Wife of Baths Tale, L 486.
Since we deserved the name oifriend».
And thine effect so lives in me,
A part of mine may live in thee,
And move thee on to noble ends.
Tennygon, In Memoriam, Ixv.
2. One not hostile; one of the same nation,
party, or kin; one at amity with another; an
ally: opposed to foe or enemy.
Yf she have nede of Robyn Hode,
A /rende she shall hym fynde.
LyteU Oeite of Robyn Uode (Child's Ballads, V. 38).
Fran. Stand ! who's there ?
ilor. Friend* to tbif ground.
Mar. And liegemen to the Dane,
Shot., Hamlet, L 1.
Thii was the peace we had, and the peace we gave,
whether XofrienU or to foea abroad.
Milton, Eikonoklaates, ix.
3. One who is favorable, as to a caose, insti-
tution, or class; a favorer or promoter: as, a
friend of or to commerce ; a friend of or to pub-
lic schools.
8t«te<man, yei friend to Truth '. of soul sincere.
Pope, EpUtle to Addison, L 67.
He was no friend of idle ceremimies,
Prexott, Ferd. and Isa., li. 2S.
lie Is the friend of the poor— the /riCTid of the blind —
the/Wnul of the prisoner— the /n«nd of the slave.
Sumner, Against the Mexican War, Nov. 4, 1840.
4. Used as a term of salutation, or in familiar
address,
f'riend, how earnest thou in hither? Mat. xxli. 12.
Oood dawning to thee, friend : art of this house T
Shak., Lear, IL 2.
6. leap.'] A member of the Society of Friends;
a Quaker.
He had been a member of our Society upwards of sixty
yean, and he well remembered, that, in those early times,
Friendi were a plain, lowly-minded people,
John Wooiman, Journal (ed, whittier), p, 209.
6. A lover, of either sex. [Now only ooUoq.]
If yoo know yonnelf clear, why, I am glad of it : but if
yoo hare % friend here, convey, convey him out.
SAa*„lL W. of W., lit 8,
A friend at or In court, one who has sofflclent Interest
or intluuiu'e with those in power to serve another.
A frierul C the court Is better than a penny In purse,
^iok., 2 Hen. fv,, v. 1.
Allen friend^ foreigner whose coontry Is at peace with
one H own. - Friends of God, a name assumed by an un-
organized l,rc.tli.rh'»)'1 of fierman mystics existing in the
fourteenth century, who, tn opposition to the formalism
and ecclesiasticism of their age, eraphiisized the possibil-
ity and duty of ctjmplete self-renunciattun and intimate
spiritual union with God. Prominent among the leaders
were -Nicholas r)f Hasel and John Taukr, As they were
not Iwund t*jgctlier by either an eccleMiastical organiza-
tion or a conunon creed, their views of rcltkctnus truth dif-
fered, and some of their uttorancen gave rise to charges of
pantheism and nntinoniiaiiisin. Friends of Light, Prot-
estant Friends. See Fre*- Cimgregatiom, under congre-
ffafi'on.— Next firlend (l..aw v. proehein amy or ami\ In
taw: (a) In some juriwlictions, a person by whom an Infant
or a married woman sues, and who Is resijonsihle fnr costn.
(fe) In. S'z-.i^x /aw, a tutor or curator,— Progressive Friends,
a rcligiou.4 society first formed in l.V).'{ in i'cinisylviiiiiii,
rali'iiiali^tic In if" thfologfral t<Midcncic». but <llscluim-
iiiL' th' i.ifrlnj.- 'Mijition „f creeds nrni the exercise of
ilia. i|.liH iT> iiiiii iin Society Of Friends, the proper
fifSi;;Ti,il!i>n i>f I I ;,[>M.iri s<- t comtitoiily called Qtlakent,
will, h |.,.,k it< I!-. 1., r,i..!,iii.| afN.ilt the middle of the
seveiit.ciith I. iitiiiv t!,TiMi,:ii the preaching of Oefirge Fox,
A divisii.n .M-. urrc'i in iioitiuiiB of the soc-iety In America
In 1H27, thningli the preaching of Klias Hicks, whose fed-
lowers, cotiimonly called Uipknitfn, hoM tloctrlnal views
closely approximating those of the I'liitarians, while in
cborcli government and other respects they retain the
2379
usages of the orthodox Friends, The latter agree doc-
trinally with other evangelical Christians, but lay greater
stress on the doctrine of tlie personal presence and gui-
dance of the Holy Spirit. They liave no paid ministry, and
accept the ordinances of baptism and the Lord's supper in a
spiritual sense only, rejecting their outward observance as
church rites. They condemn all oath-taking and all war.
The organization of the Society involves four periodiiral
gatherings called "meetings": namely, preparative meet-
ing, monthly meeting, quarterly meeting, and yearly meet-
ing. Tlie body called the Yearly Meeting has supreme
legislative power. There are two Yearly Meetings in Great
Britain, one in Canada, and thirteen in the I'liited States.
— To be friends with, to be in a relation of mutual or
reciprocal friendship with.
I am friends with all the world, but thy base malice.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, iii. 2.
He that was friends with earth, and all her sweet
Took with I>oth hands unsparingly,
Lowell, Agassiz, v, 1,
I shall never befriends again with roses,
Swinburne, Triumph of Time.
= 8yn. 1. Companion, Comrade, etc. See associate. — 3.
I'atrtin, advocate, partizan, well-wisher,
firiendt (frend), V. t. [< friend, ».] To befriend.
The courteous Amphialus would not let his lance de-
scend, but with a gallant grace ran over the head of his
therein /riended enemy. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.
Hot friended by his wish, to your high person
His will is most malignant. Shak., Hen, VIII,, 1. 2.
Oh, where have I been alt this time? how/r«iMi«f,
That I should lose myself thus desperately ?
Beau, and Ft., Maid's lYagedy, iv. 1.
Both Heaven and earth
Friend thee for ever !
Fletcher {and another). Two Noble Kinsmen, 1. 4.
friend-back (frend'bak), n. A hangnail. Hal-
liwell. [North. Eng.]
friendflllt, a. [ME. frendfull; < friend + -ful.'\
Friendly.
Me thynkith myn herte Is boune for to breke
Of his pitefull paynes when we here speke,
^frendf\M we fonde hym In fralstyng.
York Play; p. 428.
friendingt (fren'ding), n. [Verbal n. ot friend,
r.] The state of being a friend ; friendly dis-
position.
What so poor a man as Hamlet is
Hay do, to express his love and/rietuf»n^ to you,
Ood willing, shall not lack. Shak., Hamlet, i, 6.
friendless (frend'les), a. [< ME./renrfte«, < AS.
fredndleds (= D. vriendenloos = OHG. friunt-
laos, G. freundlos = Dan. framdeliis), < frednd,
friend, + -ledg, -less.] Without friends; want-
ing support or sympathy; forlorn.
Tho he was lleyne and frendelet, mo than thrutty jer,
Robert of Oioueester, p. S43.
In tills sad plight, frieneUesie, unfortnnate,
Now miserable I, Fldesaa, dweU.
Spenter, F. Q., I. U. 26.
A»friendUa and unloved as any king.
WiUiam Morrit, Earthly Paradise, 11. 178,
Friendless mant [AS. fredndleds man], an outlaw.
FrendUsse »uinwas wont to be the .Saxon word for him
we call an outlaw. The reason thereof I take to be, be-
cause he was upon his exclusion from the Kings peace and
protection denied all helpe of friends, after certain dales.
Minshtu, iei7.
friendlessness (frend'les-nes), n. The state of
belli;; frii-iKllese.
friendliheadt, ». [ME. frendlyhed (= D. vriende-
lijkheid z= OD&n. fry ntlighed); < friendly, a., +
-head.] Friendliness; friendship.
By good frendlyhed of thy delte.
Here in numbly wise pray thy excellence
Ofl tham to haue mercy, grace, and pite.
Without tham shewing any uiolence.
Rom. of Partenay (B. E. T. S.), I. 6448,
friendlike (frend'lik), a. [< friend + like'i.]
Like a friend ; friendly.
That true faith, whereever it Is, worketh and frameth the
heart io friendlikt diipoaltions mito Ood, and brings forth
friendlike carriage In the life towards Ood.
Ooodirin, Works, V. II, 48,
Friendlike, and side by side, two brethren fought.
Whom at a birth their fruitful mother brought,
Roie<e, tr, of Lucan's Pharsalia, ii,
friendlily (frend'li-li), adv. [< friendly, a., +
-ti/-.] In a friendly manner. [Bare.]
He lived. If not familiarly, yet friendlily, with the dra-
matic writers of his day. and neither provoked nor felt
personal enmities, Giford, Int. to Ford's Plays, p. 1.
friendliness (frend'li-nes), n. 1. The condi-
tion or quality of being friendly; a disposition
to favor or befriend ; good ■will.
Were you ignorant to see 't?
Or, seeing it, of such childish /rt<n<Uin<«
To yield your voices ! Shak., Cor,, 11, S,
Tls a disposition quite unchristian that we show in
such bad actions, being wholly contrary to that interma-
tual amity and friendliness that should be in the world.
Feltham, Resolves, li, 52,
Your extreme /ritffufftn«M hath even tempted you to act
a part which your true sense and the very decorum of
your profession . . , has rendered painful to you.
Bp. Ilurd, On Retirement
friendship
2. Exercise of benevolence or kindness.
Let all the intervals be employed in prayers, charity,
friendliness, and neighbourhood.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.
friendly (frend'U), a. [< MKfrendly,fre)idely, <
AS. freondtic (= OFries. friondhk = D. vriende-
Jijk- = MLG. vrttntlik, vrentUk = OHG. friuntlih,
MHG. rriuntUch, G. freundlich = ODan. Sw.
fryntlig), <. frednd, friend, -f- -lie, -lyl.] 1. Like
a friend ; disposed to confer benefits ; kind.
Ther is no lorde in this londe as I lere,
In faith that hath a frendlyar feere.
Than yhe my lorde,
My-seltle yof [though] I saye itt,
York Plays, p. 272.
He senied frendly to hem that knewe him nought,
But he was feendly, both in werke and thought,
Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1, 291.
A man that hath friends must show himself frie7idly.
i*rov, xviii. 24,
2. Characteristic of or befitting a friend or
friends ; amicable ; amiable : as, to be on
friendly terms.
Long they thus travelled in friendly wise.
Through countreyes waste, and eke well edifyde.
Spenser, F, Q,, III, i, 14,
According to your friendly Request I have sent you this
Decastich. Uowell, Letters, I, vi, 27.
Tlie approach of a long separation, like the approach
of death, brings out all friendly feelings with unusual
strength. Macautay, Life and Letters, I. 309,
3. Not hostile ; disposed to peace : as, a friend-
ly power or state.
Why answer not the double majesties
This friendly treaty of our threaten'd town ?
Shak., K. John, 11, 2.
Four friendly merchants, or bunneahs, who were re-
turning to the town, were shot by our pickets.
W. H. Russell, Diary in India, I. 887.
4. Favorable ; propitious ; salutary ; confer-
ring benefit : as, a friendly breeze or gale ; rains
friendly to ripening fruits.
Timely he flies the yet untasted food,
And gains the friendly shelter of the wood.
Pope, Iliad, xvi.
Friendly the sun, the bright flowers, and the grass
Seemed after the dark wood.
WiUiam Morris, Earthly Paradise, II, 221.
6. [c«p.] Pertaining or belonging to the Soci-
ety of Friends.
Whose family are Friendly people.
The Ameriam, XII. 166.
Friendly societies, associations, chiefly among trades-
men aiui mechanics, for the purpose of forming a fund for
the assistance of ineinbers In sickness, or of their families
in case of death. The name is used principally in Great
Britain ; in the United .States such associations are more
commonly called beneht or benevolent societies. — Friend-
ly Societies Acts, English statutes of 1865-8, 1875-6,
regulating tlie organization and conduct of such socie-
ties, =Syn. .imicable, Friendly. S^ee amicable.
friendly (frend'li), adv. [< ME. frendly, < AS.
fredndlice, adv., ifredndlic, adj., friendly: see
friendly, a.] In the manner of friends ; in the
way of friendship ; with friendship.
.Syr Herowde, thai say no faute in me faiid,
He fest me to his freiischlppe, ao frendly he fared,
York Plays, p, 322.
Hee found him a very gentle person who entertained
him friendly, and shewed him many things.
Ilakluyt's Voyages, III, 7,
Thou dost chide me friendly.
Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, Hi. 2.
fHendship (frend'ship), n. [< ME. frendshipe,
frendachiji, frenchipe, freondschipe, etc., < AS.
frcdndscipe (= OS. friundskepi = OFries. fri-
ondskip = D. rriendschap = MLG. vruntschap,
vrentschap, sehop, sehup, LG. friindschap =
OHG. /r»«nfarffl/, MHG. friuntschaft, G.freund-
schaft, friendship, = Sw. frdndnkap = Dan.
framdskab, kinship), </re(}>irf, friend: see friend
and -ship.] 1. ftluttial liking and regard be-
tween person8,irre8peetive of sex; mutual inter-
est based on intimate acquaintance and esteem ;
the feelingthat moves persons to seek each oth-
er's society or to promote each other's welfare
Felthfullere/r^TicAijie saw neuer frek In erthe,
n'iUiam ofPaUme (E, E. T. S.), 1. 6434.
Then those two knights, teatfrieMship for to bynd,
And love establish each to other trew.
Gave gooilly gifts, the signes of gratefull mynd,
And eke, as pledges flmie, right hands together joynd.
Spenser, F. Q., I, ix, 18.
True and x>eriect friendship requireth these three things
e8|>ecially : virtue, as being honest and commendnble ;
society, which is pleasant and delectable ; and profit,
which Is needfull and necessary.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 186.
For 'tis the bliss of friendship's holy state
To mix their minds, and to communicate ;
lliough Ixxlies cannot, souls can penetrate,
Dryden, Eleonora.
2. Desire for intercourse with or the welfare
of another or others; personal favor or good
will ; amicable feeling or regard.
friendship
Welcome, brave duke 1 thy /n>m/«Aip makes ns fresh.
SImk:, 1 Hen. VI., iii. 3.
Why, having kept good faith, and often sliown
Friendship and truth to others, flnd'st thuu none?
Cotcper, Expostulation, 1. 277.
3. Congenial union of one with another or oth-
ers ; an individual relation of friendliness : as,
to contract a friendship with a person: often in
the plural.
His friendships, still to few confln'd.
Were always of the middling kind.
Death of Dr. Swift.
And softly, thro' a vinous mist,
My coW^s^ friendships glimmer.
Tennyson, Will Waterproof.
4. An act of kindness or friendliness ; friendly
aid; help; relief. [Archaic]
I know I am flesh and blood.
And you have done me friendships inflnite and often.
That must require me honest and a true man.
Beau, and PI., Coxcomb, ii. 1.
A frende that delyteth iu lone, dothe a man more frend-
Aype, and stycketh faster vnto hym then a brother.
Bible of 1551, Prov. xviii. 24.
Gracious my lord, hard by here is a hovel ;
Some/n>iirf»Aip will it lend you gainst the tempest.
Shak., Lear, iii. 2.
5t. Conformity; affinity; correspondence.
We know those colours which have a friendship with
each other. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
= Syn. 1. Amity, fellowship, companionship, alliance.
frieri (fri'fer), n. One who or that which fries.
Imii. Diet.
frler^t, ». An obsolete spelling of friar.
frieryt, ». An obsolete spelling ot friary.
Friese (frez), «. and a. [< ME. *Frese, < AS.
Frixd, Frysa, Fresa (usually in pi. Frisan, etc.)
= OFries. Frise, Frese = MD. Vriese, D. Vries =
MLG. Vrese = OHG. tVicso, Friaso, tYiso, MHG.
Friese, G. Friese = I>a,n. FYis-er = ML. Friso(n-),
Freso(-n-), a Friese, a native of Friesland, a
Friesian ; first mentioned by Tacitus and Pliny,
in the plural form Frisii (Gr. ^piatoi, ipeiami),
as a people of northern Germany. Hence J<He-
sian, Friesic, Fries-ish,etc. Cf.fri^z.'] I. ». 1. A
native or an inhabitant of Friesland ; one of the
Friesian race; a Friesian.— 2t. The language
spoken in Friesland or by Friesians. See Friesic.
Butter, bread, cheese,
Are good English and good Friese. Old rime.
n. a. Pertaining to the Friesians or to their
language.
flieseite (fre'zit), n. [After F. M. von Friese.1
A .sulphid of silver and iron from Joachims-
tlial, Bohemia. It is allied to stembergite.
Friesian, Frisian (fre'zian, friz'ian), a. and
n. [< Friese + -imi.'\ I, "o. Pertaining to the
people of Friesland, or to their language.
II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Fries-
land ; a Friese ; one of the Low German people
who were the ancestors of the present inhabit-
ants of Friesland. — 2. The language spoken in
Friesland or by Friesians. See Friesic.
Friesic (fre'zik), a. and n. [Formerly also
Frisic, Frisick; < Friese + -ie; a var., with term.
-ic, of the earlier type Friesish, q. v.] I. a. Same
as Friesian.
H. n. The language of the Friesians. Friesic,
in its oldest form siMJcilically called Old Frieaic, is a Low
German dialect formerly spoken in the northeni part of
Germany in the district which includes the present Fries-
land. Old Friesic, with Old .Saxon and Anglo-Saxon, con-
stituted the main part of what is collectively called Old
Low German, of which the present modern Friesic in its
local variations, North, East, and West Friesic, and Dutch,
Flemish, and Low German in its restricted sense (Piatt
Deiitsch) are the mo<iern continental remains.
Friesisll (fre'zish), a. and n. [< ME. *Fresish,
< AS. 'Frisisc, Frysisc, Fresiso (= OFries. *Fre-
sisk = D. Frieseh = MLG. Frescft, LG. Freisch =
G. Friesisch = Dan. Sw. Frisisk), Friesish ; as
Friese (AS. Frisa) + -wfel.] I. a. Pertaining
to a Friese, or to the Friesians, or to Friesland;
Friesian: same as Friesic.
II. ». Same as Friesic. [Little used.]
frieze! (frez), n. [Formerly also freeze, frize,
frise (= D. fries = G. fries = Dan. frise = Sw.
/n.«) ; < OF. frise, frize, F. frise = Sp. Pg. friso
= It. fregio, frieze ; a particular use of OF. freze,
f raise, T.f raise, a ruff, = OSp. freso, a fringe, =
Olt.frigio, friso, fregio, mod.fregio, fringe, lace,
border, ornament, prob. < ML. phrygiiim, frigi-
um, phrysum, frisium, frisiim, an embroidered
border, lit. Phrygian work, neut. of Phrygius,
Phrygian: see Phrygian, and ef. auriphrygia,
fregiatura. ' Otherwise supposed to be con-
nected with frieze^, frizz, frizzle, etc., or with
Friese, Friesic, etc.] In arch., that part of an en-
tablature which is between the architrave and
the cornice ; also, any longitudinal decorative
feature or band of extended length, occupying
2380 frigate-mackerel
a position, in architecture or decoration, more frieze^ (frez), v. t. ; pret. and pp. frizzed, ppr.
or less similar to that of the frieze iu an en- frirziiig. {< frieze^, n. Cf./Wr-, q. v.] To form
tablature. The frieze in its simplest form is flat and a nap on, as cloth, like the liap of frieze ; fur-
plain ; but in the Doric style it is divided into triglyphs nish with a nap ; frizzle ; curl : used especially
in the past participle : as, a friezcd stuff or gar-
ment.
frieze-panel (frez'pan'el), n. In carp., one of
the upper panels of a door having at least three
tiers of panels.
friezer (fre'zfer), n. One who or that which
friezes.
frieze-rail (frez'ral), n. In carp., the rail next
the top rail of a door of six panels.
friezing-maclline (fre ' zing-ma-shen"), n. A
machine for frieziug cloth.
frig (frig), V. i. ; pret. and pp. frigged, ppr. frig-
ging. [Early mod. E. frigge, perhaps (with so-
nant g for surd k) < ME. frikicn, keep in con-
stant motion (of the arms and hands), < AS.
frician (once), dance. Hence the assibilated
form fridge'^, q. v.] To keep in constant mo-
tion; wriggle. [Prov. Eng.]
frigate (frig'at), «. [Formerly also/)-Jpa<,/rJ(70«;
= D. fregat = G. fregatte = Dan. fregat = Sw.
fregatt, < OF. fregate, F. fregate, < It. fregata,
dial, fragata = Sp. Pg. fragata, a frigate; per-
haps, as Diez supposes, for *fargata, an assumed
contr. form of L. fabricata, fem. pp. of fabri-
carc, build, construct, whence /uftricate; cf. E.
forge^ (F. forge, Sp. Pg. forja, etc.), from the
same source. So F. bdtiment, a building, also
a vessel.] If. Any small sailing vessel.
Behold the water worke and play
About her little /rii70(, therein making way.
Spenser, V. Q., II. vi. 7.
Under those verie bridges he left certain spaces be-
tweene, from whence the light pinnaces and frigats might
inake out to charge and recharge the enemie, and retire
themselves thither againe in safetie.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 745.
We tooke & frigate of tenne tunne, comming from Gwa-
thanelo laden with hides and ginger.
Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 289.
2. Among ships of war of the old style, a ves-
sel larger than a sloop or a brig, and smaller
than a ship of the line, usually carrying her
guns (which varied in number from about thir-
ty to fifty or sixty) on the main-deck and on a
raised quarter-deck and forecastle, or having
two decks. Such ships were often fast sailers, and were
much used as cruisers in the gi-eat wars of the eighteenth
and the early part of the nineteenth century. Since the
introduction of iron-clad vessels the term frhjate has been
applied to war-ships of this kind having high speed and
great fighting power.
He [Commissioner Pett] . . . invented that excellent
and new ornament of the navy which we c&\\ frigate, for-
midable to our enemies, to us most useful and safe.
Evelyn, Slemoirs, I. 671.
On the third day of May the admiral IRnssell] sail'd from
St. Helens with the combined stiuadrons of England and
Holland, amounting to ninety ships of the line, besides/ri(7-
ates, fire-ships, and tenders. Smollett, Hist. Eng., an. 1693.
3. Same a,a frigate-bird — Double-banked frigate,
or double-banker, a frigate which carried guns on two
decks, and had a flush upper deck.
A large marine
Frieze.
Left-hand side of stairway of the great altar at Pergamon.
and metopes, and in other styles, and even in the Doric
when not over columns, it frequently bears a continuous
series of figures sculptured in relief, as the Panathenaic
frieze around the cella of the Parthenon. Such a frieze is
sometimes called a zophoros. See entablature, and cuts
under column and gigantoinachy.
Here he learns to mount
His curious Stairs, there finds he Frise and Cornish,
And other Places other Peeces furnish.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.
No jutty, frieze.
Buttress, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
Hath made his pendent bed, and procreant cradle.
SAa*., Macbeth, i. 6.
Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures graven.
Milton, P. L., i. 716.
The encircling friezes [on a silver-gilt bowl] are full of
groups and symbols which have evidently been adapted by
a Phoenician artist from Egyptian prototypes.
C. T. Newton, Art and Archajol., p. 816.
frieze^ (frez), v. t.; pret. and Tf>Tp.friezed, ppr.
friezing. [Early mod. Ti.fryse; = P. fraiser,
border, = It. fregiare, trim, border, < ML. phry-
giare, border, embroider; from the noun: see
frieze^, n.'i If. To border; embroider; oma^
ment the edge of.
On the top of the whiche mountaytie was a tree of golde,
the braunches and bowes frysed with gold, spreding on
every side. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 2.
2. To furnish with a frieze.
Gerard and Stephen stopped before a tall, thin, stuccoed
house, balustraded unAfriezed. Disraeli, Sibyl, p. 94.
frieze^ (frez), n. and a. [Formerly also freeze,
freese, frize, frise; < ME. fryse (= G. friss =
Sw. Dan. fris) = OP. frize, frise, frisse, F. frise
= Pg. Sp. frisa, < ML. frisius, in full pannus
frisius (mod. F. drap de Frise), as if cloth made
in Friesland, but there appears to be no evi x v j /« • ,-^-i,- j%
denee for an immediate connection except the fngate-bird (trig at-berd), n.
similarity of spelling. Some etymologists de-
rive the word from frizz, which others, on the
contrary, derive from frieze'^, n. Hence frisado,
q. v.] I; ». 1. A thick and warm woolen cloth
used for rough outer garments since the four-
teenth century. The modern material of this name is
covered with a nap forming little tufts, and is especially
used in Ireland, whence it is exported for overcoating.
Cloth of gold do not despise.
Though thou'rt matched with cloth oi frize.
Old proverb.
1 will ascend to the groom porter's next.
Fly higher games, and make my mincing knight
Walk musing in their knotty frieze abroad.
W. Cartwright, The Ordinary, ii. 3.
Each put on a coarse straw bonnet, with strings of col-
ored calico, and a cloak of gray frieze.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, v.
2. In leather-manuf, an imperfection in leather,
sometimes appearing in the preparatory pro-
cesses of tanning. It consists in excessive tenderness
of the grain of the hide, which appears as if It had been
scraped off.
Frieze is principally caused in the subsequent step of
sweating when the grain of the hide is inclined to be ten-
der and has the apj>earance of being scraped off.
C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 239.
II. a. Made of the napped or shaggy cloth
called frieze.
A Gentleman of the Countrey among the bushes and bri-
ers, [to] goe in a pounced dublet and a paire of enibrodered
hosen, in the Citie to weare a frise lerkin and a paire of
leather breeches. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 238.
Woven after the manner of deep, frieze rngges.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, viii. 48.
He wore a frieze coat, and breakfasted upon toast and
ale. Steele, Guardian, No. 34.
bird, the Fregata aqitila or Tachypetes aquilus
and other species of the same genus, belonging
to the family Fregatidw or Tachypetidw and
order Steganopodes or TolipalmaUB, noted for
Friyatc-birtl {FrfSiita aquita^.
powers of flight and raptorial disposition, found
near land on most of the warmer seas of the
globe. It has long pointed wings with a great sweep, a
long forficate tail, extremely small totipalmate feet, a
long, strong, hooked bill, a gnl.ar pouch, and dark colora-
tion. Also called frigate, frigate-pelican, and man-of-
war bird.
frigate-built (frig 'at -bilt), a. Naut. having
a quarter-deck and forecastle raised above the
main-deck.
frigate-mackerel (frig'at-mak'e-rel), M. A
scombroid fish, Amis thazard, of stout fusiform
shape, with the spinous dorsal fin remote from
the second one, and having a toothless vomer
frigate-mackerel
and palatines and a well-developed corselet.
It occurs on both sides of the Atlantic.
frigate-pelican (frig'at-pel'i-kan),?!. Same as
fri(jate-liird.
frigktoon (frig-a-ton'), n. [< It. fregatone, aug.
of /re<7ate, frigate: see frigate.] 1. AVenetian
vessel witn a square stem and two masts. — 2t.
A ship-rigged sloop of war.
frigefactiont (frij-e-fak'shon), n. [< L. as if
'/rige/actio(n-) ; at. frigefactare, make cold, <
frigere, be cold, + faeere, m.facttis, make.] A
cooling or making cold. Bailey, 1731.
frigefactivet (frij-e-fak'tiv),a. [Asfrigefact-ion
+ -ive.] Tendiig or serving to make cold;
cooling.
We will no longer delay to say something of this matter :
namely, in what Hue, or, if you please, towards what part
the /rvje/actice virtue of cold bodies does operate the
furthest and most strongly. Boyle, Works, II. 624.
fHgeratet (frij'e-rat), v. t. [< L. frigeratus, pp.
of frigerare, make cool, ifrigus (frigor-), cold,
coldness, coolness : aee frigid.'] To cool; re-
frigerate. Bailey, 1731.
firigeratoryt (frij'e-ra-to-ri), n. [< frigerate +
-ory.] A place to make or keep things cool
in. Bailey, 1731.
Frigg (frig), n. [Icel. Frigg (gen. Friggjar),
a goddess, = AS. 'Frigu, found only in the
name of the sixth day (Frige deeg, E. Friday :
see Friday), and as a common noun in gen. pi.
friga, dat. pi. frigum, love ; = OHG. Fria. A
different name (and goddess) from Icel. Freyja,
fem. associated with Freyr : see Freya, frovi^.
The name Frigg is Latinized as Frigga or Friga.']
In Norae myth., the wife of Odin and the queen
of the ^odg. She Is often confounded with Freya, a dis-
tinct deity. Frigg was the goddeM of love in its loftier
aii'i c*>iistaiit form. Also Frigga, Friga.
Frigga, Friga (frig's), n. [Latinized forms of
Friijii.] Hame as Frigg.
friggling (frig'ling), a. [Ppr. of 'friggle, freq.
of frig, v.] Wriggling.
How was the head of the beast cut off at first in this
nation ? It is harder for us to cut off the friggling tail
of that hydra of Rome. S. Ward, Sermons, p. 173.
fright (frit), n. [< \fE. friit, frygt (transposed
from 'fyrgt), < A8. fyrhtu, fyrhto = OS. forhta,
forahia = OFries. fruchta = OD. trueht, vrocht,
rurckt, vorght = MLG. vrockte, vruehte, vorchte,
LQ.frueht = OHG. forhta, forahta, forohta,
MHO. vorhte, rorht, G. furcht (= 8w. fruktan
= Dan. frygt, perhaps borrowed) = Goth.
faurhtei, fright. The associated verb, AS.
fyrhtan, "E. fright, etc., was prob. orig. strong,
as shown by the adj. pp. AS. forht = OHG.
forht = Goth, faurhtu, timid, afraid : see fright,
V. t. Not connected with /earl or with a/rairf.]
1. Sudden and extreme fear; terror caused by
the sudden appearance or prospect of danger.
But though I have seen, and been beaet by them | water-
spouts! often, yet the Fright was always the greatest part
of the harm. Dampttr, Voyages, I. 453.
Gentle Lamia Judsed, and Judged aright.
That Lyciua coold not love in half % fright.
So threw the goddess off, and won bU heart
More pleasantly by playing woman's part
Keats, Lamia, i.
2. Anything which by its sudden occurrence
or appearance may greatly startle and alarm ;
hence, by hyperbole, a person of a shocking,
grotesque, or ridiculous appearance in either
person or dress : as, she is a perfect /rij/Af.
Likewise if I had thought I'd been
Sic a great Jri'iht to thee,
I'd brought .Sir John o' Erslilne park ;
He's thretty feet and three.
Lang .lohnny Moir (('hild's Ballads, IV. 278).
Auld Reekie aye he keepit tight.
An' trig and braw ;
Bat now they'll bosk her like a fright —
WlUie's awa' 1 Bwnu, To Willhun Creech.
= 8yn. 1. Terror, Dismay, etc. See alarm.
fright (frit), r. t. [< ME. frighten, < A8. fyrh-
tan. tr., make afraid, forhtian, intr., be afraid.
= OS. f'>rlitiiin, forahlian = OFries. fruchta =
OD. rriirhli'ii, rurchten, vorchteit = MLG. rroch-
tfii, rruchtcH, vnrchten, LG. fruchten = OHG.
fornhtiiH, furihtan, MHG. vUrhten, Q. fiirchten
(Svi.frukta = Dan. frygte, borrowed) = Goth.
faurhtjnn. fear; the tr. verb was prob. orig.
strong; cf. the adj. pp. A.S. forht = OHG./»rA<
= (ioih. faHrhts, timid, afraid: t^e fright, n.
Hence frighten, q. v.] To frighten ; affright;
terrify; scare.
Which Name of Sallsbnry ao/i^Atnl the French, think-
ing be had been come to rescue them, that casting away
their Weapons they ran all away.
BaJcer, Clironicles, p. 181.
The story so<m is improved and spreads, that a mad dog
ioA frighted a lady of distinction.
Uvldmiilh, Citizen of the World, Ixlx.
2381
He . . . lapsed into so long a pause again
As half amazed, haXt frighted, all his flook.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
frightable (fn'ta-bl), a. [< fright + -able.]
Capable of being frightened ; timid. [Bare.]
cholera is spreading. . . . Medical men can do nothing,
except frighten those that Are frightable.
Carlyle, in Froude.
frighted (fri'ted), ^. a. 1. Frightened.
The ancient foe of Caledonia's laud
Now waves his banners o'er her frighted fields.
Home, Douglass.
2. In her., same as forcenS.
frighten (fri'tn), r. t. [< fright + -enl- (c).] To
strike with fright ; terrify ; scare ; dismay.
Even that [2,000 leagues] was a Voyage enough to fright-
en us, considering our scanty Provisions.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 280.
The rugged Bears, or spotted Lynx's Brood,
Frighten the Vallies, and infest the Wood.
Prior, Solomon, i.
The chilling tale
Of midnight murder was a wonder heard
With doubtful credit, told to frighten babes.
Cowper, Task, iv. 664.
Frightened water, weak tea or coffee served on board
ship. (Sailors' 8lanK.] = Syn. To affright, dismay, daunt,
app;il. intiinitiate. See afraid.
frightenable (fri'tn-a-bl), a. l< frighten +
-wile.] Susceptible of being frightened. Cole-
ridge. [Rare.]
frightful (frit'ful), a. [< ME. frightful, afraid ;
cf. AS. forhtfull, afraid, timid: see fright, n.,
and -ful.] 1. Full of occasion for fright;
causing or apt to excite alarm or terror ; ter-
rible; dreadful: as, a /ri<//i</"«i chasm ; & fright-
ful tempest.
Thy school-days frightful, desperate, wild, and furious.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
One cannot conceive w> frightful a state of a nation. A
maritime country without a marine, and without com-
merce, a continental country without a frontier, and for
a thousand miles surrounded with powerful, warlike, and
ambitious neighbours. Burke, Policy of the Allies,
Like one that on a lonesome road
Doth walk In fear and dread, . . .
Because he knows ^ frightful Send
Doth close behind him tread.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, vi.
2. Intolerable; shocking; hideous. [Hyper-
bolic]
" Odious \ In woollen ! 'twould a saint provoke "
fWere the last words that poor Narcissa spoke) : . . .
"One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead."
Pope, Moral Essays, 1. 2S0.
3f . IHill of terror ; fearful ; alarmed.
Their young boyes
AndfHghtfttU matrons making wofull noise,
In heaps enhedg'd It. Vitars, tr. of Virgil (1632).
= 8yn. Dreadful, Fearful, etc. (tee aieful); alarming, ter-
rific, horrible, shocking.
CrlghtfaUy (frit'fU-i), adv. 1. In a frightful
manner; dreadfully; terribly.
Then to her glass ; and, " Betty, pray.
Don't I \ook frigMfuUy to-da^V'
Swsft, Lady's Jonmal-
2. Intolerably; shockingly; hideously; exceed-
ingly. [Hyperbolic.]
They [the Lapps) are/rigJlyufly pious and commonplace.
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. l.fii.
frightfolneSS (frit'ful-nes), n. The quality of
being frightful.
Those few horses that remalne are sent forth for discov-
ery : they find nothing but monuments of frightfulnesse,
pledges of security. Bp. Hall, Samaria's Famine Relieved.
frlghtiheadt, ». [ME. frightihed; < frighty -^■
-head.] Fright; fear.
Al he it listnede in frightihed.
Oenesu and Exodus (E. E. T. .■*.), I. 2222.
frightilyt (fn'ti-li), adv. [ME. *frightily,frigti'-
like; <. frighty + -ly"^.] In fear; fearfully,
lacob abraid, A seide/n«7(t/»JI'^.
Genesis and Bxodus'(,E. E. T. S.), 1. 1617.
frightlesa (frit'les), a. l< fright + -less.] Free
from fright. [Rare.]
1 speake aW frighllesse. Marston, Sophonisba, iv. 1.
frightmentt (frit'ment), n. [< fright + -ment.]
Fright; terror; alarm.
All these /n'^Afmtfn/s are but Idle dreams.
Dekker and Webster, Westward Ho, iv. 2.
fHghtyt, a- [ME. frighty, frizti; < fright -I- -yi.]
Afraid.
Tho wurthen hefrigti.
Genesis and Bxodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 667.
frigid (frij'id), a. [= 8p. frigido = Pg. It. fri-
gido, < L. frigidus, cold, chill, cool, (.frigere, be
cold; cf. frigus (frigor-), cold, coldness, cool-
ness, = Gr. (uyoc (for "fpiyiK), cold, />tyovv,
freeze. See/ri/P.] 1. Cold in temperature;
wanting heat or warmth ; icy ; wintry : as, the
frigid zone.
fMgOt
There Is also a great difference betwixt the degrees In
coldness in the air of frigid regions and of England.
Boyte, Works, II. 509.
The stone on which our colonial life was founded was
frigid as an arctic boulder — there was no molecular mo-
tion to give out life and heat.
Stedinan, Poets of America, p. 15.
2. Cold in temperament or feeUng; wanting
warmth of affection or of zeal ; chilly in man-
ner; impassive.
Even his [William of Orange's] admirei-s generally ac-
counted . . . [him] the most distant and frigid of men.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vil.
Mrs. Fairfax ! I saw her in a black gown and widow's
cap — frigid, perhaps, but not uncivil : a model of elderly
English respectability. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, x.
3. Marked by or manifesting mental coldness;
coldly formal or precise ; lifeless; torpid; chill-
ing : as, frigid devotions or services ; frigid po-
liteness or manners.
Bleak level realm, v/here frigid styles abound,
Where never yet a daring thought was found.
Paniell, To Bolingbroke.
Then, crush'd by rules, and weaken'd as refin'd.
For years the pow'r of Tragedy declin'd ;
From Bard to Bard the frigid caution crept.
Till Declamation roar'd whilst Passion slept.
Johnson, Prologue at the Opening of Drury Lane (1747).
The heroic rhymes of the Icelanders are crowded with
frigid conceits. O. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxv.
4. Wanting generative heat or 'vigor; impo-
tent. Johnson.— YrifSii zones, in geog., the two zones
comprehended between the poles and the polar circles,
which are 23° SC from the poles. .
frigidarium (frij-i-da'ri-um), n. ; pi. frigidaria
(-a). [L., a cooling-room, neut. ot frigidarius,
of or for cooling, < frigidus, cold, cool: see fri-
gid.] In anc. arch., the cooling-apartment in
a bath, in or adjoining which the cold bath was
placed.
frigidite (frij'id-it), n. [< Frigido (see def.) 4-
-»f«2.] A metallic mineral related to tetrahe-
drite, but containing a small percentage of
nickel, found in the mines of the Valle del
Frigido, Liguria, Italy.
frigidity (fn-jid'i-ti), n. [< F. frigidity = Pr.
frigiditat = It. frigidity, < LL. frigidita(t-)s,
cold, < frigidus, cold : see frigid. ] 1 . Coldness ;
want of heat.
Ice is water congealed by the/ri^'di'(y of the air.
Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., 11. 1.
2. Coldnessof feeling, manner, or cjualityj want
of ardor, animation, or vivacity in action or
manifestation; chilliness; dullness.
Having begun loftily in heavens universall Alphabet, he
fals downe to that wretched poorenesse and frigidity as
to talke of Bridge street in heav'n and the Ostler of heav'n.
Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
3. Want of natural heat and vigor of body ; im-
potency. Bailey, 1731.
frigidly (frij'id-li), adv. In a frigid man-
ner; coldly; ■without warmth of feeling or
manner.
If in the Platonical Philosophy there are some things
directing to It [a communion with Ood], yet they are but
frigidly expressed.
Bates, Harmony of the Divine Attributes, xvli.
fri^dness (frij'id-nes), n. The state of being
frigid ; coldness ; want of ardor or fervor ; fri-
gidity.
fHgiferous (fri-jif 'e-rus), a. [< L. frigus, cold,
+ fvrre = E. bear'^.'] Bearing or bringing cold :
as, /noi/erou« winds. Evelyn. [Rare.]
frigolito (frig-o-le'to), n. The Sophora secun-
dijlora, a small leguminous tree or shrub of
western Texas and New Mexico. The wood is
hard and heavy, and makes excellent fuel.
frigorlc (fri-gor'ik), a. [< L. frigus (frigor-),
cold, 4- -ic] Pertaining to or consisting in the
application of cold. [Rare.]
The conditions under which ttiefrigoric service was to
be Introduced Into the morgue.
Sci. Amer., N. »., LVI. 178.
ftigorific (frig-o-rif'ik), a. [= T.frigorifique,
< LL. frigorificus, cooling, <' frigus (frigor-),
coolness, cold, + faeere, make. J Causing cold ;
producing or generating cold: as, /nyori/!c mix-
tures. See freezing^mixture.
When the frigorifick power was arrived at the height,
I several times found, that water . . . would freeze in a
quarter of a minute by a minute watch.
Boyle, Works, III. 147.
frigorifical (frig-o-rif'i-kal), a. [< frigorific +
-al.] Same as frigorific.'
frtgOtH, «. An obsolete spelling ot frigate.
ftigot^, n. [Appar. a capricious use of the
form frigoi^, with sense taken from L. frigus,
cold, frit/id us, frigid. ] A person of cold or pas-
sive temperament.
frigot
And indeed, it is mucli better to be such a henpecked
frigot (sic errare) than always to be racked and tortured
witu tbe grating surmises of suspicion and jealousy.
Kennet, tr. of Erasmuss Praise of folly, p. 28.
frijole (Sp. pron. fre-ho'la), «. [Sp. frijol, fre-
j')l. also frinol, frisuelo = Cat. fasol, French
bean, kidney-bean, <Jj.faseolus,phaseolm, kid-
ney-bean: seefasel'^a.ndphaseolus.'] The com-
mon name in Mexico for the cultivated bean of
that country, which forms an important staple
of food.
The Mexicans were also skilful makers of earthen pots,
In which were cooked the native beans called by the Span-
ish/ri?oi«, and the various savory stews still in vogue.
E. B. Tylor, Encyc. Brit, XVI. 213.
frijolillo (Sp. pron. fre-ho-le'lyo), n. [Mex.
Sp., dim. of Sp./r(/o?; see frijole.'] The Lon-
chocarptis latifoUus, a leguminous tree of Mex-
ico and the West Indies.
friket, «• See/recfci.
frilalt, »• [Cf. /r»H2.] A border of ornamental
ribbon, mentioned as in use in 1690. Fairholt.
frill'^ (fril), V. i. [< OF. friller, shiver with
cold, < frilleux, chill, cold of nature, F. frileux,
chUl, < ML. as if "frigidulosus, < L. frigidultis,
somewhat cold, dim. of frigidus, cold : see fri-
gi(i.'\ To shiver with cold, as a hawk or other
bird.
flrilll (fril), n. [</ri«l, ».] A shivering with
cold, as a bird ; the ruffling of a bird's feathers
when shivering with cold.
frill^ (fril), n. [A particular use otfrill\ n., a
border of this kind being likened to the ruf-
fling of a bird's feathers when it shivers with
cold: aee friW^, »».] 1. A narrow ornamental
bordering made of a strip of textile material,
of which one edge is gathered and the other
left loose, as in a narrow flounce; a ruffle.
His /rill and neckcloth hung limp under his bagging
waistcoat. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. 284.
Did he stand at the diamond door
Of his house in a rainbow /riii?
Tennyson, Maud, xxir.
Hence — 2. Anything resembling such a bor-
der.
How delicate thy gauzy frill I
How rich thy branching stem '.
E. Elliott, To the Bramble Flower.
Specifleally — (o) The projecting fringe of hair on the
chest of some dogs, as the collie.
The Pomeranian dog is employed as a sheepdog, for
which he is fitted by his peculiarly woolly coat and ample
frill, rendering him to a great degree proof against wet
and cold. Doi/g of Great Britain and America, p. 132.
(6) Some fringing part or process of an animal, like a
rufBe ; a frilling : as, the genital frills of a hydrozoan.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 653. (c) In hymenomycetous fungi, a
superior annulus or ring ; an annulus formed of tissue
suspended from the apex of the stipe and free at other
points, at first forming a membranous covering for the
hymenium, but detached as the pileus expands ; an ar-
milla. (d) In photog., the swelling and loosening of a gela-
tin film around the edges of a plate. See fi-ill^, v.
3. An affectation of dress or of manner; an air:
usually in the plural : as, he puts on too many
frills. [Colloq., U. S.] —Frill pattern, in ceram.,
a pattern made of separate small threads of slip laid side
by side on the surface. See slip-decoration.
frill2 (fril), V. [<friin,n.] I. trans. 1. To form
into a frill ; flute or plait : as, to frill a border
in a dress.
His long nmstachoes on his upper lip, like bristles,
friWd back to his neck. KnoUes, Hist. Turks, p. 616.
2. To ornament with frills : as, to /nH a child's
.garment Frilled lizard, fiame as frill-lizard.
H. intrans. To become frilled or ruffled. Spe-
cifically, in photography, said of the gelatin film of a dry
plate when in course of the development, from too high
temperature of the water or other cause, it rises from the
glass in ruffles, which may be sufficiently extended to de-
stroy the picture, or even to cause the entire film to slip
from the plate.
frillback (fril'bak), n. One of a particular
breed of domestic pigeons.
frilling (fril'ing), n. [Verbal n. of frill^, ».] 1.
Frills ; ruffles ; gathered strips in general. — 2.
In photog. , a ruffling up or loosening of the film
of a gelatin-emulsion plate, it appears during the
development or fixing of the negative, and may be guarded
against by the use of alum in the flxing-bath, or of ice in
the water used for washing.
frill-lizard (fririiz'ard), TO. The Anglo-Aus-
tralian name of a lizard of the genus Chlamy-
dosaurus (which see). C. kinr/i has a crenate mem-
brane-like ruff about its neck, which it elevates when ir-
ritated or frightened. It is said sometimes to walk on
its hind legs alone, a very unusual mode of progression
among existing reptiles. Also called frilled lizard. See
cut in next column.
fWm (frim), a. [< ME. frym, < AS. freme, a
secondary form of fram, from, bold, forward,
strenuous, strong, etc. : see from, adv., and cf.
frame, v.'] Flourishing. [Prov. Eng.]
2382
Frill-lizard {Cklatnydosaurus kingi).
My plenteous bosom strow'd
With all abundant sweets ; my frim and lusty flank
Her bravery then displays, with meadows hugely rank.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 397.
Frimaire (f re-mar' ), to. [F. , < frimas, hoar frost,
rime, < OF. frimer, freeze: referred, doubtfully,
to Icel. hrim = AS. Jmm, rime: see rime^.j
The third month of the French revolutionary
calendar (see calendar), beginning, in the year
1793, on November 2l8t, and ending Decem-
ber 20th.
frindt, «• -An obsolete form otfiiend.
frine (frin), v. i. ; pret. and pp. frined, ppr.
frining. [< Sw. dial, fryna = Norw. friiyna,
make a wry face; cf. Sw. dial, flina = ODan.
fline, make a wry face. See frown, v.'] To fringepod (frinj ' pod), «
whine or whimper; fret. [North. Eng. and ^-i«>---:- ^- n^>
Scotch.]
fringe (frinj), n. [< ME. fringe, frenge, < OF,
\fringe (not found, but inferred from F. dial
FringillinsB
In some of the lower moths, as the Tinddae, the fringe
of the secondary is frequently wider than tlie wing itself.
6. In photog., a thickened edge of inferior sen-
sitiveness on the pouring-off margin of a sensi-
tized plate. — Marginal fringes, in omith., the mem-
branous borders or fringe-like i)rocesses along the toes of
sundry birds.
fringe (frinj), v. t.; pret. and pp. fringed, ppr.
fringing. [< fringe, n.] To decorate with a
fringe or fringes, whether by raveling the edge,
as of cloth, or by sewing on ; border.
They have pretty peeces of pretty coloured cloth . . .
hanging from the middle of their forehead downe to their
noses, fringed with long faire fringe.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 69.
The tumbling billows /rin^^e with light
The crescent shore of Lynn.
0. W. Holmes, Agnes.
Dear common flower, that grow'st beside the way.
Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold.
Lowell, To the Dandelion.
Fringed bog-bean. See fto^-dean.— Fringed gentian.
See gentian.— Fringing reef. See reef.
fringe-backed (frinj'bakt), a. Havingtheback
fringed, as a lizard.
fringeless (frinj 'les), a. [< fringe + -less.]
Having no fringe.
fringelet (frinj'let), n. [< fringe + -let.] A
small fringe.
^ach fringelet is a tube made of firm elastic membrane.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXI. 747.
fringent (frin'jent), a. [< fringe + -ent] Fring-
ing; encircling like a fringe.
A shower of meteors
Cross the orbit of the earth,
And, lit by fringent air,
Blaze near and far.
Emerson, Dajmonic and Celestial Love.
A name given in
Cairfornia to Thysanocarpus laciniatns, a crucif-
erous plant with flattened, orbicular, winged
pods, the margin of which is frequently lobed
or fringed.
frinche. It. dial, frima, Mh. fringia), another fringe-tree (frinj'tre), to. Tbe Chionanthus Vir-
. r^^ ^ r7\ J.. Tj. grjBt'ca, a small tree allied to the ash, found on
river-banks in the United States, from Penn-
sylvania to Texas, and frequently planted for
ornament, it bears loose drooping paidcles of white
flowers, the long narrow petals of which suggest the
name. It is sometimes used in medicine, especially in
jau;.uice and fevers.— Purple fringe-tree, the smoke-
tree, Rhus Cotinns.
Fringilla (frin-jil'a), ». [NL., < L. fringilla,
also frigilla oaAfriguilla, some small bird, sup-
posed to be the chaffinch ; origin unknown ; pos-
sibly, like finch^, q. v. , ult. imitative of the bird's
note.] -A. Linnean genus of birds, the finches,
once nearly conterminous with the modem fam-
ily I<yingillid<c, and of no determinate limits:
now usually restricted to such species as the
chaffinch or common finch of Etirope, F. ceelcbs,
and considered typical of the family Fringil-
lidce. See cut under chaffinch.
form of OF. frange, F. frange = It. frangia
Sp. Pg. franja (cf. D. frangie, franje = MLG.
frense = MHG. frame, G. frame = Sw. frans =
Dan. fryndse, a fringe, < F.); appar. the saine,
with unexplained deviation of form, as Pr.
fremna = Wallachian fritnbie, < LL. finibria, a
border, fringe, L. pi. fimbria;, fibers, threads,
shreds, fibrous part, fringe: see fimbria.] 1.
An ornamen-
tal bordering
formed of
short lengths
of thread,
whether loose
or twisted, or
of twisted
cord more or
less fine, vari-
Assyrian Fringes, from ancient bas-reliefs.
ously arranged or combined, projecting from fringillaeeous (fnn-ji-la'shius), o. i< Fringilla
the edge of the material ornamented. Fringe may + .aceoiis.] Pertaining to the finches or ItYin-
consist of the frayed or raveled edge of the piece of stuff
ornamented, but it is generally of otlier material, often
made very solid and ponderous, the cords being of tiglitly
twisted silk or of gold or silver thread of considerable
thicltness and length.
She shaw'd me a mantle o' red scarlet,
Wi gouden flowers and fringes fine.
^(180)1 Gross (Child's Ballads, I. 168).
Orl. Where dwell you, pretty youth ?
Bos. With this shepherdess, my sister ; here, in the skirts
of the forest, like fringe upon a petticoat.
Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2.
The objection was not to the dress-trimming wliich has
been known as fringe for above five hundred years, but
to a mode of dressing the hair which concealed the fore-
head, by the front hair- being cut short and falling over
it after the fashion ot fringe. N. and Q., 7tll ser., III. 265.
2. Something resembling a fringe; a broken
border; any border or edging: as, a fringe of
trees around a field, or of shrubs around a gar-
den ; a fringe of troops along a line of defense.
And as she sleeps
See how light creeps
Through the chinks, and beautifies
The T&yey fringe of her faire eyes.
Cotton, Song.
qillidie; fringillif orm ; fringilline.
fringillidae (£rin-jil'i-de), «. pi. [NL.. < Frin-
gilla -t- -idm.] A large and nearly cosmopoli-
tan family of small seed-eating eonirostral
laminiplantar oscine passerine birds with nine
primaries ; the finches. It is not susceptible of exact
definition, and is of fluctuating limits. The gi'oup has
been made to include the larks (Alaudida), which are
scutelliplantar ; the weaver-birds (Ploceid{e), which are
10-primaried ; and to exclude the buntings (Emberizidoe),
which cannot be distinguished from the finches. The
tanagera iTanagridte) liave been both included and ex-
cluded. According to the present composition of the
group, the buntings are included, the other birds al)Ove
mentioned being excluded ; and the Fringillidas contain
all the finches, buntings, grosbeaks, crossbills, sparrows,
linnets, siskins, etc., which conform to the characters
above given. There are some 600 nominal species, distrib-
uted in upward of 100 so-called genera. No tenable sub>
division ot the family exists, though several have been
proposed. The latest authority makes 3 subfanulies:
Coccothraustince, Fringillimv, and Emberizitue, or the
grosbeaks, finches proper, and buntings.
fringilliform (frin-jil'i-f6rm), a. [< KL.fringil-
liformis, < Fringilla -I- L. forma, form.] Finchr
like ; fringilline or fringillaceous.
That charity which hears the dying and languishing FringiUiformeS (frin-jil-i-f6r'mez), n.pZ. [NL.:
soul from the /rijiye* of hell to the seat of the brightest frinqiUiform.] In Sundevall's system of
Tu » ^er. W, Works (ed. 1836), I. 753. ^i^g^.-'tio^, ^ group of birds, the same as his
The great mainland is barbarian; the islands and a \-, . ,f > b r ;
/rtnm ot sea-coast are Greek. —^ ?""'.,,.,„ . .. ,-, -, , r-M-r / r ■
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 334. FringlUinaB (frm-ji-li'ne), n. pi. [NL., <. trm-
gilla + -«'»«!.] A conventional subfamily of
Fringillida;, having no definition, taking name
from and including the genus Fringilla; the
Specifically— 3. In bot., a border of slender
processes or teeth; a fimbria. — 4. In optics,
one of the alternate light and dark bands pro-
duced by diffraction. See diffraction. — 5. In
zool., a row of closely set, even hairs on a mar-
gin; specifically, in entom., the edging of fine
even hairs on the wing of a butterfly or moth.
true finches. The most typical representatives of the
subfamily have the nasal bones not ptoduped beyond the
line of the orbits, the mandiliular angle slight, and the
cutting edges ot the bill apposed throughout or nearly so.
See cut under chajinch.
I
fringilllne
ftingilliae (frin-jil'in), a. [< PringiUa + -infl.]
Fiiieh-like ; friugillaeeous or fringilliform; in
a restricted sense, of or pertaining to the Frin-
gillinte. Coues.
fringy (frin'ji), a. [< fringe + -yl.] Of the
nature of a fringe ; adorned with fringes.
Lord of my time, my devioiia path I bend
Through /ri;i*;y woodland, or smooth-shaven lawn.
Shemtone, Elegies, xxiv.
firiplert (frip'lfer), n. Same as /ripper. Nares.
Though they smell of the fripler'a lavender half a year
after. Greene, Arcadia.
flipper (frip'er), ». [Also written /ripier (and
lengthened fripperer); < OF. fripier, one who
mends or trims up old garments and sells them,
< frippery rub up and down, wear to rags, F.
friper, rumple, crumple, wear out (clothes),
spoil.] One who deals in frippery or old clothes.
I-'are well, /ripper, farewell, petty broker.
Chapman, Monsieur D'Olive.
A fripper's or broker's shop, that hath ends of every-
thing, but nothing of worth.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 247.
fHpperer (frip'er-fer), n. Same asfripper.
frippery (frip'6r-i), n. and a. [< OF. friperie,
¥. friijerie, an old-clothes shop, frippei^s trade,
old clothes, frippery, <. fripier, fripper: see/rip-
per.'] I. n. 1. Trade or traffic in old clothes.
D'Ot. Now your profession, 1 pray ?
Fr. Frippery, my lord, or, as some terra it. Petty Bro-
kery. Cnapman, Monsieur D'Olive, iiL 1.
2. A place where old clothes are sold.
Trill. Look, what a wardrobe here is for thee I
Cai. Let it alone, thou fool ; It is but trash.
Trin. O, ho, monster ; we know what belongs to a /rip-
pery. SAo*., Tempest, Iv. a.
He shews like a walking frippery.
Matnnyer, City Madam, L 1.
3. Old clothes; cast-off garments ; clothing dis-
carded after wearing.
A world of desperate undertakings, possibly.
Procures some hungry meals, some tAvem surfeits,
Some/rippery tohide nakediww. #"<»•<;, ITancies, L 1.
Rag fair iss place near the Tower of London where old
deaths and frippery are sold. Pope, Dunciati, i. 29, note.
It U asatomalia of complacent blackguardism and vul-
gar villainy, tricked out in the c*»t-ott frippery of Tfaad-
deus of Warsaw and Sir Charles Orandisoo-
WhippU, Ess. and Rev., II. 106.
Hence — 4. Worthless or useless trifles ; trum-
pery; gewgaws.
Poor poet ape, that would be thought our chief,
Whole works are e'en the /rtppery of wit B. Jorum.
By living a year or two in town, she is a« fond of gauze
and Vreni^ frippery as the best of them.
(rotd^mitA, She Stoops to Conquer, i 1.
Thegauzy/ripp«rj/of a French translation. Seott.
There seems tin Ravenna] to be no interval between the
marbles and mosaics of Justinian or Theodoric and the
losigniAcant /rippery of the last century.
J. A. Symondt, Italy and Greece, p. 263.
n. a. Trifling; friToIous; contemptible;
trumpery.
With his flye popping in and out again,
Argued a cause, mfnppery cause.
Fletcher, The Chances, IL 2.
That city, though the capital of a duchy, made to frip-
pery an appearance, that, instead of spending some days
there, as had been Intended, we only dined, and went on
to Parma. Gray, To his Mother.
The King gave her a gold watch and chain the next day.
She says, " the manner was all" — and indeed so it was,
for I never saw a more frippery present
. WalpoU, Letters, II. 191.
frisadot, frizadot (fri-za'do), n. [Also friezen-
dow mid friasadowe; < Sp.frisado, silk plush
or shag: see frieze% frizz.'] A fine kind of
frieze.
In winter yoor vpper garment must be of cotton or
frteieadow. Boteu A>a<ir(E. E T. 8.), p. 249.
A patentwas grant^fin 1567] to Charles Bastings, Esii.,
that in consideration that he brought in the skill of niak-
-ing frisadoet a.s th«-y were made at If arleni and Amster-
dam, being not used in England, that therefore he should
have the sole trade thereof for divers yean, etc.
A. BarCow, Wearing, p. 23.
friscolf, n. Heefriskle.
fWse't, »• An obsolete form ot frieze^.
frise-t, 1. An obsolete form ot frieze"^.
frise'' (frez), n. Same as cheraux-de-frise.
frisesomorum (fris'e-so-mo'rum), n. The
mnemonic name of an indirect mood of the first
figure of syllogism. The following Is an example :
Some prophecies come true ; but no scientiflc prediction
u i,.-r-jr; hence, some things that come tnie are not
predictions. Three of tlie vowels and four of
'iiants of this name, which is one of those given
1.. i ' ii 1^ llispanus (see ftariiara), are signiflcsnt. / in-
ditiiti s that the major premise is a particular affirmative ;
«. tli;it Mie minor premise is a universal negative; o, that
the coiK liisiun is a particular negative ; /, that the mood is
to »»e reduced Utferio; the two s's, that the premises are
both to lie simply converted iu the reduction ; and the
first m, that the premises are to be trHUsposed. FrieeeO'
2383
nwrum fa one of the moods not given by Aristotle, but
added by his pupil Theophrastus, and it is the most inter-
esting of tliese. It is sometimes t:Alleii frisesmo, and, by
English writers who place it in the fourth figure, /resi«on.
See nioixt-.
frisetta (fri-zet'a), n. [Dim. of F. frise, frieze.]
A finer variety of frieze.
frisette, n. See frizette.
friseur (fre-z6r'), «• [< F. f riser, curl, frizz:
seefrizz.'i A hair-dresser.
That barbers' boys who would to trade advance
Wish us to call them smart /n^eurs from France.
Crabbe.
, His [Hogg's] very hair has a coarse stringiness about it
which proves beyond dispute its utter ignorance of all the
arts of the /meur.
Lockhart, in Personal Traits of Brit. Authors.
Frisian, a. and n. See Friesian.
Frisict, a. and «. See Friesic.
frisk (frisk), a. and n. [< OF. frisque, F.frisque,
lively, jolly, blithe, brisk, fine, spruce, gay, var.
of fres, fris (J'rische,fresche, f.), fresh; cf. Icel.
(only mod.) friskr, frisky, brisk, vigorous, =
8w. "Dan. frisk, lively, hearty, fresh, etc.; both
F. and Scand. forms are of (J. origin, < OHG.
frise, MHG. vrisch, G. frisch, fresh, the prop-
er Scand. forms for 'fresh' being Icel. ferskr,
Sw. fdrsk, Dan. fersk, fresh (in a more limit-
ed sense) : see fresh.'i I.f a. Lively ; brisk ;
frisky.
H. n. A frolic; a gambol; a dance; a merry-
making.
Then doe the salvage beasts begin to play
Their pleasant /rts£««, and loath their wonted food.
Spemer, F. Q., IV. x. 46.
Is not this fine, I trow, to see the gambols.
To hear the jigs, observe the/n's**, be enchanted
With the rare discord of bells, pipes, and tabors.
Hotch-potch of Scotch and Irish twingle-twangles.
Ford, Perkin Warbeck, Hi. 2.
The joyful surprise that lighted up their faces and dis-
played itself over their whole bodies, in a variety of ca-
pers and/ri((*». Jane A ugten. Pride and Prejudice, p. 242.
frisk (frisk), t'. [= Sw. friska (upp), refresh,
freshen, exhilarate, = ODan. friske, freshen,
Dan./rwfce op, refresh, revive; from the adj.]
1. intraru. 1 . To leap, skip, prance, or gambol,
as in frolic.
One/rwt< and sings, and cries, A flagon more
To drench dry cares. Quartes, Emblems, L 8.
HoTfriekin^ heifers bound about the place,
To spurn the dew-drops off.
Addimn, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv.
The truant turned a deaf ear, and kept fritkina on the
top of the rising ground like a goblin by moonlight.
Scolt, Kenilworth, ii.
2. To freshen, as the ■wind. Hamersly.
H. trans. To squander idly; dissipate in
sport: with away.
If not advis'd, thou art drawn in l>eyond a retreat, or at
least to fritk avxiy much of thy time and estate.
A Cap, iL-c. (quoted in Nares).
friskalt (fris'kal), n. Same as/ruitie.
frisker (fris'kir), n. One who frisks or gam-
bols ; an inconstant or frivolous person.
Now I am a frigker, ail men on me looke.
What I should doe but set cocke on the hoope?
Dr. Bourd, in Camden's Remains, Inhabitants.
frlflket (fris'ket), n. [F.frisquette: see frisk.]
In printing, a thin framework of iron hinged
to the top of the tympan of a hand-press. For
use, a sheet of paper is stretchetl and pasted over the
frisket, and from this paper spaces are cut out to permit
contact between the type and the sheet to be printed,
which it serves to hold in place when the frisket is fold-
ed down upon the tympan, and to keep clean in the parts
not printed.
fWakfol (frisk'ftd), o. [<frisk + -ful.'\ Brisk;
lively; frolicsome.
His sportive lambs
This way and that convolv'd \nfriekful glee
Their frolics play. Thonuon, Spring, 1. 837.
friskily (fris'ki-li), adv. [= ODan./rMteKflr.]
In a frisky manner ; briskly.
fWskint, n. [< frisk + -(*)<».] A gay, frisky
person. Davies.
Sir Q. I gave thee this chain, manly Tuoca.
Tuc. Ay, say'st thou ao,firitkiri I Dekker, Satlroroastix.
friskiness (fris'ki-nes), ». The state or quality
of being frisky ; briskness; liveliness; frolic.
Ijimbs in the spring show us that the friskiness of one
is a cause of f riskiness in thf?se near it — if one leaps,
others leap. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., { 606.
frisking (fris'king), n. [Verbal n. of frisk, r.]
Capering; frolicsome mirth.
One delighteth iu mirth, an<l the friskinrjs of an airy
souL Fetlham, Resolves, I. 69.
His/ruHfij/ was at ev'ning hours.
For then he lost his fear.
Cotpper, Epitaph on a Hare.
ftiskingly (fris'king-li), adv. Iu a frisking or
frisky manner.
fHth
frisklet (fris'kl), n. [Also friskal, friscol; <
frisk, i).] A frisk or curvet, as of a horse.
But he is rare iorfriscols; nay, what's worse,
He treads a measure like a miller's horse.
Bold, Poems (1664), p. 136.
And saying so, he gave two or three friskles in the air
with very great signs of contentment, and presently went
to Dorotea. Hist. Don Quixote (1675), fol. 74.
frisky (fris'ki), a. [< frisk, n., + -yl.] Gaily
active; lively; frolicsome; engaging or done
in sport.
He was too /r!'i*y for an old man. Jeffrey.
[The horses] by no means intending to put their heels
through the dasher, or to address the driver rudely, but
feeling, to use a familiar word, frisky.
0. W. Holmes, The Professor, I.
frislet (friz'let), n. [< frizzle, frizz (F. friser)
+ -et.] Anythingfrizzled, curled, or puffed; a
small ruflle or the like.
fiistt (frist), n. [< ME. "frist, frest, first, ferst,
first, < AS. first, fierst,fyrst, a space of time, =
OS. frist =zOFTiea. ferst, first, frist = 01). verst,
D. verste, vorste = MLG. verst = OHG. frist,
MHG. rrist, G. frist = Icel. /res*, n. pi., mod.
usually /rcstr, m., delay, = Sw. Dan. /risi, res-
pite, delay.] A certain space of time ; respite.
Hi criez him merci bothe suithe
That he glue hem /ur»( of liue.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 69.
fristt (frist), V. t. [< ME. "fristen, frysten, fres-
ten, firsten, fersten (AS. "fyrstan, not authen-
ticated) = OFries. fersta = MLG. LG. versten
= OH(j. fristan, MHG. vristen, G. fristen =
Icel. fresta, defer, delay, put off, = Dan. friste,
sustain, support (life, nature), experience, etc. ;
< frist, n., a certain space of time. The par-
ticular use of frist is prob. Scand.; cf. feel,
selja a frest, sell on credit.] To sell upon cre<i-
it, as goods. [Rare.]
Keep and save and thou schalle have ;
Frest and leue [read lene, i. e., lend] and thou schall crave.
Reliquice Antiques, I. 316.
frisure (fri-zur'), »• iAlsofnzure; <F.frisure,
(.friser, curl: see frizz.] Hair-dressing.
His hair was of a dark brown ; ... it had not received
the fashionable /n'zure. Graves, Spiritual Quixote, v. 6.
frit (frit), n. [Also spelled fritt, fritte; < F.
fritte, < It. fritta, frit, fern. (= F. frite) otfritto
(= F. frit) (< L. frictus), pp. of friggere = F.
frite, { h.frigere, roast, parch, fry: see fry^.]
1. The material of which glass is made as pre-
pared for complete fusion by a previous calci-
nation carried to a point where the silica begins
to act on the bases, forming an imperfectly
melted or fritted mass. — 2. The composition
from which artificial soft or tender porcelain
and other partly vitrifiable mixtures are made.
See soft porcelain, vtnAer porcelain.
This French pAte tendre, or artiflcial porcelain, as it is
sometimes called, is composed of alkaline /n'tte« and car-
bonate of lime, covered with a lead glaze analogous in
nature to flint-glass. Harper's Mag., r.YYVTT 657.
Frit body. In ceram., a body the materials of which are
first mixed, then fired, and lastly ground up with clay.
The result is a vitrified appearance throughout. — Frit
porcelain, a name given to the artificial soft-paste Eng-
lish porcelain, from its vitreous nature, the paste pre-
pared for it ijeing a frit not unlike that of the glass-
makers. This name was given to it by tile first makers of
hard-paste or true porcelain in England. See false porce-
lain, under porce/atn.
frit (frit), V. t.; pret. and pp. fritted, ppr. /rif-
ting. [< frit, n.\ To decompose and fuse par-
tially, as the ingredients mixed formaking glass,,
before completely fusing at a much higher tem-
perature.
frithi (frith), n. [< ME. frith, also spelled
fryth, freth, and transposed firth, peace, secu-
rity, protection; more common m concrete
sense, protected or inclosed land, a park or
forest for game, a forest in general; < AS.
frith, m. and n., in poetry /n<A«, fritho, freothu,
freotho, friotho, t., peace, security, protection,
in concrete sense in comp. dedr-frith, a deer-
park (cf . frith-geard, an inclosed space, = OSw.
frithgcerthi, a cattle-yard), = OS. frithu =
OFries. fretho, frede, ferd = D. vrede = MLG.
vrede, LG. frede, free, = OHG. fridu, MHG.
vride, G. fricde, m., = Icel. fridhr = Sw. Dan.
fred, peace, = Goth, 'frithus (inferred from de-
riv. Frithareiks = G. Friedrich, E. Frederick, lit.
prince of peace, gracious prince ; gafrithon, rec-
oncile, conciliate, gafrithoiis, reconciliation),
with suflix -th, Goth, -thus (as in death, Goth.
dauthus), < Tent. -vZ/n, show favor to, love.
The same root appears in free and friend, q. v.
The word frith appears disguised in belfry, and
ult. in affray, fray 1^, q. v. The Celtic forms, W.
ffridd, a park, a forest, = Ir. frith, a park, a
frith
forest, = Gael./rt7A, a forest, prop, of deer, are
taken from ME. /rirt.] 1. Peaoe; security;
freedom from molestation, in modern use only
with reference to ,\nglo-Saxon law, in which the essentijU
ideas indicated by the word were : (a) The right to be in
peace as secured by penal sanctions. To be within the
Irith or peace was to be within the domain of law, within
the protection of the established authorities.
Pax vobis, /rith, for that he ben thanne fried [freed] of
the develes thralsipe [thraldom).
Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), II. 103.
Older than "the peace of the folk," far older than "the
King's peace," which was to succeed it, was the frith or
peace of the freeman himself — the right that each man
had to secure for himself safe life and sound limb.
J. R, Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 21.
(6) A treaty or agreement of peace made between two con-
tending king,doms or districts.
2t. A piece of land inclosed for the preserva-
tion of game ; a park or forest for game ; hence,
a forest or woody place in general ; a hedge ;
a coppice.
Ye huntieth i the kinges/ritAe (var. parc\.
Layamon, I. 61.
Gret joye is in /rith and lake.
Richard Coer de Lion, 1. 3737.
Tbanne shal Feith be forester here and in this/n7A walke.
Piers Plowman (B), xvii. 112.
The sylvansthat about the neighbouring woods did dwell,
Both in the tufty /n/A and in the mossy fell,
Forsook their gloomy bow'rs and wand'red far abroad.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvii. 388.
3t. A small field taken out of a common. —
4. Ground overgrown with bushes or under-
wood ; a field which has been taken from woods.
Wriflkt. [Prov. Eng.]
frith H, V. t. [ME. frithien, < AS. frithian, freo-
thian, keep peace, make peace, protect, defend,
= OS. frithon = OPries. frethia, ferdia = MLG.
vriden = OHG. ge-fridon = Icel. fridha, make
peace, = Sw. freda, cover, protect, quiet, in-
close, fence in, = Dan. frede, protect, inclose,
fence in, = Goth, ga-frithon, reconcile; from
the noun.] 1 . To protect ; guard.
He . . . gaf him . . . leue . . .
To wune Egipte folc among,
KnA/rithen him wel fro euerilc wrong.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. S.), 1. 786.
2. To inclose ; fence in, as a forestTor park,
ffaunde [/and^, see that] my florestez beffrythede o fren-
chepe [in friendship] for evere,
Thatnane werreye my wylde [wild, i. e., game].
Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 656.
filth2, firth2 (frith, fferth), n. [The torm frith
is transposed from the earlier ^rWj; < WE. firth,
< Icel. fjordhr, pi. firdhir = Sw. Jjdrd = Norw.
Dan. ^ord (whence in E. often fiord, Jjord,
2384 frivolity
a union of neighbors pledged to one another by fritinancyt (frit'i-nan-si), n. [Irreg. ■(. L. fri-
oath for the preservation of order and for self- tinnire, twitter, chirp, as a small bird, cicada,
defense, all being liable for the misdeeds of any etc.] A chirping or croaking, as of a cricket,
member of the guild. On the decline of the kinsfolk Sir T. Broicne.
organization in the tenth century, this became a common fritt, fritte, «. See frit.
element in social older in England. fritter (frit'er), n. [< ME. fritoure, frytowre,
Strong as the crown misiht be, its strength lay in the a,\so fruyter, fruter (gimulating/j-HiO> < OF. fri-
king's personal action, and it was far from possessing any
adequate police or judicial machinery for carrying its will
into effect. To supply such a machinery was the aim of
t\\e frith-gilds. J. li. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 21!).
frithsoken (frith'so'ken), n. lAlso frUhsocne,
frithsocn,frithsoca; ME. frithsocne, ''franchise
de franc plege" (Rel. Antiq., I. 33), < AS. friHi-
socn, lit. a peace-seeking, < frith, peace, + soen,
a refuge, searching, a seeking: see frith'^ and
solren, socage.^ 1. In Anglo-Saxon law, the fran-
chise or governmental power of requiring the
people to keep the peace; the jurisiUction to
punish for breaches of the peace. This power was
profitable by reason of the tines and forfeitures resulting
from its exercise ; consequently it was often conferred in
the charters and royal grants of early English history, be-
ginning in the later part of the Anglo-Saxon period, a))out
the time of Edward the Confessor. (See soc.) The Normans,
it is supposed, by confusing the Anglo-Saxon frith with
fre, fri, modem free, adopted the term frank-pledge to
designate the binding of persons to be pecuniarily re-
sponsible for one another's peaceable conduct.
Hence, in later times — 2. The liberty of hav-
ing a view of frank-pledge, ^ee frank-pledge.
ftithsplot (frith'splot), n. [AS., occurring only
once, < frith, peace, + ^lot, a spot (not the
same as spot).] A plot of land encircling some
stone, tree, or well, considered sacred, and
therefore affording sanctuary to criminals.
Wharton.
frithstool (frith'stol), n. [A mod. form, cor-
ruptly fredstole, freedstool, repr. AS. frith-stol,
an asylum, sanctuary, lit. stool of peace or pro-
tection, < frith, peace, protection, + stol, a seat,
chair, stool.] In Anglo-Saxon times, a seat or
chair in a eliurch, near the altar, to which per-
sons fled who sought the privilege of sanctuary.
Athelstan his son succeeded King Edward, being much
devoted to St. John of Beverley, on whose church he be-
stowed &f reed-stool with large priviledges belonging there-
unto. Fuller, Church Hist., XI. v. 9.
Such a privilege [the right of sanctuary or refuge for
criminals] was given by allowing what was called the
Frithstool to be set up in some part of the hallowed build-
ing. This "stool of peace," for such is the hieaning of
the word, was a low-backed arm-chair, made of stone.
Its standing-place was either near the high altar, or by
the side of the patron saint's shrine. From this spot, as
from a center, the frithstool spread its privilege of sanctu-
ary over land and water all about the minster which held
it, to the distance of at least a mile.
Jioc*, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 366.
q. v.),"^a frith, bay, ult. connected with E. ford, frithyt (frith'i), a. [< /rifti, 2, -I- -i/i.] Woody,
and with L. porttis, a harbor: see ford and Thus stode I in the /n/K/iy forest of Galtres.
j)or<l.] 1. A narrow arm of the sea; an estu- Skelton, Garland of Laurel, 1. 22.
ary; the opening of a river into the sea: used pntiUaria (frit-i-la'ri-a), n. [NL., in allusion
specifically in Scotland only, where firth is the ^^ ^ j^g g^yaye of its perianth, < L. fritillus, a dice-
commoner form: as, the Firth of Forth; the
Frith of Clyde.
He makes his Boates with flat bottoms, fitted to the
Shallows which he expected in that narrow frith.
Milton, Hist. Eng., it
What desp'rate madman then would venture o'er
The/rt<A, or haul his cables from the shore?
Dryden, tr. of Virgil s Georgics, i.
The/rteA» that branch and spread
Their sleeping silver thro' the hills.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, Conclusion.
2. A kind of weir for catching fish ; a kind of net.
frithborg (frith ' borg), n. [AS. 'frith-horh,
*frith-borg, found only as used or quoted in the
so-called Laws of Edward the Confessor (in
Latin), namely, frithborg, frith-borch, ace. pi.
frithhorgas, and Latinized (nom.) frithborgus,
where the editions of Lambard and Wilkins
five (aoc. pi.) freoborges, Latinized (nom.) fri-
orgits; hence the form friborga in Fleta, and
friborg, friburgh, freeborg in later writers. The
proper AS. form is "frithborh, < frith, peace, -1-
horh, a pledge ( > E. borrow^ n. ) . Cf . frithsoken
anifrank-pUdge.] In Anglo-Saxon law, one of
the tithings or groups of ten men into which-
the hundred was divided, the members of each
one being held liable for the misdeeds of a fel-
low-member.
As touching the king's peace, every hundred was di-
vided into many freeborgs or tithings consisting of ten
men, which stood all boimd one for the other, and did
amongst themselves punish small matters in their court
for tlmt purpose called the lete.
Spelman, Anc. Government of England.
But the name [of tithing] has been very commonly ap-
plied both by historical writers and in legal custom to
denote . . . the association of ten men in common re-
sponsibility legally embodied in the frithhorh or frank-
pledge. .Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 41.
frithgild (frith'gild), n. [AS. frithgild, < frith,
peace, + gild, a guild.] In Anglo-Saxon law,
box.] 1. A genus
of liliaceous bulbous
plants, nearly allied
to the lily. There are
about 40 species, chiefly
of the temperate parte
of Europe and Asia, with
8 species on the Paciflc
side of North America.
They have leafy stems
and large, drooping,
bell-sliaped flowers. The
largest species, and the
one best known in cul-
tivation, is the crown-
imperial, F. imperialis.
The guinea-hen flower or
snake's-head, F. Melea-
gris, and some others are
occasionally seen in gar-
dens.
2. In eool., a genus
of copelate aseidi-
ans, of the f amily ^^-
pendiculariid(B. They
have a tail half as long
again as the body, a curved endostyle, and a hood-like
fold of the integument. F. furcata and F. formica are ex-
amples.
fritillary (frit'i-la-ri), n. ; pi. fritillaries (-riz).
[< NL. Fritillarid.'] 1. The popular name of
plants of the genus Fritillaria.
Plucked no flre-hearted flowers, but were content
Cool fritillaries and flag flowers to twine.
The American, VIII. 90.
2. The popular name of several species of Brit-
ish butterflies. Argynnis paphia is the silver-washed
fritillary of collectors ; A. aglaia is the dark-green fritil-
lary ; A. adippe is the high-brown fritillary ; A. lattonia is
the rare and much-prized queen-of-Spain fritillary ; and
A. euphrosyne is the pearl-bordered fritillary. The greasy
fritillary of collectors is Melitoea artemis.
SilveT-VBLSihed fritillaries flit round every bramble-bed.
Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xxiii.
Crown-imperial
{Fritillaria imperialis).
ture, a frying, a dish of fried fish ; ct.friteau, a
fritter (Cotgrave), ML. fritelhim, a fritter, < L.
f rictus, fried, pp. of frigere, fry: see/r^l.] l.
A small cake of batter, sometimes containing
a slice of some fruit, clams or oysters either
chopped or whole, or the like, sweetened or
seasoned, fi'ied in boiling lard, and served hot :
as, apple /n««rs; peach /riJiers; oyster fritters.
Fruyter \&\n\ie, fruyter say, be good ; better is fruyter
pouche; apple /ntyfera ben good hote; and all colde/r«-
ters, touche not. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 273.
The sacred and ceremonious f easte which we observe in
memorial of our birth-days, and nativitie, standeth much
upon furmentie, gruell, /ri^^ers, and pancakes.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xviii. 8.
2. A fragment ; a shred ; a small piece.
Scese and putter? have I lived to stand at the taunte of
one that makes /;->«(er« of English ?
Shak., M. W. of W., v. 5.
And cut whole giants into /rf«ers. S. Butler, Hudibrag.
3. pi. Specifically, in tohale-fishery, tendinous
fibers of the whale's blubber, running in vari-
ous directions, and connecting the cellular sub-
stance which contains the oil. They are what re-
mains after the oil has been tried out, and are used as
fuel to try out the next whale. Hamerely.
fritter (frit'fer), ». «. l< fritter, n.'\ 1. To cut,
as meat, into small pieces: also used figura-
tively.
What pretty things imagination
Vf ill fritter out in adulation !
Lloyd, Poetry Professors.
2. To break into small pieces or fragments;
wear away, as by friction ; lose in small pieces
or parts.
Break all their nerves, unA fritter all their sense.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 56.
A gaudy silken robe, striped and intersected with un-
friendly tints, that /riMcr the masses of light, and distract
the vision. Goldsmith, Taste.
Nothing is suffered to prevail upon its own principle ;
the whole is so frittered down and disjointed that scarcely
a trace of the original remains,
Burke, Economical Eefonn.
Uudistinguish'd trifles swell the scene.
The last new play and frittered magazine.
Crabbe, Works, I. 144.
To fritter away, to waste or expend by little and little ;
waste by a little at a time ; spend frivolously or in trifles.
We shall probably, in another century, be frittered away
into beaux or monkeys.
Goldsmith, Reverie at Boar's Head Tavern.
The time and energy of both Houses have been frittered
away by wearisome and prolonged enquiries for the con-
duct of which the ordinary member of Parliament is un-
flttcd. Edinburgh Rev., CLXV. 287.
fritting-ftirnace (frit'ing-ffer''nas), n. In glass-
manuf, a form of reverberatory furnace in
which the materials are fritted, or partially
decomposed and fused, as a preliminary to fus-
ing in the melting-pots. This process was es-
sential when kelp was used in glass-making,
but is now seldom practised.
frivallt, a. See frivol.
frivolt, a. [Also frivall; < ME. "frivol, frevol,
frevel (= G. Dan. Sw. frivol), < OF. frivole, fre-
vol, F. frivole = Pr. frevol, freol = Sp. frivolo
= Pg. It. frivolo, < L. frivolus, silly, empty, tri-
fling, worthless.] Frivolous.
Stoping of the seruing of the said breuez nor nain vther
frewell exceptione, etc.
Act. Dmn. Cone. (1492), p. 246. (E. D.)
1 did (to shift him with some contentment)
Make such nfnvall promise.
Chapman, All Fools, ii. 1.
frivol (friv'ol), V. ; pret. and pp. frivoled, friv-
olled, ppr. frivoling, frirolling. [< frivol, a. In
the colloq.use recent, assumed from frivolous.']
I. <ro«s. To make void ; annul; set aside. Ja-
mieson. [Scotch.]
Gif thir jugis/rioofe his appellacioun, and convict him.
Bellenden, tr. of Livy, p. 45.
II. intrans. To behave frivolously; indulge
in gaiety or levity. [Colloq. and humorous.]
frivolism (friv'o-lizm), «. [< frivol + -ism.]
Frivolity. Priestley. [Rare.]
frivolity (fri-vol'i-ti), «. ; pi. frivolities (-tiz).
[= G.frii-olitiit ^tlan. Sw. friroUtet, < F. friro-
hte =''Pt. frevoltat, freoltat = Sp. frivoUdad =
Pg. frivoKdade ; aa frivol -I- -ity.] 1. The con-
dition or quality of being frivolous or trifling;
insignificance.
The galleries of ancient sculpture in Nftples and Home
strike no deeper conviction into the mind than the con-
trast of the purity, the severity, expressed in these fine
I
fWTollty
old heads, with the/rii-olUy and crossness of the mob that
exhibits and the mob that gazes at them. Emervon, Art.
2. The act or habit of trifling; unbecoming
levity of mind or disposition.
Upon his eye sate something of reproof,
That kept at least frivolity aloof.
Byron, Lara, L 7.
The late Dake of Wellington, in early life, said Man-
?;le«, was much celebrated for his skill with the then
ashloDable toy called a bandelorura, and is said to have
played with it in places where such /ricoliti^s were scarce-
ly e.\pected. Shirley Broolu, Sooner or Later, III. 89.
= 8yn. LightnMt, Volatility, etc. (see levity); triviality,
puerility, trifling. Frivolity, Frivoioumeu. Frivolity of
character or conduct ; frivolougnesi of an excuse, a pre-
text, an argument.
frivolous (friv'o-lus), a. [< L. frivolus, sUly,
empty, trifling, frivolous, worthless : see frivol,
o.] 1. Of little weight, worth, or importance ;
not worth notice; slight; trifling; trivial: as,
tL frivolous argument; & frivolous objection or
pretext.
I come about ^frivolout matter, caoaed by ag idle a re-
port. &OU. andff., Klngand NoKing, liL 2.
Wit waa his vain/riroiotM pretence
Of pleasing others at his own expense.
Hochester, Satire against Mankind.
What is incurable but a frivoloru habit ? A fly is as un-
tamable as a hyena. Einerton, Conduct of Life, vii.
2. Given to trifling; characterized by unbe-
coming levity; silly; weak.
2385 frocking
2. To fonn into little burs, prominences, or fro (fro), prep, and adv. [= Sc. fra, frae, < ME
knots, as the nap of cloth ; raise a nap or bur
on. — 3. In leather-dressing, to remove the bur,
prominences, or roughnesses from, as chamois
and wash-leather, by rubbing with pumice-
stone, a blunt knife, orthelike,inorderto soften
the surface and give a uniform thickness.
They [deer-skins and sheep-skins] have their "grain"
surface removed, to give them greater softness and plia-
bility. This removal of the grain is called frizzing, and
IS done either with the round edge of a blunt knife or with
pumice-stone, Urc, Diet,, III, 92,
The treatment with the scraping-knife being generally
not sufficient for complete frizzing, the remaining portions
of the grain are removed with another sharp knife,
C, T. Davis, Leather, p, 681,
frizz, friz (friz), n. [< frizz, ».] That which is
frizzed or curled ; a wig, as covered with frizzes :
as, a/ri^2of hair.
Before — the curls are well confln'd,
The tails fall gracefully behind ; '
While a full wilderness of friz
Became the lawyers cunning phiz.
W. Coinlte, Dr, Syntax, 11, 2,
He [Dr, Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig be-
came his face and his head, might easily infer that a simi-
lar full-bottomed, well-curled /ru: of words would be no
less becoming to his thoughts. Hare.
frizzed (f rizd), p. a. Having the hair curled or
crisped into a mass of frizzes or frizzles.
fro, fra, late AS, fra (rare), < Icel, fra, prep.,
from (as adv.in phrase til ok fra, 'to and fro'),
= Dan. fra, prep, from, adv. off, = Sw. fr&n,
prep., from, fram, adv., forward, = AS. fram,
from, E. from; thus fro is a doublet of from.^
I.t prep. From.
Fro the by gynnyng of the world to the tyme that now is,
bene ages tlier habbeth y be, as sene tyme y wys,
Robert of Qloucester, p, 9.
Wei ny is she fallen /ro the tre,
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1, 423.
Far be it from your thought, and fro my wil,
To thinke that knighthood I so much should shame,
Spenser, F, Q., I. iii, 28.
II. adv. From; away; back or backward : as
in the phrase to and fro (that is, to and from,
forward or toward and backward).
How that the hopur waggis til and fra.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 119.
Thus was it spoken to and fro
Of them that were with him, tho'
All prively behinde his backe,
Gower, Conf, Amant,, L
„„ .. ^y which [bridge] the spirits perverse
With easy intercourse pass to and fro.
Milton, P, L., ii, 1031.
When tost to and fro, by the huge swelling wave.
They rise up to heav'n, or sink down to the grave.
Byron, Thanksgiving Hymn.
Loose in morals, and in manner vain.
In conversation/rt'roIoiM, in dregs -.
Eitreme. Coioper, Task, 11, 379, ftlzzett, «. See frizette
Men flret insist that women shall not pursue serious ftizzing-machine (friz'ing-ma-shen'), n.
MissRochford, a pretty but much curled and /rta«d girl frnpVl cfmlrl « r/ MW fV«2. f~^i.i.„ a.„ i
of the period, seized upon Ally ITOCKMironj, n. [<. Mt,. Jrok,frokke,froc, also
Mr». Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xxii. flog,frogge(%eefrog»), a frock, esp. of amonk's
studies, but only external accomplishments, and then they
condemn them for being ^o frivolous and empty.
J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p, 147,
3. Specifically, in lav, so clearly insufficient as
to need no argument to show its weakness : as,
tk frivolous answer or plea.^Syn. Unimportant
petty, worthless, flimsy, idle, childish, puerile, foolish,
trashy,
frivolously (friv'o-lus-'li), adv. In a frivolous
or trifling manner.
frivolotisiiess (friv'o-lus-nes), n. The quality
of being frivolous or trifling; want of impor-
tance.
Only before I leave It, I shall first mind him of one fal-
lacy , , , in accusing the/ri<w<oiun«w of my digression,
Uammond, Works, IL 1S2.
By following this practice often he will become ac-
ooalnted with the degrees of evidence, so as to measure
them almost upon Inspection, and Judge of the weight or
/rieoloumen of objections.
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. I,
=8yn. ^t frivolity.
frizet, a. [A transposition ot frisk.'] Same as
frisk, frisky.
Fain would she seem tUfriae and frolic still,
Bp. UaU, Satires, VI. L 294.
friz, r. and n. See frizz.
frlzadot, n. Seefrisado.
frlzelt, n. An obsolete n>elling ot frizzle.
frizette (fri-zef), n. [Also frisette, formerly
frizzet; dim. ot frizz.] A little frizz or curl of
1. A
machine for dressing fabrics to give them a
frizzed, nappy, or tufted surface. — 2. A wood-
working power-tool for dressing lumber. It is
a revolving cutter-head projecting above the
top of a bench,
frizzle (friz'l), V. t.; pret. and m. frizzled, ppr.
frizzling. [Formerly frizle, frisle, frizel, frizil;
freq. of/ri'rz, q.v. Cf. frizzle, n.] J. trans. 1.
To curl or crisp, as hair; frizz.
Her tresses troust were to beholde,
Frizeld and fine as frenge of golde.
Puttenham, Partheniades, vil.
Trembling as when Apollo's golden hairs
Are fann'd and frizzled in the wanton airs
Of his own breath, Craehaw, Music's Duel.
Her red-brown hair had been tortured and frizzled to
look as much like an aureole as possible,
Jfr», //. Ward, Robert Elsmere, I, 1.
2. To curl or crisp in cooking: as, frizzUd\>eet
(dried or jerked beef sliced thin and crisped
over the fire).
I frizzled my pork and toasted my biscuit-chips,
r, Winthrop, Canoe and Saddle, xil.
Frizzled fowl, a variety of the domestic hen In which
each feather curls outward away from the body, Encyc
Brijj, Xl.X, 648. Also called /nzzty,
n. intrans. To curl; crisp.
May all periwigs, bobwiga, scratchwigs . , , frizzle in
pnrgatory , . , to the end of time,
Thackeray, Catharine, p, 491,
hair; a band of frizzled hair, either natural or frizzle (friz'l), n. [Formerly spelled frizle,
false, worn above the forehead; a bang. '""■'' •'-■--' ' '■'^ ' '^- >-" ■ - • •
The Barber held up a looking-glass, and Margaret saw
ber hair not essentially affected by the professional en-
deavor, still as before parted on the top, and hanging in
iUcy. frUettea. S. yurfd, Margaret, il. 1.
frizlinft. n. Bee frizzling.
trizz, friz (friz), V. t. ; pret. and pp. frizzed,
ppr, frizzing. [< ME. frysen = D. friseren =
G. frisiren = Dan. frisere = Sw, frisera, dress
the hair, < OF./rwer, frizer. frizzle, crisp, curl,
ruffle, braid, touch lightly, graze, scratch, F.
friser, curl, = 8p. Pg. frisar, frizzle, also to
raise the nap on fneze; usually associated
with, and regarded as derived from, the noun
frisle, frizel; from the verb. Cf. OFries./rwte,
fresh, the hair of the head, a lock of hair : see
frizz, r.] 1. A curl ; a lock of hair crisped.
Bambast, Imlster, /rule, and perfume,
Giucoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), Epll,, p, 82.
They [mulatto women] curie and fold the halre of their
head, making a hill In the midst like a hat, with frizzlet
round about. Purchat, Pilgrimage, p, 650,
To rumple her laces. her/rvKfe». and her bobbins,
Miltm, On Dcf, of Humb, Remonst,
2. A ribbed steel plate forming part of a gun-
lock, to receive the blow of the hammer. It
cowl or habit, < OF. /roc, F./roc, a monk's cowl
or habit, = Pr. floe, a woolen stuff, a monk's
cowl, < ML. floccus (also froccus, frocus, after
the F.), a monk's cowl or habit, appar. < 1,. floc-
cus, a flock (of wool), etc. : seefloclfl. The sense
is like that of OHG. hroch, roeh, roc, MHG. roc,
G. rock (ML. hrocus, roccus, roeus), a coat ; but
a derivation of OF. froc from OHG, hroch is
not probable. The mod. F. frac, a dress-coat
(> G. Sw. frack, a dress-coat, = Dan. frakke,
coat), appears to be a F. reflex of the E.
word.] 1. A garment with large sleeves worn
by monks.
In cotynge of his cope is more cloth y-folden
Than was in Fraunces free whan he hem first made,
Piers Plowman's Crede (E, E, T, S.), 1, 292,
Some one of the Pharasaicall sort, clad in a blacke/roci«
or cope, J. Udall, On Luke xix.
All the confraternities resort thither In solemn proces-
sion habited In linen frocks, girt with a cord, and their
heads covered with a cowl all over, that has only two holes
before to see through. Gray, Letters, I, 71,
2. A garment covering the body and worn by
either sex. {a) \ loose outer garment worn by work-
men, as agricultural laborers, etc, , over their other clothes.
Compare smock-frock.
Beneath a cumbrous frock, that to the knees
Invests the thriving churl, his legs appear,
Wordsimrth, Excursion, viii,
(6) The principal outer garment of women : a term part-
ly abandoned in recent times for the indistinctive word
dress and the word gourti, but still retained, particularly
In the British islands, for the outer garment, consisting of
a bodice or waist and a skirt, worn by children.
Whether
The habit, hat, and feather.
Or the /roc* and gypsy bonnet
Be the neater and completer,
Tennyson, Maud, xx.
And how could you tell it was I ? Everybody wears the
same sort of thing, tweed frock and jacket,
Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xxv,
(c) Same lui frock-coat, (d) In the British service, the un-
dress regimental coat of the guards, artillery, and royal
marines, H'ilhelm, Mil, Diet,
3. A sort of worsted netting worn by sailors,
often in lieu of a shirt. Also called a Guernsey
frock. Jamieson. [Scotch,]
_ place of the wheel-lock.
frieze'^, formerly frize, ME. fryse; but the frizzier (friz'lfer), n. One who frizzles. Imp.
meaning 'curl hair' appears to go back to I*i<''-
OFries. frisle, fresle, the hair of the head, a frizzling (friz ' ling)
lock of hair, North Pries. fr»e«»te, /rewte, the '--■'■
hair, a horse's tail, mod. Pnes. /r««»e{;<f», braid
the hair, braid; an AS. 'frite, enrly, is cited,
but is not authenticated except as it may ex-
ist in the name Frisa. Frysa, Fresa, a Priesian,
conjectured to mean 'curly-haired.' Bee frieze^
and Friese.] 1. To curl; crisp; form into a
mass of small, loose, crisp curls,' as the hair,
with a crisping-pin ; speciflcally, to crisp and
then loosen out so as to form a light, fluffy
mass of little curls.
occurs in the form of flint-lock which took the frocfcl (frok), v. t. [</roc<:l,'n.] To supply or
' coyer with a frock; hence, to invest with the
privileges of those whose distinctive dress is a
frock, as of a monk. 8oe/ropA;i, n., 1.
Professed so much of priesthood as might sue
For Priest's-exemption where the layman sinned —
Got his arm/roc*ed which, bare, the law would bruise.
Brouminfi, Ring and Book, II, 181,
frock^t, n. [E. dial,, < ME, froke, equiv. to
_ n. [Pormerly frizling,
frizeling, friziling ; verbaln. of /ri'zjte, f.] The
act or process of curling or frizzing the hair.
Upon meretricious paintings, fritlingt, pouldrings, at.
tyrings, and the like, many squander away their very
choicest moniing hours, Prynn*, HIstrlo-Mastix, I, vl, 1. „ ,„ y -i, -j r>-
frizzling-iron (friz'ling-i'fem), n. rpormerly fr,'^*-*^"** ("■°'^'^°t)> "• A body-coat, usually
frogge: ieefrog^.] A frog.
eft
(fr<
A curling-iron or
Is t not enough yon read Voltaire,
While sneering nitU frizz your hair?
W. Whitehead, The Goafs Beard.
A fair, low brow, touched and crowned lightly with the
soft haze of gold-brown \oc\a frizzed Into a delicate misti-
ness after the ruling fashion of the hour,
Mrs. Whitney, Leslie Ooldthwaite, vi.
150
frizling-, friziling-iron.]
crisping-pin.
A frizilinij uron, that women and men use about the
curling o' their halre, or which In old time was used to
part the haire, and drawe them out In length,
Withals. Diet, (ed, 1608), p. 148.
frizzly (friz'li), a. [(frizzle -f -yl.]
double-breasted and with a full skirt, worn by
men: opposed to sack-coat, which has no skirt,
and to cutaway, ■with short and tapering skirt.
See coat^, 2.
crisp; curly: as, "light, /n>riy hair," Warren.
frizzy (friz'i), o. [<frizz + -yl.] Same as
frizzly.
Strong black grey-besprlnkled hair ot frizzy thickness.
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xl.
The men wore breeches and long hoots, and frock-coats
with largo metal buttons, Longfellow, Hyperion, Iv. 5.
Loosely frocking (frok'ing), n. [< frock^ + -ing^.]
fabric suitable for making frocks ; specifically,
coarse jean or other material used for smock-
frocks.
My question was answered by a queer-looking old man,
chiefly remarkable for a pair of enormous cowhide boots.
Crocking
oyer which large blue trousers of frockitig strove in vaiu
to crowd themselves. Lovxli, l"ireside Travels, p. 112.
2386
frockless(frok'les),o. lifrocki + 4ess.'\ With-
out a frock.
froet, n. See.r'roifl.
Froebelian (fre-bel'i-an), a. and n. [< Froebel
(see def.) + -i<i«.] t. a. Of, pertaining to, or
originated by Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852), a
German philosopher and educational reformer,
and the founder of the kindergarten system :
as, the i^-oe6eJw»' method of instruction. See
kindergarten.
H. )i. An advocate or follower of the kinder-
garten system.
The uncle and nephew differed so widely that the " new
Froebtlians" were the enemies of "the old."
Encyc. Brit., IX. 794.
Froebelism (fr6'bel-izm), n. [< Froebel (see
def.) + -tAin.] The system or method of in-
struction, usually called the Icindergarten sys-
■ tern, originated by Froebel. See hindergarten.
The great propagandist of Proebelum, the Baroness Ma-
renholtz-BUlow, drew the attention of the French to the
kindergarten from the year 1855. Encyc. Brit., XIV. SO.
frogi (frog), n. [< ME. frogge, < AS. frogga
{*froega not authenticated, "froga erroneous),
a "frog, akin to AS. frox (for *frosc), ME. frosk,
frosch, frosh, etc. (cf. var./rocfc2, <ME.froke),
= D. UhGr. vorsch = OHG. frose, MHG. vrosch,
Ct. frosch = Icel. froskr, a frog; cf. Dan. fro,
a frog; Icel. fraukr, a frog; the origin is un-
known.] A batrachian of the family Banidce
(which see), as the common British bana tcm-
poraria, or its North American representative,
B. sylvatiea. of the true frogs there are about 250 spe-
cies, belonging to 18 genera, common in most parts of the
world except the Neotropical and Austrogsean regions, in-
cludingfor the most part aquatic or arboreal batrachians, f_„_fiaVi (^frncr'fish'l n
distinguished by their agility and symmetry, as well as by "yS"»u,>.'^i"S uou^,
their webbed toes, from the related batrachians which are
or at the point of a switch from a line to a
siding or to another line. When used at a
crossing to unite the rails, it is called a cross-
frog.
frog^ (frog), n. [Appar. another use of frog^
or/rool. Hardly connected with /)-op4, var. of
frocki.'l 1. A fastening for the front of a coat
or any similar garment, often made ornamental
by the use of embroidery or braiding, and con-
sisting generally of a spindle-shaped button,
attached by a cord, and corresponding with a
loop on the opposite side of the garment, a pair
of frogs flxed on opposite sides of a coat may allow of but-
toning it either way, or of securing both sides at once.
Gentlemen in military /ro^s — there are no longer any
military /ror/s — swaggered in taverns, clubs, and in the
streets. >K. Bemnt, Fifty Years Ago, p. 112.
frolic
the general shape of the body and the power
of leaping. A common froghopper is the Aphrophora
spumaria, whose larvai
are found on leaves, in-
closed in a frothy liquid,
commonly called cuckoo-
spit, cnckoo-spittle, frog-
spit, or frog-spittle. Al-
so called frog-Jiy, frog-
clock, /roth-fly, froth-in-
sect, froth-ivonn.
frogling (frog'ling),
«. \_<frog^ + -Kwf/I.]
A little frog.
He does not fail tlie
gnats of the air . . . nor
the froglings of the wa-
ter. Jarvis, tr. of Don
[Quixote, I. iii. 4.
2. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or frogmouth
sword.
frog''t, n. [ME., also frogge; var. of frok,
frokkc, froek: see/rocfci.] Same as /rocfci.
frogbit (frog'bit), n. 1. The Hydrocharis Mor-
sus-ranw, a floating aquatic plant of Europe,
with round-reniform leaves and white flowers.
— 2. The Limnobium Spongia, a very similar
plant of the United States. Also frog's-Ut.
frog-clock (frog'klok), n. A froghopper. l)a-
vies.
(frog '-
Afhrophffra quad-
[Lme shows natural
The flood washing down worms, flies, frog-clocks, etc.
W. Lauson (Arber's Eng. Garner, 1. 196).
frog-crab (frog'krab), re. A crab of the genus
lianina or family Baninidce.
mouth), ». Any bird
of the family Podar-
gidm, especially of
the genus Batra-
chostomus.
frog-mouthed (frog'moutht), a. Having a large
wide mouth, like a frog's. Specifically applied in
ornithology to the great goatsuckers of the genus Ba(racfto«-
tuiiius, translating the adjective batrachostomons derived
from the generic name.
frog-plate (frog'plat), «. An accessory to the
compound microscope by which the web of a
frog% foot can be exposed on the stage in order
to show the circulation of the blood.
frog's-bit (frogz'bit), re. Same as frogbit, 2.
frog-eater (frog'e"ter), re. One who eats frogs : frog-shell (frog'shelj, re. A shell of the genus
a British term of contempt for a Frenchman.
frog-eating (frog 'e' ting), a. Eating frogs:
an epithet applied contemptuously to French-
men.
1. An English name of
the angler, Lophitts piscatorius : e&me a,a fisking-
' " A fish of the family An-
popularly named (oa(i<; but the distinction is not always frog. See angler. — 2
preserved. Of the genus liana alone there are upward tennariidw.
of 110 species, most of which are aquatic, are expert swim- f ficl,5-no- (frr,cr'i\ah " \r\tr\
mers, and capable of making very long leaps ; some are irog-nsmng V"VK """ f"8;
terrestrial, and some aiboreal. Several different kinds — -"t-"" "f hci„„r, fr.,- frnor.
of frogs are edible, as the common European Ji. esciUenla.
The largest species is the bullfrog of the United States,
R. ctUesbiana. (See bullfrog, and cuts under Anura and
Rana.) Others of the same country are H paluslris. It.
hcUecina, and R. damata. The toes of some arboreal
frogs are enormously lengthened and fully webbed, en
re. The act or
practice of fishing for frogs with hook, line,
and rod; frogging. The lure or bait, if any is used,
is generally a bit of red flannel. A common method of
catching frogs is to drop the hook in front of the animal
in such a way that when pulled suddenly backward it will
catch him in the throat.
„ . „ „.- , ,c, froe-flv (frog'fli), »J. Same as /roo/iopper.
abling the creatures to make long flymg leaps. (.See f..^%fjii.,f°'ff,h n 1* A nnmfi trivpn bv the
flVing,frog,_ Rhacophoru.,) Some have the ends of_^_the frOgf?"* i|f »? f^^*'- /^ ^lutf.^^T T^. ^l„^t
Banella.
frog's-march (frogz'march), n. A manner of
carrying a refractory prisoner, in use in Great
Britain. The prisoner is held face downward by
four men, each of whom grasps one of his limbs.
frog-spawn (frog'span), n. 1. Same as frog-
spit. — 2. A fungus, Leuconostoc mesenterioides,
allied to the bacteria, which causes serious loss
to sugar-manufacturers on the European conti-
nent by converting saccharine solutions into a
mass of slime.
Leuconostoc mesenterioides, the frog-spawn of sugar-
factories, consists in the vegetative state of coiled rosary-
like chains of small round cells inclosed in firm sheaths
of mucilage, and accumulated in great numbers into lai-ge
compact gelatinous masses (" zoogloese ").
De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 469.
toes dilated, like many of the toads. The tongue of most
early herbalists to the vervain.— 2. The plant fj.og.gpit^f].Og.gpittle(frog'spit,-spit''l),K. 1.
true frogs is eniarginate behind, with a process on each duckmeat, a species of Lemna. A popular name for various filamentous fresh-
'"*'• f„°H''hrS„fA"»1'.h'JrL^'r;L'lX"^noiei"T,ro' frogged (frogd), a.^ l</rog3 + -ecja.]^ Oma- water algae, especially species of Spirogyra,
water, and the young hatch from the egg as tadpoles, pro-
vided with a tail and external gills, which disappear with
the growth of the permanent limbs. The arboreal batra-
chians known indifferently as tree-frogs or tree-toads are
not frogs in any proper sense, but belong to a different
suborder (Arcifera) of salient amphibians. (See Hylidoe.)
The name/ro3 is loosely applied, with or without a quali-
fying term, to some other batraciiians equally remote from
the Ranidte, and locally in the United States to certain froggcry (frog'er-i), re. ; pi. froggeries (-iz)
,. — .). »„. „^.„... i,.i„,., ^ , _^ _^^^ -J ^ pj^^g where frogs are reared
lizards. See phrases below.
Poor Tom ; that eats the swimming frog, the toad, the
tadpole. Shak., Lear, iii. 4.
I did eate fried Frogges in this citie, which is a dish
much used in many cities of Italy.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 138.
Yet gnats have had, and frogs and mice, long since.
Their eulogy ; those sang the Mantuan bard.
And these the Grecian, in ennobling strains.
Cotvper, Task, iii. 452.
Bladder frog, a South American frog of the family Cgs-
tigaatkidoe and genus Leptodactylus. — Egyptian frog.
See Egyptian. — Homed frOg, a lizard of the genus Plirg-
nosoma. Also called horned toad. [Local, U. S.J
mented or fastened with frogs, as a coat. which form floating masses. — 2. The frothy
City clerks in /romped coats. JJuitoer, Pelham, xii substance secreted and exuded by a froghop-
The bronze statue of Lamartine ... is the principal per.
monument of the place, . . . representing the poet in a frogStOOl (frog'stol), re. Same as toadstool.
frogrjed overcoat and top-boots, improvising in a high froise n. KF.froise.fraise: seefraise^.} Same
wind. H. James, Jr., Little Tout, p. 2iO. .»...'-./
[<
or tept for bait or for the market; a place
abounding in frogs.
frogginess (frog'i-nes), n. Froggish character
or nature.
These same orthodox critics would have eagerly con-
tended for their essential frogginess.
Fortnightly Rev., X. S., XLIII. 242.
froggingi (frog'ing), re. [Verbal n. otfrog^, v.']
Fishing for frogs. See frog-fishing.
And, when you are in a permanent camp, and fishing is
very poor, try frogging. G. W. Sears, Woodcraft.
The homed frog is not a frog at all, but a lizard — a frogging^ (frog'ing), re. [i frog^ + -Jrejrl.] The
' ""' ' "" '"^ """ " """ ' ' ornamental frogs or braiding on a garment, es-
pecially across the breast of military uniforms.
See/rof/S.
froggisfi (frog'ish), a. [</>o(/i + -isAi.] Frog-
like.
The froggish aspect. Rev. J. G. Wood.
frog-grass (frog'gras), re. A species of glass-
wort, Salicornia herbacea, a succulent plant
growing in miry places near the sea.
ftoggyl (frog'i), a. [</TOfl'l + -yl.] 1. Hav-
ing or abounding in frogs. — 2. Frog-like; frog-
gish.
queer, stumpy little fellow with spikes all over the top of
its head and back. T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 205.
Marsupial frog, a batrachian which possesses a brood-
pouch, as of the genera Rhinoderma, Nototrema, and Am-
phignathodon. See Nototrema and Rhinoderma.
firogi (frog), V. i. ; pret. and pp. frogged, ppr.
frogging. [< frogi, re.] To hunt for frogs;
catch frogs
but with reference to
see frog^, frush^, and
frog2 (frog), n. lifrogV
frush^, cf . frosh, a frog :
ffosh.'] 1. In farriery, an elastic homy sub-
stance that grows in the middle of the solo
of a horse's foot, dividing into two branches, ^_
and running toward the heel in the form of a froggy'^ (frog'i), re. ; pi. froggies (-iz). [< frog^
fork. -t- -^2.] A diminutive of frog^ : often applied,
as slang, familiarly to Frenchmen, from their
reputed habit of eating frogs.
froghood(frog'hud), re. l<frog'>^+-hood.'\ Qual-
ity or standing as a frog. [Humorous.]
The mouse, averse to be oerpower'd,
Gave him the lie, and call'd him coward ;
Too hard for any frog's digestion.
To have his/ror/Aoorf called in question!
C. Smart, The Duellist.
froghopper (frog'hop"6r), re. A homopterous
insect of the family Cercopidce, so called from
His hoofs black, solid, and shining ; his instep high, his
quarters round, the heel broad, the frog thin and small,
the sole thin and concave. Southey, The Doctor, cxliii.
2. A section of a rail, or of several rails com-
bined, at a point where two railway lines cross.
asfraise^.
With a few slices of bacon, & froise was presently made,
and served in witli gi-eat pomp and magnificence.
Comical Hist, of Francion (1655).
Some are so tender nosed as to smell out a knave as
far as another man shall do broil'd herrings, or a bacon
.froise. Poor Robin (1716).
frolic (frol'ik), o. and re. [Formerly /roiicfc
(and, after G.,froelick) ; < MD. vrolick, D. vrolijk
(= G. frohlich), frolic, merry, joyful, gay, < MD.
vro, vroo = OS. frd = OFries. fro = MLG. vro
= OHG. frao, fro (fraw-), MHG. rro (vroic-,
vromD-), Gr. froh (> Dan. fro), glad, joyous, gay,
cheerful (? = Icel. frdr, swift), -I- -lick, -lijk, =
E. -i»/i. Ct.froiv^.) I. a. Gay; merry; sport-
ive ; full of mirth or pranks.
And let us (nobler Nymphs) upon the midday side
Be frolic with the best. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 173.
Jun. Tell me how thou dost, sweet ingle.
Val. Faith, Juniper, the better to see thee thus froelich.
B. Jonson, Case is Altered, i. 1.
Some Spirit of the Air has waked thy string !
'Tis now a seraph bold, with touch of fire,
'Tis now the brush of Fairy's /ro(ic wing.
Scott, L. of the L., Epil.
My mariners,
.Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me—
That ever with a/roiic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine. Tennyson, Ulysses.
The world is always opulent, the oracles are never si-
lent ; but the receiver must by a happy temperance be
brought to that top of condition, that frolic healtli, that
he can easily take and give these fine conmiunications.
Emerson, Success.
n. re. 1. A flight of le-vity or gaiety and
mirth ; a prank.
But to see him behave it,
And lay the law, and carve and drink unto them.
And then ... send frolics .'
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, ii. 3.
He would be at \As frolic once again. Roscommon.
See how the world its veterans rewards ;
A youth ot frolics, an old age of cards.
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 243.
^
froUc
2. A scene of gaiety and mirth, as in dancing
or play; a merrymaking.
Before you go to Sea, I intend to wait on you, and give
you a Frolic. Uowell, Letters, I. vi. 21.
3t. A plaything or an ornament.
Apples were dedicated unto her (Venus), and her image
commonly made with such fruit as &frolick in her hand.
Fuller, Pisgall Sight, IV. vii. 40.
= Syn. Gambol, escapade.
frolic (frol'ik), V. i. ; pret. and pp. frolicked,
ppr. frolicking. [< frolic, n.] To play merry
pranks; engage in acts of levity, mirth, and
gaiety.
If death were nigh, he would not frolic thus.
Marlowe, Faustui, v. 11.
And many a gambol /roiicjrd o'er the ground ;
And sleights of art and feats of strength went round.
Goldlmitk, Des. Vil., L 21.
Hither, come hither and frolic and play.
Tennyum, The Sea-Fairies.
We found a crowd of persons frolicking around the
fountain, in the light of a number of torches on poles
planted in the ground.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 258.
firolicfnl (frol'ik-fiil), a. [< frolic, n., + -/uZ.]
Frolicsome. Craig. [Rare.]
frolicky (frol'ik-i), a. l<frolic(k) + -yl.] Mer-
ry ; frolicsome.
There is nothing striking in any of these characters ;
yet may we, at a pinch, malje a good frolicky hal(.day
with them. RicharcUon, Clarissa Harlowe, V. 348.
froliclyt (frol'ik-Ii), adv. l< frolic, a., + -ly^.]
In a frolicsome manner; with mirth and gai-
ety; gaily; merrily; sportively.
I do blush to see
These beggars' brats to chat so/roficfy.
Orecne, Alphonsus, Iv.
Two as noble swains
As ever kept on the Elysian plains,
First by their signs attention having won,
Thua they the revels /rofW|/ begun.
Drayton, Muses' Elysium, HI.
I was set upon,
I and my men, as we were singing /roficfj/.
Fletcher (and MatnngerT), Lover s Progress, 11. 1.
frolicness (frol'ik-nes), n. Gaiety; frolicsome-
ness. [Rare.]
Mirth, jollity,/ro<ie*n«« of yontb, as you call them.
Ooodwin, Works, V. 199.
frolicsome (frol'ik-sum), a. [Formerly also
frolicksome, som; < frolic + some.'] Full of
gaiety and mirth ; given to pranks ; sportive.
Now, as fame does report, a young duke keeps court,
One tbstpleases hU fancy with /ro<tetjo»i« sport.
The FroUaame Dvke (Percy's Reliques, p. 136X
Beaidet what Ram we sold by the Gallon or Ferkta, we
■old it made Into Punch, wherewith they grew Frolitk-
«•"». Dampier, Voyages, II. 11. 18.
The bleating sheep and froliekeonu calves sported about
the verdant ridge, where now the Broadway loungers take
their raomiug stroll. Irmng, Knickerbocker, p. leo.
She waa ... not more lovely than full of glee : all light
■DO imllea, tai fmliektome as the young fawn.
Poe, Tales, I. 388.
= 8yn. Oay. frisky, lively, playful, coltish.
frolicsomely (frol'ik-sum-li), adv. In a frolic-
some mannfr; with wild gaiety. Johnson.
frolicsomeness (frol'ik-sum-nes), n. Thequal-
ity of being frolicsome; gaiety; wild pranks.
Hailey.
from (from, from), prep, and adv. [< ME. /row,
fram, < AS. from, from = OS. fram = OHG.
from, MHO. vram, prep, forth from, adv. forth,
= Icel. fram, adv., forward, frd. prep, from,
adv. fro, = Hw.fram, atlv., forth, forward,/r<ln,
prep., from, = Dan. /rem, adv., forth, onward,
on, fra, prep., from, = Goth. /ram, prep, from,
adv. further, forward, compar. /rami*, further;
prob. ult. allied to /fwei, /«-fAi, /or, /or-1, etc.
Cf . L. perendie, the day after, Gr. irfpav, beyond,
Skt. para, distant, high. See fro, a shorter
(Bcand.) form of from. Connected with AS.
fram. from, forward, bold, strenuous, strong,
fremian, fremman, promote, accomplish : see
franie, frim.] I. prep. 1. Out of the limits, lo-
cality, or presence of, or connection with : ex-
pressing departure or point of departure, sepa-
ration, discrimination, removal, or distance in
■pace, time, condition, etc. (o) As regards space:
m, to emlgTate/rom Germany ; the town la rtve miles/roin
(he M«; to separata the sheep /rom the goats.
The chaffe is take /rom the come.
Oower, Conf. Amant., Prol.
Then call they the hid from the good.
Sandyi, Travalles, p. 98.
The santon njshed/rom the royal presence, and descend-
ing Into the city, hurried through Its street* and squares
with frantic gesticulations. Irving, Granada, p. 23.
[Sometimes used ahaolately, In the sense of distant, all-
sent, or coming from : as, a visitor /rom the city.
They bane also certalne Altar stones they call Pawcor-
ances, but these stand from their Temples.
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 140.
2387
When I Am from him, I am dead till I be with him.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 6.
Wretched when from thee, vei'd when nigh,
I with thee, or without thee, die.
Prior, Lady's Looking-Glass.]
(6) As regards time, or succession in a series or in logi-
cal connection : noting the point of departure or reckon-
ing: as, he was studious /ront his childhood; from that
time onward.
To my protection /rom this hour I take you.
Fletcher, Wife for a Month, i. 1.
We are thieves /rom our cradles, and will die so.
Beau,, and FL, Thierry and Theodoret, v. 1.
I have determin'd to lay up as the best treasure, and
solace of a good old age, if God voutsafe it me, the honest
liberty of free speech from my youth.
Milton, Church-Government, 11., Pref.
Some few, whose lamp shone brighter, have been led
From cause to cause, to Nature's secret head.
Dryden, Religio Laici, L 13.
God loves /rom whole to parts ; but human soul
Must rise /rom individual to the whole.
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 361.
From that disastrous hour, religion wore a new aspect
in this unhappy country. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 7.
(c) As regards idea, aim, or purpose : as, such a result was
far /rom my intention ; this is aside from our object.
Anything so overdone is from [that is, aside, apart, or
away from] the purpose of playing. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2,
fromward
(c) As regards a principal receptacle or place of depos-
it : as, to draw money from the bank ; coal is dug from
mines.
A thousand favours /roj/i a maund she drew
Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.
Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 36.
The blades were of Damascus, bearing texts from the
Koran, or martial and amorous mottoes.
Irving, Granada, p. 6.
(d) As regards a whole or mass of which a part is taken or
considered, (e) As regards state or condition : as, to start
from sleep ; to go from bad to worse.
The whole region, /ro7K a naked and desolate prospect,
began now to look like a second Paradise.
Addiion, Hilpah and Shalum.
Starting /rom sleep, the soldiers were intercepted and
cut down as they rushed from their quarters.
Irving, Granada, p. 21.
3. Out of the charge, custody, or possession of:
as, his office or the seal was taken from him.
If you will needs take it, I cannot with modesty give it
from you. B. Jomon, Poetaster, v. 1.
There were also a great number of such as were locked
up from their estates, and others who concealed their
"ties- Steele, Tatler, No. 127.
4. In consequence of; on account or by rea-
son of ; on the strength or by aid of ; as a re-
sult of; through: as, to act from a sense of
Ensenore a Saluage, father to Pemissapan, the best duty, or from necessity; the conclusion /rOTO
.»„......i,.,, ., ^_ ,„.^ .„ , . these facts is evident; to argue /ro»i false
premises; from what I hear, I think he is
guilty.
For what I now do is not out of spleen.
As he pretends, but /rom remorse of conscience.
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 3.
By this means the beneficent spirit works in a man from
the convictions of reason, not /rom the impulses of passion.
Steele, Spectator, No. 346.
Several tents, a quantity of provisions, and a few pieces
of artillery were left upon the spot, from the want of
horses and mules to carry them off. Irving, Granada, p. 72.
This very rare British plant, which ... is remarkable
from producing seeds without the aid of insects.
Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 27,
We inserted the vowel . . . not /rom Ignorance or /rom
carelessness, but advisedly and in conformity with the
practice of several respectable writers.
Macaulay, Sadler's Ref. Refuted.
{From is much used before local adverbs or prepositions
used elliptically as nouns : as, from atmve, from below,
from lieiuath, from behind, from beyond, from far off,
etc., such phrases being used as unitary adverbs or prepo'-
sitions, as in 'from beyond Jordan,' 'from out of the bow-
els of the earth.' From forth, from off, from out. etc., are
usually transpositions: as, "from forth (forth from) his
bridal bower ' {Pope, Odyssey) ; warned from off (off from)
the land.
friend we had after the death of Granganimco, when I was
in those Discoucries, could not prevaile any thing with
the King from destroying vs.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith'i Works, I. 90.
We have reformed /rom them, not against them.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, 1. 3.
(d) As regards state, condition, or effect : as, I am far /rom
believing it; he is tax from rich (that is, from being rich);
he Is a long way /rom being an atheist.
For heavenly minds /ram such distempers foul
Are ever clear. Milton, P. L., Iv. 118.
Now I am come
From having found their walks, to find their home.
Domie, To the Countess of .Salisbury.
Their minds at leisure from the cares of this life, and
their bodies adorned with the best attire they can bestow
on them. Steele, Tatler, No. 211.
What the Austrian pride had driven him [the King of
Sardinia) to, the Spanish pride drove him from.
Watpole, Letters, II. 10.
.So far, therefore, /ro?n shocking his [the Jew's) preju-
dices by violent alterations of form, . . . the error of the
early Christians' would lie the other wa^.
De Quincey, Essenes, 111.
(e) As regards direction : away from.
The next question ... Is, whether it be a thing allow-
able or uo that the minister shr>uld say service In the
chancel, or turn his face at any time from the people.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. SO.
Why speak'st thou from me (with averted face) 7 thy
pleas'd eyes send forth
Beams brighter than the star that tiahers day.
Beau, and Ft., Knight of MalU, L 1.
(/) As regard* point of view : oat of ; off.
He that endures for what his conscience knows
Not to be ill, doth from a patience high
Look only on the cause whereto he owes
Thoae sufferings, not on his misery.
Daniel, To Henry Wrlothesly.
Ood/rom the mount of Sinai . . . will himself,
In thunder, lightning, and loud trumpets' sound.
Ordain them laws. Milton, P. L, xiL 227.
The Moor* foogfat valiantly in their streeU, from their
window*, and/yom the tops of their houses.
Irving, Granada, p. 3.5.
2. Out of: expressing derivation, -withdrawal,
or abstraction. («) As regards source or origin
Sudden partings, such as press
'I'he life /rom out young hearts.
Byron, Chllde Harold, iii. 24.
Front hence, from thence, from whence are pleonastic,
'from ' being Implied in the adverb ; but they have long
been in good use.
In this Contree is the Cytee of Araym, where Abra-
hames Fadree duelled, and from whens Abraham depart
ed, be Comniaudement of the Aungelle.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 43.
And he went up /rom thence unto Beth-el. 2 Kl. il. 23.
Within the gentle closnre of my breast.
From whence at pleasure thou mayest come and part.
Shak., Sonnets, xlviii.
From hence your memory death cannot take.
Shak., Sonnets, IxxxL]
From this out, henceforth ; from this time forward : as,
he has decided to give up smoking from Ihit nut. [Col-
'oqj— To break from, to break off from. Sec break.
n.t adv. Forth; out; fro.
light emanates from the sun ; the Oreek alphaliet was fromWErdt (from' ward), a. [< MF,. fromward,
derived from the I'henician ; Illustrations drawn from frommard, framward, adj., adv., and prep., but
"'"'"' found as adj. only in the form rrommard (An-
cren Riwle), averse, < AS. fromweard, a., about
to depart (opposed to toweard, about to come,
future, toward), < from, fram, from, + -weard,
-ward. Cf. /coroarrf, a doublet.] Turned away;
averse.
nature.
8o/>'om the root
Springs lighter the green stalk ; from thence the leave*
More aery. MUton, P. t., T. 479.
You are good, hat from a nobler cause ;
From your own knowledge, not /rom nature's laws.
Dryden.
It must appear that you receive law /rom, and not give fromwardt (from'wSrd), adv. and pre]). [I. adv.
'" "" " * ■" "■- < ME. fromward, forth, < AS.fromweardes, away
from, in a direction from, adv. gen. ot from-
weard, a. : see fromward, a. II. prep. (. ME.
fromward, frommard, framward, prep., away
from; from the adv.] I, adv. Forth; forward.
Fro thtim fromward, thei ben alle obeyssant to him.
Mavdemlle, Travels, p. 197.
n. prep. From ; away from : opposed to to-
ward.
It to, your company, to make you agreeable,
SteOe, Spectator, No. 386.
From labour health, from health contentment springs.
Beattie, Minstrel, I.
Is there any doubt that the orders of the Church of Eng-
land are generally derived /rom the Church of Rome?
Macaulay, Gla<lstone on Church and State.
(b) As regards occupation, relation, or situation : as, to re-
tire/rom offlce or from business ; to return frixm a Jour-
ney; to withdraw /rom society.
He Is of late much retired from court ; and Is less fre-
quent to his princely exercises. Shak., W. 'r., iv. 1.
111 not over the threshold till my lord return from the
»»"• Shak., Cor., L 3.
Six frozen winters spent.
Return with welcome home/rom banishment.
Dryden, tr. of Ovid.
Fresh /rom war's alarms.
My Hercnies, my Roman Antony,
My mailed Bacchus leapt into my arms.
Tennyeon, Fair Women.
The wind wende forth riht/romuwrd than atrande Into
thissen londe. Layaman, I. 401.
As cheerfully going towards, as Pyrocles went frowardly
fromward his death, he was delivered to the king.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.
The Ijrk, which ever flies /romword her nest, when she
sees anyliody eyes her. Cotgrave.
The horizontal needle is continually varying towards
east and west ; and so the dipping or inclining needle Is
varying up and down, towards ot fromwardt the zenith.
Cheyne.
frond
frond (frond), 11. [= Sp. fronde = It. fronde,
fronda, < L. frons (frond-), OL. pi. frundes, a
leafy branch, a green bough, foliage, a garland
of leaves.] 1. In boi.: («t) As used by Lin-
n»us, a leaf, especially the leaf of a palm or
fern. (6) Now, specifically, a leaf of a fern or
other cryptogam, the thallus of a lichen, or
any other leaf-like expansion which includes
both stem and foliage, as the disk of Lemna.
— 2. In :odl., the foliaceous or leaf-like ex-
pansion of certain animal organisms, as of va-
rious polyzoans and aetinozoans, which resem-
ble plants in the mode of growth of the polyp-
stock.
frondage (fron'daj), n. [< frond + -age.']
Fronds collectively.
The vastness of the mile-broad and mile-high masses of
/ronda^tf, their impenetrability, . . . combine to produce
the conception of a creative force that appalls.
Harper » Maij., LXXVII. 336.
frondation (fron-da'shon), n. [< L. fronda-
tio{n-), a stripping off of leaves, (.frons (frond-),
a leafy branch: see frond.'] The act of strip-
ping trees of leaves or branches. [Rare.]
Frondation, or the taking off some of the luxuriant
branches and sprajes of . . . trees, ... is a kind of prun-
ing. Evelyn, Sylva, xxxi.
Fronde (frond), n. [F., lit. a sling; with irreg.
inserted r, < OF. fonde = Pr. fonda, fronda =
Sp. honda = "Pg.funda = It. funda, < 'L.funda, a
sbng; ef. Gr. a(j>cvd6vri, a sling.] In French hist.,
the name of a party which diiring the minor-
ity of Louis XIV. waged civil war against the
court party, on account of the humiliations in-
flicted on the high nobility and the heavy fiscal
impositions laid on the people. The movement
began with the resistance of the Parliament of Paris to
the measures of the minister Mazarin, and was sarcasti-
cally called by one of his supporters there "the war of
the fronde," in allusion to the use of the sling then com-
mon among the street-boys of Paris. The contest con-
tinued from 1648 to 1652, during which Mazarin was driven
from power, but soon restored. The opposition to him
had degenerated into a course of selfish intrigue and pai'ty
strife, whence the name frondeur became a term of politi-
cal reproach.
fronded (fron'ded), a. [_< frond + -e(J2.] Hav-
ing fronds.
I know not where His islands lift
Their fronded palms in air.
Whittier, The Eternal Goodness.
frondent (fron'dent), a. [= Pg. frondente, < L.
fronden(t-)s, ppr. otfrondere, have or put forth
leaves, be leafy, <. frons (Jrondr), a leafy branch:
see/ro«rf.] Leafy.
Near before us is Versailles, New and Old ; with that
broad, /ro}ident Avenue de Versailles between, stately,
frondetit, broad, three hundred feet as men reckon, with
its four rows of elms. Carlyle, French Rev., I. vii. 6.
frondesce (fron-des'), V. i. ; pret. and pp. frort-
desced, ppr. frotidescinp. [< L. frondescere, be-
come leafy, put forth leaves, inceptive of fron-
dere, have or put forth leaves: see frotident.]
To unfold or develop leaves, as plants.
frondescence (fron-des 'ens), n. [< frondes-
cen(t) + -ce.] In bot. : (a) The period or state
of coming into leaf. (6) The substitution of
leaves for other organs ; phyllody. (c) Leafage ;
foliage.
The cane fields are broad sheets of beautiful gold-green ;
and nearly as bright are the nmsses of pomme-cannelle
frondescence, the groves of lemon and orange.
Harper's Mai;., LXXVII. 216.
frondescent (fron-des'ent), a. [= F. frondes-
cent = Sp. frondescenteji h. frondeseen( t-)s, ppr.
ot frondescere, put forth leaves : see frondesce.]
Bursting or having the appearance of bursting
into leaf.
frondeur (fron-d6r'), n. [F., lit. a slinger, <
fronder, sling, throw, fling, fig. carp at, rail at,
find fault with, < fronde, a sling: see Fronde.]
1. In French hist., a member of the Fronde.
Hence — 2. An opponent of a party in power;
a member of the opposition.
frondiferous (fron-dif 'e-rus), a. [= F. frondi-
fere = Sp. frondifero = Pg. It. frondifero, <
L. frondifer, < frons (frond-), a leafy branch,
foliage (see frond), + ferre — E. bear^.] Pro-
ducing fronds.
fronduorm (fron'di-form), a. [< L. frons
(frond-), a leafy branch (see frond), + forma,
form.] Resembling a frond, as of a fern; hav-
ing stem and leaves fused in one.
frondiparous (fron-dip'a-rus), a. [< L. frons
(frond-), a leafy branch (see frond), + parere,
produce.] In bot., noting a plant affected by
the monstrosity of producing leaves instead of
fruit. Im}}. Diet.
Frondipora (fron-dip'o-ra), «. [NL., < L.
frons (Jrond-), a leafy 'branch (see frotid), +
2388
poms, a pore.] The tj-pical genus of the fam-
ily Froiidiporidw. Oken.
Frondiporidse (fron-di-por'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Frondipora + -id<r.] A family of eyelosto-
matous gjmmolseraatous polyzoans.
Frondist (fron'dist), n. A member or supporter
of the Fronde.
frondlet (frond'let), n. [< frond + -let.] A
small frond.
frondose (fron'dos), a. [< L. frondosus, OL.
frundosus, leafy, <. frons (frond-), aleafy branch,
foliage: see frond.] 1. In cri/ptogamic bot.:
(a) Having the form or appearance of a leaf or
frond; foliaceous. (b) In Hepaticw, not hav-
ing a leafy stem ; thalloid. (c) Bearing fronds;
frondiferous. — 2. In rod'/., same as foliaceous.
frondosely (fron'dos-li), adv. In a frond-like
manner.
ThuWaa frondosely dilated. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 661.
frondoUS (fron'dus), a. [< L. frondosus: see
frondose.] Same as frondose.
frons (fronz), m.; pl./ro)jte«(fron'tez). [L., the
forehead, brow, front: see front.] The fore-
head. Technically — (a) In mammal., that part of the
skull which lies between the orbits of the eyes and the fore-
border of the vertex, (b) In ornith., that part of the head
which slopes upward from the bill to the vertex, (c) In
conch., that part of a univalve shell presenting when the
aperture is toward the observer, (d) In entom.. generally,
the anterior part of the epicranium, or upper part of the
head, immediately back of the epistoma or clypeus when
this is present. The term is somewhat loosely used, and
varies in its application with different orders. In Hyme-
noptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera the frons lies in
front of the antenna;, and partly between the eyes ; but
in Coteoptera and Hemiptera the antenna; are often in-
serted at the sides of the frons, which is then divided by
a more or less imaginary line from the vertex or crown.
In the Diptera the frons is the part above the antenna;,
the part below them being called the face. — Frons alta,
a high forehead : a phrase used to signify that the fore-
head is more than one third of the total length of the
face. — Frons hrevis, a low forehead: a phrase used to
signify that the forehead is less than one third of the total
length of the face.— Frona proportlonata, a proportion-
ate forehead ; a phrase signifying that tlie forehead is one
third of the total length of the face.
front (frunt), n. and a. [< ME. front, frunt,
frount, < OF. front, frunt, F. front = Pr. front
= OSp. fronte, fruente, Sp. frente = Pg. It.
fronte, < h. frons (front-), the forehead, brow,
front, the fore part, the outside, appearance,
etc.; supposed to represent an OTis.*l>hruvant-,
< *bhru = Skt. bhra = E. brow.] I. n. 1. The
forehead ; in technical use, the frons.
Thei [giants] ben hidouse for to loke upon ; and thei han
but on eye, and that is in the myddylle of the Front.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 20.3.
See what a grace was seated on his brow :
Hyperion's curls, the front of Jove himself.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.
They found the stately horse, . . . and she
Kiss'd the white star upon his nohle front.
Tennyson, Geraint.
2. The forehead or face as expressive of char-
acter, temper, or disposition; characteristic
facial appearance.
Norton, from Daniel and Ostroea sprung,
Bless'd with his father's front and mother's tongue,
Hung silent down his never-blushing head.
Pope, Dunciad, ii. 416.
I placed thee as a guard to the rich blossoms of my
daughter's beauty — I thought that dragon's/ron( of thine
would cry aloof to the sons of gallantry — steel traps and
spring guns seemed writ in every wrinkle of it.
Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3.
Hence — 3. Manner of facing or opposing ; atti-
tude or bearing when confronted with any-
thing, as in meeting a foe, a threatened danger,
or an accuser: as, to put on a bold front; to
await the enemy with a calm/ront. Sometimes
used in the sense of cool assurance or impu-
dence.
Do what I enjoin you. No disputing
Of my prerogative with a/ron( or frown.
B. Jonson, New Inn, ii. 2.
And He, their leader, wore in sheath his sword,
And offered peaceful /»*o?l( and open hand.
Scott, Don Roderick, st. 37.
In my long-suffering and strength to meet
With equal /rent the direst shafts of fate.
Lowell, Prometheus.
4. The part or side of anything which seems to
look out or to be directed forward ; the most for-
ward part or surface: as, the front of a house;
the front of an army.
Frownt or frunt of a chirche, or other howsys, frontispi-
cium. Prompt. Parv., p. 181.
Our custom is both to place it [the Lord's prayer] in the
.front of our prayers as a guide, and to add it in the end
of some principal limbs or parts as a complement.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 35.
My mate in empire.
Friend and companion in the front of war.
Shak., A. and C, v. 1.
front
Comhill and Gracechurch Street had dressed their/ron(#
in scarlet and crimson, in arras and tapestry, and the rich
carpet-work from Persia and the East.
Froude, Sketches, p. 174.
5. Position or place directly ahead, or before
the face or that part of anything which is re-
garded as the face ; position in or toward that
part to which one's view or course is directed:
used chiefly in the phrases in front and in front
of: as, right in front o/them stood a lion.
Cannon in front of them
Volley'd and thunder'd.
Tennyson, Charge of the Light Brigade.
Specifically, in a theater and the like — (a) The part near-
est the stage or platfonn : as, to occupy seats in front.
The seats in front were reserved for the friends of the
girl who was about to leave them.
C. E. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 44.
(6) The part before the actors or speakers ; the auditorium :
as, the stage manager was in front (that is, not on the stage,
but in the auditorium).
Charles Mathews, who was in front, went behind and
said, "Buckstone, you push this piece."
Lester Wallack, Memories.
6. A sort of half -wig worn by women 'with a
cap or bonnet, to cover only the front part of
the head: distinctively called a false front.
" Have I lived to this day to be called a fright I " cried
Miss Knag, suddenly becoming convulsive, and making
an effort to tear her /ron( off.
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, xviiL
To look out on the week-day world from under a crisp
and glossy front would be to introduce a most dream-
like and unpleasant confusion between the sacred and the
secular. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 7.
The Graces wear/ron(*, the Muse thins to a spinster.
Lowell, In the Half- Way House.
7. Same as shirt-front and dicky"^, 3. — 8. One
of the surfaces of a diatom frustule marked by
the line of juncture of the two valves, as dis-
tinguished from the side, which is the surface
formed of a single valve. — 9. Eccles., same as
frontal, 5 (a).
A .front for the autar of red and green saten of Bruges.
Quoted in Archceologia, XXXVIII. 362.
Bastloned front (mint.), two half-bastions and a curtain.
—False front, a front, in sense 6.— Front-cut mower.
See jno »•«)-.— Front Of a wave. See wave-front.— la
ftout of. See det. 5.— Open front, the arrangement of
a blast-furnace having a fore hearth.— The tiont (milit.),
the most advanced position ; the place where active oper-
ations are carried on ; hence, figuratively, the most ad-
vanced position in any enterprise, pursuit, system ot
thought, etc.
They were going to the front, the one to find his regi-
ment, the other to look for those who needed his assis-
tance. O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 43.
The height of my ambition was to go to the front after
a battle. L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 90.
To come to the front, to come to the foremost or most
conspicuous place ; attain distinction.
Writers in France who have really the stuff of the ro-
mancer in them cmne to the front and to fame more quick-
ly than in England. Fortnightly Jtev., N. S., XL. 34.
The theologijins were a body of men whose functions
had been to some extent usurped by the canonists, and
who now for some years, under Tudor and Puritan and
Laudian influences, were to come to the front.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 320.
II. a. 1 . Relating to the front or face ; fron-
tal.— 2. Having a position in the front ; fore-
most: as, the /ron< steps.
She glares in balls, /ron( boxes, and the Ring,
A vain, un(iuiet, glitt'ring, wretched thing !
Pope, Epistle to Miss Blount.
The rear ranks of the English kept the .front ranks sup-
plied with a constant succession of loaded muskets.
Macaulay, Lord Clive.
Front bench. See bench. — Front center. Seecenteri,
5. — Front door, the main entrance-door of a house.
The front-door is on the street. Some keep it always
open ; some keep it latched ; some, locked ; some, bolted
— with a chain that will let you peep in, but not get in ;
and some nail it up, so that nothing can pass its thresh-
old. This front-door leads into a passage, which opens
into an ante-room, and this into the interior apartment*.
O. W. Holmes, Autocrat, vi.
Front face (mint.), that side of a hollow square of troops,
or of a camp, which lies toward the enemy.
They rushed on to the camp, breaking through the/ronf-
.face, and killing a luimber of men as they passed over
them. E. Sartorius, In the Soudan, p. 55.
front (frunt), V. [< front, n. Cf. affront, con-
front.] I. trans. 1. To meet face to face;
come into the presence of; confront.
And Enid, but to please her husband's eye.
Who first had found and loved her in a state
Of broken fortunes, daily fronted him
In some fresh splendour. Tennyson, Geraint.
When Vie .front its mass of homilies and scriptural ver-
sions and saints' lives and grammar and lesson-books, they
tell us of a clergy quickened to a new desire for know-
ledge, and of a like quickening of educational zeal among
the people at large. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 285.
2. To oppose face to face ; oppose directly ; en-
counter.
I
front
■What force can fronts or who incounter can
An arnietl Faulcon, or a flying Man?
Syltetiter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Decay.
Thy virtue met and /ron/«rf every peril.
B. Joiuon, Sejanus, iii. 1.
We are amaz'tl,
Not at your eloquence, but impudence.
That dare thus/ro/il us.
FUtcher(and another). Queen of Corinth, iv. 3.
I shall /ron( thee, lilce some staring ghost,
"With all my wrongs about me.
Dryden, Don Sebastian.
3. To stand in front of, or opposed or opposite
to, or over against ; face.
A gate of steel
Frontiaff the sun. Shak., T. and C, iii. 3.
Hence doth stretch into the Sea the faire head land
Tragabigzanda, now called Cape An, fronted with the
three lies wee called the three Turkes liead.
Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 193.
A very elegant monument . . . immediately /ron/ed the
family pew. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, p. 153.
4. To supply with a front ; furnish or adorn in
front : as, to front a house with granite.
On hi^h hills top I saw a stately frame.
An hundre<l cubits liiglt )>y just assize,
With hundreth pillours/ron/in>7 faire the same.
Spenser, Visions of Bellay, st. 2.
The casements lin'd with creeping herbs.
The prouder sashes /ron(ed with a range
Of orange, myrtle. Cowper, Task, Iv. 763.
n. intrans. 1. To have the face or front to-
ward some point of the compass or some ob-
ject; be in a confronting or opposed position.
O, with what wings shall his affections fly
Towards /rond'nf; peril and opp^is'd decay !
Shot., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. «.
And eastward /ront* the statue.
Tennyson, Holy Orail.
Philip's dwelling/ron<«<l on the street
Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2t. To stand foremost.
I know but of a single part. In anght
Pertains to tlie state ; and /ron< but in that flle
Where others t«Il steps with me.
Shot., Hen. VIII., i. 2.
3t. To stand or go in opposition ; go counter.
He knew hym full lyuely by colore of his armys.
And/runt euyn to the freke with a fell spere,
Hurlet hym to hard vrthe vndur horse fete.
Destmclion of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6«I0.
frontadifonn (fron-tad'i-f6rm), o. [< L. frons
{front-), front, + ad, to (see -<uP), + forma,
form.] In ichth., having that form, as a fish,
in which the body is extended in the direction
of the forehead, as is exemplified in the genus
I'litcrriis: a term correlated with nuchadiform
anil (Inrsadiform. Gill.
frontage (frun'taj), n. l<front+ -age.'] 1. Ex-
tent of front; the fronting part, as of a build-
ing, an inclosure, or a tract of land.
The pile of dingy buildings rearing its frontagt high
Into the nighL R. L. Slevemon, The Dynamiter, p. 93.
Each farm extends Its narrow /ron/a^ — genermlly
about 200 yards wide— down across these meadows to
low-water mark. Harper's May., LXXVIL 820.
2t. That which constitutes a front; a front
piece, as in a former style of female head^lress.
See the extract.
MonsieurPanullnsays, "That these old-fashioned Aon-
(ages rose an ell alwve the head ; that they were pointed
like steeple*, and iiad long loose pieces of crape fastened
to tlie tops of tliem, which are curiously fringed, and liang
down their backs like streamers."
Addison, The Head-dress.
frontager (fmn'ta-jtr), n. 1. One who lives
on the frontier or boitler; a borderer: as, the
northern /ronto</«c.y of China. — 2. In fair, one
who owns land fronting on a road, shore, or
stream ; an abutting owner.
frontal (fron'tal), a. and n. [I. a. = F. 8p. Pg.
frontal = It. frontale, < L. 'frontalis (only in
derived noun), < frons ( front-), tront: Beefront.
n. ». ME. fruntclle, frountel, < OF. frontel,
frontlet, < iii,. frontale, also frontalis (and fron-
tellum, prop, dim.), an ornament for the fore-
head, a frontlet, L. only in pi. fronialia, a front-
let (of horses) ; prop. adj. : see I.] I. a. 1 . Being
in front. Loudon. — 2. Of or pertaining to the
forehead or frons, or to the bono of the fore-
head: as, the frontal crest of a bird; frontal
platesof a reptile — Frontal angle. See craniometry.
— Frontal artery, one of the terminal branches of the
opblliuliiiic artiry. ramifying umm the forehead. — FTOn-
tal bone. Sec fnmlal, n. . 7. — Frontal creit. See creiil.
— Frontal eminence, the most protulwrant part of the
froiiiiil hciTic', nil I'^Kii «i,i,., abiiv.' the supraciliary ridges.
— Frontal lobe of the brain. .See try"'*, sulcus.—
Frontal lobe of the carapace of a brachyurous crus-
tacean, the anterior median (livisfon.— Frontal nerve,
one of the tenninal branches of tlio ophtlinlinic or first
division of the fifth nerve.— Frontal orbit. In mlom.,
that part of the bonier of the orliH of the eye that forms
the lateral margin of the front. — Frontal plane, frontal
2389
section, in anat., a plane or section at right angles to a
sagittal plane, and parallel to the axis of the trunk. —
Frontal points, in omith., same as ajid'o'.— Frontal
proboscis, in Turbellaria. See extract and cut uniier
Jihaltdufu'ia, and cuts under Rhynchoca'la and Proctucha.
— Frontal ridges, projecting parts of the sides of the
front, below tlie eyes, under which the antennie are in-
serted in certain Co/«o/>f era.- Frontal shield, in omith.,
an extension and expansion of the bill upon the foreiiead,
forming a horny protuberance ; a Ciisqne ; a galea. —
Frontal sinus, an excavation in the frontal bone, usually
conuiinnicatiii;:: with the nasal cavity. See cut under cra-
ntVi/rtcm^- Frontal suture, (a) In a/iaf., the temporary
suture between the riglit and left frontal bones, or oppo-
site halves of the frontal bone. (6) In enfo?«. Seectypeal
suture, under clypeal. — MItiIt^i^^ frontal line. See
craniometry.
H. n. 1. Something worn on the forehead or
face ; a frontlet, (a) An ornamental band for the hair.
(b) Any defensive contrivance, as a nasal or vizor, (c) That
part of tlie harness or caparison of a horse which covei-s
tlie forehead. [In all these senses used loosely without pre-
cise meaning.]
They arme their horses too ; about his legges they tie
bootes, and cover his head with frontats of Steele.
Underdown, tr. of Heliodorus, sig. Q 6.
2t. Something that comes oris situated in front ;
a front piece or part, as (formerly) the valance
of a bed.
A nether /rontole of the Samyne lied.
Inventories, an. 1642, p. 92.
Specifically — 3. In her.: (a) The front of any-
thing, as of a helmet or a cap. (6) The fore-
head, as of a human head, used as a bearing. —
4. In arch., a little pediment or frontispiece
over a small door or window. — 6. Eccles.: (a)
A movable cover or hanging for the front of an
altar. Frontals are of silk, satin, damask, or other ma-
terial, and are made of different colors for the different
festivals and seasons of the church year. .Sometimes they
cover not only the front but the ends of the altar ; this was
usual in the middle ages. Over the upper part of the frontal
falls another shorter hanging, also reaching tlie whole width
of the altar, and along the ends. This is now commonly
called the superfrontal (formerly the frontel or frontlet),
and Is attached to one of the three linen cloths on the
mensa or to the frontal, concealing the edge of the altar.
Also called /ron<, and by the tatin names antepemdium,
palla, and paUium,
An altar-cloth, with ti frontel, for the great feast-days.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 233.
(b) In England, in the middle ages, also a mov-
able cover of wood or precious metal for the
front of the altar. Such a frontal was some-
times called a table (also tabula, tablementum).
At the more solemn festivals, the high altar, in the
richer churches, was sheathed in a gold or silver frontal
atud<led with precious stones, while in tlie less wealthy
ones it was gracefully shroudetl in the folds of a costly
silken pall. Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 233.
6t. In med., a medicament or prepairation to be
applied to the forehead.
But If It be an old and inveterat paine of the head, then
would there & frontale be made of the said juice, tempered
with barley floure and vinegre.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xx. 13.
7. In anat. and zool., the frontal bone; the bone
of the forehead, in lU primitive sUt« it consists of
a pair of bones, being developed from lateral paired cen.
ters of osiiflcation in the membranous cranium. It at-
taint great comparative size in birds. Bee cuts under
Anura^ Balctmam, Croeodilia, Cyelodus, OaUina, para-
sphenoid, ami skull.
firontate, frontated(fron'tat,-ta-ted), a. [<L.
'frontaliis, only in pi, frontati, binding-stones,
that show on both sides of the wall, < frons
(front-), front: see front.^ 1. In bot., grow-
ing broader and broader, as a leaf. — 2. In ziiiil.,
having a large or prominent frons or forehead.
fironted(frun'ted), a. [< front + -ed^.'i Having
a front ; formed with a front.
Part curb their flery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels, or fronted brigads form.
MUton, P. I., 11. 532.
flrontelf, n. Hee frontal, 5 (a),
frontert, ". [ME.: see/rontwr.] Front; fore
side; border: an earlier form of /ronWer.
frontert, v. «. [</r»«ter, «.] To border.
The countrey . . . called Suer, very rich In gold and
siluer, most abundant In cattle,/r<m(enn^ vpon the conn-
trie of the Damascenes. llakluyt's Voyages, II. 15.
frontes, «. Plural ot frons.
frontier (fron'ter or fron-ter'), n. and a. [Cf.
ME. /rounfer, front, fore side; < OF.frontiere,
the frontier, border of a country, F. frontiers
= Sp. frontera = Pg. frontcira = It. frontiera,
frontier, cf. Pr. frontcira, the forehead, < ML.
frontcria, prop, frontaria, frontier, < L. frons
'(front-), front: see /ronf.j I. ii. 1. That part
of a country which fronts or faces another coun-
try; the confines or extreme part of a country
bordering on another country; the marches;
the border.
Ooes It against the main of Poland, sir.
Or for sonie/ronftcrf Shak., Hamlet, iv. «.
frontispiece
To maintain the/ron(iVr« of the Rhine and the Danube
was, from tlie fli-st century to the fifth, the great object of
Home's European policy and warfare.
K. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 107.
The line of Guthrum's Frith was now, therefore, aban-
doned, and Edward's frontier led from the sea along the
valley of the Chelni, straight westward to Hertford, and
thence along the brink of the Thames valley.
J. Ji. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 190.
2. That part of a country which forms the bor-
der of its settled or inhabited regions: as (be-
fore the settlement of the Pacific coast), the
western /rentier of the United States.
His nephew, after a night of sleepless thinking, had an-
nounced to his uncle his intention of mounting his horse
and riding out in search of a field of labor farther out
upon the/ron(i'«r. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 137.
3t. A fort ; a fortification.
Thou hast talk'd
Of palisadoes, frontiers, parapets.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3.
4t. The front or bordering part of anything, as
the forehead.
Then on the edges of their bolster'd hair, which stand-
eth crested round their frontiers, and hangeth over their
faces. Stubbes, Anat. of Abuses. •
5t. Antagonistic or insolent bearing or aspect.
[The sense of the word in the following passage is dis-
puted.
Worcester, get thee gone ; for I do see
Danger and disobedience in thine eye:
O, sir ! your presence is too bold and peremptory,
And majesty might never yet endure
The moody /rontwr of a servant brow.
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., I. 3.)
= Syn. 1. Border, Confine, etc. See boundary.
11. a. 1. Of or pertaining to a frontier; ly-
ing on the border or exterior part ; bordering :
as, a frontier town.
Then he wrote to Sir Bertram of Clesqny, desyring him
and his Bretons to kepe fronter warr with the Kyng of
Nauer. Bemers, tr. of Froissart's Chron., I. ccxix.
Although he (Louis XIV.J recognised the right of the
Dutch to garrison the/roji/i'er towns, he prescribed limits
for their barrier wholly different from those which had
been guaranteed by England in the treaty of 1709.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., 1.
2t. Fronting; opposite.
With readie minds and active bodies they breake through
the frontier bankes over against them, whiles the enemies
were amused on the fires that our men made.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 106.
f^ontiert (fron'ter or fron-ter'), v. [< frontier,
JI.] I. inlrans. To form or constitute a fron-
tier; possess territories bordering on or con-
stituting a frontier: with on or upon.
H. trans. To place on the frontier ; border.
It is no more a bonier, nor frontyerd with enemyes.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
frontiennan (fron'ter- or fron-ter'man), h.;
pl.frontiermen (-men). Same as/rt»Hfier«)«an.
Mood]rynmfienn«n slouch alongside, rifle on shoulder.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 500.
frontiersman (fron'terz- or fron-terz'man), «.;
\\\. frontiersmen (-men). One who settles on
the frontier or borders of a country, or beyond
the limits of a settled or civilized region.
We will give them a blow that I pledge the good name
of an o\A fronti^sman shall make their line bend like an
ashen bow. J. F. Cooper, Last of .Mohicans, xxxi.
A large majority of men . . . never come to the rough
experiences that make the Indian, the soldier, or the /ro»-
tiersman self-subslstent and fearless. Emerson, Courage.
Frontignan (P. pron. fr6n-te-nyon'), n. [Also
written tyontiniac, altered, appar. in imita-
tion of Cognac, from the proper form, F. Fron-
tignan.'] A sweet muscat wine made at Fron-
tignan in the department of H^rault, France.
frontingly (fmn'ting-li), adr. In a manner so
as to front ; in a facing position ; opposingly.
Imp. Diet.
Frontlniac (fron-te-nyak'), n. Same as Fronti-
gnan.
frontirostria (fron-ti-ros'tri-jl), n. pi. [NL., <
L. frons (front-), forehead, front, + rostrum, a
beak.] A name given by Zetterstedt and some
other European entomologists to the Heterop-
tera.
frontispiece (fron'tis-pes), n. [A perverted
form, simulating piece, of *frontisjnce, < OF.
frontispice, the frontispiece, or front of ahouse,
F. fron tispice = Sp. Pg. froti tispicio = It. fron ti-
«y)ino,<MIj./ro»<MptetM»i,abeginning, the front
ot a church, lit. 'front view,'< L./roMS (front-),
the front, -I- specere, view, look at: see species,
spectacle, sp;/.] That which is seen in front, or
which directly presents itself to the eye. (a) In
arch., the principal face of a building, particularly when it
constitutes, as It were, an oniamental mask orscrccn, with-
out architectural connection with the bnilding behind it.
The greatest difllcultie in this kind of worke was aliout
the verie frontispiece and maiiie lintle-tree which lay over
the jambes or cheeks of the great door of the said temple.
IloUaiut, tr. of Pliny, xxxvi. 14.
firontispiece
Natare, thou wert u'rseen to put so mean
A/rontitpiece to such a huilding.
IT. Cartwriffht, Lady-Erraiit (1651X
The facade [of the Cathedral of Orvieto] is a triumph of
decorative art. It is strictly wliat Fer^ussun has styled ii
/roHtitpuee ; for it bears no relation whatever to the con-
struction of the building.
J. A. SymotuUf Italy aud Greece, p. 102.
(6) .\ print or engraving placed in front of the title of a
t>ook.
frontless (fruut'les), a. [< front + -less.'}
Without a face or front; figuratively, without
shame or modesty; not diffident; shameless.
[Obsolete or archaic]
The most prodigious and mo%t /rotUless piece
Of solid impudence. B, Joiuon, Volpone, iv. 2.
Oh, frontless man,
To dare do ill, and hope to bear it thus !
Flftcher (o?*d another). Queen of Corinth, iii. 2.
For vice, though/ro**(fei*« and of liarden'd face,
Is daunted at the sight of awful grace.
Dryden, Hind aud Panther, iii. 1040.
The rancorous and ribald obloquy of thankless and/ro/i<-
U*9 pretenders. Swinburne, Study of Shakespeare, p. 128.
ftontlesslyt (fmnt'les-li), adv. In a frontless
.manner; with shameless efifront«ry; shame-
lessly.
FrvntUttly to dictate to the world in such theories as
are infinitely remote from humane knowledge and dis-
covery. Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., p. 82.
frontlet (fnmt'let), Ji. [< front + -?««.] 1.
Something worn on the forehead ; specifically,
among the Hebrews, a phylactery bound upon
the forehead.
Thou Shalt bind them [the commandments of Qod] for
a sign upon thine baud, and they sliall be as frontlets be-
tween thiue eyes. Deut. vi. 8.
2. A band for the forehead; specifically, one
forming part of the head-dress worn in the fif-
teenth century and later. It was sometimes of silk
or velvet, and frontlets of gold are mentioned, which were
probably of cloth of gold. Frontlets, or bandages, were
also worn at night to prevent or cure wrinkles. Former-
^y caSled frowning-cloth.
Forsoth, women have many lettes.
And they be masked in many nettes :
A& frontlets, fyllets, partlettes, etc.
J. Heywood, Four Ps.
In vain, poor Nymph, to please our youthful sight.
You sleep iu cream timi frontlets all the nlgbt.
Pamell, To an Old Beauty.
3. Figuratively, the look or appearance of the
forehead. [Rare.]
How now, daughter ? what makes tb&t frontlet on ? Me-
thinks, you are too much of late i' the frown.
Shak.. Lear, i. 4.
4t. The forehead or front.
But hills of milder air, that gently rise
O'er dewy dales, a fairer species boast.
Of shorter limb, tJiA frontlet more ornate,
Such the Silurian. Hyer, Fleece, i.
6. Specifically, in ornith., the frons or fore-
head of a bird in any way marked by the color
or texture of the plumage: as, the glittering
metallic frontlet of a humming-bird. See fron-
tal, n., 7.
fronto-ethmoidal (fron'to-eth-moi'dal), a. [<
front(al) + ethmoidal.'] Same as ethmofron-
tal.
frontomalar (fron-to-ma'lar), a. [< front(al)
+ malar.'] Pertaining to tlie frontal and to the
malar bone: as, the frontomalar suture.
frontomazillary (fron-to-mak'si-la-ri), a. [<
front(al) -f- maxillary.] Pertaining to the fron-
tal and to the superior maxillary bone : as, the
frontomaxillary suture.
fi'Onton (fron'ton), n. [F. fronton (= Sp.
fronton = It. frontone), a pediment, breast-
work, aug. of front, a front:
see front, n.] In arch., a pedi-
ment.
Close to it is a small cave, the whole
fronton of which over the doorway
is occupied by a great three-headed
Naga, and may be as old as the Hathi
cave.
J. Feryusson, Hist. Indian Arch.,
Ip. 139.
frontonasal (fron-to-na'zal),
a. l<front{al) -I- nasal.] Per-
taining to the frontal and nasal
region of the head. Also naso-
frontal— Frontonasal process,
in embryol., a median projection
which bounds the mouth of the em-
bryo anteriorly, between the lateral
maxillary processes, from which it is
separated at first by a notch. It is
formed by the free anterior ends of the trabecule cranii
when these have come together in front of the pituitary
space.
The maxillary process is at first separated by a notch
corresponding with each nasal sac, from the boundary of
the antero-median part of the mouth, which is formed liy
the free posterior edge of nfronto-nasal process. . . . The
Under Side of Head
of Chick, seventii day
ofinculiation. A.fronto-
na&al process; i", cer.
ebral hemispheres ; a,
eye ; ^, olfactory sacs ;
/, maxillary process;
I, 2, first and second
visceral arches: x. re-
mains of first visceral
cleft.
2390
notch is eventually obliterated by the union of the fronto-
nasal and maxillaiy processes, externally.
Huxley, Auat. Vert., p. 23.
fronto-OCCipital (fron'to-ok-sip'i-tal), a. [<
1'ront{al) + occipital.] Pertaining to the fore-
iiead or frontal bone and the occiput : as, the
fronto-occipitnl or anteroposterior axis.
frontoparietal (fron'to-pa-ri'e-tal), a. and n.
l<. froHt(al) + parietal.] I. a. 1. Of or per-
taining to the frontal and to the parietal bone :
as, the frontoparietal suture. — 2. Consisting of
or representing both a frontal and a parietal
bone.
The parietal may be one witli the frontal, forming a
fronto-parietai bone, as in the frog and Lepidosiren.
Mivart, Elem. Anat., p. 100.
H. n. A bone of the skull of Batrachia and
some other low vertebrates, consisting of or
representing both the frontal and the parietal
bones of other animals. See cut under Anura.
f^ontospbenoidal (fron"t6-sfe-noi'dal), a. [<
front(al) + sphenoidal.] Pertaining to the fron-
tal and to the sphenoid bone : as, the fronto-
sphcnoidul suture.
frontOS(luamosal(fron"t6-squa-m6'sal), a. [<
front(al) + squamosal.] Of or pertaining to the
frontal and to the squamosal: as, the fronto-
squamosal arch of some reptiles.
frontwardst (fnmt'wardz), adv. [< front +
-wards.] Toward the front ; forward.
Such as stode in ye hinder partes of the battailes were
ordered to turn their faces from the frontivards.
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 90,
frontwise (frunt'wiz), adv. [< front + -wise.]
Toward the front ; in the direction of the front.
Though tlie faces are nearly always represented in pro-
file, the eyes are shown frmltwise, a method of treatment
which continued in use even on the earlier vases of the
next period, those with red figures on a black ground.
Fncyc. Brit, XIX. 612.
frooft, n. [Appar. a var. of *frough, a supposed
var. of frowi, q. v.] The handle of an auger.
Nares.
As you have seen
A shipwright bore a naval beam ; he oft
Thrusts at the augur's/roo/fi ; works still aloft ;
And at the shank help others.
Chapman, Odyssey, ix.
froppisht (frop'ish), a. [Another form oif rap-
pish, q. v.] Peevish; froward.
His enemies . . . had still the same power, and the
same malice, and a froppish kind of insolence, that de-
lighted to deprive him of any thing that pleased him, and
manifestly pleased itself in vexing him.
Clarendon, Life, III. 908.
frore, froren (fror, fro'ren), a. [< ME./rorf,
froren, < AS. froren, pp. of fretjsan, freeze : see
freeze^. The pp. frozen, rare ME. frosen, is
accom. to the pret. froze.] Frozen. [Obsolete
or archaic]
We falleth so flour [as a flower] when hit is frore.
Specimens of Lyric Poetry (ed. Wright), p. 25.
My hart-blood is wel nigh frorne, 1 feele.
Spenser, Shep. Cal., February.
The parching air
Bums /rore, and cold performs the effect of fire.
Milton, P. L., ii. Ij95.
O rock-embosomed lawns and snow-fed streams.
Now seen athwart /rore vapours.
Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, i. 1.
froryt (fro'ri), a. [Irreg. < frore + -j/l. Cf. AS.
fre&rig, freezing, frozen, chilled, < fredsan,
freeze: see freeze^.] 1. Frozen; frosty.
Her up betwixt his rugged hands he reard.
And with hia frory lips full softly kist.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viil. 36.
2. Covered with a fr.oth resembling hoar frost.
She us'd with tender hand
The foaming steed with frory bit to steare.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, ii. 40.
frosh (frosh), n. [E. dial, (north), < ME. frosh,
frosch, assibilated form oi frosh, q. v.] A frog.
Nay, lorde, ther is another gift.
That sodenly sewes vs ful sore.
For tadys and /ros«Ais we may not flitte,
Thare venym loses lesse and more.
York Plays, p. 84.
frosk (frosk), n. [E. dial, (also assibilated form
frosh, q. v.), < ME. /rosfc (with term, -sk, in such
words due to Scand. influence) ; < \ce\.froshr =
AS. /rox (f or /rose), a frog: see/rojrl.] A frog.
Polheuedes [poUheads, tadpoles] and froskes and podes
[paddocks] spile
Bond harde Egipte folc.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2977.
For todes and froskes may no man flyt.
Toumeley Mysteries, p. 62.
frost (frdst), n. [< ME. fro.it, forst, < AS. forst
(transposed from the rare frost) = OS. frost =
OFries. forst = D. vorst = MLG. vrost = OHG.
frost, MHG. vrost, Q. frost = Icel. Sw. Dan.
frost-bite
frost, frost, cold, with formative -t, < AS. fred-
san (pp. froren for *frosen), E. freeze, etc. ; cf.
Gofh.frius, frost, cold: see freeze^.] It. The
act of freezing; congelation of fluids; forma-
tion of ice.
No flower is so freshe, but/ro«( can it deface.
Oascoigne, Flowers.
2. That state or temperature of the air which
occasions freezing or the congelation of water:
severe cold or freezing weather.
As colde as Sinyfroate now waxeth she.
Chaucer, Good Women, I. 26S4.
Whan thei hadde souped thei cloded hem warme as thei
myght, for the froste waa grete, and the mone shone clere.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 149.
The third day comes & frost, a killing/ro«(.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
The river was dumb and could not speak.
For the frost's swift shuttles its shroud had spun.
Lowell, Vision of Sir Launfal, ii. 203.
3 . A covering of minute ice-needles formed from
the atmosphere at night upon the ground and
on exposed objects when they have cooled by
radiation below the dew-point and the dew-
point is below the freezing-point. Also called
hoar frost, white frost, and rime.
Seed time and harvest, heat and hosry frost.
Shall hold their course. Milton, P. L., xi. 891>.
There's not a flower on all the hills ; the frost is on the
pane. Tennyson, May (^ueen (New Year's Eve).
4. The state or condition of being frozen : said
of the surface of the ground : as, the frost ex-
tends to a depth of ten inches.
In the shade there is still frost in the ground.
C. D. Warner, Spring in New England.
5. Figuratively, coldness or severity of manner
or feeling.
One of those moments of intense feeling when the frost
of the Scottish people melts like a snow wreath. Scott,
Black frost, an intense frost by which vegetation is black-
ened, without the appearance of rime or hoar frost.
I opened the glass door in the Ijreakf ast-room : the shrub-
bery was quite still: the black frost reigned, unbroken by
sun or breeze, tlirougli the grounds.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, iv.
Farewell, frostt, an old proverbial phrase intimating in-
ditference.
Moor. Nay, and you feede this veyne, sir, fare you well,
Falk. Why, farewell, frost.
Play of Sir Thomas More, p. 52.
Farewell, frost ; nothing got, nothing lost.
Bay's English Proverbs.
Hoar frost. See def. 3.— White frost See def. 3.
frost (frost), V. [= 0Fries./)'06to = OKG. frosten
= Icel.frysta = ODan. froste = Sw. dial./»o«to ;
from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To injure by
frost. [Rare.] — 2. To cover with hoar frost ;
hence, to cover with something resembling hoar
frost, as cake with a crust of white sugar ; give
the appearance or color of hoar frost to; lay
on like hoar frost.
And helpless Age with hoary, frosted head.
Parnell, Gift of Poetry.
When hoary Thames, with /ro«(e<f oziers crown'd.
Was three long moons in icy fetters bound.
Gay, Trivia, ii. 359.
Gold alloys to be effectually coloured by the German
process should contain rather more silver than has beeu
recommended for the others. . . . The work would other-
wise he frosted or sweated.
G. E. Gee, Goldsmiths' Handbook, p. 176.
3. To sharpen the front and hind parts of (a
horse's shoes) : also applied elliptically to the
horse itself. It is done to enable the horse to
travel on ice or frozen roads.
Borrowed two horses of Mr. Howell and his friend, and
with much ado set out, after my horses being frosted, which
I know not what it means to this day.
Pepys, Diary, II. 327.
II. intrans. To freeze ; hence, to become like
frost through alteration of structure, as glass.
If the metal be too hot when it drops into the water,
the glass-drop certainly /ro«f5 and cracks all over.
Birch, Hist. Royal Society, I. 38.
frost-bearer (fr6st'bar''''er), n. An instrument
for exhibiting the freezing of water in a vacu-
um ; a eryophorus.
frost-bird (frost'bferd), n. 1. The American
golden plover. [New England.] — 2. Bartram's
sandpiper (so misnamed). ifer6erf,Field Sports.
See Bartramia.
frost-bite (frdst'bit), 11. A condition or the
effect of being partly or slightly frozen, as a
part of the body.
Extremes of heat or cold, as seen in hums and scalds or
in frost-bite, also lead to gangrene. Quain, Med. Diet.
frost-bite (fi'6st'bit), v. t. ; pret. frost-bit, pp.
frost-bitten, frost-bit, ppr. frost-hiting. 1. To
affect with or as with frost-bite ; nip or wither,
as with frost.
frost-bite
1 return
But barren crops of early protestations,
ProttbMen in the Spring of fruitless hopes.
Ford, Perkin Warbeok, iv. 6.
You could not in a day measure the tints on so much as
one side of n/roslbitten apple. Jtuskin, Elem. of Drawing.
2. To expose to the effect of frost or of a frosty
atmosphere. [Bare.]
My wife up, and with Mrs. Pen to walk in the fields to
/rout-bite themselves. Pep»', Diary.
2391
times the fog is observed lying close on the
water in eddying wreaths.
The brig and the ice round her are covered by a strange
black obscurity ; it is the/ro8«-mio/fce of arctic winters.
Kane.
frost-valve (frdst'valv), Ji. A device for clear-
ing a hydrant or other exposed water-pipe to
prevent freezing. The closing of the main valve
opens a supplementary valve (the frost-valve),
which allows the surplus water to escape,
firost-blite (fr6st'blit), «. A name given to frostweed (frost' wed), n. A common name in
plants of the genus Atriplex.
frost-bound (frdst'bound), a. Bound or con-
fined by frost.
.So stood the brittle prodigy [an ice palace] ; though smooth
And slipp'ry the materials, yet/rMtboutui
Firm as a rock. Cawptr, Task, v. 155.
frost-butterflies (frdst'but'6r-fliz), ». pi. Ge-
the United States for the Uelianthemum Cana-
dense, or rock-rose : so called from the crystals
of ice which shoot from the bursting bark
toward the base of the stem during freezing
weather in autumn. It has been tised in medi-
cine as a bitter and an astringent. Also called
frostwort.
ometrid moths which lay their eggs late in the frostwork (frost' werk), n. The beautiful cov-
fall, as species of the family Phylometrida. ering of hoar frost deposited on shrubs or other
frosted (frds'ted), p. a. 1 . Covered with frost objects, and with the finest effects on windows,
or with something resembling it: as, frosted frostWOrt (frdst'wfert), n. Same as frostweed.
cake. See /ro»<»»flr.— 2. Having the surface frosty (fros'ti), a. [< iiE. frosty (= D. vorstig
roughened or unpolished ; in decorated metal- = MliGr. yrostich = OBG.frostag, MHG. vrostec,
work, ornamented by means of a roughened
surface, whether engraved or produced by
acid or by the application of a punch or die :
said especially or any material which is white
or nearly so when so treated: &a, frosted glass,
frosted silver, etc.
When the dead or frotUd parts are quite dry, the pol-
ished parts are carefully cleaned with powder.
Workthop ReceipU, 2d ser., p. 130.
3. In entoni., covered with glistening or white
specks, scales, or hairs, ^ving an appearance
like hoar frost : as, the wings of a moth/ro»ted
at the tip. — 4. In ortiith., having the plumage
hoary or silvery, as if covered with frost : as,
the frosted poorwill (a variety of Phakenopti-
his nuttalH found in southwestern parts of the
United States) Frosted work, in arc*., ajiind of
ornamental rusticated work, having an appearance like
that of hoar frost upon plants.
frost-fish (frdst'fish), n. 1. The tomood, Mi-
crogadus tomcodus : bo called from its appear-
ance in the fall, as frost sets in. See cut under
Microgadus. — 2. The scabbard-fish, Lepidopus
argenteus.
frostily (frds'ti-li), adv. 1. In a frosty man-
ner; with frost or excessive cold. — 2. With-
out warmth of affection ; coldly.
Conrtling, I rather thou ahouldst utterly
Dispraise my work than praise it /rottily.
B. JonMon. To a Censorious CourtUng.
rrostic, Q. frostig = ODan. Sw. frostig), < AS.
fyrstig ('frostig in Somner, not authenticated)
(cf. forsUic, frosty), < forst, frost, frost: see
frost.'\ 1. Attended with or producing frost;
so cold as to congeal water : as, frosty weather.
His eygben twynkeled in his heed aright,
As don the sterres in the frotly night.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 268.
And nowe ttte/rotty Night
Her mantle black through heaven gan overhaile.
Spenter, Shep. Cal., January.
Therefore my age is as a lusty winter,
Froty, but kindly. Skak., As you Like it, ii. 3.
2. Affected or injured by frost ; containing or
penetrated by frost ; frozen ; cold ; dull.
The noise otfroety woodlands, when they shiver in Janu-
ary. TennyMtm, Boadicea.
3. Figuratively, chill; chilling; without warmth,
as of spirits, affection, or courage; tending to
repel; discouraging; depressing.
8he red and hot as coals of glowing fire,
He red for shame, but /rM(y in desire.
Skak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 36.
What a/ro<(y-apirited rogue is this !
Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3.
4. Resembling hoar frost ; white; gray.
O where U faith? O, where is loyalty t
If it be banish'd from ihe/rotty head.
Where shall it find a harbour in the earth ?
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1.
6. Specifically, in entom., glistening like hoar
frost: an appearance generally due to minute
white hairs.
When seen laterally the surface appears /roKy white.
Ptt^card.
frostiness (frds'ti-nes), n. The state or quality
of bf iiig frosty ; freezing cold.
frosting (frds'ting), n. [Verbal n. ol frost, c]
1. A composition generally made of confec-
tioners' sugar mixed with whitesof eggs, used j^^ (j^^j ^ ^ ^^^„t of /rote,
to cover cake, etc. : so caUed from its white, j^^. ^^.^dn for anew-revenued gentleman yielded
frosty appearance.— 2. A dead or lusterless „,e-three«oA! crowns but this momiSg, and thi same
surface on metal, or a similar surface on any titillatlon. B. Jomon, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.
material, produced by etching or engraving, or fjot^^ p. [< ME. froten, < OF. froter, frotter,
by a punch or die. It is sometime* produced on parts „i,, chafe, fret, or grate together, F. frotter.
of the surface for the purpose of throwing in greater relief
the bright or polishea parts.
3. A material osed for decorative work, as
signs, etc., made from coarsely powdered thin
flakes of glass : commonly in the ploral.
frostless (frdst'les), a. [< frost ■¥ -fc»».] Free
from frost or severe cold.
Did yoa ever see such tfrottle— winter!
9w\ft, Journal to Stella.
frost-line (frdst'lin), n. The limit of frost or
freezing cold (modeled after snovo-lme).
Content to let the north-wind roar . . .
While the red logs before us beat
The /rott-line back with tropic heat.
WhittieT, Snow-Bonnd.
frost-mist (frdst'mist), «. A mist of ice-nee-
illcs precipitated from the vapor in the atmo-
sphere in frosty weather.
frOSt-IUtil (frdst'nal), n. A nail driven into a
horseshoe to prevent the horse from slipping
on ice.
frost-nailed (frdst'nald), a. Protected against
slippiiiK by frost-nails, as a horse.
In such sllppenr Ice-paTements, men had need
To he frvtt-naird well, ther may break their necks dse.
Wdiiler, Dochess of Halfl, v. 2.
frost-nipped (frost'nipt), a. Nipped or bitten froterett (fr6't*r-*r), n. One who f rotes or mbs
by frost ; blighted by extreme cold. another.
frostrOOt (frost'rOt), «. The common fleabane i curl his periwig, paint his cheeks ; . . . lam his/ro-
of the I nited States, Erigeron FhtUldelphicus. (erer, or nibber In a hot house.
Kee Erig/roii. Jlfar«(on, What you Will, 111. 1.
frost-snioke (frdst'smok), n. A fog of minute froth (frdth), n. [< ME. frothe, < AS. 'froth (not
ice-necillcH, resembling smoke, observed over recorded; = Icel. /rorffca, f., also/roiw/A, n., =
bodies of water in a time of severe cold. At 8w. fradga = Dan. fraade), froth, < 'fredthan,
prob. for OF. Vrotter, '/rHter = P. dial, fretter,
comb, hackle, = Pr. fretar = It. frettare, rub
{Sp.frotar, fliotar, appar. < F.), < L. as if 'fric-
tare, < /rictus, pp. of frieare, rub : see fric-
tion. Cf./r««i.J I. trans. 1. Tomb; wipe.
Who rubbith now, who/rot«tA now his lippes
With dust, with sand, with straw, with cloth, with chippes.
But Absolon? Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 559.
Thou shalt breke eeria of com, and /rote togidere with
the bond. Wyeiif, Deut. xxili. 25 (Purv.).
2. To stroke ; caress.
The Ihord him [to the little hound] maketh uayr chiere,
and him /roUth. Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. 8.), p. 155.
Hee ranght forthe his right hand, A his rigge [bis (the
steed's) hick]/rolu;
And coles hym as be can with his dene handes.
Alitauttder of Maeedoine (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1174.
She tufts her hair, %he/rotet her face,
.She Idle loves to be.
Kendall, Flowers of Epigrams (1577).
n. intrans. To grate; sound harsh or rough :
used of speech.
Al the longage of the Northhurobres, and spec-lalllche
at York, la so scharp, slitting, and /rotynge, and unshape,
that we soutbeme men may that longage nnnethe (hard-
ly) understonde.
Treeifa, tr. of Higden's Polycbronlcon, II. 163.
frothy
pp. 'froihen, only in comp. d-fredthan, froth.]
1. The collection of bubbles caused in a liquid
by fermentation or agitation ; spume ; foam.
Now the ship boring the moon with her mainmast ; and
anon swoUowed with yest and/ro(A. iSAo*., W. T., iii. 3.
Surging waves against a solid rock,
Though all to shivers dash'd, the assault renew
(Vain battery !), and in/ro(A or bubbles end.
Milton, P. R., iv. 20.
2. Any foamy matter, as the foam at the mouth
or on the sides of an over-driven horse. — 3.
Something comparable to froth, as being light,
unsubstantial, or evanescent.
DruSke with/ro(AM of pleasure. Stirling, Darius (cho.).
What win I, if I gain the thing I seek?
A dream, a breath, & froth of fleeting joy.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 212.
Froth of blood. See fiower of blood, under blood.
froth (frdth), V. [< ME.frothen; = 8w. frad-
ga = Dan. fraade, v. ; from the noun. Cf. AS.
d-fredthan, v., under froth, n.] I. intrans. To
foam; give out spume, foam, or foam-like mat-
ter.
As wilde boores gonne they to smyte,
That/roeA«n whit as loom for ire wood [furious rage].
Chaucer, Knight's Tale.
Jlefrothith, or vometh, and betith togidere with teeth.
Wyclif, Mark ix. 17 (Oxf.).
The wretch . . .
In fumes of burning chocolate shall glow.
And tremble at the sea th&t frothg below !
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 136.
H, trans. 1. To cause to foam, as beer ; cause
froth to rise on the top of.
Kill me a thousand pots, and/ro(A 'em,/ro(A 'em.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, ilL 7.
The Wine was/rotA'd out by the Hand of mine Host.
Prior, Down-Hall, St 30.
Hefroth'd his bumpers to tlte brim.
Tennyion, Death of the Old Year.
2. To emit or discharge as froth ; hence, to vent
or give expression to, as what is unsubstantial
or worthless: sometimes with out.
Is your spleen /ro/A'rf out, or have ye more?
Tennygoii, Merlin and Vivien.
3. To cover with froth: as, "the horse froths
his bit," Southey.
frothery (fr6th'6r-i), n. [< froth + -ery.1 Mere
froth or triviality ; display of useless or trifling
things. [Kare.]
"All nations" crowding to us with their so-called in-
dustry or ostentatious /roMeri/.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLI. 841.
froth-fly (fr6th'fli), n. Same asfroghopper.
frothiljr (frdth'i-li), adv. 1. In a frothy man-
ner; with foam or spume. — 2. Emptily; word-
ily. Bailey, 1727.
frothiness (frdth'i-nes), n. 1. The state or
quality of being frothy. — 2. Wordiness; ver-
bosity without sense or serious import.
Should I testify to such a one's face of the vanity of his
conversation, and the profaneness and frothiness of his
discourse, I should disoblige him forever.
SoutA, Works, VIII. ix.
frothing (frdth'ingt), w. [Verbal n. of froth, p.]
1. The act of rising in froth; the act of emit-
ting froth, in any sense of that word.
When alcohol is mixed with a superficially viscous li-
quid, it neutralises its relative superficial viscosity, and
frothing is rendereti impossible.
A. DanieU, Prin. of Physics, p. 247.
2. Frothiness; verbosity.
All oiu' disputings and hard speeches are the frothing of
our ignorance, maddened l»y our pride.
Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 161.
froth-insect (frdth'in'sekt), «. Same &B frog-
hopper.
frothless (frfith'les), o. l< froth + -less."] Free
from froth.
froth-spit (f r6th ' spit), n. Same as cuekoo-
spit, 1.
froth-'wonn (frdth'wirm), n. Same as frog-
hopper.
frothy (frdth'i), a. [< froth + -»i.] 1. Full
of or accompanied ■with foam or froth; con-
sisting of froth or light bubbles; spumous;
foamy.
He neighs, he snorts, he bears his head on high ;
Before his ample chest the/rotA» waters fly.
Dryden, .£neid, xi.
We ought to suspend our judgment until ... we see
something deeper than the agitation of a troubled and
frothy surface. Burke, Rev. in France.
2. Vain ; light ; unsubstantial ; given to empty
declamation ; wordy : as, a frothy harangue ; a
frothy speaker.
Petronlus, . . . after receiving sentence of death, still
continued his gay frothy humour.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vi., Expl.
If we survey the stile or subiect matter of all our pop-
ular enterludes, we shall discover them to bee either
frothy
Bcurriloufl} Ac, or at the best but /ntthy, vaine, and friuo-
lous. Pryitne, Uistrio-Mastix, I. iii. 1.
Neal wrote from the surface of his mind, whieli was
fivthy. The Century, XXVI. 290.
frotiiyf (fro'ting), n. [Also froating ; verbal
n. otjrote, f.] If. Rubbiug. — 2. Unremitting
industry. [Pro v. Eng.]
frott6 (fro-ta')i «• [Fv rubbed, pp. of frotter,
rub: see /rote.] In «r<, a picture, or a part of
a picture, executed by means of very slight
ana more or less transparent washes of color,
as in producing hazy effects of atmosphere in
landscape.
I have pastel studies of skies which have been kept quite
carelessly for twenty years, and do not seera the worse
for friction, . . . but they are mere /ro(W* for broad rela-
tions of tint. P. G. Hatnerton, Graphic Arts, p. 204, note.
Frott^ d'or, in ceram., a kind of decoration in which
gold is applied to the surface sparingly and in irregular
patches or spots, as if the surface hatl been splashed or
sprinkled with it.
frottola (frot'o-lii), ». [It., a ballad, tale,
Mother-Goose story. ] An Italian popular song,
not so artistic as a madrigal nor so simple as
a villanella, especially common in the sixteenth
century.
The frottola (literally a comic ditty) marks a step in ad-
vance. Here types take the place of abstractions, and
more characters than two are introduced ; we are, how-
ever, still among dramatised dialogues rather than in
view of dramatic action.
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 129.
frou-frou (fro'fre), n. [F., intended as an imi-
tation of a rustling sound.] A rustling, par-
ticularly the rustling of silk, as in a woman's
dress: as, the silken frou-frou of her move-
ments. [This term has become familiarized to
some extent in English from the translation of
a popular French play so named.]
The shine of jewels, the frou-frou of silks, the odor of
roses, . . . the details one and all of the pretty picture
which the hardened theater-goer fails to see because of
its familiarity.
Mail and Express (New York), Dec. 26, 1888.
frought, a. See/roio2.
frounce (frouns), v.; pret. and pp. frounced,
ppr. frouncing. [< ME. frouncen, frounsen =
D.fronsen, fold, wrinkle, < OF. froncer, fron-
ser, froncier, froHchier, F. froncer, fold, gather,
glait, wrinkle (Jronser le front, knit the brow,
•own), = PT.froHCir,fronzir=OSTp.froncir, Sp.
fruncir = Pg. franzir, perhaps < ML. "frontiare
(not found), < L. frons (^fronU), the forehead,
front: see front. Hence, by variation, ;?0M>ice2,
q.v. Ct. frown.] I. trams. 1. To fold or wrinkle.
He . . . frounses bothe lyppe & browe.
Sir Oawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2306.
Frounced foule was hir visage. Horn, of the Base, 1. 165.
2. To curl or frizzle, as hair.
Some /rounc« their curled heare in courtly guise.
Speiuer, F. Q., I. iv. 14.
3. To adorn with fringes, frills, or other orna-
ments of dress.
A perriwig frounc'd fast to the front, or curl'd with a
bodkin. Greene, Against the Gentlewomen of Sicilia.
Not trick'd and/rowJtc'rf as she was wont.
Milton, II Penseroso, 1. 123.
n. intrans. To wrinkle the forehead; frown.
The frount./'ro«n««(A that was shene,
The nese droppeth ofte bitwene. Cursor Mundi.
On the other side, the Commons /rounced and stormed.
Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 621.
[Obsolete or archaic in all uses.]
frounce (frouns), H. [< ME. frounce, a fold, <
OF. fronce, fronche, fruncke, F. fronce ; from
the verb. Hence, by variation, flounce^.'] 1.
A flounce, fold, plait, or frill, as of a garment;
a wrinkle; a crease. [Obsolete or archaic]
Thise wordes seide sche, and with the lappe of hir gar-
ment ypliti<l in a frounce sche driede myn eyen, that were
ful of the wawes twaves] of my wepynges.
Chaucer, Boetbius, i. prose 2.
*'Who so toke hede," quod Haukyn, "byhynde and bi-
fore.
What on bakke and what on bodyhalf and by the two
aydes.
Men sholde fynde ra?iT\y frounces and many foule plottes."
Piers Plowman (B), xiii. 318.
2. A disease in hawks in which white spittle
fathers about the bill. — 3. A disease in a
orse's mouth in which a mass of pimples ap-
pears on the palate ; the pimples themselves.
frouncelesst (frouns'les), a. {ME. frounceles ;
< frounce + -less.'] Having no fold, wrinkle,
or crease.
Her flesh so tendre
That with a brere smale and slendre
Men rayght it cleve, I dare wel seye,
Hir forheed /raun«(M al pleye.
Rom. of the Hose, 1. 860.
frouncing (froun'sing), n. The art or act of
plaiting, frilling, or curling. [Archaic]
2392
The milliners three or four hundred years ago must
have been more accomplished in the arts, as Prynne calls
them, of crisping, curling, frizzling, and frouncing, than
all the tirewomen of Babylon. Walpole, Lettei-s, II. 464.
frountt, «• An obsolete form ot front,
frountert, «• An earlier form ot frontier.
A garnyson she was of alle goodnesse
To make afrounter for a louer-is herte.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 57.
frouzy, a. See frowzy.
frow^ (fro), n. [Formerly also written/roj/roe ;
frequent in Elizabethan plays in which Dutch
characters figure; < MD. vromce, D. vrouw, a
woman, wife, lady, mistress, = OS. friia (?)
= OFries. frowe, frouwe = OLG. fru, MLG.
vrouwe, LG. frouw, frauw (ef. Icel. fru, older
frauva-frouva, frou = Sw. fru = ODan. fruve,
fruge, Dan./rwe, a lady, mistress ; these Scand.
forms, and prob. ult. the LG. forms, are of HG.
origin, the proper Icel. form being freyja, in
eomp. hus-freyja, housewife, lady, mistress,
otherwise only as the name of a goddess,
Freyja) = OHG. frouwa, MHG. vrouwe, G. frau,
a woman, lady, mistress (L. domina) ; in mod.
use, when prefixed to a proper name, the reg.
equiv. of E. Mrs. ; fern, of OHG. fro, lord(only in
voc, in addressing Christ or an angel, 'Lord'),
MH(jr. vro (in eomp.), lord, Lord, = OS.fraho,
froko, frojo = AS. fred, lord. Lord (only in po-
etry), = Goth, frauja, lord, = Icel. Freyr, the
name of a god (corresponding to Freyja, f.,
above).] 1. A woman; a wife, especially a
Dutch or German one. [Colloq.] — 2. [Cf.
frowzy, 1.] A slovenly woman; a wench; a
lusty woman. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.]
I have had late intelligence, they are now
Buxom as Bacchus' froes, revelling, dancing,
Telling the music's numbers with their feet.
Beau, and Fl., Wit at 'Several Weapons, v. 1.
fro'W^ (frou), a. [E. dial., also frough; = Sc
freuch, frewch, frooch; appar. < ME. frow,
frough, frogh, frouh, froug, brittle, tender,
fickle, loose, slack, perhaps the same, with de-
flected sense, as MD. vro, vroo = OFries. fro =
OS. frd = MLG. vro = OHG. frao, fro (fraw-),
G.froh, etc, merry, jovial, gay, glad, etc.: see
frolic.] Brittle; tender; crisp. [Prov. Eng.]
And now thi leek yiowen is to se.
To make hem frough ky tte of the blades longe
Right as thai growyng beth.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 84.
That [timber] which grows in gravel Is subject to be
frow (as they term it) and brittle. Emlyn.
frO'W^ (fro), n. [Origin obscure; perhaps <
froiv'^.] Among London bakers, potato-flour
used to assist fermentation in dough and im-
prove the appearance of bread.
frow* (fro), n. [Origin obscure.] A cleaving-
tool ha'ving a wedge-shaped blade, with a han-
dle set at right angles to the
length of the blade, used in
splitting staves for casks and
the like. It is driven by a
mallet. Also/roe and/rojcer.
Hash, . . . with/roein onehand
and mallet in the other, by dint of
smart percussion is endeavoring to
rive a three-coniered billet of hem-
lock. S. Judd, Margaret, i. 17.
frO'Ward (fro'ward), a. [<
ME. froward, fraward, turn-
ed against, perverse, disobedient, prep, away
from ; northern form of frontward, q. v. ; cf.
/roand/rom.] If. Turned away; turned from:
opposed to facing.
So [youthe] i% froward from sadnesse.
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1940.
And eeke them selves so in their daunce they bore,
That two of them still /roward seem'd to bee.
But one still towards ahew'd her selfe afore.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. x. 24.
2. Perversely inclined; -wilful; refractory; dis-
obedient; petulant; peevish.
How may this be that thou art /reward
To hooly chirche to pay thy dewtee?
Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 141.
They are a very froward generation, children in whom
is no faith. Deut. xxxii. 20.
Rocking froward children In cradles. Sir W. Temple.
From infancy through childhood's giddy maze,
Froward at school, and fretful in his plays.
Cowper, Hope, 1. 188.
3. Marked by or manifesting perverse feeling;
ill-natured; ungracious; caustic.
A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing
as an innovation. Bacon, Innovations (ed. 1887).
fro'wardly (fro'wSrd-li), adv. In a froward
manner; perversely; wilfully; disobediently.
frowning
And albeit they frowardly mayntayne that tlie laitee
ought to receue both kyndes. Sir T. More, \\'orks, p. 1383.
What line foolery is this in a woman,
To use those men most frowardly they love most?
Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, iv. 1,
Fortune seems them /rowardi.v to cross.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, I.
frowardness (fro' ward -nes), n. [< ME. fro-
wardnesse,frawardnes; (.froward + -ness.] The
quality or state of being froward ; perverseness ;
wilfulness ; obstinacy ; petulance ; peevishness.
That me rewithe soore,
That evlr I knewhe hym for hii frowardnesse.
Lydgate, Jlinor Poems, p. 145.
How many frowardnesses of ours does he smother ! how
many indignities does he pass by ! South, Works, II. ii.
The lighter sort of malignitie turneth but to a crossness
OT frowardness. Bacon.
It is nothing but a little sally of anger, like the froward-
ness of peevish children, who, when they cannot get all
they would have, are resolved to take nothing.
Burke, Conciliation with America.
frower (fr6'6r), n. Same as /rote*.
frowey, a. Seefrowy.
frowingt.a. {_< frow^ + -ing^. Ct.frowy.] Ren-
dering rank or coarse.
Gather not roses in a wet and frouing houre, they'll
lose their sweets then, trust mee they will, sir.
Suckling, Aglaura.
frowisht.a. [</rot«2-t--8s7jl. ct.frowy.] Rank
or rancid. Nares.
He that is ranck or frowish in savour, hircosus.
Withals, Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 28«.
frown (froim), V. [< ME. frownen, frounen,
frown, appar. < OF. "frogner, incomp. refrongner,
renfrongner, refl., frown, lower, F. se refrogner,
frown. Cf. It. infrigno, wrinkled, frowning,
dial, frignare, whimper, make a wry f ace ; prob. ,
like E. dial, frine, q. v., of Scand. origin. The
form and sense, in E. and F., appear to have
been affected by those ot frounce, q. v.] I. in-
trans. 1, To contract the brow as an expression
of di^leasure or severity, or merely of perplex-
ity, concentrated attention, etc ; put on a stem
or surjy look ; scowl.
Whan the princes vndirstodfi the wordes of sir Gawein,
ther were some that lough [laughed] and some/rojCTied with
the heede. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 660.
Hang'd in the /roM-ni^iy wrinkle of her brow.
Shak., K. John, ii. 2.
2. To look or act disapprovingly or threaten-
ingly ; lower : as, to frown upon a scheme.
The sun will not be seen fo-day ;
The sky doth frown and lour upon our army.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
Friendship failes when fortune list tofroume.
Gascoigne, Fruit of Fetters.
A small c&Rtle froums on the hill above the station.
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 58.
II. trans. To repress or repel by an aspect
of displeasure ; rebuke by a stern or angry look
or by severe words or conduct : as, to frown one
into silence; to frown down a proposition.
frown (froun), n. [< frown, v. t.] 1. A con-
traction or ■wrinkling of the brow expressing
displeasure or severity, or merely perplexity,
difScult concentration of thought, etc. ; a se-
vere or stem look ; a scowl.
How dare you stop my valour's prize?
I'll kill thee with afrouii.
Robin Hood and' the Stranger (Child's Ballads, V. 414).
The Almighty Thunderer with a frown replies,
That clouds the world and blackens half the skies.
Pope, Iliad, viii.
2. Any expression or show of disapproval or
displeasure : as, the frowns of Providence.
You wrong the prince ; I gave you not this freedom
To brave our best friends ; you deserve our frown.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, i. 1.
He [Warren Hastings] knew in what abundance accusa-
tions are certain to flow in against the most innocent in-
habitant of India who is under the frown of power.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
frcwner (frou'n^r), n. One who frowns or
scowls.
Those bearded Sages poring o'er their book ;
That meek old Priest with placid face of joy.
That Pharisaic /roiwier at the Boy.
Byrom, Christ among the Doctors.
Some persons are such habitual frowners that the mere
effort of speaking almost always causes their brows to con-
tract. Darwin, Express, of Emotions, p. 223.
fro'wnful (froun'fiil), a. [< frown -I- -ful.]
Frowning; scowling. [Rare.]
Like thy fair offspring, misapply'd,
Far other purpose they supply ;
The murderer's burning cheek to hide.
And on his frownful temples die.
Langhorne, The Laurel and the Reed.
fro-wning (frou'ning), n. [Verbal n., of frown,
V. ] Expression of displeasure ; angry or sullen
aspect.
frowning
That Is to wet«, entier loue instede of hatred ; for bitter
frmining, godly ioye & lightues of hearte ; for discurde,
peace. J. Udall, On Luke iii.
Frmminrjis not the expression of simple reflection, how-
ever close, but of somethiuK difficult or displeasing en-
countert-d in a train of thought or in action.
Darwin, Express, of Emotions, p. 224.
firowning-clotht, ». Same as frontlet, 2. Nares.
The next day I comming to the gallery, where shee was
solitarily walking with her/rair/ii/*^ cloth, as sicke lately
on the suUens. ^yly, Euphues and his England.
ftowningly (frou'ning-li), arfj?. In a frowning
manner ; sternly ; with an aspect of displeasure.
Ham. What, look'd be /roieniiiffly f
Hor. A countenance more in sorrow than in anger.
Shalt., Hamlet, i. 2.
firowny (frou'ni), a. [< frown + -yl.] Given
to frowning; scowling.
Her .frowny mother's ragged shoolder. Sir F. Palgrave.
frowsy, a. See frowsy.
frowy (frou'i), a. [Also froweif, frowie ; appar.
< frow'^ + -yl. Cf. frowzy in a similar sense
(def. 2).] 1. Incarp., brittle and soft, as tim-
ber. Bailey, 1727. — 2. Musty; rancid; rank:
as, frowy butter. [Obsolete or provincial.]
But if they [sheep] with thy Gotes should yede,
They soone mygtit be corrupted.
Or like not of the /rourie fede.
Speruer, Shep. C«L, July.
frowzily (frou'zi-li), adv. In a frowzy or shab-
by manner.
A hat or tile, also of civilization, wrinkled with years
and battered by world-wanderings, crowned him /roir;i/i/.
T. Winthrop, Canoe and Saddle, i.
frowzy (frou'zi), a. [Also written/ro«7»y,/rot«-
zy. Ct. E. dial./roM«e, rumple; froust, a musty
smell; cf. also /rowy.] 1. In a state of dis-
order ; offensive to the eye ; slovenly ; soiled ;
dingy ; unkempt ; dirty : said especially of the
dress or the hair.
When first Diana leaves ber bed,
Vapoura and steams her looks disgrace ;
A/rmtzy dirty -oolour'd red
Sits ou het cloudy, wrinkled face.
Swyft, Progress of Beauty.
See! on the Hoor, what/rotuy patches rest!
Wb*t naoseous fragments on yon fractured chest !
CrabU, Works, I. 43.
Hatr Tery/roiuy and brushed back from the forehead.
Jotir. qf Educatum, XVIIL 3HI).
The laiy, fromy women, the worthless men, and idle,
loaflng boys of the neighborhood, gathered round to wit-
neaa the encounter. llowetU, Venetian Life, xv.
3. Musty; rank; frowy. — 3. Froward; pee-
vish; surly. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
froytert, »• [A var. otfraiter.} Same aafraiter.
Coucernynge the fare of their /royter
I did tell the afore partly.
Hoy and Barlow, Rede me and be nott Wroth, p. 83.
froze (froz). Preterit ot freeze^.
frozen (fro'zn), p. a. [< ME. frosen (= Dan.
frossen = 8w. frugen), a later form (accom. to
the pret. and inf. with s) of froren, < AS. fro-
ren, pp. otfredsan, freeze : see freeze'-, nadfrore,
froren.'] 1. Congealed by cold; converted into
or oovered with ice.
That kiss is comfortless
Am frozen water to a starved snake.
Shak., Tit And., Ul. 1.
Clothed with his breath, and looking, as he walk'd.
Larger than human on X,ht frozen hills.
T'ennyson, Passing of Arthur.
2. Cold; frosty; frigid; subject to severe frost :
as, the frozen climates of the north.
So violent wss the wind (that extreame frozen time) that
the Boat sunke.
Quoted in Capt. John Smilh't Works, I. 217.
Prom the world's girdle to the frozen pole.
Cowper, Expostulation, L a).
8. Chill or cold in manner; void of sympathy ;
wanting in feeliiig or interest ; chilling.
Ttiey were soliciton of men to fasts . . . and as it were
[to] conferences in secret with Ood by prayers, not framed
according to tht frozen manner of the world, but express-
ing such fervent desires a* ml^t even force Ood to heark-
en unto them. Uooker, Eccle*. Polity, Pref., vili.
And thou, a lunatic lean-witted fool, . . .
Dar St with thy frozen admonition
Make pale our cheek- Shak., Rich. IL, IL 1.
She tonch'd her girl, who hied
Across, and begg'd and came back satisfied.
The rich she had let pass wlth/n>2m stare.
M. Arnold, West London.
4. Void of natural heat or vigor; numbed;
hence, void of passion or emotion.
Even here, where /rozen chastity retires.
Love finds an altar for forbidden fires.
Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, \. 181.
TIUM three made unity so sweet,
Hj/ramn heart liegaii to beat,
Biiiimilliiirlng It* ancient heat
reM^son, Two Voices.
2393
frozenness (fro'zn-nes), n.
frozen.
Soon return to ihsXfrozennesi which is hardly dissolved.
Bp. Gaitden, Hieraspistis, p. 486.
F. B. S. An abbreviation of Fellow of the Royal
Society. See royal.
Her children first of more distinguish'd sort,
Who study Shakspeare at the Inns of Court,
Impale a glow-worm, or vertii profess,
Shme in the dignity of F. B. S.
Pope, Dnnciad, iv. 570.
frubt, V. t. [Short form of frubish, suggested
perhaps by rub.'] To rub or fujbish. Halli-
well.
frnbbert, «- A rubber. Davies.
Well said, /rubber, was there no souidier here lately ?
Chapman, Widow's Tears, v. 2.
frnbisht, frubbisht, ''. t. Transposed forms of
furbish. Beau, and Fl.
fructed (fruk'ted), a. [< L. fructus, fruit, -I-
-ed^.] In her., bearing fruit; shown as cov-
ered with fruit : said of a tree or other plant,
and used only when the fruit is of a different
tincture from the- rest : as, an oak-tree proper
fructed or (that is, having the foliage green and
the acorns gold).
Whether the statement as to Worcestershire Iwwmen
bearing as their badge at Agincourt a pear tree fructed
rests upon good authority. JV. and Q., 7th ser., V. 105.
frnctescence (fmk-tes'ens), n. [= Sp. Pg. fruc-
tescencia, < L. fructus, fruit, -I- -eseence, incep-
tive notm termination.] The fruiting of a plant;
also, the time when the fruit of a plant attains
maturity ; the fruiting season.
fructicist (fruk'ti-sist), n. [< L. fructus, fruit,
+ -c-ist.] A botanist who founds classification
upon points of resemblance and difference in
fruits. Also called fructist.
But in the second edition of his Methodus (1703) he [Ray]
followed Rivlnus and Toumefort In taking the ilower in-
stead of the fruit as his basis of classification ; he was no
longer nfruciicut but a coroUist. Eneye. Brit., XX. 301.
fincticnlose (fruk-tik'u-los), a. [< NL. as if
"frucliculosus, < "fructiculus, dim. of L. fructus,
fruit: see fruit.'] In hot., producing much
fruit ; loaded with fruit. Hooker.
Fructidor (F. pron. frUk-te-d6r'), n. [F., < L.
fructus, fruit, + Gr. 6£>pov, a gift.] The twelfth
month of the French republican calendar (see
calendar), beginning, in 1794, on August 18th,
and ending September 16th.
frnctiferoQS (fruk-tit'e-ms), o. [= F. fructi-
fere = Sp. fruetifero ='Pg.frueUfero = It./r«f-
tif'ero, < L. fmctifer, < fructus, fruit, + ferre =
E. bear^.] Bearing or producing fruit.
Some experiments may be fitly enough called luciferous,
and others fruetiferoue. Boyle, Works, III. 423.
frnctiflable (fruk'ti-fl-a-bl), a. [< fructify +
-able.] Capable of bearing fruit. Dames.
Say the fig-tree does not bear so soon as it la planted,
. . . but now it Is grown fructifiable.
Ret. T. Adaim, Works, II. 178.
fructification (fruk'ti-fi-ka'shon), n. [= F.
fructification = Sp. fructificaciian = Pg. frueti-
fica^ao = It. fruttificazione, < LL. as it *fruc-
tificatio{n-), (.Jruclijicarc, bear fruit: eee fructi-
fy.] 1. The act of forming or producing fruit;
the act of fructifying ; fecundation.
Rain water, appearing pure and empty, is full of seminal
f>rinclplea, and carrieth vital atoms of plants and animals
n it, ... as may be discovered from several insects gen-
erated in rain water [and] from the prevalent fruetijica-
tion ot plant* thereby. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 21.
As soon as the flower [CephatarUhera grandi/tora] Is
fully fertilized, the small distal portion of the labellum
rise* up, shut* the triangular door, and again perfectly
encloses the organs ot fruetijieation.
Darvin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 82.
2. Specifically, in hot. : (a) The production of
fruit by a plant ; fruiting, (ft) The result of
fruiting ; the fruit of a plant, (c) The organs
concerned in the process of fruiting; the pistils
or female organs which develop into the fruit.
That part of the cane which shoots up into the/ruc/i;f-
eation is railed by planters Its arrow, having been proba-
bly used for that purpose by the Indians.
Grainger, Sugar Cane, 1., note.
fructiflcatiTe (fmk'ti-fl-ka-tiv), a. [= Pg.
fructificativo ; as fructification + -ive.] Ca-
pable of fructifying.
Where fmeli/teative and purely propagative generations
of l,lons proceed alternately from one another. It is also
quite natural to speak of alternating generations.
De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 125.
fructify (fmk'H-fi), v. ; pret. and pp. fructified,
ppr. fructifying. [< ME. fructifien, fructefien,
also frvtefien, < (JF. fructifier, fructefier, F.
fructifler = Sp. Pg. frucHficar = It. frutUficare,
frugality
The state of being < LL. fructificare, bear fruit, < L. fructus, fruit,
+ facere, make.] I. intrans. To bear or pro-
duce fruit.
Applyinge our bookes, not losynge our tyme,
il&y fructifye and go forwarde here in good doynge.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 337.
In respect of that their wickednesse, which suruiued
them, and h&th fructified unto vs.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 95.
Xot forgetting to regret that any gentleman's cultiva-
tion of logic should fructify in the shape of irrepressible
tendencies to suicide. /**. Halt, Mod. Eng. , p. 344.
II. trans. To make fruitful ; render produc-
tive ; fertilize : as, to fructify the earth.
Let a man, out of the mightiness of his spirit, fructify
foreign countries with his blood, for the good of his own,
and thus he shall be answered.
Beau, and FL, King and No King, ii. 1.
ftlictiparons (fruk-tip'a-rus), a. [< h. fructus,
fruit, -I- parere, produce.] In bot., producing
an abnormal number of pistils or frmts from a
single flower. [Rare.]
fructist (fruk'tist), «. [< L. fructus, fruit, +
-ist.] Same a,8 fructicist.
fructose (fruk'tos), n. [< L. fructus, fruit, -I-
-osc.] In chem., sugar of fruit, or levulose
(CgHjoOg). It is found in honey and sweet fruits, and
is one of the products of the inversion of cane-sugar. It
usually exists as a colorless syrup, but can be crystallized.
It is easily soluble in water and alcohol, and polarizes to
the left. Also called /rui^-swg'ar and chutarioge.
frnctnal (fmk'tii-al), a. [< L. fructus, fruit,
+ -al.] Fruitful." Davies. [Bare.]
It is fructual ; let it be so in operation. It gives us the
fruit of life ; let us return it the fruits of obedience.
Rev. T. Adamt, Works, I. 362.
fructuary (fruk'tu-a-ri), n.; -pLfructuaries (-riz).
[< L. fruetuariusj of or belonging to fruit, LL.
and ML. of or belonging to the use or profits,
usufructuary, < fructus (fructu-), fruit: see
fruit.] One who enjoys the produce or profits
of anything.
frnctnation (fmk-tu-a'shon), n. [< L. fructus,
fruit, + -ation.] Produce; fruit.
Knowing with what superabundant population the first
fructuation of an advancing society is loaded.
Powiiail, Study of Antiquities (1782), p. 60.
frnctnoust (fmk'tu-us), o. [< ME. fructuous
(also frutuose), < OF. 'fructueux, F. fructueux
= Pr. fructuos = Sp. Pg. fructuoso = It. frut-
tuoso, < L. fructuosus, abounding in fruit, f ruit-
ful, < /rucfM« (fructu-), fruit: see /rust.] 1.
Fruitful ; fertile ; productive.
Beth/ructuouj, and that in litel space.
Chaucer, Prol. to Parson's Tale, 1. 73.
Wei may that Lond be called delytable and a/ru<:tuoi«
Lond, that was bebledd and moysted with the precyouse
Blode of oure Lord Jesn Crist- Mandemlte, Travels, p. 3.
2. Causing fertility.
If water were of theoun nature /nicfuous, it must needs
follow that it self alone, and at all times, should be able
to produce fruit Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 812.
So rich the soil.
So much does /rue(uot« moisture o'er-abound.
J. Philipt, Cider, I,
ftTlctuouslTt (fruk'tu-us-li), adv. [< ME. fruc-
tuouslyc; (fructuous + -Jy2.] In a fructuous
or fruitful manner; fruitfully; fertilely.
Who so ever nrechithe fructumtglye the worde of God,
he winithe the fadir, and biyith Crist.
Oesta Romatiorum, p. 233.
frnctnonsnesst (fruk'tu-us-nes), n. The state
or quality of being fructuous or fruitful ; fruit-
fulness ; fertility. Imp. Diet.
fructuret (fruk'tur), n. [< L. fructus, fruit, -I-
-Hrc] Use; fruition; enjoyment.
frugal (fro'gal), a. [< OF. frugal, F. frugal =
Sp. Vg. frugal = It.frugale, <.Li. frugalis, eco-
nomical, frugal, also pertaining to fruits, <frux
(frug-), usually in pl.fruges, the fruits of the
earth, produce of the nelds ; used in dat. sing.
.frugi (lit. ' for frhit' or 'for food ') as adj., use-
ful, fit, frugal ; from the same source a.i fructus,
fruit: see/r«i<.] 1. Economical in use or ex-
penditure; avoiding unnecessary expenditure
either of money or of anything else which is to
be used or consumed ; sparing; not prodigal or
lavish.
No man than hee more frugal of two pretious things in
mans life, his time and his revenue. Milton, Hist Eng., v.
Though on pleasure she was bent.
She had g, frugal mind. Cowper, John Gilpin.
2. Characterized by or indicating economy.
Pinching and paring he might furnish forth
X frugal lK>ard, bare sustenance, no more.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 65.
= Syn. Clioice, careful, chary, thrifty.
frugality (fra-gal'i-ti), n. [< F. frugality = Sp.
frugalidad = Pg. frugalidade = It. frugalM, <
Li. frugalita(t-)s, economy, thriftiness, temper-
ftngality
anee, frugality, <fnigalis, frugal: see frugal.']
1. The quality of being frugal; prudent econo-
my; good husbandry or housewifery.
He that cleareth by degrees iiuiuccth a habit of /ni-
gatity, and gaiueth as well upon tits mind as uj>ou his
estate. Bacim, Expense (ed. 1887).
The mat frugality, that does not gife
A lile to saving, but that saves to live.
Crabbe, Works, I. 52.
2. A prudent and sparing use or appropriation
of anything.
In this/rujoWi/ of your praises some things I cannot
omit. Drydm, Fables, Ded.
= Syn. rArirt, etc. See economy.
flrn^lly (fro'gal-i), adv. In a frugal or sav-
ing manner; with economy; sparingly.
Plato seemed Um/ruijaUy politick, who allowed no larg-
er monument then would contain four herolck verses, and
designed the most barren ground for sepulture.
Sir T. Brovmt, Urn-Burial, ili.
That part of the Shows [yearly Panegyrics) being fru-
gally alMjliahed, the employment of City Poet ceased.
Pope, Dunciad, i. 90, note.
frogalness (fro'gal-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing frugal ; frugality.
ftuggan, fniggin (frug'an, -in), n. [E. dial.
fruggan, < ME. frogon,furgon,fiirgun, furgone,
< OF. /o«rgion, an oven-fork: seefourgon.] An
oven-fork; a pole with which the ashes in an
oven are stirred.
ftUgiferOUS (fro-jif'e-rus), a. [= F. frugif^re
= Pg. It. frugifero, < L. frugifer, ifrux (frug-),
fruits of the earth ( see frugal), + ferre = E.
6earl.] Producing fruit or gi-ain; fruitful;
fructiferous. [Bare.]
And God said, behold I give you every frugVerous herb
which is upon the face of the earth.
Dr. H. More, Conjectura Cabbalistica, i. 29.
Frugivora (frQ-jiv'o-i4), n. pi. [NL., < L.
frux if rug-), fruits, + vorare, devour.] A di-
vision of the order Chiroptera, including the
fruit-eating bats of the warmer parts of the
old world, such as the so-called "flying-foxes."
The head resembles that of a dog in shape ; there is no
peculiar formation of the ears or nose ; the pyloric divi-
sion of the stomach is enormously lengthened ; and there
are dental cnaracters correspondent to the frugivorous
regimen of the species. There is in nearly all the species
a claw upon the second digit of the hand, never present
in the insectivorous Imts. See cuts under Jlying-f ox, fruit-
bat, and Pteropxci. The Frugivora are also called Mega-
chiroptera, Tlie term is contrasted with Insectivora or
Animalivora.
frugivorous (fro-jiv'o-rus), a. [= F. frugivore
= Pg. It. frugivora, < L. frux (frug-), fruits, -1-
vorare, devour.] 1. Feeding on fruits, espe-
cially soft fruits, as many mammals, birds,
etc., those which feed on small hard fruits, as
seeds and grain, being distinguished usually as
granivorous.
The anatomy of the human stomach . . . and the for-
mation of the teeth clearly place man in the class of fru-
gimrous animals. Peacock, Headlong Hall, ii.
2. Specifically, in mammal., pertaining to the
Frugivora.
fruit (frSt), n. [< ME. fruit, frute, frut, some-
times froit, froyt,fryt, < OF. fruit, F. fruit =
Pr. frut, frug = 8p. Pg. fruto = It. frutto =
OS. fruht = OFries. frucht = D. vrucht (and
fruit, <¥.) = MLG. vrucht = OHG. fruht, MHG.
■ vruht, Or. frucht = Icel. fruktr = Sw. frukt =
Dan. frugt, < L. fructus (fructu-), an enjoying,
enjoyment, usually in concrete sense, proceeds,
product, produce, fruit, income, etc., < frui
(orig.''frugvi) {et.frux (frug-), fruit), pp. /rMc-
tus (fructu-), also fruitus, enjoy, use, = AS. bru-
can, use, E. broolfi, endure : see brook^. Hence
also, from L. frui, 'E.. fructify, fructuous, frugal,
frument, frumenty, eta.] 1. In a general sense,
any product of vegetable growth useful to men
or animals, as grapes, figs, corn, cotton, flax,
and all cultivated plants. [In this comprehen-
sive sense the word is generally used in the
plural.]
Frut and corn ther f aylede. Jiob. of Gloucester, p. 378.
Six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in
thefruiU thereof. Ex. xxiii. 10.
That it may please thee to give and preserve to our use
the kindly [natural) fruits of the earth, so that in due
time we may enjoy them.
Book of Common Prayer, Litany.
2. In a more limited sense, the reproductive
product of a tree or other plant; the seed of
plants, or the part that contains the seeds, as
wheat, rye, oats, apples, pears, nuts, etc.
Wha sail here thefrurylt be-fore Criste that has noghte
the floure? Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 4.
Fruit of all kinds, in coat
Rough, or smooth rind, or bearded husk, or shell.
She gatliers, tribute large, and on the board
Heaps with unsparing hand. Milton, P. L., v. 341.
2394
frultestere
Wearing his wisdom lightly, like the fruit
\Vhich in our winter woodland looks a flower.
Tennyson, A Dedication.
fruit-bearing
(frot'bar'ing), a.
,. ., , ,., , Producing fruit.
3. In a still more hmited sense, an edible fmit-bud (frof-
suoculent product of a plant, normally covering ^,m^) ^ j^ ^yud
and including the seeds, as the apple, orange, • '
lemon, peach, pear, plum, a berry, a melon, etc. ;
in a collective sense, such products in the ag-
gregate.
But of all maner of meate, the moost daungerous is that
whiche is of fruUes (f ruitz crudz), as cheres, small cheryse
(guingues), great cherise (gascongnes). r_,,j4. „oVo
Du Qvez's Introduetorie, p. 1073, quoted in Babees Book irult-caie
[(E. E. T. S.), Index, p. 85.
Or little pitted speck in garner'd fruit.
That rotting inward slowly moulders all.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien (song).
that contains the
germ of fruit; a
bud that will, un-
der favorable cir-
cumstances, pro-
duce fruit.
(frof-
kak), n. 1. A rich
sweet cake con-
taining fruit, as
raisins, citron, cur-
rants, etc. — 2. In
biol., an sethalium.
The cysts [of the Endosporece] may be united side by
side iu larger or smaller groups. . . . These composite
bodies are termed fruit-cakes or eethalia, in view of the
fact that the spore-cysts of Fuligo, also called .Ethalium
— the well-known *' flowers of tan " — form a cake of this
description. E. ii. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 841.
Fruit-bat [CefhaUUs ^troHii).
4. In bot., the matured ovary of a plant, con-
sisting of the seeds and their pericarp, and in-
cluding whatever maybe incorporated with it ;
also, the spores of cryptogams and the organs
accessory to them. The kinds of fruit are very nu-
merous, and ditf er greatly in character and degree of com-
plexity. They have also received many names, but they
may for the most part be grouped under the following
classes : simple fruits, which consist of a single matured ftuit-car (frot'kar), n. A railroad-car of spe-
pistil ; aggregate /r»«s composed of a cluster of carpels j j design for the carriage of fruit and other
belonjrmg to the same flower, and crowded together up- •i,x,i jx ■• a-i4.-„ j
on th? common receptacle ; multiple or collective fruits, perishable products requiring ventilation and
formed by the aggregation of the pistils of several flowers provision against the effects of undue heat or
into one mass; and accessory or anthocarpous fruits, in gold. Car-Builder's Diet.
:\,'i'* '„';^.,L"LS,f^J^YP.l'r„lr£'JS/l^^^^^^^^^^^ fruit-crow (frot'kro) ». l. A name of sundry
South American birds, as species of the gen-
era Chasmorhynchus and Cephalopterus. See
the preceding groups) is incorporated with or inclosed by
an enlargement of some adjacent organ or organs, which
becomes the most conspicuous portion of the fruit.
5. The produce of animals ; offspring; young:
as, the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the
body.
When a shepe is with frute, hering the thonder she
casteth her/r«(e and bringeth it ded to the worlde.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 221.
Tlie Lord hath sworn in truth unto David ; ... Of the
fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne. Ps. cxxxii. 11.
King Edward's/rwif, true heir to the English crown.
Skak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 4.
6. A product in general; anything produced
by or resulting from effort of any kind, or by or
from any cause ; outcome, effect, result, or con-
sequence : as, the fruits of victory; the fruit
of folly.
They shall eat the /r«i« of their doings. Isa. ill. 10.
Mr. Vane declared the occasion of this meeting, . . .
and the/r«i( aimed at, viz. a more firm and friendly unit-
ing of minds. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 211.
The final and permanent fruits of liberty are wisdom,
moderation, and mercy. Macaulay, Jlilton.
BranOied ftult. See ftraiidted.— Compound fruits,
such fruits as consist of several ovaries. — Forbidden
fiTllt. See /or-6id(fen.— Small frults, fruits raised in
market-gardens, such as strawberries, raspberries, and
currants.
firuit (frot), ». i. [< fruit, n.] To produce fruit ;
come into bearing.
Curiously enough, at a little distance from the sandy
levels or alluvial fiats of the sea-shore, the sea-loving co-
coa-nut ^vill not bring its nuts to perfection. It will grow,
indeed, but it will not thrive or fruit in due season.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX. 59.
In the latitude of Southern Pennsylvania and Virginia,
it is rather common for this exotic [thegingko-tree] to
fruit.
fruitage (fro'taj), n.
cut under arapunga. — 2. pi. Specifically, the
birds of the subfamily Gymnoderinw.
fruit-culture (frot'kul"tur), «. The systematic
cultivation, propagation, or rearing of fruit or
fruit-trees.
fruit-dot (frSt'dot), n. In 6o<., the sorus of ferns.
fruit-drier (frot'dri'^r^, n. An apparatus for
evaporating and curing fruit, berries, and
vegetables. The simplest form is a sheet-iron stove
having a number of shelves arranged as baftle-plates or
defiectors to cause the hot air to traverse all the spaces
between the shelves. The larger driers are buildings fur-
nished with towers sometimes 40 feet high, within which
are arranged endless chains supporting at intervals trays
of wire netting on which the fruit is placed. A flre is
maintained at the base of the tower, and the heated air
rises through it, the products of combustion passing away
through a chimney. The fresh-cut fruit is laid on the low-
er tray next the furnace. When full it is raised by means
of the chains, and another tray of fruit is put in. By this
arrangement the steam from the fresh fruit rises to the
trays above, keeping the fruit bathed iu steaming vapor.
By the time the fruit reaches the top of the tower it has
parted with nearly all its moisture and is ready to be
packed in dry boxes. Fruit-driers of the latt«r kind are
extensively used in various parts of the United States.
Also called evaporator.
fruited (fro'ted), a. [< fruit + -ed.'] Bearing
fruit.
The painted farmhouse shining through the leaves
Of fruited orchards bending at its eaves.
Whittier, The Panorama.
fruitent, v. t. [< friiit + -eni (3).] To make
fruitful. [Rare.]
He . . . may as well ask . . . why thou usest the in-
fluences of heaven to fruiteti the earth.
Bp. Hall, The Resurrection.
Science, VI. i03. fr^jter (fro'ter), n. A vessel employed in the
[Formerly alaofrutage ; transportation of fruit.
< OV. 'fruitage, '< fruit, fruit, -I- -age.] 1. Fruits .j.,,(. arrival of a fruiter from New Orleans was cele-
collectively ; fruitery. brated with bacchanalian orgies.
A sumptuous covered table, decked with all sortes of ex- £^- «• C"^- ^'P' ^o- l^viii. (1886) p. 671.
quisite delicates and dainties, of patisserie, /ru(a(;e8, and fruiterer (fro't6r-6r), n. [i fruit + -er^, -er^,
confections. ,>...,,„.„• v tv ,,= the term. redupUcated as in poulterer, etc,
Quoted by Brydges, British Bibliographer, IV. 316. _-_- K .. , ^ -. .',.
Above, beneath, around his hapless head,
Trees of all kinds delicious /niflai/e spread.
Pope, Odyssey, xii.
Now loaded trees resign their annual store,
And on the ground the mellow /rMi(o,9c pour.
Beattie, tr. of Virgil's Pastorals, vii.
2. The bearing or production of fruit or re- fruitery (fro'tfer-i), n
suit.
Follow such a ministry to its fruitage in one character
ripened under its influence. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 280.
3. A painted or sculptured representation of
fruit ; a fruit-piece.
There are sundry other ornaments likewise belonging
to the freeze, such as encarpa, festoons, and frutages.
Evelyn, Architects and Architecture.
The cornices above consist ot frutages and festoons.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 17, 1644.
fruit-alcohol (fr6t'al"ko-hol), n. Alcohol de-
rived from the juice of fruit, as distinguished
from wood-alcohol, etc.
fruit-bat (frot'bat), n. A fruit-eating or fru-
Cf . F. fruitier, afruit-producer, = Pr. fruchier,
fruitier = Sp. frutero = Pg. fruteiro, fruiterer.]
One who deals in fruit ; a seller of fruits.
The very same day did I fight with one Sampson Stock-
fish, & fruiterer, behind Gray's Inn.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.
pi. fruiteries (-iz).
[Formerly also *fruiery, frutry; < F. fruiterie,
< fruit, fruit: see fruit and -ery.] 1. Fruit
collectively.
He sowde and planted in his proper grange
(Upon som savage stock) soia frutry strange.
Du Bartas (trans.).
2. A fruit-loft; a repository for fruit. — 3. A
fruit-house, or hothouse for raising fruit; a
fruit-garden or orchard. [Bare in all uses.]
Oft, notwithstanding all thy care
To help thy plants, when the small fruitery seems
Exempt from ills, an oriental blast
Disastrous files. J. Philips, Cider, ii.
They assented to Mr. BeckendorfT's proposition of visit-
ing hia fruitery. Disraeli, Vivian Grey, vi. 7.
givorous bat of the family Pteropodidw, or sub- fxuitesteret, «■ [ME. ; mod. as if *fruitster, <
order Frugivora; a fox-bat or flying-fox. See y^^^j + .gter.] A female seller of fruit,
cut in next column,
fruit-bearer (fr6t'bar"6r), n. That which pro-
duces fruit.
And right anon thanne coinen tombesteres,
Fetys and sniale, and yonge frutesteres.
Chancer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 16.
aUe.
I
fruit-fly
fruit-fly (frot'fli), m. A dipterous insect of the
family Muscid(ea.ndgeuu8l>rosophila, the larvsB
of which are
found in de-
caying fruit,
preserves, etc.
The adult flies
are small yel-
lowish species
with transpa-
rent wings.
fruitful (frof-
fiil), «. [< ME.
fruitefull ; <
fruit + -ful.'\
1. Productive
of, abounding
in, or favorable
to the growth „ .
of rmit, or use- (Cross shows nawral size.)
fnl vegetation
in general: as, a fruitful country or soil; a
fruitful season; fruitful showers.
BUles, knoUes, . . . tries [trees] fmittfvU, and cedres
Ps. cxlvlii. 9 (ME. Teraion).
This countrey beinge fruitefull and aboundante of all
thinges was taken by the Scithlans,
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 140.
Thy promises are like Adonia' gardens
That one day bloom'd, anA fruitful were the next.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 6.
2. Bearing offspring; proUflc; not barren.
God said unto them (Adam and Eve], Be fruitful, and
maltiply, and replenish the earth, and subdae it.
Gen. L 28.
Hear, nature, hear ; . . .
Suspend thy purpose, if thou didst Intend
To make this creature /r«i</u<.' Shot., Lear, i. 4.
Hail, mother of mankind, whoMfruHfui womb
Shall Hll the world. MiUan, P. L., T. 888.
3. Pro<luctive of results; yielding^ bringing,
or favoring production or acquisition in any
respect: as, a fruitful enterprise or journey;
fruitful investigations or thoughts ; fruitful in
expedients or in crimes.
Add not more misery
To a man tliat's/rui</u< in afflictions.
Fletcher (and aiv>ther\ Sea Voyage, iv. 2.
Melancholy is far more fruitful of Thoughts than any
other Humour. Uouxll, Letters, ii. 30.
The cloaeat and most fruitful attention therefore im-
plies tlie maximum of concentration.
J. Sully, Outlines of PsychoL, p. 79.
4t. Plenteous; copious; bountiful.
OnefruHful meal would set me to 't.
Shak.. M. for M., iy. S.
Tis not alone my Inky cloak, good mother, . . .
No, nor the fruitful river to the eye, . . .
That can denote me truly. Skak., Hamlet, L 2.
Fruitful mark or principle, in logic, a mark or prin-
ciple frnrn which many consequences can be deduced. —
Fruitful alcns, in tutnl.. Cancer, Sooipio, and Ptsoea :
»> cHlU'd l>ecause suppoeed to be favorable to marriage.
=Syn. Hieh^ FertiUj FntHful, ProtiJIe, ProdueltM. That
which is rich or fertile is capable of prcMdudng abundantly
by proper husbandry ; that which is fruitful, prolifle, or
pradvetite does produce abundantly. Rieh and fertile
aeem to have a primary reference to soil ; frmtfut to trees
and plants ; prolific to animals, including man ; produc-
tive has a general application to whatever may be said to
produce: but aU have widely extended flguntivenies: as,
a rich Held of Investigation ; a fertiUhnin ; a fruitful
idea ; a pniifie source of mischief.
I have had a large, a fair, and a pleasant fleld, to ferlOe
that without my cultivating It has givon me two harvests
in a sanuner, and In lioth oppressed the reaper.
Dryden, Account of Annus Mirabills.
A large and fruitful mind should not so much labour
what to speak as to And what to leave unspoken. Rich
soils are often to be weeded. Bacon, To Coke.
It [Irelandlhasbeen pnlijie in statesmen, warriors, and
poeU. S. S. Prentiet, Speech on Sending Relief to Ireland.
Productive as the sun. Pope, Chorus in Bmtns, \. 24.
fruitfully (frSt'ful-i), adv. In a fruitful man-
ner; plenteously ; abundantly.
Vou have many opportunities to cut him olT ; if your will
want not, time and place will yx fruitfully offered.
Shak., Lear, Iv. a.
Ituitfulness ffrOt'ful-nes), n. The state or
quality of being fruitful; productiveness; fer-
tility; fecundity; exuberant abundance.
The remedy of fruiffulneee is easy, but no labour will
help the contrary. B. Jotuon, Discoveries.
The waUr is more productive than the earth. Nay, the
earth hath no fruitfulneee without showers or dews ; for
all the herbs, and llowenL and fruit are produced and
thrive Ijy the water. /. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 82.
fruit-gatherer (fr8t'gaTH'6r-6r), n. One who
or that whiith gathers fruit ; specifically, a de-
vice for gathering fruit from trees, as a pair of
shears attached to the end of a pole, and oper-
ated by moans of a cord. In this device a trag or
basket is commonly fastened to the pole below the shears,
to catch the fruit as It falls. Also called fruU-pieitr.
^95
fruit-house (frdt'hous), H. A house specially
devised for storing fruit.
f^nitiness (fro'ti-nes), H. The essential or char-
acteristic quality of fruit ; in the case of wine,
the quality of retaining a marked taste of the
grape.
fruiting (fro'ting), ». [Verbal n. of fruit, ».]
The production of fruit.
The year 1865 was highly favourable for the fruiting of
all the bushes.
Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers, p. 290.
fruition (frij-ish'on), n. [< OF. fruition = Pr.
fruicio = Sp. fruicion = Pg. frui^So = It. frui-
:ione, < L. as if *fruitio(n-), < frui, pp. fruitu-i,
commonly /racitts, enjoy : see /rwii.] A com-
ing into fruit or fulfilment; attainment of any-
thing desired; realization of results: as, the
fruition of one's labors or hopes.
The dainties here
Are least what they appear ;
Though sweet in hopes, yet in fruition sour,
Quarles, Emblems, i. 3.
The fruition of Lil)erty is not so pleasing as a conceit
of the want of it is irksome. Howell, Letters, I. vi. 48.
Let the fruiti^m of things bless the possession of them,
and think it more satisfaction to live richly than die rich.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 7.
fruitlTe (fro'i-tiv), a. [< OF. fruitif = Sp. Pg.
It. fruitivo, < L. frui, pp. fruitus, commonly
fructus, enjoy: see fruit.'] Pertaining to or
arising from fruition. [Rare.]
To whet our longings for fruitive or experimental know-
ledge, it is reserved among the prerogatives of being in
heaven to know how happy we shall be when there.
Boyle.
Contemplation is afruitive possession of verities, which
flowers the minde doth no longer gather or collect but
ratiier hold in her liand ready made up in nosegays that
she Is smelling to.
If'. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xxL S 4.
firuit-jar (frat'jSr), n. A large-mouthed bottle
or jar, usually fitted with a glass or metal cap
for excluding air, used for preserving fruit ; a
preserve-jar.
ftuit-knifb (frat'nif), n. A knife having a blade
of some material not affected by the acid juice
of fruit, generally silver, used for paring and
cutting fruit. '
fruitless (frot'les), a. [ME. fruytles; < fruit
+ -lesn.] 1. Not bearing fruit; destitute of
fruit or offspring: as, a /ruitJeiw plant; a fruit-
less marriage.
Upon my head they plac'd »fruitlet$ crown,
And put a barren sceptre in my gripe, . . .
No son of mine succeeding. Shik., Macbeth, ill. 1.
Therefore, despite of fruitleet chastity, . . .
That on the earth would breed a scarcity
And barren dearth of daughters and of sons.
Be prodigal. Shak., Venns and Adonis, L 761.
Revolving seasons, fruitleet as they pass.
See it [Etna] an uninform'd and idle mass.
Cooper, Heroism, 1. 25.
2. Productive of or attended by no advantage
or good result; ineffective; useless; idle: as, a
fruitless attempt; a fruitless controversy.
Of Uk idel word, spoken in vayne : that es to say, that war
fruytUe. Uampote, Prick of Conscience, L 6065.
They In mutual accusation spent
The fruUleu hours. Milton, P. L., ix. 1188.
There is never a Town that lieth open to the Sea but
Acapulco ; and therefore our search was commonly ^^if-
leee, as now. Dampier, Voyages, L 251.
It would \xfruitlen to deny my exultation when I saw
my little ones about me. Ooldtmith, Vicar, i.
= S]nL 1. Barren, nnproDtable, profitless.— 2. Ineffectual,
UnavaUing, etc. (see utelett) ; vain, idle, abortive, boot-
less, tutUe.
ftruitlessly (fr8t'les-li), adv. In a fruitless man-
ner; without any valuable effect; idly; vainly;
unprofltably.
Since therefore after this fruit curiosity /nutfeMiy en-
quireth, and confidence blindly detennineth, we shallsur-
cease our inquisition. Sir T. Broume, Vnlg. Err., vii. 1.
Walking they talk'd, uii fruitlettly divin'd
What friend the Priestess, by those words, deslgn'd.
Dryden, jEneid, vi.
firuitlessneSB (frSt'Ies-nes), n. The state or
quality of being fruitless or unprofitable.
It Is no marvill if those that niocke at goodnesse lie
plagued with contlnuall/rut7/«ji«n««s«.
Bp. Hall, Mephibosheth and ZIba.
firnitlet (frSt'let), n. [< fruit + -let.] A small
fruit.
The pappus, or ring of down, though it still exists as a
sort of dying rudiment on each fruitlet of the burrs. Is re-
duced greatly In size. Pop. Sei. Mo., XXX. 107.
fhllt-loft (fr8t'16ft), n. An upper floor used
for the inpservation or storage of fruit.
fhlit-picker (frSt'pik'Sr), ». Same as /r«»<-
gatherer.
Bronze Fruit-pigeon {Carpophaga anea).
frumenty
fruit-piece (frot'pes), n. A pictured or sculp-
tured representation of fruit.
fruit-pigeon (frot'pij"on), ». A general name
of the very numerous old-world pigeons of the
genera Carpo-
phaga and Tre-
ton. Green is
the prevailing
color of these
birds, and fruit
their principal
food, whence
the name.
fruit-press
(frot'pres), n.
A domestic ap-
paratus for ex-
tracting juices
from fruit.
fruit-sugar
(frot'shug'ar),
n. Same as
levulose.
ftuit-tree (frot'tre), n. A tree cultivated for its
fruit, or a tree whose principal value consists in
the fruit it produces, as the cherry-tree, apple-
tree, or pear-tree.
And they took strong cities, and a fat land, and pos-
sessed . . . vineyards and oliveyards, and fruit trees In
abundance. >eh. ix. 25.
By yonder blessed moon I swear.
That tips with silver all these /j-ui7-(rc^ tops.
S/M/fc.,R. and J.,ii. 2.
firuit-trencheri (fret'tren'ehfer), n. A small
wooden tray, answering the purpose of a des-
sert-plate, formerly used for fruit and the like.
It was often richly painted with ornamental de-
signs and inscriptions, mottoes, etc.
fruit-trencher'^t, ". One who makes trenches
or digs in an orchard.
This is a piece of sapience not worth the brain of a
fruit-trencher. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
fruit-worm (frot'wferm), n. The larva or grub
of sdino insect that injures fruit Qooseberry
ftuit-worm, the larva of Dakruma convolutella, a sniaU
phycid moth wliich lays its eggs on young gooseberry-
bushes. The pale-green and very active larva feeds upon
the fruit, often fastening several berries together: it
transforms to a pupa within a silken cocoon on the ground,
and hibernates in this condition. There being but one
annual generation, the best remedies are hand-picking,
and burning the leaves and rubbish iiiidcr tin- Imslies in
winter. See cut under Dakruma. — Orange fruit-womi,
Trypeta ludem, the grut) of a dipteroiislly of Mexico, or
Ceratitia eitriperda, another insect of the same family,
which attacks oranges in Madeira.
frtllty (fro'ti), a. [< fruit + -j/1.] 1. Resem-
bling fruit; having the taste or flavor of fruit:
as. truity port. — 2. Fruitful. [Rare.]
Frullani's formula. Hee formula.
fnunentt, ». [= Pg. It. frtimento, < h.frumen-
tum, grain, com (cf. LL. frumcn, a gruel or por-
ridge made of com), allied to frux (frug-) and
fructus, fruit, < frui, enjoy: see fruit.] 1.
Grain; com; wheat.
In Fraunce and Spaine bniers steep their wheat or /ru-
ment in water, and mash it for their drinke of divers sorts.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xviiL 7.
2. Same aa frumenty.
Au honourable fecst in the great halle of Westmynster
was kepte. where the kynge, syttynge in his astate, was
seruyd with ill. coursys, as herevnder ensuyth, Frument
with venyson, etc. Fabyan, Chron., II., an. 1530.
fhimentaceous (frS-men-ta'shius), a. [= Sp.
frumenUicco.frumeiiticio = Pg. frumentaceo (cf.
F.frumenttice), < lAj. frumentaceus, of grain, <
/rum«»ftM», grain, com : see frument.'] Having
the character of or resembling wheat or other
cereal.
Wheat, barley.rye, millet, &c,are/runi«n(ac«otMplants.
Hees'e Cye.
ftnunentarious (fro-men-ta'ri-us), a. [= F.
frumentaire = It. frumentario, < L. frumenta-
rius, of or belonging to grain or com, < frumen-
<MTO, grain, com : aee frument.] Pertaining to
wlieat or other grain ; fmmentaoeous.
frumentation (fro-men-ta'shon), n. [= It./j-M-
mcntozionc, < L. frumentatio{n-), a providing or
distributing of grain, Kfrumentari, fetch or pro-
vide grain, forage, < frumentum, grain : see/r«-
ntentT] Among the ancient Romans, a public
distribution of com to the needy or discontent-
ed poi)ulaee.
frumentum (fr<J-men'tum), n. [L.: see /rt(-
mint. frumenty.] Wheat or other grain Spl-
ritus mimentl, in phar., whisky.
frumenty (fro'men-ti), n. [Also written fru-
mety, and, more commonly, furmenty, furmety;
early mod. Yj.furmentie, firmcntie, etc. {see fur-
menty); < ME. frumenty, frumentee, furmente,
< OF. frumentee, late froumentee (in form repr.
fnunenty
Ij. frumentatus, pp. ot fnimentari, provide grain
or corn), < li. frumentum, grain, corn: see/rit-
ment.l 1. A dish made of hulled wheat boiled
in milk and seasoned, especially used in Eng-
land and iu some of the southern United States
at Christmas.
Her grace would have you eat no more Woolsack pies,
Nor Dagger /n/;/ie/*iy. B. Jonson, Alcheiulat, v. 2.
After we had thus dryed our selues, she brought vs Into
an Inner roome, where she set on the bord standing a
long the house somewliat Uke/ruiiientie, sodden venison,
and rested fish. Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 84.
And we are going to have real fmmenty and yule cakes.
J, 11. Ewing, The Peace Egg.
2. Wheat mashed for brewing.
The wheat is crushed and luixed with water. This /ru-
metity is allowed to ferment.
Thau9ino, Beer (trans.), p. 197.
finunetaryf, n. A corrupt form ot frumenty.
The fifth book is of pease-porridge ; under which we m-
eluded /ruMWJfary, water gruel, &c.
W. Kiiifj, Art of Cookery, ix.
fimmgildt, frumgyldt, «. [AS. frumgyld, <
fruma (iu comp. frum-), the first (= Icel. frum
= Goth, fruma, the first, ult. the same as AS.
forma, the first : see/or»ieri), + gild, gyld, pay-
meint: see gild^, geld^.'] In Anglo-Saxon law,
the first payment made to the kindred of a per-
son slain, toward the recompense of his murder.
frump (frump), V. [E. dial, in all senses ; ori-
gin obscure. Cf./rMny>te.] I.i trans. 1. Tobe
rude to; insult; snub; rebuke.
I pray you, read there; I am abus'd and /rump 'd, sir,
By a great man, that may do ill by authority.
Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, iii. 2.
2. To fabricate or patch up (a tale).
H. intrans. 1. To be rude. — 2. To go about
gossiping. — 3. To complain without cause.
Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
finunp (frump), «. [See the verb.] If. A taunt;
a jeer ; a flout ; a snub.
The Greeks call it Micteri8mu8,we may terme it a fleer-
ing/ru»t,f>e, as he that said to one whose wordes he be-
leued not, no doubt Sir of that.
Puttenhaiii, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 159.
If {a man] be cleanly, they [women] term him proud,
if mean in apparel, a sloven ; if tall, a Uingis, if short, a
dwarf : if bold, blunt, if shamefaced, a coward ; insomuch
that they have neither mean in their frumps nor mea-
sure iu their folly. J^yly, Euphues and his England.
2t. A lie.
To tell one a leae, to give & frump.
Holtyband's Treasurie, 1593. (Halliwell.')
3. A dowdy woman or girl, particularly when
also cross or ill-tempered ; a hag.
The Kings, and the Aces, and all the best trumps
Get into the hands of the other old frumpg.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 157.
The old-fashioned /rump, a very hard winter, had laid
in great stores of snow with great raving winds.
Elizabeth S. Sheppard, Charles Auchester.
4. A gossip. [Prov. Eng.]
fnunpert, n. l< frump, v. t., + -eri.] A mock-
er. Cotgrave.
firtunperyt, «. [i frump, n., + -ery.'] Reproach ;
abuse. Davies.
Tyndarus attemptingtookiss afayre lasse with a long nose
Would needs bee finish, with bitter /rtimperj/e taunting.
Stanihurst, Conceits, p. 145.
He hath of men mocks, frumperieg, and bastonadoes.
Vrquhart, tr. of Rabelais, i. 40.
fnunpish. (frum'piah), a. [< frump, n., 3, +
-isAi.] 1. Cross-tempered; cross-grained; scorn-
ful.
Our Bell . . . looked very frumpish and jealous.
Foote, The Author, ii. 1.
She sits down so, quite frumpish, and won't read her les-
son to me. J, Baillie.
2. Old-fashioned, as applied to dress; dowdy.
Also frumpy.
finimpishness (frum'pish-nes), re. The state or
quality of being frumpish.
fnunplet, «. t. [< ME. frumplen, wrinkle (cf. D.
frommelen, wrinkle), appar. freq. of frump, v.
Cf. crumple, rumple.'] To wrinkle; crumple;
ruffle; disorder.
Frtimpiyd, rugatus, rugulatus. Prompt. Pare., p. 181.
ftnimplet (frum'pl), re. {MIE. frumpylle : seethe
verb.] A wrinkle.
Fruinpylle, ruga, rugula. Prompt. Parv., p. 181.
fnunpy (frum'pi), o. [</r«»rep + -yi.] 1. Same
as frumpish, 1.
I have been a grumpy, frumpy, wayward sort of a wo-
man, agood many years. Dickens, David Copperfleld, xliv,
2. Same a,B frumpish, 2.
I'll take my chance with the well-dressed ones always ;
I don't believe the frumpy [women] are the most sensible.
C. D. Warner, 'J'heir Pilgrimage, p. 94.
finndlet, n. A measure equal to two pecks.
Davies.
2396
A frundle of lyme.
Leverton Ch'wardens Accts., 1557 (Archajologia, XLI. 362).
frushlf (frush), V. [< ME. frusshen, fruschen,
frusschen, crush, bruise, strike, intr. (also
spelled frouschen, frochen) rush together, dash
forward, < OF. fruis.ier, froisser, crush, bruise;
origin uncertain.] I, trans. To crush ; bruise ;
break in pieces.
Ther was many a grete growen s]>eTe frusshed a-sonder,
and many a gome to the grouude glode in a stounde.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 594.
I like thy armour well ;
I'll frush it, and unlock the rivets all,
Bnt I'll be master of it. Shak., T. and C, v. 6.
To frush a chicken, to carve or break up a chicken.
yares.
H, intrans. To rush; dash forward.
Thei rennen to gidre a gret randouni, and thei frusschen
to gidere fuUe fiercely. Mandeville, Travels, p. 238.
When this feerf uU f reike frusshet into batell.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7731.
frushif (frush), n. [_'M.E.frusshe,frusche,< frus-
shen, V. t., frush: see the verb.] 1. An onset,
attack, assault, or collision.
To the Troiens thai tnrnyt & mekiU tene wroght !
The frusshe was so felle, tho fuerse men betwene,
Crakkyng of cristis, crusshyng of speiris.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6851.
2. The noise of collision.
Horrible uproar and /rush
Of rocks that meet in battle. Southey.
3. Fragments; debris.
Al the frushe and leanings of Greeke, of wrathful Achilles.
Stanihurst, -lEneiii, i. 39.
frushl (frush), a. [<frush^,v.t.'\ Brittle; apt
to break and splinter : said of wood. [Obsolete
or provincial.]
O wae betide the/rw«A saugh wand ! . . .
It brake into my true love's hand.
Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, II. 153.
Supposing thei were balth dead and gone, which, when
we think of the frush green kail-stock nature of bairns, is
no an impossibility. Gait, The Entail, I. 59.
frush^t (frush), n. [Appar. another form of/ro«7»,
a frog, in imitation of /rMs/t in other senses; so
the equiv. frog^, < frog^. But perhaps a cor-
ruption of OP. fourche, fourchette, as suggested
in the extract from Topsell, below. Cf . also the
extract from Florio, under def. 2.] 1. In far-
riery, same as frog^, 1.
The Frush is the tenderest part of the hooue towardes
the heele, called of the Italians Kettone ; and because it is
fashioned like a forked head, the French men call it Fur-
chette, which word our Ferrers, either for not knowing
rightly how to pronounce it, or else perhaps for easinesse
sake of pronunciation, do make it a monasillable, & pro-
nounce it the Frush.
Topsell, Hist. Foure-footed Beasts (ed. 1608), p. 416.
2. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter
from the frog of a horse's foot ; thrush.
Forchetta [It.], a disease in a horse called the running
Frush. Florio.
fnist (frust), n. [< L. frustum : see frustum.']
A section or part; a frustum. [Rare.]
There is a soft sera in every gentle mortal's life when
such a story affords more pabulum than all the frusts and
crusts, and rusts of antiquity, which travellers can cook
up for it. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, v. 150.
frusta, n. Latin plural ot frustum.
frus'trable (frus'tra-bl), a. [< lAj.frustrabilis,
that will be disappointed, vain, < L. frustrare,
frustrate : see frustrate.'] Capable of being
frustrated or defeated. [Rare.]
frustraneoust (frus-tra'ne-us), a. [= Sp. frus-
trdnco = Pg. It. frustraneo, < L. as if *frustra-
neus, <.frust7'a, in vain: see frustrate.'] Vain;
useless; unprofitable.
Where the Kings judgement may dissent to the destruc-
tion, as it may happ'n, l>oth of himself and the Kingdom,
there advice, and no furrter, is a most insufficient and
frustraneous meanes to be provided by Law, in cases of
so high concernment. Milton, Eikonoklastes, vi.
frustrate (frus'trat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. frus-
trated, ppr. frustrating. [< Jj. frustratus, pp.
ot frustrare, frustrari (> It. frustrare = Sp. Pg.
frustrar = Pr. frustar, frustrar = 'F.frustrer),
deceive, disappoint, trick, frustrate, < frustra,
in vain, without effect, earlier in error, in a
state of deception, prop. fem. abl. of 'frustrus
for *frudtrus, < OL. frv.s (frud-), L. fraits
(fraud-), deaeption, error: Bee fraud.] 1. To
make of no avail; bring to nothing; prevent
from taking effect or attaining fulfilment ; de-
feat; disappoint; balk: as, to frustrate a, ylsm,
design, or attempt; to frustrate the will or
purpose.
Such was the Faithfulness of the Archbishop of Koan,
and other the Princes of the Realm to K. Richard, that
they opposed Duke John, and/rt«(ro(«dall his Practices.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 65.
frustule
Thou hast discover'd the plots and /n«(ra(€d the hopes
of all the wicked in the Laud.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
2. To make null ; nullify ; render of no effect :
as, to frustrate a conveyance or deed.
Now thou hast avenged
Supplanted Adam, . . .
And frustrated the conquest fraudulent.
Milton, P. R., iv. 609.
3. To defeat the desire or purpose of; cause
to be balked or disappointed ; thwart.
There were divers that put in for it, . . . but I found
means to frustrate them alL Howell, Letters, 1. v. 23.
The English returned without doing any thing to the
purpose, being frustrated of their opportunity by their
deceit. N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 186.
I endeavoured to take the advantage of every disap-
pointment, to improve their good sense in proportion as
they viete frustrated in ambition. Goldsmith, Vicar, xiii.
= Syn. Frustrate, Foil, Thwart, Baffle, Balk, are strong
words, expressing the complete defeat of any plan or en-
deavor. Frustrate, to make vain, cause to be iu vain, bring
to naught. Foil, to stop, render useless. {Foil is not
thought to be derived from the use of a foil in fencing,
but is associated witli it in many minds, and in meaning
corresponds with the turning aside of a sword by the ad-
dress of a fencer.) Thwart, literally, to stop by a bar or
barrier, cross effectively, defeat. Baffle, to check at all
points or completely and promptly, so tliat one is at a loss
what to do. Balk, to stop in a course, make unable to pro-
ceed in a given direction. Perhaps baffle expresses most
of confusion of mind or bewilderment, and balk most of an-
noyance or vexation.
Every mode which the government invented seems to
have been easily frustrated, either by the intrepidity of
the parties themselves, or by that general understand-
ing which enabled the people to play into one another's
hands. /. Disraeli, Curios, of Lit., IV. 387.
O ! be not proud, nor brag not of thy might.
For mastering her th&t foil'd the god of fight !
5AoA:., Venus and Adonis, 1. 114.
He hath . . . thwarted my bargains.
SAoii:.,M. of V.,iii. 1.
For Freedom's battle once begun, . . .
Though baffled oft, is ever won.
Byron, Giaour, 1. 123.
I would not brook my fear
Of the other; with a worm I balked his fame.
Tennyson, Fair Women.
frustrate (frus'trat), a. [< L. frustratus, pp.:
see the verb.] 1. Vain; ineffectual; useless;
unprofitable ; null ; void ; of no effect.
Their baptism was in all respects as frustrate as their
crism [confirmation]. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 66.
The sea mocks
Oxir frustrate search on land.
Shak., Tempest, iiL 3.
The swain in vain his frustrate lalx)ur yields.
And famish'd dies amidst his ripen'd fields.
Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 55.
2. Defeated.
And now that my lord be not defeated anA frustrate of
his purpose. Judith xi. 11.
These men fail as often as the rest in their projects, and
are as usually /rus(ra(fi of their hopes.
Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 192.
frustratelyt (frus'trat-li), adv. In vain.
Great Tuscane dames, as she their towns past by,
Wisht her their daughter-in-law, hnt frustrately.
Viears, tr. of Virgil (1632).
frustration (frus-tra'shon), n. [< L. frustra-
tio{n-), < frustrare, frustrari, frustrate: see
frustrate.] 1. The act of frustrating; disap-
pointment; defeat.
At length they received some leters from y« adventur-
ers, ... by which they heard of their furder crosses and
frustrations. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 138.
He breaks off the whole session, and dismisses them and
their grievances with scorn and frustration.
Milton, Eikonoklastes.
2. Specifically, in astral., the cutting off or pre-
venting, by one aspect, of anything shown by
another.
frustrative (fms'tra-tiv), a. l< frustrate +
-ive.] Tending to frustrate or defeat; disap-
pointing ; thwarting.
frustra'toryt (frus'tra-to-ri), a. [= F. frusfra-
toire = Pr. frustratori = Sp. Pg. It. frustratorio,
< LL. frustratori us, deceptive, deceitful, < frus-
trator, a deceiver, delayer, < L. frustrare, frus-
trari, deceive, trixstrate : see frustrate.] Mak-
ing void or of no effect ; that renders null.
Bartolus restrains this to afrustratory appeal.
Ayliffle, Parergon.
frustret, f. t. [< OF. frustrer, F. frustrer, < L.
frustrare, frustrate: see frustrate.] To frus-
trate.
Haue these that yet doo craul
Vpon all fowre, and cannot stand at all.
Withstood your fury, and repulst your powrs,
Frustred your rams, fiered your flying towrs?
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii„ The Decay,
frustule (frus'tul), re. [< lAj-frustulmn, a smali
piece, little bit, dim. of L. frustum : see frus^
frustule
turn.'] 1. A small fragment. [Rare.] — 2. The
silicions shell of a diatom ; a testule. It con-
sist* of two valves, one soniewiiat larger than the other,
and closing over it like the liil ot a box. The back of each
valve is called the siile of the frustule ; the surface marked
by the line of juncture, the front. See cut under Diato-
viacfte.
frnstulent (frus'tu-lent), a. [< L. fruitulentus,
full of small pieces, Cfrustum, a small piece : see
fnistiim.'i Abounding in fragments. [Bare.]
fnistolose (frus'tu-lds), a. [< lAj.frustulum, a
small piece : 8ee"/r«*"^«/e.] In bot., consisting
of small fragments or frustules.
frustum (frus'tum), n. ; pi. frunta, frustums i-t&,
-tumz). [< L./nts<u»i, apiece, bit, apart. Cf.
Gr. dpavard^, broken, brittle, Bpam/ia, a frag-
ment, < dpaveiv, break in pieces.] 1. A piece;
particularly, a remaining piece of something
of which a part is lacking, as the drum of a
column.
She minced the sanguine flesh la/riutuiiu fine.
Craibe, Works, IV. 154.
Athens had a preat temple on the Acropolia, contempo-
rary with these, and the /ruita of its columns still remain.
J. Ferjuumi, Hist. Arch., I. 242.
2. In geom., the part of a solid next the base,
left after cutting oflf the top part by a plane par-
allel to the base; or the part of .
any solid between two planes, A,
which may be either paral- ef \
lei or inclined to each other:
as, the frustum of a cone, of
a pyramid, of a conoid, of a
spheroid, or of a sphere. The
frustum of a sphere is any part com-
prised between two parallel sections ; Frustum ofa Cone,
and the middle frustum of a sphere is
that whose ends are equal circles. In the figure the dot-
" ■ ■ "■ 8 th< ' ■ . - . .
the Irnstura,/.
ted line, e, indicates the part of the cone cut off to form
frutaget (fro'taj), n. See fruitage.
frutescence (frij-tes'ens), ». l< fruteseenit)
+ -(•<.] .Shrubbiness." [Kare.]
frntescent (frp-tes'ent), a. [Short for 'fruti-
ceKceiil. < h. fruticescen{t-)s, ppr. ot fruticescere,
put forth shoots, sprout, become bushy, < fru-
tex (frutie-), a shiTib, bush.] In hot., having
the appearance or habit of a shrub; shrubby,
or becoming shrubby: as, tLfruteseent stem.
frutez (frO'teks), n.: pl./ruttce»(-ti-sez). [L., a
shrub, a bush.] In oo^, a shrub; a plant having
a woody, durable stem, but smaller than a tree.
fruticalt (frS'ti-kal), a. [< h.frutex (frutie-),
a shrub.] Of the nature of a shrub ; shrubby.
This shrubbe or /rulieal plant (shrubby trefoil] hath
. . . many singular and excellent vertnes contained in it,
Oerard, Herball, p. 1129. (Latham.)
fimticantt (frd'ti-kant), a. [< L. frutican{t-)s,
ppr. otfruticare, aXao fruticari, put forth shoots,
sprout, become bushy, ifrutex (frutie-), a shrub,
bush.] Full of shoots.
These wc shall diviile Into the greater and more cedu-
ous, /rtttieanl, and shrubby, Ectlyn, Sylra, Int., | S.
frutices, n. Plural otfrutex.
Fruticicola (frS-ti-sik'o-la), n. [NL., < L.
frutex (frutie-), a shrul), -1- eolere, inhabit.]
In Macgillivray's system of classification, a
genus of saxicoline birds, differing little from
HaxicoUt, and including such species as the
whlnchat and stonechat, called by him bush-
elm ts.
ftuticose (frS'ti-kos), a. [< L. fhiHeosus,
shrubl)y, bu.shy, < frutex (frutie-), a shrub, a
bush.]' 1. Pertaining to shrubs; shrubby: as,
a,fruticoie stem. — 2. In lichenology, having the
thallus attached only by a narrow base, from
which it ascends in a branching, shrub-like
form.
They Igreen bodies) may consist of iaoUted cells, or
groapa oTceUs, as Ut most /nUieote or folUceous lichens.
Betty, Botany, p. 301.
fruticous (frS'ti-kus), a. Same OBfruticose.
fruticulose (frij-tik'u-los), a. [< NL. frutieu-
lus, dim. of L. frutex (frutie-), a shrub.] Grow-
ing like or resembling a small shrub.
fratUyt, »• '• [In form suggesting fructify,
L ME. fruetifien, frutefyen.] In the following
F passage used for notify : a humorous blunder.
The Jew having done me wrong, doth cause me, as my
father, being 1 hope an old man, shall/ru/i/'u unto you .
Shot., M. of v., II. 2.
frutryt, ». Seefruitery.
» fty 1 (fri), V. ; pret. and pp. fried, ppr. frying.
[< ME. fryen, frien, < OP. frire, F. frire = Pr.
frir, fregir = Sp. freir = Pg. frigir = It. frig-
gere, < L. frigere, roast, parch, fry, = Gr. <^i>i>-
yriv, parch, = Skt. VfcAraj/, roast.] I. trans. 1.
To dress by heating or roasting with fat in a
pan over a fire; cook and prepare for eating
in a frying-pan : as, iofry meat or vegetables.
2387
OHfryed metes be ware, for they ar fumose in dede.
Babeeg Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 14S.
One of these cocks of the mountain shall be fried, since
gridiron is not T. Winthro}}, Canoe and Saddle, viii.
2. Figuratively, to vex ; agitate.
whether she walks, or sits, or stands, or lies,
Her wretched self still in her self she frieg,
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 218.
3t. To heat; parch; render torrid. [Bare.]
For Africa, had not the industrious Portugals ranged
her vnknowne parts, who would haue sought for wealth
amongst those /ri«(f Regions of blacke brutish negars?
Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 181.
To have Other flah to fir. See/«Ai.
II. intraiis. 1. To be subjected to heat in a
pan containing fat over a fire; hence, to suffer
a frying effect from great heat ; simmer as if
in bubbling fat.
In his owene grece I made hym/rye
For anger, and for verray jelousie.
Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 487.
My blandishments were fewel to that fire
Wherein he/n/'rf. Drayton, Pierce Gaveston.
Earth and seas in fire and flame shall /ry.
B. Jomon, Poetaster, i. 1.
As well might Men who in a Fever fry
Mathematick Doubts debate.
Cowley, The Mistress, The Incurable.
2t. To ferment, as in the stomach, or, figura-
tively, in the mind ; undergo a seething process.
To keep the oil from /ryinff in the stomach. Bacon.
That [the Kettell] indeed he allowed equally to be dis-
tributed, and that was halfe a pint of wheat, and as much
barley boyled with water for a man a day, and this hav-
ing/n/cd some 26. weekes in the ships hold, contained as
many womies as graines.
Quoted in Capt. John Smilh't Works, I. 154.
What kindling motions in their breasta do/rv.
Fair/ax.
3t. To be agitated ; boil.
Ye might have scene the frothy billowes/rj/
Under the ship, as thorough them she went.
Spenter, F. Q., II. ill. 45.
fryi (fri), ». ; pi. fries (friz). [< fry\ t?.] 1.
That which is fried; a dish of anything fried.
This came from
The Indies, and eats five crowns a day in fry,
Ox-llyers, and brown paste.
Jatper Mayne, City Match, ill. 1.
2. A state of mental ferment or agitation : as,
he keeps himself in a constant /ry.
f!ry2 (fri), n. [< ME. /rv, seed, offspring, < Icel.
frjd, free = 8w. Dan. fro, seed, = Goth, fraiw,
seed. The F. frai, tormerlyfrau,fraye, spawn-
ing, spawn, young fish, means also wear, being
the verbal n. of frayer, rub, wear; of fishes,
milt (see fray"^); it is thus quite unrelated to
the E. word.] It. Seed; offspring: especially
with reference to human beings.
Noe, to the, and to al thi /ry
My biyssyng graunt I.
Townelcy Myiteriet, p. 24.
That Marenty Exiles with vnhallowed Fric
Coaar the face of all the World well-nigh,
a^wster, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 11., 1°he Lawe.
2. A swarm, as of children or any small ani-
mals, now specifically of little fishes; a num-
ber of small or insignificant objects : often used
in contempt.
And them before the fry of children yong
Their wanton sportes and childish mirth did play.
Spetuer, F. Q., I. xii. 7.
Whose poisonous spawn
Ingenders such ^fry ot speckled villainies.
Mawinger, Virgin-Martyr, 11. 2.
What a/ry of fools are here 1
Beau, and Ft., Coxcomb, I. 2.
A great /He of young children.
fenneff, M.S. Lansdowne, 1033. (HaltiuxU.)
To sever . . . the good fish from the other /ry. Milton.
In particular — 3. The young of the salmon or
of trout at a certain stage of their develop-
ment.
Salmon ova are obtained from the rivers Doon, SUnchar,
and Minnock, and the fry tnnied again Into these rivers
when about six weeks old. Encye. Brit., XXI. 226.
Small try, small or young creatures collectively, aa young
babies or children ; persons or things of no importance.
Wc have burned two frigates, and a hundred and twenty
tmaUfry. II. Walpolc.
flryS (fri), n. ; pi. fries (friz). [E. dial. ; origin
obscure.] If. A kind of sieve. Mortimer. — 2.
A drain. Halliuicll.
fryer (fri'^r), n. [<fry^ + -crl.] 1. One who
or that which fries.
Hardly had the snoring of the snorers ceased, when the
frying of the fryeri began.
T. Winthrop, Canoe and Saddle, vi.
2. A bird, a fish, or the like, intended or suita-
ble for frying. Compare roaster.
Keen and quiet flre told upon the /rj/er, the first course
of the feast. T. Winthrvp, Canoe and Saddle, Till.
Fuchsia
fryery (fri'6r-i), n. ; pi. fryeries (-iz). [< fry^
+ -ery.] A place where articles of food are
fried and sold. [Bare.]
Opposite the old bread woman was a greasy fritter bak-
ery, or fryery, which was a centre of attraction.
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 668.
frying (fri'ing), n. [< MK. fryynge, friinge, ver-
bal n. ot fryen, frien, fry.] The act of dress-
ing with fat by heating or roasting in a pan
over a fire.
This zenne [sin] is the dyeueles panne of belle, huerinne
he maketh hi^f Hinges.
Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 23.
frying-pan (fri'ing-pan), n. [< MSi.friyngpan,
fry!iiigpan,fryyngepann; < frying + pan.'\ A
shallow pan, commonly of iron, with a long
handle, used for frying meat and vegetables.
The cooks were no base scullions ; they were brethren
whom conscious ability, sustained by universal suffrage,
had endowed with the frying-pan.
T. Winthrop, Canoe and Saddle, vi.
Out of the frying-pan into the fire, a proverbial ex-
pression employed with reference to one who, in trying
to extricate himself from one evil, falls into a greater.
Lovers used to fry with love, whereas now they have
got out of the frying-pan into the fire.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 344.
F. S. A. An abbreviation of Fellow of the So-
ciety of Antiquaries (London).
ft. Acommon abbreviation of /oof or /ee<; as,
12 /f.
fu, foo (fO), n. [Chinese fu.'] In China, a pre-
fecture or department, it comprises several hien,
and is in chai-ge of an otlicer styled a chih-fu (which see).
As a terminal syllable in Chinese place-names, the word
may denote either a department or the chief city of a de-
partment: as, Chang-8ha-/u, Fu-chow-/oo.
fa" (fS), a. A Scotch form of fuin.
fuaget, n- Seefeuage.
fuar (fii'ar), n. Same aafeuar.
fub^ (fub), V. t; pret. and pp. ft(66ed, ppr. /«&-
bing. [Another form of /ofel, q. v.] 1. To
cheat ; impose upon ; snub.
I do profess
I won't be fubb'd, ensure yourself.
W. Cartwright, The Ordinary, Iv. 4.
2. To steal; pocket; get possession of.
My letter /uWi'd too,
And no access without I mend my manners?
All my designs in limbo?
Fletcher, Monsieur Thomas, li. 2.
To ftlb Off, to evade by a trick ; put off by a pretense.
I . . . havebeen/uWwrf o/.and/wdiwdo/^fromthisday
to that day, that it is a shame to be thought on.
Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. 1.
fub^t, fubst (fub, fubz), n. [E. dial. ; origin ob-
scure.] A plump, chubby young person.
The same foule deformed /uiw.
Rub and a Great Cast (1614), Ep. 44.
fnbberyt (fub'6r-i), n. [</u6i-t--ery.] The act
of cheating ; deception. ,
O Heaven ! O fubbery, fubbery!
Marttonand Webster, Malcontent, I. S.
fnbby, fubsy (fub'i, -zi), a. [<fub^,fubs,+ -yi.]
Plump; chubby. '
They (the boys of Fiammengo] are fubby,
Nichols, Lit. Anecdotes, IX. 339.
Seated upon the widow's little /u6»y »ofa.
ilarryat, Snarleyyow, I. vilL
fubst, n. See/«62.
FucaceiB (fu-ka'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Fucus +
-aeea.'] A group of coarse olive-green seaweeds
belonging to the Oosporca;. riie plants are attached
by a disk-like base from which the fronds arise, usually
branching dichotoniously, and often provided with air-
bladders. The group is characterized l>y the production
of numerous antberozoids in sacs and oosiwres, 1 to 8 in a
mother-cell, l>oth organs being containetl in conceptacles
immersed in the fronil, and produced hermaphroditely or
dioiciously. (.See cuts under conceptacle and antheridiinn.)
The group is widely diffused. Its principal representa-
tives in northern latitudes are the species of Fticus or
rock-weed. (See cut under J^ucu*.) In the southern hemi-
sphere, especially on the Australian coast, the forma are
varied and curious. Sargassum is the genus whose float-
ing forms characterize the Sargasso sea.
facaceous (fu-ka'shius), a. Pertaining to or
having the characters of the Fucacew.
fucate (fu'kat), a. [< It. fucattts, painted, col-
ored, disguised, pp. otfucare, paint, color, dye,
rouge, < /kci« .• see fucus.'] Painted ; disguised
with paint; hence, disguised in any way; dis-
sembling.
For in vertue may be nothing/t«;o«<! or counterfayte.
Sir T. Elyot, The Govemour, ill. 4.
fucated (fii'ka-ted), a. Same &a fucate.
fuchs (foks), n. [G., = E./oj;l.] In German
universities, a student of the first year ; a fresh-
man. Compare burnt fox, under burnt.
Fuchsia (fu'shia or fok'si-il), n. [NL., named
by Plumier (1763) in honor of the German bot-
anist Leonhard Fuchs (1501-66). The name
Fuchsia
Fuehs = E. Fox, from the animal so called : see
/oxi.] 1. A genus of highly ornamental shrubs
and small trees, of the order Onagracew. There
are about 50 species, natives of the mountains of Mexico
and of the Andes, with 2 species in Xew Zealand. They
have opposite leaves, a colored tubular calyx with 4-part-
ed limb, 4 petals on the throat of the tube, and a pulpy
baccate fruit. The numerous varieties which are com-
mon in cultivation, with drooping flowers and a short
calyx-tube, are believed to have orig:inated for the most
part from the Chilian species, F. macrostemma. Some
other species are occasionally met with in greenhouses.
2. II. c] A plant of fhe genus Fuchsia.
Fnchsian (fok'si-an), a. Pertaining to the
Prussian mathematician Lazarus Fuchs (born
1833) — Fuchslan function [name given by Poincar^ in
1881]. See /unc(ioM.—Fucllsian group. See^roup.
jfachsm, fachsine (fok'sin), «. l<.fuchs-ia +
-in-, -ine2.] An aniline dye prepared by the ac-
tion of weak oxidizing agents, such as arsenic
acid, nitrobenzene, etc., on commercial aniline
oil, and subsequent treatment of the rosaniline
so formed with common salt, it is a hydrochlorid
of rosaniline, crystallizing in tablets of a brilliant-green
color which are soluble in water, forming in solution a
deep-red liquid used for dyeing silk and wool, and some-
times for printing cotton. Wines are sometimes colored
red with it. It appears in commerce under various names,
as magenta, roseine, rubine, new red, etc.
fachsite (fok'sit), n. [Named after Johann N.
Fuchs, a distinguished chemist and mineralo-
gist.] A variety of muscovite, or common mica,
containing a small amount of chromium. It
has a green color. Also called chrome-mica.
faci, n. Plural of fucus, 3.
ftaciphagous (fu-sif'a-gus), a. Same as fuciv-
orou.'s.
facivorous (fu-siv'o-rus), a. [< Jj.fucas, sea-
weed, -t- vorare, devour.] DevOTirrng algffi;
feeding on seaweeds : applied to sirenians, as
the manatee and the dugong, which have this
habit.
facoid (fii'koid), a. and n. [< L. fueus, sea-
weed, + -ojd.] I, a. 1. Pertaining to or re-
sembling seaweeds, especially those belonging
to the Fucace(B; also applied to species of
Phwosporew, which are sometimes classed as
Fucoidew. — 2. Containing or characterized by
impressions of fucoids or by markings resem-
bling those made by fucoids. Thus, the "fu-
coidal sandstone " of Sweden is characterized by various
markings of this kind. The cauda galli grit of New York
exhibits forms curving like the feathers of a cock's tail,
to which the name of Fucoideg cauda gaili was originally
given, but which are now referred to the genus Taonurus.
Also fncoidal, fucous.
H. n. An alga belonging to the Fucoidece —
that is, to the Fucacew or to the Phmosporew.
facoidal (fu-koi'dal), (I. [<fueoid + -al.'] Same
as fucoid.
Fncoidese (fu-koi'de-e), n. pi. [Nil., < fucoid
+ -««.] In Agardh's botanical classification,
the same as Melauospermem of Harvey, now re-
ferred to Phwosporece and Fucacew : used by
some authors as synonymous with Fucacew.
Fucoides (fii-koi'dez), ». [KL., < fiicus + Gt.
d(Sof,*form.] A generic name given by Bron-
gniart, and vaguely and indefinitely applied to
fossil marine plants of different characters, but
which were supposed to resemble seaweeds
belonging to the Fucacew. Many of the planU
originally described under the name Fucoides have re-
ceived other generic names, as their characters have been
more or less satisfactorily made out. See Paldeophycus
and Taonurtis,
facons (fu'kus), a. Same as fucoid.
facns (f ii'kus), n. [L. , rock-lichen, orchil, used
as a red dye for woolen goods, hence red or
purple in color, rouge, pretense, disguise, <
Gr. <j>viio^, seaweed, sea-wrack, tangle, rouge.]
It. A paint; a dye; especially, a paint for the
face ; rouge ; hence, a disguise ; a pretense ; a
sham.
Amo. Can you help ray complexion, here ?
Per. O yes, air, I have an excellent mineral fucu9 for
the purpose. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Eevels, v. 2.
Here is the burned powder of a hog's jaw bone, to be
laid with the oil of white poppy, an excellent fucus to
kill morphew. Dekker and Waster, Westward Ho, i. 1.
She must have no fucus but blushings.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 716.
No fucus, nor vain supplement of art,
Shall falsify the language of my heart.
Sandys, Paraphrase of Job, p. 52.
2. [cap.'] A genus of Fucacew, characterized
by dichotomously branching fronds in which
there is no distinction of stem and leaves, and
which are provided with a midrib and often
with air-bladders. The plants are either hermaphro-
dite or dioecious. The conceptacles containing the fruit
are In a terminal part of the frond. Formerly all marine
algae were included in this genus, but it is now limited as
above. The species of Fueus are known as rockweeds,
Fructifying Tip of a Frond of Rockweed
(J'ucusvestculosus). a, a, air-bladders; *,
*. conceptacles. (From Farlow's " Marine
Algae.")
2398
and form the prin-
cipal vegetation of
the rocks exposed
at low tide iu
northern regions.
3. PI. fuci (ffl'-
si). Any fuca-
ceous seaweed.
fucust (fu'kus),
f. t. [< fucus,
n.] To paint;
dye.
The sibyl, ... ut-
tering sentences al-
together thought-
ful and serious,
neither/twMis'd nor
perfnm'd.
Plutarch's Morals
[(trans.). i^La-
[tham.)
fUCUSOl (fu'kus-
ol),«. [<L./i(-
cus, seaweed,
-I- -o?.] An oil,
similar to the
furfurol of bran, produced from seaweeds.
fudl (fud), n. [Sc. ; prob. of Soand. origin.] The
scut or tail of the hare, cony, etc.
Ye maukins, cock your/wd fu' braw,
Withouten dread.
Your mortal fae is now awa'.
Burns, Tarn Samson's Elegy,
fud^ (fud), )(. [Appar.< /«<?!,«.] Woolen waste;
the refuse of new wool taken out in the scrib-
bling process, which is mixed with mungo for
use. See mungo, shoddy.
fudder (fud'er),>i. Adialectalvariantof/otAerl.
fuddle (fud'l), V. ; pret. and pp. fuddled, ppr.
fuddling. [Origin obscure; hardly another
form of fuzzle, q. v.] I. trans. To make fool-
ish or stupid with drink ; make intoxicated.
And also comes Mr. Hollier a \\ti\e fuddled, and so did
talk nothing but Latin, and laugh, that it was very good
sport to see a sober man in such a humour, though he was
not drunk to scandal. Pepys, Diary, III. 414.
They were half fuddled, but not I ; for I mixed water
witli my wine. Sunft, Journal to Stella, vii.
H. intrans. To drink to excess.
Every thing /uddfeg; then that I,
Is 't any reason shou'd be dry ?
Poems by Various Writers, 1711.
fuddlet (fud'l), ». l< fuddle, v.^i Strong drink.
And so, said I, we sipp'd our fuddle.
As women in the straw do caudle,
'Till every man had drown'd his noddle.
Hudibras Redivivus, 1705.
Don't go away ; they have had their dose of fuddle 0 am
perpotarunt).
i\^. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, p. 125.
fuddle-cap (fud'l-kap), n. A hard drinker.
[Eng.]
Having overnight carry'd my Indian friend to the Tav-
ern, ... I introduc'd his pagan worship into a Christian
society of true pTotest&at fuddle-caps.
Tom Brown, Works, III. 93.
fuddler (fud'16r), ». A drunkard.
fudge (fuj), v. ; pret. and pp. fudged, ppi. fudg-
ing. [A dial, word, of obscure origin.] I. trans.
1 . To poke with a stick. Halliwell. [Pro v. Eng. ]
—2. To foist.
Now let us see your supposes. — . . . That last suppose
\i fudged in — why, would you cram these upon me for a
couple ? Foote, The Bankrupt, iii. 2.
3. To make or fix awkwardly or clumsily ; ar-
range confusedly ; botch ; bungle.
Fudged up into such a smirkish liveliness.
Fairfax, Bulk and Selvedge of the World,
[Ded. (1674). (Halliwell.)
A stout, resolute matron, in heavy boots, a sensible stulf
gown, with a lot of cotton l&CG fudged about her neck.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 297.
To fud^e a day's work {naut. ), to compute a ship's change
of position from one noon to the next by dead-reckoning,
determining by means of tables the northing, southing,
easting, and westing made by the different courses and
distances sailed, and applying the result to the latitude
and longitude of the previous noon.
By the time they had arrived at Malta, Jack conM fudge
a day's work. Marryat.
II. intrans. To work clumsily; labor in a
clumsy fashion,
fudge (fug), TO. [(.fudge, v."] Nonsense ; stuff ;
rubbish : most commonly used as a contemptu-
ous interjection.
I should have mentioned the very unpolite behaviour
of Mr. Burchell, who during this discourse sate with his
face turned to the fire, and at the conclusion of every
sentence would cry out fudge, an expression which dis-
pleased us all. Goldsmith, Vicar, xi.
Quoth Raymond, " Enough !
Nonsense ! — humbug ! — fudge .' — stuff ! "
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 255.
Three fifths of him genius and two fifths sheer /Md<7«.
Lowell, Fable for Critics.
fuero
fadge (fuj), a. [E. dial.: see fudge, n.} Fab-
ulous. Halliwell.
fudge-'wheel (fuj'hwel), ». A tool used in or-
namenting the edges of the soles of shoes.
Fueglan (fu-e'ji-an), a. and n. [< Sp. fuego, fire,
= Vg.fogo = It. fuoco = F.feu, < ti. focus, fire-
place: see focus, fuel.'] I. a. Belonging to
Fuegia, or Tierra del Fuego ("Land of Fire,"
so named from the numerous fires seen there
on its discovery by Magellan in 1520), a group
of islands off the southern extremity of South
America, including Cape Horn, inhabited by a
low race of savages.
II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Fuegia, or
Tierra del Fuego.
fuel (fu'el), n. [Early mod. E. alsofewel, fewell;
< ME. fttel, fuelte, fewell, silso fowayle, < OP. fou-
ailles (cf . deriv. fouailler, a wood-yard, and the
ML. reflex foallia, fuel, also OF. fuelles, brush-
wood), < ML. focale, the right of cutting fuel,
also fuel, focalium, pi. foealia, brushwood for
fuel, < L./oc«», fireplace, ML. /ocms, F.feu, etc.,
Sie: see focus. Ct. foyer, feuage, ete.'] 1. Any
matter which serves by combustion for the pro-
duction of iire ; combustible matter, as wood,
coal, peat, oil, etc.
Tho grome iorfuelle that schalle brenne
In halle, chambur, to kechyn.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 311.
The signification now attached to the word coal is dif-
ferent from that which formerly obtained when wood was
the only fuel in general use. Encyc. Brit., VI. 45.
2. Figuratively, anything that serves to feed
or increase something conceived as analogous
to flame, as passion or emotional excitement.
All great men hane their factors with him to procure
new titles of honor, the onely/ewrfi of his greatnesse.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 525.
He's gone, and who knows how he may report
Thy words, by adding /wei to the flame?
Milton, a. A., 1.1361.
Pressed fuel, an artificial fuel prepared from coal-dust,
waste coal, etc., incorporated with other ingredients, as
tar, and compressed in molds into blocks of a size and
shape convenient for use.
fuel (fii'el), V. t. ; pret. and pp. fueled, fuelled,
ppr. fueling, fuelling. [< fuel, «.] To feed or
furnish with fuel or combustible matter. [Ob-
solete or archaic]
Never (alas) that dreadful Name,
Vfhich fewels the infernal flame.
Cowley, The Mistress, Despair.
But first the fuel'd chimney blazes wide ;
The tankards foam ; and the strong table groans
Beneath the smoking sirloin, stretch'd immense
From side to side. Thomson, Autumn, 1. 502.
I would not put a trunk of wood on the fire in the kitch-
en, but let Annie scold me well, . . . and with her own
plump hands lift up a little log und fuel it.
R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, xvL •
fuel-economizer (fu'el-e-kon'o-mi-zdr), n. In
an engine, an apparatus for saving fuel by
using the waste heat of a furnace-flue to heat
the feed-water. It commonly consists of a se-
ries of pipes placed in the chimney-flue.
fuelert, fuellerf (fu'el-6r), n. [Formerly also
fewellcr; < fuel + -erl.] One who or that which
supplies fuel.
Men of France, changeable chameleons, . . .
iMwe'&fuellerg, and th' rightest company
Of players which upon the world's stage be.
Donne, On his Mistress.
y&infuellers! they think (who doth not know it)
Their light 's above 't, because their walk 's below it.
Wilson, Life of James I. (yares.')
fuel-feeder (fii'el-fe'''der), n. A contrivance
for supplying a furnace with fuel in graduated
quantities.
fuel-gas (fii'el-gas), n. Gas made or intended
for use as fuel, as distinguished from illumi-
nating gas.
In case the wells should fail, of which there is no pres-
ent prospect, it is already settled that some form of fuel-
gas will be manufactured to take its place.
Jour. Franklin Inst, CXXI. 311.
fuelled, fuellert, etc. See fuel, v., etc.
fuero (fwa'ro), «. [Sp.,< li. forum: see/orum.]
In Spain and Spanish countries, a code of law ;
a charter of privileges; a custom having the
force of law; a declaration by a magistrate;
also, the seat or jurisdiction of a tribunal. His-
torically, the word fueros is chiefiy used to signify the sep-
arate judicial and municipal systems of the originally in-
dependent divisions of Spain : those of Castile, etc.. were
early superseded ; those of Aragon were suppressed with
military force by Philip II. in 1592. The Basque provinces
and Navarre maintained their fueros, democratic in char-
acter, from the earliest times till the nineteenth century,
in the first half of which they were twice suppres.sed and
restored ; but in 1876 they were finally replaced by the new
liltenil constitution and general laws of the kingdom.—
Fuero Juzgo, a Spanish code of law, translated from the
Visigothic Forum Judicum, said to be the most ancient in
Europe.
ftaff
fnff (fuf ), r. [Imitative ; of. puff.'] I. intrans.
To puff. [Scotch.]
\^Tien strangers landed, wow aae thrang,
Fujiji and peghing he wad gang.
Ratngay, Patie Bimie.
n. trans. To puff; whiff. [Scotch.]
She/ujT* her pipe wi' sic a lunt. Bunts, Halloween.
fnff (fuf), n. [< fuff, f.] 1. A puff; a whiff.
[Scotch.] — 2. The spitting of a cat. [Scotch.]
There cam' a clap o' wund, like a cat's /u/.
R. L. Stevenson, Thrawn Janet.
3. A burst of passion ; a fume. [Bare.]
What a miserable /uy thou gettest into, poor old exas-
perated politician. Carlyle, in Fronde, II.
fnffit (fuf' it), n. [Cf. fluff\ fluffy.-] A local
name of the long-tailed titmouse, Aeredula cau-
data. [Scotch.]
foffle (fuf'l), V. t.; pret. and pp. fuffled, ppr.
fufflhiff. Same as curfuffle.
fuSy (tuf' i), a. [< fuff + -j^i.] Light; fluffy.
She was equipped with a warm hood, marten-skin tip-
pet, and a pair of snow-shoes. She mounted the high
/ufy plain and went on with a soft, yielding, yet light step,
almost as noiseless as if she were walking the clouds.
S. JuM, Margaret, i. 1".
fnga (fS'gii), «. [It., < L. fuga, a flight.] In
music, same aa fugue.
fngacions (fu-ga'shus), a. [< li.fugax (fuga-
ci-). Heeing, swift, fleeting, < fugere, flee : see
fugitice.] 1. Fleeing, or disposed to flee ; fleet-
ing; transitory.
Much of its possessions is so hid, so fugaamu, and of
so uncertain purchase. Jer. Taylor.
The volatile salt being loosened or disentangled from
the rest, and being of a yerj /ugaeiout nature, flies easily
»»»/• Boyle, Works, IV. aoo.
Lifting the ceremonious three-comensd hat, and offer-
ing the/ufTociout hospitalities of the snnff-box.
LouxU, F1t«side Travels, p. 81.
2. Specifically, in zool. and hot., falling or fad-
ing early; speedily shed or cast; fijgitive, as
an external organ or a natural covering.
fogaciousness (fu-ga'shus-nes), n. Fugacity.
Well thertfore did the eiperlenc'd Columella put his
gard'ner in the mind of the /uffaeiousnesa of the seasons,
and the neceasity of being industrioiu.
Ecayn, Calendarlnm Hortense, Int.
fugacity (fu-gas'i-ti), n. [< V.fugaeiU = Sp.
fiujacidad = Pg. fugacidade = It. fugaeitA, <
hh. fiigacita(t-)s, < h. fugax, fugacious: see
fugacious.] The quality of being fugacious;
disposition to flee or escape ; volatility ; transi-
tonness.
It is very likely that the heat produced by a niediiine
which by reason of its /tigaeity would stay but a very
short time in the body will not be so lasting as that of
ordinary sudoriAcks. Boyle, Works, II. 237.
Farttet keep the old names, but exhibit a surprising /u-
gaeitf in creeping out of one snake-skin Into another of
equal Ignominy and lubricity.
Emerson, Fnture of the Kepublic.
fuga contraril (fii'ga kon-tra'ri-i). [NIj. : L.
fuga, flight, avoiilance; contrarii, gen. of coii-
trarium, neut. of contrarius, contrary.] A gen-
eral tendency of things to repel qualities the op-
posite of their own, and to behave in a manner
conformable to habit. Some physicists of the
seventetuith century held an ill-^lefined theory
to this effect.
To ascribe a fuga eontrarii to hot and cold spirits Is,
In my apprehension, to turn inanimate bodies into intel-
ligent and deatgnlng belngi.
BonUPlhe Beat of Cellars in Winter.
fagacyt(fn'ga-«i),n. [< ML. /«soc«a, a hunting-
f round, chase, lit. a fleeing, < L. fugax (fugac-),
eeing, tngaeiovu: see fugacious. Ct.fugatiwt.]
Flight.
Notwithstanding any disposition made or to be made by
virtue or colour of any attainder, outlawry, Jvgaey, or
other forfeiture. Miilon, Articles of Peace with the Irish.
ftagal (fu'gal), a. [< fugue (L. fuga) + -a/.]
In music, of or pertaining to a fugue, or com-
posed in the style of a fugue.
The resource of polyphonic orfugal writins come* In.
tAnay Mag.,IIL, No. «S.
ftagara (fS-gft'rS), n. [it.] In organ-building,
a stop having metal pipes of small scale, giving
incisive, stnng-like tones, usually an octave
above the keys struck.
ftagati, n. Plural of fugato.
fogationt, n. [< OV.fugation, ML. 'fugatio^n-),
< L. fill/are, cause to fle«, put to flight, drive or
chase, </«</«•«, flee: see fugitive. Ct. fugacious.]
A chase; privilege of hunting.
That they haue their fugaeions and huntinges lyke as
they had the tyme of King Harry the Second.
Amotd'i ChronieU, p. 2.
fngatO (f»-Ktt'to), n. ; pLfugati (-te). [It., < fu-
goto, pp. otfugare, < h.fugare, put to flight : see
2899
fugation.] In music, a piece composed in fugue
style, but not according to strict rules,
fugeandt, a. Same as figent.
Gaing amang 'em.
Be mickel in their eye, frequent tindfugeand.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1.
fugh (fu), inter/. [Another form of phew, foil,
faugh, fie : see these words.] An exclamation
expressing dislike, disgust, or abhorrence.
fughetto (to-get'to), H.; pl.fughetti (-te). [It.,
dim. otfiiga, a, fugue : see fugue.] In music, a
short or miniatiu'e fugue.
fugle (fii'ji), n. [Sc.,£380written/«<7e/<F. asif
*fuge = It. fugato, < h.fugatus. pp. otfugare, put
to flight ; or, a short form ot fugitive. Cl.fugie-
icarranf.] A fugitive ; a coward. Jamieson.
fogie-'Warrant (fu'ji-wor"ant), n. [Sc, < fugie
(perhaps in allusion to the phrase in meditatione
fugm, ' in contemplation of flight,' in the war-
rant) -I- warrant.] In Scots law, a warrant
granted to apprehend a debtor against whom it
IS sworn that he intends to flee in order to avoid
payment.
The shlrra sent for his clerk. ... I fand it was for
drawing a warrant to apprehend you.— I thought it had
been in sl fityie-warrant for debt. Scott, Antiquaiy.
fugile (fu'Jil), ». [Origin not ascertained. OF.
fugil, ML. fugillus, It. fucile, means a steel to
strike a light with : 8ee/itsiil,/««eel.] lamed.:
(a) The cerumen. (6) A nebulous suspension
in the urine, (c) An abscess ; specifically, an
abscess near the ear.
fogitation (fu-ji-ta'shon), «. [< L. fugitatus,
fp. of. fugitare, freq. ot fugere, flee : see/«^(ttre.]
n Scots law, the act of a criminal absconding
from justice.
fugitive (fu'ji-tiv), a. and n. [< ME. fugitife,
< OF. fugitif fuitif F.fugitif = Vr.fugitiu =
Sp. Pg. fugitiro = It. fuggitivo, < L. fugitivus,
fleeing away; usually as a noun, a runaway,
a fugitive; < fugere (pert.fugi, pp. not used)
(> It. fuggere = Sp. huir, obs. fuir = Pg. fugir
= F. fuir), flee (> fugare, cause to flee), = Gr.
ryetv, flee, = Skt. ■/ bhuj, bend, = AS. bOgan,
bow, bend: see bow^f] I. a. 1. Fleeing or
having fled from danger or pursuit, from duty
or service, etc.; escaping; runaway: eta, a fugi-
tive criminal or horse.
He int fugitice and fled.
Bald of the Reidswire (Child's Ballads, VL 1S4).
Can i fugitive daughter enjoy herself while herparents
are in tears? AicAanfjon, Clarissa Harlowe.
2t. Wandering; vagabond.
The most malicious surmise was countenanced by a li-
belluus pamphlet of h fugitive physician. SirH. Wotton.
3. Staying or lasting but a short time ; fleet-
ing; not fixed or durable ; readily escaping; fu-
gacious: ai», a, fugitive idea; /«<;tttpe odors; fu-
gitive colors.
I cannot praise % fugitive and cloistered virtue, unexer-
cised and unbreathed, that never sallies out and seeks her
adversary. MMon, Areopagitica.
The more tender and /luTiCi'iw parts, the leaves, of many
of the more <urdy vegetables, fall otf for want of the sup-
ply from beneath.
Woodaard, Eiaay towards a Nat. Hist of the Earth.
Our desire* mn . . . fugitive as lightning.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 631.
These momentary pleasures, fugitive delights.
Daniel, Cleopatra.
The most/uf7t(ttw deed and word, the mere air of doing
a thing, the intimated purpose, expresses character.
Emerson, Spiritual Laws.
4. In lit., ot fleeting interest or importance ;
temporary; occasional: said of compositions,
generally short, written for some passing occa-
sion or purpose.
By collecting Peacock's mere fugitive pieces'they have
shown the scope of his versatile powers as a poet and
dramatist, essayist and critic. Edinburgh Rev.
8. In ^ool. and <>o< 
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